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DARBY'S EDITION
OF
UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER,;
OR, A NEW
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
^
DARBY'S EBITlOl^
OF
UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER;
OR, A NEW
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION
OE THE
EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS,
SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, &c.
WITH THE
GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, AND MANNERS,
OF THE INHABITANTS J
The Extent, Bouadaries, and Natural Productions of each Country ; and the Trade, IVIanufactures;
and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns.
TO WHICH ABE ADDED,
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,
AND THE
CONSTITUTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE STATES.
Illustrated bij a neat coloured Map of the United States.
THE THIRD AMERICAN EDITION, WITH AMPLE ADDITIONS AND
IMPROVEMENTS :
BY WILLIAM DARBY, ^n^
HEMBEB OF THE ITEW YORE: HISTOBICAL SOCIETY, AUTHOR OF A MAP AND STATISTICAI,
ACCeUNT OF LOUISIANA ; EMIGBANt's GUIDE ; TOUR EROM NEW YORK TO DETROIT ;
AND MEMOIR ON FEOUIDA,
PHILADELPHM :
PUBLISHED BY THE EXECUTORS OF BENJAMIN WARNER, 171 MARKET STREET,
AND SOLD AT THEIR STORE, RICHMOND, (Va.) WILLIAM P. BASON, CHARLES-
TON, (S. C.) AND BENNETT & WALTON, 37 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA,
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, To wilt
y.'!fe**?fe!!!?fe« BE IT REMEJIBERED, that on the eighteenth day of January in the forty-seventft
4r I a 4> year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1823,
BENNETT & WALTON,
. — of the said district, Iiave deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof
******** ^**^5" '^'•^"° ^ proprietors, in the words following, to wit:
" Darby's Edition of Brookes' Universal Gazetteer ; Or, a New Geographical Dictionary : Containing a
" Description of the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Proviuoes, Cities, Towns, Forts, Seas, Harbours, Rivers,
" Lakes, Mountains, Capes, &c. iii the Known World; with the Government, Customs, and Mannei-s, of
" the Inhabitants : The Extent, Boundaries, and Natural Productions of each Country ; and the Trade,
" Manufacnn-es, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns. To which are addeil. The Constitution of the
« United States, and the Constitutions of the Respective States. Illustroteil by a neat coloured Map of
« the United States. The Third American Edition, with ample Additions and Improvements : by VVil-
" liam Daiby, Mi ralier of the New York Historical Society, Author of a Map and Statistical Account of
" Louisiana ;' Emigrant's Guide ; Tour from New York to Detroit ; and Memoir on Florida."
In confoi-raity to the act of the Congiess of the United States, entitled " An act for the encouragement
of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such
copies, during the times therein mentioned."— And also to the act entitled. " An act supiilementary to an
act entitled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books,
to the authors and jjrotuietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned," and^extending the be-
nefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints."
D. CALDWELL,
Clerk nf the Eastern District of Pentisylvania,,
A HE original work, from whicli the present voIutog
has been in part compiled, has long held a respectable
rank among elementary treatises on geography. Ex-
cept, on the American articles ; I have deviated as little
as possible from the Loudon edition of 1819, from which
most of the articles except those of America, have been
taken. In many instances, howeVer, 1 found that suiRcient
care had not been used to notice all tlie recent chanses
made on the continent of K^urope. Several articles there-
fore differ, very materially from the London copy For
instance, Spain is inserted in this volume, as fixed re-
cently by the Cortes. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway
agreeable to the stipulations of the treaty of Kiel ; and
Grermany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Swiss Can-
tons, &c. fixed by the treaties of Paris, Vienna, and
others.
In the articles included in England and Wales, the
original phraseology js preserved. In describing the
cities, towns, or other objects, in those two divisions of
Great Britain, the description of each place stands in
this volume, as it did in the London copy ; and, as if
published in Great Britain. This course was pursued,
in order to avoid unnecessarily increasing the quantum
of matter, in that part of the present edition where such
a repetition would be of very little use to the reader.
It is respecting America generally, and the United
States in particular, that the most essential additions
have been made to, and deviations from the original.
Very few American articles, stand in the present as they
did in any previous edition.
Vl PREFACE.
This is the first Geographical Dictionary, in which a
detailed and regular description of the counties of the
United States has been inserted. In the former editions
of Brookes, and in several other similar productions,
few, comparatively of the United States counties, were
so described, as to be easily found on a map from the
description. In this volume, their relative position,
length, breadth, area, and in a majority of cases the
general features ; and in several hundred the staples of
the counties are given. No difficulty can therefore occur
in finding any given county.
The elements of tlie population of the United States,
oppose great difficulties to a brief classification. Duly
reflecting on this subject, 1 adopted the tabular form,
from a conviction, that no other could answer, to render
the volume a facile work of reference. So much of the
most essential legislation, and so many of the most vital
questions in domestick politicks, demand a thorough
knowledge of the local position and relative increase or
decrease of population, that too much perspicuity cannot
be given to that subject. As the tables in this volume
are constructed, it is easy, at a single glance, to find any
necessary part of the population of any county, as far as
the tables of the census of 1810 and 1820, are cor-
rect. The classified population, as respects the pursuits
of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, are sub-
joined to each county ; inserted from the census of 1820>
In using the tabular form, brevity was in some mea-
sure sacrificed to perspicuity ; but I trust, the importance
of the subject will warrant the procedure.
In a general view of the natural features of the Uni-
ted States, I have always considered its rivers as objects
of primary importance ; therefore, my descriptions of the
rivers of the United States are unusually in detail.
This is more especially the case under the head of
Mississippi^ Missouri^ St Lawrence, Susqueliannali,
and some others. The extended detail under these ar-
ticles, have tended less to .swell the work, than would
PBEFACE. VU
appear on a cursory view. I have engrouped the minor
parts under one head, and made references where ne-
cessary.
Respecting the new states and territories^ I have
deemed it not only justifiable, but indeed requisite, to
be more ample than is common in a Geographical Dic-
tionary, comprised in a single octavo volume.
It will not be presumption to say, that much is added
to the Geography of the United States, by this pub-
lication. The editor has travelled extensively over
the states of the south, west, and north-west, and wrote
respecting most of those sections from personal observa-
tion.
It was very desirable, that more precise information
could have been given on South America ; but so con-
fused and indefinite are the political boundaries in that
country, that much uncertainty prevails respecting the
extent of almost every subdivision. I could not even
venture an article under the general head of. United
Provinces of La Plata ; though each province is descri-
bed as accurately as document could be procured.
The Mexican intendancies were so scientifically de-
lineated by Humboldt, as to enable future geographers
to place that country before their readers with sufficient
correctness. I have given the term Mexican empire,
when speaking of that country, to save circumlocution ;
and not from the circumstance of its present political
condition.
Abbreviations at best, are perplexing, and have been
entirely excluded from this treatise.
It cannot be reasonably expected that a work of such
texture and magnitude, can be free from error ; such
exemption is not in the nature of things possible ; but it
has been the sedulous endeavour of the editor to render
his production a safe and commodious book of refer-
ence, and as free from either omission or mistake, as the
present state of the science would admit.
The edition of the Constitution of the United States,
VIU PREFACE.
aud of the respective states, which forms a part of this vo-
lume was added by the publishers, iu order to embrace
a general view of the geography and constitutional law of
the United States. 1 was not the editor of that part of
the publication, nor in reality was formal editorship in-
dispensably necessary for reprinting matter which ad-
mitted of no change or addition.
I now take leave of the reader, by clahning a further
share of that publick indulgence 1 have so amply re-
ceived on former occasions. I place before my fellow
citizens the fruit of the painful labours of two years,
indulging a hope, that those humble labours have added
something to the general stof;k of information on a most
useful science.
WILLIAM DARBY.
Philadeljphiaf January V^ih, 1823.
21ie reader is desired to correct the following errors.
In article District of Columbia. See Addenda, under the head of Columbia.
In page 548, first column, for Maderia, read Madeira.
In the articles Mecklenburg, pages 580 and 581. See Addenda under the
head of Mecklenburg,
(SiasriEIB^IIa ®ii^IB^^ia2^^<
A.
A A C
-A, river in the ducliy of Courland,
which rises in Sarn'>gitia, and flows into
the bay of Riga.
Jla, river that rises in the department
of Somme in France, becomes navigable
near St. Omer, passes on to GraveUnes,
where it falls into the German ocean.
Aa, river in Westphalia, which rises
near Munster, waters that city, and falls
into the river Embs.
Aa, river of Switzerland, which rises in
the valley of Rngelberg, crosses Under-
walden, from S. to N, and falls into the
Waldstaetter Sea. Near the abbey of
Engelbers:, it has a noble cataract.
Aahus, the capital of a small district
of Germany, so named, in the circle of
Westphalia, and bishopric of Munster.
It h'(s a good casrle, and lies N E. of
Coesfeldt. Lon. ? 1 E. lat 52 10 N.
Aain-Charin, village near Jerusalem,
said to be the place where Zacliarias
lived. It is yet frequented by pilgrims ;
and near it there is a convent, a large ele-
gant building, with a handsome cupola,
and under it an extraordinary fine mo-
saic pavrment ; the altar, which is a
very splendidone encompassed with mar-
ble steps, IS said to be built on the very
spot where John the Baptist was born.
Aafborsr, capital of the bishopric of
that nam.', lies on the coast of Lymfur ,
on the confines of the bishopric of Wi-
bnrg Next to Coptnhagen, it is the
rich-st and most pop'dous city in Den-
mrk. The name signifies Eel-town,
great quantities of Eels being caugl:;
there. It has an exchange for mer-
chants a safe and<leephafbo'ir (though
the entrance near Hals is somewhat
dangerous,) and a considerable rade m
corn herruigs, guns, pistols, addles,
glove-s, &c. It vva« taken by. the Swedes
in ' 64-.3 nd 16.58 Lon. 9 46 E. lat. 50
50 N
Aur. lar^e river in Switzerland, which
rises in a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in
B
ABA
the S. of the canton of Bern, and running
N. W. through the whole extent of the
lake of Brientz and Thun to Bern, takes
a circuitous course to Soleure ; whence
it flows E. to Arburg, and NE. to Brugg ;
below which, being joined by the lleuss
and Limma't, it falls into the Rhine op-
posite Wald^chut.
Aarlmus, a large district of North
Juiland, which extends from that of Wi-
biirg to Categat, about 15 miles in
length, and between 8 and 9 in breadth,
andia uncomnon^ frutful.
AarhuHs, or Aarhiisen, the capital of
the bishopric of that name, lies between
the sea and a I .ke, from which water is
conveyed by a pretty briad canal ttiaf
divides the town into two unequal parts.
It is large and populous ; and has six
gates, two principal churches, two mar-
ket-places, a university, a free-school,
and a well-endowed hospital.
Aaronsburg; post town of Northumber-
land coimty cont lin ng about 40 dwell-
ings. It is s tu.it ed a littl- more than a
mile E. of Elk creek, which unites with
Penn's, and falls into the Susquehannah,
5 miles below Sunoury.
Aarseo, or Arzeo, town of Algiers, near
the mouth of the river Mina.
Auach. or M'elti^ibvrg, a marke* town in
Lower B ivaria seated on the Danube, 7
miles from Ratisbon. It is defended
by a citadel, and is remarkable for Ro-
man antiquities, as well as for its mine-
ral waters, which are celebrateil for
curing various diseases. Lon. 11 56 E,
lat. 48 5o N.
AbacUn, town at the mouth of the Tig-
rj :
Abakanakoi, town of Siberia, in the
provi ce of Tobolsk, on the river Jaues-
ka. under th Russian government It
was founded in IZOT". and rebuilt in 1726.
It has a g-a'Tiso' , and is provided with
artillery Lon 94 5 E. Int 33 5 N
Abaluk, town in Siberia, two miks from
ABB
ABE
Tobolski, celebrated for an image of the
Virgin, which is visited by many pil-
grims, and carried in procession annual-
ly to Toboiski Lon. 68 20 E, lat, 53
11 N.
Abascia, or Jbcas, a country in Asia,
tributary to tiie Turks, surrounded on
the E by Mingrelia, on the N and W by
Black Circassia, on the S by the Black
Sea.
Massia, the modern name of a king-
dom in Ethiopia Proper; it compre-
hends the provinces of Bagemeder, Go-
jam, Walcka, Sliewa, &c. and ij very
mountainous ; in some parts the rocks
are so steep, thai m. n and cattle are
cran-d up by help of ropes and ladders,
yet on the top of these tiiere are woods,
meado-.\"s, and fish-ponds.
Abberton, near Lexden, Essex. Ab-
berton, near Parshore, 7 miles from Wor-
cester, n'>ted for its mineral water.
AbbenhaU, small village \2 miles from
Gloucester, 3 from Newnham, noted for
a mineral spring, very efficacious in the
cure of cutaneous eruptions'.
Abberxoick. large village near Alnwick,
Kortliumberland.
Abbeville, a considerable town of
France, in the deparment of Sonime,
and late province ol Picardy, seated in
a pleasant valley, where the river Som*
me divides into several branches, and
separates the town into two parts. It is
prtity well pt^opled : has a woolen
manufactory, besides manufactories of
sail-cloth. It lies 15 miles E from the
British Channel, 2J NW from Amiens,
52 S of Calais, and 80 NW of Paris.
Lon. 1 ,55 E, lat. 50 7 N
Abbeville, (Wsir^cX. of S C. having P n-
dleton district NW, Luurens NK, Edg-
field SE, and the Savannah river SVV.
Ii is about 31 ms. in length and breadth,
having a superficies of about 1000 sq.
ms. Tlie surface is agreeably variega-
ted with hill and dale, and a considera-
ble part of the soil is rich and well wa-
tereJ Pop. in 1810.
Free while males - - " - 7348
Do. do females - - 7048
Other persons not naturalized 88
Male slaves - . - . 4883
Female do. - - - . 4732
Free blacks and people of colour 64
Total cf slaves
Total of free whites
Slaves
Total pop.
14484
G672
21156
In 1820.
Free wlute malfs . - - 6795
Do do. females - - 6693
Other persons not naturalized 22
9679
Total cf whites
13510
Aggr.g.de pop. - - - 22189
Engaged in agriculture - - 7343
Do. commerce - - 57
Do. manufactures - 229
In 1820.
Individuals to the sq. m. 23.
Abbeif-JBoyle, town of Ireland, in the
county ol' Uoscommnn, and prov.nce of
Coiinaugh;, remarkable for an old abbey.
It lies 23 miles N of Hoscommon. Lon,
8 32 W, lai. 53 56 N.
Ahbeij- Green, Village of Scotland, in
LaiKirkshire, so named from being built
around the ruins of a monastery, found-
ed here by King David 1. in 1440, dedi-
cated to St, Macule. It contains about
430 inhabitants; and lies 12 miles S of
Hamilton, and 4 from Lanark.
Abbeii-Holm, town in Cumberland, so
called from an abbey built in it by Da^
vid I. King of Scots. It stands on an
arm of tlie sea, and is 295 tnil-s from
London, and 16 SW from Carlisle. Lou.
3 21 W. lat. 54 53 N.
Abbey-J\Iilton, or Abbey-Middlelon, an
ancient but mean town in Dorsetshire,
where an ai)bey formerly stood. It is 12
miles NE of Dorchester, and 122 from
London. Lon. 2 24 W, lat. 50 51 N.
Abbington, near Northamptoti. Ab-
bington, near Uoyston, Cambridgeshire.
Abb'-ii^toa, JMngna, and Parca, near Lin-
ton and Boumbridge, Cambridgeshire.
Ahbol.tburi/, town in Dorsetshire, so
named from an abbey near it, founded
by a Norman lady, about 102f», to which
Edward the Confessor and Wdliam I.
were both b.nefactors. It lies 7 miles
SVV of Dorchester, and 127 W by S
from London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 50 38 N.
Abbuts-Caslle, or Apeivood- Castle, an
old fort.fication in StaR()rdshire, 7 miles
from Wolveriiampton, on the north side
of tite road from Shewsbury to London,
situated on a lof'v Diind promontory,
and a steep ridge of hills, which extend
a mile in lengtli, supposed to have been
One continued lortiiicaiion, and a work
of the ancient Britons.
Abbot's-Lunirleii, village in Herts, 4
miles Irom St. Albans, fanicus for beinjj
the birth-piacc of Pope Adri-n IV.
Abb''s fluad, .S'f. a promontory, forming
the sou hern extremity of the Frith of
Forth, lying in the Parish of Colding-
ham ami the county ot Berwick, Scot-
land, about 10 miles N of Berwick, and
the same distance S from Dunbar. Lon
1 56 VV,lat. 55 54N.
10
A B E
ABE
' Abenrade, town of Denmark, in Sels-
ivick, now very flourish incf, being dou-
ble the extent it was formerly, and
built in a better taste. It is seated on a
spac ous open bay in thp Balt'c, sur-
rounded on tliree sides by h:gh moun-
tains, which render the harbour sate.
Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 55 6 N.
Abensperg; or JJbeiisberg, town of Bava-
ria, seated on the Abens', near the Da-
nube, 15 miles SW of Ratisbon. Lon.
11 55E, lat, 41 4$N, .,
Mertivon, borough town, of Glamor-
gansliire, governed by a port-reeve, seat-
ed on the mpiit!) of the Avon, 19 miles
NWofCowbridge, and 195 VV from Lon-
don. The vicarage, which isdischariced,
is worth 45/. yearly. Lon. 3 48 W, 51
35N. ■ •• ■ •
Merbrotfnifick, nr Arbroath, small neat
town on the ea?t coast of Angusslure, 15
miles NE of St. Andrew's, and 40 NNE
from Edinburgh. It is situated on the
mouth f)f the small river Brotliick : is a
royal burgh, well built, and floiirishing.
The number of its mhabitants haaggreat-
ly increased within these last 40 years,
and they are now estimated at about
7000. The chief manufactures are
brown linens, or Osnaburj^hs, sail-cl ths,
and white and brovvn thread. There
are about 34 vessels belonging to this
place, each from 60 to 160 tons, em-
ployed in the, Baltic trade. The fo-
reign imports are flax, flax-seed, timber,
iron, &c. The glory of this place was
formerly the abbey, wliose very rqins
give some idea of Its ancient magnifi-
cence. It was founded by William !.
the Lion, in 1178, and dedicated to tlie
celebrated primate Thomas-:i-i'ecket.—
The founder was buried here, but tlieve
are no remains of his tomb. Fairs are
on 31st .lanuarv, 3d Wednesday of .Tune,
. and ISth July. Lon. 2 29 W, lat. 56
36 N.
Abercomeaij, town of Caernarvonshire,
pleasantly situated on 'he river Con-
way. It has a good harbour, and for-
merly carried on a considerable trade
in corn. Lon. 4 1, W, Lat. 53 20 \.
Jlbercorn, village and parish uf West
Lothian, on the south bank of the Fiiih
of Forth, 12 miles west from Edinburgh.
A monastery existed here in th% seventh
century ; and the castle f)f Aberrorn
was a place of grsat s'rength in the fa-
mily of the Douglasses. Though no
traces of these buildings now remain,
Abercorn still gives the Bri'ish title of
Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl
to a branch of the family of Hamilt" n.
The Roman wall is said to have begun
m this parish.
.■ibercorn, smalltown of Georgia, Uni-
ted States 13 mili-s NW of Savannah.
Aberdeen, the principal ciy in the
north of Sciitlmd, situated on tiie coast
of the German ocean, 120 miles >>'E
from Eilinbur^h, in lon. 1 45 W, lat. 579
N. Under this deru^mmation are c im-
prehended two towns, Old and JVe-ji
Aberdeen, which, however are almost
united by thf ir respective suburbs.
Aberdeen Old, formerly Aberdon, is
pleasap.tly situated on a eminence near
the mouth of the river Don, about a
mile north of. New Aberdeen. It is of
great antiquity, ..nd was of some import-
ance so long ago as 893, when ace rd-
ing to tradition, King Gregory the Great
conferred on it some peculiar privi-
If ges. By charter the free burgesses of
the town are vested with the powtr of
choosing their own magistracy, who are a
provost, three bailies, a treasurer, and
cou' cil with die deacons of six incor-
porated trades The lown cons'sts
chiefly of one long street. There is a
neat town house, a new building, and a
Trades Hospital for decayed freemen
and their widows, and a hospita- for 12
poor !T,en, f unded by B'shop William
Dunbar. But the chief oniam-ntwf Old
Aberdeen is ihe iarge and srately fabric
of King's College, situa'ed oathe S. side
of t*.e town. , Ii is built naind a square,
with cloisters oti the south side. The
structure contairs a chapel, library, mu-
seum, common hall, and lecture rooms,
witli a lonL'' range of modern ti<>uses,
for the accommodation of the professors
and studen's. The hbrarv and museum
avi: well furnished. The old town, be-
injj forme ly the seat of a bishop, had a
most maijnifice' t cathedral, dedicated
In St. Machar, hot, like man)' o hers, it
fell a sacr fice to tlie rtliciio'is fretizv of
tlie reformers. Two very ar.tiquf spires
and one isle, which is us d as a church,
is all that is left in his cathedral there
was a fine library, which was also des-
troyed. Over he Don at Old .Aber-
deen, there i-' a noble Gothic bridge, of
one arch,. 67 feet span, and 34^ high
from the surface of Ihe river. On both
sides it nsts on a solid ledge of rock.
The population of Old Aberdeen and
parish was 9911, in 1801.
Aberdeen JYenv, is tlie capital of the
shire of Aberdeen. For extent, trade,
ai.d beaut}', it far exceeds any town in
the north of Scotland. It is built on a
gentle eininence, rising from a s-^^ali
bay, formed by the river De<?, over
which there is an eUgant bridge of 7
arches, built by Bishop Dunbar. The
streets are numerous, spacious, and well!'
11
ABE
ABE
paved ; tbe houses are built of pranite,
(from adjoiriin^ quirries,) jjenerally
four stories hitfh, rem rkably neat and
eleg-ait, having almost universally gar-
dens in their rear. The whole town is
about two miles in circumference, and
the population is estimated at above
20,000. The municipal government is
vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of
gu'.Id, treasiirer, town-clerk, a town
council, and 7 deacons of incorporated
trades. The town is a royal burgh, and
uniting with Aberbrothv.ick, Brechin,
Tnverbervje, and Montrose, sends a
member to parliament. New Aberdeen
is graced with an el gant college, found-
ed by George Keith, the Earl Marischal
of Scotland, in 1593. The trade is con-
siderable, but might be greatly extend-
ed by aa attention to the white fishe-
ries. Aberdeen once enjoyed a good
share of the tobacco trade ; but of late
years its chief imports were from the
Baltic, and a few merchants trade to the
West Indies, the Levant, and North
America. Its exports are stockings,
thread, salmon and oatmeal. The first
is a most important article, being esti-
mated at no less than 183,000/. annual-
ly ; and employing in the spinning,
knittmg, &c. a very considerable por-
tion of the inhabitants of the county.
The 'bread manufacture is another con-
siderable article, though trifling in com-
parison of the W'lollen. The salmon
fisheries on the Dee are a good bruicli
of trade. About 46 boa's, and 130 men,
are employed on the first ; and in some
years, 167,000 lbs. offish liave been sent
pickled to Lmdon, and ab iit 900 bar-
rels of salted fi^ exported to France,
Italy, 8tc. The inhabitants likewise ex-
port considerable quantities of pickled
pork, which they formerly dispo ed of
to the Dutch for victualling their Kast
India ships and men of war; the Aber-
deen pork has the reputation of being
the best cured of any in Europe for
keeping on long voyages Fairs are on
the 31 st .Ian. 3d Wednesday iiv June,,
and 13lh July.
Aberdeenshire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the WVby BanflTshire, and
the Deveron ; on the N and VE by the
German Ocean ; on the S by the coun-
ties of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth ;
and oil the W by Inverness-shirt-. Is
length from NE to SVV is about 10 miles ;
its breadth not quite 30. It compre-
hends the districts of Mar, Garioch,
Strathbogie, and the greater part of
Buchon ; and sends one member to par-
liament. The soil of tiiis extensive
county is very various, and agriculture^
in general, rude. The high ground*
jjresent much excellent pasture, while
great part of the lowlands yield very
grateful returns to tallage. This county
is noted for the hr ving state of 'X^ man-
ufactures of linen and woolren, in which
it promises shortly to rival the superior
region of tlie Clyde
Jlberdour, small town in Fifeshire,
Scotland, with a good harbour, on tlie
Frith of Forth, about 10 mdes NW of
Edinburgh
Meford, or Aberforth, small town in the
west riding of Yorkshire, 15 miles SW of
York, and 184 NNW from London. It
has a market every Wednesday, and four
fairs on die first Wednesdays of April,
May, October, and after St. Luke's day.
It is noted for pin-making. Lon. 1 21
W, lat. 53 13 N.
Aberfrau; Village of North Wales, in
the isle of Anglesey, formerly a place of
note, tlie Princes of North Wales hav-
ing had a palace in it. It is now much
reduced, though it has four fairs, on the
7th .N^nrch, 23d Oct lHh Dec. and Wed-
nesday after Trinity, all for cuttle. In
the neighbourhood, a considerable flan-
nel man factory is carried on. It lies 6
miles NW of Newburgh. Lon. 4 36 W,
lat. 53 13 N..
Aber^ax'entiy, well-built town in Mon-
mouthshire, 16 miles W of Monmouth,
and 142 W by N from London, contain-
ing about 500 houses, 2 churches, and
an old CHS'le. It has two weekly mark-
et'i and tiiree fairs, on May 1, Tuesday
after Frinitv. and Sept. 25. Lon. 3 5
W, lat 51 50 N.
Aber^eUlij. village of N. Wales, in Deti-
biglisliire, 5 miles W by S of St. Asaph,
and 224 from London, which has 4 an-
nual fairs for catt e, on the 2d of April,
2uih of August, yth of October, and the
day before Holy Thursday.
A'>frneihii, small town in Perthshire, in
Scotland, seated near the junction of
the Erne with the Tay. It is said to
have been the seat of the Pictish kings,
as well as the see of an archbishop. In
the tovi'ii chnrcli-yard is a round tower
74 feet high and 48 in circumference,
the only one besides tliat of Brechin in
Scot and. The town is mtich decayed ;
the chief.manufacture is that of tiouse-
hold linen, and silesias for the market of
Perth.
Aberysttvith, town of S. Wales, in Cardi-
ganshire, seated on the I twitii near its
confluence with the Rildall, where they
fall into the sea. It lies 203 miles WNW
from London, and 30 NE from Cardigan.
It was formT'y fortified with a castle,
and defended with wails ; but both arc
12
ABO
A B Y
now in niins. It is, however, rich and
populous, havinp^ a great trade in lea.^,
a considerable fishing of (lerring's, cod,
and whitings, and a g'ood weekly mark-
et on Monday. In the bathinj;^ season,
this town is a fashionable watering place.
Lon 4 0 W, lat. 52 25 N
.ibex, country of Africa, on the Red
Sea, which bounds it on 'he east ; on
the west it is bounded by Abyssinia and
Nubia, on the north by Egypt, and on
the south by the coJist of ^ja!l. The
chief towns are Arkeko, or Ercoco, and
Suaquam ; which last is the capital, and
the seat of aguvernor. It is subject to
tiie Turks It is 500 miles in length,
and 100 in bre;<dth.
.^lii'^gdon^ or .ibiiiglon, a town cf Berks
on tiie Tliami s, so named fr(;m an abbey
formerly built in it, 6 miles S of Or.ford,
47 E of Gloucester, and 56 W from Lon-
don. It is a good tho;'OUt:hfare, and has
a markft on Monday and F. iday. It has
two c!>uichcs and two charity-schools.
Miugiorif post town and capital of
Washington county, Virginia, situated
near the east side of the north branch of
H 'stein river. Here is a jail, and .%
court-iiouse, where the district and
county cf)urts are held. It is 300 miles
wsw of Richmond, and 557 from Phila-
delphia. X. tat. 36 51' W. lon. VV.C. 5 05.
Abino creek, of Upper Canada, in the
Comity of Lincoln, emptying into lake
E ie, in the township of Bertie, at the
head of the bay. East of Pomt .\bino.
Abino Point, in the township f)f Ber-
tie, on lake Erie, is 9 or 10 miles west
of Fnrt E'ie.
Jlhkhas, one of the seven nations in
the countries c mprehended between
the Black Sra and tlie Caspian. Their
principal and most ancient settlements
are on the sou'hern slope of the moun-
tains ying between the iver Cuban and
the RIack Sea. They are tributary to
the Turks, and are divided into two go-
vernments, the Western and the East-
ern, each subject to a basiiaw, common-
ly chosen from am<ng ihe principal na-
tives. One of these resides at Soichuk-
kale, and the other at Soghumkal'-. The
capital is Vnacopir, formerly Nicopsis.
The Abkhas speak an oriental li puage,
essentially different from all the known
Jangviat'es, though appearing to have a
very remote affinity to that of the Cir-
cassians. They liave very httle religion,
though they preserve some traces of
Ciiristianity.
Ablo, town of Little T rtary, hing be-
tween the riveiDieper and the Black
Sea L -n 3:} 16 E. lat 46 20| N.
Abo, seaport, the capital of Swedisli
Finland, which lies upon the pnint where
the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland unue.
It is a g od p(.rt ; and is the see of :i
bishop, suffragan of Upsal. It has ti
university, founded by Queen Ciiristina
in 1640,. and endow -d wi'h tue same
privileges as tiiat of Upsal ; besides a
school, found d by Gus avus \dolphus,
for 300 sctiolars. The lown is tolerably
well built, and the inhabitants export
linen, corn, and planks. Here the trea-
ty of ()eace between Russia and Swe-
den, in 1743 was concluded. It lies 120
miles NE of Stockholm. Lon. 22 18 E,
lat. 60 27 N.
Ahonrkir, sma'l town of Egypt, lyif'g in
the desert between Alexandria and Ro-
setta. It is tlie ancient Canopus; and
is situated, according to Mr. ■ Savary, 6
leagues from l^haros. The town is built
on a rock, which forms a handsome
road for shipping, and is out of the
reach of inundations.
Aboutige, town in Upper Egypt, neap
the Nile, where great quantities of pop-
pies grow, of which the natives make the
best opium in the Levant. Lon. 49 0 E,
lat. 26 30 N.
Abranates, town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, seated on the Tajo, and belong-
ing to a marquis of that title. It is situat-
ed on a high ground, is surrounded with
gardens Sind olive-trees, contains 35,000
inhabitants, and has 4 convenis, a hos-
pital, and an alms-house. Lon. 7 18 \V,
lat. 39 13 N..
Abnizzo, province cf Naples, bound-
ed on the E, by tlu Gulf ui' Venice, on
the K and w by Ancona, Umhria, and
the Campagna til Roma, and on the s by
the Terra di Lavora and Mohse I* iS'
divided into two parts by tlie river Pes-
cara, called Ulteriore and Citeriore.
The former has Aquila, aid the latter
Solomona, for its capital The country,,
thougii cold, is fertile in corn, nee, fruits,
sal]'ron, vines, and olives.
Aba, town in Fran' e, in tiie department
of Ardeche, fo;merly the chief town of
Vivarcs, and a bishop's see, now in a
very ruinons state.
Abyo. or Abmjo one of the Phillinpine
isls. in t le I'/ast Indies, between Minda-
na > and Luzon. Here the Spaniards
havi a fort, and cary on a good trade
with their \merican territories, Lon^
122 15 E, lat. 10 0 N.
Abyssiania, a kingdom of Africa, 800
miles long and 600 br a ',boiindf d on 'he
n rth by Nubia, east by the lied Sea and
Dancala. west by Gorham, and south by
Gmgia and Alaba. I' isoneofthe most
moiiiianous and precipi'ous ci'Untnes
in the world : but in a few vales the sol]
13
A C A
ACE
is black and fertile. The rainy season
contimies from April to September.
This is succeeded, without interval, by
a cloudless sky, and a vertical sun. Cold
nig'hts as instantly follow these scorch-
ing days. The earth, notwi'hstanding
these days, is perpetually cold, so as to
feel disagreeable to the sol s of the feet ;
par ly owing to the six months r=iin, and
partly tr> the near equality of nights and
days. There is no country in the world
that produces a greater variety of quad-
rupeds, both wild and tame ; but there
are no tigers. 'I'lie hyenas, however,
are very numerous, and dreadful in their
lavages. Bes-de eagles, vultures, &c.
there is a species of glede, called had-
dayn, which is frequent in Eirypt, and
comes punctually into Abyssinia, <;t the
r^-turn of the sun. after the tropical
rains; and storks are numerous in May,
when the rains become constant : there
are few owls ; but these are of an im-
mense size and beauty. Tne most re-
markable insect is the Ttsahsal, a large
fly, which is so fatal to cattle, that in
some particular districts, great emigra-
tions take place in the beginning of the
rainy season, to prevent tlie s'ock of
cattle from bei'\g destroyed. There
is a remarkable coincidence between
the customs in the court of ancient Per-
sia anJ those of .\byssinia. According
to Mr. Bruce, the celebrated river N 1*^
has its source in thi>- country. Gondar
is the metropolis.
./?ca7H6oif,'kingdom on the coast of Gui-
nea in .\frica, whose kingisabsotut , and
one of the most powcful on the coast ;
his s!(bjects tiiough warlike and brave,
are haughty, rapacious, and cruel.
Jicanini, an inland country om the Gold
coast of G'linea, which affords the best
gold, and in great plenty : also a town
or viMage in that country. Lon. 0 30 K,
lat. 8 30 N.
Acnt)uko, a considerable town and oort
in Mexico, on the ">outh sea It has a
fine iiarbonr, fr >m whence a sh'p, (some-
times two) annually sails to Mar.illa in
the Philippine islands, near the c ast of
China, in Asii ; and another returns an-
nually from thence with all the treasures
of the East Ttulies, such as diamonds,
rubies, sapphires, and* other precious
stones; the ric!^ carpets of Persia, the
camphire of Borneo ; the benj imin and
ivory of Pegu and Cambodia ; the silks,
muslins, and calicoes of Mogul; the
gold dust, tea, china ware, silk and ca-
binets of C'lina and Japan ; besides
cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, and pepper,
insomuch that this single -.hip contains
more riithes than many whole fleets.
Annual ships also arrive from Litita and
other ports of Chili and Peru, with ^e-
cie, &c. The goods brought to Aca-
pulco are carried to the city of Mexico,
above 200 miles distant, by mules and
pack horses, and from thence to Vera
Cruz on the north sea, in order to be
shipped for Europe. Acapuico itself
is a small place, consisting of about 300
thatched houses, pip. 4000. The air
here is hot, heavy, and unwholesome.
Upon the arrival of the galleons, traders
flock here from all the provinces of
Mexico, to exchange European toys,
their own cochineal, and about 437,500/.
sterling of silvt-r, for spices, muslins,
printed linens, silk, perfumes, and the
gold w.rks of Asia. Lon. 29 35 W, lat.
16 40 N.
Acasabastian, river of Mexico, in the
province of Vera Paz, which runs into
the gulf of Dulce.
Acatulan, village of Mexico, intenden-
6y, Valladolid, N. lat. 19 20, W lon.
100 05.
Acadian coast, or Acadia, county of
Louisiana, lies along the Mississippi river
below Lafouce river.
Accomack, co. of Virg. on the Eastern
shore of the Chesapeake Bay, having
Northampton s the Atlantic Ocean e,
Worce'-ter co. in Maryland N and the
Chesapeake Bay w. It is about 20 ms.
li.ngand 10 wi.de, area 240 sq. ms. chief
town Drummondstown. The surface
generally flat and sandy. Pop. in 1810.
Free white males ... 4458
Do. do. females - . 4883
All other persons except indians
not taxed .... I860
Slaves 4542
In 1820.
Free white males -
Do. do. females -
Foreigners not naturalized
Total whites ...
15743
4598
4788
5
9389
Male slaves ...
Female do. ...
2274
2206
Free people of colour.
Males . . . -
Females ...
990
1120
15969
3976
170
341
Total pop.
Engaged in Agriculture
Do. in Commerce
Do. in Manufactures
Individuals to the sq. m. 66.
Acerenza, small town of the province of
Basilicata, in the kingdom of Naples
14
A C H
A C li
lomerly the see of an archbishop. Lon. called by the Malays cayen /arrange
16 5E,lat. 40 20N. Loo. 95 34 E, lal. 5 22 N.
Acemo, 'own of Italy, in (he citerior Jichlam, viiiage 12 miles trom \,rk,
principality of Naples, with a bishop's wher> the boay oi tl^ie Emperor Sev.rus,
see ; situated 17 miles SW of Conza, and who died at Yorii, 'was burnt to asties,
12 NE of Salermo. Lon. 15 5 E, lat. 40 agreeably to the custom ot those times.
Aclilieien, town ot Austria on the Da-
nuue, 12 miles ESE of Ens.
45 N.
Acerra, town in the kingdom of Na-
ples, in the Terra di Lavora, seated on
the river \gno, 7 miles NE of Naples,
and 20 SW of Benevento. Lon. 14 30 E,
lat. 40 55 N.
Jlch, town of Suabia, in the landgrnvate
of Nellenburg, on the river Ach, 14
miles NE ot Schaffhansen.
Jc/ia7n, country in Asia, bounded on
Aclimetschtt, town of Crim Tartary, m
the llubsan province of Ta ;rida, anaj^o-
vernnient .of Caihanenenslaf It is the
residence ot tlie Sullan (Jalga, eiicst
son oi the Kiian of Tartary. Lon. 33 20
E, lat. 45 U N
Achmim, town of Egypt, the residence
of an emir, or prince of the country. It
the N by Boutan, on the e by China, on has maimtacturcs of coarse cottons, and
tlie S by Burmah, and on the w b> Hin- stands on a smali eminence, on Uie
doostan. It is very little known to Euro-
peans.
»>2c/iee?i, kingdom on the NVV part of the
island of Sumatra, in the Indinn ocean,
now very diirerent from what it was, in
the beginning of the 16lh century, when
it was so powerful as to expel the Por-
tuguese from the island where they re-
peatedly attempted ^o settle ; and when
its sovereign received embassies from
some of the greatest potentates of Eu-
rope. Though no longer the great
mart of eastern commodities, it still
carries on a considerable trade with the
natives of that part of the coast of Hin-
Ooostan, called Telinga, who supply it
with cotton goods of their country,
and receive in return, gold dust, s^pan
wood, betel nut, patch leaf, {^coIsils Indi-
nis,) a little pepper, sulphur, camphire,
and benzoin. The country is supplie4 county, Ohio.
rignt bank of the Nile, 240 miles s of
Cairo. Lon. 51 56 E, lat 26 40 N.
Achrunry, town ot Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Sligo, and a bishop's see united to
Killala. li IS seated on the Sliannon, 16
miles WbW of Shgo.
Achyr, strong town and castle of the
Ukraine, on the river Uorskio, 127
rn les E cl Kiow. Lon. 26 lO E, lat. 40
Aqkon, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy ot Magdeburg, with a citadel, on
the Elbe, 5 miles NVV of Dessau.
Acoma, or St. Estcvan de Acoma, town
of New Mexic <, seated on a hill, with a
good castle. To go imo the town, one
must v/alk up 50 steps cut oat of the
rock. It is the capital of that province.
Lon. 104 15 W, lat. 35 Q N.
iciiornsto-ion, post town of Columbiana
with Bengal opium, and also with iron,
and many other articles of merchandize,
by the European traders. Acheen is
esteemed comparatively healthy, being
iTiore free from woods and swamps than
most other portions of the island. In
various respects the Acheenese excel
the other inhabitants of Sumatra ; they
are taller, stouter, and better propor-
tioned ; more sagacious and cunning,
fnore active and iiidustfious, as well as
better navigntors.
Acton, township in Windham county
Vt. pop. 181U, 2*5, m 182iJ, about 300.
Acton, township, and post village of
Middlesex county Massachusetts, 5 ms.
NVV. by w trom Concord, pop. m 1810,
885, in 1820, 1047.
Actopan, village of Mexico, in the in-
tendency of Mexco, about 6j ms. a htile
east of N ;rom the citv of Mexico, N lat.
2U 10 W lon. VV.C 21 49.
Acqs, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Arriege, on the river Arriege,
Acheen, or Achem, the capital of the 2u miles SSE ot Foix.
kingdom so called, lies 1000 miles SE of
Madras, and is situated on a river which
runs into the sea near the NW^ point, or
Acheen-head, about two miles from the
mouth, in a wild valley, formed by two
lofty ranges of hills. A considerable
fabric of a thick species of cotton cloth,
and of stuff for the short drawers
Worn by Malays and Achenese, is es-
Acqs, or Dux, a city of France, on the
river Adour, in the department of Lan-
des. It has hot water baths.
Acqua, town of Tuscany, noted for its
nese, noted for its medicinal waters, 12
warm baths, 15 miles E of Leghorn.
Acquariq, town of Italy, in the Mode-
miles S ot Modena.
Acra, country of Guinea, on the Gold
tablished here, and supplies an exten- coast, where some European states have
sive demand. They weave also very forts, and each fort its village. Lon. 1
handsome silk pieces, of a par icular OE, lat. 5 25N.
form for that part of the dress which is Acre, or St. John d'Acre, a seaport of
15
ABA
ADA
Syria, in Palestine, and a bishop's see.
It is called Pcokmais by t e Greeks,
and stands '>n a plain at the north point
of a bay, which extends in a semirircle
of nine miles to the point of Mount Car-
nrii i, :ieai- the mouth ot tiie Kardanah.
or ancient Bthis. In the time of the
cnisaiies, it underwent sev.-ral sieges ;
and nnthinjj is now t> be seen of this
ancient city, but the remains of monu-
ments erecied by tiie C ristians, and
some ruiiis of a chnrcii dedicated to St.
Andrew. 'I'he new city is> distant 'one
milf from the arcient walls, and the for-
tifications are of little importance. The
paiace of the grand mast^ r of the order
of St. John of Jerusalem is the residf nee
of the chief of Acre. Here are tliree
mosques, four churches, and a syna-
gogue. The chief article of commerce
are corn and cotton. In 1759, great
damage was done by an earttiquake ;
and the year following 5000 persons,
near one third of the inhr.bitants, died
by the plague. In 1799, aided by tiie
British, under Sir Sidney Smith, it with-
stood a severe siege by the French un-
der Buonaparte, wiio retreated after
failing \n a \welth assault. It is 24
miles S of Tyre, and 47 N of Jerusalem.
Lon. 35 20 E, lat. 32 32N.
Acton- Biirnel. village in Sliropshire, 8
miles of Shrewsbury. Here are considei*-
able remam- of a castle, in whicli j par-
lianienl was held in the rtign of Ed-
ward I.
Acttjpan, village of Mexico. N. lat. 20
17 and W lon. 9s 49.
Ac-vcrth tow;is!iip of Cheshire coun y
in N. H. situated 6 ms. W of Concord,
pop. 1810, 1523, and in 182ij. 1,79.
Aczn, town of Nat tha ; also a town and
a pro\'ince ol Turkistan, in Vsiatic Tar-
tary, N of Caschga',
J^diiir, cotintA' of Kentucky having Bar-
ren count' \V (ireene NW, flasev, VE,
Wa' ne -<nd Perluski, or Cumberland ri-
ver and Wolfer, SE. and Cumberland
county south. ^da'TC nnty ha^ a m^^an
length and breadth of about 28 ms. area
800 s(|. mv. the face of the c nntry
broken, fud the soil much diversifiecU
Chief town, Columbia.
Pop. in 1810.
Fr t white males - - 2568
Do. do. females • - 2355
All otiu r free persons except
Indians no. taxed - - 2
Slaves - ... 913
Do. do. females •
Foreigners not naturalised
3568
none
Total nop. 1810.
In 1820.
Free white mules
.^-■^6
5681
Total white pop. 1820.
7:j49
Male slaves - -
787
Female do. • -
762
Free people of colour males -
4
Do. females -
3
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
Total pop. in 1820 - - 8765
Engag^-rl in \gricultnre - 2223
Do. in Commerce - 21
Uo. in Manufactures - 196
Individuals to the sq m. 21.
Adams, township of (3oos county N. H.
pop in 1810, 244; a .d in 1820, 363.
Adam.% [)Ost town in Bershire, .Mass. .30
ms. N from Le los, pop. in 18JU, 1763,
and in 182o. 1836.
Adams, part of Jefferson county N. Y.
Adams, county of Pehiis. hav.ng Fred-
erick county in Md. S Franklin, county
Pa. W, Cumbt-riand N VV and NE and E.
It is about 20 ms. in length, and 18 wide,
area 360 sq. ms. Chief town, Gettys-
burg. The surface of tiiis cou^'ty is ex-
tremely diversified witli hill and dale;
Thf soil is also of -he d flerent qualities
from the worst to the best The whole
CO is well watered. Pop. in IHIO.
Free white males - - 7533
Do. do. females - • 7190
All ot'ier persons except In-
dians not tax d - - 338
Slaves ... - 71
Total pop. 1810.
15132
In 1820.
Free white males
9500
Do. do. females
9241
Foreigners not naturalized
311
Total white pop.
19052
Male slaves ...
10
Female do. - . -
13
Free people of colour males -
'214
Do. females
292
Total pop. in 1820, - - 19681
Engaged In \ ricuhure - 3514
Do in Commerce - - 65
Do in Miniifactures - - 1526
Iiidivi 'uals tn the sq. m. 54.
Adams, to^n lip rf D rke co mty
Oh , |;rp n 1820, 343.
A!'"rjs, pos on Dauphin county Pa.
Adams, post tov. n H-de county N. C.
NE 1.50 ms. from Ral.- . ii
Adams townsliir. nf VVa'^hington conn-
tv :i ^^ F. of Mnskngum river. Fop. in
1810,620; in 1820,324.
16
ADA
Mams, township of VVasiruigtoii City,
©hio, population in 1S2G, 174.
Adams, county of Oliio, iiaving Brown W.
Higliland, and Pike N. Sciota E. and the
Ohio river S. This county is about 20 miles
square, area about 400 square miles, the
surface much broken, tlie soil in general
fertile and well watered. Chief town West
Union. Population in 1810
Free white males - - - 4825
Do. do. females ... 4588
All other persons except Indians not
taxeil ..... 21
Slaves none
total population in 1810 ■
In 1820
Free white males
Do. do. females
Foreigners not naturalized
9434
5358
4992
26
Total white population in 1820 10,376
Male slaves ...
Female do. ...
Free coloured persons, males
Do, females
Total of coloured persons
56
Total population in 1820 - 10,432
Engaged in Atj^riculture - - 174
Do. Commerce - . 11
Do. Manufactures
Individuals to the square mile 26. 92
Jtdams, county of Mississippi, having the
Mississippi river W. Jefferson county X.
Franklin E. and the Homochitto river or
Wilkinson county S. E. It is about 40
miles in length from the mouth of Homo-
chitto river to the N. E. angle ; but the
medium width not exceeding 12 miles ;
area about 480 square miles. The face of
Adams county is broken and hilly ; the soil
jn fjeneral extremely fertile, and in iis na-
C<iral state very heavily timbered ; chief ve-
getable product cotton. Pop. in 1810
Free white males ... 2420
Do. do. females - - - 1835
.All other persons except Indians not
taxed 7&
Slaves - - - - . 5671
ADA
Free people of colour, males
Do. do. females
40
44
Total population in 1810
10,002
In 1820
Free white males ...
Do. do. females -
Foreigners not naturalized
Total white population in 1820
Male slaves . . . -
Female do. ....
2310
1675
51
4036
4080
3873
Total population in 1820 . 12,073
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4061
Do. Commerce - . 97"
Do. Manufactures - 130
Individuals to the square mile 26.
.Iddisoii, township of Washington county,
Maine, W. 16 miles from Maciiias. Popu^
lation in 1810, 399 ; and in 1820, 519.
Addison, county of Vermont, having lake
Champlain VV. Chittenden N. WaNliinf^toii
and Orange E. and Rutland S Mean length
25 miles, mean breadth 20 ; area al)iiut 50O
square miles. Though not mountainous,
it is finely variegaied by hid and dale. Ut-
ter river flows obhqutdy through this roun-
tv, and by its numerous branches afibrdsi
much fine land and excel'ent mill seavs.
Chief towns V'ergennes and Middleburg.
Population in 1810
Free wliite mules ... 10,158
Do. do. females - - - 9719
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ..... lis
Slaves ..... U'-ne
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820
Free white males
Do. do. females
Foreigners not naturalized
Total white population in 1820
Free people of colour, males
Do. do. females
19,993
10,109
10,241
151
501
58
61
Total population in 1820 - 20,620
Engaged in Aiiriculture - 51\5
Do. Commerce .. « 72
Do. Manafrictures - 1098
Individuals to the square mile 41
A'lilhon, townsiup and post-town of Ad-
dison county, VVrmont, about 10 miles W.
from Middleburg. Populat on about 1200.
Addison, township of Steuben county.
New York. Population in 1820, 652.
.iddisoii, township of Somerset county,
Penns Pop. in 1810, 678; in 1820, 755,
Adilison, townsiiip of GaUia county, tJhio.
Popuhition in 1820, 636.
Ade'phi, po-t-lown, situated on the north
fork of Salt creek, in the N. E. angle of
lioss county, Ohio, on the road from Chiii-
cothe to Athens ; 18 miles from the former,
and 35 from the latter. N. lat. 39«> 30' W,
Ion. from W. C 5^^ 43'.
A^aivam, po.st-town, Hambden county,
Massachusetts.
Adana, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Carma*
nia, and a bishop's see, vi'ith a strong castle.
It has a trade in corn, wine, and fruits ; and
is seated on a river of the same name, 12
17
ADl^
AF6
Mies from the Mediterranean, and 150 S.
E. of Co.^ni L'-iv? 36 6 E. lat. 37 (J N.
Adda, river of Switzerland, which rises
m the Grisons, passes throujli tlie lake
Como, the Vatteline, and the nortli part
of the Milanese, falls into the Po, 5 miles
above Cremona.
Adel, kingdonfi of \frica, called also Zei-
ta, fronn a rich tradin.^ town of that name,
wtiiated near its coast on the Red sea. It
seldom rains here; but the conntry is well
watered by rivers, and abounds vvith wheat,
millet, frankincense, and pepper. The in-
habitants afe Mohi^mniedans. It was for-
merly a part of Abyssinia. The capital is
Aucagfurel.
Adelfors, town of Sweden, in Smoland,
noted for its gold mines, 70 miles N. W. of
Calmar.
Aderhietzmi, province of Persia, bounded
on the N. by Armenia, W. by Ghilan, S. by
Irac \.fjemi, and \V. by Curdistan. Tauria
is the capital.
Adiire, river of Lombardy, which rises
S. of the Lake of Glace, and pas-'ing' by
Tyrol, Rr'xen, Trent, and Verona, falls into
the gulf of Venice, a httle N. of the mouth
of the Po.
A'lmiraUty-TsJantU; a cluster of islands m
the Pacific ocean, to the >f. VV. of Vew Ire-
land. They were discovered in 1767, and
are between 20 and 3U in number ; some
■of them appear of considerable extent ; and
the centre one is Supposed to be in Ion.
146 44 E. lat, 15 37 N.
Adon, town of Hungary, seated in a fruit-
ftd country near the Danube, 12 miles S.
of R'lda.
Adonr, river of P'rance, which rises in the
deoartment of Upper Pyrenees, tiovvs by
Tarbes and Dax, and enters the bay of
Bisrav, below Bayonne. Tiie FiUglisli Ge-
neral, Lord Wellington, effected a passage
across this river, with the allied army, in
the middle of February, 1314, after cmsi-
drrable difficulty, in the presence of the
French army, commanded by M Tshal Soult.
Adra, seaport of Spain, in Granada, 47
miles S. E. of Granada. Lon. 3 7 \V. lat
36 45 N.
Aramiti, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia, on the east coast of a gulf of its name,
70 miles N. by W. of Smyrna. Lon 26 50
E. lat. 39 26 isr.
Adria, town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovl-
go, vvhich gives name to the Adriatic sea,
and was formerly of great note, but has
been much reduced by frequent inunda-
tions. It is seated on the Tartaro, 25 miles
S. S. W. of Venice.
Adrinnn, mountain of Spairr, in Biscay,
over which is a very difficult road to Alba
and Old Castle. It is one of tlie hiijliest
mountiiins of the Pyrenees and is Only inha-
t>ited bv a few shepherds.
Adrianople^ city of European Tarkey, in
18
Romania, the see of ah archbishop, and tor-
merly the Kuropean seat of the Turkish'
dominion. It is eight miles in circu.nfer-
ence, s tuate in a plain, on the river Via-
rissa, which here receives two tributary
streams. Several of the mosques are very
splendid, and manvof the houses neat, but
the streets are narrow and devious The
seraglio is separated from the city by the
river Arda, and commands an extensive
view of the country, which is fertil< , and
famous for excellent vines. The commerce
of the city by the river is considerable.
The Turks took this city from the Greeks,
in 1362 It is 112 miles N. W. of Constan-
tinople. Lon. 26 -27 R lat. 41 55 N.
Adriatic Sea. See Veiuce, Gn'fof.
Adventure Bay, at the S. E. end of Van
Diemen's land, so called from the ship in
which Captain Furneax sailed; Lon. 147
30 VV. lat. 43 23 S.
.ffi^a '/«•>!, or .iEp-ates, three small islands
on the W side of Sicily, between Marsella
and Trapani ; their names are Levenzo, Fa-
vignana, and Maretima.
^Etna, or Etna, a celel^rated burning
mountain of Sicily, now called by the na-
tives JMunte Gibello, It is situated in the
eastern part of the island, in lon. 15 0 E.
lat. 38 0 N. Pindar who lived 435 yeare
before Chris% calls it the Pillar of Heaven,
on account of its great heigiit, which is ge-
nerally reckoned to be about 11,000 feet ;
and its circumference at the base 70 miles.
It affords an epitome of all the differences
of climate. The summ.t is a league in cir-
cumference, and within formed like a vast
amphitheatre, from wlience flames, ashes,
and sirroke, issue in divers places. Erup-
tions of this mountain a"e mt^ntioned by
Diolorus Siculus, as happening 1693 years
bef 're Christ ; and Thucydides speaks of
three eruptions, which happened in' 734,
477, and 425, H, C Fmm this period till
1447, there were about 18 different erup-
tions, the most destructive of which were
in 1169 and 1 529, There have been other
eruptions since, which has done immense
dimaa:e, particularly those in 1669, 1780,
and 17S7.
Aft^hanistan, country of Asia, stretching
from the mnuntams of Tartary to the Ara-
bian sea, and from the l-adns to the con-
fines of Persia. The in-habitan's of this
wide domain have no written character,
and speik a language peculiar to them-
selves. They are a robust hardv race of
men; and being generally addicted to a
state of prebatory warfare, their manner^
partake of a barbarous insolence ; they
avow a fixed contempt for the occupations
of civil life ; and are esteemed the most ne-
glgent of religious observances of all the
Mohammedans. Their common dress con-
sist<» of a shirt, which falls over thf iippet
part of long and narrow trowsers ; a wool-
APR
AGA
Jen vest, fitted closely to the body, and
Teacliing lo tlie middle; and a higli lurned
up cap, ot broad chitii or colt^n, usually of
one colour, and of a conic form, with two
small parallel slits in ihc upper edge of its
facing. Tlie principal cities of Afghanis-
tan are Candahar a^'d Cabul, the former of
which was the capital ; but the late and
present sultans +iave kept their court at
Cabul. About the year 1720, an army of
Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispah.an, and
made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. They
kept possession of Ispahan am; the south-
ern provinces for ten years, when they
were defeated in several battle.^, and dri-
ven out of the country by Nadir Kuli, com-
monly known in Europe by the name of
Kouli Khan. After Nadir had deposed
Jiis sovereign, Shah Thamas, he laid siege
to and took Candahar : but afterwards re-
•ceived a considerable body of Afghans into
his army, who became his favourite foreign
troops. On his assassination, in 1747, the
general of the Afghan troops, though fu-
riously attacked by the whole Persian ar-
my, effected a safe retreat into his own
country, where he caused himself to be
acknowledged sovereign of the Afghan ter-
ritories, by the title of Ahmed Shah. He
Was succeeded in 1773, by his son, Timur
Shah, and he by Zemaun Shah, the present
sultan.
Africa, one of the four principal parts of
the world ; bounded on the N. of the Me-
diterranean sea, W by the Atlantic ocean,
S by the Southern ocean, and E by the
isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the In-
dian ocean. It is a peninsula of prodigious
extent, being joined to Asia by the' isth-
mus of Suez, which is 40 miles over. In
its greatest length, from the most northern
part to the Cape of Good Hope, it is 4600
miles ; and in the broadest part, from Cape
Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is 3500. The
greatest part of it is within tl e torrid zone,
which rende:s the heat almost insupporta-
ble in many places. However, the coasts
in general are very fertile, the fruits excel-
lent, and the plants extraordinary. There*
are more wild beasts here th in in any other
part of the world ; there are also some ani-
mals peculiar to this country ; as the hippo-
potamus, or river horse ; the rliinoceros,
with two horns on its ndse ; and the beauti-
ful striped zebra. JSesides these, >here are
crocodiles, ostriches, camels, Km! many
other animals not to be met with in Eu
rope. 'I here art- sevenil deserts, particu-
larly one of a large '>xtent, called Zaliara;
but these are not quite without iniiablants.
There are many large rivers; but the prin-
cipal are th. Nile, Niger, Zaire. Senegal,
an;1 Gamb'a. The mcst considerable motin-
taiiis .re the Atlas, the Mountains of the
Moon, and the Sierra Leo' e. The iiha-
bitants consist of pagans, Mohammedans,
19
and Christians, In the central parts, on
the South, K.pptar to oe Uie uauve legions
of the negroes, wiiose colour, features, and
hair, distinguish them tnin all oJier races
of mankind. In the seventh century, tue
Mohamiiiedan Arabs subdued the Norui of
Africa, and their descendaals, under tiie
name of Moors, consiitute a j^rtat jjari of
the present population I he principal di-
visions of Africa are Barbaiy, Egypt, Bi-*
ledulgerid, Zahara, Negroland, Guinea,
Bornou, Cashiia, Fezzan, Senna, NuDia,
AL>ysstni.i, Abex, Loango, Congo, Angola,
Benguela, Matama, Zanguebar, Monoinota-
pa, Monomugi, Sofola, Cafiraria, ana the
country ot the Hottentots. In 1788, an as-
sociation was formed for tlie purpose of ex-
ploring the interior regions of Airica \ and
Mr Ledyard and Mr. Lucas, were selected
as their missionaries. Mr. Ledyaru died
on his journey. Mr. Lucas was prevented
from pursuing the plan sketched out for
him, and was obhged to content himself
with such imperi'ect information as his
guides could give him. In 17yj, the Af.
rican association despatched Mr. Park to
explore this immense continent. His jour-
ney has broughi to our knowledge more
important facts respecting the geography
ot .\frica, than the accounts of any formes?
traveller. He has pointed out to us the
sources of the great rivers, tlie Senegal,
Gambia, and Niger ; the course of this last
he has determined to be irom V\ to E,
and thus set this much disputed point for
ever ac rest.
But though the actual east course of the
Niger is now determined, tlie hnal dis-
charge of that stream remains a problem,
not yet solved; and tiiougli its entrance
into the Atlantic ocean is probable, the
fact is not yet established.
Africa, seaport town of Tunis, 70 miles
S. S. E. of Tunis. It was taken by Charles
V. who demolished the tbrtiticaiions. Lon.
11 10 E. lat. 35 36 N,
Afiiquf, Si. small town of Fiance, in the
departmem of Averion, six miles E ot Va-
bres.
Agades, kingdom of Africa, in Negro-
land, with a town of the same name, tribu-
tary to the king ct Tomboctou. It (Ji'odu-
ces excellent senna and manna. Lon. 13
20 E. lat. 19 10 N.
Agamenticiis, mcuntain of North Ameri-
ca, in the districi ot Maine. It is a noted
IiuK'mark forsuilnrs, about eight miles from
the sea, in lat. 43 16.
AgameiiticiiK, small river in the district
of Maiiu-, miming into ti;e Atlantic ocean
not far from the town of York. It is navi-
gable but a few miles.
Agatha, St. a town of Naples, in the UI-
teritr Piincipalitj, with a bishop's see, 20
miles N. E. of Naples, Lon, 14 36 E. lat
41 5 N.
AGN
AJA
A^atton, town near tlie mouth of tlie
Porm'isa, on tli',- Coast of Guinea, 80 miles
S. (if Benin. Lon. 7 6 E lat. 7 20 N.
Agde, town o' F ance, in the (fepartment
of Horauit, andla'; provinci of Lun.miedoc,
seated on the rivrr Heraiiit, a mile and a
half from its moutti in the scuf <.f l.}ons,
■where tli< re sa MTiailfort 'odef nd tt.e en-
trance It is 17 mi Us N. E of Naroonne.
ion. 3 2,S t.. lat. 45; 19 N.
Agen, city of France, in the late pro-
vince of Guiei ne, th- episcopal see of the
depart ni'.'nt of Av eron. It is s^^ated on. the
G.troiiMe, in a pltasant cou try. Prnnes,
on account of the^r antiKCorbiitic property,
ff.rm here a considerable object of com-
pile re e i of winch the Duicii take great
qnaniities for long voyages. ,Grcat part
of fhf iieirir- \<.\ the neig^hbonrhood is ma-
ll ijfacured into table linen, which is sent
to Ci.diz, and tlience expor ed to the Spa-
nish islands. Here are likewise manufac-
tures of cambli'is, serges, and sailcloth.
A^ei is lOd milrs S. K. of Bourdeaux.
JLo. . 0 40 E. lai, 42 12 N.
Ag-fnabat, town of 'rransyl.vania: 10 miles
N. E. of H&rmanstadt. Lon. 24 50 E. lat.
46 ;3-2 N
Ager, sm.ill town of Catalonia in Spain.
Lon. I 50 E lat. 41 50 N.
Arga, or Aiffiojiu, town and district on
the coast of Guinea, in whicli tlie English
have a fort. Lon. 0 5 E. lat 6 0 N.
Azg-crlmys, town of jNor.way, and capi-
tal . i'a province of the same name, winch is
f"!i o1 mountains. It is 3o miles N. W. of
Fr derickshalL Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 59 30.
See Christiana.
Aghrim. vill ge in the county of Galway,
jneniurable for the victory, gained by king
'VVilliani, over James JI.
A^Jinn., town in the county of Wicklow,
13 miles S. W of Wicklow. Lon. G 21 W.
lat 52 45 N.
Agimere, or Azmere, capital of a territory
of tile same name in Uindoostan Proper,
built at th? foot of a high mountain : on
the top of which is a fortress of great
strength, it is 230 miles \V of Agra. Lon. ■
75 20 E. lat. 26 35 N.
Agincourt, village of France, in the de-
parinienl of the straits of Calais, and late
coiiny of Artois, even miles Is' of Hcsdin,
famous for the victory ol^tained b} Henry
V. <'f England, over tlie Frencli in 1415.
Agmut, town of Morocco, on a river of
the same name, and on the declivity of one
of the mountains of Atia.'i, where the soil
is I'eriile. It is 16 miles S of Morocco. Lon.
7 15 W lat. 30 56 N.
Aq-mujuh'sham. See Amersham.
Aguudel/oa, village of the iM)lanese, fa-
mous for a victory gained by Louis XII,
over the Venetians, in 1509, and by the
duke of V'endome over prince Eugene, in
3,705. It is seated on the canal between
20
Adda and Serio, five miles S. E. of Cassa-
na, and 10 N of Lodi. Lon. 9 26 E. lat.
45 25 N
Agnano, circular lake in the kingdom of
Naples, seven miles fiom Puzzoli. It is
about half a mile in diameter, surrounded
by mountains ; and on its margin is the fa-
mous Grotto de; Cane. See Cane, Groita del.
Agosta, seaport town of Sicily, with an
excellent harbour. The greatest part of
it was destroyed by an eartliquake in 1693.
Lon. 15 15 E. lat. 37 35 N.
Agra, capital of a province of the same
name, in Hindocstan Proper, on the S bank
of the river Jumna, which is seldom ford-
able. It was once the most splendid of all
the Indian cities, and now exhibits the
most magnificent ruins. About the year
1566, the emperor Acbar made it his ca.
pital, and gave his name to it ; since which
time it is often named Acbarabad. It was
then a small I'ortified town ; but it soon
sprimg up an extensive well up built city,
regularly fortified according to the Indian
method, and with a fine citadel of red free-
stone. Agra is 100 miles 8 by E of Delhi.
Lon. 78 3(1 E. lat. 27 0 N.
Agreda, town of Spain in Old Castile,
eight miles S. W. of I'aracona, Lon. 2 0
W. lat. 41 5o N.
Agriu, small, but strong town of Upper
Hungary, and a bishop's see, with a cita-
del, k was taken by the Turks, in 1596,
and retaken in 1687. It is seated on the
river Agria, 47 miles N. E. of Buda. Lon.
20 10 E. lat 48 10 N.
Agrigvun, one of the Ladrone islands,
which IS- 40 miles in compass. Lon. 146
0 E. lat. 19 40 X.
Agvu de Pao, tov.n in tlie isLnd of St.
Michael, one of the Azores, in the Atlantic.
Lon. 25 40 W. lat. 38 0 N.
Agnus Bellas, town of Portugal, in Estra
maduj'a, with a district of two parishes.
Lon. 8 5 \\. lat. 39 40 N.
Aguila, town of the kingdom of Fez,
sealed on the river of that name.
.'igtdlar, town of Spain in the kingdom
of Navaire, 24 mdes AV" of Eslella. Lon.
2 3o E. lat. 42 35 N It is also the name
of another town in Old Castile.
Agvrmide, small town oi Fiance in the
department of ludre and late province of
lie ry. Lon. 2 10 E. lat. 47 2u N.
.iliKys, town of Sweden, strong- by situa-
tion, in the jirovir.ce of Gothland, with a
good harbour, 15 miles S. E. of t'hristians-
tadt. Lon. 14 15 E. lat. 56 15 N.
Ai, town of Judea, to the north of Jeri-
cho, taken by Joshua.
AJuccio, or Ajazzo, fine seaport of Corsi-
ca on the \V side of the i.sland, built on a
point of land that juts into the gulf. Lon.
8 50 E. lat. 35 50 N.
Ajazzo, seaport of Natolia, in the pro-
vince of Caramauiti, anciently Silgsia seated
AIL
AiX
on the Miditerranean, 30 miles N of Anti-
och, and 40 VV of Aleppo, where stood llif
city of Issus, and where Alexander fought
liis second battle with Darius. Lon. 33 lU
E. lat. 37 0 N.
. lich, town of Bavaria, on the Par, taken
by the Swedes in 1634, and afterwards
burnt, Lon. 11 20 E. lat. 48 30 N.
Mdistat, town of Franconia, capital of a
bishopric of the same name. It is remark-
able for a curious piece of workmanship,
called the Sun of the Holy Sacrament,
v;hich is in the church . it is of massy gold,
and is enriched with 350 diamonds, 1400
pearls, 250 rubies, and other precious
stones. This place is moderately large,
and lies in a valley, on the river Allmul,
30 miles S of Nuremberg'. Lon. 11 10 E.
lat. 48 57 N. The bishopric is 45 miles in
length, .and 17 in brtadth.
Aiello, small town in Naples in Abruzzo
Ulterior, belonging to the hereditary prince
of Modena. Lon. 15 20 E. lat. 41 40 N.
^iigle, town in Switzerland, on the can-
ton of Bern, seated on the Rhone, six miles
from its entrance into the lake of Geneva.
All the houses, even the meanest, are
built of white marble, found in tlie neigh-
bourhood.
^iigle, small town of France, in the de-
partment of Orne and late province of Nor-
mandy, 47 miles S W of Uouen. Lon, 1 0
E. lat. 48 A5 N.
Mgnan, St. town of France in the de-
partment of Loire and Clier and late pro-
vince of Blasois. It is in the sliape of an
jim])lntheatre, at the foot of wliich runs the
liver Cher, at the distance of 60 miles from
3'ourges.
^igiie jyiorte, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Mouths of the Hhone and
late province of Languedoc. It is very
strong, on account of its situation among
the morasses, though at some distance from
the sea. It had a harbour which is now
choked up. Lon. 4 3 E. lat 43 34 N.
^iigiw-Perse, town of France in tiie de-
partment of Fuy De Dome and late province
of Auvergne, 18 miles N of Clermont, and
261 S of Paris. It has a fountain, once re-
;^arded as a prodigy, its cold water having
the appearance of boiling. The water of
iliis spring is said to be fatal to the uni-
mals that drink it. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 46 6 N.
Jlilah, town of Arabia Fetrea, on the E
side of the lied Sea, near the road which
the i)ilgrims take from Egypt to Mecca.
Lon. 56 40 E, lat, 29 10 N.
Ailesbury, largest and most populous
town in Buckinghamshire, wilh a market
on Saturday. It consists of several streets
though the houses are not very contiguous ;
these lie about tlie market place, in the
middle of which is a convenient hall, in
which this town shares the assizes with
Buckingham. It is also the centre of the
21
business of the vale of Ailesbury which oc-
cupies the Centre of the county, and is
one oi the moot >erlile tracts in England.
Tlie inhabitams ot tliis town and its neigh-
bouriiood, supjjly the London niarket with
early ducldini;s. They carry this tiade to
such an exient, that it is sa-d 3uui//. have
been received at Ailesbury from London
in six weeks for that article. This town
sends two members tu parliament, and .s 16
milis S E of Buckingliam, and 4l N VV of
of London. Lon. 0 42 VV, lat. al 5u N.
AikUy gre^t insuiattu rock, to the S of
the isle of Arran, ui Scotland, its base is
two miles in circumfeience. It cons.sts of
a stupt-ndous assemblage ot precipitous
cffis, ri.-ing in a wdd series, forming a py-
raiiiidal mountain, 900 leethigh, accessible
only on the N E.
Aime, or Axima, small town in Savoy, on
the r:ver Isere.
Ain, department ot France, lately the
pro\ince of IJresse.
Ainsa, X.u\\ n of Spain, in Arragon, seated
in a plain, on the river Ara
Aire, town oi J'rance, in the department
of Landes, and late province ot Gasconj*,
seated on the river Adour, on the decLvitj-
of a mountain, 65 miles S of Bourdeax.
Lon. 0 16 E, lat. 43 42 N.
Aire, strong town in the department 6f
the straits of Calais, and late prcvince of
Artois. It is seated on the river Lis, 22
miles S of Dunkirk, and communicates with
St. Omer, by a canal from the river Aa.
Lon 2 29 E, lat. 30 42 N.
Aisne, department of France, including
the late provinces of Soissannois and "S'er-
mandois.
Aix, ancient city of France. It was the
capital of the late province of Provence,
when it had a parliament. It is seated in
a plain, where there are hot baths near
the river Arc. It is 75 miles E of Mont-
pellier. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Aix, ancient town of Savoy, on tlie lake
of Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much
frequented. It is eight miies N of Cham-
berry . Lon. 6 10 E, lat 45 42 N.
Aix, small island on the coast of France,
between the Isle of Oleron and the conti-
nent. It is memorable for an inglorious ex-
])edition of the Englisi) in 1757, against
Kochfort, when they returned without do-
ing any tiling, except demolish.ing the I'ort
of this island. It is 12 miles N VV of Kochc-
fort. Lon. 15 VV, lat. 46 5 N.
Aix-la-Chapelle free and inperial city of
Westphalia, 'i'he emperor i;harlemagne
chose this jjlace tor his residence on acr
count of its beauty. He is interred in the
churcli of Notre Dame, where they keep
his sword and belt, and the Four Evange-
lists, written in letters of gold, which are
made use of at the coronation of emperors.
Its famous mineral waters draw a great
ALA
ALA
number of persons every year. In 1668
and 1748, it was distn'guisiied by two ce-
lebPiited tieaties of peace. The French
took it in 1792 ; it was retaki-n b> ttie Aus-
triansinl793, and again taken by the French
in 1794 It is seated in a bottom, sur-
rounded by mountains, 22 miles N E of
Liege. Lon 6 3 E, lat. 50 48 N
^ikissat; ancient Tliyatyra, a town of Na-
tolia, built in a fine plain 18 miles broad,
■whici produces plenty of corn and cotton.
It is inhabited by about 500 Mohammrdans
and is seated on the river Hermits, 50
miles S E of Ptrgamo. Lon. 28 30 E, lat.
38 48 N.
Maba, or Alava, one of the three smal-
lest districts of Biscay in Spain, but pretty
fertile in rye, barley, and fruits. There
are in it very good mines of iron. Vitoria
isthecapi al.
.Slabatva, one of the United States, hav-
ing Tennessee N ; (ieorgia E ; Florida, and
the gulf rif Mexico S; and tht Mississippi
"W This state extends from N. lat. 30 12
to N. at. 35, or 334 miles with a mean
Width of 155 miles; extending over 51,770
«q>iare miks, 33,132,800 acres. The face
of Alabama is mucii variegated, the soil
alsr. differs in quality from the worst lo the
best; That secton of the sta'e -vvhich hes
along tt e gull of Mexico, is low and sandy,
but this character of country rapidly chan-
ges, within 10 or 12 miles from the coast,
th' hills coirmence, and gradually gain ele-
vaiiofi advancing nnrlh. The bay of Mo-
bile penetrates this section 30 miles, and
and is followed t)j an overflow, d tract,
which extends : gain 32 miles to the junc-
tion of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers.
Between the head of Mobile bay, and the
union < f the two latter ^trl ams, a number
of channels wind through the alluvial tract,
the principal of which, are thfse of the
llobile and Tensati. The bay and the al-
luvial lotttnjs above are limited on each
side by hills of nmderate elevation covered
with pine timber. The pine region ex-
tends into the centre of the state, and
forms much tie largest portion of iis soil
The Tombigbee, Biackwarrior, Catawba,
Coosa, Tallapoosa, Alabama, and some mi-
nor streams peninsulate the pine seciion
of Alabama. P^.x^ensive bcdies (f river al-
luvicn skirt tl ose rivi rs. and much interval
land ot second rate quality, spread be-
tween the river hott(.nis and tin open pine
W"(5(!s; but the far greater sh: re of the
central p.irts of the state is barrtn. The
foregoing character con'innes to the sour-
ces oft. e waters flowing towards tlie ^iilf
of Mexico, Te'nessee river enters the
stau' at tl e northeasi corner, and U avesit
at thai of the north-west, sweeping by an
elVipiical curve t(; tiie south as far as N. lat.
34 17. Tht northern extremity of the
stete is the most fertile, and valuable
22
of its natural sections. The spurs of the
-\ppalachicn ridges extend in^o, and cross
Alabama obUquely, rendering its central
and northern extremity much broken ; the
rivers wind in deep valleys. The climate
and seasons partake of the extended var e-
ty of latitude and natural physiognomy.
Stretching through near 5 degrees, and dif-
fering so much in relative elevation, the
temperature and vegetable production ex-
hibits a very rich variety.
It IS productive in maize in all parts of
the state ; and small grain, in the hdi) and
northern sections. Cotton is, however the
staple commodity, cultivated for export,
though some tobacco is also raised for mar-
ket in small quantities. A very great va-
riety of fruit trees and garden vegetables
are cultivated ; the principal fruits are, ap-
ples, peaches, pears, plums, and towards
the gulf of Mexico, the pomegranate and
fig. By the census of 1820 Alaban.a con-
tained the following counties, with the pop-
ulation annexed to each
Autauga
Baldwin
Bibb
Blount p
Butler,
Cataco r
Clark
Conecuh
Dallas
Franklin
Green f
Henry
Jackson
Lauderdale
Limestone
Madison
Marengo
Mobile
Monroe
Montgomery
Shelby
St. Clair
Tuscaloosa
Wilcox »
Total - - - 127,901
The foregoing was the population of Al-
abania 1820 fron^ the Marshals return ; but,
by .subseqvieit inforniation laid before the
Congress of tht United States, it appeared
that the enumeration wastoo small by more
than 16,000 persons ; and, consequently
tlie state contained above 143,000 inliabi-
tants. Of tl ese, about 35,000 m ere engaged
in agriculture, in commerce 500; and, in
m>.nufac'ures 8000. Cahaba, is the seat of
governmi nt.
Jllabaiva, post town of Monroe county
Alabamii, on the Alabama river, a*^out 10
miles below Fort Jackson.
dlabaina, river in Alabama is formed by
3,853
1,713
3,676
2,415
1,405
5,263
5,839
5,713
6,003
4,988
4,554<
2,638
8,751
4,963
9,871
17,481
2,933
2,762
8,838
6,604
2,416
4,166
8,229
2,917
ALA
ALd
the unTted streams of Coosa, and Tallapoo-
sa. The g-eaeral coarse of this river is
from north-east to south-west, and follow-
itig the windings of near 300 miles in
leng'th ; it receives only One considfirable
bra-Kh, the Cahaba from the north, and
unitin.^ with the rombigbee at N^. lat.
31 06 forms the Mobile, about 35 miles
above the iiead of Mobile bay. The banks
of the Alabama are in general extremely
fertile. Cotton and tobacco chief staples.
It is navigable by schooners drawing 5 feet
water, to the first rapid near Firt Clai-
borne, and for boats of considerable ton-
nage to the head, at the mouth of Coosa,
and Tallapoosa.
Alabaster See Elenthera.
Alachua, prairie of Florida, 70 miles west
from St. Augustine. Tins extensive sa-
vannah is about 50 miles in circumference,
without timber, has some spots of good soil,
but is in general low and sandj'.
A'aacranes, a range of rocks rising near
the surface of the sea, opposite to the coast
of Jucatan, at V. lat. W. Ion. W. C. 14°.
AladtiUa, province of Asiatic Turkey
having the Mediterranean south, Carama-
nia west, and Syria south-east; it answers
nearly to the ancient Ciiicia. The country
is hilly and in some parts mountainous ; but
abounds in horses and camels.
A'a^oa, town of St. Michaels one .of the
Azores islands.
Alais, town of France in the department
of the Card, 40 miles north from Montpel-
lier; population 80,000 ; carries an exten-
sive trade in grain, wine, olives, oil, and
silk. N. lat. 44 08. Ion. E. London 4.
Aland, an island in the Baltic sea, lying
in ti)e moutli of the gvilf of Finland, about
midway between Upsal in Sweden, and
Abo, in Finland. It is 40 miles long, and
30 broad, with 8 parisnes, and about 12.000
inhabitants. It was ceded to Russia in 1809.
N. lat. 60 20. E Ion. London 20''.
Alasey JVtmintains, of Asiatic Flussia, be-
tween tne Indigerka and Kovyma rivers.
Alass utrait, between the idands of Sum-
bawa, and Lomboe, in the East Indian seas.
N. lat. 8 S. Lon. E. London 115 40.
Alatamaha, river of Georgia in the Uni-
ted States, \dvancing along the Atlantic
ocean from Cape Florida, the Alatamaha is
tbe first river wh^se sources are within
the spurs of the Appallachian ridges. It
is formed by two great branches, the Oak-
mulgee, and Obonee, with many lesser tri-
butaries. Both the two main branches
have their sources in the mountains. Boats
of 30 tons can be navigated up t'te Alata-
maha, and Oconee to M lledgville, 300
miles by the windings of the rivers, and
about an equal distance following the Oak-
mulgee branch. This river i« discharged
between St. Simonds, and Sapelo islands,
at N. lat 31 30, W. lon. W. C, 4 37". ThQ
depth of water on the bar at low tide is 14
feet.
A/atri, town of Italy, in the states of the
church, 40mileseast, south-east from Rome.
N. lat. 41 43 ; Lon. E. London 13 14.
Alati/r, town of Asiatic Russia, govern-
ment of Simbirsk, at the point or conflu-
ence of the Sura, and Alatyr rivers. N.
lat. 54 45. Lon. B. London 46 14.
Alnva, south point of the island Revilla
gigedo, in the Pacific ocean. N. lat. 35
8.'W lon. W C. 54 01.
Alageia, river of .\siattc Russia, runs
into the Frozen ocean. N. lat. 72 40 E.
Ion. London 142 14.
A/aitsi, province of Quito S. America.
Alaiisi, capital of a province of the same
name S. lat. 2 12. lon. W. W. C. 1 39.
Alausi, river of Quito, flows in the gulf
of Guayaquail.
Alaziershci, settlement of Asiatic Russia,
on the Alazeia or Alapsey river, about 90
miles west-north-west from Nishnei Kovins-
koi. It was near this place where the re-
mains of a Mammoth was discovered a few
years past. N. lat. 69 40. lon. E. London
144 14.
Albecete, town of Spain, 80 miles south-
west from Valencia, famous for its saflTron
trade; population 7, or 8000. N. lat. 38
51. Ion. W. London 2 02.
Albania, province of European Turkey,
nearly commens- irate with ancient Epirus,
and the southern part of Illyria. It is about
140 miies long and 80 miles wide, stretch-
ing from north to south, along the Ionian
sea, and gulf of Venice. It is a fine region
producing in abundance, wine, oil, grain,
and fruits.
Albano, town of Italy, 14 miles south-east
from Rome.
Albany, post town of Oxford county
Ma'ue, 18 miles north-we^t from Paris;
population in 1810, 165, in 1820, 288.
Albany, post town of Orleans county in
Vermont, 40 miles north-east from Mont-
pellier.
Albany, county of New York, on the south
side of the Hudson river; hav ng Greene
cotinty south, Schoharie west, Schenectady
north, the Molnwk river north-east, and
the Hudson river east. This county is ge-
nerally tiilly, though many parts is fertile
and productive in grain, meadow gras3,
pasturage, and fruit ; ii is about 20 miles
square, or covering 400 square miles.
Population in 1810, including the city of
Albany.
Frf-e white m.ales . - 16,925
Do, do. females . - 16,109
All other free persons - • 866
Slaves 7r2
Total
54,666
In 1820, exclusive of tbe city of Albany.
ALB
ALB
Free mates
l)o. do. females -
Foreigners not naturalized
Total whites - > -
Free people of colour.
Males . . . .
Females
Slaves males . . .
Females do. - . .
Total pop. . . .
12,646
13,208
84
25,938
103
112
160
144
26,457
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,911
Do. in Commerce - • 87
Do. in Manufactures - • 900
Popidttion to the square mile, 66.
Albany, city, capital, and post town of
Albany county ; state of New York it is
also the seat of government of the state,
situated on the right bank of the Hudson,
143 miles north from the city of New York.
It is divided into 5 wards with a popula-
tion in 1820, of 12,867 ; and in commerce,
wealth, and general improvement, is the
second cty in the state. The situation is
excellent, as an entrepot between the city
of New York and the intenor country.
Sloops of large tannage go up to Troy, 5
miles still higher on tiie Hudson, and when
the two tfreat canals of Champlaiu and
Erie are completed, Albany and Troy will
occupy th-^ common centre of an immense
inland tra le. Albany possesses many
splendid private buildings; a state house
iipon a very commanding site, an acade-
my, 4 banks, 11 or 12 places of public
worship; it is supplied by p'pes, with
excellent water from a fountain distant
5 miles. This city is one of the most an-
cient in the United States, the Dutch
having a fort there as early as 1612. Ma-
ny of the old fashioned buildings with their
g.d)1e ends to tiie sti-eets still remain. A
large and very nspectable body of the in-
hahit:<nts are of Dutch descent. N. lat. 42
39. K. Ion. W. C. 3 17.
.Ilbany, township of Bsicks county Pen.
population m 1810, 995, and in 1820,' 1182.
Albany, a river of Xorth America flow-
ing out of lake Winnepeg mto James' bay,
which i» enters at N. lat. 51 30, and W.
Ion vv. c 7 30. The country drained by
this river is but little known, but generally
understood to be flat, naked, barren, and
chequered by an immense chain of mter-
locking lakes and inle s. The British have
soiT.e forts ami trading establishments along
its banks.
Albarazin, town of Spain in the province
of Arragon, on the Guadalaviar, surround-
ed by hills on the borders of Valencia and
New Castile Tt is productive in fine wool,
and in iron, s-t'iated 100 miles east from
Madrid. N. lat. ^'^' '.4. Ion. W. London 1 20.
24
Jllbavicoqnes, point of the, on the norlie
coast of St Domingo, between the Trau d'
Eufers and Cape Bourbon. N lat.
Albazin, town of Great Tartary, with a-
strong fortress to defend it against the Chi-
nese and Mogul Tartars. Tt is on the road
from Moscow to Pekin. Lon. 103 30 E. lat..
54 ON.
Albemarle, (or AumaJe, which see,) town
of France in the department of LowerSeinc
and late province of Normandy. From this
town the English family of Keppel taker
the title of earl. Its serges are in high es-
teem. It is seated on the declivity of a
hill, 2,5 miles N N E of Rouen, and 70 N N
W of Pans. Lon. 1 30 E. lat. 49 50 N.
Albemarle, county of Virginia^ near the
centre of the state, mostly between the
Blue Ridge and South-east mountain, hav-
ing James river, or Buckingham south ;
Nelson southwest ; Augusta northwest ;
Orange north-east ; and Louisa and Fluvi-
anna south-east ; being 44 miles long from
north to south with a mean width of 16,
with an area of 700 square miles. Char-
lotteville chief town. The face of the coun-
ty is in part mountainous, but generally
hilly ; soil varied from first rate to rocky
and sterile ; the air is salubrious, and spring'
water aoundant and excellent.
Pop. in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,385
Do. do. females - . 4,25f
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - 409
Slaves males - - - 9,226
Total . - - .
In 1820.
Free white males
Do. do. females
Foreigners not naturalized
Total of whites
Free people of colour males
Do. do. females
Male slaves
Female do.
All other persons
Total ....
18,268
4,401
4,262
25
8,688
197
176
5,619
5,040
19,723
5,297
40
337
Of these engaged in agriculture
Do. commerce
Do. manufactures
Population to the square mile. 28.
Albemarle Sound, is properly the estuary
of the Roanoke and Chowan rivers, ex-
tending about 60 miles from east to west
gradually opening from the mouth of the
Roanoke, to a sheet of water from 5 to 15
miles wide. It communicates to the south-
east with Pamlicoe Sound ; with the At-
lantic ocean, to the eastward by Roanoke
inlet, north-east with Curituck inlet ; atyi
A L C
A L G
with the Chesapeake ^ay by the Dismal
Swamp Canal.
Albai'pia, an ancient strong seaport of
Italy, in tlie teiTitory of G' noa, with a bisii-
op's see. It is surrounded witli olive trees,
hut the air is unwholesome. It is seated
on the Mediterranean \i7 miles S W of
Genoa. Loii. 8 3 E. Lit. 44 4 N.
Albisola, a small town belonging- to the
republic of Genoa. Here is a porcelain
manufacture, and several country lious s of
the Genoese nobility. It was bombarded,
in 1745, by the Kngiish. Lqn. 8 20 E. lat.
44 15 X.
Albret, town of France, in tiie department
of Landes, and late province of (^ascony,
3r miles S of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 30 VV. lat.
44 ION
.■lUniftra^ a salt water lake, or rather
bay of Valencia in Spa n, lying between
the city of Valencia and the mouth of the
river Xucar.
Albitr^, '.own of Denmark, in N. Ja lan<',
with a bishop's see, seated on a canal 10
miles from tiie sea, and 30 M of \\'ibargii.
It has a co.;slderab!e trade in herrings and
corn, and a manufacture <.f guns, pistols,
saddles and gloves; a great ninnbcr of
eels are likewise taken here. L'jn. 9 46
E. lat. 55 50 N.
Albuquerque, vi'lajre near .Mexico.
Alburg, post town ancJ port of entry
Grand ls:e county V'ert.
Albuquerque, town of Spain, in Kstrania-
diira, defended by an almost impreg. able
castle, it carries on a great trade in wool
anil cloth, and is 22 miles S VV of Alcanta-
ra. Lon. 7 3 V/. la!. 38 50 N.
.'llbuqiierque, town of New Mexico, en
ihe liio Grande del Norte, below St. Fe of
I\ew Mexico.
Alb/i, ancient town of France, lately the
capital of the territory' of Albgeois in
Languedcc, and an archiepiscopal see. It
is situated in the department of Tarn, and
contains 10,000 inhabitants. In point of
architecture ajid decorations, the principal
church is on.c of the most curious in France.
The inhabitants v/ere called Albigen^es ;
and v.ere the first ^that disputed th.e au-
thority of the pope ; they v, ere condemn-
ed by a council here in 1176. It has 4
gates tiirough which you may view all the
beauties of a delightful p'.ain^ whicl) pro-
duces all kinds of grain, errce'Icnt wines,
flax, hemp, saffron, aniseed, coriander, and
Y/oad. Tije fuie pasture.-; afford wool of a
good quality, which is manufactured into
Jcnit stockings for the soldiers, ratteens of
:')1 colours, shalloons, co3r.'3e woollens, ovc.
The wax candles of Aihy are equal in white-
ness to tliose of Mans. This town is 42
miles N E of Toulouse, and 335 S of Pari."?.
Lon. 2 14 E. 'at. 44 15 N
Alcala-de-Guadaira, town of Andalusia,
5n Spain, seated on the riive-.- Guaiiaira, five
n
niiiesS E of Seville. Lon 5 16 W lal. 37 28\S".
Alcala-(k-Hennrez, large handsome town
of Spain in New Castile, with a f.mous
university, a fine library, and a castle. It
is seated on the river Henarez, 15 miles E
N E of Madrid. Lon. 3 6 W. lat. 40 26 N.
Alcaia-de-Real, town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia with a famous monastery ; seated near
the ruer Salado, six miles S of Seville.
Lon. 5 22 W lat. 37 33 N.
Alcama, handsome town of the United
Provinces, in N. Holland. In the environs,
they make the best butter and cheese in
Holland, and have the finest tulips. It is
17 miles N hv W of Amsterdam. Lon. 4
44 E. lat ■ 52 40 N.
Aicamo, town of Sicily, in the valley of
Mazai o, .at the foot of .Mount Bonifati. Lon.
13 52 E lat. 38 2 N.
Alcantara, smali butstrong town of Spain,
in KsUamadura, and the cliief place of the
knights '.f th;.t name. It has a magnificent
br.dge over the Tajo, buiit by Trajan. It
was takeii by the carl of GaUvay, in 1706,
but retaken the same year. It is 42 miles
N by W of Sevi le. It gives name to one
of t!ie three great orders of Soan' h V^'ght-
hood. Lon '6 7 W. lat. ^9 2b r^.
Alcantara, town of B ax'-\ in the province
of Mi'.rauham.
Alcajilara, a town of Spain in Andalusia.
Lon 5 10 W <%" 37 40 N
Alcassar, cits' of Barbar,' in tiie kingdom
of Fez. Lon. 12 35 W. 1-at. 35 1 =: N.
Alcatraces, S'■;\^dl it, and N of St. Domingo.
Alcai-az, a town of Spain, in La Macha,
defeuvlcd by a strong castle, and has a re-
markable ancient aqueduct ; it is situate
near the soiirce of the Guadalquivir, 135
miles S S E of Madrid. Lon 2 5 W. lat.
38 28 N.
Alcazar, town of Spain in New Castile,
on the river Guadarmena It has a fortress
on a high hill, and lit s in a veiy fruitful
c untrv, 100 miles N W of Cartiiagena.
Lon. 4 20 W. lat. 38 15 N.
Alcazcr Leggier, town in the kingdom of
Fez, seated on the straits of Gibraltar. It
was trtken by Alphonso, king of Portugal,
in 1468 ; but soon after abandoned. Lon.
5 30 W. lat, 35 0 N. • ^ _
Alcazar-de-Sal, town of Portugal, in Es-
tramadu;a, with a castle reckoned impreg-
n.ible. I'hey make fine white salt here,
Vvl;ence the tovA n takes its name. It is seat-
ed on the river Cadoan, 15 miles from tha
sea, and 35 S E of Lisbon. Lon. 9 0 V/.
3 lat. 8 18 N.
Alcinaer, city in the kingdom of the Nether-
lands, about 4 ni'les fr()m the sea, 15 from
Haerlim, ?nd IS from Amsterdam. In 1739
it was taken by the British in their unfor-
tunate expedition to Holland, who w«re
forced soon after to abandon it
Alco-.ichon, castle of Spain, on the fron-
tiefr.s. of FiStratnadura, sps-'^-d oil fb.e- viv^r
ALE
ALE
Alcaraqtre, that falls into the Guadiana, 20
miles S by W of Badajoz. Lon. 6 58 W.
lat. 38 12 N,
Alciidiu, a town of Majorca, consisting of
about 1000 houses, between two large har-
bours. Lon. 3 0 E. lat. 39 50 N.
Aldborough, borough and seaport in Suf-
folk, pleasantly seated in a dale, between a
high hill and the sea. A river runs on the
S W ; and the harbour is tolerably good,
but small. The town was formerly much
longer ; but the sea has taken away whole
sti'eets. It sends two members to parlia-
ment. It is forty miles E of Burv, and 94
N E of London. Lon. 1 42 E. lat! 52 16 N.^
Aldborough, borough in the W riding of
Yorkshire, on the duse> which sends two
members to parliament It is fifteen miles
N W of York, and 205 N by W of London.
Lon. 1 10 W. lat. 54 8 N.
Alden, town of Portugal, in Estramadura,
30 miles S E of Lisbon. Lon, 8 55 VV. lat.
38 36 N.
Aldea de Ta/iacjjas, town of Brazil.
Alderbury, village in Wiltshire, on a heal-
thy hill, two miles from Salisbury, near the
Avon, and to the Av' n and Salisbury canal,
77 miles from London. It carries on a ma-
nufacture of fustians, and received conside-
rable damage by a fire in 177", when 200
houses were destroyed.
Alderney, island in the English channel ;
ISmlles north- east from Guernsey it is eight
miles in compass, separated from the coast
of Normandy, by a strait called the Race
of Alderney, which is a very dangerous
passage, on accoimt of the rocks under wa-
ter. It is a healthful island, and fruitful in
corn and pasture ; but has only one church,
in a town of the same name. Lon. 2 7 W.
lat. 49 45 N.
Aldereltc, small town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, on the river Caia, which falls into the
Guadiana, a little below Badajoz. It is 7
miles S E of Portalegre. Lon. 7 25 W. lat.
35 2 N.
Alempignor Lake, lies to the northward
of lake Superior, and is about the size of
lake Nip i sing.
Alentejo, fertile province of Portugal, be-
tween the Tajo and the Guadiana. The in
habitants are very industrious.
Alengon, large handsome town of France,
m the department of Orne and late pro-
vince of Normandy. Near it are stone
quaiTies, fit for building, v/herein is found
a sort of crystal like Brist"! stones. It is
seated in an open country, abounding in all
sorts of corn and fruits, on the river Sar , 20
miles N of Mans, and 97 S W of Paris.
Lon. 0 10 B. lat. 48 \'> N.
^Alentejo, large provincr- of Portugal, ha-
ving Algave south ; Spanish Estiamadura
east ; the river Tagus north ; and Atlantic
ocean west. Chief towns Evora, Beja, Ebo-
as and Villa Viciosa.
26
Aleppo, capital ,of Syria, inhabited hj
Turks, and different denominations of Chris-
tians, who have each a bishop and a church,
and the free exercise of thi-ir reli.^ion. The
city and suburbs contain 235,000 persons.
Next to Constantinople and Cairo, it is the
most considerable city in the Turkish em-
pire. It is situated in the vast plain, which
extends from the Orontes to the Euphra-
tes, and which towards the south termi-
nates in the desert. It is built on eight
hills, on the highest of which the castle is
erected, and is supposed to be the castle
of Ber2ea. The houses are large and com-
modious, having terraces on their tops, and
generally sky-lights in form of a dome, to
let the light into the rooms, which from
their loftiness, the gilding on the windov/-
shutters, cupboards, &c. have at first en-
trance a very i»greeable effect. The streets
are carefully puved ; have gutters and a
foot pavement on each side ; and the mid-
dle of the street is laiiA with brick, the- small
end upwards, for the convenience of horses.
There is also a cleanliness observed here,
unknown to the other citirs of Turkey,
there being ass drivers who (?o about the
city and take up the rubbish and dust,which
each inhabitant is obliged to sweep toge-
ther. Thejnosqties are numerous and some
of them ma,unificent. Before each of them
is an area, with a fountain in the middle,
designed for ablutions before prayers. The
bazars or market-places are long covered
nari'ow streets, on each side of which are
a great number of small shops, just suffi-
cient to hold the tradesman and his goods,
the buy r being obliged to stand without.
The situation of Aleppo, besides the advan-
tage of a rich and fruitful soil, possesses
abo that of a stream of fresh water, which
never becomes dry. Near Aleppo, its
banks are covered with a fertile earth, and
laid cut in gardens, or rather orchards,
which in a hot country, and espeoially in
Turkey, cannot but be delightful. The city
is itself one of the most agreeable in Syria.
On whatever side it is approached, its nu-
merous minarets and domes present an
agreeable prospect to the eye, fatigued
with the continued sameness of the brown
and parched plams. A eppo is the empo-
rium of Armenia and the iarbekar ; sends
caravan-* to Bagdad and into Persia ; and
communicates with the Persian gulf and
India, by Bassora, with Egypt and Mecca
by Damascus, and with Europe and Alex-
aniirettaand Latakia. Their chief commo-
dities are raw or spun cottons, clumsy li-
nens fa; >ricated in the villages, silk stuffs
manuactured in the city, copper, coarse
clotlis, goat^'■hai^, 'he gall-nuts of the
Kourde-tan, the merchandise of India, such
a-, shawls and musfr.s EJ;,hteen miles S
E of Aleppo, is a large plain, called the
Valley of Salt, bounded by low rocky hillSj
ALE
ALE
■whicli form a kind of natural basin that re-
tains the rain descending from the rocks,
together with the water rising from a few
springs, and cause the whole to be over-
flowed in winter. The extent of the sur-
face prevents tiiis water from being of any
great depth ; so tliat it is soon evap-irated
by tlie sun, when it leaves a cake of salt,
in some places lialt an inch thick ; and, m
April, people are employed t gather this
salt, which is sufficient to supply all this
part of the comtry. Ale|)po is seated on
a small bro"k, 7u miles E of Alexandrelta,
and 170 N by E of Damascus. Lon. 37 20
E lat. 55 45 N.
^lessano, town of Naples, in the province
of Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles S
W of Otranto. Lon. 18 25 E. lat. 40
ION.
Jilessia, town of Albania, with a bishop's
see, near the mouth of the Drino. Lon. 20
6 E. lai. 42 8 N.
Messio, town of Turkish Dalmatia, with
a bishop's see, seated on a mountain 25
miles frojn Spalatro.
Alet, town of France, in the depariment
of Aude a.'.d late province of Languedoc.
It was lately an episcopal see, and is re-
markable for its baths, and for the grains of
gold and silver found in th? stream which
runs from the Pyrenees, .tl the foot of which
it stands. It is -eatvd on the river Aude,
15 miles S of Carcassone. Lon. 2 25 E.
lat. 42 59 N.
Aleutian hlands, or Northern Archipela-
go ; a long range of islands stretching be-
tween North America, and Asia, from the
peninsula of Alaska, to cpe Lopa- .ka the
south point of Kamschatca It is an im-
mense chain extending upwards of 900 ge-
ographic miles. They are included in the
Russian province of Irkutsk, and exceed 40
in number. Between N. lat. 52 and 54 W.
lon. W. C. from 85 to 113.
Alexander, post town of Genesee county
New York, population 1820, 1496.
Alexander, townsliip of .\thens county
Ohio, population 1820, 837.
Alexander, county of Illinois, at the con-
fluence of the Ohio and Missi-^sippi. The
features of this county is varied; these parts
extending along the rivers, are low, flat,
and to a considerable extent, annually in-
undated; in the interior rise hills of consi-
derabl? elevation. The soil s in general
fertile. Some cotton lias been cultivated,
but the climate is rather too cold for the
growth of that vegetable. Maize, v.'heat,
rye, oats, &.c. are produred in abundance,
as are garden vegetables, and fruit trees,
such as apples, peaches, pears, and plums.
Pop. in 1820.
Free svhite males ... 293
Do. do. females - - 333
Foreigners not naturalised - 2
Total of whiles
62S
27
Free coloured persons - - nunc
Slaves none
Engaged in Agriculture - - llG
Do. in Commerce - - none
Do. in -Manufactures - - none
Alexandsville, village of Ohio in Mont-
gomery county, situated on the Miami river,
7 miles below Dayton *
Alexandrelta, or Scanderoon, town of Sy-
ria, in Ash, at the extiemity of the Medi.
terranean sea, and the seaport of .Vleopo,
from winch it is distant 28 or 30 leagues.
It is now properly speakuig nothing else
but a village without walls, in which the
tombs are more iiumerous than the houses,
and which entirely owes its existence to
the road which it commands. This is the
only load of all Syria, where ve-sels an-
chor on a* lid bottom, wittiout their cables
being li.<ble to chafe : bui in other respects
it iias many inconveniences It is infesied,
during winter, by a peculiar wind, which
rushing from the snowj siinimits, frequent-
ly forces ships to d.ag their anchors seve-
ral icngues. But the worst circum tance
is the extreme unwiiolesomeness of the
air It may be affirmed that this every
year carries oft" one third of the crews of
ti.e vessels which remain here during tiie
Slimmer, nay, ships i'requen'ly lose all their
men m two months. To this baneful epi-
demic,Alcxandretta from its situation seems
to be irr -med.ably condemned ; for the
plain on which the town is built is so ! w
nd fla', that the rivuh-ts finding no decli-
vity can never reach the sea. On this ac-
count, vi'hile tiie heats are excessive, the
principal inhabitants retire to tie neigh-
bouring villagfs, among the mountains,
wliere there is excellent water and delicious
fruits It is 7o miles V/. of Aleppo. Lon.
36 23 E. lat 36 o5 N,
Alexandria, strong and considerable town
of It. ly, belonging to the duchy of Milan,
with a bishop's see, and a strong castle.
It was t.ken by Buonaparte wh< n he over-
ran Italy, retaken by Suwarrov/. and since
taken by the Frenc!;, June 1800. It is seat-
ed on the Tanaro, 40 miles S by E of Mi-
lan. Lon 8 43 E. la. . 44 55 N.
Alexajidna, town of Maine in Washing-
ton county, (,pon Mudybemp lake, 30 miles
nearly north from Machias.
Alexandria, town of Nev.' Hampshire in
Grafton county, 26 miles a little west of
nor' h from Concord ; population 400.
Alexandria, townsiiip cf Hunterdon coun-
ty New Jersey, opposite to Easton Pensyl-
vania; population 1820, 2619.
Alexandria, post town in I'orter town-
ship, Hnntingdon county Pennsylvania;
population i^i'l820, 280.
Alexandria, city and port of entry in the
District of Columbia, on the south bank cF
A 1- K
\ 1. E
the river Pole mac, about, 180 miles from
the ocean. It is tlie capital of a county of
the same n;une, and carries on a considera-
ble trade, particularly in flour. It has
some public buildings, sucii as an episco-
pal church, bank, academy, court-bouse,
&c. The orig-inal settlers laid out the
streets on the plan of Philadelphia Nine
miles below the town, on the Virginia bank
of Potomac, wlitre it is nearly two miles
wide, is Mount Vernon, the celeijrated
seat of general Washington. Alexandria
is 10 miles S from Washington, and 100
JTiiles N of Richmond. N. lat. 38 46. loii.
W. W. C. 0 03.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,525
Do. females . - - 2,378
All other persons except In-
dians not tiixed . - - 836
Slaves 1,488
Total pop. 1810.
7,227
In 1820.
Free white males
Do. do. females
Foreigners not naturalized
2,667
2,948
153
Total white pop.
5,768
Free coloured males
Do. females
Slaves ni5!e _ . .
Do. females - - -
461
707
606
829
Total pop. in 1820, - - .'5,371
Kngaged in .\griculture - 022
Do. Commerce - - - 531
Do. Manufactures. - - 699
Alexandria, county in the District of Co-
lumbia, siluaied west of the Potomac.
Population in 1810.
Pree whites, males - - 414
Do. Do. Females - - 417
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - 1-11
Slaves - -
353
Total population in 1810
1,325
In 1820.
Free whiit-s, males
476
Do. Do. females
465
Foreigners not naturalized
27
Total whites
968
Free coloured males
061
Do. Do. Females
061
Slaves, males
224
Do. Do. Females
19S
Total population 1820 - - 1,512
Alexandria, town of Ohio m Sciota coun-
ty, at the mouth of Sci ta river.
Alexandria, post town and seat of justice
f«r the parish of Rapides, situated upon the
23
viglit bank of Red river, immediately belo\r
the llapids. It is about 350 miles above
New Orleans by water, and 65 below Natch-
itocli<.-3. Number of inhabitants about 600.
N. lat. 31 IB. W. Ion. W. C. 15 39.
Alexandria, or Scanderia, an ancient and
once rich and famous town of Egypt, now
much decayed, though there are still some
remains of its ancient splendour. This city
was built by .\lexander the Great, about
m years before Christ, and was a league
and a h.alf long, by one.third in breadth,
which made tlie circumference of its walls
about four leagues. Lake Mareotis bathed
its walls on ihe sout!), and ttie Meditera-
nean on the north. It was intersected
lengthwise by straight parallel streets. This
direction left a free passage to the north-
erly wind, wliich alone conveys coolness
and salubrity into Egypt. A street ot 2000
feet wide began at the gate of tlie sea, and
terminated at the gate of Canopus. This
sirec, tlie handsomLs: in the universe, was
intersected by another of the same breadth,
which formed a square at their junction of
half a league in circumference. At prcr-
sent the city of Alexanuria is reckoned to
have about 14,000 or 15,000 inliabitants ;
a strange colluvies of different nations, as
well as from various parts of the Turkish
empire. The present condition of Alex-
andria is \ ery despicable, "being now so far
ruined, tliat the rubbish in many places
overtops the houses. The famous tower
of Pharos has long since been demolished,
an J a castle called Farillon, built in its place.
Some parts of the old wails of the city ai'e
yet standing, -^iid present us with a master-
piece of ancient masonry. Dut wh..t most
tngages ihe attention of travellers is the
Pillar of Pompey, as it is commonly called,
situated at a quarter of a league from the
southern ga.e. It is composed of red gra-
nite. T!ie capital is Corinthian with palm
leaves, and not indented. It is nine feet
high. The shaft and the upper member
of the b.ise are of one pierce of 90 feet
long, and 9 in diameter. The base is a
square of about 15 feet on each side. This
block of marble, 60 feet in circumference,
res s on two layers of stone bound toge-
ther with lead. Nothing can equal the
majesty of tliis monument ; seen from a
distance, it 'iveriops the town, and serves
as a signal iiy vessels. Approaching it
nearer, it produces an astonishment mixed
wiih awe. One can never be tired, with
admiring the beauty of the capital, the
length of the sliaft. nor the extraordinary
simplicity of the pedestal. It was former-
ly a place of great trade, all the treasures
of ihe East Indies being deposited there :
but since the discovery of the Cape of Good
Hope, this trade is in a great measure lost.
This place is subject to the grand signior,
who, however, has but a linjitGd »othorit\%
A L (.
A L G
It iS sealed on the most westerly branch of
the river Nile, 125 miles N W of Cairo. It
was taken by the French under Buonaparte
jn their expedition to Egypt, but they have
been forced to abundon it. Lon. 31 11 E.
lat. 30 21 N.
^Ifacs, the name of certain islands near
the mouth of the Ebro, in the principahty
of Catalonia, in Spain.
Aifeizerao, town of Portugal, in Estrama-
dura, on the sta side. Lon. 9 10 W. lat.
29 30 N.
Jllfeld, town of Germanv, in the bishop-
ric of Hildesheim, 15 miles S S W of Hil-
desheim. Lon. lu 4 E. lat. 51 38 N.
jllfes, the ancient Alpheus river of the
Morea, falling into the Mediterranean.
Jiljidena, ancient town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Ceteriore. Lon. 14 20 E. lat. 41
48 N,
A/ford, town of Lincolnshire, with a mar-
ket on Tuseday : seated on a small brook,
six miles from the sea and 20 N of Boston.
Lon. 0 13 E. lat. 53 16 N.
Alford, township of Berkshire, in- the
state of Massachusetts, situated about 140
miles westward from Boston. Population
in 1810, 522, and in 1820, 570.
Alfred, township of Upper Canada, in
the county of Glengary, and is the third
township in ascending- the Ottawa river.
Alfred, post tov/n of York county, Maine ;
situated on the Mousam river, 576 miles
from Washington ciiy. In 1800, the town-
ship contained 900 inhabitants, in 1810,
1106, and in 1820^1271
Alfreton, town in Derbyshire, with a
markei on Monday ; pleasantly seated on a
small hill, 13 miles N of Derby, and 141 N
N W of London. Lon. 1 25 W. lat. 53 8 N.
Aigaiola, small fortified seaport in Corsi-
ca. It was almost destroyed by the malecon-
tents in 1731, but I:as since been restored.
Lon. 8 55 E. lat. 42 30 N
Algarva, province of Portugal, 67 miles
in length, and 20 in breadth : bounded on
the \V and S by tlie sea, on the E by the
Guadiana, and on the north by Alentejo. It
is fertile in figs, almonds, dates, olives, and
excellent wine ; tl\e capital is Pharo ; pop-
ulation about lOU.UOU
Algezirii, strong town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, on the straits of Gibraltar ; but. at pre-
sent in a mean condition, the harbour be-
ing decayed. It is 10 miles N W of Gib-
raltar. Lon. 5 22 W. lat, 36 14 X.
Algher, or Akeri, town of Sardinia, on
the N W coast, with a bishop's see. Lon.
8 40 E. lal. 40 40 N.
Algiers, one of the states of Barbi.r}%
bounded on the E by Tunis, on the N by
the Mediterranean, on tlie S by Mount
Atkis, and on the W by Morocco. It ex-
tends 600 miles from E to W. The air is
very temperate, and the land toward the
;N fertile in coi-n. The vallevs are full of
3
fruit ; but a great part is dry, mountainous,
and barren The melons have an exqui-
site taste, some of which are ripe in sum-
mer, and others in wmter. The stems of
the vines are so larg-e, that a man can
hardly grasp them ^ith his arms ; and the,
bunches of grapes are a foot and a half
loi.g. it is divided into three provinces,
namely, Tlemsam on the W. Titerie oa
tlie S. and Constantia to the E of the city
of Algiers. The Turks, who have the
government in their hands, are not above
7000 in number ; and yet the moors, or na-
tivt-s of .\frica, have no sliare in it. It is
only a kind of republic under the protec-
tion of the grand signior, .ind it is govern-
ed by a sovereign called the dey, but he
can do noihing of consequence without the
council of the Janissaries The Arabs,
who live in tents, are a distinct people, go-
vern.ed by their own laws and magistrates,
though the Turks interpose as often as
they please. The dey of Algiers is an ab-
solute monarch, but elected by the' Turk-
ish soldiers, and frequently deposed, and
put to death by them. The revenues of
tiie government arise from the tributepaid
by tlie Moors and Arabs, a detachment of
the army being sent into each province
every year to collect it ; and the prizes
they take at sea someiimes equal the taxes
they lay upon the natives. The dey has
several th-usand Moors in his service, both
horse and foot : and the deys or viceroys
of the provinces, have each an army under
his command. Their religion is Moham-
medanism, and then* language a dialect of
the Arabic. They have likewise a jargon,
composed of Italian, French, and Spanish,
called Lingua Franca, that is understood b}'
the common people and merchants. The
complexion of the natives is tawny, and they
are strong and well made.
Algiers, large and strong town of Africa,
in Barbary, the capital of the kingdom of
Algiers, it is built on the declivity of a
mountain, and is in the form of an amphi-
tht-atre next the harbour ; insomuch, that
the houses appearing one above another,
make a very tine appearance from the sea.
The tops of the houses are all flat, for which
reason they walk upon them in tjie even-
ing to take the air; besides, they are co-
vered v/ith eartii, and serve for a sort cf
gardens The streets are narrov/, and
serve to keep on!" the extreme heat of tiie
tun. The mole of the harbour is 500 pa-
ces in length, extending from the conti-
nent to a small island, where there is a cas-
tle and a large battery oi" guns. The num-
ber of inhabitants is said to be 100,000
Vi!)hamme(lans, 15,000 Je\v.s, and 4000
Christian slaves. Their chief subsistence
is derived from their piracies, for they
make prizes of all Christian ships that are
not at peace with thcjn, The country about
A L L
A L 1.
Algiers is adorned with gardens and fine
rilias, watered by fountains and rivulets ;
and thither .ihe inhabitants resort in the
hot seasons. Algiers though it has, for ages
braved the resentment of the most power-
ful states in Christendom, it i^ said, could
make but a weak defence against a regu-
lar siege. The emperor Charles V. in 1541,
lost a fine fleet and army, in an expedition
agamst it. The English burnt i heir vessels
in the harbour in 1635 and 1670. It was
bombarded by the French in 1688, In
1775, the Spaniards made a descent near
the city with a formidable army, but were
defeated with great slaughter. In 1784,
they sent a powerful fleet to attack the
forts that defend the harbour; but they were
repelled by the Algf-rines, although they
made eight succesiive attacks with great
spirit and bravery. In 1767, the Algerines
took the lead of the other states of Barba-
vy, in refusing to pay any longer their usu-
al tribute to the Porte, Algiei-s is situate
opposite Minorca, 380 miles AV of Tunis.
Lon. 2 18 E. lat. 34 9 N.
Jllgongjdns, nations of . IntKans, west
and north-west from lake Superior, and
around the heads of the Mississippi, Win-
nipeg, and Assiniboin rivers.
Alhama, town of Spain in Granada. A
little below it are hot baths, accounted the
best in Spain. It is seated on a valley,
surrounded by craggv mountains, 25 miles
S W of Gianada. ton. 3 24 W. lat. 36
56 N.
Jllhambra. See Granada, the citv.
A/jubarota, town of Portugal, in Estra-
madura, 10 miles south from Leiria, famous
for a battle between the Castilians and Por-
tuguese, August 14th 1384, in which the
former was defeated.
Alicant, seaport of Spain in Valencia ;
remarkable for its excellent wine, and the
feitility of its soil, which produces excel-
lent fruiis, and plenty of rosemary of an
extraordinary size. The castle, on a high
rock, was reckoned impregnable ; but it
wa.s taken by the English in 1706. It was
likewise taken by the Fivnch and Spaniards,
after a siege of almost two years ; and then
part of the rock was blown op. It is Sf.-.at-
ed on the Mediterranean, on a bay of the
same name, 85 miles S of Valencia. Lon.
0 5 W lat. 33 16 N.
AUgatay town of Sicily, remarkable for
corn and good wine. It is seated on a pen-
insula, 22 m;les S E of Gergenti. Lon. 13
48 E. lat. 37 UN
Allahabad, city of Oude, in Hindoostan
proper, seated at the confluence of the
two great rivers, tiie Ganges and J-jmna.
It was fonnded h\ the emperor Acbar, who
intended it as a place of arms ; but its foi--
tification.s will hardly resi-t hi battering of
^ field-piece. It is 470 miles N W of Cal-
cutta. Lon. 82 0 E. lat. 24 45 N.
SO.
AUburgli, township in Grand Isle county
and state of Vermont, It is situated on the
Michiscoui bay and contains about 1000 in-
habitants.
Alleghani;, or Appalachian Mountains, a
long range of mountains in N. America, be-
tween the Atlantic, the Mississippi, and
the lakes ; extending nearly parallel with
the sea-coast, 900 miles in length, and from
60 lo 200 in brtadth. The ditterent ridg-
es which compose this imrnense range have
different names in the different states.
Advancing from the Atlantic, the first ridge
of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Caro-
lina, is the Blue Ridge, or South Moun*
tain, from 130 to 200 miles from the sea,
and about 1200 feet mean elevation from
its base. Between this and the North
Mountain, spreads a large fertile vale.
Next lies the Alleghaiw, whicli is the prin-
cipal ridge, and has been descriptively
called the back-bone of the United States.
Beyond this is the long ridge called the
Laurel Mountains. From these several
ridges proceed innumerable nameless
branches or spurs. The Kittatiny, or Blue
Mountain*, run through the northern parts
of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. These
mountains are not in general confusedly
scattered and broken, rising here and there
into high peaks overtopping each other,
but stretch along in uniform ridges, scarce-
ly half a mUe high. They spread as they
proceed S, and .some of them terminate in
high perpendicular bluffs. Others gradu-
ally subside into a le\^ country, giving
rise to the rl^'ers which run southerly into
the g-ulf of Mexico. In the back paits of
Pennsylvania, scarcely one acre in ten of
this range is capable of culture ; but this
is not the case in all parts ; for numejous
tracts of fine arable and pasture land inter-
vene between the ridges, having generally
a rich black soil. Indeed, some of the
mountains will admit of cultivation almost
to their tops.
Alleghany River, is an important stream
in the western part of Pennsylvania. The
head waters have their rise in the N part
of Pennsylvania near New Vork state and
nearly in an E and W centre of the state.
Winding a N W direction it passes into
New York, and then taking a S W and S
course through a fer'ile part of Pennsylva-
nia, joins with the Monongahela at Pitts-
burg, and forming the 0:>io river. A very
slight inspection of the Map of Pennsylva-
nia will convince a per-on that this river
will at some future day, perhaps not very
distant, be one of the- great chanaels of
communication between the Western and
E.-s ern waters of the Ur.ited States. At
presen! the transportation is con.iiderable
on on- ot its small branches. French creek
is the only stream of con equence which
the Alleghanv receives from the \\'estward.
ALL
ALL
The creek has its source near Lake Erie,
from which to Waterford the conimencing
point of navigation there is a portage over
a turnpike of 14 nniles. Upwards of 70,000
bushels of salt fi-om the Onondaga works
in New York, were entered in one year at
Erie, a considerable portion of which de-
scended French creek and the Ailegh..ny
for the supply of the different Ohio river
towns. It is the Eastern branches of the
Alleghany which interlocking with the na-
vigable branches of the Susquehanna make
this river of great importance to (he ^tate
of Pennsylvania. Of these branches, To-
by's creek from the N W and Kiskimenetas
river from the S W are tiie most conspicu-
ous. The navigable branches of the for-
mer approach the navigable wa.ers of the
W branch of the Susquehunna within 20
m-.les, while the navigable head water-, of
the former may be connected with the na-
vigable waters of Junia>ta by a portage of
25 miles. Thus, nature has left compara-
tively but little for the exertions of man to
form a complete wa'.er commanication be-
tween New York and Philadelphia and the
•Ohio waters, giving the industrious plant-
er and merchant a choice of a market ei-
ther in the Gulf of Mexico, or in the me-
tropolis of their own state, one at a distance
of 2000 miles, the other not more than 300
from his own door.
Jille^hany, county of New York, having
Pennsylvania S. C.ittarargus W. Niag;ira N
W. Genesee, and Ontario N and Steuben
E. It is 52 miles long from north lo south,
and 30 miles wide fi-om east to west, and
covering an area of 1560 square miles.
The face of the country is hilly, and even
mountainous, though containing much fer-
tile land. Chief 'own Angelica.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 1,013
Do. Do, females - - 90S
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... none
Slaves - - - . . 21
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
Do. Do. females
Total whites . . .
Free persons of colour males
Do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Engaged in Agricultui-e
do, iu Mamdactarcs
31
1,942
4.382
4,919
9,301
Engaged in Commerce - = i^
Foreigners not naturalized - 30
Population to tl;e square mile, 6,
Alleghany, county >- f Penll^y iv^nia, having
Washington S W. Beaver n' W. Hutler N.
and Westmoreland E. ii is 32 miles long,
with a mean width of about 18, extending
over an area of 565 square miles. It is
finely iiiter.--ectt-d by the AUegliany, Mi)n-
ongahfcla and Ohio rivers : the surtace is
hilly, but the soil ot 'be river and creek?
bottoms, a: id indeed most of the hill sides
are superabundantly fertile. Chief town the
City of Pittsburg.
Population m 1810.
Fi ee wiiite males ... 12,921
D.(. Do. fema;les - - 11,958
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 414
Slaves 24
Toial population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
Do. do. females
Total of whites
Free persons of colour males
Do. Do. females
Slaves ....
25,317
17,875
16,351
34,226
345
349
1
34,921
Total poptdation in 1820 -
Of ihese ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 726
Engaged in Agriotdtu re - - 4,303
Do. do. in M^nuf ctures . 2,38S
Do. do ia Conimerce - - 146
Populdtio 1 to the square mile 61, inclu-
ding the city of Pittsburg.
Mleo'ha7V', county of Maryland, having
Fayette, Somersctt, and Beiiford counties
in Pennsylvania to the north ; Washington
in ^laryland N Z. the Potomac river south
and S. E. and Monongahela county in Vir-
ginia W. It is 65 miles in length from
east to west, with a mean width of 124.
Area 812 square miles ; face of the country
mountaiu'.ius.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 3233
Do. do. females - - - 2943
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 113
Slaves . - - ' - - 620
6 Total popula' ion in 1810 6909
Poptdation in 1820
Free white males ... 408O
Do. do. females - - ~ 3584
Total white population in 1820 7664
2,167 Free people of colour, males - 102
193 Do. do. females 9.1
ALL
A L P-
^Inie slaves
Female do.
Total population in 1820
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
Do. Commerce
Do. Manufactures
399
396
8654
103
1675
35
391
Population to the square mile 10
Allclmrch, villag'e of Worcestershire. It
has an alms-house founded in 1580, and the
Roman Ickneld street passes through it.
The bishop of Worcester had formerly a
palace here ; and the church, several parts
of which are of Ssxon architecture, con-
tains many antique monuments. It is five
miles E by N of Bromsgrove.
Allegranza, one of the Canary Isl.mds,
lying to the N of Graciosa, and to the E of
St. Clare. There are several castles that
defend the harbour.
Allendoru small town in the landgravate
of Hesse-Cassel, rcfnarkable for its salt-
works, and thrf e stone bridges. I' is seat-
ed on the Weser, 15 miles E of Cassel.
Lon. 9 59 E. lat. 51 19 N,
Alleii Countij, Kentucky, having Tenne-
see S. Warren S AV. N W. and N. and Bar-
ren E. The face of this county is gene,
rally level the soil much varied in quality.
Its form is elliptical extending over about
500 square miles. Chief town Scotts-
ville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,248
Do. Do. females - - 2,346
Foreigners not naturalized
Total whites
Free coloured males
Dp. Do. females -
Slaves, males
Do. Do. females -
Total population in 1820
4,594
585
5,327
PopuLition to the square mile 13.
AUen Counli', Ohio, having Mercer and
Vanvert W ; Putnam N ; Hardin E : and
Logan and Shelby S. It extends ab>ut 23
miles from north to soath, with a wij'.h of
22 miles from east to west ; area 500 square
miles.
Population in 182u, none as the country
has eniy been recently purchased fron. tlie
Indians, andsurveyed, consequently remains
unsettled.
Allejiiovm, see JVorthamptGn in Lehigh
county.
Allen^s Fresh, small town in Cliarles coun.
ty, Marylsnd. It lies about 90 miles S S W
of Baltimore, and about 50 S of the city of
Washington.
.lllensiG-.cn, township in Rockingham
'*(iuntv, and state of New Hampshire : about
~ ,5f2 ■
25 miles N \V of Exeter, and about 4-0 fronl
Portsm-iuth. It has but few inhabitants.
Alknto-Mi, post-town in Monmouth coun-
ty, New Jersey, 10 miles S E of Trenton,
22 S by W of Monmouth court-house, and
40 N E of Philadelphia.
AlUer, river which rises In the duchy of
Magdeburg, waters Zeli, and falls into the
W 'ser below Verden.
Alkria, decayed town in Corsica, a bi-
shop's see, and the place where king The-
odore first landed in 1736. Lon. 8 50-^. '-iijj^
lat. 42 5 N. ^^
AUier, department of France, lately the
province of Bourbonnois. Population
255,000.
Alligator, river of North Carolina, falling
into Albemarle Sound.
Alloa, commercial town, en the Frith of
Forth, about 20 miles higher up the river
than Leith, and five miles E of Stirling, I
consists of one spacious street, well paved,
and shaded with rows of hme trees. Here
is a custom-house for the convenience of
shipping in this psrt of the north, and it is
the resor* of all the coal vessels in the
neighbourhood. It has a glass-house and
some other manufactures. Lon. 3 45 W.
lat. 56 10 N.
Ailmacarron, a seaport of Spain, in the
province of Murcia, at the mouth of the
Guadalantine, near the Mediterranean, 20
miles S W of Carthagena. Lon. 0 56 W.
lat. 37 28 N.
Allouettes, point in the St. Lawrence ri-
ver at the month of the Sagnenery river.
. lllo-way creek, town of Salem county New
.Jersey.
All-saints Parish, George-town South Ca-
rolina.
Almaguer, city of Quito, South America, ,
20 miles south from Propajar. N. lat. l*i^*i'
56'. W. lon. W. C. 0" 06'.
Almamlrel, town of South America, on
the coast of Cliili.
Ahnanza, town of New Castile, remark-
able for the defeat of t e allies, by the
Fre- ch and Spaniards, in 1707, when most
of the Engli:-h were killed or taken, havin.'i;
been abando'^ed by the Portuguese hor.se
at the first charge, it is 50 miles S W of
Valencia. Lon.'0 56W lat. 38 54 N,
Ahneda, town of Portugal, in Estramadu-
ra, se:;ted on the Tajo, opposite Lisbon.
Lon 9 4 W Lit. 38 33 N.
Almediu, town of Portugal, in the pro-
vince of Tra-1 'H-montes, on the confines of
Lfon. 17 miles N W of Civldad Eodrigo.
Lon.'6 15 W. bt. 40 45N.
Almeida, fortified town of Portugal, in
the province of Beira, on the river Coa.
Lon. 8 15 W. lat. 40 38 N.
Almendvalaio, town of Spain, in Estra-
madura, near tlie borders of Portugai. Lon
5 6 W. lat. 38 36 N.
Ahnma. sew-' -^"^T-hv '•> ♦■?.» t-""v;.....-
A L S
ALT
of Oi'irti^'i'i with a bishop's ?ee, seated on
tile river Almeria, 62 inilcs S E of Granada.
Lon. 2 0 \V. lit. 36 51 N.
.iln^L'ich, the county town of N'orthum-
berland, with a market on Saturday. Ii is
seate.d on the river Alne, and is a popu-
lous well-built town, with a town-house.
It has three ijates, which remain Hlmoit
entire, and show that it was formerly sur-
rounded by a wall. It was defended by
an old stately Gu'i c cpstle, the scat of the
duke of Northumberland, which has been
lately repaired and beautified. It is 30
miles N of Newcastle, 26 S of Berwick,
and 305 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 30
W. lat. 55 25 N.
'Alntvlck; township of Nor'lhumberland
County, Upper Canada, lies in the rear and
north of rialdimaud.
JUost, town of Flanders, on the river
Dender, in the mid-way between Brussels
and Ghent. Lon. 4 12 E. lat. 50 58 N.
Alpnach, town of Swisserland, in Under-
walden, seated on lake Alpnach, an arm of
the lake of tlie Four Cantons, with which
it unites near Stantzstadt.
Alps, the highest mountain in Europe se-
jiarating Italy from France and Germany.
They begin on the side of France tow.irds
the Mediterranean, between the territory
of Genoa and country of Nice ; and termi-
nate at the gulf of Carmero, which is part
of the gulf of Venice. They consist of lof-
ty chains of mountains, ranging one upon
another, v.'ith only nisrrow valleys between.
They are composed of stupendous rocky
masses, two, four and even six being piled
upon each other, and from 4000 to 12000
feet Iiigh. T!ierc are few passes over them,
and those of diSicult access. Swisserland
take up a good part of these m-^untains, or
rather the valleys between them. The fa-
mous Hannibal crossed the Alns on the side
of I'iedmont, in trie winter sesison, wlien ho
i;,v-aded Italy, and lost mo.st of"hib-elei)hants
among ihem.
.lips, Upj)cr, a dep:trtment of France,
comprehending nart of the hi'e provi:ice
of Duuphiny. Population 129,000.
Alps, Lor:er, a department of France,
conlainiog p:!rt of the Lite i)rovince of
Provence. Fopulation 150,000.
Aipnxares, high mountains of Granada
in Sp.;in, n^.r the coast oftiie Mediterra-
nean, inhabited by the Moriscoes, who
carefully cultivate the ground, wliich pro-
duces exce'lent wines and fruits.
.Ilreaforcl, a town in Hampshire, with a
market on Tiiurs.lay. It has about 200
houses, 'two principal streets, which are
Ijvge and broad, and a small manufactuie
of linseys. It is IS-n.les ENH ofSouih-
amptim, and 5/ WSW of London. Lon.
2, i W. lat. 51 6 N. •
.Tisacr,^. late province of France, bound-
ed on tire V. by the Rhine, on the S bv
E
Swilzcrhind and Franc'.'.e Comtc, on the
AV b}'^ Lorrain, and on the N by the pala-
tinate of t!ie Rhine, now included in the
departments of the Upper and Lower
Rhine, which see.
Alsace, a township of Berks coimty, in
th.e State of Pennsylvania, on the eastside-
of tiie river Schuylkill, Population ia
181 0, 1275, in 1820, 1640.
A/sen, an Island of Denmark, in the Lit
tie Belt, or entrance into the Baltic, be-
tween Slesvvick and Funen. It has noth-
ing remarkable but two castles, and is 100
miles W of Copenhagen.
. lls/Ad, an ancient town of Germany, in
the landgravate of Hesse Castle, 12 miles
N\V of Marbi\rg. It Is an ancient town,
and its inhabitants were the first of this
country who embraced the refoi'mation.
Lon. 9' 0 E lat. 50 55 N.
Alslieda, a town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Smoland, near which a gold mine
was discovered in 1733.
Alston-Moor, a town in Cumberland.
Near this time are expensive lead mines,
and near the town is' plenty of lead ore.
It is 20 miles E by S of Carlisle, and 303
NNW of London. Lon. 2 14 W. lat. 50 54
N.
Altaian, mountains. This term has been
erroneously applied to the whole great
central chain of Asia, wliich near the Ar.al
lake, branches north eastv/ard by east, and
reaches the sea of Ochot kto theNVVfr.im the
mouth of t!ie Amur river, at N lat. 56. The
distinctive name of Altai, or Allay,is proper-
ly given to that part of the chain west from
die Selenga river. Thus restricted the
Altaian mountains for.m, nevertheless, an
immense range of upwards of 1400 miles
in length, rising in some places to 10,000
feet. This cliain is pierced by the south-
ern sources of the ritysh,Oby, and Yenisei
rivers, which rise on the elevated valley
between the Altaian moun'ains and those
of Bogdo.
Altamira, town of Mexico, on the bordec
between the Lstendancies of Vera Cruz,
and San Lou's Potosi, on the north side of
the bay of Tampica, and near the gulf of
Mexico. N lat. 22 26, W lon. Wl C. 21
11.
Altamira, river of Mexico rising near the
the city of San Louis I^otoii, an<l flowing
east 150 miles, joins tlse Mociezucmo, ov
Tula, and forms the bay of Tampico.
Altumonl, town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriop, 15 miles NW of Basigniano. Lou,
15 22 E, lat, 39 50 N.
Aliamurai town of Naples, in the territo-
ry of Ban, at the foot of the Appenaines.
Lon. 16 58 E, lat. 51 6 N.
AUar, town of Mexico, in Sonora.
Altcnbiir^; town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony, with a strong* castle.
A L V
M A
it is seated on the Plejsse, 20 miles S of
Leipsic. Lon. 12 28, E, lat. 50 59 N.
AUenber^, town of Transylvania, 18 miles
S of Weissemburg. Lon. 23 15 E, lat. 46
0 N.
Altenburg or Owar, town of Lov/er Hun-
gary on the Danube, 15 miles S of Pres-
hurg, and 40 S E of Vienna. Lon. 17 13
E, lat. 48 0 N.
Mteithw-g, or Oldenln/rg, an ancient town
of Germany in Holstein.
Altesson, town of Piedmont, between the
rivers Dore and Stura, near Lauvenerie.
Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 44.361V.
Altezey, town and castle of Germany, in
the Palatinate of the Rhine, 15 miles S W
ofMentx. Lon. 8 12 E, lat. 42 40 N.
Altkirch, town of France in the depart-
ment of the Upper Rhine, on the river Ule,
45 miles SSW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 20
E, lat. 47 40 N.
JlUmore, town of Ireland, in the county
of Tyrone, seven miles NW of Dungannon.
Lon. 6 45 W. lat. 55 43 N,
Jilton, a town in Hampshire, seated on
the river Wey, with a market on Satur-
day. It has one church, a famous free-
school, a large manufacture of plain and
figured baragons, ribbed druggets, and
serges de Nismes ; and round the town are
plantations of hops. It is 18 miles ENE
of Southampton, and 48 WSW of London.
Lon. 0 55 W. lat. 51 22 N.
Alton, township of Strafford county, in
the State of New Hampshire, containing
about 1000 inhabitants.
Altonn, flourishing seaport of Germany,
in the duchy of Ilolstein, commodiously
seated on the Elbe, in the vicinity of Ham-
burg. The Danes built it in that situa-
tion, that it might rival Hamburg in com-
merce. It v/as burnt by the Swedes in
1712, but has been since beautifully rebuilt,
Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 53 37 N.
Altorf, town of Germany, formerly in the
territory of Nuremburg, with a fim-us uni-
versity, a library, and a physic garden. It
is 10 m les SE of Nuremburg, lon. 11 22
E. lat. 49 20 N.
Altorf, a town of Germany, in the circle
of S;:abia, 20 miles NE of Constance, and
subject to the house of Austria. Lon. 9
30 E. lat. 47 50 N.
Altorf, a town of Swisserland, capital of
the canton of Url, seated nc.'ir the mouth
of the river Riiss, on the lake oi Lucent,
20 miles SE of Lucern. Lon. 8 25 E. lat.
46 55 N.
AanngJiam. a town in Cheshire, with
a market on Tuesday, 10 miles E of War-
ring'on, n-l 130 NW of London. Lon. 2
32 W. lat 55 23 N.
Ahm-deTnrmes, a considerable town of
Spaiii, :n Leon, with a strong castle, seat-
ed on The Tormes, \2 miles SE of Salaman-
fca. L.an. 5 4 W. lat. 41 0 N.
Alvarado, large river of Mexico, in the
Intendency of Vera Cruz, is formed by the
Alvarado proper, and Rio Blanco, the latter
rising from the eastern slope of tlje Peak
D'Orizaba, and nearly west off" the city of
Vera Cruz. The Alvarado enters the gulf
of Mexico, at N. lat. 18 50. W Lon. W.
C. 18 40.
AJveston, a village in Gloucestershire.
On the top of a hill near the Savern, is a
large round camp, . callcri Oldbury, where
several antiquities have been dug up. It
is eight miles N by E of Bristol.
Alnmets, les, on the Ottowa river, above
the Rapids, which are higher than riviere
du Nord.
Alured Cape, in the township of Clarfee,
Upper Canada, north side of lake Ontario.
Alzira, town of Spain in Valencia, sn
the river Xucar, 17 miles S of Valencia.
Lon. 0 10 E. lat. 36 6 N.
Amadan or Hamadan, town of Persia,
200 miles NE of Bagdad. Lon. 47 4 E.
lat. 35 15 N.
Amadia, trading town of Asia, in Curdi-
stan, belonging to the Tuiks ; seated on a
high mountain, 40 wiiles SE of Gezira.
Lon. 41 5 E. lat. 36 5N.
Amazura, small river of South America,
falling into the Oronoco near its mouth.
Amak, island in the Baltic, near Copen-
hagen, from which it is separated by a
canal.
Amal, a town of Sweden, in the province
of Gothland, with a good harbour on lake
Wenner, 175 miles SW of Upsal. It car-
ries on a great trade in timber, deals, and
tar. Lon. 12 40 E. lat. 59 0 N.
Amalfi, an ancient town in the Citerior
Principality of Najsles, and an archbishop's
see. Flavio Gioia, who is said to have in-
vented the mariner's compass, about the
beginning of the 14th century, was a native
of tills town. It was here also, that in 1137.
the Pandects of Justinian were recovered.
It is seated in a cliarming country, on the
wesictn coast of the gulf of Salerno, 13
miles SW of Salerno. Lon, 14 45 E. lat.
40 26 N.
.'Imanbia, river of South America, rising
between the Parana and Paraguay, and
falling into the former at lat. 24S.
Amanda, township of Fairfield coimty
Ohio. Population in 1810, and in 1820,
1221.
Amandaville, post village in Egbert coun-
ty Georgia.
Amand, St. town of France in the de-
partment of Cher, and late territory of
Bourbonnois, seated on the river Cher, 20
miles S of Bourges. Lon. 2 30 E. lat. 46
45 N.
Amand, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of the North and in the late
French Flanders, seated on a Scarpe, se-
ven miles N of Valenciennes When the
3.4
A M A
A >£ B
PiMssians and Austriaiis invaded Trance iu
1792, it was taken by them, but evacuated
on their retreat. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 50 27 N.
^Amantea, seaport town of Naples in Ca-
labria Citerior, near the bay of Eufemia,
20 miles S W of Cosenza. Lon. 16 10 E,
lat. 39 12 N. . _
Amapalta, seaport of X. A-merica, in Gua-
timala, seated on a gulf of the same name,
220 miles S E of Gualimala. N lat. 12 50,
W ion. W C 11 56.
Amapalla, or Fonseca, large bay or gulf
of N America, between the province of
Guatimala and Nicaragua.
.iniaro,Juan, town of Brazil, in the Cap-
tain Generalship of Bahia, on the Pannaco
river, S lat. 13 20, E. lon. W C 36 50.
Amada, ancient town of Natolia, the
birthplace of Strabo, the geographer. It
is the residence of a bashaw, and gives its
name to the province it stands in, where
there are the best wines and fruits of Na-
tolia. It was destroyed by an earthquake,
July 3f 1794. It is seated near the river
Casalmack, 36 miles N of Tocat. Lon. oo
OE. Iat.40 31 N.
Amazon^ or Orellana, a great river of S.
America, which has its source in Peru, not
far from the Pacific Ocean, and running E
falls into the Atlantic Ocean by a number
of channels, which in the rainy season over-
flow their banks, and fertilize the country.
Its course is betv/een 4 and 5000 miles, in-
eluding all its windings. The country in-
cluded within its varicas mouths. It is
150 miles broad) and receives in its pro-
gress, near 200 other riv^ers, many of wliich
liave a course of 5 or 690 leagues. Tlie
principal of these tributary streams are the
Napo, Japura and Negro from the north ;
the Tocantinas, Xingus, Tapajos, Madeira,
Jurus, Intay, Grand Vara, Gualaga, and
Lauricoclia from the south. The Amazon,
including' all its confluents and their tribu-
taries drains an area of more than 2,800,000
square miles. Jt enters the Atlantic Ocean
under the equator, Lon. E W C 28.
.imazonia, a country in S. America,
bounded on the N by Terra Firma and
Guiana, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean
and Brazil, on the S by La Plata, and on
tlie W by P^ru. It is indeed a vague
term to designate all the interior regions of
South 'Amefica, watered by the Am.azon
river, and yet inhabited only by the native
tribes of savages. It was discovered in
1580, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed
down the river Amazon to the Atlantic.
Observing companies of women in arms on
its banl|s, he called the country Amazon-
nia, and gave tlie nam.e of Amazon to the
river. But this was probably a fiction, for
M. Condamine could perceive no such
women. It is generally a flat region,
abounding in woods, lakes, rivers, bogs,
and morasses. The soil is verv rich and
fertile ; tiie trees and plants are verdant all
the year. The rivers and lakes are infest-
ed by alligators and water-serpents. Their
banks are inhabited by different tribes of
Indians, governed by petty sovereigns.
The Spaniards have made many vain at-
tempts to settle this country. On that
part of the coast between Cape North and
the mouth of the Amazon and aloi.g that
rivei;, the Portuguese have indeed some
settlements. . «
Amber, a post village in Onondago coun-
ty Nesv York.
.imber Bai', of Yucatan on the coast of
Honduras. N lat. 39 40, W lon. W C 11
50.-
Amber^, a handsome town of Germany,
capital of the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria.
It has a strong castle, and is seated on the
river Ills, 40 miles E of Kuremburg. Lon.
32 7E. kt. 49 20 N.
Ambert, a town of France in the depart-
ment of the Puy ^e Dome and late pro-
vince of Auvergne, seated in a beautiful
valley on the river Ore. It was remarka-
ble, before the French devolution, for the
great number of paper.manufticlurers in its
viciniiy, and for its trade in coarse laces,
camlets, l<.c. It is 21 miles E of Issoire^
and 300 S by E of Paris. Lon. 3 50 E. lat.
45 25 N.
Ambergrense-Keij, island in the bay of
Honduras, on the coast of Yucatan. N lat,
18 50, Wlon. W C 11 48.
Ambleside, a town of Westmoreland, with
a market on Wednesday, seated on Winan-
der-mere ; 13 miles N W of Kendal, and
271 N N W of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat.
54 28 N.
Amblalevse, seaport of France, in the de-
partment of the Straits of Calais and late
jirovince of Plcardy> 8 miles N of Bou-
logne, defended bv a batterv of cannon,
Lon. 1 41 E, lai. 50 49 N.
Amboise, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire and late province
of Touraiue, seated at the confluence of
the Loire and Massee. It is 12 miles E of
Tours, and 118 S by W of Paris. Lon. 0
54 E, lat. 47 25 N. '
Amboy, sometimes called Perth Ambo)',
city and post-town of East Jersey, in Mid-
dlesex county. This town is finely situated
for a seaport, lying open to Sandyhook, and
approachable from the sea with any wind
that blows. Population in 1810, 815; in
1820, 798. It lies in the lat. of 40 31 N,
.nnd E lon. W C 2 44. 25 miles from New
York, and 70 from Philadelphia.
Amboif, Sontli, township of Middlesex
county, New Jersey, lying south of Amboy
bay. Population in 1810, 3041, and in
1820, 3406.
Amboy. bay between South Amboy and
Staten island^ formed by the union of the
KaritCn and Passaick rivers.
35
A M E
A M ?:
Amboyna, un isi.iiul of Asia, in the liidiir.i
Ocean, with a garrison town of the same
name. It is the chief of the Moluccas,
and rcmarkuble for tite quantity ot chnes
and nu-raet^s it proJuci-s. T. e English
and D itch had factories liere at the begin-
ning of the 17th century ; but tiie Dutch
expelled ihe English. Lon. 12? 0 E, lat.
4 OS.
Ambresbufy, a town in Wiltshire, with a
market on Friday, and three f.Srs; 6 miles
N of Sail bury, and 78 wo'f London. Lon.
1 40 W, lat. 51-11 N.
Ambrym, one of the New Hebrides, in
the S. Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 12 E, lat.
16 ION.
Amedabad, a large and populuns citj' of
Hindoosvan, and tlic capital of the province
Guzerat. It is one of tlie best fortified
places in India, but was taken by ge:ieral
Goddard, in 1780, from the Poouali lh\\\-
rattas, to whonti it was restored in 1783.
It s'ands in a beautifiil plain on the bunks
of a navigable river thai falls into tlie gulf
of Cambay, 321 miles N of Uombay. Lon.
72 37 E, lat. 22 58 N. _
Amednaaw; a city of Hindoostan in th.e
Deccan ; once the capital of the soubah of
the same name, whicli now is belter known
by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the
resid.'-nce of the emperor Aurungzebe,
during his conquest of the Deccan, and the
Carnatic. It is 181 miles by Poonah, from
Bombay. Lon. 75 0 E, lat 19 10 N.
Amelia, an episcopal city of Ital}', in the
state of the church, in the duchy of Spo-
letto, 20 miles S W of Spolctta, and 45 X
9f Rome. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 41 33 N.
Amelia, a county in the state of Virginia,
lying between the waters of the Nottoway
and Appomatox rivers. ILiving Nottaway
S AV ; Prince Edvrard W ; Cumberland N
W; Pohatan and Che'sterfield N E ; and
Dinwiddle S E. It is about 30 miles long,
with a mean width of 10, embracing an
area of 300 squai-e miles. The f 'ce of this
county is agreeably diversified, and soil lo-
lerably fertile.
Population in IS 10.
Free white males - v - 1,664
do. do. females - - -• 1^589
All other free persons except In-
dians not taxed .- - - 1,55
Slaves 7,186
.Slaves, females .... 3,6.1-i
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -' . 110
Total papulation' in 1820
11,106
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Foreigners not naturalized
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, m iles •
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . .
36
10,594
1,697
1,710
3,409
86
101
3,786
Ofihese;
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,732
do. in Commerce - - 27
do. in Manufactures - - 347
Population to the square mile, 37.
Amelia Island, in the Atlantic Ocean,
coast of East Florid:^, sit\!ated 20 miles
nortli of St. Augustine,* and extending 13
miles ii'om th.e mouth of Nassau to St. Ma-
ry's rivers, with a mean width exceeding a
mile.
Ameliaaburgh ToTvnship. in the county of
Prince Edward, is the westernmost town-
ship of tiiat county, bounded by the carry-
ing place, whicli leads from the head of the
ba_\- of Qulnte to lake Ontario, and is wash-
eel by the waters of the bay and the lake.
Amenia, township of Duchess county, in
t')e state of New York. It contained about
3,114 inhahitanis in 1820.
A]^1EM1C A, continent of, one of the great
sub-divisions of the terraqueous globe.
Taken in its fullest extent, America extends
from S lat. 5(i, to the utmost known land to-
wards the north pole. It is washed on the
east by the .\tlantic Ocean, which separates
it from Africa and Europe ; by the Pacific
Ocean west, separating it from Asia, Austral
Asia, and Polynesia; and on the north by
the Frozen Ocean, and the various inlets
separating ti;e numerous islands of that in-
hospitable region. America is naturally di-*
vided into two immense sections, whicii
have received tlie relative adjective najTies
of Nortli America, and South Americ:i.
North America extends from the isthmus
of Darien N lat, 8 to tlic utmost known re-
gions of the north, and spreads from Bhe-
ring's straits to those of DeHisle, or rather
fo embrace Greenland. Its breadtii is very
irregular, not exceeding 15 or 20 miles near
Panama, whilst from Bhersng's straits to
tlie straits of Bellisle, it extends to a dis-
tance of 3,300 gcogruphical, or 3,800 Eng-
lish miles, bearing N 76 \V. From the
straits of Bellisle to tlie isthmus of Darien
is 4,500 geographical, equal to 5212 Eng-
lish miles. • North America i^traversed by
two great chains, and several minor ranges
of mountains. The Appali^chjan or Alle-
gany mountains extend through ihe United
States from N E to S. W from the state of
New York, to Georgia^ Alabama^and Mis-
sissippi, with a mean width :f qjpout 50
miles. Several detached ranges or groups
rise north-east ofl" the Hudson, and south-
east off the St. Lawrence. The Maserne
or Ozark mountains extend from the cen-
tre of the state of Missouri towards Texas,
a!id the 6thep Spanish' internal province?.
A M E
A M E
in a direcUon nearly parallel lo the Appa-
lachian chain. The length of the Appala-
chian is about 900 miles wi^th a mean ele-
\-ation of, from 1,200 to 2,000 feet. The
extent of the Masserne chain is not very
accurately known, but must exceed 600
miles; its mean hciglit cannot, in the pre-
sent state of Geograpiiical knowledge, be
estimated with any approximate degree of
accuracy. The great spine of North Ame-
rica is the Chippewan, Rocky, or as it is
termed in Mexico that of Anahuac. This
immense chain reaches from the peninsula
of Tehuantepec N lat. 16, to the Frozen
Ocean at N lat. 68, or through upwards of
50 degrees of latitude ; encircling nearly
one-seventh part of the globe. In neither
the Appalachian, or Masserne chains, nor
in any of their neighbouring groups, have
any active or extinct volcanoes been dis-
covered ; but in the soutliern part of the
greut central chain an immense range of
volcatioes or volcanic summits rise to from
10,000 to 17,700 feet. It is generally sup-
posed that tlie mountains of the isthmus of
Darien are continuations of the cliain of
Aujiliuac ; but there is strong reason to be-
lieve that tlie former are distinct and un-
connected with the latter. A nameless
range skirt?, along the Pacific Ocean, wiiich
from the defective surveys yet taken, can-
not be very distinctly delineated. That
part of Nortli America west of the Chip-
pewan mountains, and north of Colorado
river, except the central parts of (he val-
ley of Columbia, remains eitlier imperfectly
or entirely unknown. Nortli America has
live great systems of rivers ; that of the
Atlantic Ocean -, that of tlie gulf of Mexico ;
that of tlie Frozen Ocean ; that of Hudson's
bay ; and that of the Pacific Ocean.
In the Atlantic system the principal ri-
I'crs are, St. .To'r.n's of Florida, Altamalia,
Savannah, Saiitee, Pedee, Cape Fear, llo-
anoke, James, Potomac, Susquehanna, De-
laware, Hudson, Connecticut, Kenebec,
I'enobscot, St. John's of New Brunswick,
and St. Lawrence. In tjie system of Hud-
son's bay are included, besides many streams
of lesser note, Ilupeit's, Albany, Severn,
an.d Sasiiasshawin rivers. Into the Northern
Ocean M'Kenzie's, Peace, or Utjjiga river
is the only stream of considerable magni-
tude yet known to enter from the conti-
nent of North .■\n^erica. The rivers of the
central valley of North America, are dis-
charged into the gulf of .Vicxico, amongst
v.liich the Mississippi presents its ov r-
whelming flood ; but besides that vast ri-
ver, the Ajijialachicola, Mobile, Colorado,
of tl;e gulf of Mexico, Itio Grande del
Norte, and several others, are stream.s of
great magnitude. The Santiago, Iliaqui,
the Colorado or the gulf of California, and
tlie Columbia, are the only extensive rivers
the courses of which are correctlv known,
and which enter the Pacific Ocean from the
continen'. of North America.
South America reaches from Cape Vela,
N lat. 12 15, to Cape Horn, S lat. 56, or
through more than 68 degrees of latitude,
in nearly a north and south direction, ex-
ceeding 4,700 miles in length. Its greatest
breadth is nearly at right angles to its great-
est length ; the former stretching from
Cape St Iloque, in the Atlantic Ocean, to
Cape Blanco in the Pacific Ocean, through
35 degrees of longitude, on S lat. 5, or over
upwards of 2760 miles. South America is
traversed by three great chains of moun-
tains, the Andes, ranging along the west-
ern coast ; the mountains of Bra«Il ; antl
those of Caracas or Venezuela. The AncJ^s
are commensurate with South America iu
its utmost length. Like the Appalachian
the Andes chain is composed of a numbei*
of coUaterul or rather parallel ridges. Those
of the Andes rise to enormous volcanic sum-
raits of from 10,000 to upwards of 20,000
feet, and are, those of tlie Asiatic chain of
Himmalaya excepted, the highest on the
globe. Tlie Andes also similar to the chain
of Anahuac, rise into and extend wide
elevated habitable valleys from 2,000 to
9,000 feet elevation. From tliis vast sys-
tem of mountains the largest rivers of the
earth have their sources, pouring theii'
mighty volumes, however, from the position
of the mountains, all towards the Atlantic
ocean. The Magdalen, Orinoco, Amazon,
and Plate, have but comparative rills as
con'rasts on the "Pacific side of the conti-
nent. The chain of Caracas seems to be
rather an embranchment of the general
chain of the Andes than a distinct system.
The course of the Caracas chain from west
to east, appears to form its most distinguish-
ing feature, whilst ths general range of the
Andes are from north tl^ soutli nearly. The
Caracas chain in no part' rises above about
8450 ; it extends along the coast at no great
distance from the sea, and expires towards
the gulf of Cora, or mouth of t!ie Orinoco
river. The Brazillian chain is distinct,
rising about S lat. 30, and stretching to-
wards the equator, expires near the Atlan-
tic Ocean, between the mouth of the xVma-
zon river and Cape St lloquc. This chain
extends ujjwards of 2,000 miles, but is no
plai;e very elevated. South America exhi-
h\t'> four systems of rivers ; thai of the Pa-
cific .Ocean ; ih.'t of the Caribbean sta ; the
great centra) system, and that of Biazilia.
The Pacfic system of South American ri-
vers presents, in a distance of near 5,000
miles, an innumerable list of small streams;
but from the approximation of the Cordi-
lera to the Pacific Ocean, no single river of
any considerable magnitude. The Cali-
calla. Imperial, Biobio, Quillota, and a few
others in Chili, with the Cuaquil in Quito,
ai'e tlie principal streams discharged west-
■37
A M E
A M E
v/ird from the Andes. Atrato, Magdalena,
and Tacuya, in the republic of Columbia,
are the only rivei-s of the Caribbean system
of any magnitude vvorthj^ notice. The
most interestmg river system not only in
America, but upon the globe, is that of the
centre of South America. This vast sys-
tem extends i'fom the 52 S lat to the 10
N lat. through upwards of 4300 miles m
length, with a breadth from the extreme
western sources to tne mouth of the Ama-
zon, river, through 30 degrees of longitude
on the equator, -r above 2000 miles. Over
this immense surface flow, besides innumer-
able small T streams, the Orinoco, Amazon,
and Plite, with their various branches,
nv§ny of wliich are themselves rivers off
great length and magnitude. An elonga-
tion of this -.ystem reaches beyond the
Plate, and s'retchcs to the river Galegas,
or Cape Fairweather, S lat. il 30. In this
space is included the rivers Colorado, Ne-
gro, St. Vlathias, Cainerones, Point Desire,
and Gallegos. '!"he fourth and last of the ri-
ver systems of South America, extendsfrom
Cape' Santa Maria S lat. 34 30, to S lat. 1,
and is bounded west by the BiaziHian
moimtams, or dividing line between the
waters of the Amazon and Plate rivers, and
those included within itself, and on all other
sides by the Atlantic ocean. Tuis system
may be correctly designated the Brazillian,
and contains the streams of the Rio Grande,
Parayba, Doce, Patuxo, St. Francisco, Par-
naiba, Pinare, and Gurupy. The islands
of the West Indies form a part of America,
but it is difficult to assign any point of di-
%'ision in this Archipelago, to mark the line
of separation between the two great sec-
tions of the continent. Indeed any sucli
division must be arbitrary. In common
estiination the Caribbean islands, from Bar-
bada to Trinidad Inclusive, are viewed at-
tached to South America, wliilst the Lee-
ward islands, and St. Domingo, Jamaica,
Cuba, and the Bahamas, are joined w-ith
Korth America. Each great section has,
however, numerous islands unequivocally
belonging to it. To Xortii America may
be added the vast but desolate expanse of
Greenland, together v/ith a nameless maze
of frozen islands along the entii'e northern
extent of the continent. Iceland, from its
proximity to Greenland, is decidedly an
American island. In the gulf of St. Law-
rence are the islands of Newfoundland,
Anticosti, the Magdalen i.slands. Prince Ed-
ward, Cape Breton, and some of lesser note.
Along the Pacific side of North America
are fuund a few small islands in the gulf of
Panama ; the group of Revillagigedo, west
of Mexico, and south of the Peninsula of
California ; Quadra and Vancouver, Queen
Charlotte, Prince of Wales and King
George, with many smaller islands, lie op-^
posite and close to the coast between N. *
lat. 48 and N. lat. 58. ' In the great bay
between the peninsula of Alaska and Prince
William's sound, beside several others, are
the islands of Montagu and Kightak. The
Fox or Aleutian islands extend S W and
W from the point of Alaska towards Asia.
Along the North American coast, and
ivithin the sea of Kamschatka, some unim-
portant islands exist, and completes the list
of North American islands. South America,
compared with its extent, is in a remark-
able manner unaccompanied with islands.
However, independent of those already
noticed, are found along the Columbiap.
coast, Curagoa, Buenos Ayres, OrchiUa,
and Margantta. In the mouth of the Ama-
zon and Tocantinas, and the Delta of the
Orinoco are an immense number of name-
less islands, with a few of sufficient impor-
tance to merit designating terms. Joannes
in he estuary of the Amazon is the most
extensive of those two groups. From the
mouth of the Amazon to the straits of Ma-
gellan are innumerable small and iirterest-
ing islands, btit no one the size of which
would entitle it to particular notice in a
general view. Separated from the conti-
nent by tile straits of Magellan, spreads
tlie large but desolate island of Terra del
Fuego ; and about 300 mdes to the N E of
the latier, stands the still more barren and
inhospitable group of the Falkland islands.
Passing the straits of Magellan into the Pa-
cific Ocean, and following the South Ame-
rican co:-.st, are first met the group of the
Toledo islands ; farther north the island of
Madre de Dios j the fine Archipelago of
Chiloe opens between S lat. 42 and 44.
Tile group of Juan Fernando, S. lat. 34,
W Ion. W C 3, is generally considered as
American. Beyond t!ie latter, proceeding
north, at a long interval, we find a few
small islands in the bay of Guaquil; and
under the equator, W Ion. W C 13, the
Galipagos g-oup closes the list of South
American islands.
Independent of the aborigines, America
is now held by Kussia, Great Britain, Den-
mark, the United States, Mexico, Colum-
bia, Spain, France, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, Portugal, Buenos Ayres, Chili,
and Peru. Russian America extends agree-
ble to the claims of that government, along
the coast of Norlh America, from N. lat. 51
to the utmost known lands north, extend-
ing indefinitely inland, and embracing all
the islands within 100 ijiiles off the coast ;
and must include 1,160,000 square miles
of land. British America consists of all the
northern parts of the continent east of the
Russian territories, and north from those
of the United States, with the islands of
Newfoundland, Anticosti, Cape Breton,
Prince Edward, Bahamas, Virgin islands,
Jamaica, Trinidad, and some others of les-
ser note. Mexican America extends from
A M E
A M H
the confines of the kingdom of Guatimaia,
W of the gulf of Mexico, and S W of the
United States, as far as N lat. 42. , The re-
public of Columbia embraces the vast re-
gions formerly included in the captain-ge-
neralship of Venezuela, and the viceroy-
alty of New Grenada, with a part of northern
Peru. Spanish America contains the still
unsevered fragments of the once mighty
American empire of that nation, consist-
ing chiefly of Guatimaia, Cuba, and Porto
Rico. Danish America includes Iceland,
Greenland, and the small islands of St.
Croix and St. Thomas, The kingdom of
the Netherlands claims St. Eustatiiis, and
some other islands of little note, with ex-
tensive territories on the South American
coast" in Guyana. France holds Guada-
loupe, Martinico, and a part of Guyana.
The wide spread regions held by the Por-
tuguese in America, extend from the 4^f)f
Nlat. to the 35 of S lat. along the \tlantic
Ocean, and inland to the 72 of Ion. west of
London, and embracing a territory of 2,700
miles in length from north to south, and
2,600 miles in breadth from east to west.
The United Provinces of Buenos Ayres or
La Plate, claim all that formerly appertain-
ed to Spain upon the waters of that mighty
river, as do Chili and Peru along the Pa-
cific Ocean, from the limits of New Gre-
nada to the utmost bounds of civilized set-
tlement towards the southern extremity of
the continent.
SUMMAtlT.
Square miles.
1,160,000
2,660,000
500,000
2,200,000
Russian America,
British America,
Danish do. -
United States
Spanish America
entire
Portuguese America, 3,000,000
Swedish Dutch, ^ 2jgooo
French, 3
Negroes of St. ^
Domingo, S
Inhabitants.
200,000
1,850,000
60,000
10,000,000
5,250,000 18,000,(300
6,000,000
590,000
20,000 700,000
37,400,000
If taken nationally, this mass will stand
thus :
Whites in the English, Danish,
Swedish, Dutch, French, and
United States territories, 9,110,000
Spaniards & their white Creoles, 10,900,000
Portiiguese and their white
Creoles, .... 3,000,000'
Indians in all America, - - 10,800,000
Blacks, entire on the continent
and contiguous islands, - 3,590,000
37,400,000
^mersfort, town of Holland, In the state
of Utrecht. It has a trade in beer and to-
bacco, and goods from Germany are ship.
ped here for Amsterdam. It is seated in a
fertile country, on the river Embs, 10 miles
E N fc of Utrecht.
Atnersham, or Agmoncksham, borough in
Buckinghamshire, with a market on Tues-
day. The townhall is the handsomest in
the county. It is seated on a vale between
wo dy hills, 26 miles N W of London.
Ames, town of Athens county, Ohio, in
the township of Amesville, 12 miles N E
from Athens.
Amesbury, town in Essex count}', and
state of Massachusetts, about four miles
from Newburyport, and 50 miles N by E
from Boston It is a flourishing place, be-
ing situated on a navigable nver.
Amewell, township of Hunterdon county,
in the state of New Jersey, about 34 miles
N by E of Philadelphia Population, 1810,
5777, and in 1820, 6749.
Amesbtiry or Amhresbury, a town in Wilt-
shire with a market on Friday. It is 6
miles N of Salisbury, and 77 W of London,
Amesville, township of Athens coimty,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 608, in 1820,
707.
Amherst Island, in the county of Ontario,
formerly called Isle Tonti, contains about
16,000 acres; it lies opposite to Ernest
town and part of Fredericksburgh, in lake
Ontario, towards the entrance of the bay of
Qninte.
Amherslsbiivff, town of Upper Canada, on
the left shore ot Detroit river, commonly
known by the name of Fort Maiden. It is
situated but a short* distance above lake
Erie. N. lat. 42 3, W. Ion. W C 5 5.
Amherst, township and post town of New
Hampshire, Hilsbofough county. The Au-
rean academy was founded here in 1790.
It is situate on a north branch of the Sou-
hegan, 5c, miles N W of Boston, and 60
W S W of Portsmouth. Lon. 71 33 W, Jat,
42 54 N. Population in 1810, 1554, and in
1820, 1622.
Amhei'st, town of J^'ova Scotia, Cumber-
kind county, on Chignecto bay.
AiTiherst, township of Hampshire county,
Ma'^sachusetts, with a population in 1810,
ot 1469, and in 1820, 191:^,
Amherst, county of Virgiiii.;, having the
Blue Ridge, or Rockbridge, N W ; Nelson
N E ; James river or Buckingham and
Campbell S E ; James river or Bedford S
W ; being 22 miles in length, with 19
miles in breadth, or 418 square miles. The
face of the country is agreeably diversified
by hill and dale, and abounds in excellent
spring water. The soil, like the .features
of the country, admits of great variety,
but is in many places extremely productive.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - _. ' 2,549
do. do. females ... 3,574
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 198
39
A M I
A M P
Slaves . . . .
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Poreiguers not naturalized
Total whites . . -
5,207 Slaves, females
1"0,548
"2,335
2,275
4,613
1,416
6,859
Free persons of colour, males 127
do. do. females 119
Slaves, males .... 2,817
do. females - . - 2,750
Total population in 1820
10,426
Of these ;
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,132
do. in Manufactures - - 146
do. in Commerce - - 170
Population to the square mile, 25.
Amherst Spri7igs, post village in Amherst
county, Virginia.
Amiens, a large and populous town of
France in the department of Somne. Three
branches of the river Somne pass through
this city, and afterwards unite. It has ma-
nufactures of linen and woollen cloth, which
employ in the citv and adjacent country,
30,000 people. • It is 20 mil'es S E of Ahbe-
ville, and 75 N of Paris. Lon. 2 IS E, kt.
49 54 N.
Amikoues, river of the, runs into lake
Huron from the north shore, east of the
Missassaga river.
Amite, county of Mississippi, having Wil-
kinson W; Frank'in N ; Pike E ; .and the
parishes of St. Helena and New Feliciana,
in Louisiana S. It is 30 miles in length
from east to west, and 24 miles broad from
north to south, covering an area of 960
square miles. The soil along the streams
and slopes of the hills good second-rate
soil, but the greatest part of the surface is
open pine woods. Cotton principal staple.
Chief town. Liberty.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - ^ 1,844
do. do. females - - - 1,468
All other free persons, except In-
dians not tased - - - 16
Slaves 1,422
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Foreigners not naturalized
'4,750
2,169
1,837
6
4,012
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females 7
Slaves, males . - . ^ 1,417
40
Total population in 1820 -
Of these; "^
Engaged in Agriculture - - • 2,771
do. in Commerce - - 28
do. in Manufactures - - 7
Population to the square mile, 7.
Jlmity, post village of Orange county,
.N w York.
Amity, township of Berks county> Penn-
sylvania. PopuLtionin 1810, 1090, and in
•18 0, 1279.
Amity, post village Of Washington coun-
ty Pennsylvania, situated on Bane's fork of
Ten mile creek in Amwell township, on the
road from Washington to Waynesborough.
Alimvich, a town of Wales, on theiNW
coast of Anglesea, with a harbour for small
vessels. In 1768, when the Parysmines
were opened, it did not contain above six
houses ; but now they amount to more
than 2000. It is 25 miles AV of Beauma-
ris, and 275 NW of London. See Parys.
Ammercot, fort in H.ndnostan Proper, in
a very extensive sandy desert, between
the Indus, the territories of Agimere and
Moultan, and the Puddar. It is 190 miles
NbyEofTatta.
Amol, a town of Asia, in Usbec Tartary,
seated on the river Gihon, 60 miles W of
Bokhara. Lon. 64 30 E. lat. 39 20 N.
Amorgris, an island of the Archipelago,
fertile in wnie, oil, and cam. It is 30
miles in circumference, and 67 N of Can-
dia. Lon. 26 15 E. lat. 36 20 N.
Amonoosuck, Upper arid Lotoer, names of
two rivers in the state of New Hampshire,
both of wiiich rise in the White mountain,
and fall into the Connecticut river, about
thirty miles apart.
.'Imoslceag falls, in the Merimac,'15 miles
bclovv' Concord, a canal has been complet-
ed around these falls, the descent 48J feet,
in a distance ofhalfa mile.
Amotnpc, village of Peru, near the Gulf
of Guftvaqnll, and between Tumbez and
Piura 'S lat. 40 50, W lon. W. C. 3 46. '
Ainoyar.ibo, town of South America, in
Tucuman.
Av!07ir, river of Asia, whose source is in
Siberia ; it runs E through Chinese Tarta-
ry, and fall', into the channel of Tartary or
La Perou.se's Strait. N lat. 55 30.
.'■Imay, :in island on the SW coast of
Chin.i. The Engli.^li had a factory here,
but abandoned it, on account of the impo-
sitions of the inhabitants.
. Amphipoils, town of Turkey in Europe,
now Jamboli, on the river Strymon, the
modern Strumona, 70 miles NE of Saior,i-
chi. Lcn. 24 16 E. .at. 41 38 X.
Ainplepuis, tov/n of France in th^' depart-
ment of Rhone and Loire Tt is celebrated
for its wines, and is 16 miles E of Roanne.
AmptldV, town in Bedfordshire, with :<■
ANA
IToarket on Thursday, seated pleasantly
between two hills, but in a barren soil. It
is six miles S of Bt dford, and 45 NVV of
London. Lon. 0 30 W. lat. 52 6 N.
Ampurias seaport of Spain, in Catalo-
nia, si-ated at the mouth of ihe river Fl*-
via. 60 mdes NE of Barcelona. Lon. 3 6
E. lat. 42 5 N,
Amras, very strong caslle in Germany,
seated in the Tirol, two mifes SE of In-
spruck. It s remarkable for a ricli library
adorned with the portraits of many learn-
ed men. Lon. 11 29 E. lat 47 9 N.
Amsterdam, township of Montgomery
county, in the state of New York. Popu-
lation in 1820, 3iri.
A^nsterdam, large, rich and populous city
in Holland, capi alof the United Provinces.
The wa!l^ are high, and well fbriifir-d ; and
the bridge which joins tlie rampart is
built over the river Amstel, and ^s one of
the finest pieces of Architecture in these
parts. Pew cities have their public build-
ings so fine, numerous, and well kept.
Here are many handsome churches, and
hospitals for persons of all religions and
countries. The exchange is one of the
principal ornaments of the city, and the
harbour is one of the larg st and finest in
Europe, where a va^t number of merchant
ships may always be seen ; though there is
a bar at its emrance, which is, however, a
great security against foreign enemies.
The foundation of tliis town is laid pon
piles, driven into a morass, and under the
stadthonse aloiie are 13,000 The streets
are spacious and well paved, and most of
them have canals, with rows of trees on
each side. It n computed to be about
hair as lari^e is Loni!oT>. It surrendered 'o
the king of Prussia in 178r, when tlia
prince invaded Holi .nd, in favour of the
.stadi holder, but was evacuaed on the
restoration of the hitter to his rights. Since
it surrendered to the Frencli in 1795. It
is seated at he conflue :ce of the rivers
.\mstel and Wy, 65 miles N oC Antwerp,
175 E by N of London, 240 N by E of
Paris, HP.d 560 NW of Vienna. Lon 4 50
Eu lat. 52 23 N.
Amsterdam, island in the South Indian
Ocean, between the Cape of Good Hnpe,
and Nev/ Holland. S lat. 38 15 E lon Lon-
don 163 30.
Amsterdam, New, capital of Berbice in
Du^ch Guayana, N lat. 6 20, E. Ion. \V. C.
19 45.
Amur, see Amoiu.
AymoeU, village near Ware, in Hertford-
shire, famous for giving rise to ti:e New
Eiver, which supplies London with water.
AvnveU, township in Washington count}',
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1673.
and ill 1820, 1825.
^Ilmdiy, considerable river" of STberia in
AND
Asia, that falls into the sea Kamschatka. N
lat. 64.
A ifj^7ii, small town of Italy, in Kampag-
na di K ,ma : a bishop's see, 32 miles E of
K me. Lon. 13 25 E. lat. 41 56 N
Anauri Pecu, or Arauni Pecu, rirer of
Portuguese Guayana, falls into the" north
side of the estuary of the Amazon, nearly
on the equator, lon. W. C. 26 E.
Anacopir, the c.pital of the nation of the
Abkh .s, on the river Makai, which falls be-
low it ihto the Black Sea,
Anuttom, an island, one of the New He-
brides, m the S uth Pacific Ocean. Lon,
170 9 E. lat. 20 10 S.
Aiicararto, town of Italy, in the marqul-
sate if Ancona-j live mi es N of Ascoli. and
82 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 29 E. lat. 42 48
N.
Ancaster, small town in Lincolnshire, 15
miles S .f Lincoln. It was anciently a Ro-
man village, on a R man highway, and lies
under a hill iboanding with antiquities.
Ancaster To^vnsliip, lies to the southward
of Dundas-street, an,! is bounded on the
east by B^rion and Giantord, Upper Cana-
da.
Alice Grand, part of the island of Marti-
nic ■■ on the northern co ist.
Ance, Grand Bay, name of several bays
of Gia ialoiipe, and some other islands of
the West Indies.
Ance, Petite, 5 miles S from Cape Fran-
cois.
Anchor Point, east side of Cooke's Inlet,
N. VV. coa-. of North America.
Ancenis, town of France, seated on the
Loire, m the department of Lower Loire,
and ,aie province of Bietagni% 20 miles B
of Nuntes Lon. 1 5 W lat. 47 15 N.
Anclam, town oi Germaiij, in Pumera-
nia, on the river Pc-ne, 20 miles S of Grisp-
wall. L.n. 14 2 E. lat. 53 52 N.
Ancobev, territory on the gold coast of
Guin a, having a river of the same name
fl)wingt,iiough it, the ba.ks of which are
ado ned with lofty trees. On the western
bank is a p -pulous village.
Ancocm. rivtrof New J rsey, falling into
ill- r.ver U laware about 6 miles below
Bnrlintiton.
Ancona, province in the ecclesiastical
state.
Ancona, ancient town and citadel of
Italy, on the j^ul of Venice, in the miqui-
sate ot Ancona It is 116 mles N by E of
Rome. L n. 13 35 E lat. 43 38 N.
Andalusia, provi ce of Spain, 250 miles
in length, and 150 in brtadth I is bound-
ed on the S by Granada, on he W by Al.
garva and the Alanic, on 'he N by E-tra-
madura, and on the E by Murcia. The Gua.
dalquiver runs through its whole length ;
and is the best, most fertile, and trading
part in Spain. Tne capital is Seville.
.■'Jndanmn Islands, on the E side of the
41.
A X H
4 N 1)
.entrance into the bay of Bengal. Tke in-
habitants are savage.
Andaye, fortified town of France, in the
department of the Lower Pyrenees and late
territory of Basques, famous for its br.indy.
It is situate at the mouth of the river Bidsa-
soa, opposite Fontanibia, Spain, 18 miles
SW of Bayonne. Lon.l 45 W_. lat. 4s3 25 N.
.'hidely, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and late provir.ce of Nor-
mandy, parted by a paved causeway into
little towns called Great and Little Andely,
a mile from each other. Great Andely, is
in a valley, on the little river Gambons. It
is 20 miles SE of Rouen, and 60 NW of
Paris. Lon. 1 30 E. lat. 49 20 N.
Jindernach, ancient city of Germany, in
the electorate of Cologne, seated on the
Rhine, 10 miles NW of Coblentz. Lon.
7 22 E. lat. 50 29 N,
Anderoy St, seaport of Spain in the bay of
Biscay, where the Spaniards build and lay
up some of their men of war. It is 60
miles W of Bilboa. Lon. 4 30 E. lat. 43
25 N.
Andersoii, countj' of East Tennessee,
having Roane county SW, Morgan NW,
Campbell NE and Knox, or Clinch river
SE. It is about 30 miles long with a mean
breadth of 25, extending over 750 square
miles. Cumberland mountain traverses
this country and protrudes several spurs
from the main ridge ; it is therefore moun-
tainous, broken and rocky, though possess-
ing much good soil ; it is also well watered
and healthy.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1873
do. do. females - - 1821
All other persons except Indians
not ta.^ed . . ' - - 5
Slaves 260
Total population in 1810 -
3959
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
2147
do. do. females
2154
Total of whites
4301
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
15
. 9
Slaves
349
Total population In 1820 -
Of these ;
4674
^Foreigners not naturalized *
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
none
1310
46
do. in Commerce
4
Population to the square mile 6.
Anderson, township of Hamilton county
Ohio. Population in 1810, 1358, and in
1820, 2122,
Anderson- s store, post village uf ^VortJi
Carolina, in Caswell county 56 miles NW
from Ralf igh.
Anderson's creek, Indiana separates Perry
and Spencer counties, and falls into the
Ohio at and below Troy.
Andersonville, post village Edgefield Dis-
trict, North Carolina.
Andes, township of Delaware county,
New york. P"opulation in 1820, 1378.
Andes, or Cordilleras, chsi\n of mountains
in South America, w:.ich running from the
most northern part of Peru, to the straits
of Magellan, are the longest and most re-
markable m the world. They divide the
whole southern part of America, and run a
length of 4300 miles. They are much su-
periour in heigi>t to any other known moun-
tains ; those of Gangetic Hindoostan ex-
cepted, for the plain of Quito, which may
be considered as the base of the Andes, is
elevated nearly as far above the sea as the
top of the Pyrenees ; and they rise, in dif-
ferent places, more than one third above
the Peak of Teneriffe, once thought to be
the highest land in the ancient hemisjjhere.
The Andes may literally be said to hide
their heads in the clouds ; the storms often
roll, and the thunder bur-ts below their
summits, which, though exposed to the
rays of the sun in the torrid zone, are
covered with everlasting snow. The Andes
are not composed of one continued, but of
many collateral ridges, with, .m many
places very wide and elevated valleys. The
following are the most elevated peaks of
this chain, which have been sqientifically
measured, but it is supp sed that a num-
ber of the summits in that part of the
Andes which traverses Chili, are as elevat-
ed as any of those within the tropical re-
gions.
Chimborazo .... 21,440
Disca Casada .... 19,570
Cayambe Urcu ... - 19,392
Antesina .... 19,150
Cotopaxi .... 18,864
Altair .... 17,472
Sangal . . - . 17,152
Tunguragua - - - - 16,579
All the climates of the world are includ-
ed in the slopes and valleys of the Andes,
and upon its snow clad summits. Indeed
many of its mbst elevated pe:<ks reach
above the region of vapour, and of course
above that of sn'nv. The vt'getation upon
those immense slopes partake of the variety
of elevation, every vegetable is found from
the most tender tropical plants to the
Lichens of the arotic regions. The high-
est points to which the activity and perse-
verance of travellers have ever attained
have beet) reached in the Andes by Hum-
boldt, and Bonpland. By their own calcu-
lation those adventurers, and intelligent
philosophers, ascended to 19,000 feet, and
AND
A K Ci
found the summit of Chimborazo rising to
2,140 feet still liigher, giving in all 21,440
feet. This is the highcsi land yet measur-
ed on the we^te^n h misphere To the
height of about 5000 teet reijinsa perpeiu-
al -pnng seldom varying; 7 or 8 degrees of
Fah enh it. The limii of perpeual con-
gelation according to Humboldi, is under
the equator 15,700 feet, lowt ring about
700 feet at N. lat. 20, or about 3o feet in
each degree of lat. B tweeii tue tropics
and below an elev.tion of 5000 feei, lies
the region of plan-ains, co>sava, cocoa,
maize, indigo, sugar, cotton, cofi'ee, »nd
other very lender piants. Below 9000 feet
the oreal gramma, tlie ap. le.and ma .y other
European vegetables, bat above tliat eleva-
tion, large trees begi:i todis.ppe r. Gra se-,
appear as high . s 15,000 fet-t, but above
that elevation the lichens close tlie last
vestige of vegetable life, and leave the
highest summits cloih d with e'ernal
frost. The truth of the cominonly receiv-
ed opinion is very pr >blematical, that the
Andes of Soutli America, and tiie Mexican
mountains are detached parts of tiie same
chain.
.Andover, borough in Hampshire, with a
market on Saturday, a manufacture of
shalloons, and a considerable trade in malt,
A navigable canal pas- s iience to South-
ampton water. It is situate near the river
Ande, 10 miles N by W of Winchester, and
63 W by S of London. Lon. 120 W. lat.
51 14 N.
Aadover, tovv'n of Massachusetts, in
Ess?x county. Here is an excellent acade-
my, called Philips \cademy, with m 1820,
about 140 students. Its funds amount to
50,000 dollars ; and its establishments, to
one principal, and three assistanls. Also
manufactures of paper and gunpowdr. It
is situate on the Shaw-heen, 20 miles
WSW of Newburyport, and 22 NNVV of
Boston.
Aiidover, post-town of Windsor county
Termont, 20 miles SW from Windsor.
Popul^tio'i 1820, 960 ■
JJiidover, post-town of Hillsborough
county, NiiW Hampshire, s;tuated on the
Merimick, 18 miles NW from Concord.
Population 1820. 1642.
Andover, posi-town of Tolland cotinty,
Connecticut, 15 miles E from Hartford.
Population 1820, 100.
Andover, town of Sussex county New
xTersey, 50 miles N from Trenton, and 40
. miles WNW from New York,
Andrexu, St, parish of Charleston district,
in the state of S. Car Una. • It is stuuted
on the A-shlcy rlv. r, and ;n the year 1800
conta ned abo it 600 free whiles with apo
pulation of 4500 slavfs,
Andrew's St. city in Fifesiiire, with a
university. It was formerly the see of an
archbis'jop, and is sealed ut the bottom of
a bay, on the level top of a small hlU. ex-
tending E and W, having an opt-n pros-
pect of iiie German Oct an. It is oO miles
NE of Edinburgh. L> n. 2 45 W. lat. 56
18 N ^
Andna, town of Naples, in Bari, with
a bishop'.-, see, four miles S of Barietia.
Lon. 1.^ 32 E. iai. 41 25 N,
Andros, island and town ii> the Archi-
pelago. 'I'lie in abitants re of the Greek
cmrcii, :ind have . bisliop and se\er.d
mona^itri-s TIk p mcipal ,ich-,s,.f ihis
island consis in sdks, and the Helds are
veiy pleasant ad tVrtue; be. g |)ian ed,
grow with orange-., ci rons, mnlhtrrieL-., po-
megranates, and figs. It lies to the N of Can-
dia. Lon. 25 30 E. lat. 37 50 N
Androscoggin, m s >m map- c-lled the
Am .ri c ggm, ■ co'isiaeiable r ver in New
Hiinpsliire and M.une. It rises in the
fornirr, in C los county, and fl .vvc^ig ESE
en era the latter in Oxfor<i county, where
it turns S and SE and unites with the Ken-
iiebeck river abo'it 18 miles fr.ini the ocean,
afier passing tlirough the richest part of
Maine.
Antluxnr, town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated ort the Gnadalquiver, defended by
a ca tie. It is 35 miles E of Cordova.
Lon. 64 7 W. lat. 37 55 N.
Aiicgada, one of tht- English Virgin
Islaad<. Lon 64 7 W lat 18 40 N.
Angelica, town of New York in Alle-
ghany conn V, in whicti it is 'he seat of
jtis ice, Pojiulation in 1820, 1510.
Ange'OySt. sniali butsirong ti.wn of Na-
ples, in Capitanaui, fiv miles N of .Manlre-
do lia, and tw from tile sta. Lon. 16 13
E. lat 41 40 N.
Angelas, populous and trading town
of Mexico, with a bishop's see. The air
is excellent, and the lanil abounds in corn.
It is 62 miles SE of Mexico. Lon 92 22
W. lat. 19 SON.
A/igers, ancient town of France, in
the (lepartmc't of Maine and Loire ; and
the late province of Anjou. It is seated
near the confluence of the Sarte and Loire,
and is divided by the Maine into tw o parts ;
the western extending into the plain, and
the eastern which nsts on the aclivity of a
hill. It is 50 miles E of Nantes, and 175
S W of Paris. Lon. 0 35 \V. lat. 47 30 N.
Anghiera, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Milan, and capital of a county of the same
name. It is seated on the eist side of the
lake Mag-giore, 30 miles NW of Milan.
Lon. 8 40 E. lat. 45 42 N.
Anglesey, islanil and the most west-
ern c 'lint- ofN. W.ies. It is 24 miles in
length, 14 in brendth, and sends two mem-
bers to Dirli.im'Pt. It is i,i the diocess of
Bani'ior, is divided into s^x hundred.*, con-
t:inirig two mariiet tow ns, and 74 paiisiies.
It is separated from Carnarvonshire by &
lortg and narrow, strait called the M^rw'u
4.1
A ::^" N
.^ X 2i
That pant of the island which borders this
sirait is finely wooded, recalling to the
mind its ancient state, when it w.is the ce-
lei.Tate.i -eat f thv; Dnii -. V st qu .nti-
ties of coppe:' art- procured I'ro n a famo s
mine in P<trys mount.in In t'u- NW part
of the island is a quarry of gr en mai l)le
intermixed with that curioui substance
Culled asbe.stos.
Angol, Xo-^'n of S Aiiiericu, in Chili, 155
miies N oi B.ddivi;). Lon. 72 59 W. lat.
37 36 S.
Jlngola. kingdom of A^nca bou' ded on
the N by Congo Fr<);)er, on ;.e E !)y Ma-
lemba, on the S by Bengii la, ;nd on thi-
W b) the ocean. Tiiis count y produces
Indian corn, beans, oranges, lemons and
several other frui s. The i;ihabitant>> are
very i:.zy, .<n'! gener ily idolaters, tak iig
as many wives us they t'nnk fi .
Aiigoulesme, town of Fra ice, in tlie de-
partment of Cliar. nte and !a e province or
An^oumois It stands on a mouiit:iin sur-
roun.de i by rocks. The nver Ch.artnte
runs at 'he foot of it ; there were form" rly
fine p'per man fac or;es in its environs.
It .s 20 miles VV of Limoges, ;md. 250 S by
W of P^r s. Lon. 0 14 E. lat. 45 39 N,
Angostura, town of Souh America, in
Columbia, on the Or noco rivtr, N lat. 8
E. lon. VV C 13 05.
Jlngoumois, la e province of Kranc^,
bj'inded on the N by Poiton, on the E by
Limosin and Marche, on the S by Peri-
^ord, and o i the W by Saintongr. It
IS now comprehended in the department
of Charenle.
Angora, city of Natolia, in the territory
of Amasia, formerly A.ncyr., computed to
contain 100,000 inhabitants. It is a Grerk
archbish >p's s-e, and rem rkable for some
remains of antiquity. Here they breed
goats, the hair is of a fine white, aim st like
silk, which they work into the finest stufTs,
particularly camlets. It is 212 miles SE of
Constantinople. Lon. 32 5 E.kt. 39 30 N.
Angra, the capital of Tercera, one of
the Azores. It is a bishop's see, and the
residence of the governor of the Azores.
Lon. 27 7 W. lat. 38 39 N.
Angra de los Reyes, city, Brazil, in Rio
Janeiro. Lon. 44 11 VV. lat. 23 4 S.
Angnila, the most northern of the Carib-
bee, 30 miles in length and 10 in breadth.
Its productions are tobacco, ma;ze, and
su^gar, lat. 18, 12, N, Ion. VV C 12 40 E.
AngidUa, one of the B;diama islands. N
W of the i land is the Angudla Bank, or
C ,0- de los Paques. Lat." 23 36 N. ion,
W C 1 50 E.
Anguine, C ipe, on the W coast of New-
foundl.nd. Lat. 47 57 N Ion. W C 17
SO. E
Annapob'n, p v-rof Nova Scotia, runs into
th© .^ay of funday. It is navigable for
44
ships of any burthen 10 miles ; aud Ij
miles for those of 100 tons.
Annuf)olis, couniy of Nuva Scotia, on An-
nap .lis R.v er.
Annapo in Royal s aporl of Nova Scotia,
on ihe river and bay of Annapolis. The
po 1 is on of ti:e fin. st in the world, from
5 to 18 Tat onis deep, and large enough to
contain several hundred sliips. This city
Was the Port R'\al of the French, and
was ft unded as early as 1608. Lon. W C
10 38 E, lat 44 49 N.
Aimupolis, c'ny Anne Arundel county Md.
on he S Dank of the Severn, 30 miles S
fr m Baltimore, 40 ENE Washington.
Population about <!000. It is 'he seat of
the state g' vernment. Shipping in 1815,
2,553 i.m . Population m 1820, 2,260,
Lat 38 58 N. lon. W C 0 31 E.
Annbo'tr, post village, Maury county^
Tenessee.
Amie-Aruvdel, county of Maryland, hav-
ing Patnx' nt river SW and W the Pataps-
co nver NE. Chrsapeake ba\ E. and Cal-
veitcunty S. It is 60 mdes in length
from SE to NW with a mean width of 12;
area 720 square miles. Face of the coun-
try in geneial rolling rather than hilly.
Chief town Annapolis.
Population in 1810.
Free wliiie males . _ . 6,460
do. do. females - - .5,979
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed . _ . 2536
Slaves - - . . . 11,693
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Frf-e white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . -
do. females
Tot;d population in 1820
26,668
6,845
6,637
13,482
1,649
1,733
5,450
4,851
27,165
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - l83
Engaged in Agriculture - 8,084.
do. in .Manufactures - 914
do in Commerce - - 119
Population to the square mile, 37.
Annecy, town of Savoy, in the duchy of
Gr-nevoi--, seated on the river Siers, and on
a lake of its own name, about 10 miles
long, and four broad. It is 70 miles S of
Geneva, and 22 NE of Chamberry. Lon.
&5 E. lai. 45 52 N.
Aniwbona, island of Africa, on the coast
of GuineS) .so called, because it was founti
A N S
A N U"
out ou New-Yeai-'s-day. It i3 well stocked
with' cattle and fruit, and the ai^ is more
heaithfu; than in other islands on the s<me
coast. It abound' vvah pulm-U-ees, cocoas,
oranges, lemons, bananas, and several oilier
fruits ; with hogs, goats, sheep and chick-
ens, which are all extremely cheap. Lon.
5 10 E. lat. 1 40 S.
Annonay, town of France in the depart-
ment of Ardecey, and late province of
Dauphiny, formerly a fine manufactory for
paper. It is seated on the confluence of
the rivers Cances and Deumes 12 miles
SW of Vienne.- Lon. 4 10 E. lat. 1 10 N.
Anu-Capri, the large&t town m the
island of Capri, belonging to the kingdom
of Naples.
Annsburg, post town, Washington coun-
ty Maine, 36 miles NW of Machias.
Annsville, post village Diiiwiddie county
Virginia, 55 miles south of Richmond.
Annsville, post village Athens county^
Ohio.
Jlnson^ post town, Somerset county,
Maine, on the Kennebec, 12 miles NW
Norndgwick. Population 630.
Anson, county of North Carolina, having
Chesterfield District, South Carolina S.
Mecklenburg county W. Kocky river, or
Montgomery N. Yadkin river, or Richmond
N E. and E. It is about 3)2> miles long,
with a mean width of 23, extending over
760 square miles. The face of the country
is broken, and rather mountainous. The
river lands are fertile but the uplands are
of a thin, and unprotluctive soil. Chief
town Sneadsborough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,535
do. do, females - - 2,883
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - . - 88
Slaves 2,325
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males »•
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Bree persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males ...
<io. females
Total population in 1820,
4,603
4,308
8,911
78
69
1,670
1,8U6
12,534
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in \griculture - 4,765
do. in Manufactures - - 144
do. in Commerce - - 35
Population to the scjuare mile 16,
Anson^s Bay, on the vilest coast of Nor-
folk Island.
Anspach, town and castle in Germany, in
Francoina, and capital of the margravate
of tile same n»me. The king of Prussia
found means to pr vail upon the present
prince to ri-sign his dominions in his fa-
vour in consideration of a stated revenue;
he has since m..rried an English lady and
settled in England. The palace at Ans-
pach, which is near the castle, has a re-
markable cabinet of curiosities. It is seat-
ed on a river of the same name, 25 miles
S W of Nureniburg. Lon. 10 47 E. lat. 49
20 N.
Anstruther, borough on the S E coast of
Fifeshire, 25 miles N E of Edinburgh. Lon.
2 34 W, 5b 15 N.
Antequiero, town of Spain, in Grenada,
divided into ihc Upper and the Lower.
The Upper is seated on a hill, and has a
castle ; the Lower stands in a fertile plain,
and is watered with a great number of
brooks. Tliere is a large quant'ly of salt
in the mount;iin ; and five miles from the
town, a spring famous for the cure of the
gravel. It is 25 miles N of Malaga. Lon.
4 30 W lat. 37 1 N.
Antequiera, town of N America, in New
Spain, in the province of Guaxaqua, 75
miles S E of Guaxaqua.
Anlhony's J^'ose, point of land projecting
over the Hudson river, above 50 miles N
of New York. It is a part of the High-
lands between the West-puint and Peeks-.
kill.
Anthony's Kill, river of New York emp-
ties> into the Hudson from the west, 7
miles above the Moliawk.
Antibes, seaport of France, in the late
province of Provence, now in tl.e depart-
mtni ot Van, witli a stronj< castle. Lon. 7
13 E. lat. 43 35 N. Its territory produces
excellent fruit Stated on the Mediterra-
nean, nine miles \\ of Nice.
Anticost, a barren island of N America,
lying in the mouth of the river St. Law«
rencc. Lon. 64 16 W. lat. from 49 to 53
N.
Antietem, small river in Washington coun-
ty, Mar\land, which falls into the Potomac,
near Shepherd's town.
Antigua, one of the English Leeward
Islands in the W In ies about 2u miles in
length and breadth. This Island having
no rivers and but few springs, or such as
are brackisii, the inliabiiants are obliged to
preserve the rain water in cisterns. The
air here is m t so wholesome as in the
neigiibouring islands, and it '\-> more subject
to hurricanes. It has excellent haruours.
The chief produce i^ sugar. The capital
is St. John. It is 60 miles E of St. Christo-
pher's. N lat. 17" 17' lon. W. C. 16." E.
Antilles, the name which the French give
45
A, N T
A F A.
to the Carlbbee islands, discovered by Co-
lumbus, in 1492 .See Indies, West,
Antio, promontory of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, near whicii is a harbour
lately made. It takes its name from the
ancient city of Antium, the ruins of which
extend over a long tract of land.
Antiocha, or Aniioch, an island in the Me-
diterranean near Sardinia, taken from his
Sardinijin majes y, by the French in Febru-
ary 1793, but evacuated soon after.
Jlntioch, now Anlhakia, an ancient and
celebrated town of Syria, of which it was
formerly the capital ; but it is now a ruin-
ous town, whose houses, built with mud
and straw, and narrow miry streets, exhi-
bit every appearance of misery ; the mag-
nificent ruins which remain are sad memo-
rials of Its former grandeur. It is seated
on the river Orontes, now called A-^si, 15
miles E of the Mediterranean and 40 S VV
of Aleppo. Lon. 36 45 E. lat 35 17 N.
Antiochetta, town of Turkey in Asia, in
Caramania, w^ith a bishop's see, opposite
the I^land of Cyprus. Lon. 32 15 E. lat.
36 42 N.
Aniiparos^^e ancient Olearos, an island
of the Archipela;<o, two miles VV of Paros.
It is only a rock, 16 miles in circuit ; yet
in some parts it is well cultivated, and pro-
duces as much barley as serves a small vil-
lage. It has a grotto, which is one of the
greatest curiosities in nature ; it appears
to be about 80 yards high and 100 broad ;
and the roof forms a pretty good arch,
which entertains the eye with a vast vari-
ety of figures, of white transparent chrys-
talline substance. It was first discovered
by an Italian travelle.-, who gives a very
entertaining account of it. " Our candles
being all lighted up, (says he) and die
whole place completely illuminated, never
could the eye be presented with a more
glittering or more magnificent scene. The
roof all liung with solid icicles, transparent
as glass, yet solid as marble. The eye
could sca'ce reach the noble and lofty
ceiling; the sides were regularly formed
■with spai's; and the wh')le presented the idea
of a magnificent theatre, illumin iied wit!i
an imm use profusion of lights. Lon. 25
44 E. lat. 37 8 N.
Antivari, town of Turkish Dalraatia, with
a G/eek archbishon's see, 10 miles N of
Dolcigno. Lon. 19 10 E lat. 42 19 N
Aritoina de Behar, town and capital of
Texa ; situated on the St. Aiitonia river,
at lat. 29° 30' N, !on. W C. 21Q 30' W.
Antoinfi, St to'. n ot" France, in the depart-
ment of Isei'e and late province of Dauphi-
ny, seated among the mountains, 13 miles
E of Lyons. It had a ce'ebrated abbey.
It IS five miles N E of St Marcellan
Antoine, St, one of the Cape de Verd Isl-
ands, 15 miles from St. Vincent. It is full
of high mountains, whence proceed streams
AS
of excellent water, which render the land
very fruitful. The principal town is seat-
ed among tiie mountains. Lon. 25 0 W.
lat. 17 0 N.
Antrim, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Ulster, bounded on the B by St,
George's Channel, on the W by London-
derry, on the N by the Ocean, and on the
S E by Down. It is 46 miles in length,
and 28 in breadth, and is pretty fruitful.
It contains 56 parishes ; and before the
Irish Union, sent 10 members to the Irish
parliament.
Antrim, capital of the county of Antrim,
at til e N end of the lake Lough-Neah. It
is a poor place, 13 miles W of Carrickfer-
gus. Lon. 6 6 W. lat. 54 43 N.
Antrim, township of Hillsborough county,
in the slate of New Hampshire. It lies
about 70 miles W of Portsmouth. Popu-
lation in 1810, 1592, and in 1820, 1982.
Antrim, township of Franklin county,
Pennsylvania, bordering on the state of
Maiyland. Population in 1810, 2864, and
• in 1820, 4120.
Antwerp, city of Brabant, capital of the
marquisate of the same name,with a bishop's
see. It lies in a low, marshy, ground on the
Scheldt, 24 miles N of Brussels, It is the
third city in Brabant large and well built,
containing 22 squares, and above 200 streets,
all straight. and broad. Antwerp was taken
by tlie prince of Parma in 1585, after a
long and memorable siege. It has been
since taken by the French in 1700, by the
al ies in 1706, and by the French in 1746.
It has been twice taken by the French,
since the beginning of the present war.
(1800.) It is 22 mles N of Brussels, 22
N E of Ghent, and 65 S of Amsterdam.
Lon. 4 28 E. lat. 51 13 N.
Anville Island, m the gulf of Georgia, on
the nortli-west coast of A.merica. Lat.
49» 30'. N. Lon. W. C. 45"= 30' W.
Anvil, township of Lebanon county in
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 2322.
This township before the separation of Le-
banon from Dauphin, belonged to the lat-
ter, and 1810, containe;! 2601.
Anzerma, town and provmce of Popayan,
in South America, where there are mines
of gold. The town is seated on the river
Coca. Lon. 75 25 W. lat. 4 58 N.
Aornus. See Bijore.
Aousta, town of Piedmont, capital of a
duchy of the same name, and a bishop s
see. ' It is remarkable for several monu-
ments of tile Romans. It is seated at the
foot of the Alps, on the river Doria, 50
miles N W of Turin. Lon. 7 30 E. lat. 45
48 N.
Aousta, duchy of Piedmont. It is a val-
ley 30 miles in length, fertile in pastures,
and all sorts of fruits.
Apamea, or Afainea, tovrn of Syria> on tire
A P O
V r t
n\ev Assi, 35 miles S of Antioch. Lon. 36
56 E. lat. 34 32 N.
Apanomia, tow n of the island of Santori-
ni, in the sea of Candia, It has a spacious
harbour in the shape of a crescent, which
is so deep, that there is no anchorage.
Lon. 25 59 E. lat. 36 18 N.
Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near
Mallicolla, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168
32 E. lat. 16 46 S.
Apenradey town of Denmark, in Sleswick,
with a citadel, seated at tlie bottom of a
gulf of the Baltic sea, 27 miles N of Sles-
wick. Lon, 9 38 E. lat 55 6 X.
Aphiom Karahissart, town of Natolia, cal-
led Aphiom. It produces a great deal of
opium. Lon. 31 48 E. lat. 38 35 N.
Apiochama, river of Peru, runs north of
la Paz, into the Beni.
Apostles, the Twelve, lie off the southern
cape, which makes West bay, in lake Su-
perior.
Apostles, group of islands in the straits of
Magellan, lat. 52 34 S. lon. W CI 54 E.
Jlppalachicola, river of the United States
The basin of the Appalachicola is remark-
able, as forming the connecting link be-
tween ihe waters which flow into (he gulf
of Mexico, from those which enter the At-
lantic Ocean The "Appalachicola is formed
by twq^streams, the Chatahooche and Flint
rivers. The former rises in the Apdlachi-
an mountains, at N lat. 35°, interlocking
with the sources of Tennessee, Oakmulj^'-ee,
Oconee, and Savannah rivers ; and flowing
south west by south through two degrees
of latitude, turns tiience nearly due south,
to N lat. 30° 45', where it receives the
Flint. The latter, an inferior stream to the
former has it> sources in the angle between
the Oakmulgee, and Chatahooche rivers,
at N lat. 33° 40', flowing south-west by
south, 200 miles, unites with the Chata-
hooche, and forms the Appalachicola.
This latter fine river flows a little west
bf south, to N lat. 29 50, having an entire
course of about 70 miles ; its mouth is into
St. George's sound.
The basin of the Appalachicola affords
an inland navigable expanse of 4U0 miles
in length, wilh a mean width of 150 miles,
and having an area of about 20,000 square
miles. Though interrupted by some falls,
and many shoals, the rivers of Chatahooche
and Flint are navigable almost to tlieir
sources ; and schooners of considerable
size ascend the Appalachicol,', lo its head.
Cotton, tobacco, grain, tar, and lumber, are
the common staples of ihis basin.
Apalachie, river of Georgia, the wesi
branch of the Oconee^ which it joins 4
miles W of Greensboro'.
Apolabamba, province of Peru, in La
Paz, N of Larecaja. Population 30,000,
chiefly civilized Indians, Chief town, St,
Antonia,
AppauiuUox, river of the state of Virgi-
nia, rising in Buckingham and Prince Ed-
ward counties, and joining the James river,
near City Point.
Appanee River, running through the front
of the township of Camden, divides Frt-de-
ricksburgh from Richmond, and empties
itself into the bay of Quint e, at the Mo-
hawk settlement.
Appennines, chain of mountains v/hich
divide Italy throughout its whole length, as
far as the southern extremity of the king-
dom of Naples, Hence proceed, except
the northern and western branches ot the
Po, all the other rivers which fertilize
Italy.
Appenzel, town of Swisserland, capital of
the canton of the same name, which is di-
vided into twelve communities; six caLed
the interior are Roman catholics ; the sis
exterior are protestants. It is4U miles east
of Zuric. Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 47 21 N.
Appleby the county town of Westmore-
land, with a good corn market on Monday.
It has gone greatly to decay being unly
one broad street of mean houses. The
church stands at the lower end of the town,
and at the upper part is the castle and town
hous . It is sealed on the river Eden, by
which .t is alii'ost surrounded, and sends
twi. members to parliament ; and is 10 miles
S E ..f Penr th, and 266 N N \V of London,
Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 54 34 N.
Appleton, plantati .11 and township of Lin-
coln countv, Muine ; population m 1810,
316 and in 1«20» 510.
Appling, county of Georgia, in tiie west-
ern part of the state.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . - 5S1
do. do. fem.Ues - - - 597
Total whites - ' -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - • -
do. females . _ .
Totsl population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in .Manufact;ire3
do. in CoTTimerce
Population to the square mile uncertain.
Applington, town and capital of Colum-
bia county, Georgia.
Appoquinimink, creek, Newcastle county,
Delaware, runs into Delaware bay, 2 miles
belovv- Reedy Inland. It rises in Coecil
county, Maryland, and flowmg nearly due
easi 15 miles, is one of the natural chan-
nels which have claimed attention as afford-
ing the means of opening a canal between
Delaware and Chesapeake bay.
47
1,178-
5
40
1,264
none,
430
none.
none.
A It A
A R ii
^Jfypoquinimink, township of Delawai'e.
!Populat!oii in 1810, 3559, ansi in 1-820, 3388
Apt, ancient own of France, m the de-
partment of the mouths oi the Riionc, ami
late province o' Provence. Tiiere ire
many fine Roman antiquities, and it is seat-
ed on the C.daroii, 20 miles N ..f Alx, ao'i
25 S E of Orange. Lon. 5 30 B, lat. 43
51 N.
Apulia, the E ■ ide of the kingdom of Na-
pies, on the gulf of Venice. It is divided
into three provinces, whose modern names
are Capit;ina a, B:>ri, and Otranto.
Apniima, or Apornmia, very rapid river
of ^outh America, in f'eru.
Aqua-JVegra, -mahtownof Italy, in the
Mantuan, on tlie rive>- Chiesa, 12 miles W
of Mantua Lon. 10 25 ti, lal. 45 12 N
Aquia, small town vipon Aquia crt-ek, in
Stafford county, Virginia. It is about 45
miles below the city of Washington.
Aqnila, town of Naples, capital of Abruz-
zo Ulterior, with a bishop's see an 1 a cas-
tle. An eartliqiiake happ.-ned here in
1700, by which 24,000 per ons were killed.
It is seated on the Poscara 52 miles N E
of Rome. Lon. 13 39 R, lat 42 20 N
Aquileia, formerly a trading town of Italy,
in V^enetian Friuli. It was seated near the
gulf of Venice, 57 miles NE of Vcmce.
Lon. 13 8 E, lat 46 0 N.
Aquino, town of Naples, in Terra di La-
vora. It is a bishop's -ee, out was ruined
by the emperor Conrade, and now consists
of about 35 houses. It was he birthplace
of tlie Roman satiris' Jovenal, and is 30
miles \ VV of Capua. Lon. 13 50 E. lat.
41 36 N.
Arabia, countiy of A-ia, bounded on
the N by the ancient Me-opotamia; on the
Fi by the gulis of Persia and Ormiis; on
the S by thf Indian Ocean ; and on the
W by the Red Sea and EgyDt It is di-
vided into three parts, Araijia Petrea, De-
ser'a, and Felix. Arabia Petrea is the
smallest of the three, and towards the N,
is full of mountains, with few inhabitants,
on account of its barrenness. It had its
name from the to-vn Petrea, its .ancient ca-
pital, now destroyed. It dififers little from
Arabia Des-rta, so called from the nature
of the soil, which is generally a barren
saiid : but there are great flocks of sheep
and her.ls of catle near the Euphrates,
where the lami is good. In the desert are
great number "f ostriches, and there is a
fi'c breed of camels in several places. Ara
bia Fe ix is so cai!*'d, on acount of its fer-
tility vVth regard t the rest The Arabs
in 'he desert live wandering lives, removing
from place to place, partly for the sake of
pasture, ad partly to he in v/ait for the
cara'ans, which they often rob, as they tra-
vel over part of this desert from Bussora to
Aleppo, and from Egypt to .Mecca, in or-
Qffv to visit Rlabomet's totob. Arabia Felix
4&
produces frankincense, myrrh, balm of Gi-
iead, gum anibic, and coffee, of which lat-
ter tliey export prodigious quantities The
famous Mahome' was . native of t'ni'^ coun-
try, and Ins followers, soon ^fter his de;.th,
conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and
Europe, establishingtheirreiigion wherever
tiiey came. It lies between i5 and 60 E
lon. and 12 and 33 N lat. extending 1430
miles in :ength, and 1200 m breadth.
Aracan or Reccan, country of Asia,
bounded on the N by R.)shaan, on the E
by Burniah, on the S by tiie coast of Ava,
and on tiie W by tiie gulf of Bengal. They
have only two seasons, tlie rainy season,
which continues from A.prir to October,
and the fair season which includes all the
rest of the year, and is called the summer.
There are such numbers of elephants, buf-
falors, and tigers, that but few places are
inhabiied on account of the ravages made
by these animals. The commodities are
timber, lead, tin, and elephants' teeth;
and somi^times the traders meet with dia-
monds, rubies, and other precious stones.
Arak lake of Asia, 200 miles E of the
Caspian sea. It is 300 miles in length, and
in some places 150 in breadth. Ii lies be-
tween 58 and 62 of E lon. and between 42
and 47 Nit.
Arande-de-Ditero, handsome town of
Spai:., in Old Castile, on the Douero, 42
miles E of Valladolid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat.
4. 40 N.
Ararat, high moitniain of Asia, in Arme-
nia, where it is said Noah's ark rested.
Ararat, mountain in North Carolina,
about 9 miles N VV of Bethany, in Stokes
comity. This is a very lofty mountain,
whicii affords from its top a very extensive
view of the adjacent country.
Arassi, maritime and popvilous town of
Italy, \n the territory of Gf! oa, 5 miles S
W of .\lt)enguay. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 14 2 N.
Arava, fortress of Upper Hungary, si-
tuated on a river of the same name, 72
miles N W of -Cassovia. Lon. 20 0 E, lat.
49 >0 N.
Arau, or Aaraii, in Swisserland, derives
its na lie from the river .\ar on wliich it is
seated. It is 27 miles W of Zarlc. Lun.
7 50 E, lat. 47 25 N.
Aravco, fortress and town of Chili, in
South America, situated in a fine vall&y, on
a river of 'he same name. The natives are
verv brave, and drove the Spaniards out of
their country, though they had no fire
arms. Lon. 7:^ 20 W, lat. 37 30 S.
Araxes, or Aras, river of Asia, whicb
ri-^es in Georgia, and runs S E across Ar-
menia, falls into the Kur.
Arbe, episcopal town of the republic
of Ven ce, in an island of the same name,
on th.e coast of Dalmatia, fiwm which it is
5 miles distant.
.ftrf/ela, town of A^iiij m Cttrdjstfm, wlrei'fi'
A R li
A R K
Alexander fought tlie last battle with Da-
rius. It is about 60 miles S E of Moiisul.
Lpn. 42 25 E, lat. 35 5 N.
J}rberg, a town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Bern, on a kind of island formed
by the two branches of the Aar. It is 10
miles N W of Bern. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 47
ON.
Arbois, populous town of France, now
in the department of Jura, lately in tlie
province of Franche-Comte, fiimous for its
white wines. It is 22 miles S VV of Besan-
con. Lon. 5 40 E. lat. 46 55 N.
Arbon, ancient town of Swisserland, on
the S side of the lake Constance, in Tluir-
gau. The majority of the inhabitants are
protestants. It is 12 miles S E of Con-
stance. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 30 N.
Arbroath. See Aberbroifavick.
Arburff, or Aqrbiirg, town of Swisser-
land, in Argau, seated on the Aar, willi a
citadel cut out of a rock, 12 miles E. of So-
leure.
Arcadia, town of the Mores, near the
gulf of the same name, and in the province
of Belvedere, 22 miles N of Navarin. Lon.
21 42 E, lat. 37 24 N.
Arcis-sur-Aube, small town of France, in
the department of Aube and late province
of Champagne, seated on the river Aube,
15 miles N of Tpoyes. Lon. 4 12 E, lat.
48 32 N.
Arco, town and castle in the Trentin,
taken by the French in 1703, and aban-
doned soon after. It stands on tlie river
Sarca, 15 miles S W of Trent. Lon. 11
12 E, lat. 46 0 N.
.Ircos, town of Spain in Andalusia, on a
craggy rock, at the foot of wliicli runs t!ie
Gaudaleto, 23 miles NE of Cadiz. Lon.
5 46 W, lat. 36 52 X.
Arcot, city and capital of the Carnatic,
in the peninsu'a of Ilindoostan. It is 72
miles V/ by S of Madras, and 217 E bv N
of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 0 E, lat. 12 30 N.
Arciiiel, village of France, three miles
S of Paris, remarkable for an aqueduct,
which is thought to eqvial tlie works of the
ancient Romans. It was built in 1524, by
Mary de Medicis : its water is distributed
iiUo different puits of Paris.
Archangel, seaport of Russia, capit.al of
tlie government of Uie same nairie. It was
the only seaport of Russia for rnaiiy years,
and was first resorted to by the English in
1553. Great part of tlie city was burnt to
the ground in 1793 : but it is now rebuild-
ing with neatness and even elegance. Arch-
angel is seated on the D\vi?',a, four miles
from the Wiilte Sea, and 400 N E of Peters-
burgh. Lon. 39 0 E. lai 64 34 N.
Archer, township of Harrisun county,
Ohio. Population in 1S20, 1105.
ArcMfyelago^ a considerable part of tlie;
Mediterranean Sea, having Romania on the
N ; Natolia on tlie E ; Macedonia, Livadia,
and the Morea on the W, and the ible of
Candia on the S. It is partly in Europe,
and partly in Asia, containing 45 principal
islands. It is the ancient jEgean .Sea.
Ardebil, one of the most famous and an-
cient towns of Persia, the residence and
burial place of many kings ; particularly of
Shiek Sessi, the autliov of ihe Persian sect
Pilgrims resort to this place from all pans
of Persia. It is 25 miles E of Tauris. Lon.
48 20 E, lat. 38 15 N.
Ardeclie, department of France, part of
the late province of Daiiphuiy.
Avdenburg, town of Dutch Flanders, 10
miles N E of Bruges. Lon. 3 30 E, lat.
51 16 N.
Ardennes, department of France, part of
the late province of Ciiampagne, so named
from tiie famous foi'esi of thut name.
Ardennes, famous forest lying on the ri-
ver Meuse, extending, in Csesar's time, far
into Germany. What remains of it lies be-
tween Thionville and Liege.
Ardrnh, small kingdom of Africa, in Gui-
nea. It lies at the bo torn of the gvdf of
St. Thomas. The inhaBiianls are very li-
centious, and have neitlicr tempi nor any
placi for religious worship. However they
are very courageous, and their king was
absolute, till the king of D.;homy reduced
and burnt the towns. The a^r is very un-
wholesome to Europeans ; yet the natives
live to a great age ; but the small pox
makes a great destruction among them.
This country is fertile in Indian corn, palm
win?, plants, and fruits, v.hich last all the
year ; and tliey make a great deal of salt.
h has a town of tlie same name. Lon. 3
5 E, lat. 6 0 N.
Ardres, town of France, nov/ in the de-
partment of the Straits of Calais, lately in
the province of Picardy. It is eight miles
S of Cal..is. Lon. 1 59 E, lat. 50 50 N.
Arfbo, or Arebon, town on the Slave
Coast of Guinea, a the mouth of the river
Formoso. Tlie En.t^lish had once a factory
here, as tiie Dutch have still. Lon. 5 5 E,
lat. 6 0 N.
Arekea, seaport of the Red Sea, 55 miles
from Suaquam.
Aremherg, town of Westphalia, capital of
a county of tlie same name. It is seated
on a river, 22 miles S. of Cologne. Lon.
7 3 E, lat. .50 22 N.
Arensburg, town of Westphalia, on a hill
in the county of tiie same name, by the
river Roer, 50 miles N E of Cologne. Lon.
8 20 E, lat. 51 25 N.
Arensburg, episcopal see and seaport in
the isle of Oesel. It is included in the
RiL^sian government of Riga. Lon. 25 4U
E, lat 5,0 15 N.
. ' Arenshard, tract in the duchy of Sleswick,
49
A K (ji
ARK
containing the greatest part of tlie famous
rampart, built by the Danisli king Gotric,
in the beginning of the 9th century, as a
defence against the irruptions of the Sax-
ons. It extends across the country about
nine miles in length.
Arensivalde, town of the neAV marche of
Brandenburg, on the lake Slauin. Lon.
15 52 E. lat. 53 13 N.
Areqidpa, episcopal town of S America
in Peru, seated on a I'iver in a fertile coun-
try, 290 miles S by E of Lima. Near it is
a dreadful volcano. Lon. 75 30 W, lat. 16
40 S.
Arezso, ancient episcopal town of Tus-
cany. It is seated on a mountain, 15 miles
W of Citta-di-Castello. Lon. 12 0 E, lat.
43 27 N.
Argaii, or Aargau, province of Swisser-
land in the canton of Bern.
Argences, town of France, seated on the
river Meauce, now in the department of
Calvados, lately in the province of Nor-
mandy, 10 miles E. of Caen. Lon. 0 2 W,
lat. 49 12 N.
Argentan, town of F-rance, in the de-
partment of Ome, and late province of
Normandy. It is seated on an eminence,
in the middle of a fertile plain, on the
banks of the river Orne, and carries on a
considerable trade in lace. It is 12 mdes
N W of Seez, and 110 W of Paris. Lon.
0 5 E, lat. 48 45 N.
Argenteidl, town of the Isle of France,
on the Seine, five miles N W of Paris. It
is a very beautiful place, with a fine vine-
yard ; and, in the environs tiiey have quar-
ries of the plaster of Paris. Lon. 2 22 E,
lat. 48 52 N.
Argentiera, barren island of the Archi-
pelago, which takes its name from the sil-
ver mines in it. There is but one village
in the island, and it has no water but what
is kept in cisterns. Lon. 23 10 E, lat 36
50 N.
Argenliere, tov;n of France, in the de-
partment of Ardeche and late province of
Provence, five miles S W of Aubenes, and
17 W of Viviers. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 44 30 N.
Argetnon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and late province of Berry,
divided into two parts by tlie river Creuse.
It is 37 miles S \V of Bo rges. Lon. 1 38
E, lat. 46 35 N.
Argos, seaport of Turkey in Europe, in
the Morea, 25 miles S. of Corinth. Lon.
25 5 E, lat. 37 30 N.
Argoslol, seaport of the isle of Cepha-
lonia, opposite Albania ; it is the best har-
bour in all the island, and the proveditor
resides i,n the fortress, which is five miles
distant.
Argiiin, island and fort of Africa, on the
coast of Zaliara, 30 miles S E of Cape
Blanco. Lon. 17 5 W, lat. 20 30 N.
50
Argun, river of Asia, which in part di-»
vides tlie Russian from the Chinese empire,
Argun, town of East Tartar}', on the
frontiers of the Chinese empire. There
are mines of silver and le d near it ; and a
pearl fishery in the river Argun. Lon. 103
56 E, lat. 42 30 N.
Argyle, township of Washington county
and state of New York ; situated on the E
side of the river Hudson, S of Kinsburg,
and contained, in 1820, 2811 inhabitants.
Argyleshire, county of Scotland, bounded
on the N by Inverness-shire, on the E by
the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, on
the S and W by the Atlantic Ocean, by
which it is broken into islands and penin-
sulas. Its extent is very considerable, be-
ing not less than 90 miles in length and 70
in breadth. This county affords a very
wild prospect of hdls, rocks, and huge
mountains, piled upon each other in dread-
ful disorder, bare, bleak, and barren to the
view ; or covered with shagged heath,
which in summer is variegated with au
agreeable bloom of a purple colour. These
high grounds, though little fitted for cul-
tivation, afford excellent pasture.
Arhuseii, seaport of Denmark, in North
.Jutland, with a bishop's see. It is seated
on the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the
Guda, and surrounded by forests full of
game. It is 25 miles S of Wiberg. Lon.
•9 50 E, lat. 56 5 N.
Ariano, town of Naples, in Principato
Ulteriore, with a bishop's see ; 15 miles E
of Benevento, and 10 N W of Trevico.
Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 41 8 N.
Ariano, town of Italy, in the Ferrarese,
on a branch of the river Po, 22 miles NE
of Ferrara. Lon. 12 8 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Arica, seaport of Peru, 550 miles S E of
Lima. Here the treasure broug'it from
Polosi is shipped ; and there are many
farms employed in the cultivation of Gui-
nea pepper, in which it has a great trade
to Lima. Lon. 71 6 W, lat. 18 27 S.
Aripo, town on the west coast of Ceylon,
at the mouth of the river Sarunda. To
the cast of it is a pearl fishery. Lon. 80
25 E, lat. 8 42 N.
Arkansas, river of the United States,
which rises in the Chippewan or Rocky
mountains, about lat. 40 N, lon. W C 37 W;
and joins the Mississippi river at lat 34 N,
lon. W C. 14 W. This great river has a
general orcomparatlve course of more than
1400 miles, and by its windings exceeds
2000 miles. It receives numerous branches,
the principal of which are the Canadian,
Fork. Negracka, and Potean. The Arkan-
sas flows through, and gives name to the
territory of the same name.
Arkansas, territory of the United States,
formed out of the ancient Louisiana. It is
bounded E by the Mississippi river ; S by
ARK
A n M
Louisiana, and Red river ; west by Texas ;
and N by the unappropriated territories of
the U. S. and by Missouri ; being' about 550
miles in length from east to west, with a
mean width of near 200, extending over
an area of about 100,000 square miles. It
lies between N lat. 33, and 36 30. The
face of the country from its great extent, is
very much diversified. It is intersected,
by besides the Arkansas, the branches
of Red, Ouachita and White rivers. The
Ozark or Maserne mountains traverse From
NE to SW rising in Missouri, and stretch-
ing through Arkansas, extend into Texas.
That part of the territory to the southeast
off the Masernes is generally low and in
many places liable to annual submersion.
To the northwest of the mountains the
physiognomy of the country presents a ge-
nerally open expanse of prairie, without
wood, except near the margin of the
streams. The seasons of the year pai-take
also of the extremes incident to so great
an extent, and in a country where the face
of earth affords so much difference of
level. The summers are as remarkable as
is the winters for extremes of temperature.
As low as N lat. 35, and on a level with the
Arkansas river, the thermometer ranges
from 97 above, to upwards of 20 below
zero. The soil exhibits every variety
fi'om the most productive to tlie most
sterile ; therefore it may be easily con-
ceived, that in a region where the tempe-
rature of the air, and the qualities of tlte
soil offer so much variety, vegetation must
be very greatly mfluenced. The indige-
nous forest trees are specifically numerous
and very large. The principal species, are
oaks, many species ; hickory many species ;
ash, many species ; sycamore, cotton wood,
linden, majjle three or four species : lirco-
dendron tulipifera, locust, and pine. The
cultivated fruit trees are the apple, pear,
peach, plum, nectarine, cherry and quince.
The various kinds of small grain, succeeds
well, such as wheat, rye, oats, barley, and
maize. Garden plants are abundant and
grow luxuriantly. In metalic wealth, Ar.
kansas is productive in iron ore, gypsum,
and common salt. Indications of other
minerals are common, but t!ie country has
been too imperfectly surveyed todevelope
its fossil resources. Cotton, Indian corn,
flour, peltry, salted provisions, and lumber
are the staples of the territory. Arkansas,
was amongst the most ancient settlements
of the French in Louisiana. That nation
had a hunting and trading post on the Ar-
kansas river as early as the beginning of
the eighteenth century ; but from the pe-
culiar situation of the acljacer.l country,
the settlements upon tliat rivr-r madt little
advance before the traiisier of Louisiana to
the United States. Since that period Ar-
kansas has been involved in the various vi-
cissitudes of the country of which it farm-
ed a part ■ and on the formation of Missouri
into a state, became a territory of the Uni-
ted States.
In 1820, it was politically divided into
the following counties, vvliich had the
number of inhabitants annexed to each
respectively.
Lawrence 5602
Phillips - . . - . 1201
Arkansas - ... - 1260
Puloski 1923
Clark 1040
Hempstead . - . - • 2248
Miller ^ - -^ - - 999
niis population is composed of
Free whites, males
do. do. females *
14,2r3
6971
5611
18
Total of whites ...
Free people of colour, males -
do. do. females
Male slaves ...
do. female . . ^
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
If the whole territory is taken into view
the above abstract will yield about 7 square
miles to an individual.
Arklo-a^, seaport of Ireland, in the county
of Wicklow, 13 miles S of Wicklow. Lon.
6 5 W. lat. 52 42 N.
Aries, ancient city of France, in the de-
partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and
Lite province of Provence. Before the
French Revolution it was an archiepiscopal
see. The country around is very pleasant,
and produces good wine, vermilion, manna,
oil and fruits. There are a great number
of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre
and obelisk are the most remarkable : and
the emjjeror Constamine took great de-
light in it. It is seated on the Rhone, 12
miles SE of Nismes. Lon. 4 42 E. lat. 43
41 N. j
Arleslieim, handsome town of Swisser-
land in the bishopric of Basle, where the
canons of that city reside.
Jlrlington, township in Bennington coun-
ty and state of Vermont. It is situated
about 12 miles N of Bennington, and con-
tains about 2000 inhabitants.
.itioii, an ancient town of the Austrian
Netherlands, now dismantled. It is seated
on a mountain, 10 miles NW of Luxem-
burg. Lon. 5 56 E. iat. 49 45 N.
Armagh, county of Ireland, bounded on
the E by Down, on the W by Tyrone and
Monaghan, on tiie N by Lougii Neagh, and
on the S by Louth. It is in length 32
miles, and in breadtii 17, contains 4^ pa-
rishes, and sends six members to parlia-
ment.
Armagh, city of Ireland, once aconsidep*
51
A li U
A R It
able town, now a small village^ but it
gnes name to a county, ann is tlie see of
ail ai'chbishop, who is pj-iniate of all Ire-
land. It is 45 miles SE of Londonderry.
Lon. 6 34 W. lat. 54 37 N.
Armagh, towr. of Centre county, in'the
state of Penr.sylvanis.
Armagvac, late province of Guienne, in
France, 55 milesin leiiRth and 40 in breadiii
This province wilii Gascony, i.s now in-
cliidcd in the departmeiU of Gtrs
Armenia^ a large country in Asia, bound-
ed on tlie W by the Euphrates, on the S
by Diarbeker and Curdistan, en tl'c E by
Schirviii, and on the N by Geors^'ia. Ii is
one of the most fertile countries in Asia,
being watered by se^e^ai large rivers.
Vart of it belongs to the Persians and part
to the Turks. . The inhabitants are mi'ch
attached to commerce, aind undertuke
long' jovu'nies to carry it en. They are
Christians, and have a patriarch and an
archbishop. Polygamy is net aliD's-f d
among them. The- country in general is
full of mountains and valleys, lakes and
rivers, and produces rice, cotton, flax, me-
lons, and grapes.
Armmtiers, town of France, in the de-
partment of the North Flanders, seated on
l! e Lis, eight m.iles NW of LjsIc. Lon. 3
3 E, lat. 50 40 X.
Ai?mers, town of Frar.ce, in the depart-
ment of North Hainault, seated on the
Sambre. 20 miles S of Mons. Lon. 4 3
E. lat. 50 7 N.
Armiro. town of Macedonia, on the gulf
of Velo, 30 miles SE of Larissa. Lon. 23
22 E. lat. 39 30 N.
Armstrong, county of Penns) ivanin, hav-
ing Westmoreland and Allegany SW ; Hut-
ler W ; Venango N W ; .Tefie^i^on NE and
Indiana E and SE It is about 55 miles in
length wi'h a mean width of 20, extending
over 700 square miles. The Ail.egany
river intersects this county, winding from
the northwest angle in an eiiipt'c;d curve
to the snuihwest. The face ofti.'e coun-
try is liilly rocky and broken, tiiough much
of the soil particularly that of the river
bottoms is composed of a fertile loam.
Chief town Rittanning.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 5216
do. do. females - - 2925
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 4
Total population in 1819 6143
Population in 1820.
Free wliile maies - . - - 5279
do. do. females - - 5003
Total whites .... 1{,283
■s
Free persons of colour, males - 22
52
Free persons of colour, females - 20
Total population in 1820 - 10324
OF these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 72
Engaged in Agriculture - 1997
do. in Manufactures •■ 347
do. in Commerce - - 16
Population to tlie square mile, 15.
Armityden, seaport of the United Pro^
vinces, in the island of Walcheren, now
inconsiderable, the sea having stoped up
the harbour. The salt works are its chief
resource. It is three miles E of Middle-
burg. Lo>!. 3 42 E. lat. 51 31 N.
Avr.a, seaport of AiKlros, an island of the
Archipelago, witii a good port.
Arnay 1e-Dttc, town of France, in tlie
department of Cote d'Or and late province
of Burgundy. It is seated in a valley,
near the river Arraux, 25 miles NW of
Baure. Lon. 4 26 E. lat. 47 7 N.
Arneberg, tfiwn of Germany, in Branden-
burg, on !ht Ellie, three miles from Wer-
bern, taken by the Swedes in 1631.
Arnedo, seaport of Peru, 25 miles N of
Lima.
Arnheimi strong town of Holland, in Gel-
derland, capital of the quarter or county
of its name. It was formerly the residence
of tlie dukes of Gelderland, and is seated
on the Rhine, 8 miles N of Nimeguen.
Lon. 5 54 E. lat. 52 2 N.
Arno, river of Tuscany, which rises in
the Appenines, and passing by Florence
and Pisa, enters the gulf of Genoa, a little
below the latter town.
Arnsheim, town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, eight miles from Kreu-
zenach.
Arnstadi, town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, With a castle, a palace, and
three churches ; seated on the Gera, 11
Hiiles S ol Erfurt.
Arqitcs, t:)wn of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, with an ancient cas-
tle. Here Henry IV. gained a complete
victory over the duke of .Mayenne, general
of the league, in 1589. It stands on a
river of its name, four miles SE of Dieppe,
Arracijfe, seaport of Brazil, in the pro-
vince of Fernambuco. It is built on a nar-
row channel, with a castle to defend the
entrance, and esteemed tlie strongest
place in all Brazil. Lon. 36 10 W. lat. 8
20 S.
Anngeti, province of Spain, bounded on
the N by the Fyremes, U' by Navarre and
the Two Casiiles, S by Valencia, and E by
Valencia, and Catalonia. 'l"he country,
though .'ibounding in rivers, is in want of
good water. It is fertile ui com, wine,
flkx, and fruit, near the rivers, but in other
places dry and sandy. It produces saffjon.
A R U
A S C
and there are many mines of salt. Sara-
gossa is the capital.
.Irrnh, town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 33
miles W by S of Patiia.
Arran, island of Scotland, in the frith of
Clyde, to the S of tiie isle of Bute. Ro-
bert Bruce took refuge in this island, dur-
ing- the time of his greatest distress.
Among the rocks are found iron ore, spar,
and great variety of beautiful pebbles. On
the coast are many wonderful caverns,
which often aflibrd shelter to smugglers.
The principal place is Lamlash.
Arras, fortified city of France, capital of
the department of Pas de Calais, and an
episcopal see. It is seated on tlie Scarpe,
22 miles WNW of Cambray. Lon. 2 46
E. lat. 50 17 N.
Arrie^e, department of France, contain-
ing the late provinces of Couserans and
Foix. Foix is the capital.
Arroe, small island of Denmark, in the
Baltic, between the islands of Funen and
Alsen. Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 55 10 N.
Arrojo-de-St, Serva?!, town of Spain, in
Estramadura, eight miles S of Merida, and
25 E of Badaioz. Lon. 6 20 W. lat. 38 36
N.
Arzrouin, see Erzentm.
Arta, ancient seaport of Turkey, in Eu-
rope, in Albania, v/ith a Greek archbishop's
see. It carries on a considerable trade, and
is seated on the river Asdhas, 70 miles
NNW of Lapanto. Lon. 21 20 E. lat. 30
28 N.
Artois, late province of the French Ne-
therlands. It now forms part of the de-
partment of the Straits of Cabis.
Aruba, island near Terra Firma, in S.
America, subject to the Dutch. Lon. 67
45 W, lat. 12 SON.
Arve, rapid river of Savoy, which rises in
Paiicigny, and joins the Rhone below Ge-
neva. It has a cataract near Salenche in
.Savoy. Its fall is said to be above 1100
feet rushing with great noise and violence
from a prodigious impending rock. See
Arpeiias.
Aniv, river of Sussex, which meandering
through a beautiful country, hUs mto the
English ch.-uinel, below Arundel. It is
famous for mullets.
Arundel, borough in Sussex, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday and Satuniay. It is
seated on the side'of a hill, on the Aran,
where small ships m.iy ride. Tiie castle,
the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk,
stands on the summit of a hill, and is said
to be a mile in compass. It is said to be
governed by a mayor, sends two members
to parliament, and is eight miles E of Chi-
chester, and 68 3SW of London. Lon. 0
29 W. lat. 50 55 N.
Arundel, township of York county, in
the district of Maine. It is situated along
the Saco river, about 20 miles from York,
Population in 1820, 2371, and in 1820,
2478.
Arxuangen, castle-and village of Swisser-
land, on the river Aar, over which it has a
covCTcd bridge.
Arzil/a, ancient seaport of Africa, in the
kingdom of Fez, once in possession of the
Portuguese, who abandoned it. It is 50
miles bSW of Tangier. Lon. 6 3 W. lat.
35 30 N.
Arziiia, river of Russian Lapland, into a
bay of which, in 1553, two English ships
(which had penetrated as high as the 72
N lat. to Spitsbergen) were forced by stress
of weather ; and their crews were frozen to
death.
Asaph, St. city sf Flintshire, on the river
Elway, where it unites with the Clwyd ;
and over both is a bridge. It is a poor
place, of note only for its cathedral. It is
24 miles AV of Chester, and 203 NW of
London. L'-n. 3 36 VV. lat. 53 12 N.
Ascension, barren, uninhabited island, in
the Atlantic. 600 miles NW of St. Helena.
Lon. 14 18 W. lat. 7 40 N.
• Asce7ision, parish of Louisiana, lying along
both banks ef the Mississippi river; having
Assumption, and St. James SE ; the Atcha-
talaya river SW ; Iberville NW and the
Amite river NE. It is 40 miles long from
northeast to southwest, with a mean breadth
of 10 ; area 400 square miles. The face
of this parish is an almost undeviating
plain. The sod is exuberantly productive,
though the margins of the rivers excepted,
liable to annual submersion. Staples, su-
gar and cotton. Chief town Donaldson-
ville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . . 620
do. do. females - - . 521
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 47
Slaves ..... 1031
Total population in 18101 -
Popvdation in 1820.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females - . -
Total whites - . . _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foi-eigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture - *-
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 9.
53
2219
837
658
1495
3728
50
1896
16
18
A S H
A S II
Aschaffenburg, town of Germany subject
to the elecior of Mentz, who has a palace
bere. li is 40 miles E of Mentz. Lon. 9
5 E. lat. 50 40 N. ^
Ascoli, populous town of Ilaly, in the
rnarquisate ot Ancona, with a bishop's see.
It is heated on a mounlain, at the bottom
of which runs the Fronto, 80 rr. les NE cf
Rome. Lon. 13 29 E, lai. 42 44 N.
Ascoli-di-Sutriano, episcopal city of Italy
in the kingdom of Naples, seated on a
mountain 70 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15
50 E. lat. 41 1 N,
Jlseer, nv Aseergur, strong fortress of the
Soubah of Candeish, in the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, 20 miles NK of Burhanpour. Lon.
76 OE. lai. 21 35 N.
Ashbom, town in Derbyshire, with a
market on Saturday, seated between the
rivers Dove and C mpton, 10 miles NE of
Utoxeter, and 130NN\V of London. Lon.
1 44 W. lat. 53 3 N.
Ashborough, small town in Randolph
coimty, N. Carolina, about SO miles W of
Raleigh.
Ashbtirnham, township of Worcester
county, Ma sachusetts. It lies about 50
miles WNW of Boston, and contains about
1000 inhabitants.
Ashburton, borough in Devonshire. It is
seated among tiie hills (which are remark-
able for tin and copper) near the river
Dart, 19 miles SW of Exeter, and 193 W
by S of London. It has a handsome
church Lon. 3 50 W. lat. 50 30 N.
Ashby cle la Zouch, town in Leicester-
shire, with a market on Saturday. It had
a castle with a very high lower, great part
of which is still standing, and it has a free
school. A canal is now made fmm this
town, which communicates with the Co-
ventry canal. Ashby i.- 13 miles S of Der-
by, and 115 NNW of London. Lon. 3 50
W. lat. 50 80 N.
./SsAf/en, village in Essex, three miles NW
of Saftron VValden.
Aslwy a county in the State of North Ca-
rolina, containing about 4000 inhabitants.
Ashforcl, township of Wmdham county,
in the State of Connecticut, lying princi-
pally between the Biggalons and Mount-
hope rivers.
Ashford, town in Kent, with a market on
Saturday, and a large church that was for-
merly collegiate. It is seated on the river
Ash or Esh, <;4 miles SE of Maidstone and
57 of London. Lon. 0 52 E. lat. 51 4 N.
Ash, counly of Nortn Carolina, forming
the northwest angle of that state, having
Buncombe SW ; Burke S ; Wilikes SE by
E, and part of Virginia N ; and part of
Tennessee W. It is 64 miles long, from
southwest to nonhcrsst, with a mean
width of 12 miles, area 768 square miles.
The surface of the coiuity is hilly and even
54
mountainous. The air is pure and healthy,
and the soil in pan productive.'
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1808
do. do. females ... 1733
All other free persons, except In-
dians not taxed - . . 6
Slaves I4r
Total popuktion in 1810 - . 3,694
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2093
do. do. females ... 1952
Total whites .... 4,045
Free persons of colour, males - 27
do. do. females IS
Slaves, males .... 135
do. females ... 115
Total population in 1820 - - 4,335
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 785
do. in Manufactures - - 26
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to the square mile, 6, nearly.
Ashtabula, small river or creek of the
state of Ohio, in the county of Ashtabula.
It is about 30 miles in length and flows into
Lake Erie.
Ashtabula, county of Ohio, forming the
northeast angle of that state, having Trum-
bull S, Geauga W; Lake Erie NW, and
part of Pennsylvania E. It is 28 miles in
length, and 25 in breadth, extending over
an area of 700 square miles. The face of
this country is hilly ; the soil is, however,
fertile, and well wooded and watered-
Jefferson is the chief town.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
5878
5493
7,371
Free persons of colour, males - 3
do. do. females - 1
Slaves, males ... none
do. females - - - none
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 7
Total population in 1820 - 7382
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 16
Engaged in AgricuUure - - 1479
do. in Manufactures - - 271
do. in Commerce - - 19
Population to the square mile, 10,
A S O
AsMon-wider-Line, village In Lancashire,
seven miles E of Manchester, with a ma-
nufactory of cotton, and an iron foundery.
Ash-well, villajje in Hertfor Ishive, on he
river Uhee, that issues from a rock at the
S end of the town. Near the church are
the remains of a Koma;i camp, which con-
sists of 12 acres of land, enclosed by .< deep
ditch, and formerly a rampart. It is four
miles N of Baldock.
ASIA, one of the four great parts of the
world, situated between Ion. 25 and 180 E
from London, and between the equator
and kt, 80 N, It extends 4.740 miles from
the Dardanelles on the W, to Bhering's
straits; and, 4,380 miles from the most
southern part of Malacca, to the most
northern cape of Nova Zembla ; being su-
perior in extent, as well as in many other
respects, to Africa and Europe. It is se-
parated from Europe, according to the
English geographers, by the Mediterranean,
the Archipelago, the Black Sea, the Palus
Mseotis, the Don, p irt of the VVolga, and
the Ural mountains ; from America by Bhe-
ring's straits, and the Pacific Ocean ; and
from Africa by the Red Sea and the isth-
mus of Suez But the French and German
geographers, separate Asia and Europe, by
the Ural mountains, Ural river, Caspian
Sea, Caucausus mountains. Black Sea, straits
of the Bosphorus, sea of Marnora, straits of
Dardanelles, and Archipelago. All the
other parts are surrounded by the ocean.
The principal countries in this continent
are Siberia, Tartary, China, Thibet, Hin-
doostan, Siam, Biirmah, Persia, Ar <bia, Sy-
ria, Palestine, Natolia, Diarbeckar, Irac,
Armenia, Georgia, Curdistan, 8tc. Asia is
looked upon as that part of the world,
which, of all others, has been most pecu-
liarly distinguished by heaven. There it
was the first man was created ; there the
patriarchs lived ; there the law was given
to Moses, and the greatest and most cele-
brated monarchies- were formed. Lastly,
in Asia, Jesus Christ appeared, and from
thence it is that the light of the gospel was
diffused over all the world. Laws, arts,
sciences, and religion, almost all had their
original in Asia.
Asinara, island in the Mediterranean, on
the N W coast of Sardinia, \7 miles N by
W of Sassari. It is 28 miles in compass.
Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 41 0 N.
Askeyton, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Limerick, on the river Shannon.
Askrig, town in the N riding of York-
shire, with a market on Thursday, 6 miles
S by E of York, and 243 N of London.
Lon. 1 0 W, lat. 5c, 55 N.
Asiie, See Esne.
Asola, town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20
miles S E of Brescia. Lon. 10 30 E, lat.
45 48 N.
Asolci, town of Italy, in Trevisano, on a
ASS
mountain 17 miles N W of Trevlso. Lon,
11 36 E, lat. 45 59 xV.
Asofih, sea, anciently the Palus Maeotis,
lying X of the Black Sea, with which it
has a communication by the s'rait of Caffa,
the ancient Cunmerian Bosphorus. This
sea, which is sometimes called the sea of
Zabak, extends 390 mdes from S \V to N E
Lon. from 35 to 42 E, lat. from 45 to 47 N.
Asoph, district of the Russian empire, in
the province of Catharinenslaf, including a
large tract of territory to the E and W of
Asoph. Catharinenslaf is the capital.
Asoph, late capital of a district of the
same name, in Asia, seated near the mouth
of the Don, to the E of the sea of Asoph.
It has been several times taken and re-
taken by the Turks and Russians. The
branch of the Don, upon which it stands,
is now s) choked with sand, as scarcely to
admit the smallest vessel, which renders
the place less important than it was for-
merly. Lon. 41 30 E, lat. 47 18 N.
Aspern, town of Austria on the left bank
of th Danube, below Vienna, famous for a
battle fought there May 22d, 1809, between
the French under the Emperor Napoleon,
and the Austrians ; the latter were defeated.
Asperosa, town of Turkey in Europe,
with a bishop's see, on the coast of the
Archipelago, 22 miles S E of Nicopoli.
Lon. 24 50 E, lat. 40 58 N.
Assam, country of Asia, bounded on the
W by Bengal and Bootan, on the N by Thi-
bet, and on the S E and S by Meckley Its
capital is Ghergong, and the river Burram-
pooter flows through the whole length of
it. The open parts are marked with po-
pulation and tillage; the woods abound
with elephants. Assam lies between lon.
91 and 96 E, and lat. 25 and 28 N.
Assancale, town of Armenia, on the ri-
ver Aras, 22 miles E of Erzerum. Here
are hot baths much frequented. Lon. 41
10 E, lat. 39 46 N.
Assanchif, town of Asia, in Diarbeck,
seated on the Tigris, 40 miles S E of Diar-
bekar. Lon. 40 20 E, lat. 37 30 N.
Assens, seaport of Denmark, in the island
of Funen. It is the common passage from
the duchy of Sleswick to Copenhagen, and
is 17 miles S W of Odinsee. Lon. 10 2
E, lat 55 17 N. ^
Assisio, city of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto, on the side of a high mountain.
The cathedral of St. Francis is magnificent,
and composed of the three churches, one
above another. It is 70 miles N of Rome.
Lon 12 38 E, lat 43 0 N.
Assos, seaport of Natolia, on a bay of the
Archipela;;o, 12 miles S E of Troas. Lon;
25 35 E, 'lat. 39 32 N.
Assumption, episcopal cily, the capital
of Paraguay, in South America. It is a
large, populous, and handsome town, and
55
A S T
stands in a fertile country, on the river Pa-
raguay. Lon. W C 17 25 E, lat. 26 0 N.
^ssirnption, pa.v\ih of Louisiani, situated
along both banks of the Lafourche river ;
having the interior of Latourche, S E ; At-
chafalaya river S W ; Ascension N W ; and
St. Janies' and St. John's N E. It is abnut
35 miles long, and 15 miles wide ; area 500
square miles. The face of the parish is
level, and, except the margin of the La-
fourche, and some otlier streams, liable to
annual submersion. Soil extremely fertile.
Staples sugar and cotton. No town of any
consequence.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,007
do. do. females - - - 908
All other free persons except In-
dians not taxed ... 10
Slaves 547
Total population in 1810 - - 2,472
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,226
do. do. females - - - 1,183
Total whites .... 2,409
Free persons of colour, males - 7
do. do. females 11
Slaves, males .... 596
do. females ... 553
Total population in 1820 - - 3,576
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 42
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,491
do. in Manufactures - none.
do. in Commerce - - 39
Population to the square mile, 7.
Assyiit, district of Sutherland in Scot-
land, containing plenty of limestone and
marble.
.Assyria, country or" Asia, celebrated in
ancient history. It comprehended the pro-
vinces in Asia now called Diarbec, Curdis-
tan, and Irac.
Miatat, town of Armenia, three miles
from the river Aras, and 12 S of Naksivan.
Lon. 45 30 E, lat. 38 28 N.
^sti, ancient episcopal town of Italy, in
Montserrat. It is seated on the Tanaro,
2a miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 43
3 N.
Aatorga, very ancient city of Spain, in
Leon, well fortified by art and nature,
seated in a pleabant plain, 25 miles S W of
Leon. Lon. 5 32 W, lat. 42 22 N.
^strabaJ, large town of Persia, capital
of a province of the s^me name, on the Cas-
pian Sea, 200 miles N of 1-pahan. Lon,
35 35 B, lat. 36 50 X.
.2s.ra.:a7j., (the ohiuterkaii of the middle
ages) episcopal city of the H.issian empire,
capital of a pnAince of the same name". It
A T G
is large and populous, has a good harbour,
a]id 13 surrounded by strong walls. The
river Volga, on which it stands, overflows
like the Nile: and when tiie water is run
off, tiie grass grows with much rapidity.
The city of Astracan is about two miles
and a half in circumlerence, surrounded by
a brick wall, which is now in a ruinous
condition : but, if we comprehend the
suburbs, the circuit will be near five miles.
The number of inhabitants amounts to
70,000, including \rmenians and Tartars,
as well as a few Persians and Indians. All
round the city, at tiie distance of two miles,
are seen a great number of gardens and
orchards. Tliis city is supposed to have
been, in early times, the general staple for
the productions of Persia, India, and Ara-
bia. It is seated on an island formed by the
A^olga, 40 miles N W of the Caspian Sqa.
Lon. 47 40 E. lat 45 22 N.
Asturias, province of Spain, 120 miles in
length, and 45 in breadth ; bounded on the
E by EiEcay, on the S by Old Castile and
Leon, on the W by Galicia, and on the N
by the Atlantic. It is divided into two
parts, Asturia d'Oviedo, and Asturia de
Santillana. This province is full of moun-
tains and forests, and its wine and horses
are excellent.' It has mines of gold, lapis
lazuli, and vermilion, and belongs to the
eldest son of the king of Spain, who is
styled prince of Asturias.
Asylum, town of Luzerne county, Penn-
sylvania, on the S VV side of Susquehannaii
river, 67 miles N W of Wilkesbarre. Here
there is a post-office, 327 miles from Wash-
ington.
Atacama, harbour of South America, in
Peru. There is a great desert of the same
name. Lon. 70 0 W, lat. 22 0 S.
Atacapas, a considerable settlement in
lower Louisiana, lying west off the Atcha-
falaya river ; being bounded by that river
E ; by Opelousas N and N W ; and by the
gulf of Mexico S. It Is divided into the
parishes of St. Martin's and St. Mary's,
which see.
AtaJaua, town of Portugal, in Estrama-
dura, seated on an eminence, with a strong
fortress, five miles S of Tomar. Lon. 7
56 W, lat. 39 25 N.
Alchnfalaya River, may be strictly called
the continuation of Red Uiver; it is only
114 chains along the right bank of Missis-
sippi, from the ingress of Red River to the
egress of Atcliaialaya, the latter may there-
fore be considered as leaving the Missis-
sippi exactly on lat. 31 N. It is only at
high floods, however, when any quantity
of water leaves tlie Mississippi by Atchafa-
laya ; when the former is at a moderately
low stage, the current into the latter ceases.
The Atchafalaya, below its etHux, conti-
nues S VV about two miles, where it as-
Eura;s a south course,- v.-|iiclj corAinae.s, •
A T C
A T C
with a small deviation to the east, 50 miles,
in a direct line. The river tlien turns S E
10 miles, and again E 25 miles, to its junc-
tion witli Plaquemine from the Mississippi.
Below tiie Plaquemine tlie Alcliafalaya re-
assumes a south course of 60 miles, tails
into the gulf of Mexico, having an entire
length of 147 miles. A few spots of land
sufficiently high for cuhivation are found
on the left bank of Atchafalaya, near its
efflux from the Mississippi ; those, how-
ever, soon cease, and both banks are ge-
nerally liable to inundation. A very heavy
forest covers both shores of this river, un-
til within a few miles of its mouth. Twen-
ty-six miles below its efflux commences the
great raft. This singular plienomeiion,
about which so much mistake and specu-
lation has been made, was measured by
the writer of this article; the fallowing is
the fruit of his observations on tlie subject.
From the course of that particular bend of
the Mississippi, out of which the Atc!ia*a-
laya issues, the drift timber of tiie former
is thrown into the latter. In 1778, this
drift timber passed into the Atchafalavii, in
such quantity as to form a compact mass,
too large to pass down with the current,
and therefore choked and became settled.
Other accessions liave annually augmented
the original body, and now form rafts of
more or less extent, for about 25 miles along
the river. It is a very erroneous, though
a common opinion, that the raft is suffici-
ently compact to admit the passag-e of
horses, and tliat trees are formed upon it :
both these statements are entirely unfound-
ed It is witli considerable difficulty and
danger, that a man can cross the i;iver on
the timber ; the body of wiiich rises and
falls with the water of t!ie river, and at all
seasons maintains an equal elevation above
the surface. The ruft is in fact subject to
continual ciiange of position, to which su-
peradding its recent formation, renders
either the solidity of its structure, or the
growth of large timber impossible. Some
small willows, and otiier aquatic bushes,
are frequently seen amoi-.gst ' he drift wood,
but are too frequently destroyed by the
shifiing of tlie mass to acquire any consi-
derable size. Tlie distance between the
extremities of the raft is, as stated, about
25 miles ; but of this space not more th;in
10 miles is impeded by raft. The width of
the river is about 220 yards. If we albw
tiie timber to be eight feet deep, 10 miles
by 220 yards, will yield 2.240, 500 s«rid
cords.
The first stream of consequence wh'cli
enters Atchafalaya, is tiie Courtableaii,
wliich comes in from the N W, litilf a mile
above the lower raft. (.See Coiirtublcmi.)
Around the mouth of Courtableau is one
wide overRow. Towards Opeloiisas and
Attacapas tliis drowned tract reaches eiglit
H
or nine miles in a direct line from the At-
chafalaya. The intermediate space at high
water is a lake. The currents of the
smaller bayons are lost in the maze, and
only remain distinguishable by the open-
ings of their channels. The many lakes
thut mingle with the outltts of the river,
and with each other, render this region in
an extraordinaiy manner intricate. Below
Courtableau many outlets leave the Atcha-
falaya, which flow in o lake Chetimaches,
and whose waters again enter the main
stream by the outlet of th.at lake. From
Courtableau to the Cow Island is S E 25
miles in a direct line. Here the river turns
east. So numerous are the outlets between
Courtableau and Cow Island, that the cur-
rent of tht Atchafalaya passes by them into
lake Chetimaches, and therefore from Cow
Island to t!ie Plnqnemine, the volume of
the Ibrmer river is nearly stagnant. The
river here winds diagonally over an in-
clined plane, and when the swell of the
waters rise above the banks, the water
naturally flows dov.n the direct slope, and
consequently, when the river acsumes an
eastern course, the current at high water is
at right angles to the river. Within a short
distance below the Cow Island, there is a
very narrow selvedge of high land com-
mences on the right shore, which conti-
nues to the entrance of Plaquemine, but
cut by 20 or 30 outlets, great and small.
In this eastern course of Atchafalaya, the
light coloured water of Mississippi disap-
pears, and the stream assumes the dark
green tinge of the waters of the swamps.
This change is effected by a bayon, whose
banks are in general above overflow, and
which comes in from towards Tausse Ri-
viere, and flowing S VV carries the Missis-
sippi waters towards Cow Island,
^V'here the AtcliafJ.iya and Plaquemine
form their junction, the united stream as-
sumes a south course, whicli it maintains to
the gulf of Mexico, t!ie dis'ance by a me-
ridian line 54 miles, or about 70 miles pur-
suing the river. A summary of all the dis-
tances gives the whole length of the At-
chafa nya, by comparative course, 13o miles,
and along the stream 193 miles.
A particular description i^f tins river be-
low Piaquemlne would be mere repetition.
It is stifliciently explicit to observe that 10
miles below Plaquemine anoUier small raft
imjiedcs the r.avigation, boats beingobliged
^to be taken by an outlet tlirough lake Nat-
chc.'!;, and thence again into the main stream
below. The Atchafalaya passes through
1 ike Chetimaches, and three miles farther
down contracts again into a river of about
240 yards wide, rtreives the Teche, five or
six miles below which timber ceases, and
t'le level g:as=y sea marsh reaches the
banks, and continues with tlie Atchafalaya
to its mouth. The onlv spots of valuable
. 57'
A T II
ATM
arable land on the entire banks of Atcha-
filaya in all its course, is near the mouth of
Teche, and the opposite bank, a few miles
below, at Rice's Island. See Teche, and
.Rice's Island.
The tide flows up the Atcbafalaya, when
the Mississippi is low, as high as the great
raft, and al other seasons in proportion to
the height of the streams in the interior.
Atchafalaya Bay, at the mouth of Atcba-
falaya river, on the coast of Louisiana,
about 30 miles long from S E to N W, and
20 miles wide. A long bar from Point Cbe-
vreuil to Point au Fer, on which atcomm on
tides there is about 9 feet water, prevents
vessels above that draft from entering,
though the depth within and up the At-
cbafalaya, to the mouth of Teche, would
admit vessels of any assignable tonnage.
Atena, town of Naples, in Principato Ci-
teriore, 22 miles N of Policastro. Lon. 15
58 E, lat. 40 36 N.
Athy town in Austrian Hainault, seated
on the Dender, 12 miles N W of Mons.
Lon. 3 44 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Athelney, island of Somersetshire, at the
confluence of the Thone and Parret, me-
morable for having afforded shelter to king
Alfred.
Athena, now called Setines, once a cele-
brated city, the capital of ancient Attica,
but now of Livadia, in European Turkey.
After many revolutions, the Turks finally
wrested it from the Venetians ; and it has
now not more than 10,000 inhabitants, of
whom three fourths are Christians of the
Greek clmrch ; the remainder Turks. It
is the see of an archbishop ; and is defended
by a citadel on the summit of a lofty rock.
The town stands beneath the citadel ; not
encompassing the rock as formerlj-, but
spreading into tlie plain to the W and N
W. Some masses of brick work, standing
separate witiiout the town, belonged per-
haps to the ancient wall, of whicli oiher
traces also appear. Tiie houses are 'mostly
mean and straggling. In the lanes, the high
walls on eacii side, wliich are commonly
white-washed, reflect strongly the light of
the sun. The streets were very irregular ;
and anciently were neither uniform nor
handsome. There are many magnificent
ruins, wliich testify Its former grandeur.
It is situated on the gulf of Engia, 100
miles N E of Lacedemon, and 320 S by VV
of Constantinople. Lon. 23 57 E, lat. 38
5 N.
Athens, town of Somerset countj', Mainej':
22 miles N N E from Norrldgewock. Po-
pulation in 1810, 374, and in' 1820, 590.
Athens, town of Windham countv, Ver-
mont. Population, 1820, 480.
Athens, post town and seat of justice in
Greene county. New York, situated on the
right bank of the Hudson river, opposite
lludbon. It is a fine flouriabing village,
58
containing about 300 houses, and, including
the township, 2030 inhabitants in 1820.
Athens, post town of Bradford county,
Pennsylvania,situated on the Susquehanna,
cont:.ining in 1820, including the township,
1108 inhabitants.
Athens, post town in Clarke county,
Georgia, 70 miles N from Milledgville.
Franlin college, located in this town, went
into operation in 1803. Its endowments
are, a president, four professors, and two
tutors. The students amounted recently
to about fifty. Its support is founded upon
funds arising from 1()0,000 dollars, bank
stock, and 50,000 acres of land ; 12,000
dollars have been appropriated to the pur-
chase of a library and philosophical appa-
ratus.
Athens, county of Ohio, having Meigs
and Gallia S ; Jackson S W ; Hocking W ;
Perry and Morgan N; Washington and
Ohio river E. It is about 40 miles in length
from east to west; mean width 23; area
900 square miles. The country is hilly,
but well wooded and watered. The soil
extremely fertile Chief town, Athens.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 1,463
do. do. females - - 1,324
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed . . - 4
Total population In 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820,
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
2,791
3,266
3,046
6,312
15
11
0
0
6,338
85
1,368
120
5
Population to the square mile 7.
Athens, p(jst town and seat of justice for
Athens county, Ohio, situated upon the
Hockhocki ng river, 7c> miles S E from Co-
lumbus, and 41 west from Marietta. Lat.
39 23 N, lon. W C 5 5. W.
Atherston, town in Warwickshire, with a
market on Tuesday ; seated on the Anker,
indifferently Large and well built ; 10 miles
N of Coventry, and 104 N W of London.
Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 52 40 N.
Athlone. town of Ireland, in the county
of West Meath, seated on the Shannon, 60
miles W of Dublin. Lon. 7 41 W, lat. 53
22 N.
A T U
A I K
^'fthol, district of Perthshire; a beautiful,
romantic, and mountainous country, con-
taining some fine lakes.
Atliol, township in Worcester county,
Ma->sachusetts. Population in 1810, 1041,
and in 1820, 1211,
Athal, post town of Worcester county,
Massachusetts, 70 miles N W from Boston.
Athol, township in W .irren county, New
York. Population in 1820, 570.
Athos, vr Monte-Santo, mountain of Ma-
cedonia, in a peninsula, to the S of the
gulf of Contessa, aboui 30 miles in circum-
ference, and two in perpendicular height
It is inhabited by a great number of Greek
monks, who have many fortified monaste-
ries upon it. Here they cultivate olives
and vines ; and are carpentern, masons, &c.
leading an austere life, and living to a great
age. It is 70 miles E of Sulonichi. Lon.
26 20 E, lat 40 30 N.
Mhy, town ot Ireland, in the county of
Kildare, and province of Leinster, seated
on the river Barrow, 12 miles S of Kildare.
Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 52 58 N.
Atkinson, a pomt of the north-west coast
of North America. Lat, 49 21 N, lon. W
C 45 55 W.
Atkinson, township in Penobscot county,
Maine, Popvdation in 1820, 245.
Atkinson, township in Uockmgham coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
556, and in 1820, 563.
Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocfan, takes its name
from mount .\tlas in Africa, and lies be-
tween the W continents of Africa and Eu-
rope, and the E continent of America. Its
least breadth, from Guinea in Africa, to
Brasil in South America, is 2300 miles. On
one side of the equator it is called the
North Atlantic Ocean ; and on the other
the South Atlantic Ocean.
Atlas, chain of high mountains in Afri-
ca, separating Barbary from Biledulgerid.
They are Inhabited almost in every place,
except where thi extreme cold will not
permit. The highest summit of this chain
is estimated at about 12,000 feet above the
surface of the Atlantic Ocean.
Atlixco, town of Mexico, in the inten-
dancy Puebla ; situated 20 miles S W from
the city of Puebla. Lat. 18 50 N, lon. W
C 11 40 W.
Atokas, or Tabicoak liiver runs into lake
Ontai'io, west of York and the river Hum-
ber. The mouth of this river is the boun-
dary between the Missas.saga lands and the
East Riding of the county of York. It is
now generally called the Etobreake.
Atooi, one of the Sandwich islands, dis-
covered by captain Cook, in 1778. To-
wards the N E and N W the face of the
country is ragged and broken ; but to the
S it is more even. The hills rise from the
seaside with a gentle acclivity, and at a
little distance back are covered with wood.
Aiovague, small river of Texas ; it is a
branch of the Sabine.
Atn, episcopal town of Naples, in Abruz-
zo Ukeiiore. It is seated on a craggy
mountain, four miles from the gulf of Ve-
nice, and 10 S E of Teramo, Lon. 13 4^
E, lat. 41 35 N.
Alston, village in Burlington county, New
Jersey, where there is a valuable iron
foundcry, and a post-ofiice ; 26 miles W
ofTuckerton, 29 £ by S of Philadelphia.
Aitascocito, branch of the Sabine river,
rises in Texas, about 20 miles E from Na-
cogdoches.
Attica, township in Genessee county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1519.
Attica, bay on the S side of the Ottawa
river, at the mouth of the river of the same
name.
Attica, river of Upper Canada, a branch
of the Ottawa river.
Attleborovgh, township in Bristol county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 2716,
and in 1820, 3055.
Attlehnry, town in Norfolk, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday, 14 miles N E of Thetford,
and 93 of London. Lon, 1 5 E, lat. 52
35 N.
Attack, city and fortress of Hindoostan
Proper, on the E bank of the Indus; sup-
posed to stand on the site of the Taxila of
Alexandei-, where he crossed that river.
It is 180 miles N W of Lahore. Lon. 70
36 E, lat. 32 27 N.
Attack, river v/hich rises in the Tartarian
mountains, N of Hindoostan, passes by Ca-
bul,and iiows into the Indus above Attock,
Atwaier, township in Portage county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 320.
Auburn, town in Wdtshire, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday. It is but an indifierent
town, seated on a branch of the Kennet,
eight miles N E of Marlborough, and 81
W of London. Lon, I 32 W, lat, 51 31 N.
Auburn, post town and scat of justice in
Cayvigo county, New York. It is situated
upon the great western turnpike road, at
the outlet of the Owasco lake, 170 miles
W from Albany, it has, beside the ordi-
nary county buildings, a state prison capa-
ble of containing 1000 prisoners. The po-
pulation exceeds 2,000.
Anburn, township in Susquehanna coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 208.
Auburn, township of Richland count\ ,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 9169.
Auburn, township in Geaga county,
Ohio.
A2ibe, department of France, the late
province of Champagne.
Aubenas, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardeche and late province of
Dauphiny. It has a manufacture of cloths
of Spanish wool, and of red cotton, in imi-
tation of Indian handkerchiefs. Beside
corn and wine, its district produces truffles,
59
AUG
A U G
oranges, figs, olives, c!ies;iuti, imd walnutK.
The silk-worm an;! mulberry-tree succeed
well liere. Aubenas is seated on Uie Ar-
deche, at the foot of tlie Cevennes, ne:ir
the mineral waters of Valtz, and 15 miles
N W of Vivicrs. Lon. 4 30 K, lat. 44 40 N.
Aubigmj, town of France iu the depart-
ment of Cher and late province of Berry.
It has a castle, and is seated in a fine plain,
on the river Xerre. It whs a diiki'doni and
belonged to tiie dukes if Kicliinond ; and
was confirmed to the present duke. At
the revolution in France- it shared tiie fate
of all other titles of nobility.
Aubun, town of the island of Jersey,
with a good harbour and a fort.
Aiibin da Cormier, tovvn of France, in
the dc'parlment of lie and Vilan:- .nd late
province of Bretasjne ; famous for a baltle
between viscount Tremou lie and the duke
of Orlean^., afterwaids Lewis XII, in 1483,
when the latter was made priscjrif-r. It is
ten miles E of lieniies. JLon. 1 23 W,
lat. 48 15 N
Atibonne, \\^L'^(].s'^>me town of Swisserland,
in the canton of Bern, on a river of the
same name, 10 mdes W of Lusanne. Lon.
6 30 E, lat. 46 30 N.
Aiibnsson, town o^ France, in the de-
partment of Crtuse and late territory of
Marche. It had a manufactory of tapestry,
which made it populous. It is seated on
the river Creuse, 3?" miles N E of Limoges.
Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 45 58 N.
Aucarigrel, tovv'n of Africa, capital of tlie
kingdom of Adel, seated on a mountain.
Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 0 10 N.
Azich, episcop 1 city of France, in the
department of Gers, lately an archi-epi.=;co-
pai see, and the capital of Gascony. It lies
on the summit and declivity of a steep hill,
at the foot of which runs'the Gers The
cathedral is one of the finest in France ;
the buildings are modern and elegant, and
the streets, though ge-.erally n .rrow, are
clean and well paved. The inhabitants are
computed to be 8000 ; and they have ma-
nufactures of velvet , serges, crapes, hats,
and leather. Auch is 37 miles W of Tou-
louse. Lon. 0 40 F, lat. 43 39 N.
Auckland, Bishop's, town in the bishop-
ric of Durham, with a market on Thursday-
It is pleasantly seated on the side of a hill,
and noted for its beautiful castle and for its
chapel, whose architecture is very curious.
It is eight miles S by W of Durham, and
251 N N W of London. Lon. 1 31 W, lat.
54 43 N.
Aude, department of France, part of the
late province of Languedoc. Population,
241.000.
Auglaize, township in Wood county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 216,
^ Auglaize, southern branch of Maumee
river, Ohio, rising in Allen county, and
60
flowing nearly N 80 miles, falls into Mau-
mee, near fort Defiance.
Augsburg, city of Siiabia, lately impe-
rial, and a bishop's see, but now the capi-
tal of a principality subject to Bavaria. It
is a large fortified plac--, lias a variety of
uianufaciures, and is one of the principal
trading towns ui Germany. The cathedral,
towndiouse, and other public buildings, are
magnificent. In the bishop's palace, the
Lutlicrans presented tiieir confess'on of
faith to enipe or Ch;lrk's^^ in 1550, hence
called the Conf«fSsion of Augsburg. It was
taken by the French in 17u3, and ogam in
1796. It is seated between the Werdach
and Lech, 30 miles N W of Munich. Lon.
10 55 E, lat, 48 17 N.
Augusta, town.sliip of Grenviile county,
Uppt r Canada.
Augusla, township in Kennebec county,
Maine. I'opulation in 18l0, 1805, and in
1820, 2457.
Augusta, township in Oneida county,
New York. Population in 1820, 2771.
Augusta, township in Northumberland
county, Pennsvlvaiiia. Population in 1810,
1373, and in 1820, 2075.
Augusta, seat of justice of Bracken
county, Kentucky, is a small town delight-
fully Situated on a h.indsome bank of tlie
Ohio river. It is 18 miles below Limestone,
and 65 miles from Lexington. Population
in 1820, 260.
Augusta, county of Virginia, lying bC'
tween the south-west n ountain and Blue
Ividge, iKtving Rockbridge S W ; Bath and
Pendleton NW; Rockingham NE; and
Albemarle and Nelson, S E ; It is in form
of a square of 30 miles each side ; 900
square miles. The face of the county
wavmg, or rather hilly; soil variegated,
but generally productive. Staples, tobacco,
flour, and jjork. Chief town, Staunton.
Population in 1810. ^
Free white males ... 5,847
do. do. females . - 5,415
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 196
Slaves - -- - . - 2,880
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
14,338
Free white males ...
6,646
do. do. females
6,3ir
Total whites ....
12,963
Free persons of colour, males
144
do. do. females -
123
Slaves, males ....
1,817
do. feaiales
1,695
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
16,742
122
A V U
A U S
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,391
do. in Manufactures - 1,022
do. in Commerce - - 52
Population to the square mile, 19 nearly.
Augiif:ta, township in Columbiana county,
Ohio. Population in 1820,533.
Jlugusta, capital and ]50st town of Geor-
gia, situate on the S W ba;ik of the river
Savannah, 120 miles N W of the town of
Savannah. It is sealed on a fine plain,
and enjoys the best soil, with the advan-
tage of a central situation between the
ui)per and lower countries, and is vising
into importance. Population in 1820, about
4000. Lat. 33 20 N, Ion. W C 5" \V.
Augustine, St. town of North America, on
the E coast of Florida. It vv.is ceded by
the Sp:iniards to the English in 1763, but
restored to them again by the peace of
1783. The town is situated at the foot of
a pleasant hill, weli covered wish trees ; but
the coast is too shallow to be apprached
by vessels that draw more than 12 feet
Winter ; so that this place is ill-situated for
trade, though it is the chief towr. of F,ast
Florida, Lat. 29 50 N. Ion. W 0 4 30 W.
Angustine, cape of S. America, in Brazil,
300 miles NE .vf the bay of All-Saints. Lat.
'8 30 S. lon.WC 42 E.
Augnsto-w, small but strong town of Po-
land, in Polachia, seated on the Xarieu, 44
miies N of Bielisk. Lon. 23 40 E. lat. 53
25 N.
Aiigustus, Fort, small fortress of Inver-
ness-shire, at the he;.d of Loch Ness, be-
tween the rivers Taarf and Oich.
Avigliano, small town of Italy, in Pied-
mont, seven miles W of Turin. Lon. 7
38 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Avignon, city of Fr.ince, capital of a ter-
ritory of the same name, which depended
lat.-ly on the pope, with an archbishop's
see, and a university. It was formerly
the residence of the popes, who afterward
returned to Rome. The cl-.urches are
handsome ; that of Notre Dame is ancient
but not large, and is one of the best adorn-
ed in the city. It is advantageously seated
on the Rhone, 20 miles E of Nismes. Lon.
4 53 E. lat. 43 57 N.
Aulcester, town in Warwickshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It was a Roman sta-
tion, as appears from the coins, bricks, &.c.
often dug up in and near it, and from the
lloiTian Ickneild street passing through it.
It is seven miles VV of Stratford upon Avon,
and 102 NW of London. Lon. 1 52 W.
lat. 52 16 N.
Ardps, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Var and late province of Provence.
Lon. 6 30 E. lat. 43 40 N.
Aunts, lately small territory of France in
Poitou, anil now forming part of the de-
partment of Lower Charente.
Auray, small seaport of France, on the
gulf of Morbihan, in the department of that
name and late province of Bretagnc, eight
miles \v ot Vannes. Lon. 2 33 \\ . lat. 37
40 N.
Awelius, post town, Cayuga county, N.
York ; the township is situated at the head
oiOwasco lake, between the townships of
Junius and Marcellas. Population 1820,
7923.
Aureli^is, township in Washington coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 239.
Aurich. town of Wesiphuliii, in E. Fries-
land, with a castle, where the count re-
sides. It is seated ni a plain surrounded
by torests full of game, 12 miles NE of
Enibden. Lon. 7 12 E lat. 53 28 N.
Aurillac, populous trading town of
France, on the river Jordanne, in the de-
partment of Cantid and late province of
Auvergne. Quantities of lace and velvet
are manufactured here. It is 30 miles SW
of St. Flour, and 250 S of Pans. Lon. 2
22 E lat. 44 55 N.
Aurora Island,ime of the New Hebrides,
in the S. Pacific Ocean. It is about twelve
leagues long, but not above five broad.
Lon. 168 24 E. Sat. 15 8 S.
Aurora, lownsliip in Niagara county, N.
York. P.,pula!i n in 1820. 1285.
Aurora, townsliip in Portage county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 189, and in
1820, 549.
Aurungabad, considerable city of Asia, in
the Deccan of Hiiuloostan. It is but a
modern city ; owing its rise from a small
town, to the capital of Dowlatabad, to the
great Aurungzebe, from whom it had it.s
name. It is 260 miles NE of Bombay.
Lon. 76 2 E. It. 19 45 N.
Austeriiiz, or Slawkoiv, town of Moravia.
Near this place, a great and decisive victo-
ry was obtuin;-d by the French, command-
ed by Buonaparte, over the Austrians and
Russians, on the 2d of Dec. 1805, which
led to the treaty of Presburg, It is 12
miles E of Bran, and 30 SSW of Olniutz.
Austerlitz, Xo\\ns\\\};i\n Columbia county.
New York. Populatien in 1820, 2355.
Austinburgh, township in Ashtabula
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 445.
Austiutorjn, township in Trumbull coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 440, and in
1820, 1720.
Anstinville, village with a post office, in
Wythe county, Virginia, situated on the E
side of Kanhawa river 24 miles E of Wythe
court house, and 366 from the city of
W;ishinglon.
Australasia, name applied by some geo-
graphers to those islands that he S of the
continent of Avia, as New Holland, New
Guinea, New Britain, New In land. New
Caledonii, New Zealand, and those of So-
lomon, Arroo, New Hebrides, &c.
Austria, circk- ot Germany, bounded on
the E by Hun,^ary, S by Italy and Croatia,
W bv Switzerland, and N by Suabia, Ba-
«1
A U 1'
A V A
varia, Bohemia, and Moravia. It contains
the archduchy of Austria, the duchies of
Stiria, Carinthia and Curniola, the county
of Tyrol, and the principahties of Brixen
and Trent.
.Austria, archduchy of Germany, and em-
pire. The Archducliy in the circle of the
same name, contains 637,000 square acres.
The river Ens divides it into Upp?r and
Lower : Vienna is the capital of tlie Lower
and Lintz of the Upper. The inhabitants
are polite, intelligent, and giy ; fond of
honour, which they strive to gain by the
arts and sciences, or by arms ; and there
is no country in Germany where foreigners
are more courteous]) enTer'amed. • Aus-
tria excels all the provinces of Germany
in the fenility of its soil; corn, wine. ::!)d
fruit, are plentiful ; and the s fFron is bel-
ter t 'an that of the East Indies. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Danube, Ens, Inn,
Drave, and Save. In 1804, Francis IT. em-
peror of Germany, renounced that title in
a foi-mal manner, erected his own domin-
ions inio an hereditary empire, and was
crowned emperor of Austria. To the em-
pire appertains, Austria Proper, Stiria, Ca-
rinthia, Carniola, Bohemia, M'>r.ivia, Hun-
gary, Transylvania, part of Polaid under
the name of Galicia, Sclavonia, Croatia,
Morlachia, Bosnia, part of Servia, and part
of Walachia. The metropolis ofthe empire
is Vienna. See Geniinny.
^^utauga, county of Alabama, having the
Alab.ma river, or Montgomery SE and S ;
Dallas SW ; Cahaba w' ; Shelby N ; and
Coosa riz r Npj. It is about 43 by 18 mile-^ ;
area 774 ; surface hilly, and soil varied in
quality from first rate along 'he stre ms
to exremely sterile ridges. Staples cot-
ton.
Population in 1820.
Free wliite males . - - 1183
Free white females - - 1020
Total whites . - . . 2203
Free persons of colour, males - 2
df). do. females - 1
Slaves, males .... 856
do. females . . - "791
Total population in 1820 - 3853
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 1461
do. in Manufactures - 9
do. in Commerce - - 8
Population to the square mile, 5.
Autun, ancient town of France, the epis-
copal see of the department of Saone and
Loire, in the late province of Burgundy ;
it contains a great many mines, and produ-
ces a great quantity of sulphur. It is 45
miles E by S of Nevers, and 162 SB of
Paris. Lon, 4 23 E. lat. 46 57 N.
62
Auvergne, late province of France, 100
miles in length, and 75 in breadth ; bound-
ed on the N by the Bourbonnois, on the E
by P'orez and Vclao, on the VV by Limosin,
Querci, anfl La Marche, and on the S by
Rouergue and the Cevennes. It now forms
the two departments ot Cantal and Puy-de-
Dome.
.-Jwe Loch, one of the most beautiful
lakes of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 30 miles
long, and in some parts, above two broad.
It contains many fine little islands, tutted
with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of
this lake, is discharged into Loch Etive, at
the village of Burawe.
Auxerre, ancient town of France, in the
department of \onne, lately an episcopal
see of Burgundy, advantageously, situated
on the Yonne. The inhabitants are com-
puted at 16,000 ; and it contains many
fountains and squares. It is 25 miles S of
Sens. Lon. 3 39 E. lat. 47 48 N.
Aiixonne, town of France in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or and late province of
Burgundy, with a castle, an arsenal, hand-
some barracks, and a f bundery for cannon.
It is seated on tiie Saone, over which there
is a bridge of 23 arches, and is 17 miles E
of D'jon. Lon. 5 22 E. lat. 47 11 N.
Ava, large river which rises in Thibet,
and crossing the kingdoms of Burmah, and
Pegu, falls into the bay of Bengal by se-
veral m uths.
Ava, large city in Asia, capital of the
kingdom of Burmili, and seated on the
river \va. The houses are built with tim-
ber or Bamboo canes, with thatched roofs,
a".d floors mnde of teak plank or split bam-
boo. The streets are very straight with
rows of trees planted on each side. The
royal palace is a mean structure, although
very large and built with stone. The in-
habitants are v\eil-shaped, have good fea-
tures, and an olive complexion ; but the
women, who are small, are whiter than" the
-! en. Ava is 1150 miles NE of Calcutta.
Lon. 96 40 E. lat. 21 0 N.
Ava, long tract of coast in Asia, on the E
side of the gulf of Bengal, extending from
the S extremity of .\racan to Cape Ne-
grais, and divided from Pegu, on the E by
the river Ava.
Avaloa, ancient town of France, in the
department of Yonne and late province of
Burgundy. It is 20 miles SE of Auxerre.
Lon. 3 52 E. lat. 47 30 N.
Aveiro, town of Portugal, on the lake of
Vouga, with a good harbour, 30 miles S of
Oporto. Lon. 8 30 W. lat. 40 40 N.
Aveiro7i, department of France, including
the late province of Rouergue.
Avelliiio, episcopal town of Naples, in
Priiicipato Cit<:riore. L was almost ruin-
ed by an earthquake in 1694, and is 25
miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 0 E. lat. 40 50
N.
A V O
A X B
Avenche, town of Svvisserland, in the
canton of Bern, formerly capital of Swis-
serland, but now shows its former great-
ness only by its ruins. It is 15 miles W of
Bern. Lon. 6 52 E. lat.46 50 N.
Averach, fortified town of Germany, in
the S part of Suabia, and duchy of Wiriem-
burg, seated at the foot of a mountain on
the nvulet Ermst, 15 miles E of Tubingen.
Lon. 9 22 E. lat. 48 26 N.
Avernot a lake of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, two miles long, and one broad.
Virgil and others have said that the water
was so bad, that birds drop dead when
flying over it, and hence they call it the
laJce of he.l ; but it is now found lo have no
poisonous quality ; for birds not only fly
over it, but swiin upon it. A little to the
W of the lake is a cave, where some pre-
tend they went formerly to consult the
Cumican Sybil. There are also some old
walls, which some suppose to be the ruins
of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto.
Jlversa, town of Naples, with a bishop's
see. It is seated in a very fine plain, eight
miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 20 E. lat. 40
59 N.
Jlverys'boro', nost town of Cumberland
county, North Carolina ; standing on the
E side of the NW branch of Cape Fear
river, 35 miles N of Fayetteville, and 36
S of Raleigh.
Aves, or the Islands of Birds, so called
from the great number of birds that fre-
quent them. They are 70 miles E by S of
Curacoa, and 1000 N of the coast of Terra
Firma.
^vsnes, sm .llbut strong town of France,
in tiie department of tfie North and late
province of Hainault, seated on the riesper,
25 miles E of Cambray, and 100 NE of
Paris. Lon. 3 58 K. lat. 50 8 N.
Avila, ancient town of Spain, in Old
Castile It has a university, and a con-
siderable bishopric. It stands in the mid-
die of a fine large plain, surrounded with
mountains, and covered with fruit-trees
and vineyards, 40 miles NW of Madrid.
Lon, 4 35 W. lai, 40 40 N.
Aviles, town of Spain, in Asturias d'
Oviedo, on the bay of Biscay, 25 mile.s N.
of Oviedo. Lon. 6 5 W. lat. 43 27 N.
Avis, small town of Portusral, in Alente-
jo, seated on an eminence with a castle
near the river Avis Hence the military
order of the knights of Avis have their
name. It is 65 miles E of Lisbon. Lon.
7 40 W. lat. 38 46 N.
Avon, river that rises in Wilts, and coast-
ing the edge of tlie New forest, falls into
the English channel at Christchurch Bay
in Hampshire.
Avon, river that rises in Leicestersliire,
and running SW by Wi.rwick and Ever-
sham, falls into the Severn, at Tewkesbury,
in Gloucestershire.
Avm, Lower, mer that rises in Wilts,
and running W to Bath, becomes naviga»
ble there, continues its course to Bristol,
and falls into the Severn.
Avon, township in Somerset county,
Maine. Population in 1810, 304 and in
1820, 450.
Avon, township in Ontario county, New
York. Population in 1820, 1933.
Avoyelles, parish of Louisiana, having
Opelousas, or St. Landre SW ; Rapides
NW ; Red River NE ; Mississippi and At-
chafalaya rivers E. Is is 35 by 20 miles ;
area 700 square miles. The general sur-
face of Avoyelles is a dead level, and annu-
ally overflown alluvial plain ; but the prai-
rie or arable part of about 15 miles by frona
two to five, lies 20 or 25 feet above over-
flow, with a very productive soil. Staple
cotton. No town of any consequence.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 419
do. do. females - - 364
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 22
Slaves 404
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white mules
do. do. females
Total of whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
1209
782
656
1438
24
1
422
360
2245
13
636
9
4
Population to the square mile 3.
Avranches, ancient town of France, in the
department of the channel and late pro-
vince oi Normandy ; the city is mean but
is finely stated on an eminence, near which
the sea runs about a mile and a half from
tlie ocean and 30 E of St. Malo. Lon. 1
18 W. lat 48 41 N.
Aivatsha-Bay, harbour of Kamtschatka,
the safes' and most extensive that has been
disr-overed, and the only one in that part
of the world, that can admit vessels of a
considerable burden. Lon. 158 48 E. lat.
52 51 N.
A~^den, small imperial town of Suabia, on
the "iver Cnchen, 15 miles W of Of ting.
I' was taken by the French in August 1796.
Lon 10 15 E. lat. 48 36 N.
Axbrid^e, corporate town in Somerset-
shire, with a market on Thursday. It i.s
seated on the river .\x under the iVIendip
hills, where there is a good pasturage. 10
6T
BAB
BAB
miles NWof Wells, and 132 W of London.
Lon. 3 0 W. lut. 51 17 N. •
^ixelySvnM furtifieii town of Dutch Flan-
ders, seated in a morass, lu miles N oi
Ghent. It was taki n by the French in
1794 Lon. 3 4j E, lat 51 13 N.
Axholm, i land i'l tlie NW part of Lm-
colnsiiire, in England. Ii is fornied by tne
Trent, Dun, and Idle, and is ten miles long
and five bro.id. It is a rich tract, m which
mud) flax is cultivated.
Axim, ten lUay on the G Id Coust ol
Guinea, coiuaining two or three villages on
the sea shore. The inhab tunts are gener-
ally rich, and sell a great di ai of gold to
the English and Dutch. They t.rt- like-
wise industrious m fiihing and tilling the
ground. The excessive moisture of the
climate renders it very unhealtii}, but it
produces picnty of rice, water-unions,
lemons, oranges, &:c. Ttie Dutch have a
fort and a factory here, called St. Anthou} .
Axminstei\ town of Dev nshire, on the
river Ax, wiih a mai ket on Saturday. It
was a place of note in the time of the Sax-
ons, but now contams only 200 houses.
Here is a manufacture of broad and nar-
row cloths, and a f;mious one for carpt ts.
It is 18 m.les E by N of Exeter, au'l 147 VV
of London. Lon. 3 8 VV. laU 50 46 N.
Axum, formerly a large city, and once
the capital of Abyssinia, its ruins are
very extensive, but consist altogether of
public buildings. It is 125 miles VV of the
Red Sea, Lon. 35 4 E. lat. 14 6N.
Ayamo7ite, seaport of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, with a strong castle bui!t o:i a rock at
the mouth ot the river Guadiana, opposite
Castro-Murino, 80 miles NW of Cadiz. Lon.
7 15 VV, lat. 37 12 N.
Aylesha?n,\ own in Norfolk, with a mar-
ket on Saturday, 12 miles N of Norwich,
and 121 NE of London Lon. 1 17 E. lai.
52 53 N.
Aymouth, town of Scotland, in Berwick-
shire, six miles N of Berwick, fornnerly for-
tified to curb the garrison of that town.
Lon. 1 46 W. lat. 5t) 11 N.
Ayr, borough of Scotland, capital of an
extensive cou'.i.y of the same name. It is
>ituate nn a sandy plain, On both sides ot
the r;ver Ayr, over which is a bridge of
our arches. Ayr is 65 miles SVV of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 4 39 E. lat. 55 30 N.
Ayrs/iiie. county of Scotland, bounded on
tiie VV and N by the Frith of Clyde and
Renfrew thire, on the E by the counties of
La erk and DuuifricS, and on tlie SE and
S by the slnres of Kircudbright and VV^gh-
ton. It exhibits th'^ shape of two wings,
extentiing to the NW and SW, andf-rm-
ini; a vas' bay at tiie mouth of the frith of
Clyde. Between its extreme points it is
about 53 miles ; its greaiest breadtli is not
quite 27. Its most northerly division is
Cunningham, the NW angle of which
though mountainoiis, is rich in pasture.
Azamar, small se.;port of Africa in the
kingdom of Morocco ; formerly very con-
siilerable, but ruined by the Portuguese in
1513. Lon. 7 0 VV, lat. 32 50 N.
Azem, see Assam.
Azof, see Asoph.
Azores, or Ue stem- Islands, a group of
islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between 25
and 33 V*' lo and between 37 and 20 N lat.
900 miles VV of Portugal, and is many E of
New oi.ndhind. 'I'hey were discovered by
the Flemings in the I5th century, but were
afterwards taken possession of by the Por-
tuguese, to whom they have been subject
ever since. They are nine in number, viz.
St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera, St. George,
Gracioso, Fyal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo.
They were called the Azores, from the
number of hawks found among them. The
two westernmost were named Flores and
Corvo, from the abundance of flowers on
the one, and of crows on the other. They
are subject to a governor-general, who
resides at Angra, in Tercera. No poison-
ous animal it is said, is to be found in the
Azores, and if carried thitlier it will expiire
in a few hours. All of them are fertile,
and enjoy a salubrious air, but are subject;
to violent earthquakes..
B
liaal Beck, or the Valley of Baal, a fer-
tile country of Asia, between Lebanon and
Antilibanus, about 30 miies fronn Damascus,
where there wts formerly a magnificent
temple of the Sun, the ruins of which are
still admired by travellers. Some geo-
graphers make it a part, and the others the
whole of Cxlosyria; but all agree, tliai it
was one of tlie most pleasant spots on the
earth.
-Saifl, town of European Turkey, in Bul-
garia, celebrated for its knives and s,'.ord
blades. It .stands on a gulf of its name, in
the Black sc.i, 90 miles NE of Sllistria,
Lnn..28 38 E.lat. 44 40 N.
Jkihchnandel, strait between the coast of
.\by^9 nia and Arabia, uniting the lied sea
With tlie Indian Ocean. In it is a small
i-iland, and a mountain of the same name.
Lon. 43 50 E. lat. 12 50 N.
Habeiihausen, town of Suabia, in Germa-
ny, five miles N of Tubingen.
Bahingly, or Baburgltley, a village of
Norfolk. It is noted as being the place
when- Felix the Burgundian first landed,
to 'nytructthe East Angles i-i t'le docli'incs
BAD
BAG
of the gospel, and wher- the first church is
said to have been erected. It is iour miles
NE of Lynn.
Babuyanes, cluster of six or seven small
islands in the North Pacific Ocean, 10
leagues N of the isle of Luconia. The
chief produce is was, ebony, baianas, co-
coas, and plan aii-,s.
Babylon, capital of the ancient kingdom
of Babylonia or Chaldca It was supposed
to have stood in Ion. 44 0 E. lat. 32 0 N*.
Baca, or Baza, town of Spain, in Grana-
da, "^5 miles NE of Guadix.
B.ich, or Batha, town of Hungary, form-
erly the see of a bishop, sea.ed near the
J3anube, 30 mdes ENE of Funfkirchen,
and 85 Sof Buda.
Bacbarach, town of France, in the dr--
partment of the Rhine and Moselie, lately
of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine.
It is famous for its wine, and siands at vhe
foot of a mountain, near the Rhnie, 24
miles S by E of Coblentz.
Bacheldors, tov^nship in Oxford count/,',
Maine. Population in 1810, 91.
Bachonuiio7i, river of Upper Canada, fulls
inlo lake Superior about midsvay between
the falls oi St. Mary and Red river.
Bacheserai, town of Russa, in the pro-
vince of Tamida. It was lately the resi-
dence of the Tarterchans of the Crimea. It
is 70 miles S of Precop. Lon. 35 40 E. lat.
45 20 X.
Bacarrach, town of Germany, In the pa-
latinate oftheRliine, formerly imperial.. It
is famous for its wines, and is seated on the
Rhine, 20 miles W of .Meii'.z. Lon. 7 52
E. lat. 49 55 N,
Bnchian, or.e of the Molucca islands, in
the East Indies, whicli produces cloves. It
is very fruitful and belon;^s to the Dutch.
Lon, 125 5 E. lat, 0 25 S.
Badajoz. town of Spain, capital of Estre-
mitdura, and a bisliop's see. It is famous
for a bridge built by the Romans over the
Guadiana. On this bridge, the Porniguese
were defeated by don John of Asturias, in
1661. Badajoz was taken by the French
in 1809, and retaken by the allied army,
under Lord Wtllington, in 1811. Il is a
frontier town toward Portugal, and well
fortified. It is 14 miles E of Elvas, and
175 S by W of xMadrid. Lon. 6 40 W. lar.
38 45 ic.
BaiLikshav, city of Usbec Tartary, capi-
tal of the province ofKilan. Gold, silver,
and nibie.-s are found in its vicinity ; anil
caravans pass by this city to Cabul and
China. It is seated on the Harrat, or Amu,
in a branch of the Belur ranintHins, 320
miles V, of Balk. Lon. 70 35 E. 36 o5 N.
i'afA;-,'!, town of Suabia, capital of a mar-
gravate of the same name, with a cattle, on
the toj) of a mountain, where tiie prince
often resides. It is remarkable for its
baths, wlience it takes it<5 name, and is
sealed near the Rhine, four miles S of Bas-
tadt. Lon. 8 14 E. lit. 43 50 N.
Baden, margravate of Suab.a, bounded
on tiie N by the Palatinate of tlie Rhine
and bishopric of Spire, on the E by the
duchy of Wn-tembu g and principality of
Fustenburg, on the S by the Brisgaw, and
on the VV by the Rhine. It is divided into
the Upper and Lower.
Baden, ancient and liand^ome town in a
county of the same name in Swisseriand.
It is remarkable for its baths mentioned by
the inhabitants under the names of Aqujc
and Thermae Helvetica; and for the treaty-
concluded here in 1714, between Germany
and Spain. It is sealed on liie Limniat, 10
mile. N\V of Zuric. Lon. 8 20 E. lat. 47
25 N.
Baden, neat little walled town of Aus-
tria, famous for its hot baths ; seated on the
rivt;r Sucehat, 15 miles SW of Vienna,
Lon. 16 25 E. lat. 48 1 N.
Bademvdllev, t iwn of Suabia, belonging
to liie lower margravate of Baden, seat-
ed ne;ir t'ne Rhine, 10 mdes SE i.f Friburg.
Lon. 7 52 E. lat. 48 1 N.
Badffetvorth, village in Gloticestershire,
remirkable for a spring of mineral water,
called Cold Pi.ol, nearly the same as those
of Cheltenham. It is seven miles NE of
Gloucester.
Baeza, town of Spain, in Andal'isia. It
is the see of a bishop and has > university,
seated on the Guadalquiver, 15 miles NE
of Jaen. Lon. 3 18 W. lat. S7 45 N.
Biiffln's Bay, large biv, to the N f-f Hud-
son Bay, Slid to be discovered in 1C62, by
Baffin, an Englishman, who attempted to
find a XW passage that way to the South
sea. Mr. Pinkerton hid the temerity to
doubt the existence of this bay, but recent
researclies particularly bycapt. Parry, has
establislied the accuracy of Baffin, and add-
ed mucli to t!ie extent of tliis inland sea.
Bn^ij, considerable town in the island of
Cyprus, Viilh a fort near the ancient Pap-
hos, of wliich considerable ruins remain,
part'cularly some broken coluiP.ns, which
proba'-ily belonged to the temple of Venus.
Lon. 32 30 E. lat. 34 50 N.
Bagdad, falsely supposed to be ancient
Babylon, a populous city, capital of Irac
Arabia, seated on the Tigris, and inhabit-
ed by Chrisiians, Turks, 8cc. This city
was tlie capital of the Saracen empire, till
taken by the Mongols in 1253, since which,
it has been taken and retaken several
times by the Mongols, Tartars, Turks and
Persians ; and last of all by the Turks in
1638. It is 250 miles N by VV of Bassora.
Lon. 43 52 E. lat. 33 20 N.
Baglana, or Bocklana, country of Hin-
do'iStan, in the Deccan, wiiich extends
from the Surat river to Poonah, and is en-
closed by a ridge of mountains, called the
Gauts, It is bounded oi the N bv Can'
(=,5
B A fi
B A L,
de'ish, on the SW by Vislapoar, and on the
SE by Dowlatabad.
Ba^nnra, seaport of Naples, eight miles
S of Valma. In this town 3017 persons
perished by the dreadfiil earthquake in
1783. Lon. 16 8 E. lat. 38 15 N.
Bagnarea, town of Italy, witli a bishop's
see, in the patrimony of St. Peter, five
miles S of Orvleto. Lon. 12 28 E. lat. 42
36 N.
Bagnares, town of France in the depart-
ment of the Upper Pyrenees and late pro-
vince of Bigorre. It lies at the foot of the
Pyrenees, on the river Adour. It is much
frequented, on account of its hot mineral
waters, and is 10 miles SE of Tarbes. Lon.
0 12 E. lat. 43 3 N.
Bagnoh, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Herault, and late province of Lan-
guedoc, near tlie river Cese, eight miles
SW of Pont St. Esprit. It has a hand-
some square and two fountains which rise
in the middle of the town. Lon. 4 43 E.
lat. 44 ION.
Baliama, or Lucaija Islands, situated to
the S of Carolina, between 22 and 27 N.
lat. and 73 and 81 W lon. They extend
along the coast of Florida to Cuba, «nd are
said to be 500 in number, some of them
only mere rocks, but 12 of them are large,
fertile, and in nothing different from the
soil of Carolina. These islands were the
fu'st fruits of Columlnis' discover es, but
they are all uninhabited, except Provi-
dence, and are subject to tlie En^iish, to
whom they were not known till 1667, when
captain Seyle being driven among them in
his passage to Carolina, gave tiis name to
one of them, and, being a second time
driven upon it, called it Providence. The
cotton seed has been recently introduced
into these islands from Georgia, and is well
adapted to the soil and climate.
Bahama Channel, between Florida, and
the Bahamia islands. Tlie currents here
set, but with varying force, continually
north.
Bahar, country of Hindoostan Proper,
bounded on the W by Allahabad and Oude,
on the N by Napaul, on the E by Bengal,
and on the S by Orissa. It is subject to
the English E. India Company; and most
of the saltpetre they export is manufactur-
ed in this province, of which Patna is the
capital.
Baheren Island, lies in the gulf of Per-
sia, and was once famous for its pearl fish-
ery. Lop. 49 5 E. lat. 26 ION.
Bahia Honda, port of the north side of
the Cuba. Lat. 22 58 N. lon. 6 06 E.
W C.
Bahuia <le Todos Santos, province of
Brazil on the Atlantic Ocean. St. Salvador
is the capital.
Bahia, see tS'l. Salvador.
Bahus, strong town of Sweden, capital of
6Q
a government of the same name, on a rock,
in an island, 10 miles N of Gottenburg.
Lon. 11 42 E. lat. 57 52 N.
Baia, an inconsiderable town of Naples,
in Terra di Lavora ; it was famous, in the
time of the Romans, for its hot baths and
elegant palaces. Its splendour may be in-
ferred from its innumerable ruins, heaps of
marble, mosaics, stucco, and other pre-
cious fragments of taste. It is seated on
the bay of Naples, 12 miles W of Naples.
Lon. 14 5 E. lat. 40 51 N.
Bq/a, populous town of Hungary, on the
Danube, 35 miles N\V of Esseck. Lon. 20
0 E. lat. 46 10 N.
Badajor, cape on the W coast of Africa,
S of the Canary Islands. Lon. 14 22 W.
lat. 46 10 N.
Bakal, great lake in Siberia, in the pro-
vince of irkutzk, 420 miles long, and 80
broad.
Bailleul, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North and late French Fland-
ers, nine miles SW of Ypres. Lr>n. 2 55
E, lat. 50 45 N.
Bainbridge, township in Chenango coun-
ty, New York, Population in 1820, 2290.
Bainbridge, township in Geauga county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 199.
Bainbridge, town in Ross county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 146.
Bain Go7iga, or Bain River, river of
Hindoostan, which rises near the Nerbud-
da, runs southward through Berar, and,
after a course of near 400 miles unites with
tlie Godavey, within the hills that bound
the British Circars.
Bai'^dstotvn, post town of Nelson county,
Kentucky, witii ab^ut 600 inhabitants. It
is situated on the N side of Beech creek (a
branch of Rolling river) 16 mdes NE of
Bealsburg, and 55 SW of Frankfort. Lat.
o7 50. lon. W C 8 15 W.
BakciueU, town in tlie Peak of Derby-
sliire, with a market on Monday, seated on
the river Wye, among the hills, 20 miles
NNW of Derby and 151 of London. Lon.
2 42 W. lat. 53 15 N.
Baku, town of Persia, in the province of
Scliirvan, the most commodious haven of
the Caspian Sea, on the W coast of which
it is situated. The number ot shoals and
sandbanks r- nder the entrance somewhat
difficult. B;.ku is a fortress surrounded
by high brick walls, 300 miles S of Astra-
can. Lon. 49 15 E. lat. 40 2 N.
Bala, town in Merionethshire, with a
market on Saturdav. It is 50 miles SSE
of Holyhead, and 105 NW of London. Lon.
3 35 W, lat. 52 50 N.
Balagat, province in the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, and the largest of the three which
compose that kingdom. It consists of a
vast extent of fertile and populous plains,
supported in the nature of a terrace, by a
stupendous Wf.U of mQuntaiiis, called the
a A L
]} A 1.
f^^auts, which rises abruptly from the low
country called the Concan. This tract is
so elevated, that the air is cool and plea-
sant. It extends through the peninsula, to
the southern extremity of Mysore.
Balaguer, fortified town of Spain, in Ca-
talonia, on the river Segra, at the foot of
a craggy rock, 75 miles NW of Barcelona.
Lon, 1 'l E.lat.41 55 N.
Balurnc, town of France, near the road
from Montpellier to Toulouse ; noted for
its bath.
Balasore, seaport to the N\V of the bay
of Bengal. The inhabitants raake^stuffs of
silk, cotton, and a sort of grass. It is 124
miles SW of Calcutta. Lon. 6 46 E. lat, 21
26 N.
Balbasiro, episcopal town of Spain, in
Arragon, on the river Vero, 42 miles NE
of Saragossa, Lon. 0 27 E. lat. 42 8 N.
Balbec, city of Asia in Syria, anciently
called Heliopolis. It is situated at the foot
of Anti-Lebanon, precisely on the last ris-
ing ground, where the mountain terminates
in a plain. On the E side are the remains
of ancient rums, of whose magnificence it is
difficult to give an adequate idea. Among
the most magnificent are the ruins of the
temple of the Sun, for a particular descrip-
tion of which we refer our readers to Mr.
Wood and Mr. Dav.kins and to Volney.
It is 2i7 miles N of Damascus, Lon, 37 20
E. lat, 34 22 N,
Balchy town of Usbec Tartary, on the
frontiers of Persia, 200 miles S of Bokhara.
Lon. 69 0 E. kt. o7 20 N.
Baldivia, seaport of Chili, in South Ame-
rica. It was built by the Spanish general
Baldivia, about 1551, after he had conquer-
ed Chili. It belongs to the Spaniards, and
stands between tlie Callacalles and Portero,
where they fall into the P;;cific Ocean. Ijon.
W C 3 40 E. lat. 39 38 S.
Bahhck. town in Herts, with a market
on Tuesday. It is seated between the hills
in a chalky soil, and chiefly of note for its
trading in malt: It is nine miles ^VSVV' of
Rovsion, and 37 NNW of London. I^on. 0
5 \V. lat. 52 2 N.
Bakleagle, a mountain of Pennsylvania,
between the main branch of Susquehannah,
and the West Branch; separatmg North-
umberland and Columbia, from Lycoming-,
and extending to the northeast into Lu-
zerne.
Bald-Eagle, river of Pennsylvania in Cen-
tre count) , falls mto the West Branch of
Susqnehannaii.
7?aW-£(2^/e, township in Lycoming coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 246,
and in 1820, 281.
Balil-Eagle, township in Centre county,
Pennsylvania. Population m 1810, 1145,
and in 1820, 685.
^ Bald-Head, light-hotise, on a s;-nall island
near the mouth of Cape Fear river In N.
Carolina. Lat. ':io 51 N. lon. W C 1 13 W.
Bald Head, point in Norton sound on the
northwest coast of North America, in Nor-
ton sound. Lat. 64 43 N . lon. W C 84 42
W.
Baldivia, see Valdivia.
Bale, see Basle.
Baldivin, township in Cumberland coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1810, 546 and in
1820, 1120.
Baldaiii, county of Georgia, having
.Tones W; Putnam and Hancock N ; Han-
cock E and Wilkinson S. It is 30 miles
long by 27 wide ; area 810 square miles ;
face of the country rolling, and soil of mid-
dling quality in general. Chief town Mil-
ledgeville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ,- - - 1,490
do. do. females - - - 1,273
All other free persons except In-
dians not taxed ... 13
Slaves 2,324
Total population in 1810 -
5,100
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females . . -
1,369
1,253
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - ,
do. females
Total population in 1839 -
2,622
1
none
1,581
1,461
5,665
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,960
do. in Manufactures - 13
do. in Commerce - - none
Population to the square mile, 7.
Baldwin, county of Alabama, having Mo'
bile S ; part of Mississippi W ; Washing'
ton N and Tombigbee and Mobde rivers E*
It is 33 miks in length wi'h a mean width
oi'20; area 660 square- miles; face of the
country hilly except upon the streams;
soil in general thin and covered with pine
timber, though the alluvial lands along the
rivers is highly productive. Staple cotton.
Population in 1810.
Free wliite males - - - 375
do. do. females - - - 291
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 43
Slaves .... 717
Total population in 1810 - - 1426
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 359
67
B A I.
K A 1.
1713
3
485
none
none
Free white females -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. fem.ales ...
Total population in 1820 .
Of these;
Foreigners not natiirallzed
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 2^.
lialearic, a group of islands in the Medi-
terranean sea, betvi'een Spnin, and Sardi-
nia. Tiie principal are, M.ijorca, Mi.norca,
and ivlca, or Iviza.
Ba'ize, river of North America in Yuca-
tan, fallmg into the Gulf of Iloiiduras. On
its banks the PInglish have their principal
establishments for cutting IL-.hogany.
Jinli, island formmg the N side of the
straits of Java, through which the East In-
dia ships sometirf;es return from China;
but the passage is commonly very difficult,
on account of contrary winds. This island
is extremely populous, and abounds in rice
and ad sorts of fruits.
Balkan, tho Turkish nsme of the ancient
mount ilaemus, which separates Koumelia,
from Baigiria.
Bulk, city of Usbec Tartary, capital of a
province or the same name. It has a con-
side .able trade in silk, and is the chief
seat of the commerce between Bokharia
and Hindoostan. The khan's castle is a
magnificent structure, built of marble,
dug, out of the neighbouring mountains.
It i« seated toward tne borders of Ptrsiji,
on the river Dewasb, which flows into t!ie
Amu, 220 miles SE of Bokhara. Lon. 67
16 E. lat. 36 28 N.
Ballard's Cape, part of the island of
Newfynndiand. Lat. 46 35 N. lon. W C
24 34 E.
Ballyconnel, town of Ireland, In the
county of Cavan, 11 mdps KE of Cavan.
Lon. 7 25 W lal. 54 ION
Baliynakill, borough of Ireland, in
Quet-n's couiitv, 18 miles NW oi' Kilkenny.
Lon. 7 25 W.'lat. 52 50 N.
Bally shannon, hn-ge seaport of Ireland,
in the county of Uonnegal, with a good
hcirbour, 110 miles NW of Dublin. Lon.
7 50 W. lat. 54 33 N.
BoUochistan, country of Hindoostan Pro-
per, bordt-ring on hc-"N -..f M. wut, ad ap-
proaching w.thm 14 miles oi' Delhi It is
80 or 90 mi es long, ;.nd from .SO to 40
broad. VVestvvai-d it borders on the coun-
try of the Sf ks,
J?a&row72, township of Saratoga county,
New York, with 2000 inhabitants. Here
is a post office, 25 NW of Waterford, and
30 N of Albany. Population in 1220, 2407.
BalistoTjn Springs, (,r Ballstoivn Spa,
post village in Saratoga county. New York,
remarkable a? being the site of very cele-
brated mineral Springs. Tuese waters are
within the precincis of the town, and are
eminent for their medicinal virtues. There
are several b.ath.ing houses erected, and the
accommodations for visiters are very con-
venient, and splendid. The number of
visitants is crjnsider:tble ; in 1821, they
amounted to near 3U00.
Ballsto-ion, post village, in Saratoga coun.
ty about 4 miles from Ballstown Spa. Per-
sons directing letters to either of these
places ought to be very careful to designate
which, as they are frequently confounded,
and each ])o=3ebses its own post office.
Ballsville, post village of Virginia, in
Powhatan countw
Baltic, large sea between Denmark and
Sweden to the \V. and Germany, Poland
and l>ussia to the E. from which run the
gulf of Bothnia, Finland, Riga and Dantzlc.
It is remarkable that this ;^ea neither ebbs
nor flows, and a current always lets through
the Sound into the Ocean. Yellow amber
is found on the coast.
Baltimore, JVew, township in Green coun-
ty. New York. Popidation in 1820, 2036.
BallimorL'jXnwn of Ireland, in the count
of Cork, seated on a headland which run.,
into the sea, nine tniles NE of Cape Clear.
Lon. 9 J 4 W. lat. 51 24 N.
Balti"wrj, couiUy of ^Jaryland, having
Anne Arundel SW ; Freiierlck NW; York
county in Pennsj Iv.inia N : Hartford E, and
the bay of Chesapeake SE. It is about 30
miles in iengtii, and 25 mean width, area
750 square miles. The face of the coun-
try is very pleasantly diversified by hill
and dale, and is well wooded and watered.
The soil is good for grazing, for the culti-
vation of small grain, and for orchards,
Chief town Baltimore. Independer.t of the
city the following table represents the po-
p lation of the coiintv at the respective
periods of 1810 and 1S20.
Population in 1810.
Free whiles, males . - 10,700
do. do. females - - 10,321
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ..... 3,537
Total population in 1810 29,255
Population in 1820.
Free while males ... 12,511
do. do. females - - - 12,069
Total whites .... 24,580
Free persons of colour, males - 1,077
do. do. females . 1,086
a A 1,
ij A :.
Slaves, males _ . . . 3,704
do, females - - - 2,907
Total population in 1820 - 33,354
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 462
Engaged in A.griculture - 7,747"
do. in Manufactures •- 1,994
do. in Commerce - - 102
Population to tlie square mile, 44.
Baltimore, city and port of entry, Balti-
more county, Maryland, situated on the N
side of the Patapsco river, 14 miles above
North Point, 88 miles N E from Washing-
ton ; 100 miles S VV from Fhiladelpliia.
Lat. 39 17 N, Lon. W C 0 27 E.
This city is built at the head of a bay,
which extends from the Patapsco river. Its
harbour is spacious and convenient. Be-
low the city the bay narrows to a very con-
fined strait, which is amply commanded by
Fort M'Henry. Jones' Falls creek divides
the city and harbour into two sections.
The lower part of the city is called Fell's
point, to which vessels of 600 tons can
ascend, but the water sh.illows so rapidly,
that at the city the depth is insufficienifor
any of heavier draught than 200 tons. Bal-
timore is extremely well situated for com-
inercial connexion with the valley of Ohio ;
it commands the trade of Maryland, more
than one half of that of Pennsylvaniu, and
a part of Ne.\K York. Having the advan-
tage of climate, the harbour of Baltimore
is not so liable to obstruction from ice as
that of Philadelphia. Its relative amount
of shipping places it the third in rank in
the Unites; States.
The edirices necessary for the t' .'.nsaction
of judicial and commercial business are
splendid and convenient, v.liilst the inte-
rests of science and elegant amusements,
have met their due share of encourage-
ment. The city con'Lains a slate peniten-
tiary ; alms-house ; a court-house and jail ;
a customhouse ; an exchange ; a museum ;
theatre; and hospital. Besidts the fore
going, there are in this city three market
houses, 10 banks, and upwards o.* 30 places
cf public worship. Washington's monu-
ment, erected of marble, at the north' eiid
oi Chailes street, on an elevated spot, will
be, when completed, a very sublime pro-
duction of art. It is intended to be 163
feel in height, exclusive of the statue of
Wasliington, which isto crowntiie edifice.
The monument erected to the memoiy of
the men who (ell in defence of the city,
on the 12th and 13th of September, 1814,
is a handsome structure in north Calvert
street.
The hterary institutions of this ciiy are
respectable. In 1807 a medical cohege
was founded, which subsequently received
the title cf the University of IMarvland,
and embraces tiic ordinarj' pursuits coii-
nected with such an institution. St. Mary's
college possesses a fine library, with a che-
mical and philosophical apparatus, and is
supported by about 150 students. Balti-
more college has about 50 students,
1 he increase of Baltimore has been fully
commensurate with the advantages of its
local position. In 1790 it contained 13,503
inhabitants ; and in 1800, 26,514. The fol-
lowing table exhibits its subsequent ad-
v-ance.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 14,793
do. do. females - - - 13,104
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . . 3,973
Slaves - . . . . 3,713
Total population in 1810 . - 35,5.']3
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 23,822
do. do. females ... 34,233
Total whites - . . . 48,055
Free persons of colour, males - 4,363
do. do. females 5,963
Slaves, males .... 1,968
do. females . - . 2,389
Total population in 1820
62,738
1,359
127
4,601
2,389
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Baltimore, townsiiip in Sussex county,
Delaware, including the hundreds of Days-
borough, Indian jJiver, Fewes, Uehoboth,
and Broad Kiln. Population in 1810, 10,107.
Baltimoie alone, in 1820, 2,057.
Bambtrg, large, handsome town of Fran-
ccjnia, formerly imperial, but now capital
of a bishopric of the same name, ol consi-
derable extent, with a universit\ . It was
tai;en in 1758, and in 1762, by the Prus-
sians, and in 1794 surrendered to the
French. It is seated at the confluence of
the Maine and liednits, 55 mdes N of Nu-
remberg. Lcn. 11 7 E, lat. 50 2 K.
Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, seated at
the foot of a mountain, 30 miles S of Glatz.
Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Bampton, town of Oxfordshire, with a
market on Monday, seated near the Thames,
12 miles W of Oxtbrd, ami 70 W by N of
London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 51 46 N.
Bampton, town in Devonshire, with a
market on Saturdaj-, seated in a bottom
surrounded by hiils. It is 14 miles N N E
of Exeter, and 163 W by S of" London.
Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 51 2 Is.
Bcmburii, borough hi Oxfordshire, with
a market on Tiuirsdav. It is seated on the
(■9
BAN
K A xS
Chanvell, 75 miles N N W of London. Lon.
1 11 W, lat. 52 4 N.
Banco, isiund o\' Asia, in the East Indies,
on the E coast cf Sumatra, with a town and
strait of tlie same name. Lon. 106 50 E,
lat. 2 35 S.
Baiicalis, seaport on the E coast of Su-
matra, where the Dutch have a settlement.
It is 130 miles W of Malacca. Lon. 100 7
E, lat. 1 15 N.
Hancock, town of Asia, in the kingdom
of Siam, with a fort, once in the possession
of the French, who were expelled in 1688.
It is 17 miles N of the sea; r.nd 40 S of
Siam. Lon. 101 5 E, lat. 13 35 N.
Banda, the general name of five islands
in the East Indies, of which Banda is the
chief. These islands are remarkable for
the prodiiction of nutmeg and mace ; have
been subject to the Dutch, ever suice 16u9,
uhen the) expelled both the English and
natives. Since the present war (1800) they
have been captured by the British. They
are all very small, the largest being scarcely
26 miles m lengih ; and are subject to
earthquakes. Banda is 75 miles S E of
Amboyna. Lon. 128 5 E, lat. 4 50 S.
Bander Congo, seaport of Persia, seated
on the Persian gulf, 80 miles W of Gom-
broon. Lon. 55 8 B, lat. 27 10 N.
Bandevas, bay of Mexico on the Pacific
Ocean. Lat. 20 30 N.
Bandora, town of Hindoostan, and the
capital of Salsetle, an island separated
from Bombay by a narrow ch.annel. Lon.
72 40 E, lal. 19 ON.
Banff, seaport, and the county town of
Banffshire, pleasantly situated on the side
of a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron,
over which is a handsome bridge of seven
arches, erected by government. Here is
a manufacture of thread, and another of
stockings ; and the children attend the fac-
tory and school alternately ; so that edu-
cation and industry are united. It lies in 4
beautiful plain washed by the Deveron, the
lofiy banks of which clothed w^ith wood on
the opposite side, afford a delightful con-
trast to the soft vale beneath. Banff is 32
miles N \V of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 15 W,
lat. 57 35 N.
Banffshire, county of Scotland, bounded
on the N by the Muiray Friih, on the S E
by Aberdeenshire, and on the N W by
Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 50
miles, and its extent along the coast nearly
30. Population in 1801, 35,807; 1811,
36,668; and in 1821, 43,561. Square
miles, 217.
Bangalore, city of Hindoostan, in My-
sore Ithad a strong fort, built by Hyder,
deemed tite bulwark of Mysore, toward
Arcot : it was i;;ken by the English in 1791,
and restored the next year to Tippoo, who
destroyed it. The palace is composed of
mud, vet not without some degree of mag-
70
nificencc ; and there are two extensive
gardens made by the two sultans. The
chief manufactures are silk and cotton
cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 74
N E of Seringapatam. Lon. 77 37 E, lat.
13 ON.
Bangor, a city of Wales, in Carnarvon-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. It
was once so considerable, that it was called
Bangor the Great, and defended by a cas-
tle. The princ'pal buildings are the cathe-
dral and the bishop's palace. The see is
of very great antiquity. The church was
dedicated by St. Daniel, who was bishop
about the year 516. It is 36 miles W of
St. Asaph, and 251 N W of London. Lon.
4 12 W, lat. 53 12 N.
Bangor, borough of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Down, on the S shore of Carrickfer-
gus, opposite the town of that name. Lon.
5 42 W, lat. 54 40 N.
Bangor, post town and capital of Penob-
scot county, Maine ; lying on the W side of
the river Penobscot, at the head of winter
navigation, about 37 miles N of Castine, on
the same river. Population in 1810, 850,
and in 1820, 1,221. In 1810 this township
was included in Handcock county, but is
now in Penobscot. It is 35 miles N from
Castine, and 52 above the entrance of Pe-
nobscot bay.
Bangor, township in Franklin county.
New York. Population in 1820, 370.
Banjalvka, a town of European Turkej',
in Bosnia, supposed Ho contain 18,000 in-
habitants. It is seated at the confluence of
the Verbania with the Verbas, 70 miles
N W of Serai, 160 miles S from Vienna, and
and 155 W of Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 E, lat.
44 44 N.
Banjer, considerable river in the island
of Borneo, which flows almost due S from
the centre of the country to tlie harbour of
Banjermassing, and at its mouth the Dutch
have their principal factory.
Bangermassing, kingdom in the S part
of the island of Borneo, the capital of which
is Martapura. The country produces great
quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, dia-
monds, canes, bird's nests, wax and dra-
gon's blood. It has a town of the same
name, with a good harbour, at the mouth
of the river Banjer. Lon. 114 30 E, lat.
3 15 S.
Banks Island, island in the Pacific Ocean,
on the E side of New Zealans!, about 100
miles in circumference. Lon. 174 0 B,
lat. 43 30 S.
Banks Jslajid, island in the Pacific Ocean,
near the W coast of N America, about 60
miles long and 5 broad, Lon. 130 0 W,
lut. 53 SO ?..
Ban7i, river of Ireland, which issues from
the Mourne mountains, in the county of
Down, flows N W into Armagh, through
Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boun-
B A K
B A K
dary between Londonderry and Antrim,
enterlno' the sea 4 miles beiow Colerain.
Banr^vidge, town of Ireland, in the
county of Down, on the river Bann, 14
miles N by E of N ewry.
Bannockburn, villa.s^e of Scotland, on the
river Bannock, two miles S of Stirling. It
is noted for a battle between Edward II.
and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which the
former was defeated. Here also James III.
in 1487, was defeated by his subjects,
wounded, and soon after murdered by a
priest taking 'lis confession.
Bannoxu, town of Ireland, in the county
of Wexford, seated on the east shore of a
bay to which it gives mine, 20 miles S W
of Wexford. Lon. 6 50 W. hit. 52 12 N^
Banstead. villige of Surry, noted for its
downs, one of the most rlelightful spots 'n
England, on account of its fi le carpet
ground, covered with short herbage, per-
fumed with thyme and juniper. These
downs form a tract of 30 miles, extending,
under different denominations, from Crov-
don to Farnham. Barnstead is 13 mi'es
5 S W of London.
Bantam, large town on the N W coast
of .lava. It is tlie capital of a kingdom of
the same name, with a good harbour, ind
a castle. It is divided into two towns l)y a
river. The produce is pepper, of which
they export vast quantities. Ban'am, once
populous and fl )urishing, is now a poor
and wretched pltce. Lon. 105 26 E, lat
6 20 S.
Bantry, town of Ireland, in the county
of Cork, on a bay of the Atlantic, to which
it gives name. Lon. 9 25 W, !at. 51 36 N.
Bapaume, strong tov/n of France, in the
denarfment of the Straits of Calais and late
province of Artois, 12 miles S E of Arras.
Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 8 N.
Bar, strong town of Poland, in Podolia,
on the river Bog, 40 miles N W of Brack-
law. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 49 14 N.
Barataria, bay of Louisiana ; it is the
entrance from the sea to a chain of lakes
and small bayons, reacit'ng to the Missis-
sippi at the city of Xew Orleans. Boats
and canoes can pass from t'>e river ai se-
veral points, and penetrxte to Barararia
bay The adjacent country an open flat
sea marsh.
Bar, or Barrois, late duchy of France,,
lying on both sides the Meuse, be' ween
Lorrain and Champagne. It now forms the
department of Meuse
Barbadoes, the eaiternmost of the Wind-
ward Islands, in tlie W. Indies, 25 miles in
length, and 15 in breadth. It belongs to
the English ; and the number of the whites
is about 20,000, who have 100,000 slaves.
Their exports are sugar, rum, cotton, in-
digo, and ginger ; and they have most oi
the fruits common to the climate. Tiie
sugar exported hence ia whiter and finer
than that of any other plantation ; and they
have one particular production, called Bar-
badoes tar, w 'ich rises out of the earth,
and swims upon the surface of the water.
This island lias sufl'ered much from hurri-
canes ; partiodarly from a dreadful one,
Oct. 10 1780. It is 70 miles E of St. Vin-
cent. The capital is Bridgetown.
Barbarii, country of Africa, between the
Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean sea, and
Egypt ; cont lining the countries of Barca,
Tripoli, Tunis, AI.j;iers, Fez, anrl Morocco.
It is ne.Hr 2000 miles in length, and, in
some places, 750 in breadth. It was known
to the ancient^ by the names of Mauritania,
Nuinidia, Proper .\frica, and Lvbia. It is
the best c Hin'ry in all \frica, except
Egypt, and fertile in corn, wine, citrons,
oranges, figs, alin,)nds, olives, dates, and
melons. The chief »rade consists in fruits,
in the horses called barbs, Morocco leather,
ostpches feathers, indigo, wax, tin, and
coral. The established religion is the Ma-
hometan, and tliere are so:ne Jews ; but
no Chri. ians, except the slaves.
Barbas, cape of Africa, in tlie \tlantic
Ocean. Lon. 162 40 W, la-. 2 15 X.
Barbs, St. a town of Mexico, in New
Bi-icay. near which are rich silver mines.
It is 500 miles N W of Mexico. Lon. 107
5 W, l.t. 26 0 N.
Barherino, town of Tuscany, at the foot
of t'le \p,ienines, on the rver Sieva, 12
miles N of Florence.
Barbezienx, town of France in the de-
part ment of Charente, with a min.ral spring,
aula manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45
miles N E of Bourdeaux.
Barboitsville, post t nvn and capital of
Knox county, Kentucky; 125 miles S from
Frankfort.
BarboiisviUe, post town of Orange cou tj-,
Virginia, 80 miles N W from llicimond.
Barbuda, one r,f the Leeward Islands, in
the West Indies, 20 miles long and 10
broad. It has a good road for shipping,
but no divecf trnile to Briiaiiv I'l^e inha-
bi'ants (about 1500) are chiefly employed
in raising'corn, and breeding cattle, for the
use of the neighbouring islands. It is 'j5
miles N of Antigua. Lon, 61 50 W, lat.
17 50 X.
Bnrbue, river of Upper Canada, falls into
lake E'ie, 40 miles W from Long Point.
It is now commonly called the Orwell.
Barbue, river of the United States, in
the peninsula of Michigan ; falls into lake
NUchigan.
Barby, town of Upper Saxony, capital
of a county of its name, with an ancient
castle, and an academical college, founded
by the United Brethren, in 1754. It is
seated on the Elbe, 15 miles S E of Mag-
deburg. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 52 2 N.
Barca, country of Barbary, on the S
coast of the Mediterranean, between Tri-
71
li A it
1] A ki
poll and Egypt. The S part is a barren de-
sert, inhabited by wandering Arabs. The
N part along the coists is fertile and well
peopled. It belongs to the Turks, and is
governed by a sangiac, dependant on t!ie
bashaw, who resides at Tripoli. Uerna is
the capital.
Barcelona, city of Spain, capital of Ca-
talonia, and a bishop's see, with a good
harbour, on the Mediierranean. It is of
an oblong form, defended by a strong fort,
called iVIontjoy, which stands on a rocky
mountain, a mile W of the vown. It h;;3
double wails on the N and E, and the sea
on the S, with a mole for the security of
ships. It is divided into the new and old
town, by a wall and ditcli : and tlie sea
having retired considerably from the port-
gates, a whole quarter of the town now
stands on 'lie s .ndsthat were once the bot-
tom of the harbour. It has a fine univer-
sity, an inquisition, a cathedral with two
lofty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a
large exchange, an extensive cannon foun-
dery, an arsenal containing arms for seve-
ral thousand men, and docks for the build-
ing of galleys. It is a place of great trade,
lias curious works in glass, ancl its swords,
knives, shoes, and blankets, are in great
reputation. The inhabitants are computed
at more than 100,000. In 1705, it was
taken by the earl of Peterborough, after
a siege of three v.-eeks. In 1706, Philip V.
invested it wi'h a numerous army, but was
obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was
taken by the French und Spaniards, and a
citadel budt to keep it in awe. The French
took this city m 1808. It is 250 miles N E
by E of Madrid. Lon. 2 8 E. lat. 41 23 N.
Barcelona, town of Columbia, South
America, on the Caribbean sea, 40 miles
S W by W from Cum'ana. Lat. 10 1 N,
Lon. W C 12 5 E.
Barcelonette, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Alps, seated on the
Hubave, 12 rniles S E of Embrun.
Barcelore, or Barciira, a town of Hin-
donstan, on the coast of Cahara, which
gives name to a district, but has been long
in ruins. It is 40 miles N N W of Manga-
lore.
Bar-le-duc, town of France, in the do
partment of Meuse, capital of the late
duchy of Bar, with a handsome castle. It
is divided into the upper and lower town ;
being seated on the side of a hill, 30 miles
W of Toul, and 138 E of Paris. Lon. 5
20 E, lat. 48 44 N.
Jiar-sur-./lube, town of France, in the
department of Aube, famous for its wines ;
seated at the foot of a mountain, 18 miles
S W oi JoinviUe.
Bav-sur- Seine, town of France, in the
department of Aube, on the river Seine,
at the foot of a mountain, 20 miles S W of
l?ar-sar-Aube.
Barkhampstead, township in Litchfield
countv, Connecticut. Population in 1810,
1,506,' and in 1820, 1,592.
_Ba)'/ow, township in Washington county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 316.
Barcelos, town of Portugal, in Entre
Douero e Minho, near the river Cavado,
10 miles W S W of Braga.
Banle-vic'i, town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Lunnenberg, on tlie river U-
menau, 17 miles S E of Hamburg.
Bardi, town of Italy, in the Parmesan,
with a magnificent castle, 30 miles S VV of
PaiT.,a.
Bardt, town of Germany, in Swedisli
Pomerania, with a castle and harbour, near
tlie Baltic, 12 mile3 VV by N of Stralsund.
Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 54 23 N.
Barefields, post town of Liberty county,
South Carolina, 414 miles from Washing-
ton.
Bareffes, village of France, much fre-
quented on account of its mineral batiis.
It is seated in a vallej' of the same name,
12 miles S of Bagneres.
Bardth, town of Franconia, in the mar-
gravate of Culembach, witii a famous col-
lege, 15 miles S E of Culembach. Lon.
if 56 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Barjleur, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Channel and late province of
Normandy. The cape of that name is 12
miles E of Cherburg, and near it, part of
the navy of France was destroyed by the
English, in 1692. It is 17o miles N W of
Paris. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 49 40 N.
Bargainio-.vn, post village of Gloucester
comity, New Jersey.
Baril, Islands of, in the St. Lawrence
river, above Ogdeiishurg.
Baril, Point, in St. Lawrence river, above
Ogdensburg.
Bari, formerly a good seaport town of
Ny.ple-, tdl its harbour was ruined by the
Venetians. It is seated in the gulf of Ve-
nice, is tlie capital of Terra di Bari, and an
archbishop's see. It is 20 miles E of 'I'rani.
Lon. 17 5 E, lat. 41 26 N.
Bari, or Terra di Bari, province of Na-
ples, on the gulf of Venice. The air i
temperate, and the soil fertile ; but there
are many serpents and tarantulas.
Barkadorev, district of the Logwood
country, cast side of Yucatan.
Jiarkin^, a town of Essex, with a market
on Saturday, seated on the river Rodirg,
near the Thames, in an unwholesome aiiv.
It is ciiiefly celebrated for a magnificent
nuriuery Ibunded in 675, a gateway and a
part of the walls of which are .still visible.
It is seven miles E of London. Lon. 0 1-
E, lat. 51 52 N.
Bark-^daL; post village t-.f I/\ncoln county.
Georgia, with about 1000 inhabitants, or..
third slaves.
Barlt'tt, township of Grafton county, 1;
BAR
BAR
the state of New Hampshire, containing Durham, and 244 N NW of London Lon.
700 inhabi ants. 1 4y W, lat. 54 35 N.
Barletta, liandsome ajid strong town of Barnardston, townsliip in Franklin coun-
Naples, in Bari, wiih a b shop's see, i,ea cd ty, Ma>suclniseUs. Populaiion in 1820, 912.
in the gulf of Ve'iice, 25 miles W S W of Barneato-wn, post tr-wn, Montgdmcry
Bar. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 30 N. county, Maryland, 37 mil<^s from Baltimore,
Barnard, townsliip of Windsor county,
in the state of Vermont, containing about
1,650 iiiliabitants. Abnut 60 miles N E
from Bennington, and 21 N W from Wind-
sor.
Barnard, post village, Meigs county,
Ohio.
Barnegat, inlet from the Atlantic ocean,
on the E coast of New Jersey, about 70
miles N E from Cape May.
Barnegat, village of Duchess county.
New York, on the E side of the Hudson,
10 miles S from Poughkeepsie.
Baniegat-batf, of New Jer ey, in Mon-
mouth county, 63 miU s N E by N. from
Cape xMay. Lat. 39 47 N, lun. W C 2 47
E.
Barnet, town in Caledonia county, Ver-
mont, on the W side of Connecticut ri-
and 36 rom Was ington city.
Barnesville, post town of Belmont coun-
ty, Ohio, 11 miles S W from St. Clairsville.
Burnet, post town of Caledonia county,
Vermont, on the west side of Connecticut
river, below the mouth of Passampsick ri-
ver.
Barnet's, post village in Fauquier county,
V rginia, 60 miles W from Washington
city.
BarnMable, county of Massachusetts,
having Plymouth N W ; Buzzard's bay W ;
the Atlantic Ocean S E ; and Cape Cod bay
N. This county is peculiar in respect to
form ; it includes tliat remarkable penin-
sula to which the name of Cape Cod has
been extended, and includes, besides the
peninsula, tiie Elizabeth group, and some
other small islands. Following the curva-
ver, 19 miles N of Haverhill, New Hamp- ture of the cape, it is about 65 miles in
shire. This township is settled princi- length, with a mean width if 5 miles area;
pally by emigrants from Scotland, as the 325 squa' e miles. The surface is generally
name implies, who were estimated at 858 flat ; soil sandy and barren ; but the air is
in 1800 Here is a post office 596 miles heathful. Chief town, Barnstable,
from Washington. Population in 1810.
Barnet, town partly in Middlesex, and Free white males . . - 10 905
partly in Herts, with a market on Monday. do. do. females - - - 11,069
It is in the parish of East Barnet, and si- All other persons except Indians
tuated on the top of a hill, whence it is not taxed .... 235
call d High Barnet, and also Chipping
Barnet, from a market granted here, by Total population in 1810 - - 22,211
Henry [I. to the monks of St. Alban's. At
the meeting of the St. Alban's and Hat- Population in 1820-
field roads is a column, with an inscription Free white males
to commemorate the decisive battle which
was fought, 1471, near this place, between
the houses of York and Lancaster. Barnet
is 11 miles N by W of London. Lon. 0 5
W, lat. 51 42 N.
Barnsborough, village in Gloucester
county, of the sta'e of New Jersey, about
14 miles below Philadelphia.
Barnestead, township of Strafford county,
in the state of New Hampshire, containing
about 1500 inhabitants. It is 30 miles N
W of Portsmouth.
Barnsley, town in the \V riding of York-
shire, With a market on Wednesday, and a
consider ble manufacture of coarse linen.
It is seated on the side of a hill, 13 miles
N of Sheffield, and 174 N by W of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 53 35 N.
Barnsley, village of Gloucestershire. It
is noted for large quarries of excellent free-
stone, and 4 miles N E of Cirencester.
Barnard Castle, town in the county of
Durham, with a market on Wednesday.
It is seated on the river Tees, and has a
manufacture of stockings, 30 miles S W cff
K
- 11,765
do. do. females - - - 12,080
Tot.al whites . . - . 23,845
Free persons of colour, males - 98
do do. females 83
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 • 24,046
Of these ;
Foreigrers not naturalized - 29
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,558
do in Manufactures - - 912
do. in Commerce - - 3,363
Population to the square mile, 74 nearly.
Barnstable, post town and capital of
Ranista!)!e county, Massachusetts. It is
situated in Barnstable bay, a part of Cape
Cod bay, 64 miles S 3 E from Boston. This
town is flourishing and commercial. Po-
pulation, 3650.
Barnstable, township in Barnstable coun-
ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1810,
3,Ci6, and in 1820, 3,824
Banuttead, township in StraiFord county.
li A R
U A R
New Hampshire. Population in ISIO,
1171, and in 1820, 1805.
Barn-ivell, district of South Carolina,
having Savannah river SW ; Edgefield
NW; brangeburgh NE ; Colleton and Beau-
fort SE ; being 50 miles in length by a
mean width of 35 ; area 1050 square miles ;
surface hilly, and soil of middling quality.
Staples, cotton and grain. Chief town,
Barnwell.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,096
do. do. females . - - 3,873
All other free persons, except In-
dians not taxed - - - 158
Slaves 4,153
Total population in 1810
males -
females
12,280
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour, :
do. do.
Slaves, males
do. females
4,115
4,047
8,162
157
95
■ 3,224
3,112
Total population in 1820
14,750
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 11
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,800
do. in Manufactures - - 117
do. in Commerce - - 19
Population to the square mile, 14.
Barnwell, cai/ital of Barnwell district.
South Carolina. Lat. jZ 13 N, Ion. 4 20
W.
Baroach, town in the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, on the S bank of the Nerbiidda,
40 miles N of Surat, formerly a very com-
mercial place. Lon. 72 55 E, lat. 21 25 X.
Barrmix, fortress of Dauphiny, at the
entrance of the valley of Gresivaudan,
built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It is
seated on the Isere, six miles S. of Cham-
berry. Lon. 5 52 B, lat. 45 29 N.
Barre, post town of Worcester county,
Massachusetts : it is distant about 60 miles
W from Boston, and contained in 1810.
1,991, and in 1820, 2077 inhabitants. And
a village with a post office in Orange coun-
ty, Vermont, about 15 miles from Newbury,
the county town.
Barre, township in Genessee connty,
New York. Population in 1820, 1,767.
Barre, township in Huntingdon county,
Pennsylvania Population in 1810, 1,053,
and in 1820, 1,387.
Barren, Great and IJiiIe, two consider-
able branches of Green river, in the state
of Kentucky.
Barren, county of Kentucky, having a
part of Tennessee S ; Allen S W ; Warren
74
W ; Hardin N ; and Greene, Adair, and
Cumberland E ; the surface generally level,
and soil of middling quality. It is 45 miles
in length, by a mean width of 20 ; area 900
square miles. Chief town, Glasgow.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,801
do. do. females - - 4,578
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed ... 7
Slaves 1,656
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
11,042
4,021
3,854
7,875
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females 4
Slaves, males .... 1,213
do. females - - - 1,233
Total population in 1820,
10,328
I
2,531
69
Of these ;
Foreigners not natur.alized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce - - o:^
Population to the square mile 11.
Barrier Point, the W point, where the
river Petite Nation enters the Ottawa.
Barrington, township of Bristol county,
in the state of Rhode Island, situated on
the S W side of Warren river. Popula-
tion in 1810, 604, and in 1820, 634.
Barrington, townsliip of New Hampshire,
about 30 miles N W of Portsmouth. Po.
pulation in 1810, 3,564, and in 1820, 1610.
Barrington Greaf, township of Berkshire,
Massachusetts, about 150 miles westward
from Boston. Population in 1810, 1,784,
and in 1820, 1908.
Burt, township in Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1099,
and in 1820, 1,423.
Bartholomew, St. one of the Caribbee
islands, in the West Indies, 30 miles N of
St, Christopher. It is 20 miles in circum-
ference, and has a good harbour. The
French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785.
Lon. 63 low, lat. 17 36 N.
Bartholomew, St. parish of South Caro-
lina, in the district of Charleston, contain-
ing about 13,000 inhabitants, three-fourths
slaves.
Bartholemew, small river of Arkatssas and
Louisiana, rising in the former, and falling
into Onachitta, in the latter.
Bartholemew, Cape, south point of Staten
Island, in the straits of Le Maire.
Bartlett, township in Coos county, New
Hampshire, Population in 1810, 436. ant^,
in 1820, 511.
r, A
a A &
Barton, town in Lincolnshire, situated
on the Humber, where there is a ferry into
Yorkshire, of great advantage to the town,
which is 35 miles N of Lincoln and 166 of
London. It has a market on Monday. Lon.
0 20 W, lat. 55 42 N.
Barton, post town of Orleans county,
Vermont.
Barton, township in the county of Lin-
coln, Upper Canada.
Barton, small river of Vermont, rising
in Orleans county, and falling into lake
Memphramagog.
Baruth, once a considerable town of Sy-
ria, with a Christian church, 30 miles N E
of Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 34 10 N.
Basartschick, a town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Romania. It has a great trade,
and is seated on the river Meritz or Maritza.
Lon. 24 40 E, lat. 42 19 N.
Basel, or Basle, canton of Swisserland,
24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded
on the N by Brisgau ; E by the Forest
towns; S by the canton of Soleure, and
W by the bishopric of Basel and France.
It contains about 38,000 inhabitants, and is
of the Calvinist religion.
Basel, bishopric in tlie N W part of
Swisserland ; bounded on the E by the
canton of Basel ; S by that of Soleure,
and W and X by France. The bishop was
a prince of the German empire. In 1798,
the French seized on this territory, an-
nexed it to France, and made it a new de-
partment, called xMont Terrible.
Basel, the capital of the canton of the
same name, and the largest town in -Swis-
serland. It is surrounded by thick walls,
flanked by towers and bastions ; and is di-
vided into two parts by the Rhine, whicit
communicate by a handsome bridge. The
largest part is on the side of Swisserland,
and the least on that of Germany. The
larger has five gates, six suburbs, numer-
ous streets and fountains, and is partly
seated on a hill : the other stands on a
])lain, and has but two gates, with several
streets and fountains. The principal church
is an elegant Gothic building, but disfi-
gured by rose-coloured paint spread over
the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb
in it, is interred the great Erasmus. The
town-house, and fine paintings in fresco,
are much admired. The university, found-
ed in 1459, has a fine library, and a rich
cabinet of medals. The clocks here are
always an hour too fast ; because the town-
clock went so on a day appointed to mur-
der the magistrates, by which the con-
.spiracy was disconcerted. Basel has se-
veral manufactures, particularly of paper,
ribands, and cottons ; and it carries on an
extensive trade. Three treaties of peace
were concluded here in one year, 1795,
with the French republic; namely, by
Prussia, Spain, and Ilesse Cassel. The al-
lies jjassed through this city when tlicy in-
vaded France, in December, 1813. Basel
is capable of containing 100,000 inhabi-
tants ; but the number is scarcely more
than 14,000. It is 1 74 miles N by E of Ge-
neva, and 250 E bv S of Paris. Lon. 7 30
E, lat 47 o5 N.
Bnshee, island in the China sea, the most
eastern of a cluster called, fi-om this, the
Bashee islands, lying to the S of Formosa.
The productions are piantaias, bananas,
pine-apples, sugar-cane, potatoes, yams,
and cotton. The quadrupeds are goats
and hogs. Bashee is of a circular form,
six miles in diameter, and has a town of
the same name. Lon. 121 50 E, lat. 20
30 N.
Basilicata, province of Naples, bounded
on the N by Capitanata and Bari ; E by the
gulf of Taranta ; S by Calabria Citeriore ;
and W by Principato Citeriore and Ulte-
riore. Jt has some mountains continually
covered with snow, but is fertile in corn,
wine, oil, coiton, honey, and saffron. Ace-
renza is tlic capital.
Basilipntamo, river of European Turkey,
in the Morca, which flows into the gulf of
Colocythia. It was called Eurotas by the
ancients.
Basin-ffarbor, post village of Addison
county, Vermont.
Basin Minas, bay or small gulf at the
N E extremity of tlie bay of Fundy.
Basingstoke, a corporate town in Hamp-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has
a great trade in corn and malt, a manufac-
ture of druggets and shalloons, and a navi-
gable canal to the river Wey, near its en-
trance into the Thames. It is 18 miles
N N E of Winchester, and 4o W by S of
London.
Baskenridgc, post town of Somerset
county. New Jersey, seven miles SSWfrom
Morristovv-n. Here, on the 13th Decem-
ber, 1776, General Lee was taken prisoner
by Colonel Harcourt of the British ■Avmy.
Basques, late territory of France, which
included Lower Navarre, Labourd, and
Soule, and now forms, with Beam, the de-
partment of Lower Pyrenees.
Bass, an insulated rock near the coast
of Scotland, at the entrance of the frith
of Forth, between the towns of N Ber-
wick and Dunbar. On the S side it is
almost conic ; on the other it overhangs
the sea in a tremendous manner. It is
inaccessible on all sidii-s, except thf; SW,
and there it is with difliculty a man can
climb up by the help of a rope f)r lad-
der. In May and June it is quite co-
vered with the nests, eggs, and young
birds of the gannets. or solan geese.
The rock is one mile in circumfer-
ence, aiid lias a rabbit warrei^ and pas-
ture, for a few sheep. A ruinous castle,
'•nee the state prison of Scotland, stands
75
B A S
BAT
at the edt;e of the precipice. The gar-
rison, in i694, surrendertd to kinii; Wil-
liam, and the fortifications were demo-
lished.
/iass Strait, channel about iO leagues
wide, which separaies Van Dieint-n
Land from the S extremity of N w Hol-
land. It contains a chain of small isl-
ands extending N and S. It was disco-
Aered in 1798 by surgeon Bass.
Bassano, town of Viccnlino, in the
terriiory of Venice, on the river Brante,
in a country fertile in excellent wine
Lon. 11 24E. lat. 45 51 N.
Basse, town of France, in the depart
ment of the North and late province of
Flanders, tarn -us for the many siegts it
has sL;s:;iined : but its fi.rtihrations are
now demolished. It is 18 miles SVV of
Lisle. Lnn 2 52 E lat 50 28 N. .
Ba&seen, city and fortr ss in the D c-
can of Hindoostan, oppi^sitr the N end
of Salsette, It is 27 iniles N of Bombay.
Lon 72 10 E. lat. 19 19 N. '
Basseni hivaite-ivat cr . a fine lake in
Cumbi.rl.nd, three iniks NW ot K.s-
wick. It is lour miles lung, bouiided
on one side by high hills, woi ded, in
many places, to thdr bases ; on the
other, by the fields, and ihe skins of
Skid aw
Buf,se'erre capital of St. Chri.^tdpl^er,
bui't by the French, before the is. and
was ceded to the English in 1713.
Ba&seierre, cajiital of Guadahiupe, in
a district of the same name, in the W
part < f the island It is <.V fendi d by a
citadel and • tin r fortifications Lon. 61
59 VV. lat 15 o9N
Bass Co-ve, in Adolphustown, bay of
Qui te, Upp< r (Canada.
Bass Island, in the bay of Quint.-, lies
off near to the t)wn plot in Adolphus-
town.
Bass Tsla7ids. an interesting group in
lake Erie, pperta ning t Huron coun-
ty Onio. Tnis cluster is coiDp sed of
three principal and several snal er isl-
ands. In the soutliern Bass island is the
fine harbour ./f Put-in-bay about 5 or 6
miles west of which on S' ptember 10th
1!-!13, c.iptain Ptrrycaptund the Bri
tihh fleet, under the command of captain
Bare' ay.
Bassora, or Bussarah. city and sea-
port of Turkey in Asia, 40 miles NVV f
the gulf of Persia It stands on the Eu-
phrates, a canal from whicli divid> s the
city into two patts; and ovtr it i> a
bridge of bnuts. The houses are c:>n-
st' ucted of bricks dri< d in the sun, and
have a vi ry mean aspect. T'^e circum
jac^-nt tract is lo' ked up n by th-^' Arabs
to he one of the m-^st delii^litful spots in
Asia, and ever, as one of the mobt beau-
re
tiful gardens in the world. The hot
winds that blow here are very trouble-
some to travellers, some timesoverwhelm-
ing them with sand driven out of the
neigiibouring deserts. In 1691, the plague
destroyed 80,000 of the inhabitants. It
is 240 mih s S by E of Bagdad. Lon. 44
52 E. lat. 29 26 N.
Bastard, township of Upper Canada,
between Lansdowne and Leeds.
/iastia, seapnri in Albania, in Turkey
in Eur 'pe, opposite the island of Corfu,
at the mouth of the river Calamu. Lon.
20 20 E. lat. 39 40 N.
Basliu, capital of Corsica, with a good
harljour, a strong castle, and a bishop's
see It surrendered to lord H od, in
1794, but has since revolted to France.
It is 70 miles SSVV of Leghorn. Lon 9
30 E. lat. 42 39 N.
Bastimen'os, the name of some small
i'^lands near I'erra Firma, in South Ame-
rica, at the m' utii ot the bay of Nombre
de Dii'S, \y\\.h a fi-rt and a good harbour.
L.u 9 ,2 N. Ion W C 2 40 W.
Bas'i'gne, town of Austrian Luxem-
burg. 25 mil s NW ■ f Luxemburn Lon.
6 0 E lat 50 0 N.
Baracola, se.<port on the coast of Ma-
labar, b tween (Dnnre, and Barc< lore.
Here an th< remain^ of a "oce c nsider-
able city on the banks of a snail river,
foul miies from the sea. 'ihe o untry
produces a g od dt al of pi pper ; the En-
glish had a fact-iy here, but were all
mas>acred by the natives, becausr one
of their bull dogs killed a consecrated
cow.
Bataseck. tower of Lower Hungary,
on the D ioulje 70 miles S of Buda Lon.
19 20 E. lat 6 15 N
Ba'av'a, city of the island of Java, ca-
pital ot all thi Dutch settlements in the
East Irdies. In gem ral, the place is ve-
ry beautiful and built of white stones;
they have canals in the principal streets,
planted on each side with evergreen
trtes. It is the residence of the gover-
nor g'-nerai of all the Dutch colonies in
t'u- East Indies. It has a handsome
hospital and arsfnal ; and all the goods
brought from other parts of the East In-
dies are laid up h( re, till they are ex-
port! d to their places of destination The
air is very unwholesome ; and this place
is represented as the grave of Europe-
an navigators. Shortly after the Dutch
declared war against England. Batavia
was captured by the British. Lon 106
51 E lat 6 lu S
Baiavia, post town and capital of Ge-
n- ssee c unty New York 48 miles west
frem Canandaigua, and 38 miles east
from Buffalce. it is a thriving village ;
B A T
BAT
population, including the township of the
same name, in 1820, 2597.
JSatvaia, township of Geauga county
Ohio. Population in 1820 355.
Batavia, township in Clermont county
Ohio. Popalation in 1820 1208
Batca/i, town of M xico, in Yucatan,
on the side of the bay of Campeachy.
Bath, city in Somersetshire, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
has b en famous from the time of the Ro-
mans, for its hot springs, which are not
only used as baths, but internally as a
medicine. The reputation of tht >e wa-
ters las so mucli increas> d, that Bath is
become the principal resort, n( xt to the
metropolis, for the nobility and gentry,
and the constai.t residenc- of mi-ny opu-
lent invalids, as well as cf numerous vo-
tarus of dissipation. In s])h odour and
el gancr of buildings, it exce ds every
towr- it) England ; tliey are constructed of
a white stone, and the fronts, which are
all thr e stories high, are adorned with
three rows of columns in pairs of the
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The
principal seasons for the waters ar - spring
and autumn Tin poor who om - h- re
to drink tWe wairrs, may be received into
a magnificent hospital Bath is seated
on the Avon, which has been made na-
vigable hence to Brii^tol : 12 miles ESE
of Bristol, and 107 W of London. Lon.
2 21 W. lat. 51 32 N
Bath, township in Steuben county.
New York. Population in 1820, 2578.
Ba(/i, village in Steuben county, New
York with a post-office, 20 miles N W of
the P-iinted Post, and 40 miles south from
Canandaigua.
Baih post-town, township, and port
of entry Lincoln county Maine, on the
right bank of the Kenebec, 34 miles NE
from Portland. Population in 1810, 2491,
and in 1820, 3026.
Ba(/i: township in Grafton county.
New Hampshire. Pnpulation in 1810,
1316, and in 1820, 1498.
Bath, village in Rensallaer county New
York, on the east side of the Hudson,
opposite the Upper part of Albany.
Bath, town of Bn-kely county Virgin-
ia, 104 miles NW from Washington.
Here are the Berkely springs.
Bath, township in Medina county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 176.
Baih, township in Greene county Ohio.
Population in 1810, 913, and in 1820,
1185.
Bath, county of Virginia, having Bot-
tetourt and Monroe S Greenbriar W ;
Randolph NW ; P<-ndletnn NE ; A us-
ta E ; and Rockbridge SE. It is 45 miles
in length with a mean breadth of 20
miles; and 900 square miles, Situated
in the Appalachian ridges, the face of
this county is mountainous ; the air is
pure and healthy ; the soil in general
rather sti rde, though some very produc-
tive land lies along the streams. Chief
town, Warren Springs.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,006
do. do. females - - 1,900
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - 49
Slaves 882
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Frte white males
do. do. females
4,837
2,012
1,953
Total whites - - - 3,965
Free persons of colour, males 31
do. do. females, 331
Slaves, males _ _ - 586
do. females _ - - 616
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 6
Total population in 1820 - 5,237
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,697
do. in Manufactures - 84
do in Commerce - I2
Population to the square mile, 6 nearly.
Bath court house, post town of Bath
county, Virf-inia, and the principal seat
of justice, 50 miles W from Staunton,
and 227 from Washifigton.
Bath post towi; of Beaufort county
North Carolina, 61 miles SE of Eden-
ton, situated on Tar river 24 miles above
Pamlicoe sound Lat. 35 31 N.
Bath- countj' of Kentucky, having Ni-
cholas NW ; Flemming NE; Floyd SE;
and Mi.nlgomery SW. It is 34 miles
in length, with a mean breadth of 10 ;
area 340 square miles. Chief town Ow-
ingsville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 3,443
do. do. females - - 3,242
Total whites - . - 6,685
Free persons of colour, males 28
do. do. females, 24
Slaves, males - . - - 655
do. females ... 589
Total population in 1820 - 7,961
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - none
Engaged in Agriculture • 1,865
77
B \ r
li A \
Engaged in Manufactures - 178
do- in Commerce - 9
Population to the square mile, 23.
Bat/ia, or Bachia, town of Hungary, in
a county of the saaie name, on the Da-
nube, 110 miles SSE of Buda. Lon. 20
40 E. iat. 45 36 N.
Battel, town in Sussex, with a market
on Thursday, famous for a decisive vic-
tory gained by William I. over Harold in
1066; in memory of which he founded
here a celebrated abbey, which its re-
mains show to have been a noble struc-
ture. This town is noted for a manufac-
ture of gunpowder, well known by the
name of Battle powder. It is 22 miles E
of L>-wes, and 57 SE of London. Lon 0
33 E, hit 50 55 N.
liatecola, fortified town on the east
coast of Ceylon. Lon. 81 3 E. Iat. 5 55
N.
Battenburgh, town of Dutch Guelder-
land, seated on the N bank cf the Meuse,
ten miles SW of Nimuguen. Lon. 5 33 E.
Iat 51 43 N.
Batteraux, island in the river St.
Lawrence, above Bearded Island.
Battersea, village in Surry, noted for
its fine asparagus Near it stands a dis-
tillery and a curious horizontal airmill.
Here Sir Wake'- St. John founded a
free-schi,ol ; aiid here is a timber bridge
over the Thames to Chelsea. Batter-
sea is four miles WSW of London.
Baton Rouge, post town of Louisiana,
on the left bank of the river Mississippi.
Herein the ascending the river banks i ise
to any considerable height above the
elevation of the water in freshets. It
is about 138 miles above New Orleans
following the river. Here the coun-
try is finely improved. The town con-
tains ab. ut 60 or 70 houses and 350 in-
habitants.
Baton Rouge, east, parish of Louisi-
ana, on the left bank of the Mississippi
river, ht)ving, that stream W ; New Fe-
liciana N ; the Amiter iver, or St. He-
lena E ; Iberville river, or St. Gabriel S.
It is 26 miles in length with a mean
width of 15 ; area 400 .square miles. Its
surface is rolling towards the north, but
becomes generally level to the southward.
The soil is fertile and in its natural state
covered with a dense forest. Staple,
cotton. Chief town Baton Rouge.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,407
do. do. females - - 1,193
Total whites - - - 2,600
Free persons of colour, males 49
do. do. females. 8.^
78
Slaves, males - - - 1,074
do. females _ _ . 1,002
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 412
Total population in 1820 - 5,220
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 55
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,612
do. in Manufactures - 153
do. in Commerce - 81
Population to the square mile, 13.
Baton Rouge, west, parish of Louisi-
ana, on the right bank of the Mississippi,
opposite east Baton Rouge, having the
Mississippi river E ; Plaquemine river,
or St. Gabriel SE ; Atchafalaya river
SW and W ; and Pointe Coupee N. It
is 30 milt s in length by 25 mean width ;
area 750 square miles. Its surface a
dead alluvial plain, extremely fertile, but
except near the margin of the Missis-
sippi, and some other streams, liable to
annual submersion. Staple, cotton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 503
do. do. females - - 405
Tot.al whites - - - 908
Free persons of colour, males 63
do. do. females, 61
Slaves, males . - - - 734
do. females - - - 569
Total population in 1820 - 2^335
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 16
Engaged in Agriculture - 833
do. in Manufactures ~ 8
do. in Commerce - 7
Population to the square mile, 3. This
population is however confined in great
part to the bank of the Mississippi river.
Haltle field, village in Shropshire, five
miles N of Shrewsbury, where the de-
cisive victory was gained by Henry IV.
over Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur.
Battleioivn, post town of Frederick
county, Virginia, 11 miles E by N from
Stevensburg, six E from Winchester, and
16 NW of Washington.
Batturc Grand, on the Ottawa river,
below the Portage du Chene. Upper
Canada.
Batuculla, town of Hindoostan, in Ca-
nara, with iwo mosques, and upwards of
seventy ten^ples. It is seated near the
mouth fjf the Sancada, which waters a
beautiful valley, 27 miles NNW of Kun-
dapura.
Bavaria, late circle and electorate of
B A V
B A \
Germany, now a kingdom. It is bound-
ed NE and S by the Austrian empire ;
W by VVittemburg and Baden ; and N by
several Germaii states. It contains Ba-
varia Prnper. the Upper Palatinate, the
bishopricks oi Freissingen and Passau ;
the duchy of Npuburg, and the archbishop-
ric of Saltzburg, and some other states,
■with 35 cities, 94 towns, 753 castles,
4700 villages, 8 great abbeys, and 75
cloisters and monasteries, besides those
of the mendicants ; comprehending in
all a superficial area of 32,000 English
square miles.a population of 3,560,000 and
a revenue of 2,600,000/ Among the nu-
merous revolutions which the power of
France has brought about on the Conti-
nent, this electorate has assumed its an-
cient regal honours, having been erected
into a kingdom by Napolean Buonaparte
who has nearly doubled her territory at
the expense of Austria, and was acknow-
ledged an independent kingdom by the
emperor of Austria, at the treaty of
peace concluded between Austria and
France, at Presburg, in 1805, and since
that by the European powers. The po-
licy of France, was admirably directed
in this measure to its own interest, by
reducing the dangerous power of Aus-
tria, and establishing a useful ally on
that important side of the French terri-
tories. But notwithstanding, the king of
Bavaria withdrew his troops from those
of France, and joined the Grand Alliance
against that empire, in October, 1813, on
condition of their guaranteeing the inte-
grity of his dominions. The accession
which Bavaria received to support this
regal dignity, has been the incorporation
of the whole of the German and Italian
Tyrol, the bishopric of Anspach, with
several other large bishoprics and lord-
ships in Germany ; and all claims to fiefs
and manorial rights the emperor has re-
signed. The inhabitnnts are strong and
laborious and exercise themselves in
shooting with rifle muskets at a mark,
to render themselves expert against an
enemy.
Bavaria Proper, late duchy, and the
principal part of the late circle of Bavaria.
It is 125 miles long and 87 broad, and di-
vided into Upper and Lower Bavaria.
Toward the S the country is mountainous,
intersected with forests, lakes, morasses
pastures : and toward the N are large
plains which produce plenty of corn ; there
arc likewise many salt v/orks, medicinal
springs and balhs, mines of copper, silver,
and lead, and quarries of excellent marble.
The principal rivers are the Danube, Inn,
Iser, and Nab. The inhabitants are deem-
ed the most zealous catholics in Europe,
Tlie capital is Munich.
Bavaria, Palatinate of, late duchy, some*
times c.lled JVordgmt, trim its situauon in
the N part of the lait- circle oi Bavaria ;
and somevi^ies^the Upper Falatinntes, dis-
tiiigaisii ii irom ihp la e palatinate of the
Rhine, often called the L.)wer Palatit'ate.
It IS verv ter.ile, and watered by the Nub,
and several smaller rivers. The capital is
Amberg.
Bavaif, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord. It was taken by the Aus-
trians, in 1792, but recovered the same
year. It is six miles NE of Quesnoy, and
12 SW of Mons.
Baiige, town sif France, in the department
of Mayenne and Loire, sei^ted on the Coes-
nsn, 18 miies E of Angers.
Beiigenci, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lo.re, and late province of Orlea-
nois, seated on a hill, at the foot of which
runs the Loire. It is famous for its wines,
and is six miles W of Orleans.
Baugkman, township in Wayne county,
Ohio. Poptilation in 1820, 553.
Baiime-les-Ji'ones, town of France, in ihe
department of Daubs and lale province of
Tranche Comte. It had before 'he French
revolution a rich nunnery, from which it
received its appellation. Baume is 15
miles SW of Besancon. Lon. 6 24 E. lat.
47 24 N.
Bausk or BaiUko, small but important
town of Courland, on the frontiers of Po-
land, with a castle on a rock. It is seated
on the river Musza, 15 miles SE of Mittau.
Lon. 23 56 E. lat. 56 30 N
Bautzen, considerable town of Germany
and capital of Upper Lusatia, with a strong
citadel. It stands on the river Spree, 50
miles E of Dresden. Lon. 14 42 E lat. 51
ION.
Bajix, tovin of France, In the department
of the Mouths of the Rhone and late pro-
vince of Pi'ovence. It is built upon a r<ick,
at the top of which is a strong castle 10
miles E by N of Aries. Lon. 4 57 E. lat.
43 43 N.
Baivtry, town in the W riding of York-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is
seated on the river Idle, seven miles S by
E of Doncaster, and 152 N of London. Lon.
1 10 W. lat. 53 27 N.
Bat/azid, strong town of Asiatic Turkey,
in Armenia, 143 E from Ar.^roum.
Bai/a or Baja, town of Lower Hungary,
on the Danube, 32 miles N of Esseck. Lon.
19 59 E. lat. 46 12 N.
Bayeitx, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados and late province of Nor-
mandy, once a bishop's see. It is seated
on the river Aui'e, four miles from the
Eni^-llsh channel, and 140 W by N of Paris.
Loii. 0 43 W.lat. 49 16 N.
Bayon, town of France, in the depart'
ment of Meurtheand late province of Lovj
79
B E A
li E A
rain, on the river Moselle, 12 miles S of
Nanci. Lon. 6 22 E, lal. 49 38 N
Bayon, or liayona, se.'port town of Spain,
in Ga lic.a, situ ted on .i small guli of the
Atlantic, 12 mi.es W of Tuy. Lon. 8 34
VV,L'.42 ON.
Bayonne, a populous and commercial city
of Fiance, in the dep.trtment of the Lower
Pyrenees, and late province of G scony,
seated at the mouth of the river Adour
wliicli forms a good harbour. It is divid-
ed into three parts. There is a commun'-
caiion between lhe-;e different parts by a
bridge. The Nive imd Adour, unite tlicir
streams in the middle of this city, and pro-
ceed to the sea, ;it the distance of a qtiarter
of a league. The citadel is the strongest
in Fr.mce. The military weapon, the bay-
onet, bears t!ie nan";e of tins city, in which
it wa>. ir,vented The hams aid chocolate
of B»)onne ar: famous. It is 25 miles S\V
of Dax, and 425 S by W of Pans. Lon. 1
20 W. 1 X. 4 5 29 N.
Bazas, town of Fr.ince, in the department
of Girond.- and late province ofGnienne,
and !a e!y an episcopal see. Lon. 0 2 W.
lat. 44 22 N.
Bazetta, town.-hip in Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 196.
Beach Island, township in Hancock
county, Maine. Population in 1810, 4, and
in 1820, 8.
Beachyhead, promontory on the coast of
Sussex, between Has'ings and Shoreham,
where the French fleet defeated the Eng-
lish and Dutch in 1690. Lon. 0 19 E. lat.
50 54 N.
Beacomsfiehl, town in Biicks, with a mar-
ket on Thursday The Poet Waller died
here, and is interred in tlie ciiurch-yard, as
is likewise the late Edmund Muike who
resided here. It is 23 miles WNW of
London. Lon. 0 30 W. lat. 51 36 N.
Beami/ister, town in Dorsetshire, with a
market on Thursday, seated on the Beri,
15 miles WNW of Dorchester, and 138 W
by S of London. Lon. 2 52 W. lat. 50 50
N.
Bearded Is/and, in tlie river St. Lavv-
rence, above lake St. Francis.
Bearjield, township in Perry county,
Ohio. Population in 1S20, 428.
Bear creek-, small branch of Tennessee,
which gains importance from being for a
short space the boundary between the
states of Alabama and Mississippi.
Bear creek, also another inconsiderable
stream, running into the western side of
Miami river in Montgomery county Ohio.
Bear Gap, small post village of North-
umberland county, Pen^,sylv.^nia.
Bear Lnhe, one of the sources of the
Mississippi, about lat. 48 20 N.
Beard's creek, in Georgia, a small brancli
of Alatamahah river, in Liberty coiintv.
80
Beard'' s Mill, post office, Rowan county,
Npnh f;arolina.
Bearn, late province of France, bounded
on the E by Bigorre, on the S by Spanish
Ntvarre, on the W by Saule and a part of
Lower Navarre, and on the N by Gascony
and \rmagnac. It now forms with
Basques, the department of the Lower Py-
renees.
Beattie's Ford, post office of L'ncoln
county, Nortli Carolina.
Beaucaire, town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard on the Rhone, opposite
Tarascon, with which it has a communica-
tion by a bridge of boats. It is 10 miles
E of Nismes. Lon, 4 39 E. lat. 43 50 N.
Beauce, late province of France, be-
tween the Isle of France, Blasois, and Or-
leanois. It now forms the department of
Eure md Loire.
Beanchamois Me, in the north-easterly
part of lake Superior, not a great way from
the shore, and eastward of Isle Hocquart.
Beauclere, port in an island on the NW
coast of America. Lat. 56 17 N. Ion. W
C 56 37 AV.
Beaufort, small town of France, in the
department of Maine and Loire and late
province of Anjou, contaitiing about 100
houses. It is 15 miles E of Angers. Lon.
0 9 W. lat. 47 26 N.
Beaufort, strong town of Savoy, in Italy
on the river Oron, 12 miles NE of Mon-
stier. Lon. 6 28 E. lat. 45 50 N. _
Beaufort, district in South Carolina, con-
t.iiinng four parishes, havmg the Atlantic
Ocean SE ; Savannah river SW ; Barnwell
NW ; and Combahee river, or Codeton
district NE. It is 60 miles in length, by a
mean width of 30 miles, or 18000 square
miles. Chief towns Beaufort and Coosa-
hatchie. Tliis is a maritime district, and
has a considerable proportion of light 'and ;
the rest yields pretty good crops of cotton,
Indian corn, rice and indigo.
Papulation in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,491
do. do. females - - 2,301
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 181
Slaves 20,914
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
25,887
- 2,248
Total whites - - - 4679
Free persons of colour, males - 100
do. do. females - 81
Slaves, males . - - - 13,635
do. fem-ales . - - - 13,704
Total population in 1820
52,199
B E A
Of these ;
J'oreigners not naturalized • 18
Engaged in Agriculture - - 15,409
do. in Manufactures - 168
do. in Commerce - - 59
Population to the square mile 18 nearly.
Beaufort, seaport, and post to'.vn of
Be lufoit district, South Carohna. on P Tt
Royal Island, 75 miles S from Charleston,.
and 53 N from Savan lah. its harbour is
deep and spacious. H'-r- .is a chartered
college, but in a languishmg sta'e. Pre-
sent population about 1000 Shipping in
1815, upwards of 1500 ions. Lat 32 25
N. Ion. 3 30 W.
Beaufort, county of North Carolina, in
Newbern district: !iavi;i:r Craven SW;
Pitt NVV; Martin and W .shington N: and
Hyde, and Pamllcoe E. Leiigtli 40 miles,
mean breadth 17 ; area 670. It is general-
ly level. Chief town Batli.
Population 'in 1810.
Free whites, males
do. do. females
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
Slaves - - . -
Total population in 1810.
2,154
2,215
266
2,503
7,203
Population in 1820.
Free white niales ...
2,914
do. do. females
2,955
Total whites . - . .
5.869
Free persons of colour, males
156
do, do. females -
170
Slaves, males - - . .
1,951
do. females - . -
1,751
Total population in 1820
9,900
1
2,855
239
■ 97
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Eng.aged in Agricidture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 10
Beaufort, seaport town and capital of Ca-
teret county. North Carolina, on (Jore
sound 44 miles S from NeA bern. Vessels
drawing 14 feet water can ascend to this
place. It is well situated to become an ex-
tensive depot of trade ; and it is proposed,
to connect its sound with the Neuse, Tar,
and R')anoke rivers. Its present popula-
tion about 500 shipping in 1815, exceeded
1530 tons. Lat. 34 40 N. due south from
WC.
Beaujeii, town of France, in] the depart-
ment of .'Rhone and Loire, and late pro-
vince of Lyonois, with an old castle. It is
seated on the river Ardicre, at the foot of
L
13 E A
a mountain, eight miles W of Saone. Lon.
4 40 E lat. 46 9 VV.
Beaumarin, county town of Anglesey witii
a market on Wednesday and Sa urdiy.
It is g -verned by a mayor, and sends one
meinher to parliament. It is 59 miles W
by N of Chester, and 241 NW of London.
Lon. 4 15 W. lat 5:^ 15 N
Beaumont, t')wn of France, in the de-
partment of :he Nortii and late French
Ha nauU. It wa-. ceded to 'tie French in
1684, and taken by the Englisii in 1691,
wh 1 ble^v up t le castle. Ii is s^-atfed be-
tween the M ese and Sambre, 10 miles E
of Maub^ugp. Lon 4 19 E lat. 50 12 N.
Beaumont de Lomagne, town o* France
in the department of Upper Gar nnj, on
llie Gim ne, five inile fro.Ti the mouth of
that rive ■, a'ld 12 SE of Lectoure.
Bemimont le- Roger, town of France, in
the department of L wer Seine and late
province of Normandy, 22 miles SW of
Rouen. Lon. 0 56 E. lat. 49 7 N.
Beaumont-Ie-Vicotnte, town of France, in
the dep rtment of Sarte, and lat province
of Maine, 10 miles N of Mans Lon. 0 12
E, la . 48 4 N.
Beaumont-sur-Oise, town of France, in
the dep atment of Seine and Oise, and late
province of the isle of France, seated on
the declivity of a hill, on the river Oise,
which has a bridge, 20 miles N of Paris.
Lon. 2 26 E. lat. 42 9 N.
Bcaune. town of France in the departr
ment of C5ote d'Or and late province of
Burgundy, remarkable for its excellent
win.'. It is 25 miles SW of D jon. Lon.
4 47 E. lat. 47 0 N,
Bennport, seigniory, Quebec county.
Lower Canada, at the mouth of the Mont-
morenci river, on the north side of the St.
Lawrence.
Benuriyage, river of Lower Canada, en-
ters tile dhaudiere, about four miles above
its mouth.
Beanvois episcopal city of France, in the
department of Oise and late province of
the Isle of France. It was besieged in
1452, by the duke of Burgundy, when the
women, under the conduct of Jeanne Ha-
chette, forced the duke to raise the seige ;
and in memory of their exploits, they used
to walk first in a proce.-sion on the lOlh of
Jidy, the anniversary of their deliverance.
It iri seattd on the river Thesin, 42 miles
N ot Paris. Lon. 2 5 E. 49 26 N.
Bdauvoir-siir-Mnr, seaport of France, in
the department of Vendee and late pro-
vince of Poiton, 25 miles SW of Nantes.
Lon.l 54 V»^ lat. 46 53 N.
Beaver Creek, rises in the townsiiip of
Caistor, Upper Canada, and running
through part of Giinsborough, etnpties it-
self into Welland, to which river it runs
close, and nearly parallel, for ulmost four
miles, before its discharge,
81
B E A
BEG
Beaver Creek, in the township of Hum-
berstone, runs into lake Erie, west of
Kow's Point, Upper Canada.
Beaver Creek, runs into laise Superior,
on the north side, between river Aupie and
river Rouge, Upper Canada.
Beaver Creek, or Bi^'lBeaver. See Afa-
'honing:
Beaver Creek, usually called Little Bea-
ver, to distinguish it from the large stream
above-mentioned, is an excellent mill
stream in Columbiana county, Ohio rising in
the northern parts of that county, and after
running generally in a southeastwardly di-
rection 30 miles, falls into the Ohio river
just within the borders of Pennsylvania.
it affords a vast number of excellent mill
seats ; many of which are already improv-
ed. And among numerous others, are two
paper'mills'; beside several forges and fur-
naces.
Beaver Creek, handsome mill stream in
Clark county, running northwardly into
Buck creek, a little distance above Spring-
field.
Beaver Creek, name of a creek running
into the west side 6f little Miami river, in
Green county.
Beaver Creek, also the name of a town-
ship situated on the above stream, in Green
county. Population in 1820, 384.
Beaver, township of Green coyntv Ohio.
Population in 1810, 799, and in 1820, 757.
Beaver River, empties itself into the
Narrows, a little below the Falls of St.
Mary's running from north to south, Up-
per Canada
Beaver, county of Pennsylvania, on both
sides of Ohio river, having part of the state
of Ohio W ; Mercer N ; Butler E ; Alle-
gany SE ; and Washington S. It is about
40 miles in length along the state of Ohio,
with a mean breadth of 15 miles ; area 600
square miles ; features hilly and broken ;
soil generally, however, fertile, and well
wooded and watered. Chief town Beaver,
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 6,192
do. do. females • - - 5,393
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 7*5
Slaves .... 8
15,o4u
92
2,585
474
19
Total population In 1810. 12,168
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 7,802
do. do. females - - - 7,432
Total whites ... 15,234
Free persons of colour, males - 56
do. do. females 45
Slaves, males ... i
do. females ... 4
82
Total population in 1820.
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 25^7.
Beaver, big; Beaver county, Pennsylva-
nia. Population in 1810, 702, and in 1820,
742.
Beaver, township in Crawford county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 236,
and in 1820, 419.
Beaver, township, in Union county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 2036.
Beaver, borough township in Beaver
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
426, and in 1820, 351.
Beaver Dam, township, in Erie, county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 142.
Beaver, Little, township in Beaver coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1379, and in 1820, 1144:
Beaver, JVorth, township in Beaver
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
932, and in 1820, 1206.
Beaver, South, township in Beaver coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1331, and in 1820, 800.
Beaver, small town, Crawford county,
Pennsylvania.
Beaver, post town,Northumberland coun-
ty, 51 miles NW from Harrisburg.
Beaver, the southeasternmost township
of Pike county. Population in 1820, 525.
Beaver, trifling creek, in the eastern
part of Huron county, running northward-
ly into lake Erie.
Beaver, township of Columbiana county.
Population in 1810, 483, and in 1820, 639,
Beaver, the southeasternmost township
of Guernsey countv. Population in 1820,
556.
Bebelingiten, town of Suabia, in the
dwchy of Wirtemburg, seated on a lake,
from which runs tlie river ^A orm, 10 miles
NW of Stutgard. Lon. 9 2 E. lat, 48 58 N.
Bee, town oi' France, in the department
of Lower Seine and late province of Nor-
mandy. Lon. 0.52 E. lat. 49 14 N
Becancour, river of Lower Canada, en-
ters the St. Lawrence, opposite the mouth
of the river St. Maurice. Its sources eft-
terlock with those of the Cliaudiere.
Beccaria, township in Clearfield county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 236.
Becket, post town of Berkshire county,
Massachusetts, on the head of Westfield
river, 17 miles SE from Lenox, and 25 W
from Northampton.
Beckhamsville, post town, Chester dis-
trict. South Carolma, on the Wateree, 32
miles NW from Camden,
BED
BED
Beekmansville, post town, Schoharie
county, New York,
Seekmantoxvn, townsliip in Clinton coun-
ty, New Yort. Population in 1820, 1343.
Bedding-ton, town of Maine, Washington
county, near the source of Pleasant river,
35 miles NW by W from Machias.
Bsccles, town in Suffolk, on the naviga-
ble rivei' Waveney, with a market on Sa-
turday. It has a noble church, with a lof-
ty steeple ; and two free schools, one of
them with ten scholarships for Emanuel
College, Cambridge. It is 12 miles SW
of Yarmouth, and 108 NE of London.
Lon. 1 45 E. lat. 52 36 N.
Bec-'d:4rieuT, or Bedarieux, town of
France, in the province of Herault and late
province of Languedoc, on the river Obe,
20 miles N of Beziers. Lon. 3 20 E. lat.
43 32 N.
Bec/iin, town of Bohemia, situated on the
river Lausnics, 55 miles S of Prague. Lon.
14 53 E. lat. 49 13 N.
Becket, township in Berkshire and slate
of Massachusetts, about 1"0 miles W of
Boston. Population in 1810, 1028, and in
1820, 984.
BecJcitm, town of Westphalia, in the
bishopric of Munster, situated at the source
of the river Nerse, 22 miles SE of Munster.
Lon. BSE. lat. 51 44 N.
Becsangil, province of Asia, in Natolia,
bounded on the N by the Black Sea, on the
W by the Sea of Marmora, on the S by
Proper Natolia, and on the E by the pro-
vince of Uolii. It was anciently called Bithy-
cia. The capital is Bursa.
Bed^l, town in the north riding of York-
shire, through which passes a Roman
causeway. It is 10 miles SE of Hiclimond,
and 220 NNW of London. Lon. 1 25 W
lat. 54 20 N.
Beddington, village near Croyden, iri Sur-
ry. Here is Beddington Park, the ancient
seat of the Carews, one of the many said to
have been the residence ofqueen Elizabetli,
The church is a Gothic pile, with stalls in
the aisles, like a cathedral.
Beden, or Beding, village in Sussex, 13
miles W of Lewes, near a river of its own
name, which runs into the English chan-
nel at New Shoreham.
Beder, fortified city of the Deccan of
Ilindoostan, in Dowlatabad, once the capi-
tal of a considerable kingdom. It is 80
miles NW of Hydrabad, Lon. 78 0 E. lat.
17 ON.
Bedford, borough, and a county town of
Bediordshire, with a market on Tuesday
and Saturday. It is divided into two parts
by the Ouse, over whicti there is a bridge
with a gate at each end. It has five
churches, and formerly had a s'.rong castle,
whose site is now a bowling green. It is
governed by a mayor, sends two me nbers
to parliament, and is 27 m.il°s E by N of
Buckingham, and 50 N by W of I^ondon;
Lon. 0 30 W. lat. 52 13 N.
Bedford, township in Hillsborough coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
1296, and in 1820, 1375.
Bedford, townsliip in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 592,
and in 1820, 648.
Bedford, township in Westchester coun-
ty. New York. Population hi 1820, 2432,
Bedford, village with a post office, in
West Chester county. New York, about 35
miles northeastwardly from the city of
New York, and has about 2400 inhabitants.
Bedford, boroughj and capital, of Bed-
ford countv, Pennsylvania, about 189 miles
W of Phila'delphia, 91 E byS of Pittsburg,
and 150 NWfrom Washington. The situation
of this town is extremely romantic, being
surrounded by mountains. It is now much
frequented in the summer season on ac-
count of the mineral springs in its neigh-
bourhood. Population in 1810, 547, and in
1820, 789. The county was divided from
Cumberland, and Bedford erected into a
county town, March, 1771 . It has a post
office and about 730 inhabitants.
Bedford, county of Pennsylvania, having
Maryland S ; Somerset W ; Cambria NW ;
Huntingdon NE ; and FrankHn SE.
Length 52 ; mean breadth, about 31 ; 1600
square miles ; swrface extremely diversifi-
ed by mountains, hills, and valleys ; soil
equally varied ; in general rocky and bar-
ren in the mountains but fertde and well-
watered in the valleys. Staples grain, flour,
whiskey, and salted provisions. It is very
productive in excellent iron, and possesses
some mineral coal. The springs near Bed-
ford have became a place of fashionable re-
sort in the months of July, August and
September. Cliieftown Bedford,
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 8,035
do. do. females . . - 7,590
All other free persons except In.
dians not taxed ... 120
Slaves 1
Total population in 1810 •
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
15,746
10,312
9,590
Total whites .... 19,902
Free persons of colour, males - 171
do. do. females 170
Slaves, males ... 2
do, females ... 3
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Encaged in Agriculture
83
20,248
4,35c
BED
B K D
Engaged in Manufactures - 905
do. in Comnii.-rce - - 41
Population to the square mile, 12.
Bedford, township in Bedford county,
Pen■■s^ Ivania PrJpulatiun in 1810, 1342,
and I. 1820, 1321.
Bedford, JVew, town of M-.-sacl-msetts,
in Bristol county, situ^.tf a: the 1 ead of na-
vigiiiion on Acci'-hnet rivirr, 58 mile- S by
V. of B st..n. . Popniati n 'W 1820, 3947.
Lon. W C 6 58 E lat. 42 41 N. see JXew
Bedford.
Bedford, counly of Virjrinia, having
Frai.kin SW ; Boitetourt W and NW;
RuckbiiilKe N ; Amherst NE ; Campbeil
SE ; and Pittsylvania S. I is 30 miies m
length b\ .< mean breadth of 22 ; area 660
square miles separated by the Blue Rulge
from Botiei' urt county, a part of Bedford
is m:)untkinous ; it is \i\ gener.l, howevtr,
billy, and moderately fertile. S'aples to-
bacco and grain. Ciiief town, Liberty.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 5,033
do. do. females - r - 4,696
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 212
Slaves 6,147
Total population in 1810
Poptilation in 1820.
16,088
Free white mal s - -
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour, mal
do. do. fem
Slaves; males . . -
do. females
es
ales
5,573
5,383
10,953
153
158
4,102
3,929
Total population in 1820 -
19,305
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commeice
7
5,948
351
36
Population to the square mile, 30.
Bedford, county of West Tennessee on
Duck river, having Maury W : Williamson
NW ; Rutherford N ; Warren NE ; Frank-
lin SE ; Lincoln S. Length 35 miles ;
mean width 25 ; area 875 square miles ;
surface rolhng. Staples cotton and small
grain. Chief town Shelbyvllle.
Population in 1810.
Free whitts, males - - 3,697
do. do. females - - 3,360
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ..... 5
Slaves - . - ■ . - 1,180
Total population in 1810
8,242
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,327
do. do. females - - - 6,007
Tctal whites .... 12,334
Free persons of colour, males - 49
do. do. females . 33
Slaves, m.les ... - 1,952
do, females - - - 1,638
Total population in 1820 - 16,006
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Enga^^ed in Agriculture - 2,307
do. in Mannf.ictures - 137
do. in Commerce - . 15
Population to ifie square mile, 18.
Bedford Level, tract of fenny land, ^
about S'JO 0 0 acres, in the counties of t'
Ni.rfclk, Sufli'k, Camb idge, Hunting-
don, Nortliampton, and Lincoln. After
various attem])ls to drain these fens, in
the reign of H nry VI., and Charks I,
William, earl of Bradford, in 1649, un-
dertook and comph ted it ; and, in the
reign of CharUs II. a corporation was
established for the governmmt of this
great level. In thtse fens are several
decoys, in which innumerable quantities
of wild fowls are taken during the sea-
son.
Bedfordnh re, couniy of England, boun-
ded on the SE by Huntingfordshire, E
by Cambridgeshire, SE by Hertfordshire,
SW by Buckinghamshire, and NW by
Northamptonshire. Its utmost length is
35 miles, and its greatest breadth, 22,
containing 260,000 acres. It is divided
into 9 hundreds, and 124 parishes : and
has 10 market towns. The number of
inhabitants in it in 1801, was 63,393,
1811. was 70,213 ; and in 1821, 83,716;
population to the square mile 206; sends
4 members to parliament. The princi-
pal rivers are the Ouse and the Ivel. Its
chief products are corn, butter and ful-
lers earth ; its manufactures, lace, straw
hats, baskets, ar.d toys.
Bedminsler, township in Bucks coun-
tv, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
n99, and in 1820, 1248.
Bedminster, township in Somerset
county. New .fersey. Population in 1810,
1312, and in 1820, 1393.
Bednore, or Hidanore, town in the
peninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It
is 452 miles SE of Bombay, and 187 NW
of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 14
ON
Bedouins, modern name of the wild
Arabs, who live in tents, and are dis-
jjersed all over Arabia, Egypt, and the
North of Africa, governed by their own
chiefs, in the same manner as the pa-
BEL
P. E I.
triarchs were formerly ; their piiiicipal
employment is the grazing of cattle.
Hedwin, Great, borough in Wiltshire,
by prescription which sends two mem-
bers to parliament. It is live miles 6W
of Hungerford, and 71 W of London.
Lon. 133 VV.lat. 512JN.
Beekman, township in Dutchess coun-
ty, New York. Population in 1820, 4257.
Beelin's ferry, post village of Cum-
berland county Pennsylvania.
Beemali, river of Hindoostan, which
rises in the mountains to the N of Poo-
nah, and flows SE upward of 300 miles
till it joins the Kistna, near Edghir.
Beering Island, an island in the Pacific
Ocean, about 90 miles long and oO wide
30 leagues E of Kamschatka. Lon. 166
30 E lat. 55 30 N.
Beering, or Bhering's Slrait,' the nar-
row sea between the VV coast of N.
America, and the east coa^l ol Asia.
It is 13 k'dgues wide, in the narrowest
part, between the capes Prince of Wales
and Tchukotskdi.
fieering's, formerly Admirality Bay,
NVV coast of North America. Lon. W C.
62 W lat. 59 20 N.
Bcering's Island, m the sea of Kam-
schatka, or North Pacific ocean. Ou
this is and on November 5it\ 1741, the
worthy but unfortunate captain Beering,
the discoverer of the straits which bear
his name was wrtcked, and ><n which he
died the 8t!i of the following December.
Lon. 163 E London, lat. 53 N.
Befort, small but strong town of France,
in the department of Upper Rhine, and
late province of Alsace, at the foot of a
mountain, 28 miles W of Basil. Lon. 6
54 E. lat. 47 36 N.
Begia, or Beggia, town of Africa, in
the kingdom of Lunis, with a strong cas
tK-, on the declivity of a niountain, 65
miles W of Tunis- Lon. 11 30 E. lat. 36
42 N._
Beja, town of Pnrtugal, in A'cntejo,
in a fruitful plain, near a lake of the same
name, 72 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40
W. lat. 37 28 N.
Beic/ilingen, town in Germany, in Thu-
ringia, 17 miles N of Wicmar. Lon. 1150
E. lat. 51 22 N.
Beira, province of Portugal, bounded
on the N by Tra-los-Muntes and Entre-
Duero-e-Minho, on the S by Portuguese
Estramadura, on the E by the Spanish
provhice of the same name, and on the
W by the Atlantic.
Belcastro, t pi copal town in Naples,
in Calabrio Ulteriore, seated on a moun-
tain, eight iiules from the sea, and 12
SW of San Severino. Lon. 17 5 E: lat.
39 6 N.
Bflckerro7i, post town of Hampshire
county, Massachusetts, 15 miles W by N
of Brookfield, the same distance E by S
of Northampton, and about 80 W of Bos-
ton. Population in 1810, 2270, and in
1820, 2426.
Beichite, town of Spain in Arragon, on
the nver .Vlmanazir, 20 miles S of Sara-
gossa. Lon. 0 30 W. lat. 41 3o N.
Belchoe, town of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Fermanagh, seated in Laugh Nilly,
18 miles SE of Ballyshannon. Lon. 7 29
W. lat, 54 20 N.
Belclare, town of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Sligo, 22 miles SW of Sligo. Lon.
8 54 W lat. 54 1 N.
Beled el Haram, the holy land of the
Mohammedans, a district ot Arabia, 60
miles N and 100 SE from Djedda, Ged-
da, Jidda. Juddah, "r Jedda, which see.
Kelem, town ot Portugal, in Estrama-
dura, on the N side of the Tajo, a mile
fmm Lisbon, designtd to defend the en-
trance to that city ; and here all the
sliips that sail up the iMver must come
to. Here they inter the kings and queens
of Portugal ; and here is a royal palace.
Bciestat, town ot Fiance in the de-
partment (if Arriege, and late county of
Foix, ri iTiarkable for a spring, which,
it is prt tended, ebbs and flows 12 times
in 24 hours, as exactly as a clock.
Belfast, borough and seaport of Ire-
land, in th- county i>f Antrim, seated on
Car rick tergus bay. It is one of the most
flourishing cominerci il towns nf Ireland.
A canal was cut in 1793, connecting the
harbour with Lough Neagh. Lon. 5 52
W. iaf, 54 46 N.
Belfast, post town of Hancock county,
M iii:e, near the mouth of Puiobscot ri-
ver, 31 miles N of Tliomastown on Pe-
nobscot bay. Population in 1810, 1274,
and in 1820, 2026.
Belfast, township in Bedford county,
Pennsylvania. Fop'.uation in 1810, 750
and in lb2v^, 1196.
Bclffst, [)ust village of Lawrence dis-
trict S nth ('aroliiia.
Belgium, tlie ancient name of the
Nether'n.ids, or low countries on the
Rhin;-, M.iese, and Sciitidt. The name
was revived by the French when in pos-
essi ius of the couiilry. and divided into
the nine following depart.Tients. Sheldt,
Gemappe, Dyle, Deux Ncthes, Sanibre
and Meu^e, Onitlu-, Li.ire, .Maes, and
Forets. This fine conniry is now part
of the kingdom of the Netherlands.
Belgorod, town of Russia, and capi-
tal of a province of the same name. It
is seated 80 miles SE of Bender.
Belgrade, town of Turkey in Europe,
the capital of Servia, and a (Jreek bish-
op's see. It is seated on the Danube, a
little above its confluence with the Savov.
85
BEL
Tlie streets, where the greatest trade is
carried on, are covered with wood to shel-
ter the dealers from tlie sun and rain.
It was taken in 1789 by marbiial Laadohn,
but rest .ivd at the peace of Reichenbach,
in 1790 It is 265 milcs SE of Vienna,
and 400 NVV of Constantinople. Lon.
21 2 E. lat. 45 10 N
Belgrade, small town of Romania, in
European Turkey, on tlie strait of Con-
stantinople, 20 miles N of tliat city.
Lon. 0 E lat 41 22 N.
Belgrade, township in Kennebec coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1810, 996, and
in 1820, 1121.
. ticlgrado, town of Italy, in Friuli.
seated near the Tojamenta, 81 miles S
by W of Udina.
Belida, or Bleeda, town of Algiers, in
the province of Titeria, at the foot of a
ridge of mountains, 15 miles SE of Al-
giers.
Belitz, town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, with a manufacture of
cloth ; seated on the river of the same
name, 27 miles SW of Berlin.
Bellac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, seated on the
Vincon, 2o miles N of Limoi;es.
Bellaire, seigniority Lower Canada,
Hampshire county, on the north side of
St. Lawrence river, 24 miles above Que-
bec.
BelUiire, post-office Lancaster district
South Carolina.
Bellaire, town of Maryland, capital of
Hartford cr.unty, 22 miles NE of Balti-
more, and 86 WSW of Philadelphia,
BeUbrook, town so called in Sugar
creek township, Greene county, Ohio, 8
miles south v/est from Xenia.
Bellfontaine, small town and seat of
justice for Logan county, Ohio, 18 miles
ni.rth frum Urbana, and 56 northwest
from Columbus
Bellefonie, township, borough, and
post town of centre county, Pennsylva-
jiia. Population in 1810, 203, and in
1820, 433.
Bellegardf, strong place of France, in
the departnieiit of the Eastern Pyrenees,
and late province of Rousslllon, above the
defile of Pertuis. It is an important
place, on account of its being a passage to
the Pyrenees. It surrendered to the
Spaniards in 179*, but was re-taken the
next year, after an obstinate defence, and
named by the French government Sud
Libre. Lon. 2 56 E, lat. 42 27 N.
Bellegardt', town of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, and late
province of Burgundy, seated on the river
Saone, 15 miles NE of Ch^ns. Lon. 5 10
E, lat. 46 57 N.
Belleinle, island of France, 15 miles from
86
Ji E L
the coast of Brittany. It is a n-.ixture of
crag^^ry rocks, and pleasant fertile plains.
The principal place of Palais, a fortified
town with a citadel. It was taken by the
Englisli in 1761, and restored in 1763.
Lon. 3 6 \V,lat. 47 17 N.
Belleisle, i>,land of North America, at the
moiitb of the strait between New Britain
and Newfoundland whence the straits take
also the name of Belleisle. Lon. W C 21
oS W, l:.t. 51 55 N.
Belle River runs into St. Clair, to the
eastward of river aux Puces, and is naviga-
ble for boats some way up.
BeUeume, town of France, in tl;e depart-
ment of Orne and late province of Perche,
with an ancient castle, 75 miles SW of
Paris. Lon. 0 42 E, lat. 48 23 N.
Bellevie~u>, post town and settlement of
Washington county Missouri, in the Mine
district, it contains about lOOO inhabitants.
Belleville, post village of Essex count)',
New Jersey, 5 miles above Newark on the
Passaic river.
Belleville, post town of Wood county,
Virginia, on the left bank of Ohio river at
the mouth of Lees creek.
Belleville, post village of Mifflin county,
Pennsylvania.
Belleville, town and post office, Logan
county, Ohio.
Belleville, post town of Richland county,
Ohio, on the west branch of Mohiccon
creek.
Belleville, post town of St. Clair coun-
ty, Illinois, 16 miles nearly E. from Ca-
hokia.
Bellevieii, fief of Lower Canada, in Surry
county, on the right bank of St. Lawrence,
22 miles NE from Montreal.
Belley, episcopal town of France, in the
department of Ain and late province of
Bresse, near the Rhone, 12 miles N of
Chamberrv, and 250 SE of Paris. Lon. 5
50 E, lat. 45 47 N.
Bellingham, town in Northumberland,
with a market on Tuesday, 14 miles NNW
of Hexham and 294 of London. Lon. 2 10
W, lat. 55 10 N. •
Bellingham, township in Norfolk county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 766,
an I in 1820, 1034.
Bellinzona, town of Italy, in the Milanese.
It is seated on the Tesino, five miles above
the place where it falls into the Lago Mag-
g;iore. Lon. 8 16 E, lat 46 6 N.
Belloivs Falls, in Connecticut river be-
tween Walpole and Rockingham. The
whole pitch in about half a mile is 42
feet.
Bello-ws Falls, village and post office of
Cheshire countyj New Hampshire, at Bel-
low's falls.
Bethinese, territorj' of Itah% belonging to
the Venetians, lying between Fruilu, Cado-
rino, Feltrimo, the bishopric of Trent, and
BEL
U E JSi
Tirol. It has iron mines. Belluno is the
only place of note.
Belluno, town of Italy, capital of the Bel-
lunese, and formerly a bishop's see. It is
seated among the Alps, on the river Piave,
15 miles NE of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E, lat.
43 13 N.
Bellvue, extensive prairie of Louisiana,
in the Opelousas. It lies between the
waters of the Teche and Vermilion, and
those of the Mermentau river.
Belmonte, town of Naples in Calabria
Citeriore, on the coast of Tuscan Sea, 10
miles W of Cozenza. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 39
20 N.
Belmonte, county of Ohio, having the
Ohio river E ; Monroe S ; Guernsey W ;
and Harrison and Jefferson N. It is 25
miles in length, by 20 wide ; area 500
square miles ; surface hilly ; soil very pro-
ductive. Staples grain and salted provi-
sions. Chief town, VVoodfield.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 5,721
do. do. females ... 5,288
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 88
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
11,079
10,247
9,855
20,102
113
114
0
0
20,329
220
4,371
711
50
Population to the square mile, 40
Belmont, post town of ■ Hancock county,
Maine, 19 miles W from Castine, and 8
miles SW from Belfast.
Belmont, township in Hancock county,
Maine. Population in 1820, 744.
Belper, town in Derbyshire, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. Here are several larje
cotton-mills, a bleaching-mill, and an iron-
forge. It is seated on \hv Derwent, 8 miles
N of Derby, and 134 NNVV of London.
Be/pre, town of Washington county,
Ohio, on tlie NW bank of the Ohio, oppo-
site the mouth of the Little Kanhaway, 14
TTiiles SVV of Marietta, and 46 NE of Gal-
liopolis.
Belpre, town and township in Washing-
ton county, Ohio. Ponuli<,uon in IblO, 4r94,
undinlS2Q, 1151.
Bdpuig, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a famous convent, 18 miles ENE of
Lerida.
Belt, Great, strait of Denmark, between
the islands of Zealand and Funen, at the
entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not so
commodious, nor so much frequented as
the Sound. In 1658, it was fi-ozen over so
hard, that Cliarles Xll. marched over it with
a design to take Copenhagen.
Belt, Little, strait to the W of the Great
Belt, between Funen and North Jutland.
It is one of the passages from the German
Ocean to the Baltic, though not three miles
in breadth, and very crooked.
Belturbet, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Cavan ; sealed on the river Erne,
9 miles NNW of Cavan,
Beltz, or Belzo, u town of Poland, in Red
Russia, capital of a palatinate of the same
name. It is 30 miles N by W of Lemburg.
Lon. 24 5 E, lat. 50 20 N.
Belum, town of Lower Saxony, near the
mouth of the Oste, 24 miles NW of Stade.
Belvez, town of France, n the depart-
ment of Dordogne, 27 miles SSE of Peri-
guex.
Belvedere, town o? Greece, capital of a
proviiice of the same name, in the Morea.
This province lies on the W coast, and is
the most fertile in all the Morea. The
town is delightfully >>ituated, 17 miles NE
of Chirueza. It is subject to the Turks:
and the raisins, called Belvederes, come
from this place. Lon. 21 45, E, lat. 38
0 N.
Belvidere, post town of Franklin county^
Vermont, on the waters of La Moelle river,
38 miles N from Monipellier.
Belvidere, post town of New Jersey, on
the left bank of the Delaware 11 miles
above Easton, in Sussex county.
Belvider, post tov\n in Sussex county.
New Jersey about 12 miles above Easton
in Delaware, and 10 S by W of Hcfe.
Belvoir Castle, in Lincolnsiuie, four miles
W of Grantham, the ancient seat of the
dukes of Rutland, supposed to have been a
Roman .station, as manv of their antiquities
have been dug up here. Its foundation
was iai,d soon after the Norman conquest.
Benares, district of Uindoostan Proper,
between Hahar and (Jnde ; containing the
circars of Benares, J ionp( ur, Chunar. and
Cizypour. It "asct-de<i to the English in
1775, and produces a c!<!ar annual revenue
of380,000^
Benart-.s, populous city, capital of the
district of the same name, in Uindoostan.
It is more celebrated as the ancient seat
ot Braminical learning, than cw any other
account ; and is buik on the N side of the
Ganges, which is here very broad, anrl the
b"ii'; ver) h'gli. The s' rev' is are narrow ;
the houses high, and some of tliem five
Stories each, inhabited by diflerent fami-
87
BEN
BEN
lies. The more wealthy Hindoos, how-
ever, live in detaclied houses with an open
court, surrounded by a wall. Benares is
425 miles SE of i)elhi, and 400 N\V of
Calcutta. Lon. 83 10 E, lat. 25 20 N.
BeTiavarri, town oi' Spain, in Arragon, 17
miles N of Lerida. Lon. 0 45 E, lat. 42
UN.
Benavento, town of Spain, in Leon. It
is seated on the river Ela, 23 miles SE of
Astorga. Lon. 5 7 VV, lat 42 4 N.
Beiibecula, an island of Scotland, one of
the Hebrides between N and S Uist, from
the last of which it is separated by a nar-
row channel, nearly dry at low waier. [t
is of a circular form, including- the mlets of
the sea, 9 miles in diameter. The soil is
sandy and unproductive, but much kelp is
made from the sea-weed thrown on the
coast.
Bencoolen, fort and town on the SW of
the island of Sumatra, brloiij^ing to the
Engflish. The country about Bencoolen is
mountainous and woody ; and there are
several volcanos in the island. The chief
trade is in pepper. Lon. 102 5 E, lat. 3
49 S.
Bendermassen, capital of a kingdom of
the same name, in tlie island of U'lrneo,
with a good harbour. Lon. 114 40 £. lat.
2 40 S.
Bender, town of Turkey in Europe, in
Bessarabia, on the riVer Dniester, 100 miles
NW of Belgorod. It was the residence of
Charles XII. of Sweden, after his defeat at
Pultowa. It was taken by ihe Russians in
1769, and restored by the treaty of Kay-
nardgi ; and taken again in 1770, and re-
stored at the treaty of Jassy, 1790. Lon.
29 0 E, lat. 46 58 N.
Benedetto, St. town of Italy, in the Man-
tuan, 35 miles SE of Mantua. Lon. 11 25
E, lat. 44 44 N.
Benedict, town of Charles county, in the
state of Maryland, On Pamxent river.
Distant about 68 miles fi'om Bahimore,
south-west wardly.
Benesoeuf. town of Egypt, remarkable
for its hemp and flax ; seated 'on the VV
shore of the Nile, 50 miles S of Cairo.
Lon. 31 10 E, lat. 29 10 N.
Benevento, city of Naples, agreeably
situated in Principato Citeriore, with an
arclibishop's see. It has suffered greatly
by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, when
the archbishop, afterward Pope Beiieilict
XITI. was dug out of the ruins alive. It is
subject to the pope, and seated near the
confluence of the STiboro and Caloro, 35
miles NE of Naples. Lon. 14 57 E, lat.
41 6 N.
Ben/'efd, town of France, in the depart-
ment of tlie Lower IJhine and late pri-
vince of Alsace. It is situated on the river
111, 12 miles SW of Strasburgh. Lon. 7
45, E, lat. 48 24 N.
88
Bengal, country of Hindoostan Proper,
bounded on the W by Orissa and Bahar, on
the N by Bootan, on the E by Assam and
Meckley, and on the S by the bay of Ben-
gal. Its greatest extent from \V to E is
about 720 miles, and from N to S above
300. Tiie country consists of one vast
plam, of the most fertile soil, which, in
common with other parts of Hindoostan,
annually renders two, and, in some parts,
even tliree crops. It is sometimes subject
to sucli extremes of heat as render it fatal
to Europeans. The great cause of the un-
healthiness of Bengal, however, is owing
to thr- inundations of the Ganges and Bur-
rampooter, by which such quantities of
putrescible matters are brought down as
infect the air with the most malignant va-
pours when the wate s retire. By the lat-
ter end of July, all the lower parts of Ben-
gal, contiguf>us to the Ganges and Burram-
pooter, are overflowed, and present a sur-
face of water more than 100 miles wide.
As some of the lands in Bengal would re-
ceive damage from such a copious inunda-
tion, they mus'. for this reason be guarded
by strong dykes to resist the waters, and
admit only a certain quantity. One parti-
cular branch of the Ganges is conducted
for 70 miles betu'een dykes : and when
full, the passengers look down upon the
adjacent country as from an eminence. Its
principal products are sugar, silk, fruit,
pepper, opium, rice, saltpetre, lac, and
civit. It is compared to Egy pt for fertility ;
the Ganges dividing here into several
streams, and, like the Nile, annually over-
flowing the country. Bengal has been sub-
ject, ever since 1765, to the English East
India Company. Its annual revenue, in-
cluding that of Benares, is near 1,290,000/.
and its population is 11,000,000. Calcutta
is the capital.
Bengal, post town of Oneida county.
New York.
Benguela, kingdom of "West Africa,
bounded on the N by Angola ; on tlie S by
Mataman ; on the E by tiie river Rimba ;
and on tiie W by the Atlantic. Its coast
begins at Cape Ledo on the N, and ex-
tends to cape Negro on the S ; that is,
from lat. 9 20 to 16 30 S. The climate is
very pernicious to Europeans.
Bengutila, capital of a kingdom of the
same name, where the Portuguese have a
fort. It lies to the N of the bav of Ben-
guela. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 10 30 S.
Benin, kingdom of Africa, bounded on
the W by Dahomy and the Atlantic ; on the
N by Biafara; on the E by parts unknown;
and on the S by Loango. It begins in 1
S lat. and extends to about 9 N lat. The
country exhibits many beautiful landscapes;
but is very low and marshy ; this renders
it very unhealthy.
Benin, the capital of ^ kingdom of the
B E N
B E 11
same name in Africa, situated on the iiver
Benin or Formosa. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 7 30
N.
Jienlawera, mountain of Scotland, in
Perthshire, on the E side of Loch Tay. It
rises in a conical shape to the height of
4015 feet above the level of the sea.
Benlomoncl, mountain of Scotland, in
Dumbartonshire, on the E side of Loch
Lomond, rising to the height of 3262 feet
above the level of the sea. Its sides, par-
ticularly toward the lake, are finely co-
vered with trees, and it produces a num-
ber of rare plants.
Bennexis, mountain of Scotland, in In-
verness-shire, E of Fort \^ illiam. It is the
highest in Great Britain, rising 43/0 feet
above the level of the sea. On the XE
side it presents a precipice, nearly perpen-
dicular, of about 1500 feet in height.
Beiminglon, county of Vermont, forming
the SW angle of that state ; having Rut-
land N ; "Windsor NB ; AA'indham E ; Berk-
shire in Massachusetts S ; and Washington
county. New York, W. It is 40 miles in
length, with a mean width of 17 ; area 680
square miles : its features are hilly in ge-
neral, and in part mountainous. The soil
is productive in grain, pasturage, and fruits.
Staples, flour, salted provisions, and lum-
ber. Chief town, Bennington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males • - - 7,8G7
do. do. females - - 7,981
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 45
Total population In 1810
Population in 1820.
Free while males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females - -
Total population, in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
15,892
8,006
8,040
16,046
34
45
0
0
16,125
6
4,024
784
_.. _ - 32
Population to the square mile, 24 nearly.
Bejinington, the chief town of Benning-
ton county, Vermont, 36 miles NE from
Albany, 36 miles W of Brattleborough,
and 33 N of Pittsfiekl in Massachusetts. It
contained 2,283 inhabitants in 1800, and is
famous for a victory obtained here, August
16th, 1777, by the troops of the United
States under General Starke, over a de-
tachment of the British annv, or rather
M
Hessians, under Colonels Bawn and lii-cy-
man, wiiich was a prelude to the decisive
victory at Saratoga, by which General B<ir-
goyne and all his army submitted to the
United States army imder General Gates.
The principal public edifices are a church,
court-house and jail. It lies in lat 42 52
N, and lon. W C 3 56 E.
Bemiivgtov, township in Genessee coun-
ty. New York. Population in 1820, 796.
Bennington, on the Shenango, town of
Mercer county, Pennsylvani.'),
Bennington, township situated in the
NE quarter of Delaware county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 412.
Benninglon, township of Licking county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 210.
Bejisalem, township in Bucks county,
Peimsylvania, about 20 miles N from Phi-
ladelphia. Population in 1810, 1,434, and
in 1820, 1,6G7.
Bensoboro, pest town of North Carolina,
in Pitt's county, 60 miles SE from Raleigh.
Benson, post town of Rutland county,
Vermont ; situated on the E side of lake
Champlaine ; nine miles N by W of Fair-
haven, and 27 NW of Rutland, In 1800 it
had 1159 inhabitants.
Bevihrim, town of AVestphalia, capital of
a count v of the same name, seated on the
Vecht, 32 miles NW of Monster. Lon. 7
25 E, lat. 52 23 N.
Bentivoglio, town and castle of Italy in
the Bolognese, 10 miles NE of Bologna.
Lon. 11 34 E, lat. 44 37 N.
Benton, township in Ontario county. New
York. Population in 1820, 3,357.
Berar, soubah of the deccan of Hindoos-
t.an, bounded by Malwa and Allahabad on
the N ; Orissa on the E ; Golconda on the
S ; and Candeish and Dowlat.abad on the
W. Less is known of the Interior partsof.
Berar, tiian of most of the other countries
in Hindooslan. Its capital is Nagpour. _
Beraim, towp of Bohemia, and capital
of a circle of the same name, 11 miles W
of Prague. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 50 3 N.
Beriiice, Dutch settlement, on a riS-er of
the same name, in Guiana, two leagues W
of Paramaribo. It was tvkcTi by the Eng-
lish fleet in May, 1796.
Berchtokgaben, town of Germany, in the
arciibi-shopric of Saitzburg. It serves all
the neighbourhood with salt ; and is seated
on the river Aa, 10 mi'es SW.of Sidlzburg.
Lon. 13 0 E, lat. 47 ON.
BereuJston, borough of Devonshire, that
sends two members to parliament, but has
no market. It is 10 miles N of Plymouth,
and 211 W by S of London. Lon, 2 52
AV, l::t. 50 28'N.
Bereilhj, city of Hindoostan Proper, ca-
pital of Rohilla. It lies between Lucknow
and Delhi, 123 miles from each. Lon.
79 40 E, lat, 28 30 N.
Bere JRe'jis, town in Dorsetsliire, with a
89
B E K
B E R
market on Wednesday. It is a small place,
seated on the Bere, 12 miles E by N of
Dorchester, and 113 SW of London. Lon.
2 15 W, lat. 50 44 N.
Berg, duchy of Westphalia, very moun-
tainous and woody. Dusseldorp is the ca-
pital.
Bergamo, province of Italy, in the ter-
ritory of Venice, bounded by Brescia, the
Valteline, and the Milanese. Their lan-
guage is the most corrupt of any in Italy.
Bergamo, ancient town of Italy, capital
of Bergamo, with a strong citadel, and a
bishop's see, famous for its sewing silk. It
is 30 miles NE of Milan. Lon. 9 47 E, lat.
45 46 N.
Bergarac, trading town of France, in the
department of Dordogne, and late pro-
vince of Perigord, seated on the river
Dordogne, 50 miles E of Bourdeaux. Lon.
0 42 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Bergas, town of Romania, and the see
of a Greek archbishop. It is seated on the
river Larissa, 40 miles SE of Adrianople.
Lon. 27 40 E, lat. 41 14 N.
Bergeii, ancient seaport of Norway. It
is the see of a bishop, and has a strong cas-
tle. It carries on a great trade in skins,
fir-wood, and dried fish ; and is 350 miles
N by W of Copenhagen. Lon. 4 45 E,
lat. 60 11 N.
Bergen, town of Swedish Pomerania, ca-
pital of the isle of Rugen, 12 miles NE of
Stralsund. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 54 23 N.
Bergen, township in Genesee county.
New York. Population in 1820, 2438.
Bergen, county of New Jersey, bor-
dering on the North river, which sepa-
rates it from New York ; bounded by
Newark bay, and Essex and Morris SW ;
Sussex W ; Orange and Rockland counties,
New York, NE ; and Hudson river E.
Length 30, by a mean width of 16 ; area
480 square miles ; surface rocky, hilly, and
in part mountainous, and soil various. Sta-
ples, grain, fruits, salted provisions, and
garden vegetables. Chief town, Bergen.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 6,879
do. do. females - - - 6,759
All other persons except Indians
not taxed , . - . 785
Slaves 2,180
Total population in 1820
■18,178
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
16,603
7,824
7,572
Total whites - - - 15,396
Free persons of colour, males - 548
do. do. females - 511
Slaves, males - • - 913
do. females - - - 770
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 40
90
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 81
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,126
do. in Manufactures - - 994
do. in Commerce - - 57
Population to the square mile, 38 nearly.
Bergen, post town and seat of an aca-
demy in Bergen county, New Jersey, three
miles W from N York.
Bergen, township in Bergen county.
New Jersey, Population in 1810, 2,690,
and in 1820, 3137.
Bergen-op-Zoom, town of Dutch Brabant,
in the marqui^ate of the same name. It is
a handsome place, and one of the strongest
in the Netherlands, seated partly on a hill,
about a mile and a halt from the Scheldt,
with which it communicates by a canal ; it
has several times been besieged to no pur-
pose ; but was taken by the French in
1747, and 1793, by treachery. It is 15
miles N of Antwerp, and 22 SW of Breda.
Lon. 4 25 E, lat. 51 27 N.
Bergues, St. Vinox, fortified town of
France, in the department of the North,
and late county of F'anders, seated on the
river Colme, at the foot of a mountain,
five miles S of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 28 E,
lat. 50 37 N.
Berkhamstead, township of Litchfield
county, in the state of Connecticut. The
lands are rough and broken, and the inha-
bitants not very numerous. It contains
about 200 families.
Berkhamstead, town of Herts, with a
market on Monday. It is 26 miles N W of
London. Lon. 0 31 W, lat. 51 46 N.
Berkeley, corporate town in Gloucester-
shire, with a market on Wednesday ; it is
governed by a mayor ; and in the church
are some elegant monuments of the Berke-
leys. Here is an ancient castle on a rising
ground, commanding a delightful view of
the country and the Severn. It is seated
on a brook that flows into the Severn, 18
miles SW of Gloucester, and 113 W of
London. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 51 45 N.
Berkley, township in Bristol county, Mas-
sachusetts. Population in 1810, 1014, and
in 1820, 1060.
Berkley, post town, Bristol county, Mas-
sachusetts, on Taunton river, 35 miles S
from Boston.
Berkley, or Sandtoren, village of Glou-
cester county. New Jersey, 14 miles from
Philadelphia.
Berkley's Sound, on the NW coast of
America, between Nootka sound and the
mouth of the Columbia river.
Berkley, county of Virginia, bounded S
W by Frederic ; Hampshire NW ; Poto-
mac river NE ; and JefTerson SE. Length
28, mean width 18 miles ; ai-ea 500 square
miles: surface mountainous^ and soil gene-
B £ R
B E K
rally thin, though many spots are fevour- slate. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, cat.
able exceptions. Staples, grain and salted tie, hogs, and salted provisions. Chief
provisions. Chief town,
Martinsburg.
Popalation in 1810.
Free white males
.
4,966
do. do. females -
-
4,794
All other persons except
; Indians
not taxed
.
190
Slaves - - -
-
1,529
town, Reading.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves .....
Total population in 1810 .
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . .
do. do. females . - -
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
11,479 Total population in 1810*
Population in 1820.
4,634 Free white males
4,451 do. do. females •
9,085
117
111
994
904
Total whites . . . -
Free persons of coloiir, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - . -
do. females . . .
11,211 Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 70
Engaged in Agriculture . - 1,831
do. in Manufactures - 606
do. in Commerce . . 27
Population to the square mile, 22.
Berkley Springs, post village, of Berkley
county, Virginia, on the right bank of the
Potomac, 110 miles above Washington city.
Berks or Berkshire, inland county of
England, bounded on the E by Suny ; on
the S by Hants ; on the W by Wilts ; and
on the N by Oxfordshire and IJucks. From
E to W it extends above 50 miles, and
from N to S it is 25 miles in the widest,
though not more than six in the narrowest
part J area about 750 square miles. Popu-
lation in 1801, 109,215 ; in 1811, 118,277 ;
and in 1821, 131,977. Population to the
square mile, 176. It lies in the diocess of
Salisbury ; contains 20 hundreds, 12 mar-
ket-towns, and 140 parishes; and sends
nine members to parliament. The air is
healthy, even in the vales. Its chief ri-
vers are the Thames, Kennet, Lamborn,
and Loddon. The E part has much uncul-
tivated land, as Windsor Forest and its ap-
pendages: the AV and middle parts pro-
duce great plenty of wheat and barley.
Reading is the capital.
B«rks, county of Pennsylvania, on both
sides of the Schuylkill river ; bounded, S
W by Lancaster and Lebanon ; NW by
Schuylkill; NE by Lehigh; and SE by
Montgomery and Chester. Length 38
miles ; mean width 27 miles ; area 1000
square miles. This is one of the most fer-
tile counties in Pennsylvania. It is tra-
versed by one humble chain of mountains,
and limited on its NW and SE sides by two
others. The soil is varied ; in some parts
limestone abounds ; and in others clay
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 46.
21,893
20,725
524
4
43,146
23,287
22,510
45,797
254
223
1
0
46,275
320
5,217
2,928
125
• Berks, in 1810, included what is now
Schuylkill, which then contained the town-
ships of Upper and Lower Mahantango,
Pinegrove, Norwegian, Manheim, Bruns-
wick, and Schuylkill. These townships at
that epoch contained an aggregate of 5,819
inhabitants, reducing the census of what is
now Berks county to 37,327.
Berkshire, county in tiie state of Massa-
chusetts, divided into 26 townships. The
inhabitants are about 35,000. It is the
most westwardly county of the state,
and is for the most part mountainous ;
bounded S by Litchfield county in Connec-
ticut ; W by Columbia and Rensallaer coun-
ties. New York ; N by Bennington county,
Vermont ; and E by Frankhn, Hampshire,
and Hampden counties, Massachusetts.
Length, from N to S, 48 miles, mean width
13 miles; area 860 square miles. The
Green mountains traverse this county in all
its length. Other mountain ridges also
chequer its surface, giving a mountainous
aspect to the whole. The soil is, however,
in general fertile, and peculiarly adapted
to grazing. Staples, grain, flour, and salted
provisions. It is abundant in marble and
limestone. Chieftown, Lenox.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 18,192
do. do. females . . - 17,662
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 653
Total population in 1810
^5.90r
B E R
1i R R
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 17,254
do. do. fi;m;iles - - - 17,564
Total whites . . . -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . -
d(J. females - - - .
Total population in 1820 - - 35,666
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 94
Engaged in Agriculture - 7,56S
do. in Manufactures - 8,319
do. in Commerce - - 133
Population to the square mile, 40,
Jidrkshire, township in Broome county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1502.
llt'vkshire, township in Delaware county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 284, and m
1820, 190.
Jiciiumont, town of France, in the de-
partment, of Nord, six miles ESE of Ques-
noy.
£erhLur^, town of Germany, in the
Westerwald, with a castle, seated on the
lierlcbach, near its confluence with the
Etlcr, 20 miles N\V of Marburg.
licrlin, city of Germany, capital of the
electorate of Bi-andenburg, and of tlie
whole Prussian dominions ; one of the
largest, ijest built, and best governed of
any in Gciinany. It is defended partly by
wails, partly by palli.sades, and has 15 gates.
The stre.'ts are straight, wide, and long;
and its large squares, magnificent palaces,
clmrches, and other buildings, are scarcely
to be equalled. It is 12 miles in circum-
ference ; but within this enclosure are nu-
merous gardens, and many beautiful houses
are let in stories to mechanics. The popu-
lation in 1803, was 153,128, exclusive of
the garrison. Tlie royal palace contains a
fine library, a rich cabinet of curiosities and
medals, and the supreme colleges of go-
vernment. Ne.ir the palace stands the
magnificent catiiedral. Here are also se-
veral academies and hospitals, an astrono-
mical observatory, a superb arsenal, and a
royal cloth manufacture. Berlin has a flou-
rishing trade, occasioned by its numerous
manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, camels
hair, linen, Prussian blue, cutler> , and por-
celain ; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and
embroidered works. It is seated on the
river Spree, from wiiich there is a canal to
the Oder on the K, and another to the Kli)e
on the W ; that it has a communication by
water, both with the Baltic sea and the
German Ocean. This city was taken, in
1760, by an army of Russians, Austrians,
and Saxons, who were obliged to evacuate
it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after
the battle of Jena, tlie French entered this
V?2
city, and Buonaparte held a court in the
palace. It is 100 miles N of Dresden, and
185 miles NW off Breslau. Lon. 13 22 E,
lat. 52 31 N.
Berlin, township in Worcester county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 591,
and in 1820, 625.
Berlin, jiost town of Hartford county,
Connecticut, 10 miles S of Hartford. Po-
pulation, 800.
Berlin, township in Hartford county,
Connecticut. Population in 1810, 2,798,
and in 1820, 2,877.
Berlin, township in Rensallaer county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1,986.
Berlin, borough in Somerset county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 330,
and in 1820, 382.
Berlin, village with a post office, in
Adams county, Pennsylvania, six miles N
of Abbot.stown, 20 S of Carlisle, and about
100 W of Philadelphia.
Berlin, township in Coshocton county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 395.
Berlin, township in Delaware county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 482.
Berlinville, post viLage on the main road
from Easton, Pennsylvania to Berwick,
about two miles below the I.ehigh water
Gap, and one mile from Lehigh river.
Bermutla Hundred, or City Point, a port
of entry, in Chesterfield county and state
of Virginia. It is seated on the W side of
James River, about 20 miles below Rich-
mond. It maintains a considerable foreign
trade. The tot.al value of its exports is
about 100,000 dollars. Lon. VV C 0 30 W,
lat. 37 18 N.
Bermuda, Some^, or Summer Islands, a
cluster of small islands, nearly in the form
of a shepherd's crook, and surrounded by
rocks, which render them almost inacces-
sible to strangers. They lie in the Atlan-
tic Ocean, 500 miles E of Carolina, and are
inhabited by the English. They were dis-
covered by Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard ;
but not inhabited till 1609, when Sir George
Somers was castawa^v upon them, and they
have belonged to Britain ever since. It is
universally agreed that the nature of these
islands has undergone a surprising altera-
tion to the worse since they were disco-
vered ; the air being much more inclement,
and the soil much more barren than for-
merly. The town of St. George on St.
George's Island, is the capital. Lon. 63
28 W, lat. 32 35 N.
Bern, largest of 13 cantons of Swisser-
land, 150 miles in length, and 75 in breadth.
It is divided into two principal parts called
the German and Koman ; hut the last is
most commonly called ttie i\vs de V.iud.
The religion is Calvinism, and Bern the
capital.
Bern, capital of the canton of Bern in
Swisssrland. Here is a celebrated school,
B E R
a rich librarj', and 12 companies of traJes-
men, in one ot" which evtry inhabitant is
obhged to be enrolled before he can enjoy
any office. The iiousesave mostly built of
white freestone, and in the principal streets
have piazzas or arches under them for the
conveniency of walkmg in wet weather.
The public buildings are magnificent. In
1799 Bern was, together with the rest of
Swisserland, obliged to surrender to the
French. Bern is 70 miles NE of Geneva.
Lon. 7 W E, lat. 46 52 N.
Bern, township in Albany county, New
York. Population in 1820, 5531.
Bern, Upper, township in Berks county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,2017.
Bern, post town in Berks county, Penn-
sylvania, 16 miles NW from Reading.
Bern, Lower, township in Berks county,
Pennsylvania Popula.ion in 1820, 1791.
Bernard, town of Germans, m the elec-
torate of Brandenburg, five miles from Ber-
lin, famous for its excellent beer.
Bernard, Great, St. mountain of Swisser-
land, between Vallais and Val-d'Aousta, at
the source of the river Drance The top
of it is always covered with snow, and
there is a large convent, wliere the monks
entertain all strangers gratis for three days
without any distinction of religion.
Bernard, to^^nship m Somerset county,
New Jersey P. palatum in 1810, 1879,
and in 1820, 2063.
Bemay, irad mg town of Fraijce, in the
department of Eu:e and late province of
Norman;!y, seated on the river Carantonne,
20 miles SW of Rouen. Lon 0 50 E. lat.
49 6N.
Berne, township in Fairfield county,
Ohio, Population in 1810, 976, and in
1820, 923.
Bernbnrg, town of Germany, in tlie prin-
cipaUy of Anhalt, where a branch of the
house of Anhalt resides. It is seated on
the river Sara, 22 miles SW of Magdeburg.
Lon. 11 46 E. lat. 51 51 N.
Benicastle, town of Germany, in the
electorate of Treves, with a castle. It is
remarkable for its good wine, and is seat-
ed on the Moselle, nearTrarbach.
Berrij, late province of France, fertile in
corn, fruit, hemp and flax ; and there is
excellent wine in some i>laces. It is now
included in the departments of Cher and
Indre.
Berthier, village and seigniory of Lower
Canada, Warwick county, on the left shore
of St. Lawrence river.
Berthier, seigniory of Lower Canada in
Ileresford county, on the right side of the
St. Lawrence river.
BsrseUa, fortified town of Italy, in the
Modenese, seated near the confluence of
the Liaza and Po, 10 miles NE of Parma.
Lon. 10 56 E. lat. 44 45 N.
Bermire, town of France, in the depart-
B E R
ment of the Sevres and late province of
Poiton, 12 miles SW of Thouars. Lon. 0
27 W. lat 4-6 52 N.
Bertie, township on the west side of Nia-
gara river in the county of Lincoln, Up-
per Camda; it Hes south of Willoughby
and is open to lake Erie
Bertie, county of North Carolina, on the
Roanoke ; bounded, S and SW by the
Roan >ke river, or Martin ; W by Halifax ;
NW by Northampton: N by Herford ; E
by Chowan river, and SE by Roanoke
river or Washington county. Length 28,
.mean width 25; area 700 square miles;
surface generally level, and part marshy ;
soil of middling quality. Staple tobacco.
Chief town Windsor.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,415
do do. females - - * 2,530
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . 274
Slaves - - , - - 6,059
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free wiiite males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820. -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized -
Engaged in Agricultare
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
14,218
2,278
2,552
4,130
125
125
2,277
2,748
10,805
none
3,430
none
11
Population to the square mile, 15.
Bertinero, town of Italy in Romagna,
with a strong citadel and a bishop's see.
It is seated on a hill, 50 miles NE of Flor-
ence. Lon. 11 40 E. lat. 44 18 N.
Bertrand, St, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne and late pro-
vince of Languedoc, 43 miles S of Auch.
Lon. 0 48 E. lat. 42 56 N.
Beniie, seaport and borough in the
county of Kincardine, at tlie mouth of a
river of the same name, 25 miles SW of
Aberdeen. Lon. 2 0 W. lat. 56 40 N.
Berwick, town and county of itself, on
the boi-ders of England ai.d Scotland, with
a market on Saturday, It is governed by a
maj'or; an:' was once a strong fov^ress, of
great importance when England and Scot-
land v/ere hostile nations. It had a strong
castle now in ruins. It is large and popu-
lous, has a good trade in corn and salmon,
and is seated on the Tweed, over which is
a handsome bridge of 15 arches. It sends
93
U E S
B E T
two members to parliament, and is 147
miles N of York, 52 SE of Edinburgh, and
336 N by W of London. Lon. 1 46 W.
lat. 55 45 N.
Berwick JK'orth, borough in the county of
East LoUiian on the frith of Forth, 20
miles NW of Berwick upon Tweed. Lon.
2 33 W lat. 56 5 N.
Berwickshire, county of Scotland, some-
times called tlie Mers ; bounded on the E
by the German Ocean, on the SE by the
Tweed, on tlie S by Roxburgshire, on the
W by EdiiiburgshJre, and on the NW by
Haddingtonshire. It is 40 miles in length
With a mean width of 18 ; area 720 square
miles. Popuktion In 1801, 30,621 ; 1811,
30,779 ; and in 1821, 83,385. Population
to the square mile, 46. It abounds with
corn and grass, and being a low and flat
country, is sometimes called the How
[Hollow] of the Mers. The principal ri-
vers are the Tweed Leather, Blackadder,
Whiteadder and Eye.
Benuick, township in York county,
Maine. Population in 1810, 4455, and in
1820, (exclusive of South Berwick) 2736.
Berivick, South, post town of York coun-
ty, Maine, on the E side of Piscataqua ri-
ver, about seven miles from York, the
county town. It has a post office, and an
academy. The township contains 3891 in-
habitants.
Benvick, North, post town of \"ork coun-
ty, Maine, 10 miles NW from York.
Berwick, South, township in York coun-
ty, Maine Population in 1820, 1473.
Berwick, township in Adams county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1799,
and in 1820, 1207.
Berwick, village with a post-office, in
Columbia county, Pennsylvania, situated on
the W side of Sisquehannah river, oppo-
site to the head of the turnpike road, be-
tween this river and the Lehigh, a branch
of the river Delaware. It is 16 miles NE
of Cattawissey, 37 of Northumberland, and
about 35 W of the navigable part of the
Lehigh.
Berwick, sometimes called Abbotstown, a
town of York county, in the state of Penn-
sylvania; about 15 miles W of Yorktown,
and lOOofPh.ladelphia.
Bethany, townsh p in Genessee county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1691.
Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the NE an-
gle of Merionethshire, beneath which
spreads the fine vale, in which flows the
infant river Dee.
Besangon, ancient and populous city of
France, in the department of Doubs and
late province of Tranche Comte. The
triumphal arch of Aurelian, and other Ro-
man antiquities are still to be seen. The
streets are wide and handsome, and the
houses are well built with freestone. It is
94
52 miles E of Dijon, and 208 SE of Paris,
Lon. 6 2 E. lat. 47 13 N.
Bessarabia, territory of Turkey in Eu-
rope, between the Danube and the Dnei-
ster, along whose banks the Tartar inha-
bitants rove and maintain themselves by
their cattle, by husbandry and by robbery.
Their common food is the flesh of oxen
and horses, cheese, and mare's milk. Ben-
der is the capital.
Bestricia, town of Transylvania, remark-
able for the gold mines near it, 85 miles
NW of Hermanstadt, and 90 E of Tockay.
Lon. 23 45 E. lat. 47 30 N.
Betanzas, town of Spain in Galicia, seat-
ed on the Mandeo, on a bay of the Atlantic,
20 miles S of Ferrol. Lon. 7 55 W. lat.
43 12 N.
Betelfagni, town of Arabia Felix, famous
for the vast quantity of coflTee bought and
sold here to the Europeans. It is 25 miles
E of the Red Sea. Lon. 44 30 E. lat. 15
40 N.
Bethabara, Moravian settlement, in
Stokes county. North Carolina, 4 miles SE
from Bethany.
Bethany, township in Wayne county,
Pennsylvania, Population in 1820, 193.
Bethania, post town of Stokes county.
North Carolina ; a Moravian settlement,
about iour miles distam from Bethabara,
their capital town, 10 SW of Germantown,
and 15 NE of Huntsville. It has about 200
inhabitants.
Bethel, township of Berks county, Penn-
sylvania, adjoining to another township of
the same name, in Dauphin county. They
are both watered by a small stream, called
the Little Swatara, and contain about 2000
inhabitants.
Bethel, township of York county, in the
district of Maine, situated chiefly on the
south bank of the Androscoggin river.
Bethel, township of Windsor county, and
state of Vermont, about 40 miles from
Rutland in the same state.
Bethel, township in Delaware county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 299,
and in 1820, 324.
Bethel, township in Lebanon county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 3059.
Bethel, borough, in Lebanon county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1437.
Bethel, township in Oxford county,
Maine. Population in 1810, 975, and in
1820, 1267.
Bethel, township in Sullivan county.
New York. Popul.ition in 1820, 1096.
Bethel, township in Berks county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1294.
Bethel, township in Clark county Ohio.
Population in 1820. 970.
Bethel, township in Huron county Ohio.
Population in 1820, 164.
Bethel, township in Miami county,
D E T
Ji E 1'
Ohio. Population in 1810, 506, and in
1820, 1043.
Bethel, township in Bedford county,
Pennsylvania. Population 1810, 1095, and
in 1820, 1083.
Bethlem, township in Hunterdon coun-
ty, New Jersey. Population in 1810, 1738,
and in 1820, 2002.
Bethlem, township in Litchfield coun-
ty, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1118,
and in 1820. 932.
Bethlehem, town of Palestine, famous
for the birth of Christ. It is seated
on the ridge of a hill, running from E
to W, and has a delightful prospect. It
is now an inconsiderable place, but much
visited by pilgrims. Here is a church
yet entire, erected by the famous Hele-
na, in the form of a cross ; also a cha-
pel, called the Chapel of the Nativity,
where they pretend to show the man-
ger in which Christ was laid ; as also
another, called the chnpel of Joseph ; and
a third of the Holy Innocents A ftw
Greeks reside here, k is six miles S of
Jerusalem. Lon. 25 25 E. lat 31 50 N.
Bethlehem, town of Austi an Br^i^ant,
two miles N of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E.
lat. 50 55 N.
Berhkhem, town on Albany county New
York, situated on the W side cf Hudson
river eight miles S of the city of A.ba-
ny. The township is famous for its
dairies, and contained 3095 inhabitants
in 1800.
Bethlehem, township in Albany coun-
ty. New York. Population in 1820, 5114.
Bethlehem, township m Gr''.fto:i coun-
ty. New Hampshire, Population in 1810,
422, and in 1820,467.
Bethlehem, post town and township in
Northampton county, Pennsylvania, at
lat. of 40 37 N. and lon. VV C 1 46 E.
The united brethren were settled here
by Count Zinzendorf in 1741. In 1800
the town contained 543 inhabitants, and
the township 1343. In 1810, the town-
ship contained 1436, and in 1820, I860
inhabitants, principally of the same sect.
The buildings are not remarkable for
grandeur or elegance ; but are gt nerally
comfortable. They have one house for
public worship, a separate apartment for
the residence of the single brethren, and
another for the sisters There likewise,
is a seminary for the education of your.g
ladies, in which are taught all the use-
ful and some of the ornamental branches
of education ; and so great is the repu-
tation of these schools, for the attention
paid to the morals as well as ths litera-
ry improvement of the pupils, as to in-
vite them from Philadelphia and other
capital cities. The scenery around Beth-
lehem, and the primitive manners of its
inhabitants, give the place an aspect of
peculiar interest to the eye of a travel-
ler, and render it emmently calculated
to refine the taste, and preserve the
morals of the students. It may be doubt-
ed whether the world affords a more
pleasing scene than can be enjoyed in a
fine summer evening in Bethlehem, when
the groups of beautiful, simply but ele-
gantly dressed, and happy young females,
are " let loose from school."
It is the principal town of the Moravi-
ans, or Unitas Fratrium, in Pennsylva-
nia, is situated on the north or left bank
of the river Lehigh, in a township of the
same name, at the mouth of Manockicy
crt'ek, on ground descending towards the
river, and towards the creek, which
gives it a fine appearance, when viewed
from the south or west.
It is closely built on three streets, the
principal ones, extending north and south,
and the other two running from this to-
wards the ea.st
The pib'ic buildings, are a large
Si07ie Church, built in the Gothic sryle
and plastered utside with a ejay ce-
ment It is M2 feet 'on.^, and 68 fpet wide,
ol a propor*";onable hti^ht and having
a small tower rising from the centre of
the top, surm.junted with an elegant
dome, in which is a small bell. It is
handsum ly furnislud in the inside, hav-
ings rows of benches on each side for
the two sexes. A Sif^trrhouse or build-
ing for the uiimarried women. A semi-
nary f . r viung ladies, where all the fe-
males Moravian children, are cducat'd,
and also many rthers from vari"us p'lrts
of the Unit' d States. The number at
present is one hundred. A Public Tu'
•vern, being the only one per:rritt(d in
tile town, v/here of course all strangers
are lodgtd. Their burial ground, i.s in
thfr NE part of the town, and is laid out
in n-gular al'eysand walks, planted with
trees The graves, contrary to the cus-
tom of citht r Christiaii.s. are laid with
their feet to the snuth The nunibt r of
dwelling houses is 72. b sides shops and
other out-houses, and thf y ar genf rally
built of stone unly one story higi.. f irtuing
a great contrast Avith their lart^e church.
Bethlehem is 11 mi<..s W by S from Eas-
ton, and fifty two N bv W fr"in Phi-
ladelphia H<^-re is a wooden bridge over
Lfthi>;h 400 feet 1' ng and 4 arche?.
Bethlehem, east tovr.ship in Washing-
ton county, Per>',sylvania. Population in
1810 1806, and iii 1820. 2239.
Bethlehem, west, township in Wash-
ington county. Pennsylvania. Population
in ISIO, 1849, and in 1820, 2187.
Bethlehem, townsii'p in Stark countv,
Ohio. PoDulation in 1820, 489.
B E V
BIB
Bethlehemi post village of Clarke county,
Indiana.
Bethtchem^s Creek, or Coeymai^s Kill,
falls into tlie right bank of the Hudson, 7
miles below Albany.
Bethlehem Crosn Roads, post village
Southampton county, Virginia.
Bethlehem, post town of Litchfield coun-
ty, Connecticut, 9 miles south from Litch-
field, and 33 NNW from Wew Haven.
Bethune, fortified town of France, in the
department of tlie Straits of Calais and late
county of Artois, with a castle. It is seated
on a rock, by the river Brette, 20 miles E
of St. Omer and 120 N of Paris, Lon. 2
35 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Betley, town in Staffordshire, with a mar-
ket on Thursday, 16 miles NNW of Staf-
ford and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10 W,
lat. 53 5^.
Betlis, town of Asia, in Curdistan, situa-
ted on a steep rock, on the frontiers of
Turkey and Persia, but subject to its own
bey, and a sanctuary for the subjects of the
neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles E
of Diarbekar. Lon. 42 50 E, lat. 37
30 N.
Betton^s Island, near the coast of Revilla-
gigedo. Lat. 55 21 N, Ion. WC 54 42 W.
Bettshirg, post village in Jerusalem,
Chenango county, New York.
Betuwe, fertile island of Dutch Guelder-
land, 40 miles long and 10 broad, contain-
ing, in that space, eight cities, and several
hundred villages. It was the ancient Bata-
via, and formerly gave the name of Bata-
vians, to the inhabitants of the Dutch Neth-
erlands ; and it was principally hence that
the Dutch spread themselves over the dif-
ferent provinces.
Bevecum, town of Austrian Brabant, 17
miles S of Louvain- Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50
36 N.
Beveland, N and S, two i'-;lands of the
United p^o^ inces, in Zealand, between tlie
E and W branches of the Scheldt.
Bevergorn, town of Westphalia, 22 miles
from Munster.
Beverley, borough in the E riding of
Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday, and two churches, beside the
minster. It is seated on the river Hull, 9
miles N of Hidl and 182 of London. Lon.
0 15 W, lat. 53 52 N.
Bex-eningen, town of Germany, in the
diocess of Paderborn, at the confluence of
the Beve and Weser, 22 miles E of Pader-
born. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51 46 N.
Beverly Toxvnship, in the West Riding of
the county of York, lies west of Flambo-
rough, on Dundas-street.
Beverly, town in Essex county, Massa-
chusetts, 15 miles N by E of Boston, and
separated from Salem by a bridge. In
1800 the inhabitants were 3881, in 1810,
4608, and in 1820, 4283.
9S
Beula, small town in Cambria county
Pennsylvania, planted chiefly by emigrants
from Wales, (G B) about 60 miles E of
Pittsburg.
Bewcastle, village in Cumberland, on the
Leven, said to have been built about the
time ^f the Norman conquest. The church
is in ruins : and in tlie church yard is an
ancient cross, with several sculptures, on
which are illegible inscriptions.
Beivdley, borough of Worcestershire,
with a market on Saturday. It sends one
member to parliament, and is seated on the
Severn, 14 miles N of Worcester, and
128 NW of London. Lon. 2 0 W, lat. 52
20 N.
Bewley, or BemiUeii, river which rises in
the N of Inverness-shire, and flowing along
the S border of Ross-shire, forms the fine
estuary on which stand Inverness and Fort
St. George, and which terminates in the
frith of Murray.
Bex, village of Swisserland, in the can-
ton of Bern, near the town of St. Maurice,
remarkable for its delightful situation, and
the salt works near it, the largest of which
is entered by a passage cut out of the solid
rock. Travellers who have the curiosity
to explore these gloomy abodes, are fur-
nished with lighted torches, and dressed in
a coarse h.ibit, for defending them from
the drippings that fall from the roof and
sides of the passage,
Beziers, town of France, in the depart-
ment of lieratilt and late province of Lan-
guedoc. It is seated near the Royal Canal,
on a hill, at the foot of which flows the
Orbre, 12 miles NE of Narbonne. Lon. 3
18 E, lat. 21 0 N.
Bicifor, capital of a kingdom of the same
name, in Negroland, situated to the E of
Benin, on the river Los-Camarones. Lon.
17 40 E, lat. 6 10 N.
Biava, town of Hindoostan Pro])er, re-
markable for excellent indigo, 50 miles W
of Agra. Lon. 80 50 E, lat. 26 30 N.
Bihb, county of Alabama.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,551
do. do. females - - - 1.379
Total whites . . - .
2,930
Free persons of colour, males -
0
do do, females
^J.
Slaves, males - . . -
oi i>
do, females ...
373
Total population in 1820 - 3,676
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agricilture - - 1,294
do. in Manufactures - - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Populalion to the square mile, uncertain.
a i E
B I y
Sibcrach, free imperial lown of Suabia.
It has a manufacture of fustians, and is
seated in » pleasant valley, on the Reuss,
17 miles S\V of Ulm. LiJn. 10 2 E, lat. 48
ION.
Bicester, or Barcesier, town in Oxford-
shire, with a market on Friday, between
Oxford and Buckingham, 13 miles N of the
former and 57 W by N of London. Lon.
1 10 AV, lat. 51 5 IN.
Bicha, river of South America, enters
the Orinoco near the fulls of Ature.
Biche, Maraia a la, empties itself into
lake Ontario, at the north-east part of the
township of Grantham, Upper Canada.
Bidache, town of Fraiice, in the depart-
ment of the Lower Pyrenees and late
province of Basques, seated on ihe^ river
Bidouse, 12 miles E of Bayonne, Lon. 1
9 W, lat 43, 31 N.
Bidassoa, river of Spain, wliich has its
source m the Pyrenees, and falls into the
bay of Biscay between Andaye and Fonta-
rabia.
Biddcford, seaport and town corporate
in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday ;
seated on the Torridge, over which is a
stone bridge of 24 arches. It is a well
inhabited trading place 14 miles S by W of
Ilfracombe, and 203 W of London. Lon. 4
10 W lat. 51 10 N.
Biddeford, port of entry, and post town
in York county, Maine. It is situated on
the sea coast, near caae Porpoise, 23 miles
S by W of Portland, and 40 NE of Ports-
mouth, New Hampshire. Population 1560.
Biddefovd, a township in York county,
Maine. Population in 1810, 1563, and in
1820, 1738.
Biddle, hike, one of the sources of Bi^'-
horn river.
Bieka, Crab island, 9 miles SE from Porto
Bico. Lat. 18 N, Lon WC 11 45 E.
Biesz, town of Poland, in Cracovia, re-
markable for its mines of Vitrol ; seated
on the Weseloke, 50 miles SE of Cracow.
Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 49 50 N..
Biela, town of I'iedmoiit, capital of tlie
Bellese, near the river Cerva, 20 miles W
of Verc?il. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 45 35 N.
Biehg-07'o'd, sti'ong town of Bessarabia, on
lake Vid^no, near the Black Sea, 42 miles
SW of Oczakow. Lon. 30 10 E, lat. 45
20 N.
Bielsk, town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Polachia, near one of the sources of the
river Narew, 100 miles NE of Warsaw.
Lon. 23 39 E, lat. 52 40 N
Bienne, town of Russia, in ilie govern-
ment of Smolensko, 80 miles NE of Smo-
lensko, and 170 Wof Moscow. Lon. 3'o 5
E, lat. 55 40 N".
Bienne, town of Swisserland, on a lake of
the same name, at the foot of Moiiot Jura.
It is 17 miles N\V of Bern. Lon. 7 10 E,
lat. 47 UN.
N
Bieiiveiiu, a bayou, or creek of Louisiana,
purish of Orleans, rises to tne north of the
city of New Orleans, runs east into Lake
Borf^ne, after a course of 10 miles. It was
by the route of this channel that the British
army readied the bank of the Mississippi
December 23, 1814.
Bieroliet, town of Dutch Flanders, two
miles N of Sluys. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 51 21 N.
Bigbay, settlement and post village of
Illinois, in Johnson county.
Big black, river, a small branch of the
Mississippi, rising in the state of Mississippi,
and having its discharge at the grand gulf,
62 miles above Natchez.
Big-blue, river of Indiana, falls into Ohio,
15 miles W from Corydon, dividing Craw-
ford and Harrison counties.
Big Bone Lick Creek, small stream in
Woodford county, state of Kentucky ; fa- .
mous on account of the animal bones of an
enormous size that have been found here.
Some have supposed these to be the bones
of the Mammoth, and others of a non des-
cript animal.
.Big drij, branch of Missouri, on the right
of that stream, about 150 miles above the
Yellow-stone river.
Big-fats, post village of New York in
Elmira, Tioga county.
Biggleswade, town in Bedfordshire, with
a market on Wednesday, one of the great-
est barley markets in England. It is seated
on the Ivel, over which is a neat stone
bridge, 10 miles NW of Bedford, and 45
NNW of London. Lon. 0 21 W, lat. 52
6 N.
Bighorn, river, large south-eastern branch
of the Yellow Stone river, rises in the
Rocky or Chippewan mountains, and flow-
ing NE by N by comparative courses, 450
miles falls into Yellow Stone river from the
rigiit at Manue's Fort. Lat. 46 N lon.
W C 29 21 W.
Big Lick, post village of Bottelout coun-
ty Virginia.
Big Prairie, town of Missouri in New
Madrid county.
Big River, town of Missouri, Jefferson
county.
Big Rock, \.QSf;w%\\\]i of Askansaw. Popu-
lation in 1820, 328.
Big Sandy river, branch of Ohio, having
its s:)urces in the Cumberland mountain,
interlocking with those of tlie Cumberland,
Tennessee, and Great Kenhavva, and flow-
ing north-west, about 150 miles by" com-
parative courses, fixlls into Olilo Lat. 38
27 N, lon W C 5 30 W. For about 65
miles this river is the boundary between
Virginia and Kentucky.
Big Sandy creek, branch of Oconee river
in Georgia, falls into the Oconee about 20
miles qbove Dublin.
Uio^ Scionx river, branch of Missouri,
•9/
B I L
B I X
fvom tlie left having its source between
those of St. Peter's branch of the Mississip-
pi, and St. Jacques's branch of Missouri,
and flowing Swuth, falls into the latter about
800 miles above its mouth.
Big Springs, post village of Washington
county, Maryland, above the mouth of Lilile
Conuococheague.
Biff Muddy Creek, post Village of Illinois
in Ilandolph county.
Bigorre, late province of France, bound-
ed on the N by Armagriac, on the E by
Cumminges, on the W by Beam, and on
the S by the Pyrenees. It is now inclu-
ded in the department of the Upper Py-
renees.
Big Wahiui Creek, large easterly branch
of Sciota river, rises in the north-eastern
angle of Delaware county. Its course is
nearly south 50 miles through Delaware,
across Franklin into the north border of
Pickaway coanty, where it joins the Sciota.
Bijinagur. See Bisnagur.
Bijore, province of Ilindoostan Proper,
between the rivers Indus and Attock,
having Cabul on the W, the Bockharian
mountains on the N, Cashmere on the E,
and Peishore on the S. It is 40 miles fr m
N to S, and 30 from E to W. It is full of
mountains and wilds, inhabited by a savage
and turbulent race.
Bilboa, city of Spain, capital of Biscay,
with a ^ood harbour. Its exports are
wood, sword-blades, and other manufac-
tures in iron and steel. It is remarkable
for the wholesomeness of its air, and the
fertility of the soil about it. It is seated at
the mouth of Ibaicabal which enters the
bay of Biscav, 50 miles W of St. Seba-tian,
and 180 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 10 W, lat.
43 33 N.
BiUleston, town in Suffolk, with a market
on Wednesday. It has one large churcii,
about a quai-ter of a mile from the town,
and is seated on the river Breton. The
only business of the town consists in spin-
ning of yarn. It is 12 miles S E of Bury,
and 63 NE of London. Lon. 0 55 E, lat.
52 16 N.
Biledulgeiid, county of Barbary, bounded
on the N by Tunis, on thelE by Tripoli, on
the S by Guerguia, and on the W by Tug-
gurt. It lies between 5 and 11 E lon. and
28 and 32 N lat. The air is wholesome
but hot, and the soil yields a great deal of
barley.
Bilevelt, town of Germany in Westpiia-
lia, in tlie county of Ravensburg, seven
miles SE of liavensburg. Lon. 8 50 E,
lat. 52 ION.
Bill Birs Key, small island near the
Spanish Main on the Musquito shore.
BiUei'icay, town in Essex, with a market
on Tuesday. It is seated on a hill, before
which opens a bf^autiful prospect over a
rich vallev, to the Thames, nine miles SW
98
of Chelmsford, and 23 E of London. Loii,
0 31 E, lat. 51 30 N.
Bellerica, post town of Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, about 20 miles NW ot Bos-
ton, and 10 S of Dracut on the Merrimack
river. It contained 383 inhabitants in
1800.
Billerica, township in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 1289,
and in 1820, 1380.
Billimead, town of Vermont, Caledonia
county, on the sources of the Fatsamp-
sick river.
Billingsport, village in New Jersey, on
the river Delaware, about 12 miles below
Philadelphia. Here was a fortification du-
ring the war of Independence, which de-
fended the channel of the river.
Billom, town of France, in the depart-
ment'of Puy-de-Dome and late province of
Auvergne, 15 miles SE of Clermont. Lon.
3 28 E, lat. 45 41 N.
Bilma, a burning desert of Africa, to the.
SE of Fezzan, between 21 and 25 N lat.
Bihden, town in Leicestershue, 96 miles
N by W of London. Lon. 0 51 W, lat. 52
35 N.
Bilson, town of Westphalia, in the bish-
opric of Liege, on the river Demer, 15
miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 29 E, lat. 50
50 N.
Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, near
the Channel of Bahama, eight miles in
length, and as much in breadth. It is very
woody, and difficult of access on account
of the shoals, but is a very pleasant place,
and inhabited bv the native Americans.
Lon. W C. 2 30 W. lat. 25 0 N.
Bimlipatam, seaport of Golconda, in the
Deccan of Ilindoostan, seated on the bay of
Bengal, 12 miles N of Visagapatam. Lon.
83 5 E, lat. 18 0 N.
Binavos, small town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, remark.ible f.ir good wine ; seated near
the Mediterranean, 20 miles S of Tortosa,
Lon. 0 :i5 E, lat. 40 33 N.
Binbrook, township in the county of
Lincoln, Upper Canada ; situated between
Saltfleet, Glandford and Caistor.
Binch, little fortified town of Austrian
Ilainault, nine miles E of Mons. Lon. 4
15 E, lat. 50 24 N.
Binchester, village on the river Were,
near Durham. Several inscriptions and
monuments show it to have been the Ro-
man Vinovium ; many Roman coins are dug
up here, which are called Binchester Pen-
nies ; and two altars have been discovered
from which it appear^ that the 20th legion
was stationed in this place.
Bincaza, seaport ot Alrica, in the king-
dom of Tripoli, 140 miles W of Derna.
Lon. 19 10 E, lat 32 20 N.
Binfeld, village in Berkshire, in Wind-
sor forest, three miles N by E of Gking-
ham. Binfield was the scene of Pope's
B I U
B I R
youthful days, and here he wrote his Wind-
sor Forest.
Bingen, ancient town of Germany, in the
arclibishopric of Mentz, seated al the place
wh^re the river Nahe falls into the Rhine,
with a stniie bi'idfje over the former. It is
15 miles W by s' of Mentz. Lon. 8 0 E,
lat. 49 49 N.
Jiingham, town in Nottingliamshire, with
a small mai-ket on Thursday, nine miles E
of Nottingham, and 120 N by W of Lon-
don. Loii. 0 51 W, lat. 52 58 N,
Bingham, post town of Via ne, Somerset
county, on the east or left side of ihe Ken-
nebec river, above the Cariotunk falls.
BinghnmptoTt, po-.t town and seat '>f jus-
tice ill Broome count}'. New York, at the
junction of the Unadilla and Chenango
rivers, 145 miles SW from Albany and 40
miles SE from Ithica.
Biobea, river of South .\merica in Chili,
rises in the Andes, and enters the bay of
Conception Lat. 36 45 S.
Bionieburg, (own of Finland, in Sweden
neir the mouth of the Kune, in the gulf of
Boh.-mia, 75 miles N ol Abo. Lon. 22 5
E. lat. 61 42 N.
Bircli Bay, N\V coast of America, in the
guif of Georgia. Lat. 48 5.3 N. lon. W C
45 27 W. ,
Bir Of Beer, town of Diarbeck in Tur-
key in Asia, with a castle, where tiie go-
vern >r resides. It stam'.s on the E bank of
the Eupln-at'^s, near a lugh moi.ntain, in a
fruitful country. It is 50 miles NE of
Aleppo.
Bird^ small island, or rather rock in the
head of Niagar ; nver, between the harbour
of Biifi'aio, and Fort Erie.
Bird, towiisiiip of Ohio, Brown county.
Bird Islands, a. cluster in the C=rit)b(an
sea opposite to the coast of Columbia,
about 50 miles SE from Cura^oa. Lat. 12
N. lon. VV C 10 E. It is also the name of
many inc' nsiderable islands in various parts
of the earth.
Birdsborough, post town of Berks county,
Pennsylvania, on tlie right ' side of the
Schuylkill, 8 miles below Re:. ding.
Birdsviile, post vdlage of Burke county,
Georgia.
Birkenfeld, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine ; sea: ed near the river
Nahe, 25 miles ESE of Tr> ves.
Birmah, extensive empire in Asia, to tlie
S of the bay of Bengal; containing the
kingdoms of Birmah, Cassay, Aracan, and
Pegu, and all the VV coast of Slam, The
kingdom of Birmah, frequently called Ava,
from the name of its ancient capital, has
Pegu on the S, and occupies both sides f
the river Irrawaddy to the frontiers of As-
sam on theN; on the W it has Aracan and
Cassay, and on the E Chma and Upper
Siam. This kingdom was conquered in
1752, by the king of Pegu, who carried the
Birman monarcli prisoner to Pegu, and
caused him to be murdered there iq 1754.
But Alompra, a Birman of low distinction
who was continued by tlie conqueror as
chief at Monchabon, a small place to theN
of Ava, revolted against the Peguese, got
possebsion of Ava in 176.3, and after con-
tinued battles, with various sisccess, be-
came the conqueror of Pegu, in 1757.
This deliverer of his country continued in
a state of warfare to his death, in 1760 ;
and his successors have since added the
other countries, which mw form the Bir-
man empire. The climate of Birmah is
very salubrious ; the seasons being regular,
and the extremes of heat and cold seldom
experienced. 'I'lie soil is remarkably fer-
tile, producing rice, sugar canes, tobacco,
indigo, cotton, and all the tropical fruits in
perfection ; and on the banks of the Irra-
waddy, which runs S through the whole
country, is produced pure amber, and the
finest teak timber in the world The king-
dom of Birmah abounds in minerals ; it has
mines of gold, silver, rubies, and sapphires ;
and affords amethysts, garnets, chrysclites,
jasper, load-sione, and marble. The gene-
ral disposition of the Birmans is strikingly
coirated with that of the natives of llin-
doostan, though separated only by a nar-
row ridge of mountains, in several places
admitting of an easy intercourse. The
Birmans are a lively inquisitive race, ac-
tive, irascible, and impatient ; but the
character of their Bengal neighbours is
known to be the reverse. The passion of
jealousy, which prompts most eastern na-
tions to immure their women, and surround
them with guards, seems to have little in-
fluence on the minds of the Birmans ; for
their wives and daughters have as free rn-
tercourDC with the other sex as the rules of
Eur jpeau society admit. The Birmans are
extremely fond both of poetry and music.
Tiieir religion is, in fact, that of the Hin-
doos, though they are not votaiies of Bra-
ma, but sectaries of Boodh. Their system
of jurisprudence is distinguished above any
ot'ier Hindoo commentary for perspicuity
and good sense. The emperor of Birmaii
is a despotic monarch; and, like the so-
vereign of China, acknowledges no equal.
The prevailing characteristic of the Bir-
man court is pride. There are no heredi-
tary dignities or employments in the go-
vernment ; fir all honours and offices, on
the demise of the possessor; revert to the
crown. The cap;tal of tlie kingdom, and
metropolis of the empire, is Ummerapoora.
Birmingham, tfiwn in Warwickshire, with
a market on Thursday. It is a place of
great antiquity, and stands on the side of a
hill, forming nc;.rly a, halfmoon. The
lower nart is filled with workshops and
99
B I S
B I S
warehouses, and consists ch'efiy of old
building's. The upper part c mtains many
new and regular streets, and a hunv'isome
square.. It iias two churches ; one in tl.e
lower part of the town, wliich, though l:ite-
]y cased with brick, is a very ancient build-
ing, with a loi'ty spire , the other, a grand
modern structure, having a square stone
tower, witli a cupola and turret ; it has also
two chapels, several meeting-houses, a
large school endowed by Edv/ard VI an
ekgant theatre, and the complctest s-?t of
baths in tlie kingdom. Tne hardware
manufactures of Birmin:^ham have been
noted for a considerable period ; but of
late years, by great additions to its trade'
from a vast variety of articles, sucli as me-
tal but'ons, buckles, plated gonds, japann-
ed and paper ware. Sec. it has risen greatly
in population ; and in 1811, contained up-
ward of 70,000 inhabitaiits. It is plentiful-
ly supplied with dial by means of a canal
to Wedn-sbury; and it iias a ccmtnun na-
tion with the Great Trunk from t!ie Trent
to the Severn, by a branch passing by Wol-
verhampton. The improved stram en-
gines, made here by Bolton and Watt, de-
serve to rank high am mg the production
of human ingenuity ; their application to
various mechanical purposes, and particu-
larly to the draining of mines, places them
among^ the mnst valuable inventions of the
age. Birmingham is IT miles NW from
Coventry and 116 from London. Lon. 1
50 AV. 1.1' . 52 30 N.
Birmlrigliam, township in Cliester coun-
ty, Penis\ Ivaiiia. Population in 1810,
290, and in 1820, 323.
Birmingham, township in Delaware coun-
ty, Pennsvivania. Population in 1810, 586,
and in 1820, 515.
Birmingham, town hip and post town in
Hifnlhigdon county, Pennsylvania. Popu-
lation in 1820, 43.
Birmingham, post town of Clarke county,
PL-nnsylvania.
Birr, town of Ireland, in King's county,
near the borders of Tipperary, 34 miles
NE of Limmerick, and 34 NNW of Kilken-
ny.
Birse, town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, seated on the Dee, 28 miles W of
Aberdeen.
Birtley, ^ illage in the county of Durham,
10 miles N of Durham, noted for a valua-
ble salt spring, and an extensive manufac-
ture of salt.
Birviesca. town of Spain, in Old Castile,
10 mdes N of Burgos.
Birza, town of Poland, in Samogitia, 42
miles SE of Mittau.
Bisaciai town of Naples, in Principato
UUeriore, 15 miles NE ot Conza.
Biscara, town of Algers, in the province
of Constantia, and the chief place of the
100
district of Zaab. It is an ancient town,
120 miles SSW of Constantina. Lon. 5 12
W. iat. 33 36 N.
Biscay, prov.nce of Spain, 97 miles long
and 50 broad; bounded on the N by the
bay of Biscay, E by Upper Navarre, S by
Old Castile, and W by Asturias. It con-
tains tiiree divisions ; Biscay Pi oper, Gui-
piiscoa, and Alaba. This province is a kmd
of republic, in the hands of the nobility,
under the protection of the crown. Here.
are neither garrisons, custom-houses,
stamps, nor excise ; and of all the royal
taxes, none are known but the donativo, or
gratuitous donation. Biscay receives by
m.ere condescension a corregidor and a
commissary of marines; but does not per-
mit any order of the Spanish government
to be executed without the sanction of the
province. It produces apples, vines
and grain ; an;l has also wood for build-
ing ships, and mines of iron and lead. The
Biscayans are stout, brave, nnd choleric to
a proverb: and the lowest labourer deems
himself a gentleman. They speak the-
ancient Cantabrian language, which has no
uflfinity with any other in Europe. Bilboa
is the capital.
Biscay, Bay of, extensive bay of the At-
lantic, between Cape Ortegal, in lon. 7 35
W. Iat. 43 48 N. and the isle of Ushant, in
lon. 5^0 W. Iat. 48 30 N.
Biscay, JVew, province of Mexico, noted
for its silver mines. It has New Mexico
on the N, and Zacatecas on the S ; the Rio
de las Nassas runs through. a great part of
it. It form>- the southeastern part of the
intendancy of Durango.
Biscaiino, island in the Florida channel.
Lat. 25 '55 N lon. W C 3 23 W.
Bischo/sheim, town of Franconia, in the
duchy of Wurtzburg, seated on .tlie Tau-
ber, 20 miles SSW of Wur'zburg. — An-
other seated on the Rhom, 44 miles N by
E of Wurtzburg.
Bischof slack, town of Germany in Camio-
la, with a good trade in linen and worsted,
17 miles W by N of Laubach.
Bischofswerda, town of Upper Saxony,
in Misnia, s- atcd on the Weiseritz, 18 miles
E of Dresden
Bischofswerder, town of Prussia, in the
province of Oberland, on the river Oss, 28
miles NE of Culm.
Bischofzell, town of Switzerland,- in
Thurgau, with a castle ; seated at the con-
fluence of the Sitter and ThQr, 12 mdes S
of Constance.
Bischiviler, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine, with a fortress, 14
miles W by N of Haguenau.
BisegUa, town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, on a hill, near the gulf of Venice, six
mdes E of Trani.
Biserta, seaport of the kingdom ofTunis,
B L A
B L A
in a country abounding in corn, fruit, oil,
cotton, and other valuable productions. It
stands on a canal, which communicates
with a gulf of the Mediierran( ;jn, 37 miles
N\V of Tunis, Lon. 9 46 E lat. o7 10 N.
Bishop Auckland, and ioi- oiher places
with the same prefix, see Auckland, &c.
Bishops-castk, borough n Shiopshire,
wil.h a m.rket on Friday, mush frequented
by the Welsh. It is seated near the river
Clun, 8 miles E of Montgomery, and 159
WNW of London.
Bisigmmo, town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, with a castle ; seated on a hill,
near the river Boccona, 16 miles N of Co-
senza.
Blsley, village in Gloucestershire, three
miles SE of Stroud. It has a large church
standing on an eminence, and a manufac-
ture of broad cloth.
Bisnagur, town of Hindoostan, in the
country of Sanore. It was the capital of
the ancient kingdom of Narsinga, and for-
merly a large city. It is seated on the
river Nigouden, 28 miles SSE of Sanore,
and 105 N by W of Chitteldroog. Lon. 76
2E. lat. 15 20 N.
Bisnee, town of Bootan, capital of a dis-
trict on the borders of Bengal and Assam.
It is 50 miles ENE of Rangamuvty, and 130
SE of Tassasildon. Lon. 90 45 E. lat. 26
27 N.
Bistineau, lake of Louisiana, 30 miles
long and from haif a mile, to three miles
wide, lying in nearly a north and south po-
sition, receiving Dacheet river, at its north-
ern, and falling into Red river at its south-
ern extremity.
Bistriez, town of Transylvania, on a ri-
ver of the same name, 142 miles NE' of
Col.^svvar, Lon. 25 3 E. lat. 4733 N.
Bitche, fortified town of France, in the
department of Moselle and la:e province
of Lorrain, with a castle, on a rock. It is
sca'ed at the foot of a mountain, near the
Schwelb. 30 miles N to W of Strasburg
Lon. 7 44 E. lat 49 5 N.
Biionio, episcopal town of Naples, in
Terra de Bari, ien miles WSAV of Bari, and
117 E by N of Naples, Lon. 16 30 E. lat
41 .6 N.
Black Bay, on the north shore of lake
Superior, lies a little east of Isle de Muiat-
te, and west of Shanguenac, Upper Ca-
nada,
Black Creek, in the countv of Lincoln,
discharges itself into the river Niag-ra, in
the township of Willoughby, some miles
above Chippewa, Upper Canada.
Blackburn's iSpi-ings, post village of
Tennessee, Jackson county.
Blackford town of Indiana, in Possey
cougty.
Blackheath, post town of Illinois, in Ran-
dolph county.
Blnck-ffnrse, post village of Burlington
county. New Jersey, 17 miles from Tren-
ton.
Black-Horse-Tapern, post village of
Pennsylvania, in Chester county.
Black Lake, or Oswegaic/ue, lake of N.
York, in St. Lawrence county. It receives
Indian river at its southwest extremitj^,
and extending 20 miles in a northeast di-
rection, contracts again to the size of a
small river, and joins the Oswegatchie' se-
ven mies above its mouth at Ogdensburg.
B lack Lake, river of Louisiana, rises in
the pine fores s in the NW part of the state,
flows south 60 miles, expands into Black
Lake, a sheet of water about 10 miles long,
again contracts to a small river, turns sputh-
east 20 miles and joins SaLne river.
Blackbank, town of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Armagh, seven miles S of Armagh.
Lon. 6 35 W, lat. 5 20 N.
Blackburn, town in Lancashire, with a
maiket «n Monday. It carries on a vast
trade in calicoes for printing, and is seated
mar the Derwent, 203 miles NNW of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 53 42 N.
Blackheath, elevated plain, SE of Lon-
don, commanding some fine prospects, and
adorned with many villas.
Black Lick, township in Indiana county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 965,
and in 1820, 1303.
Black Lick, river of Ohio, branch of
Big Walnut.
Black, river in Vermont, v>hich rising in
Rutland county, passes through the country
in a SE course to the Connecticut river,
with which it unites near Charleston ; and
another entering lake Memphrama^og.
Black, river in the state of New York.
It rises in Herkemer couny, and running
nearly a NW course tlirongh Oneida,
Lewis, and Jefferson counties, falls into
lake Ontario, at Sackett's Harbour, eight
miles below Brownsville, after a compa-
rative course of about 100 miles.
Black, river of North Carolina, which
unites with Cape Fear river, about 20
miles above Wilmington, in the same
state.
Black, river of Ohio, rises in Medina
county, over which, and Cayahoga, it flows
a northerly course of o5 miles into lake
Erie.
Black Forest, forest of Germany, in the
W of the circle of Suabia. It is part of
the ancient Hercynian forest.
Black Island, township in Hancock coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 9
Black River, township in Huron county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 354.
Black, river of Missouri, main northern
branch of White river, rising in Missouri,
and flowing E about 180 miles, turns to
S and SW 200 miles, in which latter dis-
tance it enters Arkansas territorj', and joins
White river. It is augmented by a great
101 " '
B L A
B L A
number of tributary streams. 'J'he coun-
try it waters is in general fertile, and pro-
ductive in grain and fruits.
Black, river of Lo'asana, formed by the
junction of Ocatahoola, VVasi.it .u, and
Tensaw ; flows soutii by avtrj- circuitous
channel of 40 nnles, falls 'into Red river
30 miles above Us mouth.
Black Ruck, harbour, Fairfield cunty,
Connecticut, at the mouth of Ash creek,
3i nnies SE f om Hridgep rt.
Black Rock, post vihage, Niagara county,
New Yoik, ort the riglit bank of Niagara
river, two miles N from Bufal e. It con-
tains 40 or 50 houses, and about 200 inha-
bitants.
Black Sea, the ancient Euxine, bounded
on the N by Taurica, and the sea of Asoph ;
on the E by Mmgrelia, Circassia, and
Georgia; on the S by Natolia ; and on the
W by Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia.
It lies between Ion. 2>2> and 44 E, and lat,
42 and 46 N.
Black Slocks, post village, Chester dis-
trict. South Carohna.
Black Sivamp, post village, St. Peter's
parish, South C:<rolma.
Blackpool, village in Lancashire, much
resor ed to for sea bathing.
Black IValnut, post village, Halifax coun-
ty, North Caroinia.
Black Warrior, river of Alabama, large
north-eastern branch of Ti.mb.g.^t-e. It
rises S tVoni -h. great bend of Tennessee,
between the sources of the Tombighee,
Coosa, and Cuhaba, and is navigable at high
water to thi falK, about 120 nnles from
Huntsville, forming part of a direct chan-
nel of inland navigation from the gulf of
Mexico, through tiie Mobile bay, Mobile
rjvvr, Tombigbee, &c. to the central and
nor'.liern parts of Alal)ama.
Blackrvater, r.ver of England, joins the
Chelmer at Maiden, and flows into Black-
water bay.
Black-vater, river of the south of Ireland,
falls uvto the sea at Yo'ighal hay, after
having traversed the counties of Cork and
■Water.*"ord.
Blackwater, river or creek of New Hamp-
shire, .rising in the Northern parts of Hills-
boi .ugh county, and enters the Contacook
in Hopkinton.
B'ackwater, river of Virginia, rises in
Prince George's county, fl :ws SE between
Sussex and Surry, and between Southamp-
ton and Isle of Wighl c;>uniies, turns to
the S, ai d unites with theN 'tta>»ay almost
on the line between Virginia and North
Carolina
Blachwaler, creek of Pickaway count}',
Ohio
Bladen, county, North C.irolina, on both
sides of Cape Fear river ; bounded SW
by South Carolina ; by Robeson W ; Cum-
berland NAY ; Sampson and New Hanover
102
NE; and Brunswick SE ; being 50 miles
in length, by a mean width of 30 ; area
1500 square miles ; surface generally level;
soil of middling quality ; staples, grain, to-
bacco, &c.. Chief town, Elizabethtown.
Population in 18^0.
Free white males ... 1,863
do. do. females - - - 1,709
All other free persons, except In-
dians not taxed ... 114
Slaves 1,785
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females ?
5,671
2,076
2,270
Total whites .... 4,346
Free persons of colour, males - 78
do. do. females 64
Slaves, males - . - . 1,382
do. females ... 1,406
Total population in 1820 - - 7,276
or these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agrictdture - - 2,417
do in Manufactures - . - 0
do. in Comm rce - - 0
Pop lation to the square mile, 5 nearly.
Blailetisburg, town in Prince George
county, Maryland, where there is a post
oflice, six miles from the city of Washing-
ton, on the post road to Baltimore, and 35
miles from i-he latter.
Ban'r-ivil/f. post village, York '(Uatrict,
South Carolina.
Blair Athol, village in Perthshire, in an
angle formed by the rivers Tilt and Garry.
CI se by it is Bl^ir Clastlt-, a castle belong-
ing to the duke of Athol; and in its vici-
nity are many romantic waterfalls. Blair
Atiiol is 28 miles NW of Perth.
Hloisois, late province of France,
which now forms the department of
Loire and Cher.
lilaize, see San Blass, cape of Flo-
rida, at the miuth of Appalachicola ri-
ver, bttween Apalachc and St. Joseph's
bays.
Biakely, post town of Alabama, si-
tuated on the Tensaw branch of Mo-
bile river, at the head of Mobile bay.
I'his town is of recent constrnction, not
dating farther back than 1816. The
ground on which it isbuilt is a high bank
of earth The harbour is spacious, and
water sufficif ntly deep for any vessels
that can pass the bars ;i Mobile bay,
either at the mouth of the bay, or below
the mouth of Tensaw river. Biakely
contains about 600 inhabitants, a few
stores, and a bank. Lat. 30 40 N. Lon.
W CIO 44. VV.
B L A
B L E
Blakely, township in Lucerne county,
Pennsylvania Population in 1820, 450
Blakesburg. town of Penobscot coun-
ty, Maine, 21 miles N from Bangor.
Blamont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Mi^urthe and late province
of Lorrain, seated on the little river Ve-
zouze, 12 miles S of Luneville. Lon. 6
52 E, lat. 48 40 N.
Blanchard's Fork, large eastern branch
of the Auglaize river. It rises within
about one mile of Scioto river, in a cen-
tral part of Hnrdin county, and runs
northwardly about 26 miles ; then turns
west and flows 38 miles further, into the
Auglaize.
jilanct town of France, in»the depart-
ment of Indre and late province of Ber-
ry, with a castle, seated on the river
Creusc, 35 miles E of Poitiers. Lon. 1
13 E, lat. 46 38 N.
Bianco, cape of South America, in
Patagonia. • Lon. 64 42 W, lat. 47 20 S.
Blanco, cape of Peru, on the Snuth
sea, 120 miles SW of Guayaquil. Lat.
3 45 S. lon. W C 6 W
Blanco, cape of North America, on
the coast of the Pacific Ocean, forming
the southern extremity of the peninsula
of Popagayo. Lat. 9 20 N. lon. W C
9 W.
Blanco, cape of North America, on
the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 43
33 N. lon. W C 47 W.
tilanco, cape of Africa, on the Atlan-
tic Ocean, 350 miles N of the rivt-r Se-
negal. Lon. 17 10 W, !at. 20 55 N.
Blanco Cape, cape of Africa, on the
Atlantic Ocean, nearly due east from the
Madeira islands, between Cape Cantin
and the M rbese river. Lat. 33 0 N,
lon. 8 45 W.
Blandford, township in the West
Riding of the county of York, lies to the
northward of Dundas street, adjoining
Oxford, on the river Thames.
Blandford, township in Hampden
county, Massachusetts. Population in
1820, 1515.
Blandford, post town of Hampden
county, Massachusetts, 16 miles NW by
W from Springfield.
Blandford, town of Prince George's
county, Virginia, includf-d within the in-
corporated limits of Petersburg, from
which it is only separated by a small
creek.
Blanes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
near the mouth of the Tordera, 20 miles
S of Gironne.
Blankenberg, town and fort of the
Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the
German Ocean, eight miles NE of Os-
tend.
Blakenbergy town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg, 1~
miles E of Bonn.
Blankenburg, town of Lower Saxony,
capital of a principality of the same
name. The castle stands on a craggy
mountain, and is one of the finest build-
ings (if the kind in Germany. It is 30
miles SE of Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 11 10
E, lat 51 51 N.
Blannerhassetfs Island, a remarkably
beautiful and fertile island of about 300
acres, in the Ohio river, opposite Belpre.
It is so named from a Mr. Blannerhas-
sect, an Irish gentleman of large fortune ;
who having, with his family, left Ireland
in 1801, purchased and removed to this
island ; where he reared a costly and
spletidid edifice for his dwelling house.
A considerable part of the island was
laid out into gardens after the m(;st ap-
proved models of European taste; and
the whole scenei'y combined, seemed like
the fabled fields of Elysium. But the'
house was mcst unfortunately burnt down
in December, 1810, and shortly after-
wards the garden was totally destroyed ;
and few or no vestiges now remain of its
transient splendour and nriai^nificence.
Bleregnies, See Malplacjuet,
Blabturen, a town of Suabia, in the
kingd^im of Wirtemburg, with a castle
on a hill. Great quantities of fustian-
and linen cloth are made here. It is
seated at the confluence of the Arch with
the Blau, U miles W of Ulm. .
Blaye, a seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde It has a good ci-
tadel, and a fort on an island m the Gi-
ronde, which is here 3800 yards wide.
Its trade consists in the wines fif the ad-
j icent country. Its harbour is much fre-
quented, and the ships which go to Bour-
deaux ^re obliged ti leave their guns
here. It is 17 miles N of Bourdcaux.
Lon. 0 35 W, lat. 46 7 N.
Bledsoe, county of East Tennessee,
bciunded by Marion S ; Ftanklin, War-
ren, and White NW ; Roane N; and
Rhea SE. Length 35 miles ; mean width
13; area 455 square miles ; surface hilly,
and part mountainous ; soil varied, but
in some parts highly productive in grain
and fruits. Chief town, Pikeville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,842
do. do. females - - 1,774
Total whites - - - 3,616
Free persons of colour, males 15
do. do. females, ' 13
Slaves, males - - - '^77
do. females - . . 184
Total population in 1820
103
4,005
6 L O
B L O
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - o
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,054
do. in Manufactures - 116
do. in Commerce - 5
Population to the square mile, 9.
Blekingen, province of Sweden, in
Gothland, on the coast of the Baltic. It
is 90 miles long and 21 brrad; and,
though mountainous, is one of the most
agreeable countries in the kingdom The
principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar,
tallow, hides, and timber. The chief
town is Carlscrona.
Blenheim, village of Suabia, seated
on the Danube, three miles NE of Hoch-
stet. It is memorable for the sign;^l vic-
tory over the French and Bavarians,
gained August 2, 1704, by the duke of
Marlborough and prince Eugene. The
Austrians were defeated by the French
near this place in 1800.
Blenheim^ township in the W Riding
of the county of Yuik, !'c . to ihe iM.ith-
ward of Hu.idas-street, opposite Benford,
tapper Canada.
Blenheim, township in Schoharie coun-
ty, N-w York. P(ipulation in 1320, 1.862.
Blenheim, post town in Schoharie
county. New York, on the W side of
"the Schoharie river, 40 miles S W by
W from Albany.
Blere, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Tidre and Loire, on the river
Cher, 18 miles E by S of Tnurs
Blessington, borough of Ireland, in the
county of VVicklow, seated on a rising
ground, near the Liffey, 14 miles SSW
of Dublin.
Bletchingly, borough in Surry, which
has no market ; seated on a hill, four
miles E of Ryegate, and 21 S of Lon-
don.
Bleurie, seignory, on the Sore!, in Bed-
ford county, T^nwer Canada, 23 miles SE
from Montreal.
Blights Island, NW coast of North
Atnerica, between Point Grauma bay,
and Point Freemantle, 30 mil's N from
Montagu Island. Lat 60 52 N, Ion.
VV C 69 17 W.
Block hland, in the Atlantic Ocean,
13 miles NE from M'>ntaug Point, the
eastern ►'Xtremity i.t' Long- Islard, and
10 m^'es SW fr m Point Judith. It is the
town of N?w Short ham, in Newport.
county, Rhode Island Population 1810,
722; and in 18^0 9.5:'.
Bloddey. township in Ph'ladplnh'a coun-
ty, Pennsyi^-'*''ia, on the Sdi'iyikiH three
m'les from Pliilaii-'ohia. P 'ptiiation in
ISIO, 161.S, and in 1820, 2655
BIoclczii!, town (jCIToII ntl, in Overyssel,
with a fort; seated, at llie mouth or the
Aa, ou the Zuydev Zc-, where there is a
104
good harbour, eight miles NVV of Steen-
wick. Lon. 5 39 E. lat. 52 44 N.
Blois, ciiy of France, capital of the
department of Loire and Cher, and lately
an episcopd see. In this castle Lewis
XII was born, and here, in 1588, Henry
III caused the duke of Guise, and his
brother the cardinal, to be assassinated.
The principal commerce is in win and
brandy : and the chief manufactures are
serges and ticken. It is seated on the
Loire, 37 miles ENE of Tours, and 100
SSW of Paris. Lon. 1 20 E. lat. 47 35 N.
Bloody-nm, post town of Bedfsrd coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the
Juniata river^righi miles E from Bedford.
Bloom, po«t town of Columbia county,
Penn.sylvania. Population 1200.
Bloom, township in Columbia county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1626.
Bloom, post to»vn oi Fairfield county,
Ohio, seven mi!e NW f-orr. Lancaster.
Bloom, township in Fairfield county,
Ohi... Population m 1810, 839, and in 1820.
1613.
Bloom, township of Morgan county,
Ohio. Popula ion in 1820,445.
Bloom, tovvnsiiip of Sciota coimty, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 205. .
Bloomfidd, post town of Somerset coun-
ty, Maine, right side of Kennebec river,
seven miles E fom Norj'idgpwock.
Bloomfield, township in Somerset coun-
ty, M;in'f. P.)pidation in 1820, 889.
Bloomjield, post town of Ontario county,
New York, eight mdes W from Canandai-
gua.
Bloomjield, township in Ontario county,
NewYo k. PopulaUnn in 1820,3621
Bloomjield, post town of Essex county,
New j> r ey,five mile- NW from Xe\\\.rk.
Bh'imjield, township in E^sex county.
New Jersey. Population in 1820, o0o5.'
Bloomjield, pos'. town »f Crawford coun-
ty, Pennsylvania.
Bloomjield, township in Crawford county,
Pennsvlvania. Population in 1810, 114,
andin 1820, 214.
Bloomfidd, post village of Virginia in
Loudoi; coi/Jity.
Bloomjield, post village of Nelson courity,
Kentucky.
Bloomjield, township and post town in
Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in
1820. 166.
Blooiiific'd, township in J?ckson count}',
Ohio, i'opuktionin 1820, 318.
BlooiiJ'ekl, sm:-.ll town or viii:iji-e in W:;vne '
township, n thf western b.irders of Jeffer-
son comty, 14 miles we-terly fr m Steu-
btnviUe, on the road from tliat place to
Carliz.
Bloomjield. po=st town of Pickaway coun-
tt', upon WVinut plan's, on the road from
Columbus to Chilr, die ; 17 miles south
from Columbus, and 8 N from Circleville.
B L O
B L L
Hloomfield, township in Knox county,
Ohio. JP.ipulation in 1820, 468.
Bloomin^burff, post village of New York,
in SuHivan couifty.
Bloomi7ig-dale, village on the Hudson, se-
ven miles above the city of New York.
Blooming Grove, township and post town
in Orange county, New York. Population
in 1820,2219.
lilooming Grove, town of Richland coun-
ty, Ohio.
Blooming Grove, township in Richland
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 168.
Bloomingsbtirg, village F.tyette county,
Ohio, 40 miles SW from Columbus.
Bloomivgtoji, post village and chief town
of Monroe county, Indiana, on Bean-blos-
som branch of White river, about 70 miles
NE from Vincennes.
Bloomsburg. post town, of Hunterdon
county, New Jersey
Bloomsburg, post village of Halifax
county. Virginia.
Bloomsville, post village of Ontario coun-
ty. New York, 13 miles W from Canan-
daigua.
Bloinez, town of Poland, in Masovia, 20
miles W of Warsaw.
Blore, village in Staffordshire, 10 miles
N of Utoxeter, Its heath is famous for a
battle between the houses of York and Lan-
caster, September 1459, in which Nevil
earl of Salisbury, for York, v^ith 500 men
only, defeased lord Audley with 10,000.
The lattev was killed, and on 'he spot is
erected a stone cross to his memory..
Blount, county of Tennessee, bounded by
the Cherokee lands SSW and W ; Holston
river separating it from Knox, and Roane
NWandN; and by Sevier E; length 38
miles ; mean width 15 miles ; area 570
square miles; surface hilly; soil varied,
Staples, grain, flour, salted provisions, and
some cotton. Chief town, Maryville.
Population in ISIO.
Free white males - - - 4,122
do. do. females - - 3,886
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 26
Slaves - ... - 805
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white m_ales . . -
do. do. females
8,839
5,119
5,035
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
t do. do. females -
Slaves, males ' -
do. females - - - -
10,154
27
27
552
• 491
Total population in 1820
O
11,258
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized . r.qne
Engaged in AgMculture - 1,531
■ do. . in Manufactures - ,137
do. in Commerce - - lO
Population to the square mile, 20 nearlj'.
Blount, county of Alabama, bounded S by
Shelby and Jefferson ; W by N by
Cotaco; E by and SE by St. Clair ;
length 32, breadth 30 ; area 960 square
miles ; surface hilly. Staple cotton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,158
do. do. females - . - 1,088
Total whites .... 2,239
Free persons of colour, males - none
do. do. females - 1
Slave?, males . _ - - fy
do. females ... gs
Total population in 1820 - 2,415
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - none
Engaged in Agriculture - - 805
do. in Manufactures - 22
do. in Commerce - - 1
Population to the square mile, 2.
Blonntsville, post town, and capital of
SuUivan county, East Tenressee, on the
Watauga branch of Holston rivei'; 25 miles
W from Elizabethtown, and 109 tbove
Knoxville.
Blnc-earih, river, branch of Kansas river.
Blvi'field Bay, between Luana Point and
Cabarilla Point, island of Jamaica, lat.
18 10 N. lon.WC. 1 25 W.
Blue Field, river of Nortli America,
which separates Honduras, from Nicara-
gtia, and is discharged inL« Bluefields Bay.
Lon. W C 4 30 \Y . lat. 12 N.
Bine-Hill, township and post town of
Hancock county, Maine. Population in
1820, 653.
Blue Lick, Upper, on Lickirg rive",
Fleming county, Kentucky.
Blue Lick, Lower, see Ellisville.
Blue Mountain, sometimes called ITitta-
tiny, wss originally called by the Indians
Kaatatin chunk, which is said to signify
" main or principal mountain." It crosses
the Delaware, which forms a deep gap,
through it, about 24 miles above Jiaston,
and running WSW, crosses the Lehigh,
whicli forms also a gap, through it and
continues nearly the same direction west-
ward of the Susqiiehannah. The height
of this mountain is at three points in the
county of Nortiiampton, as follows : On
the Vilest side of the Delaware, at the Dela-
ware W:iter;::ap, it is ibund to be 1250
feet ; on the west side of Lehigh Watergap,
it measures 1175 feet, and on the east side
of Kunkles Cap, op Allentown road, it mea
i05
B L Y
Ji O 1)
sures 1135 feet. These measurements were
taken by the common geometrical method,
and will give the average height of the
Mountain in the county of Northampton,
at 1186 feet. The Bkie Mountain so far as
it extends in Northampton county, is a very
regular ridge, nearly uniform in its height,
and has properly but four pa-ses or Gaps,
in the county. These are the Delaware
Water Gap, the Wind Gap, the Lehigh
Water Gap, and Little Gap, between the
Wind Gap, and Lehigh Water Gap. The
Mountain is in all places steep, thinly
covered with poor timber, generally rocky,
and unfit for cultivation.
Blue Ridge, one of the ranges of the Ap-
palachian, or Allegany mountains, and ge-
nerally, though erroneously considered the
southeast ridge of that system. It extends
from the Hudson river into Georgia. The
great Limestone valley, as it is called by
pre-eminence extends along the NW side
of the Blue ridge. The real Limestone
range, is, however, much more limited than
generally believed. In New Jersey and
Pennsylvania it is seldom as much as 10
miles wide from the foot of the mountain,
and followed by clay slate, which forms the
substrata, on the NW side of the valley.
The line of separation crosses the Delaware
about 20 miles above the borough of Eas-
ton ; the Lehigh at the Slates : the Schuyl-
kill above the mouth of Maiden creek ;
and the Susquehannah at H .rrisburg. Be-
tween the Susquehannah, and Potomac,
the relative distances and distinction be-
tween the two formations, maintain a nea!--
ly similar position. From the latter stream
SW we are unprepared to mark their re-
spective limits.
The entire length of the Blue Ridge as
a separate range, is upwards of 700 miles.
Its general elevation varies considerably.
In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Mary-
land it is humble ; but in Bedford county,
Virginia the Peaks of Otter exceed 5000
feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean ;
and are the most elevated part of the Ap-
palachian system SW from Hudson river.
Slue Rock, post town and township in
Muskingham county, Ohio. Population
in 1820, 557.
Blue Stone, river of Virginia, rises in
Tazewell and flows NE into Kenhawa ri-
ver in Giles county, having an entire course
of 40 miles.
Blue Water, river, southern branch of
Missouri, which it joins nine miles below
the mouth of the Kansas.
Bluff- Springs, post village, Jefferson
county, Mississippi.
Blufton, town of Howard county, Mis-
souri.
Blyth, town in Nottinghamshire, with a
markel oh Thursday. Here are some re-
mains of a castle and priorv. It is 23
lOfi
NNVV of Newark, and 151 N by W of Lon-
don.
Boardman, township and post town, 10
miles SE from Warren, in* Trumbull coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 343, and in
1820, 604.
Boat-mn, post village, Clermont county,
Ohio.
Boat-yard, post village of Sullivan county,
Tennessee, upon the Natouga river 16
miles helow Blountsville.
Bobenhauseii, town of Germany, in Wc-
teravia, with a castle, three miles SE of
Francfort on the Main, and seated on the
river Gersbrentz.
Bobio, episcopal town of Italy, in the
Milanese, on the Trebia, 25 miles SE of
Pavia. Lon. 9 12 E lat. 44 45 N.
Bocat, valley of Syria, in Asia, in which
are the famous ruins of Balbec.
Bocca-Chica,x\\Q entrance into the har-
bour of Carthagena, in S. America. It is
defended by several forts, which were all
taken by the English in 1741.
Boea del Drago the W entrance into ,
Chiriqui bay, on the Atlantic side of the
isthftiusof Darien. Lat. 9 05 N. Ion. W
C4 W.
Boca del Toro, entrance into the bay of
Chiriqui or Almirante, E from the island
Bocaloro. Lat. 9 12 N. lat. W C 3 45 W.
Bocaloro, island at the mouth of the bay
of Chiriqui or Almirante. Lat. 9 12 N.
lon. W C 3 50 W.
BocauWs Bay, South America in the
straits of Magellan. Lat. 54 S. lon. W C
5 54 E.
Bocca Tigris, bay, or estuary of the
river Pekiang. The great commercial city
of Canton stands at its bead.
Bochetta, chain of mountains, in the ter-
ritory of Genoa, over which is the road
leading from Lombardy to Genoa. On
the peak of the highest mountain is a pass,
whicii will hardly admit three men to go
abreist ; this pass, is properly, the Bochet-
ta ; for the defence of which there are
three forts. It is the key of Genoa, and
was taken in 1746 by the Austrians.
Bockholt, town of WestphaUa, in the
diocess of Muns'er, 20 miles E of Cleves.
Lon. 6 22 E. lat. 51 42 N.
Boccing, large village in Essex, adjoin-
ing to Braintree. It has a great manufac-
ture of baize, and is 41 miles NE of London.
Lon. 0 40 E.kt. 51 56 N.
Bodcau, lake of Louisiana, six miles W
from Lake Bistineau. It discharges its
waters into lied river at the south, and re-
ceives Bodcau river at the northern extre-
mity.
Bodcau, river of Louisiana, and Arksfti-
saw ; rises in the latter N. lat. 33 40 W.
lon. W C 17 interlocking with the waters
of Little river of the South, Little Missou-
ri, and Dacheet : the entire length of the
B O E
B O I
Bodcau is about 100 miles, one third of rises in the Pine forests between Ope-
which is in Louisiana ; it enters the north- lorsas and the rapids of Red river, flow-
east extension of the lake of the same ing first north-east, turns gradually to
name. The country drained by the Bod- south-east, enters on the low lands south
cau is hilly, covered with pine and oak of Red river, and after continuing to
woods; soil thin and sterile. flow by comparative courses 60 miles,
Bodega, port on the W coast of North unites with the Crocodile to form the
America. Lat. 38 21 N. Ion. W C 47 W. Courtableau river.
Bodet, River au. Upper Canada, in the Boggs, a township in Centre county,
township of Lancaster, falls into lake St. Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 847.
Francis east of Pointe au Bodet. Bogota, the capital of New Granada,
Bodlio, town of Italy, in the county qP in Terra Firma. See Santa Fe.
Nice, 25 miles NW of Nice. Lon. 7 6 E^- ' Bogota, river of South America, rising
lat. 44 2 N. in the mountains near Santa Fe, and
Bodmin, borough in Cornwall, with a flowhig to the SW, falls into the Mag-
market on Saturday, ft sends two menj- dalena. It is rendered in a i)eculiar man-
bers to parliament, and is 32 miles NE of n^r interesting by the great cataract of
l^nlt-nrMtf K nnrl ^lA. \.V Kir S ctf f.nnrlon. T'ennt^nHama
Falmouth, and 234 W by S of London.
Lon. 4 40 \V. lat. 50 32 N.
Bodon, fortified town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Bulgaria, with an Archbishop's
see ; seated on the river Danube, 26 miles
W of Viden. Lon. 25 54 E lat. 44 10 N.
Bodroch, town of Hungary, on the
Danube, 100 m.iles SE of Buda. Lon. 19
52 E. lat. 45 55 N.
Boeschot, town in the prcivince of Aus-
trian Brabant, seated on the river Nethe,
12 miles NE of MecliUn. Lon. 4 42E. lat.
51 8N.
Bog, river of Poland, which runs SW
through Podolia and Budziac Tartary,
Bohtvua, kingdom of Europe, bounded
on the N by Misinia and Lusatia, on the
E by Silesia and Moravia, ftn the S by
Austria, and on the W by Bavaria. It
is 200 miles in length, and 150 in
breadth, and is fertile in corn, saffron,
hops, and pasture. In the mountains are
mines of gold and silver, and, in some
places they find diamonds, granates,
copper, and lead. The Roman catholic
religion is the principal ; though . >ere
are many protestants. The chief rivers
are the Muldaw, Elbe, and Oder. Their
language is Sclavonian, with a mixture
?l!L"?i"\l?.L?^^l^;»!fil' '°^^^^^'' ^^'^- of German. It is an integral of the
^^^^^._^^ ^^p.^^ r^^^ capital townjs
Prague.
Bohemia, creek on the eastern shore of
Maryland, which unites with E!k river a
few miles above its junction with Chesa-
of Mississippi, and P^^j^^j^^'r, cape of Africa, in Negroland,
discovered by the Portuguese in 1412,
and doubled by them in 1433. Lon. 14
27 W, lat. 26 12 N.
Boiano, episcopal town of Naples,
in the Molise, at the foot of the Appen-
nines, near the river Tilerno, 45 miles N
of Naples. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 41 30 N.
Bois /i/a?zc, island of Michigan, in the
Detroit river opposite Amherstsburg.
Though lying within a quarter of a mile
off the eastern shore of the strait, the
main ship chaiihtl passes between the
kow and the river Dnieper.
Bogdo, mountain of Asia, separating the
sources of the Selenga river from those of
the Upper Irtish and the Dscherbehan, or
LTpper Oby. The centre of the Bogdo, is
about 95 E. from London, lat. 45 N
Boque Chitto, river
Louisiana, rises in Lawrence county, in the
former state, flows SSE through Lawrence
and Pike counties, 50 miles, crosses tlie line
between Louisiana and Mississippi, N lat.
31 turns SE through St. Tammany, 60
miles f.-.lls into Pearl river, about 40 miles
above the mouth of tlie latter. Tiie gene-
ral character of the country drained by
Boque Cliiito, is in every essential respect
simi ur to that watered by Pearl- river.
Boeuf, Le, laite in Erie county, Pennsyl-
vania, di'.c!iurices its waters into French
creek, branch Of Ohio. The postage from ,- , , . ■ u i i. e
LeBoeuf to Presquisle on lake Erie is about island and Amnerstsourg, with depth of
14 miles. ' water for the largest vessels. The island
' BoeuKiown of Frankhn countv. Mis- contains between one and two hundred
acres of excellent land.
Bois Blanc, lake between lake Supe-
rior and the lake of the Woods.
Bois-le-Duc, large well fortified town
of Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel
and Aa, situate among Morasses, 22
miles E by N of Breda, ^S NE of Ant-
werj), and 45 SSE of Amsterdam. It is
the capital of a district of the same name.
Boeuf, Banoii, or Creek of Louisiana, It was taken by the Dutch in 1629, and
soun. .
Bueiif, river of Arkansas, and Louisiana.
It rises in the ibrmer, interlocking its
sources with those of the Mason and Bar-
thelemy, Rows -ou'.h, enters Louisiana, and
turns to SW by S. Continuing thyt course
upwards of 100 mile^ between Wu-iiitHU
and Mason, joins ihe fonner opposite the
west end of Sicily island, at N lat. 31 47
B O L
B O L
bv the French in 1794. Lon. 5 16 E,
]ii 51 40 N.
Baitnitz, town of Upper Hungary, in
the county of Zoll, remarkable for its
baths, and the quantity of saffron about
it. Lon 19 10 E lat. 48 42 N.
Bokhara, city of Usbec Tartary, capi-
tal of Bokharia, 138 miles W by Sof Sa-
marcand. Lon 65 50 E, lat. 39 15 N.
Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bucharia, a
general name for all that vast tract of
land lying between Karazm, and the
sandy desert biirdering on China. It is
divided into Great and Little Bukharia.
Great Bukharia is situated between 34
and 46 N lat. and 76 and 92 E long. It
is bounded c i the N by the river Sir ; on
the E by the kingdom of Kashgar, on the
S by Persia and the peninsula within the
Ganges, and on the VV by the country of
Karazm. if is an exceeding rich and
fertile country ; the mountains abound
with the richest mines ; the valleys
are of an astonishing fertility ; the fields
are covered with grass the height of a
man, and the rivers abound with excel-
lent fish. Little Bukharia is sufhciently
p ipulous and fertile ; but the great eleva-
tion of its land, joined to the height of
the mountains which bound it in several
parts, renders it much colder than from
its situation might be expected. It con-
tains rich mines of gold and silver.
,Bolabola one of the Society islands, in
the South Pacific Ocean, four leagues
l^W of Ot<iha. Lon. 151 52 W, lat. 16
32 S.
Bolao, river of South America, in
Quito, rises near Cuenca, and falls into
the gulf of Guayaquil opposite the island
of Puna. Lat 3 S.
Bolcan or Volcan, town r.f South
America, in Tncuman on the river Leon.
Lon. W C 13 E, lat. 23 20 S.
Bolcheresk, a town of Kamtschatka,
on the river Bolchoireka, 22 miles fi om
its mouth, in the sea of Okotsk. Lon.
156 37 E, lat. 52 54 N.
Bold Fountain, post village of Vir-
ginia in Charlotte county.
Eoleslafie, or Bimtzlau. a town of Si-
lesia, on the Bobar, 17 miles NE of Lig-
nitz. Long. 16 10 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Bolingbroke, town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Tuesday, seated at the
source of a river, which falls into the
Witham. It is 29 miles E of Lincoln,
and 131 N by E of London. Lon. 0 7 E,
lat. 53 12 N.
Bolingbroke, .post town of Talbot
county, Maryland.
BoUslaiv, town of Bohemia, 30 miles
NE of Prague. Lon. 15 22 E, Jat. 50
25 N.
103
Bolkivoilz, town of Silesia, 12 miles S
of Glogaw. Long. 16 29 E, lat. 51 58 N.
Bologna, city of Italy, capital of the
Bolognese, with an archbishop's see, and
a university It lies at the foot of the
Appennine mountains, in a fruitful plain
and salubrious air. The river Saronia
runs near its walls, and the Reno, which
turns 400 mills for the silk works,
through the city. There are a great
number of palaces particularly the Pa-
lazzo Publico, in which the cardinal le-
gate, or viceroy of the pnpe, resides. In
the area before this palace, is a noble
marble fountain, the principal figure of
which, a Neptune in bronze, eleven feet
high, the workmanship of Giovanni di
Bologna, is highly esteemed The ana-
tomical theatre, beside its museum, is
adorned with statues of celebrated phy-
sicians. The church of St. Pi tronius is
the largest in Bologna ; and on the pave-
ment of this, Cassini drew his meridiar.
line. There are 168 other churches.
The private houses are well built, and
the city contains 80 000 inhabitants.
They carry on a considerable trade in
silks and velvets, which are manufac-
tured here in great perfection. The
surrounding country produces immense
quantities of oil, wine, flaX, and hemp,
and furnishes all Europe with sausages,
maccaroni, liqueurs, essences, and even
lap-dogs. It is seated at the foot of the
Appennines, 22 miles SE of Modena, and
175 NW of Rome. Lon. 11 21 E, lat.
44 30 N.
Bolognese, province of Italy, boanded
on the N by the Ferrnrese W by Mofle-
na, S by Tuscany, and E by Romagna.
It is watered by many small rivers and
produces all s< rts of grain and fruit,
particularly rich muscadi'^e graj)es.
Some miles before the entrance into
Bologna, the country seems one continued
garden. The vineyards are not divided
by hedges, but by rows of elms and mul-
berry-trees ; the vines hangir.g in fes-
toons, from one tree to another. There
are also mines of alum and iron. Bolog-
na is the capital.
Bolsena, town of Italy, in the patrimo-
ny of St Peter, on a lake of its name, 18
miles NNW of Viterbo.
Bolsovcr, town in Derbyshire, with a
market on Friday. It has a spacious
castle, on the brow of a hill ; and is noted
for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It
is six miles E of Chesterfield, and 145
NNW of London
Bolsvjaert, town of Holland, in Fries-
land, near the 'Zuyder Zee, 10 miles N
of Sloten.
Bolton f a populous town in Lancashire,
Avith a market on Monday, It has a
BOM
B O N
canal to Manchester, and manufactures
of fustians, counterpanes, dimities, cali-
coes, and muslins. It is 11 miies 'i^W of
Manchester, and 197 NNW of London.
Bolton, town of Ricli^-iieu. county
Lower Canada, on lake M' mphrama-
gog.
JBolton. town of Massachusetts, in
Worcester couniy, noted for its fine
limestone, 18 miles NE of Worcestt-r,
and 34' W of Boston Population lOiO.
Bolton, township in Worcester county,
Massachusetts Population in 1810,
1037, and in 1830, 1229.
Bolton, township in Tolland cr.unty,
Connecticut. Pupulatios in 1810, 700,
and in 1820, 1607.
Bolton, township in Warren countv,
New York. Population in 1820 1087.'
Bolzano, town of Germany, in the Ti-
rol, on the river Eisach, 27 miles N of
Trent. Lon. 11 26 E, lat. 46 35 N.
Bo?nal, town of Au.'»trian Luxemburg,
on tiie river Ourt, 20 miles S of Liege.
Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 58 18 N.
Bombay, island of Hindootan. oiie of
the three presidencies of the English
East India ('■ mpany, :)y which ih. ir ori-
ental territories are governtd. It is
situated on the W coast of the Deccan,
seven miles in length, and 20 in circum-
ference It came to the English by the
marriage of Charles II with Catharine
of Portugal. It contains a strong and
capacious fortress, a large city, dock-
yard and marine arsenal. The ground
is barren, and s;ood water scarce. It
was formerly C(>unted very uuhealthy ;
but, by draining the bogs, aiifl otiur
methods, thr air is j^ rally altered tcr the
better- It has arjunda^.ce of cocoa-mics,
but scarce any corn or cattle. The in-
habitants are of several natii.nsand very
numerous. It is 150 miles S of Surat.
Lon. 72 38 E lat. 18 58 N.
Bombay Hook, a point and small
island \\\ the Delaware river, i;; Kent
cour.ty, Delaware, 17 miles SE by S from
Reedy island.
Bomene, seaport of the United Pro-
vinces, in Zealand, on the N shore of
the island of Schovven. Lon. 4 0 E, lat.
51 42 N.
Bommd, town of the United Provin-
ces, in the isle of Overilacke, seven miles
W of William stadt.
Bnimnel, handsome town of Dutch
Gueklerland, in the island of Bommel-
Waert, seated on the Waal, six miles N
E of Huesden
Bommel-Waert, island of Dutch
Guelderland, formed by the junction of
the Waul and the Maese. It is 15 miles
long and five broad. It was taken bv
the French in 1791.
Bona, seaport of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantina. Near it are the
ruins of the ancient Hippo Regius. It
has a trade in corn, oil, wax, and wool,
and is 270 milts E of Alu>;iers. Long. 7
45 E, lat. 36 52 N.
Jionair, fertile island near the N coast
of I>rra Firfna, to the E of Curacoa.
It is 60 miles in circuit, and has a good
harbour and road on the SW side. Lon.
W C. 8 42 E, lat. 12 10 N.
Bonavista, the most eastern of the
Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 22 47 W,
lat. 16 0 N.
Bonuvista^ a cape on the E side of the
island of Newfoundland. Lon. W C.
24 26 E lat. 48 15 N.
Bond, county of lUir.ois, on both sides
of Koskaskias river ; bounded by Jefferson
SE ; Washington S ; Mndison W ; and
the Indian country N ; length 30 ; breadth
18; area 540 square miles ; surface level
or moderately hilly ; soil productive.
Chief towns, Ripley, Perrysville, and In-
dependence.
Population in 1820.
Free vvinte males - - " 1,546
. do. do. females - - 1,336
Total whites - - - 2,882
Free persons of colour, males 10
do. do. • females, 12
Slaves, males .... 16
do. females _ . . li
Total population in 1820
2,951
Of these ;
Foreiy:ners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in As;ricultui'e ' - 283
do in M-.i'-<uf?ctnres - 104
do. i-; Coiii-.iiv rcf - 8
Population to the square mile, 6 nearly.
tiondouy kingdom of central Africa,
bounded on the E by BaiBbnuk; on the
SE and S by Tenda, and the Simbani
Wihlerness; im the SW by Woolli ; en
the W by Foota Torra; and on the N by
Kajaaga. The country, like that of
Woolii, is very generally covered with
woods, but the land is more elevated, and
towards the Faleme river rises into con-
siderable hills. In native fertility the
soil is not surpassed, (according to Mr.
Park,) by any part of Africa. From the
central situation i,f Bondou, between the
Gambia and Si-negal rivers, it is become
a place of great resort, both for the Sla-
tees, who t;enerally pass through it, in
going from the Coast to the interior coun-
tries ;' and for occasional traders, who
frequently com.e hither from tlie inland
countries, to purchase salt. The centre
of this kingdom is about 8 W London.
Lat. 10 N.
109
BON
BOO
Bonne Chew, river of Upper Canada,
flows into thfc Ottawa.
Bonsecoura, seigniory of Lower Ca-
nada, Richelieu county, o5 miles NE
from Montreal.
Bonaecours, seigniory Lower Canada,
in Buckingham county, on the right side
of St. Lawrence 20 miles SW from»Qtje-
bec.
Bonaecaura, seigniory of Lower Cana-
da, ill Devon county, 40 miles below
Quebec, on the opposite side of St. Law-
rence river.
Bonsecoura, bay of Alabama, forming
the NE curve of Mobile bay, extending
towards Pardido bay.
Bonka7nfito7n, or Bonuni, village of
New Jersey, in Middlesex county, about
half way bitween Brunswick and Wood-
bridge.
Bonifacio, seaport of Corsica, well for-
tified and populous : 37 miles S of Ajac-
cio. Lon 9 20 E. lat 41 25 N.
BonhoTUJne, town of Missouri St. Lou-
is county.
Bonn, ancient city of Germany, in the
electorate of Cologne, and the residence
of the elector, whose gardens are magni-
ficent and open to the public. It contains
12,000 inhabitants, and has a flourishing
university. It is seated on tht- Rhine,
ten mi'es S bv E of- Cologne. Lou: 7 12
E. lat 50 45li.
Bonna, or Bona, seaport of Africa, in
the kingdom of Algiers. It was taken
by Charles V. in 1535, and is 306 miles
E of Algiers. Lon. -6 15 E. lat 36 2 N.
Bonnefemme, town of Missouri, in
Howard county.
Bonneseable, town oi France, lately in
the province of Maine, now in the de-
partment of Sarte, 15 miles NE of Mans.
Lon. 0 30 E. lat. 48 11 N
Bouncval, town of France, in the de-
pu'-tmtnt i)f .Eure and Loire, and 'ate
EroviiiCe of Beiiuce. It is seated on the
loi'v, eii;ht mik-s N of Cheautaudun.
Lo'i. 1 20 E lat. 48 12 N.
Bo7ineviUe. town of Savoy, capital of
Faucigny, seated on the river Arve, at
the foot of a mountain called the Mole. It
is 20 miles S of Geneva. Lon. 6 10 W.
lat 46 32N.
Bono, post town of Indiana, in Law-
rence county, on the east fork of White
river.
BnnnetQimrre, SeePamA of St. Charles,
in Louisiana; situated along both banks
of the Mississippi coast, bounded E
and SE by ihe parish of St. Bernard,
NE by lake Pontchartrain, and pass of
Manchac, N by lake Manrepas, and VV
bytheparisU of St. John Baptiste. The
only arable land in this parish is on the
Mississippi ; it produces, sugar, cotton.
^^ no .
indigo, rice, tobacco, sweet potatoes,
maize, oranges, peaches, and figs. Na-
tural timber; various species of oak, elm,
ash, and hickory, also cotton wood, cy-
press, willow, and sycamore.
tio7iu7n. See BonhoTnme.
Boodge-boodge, town of Hindoostan
Propel', capital of the rajah of Cutch,
330 miles NE of Surat. Lon. 68 0 E»
lat, 23 16 N
Boone, county of Kentucky, on the left
side of Ohio river, opposite the mouth
of great Miami ; bounded NW and N \yf
Ohio river ; E by Campbell ; and S t^
Pendleton ; length 25 ; mean width 12 ;
area 300 square miles ; surface hilly ;
soil productive, in grain and fruits, sta-
ples flour, and salted provisions.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,733
do. do. females - - 1,191
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - 25
Slaves ----- 656
Total population in 1810,
3,606
Population in 1820.
Fri e white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour,
do. do.
Slaves, males
do. females
males
females.
2,755
■2,572
5,327
8
11
652
584
Total population in 1820
6,582
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engager' in Agriculture - 1,821
do. in Manufactures - 191
do. in Commerce - 17
Population tothe square mile, 22.
Boonesboro, town of Kentucky, in Ma-
dison C(nir:ty. on Kentucky river, about
ahont 50 i.nik-s above Frankford.
Boonesburg, small pu&i town in Wash-
ington county, Maryland. It has a post
office about. 60 n-a'les from the city of
Washington.
BoonesUck, See Boonville.
rBoonelcn, post village of Morris coun-
ty, New Jersey, 29 miles NW from New-
ark.
Boonville, i)03t town of Oneida coun-
ty, New York, on Black river, 31 miles
N fr- m Utica. Population 400.
Boonville, township of Oneida coun-
ty, New York. Population in 1820,
1294.
Boonville, formerly Boonslick, town
Missouri in Howard county, on the right
B O R
R O R
bank of Missouri river, opposite Frank- Eorgo, town of Sweden, on tlie gulf of
jjn, Finland, 20 miles NE of Helsingfors. Lon.
Bootan, country NE of Hindoostan 25 40 E, lat. 60 34 N.
Proper, between Bengal and Thibet, of Borgoforte, town of Italy, in tlie duchy
which last it is a feudatory. The south- of Mantua, on the river Po, 10 mdes S of
ernmost ridge of the Bootan mountains Mantua. Lon. 10 53 E, lat. 45 ON.
rises near a mile and a half perpendicu- ^ ^or^-o-.San-liomnio, epucopal ^pwn ot
lar above the plains of Bengal, in a ho- Italy, mthe duchy of Parma, 15 miles NW
rizontal distance of only 15 miles; and
from the summit the astonished travel-
ler looks back on the plains, as on an
extensive ocean beneath him. The ca-
pital is Tassasudon.
Boffingen, free imperial town of Sua-
bia, on the river Egypt, fouv miles E of
Awlan. Lon 10 21 E. 48 55 N.
Boothbay, post town of Lincoln coun-
ty; between Sheepscut and Damariscot-
ta rivers, 10 miles SE from VViscapet.
Boothbay, township of Lincoln county,
Maine. Population in 1810, 1582, and in
1820, 1950,
liopfiart, town of Germany, in the
archbishopric of Treves, at the foot of
a mountain near the Rhine, eight miles
S of Coblentz.^j Lon.. 7.-35 E. lat 50-,16 N.
Borchf town of the Duchy of Magde-
burg, on the Elbe, 14 miles NE of Mag-
deburg. Lon. 12 2 E. lat 52 19 N.
Borchloen, town of Westphalia, in the
bishopric of Liege, 15 miles NW of Liege.
Lon. 5 31 E. lat. 50 50 N.
Boques, ovlBoque, creek of Ohio, ri
of Parma. Lon. 10 6 E,. lat, 44 58 N.
Borgo di-SanSepii!chro, episcopal town
of Tuscany, 40 miles E of Florence. Lon.
12 7 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Borgoval-di-taro small town of Italy, in
the duchy of Parma, 20 miles SW of Par-
ma. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 44 30 N.
Borja, town of Spain, in Arragon, 12
miles SE of Tarazona. Lon. 1 16 W, lat.
42 6 N.
Boriquen, island of the West Indies, near
Porto-Rico. The English settled here, but
were driven away by the Spaniards. It is
uninhabited, though fertile, and the water
good. Here is a great number of land
crabs, whence some call it Crab Island,
Lon.. 66 0 W, lat. 18 ON.
Bork-elo, strong town of the United Pro-
vinces, in Zutphen, on the river Borkel,
10 miles E of Zutphen. Lon. 6 18 E, lat,
52 UN.
Bormio, town of the country of the Ori-
sons, capital of a county of the same name,
bounded on the S by the state of Venice,
on the E by the territory of Austria, and
on the S and W by Caddea. It contains
ses in Union, and enters the right side of about 1000 inhabitants, and has a desolate
Sciota, in Delaware county. appearance. The houses are of stone plas-
BordentOTjn, post town of Burlington tered : a few make a tolerable figure amid
county. New Jersey, seated on the E side many with paper windows ; and several,
of the river Delaware, opposite Bristol, Hke the Italian cottages, have only wooden
Pennsylvania, 11 miles NE from Burling- vvindow .shutters. It is 40 miles SE of
ton, and about 26 from Philadelphia. Cjjire. I-on, 10 5 E, lat. 46 25 N.
This town possesses a considerable trade. Borneo, island in the Indian Ocean, dis-
being the common rendezvous of a line covered by the Portuguese in 1521 ; before
of stages between Philadelphia and Am- the discovery of New Holland, thought to
boy. be the largest m the world, being 1800
Boreham, village in Essex, three miles miles in circumference, it is seated under
NE of Chelmsford, famous for a stately the equator, that line cutting it almost
fabric, built by Henry VIII. which though through the middle. It is almost of a cir-
now ruinous, was once the most magnifi- cular .figure, abounds with gold, and the
cent building in this country. finest diamonds \\\ the Indies are found in
Borgne, lake of Louisiana and Missis- its rivers, being probably washed down
sippi. It is in reality the western extension from the hills by torrents. It produces
of Pascagoula sound. It communicates likewise rice, pepper, fruits, and bees'-
with thegulf of Mexico, by the SE pass, SW wax, which last is used instead of money.
from Cat Island ; with the Pascagoula The beasts are oxen, buffaloes, deer,
Sound, by the passes of Christian and goats, elephants, tigers and monkeys. This
Marianne ; and with lake Pontchartrain, by island has fine rivers, especially toward the
the Rigolets. The depth of water through W and S. The rainy season continues for
the ship channel of lake Borgne is, at low eight months in the year, and, as during
tide, about six feet. It is from the mouth that time all the flat country is overflowed,
of Bienvenu creek, to the W end of Cat the air is rendered very unhealthful, and
Island, 40 mdes in length, with a mean the inhabitants are forced to build their
width of 10 miles between the opposite houses on floats which they make fast to
shores of Mississippi and Louisiana. Lake trees. The houses have but one floor with
Borgne forms one of the great channels of pai-titions made of cane. The people are
entrance into Louisiana. verv sw:irth\', and go almost naked. There
"ill
E O li
BOS
are Mahometans on the F.ea coast; but the
rest are Gentoos. The capital, of the same
name, is large and populous, with a good
harbour, and seated on the NVV side. l>on.
112 27 F,, lat. 4 55 N.
Bornholm, island of the Baltic Sea, 20
miles SE of 8chonen m Sweden. Lon.
14 56 E, lat. 54 55 N.
Bornoa, exterjsive country in Africa,
bounded on the NW by Fezzan ; on the
N by the desert of Bilma ; on the SE by
Cashna ; and on the SW by Nubia. It ex-
tends from 12 to 22 degrees of E lon. and
from 17 to 21 degrees of N Jat. The
northern part is poor, and like the rest of
the provinces of Zaara : but all the rest is
well watered by springs and rivers that
tumble down with a dreaclfiil noise from
the mountains: rendering the country pro-
lific in corn, grass, and fruits, and giving
it a pleasmg aspect. The eastern and
western frontiers are divided into moun-
tains and valleys, the latter being all co-
vered with flocks of cattle, fields of rice
and millet, and many of the mountains
with wood, fruit-trees, and cotton. The
climate is said to be characterized by ex-
cessive, though not by imiform heat. Two
seasons, one commencing soon after the
middle of April, the otiier a. the same pe-
riod in October, divide the year. The first
is introduced by violent winds, that bring
with them, from the SE and S an intense
heat, with a deluge of sultry rain, and suoh
tempests of '.hunder and lightning as de-
stroy multitudes of tlie cattle and many of
the people. At the commencement of the
second season, the ardent heat subsides ;
the air becomes soft and mild, and tlie wea-
ther perfectly serene. T'le complexion
of the natives is black ; but they are not
of the negro cast. The capital is of the
fame name.
Bomou, the capital of the empire of
Rornou, situated in a flat country. Lat. 40
7i.
Borodino, on the iloskwa, village of Rus-
sia, 90 miles W. from Moscow, .famous for
a sanguinary battle between the French
and Russians, Sc-])temiier 7th, 1812.
BorougJi, townsliip in Heaver cotmty,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 244.
Boroughbridgc, borough in the N Riding
of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday ;
seated on the Ure, over which is a stone
bridge. It sends two members to parlia-
ment; and is 17 miles NVV of York, and
218 N by \V of London. Lon. 1 25 W,
lat. 54 10 N'.
Bnrrntodale, dreary district in the S part
of Cumberland, abounding, beyond any
other part of the world, with the finest
sort of black lead or wad ; the mines of
which are only opened at intervals, and
then carefully closed again, lest this pre-
cious substance should become too com-
IIJ
mon. Copper, lead, and calamine, are also
found in this tr ct.
Borrowstouwuss, or Boness, village of
Lin;itligowshirp, on the frith of Forth,
surrounded with coal pits and salt pans. It
has a good port, but its trade is not on the
increase.
Bosa, ancient seaport of Sardinia, with
a bishop's see, and a castle, on a river of
the same name, 17 miles SE of Algeri.
Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 40 29 N.
Bosca-wen, township of Hillsborough
county. New Hampshire, situated on the
W side of the Merrimack river, about 10
miles N of Concord. Population in 1810,
1,829, and in ltf20, 2,113.
Bosco, or Bosdd, town of Italy, in the
Milanese, seated on the Arbe, five miles
E of Alexandria. Lon. 8 52 E, lat. 44
■54 N.
Boscobel, village in Shropshire, nine miles
SE of Newport, noted for the Oak, in
which Charles was hid, and saw the parlia-
ment soldiers pass by in quest of him, after
the battle of Worcester. The tree is now
almost cut away by travellers.
B'jsna Serago, large and strong tow^n of
Turkey, and capital of Bosnia, seated on
the river Bosna, 110 miles SW of Belgrade.
Lon. 17 -57 E, lat. 44 40 N.
Bosnia, province of Turkey in Europe,
bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the E
by Servia, on the S by Albania, and on the
W by Croatia and Dalmatia. Ceraio is the
capital.
Bosphorus, ancient name of two remark-
able straits ; the T^iracian Bosphorus, now
straits of Constantinople ; and the Cimme-
rian Bosphorus, now straits of KafTa, Za-
bach, or Jenicale.
Bossiney, borough in Cornwall, that sends
two members to parliament. It is seated
on the Bristol Channel, 17 miles NW of
Launceston, and 233 W by S of London.
Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 45 N.
Bost, strong town of Persia, capital of
Sablestan.- Lon. 64 15 E, lat. 31 50 N.
Boston, borough of Lincolnshire, seated
on both sides of the Witham, not far from
its influx into tlie sea ; but its harbour can
admit vessels of inferior burden only. It
has a navigation from Lincoln, partly by the
Witham, and partly by a canal, at the ter-
mination of which, in Boston, is a large and
curious sluice ; and there is anotlier canal
to Bourn, it is a flourishing town, with a
spacious market-place, and the tower of its
Gothic ch'irch is one of the most lofty and
eUgantof the kind, and a nottd seamark.
It is 37 miies SE of Lincoln, and 115 N of
London. Lon. 0 5 E, lat. 53 1 N.
Boston, seaport and city of Massachu-
setts, m SufiTolk county, on a fine peninsula
extending into Massachusett's bay about
two miles, with a mean breadth of one
a 0 s
EOT
nille. The suiTace on which the city siancis
js unchilatin_^, and gives an aEjreeable va-
riety to the streets, and affords, with the
aid of the buildings, particularly the slate
house, some very fine prospects of the ad-
jacent country, bay, and inlands. The har-
bour is spacior.^s, and has sufficient water
for the admission of the largest vessels,
and adequately land-locked for their pro-
tection from all winds. It is very seldom
so much incommoded with ice, as to ren-
der it inaccessible at the severest seasons
of frost. The entrance is narrow, and de-
fended by forts Warren and Independence.
Boston is a very commercial city, and in
proportion to her resident population, con-
tains an immense mass of wealth. In point
of tonnage the sliipping. of Boston stands
next, amongst the cities of the United
States, to New York. In 1815, the tonnage
of the former exceeded 143,000 tons. I'o
facilitate the operations of commerce, agri-
culture, and internal intercourse. Boston
is connected with the surrounding country
by excellent roads, and the interior of
Massachusetts and"New Hampshire, by the
Middlesex canal. This city is indeed flou-
rishing and prosperous. It is not, liowever,
from the amount of its capital, or the ex-
tent of its commerce, that Boston founds
its m'>st solid claim to tlie respectable rank
it possesses amongst the cities of tli.e
Uniterl Spates ; it is upon the number and
exalted character of its literary institu-
tions which this city has based her true
grandeur. It WDuld be to swell this arti-
cle to a mucli too ext- nsive length to enu
merate its various literary establishments ;
we may tlierefore notice the Atlienxum,
with 18,000, and the Boston library witli
6000 volumes, as rich stores of intellectual
wealth ; and as in a scientific point of view
Cambridge is only a suburb of Boston, v/e
may in this view include the most exten-
sive collection in the United States, ex-
ceeding 2.5,000 volumes, which appertains
to the university in the former place.
The natural disadvantages which must
have existed in mutual communication be-
tween town and country, from the insular
situation of Boston, is amply obviated by
four fine bridges. One over Chailes river,
fi'om Boston to Charleston, exceeds 1500
feet in len;.,'-th, with a breadth of 42 feet ;
West Boston bridge, leading to Caml-.ridge,
is based on ISO piers, and extends 3,483
feet ; Craigies bridge is between the two
former. A fourth bridge over the bay to
the S\V from Boston, with a wing .dam,
constructed to procure. by aid of tlte tide,
an immense water power, intended to put
in operation different kinds of machinery.
The appenrance of the streets and houses
of Boston aObrds ample mmmments of the
change of taste, wealth, and viev.s of con-
venience. In the ancient parts of t!;e ritv.
P
the streets are narrow and crooked ; and
the houses low and plain ; but in the u est-
ern, and more modern quarters, the streets
are wide, and cutting each other at right
angles; and the houses in a high degree
spacious, splendid, and elegant.
The public buildings of Boston are nu-
merous and spacious. The state house,
standing upon an elevated spot, with the
park, an open space of near 10 acres, and
a fine descending slope from the front of
the edifice, presents, particularly from its
dome, an expansive prospect over the har-
bour, with its numerous islands, and the
adjacent city and country. The new court
house, a fine building, reared at an expense
of near 100,000 dollars ; Faneuil hall; an
alms ho'ise ; custom house ; and near 30
places of public worship adorn the city.
The population has constantly advanced;
in 1800, it stood at 24,93";" in 1810, at
32,250 ; and in 1820, at 42,526. The vi-
cinity is also very populous, v.'ell cultivated,
and embellished with the most splendid
country seats in the United States: 115
miles from Portland in Maine , 40 miles
from Providence, Rhode Island ; 100 from
Hartford, Connecticut ; 210 from New
York; 300 from Fhi.adelphia ; and 436
from Washington. Lon. W C 5 58 E, lat.
42 22 N.
Boston, township in Niagara county.
New York. Population in 1820, 686.
Boston, towns!; p in the western part of
Portage county, Oliio. Pojjulation m 1820,
270.
Boswovth J\Iaiket, town in Leicester-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. In
its vicinity was fough the famous battle
between Richard IH and the earl 'f Rich-
mond, afterward Henry Vil, in which the
former lost his crown and life. It is seated
en a hill, 13 miles W of Leicester, and 106
NNW of London.
Botany Bay, bay of New South Wales,
discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and
so called from llie great quantity of herbs
found on the sliore. The pro nontorJes
which form its entrance are n..med Cape
Banks and Point Solander It was origin-
ally fixed on for a colony of convlcs from
Great Britain, v.hich, in the sequel, took
place at Port JacksDU, 13 miUs further to
the N Lon 151 21 E, (at. .34 0 S.
Botany Inland, sir.all island in the Pacific
Ocean, to the SE of New Caledonia. Lon.
167 17 v., lat. 22 27 S.
Botesdale, town in Suffolk, with a market
on 'I'liursilay, sealed in a valley, 1.5 miles
NK of Bury, and 86 of London.
Butetotirl, county, on the sources of
Jumes and Roanoke rivers; bounded by
Franklin S ; Mon'comcrv and Giles S
W; Monroe W ; Bath X; Rockbridge
NE ; and Bedfoid SE ; length 40 ; mean
width 23 ; area 1,120 squ.iro niiles. Km-
B U T
B <) fT
bracing a part of the great limestone and
slate valley NW from the Blue Ridge, much
excellent soil exists in this country, though
much of its surface is mountainous. Chief
town, Fincastle.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 6,305
do. do. females - - 4,421
AH other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - - 300
Slaves 2^275
Total population in 1810,
Topulation in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
13,301
5,282
5,211
Total whites . . - - 10,493
Free persons of colour, males 145
do do. females 145
Slaves, males - - - - ^'^^^
o. females ... l,olo
Total population in 1820,
13,589
26
3,358
598
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures - ■
do. in Commerce - - 32
Population to the square mile 12.
Bothnia, East, province of Sweden, in
Finland, on the E side of the gulf of Both-
nia, between the provinces of Kimi and
Finland Proper and Russia. It is 300 miles
in length, and from 90 to 220 in breadth.
On the seacoast, and toward the S, the land
is low and marshy, and the summers are
often so cold as to destroy great part of the
crops. The inhabitants are thinly spread
over this large space, the cattle small, and
bears numerous. The princip<il exports
are timber, butter, whale oil, pitch, and
tar. This province is sometimes called Ca-
jania, and the capital is Cajaneburg.
Bothnia, West, province of Sweden, in
Nordland, on the W coast of the gulf of
Bothnia. It is 230 miles in length, be-
tween the seacoast and Swedish l.apland,
and from 25 to 50 in breadth. The soil is
tolerably fertile, but sudden frosts in July
often destroy the crops ; and it has mines
of copper and iron, and numerous forests.
The chief articles of commerce are the
skins of f )xes, ermins, bears, wolves, and
reindeer, otters, he. The capital is Uma.
Bothnia, Chdf of, sea or large- gulf,
branching N from the Baltic, at the isle of
Aland, and bounded on the W, N, and E
by the dominions of Sweden. On its coasts
are many small islands.
Botley, village in Hampshire, six miles
E of Southampton, on the river Hamble,
noted for a considerable trade in flour.
BoHenford, village in Leicestershire, on
114
the confines of Nottinghamshire and Lin-
colnshire, seven miles W by N of Grant-
ham. Near it, on a lofty eminence, is Bel-
voir castle, the ancient seat of the dukes
of Rutland. In the church are several
handsome monuments of that noble family ;
and many Roman antiquities have been
found in the neighbourhood.
Bottlehill, post town of Morris county.
New Jersey, 16 miles NW from Eliza-
bethtown.
Botzenburg, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river
Elbe. Lon. 10 48 E. lat. 53 30 N.
Bouchain, fortified town of France, in
the department of the North and late
French Hainault, divided into two parts
by the Scheldt It is nine miles W of
Valenciennes. Lon. 3 21 E, lat, 50 18 N.
Bouchart, town of France, lately in
the province of Touraine, now in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, situated in
an island of the river Vienne, 15 miles
SSW of Tours.
Boucherville, seigniory Lower Canada,
Kent county, opposite Montreal island,
on the right side of St Lawrence river,
about 12 miles E from the city of Mon-
treal.
Boudet. See Bodet.
Boudry, town of Swisserland, in the
county of Neufchatel. Lon. 6 40 E, lat.
47 1 N.
Bouillon, town of France, in the duchy
of the same name, and territory of Lux-
emburg. It has a castle seated on an
almost inaccessible rock, near the river
Semois, 12 miles N of Sedan. Lon. 5
20 E, lat 49 45 N.
Boulogne, large seaport of France, in
the department of the Straits of Calais
and late province of Boulonnois. The
harbour has a mole for the safety of the
ships ; and which at the same time pre-
vents it from being choaked up- It is
seated at the mouth of the Lianne, 14
miles S of Calais. Lon. 1 42 E, lat. 50
44 N.
Boundbrook, village in Somerset coun-
ty. New Jersey, situated on the E bank of
the Raritan.
Bourbon Land, a town of France, in
the departmeut of Saone and Loire, and
late province of Burgundy, remarkable
for its castle and hot baths. It has a
large marble pavement, called the Great
Bath, which is a work of the Romans.
It is 15 miles SW of Autun. Lon. 4 6
E, lat. 46 47 N.
Bourbon V Archcmbeau, town of France,
in the department of AUier and late pro-
vince of Bourbonnois, situated in a bot-
tom, near the river Allier. It is 15
miles W of Moulins, and 362 Sof Pans.
Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 46 35 N.
B O L
« O L
Bourbonne-les Bains, town of France
in the department of Upper Marne and
late province of Champagne, famous for
its hot baths. It is 17 miles E of Lau-
gres. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 47 54 N.
Bourdonnois, late province of France,
bounded on the N by Nivernois and Ber-
ry, on the W by Berry and a small part
of Marche, on the S by Auvergne, and
on the E by Burgundy and Forez. It
abounds in corn, fruit, pasture, wood,
game and wine It now forms the de-
partment of Allier.
Bourbon, county of Kentucky, between
Kentucky and Licking rivers; bounded
SW by Scott, and Fayette ; NW by Har-
rison ; NE by Nicholas ; and SE by
Montgomery and Clarke; length 16';
breadth 11 miles ; area 176 square
miles ; surface rather hilly ; soil fertile.
Chief town, Paris.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - i 4,S06
do. do. fiemales - - - 4,588
All other free persons except In-
dians not taxed - - - 168
Slaves 2,307
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
11,869
6,109
6,260
Total whites .... 12,369
Free persons of colour, males - 66
do. do. females 64
Slaves, males ... . 2,595
do. females - - - 2,570
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
17,664
0
2.058
492
77
Population to the square mile, 100.
Bourchemin, seigniory Lower Cana-
da, Richelieu county, 35 miles E from
Montreal.
Bourdeaux, ancient city of France, in
the department of Gi'onde, and late
province of Guienne. It is built in the
form of a bow, of which the river Ga-
ronne is the string. This river is bor-
dered by a large quay, and the water
rises four yards at full tide, for which
reasons the largest vessels cau come up
to it very readily. The ancient city of
Bordeaux, though considerable in point
of size, was ill built, badly paved, n-ith-
out police, or any of these municipal
regulations, indispensably requisite to
render a city splendid or elegant. It
has entirely changed its appearance
within these last 40 years. The public
edifices are very noble, and all the streets
newly built are regular and handsome.
The quays are four miles in length, and
the river itself is considerably broader
than the Thames at London bridge.
The ruins of a very large amphitheatre
yet remain, constructed under the empe-
ror Galienus, built of brick ; likewise
several aqueducts. It is 87 miles S of
Rochelle, and 325 SW of Paris. Lon. 0
34 W. lat. 44 50 N.
Bourdines, town of the Austrian
Netherlands, in Namur, five mites NW
of Huy. Lon. 5 0 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Bourg, town of France, lately in the
province of Bresse. Near this place is
the magnificent church and monastery
of the late Augustins. Bourg is seated on
the river Ressousse, 20 miles SE of Ma-
con, and 233 of Paris. Lon. 5 19 E, lat.
46 11 N.
Bourg, town of France, lately in the
province of Guienne, now in the depart-
ment of Gironde, with a good harbour on
the Dorgogne, near tlie point of land
formM by the junction of that river with
the Garonne, which is called the Bec-d'
Ambez. It is 15 miles N of Bourdeaux.
Lon. 0 30 W, lat. 45 5 N.
Bourg, town of the island of Cayenne,
in S America. Lon. 52 50 V/, lat. 5
2 N.
Bourganeiif, town of France, lately
in the pi'ovince of Marche, now in the
department of Creuse. It had formerly
an archiepiscopal see and university.
Bourganeuf is seated on the river Tau-
rion, 20 miles NE of Limoges, and 200 S
of Paris. Lon. 1 35 E, lat. 45 59 _N.
Bourges, ancient city of France in the
department of Cher and late province of
Berry. It is the birth place of Lewis
XI. the Nero of France ; and the cele-
brated preacher Bourdalone. It is seated
on the rivers Aurou and Yevre, 25 miles
NW of Nevers, and 125 S of Paris.
Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 47 5 N.
Bourget, town of Savoy, on a lake of
the same name, six miles Nof Chamber-
ry. Lon. 5 50 E. lat. 45 41 N.
Bourg-la-Reine, a town of France,
one league S of Paris,
Bourmont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne and late pro-
vince of Champagne, 22 miles E by N
of Chaumont. Lon. 5 43 'E, lat. 48
14 N. ^
BournT tov/n in Lincolnshire, with a
good market on Satui'day. It is seated
near a spring called Bourn Well-head,
from which proceeds a river tliat runs
through the town. From Bourn is a na-
vigable canal to Boston. It is 35 miles
115
u u ^\
B O W
S of Lincoln, r.nd 97 N of London. Lon.
0 20 W, lat 52 42 N.
liouro, island in the Indian Ocean, be-
tween the Moluccas and Celebes. It
produces nutmegs and cloves, cocoa,
and banana trees, and many vrget^blts
introduced by the Dutch. The banks of
the rivers are in^-sted by crocodiles of
an astonishing s*ze, wiio devour such
beasts as fall in their way; and men are
protected from their fury by no other
method than carrying torches. B 'uro is
50 miles in circumferer.ee. Lon. 12" 25
E, lat 3 30 y.
Bourton-on-thc-hill, village in Glou-
cestershire, on the side of a hill, with a
fine pn-sptct into Oxfordshire. It is
five miles from Stow, and 30 from Glou-
cester.
liourlon-on tlie-ivater, village one
mile from the preceding place, watered
by a river that rises nedr it, which here
spreads 30 ftet wide, and over which is
a stone bridge. Adjoining to it is a Ro-
man cainp, when coins and other anti-
quities are dug up.
Boussac, town of France, in the de-
partment cif Creuse and late province of
Marche. with a castle ahiiost inacces-
sible, 25 milts NE of Gueret.
Bouto?i. island in the Indian Ocean 12
miles SE of Cek-bes. The inhabitants
are small but well shaped, and of a dark
olive complexion. Th ir r^'ligion is Ma-
hometanism. Lon. 123 30 E, lat 5 o S.
Bova, an episcopal tov,?n of Naples,
near the Appennines, 28 miles SE of
Reggio. Lon 16 20 E, lat. 37 50 N.
liovignes, town of the Austrian
Netherlands, in Namnr, on the river
Meuse, ten miles S of Namur. Lon. 4
50 E, lat. 50 19 N.
Boviiia, tou'nship in Delav/are count}%
New York. Population in 1820, 1267.
Bovino, episcopal town of Naples, in
Capitanata, seated at the foot of the Ap-
pennines, 15 miles NE of Benevento.
Lon 15 15 E, lat. 41 17 N
Boiv, town in Devonshire, with a mar-
ket on Thursday. It is seated at the
source of a river that falls into the Taw,
14 miles NW of Exeter, and 188 W by
S of London. Lon. 3 49 W, lat 50 50 N.
Bonv. or Slra'Jbrd le Boiu, a considera
ble village in Middlesex, two mi es EN
E of Londnn. It is said that th bridge
here, was the first stone one built in Eng-
land, and that from its arches it received
the name of Bnw ^
Bow, township in Rockingham county.
New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
729. and in 1820, 935.
Boivdoin, township and post town in
Lincoln county, Maine. Population in
1810, 1649, and in 1820, 1777.
116
Bo'wdoinham, township and post town
in Liuccln county, Maine Population in
1810, 1412, and in 1820. 2259.
Bovjerbank, town of Penobscot county,
Maine, near Sebee lake, 40 miles NW
from Bangor.
Bowers, post village Essex county,
Virginia.
Bowers, post town of Southampton
county, Virginia.
Bonvling-green, post office and seat of
justice in Caroline county, Virginia, on
Marrocossac creek, a branch of Matta-
ponv river, 50 miles N fnm Richmond.
Bcivling green, post village and seat
of justice VVarren county, Kentucky, on
Barren river, branch of Green river, 91
miles NE fri m Nashville, and 184 miles
SW frcin Ltxington, Kentucky.
Bo~i!)linff Green, township in Licking-
county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 379,
and ill 1820, 479.
Bowman's VaUey, lying on Bourn's creek,
between Bowman's and Mahoopeny Moun-
tains, Luzerne county, Pennsylvsnia, is not
very populous, and the land generall}' poor.
It is about two miles wide and 15 miles
l.>ng. The principal population is near
the river.
Boivmans J\lountain, called the Bald
Mountain, near the western limits of Lu-
zerne county, is a high regular barren range,
whose average height may be 1000 feet.
This extends fVom the East, to the West
Bi-aticlics of the Susquehannah river, be-
tween which it appeal's to have no other
name, tlian those mentioned, except, that
in a small territory, on the head of Fishing-
Creek, the inhabitants call it the JVorlli
JMountam. Westward of the waters of the
Siisqu hannah, it forms the main ridge of
Allegany Mountains. It crosses the East
Branch of Susquehannah, at the mouth of
Tunkhannock ar.d Bowman's creeks, and
extending north east-.vardly — it is called
Tunkltamwck Mountain, and terminates in
Susquehannah count_v, where it is called
the Elk Mountain.
Bo-isijei-'s Bluff, precipice of liinestone
rock, forming the W point of Washington
harbour, Green bay, lake Michigan, about
100 miles SW from Mackinaw.
Bovyer, Fort, situated on Mobile point.
This was merely a small water battery
erected to defend the main pass into Mo-
bile bay. Here on Sept 15tli, 1814, ma-
jor W. Lawrence, with a garrison of 158
'm: n, repulsed an attiick m;ide by a Bri-
ti;-:!i squadron, of which the Hennes of 28
g-.ins was destroyed The fort was invest-
ed by 3 hind and naval forcf on the 8th of
Feb. 1815, and surrendered to general
Lambert, by m.ijor Lawrence on the 10th
of the sime'monlh ; and on the ratification
of peace w.is restored to the U. S.
» li A
B K A
Boviijersvllle, post town Southampton
county, Virginia.
Boxboroush, townsliip in Middlesex
county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810,
388, and in 1820, 424.
Boxford, township of Esses county, in
the state of Mass?.chusetts, about 16 miles
W of Newbury port.
Boxford, township and post town, Es-
ses county, Massachusetts, 15 miles N
from Salem. Population in 1810, 880, and
in 1820, 906.
Boxley, village in Kent, near Maidstone,
famous for an abbey of Cisiertian monks,
founded by William earl of Kent in 1146,
the remains of which still exist. In this
abbe}', Edward II. granted the charter to
the city of London, empowering them to
elect a mayor from their own body.
Boxtel, town of Dutch Brabant, on the
river Bommel, eight miles S of Rois-leduc.
Lon. 5 15 E. lat. 51 32 N.
Boxthude, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Bremen seated on a brook which
falls into the Elbe, 12 miles SW of Ham-
burg. Lon. 9 45 E. lat. 53 26 N.
BoycPs creek, post village of Sevier coun-
ty, Tennessee.
Boyd's Landing, post office, Caldwell
county, Illinois.
Boydsto-wn, post village and seat of jus-
tice \n Mecklenberg county, Virginia.
Boyle, post town Ontario county, New
York.
Boyle, or Abbey Boyle, borovigh of Ire-
land, in the county of Roscommon. It is
seated near lake Key, 23 miles N of Ros-
common.
Boyleston, West, post town, of Worcester
county, in Massachusetts, about nine miles
E of Worcester. It Contains about 630 In-
habitants.
Boyleston, township and post town, Wor-
cester county, Ma?.sacliusetts. Population
in 1810, 800, and in 1820, 902.
Boyleston, West, towiishij) in Worcester
county, Massachus Its. Population in
1810, 632, and in 1820, 886.
Boyne, river of Ireland, which vises in
Qu;"en's county, and runs l)y Trim and
Cavan, into the Irish chaimel, below Drog-
heda. Here the decisive battle was fought
between James II and William III.
Boyolo, town of Italy in the duchy of
Mantua, capital of a territo'-y of the same
nam?, subject to the house of .\ustria. It
is 15 miles SW of Mantua. Lon. 10 35 E.
lat. 45 6N.
Bnzra, township in New London county,
Connecticiit. Population in 1810, 960,
and in 1820, 1803.
Braan, river • • Scotland, which descend-
ing from the hills of Perthshire, E by loch
Tay, falls into the Tay above Dunkeld.
Upon this river is a grand scene, at a
place called the Rumbling Bridge. Under
an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm, be-
tween two projecting rocks, the river is
prccipiiated in a fall of near 50 feet.
Brabant, duchy of the Nethtilands,
bounded on the N by Holland, on the NE
by Guelderland, on the E by L.ege, on the
S by Namur, and on the W by Hainault,
Flanders ar.d Zealand.
Bracbiano, town of Italy in the patrimo-
ny of St. Peter, on a lake of the same name,
12 miles NW ol Rome. There are some
celebrated baths to the W of the town,
Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 N.
Braceville, township in Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 380.
Bracken, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Ohio rivei NE ; by Mason SE ; by
Harrison S and SW; and by Pendleton
W ; length 22, mean breadth 12 : area
264 square miles ; surface hilly, and soil
productive. Staple, grain, flour, tobacco,
and salted provisions. Chief town Augus-
ta.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,619
do. do. females - - - 1,507
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 50
Slaves - . - - 295
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whiles
Free persons of colour, male^
do. do. females
Slaves, males - -
do. females . . -
3,451
2,294
2,266
4,560
23
21
363
313
5.280
Total population in 1820,
Ofthe.'^e;
Foreigners not naturalized - none
Engaged in Agriculture - 993
do. in Manufactures - 153
do. in C<;mmerce - - 29
Population to the square mile, 23.
BrnckloTv, strong town of Poland in Po-
dolia, on the river Bog, 85 miles E of
Kammieck. Lon. 28 3o'e. lat. 48 49 N.
Brackley, borough in Northamptonshire,
with a market on Wednesday. It is seat-
ed on the river Ouse, and contains two
churches, and had formerly a college, now
a freescliDol, It lies 18 miles S of North-
amptcn, and 64 NW of London. Lon. 1
10 W lat. 52 2 N.
Braddock's-Jield, eight miles from Pitts-
burg, on Turtle creek, Allega::y couiity,
Penr.sylvauia, Here, July 1755, the Bri-
tish and provincial army was defeated by
the French and Indians. General Brad-
dock was mortally wounded, and died
shortly after. It was here the military ta-
iir
BRA
BRA
ients of Geoi'ge Washington, then a pro-
vincial major, were first cor.spicuously dis-
ed.
JBradJock's bay, S side of lake Ontario,
at the mouth of Solomon creek, eight
miles W from Gencst e river,
Bradsley, or Badsley, village near
Broomtgiove, in Worcestershire, whrre
are the rums '.;f a superb abbey, founded
by empress Maud, mother of Henry II.
Bradjield, town in Esscx, witli a marktt
on Thursday, 16 miles N of Chelmsford.
Lon. 0 20 E. lat. 51 58 N.
Bradford, lown in Wilts, with a market
on Monday. It is the centre of the great-
est manufacture of superfine cloths in Eng-
land, which it sitares with the surrounding
towns of Trowbridge, Melksliam, Corsham,
and Chippenham. It is seated on the
Avon, 11 miles W of Devizes and 102 of
London, Lon. 2 20 W. lat. 51 20 N.
Bradford, town in the W riding of
Yorkbhire, with a market on Monday. It
is sealed on a branch of the Aire, 36 miles
SW of York, and 193 NNW of London,
and has a trade in shalloons, everlastings,
&c. which are made in the neighbourhood.
Lon. 1 40 W. lat. 53 49 N.
Bradford, towns!) ip and post town in
Hislsborough county, New II:.nipshire, 20
miles W from Concord. Populalion in
1810, 1034, and in 1820, 1318.
Bradford, township and pf:st town, Es-
sex county, Massachusetts, on the right
bank oi the Merrimack, opposite Haver-
hill. Population in 1810, 1369, and in
1820. 1600.
Bradford, 'East, township in Chester
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1003, and in 1820, 1217.
Bradford, West, township in Chester
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1219, and in 1820, 1739.
Bradford, county of Pennsylvania, on
both sides of the Susquehannah river;
bounded N by the state of New York ;
E by Susquehannah county ; SE by Lu-
zerne ; SW by Lycoming ; and \V by
Tioga; length 38 miles, mean width 35;
area 1330 square miles ; features hilly, and
rocky ; and soil varied. On the Susque-
hannah, and other streams, large bodies of
first rate all.ivial s.'il exists, but extensive
tracts of broken and poor land spread be-
tween the water courses. Staples, grain,
flour, whiskey, fruit, salted provisions, live
stock and lumber. Chief towns Tioga, aud
Meansville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 6,052
do. do. females - - 5,467
Total •.vh.tes . - . . 11,519
Free persons of colour, males - 18
do. do. females - 17
118
Slaves, males .... none
do. females ... none
Total population in 1820 - 11,554
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 2
Engaged m Agriculture - 3,076
do. in Manufactures - none
do. in Commerce - . none
Population to the square mile, 8.
Bradford, township in Clearfield county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 572.
Brady, and Easto-wn Grant, township in
Oxford county, Maine. Population in
1820, 8.
Bradley's vale, town of Vermont, Cale-
donia^vCounty, on the waters of the Pos-
sampsick river, 40 miles NE from Mont-
pelller.
Bradleysville, post town of Litchfield
county.
Brae-Mar, fertile vale in Aberdeen-
shire, surrounded by rugged precipices.
Here the earl of Mar began the rebellion
in 1715. It is 27 miles NW of Aberdeen.
Braga, town ot Portugal, capital of En-
tre-Minlioe-e-Douero, seated on the river
Cavado, 180 miles N of Lisbon. Lon. 8
29 W. lat. 41 42 N.
Braganza, capital of the duchy of Bra-
ganza, in Portugal. It is seated on the
Sabor, 32 miles NW of Miranda. Lon. 6
30 W. lat. 42 2 N.
Braila, town of Turkey in Europe, in
Walachia, on the Danuhe. It has a castle
taken by the Russians, in 1711, but after-
ward given back.
Brailo-w, town of Poland, in Podolia, on
the river Bog, 50 miles NW of Bracklaw.
Lon. 28 0 E. lat. 49 13 N.
Brain le Comte, town of Austrian Hai-
nault, 15 miles SW of Brussels. Lon. 4
6 E. lat. 50 41 N.
Brainei'd, chief station of the American
Board of Commissioners, in tlie Cherokee
nation ; situate on the Chickamaugah,
branch of Tennessee, about 145 miles
WSW from Knoxville.
Brcinard's bridge, post village in Nassau,
SE part of Rensallaer county. New York.
^Braintree, town in Essex, with a market
on Wednesday, noted for a considerable
manufacture of baize. It is 12 miles N of
Chelmsford, and 41 NE of London. Lon.
0 40 E. lat. 51 55 N.
Braintree, township of Norfolk county,
in tiie state of Massachusetts, about eight
miles from Bo ton. Population in 1810,
1357, and in 1820, 466
Braintree, town>-hip of Orange county,
Vermont, on Third Bi\ i ch, creek of
Wnite river.
Braintree, JVe^o, see JVew Braintree.
Braintrem, post town in Luzerne county,
Pennsvlvania, on the SW ?ide of the rivei*
li R A
BRA
Siisquehannah. It has a post office 50 and nearly opposite the mouth of Saguenal
miles above VVillkesbarre, and 303 miles river.
from Washington.
Brakel, town of Westphalia, in the bish-
opric of Paderborn, seated on the rivulet
Brught, 12 miles E of Paderborn. , jLon. 9
12 E. lat. 51 46 N".'
Bralio, mountain of the Alps, in the
Brandy-wine, a considerable stream which
rises in Cnesler county, Pennsylvania, and
empties into the Delaware river, in the
state of Delaware. It is distinguished for
the numerous merchant mills erected near
its mouth. These nulls are employed in
country of the ^Grisons, which separates the manufacture of flour, gun-powder and
the valley of Munster from the county of paper. The commercial facililiej,, to and
Bormio, from these mills adds much to their value.
Bramanl,' town of Savoy, on the river The commodities are shipped from the
Arck, 35 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 5 mill iioMses. The water power is so im-
E. lat. 45 23 N. mense as lo admit indefinite increase of
Bramber, borough in Sussex, that sends the manutacturing establishments,
two members to parliament. It is 47 Brandyivine, township in Chester coun-
miles S by W of London. Lon. 0 12 W.
lat. 50 52 N.
Brampton," town in 'Cumberland, with
a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the
river Itshin, near the Picts Wall. It is
eight miles NE of Carlisle, and 311 NNW
of London. Lon. 2 40 ,W. lat 54 58 N.
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1257, and in 1820,1431.
Brandyivine, township in New Castle
county, Delaware. Pf)pulation in 1810,
2275, and in 1820, 2796.
Branford, post town and township, New
Haven county, Connecticut. Population
Brampt-m, village in Herefordshire, one in 1810, 1932, and in 1820, 2230.
mile S of Ross. Here are tlie ruins of a
magnificent castle.
Brancaster, village in Norfolk, the ancient
Branodunum, a considerable Roman city,
where ancient coins have been frequently
dug up.
Branchon, town of the Austrian Nether-
lands, in Namur, on the river Mehaigne,
eight miles N of Namur. Lon. 4 40 E.
lat. 50 36 ]Sf.
Brantrim, township in Luzerne county
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 525.
Brant's village, on Grand river. Upper
Canada.
Branska, town of Transylvania, on the
river Meiish, 35 miles S of Weissemburg,
Lon* 24 16 E. lat. 46 0 N.
Brassa, one of the Shetland Islands,
where is the noted Brassa Sound ; in
, which 1000 sail may at once find commo»
Brandels, town o( Bohemia, on ihe river dious mooring.
Elbe, 10 miles NE of Prague. Lon. 14 45 Brassarv, or Cronstadt, strong town of
E. lat. 50 15 N. Transylvania, on the river Burczel, 50
Brandenburgh, country of Germany, miles E by N of Hermatistadt. Lon. 25
bounded on the N by Pomerania and 55 E. lat. 46 35 N.
Mecklenburg ; on the E by Poland ; on Brasil, an extensive country of South
the S by Silesia, Lusatia, Upper Saxony, America, claimed and in part possessed by
and Magdeburg; and on the W by Lu- Portugal. It extends along the Alantic
nenburg. It is divided into five principal Ocean from Cape Orange, lat. 4 N. to near
parts; the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the lat. 33 S and from Cape St. Rocque lon;
Middle Marche, Uncker Marche, and the W C 44 E to the mouth of the Jivary
New Marche. Berhn is the capital : and river, lon. W C 5 E ; extending through
the principal rivers are the Elbe, Havel, 39 degrees of latitude. It is bounded NE
Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The by the A.thntic Ocean ; N by Guayana and
greatest part of the inhabi; ants are Luther- Columbia; NW by Columbia; SW by
ans: but the Roman Catholics are tolerated. Peru, and the United Provinces of La
^ranJenSwr^A, town of Germany, divid- Plata;' and SE and E by the Atlantic
ed into the Old and New Town, by the ^^^^"' . ^^ '^ intersected by a cham of
Havel, which separates the fort from both. n»"nt3ms ranging along the Atlantic coast
It is 26 miles W of Berlin. Lon. 14 5 E. ^^"^ ^ ^'^'^- ^^ ^^ ^^- '^""^ ''^P^'^* »* *
lat. 52 45 N country of such vast extent must present
' , * -i, ■ c cf t^ .1 an indefinite variety of surface and soil;
5ra,»io«, vdlage m Suffolk, seated on Bras.l is. however in general rather plain
the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge ^j,^^ mountainous. The Amazon, with its
anda^rryata mile's distance. It is 12 numerous branches water and feitilizes'
mi es 01 Bury. ^ these immense regions, affording the most
Brandon, post town' of Rutland county extensive tracts of productive soil in one
A'ermont, 16 miles N of Rutland, on Otter connected body, ever united under one
creek. Population 1400. sovereignty.
Brandy Pots, islands in the St. Law- The Brasiis is about 2500 miles in length
rence river, about 100 miles below Quebec, and breadth, with an area of about three
119
BRA
B R E
millions of square miles. It is very diffi-
cult to fix its population ; supposed to he
about 2,000,000, independent of the abori-
gines not subject or tributary to the crown
of Portugal. ' It is divided into the cap-
tain generalships of Rio Grand, St. Pauls,
Minas Ceraes, Janeiro, Bahia, Pern.imbu-
co, Ceara, Maranham, Grand Para, Matta-
grosso and Goias. It would be needless to
enumerate the productions of Brasll, either
mineral or vegetable : it is sufficient to ob-
serve that in both kingdoms, the objects
are almost commensurate with all that can
administer to the wants, comforts, or luxu-
ry of i.uman beings.
Brassos a Dios, river of Texas, in the
intendancy of St. Louis Potosi; the sources
of the Brassos, are not correctly known,
but are supposed to be south of lied river,
about N lat. 33, and W Ion. W 0 29. The
length of this river exceeds four hundred
miles ; the country near its sources is
mostly prairie, with narrow borders of
woods along the banks of the river, and
some of its branches. The quantity of
water at its mouth is generally reported to
be about 10 or 12 feet.
Brattleboro, post town of Vermont in
Windham county or Whetstone creek, 33
miles E from Bennington.
Brnttleboroiigh, town of Windham coun-
ty, Vermont ; situated on the W side of
Connecticut River, 36 miles E of Benning-
ton, nine S of Pultney, and has about 2000,
inhabitants. The post office is 445 miles
from Washington.
Braubach, town of Germany, in Wetera-
via, with a castle, seated on the Rhine,
eight miles S of Goblentz.
Braunaiv, town of Germany, in Lower
Bavaria, seated on the river Kiun, 25 miles
SW of Paussau. Lon. 13 3 E. lat. 48 10
N.
Braunsburg, town of Poland, in New
Prussia, with a commodious harbour, seat-
ed near the Baltic, 50 miles E of Dantzic.
Lon. 20 6 E. lat. 54 22 N.
Braunfdd, town of Germany, in the
county of Soims, with a handsome palace,
26 miles N by W of Francfort. Lon. 8 32
E. lat. 50 21 N.
Brava, town of Africa, on the coast of
Ajan, with a pretty good harbour. Tt is
80 miles from Magadoxo. Lon. 43 25 E.
lat. 1 20 N.
Bravo, one of the Cape-de-Verd Islands,
remarkable for excellent wine, and inhabit-
ed by the Portuguese. Lon. 24 59 W. lat.
'14 52 N.
^mj/, seaport of Ireland, in the county
of Wicklenv, seated on St. Gen'g.''s Chan-
nel, 10 miles S of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W.
lat. 53 11 N.
Bray, village in Rerkshir?, seated on tiie
Thames, one mile S of Maidenhead.
Jtrrizza, lown and island on the coast of
120
Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, opposite
Spalatro, and subjects to Venice. Lon.
17 35 E. lat. 43 50 N.
Brechin, borough in Angusshire, washed
by the river Southesk, over which there is
a stone bridge of two large arches. It is a
royal borough, and with four others sends
a member to parliament. It lies at eight
miles distance from Montrose, and the tide
flows within two miles of the»town. It is
70 miles NTB of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 18 E,
lat. 56 40 N.
Breckenridge, county of Kentuck}',
bounded by the Ohio river NW ; by Har-
din E and SE ; by Grayson S ; and by Ohio,
and Daviess SW ; length 38 ; mean width
20 ; area 760 square miles ; surface broken,
and soil generally productive. Staples,
gruin, flour, tobacco, and salted provisions.
Chief town, Hardensburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,529
do. do, females - - 1,390
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 6
Slaves . . - - . 505
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - - - .
Free persoRS of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
3,430
3,233
2,984
7,485
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 20,98
do. in Manufactures - 34
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 9.
Brecknock, or Brecon, the capital of
Brecknockshire, called by the Welsh Ab-
ber-Honddey, and seated at the confluence
of the Honddey and Usk. It is an ancient
place, as appears by the Roma.n coins that
arc often dug up liere. It sends one mem-
ber to parliament, and Is 34 miles NW of
Monmou*h, and 162 W by N of London.
Lon, 3 22 W, lat. 51 54 N.
Brecknock, township in Berks county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 495,
and in 1820, 5b6.
Brecknock, township in Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 890,
and in 1820, 1062.
Brecknockshire, county of S Wales, 39
miles in length, and 27 in breadth ; area
731 square miles. Bounded on the E by
Herefo-'dsliirc and INIonmouthshire on the
U R E
B R E
S by Glamorganshire, on the VV by Car-
marthenshire and Cardiganshire, and on the
N by Kadnorshirc. tt is full of mountains,
some of which are exceedingly high, par-
ticularly Monuchdenny Hill, not far from
Brecknock ; but there are large fertile
plains and valleys, wliicl) yield plenty of
corn, and feed great numbers of caltle.
Its principal rivers are the Wye and the
Usk. Population in 1801, 31,6o3, in 1811, "
37,735, and in 1821, 43,613. Population
lo the square mile, 60.
JBreda, city of Dutch Brabant, large
populous, and well built. It is regularly
fortified after the modern way, and is one
of the strongest places on the Duich fron-
tiers. It is scited on the river Meek, in
a marshy country, which may be overflow-
ed and renderetl inaccessible to an army.
It is 22 miles W by S of Bois-le-duc, 25
NNE. of Antwerp, and 60 S of Amsterdam.
Lou. 4 50 E, lat. 51 2,5 N.
Bregentz, town of Germany, capital of a
county of the same name, in the Tirol. It
is seated on the lake of Constance, 70 miles
NE of Appenzel. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 47
27 N.
Brehar, the most mountainous of the
Scilly Islands, 30 miles W of the Land's
End. Lon. 6 42 W, lat. 50 2 N.
Brele, river of France, which divides th.e
department of Lower Seine from that of
Somme, and watering Eu, enters the Eng-
lish channel.
Bremgarten, town of Swisserland, in the
free lower bailiwics, watered by the Reuss
between the cantons of Zuric and Bern.
The inhabitants dealt chiefly in paper ; and
are Roman Catholics. It is divided into the
Upper and Lower Town, has a handsome
bridge over the Reuss, and is 10 miles W
of Zuric. Lon. 8 17 E, lat. 47 20 N.
Bremen, considerable town of Germany,
capital of a duchy of the same name, with
an archbisliop's see, which is secularized.
It is divided by the .AVesfr into the Old
and New Town. In 1739, while the in-
habitants were asleep, the magazine of
powder was set on fire by lightning, and
all the houses were shaken, as if there iiad
been an earthquake. It is 22 miles E of
Oldenburg. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 53 6 N.
Bremen, duchy of Germany, in the circle
of Lower Saxony, lying between the \Veser
and the Elbe, of which the former sepa-
rates it from Oldenburg, and the other
from Holstein. The air is cold ; but the
country is fertile and well peopled. It
formerly belonged to the Swedes, but was
sold to the elector of Hanover, in 1716.
In the winter it is subject to inundations,
and particidarly in 1617, on Christmas-day,
several thousand cattle were drowned ;
beside several hundreds of men. Bremen
is the capital.
Bre7neiavoeriI, town of German v, in the
Q
duchv of Bremen, 27 miles N of Bremen.
Lon. "8 45 E, lat. 5o 33 N.
Brent, town of Devonshire, with a market
on Saturday, 26 miles S\V of Exeter, and
200 W by S of London. Lon. 4 2 E, lat.
50 33 N.
Brent, river in Somersetshii-e, which
rises in Selwood Forest, on the edge of
Wilts, and falls into Bridgewater Bay.
Brente, river which rises in the bishop-
ric of Trent, and falls into the gulf of Ve-
nice, opposite that city.
Brentford, town in Middlesex, with a
market on Tuesday. It is seated on the
Thames, into which at the W end of the
town, flows a rivulet called the Brent.
Here the freeholders of Middlesex choose
the kniglits of the shire. It is divided into
Old and New Brentford, in which last are
the cliurch and market-house. It is seven
miles W of London. Lon. 0 10 W, lat.
51 26 N.
Brentford, township in Rockingham
county, New Hampshire, 15 miles \vVrom
Portsmouth. Population in 1810, 905, and
in 1820, 892.
Brentwood, town in Essex, with a market
on Thursday. It stands on a fine emi-
nence, 11 miles WSW of Chelmsford, and
18 ENE of London. Lon. 0 25 E, lat. 51
36 X.
Breiitvjood, township of Rockingham
county, in the state of New Hampshire,
about 20 miles southwestward from Ports-
mouth. It contains about 1000 inhabitants.
Brescia, town of Italy, capital of Brescia-
no, with a citadel, and a bishop's see. It
is seated on the Garza, 95 miles W of Ve-
nice. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 45 51 N.
Bresciano, province of Italy, in the ter-
ritory of A'enice ; bounded on the X by the
country of the Grisons and the bishopric of
Trent ; on the E by lake Garda, the Vero-
nese, and the Hantaan; on the S by the
Matituan and the Creraonese ; and on the
W by Cremasco, Bergamo, and the Valte-
hne. It is watered by several small rivers,
and is full of towns and villages, of which
Brescia is the capital.
BreseUo, town of I^aly, in the Modenese,
on the river Po, 27 miles N W of Modena.
Lon. 10 41 E, lat. 44 50 N, «
Bresknu, large, rich, and populous town
of Germany, capital of Silesia, with a bish-
op's see, and a imiversity. It is seated at
the conflux of the Oder and Ola, which last
runs through several of the streets. All
the houses are built with stone, and i.s sur-
rounded by good walls, strengthened with
ramparts and other works. There are two
i.slands near it, formed by the Oder; in one
of which is a church, whose tower was
burnt by lightning in 1730; in the other
called Tluim, is the cathedral. The royal
l)a!:.ce was obtained by the Jesuits, whei'e
tliey founded a university in 1702. The
ERE
a u I
two principal churches belong to the Pro-
testants ; near one of wliich is a college. It
is 112 miles NE of Prague, and 165 N of
Vienna. Lon. 17 8 E/lat. 51 3 N.
Bresse, late province of France, which
now forms the department of Ain, It is
bounded on the N by Burgundy and
Tranche Comte, on the E by Savoy, on the
5 by the Viennois, and on the W by the
Lyonois.
Bressici, or Brzesk, the capital of Pole-
sia in Poland, seated on the river Bog, 100
miles E of Warsaw. It is a fortified town,
and has a castle built upon a rock. Here
is a sj'nagogue, resorted to by the Jews
from all the countries in Europe. Lon. 24
6 E, lat. 52 4 N.
Bressuire, town of France, lately in the
province of Poitou, now included in the
department of the Two Sevres.
Brest, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Finisterre and late province of
Brittany, with a castle seated on a craggy
rock by the sea-side. The streets are nar-
row, crooked, and all upon a declivity.
The quay is above a mile in length. The
arsenal was built by Lewis XIV. whose
successor established a marine academy
here in 1752. This is the best port in
France, and has every accommodation for
the navy. The English attempted in vain
to take this place in 1694. It is 30 miies
SE of Morlaix, and 325 W of Paris. Lon.
4 30 W, lat. 48 22 N\
Bretagny, or Bntlaiuj, late province of
France, 150 miles in length, and 112 in
breadth. It is surrounded by the ocean
except on the E where it is united to An-
jou, Maine, Normandy, and Poitou. The
air Is temperate, and it has large forests.
It now forms the departments of the North
Coast, Finisterre, Isle and Villaine, Lower
Loire, and Morbin.in.
Breteuil, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine and late province of
Normandy, seated on the Iton, 15 miles
SW of Evreiix, and 65 W of Paris. Lon.
1 0 E, lat. 48 56 N
Breton, Cape, island of North America,
between 45 and 47 N lat. separated from
Nova Scotia by a narrov/ strait called Can-
so, and is* 100 miles in length, and 50 in
breadth. .It is a barren country, subject to
fogsthronghout tlie year, and covered with
snow in the winter. There is an excel-
lent fishery on this coast. It was confirm-
ed to England by treaty in 1763. See
Louisbourg.
Breton, island of Louisiana, or rather two
small islands lying SW from the Grand
Gosier. There is a diannel containing 12
feet water between the inlands of Grand
Gosier and Breton island, and another SW
of tlie latter, leading into Chandeleur bay,
with 18 feet water. N, lat. 29 26 W, lon.
W C. 2 20.
Bretlon Woods, township in Cos county;,
New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 12,
and in 1820, 19.
Brertelle, post office in Louisiana, parish
of Natchitoches.
Brevordl, town of Dutch Guelderland,
24 miles SE of Zutphen. Lon. 6 25 E, lat.
52 2N.
. Brewers Haven, good harbour on the
N end of the island of Chiloe, on the coast
of Chili. The Dutch landed here in 1643.
designing to get possession of some part of
Chili ; but they were driven from thence
by the Spaniards and natives. Lon. 74 0
W, lat 42 30 S.
Bre-wers, post town and township of Pe-
nobscot countv, Maine. Population in
1820, 744.
Breiver's Lagoon, on the coast of Hondu-
ras to the NW from Cape Gracios a Dios.
Lon. W C. 7 40 W, lat 15 48 N.
Brewood, town in Staffordshire, with a
market on Tuesdav, 10 miles S by W of
Stafford, and 130 NW of London. Lon. 2
5 W,lat 52 43 N.
Brewster, township and post town in
Barns'able county, Massachusetts, 16 miies
E from Barnstable. Population in 1810,
1112, and in 1820, 1285.
Brey, town of Westphalia, in the bishop-
ric of Liege, 14 miles N of Maestricht.
Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 51 4 N.
Briangon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Alps and late province of
Dauphiny, with a castle seated on a craggy
rock. It is remarkable for the manna
gathered in its neighbourhood, which at
first appears on the leaves, and small
branches of a sort of pine tree ; but they
make incisions into the bark, to get larger
quantities. It has a noble bridge over the
Durance, and had a handsome church ; it
is 17 miles NW of Embrun. Lon. 6 25 E,
lat. 44 46 N.
Briaire, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret and Tate province of Orlea-
nois, seated on the Loire, and remarkable
for a canal of communication between that
river and tiie Seine. It is 35 miles SE of
Orleans, and 88 S of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E,
lat. 47 40 N.
Briar Creek, township in Columbia
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1719.
Briar Creek, small branch of Savannah
river, which it joins between Augusta and
Savannah.
Bricksville, township in Cuyahoga coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820", 315.
Bridgend, town in Glamori^anshire, with
a market on Samrday : seated on tlie Og-
more, which divides it into tno parts,
joined by a stone bridge. It is 7 miles W
by N of Cowbridge, and 178 W of London.
Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 51 30 N.
Bridgehampton, post town of Suffolk
B R 1
B R 1
count)-, in the state of New York ; situated
at the NE end of Long Island.
Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire,
with a market on Saturday ; seated on the
Severn, which divides it into the Upper
and Lower Town, joined by a stone bridge.
It sends two members to parliament, and
is 20 mils W by N of Birmingham, and
139 NW of London. Lon. 2 28 W, lat. 52
36 N.
Bridgeport^ town in Fairfield county,
Connecticut, situated on Long Island
Sound, on the E side of Sa co river, oppo-
site to F. rfield, 10 miles SW of S ratford
ai'.d 10 NE of Norwalk. Here is a post
office 304 miles from IFuBMngton.
Bridgeport, post town and borough of
Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river at
the mouth of Dunlap's creek, Fayette
county. It is separated from Brownsville
by a bridge over Dunlap's creek Popu-
lation in 1820, 624.
Bridglon, township and post town, Cum-
berland V ounty, Maine, 30 miles NW from
Portland Population in 1810, 882, and in
1820, 1160.
Bridgetown, the capital of the island of
Barbadoes, situated in the inmost part of
Carlisle Bay. It contains 1500 houses, and
would make a figure in any kingdom of
Europe. The streets are broad, the houses
well built and finished, and their rents as
high as such houses would let for in Lon-
don. The wharves and quays are conve-
nient, and the forts strong. Lon. W C
26 24 E, lat. 13 5 N.
Bridgetown, post town of Grafton coun-
ty. New Hampshire, on the Merrimack,
26 miles above Concord.
Bridgetovjii, principal town of Cumber-
land county. New Jersey, 14 miles S of Sa-
lem, 48 N by W from Cape May, and
about 50 from Philadelphia. Here isap- st
office 185 miles from Washington, and 55
miles SSK from Philadelphia. It is situated
on Cohawgie river, 20 miles from ils en-
trance into Delaware bay. Vessels of 100
tons are navigated to Bridgetown. The
shipping of the place, in 1815, amounted
to near 15,000 tons.
Bridgetotvn, town of Queen Anne county,
Maryland, on the west side of Tuckahoe
creek, 8 miles E from Centreville.
Bridgetoiun, post office of Kent county,
iNlaryland, on the north side of Chester
river, 20 miles above Chester.
Bridge^vater, borough in Somersetshire,
with a market on Thursday and Saturday,
and a large handsome church. It is seated
on the river Parret, over which is a stone
bridge, and near it ships of 100 tons bur-
den may ride It is eight miles S of the
Bristol Channel, 31 SSW of Bristol, and
137 W by S of London. Lon. 3 10 W,
lat. 51 7 N.
Bridgeymter, township, and post town
in Grafton county. New Hampshire, on the
Merrimack. Population in 1810, 1104, and
in 1820, 727.
Bridge-water, town of Windsor county,
Vermont, 17 miles NW from Windsor.
Bridge-tvater, post town in Plymouth
county, Massachusetts, 22 miles S of Bos-
ton. In 1800 the 'ownship contained 5,200
inhabitants; in 1810, 5157; and in 1820,
5670.
BHdgewater, township and post town In
Oneida county, New York. Population in
1820, 1,533.
Bridge-water, township in Somerset coun-
ty. New Jersey. Population in 1810, 2906,
and in 1820, 3147,
Bridge^uater, township in Susquehanna
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1,994
Bridgeivnter, post town of Lucerne coun-
ty, Pennsylvania.
Bridlington, or Burlington, seaport in the
E riding of Yorkshire, witli a market on
Saturday. It is seated on a creek near
Flamborough-head, with a commodious
quay for ships, and is a place of good trade,
36 miles N of Hull and 208 of London.
Lon. 0 5 W, lat. 54 8 N.
Bridport, borough in Dorsetshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated between
two rivers, and had once a harbour, which
is now choked up with sand. It is 12 miles
W of Dorchester and 135 W by S of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 52 AV, lat. 50 42 N.
Bridport, post town and township of Ad-
dison county, Vermont, on lake Champlain,
near Crownpoint, 15 miles S from Ver-
gennes, and 5 W from Middleburg.
Brieg, handsome town of Silesia, capi-
tal of a territory of the same name, with a
col.ege, and an academy for the nobility.
It is seated on the Oder, 20 miles SE of
Breslaw. Lon 17 35 E, lat. 50 50 N.
Breil, town of the United Provinces, ca-
pital of the island of Voorn, seated at the
mouth of the Maese, 13 miles SW of Rot-
terdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat 51 50 N.
Brientz, lake of Swisserl md, in the can-
ton of Bern, three leagues long and one
broad. The Aar runs through the wliolc
extent of this lake, and unites it to that of
Thun.
Brieux, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of the North Coast and late pro-
vince of Brittany, with a good harbour. It
is seated near the English Channel, 50
miles NW of Rennes. Lon. 2 38 W, lat.
48 31 N.
Bviey, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Moselle, lately in the province
of Lorraine, seated near the river Manse ;
30 miles NE of St. Michael.
Bngg See Gland fordbridge.
Blight elms ton, or Brighton, seaport in
Sussex, with a market on Thursday. It i>i
the station of the packet-bouts to and from
i23
B R I
B R i
Dieppe, and is 56 miles S of London, and
74 NW of Dieppe. Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 50
52 N.
Brighton, post town of Massacliusetts, in
Middlesex county, five miles W from Bos-
ton. It is the cattle market of B-ston.
Bnghton, township in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, Population in 1810, 608,
and in 1820, 702.
Brightoii, township and post town jn On-
tario county, New York. Population in
1820, 1,972.
Brighton, township in Beaver county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1320, 738.
Brignolles, town of Fr.nce, iu the de-
partment of Var and lite province of Pro-
vence, famous for its prunes. It is seated
among- niouniains, in a pleasant country,
325 miles SSE of I'aris. Lon 6 15 E, lat.
4^ 24. N.
Bi-ihuega, town of Spain in New Castile,
sealed at the foot of the mountain Tujuna,
43 miles NE of Madrid. Lon. 4 10 W,
lat. 40 50 N.
BnmJielJ. post town of Hampshire coun-
ty, Massachusetts, situated on the E side of
Coiniecticut river. It contains about 1500
inhabitants.
Brimjield, township and post town in
Hampden countv, Massachusetts. Popu-
lation in 1820, 16 i2.
Brlmfeld, S. township in Hampden coun-
ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820,
683.
Bnm/ifield, village in Gloucestersliire, at
the sources of the river Stroud, where are
the foundations of a caslle long destroyed.
It has also a nunnery. It is seven miles
SE of Gloucester.
Brindici, ancient Brundusium, seaport of
Naples, in Otranto, with an archbishop's
bee, and a fortress. It is seated on the
gulf of "\'enice, 32 miles E of Tarento.
Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 40 45 N.
BrinkleysviUc, post town of Halifax coun-
ty. North Carolina.
Brinn, town of Moravia, where the as-
sembly of the states meet. It is seated at
the confluence of the Zwitta and Swart, 53
miles N of Vienna, and 27 SW of Olmutz,
Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 49 6 N.
Brioude, in France, the name of two
towns, a mile distant from eacli other, now
in the department of Upper Loire, lately
in the province of Velay. Old Brioude is
seated on the river Allier, over which is a
bridge of one arch, whose diameter is 173
feet. It is 16 miles S of Issoire, and 225 S
by E of Paris. Lon, 2 50 E. lat. 45 16 N.
Briqneras, town of Piedmont in the val-
ley of Lucern, three miles from the town
of I hat name Lon. 7 34 E, 3:it. 44 56 N.
Brisach, Old, town of Suabia, once the
capital of Brisgaw, seated on the Rhine,
over which is a" bridge of boats, 25 miles S
of Strasburg. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 48 2 N.
124
Brisach, JWiu, fortified town of France ,
in the cjepartment of Upper lliiine, and
late province of Alsace. It is built oppo-
site Old Brisach, about a mile from the
Rhine, and 23 S of Strasburg. Lo;i. 7 40
E, lat. 48 5 N.
Brisgarv, territory of Suabia, on the S
side of the Rhine, which separates it from
the department of Upper Rhine.
Brissac, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Maine and Loire, and late pro-
vince of Anjou, seated on the river Au-
bence, 13 miles S of Angers. Lon. 0 27
W, lat. 47 20 N.
Bristol, city and seaport in Gloucester-
shire and Somersetshire ; to which last
county it was accounted to belong, before
it formed a separate jurisdiction. In wealth,
trade, and population, it has long been
reckoned tlie second in this kingdom. It
is seated at the confluence of the Avon
with the Frnme, 10 miles from the influx
of the Avon into the Severn. Bristol has
a prodigious trade ; for it is reckoned that
hence 2000 shij^s sail yearly. The tide
rising to a great height in these narrow ri-
vers, brings vessels of considerable bur-
den to the quay. But the largest ships
are discharged at Kingroad, four miles be-
low the city, and the goods are brought to
the quay by lighters. There are some
considerable woollen manufactures ; and
no less than 15 glass-houses, and a sugar
refinery, v.'hich is one of its principal ma-
nufactures. For supplying the city with
water tiiere are six public conduits ; and
handsome hackney coaches may be hired
at reasonable rales. Hither is a great re-
sort in t!ie summer of invalids as well as
other company ; for whose accommodation
and entertainment there is a pump-room,
ball-room, coffee-house, with taverns, and
a great number of elegant lodging houses,
both below, on a level with the v.ell, and
above in tiie delightful village of Clifton,
which is situated on the brow of a hill,
from whence there are downs extending
several m les where the company ride out
for exercise. It has 18 churches, beside
the cathedral, a bridge over the Avon, a
custom-house, and an exchange. The Hot
Well, ab )ut a mile from the town, on the
side of the Avon,^is much resorted to : It
is of great purity, and has obtained a high
reputation in consumptive cases. In St.
Vincent's Rock, above this well, are found
tliose native chrystals, .so well known un-
der the name of Bristol stones. Besides
this well, there is a cold sprmg which
gushes out of a rock on the side of a river
that supplies the cold b.ith. Hf-rc are used
sledges instead of carts, because the vaults
and common sewers would be injured by
them. Bristol is governed by a mayor, has
a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Sa-
turday, and sends two members to parlia.
15 \l 1
B R 1
ment. It is 12 n.iles WNW of Bath, 34
SSW of Gl c. ster, and 124 VV of Lon-
don. Lon. ? 36 \V, lat. 51 28 N.
Bristol, a post town, in Lincoln county,
Maine ; situated on Booth hay, 12 miles
SE of Wiscasset, and 200 NE of Boston.
Bristol, township and post town in Lin-
cohi count)', Maine. Population in 1810,
2,753, and in 1820, 2,946.
Bristol, township in Grafton county. New
Hampshire. Population in 1820, 675.
B'istol, township and post town in Hart-
fo:*d countv, Connecticut. Population in
1310, 1428, and in 1820, 1,362.
Bristol, county of Mass 'chusetts ; bound-
ed N by Norfolk ; E by Plymouth ; SE by
Buzzar.l's bay ; and W by Rhode Island ;
length 35 ; mean width 17 ; area 600 square
miles. It is generally level, though some
parts are hilly ; soil of middling quality.
Chief town, Taunton.
Population in ISIO.
Free white males ... 17,578
do. do. females - - . 18,666
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . 924
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820,
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
37,168
19,239
20,871
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ....
do. females
40,110
378
420
0
0
Total population in 1820 -
40,908
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 86
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,641
do. in Manufactures - 2,136
do. in Commerce . . 974
Population to the square mile, 58.
Bristol, county, of Rhode Island ; bound-
ed N and NE by iua:i.5;i(.husetts ; W by
Narragansett bay ; E by Jiount Hope bay ;
length 10 miles; mean width 4; area 40
square miles; soil in general rocky, but
productive ; surface hilly, and very plea-
santly diversified. Chief town, Bristol.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,372
do. do. fen)aies - - . 2,443
All other pe-f-sons except Iiidians
not taxed .... 221
Slaves - . . . . 37
Total populatlcn in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
5 073
2,554
Free white females - - - 2,779
lotal whites ... - 5,333
Free persons of colour, males - 149
do. do. females 153
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 2
Total population in 1820 . - 5,637
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 513
do. in Manufactures - 393
do. in Commerce . - 381
Population to the square mile, 140.
Bristol, township in Bristol county, Rhode
Island, including Bris ol town. Population
in 1810, 2693, and in 1820, 3197.
Bristol, seaport, post town, and capital
of Bristol county, Rhode Island, 13 miles
N from Newport, and .15 S from Provi.
dence. The site of this town is in a high
degree pleasant, on a point of land between
Taunton river and Narragansett bay. It is
a place of considerable commerce ; the
shipping in 1815 exceeded 6,900 tons ; and
its present population 2700.
Bristol, township in Ontario county. New
York. Population in 1820, 2,429.
Bristol, borough and post town of Bucks
county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware ri-
ver, opposite Burlington in New Jersey ;
20 miles above Philadelphia, and 12 miles
below Trenton. Population in 1810, 628,
and in 1820, 908.
Bristol, township in "Philadelphia county,
Pennsvlvania. Ponulation in 1810, 965,
and in 1820, 1,257.'
Bristol, township in Bucks county, Peim-
sylvania. Population in 1810, 1,008, and in
1820, 1667.
Bristol, township in Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 212, and in
1820, 313.
Bristol, township in Morgan county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 452
Bristol, bay on the NW coast of North
America, lying between the peninsula of
Alaska, and cape Newnbam. Lon. W C
from 80 to 85 W, lat. 56 to 58 N.
Bristol Channel, between the S coast of
Wales, and the counties of Somerset, De-
von, and Cornwall.
Britaiii, or Great Britain, the most con-
siderable of all the European islands, ex.
tending 550 miles from N to S, and 290
from E to W. It lies to the N of France,
from which il is separaied by the Er.glisli
Channel. The ancient name of the island
v.as Albion, which, in process of time gave
wa\ to that of Britain, by which it was
known to Julius Cx^ar. The general di-
vision o) the island is into England, Scot-
land, and Wales
Hritnin, .A'Vvf, counlrv in N America,
12.-,
B R 0
B Jl (J
commonly called the Esquimaux country.
It is subject to Great Britain ; and lies be-
tween 5U and 70 N lat. and between 50 and
100 W. ion. There are innumerable lakes
and morasses, which are covered with ice
and snow a great part of the year. The
principal settlements belonging to the Eng-
lish Hudson's Bay Company are Churchill,
Neison, New Severn, and Albany on the
W side ot Hudson's Bay.
Bri am, .'Vew, i-land to the N of New
Guinea. It is divided into two islands by a
strait through which Capt. Carteret sailed
in 1767. New Britain lies in I-n. 152 19
E, and lat. 4 0 S. The inhabitants are
black, and wooll\ -headed, like negroes, but
have n')t their flat nuses and thick iips.
Biives la-Gaillarde, ancient town of
France, in the department of Correz and
late province of Limosen. It is seated near
the confluence ol the Correze and the Ve-
zere, in a delightful valley, and has a hand-
some hospital and ollege ; and a fine
walk, planted with trees, which surrounds
the town, and adds to the beauty of its si-
tuation. It is 37 miles S of Limoges, and
220 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E, lat.
45 15 N.
Brixen, town of Germany in the Tirol,
capital of the bishopric of the same name.
It is seated at the confluence ot the Ritntz
andEysoch, 15 mile-s E of Trol, and 40
N of Trent. Lon 11 47 E, 'at 46 45 N.
Biixen, bishopric of Germany, ;n the
Tirol. It is surrounded with mountains
which produce excellent wine. Tiie bi-
shop is a prince of the empire.
Brizen or Brietzeji, town of Germany, in
the middle niarciie of Erand^nburgh, seated
on the river Adah, 12 miles NE of Wir-
lemberg.
Broadalbin, township in Montgomery
county. New York. Population in 1820,
2,428.
Broad Creek, township in Sussex coun-
ty, Delaware. Pfpulation in 1810, 3,789,
and in 1820, 2,599.
B'-oad Creek, post village in Queen Anne
CO nty, Maryland.
Broadfield, postvillage of Virginia, West-
mor land county.
Broadkiln, to>." nship and post village in
Suss-x county, Delaware. Population in
1820,2731.
Broad River, river of South Carolina, at
the mouth of which is sea'ed the town of
Beau tort.
Broad Hiver, river of Georgia, enters
the right Mde of Savannah river, between
Savannah and Lisbon.
B^'ochviHe, sea' of justice for the county
of Leetis, Upper Canad. , on the left bank
of St. Lawrence, 16 miles abo'-e Prescott,
It !s a very flourishing place, in a fertile,
well cultivated neighbourhood.
Brodcra, principal fortress and town of
126
Hindoostan Proper, in Guzerat, in the NE
part of the tract lying between the rivers
Tapty and Myhie. It is 95 miles S by W
of the former, and 195 NE of the latter.
Lon. 7:i HE, lat. 22 15 N.
Brod, or Brodt, strong place of Hungary,
on the river Save, famous fur a battle
gained by the Turks in 1688. It is 20
miles SE of Posega. Lon, 19 25 E, lat.
45 20 N.
Brod-JYemiki, or Teutch-Brod, town of
Bohemia, s ated on the river Sozawa, 20
miles S by E of Czazlaw. Lon. 15 40 E,
lat. 49 33 N.
Broek, town of We-tphalia, in the duchy
of Berg, the capital of a county of the same
name ; seated on the Roer, 11 miles N of
Dusseldorp, Lon 6 53 E, lat. 51 23 N.
Boek, beautiful village in North Hol-
land, six miles from Amsterdam. The in-
habitants, though peasants only, are all
rich. The streets are paved in mosaic
work, with variegated bricks. The houses
are painted on tiie outside, and look as fresh
as if quite new. The gardens are adorned
with china vases, grottos of shell-work,
irees, and flo vers ; with borders composed
of minute particles of glass, of different co-
lours, and disposed into a varietj' of forms.
Behind th.e h uses and gardens, are mea-
dows, full of cattle grazing ; the out houses
are likewise behind, so that wagons, carts,
and cattle, never enter these neat streets.
Broken Bay, bay of New S Wales, on
the E coast of New Holland. It is formed
by the mouth of a great river called the
Hawkesbur>. Lon. 151 27 E, lat. 33 34 S.
Broken Sxvord, name of a creek in the
new county of Crawfcrd, running sonth-
vvesiwai-dly into Sai. dusky river.
Broken Stra-!v, township in Warren coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 379,
and in 1820, 902.
Broken Stra~w, creek, post village, Craw-
ford county, Pennsylvania.
Brornberg, city of Prussia, in the Grand
Duchy of Posen, capital of the district of
the Netze. This city is very important, as
from it a canal extends which unites the
Vistula, Oder, and Elbe rivers, by connect-
ing the Bruhe near Bromberg, wiih the
Netz ne'ir Nackel. It is 30 miles NW
from Thorn, and 160 miles E from Berlin.
Bromley, town in Kent, with a market
on Thursday, situated on the river Ravens-
burn Bromley is 10 miles S by E from
London. Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 51 23 E.
Bromley, town in Staffordshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It w,.s formerly called
Abbot's-Bromley, and afterwards Paget's-
Biom'e, , being given to Lord Paget when
Henry VIII. suppressed the abbies. It is
^even miles E of Stidford, and 130 NW of
London. Lun. 1 35 W, lat. 52 50 N.
Bromley, village near Bow, in Middlesex.
li R O
It had formerly a monastery, the church of
which is still used by the inhabitants.
Brompton, village in Middlesex, two miles
W by S of London.
Brompton, village in Kent, situated on an
easy ascent from Chatham, and containing
the fine barracks for the military of that
garrison.
Bromsgrove, town in Worcestershire,
seated on the river Salwarp. It is a pretty
good town, 15 miles NNE of Worcester,
and 115 NW of London. Lon. 1 50 W,
lat, 52 25 N.
Bromyard, town in Herefordshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It is 18 miles W of
Worcester, and 125 WNW of London.
Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 50 8 N.
Bronno, town of Italy, in ihe Milanese,
10 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 26 E, lat.
45 6 N.
Brooke, the most northerly county of
Virginia, situated in an angle formed by
the river Ohio and the state of Pennsylva-
nia ; bounded W and N by Ohio river ; E
by Pennsylvania ; and S by Ohio county in
Virginia ; length 30 ; mean breadth 5 ; area
150 square miles; surface extremely hilly,
though the soil is in a high degree fertile.
Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, and
some iron. Chief town, Wellsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,819
do. do. females - - - 2,653
All other free persons, except In-
dians not taxed ... 59
Slaves 332
Total population in 1810 - 5,tf43
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 3,152
do. do. females ... 3,018
Total whites - - - . 6,170
Free persons of colour, males - 24
do. do. females 34
Slaves, males . - - . 191
do. females - - - 192
Total population in 1820 - - 6,611
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 9
Engaged in Agricdtwi-e - - 1,526
do. in Manufactures - - 237
do. in Commi'rce - - 40
Population to the sq'iare mile, 44.
Brompton., town of Lower Canada in
Buckingham county, on S'- Fvuicis river.
Brookfield, township in Strafford coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in
1810, QST, and in 1820. 690.
Brookfii'ldy town of Orange county,
Vermont, 17 miles S from Moatpelier.
Population, 14u0.
Brookfidd, township and post town in
B \\ O
Worcester county, Massachusetts. Po-
pulation ill 1810,3170, and in 1820, 2,292.
Brookfidd, Korth, township and post
town in Worcester county, Massachu-
setts Population in 1820, 1095.
Brookfidd, township and post town in
Fairfield county, Connecticut. Popula-
tion in 1810, 1037, and in 1820, 1159.
Brookfield, township and post town in
Madiso . county, New York. Population
in 18 -'0, 4240,
Brookfidd, township and post village
in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population
in 1810, 345, and in 1820, 524.
Brookfield, township and post village
in Morgan county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 314.
Brookhaven, township and post town
in Suffolk county. New York. Popula-
tion in 1820, 5,218.
Brookhill, post town of Tennessee, in
Montgomery county.
Bookline, township in Hillsborough
county. New Hampshire. Population in
1810, 528, and in 1820, 592.
Brookline, post town of Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire. Population,
550.
Brookline, township in Norfolk county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 784,
and it! 1820, 900.
Brooklyn, township in Windham coun-
ty, Connecticut. Population in 1810,
1,200, and in 1820, 1,264.
Brooklyn, post town and township of
King's county. New York, on Long Island,
opposite the city ot New York, from
which it is only separated by the East
river three fourths of a mile wide. The
site of this town is pleasantly waving,
and gives an air of variety and openess
to the streets and houses. Many of the
buildings are elegant, and the adjacent
country in a nigh staie of cuUiva'>un, To
tilt- NE of th ■ tf^kvn, on a point between
E.ist river and the WallaliDUt bay, is one
of the United States navy yards. Pnpu-
lation in 1820, 7,175 ; and at prese t
about 7,500.
Brooklyn, township in C'uyahoga coun-
ty, Ohio Population in 1820, s'lS
Brooks, townshi}) in Hancock county,
Maine. Pc.'ulativn in 18 ?0, 318.
Brooksville, township in Haricock
courity. Alrtine. P-'i illation io i3.'0. 9r2.
fsrook-oHle post town i-i M nigom) ry
cour:y, M^^rylfcnrl, on th':- W sidf- -if the
rivoi Pautuxent, 20 mik-s from Wash-
ington.
Brookville, town of Indiana, seat of
justice for Franklin county, on the point
in the forks oi' White river, branch of
Great Miami, AQ miles NW from Cin-
cinnati. It is a flourishing village, laid
127
B K (J
B li O
out in 1811, and now contains more than
100 houses, and 500 inhabitants.
Broom Loch, and an extensive salt
■water and arm of the sea, in Rosshire,
on the W coast of Scotland. It has long
been noted for its excellent herrings,
and is esteemed one of the best fishing
stations on the coast.
Broome, county of New York, bounded
by Pennsylvania S; Tioga W; Court-
landt and Chenanj^o N ; and Del ^ware
E ; length 43 ; mean width -^0 miies ;
area 860 square miles. Surface hilly,
though being intersected by the Susque-
hanna river, and its numerous branches,
the soil is in general productive, and ni
part extremely fertile. Chief town, Che-
nango.
Population in 1810.
Free white :ales - - - 4,210
do. do. females - - 3,867
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 30
Slaves 23
Total population in 181
.0
, males -
females
8,130
Population in 1820.
Free white mules
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour.
do. do.
Slaves, males -
do, females
7,318
6,937
14,255
33
30
8
17
Total population in 1820
14,343
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 56
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,092
do. in Manufactures - 496
do. in Comnierce - - 51
Popidatlon to the square mile, 16.
BrooTie, township and post town in
Schoharie county. New York. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2,680.
Brora, seaport on the E coast of Su-
therlandshire, Scotland. Here is a coal
mine which was lately worked, and the
coal used in the manufacture of salt;
but it cannot be carried to any distance,
as it takes fit:e on being exposed to the
air. Brora is 40 miles N by E of Inver-
ness.
Brora, river in Sutherlandsbire, which
issues from a lake of the same name.
Above the town of Brora it forms seve-
ral fine cascades ; and, below that vil-
lage falls into the British Ocean.
Brouage, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, and late
province of Salntonge. Its salt works
are the finest in France, and the salt is
n'8
called Bay salt, because it lies on a bay
of the sea. It is 17 miles b < f R. chelle,
and 170 SW of Pans. Lun. 1 4 W. lat.
45 52 N.
Brouca, town of Sicily, on the S side
of the gulf of Caania, 15 rniles S of Ca-
tania. Lon 15 30 E, lat. 37 25 N.
Brouershaven, seaport of the United
Provinces, in the island of Schoneu, nine
miles SW of Helvoetsluys, Lon. 4 15
E, lat. 51 40 N
Broue'.'e, river of Indiana, in Vigo
couniy, falls into the right side of the
Wabasli, 10 miles above Terre liante.
Broug/iion, town of Lower (xanada,
Buckingham couijty, 35 miles S from
Qui^!:*ec.
Brown, a southern county of Ohio,
borderin<^ f^n Wn Oiiio I'iver. It i>. bound-
ed on the N by Clinton and Highland
counties ; E by Highland and Adams ;
b by the Ohio river ; and on tiie W by
Clermont county. It is .% miies long
from N to S, by 17 broad from E to W ;
and contains about 470 square miles. It
contains the towns of Ripley, the tem-
porary seat of justice, and Decatur.
I'he surface of this county is in general
hilly, but its soil fertile.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 6,501
do. do. females • - 6.217
Total whites - - - JJ,018
Free persons of colour, males 160
do. do. females, 178
Slaves, males ... 0
do. females - _ - o
Total population in 1820 - 13,356
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 22
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,727
' do. in Manutactures - 327
do. in Commerce - 22
Population to the square mile, 30 nearly.
Brother''s Valley, township in Somerset
county, Pennsylvania. Popalation m 1810,
1314, and in 1820, 1301.
.Btou'H, county of Michigan, W from lake
Michigan, and contiguous to Green bay.
Fort Brown, chief town.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 785
do. do. females - - - 166
Total whites .... 951
Free pei ,ons of colour, males - 1
do. do. females - none
Slaves, males ... - none
do, females ... none
Total population in 1820 - 952
B R O
B R U
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
62
60
10
16
Fopulatioii to the square mile, uncertain.
tice in Jackson county, Illinois, 40 miles
E from Ivaskaskias.
Brownville, town of Penobscot county,
Maine, on Pleasant river, 40 miles N from
Bangor.
Bro-wnville, township, and post town, in
JBroxvn, township in Lycoming county, Jefferson cour\ty, New York, on the right
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 322.
Brown, township, in Miami county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 349.
Brown, township in Stark county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 365.
Broiviifield, township and post town in
Oxford county, Maine, on Saco river. Po-
pulation in 1810, 388, and in 1820, 747.
Broiunhebn, township in Huron county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 282.
Brottinington, post town, Orleans county.
bank ot Black river eight miles NE from
Sackets Harbour. Population in 1820,
3990.
Broyle, harbour, and settlement, E side
of tlie island of Newfoundland, between
the city of St. Johns, and Cape Race.
Lon. W C 24 30 E. lat. 47 10. N.
BmceviUe, post village, Knox county,
Indiana,
Briichval, town of Germany, In the bish-
opric of Spire, seated on the river Satz ,
Vermont, near Barton river, 55 miles NE five miles SE of Philipsberg-. Lon. 8 36
by N from Montpelier. E. lat. 49 11 N,
Bro-ivnsburg, post town, of Rockbridge _ J^'^igg; or Broug, town of Swisserland,
county, Virginia, on Hays creek, 13 miles i" Argau, sealed on the river Aar, over
NE by N from Lexington. which is a bridge. It is 22 miles SE of
Brownshurg, post village, Washington Basil. Lon. 8 4 E. lat. 47 21 N.
county, Tennessee, near French Broad Bruges, large episcop.il city of Austrian
river, 15 miles E from Greensville. Flanders, once the greatest trading town
Brown's corner, post village, Kennebeck i"} Europe ; but in the 16th centurv, the
county, Maine. civil wars occasioned by the tyranny of
Brown's cross-roads, post office, Pike l*'iillip H. drove tiie trade first to Antwerp,
count j^ Ohio. and then to Amsterdam, It is seated in
Brown's Passage, between Dundas and * plain, eight miles from the sea, and has a
Stephen's islands, NW coast of North communication by canals, with Ghent, Os-
America, leading into Observatory Inlet, tend, Sluys, Newport, Furnes, Ypres, and
Lon. W C 53 23 W. lat. 54 17 N. Dunkirk. Bruges has been often taken
Bro-an's Point, cape, S extremity of th^ ?"^ retaken, the last time by the French,
island of Tobago in Uie West Indies. *" ^"^^- ^^ ^^ ^'S^^ ™'l^s E of Ostend.
Lon. W C 15 20 E. lat. 11 10 N. ■'^°" o 5 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Brown'stown, post town and capital of
.Tackson county, Indiana, on the left bank
of the East Fork of White river, 100 miles
W from Cincinnati, and 45 N from Louis-
ville.
Brownsville, township in Fayette county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 769,
Brownsville, formerly called Red Stone
Bnigge, or Bruggen, town of Lower
Sajiony, in the bishopiic of Hildesheim, six
miles from the city of that name. Lon.
10 5 E. Lat. 52 6 N.
Bnignelo, episcopal town of Italy, in the
territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Ap-
penines, 35 miles SE of Genoa. Lon. 9
30 E. lat. 44 15 N.
Brule, river of the NVV territory of the
Old Fort, post town in Fayette county, U. S. falls into the SW part of lake Su
Pennsylvanii included in tiie foregoing perior.
township ; on the E side of the river Mo-
nongahela, 12 miles NW from Union, 25
SE from Washington, and 35 S from Pitts-
burg. It is in the centre of a settlement
composed considerably of Friends. This
town is connected with Bridgeport by a
chain bridge thrown across Dunlap's creek,
a small stream of wa'er running between
Bnmetto, strong and important place in
Piedmont, near Susa, which it defends.
Brunsuttle, seaport of Germany, in Hol-
stein at the mouth of the Elbe, 13 miles
NW of Gluckstadt. Lon. 9 2 E. lat. 54
2N.
Brunswick, country of Germany, in the
them. Both together contain "about 200 circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N
houses, and in 1820, 1600 inhabitants, by Lunenburg, on the'W by the circle of
Brownsville is in a flourishmg state, beinij Westph:ilia, on the S by Hesse, and on the
in the centre of a well cultivated and rich E by Anhalt, Ilerberstadt, and Magdeburg,
country. It is the general rendezvous of The principal rivers are the Wesar, Ocker,
emigrants from Virginia and Maryland, on and Lyne. It is divided into three princi-
their passage down the Ohio. palitie's. Wolfenbuttle, Ceubenhagen,
_BroYunm^/e, post village of Marlborough and Calenberg, which also comprehends
district. South Carolina. the duchy of Gottingen. The principality
Brownsville, post town, and seat of ;us- of Wolfenbuttle has its own dukes ; but
H " 1 29
B R U
fl R U
the other two belong to the elector of
Hanover.
Brumwick, large city of Germany, in the
duchy of Brunswick. It was formerly an
imperial and hanseatic town till it was ta-
ken by the dike of Brunswick Wolfenbut-
tle in 1671, who built a citadel to keep it
in awe. In the square before the castle is
a famous stone statue, with a lion made
of block-tin, done after the life. The num-
ber of inhabitants is about 24,000. It is
seated on the Ocker, 55 miles W of Magde-
burg. Lon. 10 42 E. lat. 52 25 N.
Brunstvick, post town of Georgia, in
North America, in Glynn county. It has
a safe harbour capable of containing a nu-
merous fleet of men of war ; from its situa-
tion, and the fertility of the inland coun-
try it promises to be a place of conse-
quence. It is 70 miles WSW of Savannah,
and 752 from Washington. Lat. 31 10 N.
lon, 8 2 W.
Bnmswick, township In Cumberland
county, Maine. Population in 1820, 2931.
Brimswick, township in Rensallaer coun-
ty. New York. Population in 1820, 2318.
Brunsivick, South, township in Middle-
sex county. New Jersey. Population in
1810, 2332, and in 1820, 2489.
Bmns-anck, JVew, township in Middle-
sex county. New Jersey. Population in
1810, 3980, and in 1820, 4275.
Brunsxuick, city of New Jersey, in
North America, situate on the Raritan,
12 miles above Perth Amboy. This city
has a considerable inland trade, and many
small vessels belongs to the port. Here
was formerly a flourishing college, called
Queen's college, which has of late declin-
ed. Population about 6000.
Brims-u>ick, j\reiu, in North America, one
of the two provinces into which Nova
Scotia was divided in 1784 ; bounded on
the W by New England, on the N by Ca-
nada, on the E by the gulf of St. Lawrence,
and on the S by the bay of Fundy and
Nova Scotia. St. John's is the capital.
Population about 60,000.
Bnmsruick, township in Schuylkill coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1974.
Bruns-wick, township in Medina county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 172.
Brunswick, township of Essex county,
Vermont, 65 miles from Montpelier, on
the Connecticut river.
_ Brimsidck, covmiy of Virginia, on both
sides of Meherin river ; bi.unded South by
North Carolina ; W by Mecklenberg, and
Lunenberg ; N by Nottoway ; NE by Din-
widdie ; and E by Greenville ; length 27 ;
breadth 21 ; area 570 ; surface rather rolling
than level ; soil of middling quality. Sta-
ples grain and tobacco. Chief town, Percival.
Population in 1810
Tree white males - - . 2,884
130
Free white females - - - 2,951
All other persons except Indians not
taxed . . . . -
Slaves - . . . .
378
9,308
Total population in 1810 -
15,411
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females ...
2,925
2,964
Total whites ....
5,889
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . -
do. females
394
323
5,201
4,880
Total population in 1820 -
16,687
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
■12
5,130
100
39
Population to the square mile, 30 nearly.
Bruns-wick, county of North Carolina,
situated near the mouth of Cape Fear ri-
ver ; and bounded S by the Atlantic Ocean ;
by South Carolina SW ; by Bladen NW ;
and Cape Fear river NE and E ; length 45
miles ; breadth 28 miles ; area 1260 square
miles ; surface level, part marshy ; and soil
generally poor and thin. Chief town,
Smithville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 1,173
do do. females . . - 1,141
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - . - - 210
Slaves - - , . - 2,254
Total population in 1810 4,778
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,495
do. do. females - i . 1,442
Total whites .... 2,937
Free persons of colour, males - 101
do. do. females - 108
Slaves, males ... - 1,196
do. females . - - - 1,138
Total population in 1820. - - 5,480
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,761
do. in Manufactures - - 88
do. in Commerce - - 44
Population to the square mile, 4.
Brunswick, post town, seaport, and seat
of justice in Glyme, district of Georgia, on
Turtle river, 10 miles S from Darien. Lat.
31 10 N,
B R Y
BUG
Brussels, fortified city of Brabant, and
capital of the kingdom of the Netherlands .
It has many magnificent squares, public
buildings, walks, and fountains. The Ho-
tel de Ville, in the grand market-place, is
a remarkable structure : the turret is 364
feet in height, aud on the top is the figure
of St. Michael, of copper gilt, 17 feet high,
which turns with the wind. Here is a
kind of nunnery, called the Beguinage,
which is like a little town, and surrounded
by a wall and a ditch ; the women educa-
ted here are allowed to leave it when they
choose to marry. Brussels is celebrated
for its fine lace, camblets, and tapestry ;
and contains 80,000 inhabitants. It has a
communication with the Scheldt by a ca-
nal, 20 miles long. It was bombarded by
marshal Villeroy, in 1695, by which 14
churches, and 4000 houses were destroyed.
It has been several times taken since. It
is seated partly on an eminence, and partly
on the river Senne, 25 miles S of Antwerp,
and 148 N by E of Paris. Lon. 4 18 E,
lat. 50 51 N.
Brush Creek, township in Scioto county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 288.
Brush Creek, township in Highland
county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 551,
and in 1820, 1173.
Brush Creek, township in Muskingum
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 699.
Bruton, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Saturday. Here are manufac-
tures of silk and hosiery ; a free-school,
founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately
almsliouse, consisting of the ruins of a
priory. It is seated on the river Brue, 12
miles SE of Wells, and 100 W of London.
Brutus, township in Cayuga county,
New York. Population in 1820, 3579.
Bruyeres, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vosges, 11 miles ENE of Ept-
nal.
Bryan, county of Georgia ; bounded by
the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Liberty S\V ; Tatu-
all and Bullock NW, and Effingham and
Chatham NE ; length 35 ; mean width 12 ;
area 420 square miles ; surface level, and
soil thin. Staples, grain, tobacco, and cot-
ton. Chief town. Hard wick.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 296
do. do. females - - - 261
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 6
Slaves 2,264
Free persons of colour, females 1 1
Slaves, males - - - - 1,1 19
do. females - - - 1,119
Total population in 1810 - - 2,827
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 391
do. do. females - - - 368
Total whites . . - . 759
Free persons of colour, males - 13
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
3,021
1
1,337
24
0
Population to the square mile, 8 nearly,
Bryansbrid^e, town of Ireland, in the
county of Clare, seated on tlie Shannon
eight miles N of Limerick.
Brzesc, fortified town of Lithuania, capi-
tal of Polensia, or the palatinate of Brzesc,
with a castle on a rock. Here is a large
synagogue, resorted to by Jews from all
parts of Europe. It is seated on the river
Bug, 90 miles S by W of Grodno. Lon.
24 6 E, lat. 52 4 N.
Brzesc, town of Poland, capital of a pala-
tinate of the same name. It is surrounded
by a wall, and seated in a marshy plain, 95
miles WNW of Warsaw. Lon. 18 30 E,
lat. 52 40 N.
Brzesnitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Saatz, with manufactures of lace, fire-
arms, and hardware, 24 miles WNW of
Saatz. — Another, in the circle of Prachin,
18 miles WNW of Pisek.
Bua, island in the gulf of Venice, on the
coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge
island, because frequented by those birds.
It is joined by a bridge to the town of
Traon.
Buarcos, town of Portugal, in Beira, on
the seacoast, at the moutii of the Mondego,
27 miles S of Aveira.
Buccari, or Bnchari, seaport of Morla-
chia, on the NE partof the gulf of Venice,
declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free
port for commerce with the East Indies.
It is 12 miles E of Fiume. Lon. 14 26 E.
lat. 45 17 X.
Buchannes, the most eastern promontory
of Scotland, to the E of Pcterliead in
Aberdeenshire, in lon. 1 34 W, lat 57 27
N. Near this promontory are the Bullers
of Buchan, and other stupendous rocks
and precipices, much admired for the aw-
ful grandeur they exhibited.
Bncharla. See Bokhariu.
Bucliau, town of Suabia, with a nunner}',
seated on a small lake, called Feyder See,
25 miles SW of U!m.
Buchau, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Saatz, 26 miles SW of Saatz.
Bucholz, town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, seated on the Dahmc, 23
miles SSE of Berlin.
Bucharest, strong city of European Tur-
key, capital of Walachia, where the hospo-
dar commonly resides. The patriarchal
church is large, adjoining to the palace of
^ 131
B U C
li u c
the archbishop ; and in a square, near the
centre of the town, is the great church of
St. Georg'e, the patron saint of Walachia.
The inhal^itants are estimated at 60,000.
It is seated on the Domboriza, 35 miles SSE
of Tergovist, and 200 N by W of Adriano-
ple. Lon. 26 8 E, lat. 44 57 N.
Buchorn, town of Suabia, seated on the
lake of Constance, 18 miles ENE of Con-
stance.
liuck Creek, a large mill stream of Clark
county, Ohio, a branch of Mad river, on
■which has been erected, besides a consid-
erable number of mills, a cotton and wool-
len manufactory.
Jiuckden, village in Huntingdonshire, 5
miles S\V of Huntingdon. Here is a superb
palace of the bishops of Lincoln, and seve-
ral of the prelates have been interred in
the church.
Buckebitrg, town of Westphalia, in the
county of Schauenburg, with a castle on
the river Aa, three miles ESE of Minden.
Biickenham, town in Norfolk, with a mar-
ket on Saturday, 12 miles E by N of Thet-
ford, and 93 NE of London.
JBnckfastleigh, village in Devonshire,
three miles S by W of Ashbarton. Here
are some remains of an abbey ; and many
of the houses are built with materials from
its ruins.
BuckfielJ, town in Oxford county, Maine.
Population in 1810, 1251, and in 1820,
1501.
Buchanan, post town of Virginia In Har-
rison county.
Buck-head, creek of Georgia, falls into the
Ogrechee river 60 miles below Louisville.
Buckhorn- falls, post office of North Caro-
lina, in Chatham county.
B ckinghum, borough and the capital of
Buckinghamshire, with a market on Satur-
day. It is almos. surrounded by the Ouse,
over which are three stone bridges. There
was formerly a castle, on a mount, in the
middle of the town. Here is little trade
or manufacture, except lacc-making, and
some paper mills on the river. Two miles
to the NVV is Stjwe, tlie celebrated seat of
the marquis of Buckingliam. The town
sufiered greatly by fire, in 1725. It is 25
miles NE of Oxford, and 55 N\V of London.
Lon.O 5SW.lat.51 58 N,
Buckinghamshire, county of England, 39
miles long and 18 broad; bounded on the
N by Northamtonshire, E by Bedfordshire,
and Middlesex, S by Berkshire, and W by
Oxfordshire. It contains 318,400 acres ; is
divided into eight hundreds, and 185 pa-
rishes ; has 15 market towns; and sends
14 members to parliament. The number
of inhabitants in 1801, 107,444 ; in ISll,
117,650, and in 1821, 134,068. Its prin-
cipal rivers are the Thames, Coin, Ouse,
and Tame. The soil is rich, being chiefly
chalk or marl ; and the woods of the hills,
132
chiefly bsech, form a considerable article of
profit, both as fuel and timber. The most
general manufacture is bone lace and paper.
Buckingham, county of Lower Canada,
in the district of Three rivers, on the right
side of St. Lawrence river.
Buckingham, town of Lower Canada, in
York county, on the Ottawa river.
Buckingham, township in Wayne county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 153,
and in 1820, 385.
Buckingham, post town of Pennsylvania,
Bucks county.
Buckingham, county of Virginia, bound-
ed NW and NE by James river ; SE by
Cumberland ; and SW by Prince Edward,
Churlotle and Campbell counties ; length
34, and mean width 20 miles ; area, 680
square miles, surface hilly and rocky ; soil
of middling quality. Staples tobacco,
grain, and salted provisions. Chief town,
Maysville.
Population'in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 4,111
do. do. females - - 3,669
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - 694
Slaves 11,675
Total population in 1810
2,0059
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
o,65o
3,692
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ...
do. females
7,345
150
144
5,138
4,801
Total population in 1820
17,572
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agricidture - - 1,347
do. in Manufactures - - 171
do. in Commerce • - 130
Population to the sqware mile, 26.
Btickiiigham, townsiiip in Bucks count}-,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1,715,
and in 1820, 1862.
Buckland, town of Hertford county.
Lower Canada, on the right side of St.
Lawrence, 20 miles SE from Quebec.
Buckland, township in Franklin county,
New Hampshire. Population in 1820,
1037.
Buckland, post town of Virginia, in the
SW part of Prince Wilii&m county, on
Broadrun creek, branch of Occuq»jhau
river.
Bucklerstoxt'n, Berkeh' county, Virginia.
Bucks, county of Pennsylvania, on the
Delaware, bounded SW by Philadelphia,
B U 1)
B U E
and Montgomery, N\V by Lehigh, and
Nordiampton ; and on the NR and SE, se-
parated from New Jersey by the Dela-
ware river ; length S7 miles ; mean width
16 miles : area 600 square miles : the surface
hilly, or rather rolling, and delightfully
variegated ; soil in general excellent.
Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, cider,
hay, and a great variety of other articles
of minor importance. Besides the Dela-
ware it is watered by the Neshaminy, and
Tochicon creeks, both fine mill streams ;
the Perkiomen also rises m Bucks county.
It is abundant in mills, and presents the
aspect of a well cultivated and flourishing
county. Chief towns, Doylestown, New-
town, and Bristol.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 16,041
do. do. females - - 15,336
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 983
Slaves 11
Total population in 1810 -
32,371
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . . . -
do. females ....
|18,147
18,141
36,551
699
582
none
2
Total population in 1820 • 37,842
Of tiiese ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 69
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,100
do. in Manufactures - 2,188
do. in Commerce - - 25
Population to the square mile, 63.
Buckskin, township in Koss county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 781, and in
1820, 1331.
Bucksport, township in Hancock countv,
Mame. Population in 1820, 1658.
Buckiotun, town of Vlaryland in Dorches-
ter county, between Blackwater and
Transqu:iking creeks.
Buckler' s-Iiavd, village in Hampshire, on
Beauheu river, nine miles SSW of South-
ampton. The inhabitants are principally
employed in ship-building, and many fri-
gates have been built iiere.
Buda, or Offoi, the capital of Lower
Hungary, situate on the side of a hill, on
the W side of the Danube, over which is a
bridge of boats to Pest. The in!;ubitanis
are t-itiaia'.ed at 25,000. The clmrches
and public buillings are Iiandso;ne. In
the adjacent country are vinevards, wiiiclt
produce excellent wine , and hot baths
t!;at were in go id order, with magnificent
rooms, while the Turks had possession of
this place. The Turks took it?in 1520,
and it was afterward besieged several
times by tiie Germans to no purpose till
1686, when it was taken. It is 94 miles E
SE of Presburg, and 200 NNW of Bel-
grade. Lo(..T9 5 E. lat. 47 30 N.
Budelich,town of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Treves ; seated on the Traen, 12
miles ENE of Treves.
Budorich, or Biirich, town of Germanj',
in the duchy of Cleves ; seated on]| the
Ithine, 22 miles SE of Cleves.
Bitdin, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Bakonitz, with a castle, nine miles S by
W of Leutmeritz.
Budingen, town of Germany, in Wette*
ravia with a castle; situate on the Sam-
bach, 25 miles ENE of Frankfort.
Budissen,see Bmitzen,
Budoa, srong seaport of Dalmatia, and
a bisliop's see. It sustained a seige byjthe
Turks, in 1686, and is 30 miles SE of Ra-
gusa. Lon, 18 58 E. lat. 42 30 N.
Budrio, town of Italy, in the Bolognese,
eight miles E of Bologna.
Budwsis, tortified town of Bohemia, in
the circle of Bechin, and lately a bishop's
see. In ihe environs are mines of gold and
silver. It is seated on the Muldau, 75
miles S by W of Prague. Lon. 14 25 E,
lat. 49 2 N.
Biidzac, see Bessarabia.
Buenaventura, bay, town and settle-
ment of New California. Lon. W C 42
W. lat. 34 20 N.
Buenaventura, seaport of South America,
on the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of
Choco bay. Lon. W C 0 10 VV. lat. 3 55
N.
Buenos Jlyres, city and seaport, the capi-
tal of Paraguay and the seat of a late vice-
I'oyalty, and now of the united provinces
of La Plata. A great part of the treasures
and merchandise of Peru and Ciiili are
brought here, which are exported to Spain.
It was founded by Mendosa, in 1535, but
afterward abandoned ; and in 1544, an
other colony of the Spaniards came here,
who !efi it also ; but it was rebuilt in 1582,
and inhabited by Spaniards and the native
Americans. It is a bishop's see, and has an
elegant cathedral, a small Indian church,
two monasteries, five convents, a college,
a beauiiful square, and about 70,000 iniiabit-
ants. Tile trade Is carried on with the
provinces of Peru by means of carts drawn
by oxen, wh;ch travel together in caravans^
The country around is quite open and
level, furnishing every species of American
and European productions, but the most
extraordinary c'vcumstance is the propa-
gati'-n of '.atile. wl'.ich have rr.'altiplied so
immensely uiat a great many are killed
merely for their hides. The trade of tiiis
city already considerable may become im-
mense. Placed upon the bank of the
133
B U F
B UA.
Plata river, its situation would enable an
enterprising peop'e to form it 'mto an em-
porium rbr the merch 'ndize o<' the wide
spread regiiinsdiained by lliat ^.treim and
its ntimrious confiuenis. At nreseni the
exports are, gold, .silver, I)eef, tallow,
hides, k.c. ; and imports mar.ufactured
goods, p'mcipally from Great Brita n. An
extensive inland comm^-rce, oy caravans is
carried on over tiie Andes, to Ciuli and
Peru. The liarb ur is vet an open ro«d
without moles or quays, but the advance of
commerce in the hands of a free people,
will superinduce the necessary improve-
ments. Of the present population about
one third are civilized Indians. In 1806,
Buenos Ayres was surrendered to the Eng-
lish, under major-general (now lord) Be-
resford ; but was retaken by the Spanish
forces about two months afterwards, when
the general and his army were made pri-
soners of war. In July, 1807, the English
again made an attack on this place, with
10,000 men, but without success. It has
since shared the vicissitudes of the revo-
lutionary war, but may now be considered
as the seat of a new and rising empire. It
is seated on the Plata, 220 miles from the
ocean, though the river there is 21 miles in
breadth. Lon. W C 18 29 E. lat. 34 25 .S.
Buenos Ayres, province of South Ame-
rica one of the United provinces of La
Plata; bounded SE by the Atlantic Ocean;
SW by the Colorado nver ; W by Cordova;
and NK by he Rio de la Plata ; length from
the SW to NE 400; mean width 200
miles; area, about 80,000 square miles.
It is in general an open and flat country,
with a soil of exuberant fertility ; and situa-
ted between 33 and 40 of S lat. produces
in abundance the grains and fruits of a
temperate climate. The extent of its un-
wooded plains, however, invite to and su-
perinduce pastoral pursuits. Agriculture
is too much neglected and the attention of
the inhabitants drawn to the rearing of cat-
tle and horses. Manufactures can scarcely
be said to exist in their most incipient
state. Relative population uncertain.
Buffalo, lake, of North America, laid
down by Heume. Lon. W C 34 W. lat.
67 20 N.
Buffalo, port of entry, post town, and
seat of justice in Niagara county. New
York, on lake Erie, at the head of Niagara
river, 22 miles above Niagara falls. This
town is admirably situ-ited to become a
great interior mart. BufFaloe creek is of
sufficient depth, 12 feet, to admit an ex-
cellent harbour, and the necessary works
to meliorate its entrancejto lake Erie, and
to facilitate, the ingress, and egress of ves-
sels,arenowinan inconsiderable statelof for-
wardness. The grand canal of N. York, is
intended to debouch into lake Erie, at
134
Buffalo harbour. The town is built upon
an elevated and dry plain, extending in
i;re<t part in one 1 (Og street on each side
ot the road, leailin , fr>m the harbour to
the interior of New Y.>rk. This fine vil-
I acre was urnt by the British m the late
war, but ha:, risen in au improved state
from its tshes. The uresent population in
the village separate from the other parts of
".he township i-xceeds a thousand.
Buffalo, township in Niagara county.
New York, including Buffalo village. Po-
pulation in 1820, 2095.
Buffalo, township in Perry county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 875.
Buffalo, township in Union county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1820, 2376.
Buffalo, West, township in Union coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1183.
Buffalo, township in Washington, county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1416,
and in 1820, 1430.
Buffalo, township in Butler county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1810, 375, and in
1820, 582.
Buffalo, township in Armstrong county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1110, 1150,
and in 1820, 1597.
Buffalo, township in Guernsey county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 285, and in
1820, 482.
Buffalo, post village of Virginia, Mason
county.
Buffalo, town of Pike county, Missouri.
Buffalo, creek or river of New York,
falls into lake Erie at Buffalo, and forms
the harbour of that town. It rises by se-
veral branches in Niagara and Genessee
counties.
Buffalo, creek, of Centre and Union
counties, Pennsylvania, falls into the W
branch of the Susquehannah ; after water-
ing a fertile strip of land, called Buffalo
valley, and flowing 22 miles.
Buffalo, creek of Virginia, and Pennsyl-
vania, rises in Washington county of the
latter and falls into Ohio river at Wells-
burg, in Brooke county of the former.
Buffalo, creek of North and South Caro-
lina, rises in the former, and falls into
Broad river in the latter.
Buffalo, creek of Georgia, branch of
Ocone river, which it joins about 40 miles
below Milledgeville.
Buffalo, small river of Mississippi "in
Wilkinson county, its course nearly W 40
miles, falls into the Mississippi, nine miles
below the mouth of Homochitto. The
soil watered by this stream is generally
hilly but fertile, producing cotton, and
maize in abundance.
Buffalo, small branch of White river,
Arkansas territory.
Bug, river of Europe, the south-eastern
branch of Vistula. It rises near Lemburg,
B U L.
B U L
and flowing NW separates Galicia from
"Volhynia, as far as the town of Drohiczyn,
where it leaves Volhynia, ainl separates
Galicia from Warsovia, until its union
with the Vistula, 20 miles below War-
saw.
Bugey, formerly province of Francp, be-
tween Franche Compte, Bresse, Dauphiny
and Savoy ; it is now included in the de-
partment of the Ain.
Jiuen .^yre, see Biiair.
JSuffia, province of Algiers, in Africa,
surrounded with mountains, and very fer-
tile in corn.
Bugia, seaport of the kingdom of Al-
giers, at the mouth of the M^jor, on a bay
of the Mediterranean. It is 75 miles E of
Algiers. Lon. 3 58 E. lat. 36 49 N.
Bidlth, town in Brecknockshire, seated
on the Wye, over which is a wooden bridge
into Radnorshire. It has a market on
Monday and Saturday, and is 12 miles N of
Brecknock, and 171 Vf by N of London .
Lon. 3 14 W. lat. 52 8 N.
Buis, town of France, now in the depart-
ment of Drome, lately In the province of
Dauphiny, 40 miles SW of Gap.
Bukari, small but well built town of
Hungarian Balmatia, with a harbour on the
gulf of Bikeriza, near the gulf of Venice,
ten miles NE of Veglia. Lon. 14 59 E.
lat. 45 29 N.
Bulac, town of Egypt, on the Nile, two
miles W of Grand Cairo, being the sea-
port of that city. On the N side of it is
the Calisch, whose banks are cut every
year to convey the waters of the Nile, by
a canal, in Grand Cairo. Lon. 51 22 E.
lat. 30 2 N.
Bulam, island of Africa, at the mouth of
the Rio Grande. The soil is good ; and as
it was uninhabited, a settlement of free
blacks was formed here, in 1792, by the
English, who purchased it of the neigh-
bouring king, but has been since entirely
relinquished. Lon. 15 0 W. lat. 11 ON.
Bulgaria, province of Turkey in Europe,
bounded on the N by Walachia, on the E
by the Black Sea. on the S by Romania
and Macedonia, and on the W by Servia.
It is the ancient Moesia.
Bulness or Bowness, village in Cumber-
berland, at the end of the Picts Wall, on
the Solway Frith. It was a Roman sta-
tion, called Blatum Bulgium ; and hence
Antoninus began his Itinerary. It is 13
miles W by N of Carlisle.
Bullitt, county in the state of Kentucky
bounded by the Ohio river W ; Salt river
SW ; Nelson S ; Shelby E, and Jefferson
N ; length 30, mean width 10, area 300
square miles ; surface hilly, and soil,
though varied, in general productive.
Staples, grain, flour, and salted provisions.
Chief town, Shepardsville,
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 1,717
do. do. females - - 1,594
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ..... 14
Slaves . - - . - 976
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
4,301
2,340
2,238
4,578
5
679
566
5,831
none
1,228
265
7
Population to the square mile, 19.
BuUelsburg, post town, Kentucky, in
Boone county.
Bullock, county of Georgia, bounded by
Bryan SE ; Tatuall SW ; Emanuel NW ;
and Scriven and Effingham NE ; length
45; mean breadth 12; area 540 square
miles. Surface part level, and part hilly ;
soil of middling quality. Staples, grain,
cotton, tobacco, &c. Chief town, States-
boro.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 930
do. do. females ... 931
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 18
Slaves 426
Total population in 1810 -
2,305
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
954
do. do. females ...
922
Total whites . . - -
1,877
Free persons of colour, males -
4
do. do. females
0
Slaves, males . . - -
355
do. females - - - .
342
Total population in 1820 -
2,578
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
4
329
1
0
Population to the square mile, 5 nearlj-.
Bull's Bay, on the E coast of Newfound-
land, nearly due E 60 miles from Placentia.
Lon, W C 24 30 E, lat. 47 20 N,
135
Ji U 11
B U E
Bidlskin, township in Fayette county,
Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogamy river.
Population in 1810, 1439, and in 1820,
1,484.
Bundela, or Bundleciind, teriMtory of
Hindoostan Proper, on the SW of the river
Junna, and separated from it by a narrow
tract of a low country. Chatterpour is the
capital. Lon. 79 75 E, lat. 25 0 N.
B^incombe, county of Nortii Carolina ;
bounded by S Carolina S ; Haywood W ;
Tennessee NW ; Ashe Ni: ; and Burke
and Rutherford E ; length 85 ; mean width
25 ; area 2,125. Surface generally hilly
and mountainous ; and soil rocky, though
in part fertile. Staples, grain and flour.
Chief town, Ashville.
Population In 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,404
do. do. females - - - 4,160
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 18
Slaves 695
Total population in 1810 - - 9,277
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,861
do. do. females ... 4,606
Total whites .... 9,467
Free persons of colour, males - 19
do. do. females, 14
Slaves, males - - - - 530
do. females - - - 512
Total population in 1820 -
10,542
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,796
do. in Manufactures - 16
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to the square mile, 5.
Bungay, town in Suffolk, with a market
on Tluirsday, seated on the Wavriey, which
is navigable hence to Yarmouth, It is 36
miles N by E of Ipswich, and 107 NE of
London. 'Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 52 35 N.
Buvgo, kingdom of Japan, in the island
of Ximo, whose capital is Lunay.
Buntingford, town of Herts, with a mar-
ket on Monday, seven miles S of Royston,
and 31 N by E of London. Lon. 0 6 E,
lat. 51 58 N.
Bnragrag, river of Barbary, in the king-
dom of Fez, which falls into the Atlantic
Ocean, at the town of Sallee.
Bnrella, or Civita Burrelln, a' town of
Naples, in Abruzzo Citerore, 20 miles S
of Lanciano. Lon. 14 4S E, lat. 41 58 N.
Buren, a town of Dutch Guelderland,
whicli gives the title of count of Buren to
the prince of Orange. It is 22 miles W of
Nimeguen. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 54 58 ?v'.
136
Buren, town of Westphalia, in the bi«
shopric of Paderborn, seated on the Alme,
10 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 8 53 E,
lat. 53 16 N.
Buren, town of Swisserland, in the can-
ton of Bern, seated on the river Aar, be-
tween Arberg and Soleure.
Burford, town in Oxfordshire, with a
market on Saturday ; seated on the river
Windrush, and noted for the making of
saddles, and for the downs in its neigh-
bourhood. It is 17 miles W by N of Ox-
ford, and 71 W of London. Lon. 1 33 W,
lat. 51 49 N.
Burford, township of Oxford county.
Upper Canada, between Windham and
Dundas-street.
Burg, town of the Dutch Netherlands,
in Zutphen, seated on the Old Yisel, 18
miles E of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 15 E, lat.
52 59 N.
Burgmo, town and castle of Suabia, ca-
pital of a margravate of the same name. It
belongs to the House of Austria, and is 26
miles W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 25 E, lat.
48 28 N.
Burgdorf, a handsome town of Swisser-
land, in the canton of Bern, with a castle.
It is pretty large and seated on an emi»
nence, eight miles NE of Bern. Lon. 7
19 E, lat.'46 58 N.
Burgess, town of Leeds county. Upper
Canada, N from Bastard.
Burgetstoivn, small post village in Wash-
ington county, Pennsylvania, 18 miles NW
from Wasiiington.
Bitrgh-iipon.Sands, village in Cumber-
land, near Solway-Frith, wliere Edward
the First died, in 1307. It is five miles
NW of Carlisle.
Burgos, town of Spain, capital 'of Old
Castile, and an archbishop's see. The
squares, public buildings, and fountains,
are fine, and the walks agreeable. It is
seated partly on a mountain, and partly on
the river Aranzon, 95 miles E by S of Leon,
and 117 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat.
42 20 N.
Burgundy, late province of France,
which now forms the three departments
of Cote'd'Or, Saone, Loire, and Yonne.
It is 112 miles in length, and 75 in breadth :
bounded on the E b\ Franche Compte ; on
the W by Bourbonnols and Nivernois; on
the S by Lyonois, and on the N by Cham-
pagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and ex-
cellent wines.
Burhanponr, city of Hindoostan in the
Deccan, the caphal of Candfish, and, at
one period, of the Deccan also. It is yet
a flourishing city, and is situated in the
midst of a delightful country, 225 miles E
by N of Surat. Lon. 76 19 E, lat. 21 25
N.
Bnrick, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Cleves, seated on the Rhine, opposit'?
B U «
BUR
Wesel, ir miles SE of Cleves. Lon. 6 18
E, kt. 51 32 N.
Burke, county of North Carolina; bound-
ed by Rutherford S ; Buncomb W and N
W ; Wilkes and Iredell NE ; and Lincoln
SE ; length 60; mean width 22 ; area 1320
square miles ; sui'face hilly, and in part
mountainous ; soil varied ; staples grain,
flour, and salted provisions. Chief town
Morganton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,876
do. do. females ... 4,638
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 60
Slaves ' 1,433
• Total population in 1810
Population In 1820.
11,007
Free white males
do. do, females •
5,801
5,618
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - -
do. females
11,419
31
44
950
967
Total population in 1820 -
13,411
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Ag-riculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce - . -
0
3,799
188
15
Population to the squire mile, 10.
Burke, covinty of Georgia; bounded by
Ogeeciite river or Emanuel SVV; Jeffer-
son NW ; Richmond N ; Savannah river E ;
and Scriven S ; length 40 ; mean width
24 ; area 960 square miles. Surface rather
waving, and soil generally of middling qua-
lity. Chief town, Waynesboro-
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,127
do. do. females - - 2,851
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - - 75'
Slaves 4,580
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
10,634
2,941
2,732
'i'otal w'lites . - - . 5,673
Free persons of colour, males 39
do do. females 44
Slaves, males .... 2,973
do. females - - - 2,847
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in \griculture - 4,277
do. in Manufactures - - 103
do. in Commerce - - 27
Population to the square mile, 12.
Bnrkhausen, town of Germany, in Lower
Bavaria, on the river Saltz, 27 miles N by
W of Saltzburg. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 40 17 No
Bmlington. See Bridlington.
Bwiini;tnn Bay, forming the extreme
western part of lake Ontario ; or rather a
separate lake, as the surf has tlirown up a
bar of sand and pebbles. Over the outlet a
good bridge has been erected.
Burlington, post town, pott of entry, and
se:a of justice m Chittenden county, Ver-
mont, situated on the E side of Lake Cham-
plain, four m.les S of Onion river, and 20
miles northerly of Vergeimes. The situa-
tion is healthy and plea-ant, which induced
the leg slature to pass a law for the esta-
blishment of a university at this town. Be-
side many other public establishments, the
university of Vermont is l-cated m this
town. It has a library exceeding 1000 vo-
lumes, and a piiilosophical apparatus ; and
is ui'dtr the government of a president, 5
professors, and 2 tutors. Income about
1200 dollars annually, arising chiefly from
land. Students about 30.
Burlington, township in Middlesex coun-
ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1810,
4'71, and in 1820, 508. •
Burlington, townsliip in Hartford county,
Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1467,
and in 1820, 1360.
Burlington, townsliip and post town of
Otsego county. New York, Population in
1820, 2,457.
Burlington, county of New Jersey ;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Glou-
cester SW; Delaware river and Hunting-
don coun'y NW ; and Middlesex and Mon-
moutl) NE ; length 40 ; mean width 12J
miles ; area 500 square miles ; surface ge-
nerally level, and soil sandy, though pro-
ductive. The staples of this county are
grain, flour, salted provisions, with hay,
garden vegetables, fruit, and other neces-
saries for the Philadelphia market. Chief
towns, iMount Holly and Burlington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 11,894
do. do. females - - 12,046
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 946
Slaves 93
Total population in 1820,
11,576
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
24,979
13,533
13,946
27.^^74
13?
r E
BUR
Free persons of colour, males 660
do. do. females 601
Slaves, males ... 40
do. females ... 42
Total population in 1820 - - 28,822
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 210
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,042
do. in Manufaciures - - 1,585
do. in Commerce - - ^75
Population to the square mile, 58 nearly.
Burlington, ancient city in Burlington
county. New Jersey; seated on the SE
bank of the river Delaware, opposite to
Bristol, ani 20 miles above Philadelphia.
It was founded in 1677, and called New
Beverley; it has a safe harbour for fehip-
ping, with a considerable depth of water.
The municipal jurisdiction is vested in a
mayor and aldermen. The buildings are
principally of bricks, and constructed in a
plain commodious stile, with a large gar-
den lot to each house. There is an epis-
copal church, two or t^ree meeting-houses,
a considerable brewery, a court-house, and
jail in this town, though the seat of justice
has been lately removed to Mount Holly.
Burlington, township in Burlington
county. New Jersey, including Burling-
ton city. Population in 1810, 2,419, and
in 1820, 3,758.
Burlington, township in Bradford
county, Pennsylvania. Population in
1820, 560.
Burlington, township in Lawrence
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 140.
Burlington, small town of Belmont
county, Ohio, about four miles above
Wheeling.
Burlington, township of Licking coun-
ty, Ohio.
Burlington, township of Geauga coun-
ty, Ohio.
Burli7ig[on, post town and seat of jus-
tice for Lawrence county, Ohio. It is si-
tuated on the north bank of the Ohio ri-
ver, at the southern extremity of the
county ; 75 miles southeasterly from
Chillicothe, and 120 miles in the same di-
rection from ('olumbus. Lat. 38 30 N,
Ion. W C 5 27 VV.
Burmali, see Birmalu
Burntcoat Island, township in Han-
cock county, Maine. Population in 1820,
218.
Bu7mt-Corn, post town and seat of jus-
tice in Monroe county, Alabama.
Burillsville, township in Providence,
Rhode Island, Population in 1810, 1834;
and in 1820, 2164,
Burnham, town in Norfolk, with a
market on Monday and Saturday. It is
seated near the sea, 29 miles NW of Nor-
138
■wich, and 126 NE of London. Lon. 0 48
E. lat 53 4 N.
Burnham, town in Essex, at the mouth
of the river Crouch, which is here called
Burnham Water. The Walfleet and
Burnham oysters are the products of the
creeks and pits of this river. Burnham
is 11 milts SE of Maiden.
Burnley, town in Lancashire, with a
market on Monday 35 miles SE of Lan-
caster, and 208 NNW of London. Lon. 2
15 W, lat. 53 46 N.
Burntisland, borough in Fifeshire, on
the frith of Forth, with an excellent har-
bour. It is seated under a stupendous
rock, 10 miles NW of Edinburgh- Lon.
3 5 W, lat 56 8 N.
Burramfiooter, river of Asia, which ri- "
ses near the head of the Ganges, in the
mountains of Thibet. It first takes its
course to the E directly opposite to that
of the Ganges, and winding with a rapid
current through Thibet, where it is na-
med Sampco, or Zanchin, it washes the
border of the territory of Lassa, and pro-
ceeds SE to within 220 miles of Yunan,
the westernmost province of Chma : then
turning suddenly to the W through As-
sam, it enters Bengal on the NE. where
it assumes the name of Burrampooter.
It then makes a circle round the western
point of the Garrow mountains, and al-
tering its course to S, meets the Ganges
about 40 miles from the sea, after having
meandered for more than 2000 miles.
During the last 60 miles before its junc-
tion with the Ganges, it forms a stream
which is regularly from four to five miles
wide ; and, but for its freshness, might
pass for an arm of the sea. Common de-
scription fails in an attempt to convey an
adequate idea of the grandeur of this
mn;;n;ficent object.
Bursa, or Prusa, one of the largest ci-
ties of Turkey in Asia, capital of.Becsan-
gil. It stands upon several little hills,
at the foot of mount Olympus, and on
the edge of a fine plain full of fruit trees.
The mosques are elegant, as are the ca-
ravansaries Bursa is 99 miles S of Con-
stantinople. Lon. 29 5 E, lat. 39 22 N.
Burton, a flourishing post-township in
Geauga county. It is principally settled
with farmers ; but contains the village of
Burton, in which is a post-office, and a
store. Population in 1810, 517; and in
1820, 506.
Burton, township in Stafford county,
New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
194 ; and in 1020, 209.
Burton ufion-Trent I town in Stafford-
shire, with a market on Thursday. It had
formerly a large abbey ; and over the
Trent is a famous bridge of freestone, a
BUS
B U T
quarter of a mile in length, supported by
37 arches. It consists chiefly of one long
street, which runs trom the site of the
abbey to the bridge, and has a good mar-
ket for corn and provisions. It is 12
miles NE of Litchfield, and 124 NNW of
London. Lnn. 1 40 W, lat. 52 48 N.
Burtonsville, post-village of Virginia,
in Orange county.
Burton, town in Lincolnshire, with a
markrt nn Monday; seated on a hill, near
the river Trent, 3U miles N of Lincoln,
and 164 N by W of London. Lon. 0 36
W, lat. 53 40N.
Burton, town in Westmoreland, with
a market on Tuesday ; seated in a valley,
near a hill called Farleton-Knothili, 11
miles N of Lancaster, and 247 NNW of
London. Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 54 10 N.
Burville, town in Anderson county,
Tenessee, on the north side of Clinch
river, 30 miles north of Knoxville. Here
is a post office, 570 miles from Washing-
ton.
Bury, town in Lancashire,*with a mar-
ket on Thursday, seated on the Irwe'.l,
and noted for its fustian manufacture,
and the coarse goods called half-thicks
and kerseys. In 1787, the theatre fell,
and buried under its ruins more than
300 persons, many of whom were killed
or much bruised. Bury is 36 miies SE
of Lancaster, and 190 NNW of London.
Lon 2 24 W, lat. 53 36 N.
Bury, St. Edmunds, borough in Suf-
folk, with a market on Wednesday and
Saturday. The situation is veiy plea-
sant, and the air is supposed to be the
best in England ; for which rtasnn it is
frequented by genteel people. The no-
ble ruins of its abbey, are still standing
near the two churches, which are both
large, and seated in one churchyard. Bu-
ry sends two members to parliament, and
took its name from St. Edmund the king,
who was buried here, after being mur-
dered in a wood. The assizes are held
here. It is 14 miles E of Newmarket,
and 72 NNE of London. Lon. 0 46 E,
lat 52 22 N,
Bush, small river in Hartford county,
Maryland, which falls into Chesapeake
Bay, near its head.
Huskill, creek of Northampton county
Pennsylvania, falling into the Delaware
at Easton It is between 20 and 30 miles
long, and one of t!ie finest mill streams
in the state.
Bushkill, township of Northampton
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1262.
Bushkirk's-bridge, post village of New
York, in Waslungton county.
Bushwick, township in Kings county,
New York. Population in 1820, 930.
139
Bushwick, town of Kings county, Long
Island ; New York : 3 miles from Brook-
lyn, and nearly opposite to Corlaers-hook,
part of the city of New Y.>rk.
Bussletown, thriving village in Phila-
delphia county, PennsylVcinia, 1 i miles N
by E of the city. Here is a post oifice,
and about 20 dwelling houses.
Bustard, river of Lower Canada, en-
ters St. Lawrence near Manicor!;ar point.
Buteshire, county of Scotland, consist-
ing of the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch-
marnoc, ana some others of smnller note,
which lie in the frith of Clyde. They
are fertile in corn and pastures,, and
there is a con.siderab!e herring fishery.
This shire sends a member to parliament
alterncvtely with Caithnesshire. , Area
200 square miles. Pupu'ation in 1801,
11,791; in 1811, 12 033; and in 1821,
13,797 : to the square mile, 68.
Butler, county of Pennsylvania, be-
tween the Allegany and Beaver rivers:
biiunded S by Allegany; W by Beaver;
NW by Mercer ; N by Venango ; and
E by Armstrong: length 35; mean width
24 ; area 840 square miles ; surface
hilly ; but soil generally fertile and well
watered. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey,
fruit, live stock, and salted provisions:
chief town, Butler.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 5,802
do. do, females - - . 3,534
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... lo
Total population in 1810 - 7,345
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males - . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 - 60,193
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - T3
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,038
do. in Manufactures - 434
do, in Commerce - 23
Population to the square mile, 12.
Butter, township in Butler county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 458;
and in 1820, 472.
Butler, borough and post town in But-
ler county, Pennsylvania. Population in
1810, 225.
Butler, county of Ohio; bounded on the
N by Preble and Montgomery counties; E
B TI T
BUT
by Warren county; Sby Hamilton county
and W by Indiana. It is 27 miles long from
Eto W by 18 bmad from N toS containing
430 square miles. The land is mostly of
an t'xceilent quality for farming, its wa-
ters arc- thi Grtat Miami rivtr. Dick's
Indiati, St. Clair, Four Mik, and Seven
Mile creeks. Cliief town, Hamilton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 5 745
do. do. females - - 5,326
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 79
Total population in 1820
3,082
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - - _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females
Total population in 1820
11,15U
11,206
10.582
Of these :
Fr.reigiiers not naturalized - 0
Eiie,agf(t in Aj^ricuhiire . 374
do. in Manufactures - 18
do in Commerce - 3
Population to the square mile 3| nearly.
BiLtler, county ot Alabama ; bounded
S by Cunecuh ; W by Monroe and Wil-
cox ; Montg mery N ; and by Htnry E :
length 6i ; mean width 30 ; area 1900
square miles : surface generally flat or
gently rolling ; with a thin soil, except
along the streams. Staple, cotton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 451
do. do. females - - . 384
Total whites .... 835
Free persons of colour, males - 1
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males - - - 278
do. females • . • 291
—.^ Total population in 1820 . - 1,405
21,746
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 134
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,961
do in Mariufactures - 1,022
do. in Commerce . . 59
Population to the square mile, 45
Butler, township in Columbiana coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 516; and
in 18 ?0, 998
Butler, county of Kefitucky on Green
river, bout;d d S by Logan ; W by Muh-
lenberg ; N W by Ohio ; NE by Grayson ;
and r)E by Wanen : length oi ; mean
width 25; and 825 square miles; surface
gently wavin^. or hilly ; soil fertile. Sta-
ples, grain, flnur, fruit, live stock, and
salted provisions. Chief town Morgan-
town
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 970
do. do. females - - 929
All other persons excipt Indians
not taxed - - - 8
Slaves - -• - - -
273
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ _ _
do. females - - -
140
2,181
1,336
1,275
2,611
237
235
0
0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 505
do. in Vlannfactures •- 7
do. in Commerce - . 1
Popalatlon to the square mile, l-J nearly.
Broad Mountain, or fourth large ridge
from the Biue Mount.commences its eastern
extremity in Noithampton county, near
t')e head of Pokono creek, and cros.ses the
Lehigh at tlie " Turn hole," extends west-
erly to the river Sdiuyikill. i's average
height is about 1000 fret above its base.
Butter Island, to\vn--hip in Ihnicock
county, Maine. Population in 1810, 10,
an ! iii 1820, 11.
Butter, township in Darke county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, .323.
Butter, township in Montgomery counlv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1646.
Butrinto, ancient Buthrotum, seaport of
Kiiro;)ean Turkey, in Albania, and a bish-
op's see; seatrd on the canal of Corfu, at
the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 30
miles S of Chimara. Lon. 20 9 E. lat. 39
40 N.
Butter A'ritts, township and post town in
Otsego county. New York. Papulation in
1830,3601.
Button''s Islands, in Hudson's Strait. Lon.
WC 11 50 E. lat. 60 30 JST.
Butto7ih Bay, the N part of Hudson's
nay, through which afempts have been
m.de to discover a N\V passage to China.
It IS so called from Sir Thomas Button,
who here lost his ship, and came back in a
sloop built in the country. Tl lies between .
60 and 66 N lat.
Putfermilk Falls, T.ucernp countv, so
CAB
CAB
called from the colour of the water, below it
is a fall of about 15 feet, over a rock form-
ed.by a creek o( the same name, on which
are iome fine mills.
Butra^o, town of Spain, in New Castile,
seated on the Lozova, 30 miles N by B of
Mi.drid. Lon. 3 5W. lat. 40 46 N. .
liuttenuortb, lown of England, in Lan-
cashire, two miles from Rockdale. Popu-
lation, 482r.
Bvttermere Water, lake in Cumberland,
eight miles SW of Keswick, two miles
li>ng', and nei:rly one broad. This lake is
called tlie Upper Lake, and near a mile
from it, to the NE is the Lower called
Cromach wa er.
Butzaw, town of Germany, in the bish-
opric ot Schweriii, 17 miies SW of Ro-
stock. Lon. 11 55 E lai. 54 0 N.
Buxton, village in Derbyshire, at the
entrance of tlie Peak. Thr warm waters
of Buxton are the bath consisting- of nine
springs, St. Anne's well and St. Peter's
well; 32 miles NW of Derby, and 160
NN W of London ,
Buxton, town of York county, in the
district of Maine. It is situated near the
moulh of Saco river, and about 115 miles
norsheastward from Boston. Population
'in 1810, 2324, and in fl20, 2590.
Buzbach, town of Germany, in Wetera-
v.a, atid in the county of Solms, 29 miles
N bv E of Francfort. Lon. 8 44 E. lat.
50 23 N.
Buzzard's Bay, noted bayon the coast of
Massachusetts, rimning up between Bris-
tol county and the peninsula of Barnestable.
Bybi^rry, township in Philadelphia coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 765,
and in 1820, 876,
Byfield, village, and parish of Essex
county, Massachusetts. Dummer Acade-
my, and an Acad<-my for young ladies, are
located at this place.
i'i/c/iow, town of Lithuania, on the Dnie-
per, 180 miles SW of Wilna. Lon. 30 0
E. lat. 53 38 N.
Byzantium, see Constantinople.
(]Cj= Proper names, particularly those derived from the Arabic are often spelt with
a K or C indifferently ; therefore those which cannot be found under one of those
letters, may be sought for under the other.
Caana, town of Egypt, on the river
Nile, whence they transport corn and
pulse to Mecca. Some fine fhonuments,
covered with hieroglyphical characters,
have been found here. It is 320 miles S of
Cairo. Lon. 20 23 E. lat. 26 30 N.
Cabarras, Coio't house, principal seat of
justice in Cabarras county, North Carolina,
situated on the N side of Rocky river, a
branch of the great Pcdee, 23 m.iles S of
Salisbury, and 57 S by W of Salem, the
Moravian town. Here is a post office
439 miles from Washington.
Cabarras, county of North Carolina,
bounded by Montgi>mery SE ; Mecklen-
berg SW; Eredell NAV ; and Chowan N.
It is in form of a triangle 24 by 20 ; and
extending o»er an area of 240 square
miles. SurLce broken and even in part
mountainous ; wnh a soil of middhng qua-
lity. Chief town Concord.
Population in 1810-
Free white males - - - 2,484
do. do. females - - - 2,437
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 3
Slaves - - -
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
1,234
6,158
2,8.50
Free white females - - - 2,762
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820, 7,228
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - none
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,029
do. in Manufactures - 11
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to the square mile, 30.
Cabeca de Vide, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, with a castle, 12 miles SW of
Portalegro.
Cabbin-Pnint, village and post office,
Surry county, Virginia.
Cabell, county of Virginia, bounded by
Ohio river N"V. ; Mason and Kenhawa NE ;
Giles and Tazewell SE; and by Kentucky
or Rig Sandy river SW ; length 50 ; mean
widtli o5 ; area 1750 square miles. It is a
mountainous, hilly, and rocky region witli
much fertile soil, well watered and
Wooded.
Population in 1810.
Fr;. e white males - - - 1,345
do. do. females • - 1,126
141
A B
o A 1;
All othei- persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Slaves - -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
Total whites . . : .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ....
do. females
25
221
2,7ir-
2,241
2,147
4,388
2
7
206
186
4,789
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalizi^d - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - - 10,90
do. in Manufactures - 180
do. in Commercie - - 7
Population to t!ie square mile, 2 A nearly.
Cabelloburg, post town of Amherst coun.
ty, Virginia, 215 miles SW from Washing,
ton.
Cabello, or Cavdlo Porto, sea port of
Columbia, in the province of Venezuela.
It has an excellent harbor, at the bottom of
the gulf of Triste, 85 miles W from Cara-
cas. Lon. WC 9 10 E, lat. 10 25 N.
Cabenda, seaport of Africa, in Congo,
100 miles SE of Loango, sabject to Portu-
gal. Lon. 12 2 El, lat. 4 5 S.
Cabotia, or British J\''orth America, north
from the limits of the United States. This
comprehensive term has been adopted by
the British geographers, and includes
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower Ca-
nada, Upper Canada. East Main, New South
Wales, and all other British territories in
North America, from those we have named
to tlie extreme known regions towards the
Northern Ocean.
Cabot's Head, Upper Canada, very large
promontory running into lake Huron, west
(jf Gloucester, or Matchedash bay, and
embays a large part of that lake at its
easternmost extremity, stretching itself
towards the Manitou islands.
Cabreria, island in the Mediterranean,
about seven miles S of Majorca. It has a
large harbour defended by a strong castle.
Cabul, or Kahxd, province of Hindoostan
Proper^ bounded on the W by Persia, on
the North by the Hindoo-ko, on the NE
by C.'iferis'an, and on the E by Cashmere,
and on the S by Candahar. It is a country
highly diversified ; consis.fing of moimtains
covered wiih eternal snow ; hills of moder-
ate height and easy ascent ; rich plains and
stately fores s; and these enlivened by in-
numerable streams. It produces every ar-
ticle necessary to human life, with the
most delicate fruits and flowers. It is
sometimes called Zabulistan, from Zabul
142
one of the names of Ghizni, which was tiie
ancient capital of the country. This pro-
vince is subject to the king of Candahar.
Cabul, or Kabul, the capital of the pro-
vince o' Cabul, and of the dominions of the
kinrg of Candahar, seated near the foot of
the Hind()"-ko, and the source of the
Atoctk, whicii runs near it. la a political
light it is considered as the gate of Ihdia
towards Tartaw. It is 680 miles NW of
Delhi. Lon 68 58 E, lat. 34 36 N,
Cacaca, town of the kingdom of Fez,
with a fort upon a rock. The Moors re-
took it from the Spaniards in 1534. Lon.
2 53 W, lat. 35 2 N.
Caceres, town of Spain, in Estramadura,
famous for its fine wool, and seated on the
Sabrot, 22 miles SE of Alcantara. Lon. 5
44 E, lat. 39 11 N.
Cachan, or Cashan, town of Persia, in
Irac Agemi, where they carr}' on a con-
siderable trade in silks, silver and gold
brocades, and fine earthen ware. It is
seated in a vast plain, 55 miles N by W of
Ispahan. Lon. 51 55 E, lat. 33 20 N.
Cachao, the capital of a province of the
same name, in Tonquin, on the W side of
the river Iloti, 80 miles from the gulf of
Tonquin. The factories purchase silks
and lackered w.ire, as in China. Lon. 105
31 E, lat. 22 10 N.
Cache, township and settlement in Phil-
lips county, Arkansas on White nver.
Population in 1820, 178.
Cacheo, town in Negroland, seated on
the river St. Domingo. It is subject to
the Portuguese, who have three forts, and
carry on a great trade in flax and slaves.
Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 12 0 N.
Cacoiigo, small kingdom of Africa, on the
river Zaire. The inhabitants have a con-
siderable trade ; and tlieir manners, reli-
gion and government, are the same as in
Loango. It lies in lat. 5 0 S.
Cacorla, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on
the rivulet Vega, between two moimtains.
It is 15 miles ESE of Ubeda. Lon. 2 55
E, lat. 37 40 N.
Caddo, township in Clark's county, Ar-
kansas. Population in 1820, 617.
Cadenac, town of France in the depart-
ment of Lot and late province of Querci,
on the river Lot, 27 miles ENE of Cahors.
Lon. 2 0 E, lat 44 32 N. _.
Cadene:, town of I'rance, in the depart-
ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, 28 miles
SE of Avignon. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43
42 N.
Cadillac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde and late province of Gui-
enne, sealed on the Garonne, with a hand-
some casile, 15 miles SE of Bourdeaux.
Lon. 0 22 W. lat. 44 40 N.
Cadiz, a large and rich city* of Spain in
Andalusia, with a good harbour. It is a
bishop's see. and seated on an inland, 18
C A E
C A E
miles in length and nine in breadtli ; but
the N\V eiul, wlierc the city stands, is not
two broad. It has a communication with
the continent, by a bridge. The bay
formed by it is 12 miles in length and six
in breadti). The S side is inaccessible by
sea because it is edged with cr^g-gy rocks j
and two forts, the Puntal and Malagorda,
command tiie passage into the harbour.
• Except the Calle Ancha, all the streets are
narrow, ili-paved and insutFcrably 'stinking
The rooPs are flat, covered with an impene-
trable cement, and few are without a tur-
ret for the purpose of commanding a view
of the sea. High above all these, stands
the tower of signals. Here fiagfc are hung
out on the first sight of a sail, marking the
size of the ship and the nation it belongs
to. The public walk or Alameda is plea-
sant in the evening. The sea air prevents
the trees from tiiriving, and destroys all
hopes of future shade. Westward of the
Alameda is Camposanto, a largechplanade,
the only airing for coaches. Opposite to
it is the fortre^s of St. Sebastian, built on a
neck of land running out into ihe sea.
The round tower at the extremity is sup-
posed to Jiave saved the city in the earth-
quake in 1755, from being swept away by
the fury of the waves. The inhabitant-^^
are computed at 100,000. It is a very an-
cient place, being built by the Phenicians ;
it was afterwards a Roman town ; ami there
are still several remains of Roman antiqui-
ties. It is 45 miles W of Gibraltar, and 90
W by S of Malaga, ^on. 6 11 W, lat ^6
31 N.
Cadiz, a post town and seat of justice
for Harrison county, Ohio, is a thriving
town, situated in a township of tiie same
name, on the road from Wheehng to New
Philadelphia, 20 miles from the former, and
30 from the latter.
Cadiz, township in Harrison county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 2472.
Cadiz, town in Harrison county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 5.37.
Cadorc, the capital of the district of Ca-
dorino, in Italv, 15 miles N of Belluno.
Lon. 12 0 E, lat. 46 28 N.
Cai/orJno, province of Italy in the terri-
tory of Venice; bounded on the E by Fri-
uh Proper, on the S by the Bellunese, and
on the N by Brixen. The chief town is
Cadore,
Cadron, township in Pulaski county,
Arkansas. Popidation in 1820, 717.
Cadsand, island on the N coast of Flan-
ders, at the mouth of the Scheldt, whicli
river it commands.
Caeii, considerable city of France, in
the department of Calvados and late pro-
vince of Lower Normandy, of which it was
the capital. It has a celebrated university,
and an academy of literature, and the m-
habitants are compiited at 40.000. Wil-
14.?
Ham the conqueror was buried here in tlic
abbey of St. Stephen, which he founded.
The river Orne runs through the city, to
Which the tide brings up large vessels.
It is 65 miles W by S ot Rouen, and 125
W of Puns Lon, 0 17 VV. lat. 49 11 N.
C'oer, for some pi icts tljat begins thus, as
Caen 1 iff, see under Car.
Caeruavon, townshijj of Lancaster conn-
ty, and svate ot Pennsylvania. It is water-
ea by little C;,nestogoe creek, and bounds
on Berks county on he NE. The popu-
lation is about lOUO persons,
Caermailheiisliive, county of S. Wales,
48 mues long, and 25 broad, area
square miles. It is bounded S by Bristol
channel; W by Pen-br: ke^hire, N by
C..rdig..nshi.e ; and E by Breckn cksliire,
and lilaniorganshirc. The principal ri-
vers are the Towy, Cotli), and T.ive ; of
winch the first abouna^" wuh excellent
salmon. It contains 228,000 acres ; js di-
vided hiio eiglit hundreds, and 145 pa-
riches ; and nas six market town^. In 180l,
the ii.iiabitanu amounted 'o 67,317' in
1811, 77,287; and in 1821, 90,.239. It
abounds with ancient forts, camps, and
tumuli. Near Ca. rmarthen, tnw;>rds the
E may De seen the rums ot Kstelk, Kar-
ly, and stveri.1 vast caverns, snpr-osed to
ha* been c .pper mines of the Ron.ans.
J^ar thi< spat is. a f.;untain, which ebbs
and Hows twice in 24 liouis. The county
and ciiy send each a member to parlia-
ment.
Caermarthen, borough of Wales, capital
of Cuermartnenbuire, with a market on
Wc-iJnebday and Saturday. It i.-, seated on
the Towy, over v.hich is a stone bridge, to
whiCh small vessels may come up. It was
firiified witii a wall and a ensile, now in
ruins; and on the E s.de of the lown, near
the river, are ihe remains of a monastic
building of considerable extent. Caermar-
t:.en is a county of itsell, governed by a
mayor. There are iron and tin mines in the
neighbourhood. It ,s 24 miles SE ut Car-
digan, and 220 VV bv N of London. Lon.
4 23 \V.lai.9212N,
Caernarvonshire, county of N. \\'ales,
bounded on ttie N and W by the sea, on
the S by Meiioiiethshire, and on the E di-
vided from Denb ghshire by the river
Conway. It is about 50 miles in length,
and 20 in breadth. It contains 310,000
acres: is divided into seven hundreds,
and 68 parishes ; has one city and five
market touns; and sends two members to
parhariient. In 1801, the mhabltants
amounted to 41,521 ; .n 1811, to 49,336;
and in 1821, to 57,958 The principal ri-
vers are the Conway and Seint. Tnis
count) being the m. st rugged district of
N. Wales, may be truly called the British
Alp.".. Us central part is occupied by the
famed Snowdon ; and the prospects around
G -K
C A H
are rude and savage in the highest degree,
but not without a mixture of beauty, when
the dimensions of the vales admit the va-
rieties of wood, water, and meadows. The
soil in the valleys on the side next Ireland
is pretty fer'ile," especially in barley; great
numbers of black cattle, sheep, and gnats,
are fed on the mountains ; and the sea,
lakes, and rivers, abound with variety of
fish. Copper mines have been worked in
various parts of these muunt.^ins, as well
as lead ; and quant, ties ot stone excel-
lent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to
the dreary region of which the rich vale of
Conway below forms a pleasing contrast.
The chief man'.ifacture is woollen clo h.
Caernarvon, borough and seaport of
Wales, capital of Caernarvonshire , with a
market on Sat'irday. It is seated on a
strait of the sea, called Menai, near its^n-
trance into Caernavon bay, and carries on
a considerable trade with Ireland, and ttie
principal English ports It ht.s a celebrat-
ed castle, built by Edward I. in which
his son Edward il, the first prince of
Wales was born. Caemarvon is governed
by the constable of the castle, who is al-
ways mayor. Here are salt water b;<ths,
and elegant hot and cold baths, which
are much fi-equenied during tae season.
It is seven miles SW of o! Ban;,'or, andi44
N W of London. Lon .4 20 W lat. 5c, -{^
Caernarvon, or Chi/rchtown, post town ot
Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, see Car-
narian. ...
Caerleon, town in Monmouthshire, with a
market on Thursday. It was a Roman
town, as is evident from the antiquities
found here ; and it has the niins of a cas-
tle. It is seated on the Usk, 19 miles SW
of Monmouth, and 148 \V by N of London.
Lon. 3 0 W, lat. 51 40 N.
Caerphillv, town oi Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire, with a market on Thursday.
The ru<ns of its ceh brated castle more re-
serrble that vY a city than a sin[jle edifice.
It is seated between 'he Taate and Itutn-
ney, sev; ii miles N of C,:rflifr, and 160 W
ofL:mdon.
Caer-xent, village in Monmouthshire,
four mdes SW of Chepstow. It is t^e
Venta Siiurum of the Roman:;, 'iuce crowd-
ed with pabces and temples ; but now the
buildings within 1*3 raiuLd walls ..re only
a church and a fev/ scatt red house;, t' e
rest of he area being laid out in fi> Ids I'lid
orcl'.ards, wh"ie a es«elated piaement, and
numerous other antiquities have been dis-
covered.
Caerviys, town of Wales, in Flintshire,
with a market on Tuesda} , five miles W of
Flint, and 212 NW of London.
Ccesars Cree^-, township in Greene coun-
ty^ Ohio. Population in 1810,649, and in
1820,11.31.
144
Caffa, or TheoJosia, the largest town ot
the Crimea, with an excellent road and har-
bour. It was taken, in 1265, by ^he Ge-
noese, who made it one of the most flour-
ishing towns in A.sia. It was taken from
tliem by the Venetians, in 1297, but soon
recjvti-ed; however, in 1474, the Tartars,
assisted by the Turks, finally expelled
them. It was the last post in the Crimea
of which the Genoese retained the sove-
reignty. Caffa was the Theodosia of the
ancients ; a name which has been restored
to it since the Russians became possessed
of the Crimea. It contains about 20.000
inhabitants, and is constantly well garrison-
ed. The trade consists in wax, furs, l.mb-
skin leatiier, horses, and female slaves ;
most of the latter arc brought from Cir-
cassia, and are here sold at from 4 to 800
pounds each, in proportion to their charms.
Caffa is seated on a bay of the Black sea,
at the foot of some high mountains, 65
miles E by N of Sevastopol, and 130 SE
of Pi ecop. Lon. 35 20 E- lat. 45 0 N.
Caffy, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian
Bosphorus, a strait that forms the commu-
nication between the Black sea and the sea
of Asoph, and a separation between Europe
and Asia.
Caffraria, a very extensive country of
Africa bounded on the N by Negroland
and Abyssinia, on the W by part of Gui-
nea, Congo, and the sea ; on the S by the
Cape (if Good Hope, and on the E by the sea.
Cagli, an ancient episcopal town of Ita-
ly, in the duciiy of Urbino, at the foot of
the Appennines, 20 miles S of Urbino. Lon.
12 42 E, lat. 43 J6 N.-
Cagtiari, an ancient and rich city, capi-
tal of Sardinia, wi'h an archbishop's see, a
university, i castle, and a good harbour.
Lon. 9 14 E. lat 39 27 N.
Cahaba, river of Mabama, rises in the
angle between the Cosa brunch of Alaba-
ma, and the Black Warrior branch of Tom-
bigbee river, and flowing S over Shel-
by, Catiawba, and Dtdlus counties, joins
the Alabma at the town of Cahawba, after
a comparative course of 120 miles. It wa-
ters much good land.
CflAa^Q, county of Alabama ; bounded
W by I'ucknloosa ; N by Shelby ; E by
the Coosa river; and S by Montgomery
ai-d Dallas ; length 55 ; breadth 43 ; area
2265.
This was one of the counties not in-
cluded in the census of 1820.
Cahaba, post town and seat of justice
in Dallas county, Alabama, at the mouth
of the Cahaba, on the left bank of Ala-
bama river. It is also the seat cf the late
government.
Cahoes Falls, in the Mohawk, 3 miles
above its junction with the Hudson at
Water^rd. The descent is about 70 feet
C A 1
C A L
It is a sublime and interesting feature in bank of the Nile, 100 miles S of its mouth.
American scenery. Lon. 31 18 E, lat. 30 3 N.
Cahokia, post town in Illinois on the E Cairo, post town of Greene county, New
side of the river Mississippi, 64 miles N York, formerly called Canton, 10 miles
by VV of Kaskaskias.aiid 5 from St Louis, above Catskill town on Catskill creek.
Cahors, considerable town of France, Cairo, town of Illinois, at the mouth
of the Ohio river.
in the department of Lot and late pro-
vince of Querci, with a bishop's see, and
a university. It is stated on a peninsula
made by the river Lot. and built part-
ly on a craggy rock. There are three
bridges over the river. The cathedral is
a Gothic structure, and has a large
Cairo, township in Green county. New
Y. rk. P pulation ill 1820, :2353.
Cairoan, town of the kingdom of Tu-
nis, and next to the city of Tunis for
trade and number of inhabitants. It is
situate near a sandy desert, where are
square steeple. Cahors is 50 niiles NW found many vestiges of former niagni-
of Alby, and 287 S of Paris
E lat 44 26 N.
Cajanaburg, capital of E Bothnia, in
Sweden, on lake Cajania 300 miles NE
of Abo. Lon. 27 45 E, lat 64 13 N.
Cajazzo or Cajizzo, episcopal town
of Naples, in Terri di Lavora, 22 miles
NE of Naples. Lon. 14 34 E, lat. 41 10 N.
Caicos, islands of the West Indites, to
the N of St. Domingo, which take their
name from the principal one. Lon. W C
5 30 E, lat. 21 40 N.
Caifonff, large £..._ ^-^ - -,• -
China, seated on the Hoang ho, in the
province of Honan. When besieged by
the rebels in 1642, they cut the dikes of
the river, which drowned 300,000 of the
inhabitants. Lon. 113 27 E, lat. 35 0 N.
Lon. 132 .ficence; it stands on the river Magrida, 60
miles S by E of Tunis. Lon. 10 26 E,
lat. 36 5 N.
Caistor, town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Monday. Near it are the re-
mains of a mona.stary, and many Roman
vestiges. It is 12 miles SW of Grimsby,
and 165 N of London.
Cats tor, township in the county of Lin-
colnshire, Uppi-r Canada, lies between
Biiibrook and Gainsbumugh, and is wa-
tered by the river Welland.
„ . - , J 1 •.. f CcJ!iV/i77e5s-5/zirf, most northerly county
Caifong, large and^populous aty^of ^f Scotland, 35 miles long and 20 broad ,
boui.ded on the N by Pentland frith ; E
and SE by the German Ocean ; and W
by Southerlandshire. The S angle is oc-
cupied by mountains ; and a vast ridge
of hills forms the SW boundarv ending
Cailloma, town of Pennsylvania, near in a promontory called the Ord'of Caith-
the source of the Apurimac, between ness, which runs nut into the sea. The
Caygo and ^requipo, nearly 50 miles from rest of the county may be deemed an im-
the latter and 160 from the former. Lon. mense morass, interspersed with some
W C 5 30 E, lat 15 30 S. fruitful spots, producing oats and barley.
Caimans, or more correctly Caymans, and others affording pasture for sheep
a group of small islands in the Caribbe- and black cattle. Itsother chief products
an sea, to the NW of Jamaica. Lon. W are butter, cheese, yarn, skins, feathers.
C 5 W, lat. 19 15 N.
Ca-Ira, post village in Cumberland
county, Virginia.
Cairngorn, mountain of Scotland, be-
tween the counties of Banff and Murray.
It rises in a conical form 1750 feet
above the level of a small lake near its
base, which is the source of the Avon,
and 4050 feet above the level of the sea ;
its sides clothed with firs, and its top
generally covered with snow. It is fa-
mous for beautiful rock-crystals, much
esteemed by lapidaries.
Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city.
and kelp. It sends a member to parlia-
ment alternatt-ly with Buteshire. Eng-
lish is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in
the highlands the Ga-lic prevails Popu-
lation in 1801, 22,600; in 1811 23,il9 ;
and in 1821, 30,238. Wick is the capital.
Cakct, town of Persia, near moun'-
Caucasus. Its trade consists chiefly in
silk Lon. 46 15 E lat. So 0 N.
Caiabar, town of the kingdom of Be-
nin, capital of a country of the same
name. 'Ihe Dutch have a factory here.
It is 140 miles SSE of BtTiiii. Lon. 7 15
E, lat. 3 40 N.
Calabria, country of Naples, divided
capital of Egypt. It consists of three into the pi evinces of Calabria, Critericre,
towns, about a mile apart ; Old Cairo, and Calabria Ulteriore, or Hither and
New Cairo, and the port termed Bulac. Further Calabria. The first is bounded
The population is estimated at 3U0.000. on the S by Calabria Uteriore, N by
Old Cairo is now reduced to a small Basilica, and W and E by the Miditer-
place. New Cairo is a mile from the ranean. Cosenza is the capital. Cala-
river, and seven mi'es incircn nference. bria Ultirii.re is washed by the M diter-
This city was taken by the French un- ranean on the SE and W ; and bounded
der Buonapart, in 1798, and retaken by by Calabria Citeriore on the N : Catan-
the British in 1801. It stands on the right zaro is the capital.
T 145
C A L
C A L
Calahorra, episcopal town of Spain,
in old Castile, on the side of a hill, wliich
extends to the ElDro, 70 milt s E of Bur-
gos. Lon 2 7 W Ut. 42 12 N.
Calais, seaport of France, in the de-
partment of the straits of Calais and late
province of Picardy, with a citadel. It
is built in the form of a triangle, one side
of which is towards the sea. The forti-
fications are good ; but its greati^st
strength is its situation among the marsh-
es, which may be overflowed at the ap
proach of an enc-my. In time of peace
there are packet boats wliich go tv.'ice
a week, betwe^ n Dnvf-r and Calais. It is
21 m Ips ESE rf D.)ver, and 152 N of Pa-
ris. Lon. 1 56 E, l:it. 50 58 N.
Calais, township in Washington coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1810, 372 ; and
in 1820, 418,
Calais, post town of Washington cnun-
ty, Maine, on the Passamaquoddy rivt r,
36 miles NE from M ichias. Population
370 .
Calais, township of Washington coun-
ty, Vermont, about 100 NE of Bi nning-
ton. and 9 miles N from M 'ntpt-lier.
Calais, St town of France in the de-
partment of Sarte and late province of
Maine, sixteen miles NW of Vtndome.
Calamata, town of Turkey in Europe,
in the Morea It stands on the river
Spinarza, eight miles from the Mediter-
ranean. Lon. 21 55 E, lat 37 0 N.
Calamianes, three small inlands of
Asia, between Borneo and the Philippines,
and N of Parago, Lon. 118 5 E, lat. 11
ON,
Calatajud town of Spain in Arragon,
at the confluence of Xalnn and Xiloca,
•with a castie on a rock, 37 miles SW of
Saragosa. L'ln. 1 9 VV, lat. 41 42 N,
Calatrava town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, the chief place -if the mditary order
of the knights of Ca'atrava. It is seated
near the (iuadiana, 80 miles S of Madrid.
Lon 3 20 W. lat. 39 4 N.
Calben, town of (iernany. in the old
marche of Brandenburg, with a good
castle 32 miles N of M;igdeburg.
Calcar, town of the duchy of Cleaves,
seated near the Rhine eight mil's SE of
Cleaves. Lon. 5 55 E lat. 51 4u N.
Calcasiu river nf Louisiana, rises in
the pine woods. 20 miles S of N.'tchito-
ches. The Calcasiu is very remarkable
for its alrjinst perfect compliance with
the curve of thf Sabne, the two r vers
beinj* a trifling d.-viation fnm 35 miUs
asu' der, the entire length of the fcrmer :
and like the Sabine, the Calcasiu r ceives
the largest tributaries from the right
After an entire course of 70 miles, thi
Calcasiu enters the lake of the same
name, at lat, 30 8 N, lon. W C 16 23 W.
146
This stream rises in a forest of pines,
which tree composes nine tenths of all
the timber found on its banks. About
10 miles in a direct line above the head
of the lake Calcasiu, the forest begins to
become chequered with prairie, copses of
timber gradually become more scattered,
and at the head of the lake, trees entire-
ly disappear. On the left side the open
prairies skirt thf river 15 or 20 miles
higher than on the oppcsite shore. In
the prairie between Calcasiu and M r-
mtrtau, are scattered copies of wood
mostly pine, witii a few oaks ; sqil poor
and thin V ry little of ihe whole sur-
face watered by Calcasiu is fit for cul-
ture, though high, dry, and well watered
with limpid and excellent spring water.
One immense i^ine forest covers thecoun-
try around by Calcasiu north of the prai-
ries. The tide flows up the Calcasiu as
far as the head of the prairies,
Calcasiu Lake, of Louisiana, is about
30 miles in letigth. and 10 or 12 miles
widr, communicates with the gulf of
Mexico a channel of about 8 or 10 miles
in h ngth, and from one mile to 200 yards
wide. At the mouth of this cutlet is a
bar, having not more than four feet wa-
t r. The lake, like that of Sabine, is
shallow, not ha\'ing more than 506 feet
water in any part, and near the shores
not more than two or three. The barks
of Calcasiu outlet and lake are some-
thing higher than those of the Sabine ;
but on each the entire absence of timber
preclude settlement,
Catcalaijres, province of Peru, NE
' from Cuzco.
Calcuifa or Fort William, the empo-
rium of Benga', situated on the E side of
the Hoogly, or western arm of the Gan-
ges, lOu miles from the sea, in the bay
of Bengal. It is a modern city, having
risen on the site if the village of Govin-
pour, about 90 years ago. It extends
from the western point of Fort William,
along the banks of the river, almost to
the village of Cossipoor, four miles and
a half; the breadth, in many parts, in-
considerable In 1756 Calcutta was taken
by the sonbah of Bengal, who forced the
feeble garrison, to the amount of 145 per-
sons, into a j)rison called the Black Hole,
a cube of 18 fei^t, out of which only 23
came alive It was retaken the next
year; the vict< ry of Plassey f. Slowed;
and the inhuman soubah was deposed,
and put to d-,ath by his succ; ssor. Im-
medintelv after this victory the erection
of Fort William comm'-nc>d, which is
superior to any fortress in India. Cal-
cutta is 1030 miles NNE of Madras,
Lon. 88 28 E. lat 22 23 N.
Caldnvell, post town and seat of jus-
C A L
€ A L
tice in Warren county^ New York, on
lake George.
Caldivtll, township in Warren county,
New York. Population in 1820, 723.
Caldwell, township in Essex county,
New Jersey. Population in -1810, 2235,
and in 1820, 2020.
Caldwell, county of Kentucky, on both
sides ot Gunnberland rivi-r ; bounded SVV
by Tennessee river ; NVV by Livingston ;
NE by Hopkins ; SE by Christian ; and
S by Tenne ssee ; length 40 ; mean width
20 ; area 8GG square miles. Surface ge-
nerally level ; soil fertile. Staples, grain,
tobacco, live stock, and salted provisions.
Chief town, Eddyville.
Population in 1810.
'Free white males - - - 2,027
do. do. females - - 1,658
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . _ _ - 4
Slaves ... - - 579
Total population in 1810
4.268
Population in 1820.
Free white males -
3,906
do. do. females
3,661
Total whites . - - .
7,567
Free persons of colour, males
10
do. do. females
1
Slaves, males _ _ _
709
do. females . - _
735
Total population in 1820
9.022
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
0
Engaged in Agriculture -
2,-225
do. in Manufactures
59
do. in Commerce
16
Population to the square mile, 10.
Caledonia, county of Vermont ; bound-
ed by Washington, SW ; Essex NE
and E ; CoiiiK cticut river SE ; and
Orange S ; length 37 ; mean width 14 ;
area about 500 square mi'es ; surface
hilly, ami in part miuntair.Qus: soil ge-
nerally productive in grain and pas-
turage. Chief town, Domville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 9,472
do. do. females - - . S),239
All other persons except Indians
not taxt d - . - . 29
Total population in 1810 - 18,740
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 8.2 )4
do. do. females - - 8,387
Total whites - - - 16,641
Free pei-sons of colour, males 9
do. do. females, 19
Slaves, males . . -: 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - 16,669
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 272
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,930
do. in Manufactures - 387
do. in Commerce - 53
Population to the square mile, 33.
Caledonia, post town of New York,
W from Genessee river, on the road
from Avon to Batavia ; 30 miles W from
Canandaugua, and 17 E from Batavia.
Gvpsum abounds in the township.
Caledonia, township in Genessee coun-
ty N.-W York. Population in 1820, 2,645.
Caledonia, village of Washington coun-
ty, Missouri.
Caledonia, JVew, a large islaiid, in the
S Pacific Ocean, extending from 19 to
22 S !at. and fr- m 163 to 167 E Ion It
was discovered by captain Cook, in 1774.
The inhabitants are s'out, tall, and in
g nera! well proportioned, their hair and
beards black, and much frizzled, so as
to be somewhat wooliy in some indivi-
duals.
Calenbcrg, a princip ility of Lower
Saxony, which constitutes a part of the
duchy of Brunswick. It is divided into
two parts, and the principal towns are
Hanover and Gittingm it taki 5 its
nan^e from an aucient c>;siie. now in ruins,
seate'd on the Leine, 17 miles S of Han-
over.
CaUiucQ, town on the c< ast of Chiii,
inhabited by Spaniards, Mestees, and
Indians, ISO miles S of Vaidivia. Lon.
W C 3 23 E, lat. 42 4Q S.
Call, city of New Granada, in the
province of Popayan, in a valley of the
Andes on the river Cauca ; 20 miles E
from Bonaventura. Lon W C 1 0 E,
lat. 3 15 N. ■
CuUaqua. port of the West Indies, in the
west i-art of St. Vincents.
California, general name of the western
coast of Nrrtii America, from Cape St.
Lucas N lat. 22 52 to N lat. 42, or through
nearly 20 degrees of latitude. It is divided
iito two parts, Old California andNew Cali-
fornia.
OM California was discovered under the
direction, and in part, by the personal
observation of Ccrttz, the conqueror of
Mtxico, and found to be a long n .rrovv
peninsula extending ti rough 11 degrees of
latitude, and united to the continent to the
NW, by a neck of land reaching from the
m uth of I he Colur.;do river, westward 160
miles to a bay since called San Dii go. A
chain of mountains ranges through this ex-
tensive peninsula. " The sky," says Hura-
117
C A L
GAL
boldt, " is constantly serene, of a deep blue,
and without a cloud." The Cerro Giganta,
the highest peak of its mountains reaches
to near 5,000 feet Tlie oil is s ndy and
arid, mkI rain scanty and unfrequent.
Springs of fresh water are also rare. It
extends over 56,000 square miles, with a
population of not more than 10,000. To-
ward the close of the 17th century, the Je-
suits formed several settlements here, and
endeavoui'ed to govern the natives with
the same policy and authority that they ex-
ercised in their missions in Paraguay. They
seem studiously to have depreciated the
climate and soil of the country ; but on
their expulsion from the Spanish domin-
ions, the court appointed don Joseph Gal-
vez to visit this peninsula. His account of
the country was favourable ; he found the
pearl fi-hery on its coast to be valuable,
and he discovered mines of gold of a pro-
mising appearance. On the few spots
where wa'er is found, the soil is excellent ;
and it is reported that vines gr-w naturally
in the mountains, and that the Jesuits,
when they resided here, made abundance
of wine, in taste approachmg to that of
Madeira. The chief town is Loreto.
New California, extends from Old Cali-
fornia to the utmost limits of the Spanish
claims, on the North Ami rican coast of the
Pacific Ocean, or from the thirty tiiird to
the forty second degree of N lat. about 600
miles. The breadth inland is trifling, and
the interior unknown, or at least very im-
perfectly explored. The whole extent ac-
tuall} peopled by civilized inhabitants, does
not exceed, if it amounts to 16,000 square
miles The soil is, liowever, as remarkable
for its fertility and abundance of limpid
water, as is that of Old California for its
arid sterility. The climate of the Pacific
coast of North America, being milder than
that of the Atlantic ; the inhabitants ot New
California enjoy more temperate seasons
than, does those of the United States, from
the Carolinas to Connecticut, inclusive.
According to Humboldt, this is a very
flourishing and valuable colony. The
same chain of mountains which ranges
through Old California, reach into and in-
tersect also. New California. Monterey is
the capital. Population in 1803, 15,562.
California, gulf of North America, ex-
tends from the mouth of the Colorado
river, between Sonora and Old California,
in a south east direction 800 miles. It
gradually widens from its head, at the
moutli of the Colorado, to its mouth be-
tween Cape Palmo in Old California, and
Mazatlan in Sonora, where it is about 120
miles wide. It is full of islands and shoals,
and is very difficult to navii^ate. Prom
Old CaVirbrnla, no stream of any great con-
sequence enters this gulf; but from Sono-
ra, it receives, beside the Colorado and
Gila, the Ascension, Hiaqul, Mayo, Fuerte,
Inaya, Culiacan, labala, Rostla ; and a brook
which forms Mazatlan harbour.
Calitoor, fortress of the island of Ceylon,
at the mouth of a riv^-r of the same name,
28miles S ot Columbo.
Calix, town of Sweden, in West Bothnia,
on a river of the same name, near its en-
trance Into the gulf of Bothnia, 22 miles W
of Tornea
Calla Calla, river of Chili, rises in the
Andes, and falls into the bay of Valdivia.
Calland^s Store, post office of Virginia,
in Pittsylvania county.
Callah, town of Algiers, in the province
of Mascara, which has a considerable trade,
and the greatest market for carpets in the
country. It is 40 miles E of Oran.
Callender, town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, with a considerable manufacture of
muslin ; seated on the river Teath,30 miles
WSW of Perth.
Callao, sesport of Peru, with the best
harbour on the coast, and a large and safe
roadstead defended by the Islands Callao
and St. L <urence. In the pori every com-
modity is to be procured that vessels may
be in need of. The town was almost to-
tal y destroyed by an earthquake, in 1746.
It is seated on a river of the same name^
five miles W of Lima, of which it is the
port. Lon. Washington City 0 02 E, lat.
12 2 S.
Calle, town of Algiers, in the province
of Constantina, where the French have a
factory established for a coral fishery, and
trade for grain, wool, leather, and wax. It
stands on a rock, almost surrounded by the
sea, 36 miles E oi Bona
Callen, borough of Ireland, in the county
of Kilkenny, 10 miles SW of Kilkenny.
CiiHiance, town of Hindoostan, in Dow-
latabad ; the houses built of rose wood, and
covered with thatch. It is seated near the
Kaknah, 74 miles W of Beder, and 150
SSE of Aurungabac.
Callington, borough in Cornwall, with a
market on Wednesday, and a manufacture
of cloth ; situate on the Lynher, 12 miles
S of Launceston, and 216 W by S of Lon-
don.
Calloma, town of Peru, celebrated for its
silver mines, 70 miles N by E of Arequipa,
and 170 S of Cusco.
Calmar, strong seaport of Sweden, capi-
tal of Smaland, and a bishop's see. It is
celebrated as the place where the deputies
"f Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, were
appointed to assemble for the election of
a king, according to the Union of Calmar.
On an eminence, half a mile from the town,
is the ancient castle, now converted into a
distillery, 150 miles SW from Stockholm.
Lon. 16 27 E, lat. 56 40 N.
Cabiu E; township in Chester county,
C A L
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 974,
and in 182t), 1162.
Calm, TV; township in Chester county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1003,
and in 1820, 1182.
Cable, borough in Wiltshire, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday. It sends two members
to parliament, and is seated on a river of
the same name, 25 miles E of Bristol, and
88 W of London. Lon. 1 59 W, lat. 51
30 N.
Calvados, a department of France, com-
prehending part of the late province of
Normandy.
Calvert, a county on the Western shore
of Maryland; situated between Chesapeak
bay and Patuxent river, and bounded on
the N by Anne Arundel ounty r length 26 ;
mean width 8 ; area 20® square miles ; sur-
face generally level or rolling ; soil of mid-
dling quahty. Staples, grain and tobacco.
Chief town, Prince Frederick.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,841
do. do. fem.iles - - - 1,839
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 388
Slaves 3,937
Total population in 1810 - - 8,005
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,899
do. do. females - - 1,902
Total whites - - - - 3,801
Free persoiis of colour, males - 342
d.>. do. females - 354
Slaves, males ... - 1,830
do. females - - - 1,838
Total population in 1820 - 4,365
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 12
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,219
do. in Manufactures - 165
do. in Comtnerce - - 71
Population to the square mile, 21.
Calumet, Grand, on the Ottowa river,
on the south side, above the Portage de
Montague, Upper Canada.
Calumet, Point au, on lake Superior,
Upper Canada, on the N shore, the first
peint W of river du Chene, between
which places the coast, consisting of per-
pendicular rocks, is dangerous
Calvi, episcopal town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, eight miles N of Capua.
Lon. 14 19 E lat. 41 15 N
Calvi, town of Corsica, on a craggy
mountain and gulf of the same namt,
with a strong fortress, and a good har-
bour. It is 32 miles SW of Bastia. Lon.
9 16 E-, lat. 42 26 N.
G A M
Ca77i, or Grant, river which rises in
Herts, and running NE by Cambridge in-
to the isle of Ely, there falls into the
Oiise, to which river it is navigable from
Cambridge.
Camana, small district of Aquipo. ly-
ing along the Pacific Ocean. Lon W C
3 E, lat 16 S.
L'amaron, cape of Honduras, on the N
side of that country, at the mouth of the
river Tinto. Lon. W C 6 50 W, lat 15
50 8.
Camarones, large river of South Ame-
rica, in Patagonia, falling into the Atlan-
tic Ocean, 44 45 S.^
Camarat, seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Fiiiisterre and late province
of Brittany. It stands on a bay of the
same name.
Lavihay, large city of Hindoostan Pro-
per, in the province of Guzerat Its pro-
ducts and manufactures are inferior to
those of few towns in India ; for the coun-
try abounds in corn, cattle, and silk ; and
cornelian and agate stones are found in
its rivers. The inhabitants are noted for
embroidery; and some of their quilts have
been valued at 4j/ It is subject to the
Puonah M^hrattas, is the port of Amena-
bad, from which it is distant 56 miles.
Lon. 72 10 E, lat. 22 25 N.
Cambodia, kingdom of Asia, bounded
on the N by Laos, on the E by Cochin-
China and Ciampa, and on the S and W
by the gulf and kingdom of Siam , divi-
ded .by a brge river ca led Mecan, or
Cambodia, which annually overflows the
country in tiu rainy season, between June
and October.
Cambodia, capital of a kingdom of the
sam- name in Asia, s-ated on the river
Mecan, or Cambodia. 15'J miles from its
mouth. Lon. 104 5 E, lat. 13 10 N
Cambray. fortified city of France, in
the department of the North and late pro-
vince of the Cambresis. It has a citadel
and fort, and a considerable manuiacture
ot cambricks, which took their name
from this city It is seated on the Scheldt,
22 miles SE of Arras, anil 102 N of Paris.
Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 50 11 N.
Cambray, or Govcrneur, post office of
New York, in St Lawrence county, on
the Oswegiitchie river.
CambrenJs, late province of France, 25
miles in length : boundi d on the N and
E by Hainalt, on the S by Picardy, and
on the W by Artois. Cambray is the ca-
pital, and it is now comprehended in the
depyrtn^ent < f the N.rth.
Cambria, township in Niagara county,
on Niaj^ara river. New York. Population
in i8-;6. 1134
Ca772bria, county of Pennsylvania, be-
tween the Allegany mountains and Lau-
149
C A M
CAM
rel hill : bounded by Sotnerset S ; West-
moreland SW ; Indiana W ; Ciearfieid
N, and Huntingdon and Btdford E:
length 36; mean width 20; area 720
square miles. Surface hilly and rocky ;
soil generally of middling quality. Sta-
ples, grain, flour, whiskey, salted provi-
sions, and live stock. Chief town, Ebens-
burg.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,685
do. do. females - - " - 1,582
Total whites - - . - 3,267
Free persons of colour, males - .9
do. do. females 11
Total population in 1820 - 3,287
88
614
145
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile 4.
Cambria, town in Cambria county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 868;
and 1820, 604. .
Cambridge, the county-town of Cam-
bridgeshire, and seat of a celebrated uni-
versity. It takes the name of Cambridge
from the bridge over the Cam, which di-
vides the town into two pai'ts It is
principally remarkable for a much cele-
brated university ; consisting of 13 col-
leges, 4 halls, several schools, and a very
extensive library. It sends four mem-
bers to parliament, two for the borough
and two for the university, it is 17 miles
S of Ely, and 51 N by E of London. Lon.
0 4 E, lat. 52 12 N.
Cambridge, village in Gloucestershire,
near Berkley, on the river Cam.
Cambridge, post town in Middlesex
county, Massachusetts, and a flourishing
university, which consists of four elegant
brick houses, and is, with respect to its
library, philosophical apparatus, and pro-
fessorships, the first literary institution
in America. It was eiitabiished by the
original settlers of Massachusetts in 1638
Its officers are a president, 20 profes-
sors, 2 tutors, 4 proctors, and a regei;t.
The library is the most extensive in the
United States ; and the necessary philo
sophical and chemical apparatus very
complete. Attached to it also a botani-
cal garden, cabinet of mintrals, and an
anatomical museum. The buildings are
ext'TiSive and appropriate In 1818, the
stu''enLs amounted to nearly 400, and the
>vhi 1e number, according to Mr. Morse,
educated in this seminary, from its in-
stitution up to 1818, amounted to 4442.
Cambridge^ West, township in Middle-
I'TO
sex county, Massachusetts. Population
in IblO, 971; and in 1820, 1064.
Cambridge, township in Middlesex
count) , Massachusetts. Population in
18 :0, 2323, including West Cambridge;
and in 18 jO, 1518.
Cambridge, township in the county of
Stormoiit. lies to the S and in the rear of
Clarence.
Cambridge, township in Washington
county. New York. Population in 1820,
2491.
Cambridge, post town and seat of jus-
tice in Dorchester county, Maryland, on
Chcptank river.-
Cambndge, p<st town of South Caro-
lina, Abbeville district, 130 miles NW
fnin Charleston It contains 60 or 70
houses, auf! from 250 to 350 inhabitants.
Cambridge, town-ship and post town in
Wills creek, Guernsey county, Ohio, 25
milts E from Zanesville. Population in
1810, 474 ; and in 1820, 688. The vil-
lage had in 1820, 300 inhabitants, besides
those of the township.
Ca?nbridgeshire, county of England, 50
milts long, and 25 broad; bounded on
the NW by Lincolnshire, NE by Nor-
folk, E by Suffolk, S by Essex and Hert-
fordshire, and W by the counties of
Huntingdon, Bedford, and Northampton,
It contains 500,000 acres; is divided into
15 hundreds, and 64 parishes ; has a ci-
ty, a university, and eight market towns ;
and sends six members to parliament.
In 1801, the number of inhabitants was
89,.346; and 1811, 101,109; and in 1821,
121,909. The principal rivers are the
Ouse, Nen, and (/am. The southern and
eastern parts are pleasant and healthy;
hut the northern part, called the isle of
Ely, is low and fenny, from the conflu-
ence of many rivers. All the waters of
the middle part of England, which do not
flow into the Thames or the Trent, run
into these tens ; and in the latter part of
the year, they are sometimes overflowed
by water, or appear covered with fogs.
See /Bedford Level
Cambrilla, town -i Spain, in Catalonia,
surrc^indfd by a wall, and sf-ated near
the sea, 14 miles W by S of Tarraj^ona.
Camden Ea&l, township of, in thf mid-
land district, lies northerly of Ernest-
town, Upper Canada.
Camdtn. township in the county of
Kent called also Camden West, lies on
the N side of the river Thames, oppo-
site fo Howard.
Ccmde?!, township and post town of
Lincoln county. Maine. Population in
1810. 1607, and in 1820, 1825.
Cdmdev, township in Oneida county,
Ni w York. P pulation in 1820, 1772.
Camdeji, post town of Gloucester coun-
Cam
C A IM
ty, ^ew Jersey, opposite Philadelphia.
It is a flourishing village, fxttiiding ajting
the river The houses are neat, and n^a-
ny elegant. Population about 650.
Camden, post town of Kent county,
Delaware, 4 miles SVV trom Dover.
Camden, county of North Carolina :
bounded by Albemnrle sound SJi ; Pas-
quotank county and river SW ; Virginia
N, and Currituck: and North river NE :
length 38 ; mean width 6 ; area 228 ;
surface level, and soil thin and general-
ly sterile. Chief town, Jonesboro.
Population in 1810.
marshy. Staples sugar, cotton, i-ice, to-
bacco, &c. Ciiief town, Jefferson.
Population in 1810.
Free white rr.ales - - - . 426
do. do. females - - 375
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 17
Slaves 2,460
Free whit-r males
1,950
do. do. females ...
1,936
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
48
Slaves - . - . .
1,411
Total population in 1810 -
5,345
Population in 1820.
Free white males
2,194
do. do. females
2,248
Total whites ....
4,442
Free persons of colour, males
50
do. do. females .
67
Slaves, males . - -
964
do. females - , -
782
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - .
do. do. females . - -
Total whites - . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - - -
do females . . .
Total population in 1820 -
5,278
624
654
1,278
92
1,213
5,402
Total population in 1820 - - 6,305
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 23
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,889
do. in Manufiictures - 1
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 27.
Camdeji, post town, and seat of justice
in Kershaw district. South Carolina, on the
left '^ide ot tiie Wateree river, 36 miles NE
from Columbia ; and 110 NE from Augus-
ta. It contains 200 houses, and about 1000
inhab rants: the common buildings neces
sary for judicial psirposes; an Ac;idemy,
and several places of public worship. The
river is navigable fr>rii the ocean for boa's
and I) her ves-^els of 7^ tons, which rend-
ers Cjmden a place of considerublf^ trade.
Two ba tl's were fought here during ti'e
revolutionary war ; one August 16th, 1780,
in which thf army of the United Spates un-
dfr General G;'ies, Wiis defeated by the
Br tish under lord C</rriWiillis ; the other
April 3rd, 1781, between General Greene,
and !or 1 Rawdon.
Camden, county of Georgia, forming t'le
SF. in^V. ot that state, on the Atlantic
Ocr.an • bounded by that ocean E ; b3
Fl.- "ida S a/id SW, on the W limits un-
cerrain ; and by Glynn N; lengih 28;
mean vvidth 25; area 7W square miles;
surface flat ; soil sandy, and in some parts
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 20
Engaged in Agriculture - - 225
do. in ManiifacUires - 2
do. in Commerce - - none
Population to the square mile, 5 nearly.
Camden, port, NW coast of America, in
Prince Frederick Sound. Lon. W C 56 45
lat. 56 55 N.
Camelford, borough in Cornwall, with a
market on Friday, seated on the river
Camtl, 24 mdes W of Launceston, and 229
W b) S of London. It is governed by a
mayor, and sends two members to parlia-
ment. A great quai.tiiy of yarn is spun in
this place and its neighbairliood, Lon. 4
55 \\. lat. 50 42 N. ' ■
Camels rump, one of the peaks of the
Green mountains, 20 miles SE from Bur-
lington.
Camenno, ancient and populous town of
Ita'y, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with a
bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain near
the Appennines and the river Chiento, 37
miles SVV of Ancona. Lt)n. 13 0 E. lat.
43 15 N.
Camdlus, tov.'nsliip and post town of On-
ond-ga countv. New York. Population in
1820,5791.
Caminha, seaport of Portugal, in the
f)roi ii.ce o^ Enire-Drutro-e-Minho, at die
mouth of the river Minho, 12 miles N of
Viana. Lon. 8 29 W. lat. 41 50 N.
Cammiv, district of Prussiaii Pomerania,
converted into a pi'incipalit}', in favour of
the housi" of Brandenburg, by the treaty of
Wes'ph:.!ia. Ci Ibf^rg is the capital.
Cammin, seaport ot Prussian Pomerania,
m the princip.ility of the same name ; seat-
ed on the Oder, opnosite the isle of Wol-
lin, 30 miles N of Sletin. Lon. 14 55 E.
lat. 54 4 N.
Campagna, or Campania, town of Na-
1.51
CAM
CAM
pies in Princlpato Ulteriore, with a bish-
op'-: see, 40 miles SE of Naples. Lofi. 15
19 E. lat. 40 35 N.
Campagnia di Roma, anciently Latium,
province oi Italy, in the Ecclesasticai State,
extending 60 milfs SE along the Mediter-
ranean, to the frontiers of Napl-s, formerh
the most delightiul and most populous
country in the world ; few villages, little
cultivation, • and scarcely any inhabitants
are now to be seen ; no trees, no enclo-
sures; nothing, in short, but the scattered
ruins of temples and 'ombs, which present
the idea of a country depopulated by pes-
tilence. Rome is the capital.
Campaign, creek of Ohio, in Gallia coun-
ty, fallmg into Ohio river, eight miles
above Gallpolis,
C'am/)6e/?, county of Virginia, bounded N
by James river ; NE by Buckingham : SE
by Charlotte ; S by Roanoke river or Hali-
fax and Pit sylva' ia, and SVV by B. dford;
lengh 28; mean widtn 20; area 560 ; sur-
face hilly ; and soil varied. Staples, grain,
flour and tobacco. Chief town, Lynch-
berg.
Populition in 1810,
Free white males - - - 2,845
do. do. females - . 2,525
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 263
Slaves 5,363
All other free persons, except In-
dians not taxed - - - * 9
Slaves ..... 438
Total population in 1810 - 3,060
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - -
do. females -
3,906
3,661
7,567
10
1
709
735
Total population In 1820 -
9,022
Total population in 1810 - 11,001
Population in 1820.
Free \yhite males - - - 4,286
do. do. females . - - 4.161
Total whites .... 8,447
Free persons of colour, males - 327
do. do. .females - 350
Slaves, males _ . . . 3,718
do, females - - - 3,727
Total population in 1820 - 16,569
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 52
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,103
do. in Manufactures - 449
do. in Commerce - - 163
Population to the square mi'e, 30 nearly,
Campbell, county of Kentucky, on both
sides (;f Licking river, opposite to the city
of Cincinnati ; bounded by the Ohio river
N and NE ; by Pendleton S ; and by Roane
W ; length 32 ; mean width 10 : are;-. 320
sqnare miles ; surf.ice hilly, soil productive.
Staples, grain fl'ur, whiskey, live siock,
salted provisions, and fruit. Chief town,
Newport.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,340
do. do, females ... 1,265
152
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - none
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,225
do. in Manufactures - - 39
do. in Commerce - - 16
Population to the square mile, 30 nearly.
Campbell, county of E Tennessee, in a
triangular form, bounded by Kentucky N
by Clinch river SE ; and by Anderson SW
length 35 ; mean width 12 ; area 420
surface hilly, and in part mountainous
soil fertile in the valleys and along the
streams. Staples, grain, flour, fruit, and
salted provisions. Chief town, Jackson's
boro'.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - .
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Slaves - - . - -
1,288
1,210
58
103
2,660
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,095
do. do. females - - - 1,988
Total whites - - - - . 4,093
Free persons of colour, males - 20
do. do. females 15
Slaves, males ... - 55
do. females ... 61
Total population in 1820 - - 4,244
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,052
do. in Manufactures - 30
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, 13.
CampbelPn Point, cape of the NW coast
of North America, at Cooke's inlet, SE
side. Lon. W C 72 75 W, lat. 60 6 N.
Campbell's Grove, post village, Iredell
countv, North Carohna.
C A N
C A N
Cauipl/eli's Jfills, post otiicc wl Abbeviiic
district. South Carolina.
Ctimpbell's Station, post office of Knox
county, Tennesse,
GampbeWs ViUc, post-viilag-e, of Green
county, Kentucky.
Campbellton, borough of Scotland, in Ar-
gyleshire, situated on a bay toward the S
extremity of tlie peninsida of Caniyre, of
which it is the capita!. It has a fjood liar-
hour, and is now a considerable place, for
wiiich it is prjncipslly indebted to its being
tlie general rendezvous of the fishing ves-
sels tliat annually visit the W coast. It is
ten miles W of the isle of- Arran. Lon.
5 42 W, lat, 53 29 N.
Campbellto-u<n, post village of Steuben
county, New York.
Campbell tovj7i, post village of Dauphin
county, Pennsjdvania.
CampbelltuiBii, post village of Edgefield
district. South Carolina.
Campd-en, town in Gloucestershire, with
u market on Wednesday, 22 miles NE of
Gloucester, and 87 WNW of London. Lon.
1 50 W, lat. 52 4 N.
Cavipden, town of the United Provinces
in Overyssel, with a citadel, and a port
almost choked up. It was taken by the
butch in 1578, and by the French in 1672 :
but they abandoned it in 1G7j. It is seated
near the mouth of the Y.-.selj on the Zui-
der Zee, 44 miles NE of Amsterdam. Lon.
5 55 E, lat. 52 38 N.
Campeaclnj , town of Mexico, in the in-
tendancy of Merida, W side of the penin-
sula of Yucatan, on the E coast of a bay of
tile same name. It is noted for logwood,
which, however, does not grow very near
it. It is defended by a good wall, and
strong forts, but is neither sj rich, nor car-
ries on such a trade as fonaerly, it having
been the port for the sale. Lon.. W C 12
50 W, lat. 20 0 X. See Ihnduras.
■ Campoli, town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, 23 miles N bv E ef Aquila. Lon.
43 57 E, lat. 42 42 N.'- '
Campo Major, town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, 300 miles E of Lisbon. Lon. 74 0
W, Lit 38 5 J N".
Campredon, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
at the foot of the I'yrenees, and on tlie ri-
ver Ter, 45 miles N of liarceloiia. Lo\i.
2 16 W, lat. 42 0 N.
Campion, townsliip and post town in Graf-
ton couiitv, New Hampsliire. Population
in 1810, 873, and in 1820, 10,47.
Canaan, post town and township .in So-
merset cotmty, Maine. Population in 1810,
1,275, and in 1850, 1,470.
Canaan, township and post town, Graf-
ton county. New Hamps'iire. Population
in 1810, 1,094, and in 1820, 1,193.
Canaan, township and post town, I^itch-
field county, Connecticut. Population in
1810, 2.202, and ia 1820, 2,332..
TT
Canaan, township and post town, Co-
lumbia county. New York. Population in
1810, 2,079.
Canaan, township in Wayne county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 229,
and in 1820, 526.
Canaan, township, Athens county, Ohio,
Population in 1820, 345.
Canaan, township in Wayne county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 158.
Canada, or the province of Quebec. By
the royal proclamation of the 7th of Octo-
ber, 1763, this province was hounded on
the E by the river St. John, and from
thence, by a line drawn from the head of
that river through lake St. John, to the
S end of lake Nipissing; irom whence the
line, crossing the river St. Lawrence and
lake Champlain in the 45th parallel of N
latitude, passes along the high lands which
divide the rivers that empty themselves
into the river St. Lawrence, from those
which fall into the sea ; and also along the
N coast of the Have de Chaleurs, and the
coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape
Hosiers; and from thence, crossing the
mouth of the river St. Lawrence, by the W
end of the island of Anticosti, terminates at
the river St. John.
An act of parliament passed in 1774, has
removed tlie northern and western limits
of the province of Quebec, adding to its
jurisdiction all the lands comprised be-
tween the northern bounds of New York,
the western line of Pennsylvania, the Ohio,
the Mississippi, and the southern bounda-
ries of Hudson's Bay Company.
Canada, Upper, commences at a stone
boundary on the N bank of the lake St.
Francis, at the cove west of Pointe au Bo-
det, in the hmii between the township of
Lancaster and the seigniory of New Lon-
gueiul, running along the said limit in the
d'.recuon of N 34 degrees \V, to the west-
ernmost angle of the seigniory of New Lon-
gueiul; thence along- the .north-western
boundary of the seigniory of Vaudreuil,
running N 25 degrees E until it strikes the
Ot'awa river, and ascends by it into 'lake
"i'immiskamian ; and from the head of that
lake by a line drawn due north, until it
strikes tlip boundary line of Hudson's bay,
including all tli.e territory to the westward
and southward of the said line, to the ut-
most extent of the country known by tljp
name of Canada.
Upper Canada is divided into Eastern,
Midland, Home, and Western Districts,
and subdivided into 19 comities, viz. Glen-
gary, Stormont, Dundas, Grenville, Leeds,
Franteiiac, Ontario, consistmg of the islands
in the lake of that name, Addin.gton, Le-
nox, Prince Edward, Hastings, Northum-
berland, Dtu-ham, York, consisting of two
Ridings, Lincoln, consisting of four Ridings,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Ess^-x, Kent
" 15":
(J A X
(J A X
These counties are divided into town-
ships, ordinarily, of 9 by 12 miles. They
send 16 representatives to the provincial
parliament, who, with a legislative council,
are called together once every year. The
representatives are elected for four years,
to serve in the assembly, unless the parlia-
ment be sooner dissolved by the person ad-
ministering the government.
The land in the townships adjoining the
St. Lawrence is, for the most part, fertile,
and under as high a state of cultivation as
can be expected from the time it has been
settled ; the first improvements being made
since the peace of 1783, v,'hen all was in a
state of nature, and heavily timbered.
There are now between 30 and 40 m.lls
in the extent mentioned, on this river, the
most remarkable of which are on the Ga-
nanoque. Good roads have been opened,
and bridges well constructed; some of
them over wet lands, and the mouths of
creeks and rivers of very considerable ex-
tent ; and the first settlers have been able,
ty their very great industry, to erect com-
fortable houses.
In the rear of tlie townships, on the St.
Lawrence, are upwards of twenty others,
in which, settlements have commenced, to
tlie southward of the Ottawa or Grand ri-
ver, which many of them front ; others are
well supplied by the waters of the Radeau,
and river Petite Nation, with tiie Guna-
iioque lakes and streams, all of which af-
ford abundance of situations for mills.
These rivers, like most others in Canada,
abound in carp, sturgeon, perch, and cat-
fish ; the ponds afibrding green and other
turtle, with fish of various sorts. Tlie lands
in their vicinity are differently timbered,
according to their quality and situation.
The dry lands, <vhich are generslly high,
bear oak and liickory ; the lov/ grounds
produce walnut, ash, poplar, cherry, syca-
more, beecli, maple, elm, &c. and in some
places there are swamps full of cedar and
cypress.
The banks of most of the creeks abound
in fine pine timber, and the creeks them-
selves afford in general good scats for saw
mills ; materials for building are readily
procured.
The heads of the rivers Jladeau and Pe-
tite Nation, communicate by short por-
tages, or carrying places, with the waters
which fall into the St. Lawrence, and pro-
mise to afTbrd great advantages to all kinds
of inland communication. The forks of the
Radeau, about which are the tnwnsliips of
Oxford, Marlborough, and Gower, promise
to be, at some future period, an emporium
for interior commerce.
The birch canoes, which go to the north-
west countiy, pass up the Ottawa river
with merchandize, and return with peltries.
All the townships on the north side of
15,4
lake Ontario, are well watered by smaii
streams, at the moutlis of which are ponds,
and low land capable of being drained and
converted into meadows.
Tiie number of inhabitants 1806 was
80,000, composed chiefly of emigrants from
New England and New Jersey.
Canada, Loiuer, extends from lat. 45 to
52 N, and from Ion. 14 E, to 3 30 W from
Washington city ; bounded S by the United
States ; W by Upper Canada ; N by the
territories of tlie Hudsen Bay Company ;
and B by the gulf of St. Lawrence ; reach-
ing about 500 miles from S to N ; and 500
from E to W; with an area of 120,000
square miles. It is divided into four large
districts, Montreal, Three Rivers. Quebec,
and Gaspe, which were again in 1792, sub-
divided into 21 counties, Bedford, Buck-
ingham, Cornwallis, Devon, Dorchester,
Effingham, Gaspe, Hampshire, Hertford,
Huntingdon, Kent, Leinster, Montreal, St.
Maurice, Nortlwimherland, Orleans, Que-
bec, Richlieu, Suirj', Warwick, and York.
The original grants ot land in tower Ca-
nada weie made in general under the name
of seigniories, upon the principles of feu-
dal tenure, and now compose a third spe-
cies of civil division, next in order to the
counties. The grants made by the British
government since its domination in Cana-
da, have been laid out in townships, and
founded on free and common soccage.
In a state of nature Lower Canada was
covered with an immense forest of very
lofty timber, much of which yet remain.
The settlements extend along or near the
streams, in general where the soil is most
iertl'.e, and means of navigation most at-
tainable. In tlie angle N from lat. 45 N, to
the St. Lawrence river, the soil is gene-^ally
very productive, ar.d settlements advancing
rapidly. Eastward of this triangle, to the
gulf of St. Lawrence, the country is hilly,
broken, b;<rren, and but very thinly settled. '
From the Mingan settlement, on the N
side of tlie gulf of St. Lawrence, to a short
distance above Quebec, the left shore of
that great stream is rocky and precipitous.
This range of hills leaves the river below
the mouth of St. Maurice, and extends to-
wards ihe Ottawa, which it intersects about
120 miles above its junction with St. Law-
rence. A very productive body of land is
enclosed betveen this ridge and the re-
spective rivers. Beyond this latter tract,
and the margin of the streams, the country
to the northward is but very imperfectly
known.
The air of all Canada has been noted
for its purity and general serenity. The
soil of such a vast extent, necessarily in-
cludes every v:<riety ; tliougii the general
character may be given as productive.
Population has constantly, but irregularly
advanced since the British conquest. Ii\
C A N
0 A N
x?63, it was supposed to contain about
70,000 inhabitants ; in 1775, 90,000, and in
1814, 335,000. Of this mass, more than
two thirds are descendants of the original
French emigrants, who with a considerable
part of those from the British islands, ren-
der;the Horn ui Catholic religion most pre-
valent in the colony. This ritual is under
the pastoral guidance of one bishop, nine
vicars general, and upwards of 200 paro-
chial curates.
The civil government of Lower Canada,
is adminisiered by a governor, lieutenant
governor, exccut'.ve council, and legislative
council appointed by the king; with a house
of representatives elected by the people.
For the defence of the Canadas, a regu-
lar mihtary establishment is maintained by
the British government, amounting in com-
inon to between 20,000 and 30,000 men.
This force is stationed at various points,
along the great line of the St. Lawrence.
The commerce of the Canadas, is confined
at present, to one outlet the Si. Lawrence.
The completion of the Grand Canal of
New York, will slowly divest a s!\-.ire of
the trade of the Upper Province to New
York. The exports of this extensive coun-
try, have been aug'menting in more than a
ratio with the mean increase of population.
In 1769, they amounted to 163,105/. ; and
in 1815, to 1,156,000/. and the imports, to
upwards of 600,000/. '
Canada, East, a creek of New York, ri-
sing ill Montgomery and Herkimer coun-
ties, flows SSW, about 20 miles into the
Mohawk, which it enters at Openheim.
Canada, West, the largest northern
branch of the Moliawk, rises in Montgome-
ry county, and flowing first west 20 miles,
to tlie borders of Oneida, turns to tlie SE,
and flowing in that direction 20 miles, falls
into the Mohawk, at Herkima.
Canada, Creek, north-western brancli of
Wood creek, in Oneida covui'.y. New York.
Canada-wan, creek of New York, in Cha-
tauque county, enters lake Erie about 2^
miles W from Dunkirk.
Canadaway. See Fredoiiia.
Canadea, township in Alleganv county.
New York. Population in 1S20, 696.
Canadian River, tiie great south-western
branch of Arkansaw river, rises by two
large branches in the mountains of New
Mexico, and flowing by comparative courses
about 600 miles each, unite at N lat. 55,
and 18 degrees W from Washington City.
Below the confluence of the two principal
branches, the Canadian Fork continues E
40 miles, where it unites with the Arkan-
saw, rtceiving in the intermediate distance
another large branch from the SVV, For
the true position, course, and relative ex-
tent of the Canadian Fork, the public
stands indebted to Major Long.
Canandaiffua, lake of New York, in On-
tario county, 15 miles in lengtfi, and 1 mile
mean width. It receives a num!)er of
creeks, and discharges its waters at the vil-
lage of Canandaigua, into an outlet which
flows NE 20 miles, joins Mud creek at
Lyons.
Canandaigua, ppst town and seat of jus-
tice in Ontario county, New York, on a
rising plain at tlie outlet of Canandaigua
lake. It is one of the most elegant and
thriving villages in tlie interior of the Uni-
ted States, extending in one street near
two miles from the lake. Many of the
houses are ediiices vying in architectural
magnificence with those of the most flour-
ishing commercial sea ports. The style of
building and gardening-, are so tastefully
displayed as to give to Canandaigua a pe-
culiarly interesting aspect to the passing
traveller. Lon. W.C 00 17 W, lat. 42 54
N ; 207 miles W from Albany, and 90 B
from Bufla'o.
Canandaigua, township in Ontario coun-
ty. New York, including the village of the
ssnie name. Population in 1820, 4,680.
Cannnjokairy, township of Montgomery
county, in the State of New York ; situated
on the Mohawk river, about 40 miles west-
ward from Schenectady. Population in
1820, 4,677. .
Canano're, large seaport on the coast of
Mahibar. It was ceded by Tippoo Sultan,
regent of Mysore, to the English East In-
dia Company, in 1792. Lon. 74 10 B, lat.
12 0 N.
Cantira, province on the coast of Mala-
bar, subject to tlie regent of Mysore. Its
most northerly port is Onore, in lat. 14
20 N.
Canard, small river of Upper Canada,
f.ills into Detroit river, between Amhersts-
burg and Sandwich.
Canaria, or The Grand Canary, prin-
cipal of the Canary islands,, about 180
miles frona the coast of Africa, which
gives name to the whole. It is a fruitful
islnnd, and famous for the wine that bears
its name ; t!ie temperature of its air is
delighrful ; and it abounds with good wa-
ter, with trees, herbs, and delicious fruits.
Here are two wheat harvests, in Februa-
ry and May, and the corn makes bread
as white as snow. It is 42 miles long,
and 27 brnad ; and lies 18 leagues \V by
S of Fuertaveutura. Lon. 15 34 W, lat.
28 14 N.
Canary Islands, anciently called the
Fortunate IslaTids, on account of their
temperate healthy air and excellent
fruits, are seven in number, lying in the
Atlantic ocean, near the continent of
Africa ; namely, Palma, Ferro, Gomera,
Teneriffe, Canaria, Fuertaventura, and
Luncerota ; to which may be added se-
veral smaller isles, as Graciosa, Roccas,
155
t. A .\
t A jS
Aliegvanza, St. Clare, Infierno, and Lob-
os. From these islands the Canary birds
originally came. The NE point of these
is in Ion. 15 38 VV, lat. 28 13 N.
Canary, the capital ot the island of Ca-
naria. with a bishop's sec, an inquisition,
supreme council of tUe Seven Islands,
and a castle seated on a hill. They have
sugar houses, in which a great quantify
of sugar is made. The wine called Sack,
has hence been often termed Canary. It
is computed that 10,000 hogsheads are
sent annoally to England in time of peace.
Lon. 1.5 50 VV, lat''28 4N.
Cancalle, bay on the cosst of France,
10 miles E of St. Maloes, where the Eng-
lish made a descent, under the duke of
Marlborough in 1758, and hence proceed-
ed to burn the ships at St. Malots.
Candahar, rich trading city of Asia,
capital of a kingdom of the same name.
While the Persian and Mogul empires
\vere severally undiA'ided, it was the fron-
tier fortress of Hindoostan towai^ds Per-
sia ; and was esteemed the key of the
western provinces of the latter, and not
unfrequently changed masters, although
very strong by situation, being surround-
ed by fens and rocks. It is 145 miles
SW of Cabul. Lon. 67 15 E lat. 33 0 N.
Candahar, kingdom of Asia, between
the river Indus and Persia, bounded on
the N by Cabul. on the E by Lahore, on
the SE Ijy Moultjm, and on the VV by
Persia The dominions of the king of
this country extend westward to the
neiiJjhbourhocd of the city of Tarslush ;
including generally Cabul, Candahar,
Chizni, Gaur, Paishawur, Korasan, and
Seistan : this tract is not kss than 800
miles in length ; its breadth is not well
known, and on the E side of the Indus,
he possesses the territory of Cashmere,
and seme districts above the city of At-
tnek. Ashmed Abdalla the founder of
this kingdom, was originally the chief of
an Afghan tribe, named Abdal, (whence
the name Abdalli) who was stript of his
country by Nadir Shah, in 1739 On the
death of Nadir, he suddenly appeared
among his former subjects, and erected a
considerable kingdom in the eastern part
of Persia, adding to it most of the pro-
vinces to the VV of the Indus, which had
been ceded by the Great Mogul to Nadir
Shah, together with Cashmere on theE
of that river.
Candia, island in the Mediterranean,
formerly Crete, and to the S of the Ar-
chipelago. The capital of the same
name, though populous formerly, is little
bttter than a desert, there being nothing
but rubbish, except at the bazar or mar-
ket-jdace ; and the harbour of Candia is
now fit for nothing but boats; but the
156
walls of the towns are stariding, and it is
the see of a Greek archbisliop. This isl-
and was taken by the Turks, in 1G69,
after a war of 25 years. It was attempt-
ed to be retaken by the Venetians, in
lCi9'2, without effect. The products are
corn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and excellent
honey. The cUmate of Candia is delight-
ful. The heat is never excessive ; and
in the plains violent cold is never felt. In
the warmest days of summer the air is
cooled by breezes fn-m the sea. Except
Deceml^er and January the whole year is
one continued fine day. The sky is al-
ways unclouded and serene ; the winds,
mild and refreshing breezes. The moun-
tains are covered with a great number of
odnriferous plants In a word, from the
hills, the vales, and the plains, on all hands
there arise the most exquisite perfumes,
which embalm the air, and I'ender it a
luxury to breathe it. Candia is 200 miles
in length, and 50 in breadth. It is 500
miles SVV of Constantinople. Lon. 25 IS
E. lat. 35 18 N.
Candia, a township in Rockingham
county. New Hampshire. Population in
1810, 1290; and in 1820, 1273.
Candcish, rich and populous province,
in the Deccan of Hindoostan, subject to
the Poonah Marattas. It is bounded on
the N by Malwa > on the E by Uerar ; on
the S by Dowlatabad, and on the W by
Baglana.
Candlemas Isles, near the coast of
Sandwich Land. Lon. 27 13 W, lat 57
10 s. •
Candoi; township in Tioga county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1655,
Ca7idy, kingdom of Ceylon, containing
about a quarter of the island. It is full
of hills, whence rivulets proceed, which
abound with fish. The inhabitants are
dexterous in turning these rivulets to wa-
ter their land, which is fruitful in rice,
pulse, and hemp. The king is absolute,
and his subjects are idt laters.
Candy, capital of a kingdom of the
same name, in the island of Ceylon. It
was often burnt by the Portuguese, when
thev were masters of these coasts. Lon.
80 42 E, lat. 7 45 N.
Cane, Grotto del, famous grotto, on
the banks of Lake d'Agano, seven miles
from Puzzoli, in the kingdom of Naples.
A suffocating vapour rises a foot above
the bottom of this cave, and is destruc-
tive to animal life. A dog having his
head held in this vapour, is convulsed in
a few minutes, and soon aftt r falls motion-
less to the earth. The fellows who at-
tend at the cave, have always some mise-
rable dogs, with ropes about their necks,
ready for this cruel purpose.
Can fa, considerable town of the isl-
C A N
C A IS
and of Candia, v/itli a good harbour.
Tne environs are adorned with forests of
olive-trees, mixed with fields, vineyards,
gardens, and brooks, bordered with myr-
tle-trees, and laurel-roses. Lon. 24 15 E,
lat. 35 20 N.
Canesus, small lake of Ontario coun-
ty. New York, discharges its waters into
Genessee river.
Caneto, town of Italy, in the Manfuan,
on the river Oglio, often taken and reta-
ken by the French and Austrians. It is
20 miles W of Mantua. Lon. 10 22 E,
lat. 45 9 N.
Cancadea, post town of New York, in
Allegany county,
Canjield small town with a post office,
in Trumbull county, Ohio, 28 miles N
by W of Foi't M'Intosh, and 321 from
Washington.
Vanfield, township in Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 494 ; and in
1820, 78r.
Canina, capital of a district of the
same name, in the N part of Albania, a
province of Turkey in Europe, lying
near the entrance of the gulf of Venice,
eight miles N of Valona. Lon. 19 25 E,
lat 41 12 N. See Joanino
Cannay, one of the western isles of
Scotland, SW of tiie isle of Skye, This
island is fertile, and is noted for vast ba-
saltic columns, which rise above each
other to a great height, in many succes-
sive ranges, each separated from the
other by a stratum of pebb'y concretions.
On the E side of the island, the tops of
an immense number of these columns ap-
pear at lov/ water, formini^ a sort of cause-
way of surprising extent, the surface of
■which is smooth and regular, like on or-
dinary paved street.
Canister, township in Steuben county,
New York. PopuUtion in 1820, 891.
Cannaughqiiensing, town of Butler coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population 1300,
Cannaveral, cape of Florida. N lat. 28
22 lon. W C 3 55 W. It was off this
cape, April 29th, 1814, that the British brig
Epervier of 32 guns, and 128 men, was cap-
tured by the U. S. sloop Peacock, captain
Warrington, after an action of 42 minutes.
Cannonball, river, branch of Missouri,
from the W, below the Mandan village,
iind above the Wetai'hoo.
Camiouche, river of Georgia, branch of
the Ogechee,
Cannonsburg, township in Washington
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
440.
Cannonsburg, post villige in Pennsylva-
nia, in Washington county, on the road
from Pittsburg to Washington, 18 miles
from the former, and 7 from the latter
place. It is the seat of Jefferson college,
formerly an Academy, but changed from
the latter to the former in 1802. The col-
lege is under the direction of a president,
and 2 professors. The library contains
about 1000 volumes, and the philosophical
apparatus is respectable.
Canobia, town or Italy, in the Milanese,
on lake Maggiore, 35 miles NNW of Mi-
lan. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 45 55 N.
Canoe- Camp, post village of Pennsylva-
nia, in Tioga county.
Catioga, small creek of New York, be-
tween Seneca and Cayuga lakes, discharges
into Seneca outlet.
Canoge, the ruins of which are at present
of great extent, is a town of Ilindoostan
Proper, in the province of Agra, seated on
th.e Ganges, near its confluence with the
Calini. It is now reduced to the size of a
middling toWn. It is said to have been
built more than 1000 years before the
Cliristian era, and to have been the capital
of all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of
Porus, who fought against Alexander. In
the 6th century, it was said to contain
30,000 shops, in which betel-nut was sold.
It is 127 miles SE of Agra. Lon. 80 13 E,
lat. 27 3 N.
Cannniait, island in Xarraganset bay,
belonging to the state of Rhode Island.
The soil is fertile and well cultivated ; the .'1
inhabitants are about 600. t|i
Canosa, town of the kingdom of Naples,
in Terra di Barri. Betv/een Canosa and
the river Osanto, are still some traces of the
ancient town of Canna:, in the plain of
which was fought the celebrated battle be-
tween Hannibal and the Romans. Lon. 16
32 E, lat. 41 30 N, lon. \V C 16 05 E.
Caiis'j, seaport of Nova Scotia, in North
America on a strait which sepai'utes Nova
Scotia from Cape Breton. Near this town
is a fine fishery for cod. Lon. 55 W, lat.
45 20 N. _ .
Canstat, town of Suabia, in the duchy of
Wirtemberg, seated on the Neckar, two
miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 19 14 E, lat.
48 53 N. '
Canlal, department of P'rance, including
part of the late province of Auvergne,
The capital is St. Flour.
Cantaziiro, episcopal town of Naples, in
Calabria Citeriore. It is seated near the
sea, 20 miles E of Nicastro. I-on, 16 47
E, lat. 39 3 N.
Canterbury, ancient city, the capital of
Kent, with an archbishop's see, the metro-
politan of all England. The cathedral, a
large structure, was once famous for the
shrine of Tiiomas Becket, to which so
great was the resort, and so rich the offer-
ings, that Erasnuis, who was an eye wit-
ness of its wealth, says, the whole church
and chapel in which he was interred, glit-
tered with jewels. But Henry VIII. in
1538, not oniv pillaged this rich shrine, but
' 157
(v A ,N
C A V
caused tlie saint to be cited in court, tried,
and condemned as a traitor ; ordering his
name to be struck, out o! the culen.iar, his
bones to be burnt, and his ashes tiirown
into the air. In this catliedral are intt-rred
Ht-nry IV. and Edward tiie Black Prince.
The city has lilcewise 14 parish ciiurclies;
the remains of many Roman antiquities ;
and an ancient castle, witli walls and a
deep ditch. It is g-overned by a ma\or,
and possesses a share of the silk manufac
tures introduced by the Walloons, who
have here a church under the cathedral.
It sends two members to parliament, and is
seated on the river Steur, 26 miles ESE of
Rochester and 56 of London. Lon. 1 4 E,
lat. 51 19 N.
Canterbury, post town and township in
Rockingham countv. New Hampshire.
Population in 1810, 1526, and in 1820,
1696.
Canterbury, post town and township in
Windham con: :ty, Connecticut Population
in 1810, 1812, and In 1820, 1984.
Canterbury, post village of Orange coun-
ty, New York, on the right bank of the
Hudson, between West-Point and New-
burgh.
Canterbury, post village in Kent county,
Delaware, between Camden and Frede-
rica.
Canton, or Quangtong; one of the southern
provinces of China ; bounded on tiie NE by
Fokien : on the N by Kiangsi, on the Why
Quan-si, and the kingdom Tonking, and
every where else by the seas. The coun-
try is diversified with iiilis and plains, and
the soil is in general so fertile that it pro-
duces two crops annually. Canton is the
capital.
Canton, large, populous, and wealthy
city of China, capital of the province of
that name, stands on the river Pekiang.
It is a sea port, and one of the finest in th.e
empii'e. The number of inhabitants was
computed at 1,000,000, but later calculations
have made them considei'ably less. Lon.
333 12 E, lat. 23 7 N.
Cantoji, township and post town in Nor-
folk county, Massachusetts. Population in
1810, 1353, and in 1820, 1268,
Canton, township in Hartford county,
Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1374,
and in 1820, 1322.
Canton, township and post town in St.
Lawrence county, New York. Population
in 1820, 1337.
Canton, township in Washington county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1335,
and in 1820, 1276.
Canton, township in Bradford county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 569.
Canton, township in Stark county, Ohio.
Population in 1810, 846, and in 1820,
1398.
Canton, post town, and seat of justice in
158
Stark county Ohio, on the Nimishiilen
creek, over which, in the vicinity of t'.e
village four fine bridges have b?en erect-
ed, NW from Steubenville 58 ; and NE
fr^m Zanesville 90 miles.
Canton, small village of Belmont county,
Ohio
Canton, land district of Ohio, includes
part ot Stark, and all of Wayne and Rich-
land counties; and is composed of XXI
ranges of townships, comprehended be-
tween the Greenville treaty line on the
S'luth, and the Cmnecticut Western Re-
serve on the north, excepting the seven
easternmost ranges which beleng to the
Steubenville district. The Land office for
this district is at Worcester in Wayne
county.
CanttcelPs Bridge, on the Appoquini-
mink, post town in Castle county, Dela-
ware, nine miles S from St. Georges, and
19 from New Castle.
Caney Fork, branch of Cumberland ri-
ver, rises in Warren White and Jackson
counties, in Tennessee, and flowing NW
enters Smith county, and falls into Cum-
berland at Carthage.
Cantyre, the southern division of Argyle-
shire, in Scotland. It is a narrow peninsu-
la between the Atlantic Ocean, and the
Fritii of Clyde. To the S the peninsula
terminates in a great promontory, sur-
rounded by a group of dangerous rocks,
called the Mull of Cantyre. The soil, in
general, is fertile.
Caorlo, small island in the gulf of Ve-
nince, on the coast of Venetian Friuli, 20
miles SW of Aqueileia. It has a town of
the same name, with a bishop's see. Lon.
12 30 E. lat. 45 42 N.
Capaciu, episcopal town of Naples, in
Principato Citenore, 16 miles S of Salerno.
Lon. 15 3 E. lat. 40 20 N.
Cape, township in Cumberland count}',
Maine. Popuiation in 1820, 52.
Cape Elizabeth, township in Cumber-
land county, Maihe. Population in 1810,
1415. and in 1820, 1688.
Cape Girardeau, county of MissOHri»
bounded by Mississippi river NE ; New
Madrid county S ; St. Francis river W,
and St. Genevieve county N ; length 48 ;
mean width 25 ; area 1200 square miles ;
surface mostly level, and in p^irt liable to
annual submersion. Soil fertile ; staples,
some cotton, Indian corn, live stock, &c.
Chief towns, Jackson and Girardeau.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
2,658
2,400
5,058
25
20
CAP
GAP
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
432
433
5,968
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 26
Engaged in Agriculture - - l,6r5
do. in Manufactures - - 229
do. in Commerce - - 39
Population to the sq'iare mile, 5.
Good Hope, Cape of, the southern ex-
tremity of Afiica, discovered by the Por-
tuguese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, in
1493, who gave it th'.- name of Cabo Tor-
meuioso, from the boistenus weather which
he metwi h near it ; but Emunuel, kmg of
Portugal, on the return of Diaz, changed
its name to that of Cape of Good Hope,
from the hope he enter'ained of findir.g a
passage beyond it to India ; and in this he
wa'^ not deceiveil, for Vasco de Gama, hav-
ing doubled thi cape on the 20th Novem-
ber, 1497, proceeded to India, and landed
at Calicut, on the 22d of May, 1498. The
Cape of Good Hope was first touched at
by the Dutch in 1600, and 1650, they es-
tablished a settlement at this place, of
which they held undisturbed p.^ssession
for near 150 years. Here is a neat town
called Cape-town, rising in the midst of a
desert, surrounded by black and dreary
mountains. See Cape Town.
Cape of Good Hope, colony, extends over
all the souihern regions of Africa ; bovind-
ed by the Atlantic Ocean VV ; by the great
South Sea S ; by C;,fFtrlaiid NE ; and by
the deserts of .interior Africa \ ; length
from W 10 E 600 miles ; mean width 200 ;
area, abnut 120,000 square m.les It is
divided into the districts of the Cape,
Zwellingdara, Stellenbosch, and Graafrey-
net. This fine Dutcli colony surrendered
by capitulation to the British in 1795, but
restored in 1802, by tlie treaty of Amiens.
It again surrendered to tlie British, in
1806 ; and now forms part of their domin-
ions.
Cape-Toivn, capital of the cape colony,
stands on the W side of Table-bay, in Ion.
18 23 E. lat. 33 56 S. See Hottentots,
Country of the. To the SE of the tov/n are
some vineyards, which yield the famous
wine called Constantia. Tiie store-houses
of the Dutch E. India Company are situate
next the water, and the private buildings
lie beyond them, on a gentie ascent toward
the mountains. The caslle, or principal
fort, which commands the road, is on the
E .'■ide ; and another strong fort, called
Amsterdam Fort, is on the W side. The
streets are broad and regular ; and the
houses, in general, are built of stone, and
white washed. Here are two churches ;
one for the Calvanists, the established re-
ligion, tiic other for the Lutherians. The
slaves are lodged and boarded in a spaci-
i.us liou-e, wliere they are iikew.s;- ke[:t at
work: th-se slaves, a few Hottent -ts ex-
cepted, were all originally brought fom
the E. Indii's, and principally front Malac-
ca. Another great building setves as a
hospital for the sailors belonging to the
Dutch E. India ships which touch here :
it* is situate clo'ie to the Company's gar-
dens to ^> hich t!ie convulescents liave free
access. The inhabitants, though stout and
athletic, have not all that phlegm about
tliem which is the characteristic of the
Dutch in general. The ladies are lively,
g'lodnature!', familinr, and gay. The in-
habitants, in generid, travel in a kind of
covered wagons, drawn by oxen, which
better suit the roughness of the country
than inor- elegant vehiclrs ; but stime of
the principal people keep coaches, which
are drawn by hcses. The moiuitains be-
hind Cape town are. the Table Mountain,
which is the highest; the Sugar-lof, so
named from its form; tiie Lion's head,
Charles Motm*^, and James Mount, or the
Lion's RutTip. From these mountains des-
renl several rivulets which flow into the
d'ffer-nt bays, as Table Bay, False Bay,
&c. The view fom thf Table nionntain
is very extensive ; and along the Vi llpya
and rivulets, imong these mountains, are
a great nunber of plantations.
Cape Breton, very irregular island in the
gulf of S;t. La'-rence, about 100 miles in
length, and forming a part of the provi. ce
of Lower Canada, separated from Nova
Scotia by the Strait, or gut of Canso. The
s'lores of th s island is remarkable for the
antiquity, and abundance ot its fisheries.
The interior of the island is fer-ile, and
abounds with mineral coal. Population
about 3000.
Cape Charles, the extreme southern
point of the peninsula, between the Atlan-
tic Ocean and C'lesapeak bay
Cape Cod, remarkable point of land in
Massachtisetts, extending in form of a long
narrow peninsula, into the Atlantic Ocean.
It forms a part of Barnstable county. The
extreme NW point of this Cape, is at Ion.
W C 6 48 E, 'at. 42 06 N.
Cape Cod Bay, between Cape Cod
peninsulas, and Barnstable and Plymouth
county, in Massachusetts.
Cape Fare^uell, southern extremity of
Greenland. Lon. W C 33 E, lat. 59 58 N.
Cape Fear, southern extremity of Smith's
island, at the mouih of Cape Fear river.
North Carolina. Lon. W C 1 25 W, lat.
33 32 N.
Cape Fear River, the most considerable
river which flows entirely in North Caroli-
na. It risrs principally in Rockingham and
Guilford counties ; whence it pursues a
SSE course to the Atlantic Ocean,
159
C A 1'
c A j:
Cape Henry, opposite Cape Charles, the
point to the 8E, off the mouth of Chesa-
peak bay.
Cape Hinlitpen, in Sussex county, Dela-
ware, opposite Cape Mav, from which it is
distant NW 22 miles, Lon. W C 1 57 E,
lat. 38 44.
Cape Hops, light house NW point of
Martha's vineyard.
Capelle, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Aisne, lately in the province
of Picardy, eight miles NE of Guise, taken
by the Spaniards in 1636, but retaken the
year after. Lon 3 50 E, lat. 49 58 N.
Cape May, point of land in the state of
New Jersey, formed by the Atlantic 0(-ean
and the bay "f Delaware. Lon W C 2 18
E, lat. 38 56 N.
Cape May Court House, post village and
seat of justice in Cape May county. Now
Jersey, situated a few miles N from Cape
May, 34 SE of Bridgetown, and 74 from
Philadelphia, in tlie lat. of 39 N and 75 W.
See Midillelo-u>7i.
Cape Miiy, county of New Jersey, the
southern extremity of that s^ate ; bounded
SE by the At antic Ocean ; W by Delaware
bay ; NW by Cuinberlaod ; and by Tuck;i-
hoe, and Great Egy Harbor rivers NE ;
length 31 ; m^an width 10 ; area 310 square-
miles ; surface level; soil sandy. Chief
town, Middletown.
Population in 1310.
Free white males - - . 1,803
do. do, fen>aies - - - 1,637
All other persons except Indians
not t.ixed - - - - 111
Slaves 81
Total population in 1810 - - 3,632
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,095
do, do. females - - - 1,957
Total whites - . - .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 - 4,265
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 21
Engaged in Agricidture - - 377
do. in Manufactures - - &^
do. in Commerce ■• - 69
Population to the square mile, 14 nearly.
Capestan, town of France, in '.he depart,
ment of Aude and late province of Lan^uc-
doc, near the river Aude, and the famous
canal of Languedoc. Lon. 3 ,8 E, lat. 43
Cabc St, Michael, sei^iorv of f.-o\ver
160
Canada, in Surry count}', iiearly opposite
Quebec.
Cape Vincent, village of Jefferson coun-
ty. New York, on the St. Lawrence river,
Caplwri- Springs, post village Virginia, in
Frederick county.
Capitannta, province of Naples ; bounded
on the N by the gulf of Venice, on the K
by Terra di Bari, on the ■ S by Basilicata
and Principato Ulteriore, aiid on the W by
."Molise and Abruzzo.. The capital is Man-
fredonia.
Capitanata, town of New Granada, 60
miles from Tunja.
Capo Fino, a barren rock, in the territo-
ry of Genoa, with a castle on its eastern
peak. Near it is a small harbour of the
same name, 13 miles B^SE of Genoa. Lon.
8 56 E, lat 44 20 N.'
Capo D'lstria, town of Italy, in Venetian
Istria, on the gulf of Triest, whose princi-
pal revenue consists in wine and salt. It
is 8 miles S of Triest. Lon. 14 6 E, lat.
45 49 N.
Cupolica, small river of Mexico, in the
intendancy of Oaxaca, flows into the gulf
of Tehuantepec. Lon. W C 19 W, lat.
16 N.
Caprala, isle in the Mediterranean Sea,
to the NE of Corsica, on which it depends.
It has a sti'ong castle, and is 15 miles in
circumfeience. Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 43 5 N,
Caprann, nearly coinciding with the an-
cient Coronaea of Bocstia, now Livadia ; it
is a village on the ancient Cephisus.
Capri, island of Naples, in the Mediter-
ranean, pposite Soretito, famous for being
tiie rereat of the emperor Tiberius. A
vast quantity of quails co.me here every
year, farming the principal revenue of the
bishop, who is hence called tlse Bishop of
Quails. It is five miles in length and two
in breadth.
Capri, capital of ati island of the same
name, with a stronjj castle. It was once a
delightful place, embellished with magni-
ficent works, which were demolished after
the death of Tiberius. Lon. 14 8 E, lat.
40 .11 N.
'Captain John's Mills, post village Mont-
gomery county, Marylmd.
Captina, creek of Ohio, rising in the SW
angle of Belmont county, and falling into
the Ohio river opposite Captina island, 23
miles by wat^r below Wheeling.
Capita, town of Naples, in Terra dl La-
vora, with an archbisiiop's see. It is two
miles from tlic ancient Capua, and was
built out of its ruins. It was taken by the
Austrians in 1707 ; and is seaterl i;n the
Volturno, 15 miles N of Naples, Lon. 14
19 E, lat. 4L 7 N.
Caraccas, province of South America,
in the republic of Columbia, included in
the W part of the province of Venezuela.
It is bounded on the N by the gulf of
C A IL
CAR
Mexico, on llie E by Cumaiia, ruid on the
S by New Granada. Tiie coast is rocky
and mountainous, interspersed with small
fertile valleys, blessed in genei-al witii a
clear air and wholesome climate. The
chief town is Caracas.
Caracas, or -%. Jago de Leon, capital
of Caracas. It is situated in an elevated
valley between two mountains, 2,900 feet
above the level of the sea. It is much sub-
jected to earthquakes, one of which oc-
curred March 26tb, 1812, which reduced
great part of the city to ruin, and the popu-
lation from upwards of 32,000, to less than
20,000 persons. I.on. W C 10 14 E, lat.
10 34 N.
Caramania, province of Turkey in Asia,
in the S part of Natolia. Most of the houses
have turrets so contrived as to cool tiie
rooms in summer. Stalalia is tlie capital,
Caramanta, province of Terra Firma,
lying on both sides the river Cauca ; bound-
ed on tlie N by the district of Carthagena,
on the E by New Granada, on the S and W
by Popayan and Pananna. It is a valley
surrounded by high mountains, and there
are rivulets whence the natives get very
good sr.lt.
Caramanta, the capital of a province of
that name in Terra Firma, republic of Co-
lumbia, seated on the Cauca, 240 miles
ISINE of Popayan. Lon. 75 IS W, lat. 3
18 N.
Carangas, small province of Peru, in the
Andes to t!te E oft' Aiica, on both sides of
the river Desaguadura.
Cu -anso, incoi siderable island in the E
Ind es, near Bombay, It affords nothing
but somti rice, fowls and goats.
Curar:', town ot luscany, in the princi-
palit) of Massa, betwf-en Massa and Sar-
zana, five mdes from each. Near tiiis place
are quarries of marble i>f various colours.
Lo >. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 N
Carasii, river of Nalolia, which rises in
(Jarimania, crosses part of Aluduia, ^d
falls into the M.-diterranean.
Carasu JMeslro, river of Romania, which
rises in inojint Ilhodope, and falls into
the Arcliipelago.
C'vasui, l^ke in Bulgaria, said to be 55
milfs in circumfcence, and to contain
several islands. It is formed by a branch
of 'he Daii'.ibe, not far from its entrance
into the Black Sea.
Caravacca, town of Spain', among the
mountains near the river Segura, in Mur-
cia. It is 50 miles NW of Carthagena.
Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 38 5 N,
CaraveUe, cape of the island of Martinico,
on the NE coast. Lon. W C 16 04 E, lat.
14 55 N.
Carcassone, ancient town of France, in
the department of Aude and late province
of Languedoc. Here are manufactures of
all sorts of cloth. It is 15 miles W of Nar-
X
bonne, antl 400 S of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E,
lat, 43 14 N.
Cardiff, borough of S Wales in Glamor-
ganshire, with a maiket on Wednesday and
Saturday. It is a large and well built town,
and has a castle, a wall, and four gates. It
is seated on the Taafe, over which is a
bridge, and it has a considerable trade with
Bristol. Cardiff is 12 miles E of Cow-
bridge, and 164 W of London. Lon. 3 12
W, lat 51 30 N.
Cardigan, county-town of Cardiganshire,
with a market on Tuesday and Saturday ;
situated on the river Tyvy, over which is a
handsome stone bridge. The walls and
castle are gone to ruin. It is governed by
a mayor, sends one member to parliament,
and is 33 miles "NE of St. David's and 225
WNW of London. Lon. 4 38 W, lat. 52
10 N.
Cardigan Bay, on the coast of Cardigan-
shire, at the moutii of the Tyvy, extending
to Barsey island in Carnarvonshire. It is
40 miles from one cape to the other, and
affords secure shelter for ships.
Cardiganshire, county of S Wales, bound-
ed on the N by Merionethshire and Mont-
gomeryshire, on the E by Radnorshire and
Brecknockshire, on the S by Carmarthen-
shire, and Pembrokeshire, and on the W
by Cardigan Bay. It extends 42 miles from
N to S, and 20 from E to W ; and is divi-
ded into five hundreds, containing six mar-
ket-towns, and 64 parislies, extending over
500,000 acres. It lies in the diocess of St.
David's, and sends two members to parlia-
ment. The air is milder here than in most
parts of Wales. To the S and W are plains
fruitful in corn ; but the N and E parts are
a continued r dge of mountains, liowever
tliere are cattle bred in all parts ; but they
have neitiier wood nor coals of their own
for fuel. They h?ve fish in plenty with
fowls b)th tame and wild. Near the rivers
are great numbers of ottei-s ; and in the val-
leys ave several lakes. The mountains
abound with veins of lead and silver ore ;
and the mines have been worked several
times to great advantage : Sir Hugh Mid-
dleton is said to have cleared 2000/. ii
month, for several years together, which
enabled him to bring the New River water
lo London ; but he expanded the whole on
tliat great object. The principal rivers
are the Tyvy, the Rydal, and tlie Istwith.
Population ISUl, 42,956; in 1811, 50,260;
and in 1821, 5r,311.
Cardona, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
v\ith a castle. Near it is an inexhaustible
mountain of salt, of several colours, which,
when washed, becomes white ; and there
are vineyards, which produce excellent
wine. It is seated on an eminence, near
the river Cardenero, 30 m^les NW of Bar-
celona. Lon. 1 30 E, lat 41 36 N.
Carelia, eastern part of Finland It be-
161
C A K
0' A R
longed formerly to Sweden, but now to
Russia. See Wibjirgh,
Carentan, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Channel and late province of
Normandy, with an ancient castle, eight
miles from the sea. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 49
16 N.
Cares, or Kareis, town of F.uropean Tur-
key, in Macedonia, 17 miles SE from Sa-
lonica.
Carew, village of Wales, on an arm of
Milford-haven ; remarkable for its ruins.
Carfagnano. See Castel JS'uovo di Car-
Jagnaiio.
Carhaix, town of France, in the depait-
ment of Finisterre, on the river Yer, 19
miles S of Morlaix.
Carham, village in Northumberland, five
miles E of Kelso. Near it a battle was
fought between the English and Danes, in
winch 11 bishops and two English counts
were slain, beside a great number of sol-
diers. Here likewise was a battle be-
tween the EngUsh and Scots, in 1018, in
which the latter were victorious. In 1370,
sir John Liburne was defeated near this
place, and taken prisoner by the Scots.
Carlaco, gulf of South America, in Cu-
mana, extending between the continent
anil a long narrow peninsula terminated by
cape Araya, NW 17 miles from the city of
Cumana.
Cariaco, small river falling into the gulf
of the same name.
Cariaco, tfWn of Cumana, at the head of
the Cariaco gulf.
Cariati, town of Naples, in Calabria Ci-
teriore, near the gulf of Taranto, 25 miles
K of St. Severino.
Caribbean Sea, that part of the Atlan-
tic Ocean lying between Cuba, St. Domiii-
£jo, and Porto Rico on the N, and the re-
public of Columbia.
Caribbe Islands, the most eastern islands
of the West Indiis, divided into Wind-
ward and Leeward islands.
Cariboenf, island in lake Superior about
100 miles NW from the falls of St. Mary.
Carical, town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, where the French had a settlement,
which was taken by the British in 1760.
It stands at the mouth of a branch ol the
Cavery, eight miles S of Tranguebar.
Carignun, town of France, in the de-
partment or* Ardennes. It was formerly
called Ivoix, and belonged to Luxemburg ;
but was ceded to Louis XIV. who chang-
ed the name. It is seated on the Chiers,
eight miles E3E of Sedan.
Carigiian, town of Piedmont, in a dis-
trict of the same name, with a castle, seated
on the river Po, 12 miles S by W of Turin.
Cariman Java, cluster of islands to the
north of Java, at the principal of which
ships touch for refreshment, in their vov-
age to Borneo. Lon. 110 13 K. lat. 5 56 S,
T62
Cavinacoii, chief of the Granadilhi
islands, in the West Indies, 16 miles NNE
of Granada. It produces much cotton, and
bus a good harbour. Lon. 61 22 W, lat.
12 28 N.
Carinola, town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, seated near Mount Massico, 25
miles NW of Naples.
Carinthia, duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Austria, E by Stiria, S by Carnio-
la and Friuli, and W by Tyrol and Salz-
burg. It is mountainous and woody, bmt
yields good pasturage, and abounds in ex-
cellent iron and lead. Clagenfurt is the
capital.
Canon Crow, creek of Louisiana, form-
ing part of the limit between Opelousas
and Attacapas.
Carisbrook Castle, ancient castle, near
Newport, in the Isle of Wight, one mile S
of Newport, remarkable for its castle and
church, which are both very ancient. The
church had once a conveni of monks an-
nexed, part of which is now a farm-house,
still retaining the name of the priory.
The cajtle stands on an eminence, and was
the prison of Charles I. in 1647, before he
was delivered to the parliament forces.
It is now the seat of tlie governor of the
Isle of Wight, and has a strong garrison.
Carisio, or Castel Rosso, episcopal town
of Greece, at the S extremity of the island
of Negropont. Lon. 24 35 E. lat. 38 4 N.
Corlentini. See Lentini.
Carlingford, borough and seaport of Ire-
land, in the county of Lowth, with a castle
on a rock. It is noted for excellent oys-
ters, and seated on Carlingford bay, 21
miles N of Drogheda. Lon. 6 0 W. lat.
54 UN.
Carlinxuark, village of Scotland, at the
N corner of a lake of its name, seven miles
NE of Kirkcudbright, with a considerable
manufacture of cotton.
Carlisle, city and the capital of Cumber-
land, v.'ith a market on Wednesday and
Saturd;iy. It is governed by a mayor, and
contains about 12,000 inhabitants. Car-
lisle has co'siderable manufactures of
coarse linens, cottons, calicoes, muslins,
whips, and fish-hooks. In 1645 it surren-
dered, through famine, to the parliamenta-
ry forces, .-ifter a blockade of eight months.
It was taken by the rebels in 1745, but re-
taken by tlve duke of Cumberland. It is
60 miles S of Edinburgh, and 301 NNW of
London. Lon. 2 53 W. lat. 54 46 N.
Carlisle, township in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 672,
and in 1820, 681.
Carlisle, post village and township in
Schoharie county, New York. Population
in 1820,1583.
Carlisle, post town and capital of Cumber-
land county, Pennsylvania, on the south side
of Conedogw innetcreek, 1 18 miles W by ^'
tC A K
C A Ji .
from Harrisburg', 37 N by W of York, about
NW from Lancaster, and 118 from Phila-
delphia. The county was divided from
Lancaster, and Carlisle made tlie principal
seat of justice of Cumberland county, Jan-
uary, 1749-50. The town is pleasantly
situated, and the houses are built princi-
pally with bricks and limestone, plain and
commodious. The streets are laid out in
straight li:ies, and of a convenient wid.h.
It is the seat of a seminary of learnmg-,
called Dickinson c }Ileje, founded in 1783,
which after languishing many years, has
been revived by the exertions of individuals,
and by a liberal grant from the legislature
of Pennsylvania. See Dickinson College.
Carlisle, post town, borough, and town-
ship in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania.
Popul tion in 1810. 2491, and in 1820, 2908.
Carlisle, posit village, of Kentucky Bour-
bon county.
Carlisle, post village of Nicholas county,
Kentucky.
Carloiv, or Catherloug-h, county of Ire-
land, in the province of Leinster, 28 miles
in length, and eight in breadth ; bounded
on the E by VVicklov/ and Wexford, on
the W by Queen's county and Kilkenny,
and on the N by Kildare.
CarloiB, or Catlierlo ugh, town of Ireland,
in a county of the same name, on the river
Barrow, 16 miles NE of Kilkenny. Lon,
7 14 W. lat, 52 48 N.
CarloTvitz, town of Sclavonia, seated on
the Danube, 38 miles NW of Belgrade.
Lon. 20 5 E. lat. 44 45 N.
Carlscrona, or Carlscroon, se'iport of
Sweden, in the province of Blekingen. It
derives its origin and name From Charles
XL who first laid the foundations of a new
town in 1680, and removed the fleet from
Stockholm to this place on account of its
advantageous situation in the centre of the
Swedish seas. The town contains about
11,000 inhabitants ; and the suburbs are
fortified, toward the land by a stone wall.
Formerly vessels in this port, when careeit-
ed and repaired, were laid upon their sides
in the open harbour; until a dock was
hollowed in the solid rock, in 1724, capa-
ble of receiving a first late man of war.
A project for constructing 30 covered
d'lcks, anil other improvements, was begun
in 1759 : but tliey have proceeded slowly.
One dock was finished in 1779, and gives
an idea of the expense and greatness of tlie
plan ; the bottom ar.d sides are of hewn
granite ; rows of granite pillars support the
roof, and be.ir leather the appearance of a
colonade to a temple than a receptacle for
ships. Carlscrona is 220 miles SW of
Stockholm. L n. 15 26 E. lat. 56 20 N.
Carlstadt, capital of Croatia, on the river
Kulp, 140 miles S of Vienna. Lon. 15 21
E. lat. 56 2 N.
Cofhtacltfiown of Sweden, in Werme-
land, on the island of Tingwalla, wliich is
formed by two branches of the Clara Kibe,
It is a bishop's see. The town contains
1500 inhabitants, who carry on a trade in
iron and wood across lake Wenner. It i*
133 miles W of Stockholm. Lon. 13 43
E. lat, 59 16 N.
Carlstadt, town of Germany, in the bish-
opric of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine,
16 miles N of Wurlzburg. Lon. 9 12 E.
lat. 49 56 N.
Carmagniola, tv^Wn^ town of Piedmon*,
wit!) a strong citadel. It was taken by the
French in 1691, but retaken by prince Eu-
gene the same year. It is seated on a
small river, which runs into the Po, 14
miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E. lat 44 51
N.
Carmel, a mountain in Palestine, noted
for having been the retreat of the prophet
Elias, and for a monastery of Carmelites.
It is 50 miles N of Jerusalem,
Carmd, post town and township in Pe-
nobscot countv, Mame. Population in
1820, 153.
Carmel, post town and township in Put-
nam county, New York. Population in
1820, 2,247.
Caniii, post town and seat of justice in
White cour.ty, Illinois, on the Little Wa-
bash, 20 miles above its mouth, 42 N from
Shawneetown.
Carnarvon. See Caernarvon.
Carnarvon, township in the SE part of
Berks coimty, Pennsylvania. Population
in 1810, 723, and in 1820, 829.
Carnarvon, township in the NE part of
Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Popu-
lation in 1810, i,084, and in 1820, 1,412.
Carnatic, country of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, extending from the Guntoor
clrcar, along the whole coast of Coromsn-
del, 10 Cape Cormorin ; including its ap-
pendages, which are Tanjorc, Maravar,
Trichinopoly, Madura, and Tinevelley. It
is 570 miles from N to S, but no where
more than 120 wide, and commonly no
more than 75. The annual revenue of the
nabob of Arcot, its sovereign, is stated at
about 1,500,000/ out of which he pays a
subsidy of 160,000/. to the English East
India company toward the expense of their
military establlsh.ment. The British- pos-
sessions in the Carnatic are confined chiefly
to the tract called the .Taghire, whose an-
nual revenue is 150,000/. There is, be-
sides, a land revenue dejjendent on Ma-
dras, of 725,000/. The Carnatic is rich,
fertile, and populous ; and contains an in-
credible number of fortresses ; public mo-
numents too, tlie unequivocal marks of ci-
vilization and opulence, are more common
here than in the northern parts of India.
In 1787, the East India company took the
Avhcile administration of the Carnfitjc, anrl
163
A I.'
C A K
tlie collection of the nabob's revenues, into
their own hands. Arcot is the capital.
Carnesrilk, county town of Frankin
county, Georgia, about 60 miles N\V of
Columbia.
Carniola, a province of Germany, in the
circle of Austria ; bounded on the N by
Carinthia and Stiria, on the E by Sclavonia
and Crotia, on the S by Morlachia and Is-
tria, and on the W by Fiiuli. It is full of
rocks and mountains, some of which are
cultivated, others naked and barren, and
others continually buried in snow. Lau-
bach is the capital.
Carolina, ^Xortli, one of the United Sta'es
of North America i bounded on the N by
Virginia ; on the E by the Atlantic ; on the
S by South Carolina and Georgia, and on
theW by Tennessee. It is 460 miles long,
and 110 broad ; divided into eight districts
and 62 counties. This coun'ry is seated
between t'.ie extremities of heat and cold ;
the heat being more troublesome in sum-
mer, than the cold in winter. The air is
generally serene and clear the greater part
of the year, but in February the inhabitants
have a custom of burning the woods, which
causes such a smoke as would seem to pro-
ceed from a thickness in the air. Beside
the vegetable products common to Ame-
rica, there are ground peas which run on
the surface of the earth, and are covered
by hand with a hglit mould, and the pods
grow under ground ; they are eaten raw or
roasted, and taste much like a hazle nut.
Cotton also is universally cultivated here.
The most remarkable of tlieir trees is the
pitch pine, which affords pitch, tar, turpen-
tine, and various kinds of lumber. Among
their medicinal herbs and roots, this coun-
try abounds with the ginseng, Virginia and
Seneca snake-root, and lion's-heart, a sove-
reign remedy for the bite of a serpent.
The indigo is, however, inferior to what
comes from the Caribbee Islands. The
inhabitants of this state were estimated, in
1790, at 210,000 whites, and 60,000 ne-
groes. Newbern is the capital.
North Carohna is now (1822) divided
into the following counties, which, in 1820,
contained the relative population annexed
to each respectively.
Anson
Ash
Buncombe
Burke
Beaufort -
Bladen
Bertie
Brunswick
Camden -
Cumberland
Currituck
Carteret -
Columbus
Chatham •
164
14,534
4,335
10,542
13,411
9,850
7,27&
10,805
5,480
6,347
14,446
8,098
5,609
3,912
12,661
Chowan -
Craven
Cabarras
Caswell
Uuplin
Edgecomb
Franklin
Guilford
Granville
Gates
Green
Hyde
Halifax
Hertford -
Havwood
Iredell
Jones
Johnson
Lenoir
Lincoln
Mecklenburg -
M.^rtin
Moore
Montgomery -
Northampton -
Nash
New Hanover
Onslow
Orange
Pitt
Pasquotank
Person
Perquimai5s
Rutherford
Rockingham
Richmond
Randolph
Robeson
Rowan
Surry
Stokes
Sampson
Tyrrel
Wilkes -
Wake
Washington
AVarren
Wayne
6,464
13,394
7,241
13,253
9,741
13,276
9,741
14.511
18,222
6,837
4,53.3
4,967
17,237
7,712
4,073
13,071
5,216
9.607
6,799
18,147
16,895
6,320
7,12S
8,693
13,242
8,185
10,866
7,016
23,492
10,001
8,008
9,029
6,857
13,351
11,474
7,637
11,331
8,204
26,009
12,320
14,033
8,908
4,319
9,967
20,102
3,986
11,158
9,040
638,829
The population of North Carolina is
composed of the following elements —
whites, 419,200 ; free coloured persons,
14,612 ; and slaves, 205,017. Area of the
state, 48,000 square miles. Population to
the square mile, 13, in 1820. Lying be-
tween lat. 33 50, and 36 30 N.
North Carolina, is natur.ally divided into
three sections ; sea sand alluvian ; the
hilly region above the falls of the rivers;
and the mountainous section. Through
the sea sand border, the rivers find tlieir
way to the sea, over extensive flats and
bars, rendering the coast of this state the
least favourable to navigation of any of the
C A 11
O A It
maritime states of the United States.
Cape Fear river, with 18 feet water over
its bur, is the best entrance into the inte-
rior of North Carolina. Extensive canal
improvements have been projected, and
partially executed ; but hith. rto, the trade
of the northern waters of North Carolina
has centred in Virgniia ; w hilst that of tlie
interior of the state has generally foujid its
discharge at Chai-leston in South Carolna.
Laudable efforts are makiiig, to open an
easy amd direct communication with the
Ocean, which the advance of wealth and
popula'ion, will no doubt ultimately effect.
The interests of education, formerly
much neglected, is at present fostered in
this state. Besidt s the University of North
Carolina, there are upwards of 50 Acade-
mies in operation. The government of the
state, is essentially similar to the other
states of our confederacy, consisting of a
senate and house of commons, annually
chosen. The governor is rather tiie crea-
ture of the legislature than the people,
being chosen by joint ballot of both houses.
The staples of tV.is state, are some grain,
and flour, tar, pitch, turpentine, lumber,
and tobacco. Raleigh is the seat of go-
vernment.
Carolina South, one of the United States
of N. America ; bounded on the E by the
Atlantic, on the N by North Carolina, and
on the S and SW by the river Savannah,
which divides it from Georgia ; its western
boundary has not yet been accurately ascer-
tained. It is 200 miles long, and 125
broad ; divided into 29 counties. Beside
Indian corn, wheat, &c. for home con-
sumption, large quanti'ies of tobacco, and
some indigo tmd wheat, are raised for ex-
portation. Their rivers are large, and
abound with delicate fish ; besides water
fowl of different kinds.
South Carolina, agreeable to the census
of 1810, contains the following districts,
■with the annexed population.
City of Charleston - 24,780
The parishes of St. Andrews,
St. .lohns, Colleton, and St.
Philip - - - 33,130
St. Thomas, St Dennis, St,
Stephen, Christ's church,
St. James, Santee, St. Johns, *
and Berkley
22,302
Chester district
14,189
Laurens
17,682
Marlborough -
6,425
Union . _ -
14,126
Pendleton
27,022
Newbern
16,104
Maj'ion
10,201
Lexington
8,083
Williamsburgh
- . 8,716
Lancaster
8,716
Darlington
10,949
Edgefield
25,119
Georgetown -
17,603
Chesterfield -
6,645
Horry - - -
5,025
Barnwell
14,750
Abbeville
23,167
Greenville
14,530
Orangeburgh
15.653
Sumpter
25,369
Beaufort
32,194
York -
14,936
Richland
12,321
Colleton
24,404
Spartanburg -
16 989
Fairfield
17,174
490,309
Of this mass. 231,812 are Avhites ;
251,783 slaves ; and 6,714 free people of
colour. Area of the state 24,000 square
miles. Population to the square mile,
20, in 1820. Lying between lat. 32 0 and
35 8 N.
South Carolina, like North Carolina,
is naturally divided into three sections,
those of the sea sand alluvion ; hilly
above the river falls, and mountainous.
The former extends fi oni the coast about
100 miles, and is int. rsected by a num-
ber of rivers, winding in slugi^ish chan-
nels towards the sea coast. None of the
rivers in this state, are navigabie to any
considerable distance inland. The San-
tee, is united to the harbour of Charles-
ton, by a canal 22 miles in length This
artificial channel, opens to Charkston the
commerce of the interior of both North
and South Carolina. The ridge of hills,
give rise to the appropriate distinction
of lower and upper country, difTering
from each other in every essential re-
spect. The lower country, with a soil
flat and sandy, covered with pine, is in
general sterile, interspersed with marsh-
es, and in summer and autumn, more or
less unhealthy. The hilly region, is
ushered in advancing from the sea coast
by the sand hills, or hillocks, which ex-
tend for 20 or 30 miles, and gradually
merge into other and more elevated lulls,
which lead into a finely diversified, fer-
tile, well watered, and healthy country.
This latter region, is terminated by the
mountains, which are confined to the
extreme NW angle of the state. On
the lower or sandy tract, the banks of
the streams are in many places compo-
sed of excellent soil, upon which rice and
cotton are extensively cultivated. The
middle, or sand hill zone, partakes of
the gt-neral character of the sea sand
alluvion, with the exceptions noted, both
have an arid and barren aspect. The
soil of the upper country is most produc-
165
CAR
CAR
live ; cotton is there also the common
staple.
bchools are numerous in South Caro-
lina ; and at Columbia. Beaufort, Abber-
ville, and Williamburgh, colleges have
been erected. Collegiate establish-
ments have, however, in most cases
languished in the southern sections of
the United States. Thirty thousand
dollars have been appropriated in South
Carolina, by legislature benefaction to
support free schools.
The government of South ('arolina, is
vested in a governor, senate, and house
of representatives ; the senate quadren-
nially, and the I'epresentatives biennially
elected. The governor chosen by joint
ballot of both houses.
In proportion to extent of surface,
South Carolina is a very productive state.
In 1818, its exports placed it in the third
rank of agricultural value. The princi-
pal staples are, cotton, rice, lumber,
pitch, tar, turpentine, maize, and other
minor articles. Charleston, is the most
extensive seaport of the United States,
on the Atlantic border, south of Balti-
more. Columbia is the seat of govern-
ment.
Caroline, post village of Tioga county,
New York.
Caroline, township in Tioga county,
including the foregoing village. New
York. Population in 1820. 1608.
Caroline, county of Maryland, between
the W boundary of Delaw ,re, and Tucka-
hoe river, bounded E by Delaware ; S by
Dorchester county W ; by Talbot ; and
NVV by Queen Anne ; length 30 ; mean
M^idth 8 ; area 240 square miles ; surface
level, and soil sandy. Chief town, Denton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,539
do do. females - . - 3,393
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . 1,001
Slaves 1,520
Engaged in Manufactures - - 272
do. in Commerce - - 97
Population to the square mile, 40.
CaroUne, county of Virginia, between
the Rappahannock, and North Anna ri-
vers; bounded SE by Essex, King and
Queen, and King William ; SW by Hano-
ver or North Anna river; NW by Spot-
sylvania ; and NE by Rappahannock river ;
length 30 ; mean widtli 20 ; area 600
square miles ; surface hilly ; and soil ge-
nerally composed of sand or clay, varying
very greatly in quality. Staples, grain,
flour, and tobacco. Chief town or rather
seat of justice, Bowling-green.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 3,159
do. do. females - - 3,293
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 328
Slaves . . - . _ 10,764
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females . - -
Total population in 1820. -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized -
Engaged in Agricult-.tre
166
9,453
3,645
3,499
10,108
7
2,057
Total population in 1810
Popfilation in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
17,544
3,145
3,352
Total whites
.
6,497
Free persons of colour,
, males
227
do. do.
females -
259
Slaves, males
-
5,413
do. females
.
5,586
All other persons except Indians
not
taxed
-
26
Total population in 1820 - 18,008
Of these ;
Fo.'-eigners not naturalized - none
Eng'aged in Agriculture - - 4,624
do. in Manufactures - 286
do. in Commerce - 31
Population to the square mile, 30.
Carondelet, or Vider Poche, post village
of Missouri, in St. Louis county, six miles
below St. Louis and opposite Cahokla.
Carondelet, Canal of, a; New Orleans, ex-
tends from the bayou St. John, two miles
to a basin in the rear of the city. Vessels
drawing five feet water enter the basin.
By tills channel, water communication is
open- from New Orleans into lake Port-
ch rtain.
Caronitchico, or Pava^tia, river of Co-
lumbia in South America, rises at N iat. 4
and flowing nearly north f*lls mto the right
side of the Orinoco, at N. Iat. 8 30 after
a comparative course of upwards of three
hundred miles. Its mouth is about 100
miles be ow Angostura, or St. Tome.
Carora, city of Columbia, in Venezuela,
H-O miles W from Valentia ; and 70 miles
SW fi om Coro.
Carpathian or Krapasc Jilountains, moun-
tains which separate Hungary and Tran-
(• A n
C A K
sylvania from Poland, and Transylvania
from Wallachia, and Moldavia.
Carpenters- Point, post village, of Orange
county, New York.
Carpentras, episcopal town of France, in
the late province of Pr'veiice, and capital
of Venaissin. Before the French revolu-
tion, it was subject to the pope. It is
seated on the Anson, at the foot of a
mountain, 14 miles NE of Avignon. Lon.
5 6 E. lat. 44 8 N.
Carpi, town of Italy, in the Modenese,
with a castle, ei'xht miles N of Modena.
Lon. 11 16 E. lat. 44 41 N.
Carpi, town of Italy in the Veronese,
sealed on the Adige, 24 miles SE of Ve-
rona. Lon. 11 39 E, lat. 45 10 N.
Carribean. S e Caribbean Sea.
Carrick on Sure, towti of Ireland, in
Tipperary, 14 miles N\V of Waterford.
Lon. 7 10 W. lat. 52 24 N.
Carrickfergiis, populous borough and
seaport of Ireland, in Anrim, with a cas-
tle. It is seated on a bay in the Irish
Channel, of the same name, 85 miles N of
Dublin. Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 54 43 N.
Carron, river of Siir'.int^shire, which
rises on the S side of the Cliamtjsey H lis,
and flows into he Frith of Forth, bi low
Falkirk. Its stream is small and scarcely
deserves the notice of the traveller ; yet
there are few rivers which have been the
scene of so many memorable transactions.
When the Roman empire was in its glory,
the banks of Cairon were its boundaries
on the NW, and Antonius' w-ill, which v.'as
raised to mark the limits of that vast em-
pire, ran parallel to this river for several
miles. Two miles from its source, it forms
afine cascade, called the Fall ot Anchinlilly.
Carron, village in Sterlingshire, Scot-
land, remarkable for its extensive foundry,
belonging to the Carron Company, on the
river Carron, one mile from Falkirk, con-
sisting of the greatest iron works in Eu-
rope. All sorts of iron goods are made in
it, from the most iriflmg : r'icle to a cannon
that discharges a ball •*' 42 pounds. Th .
short piece of ordnance c Ud a carronade,
was first made here, and ience received its
name- These works were erected in
1761 ; before which time there was not a
single house on the spot. At pr. sent the
buildings are of vast extent, an 1 the ma-
chinery, constructed by Mr. Smeaton, is
the first in Britain, both in elegance and
correctness ; 6500 tons of iron are smelted
annually from the miiieral widi pit-coa!,
and cast into cannon, cylinders, &c. in one
place, where coal is converted into coak,
by dischargmg it of its sulphur, and the
fire spreads of course over a large surt: ce,
the volumes of smoke, the spiry fl:m,es,
and the suffocating heat of the glimmer-
ing air, are wonderfully affecting ; and at
night, its glare is inconceivably grand.
How ^ast the fire is wc may conceive,
when we are told that it often burns 100
tons of coal in a day. The fite of the fur-
nace thus roused becomes a glowing spot,
which tlie eye can no more look at than at
the sun. Under such intense heat the
rugged stone instantly dissolves in streams
of liquid iron.
Carri]i7ig river, sometimes called Port-
age river,- river of Ohio, flows into the
S\V piirt of lake Erie.
Cartago, city and capital of Costa Rica,
in Guaiimaia, on the Cartago river, 60
miles above its mouth into the gulf of Ni-
coya ; and 100 miles from the mouth of
St. Juano river. Lon. W C 5 40 W. lat. 9
50 N.
Cartago, small river of Costa Rica, flows
into the gulf of Nicoya.
Cartago, city of South America, near the
Magdalena river, 200 miles NE by N from
Popayan, and 100 W from Santa Fe de
Bogota. Lon. 1 0 E. lat. 4 40 N.
Cart, name of two rivers in Renfrew-
shire, distinguished by the appellations of
Black and White.
Cartama, town of Spain in Granada, at
the foot oi a mountain near the river Gua-
da!a Medma, eight milts NW of Malaga.
Lon. 4 43 \^ . lat. o6 40 N.
Cartama", river of Columbia, in New
Grenada in the province of Autioquia,
flows into the Cauca.
Carter, county of Tennessee, on the
sources of the Watanga branch of Holstou
river; bound, d by North Carolina E and
SE ; by Washington county SW ; and by
Sudiv^n NW. It is in form of a triaiiglcj
each side 34 miles ; area 560 square
miles ; surface hilly and in part mountain-
ous ; soil in general rather sterile : though
with some exceptions of excellent land.
Staples, gruin, fiour, &c. Chief to\^n, Eli-
zabethtovvn.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 1,939
do. do. females ... 1,969
All other persons except Indiar.s not
taxed ..... none
Slaves 262
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females
Total whites . . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . - .
do. females - . .
Total population in 1820 -
167
4,190
2,306
2,178
4,484
4
177
168
4,835
C A 14
C A R
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 980
do. in Manufactures - -'' 311
do. in Commerce - - none
Population to the square mile, 8.
Carteret, county in North Carolina,
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S and SE;
Onslow VV ; Craven N ; and Pamlico Sound
NE ; length 60 ; mean width 10 ; area
600 square miles ; soil sandy, and in ge-
neral sterile ; and surface flat, and in part
marshy. Chief town, Beaufort.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1 ,778
do. do. females - - 1,757
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 106
Slaves 1,172
Total population in 1810 - - 4,823
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,056
do. do. females - - - 2,115
Total whites - - - 4,171
Free persons of colour, males - 62
do. do. females - 47
Slaves, males . - . - 655
do. females .... 674
• Total population ih 1820 • 5,609
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized . 3
Enijaged in Agriculture - 664
do. in Manufictures - 167
do. in Commerce - - 275
Population to the square mile, 9.
Carter'' s-store, post office Virginia in Ha-
lifax county.
Carte^sviUe, post town oi' '\'!tL;inia in
(>umbe land otintv, or Jam-is iliver 50
mde- above Kic'iip nd.
Carteret Islaml, island in the South Pa-
cific Ocean, seen b\ capuiii! Cirteret in
1"^57. It :s sx leagues iongirom E to W.
Lon. 159 14 E. iat. 8 26 S.
Carthage, f'.inow^ city -f aj^t^quity in Af-
rica, wiiiuh for m;inv years d sputeJ the
enr.pire of tiie^worid wi'h licne, but vas at
length de-troyed by the Rom ns. Some of
the ruir,5 are to be sesn on the coast of < 'le
Mediterranean, 10 miles NE of Tunis,
near a promontory called Cape Carthage.
Lon. 10 25 E. lau 36 50 N.
Carthage, town of New Spain, in Costa
Rica, with a bishop's see, 360 mile. WNW
of Panama, Lon. 85 45 W. Iat. 10 15 S.
Carth.'ige, post tovi n of Jefierson county.
New York.
Carthage, post town of New York, in
Monroe county, at the lower falls of Ge.
nessee river, about 30 miles NW from Ca-
nandaigua,
J 68
Carthage, post town and seat of justice
in Smith county, Tennessee, on the N side
of Cumberland river, opposite the mouth
of Caney Fork river, about 60 miles above
Nashville.
Carthage, township in Athens county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 312.
Carthage, village of Hamilton county,
Ohio, seven miles from Cincinnati.
Carthage, or J\1oore Court Jfouse, post
town, and the principal seat of justice of
Moore county. North Carolina, about 40
miles from Fayetteville, and 390 from
Washington.
Carthagena, seaport of Spain, in Murcia,
built by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general,
and named after the city of Carthage. It
has the best harbour in Spain, but nothing
else very considerable. It was taken by
Sir John Leake in 1706, but the duke of
Berwick retook it. It is seated on a gulf
of the same name, 27 miles S of Murcia.
Lon. 0 8 W, Iat. 37 37 N.
Carthagena, a province of South Ame-
rica, in Columbia, bounded on the W by
the isthmus of Darien ; on the NW and N
b}' the Carribbean Sea ; on the E by Santa
Mar'ha; and on the S by Antioquia. Po-
pulation, whites, 70.000 ; civilized Indians,
15,000 ; and about 8,000 black slaves.
Carthagena, capital of the province of
Carthagena, in Columbia, one of the most
populous, opulent, and beautiful cities in
South America. Its Iiarbour is one of
the safest and best fortified in tiie re-
public of Columbia. This was not the
only circumstance to whicii Carlhaiiena
owed Its splendour and importance ; it was
chosen as. the po t in wh.icli the galleons
s!mu d fir.st begin to trade, on their arrival
from Europe, and lo which thcj-^gft'cre di-
rerted to selvn-n, m order to ju-epare tor
their voyage hoi.iev ard. The lort.ficati.ms
both of t'e cii_- ai-d aubarb^ are built after
he modern manner and lii'ed with free
stoDf. The streets are broad, uniform,
anfl well pavf-d. All tite houses are built
of s:!<ne or brick, only ore stoiy high, neat,
a d famished with balconies of wood,
whicii is xnov' d;;rable in wiat climate than
iron, the latter being soi^n com tied by the
acrimonious qua! ;ty of 'he atmospheie. It
was taken by the F,r.,vhsh in 1585, and by
the French in 1697. who found a t;reat
booty : but admiral A'ernon, in 1741, though
he had taken the castles, was ob iged to
abandon the fciege Lon. W CO 50 E, Iat.
10 24 N.
Carimcl, town in Lancashire, with a mar-
ket on Moud;ty, and a handsome church,
built like a cathedral. It is .seated among
the hills called Cartmel Fel's. not far from
the sea, and near the river Kent, 12 miles
N by W of Lancaster, and 260 NNW of
London. Lon. 3 6 W, Iat. 54 12 N.
Carva; township and post town of Ply.-
CAS
GAS
mouth couiitv, Massachusetts. Fopulatiou
in 1810, 858" and in 1820, 839.
Car-war, seaport on the coast of Mala-
bar, subject to the regent of Mysore. It
is 60 miies S by E of Goa. Lon, 74 3-1 E,
lat. 15 0 N.
Casada. See Cosdangu.
Casa Grande, extensive ruins of Mexico,
in Sonora, on the Rio Gila. These ^ ery
extensive and curious remains are evi-
dently of Aztec construction, though se-
parated above 1000 miles from the other
existing monuments of that anciently ci-
vilized people. The ruins, which are
known by pre-eminence as la Casa Grande,
are situated on a plain near the bank of
the Gila. Lon. W C 36 25 W, lat. 33 40
N. See Huhis of America.
C'asal, town of Italy in Montserrat, with
a citadel, and a bishop's see. It is seated
on the river Po, S7 miles NE of Turin.
Lon. 8 27 E, lat. 45 18 N.
Casal Jlluffgiore, town of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan. It was forced to surren-
der to the French in May 1796, and is
seated on the river Po, 20 miles SE of Cre-
mona. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 44 56 N.
Casal J^'uova, town of Naples, in Cals-
bria Ulteriore. A terrible earthquake hap-
pened here in 1783, by which the princess
Gerace, .md upwards of 4000 inhabitants,
lot their lives.
Casanar-a, or Cassinnrs, river of Suth
America in Columbia, rises in the moun-
tains of Varinas, and flows east, through
the plains of Ca-sanara, and falls nto the
Meta, about 200 miles above the junction
of the latter with the Orinoco.
Casbin, or Caswin, a town of Persia, in
Irac Agemi, where several of the kings of
Persia have resided. It is supposed to
stand near the ancient Ecbatana. Nadir
Shah built a palace here, enclosed by a
wall a mile and a half in circumference ;
likewise tiie town is encircled by a wall
four miles in circuit. I' carries on a great
trade, and is seated near the high moun-
tain Ei'.vend, where there are fine qiar^ies
of white marble, 130 miles N of Ispahan.
Lon. 52 16 E, lat 35 30 N.
Cascais, town of Portugal, in Es'rama-
dur:i, at the mouth of tlie Tajo, 17 miles E
of Lisbon. Lou 8 43 W, lat. 38 40 N.
Cascliaxv. See Cassovia.
Casco Bay, bay of North America, state
of Maine, between Cape Elizabeth and
Cape Small Point. It is 25 miles wide, and
interspersed with small islands. Lon. 69
30 W, lat 44 5 N.
Casey, county of Kentucky, bounded by
Adair and Washington W; Mercer N;
Lincoln NE ; and Pulaski SE ; length 30
miles ; mean widlh 12 ; area 360 square
miles ; surface hilly : soil productive. Chief
town, Casevville.
V
Population in 1810.
Free while males - - - 1,547
do. do. females . - - 1,454
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 4
Slaves 237
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - -
Total whites . . - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females.
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in .\griculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
3.252
1,901
1,975
3,876
13
4
224
232
4,349
0
1,033
46
18
Population to the square mile, 12.
Cash-Clafi, settlement and post-office,
Johnson county, Illinois.
Canhel, town of Ireland, in Tipperary,
with an archbishop's see, 13 miles NW
of Clonmel. Lon. 7 33 VV, lat. 52 26 N.
Cashgur, or Caskgar, city of Asia,
capital of a country of the same name.
It stands at the foot of the Himmala
mountains, and enjoys a good tradc^with
the neighbouring countries. Lon. 73 25
E, lat. 41 30 N.
Cashmere, province cf Hindoostan
Proper, subject to th^ kingof Candahar,
bounded on the W by the Indus, on the N
by the Himaleh mountains, on the E and
S by L ihore. The valley or country of
Cashmere is 80 miles long, and 40 broad ;
and is celebrated for its romantic beau-
ties, the fertility of the soil, and the tem-
perature cf the atmosphere, Particulars
may be accounted for, when it is con-
sidered, that it is an elevated and ex-
tensive valley, surrounded by steep
mountains that tower above the regions
of snow ; and that its soil is composed of
the mud deposited by a capital river,
which originally formed its waters into a
lake that covered tht- whole valley, un-
til it opened itself h passag' through the
mountains, and Kft thi* fertilized valley
an ample field to human industry. a:.d to
the accommodation of a happy nice It
appears that the periodical rains, which
almost deluge the rest of India, are shut
out of Cashmere by the height of the
mountains, so that only light showers
fall there ; these however ai e in abun-
dance enough to feed some hundreds of
169
C A S
CAS
cascades, which'^ are^ precipitated into
the valley, from every part of this stu-
pendous and romantic bulwark that en-
circles it. The soil is the richest that
can be conceived, and its productions
those of the temperate zone. A vast
number nf streams, from all quarters of
the valley, bring their tribute to the
Chelum, "the parent of the soil, and a
large navigable river. Many lakes are
spread over the surface, and some of
them contain floating: islands. Tn a word,
the whole scenery is beautifully pictu-
resque : and a pan of the romantic cir-
cle of the mountains makes a part of
every landscape. A.11 Cashmere is holy
land, and miraculous fountains abound.
They are constantly subject to earth-
quakes ; and, to guard against the most
terrible effects, all their houses are built
of wood. Among other curious manu-
factures of Cashmere is that of shawls ;
and the delicate wool of which thev are
made, is the product of a species of goat
of this country, or of the adjoinine,
Thibet. Here are bred a species of
sheep, called Hundoo, which are em-
ployed in carrying burdens. The Cash-
mereans have a language of their own,
said to be anterior to that of the San-
scrit; and a religion too, it is thought,
different from that of the Hindoos.
Cashme}-e, large city of Hindoostan
Proper, capital of the province or valley
of Cashmere. It is seated on both sides
of the Chelun, 285 miles E by S of Cabul.
Lon. 73 11 E, lat. 33 49 N.
Cashna, extensive empire of Africa,
part of the region called Negroland ;
bounded on the N by Fezzan and Zahara,
on the S by the Niger, and on the E by
Zamphara and Bornou. It resembles
Bornou in climate, soil, and natural pro-
ductions, and in the colcAir, genius, reli-
gion and govevnment of the people. The
rains, indeed, are less violent than those
of Bornou. A thousand towns and villa-
ges are said to be included in this em-
pire, which, like Bornou, consists of dif-
ferent tribes or nations, subject to the
dominion of one ruling power.
Cashna, capital of the empire of Cash-
na ; in Africa, 970 miles S by W of Me-
surata, in 16 20 N lat.
Casimir, town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Lublin. Lon. 22 3 E, lat. 51
0 N.
Casfiian Sea, great inland sea of Asia ;
bounded on theN by the country of the
Kalmucks, on the E by a tribe of the
Turcomans, on the S by Persia, and on
tiie VV by Georgia and Circassia. It is
680 miles in length, i-eckoning from Gu-
rief to Medshetifar, and in no part mere
^haj) 260 miles in breadth. It has no
.1 ~c>
tide ; and, on account of its frequent
shoals, is navigable only for vessels draw-
ing from 9 to 10 feet water ; it has strong
currents, and its water is salt. There
are certain winds that domineer over it
with such absolute sway, that vessels are
often deprived of every resource, and in
the whole extent of it there is not a port
that can truly be called safe. The sur-
face of this lake or sea, has been found
bv recent admeasurement, upwards of
320 feet depressed below that of the
Euxine or Black sea.
Ca.i/iian, small lake of Vermont, in
Greensborough, Caledonia county, Ver-
mont.
Cassa7io, town of Italy, in the duchy
of Mil^in, with a castle, memorable for
the defeat of Prince Eugene by the duke
de Vendome, in attempting to force the
passage of the Adda Cissano is seated
on the Adda, 1.5 miles NE of Milan.
Lon. 9 24 E. lat. 45 30 N.
Cassano, town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, with a bishop's see, 35 miles-
N of Cosenza. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39
55' N.
Casscl, capital of the landgravate of
Hesse-Cassel, divided into the Old and
New Town. The streets are broad, the
market places spacious, and there are
four churches. The castle, or palace,
whence there is an extensive and de-
lightful prospect, is built of free stone.
The gardens, the arsenal, and the cabi-
net of curiosities, deserve the attention
of travellers. It is seated on the Fnlda,
40 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 9 29 E,
lat. 51 19 N.
CasscI, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North, and late French
Flanders, seated on a mountain, whence
may be seen 32 towns, and the German
Ocean, though 50 miles from it. It is
10 miles NE of St. Omer. Lon. 2 36 E,
lat. 50 48 N.
Cussel, strong town of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, situated on
the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which
it has a communication by a bridge of
boats.
Cassina, lake, so named by Mr. School-
craft, in honour of General Cass. It
forms one of the sources of the Mississip-
pi river, above lake Winnipeg.
Cassina, Cos/iJia, or IVassaria, county
of the interior of Africa, on the Niger.
See Cashna and JVassana.
Casskjuari, river of South America,
in Columbia. It is that singular stream
which Hows from Orinoco, into the Rio
Negro, and forms a connect- ng channel
between the basins of the Orinoco and
Amazon rivers. According to Tanner's
CAS
CAS
map, this remarkable separation takes
place at Lon. W C 10 40 E. lat. 3 N.
Cassovia, or Cas/iaiv, strong town of
Hungary, with a fine ar?enal, seated near
the river Horat, 55 miles NE of Agria.
Lon. 21 25 E, lat. 46 48 N
Castanovitz, town of Austrian Croatia,
seated on the river Unna, which divides
that country from Turkey. Lon. 17 19
E, lat. 45 40 N.
Castelamara, town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Citjriore, wiUi a bishop's see ; and
a good harbour, 15 miles SR of Na])les.
Lon. 14 35 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Castel-.irii0inese, sea])ort of Sardinia,
with a bishop's see, 20 miles NE of Sas-
saria. Lon. 9 1 E, lat. 40 56 N,
Cast el daldo, town of Italy, in the
Veronese, on the river Adige, 35 miles
SE ot Verona. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Castelbar, town of Irejand, in the
county ot Mayo, 35 miles N of Galway.
Lon. "9 15 W, lat. 53 54 N.
Cast el- Branca, town of Portugal, capi-
tal of Beira, situated on the river Lvra,
38 miles NW of Alcantana. Lon. 6 40
W, lat. 39 52 N.
Castel-di-Vide, town in Portugal, in
A'.Liitejo, eiuht miles N of Portalegre.
Lun. 7 31 VV, iat. 39 15 N.
Castel, Foiu, town of Sjjain, in Cata-
lonia, on ail inaceessible eminence, near
the river Fulvia, 15 miles W of Gironna.
CastelGondolfo, village in Campagna
di Roma, ntar Lake Aibano. Ntar tliis
village is the villa Barbarini, wiihin the
gardens 'of which are the ruins of an im-
mense palace, built by the emperor Do-
mitian. It is 10 miles S by E of Rome.
Cartel- Jaloux, town of France, lately
in the province of Guienne, now in the
department of Let and Gaonne. It is
seated on tlie Avance, 2(J miles E of Ba-
zas. Lon. 0 25 E, lat. 44 20 N
Castel-JVuovo, town of Venetian Dal-
matia, situated on vhe gulf of Cataro, 12
miles N by W of Cataro. Lon. 18 29 E,
lat. 42 36 N.
Castel- Rodrigo, town of Portugal, in
the province of Tra-losMontes, 30 miles
NW of Cividad-Rodrigo. Lon. 6 22 W,
lat. 41 0 N.
Casiel-Nuovo-di- Carfag7ia7ia, town of
Italy, in the Aindenese, with a strong
fort It is the capital of the valley of
Carfagnana, and seated on the river Ser-
chio, 17 miles above Lucca. Lon. 10 40
E lat 44 5 N.
Castellarie, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Alps, and late
province of Province. It is seated on
the Verdon, in a hilly country, 27 miles
S by E of Senez. Lon. 6 34 E, lat. 43
55 N.
Castellon, town of Spain, in Calalonia,
five miles NW of Roses. Lon. 24 58
E, lat. 42 18 N.
Castebiaudary^ town of France, in tlie
department of Aude, and late province
of Languedoc, on an eniintnce. The
Languedoc Canal here forms a basin
about 3600 feet in circumference. Cas-
telnaudary is 15 miles W of Curoassonne.
Lon. 2 0 E, lat. 43 19 N.
Castiglionc, town of Italy, in tlie Man-
tuan, with a castle. It was taken by the
French on August 5, 1796. It is 20
miles NW Qf Mantua. Lon. 10 32 E,
lat. 45 23 N.
Castile, principal and most opulent of
the kingdoms into which Spain was for-
merly divided. It now forms the two
provinces of Old Castile and New Cas-
tile.
Castile Old, province of Spain, 192
miles in length, and 115 in breadth;
bounded on theS by New Castile, on the
E by Arragon and Navarre, on the N by
Biscay and the Asturias, and on the \V
by Leon. Burgos is the capital.
Castile, A^eiu, or Toledo, jjrovince of
Spain, 200 miles in length, and 134 in
breadth ; bounded on the N by Old Cas-
tile, on the E by Arragon and \'alencia,
on the S by Murcia and Andalusia, and
on the W i)y Estramadura. It is divided
into three parts ; Argaiia to the N,
Mancha to the E, and Sierra to the S.
Madrid is the capital.
Castile del Oro, or Ne.iv Castile, in
America. See Terra Firma.
Castillara, tov/n of Italy, in the duchy
of Mantua, six miles NE of Mantua.
Lon. 10 54 E, lat 45 14 N.
Castillon, town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde, and late province
of Guienne ; famous for a victory gained
by the French over the English in 1451.
It is seated on the Dordogne, 25 miles
E of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 2 E, lat. 44
52 N.
CastiTie, post town in Hancock county,
Maine ; situated on the E side of Penob-
scot bay, 4 miles S of Penobscot, in the
lat. of 44 24 N, and lon. W C 29 E.
It is a placs of considerable foreign
trade.
Castinr, township in Hancock county,
Maine, including the above post town.
P.>pulation in ISIO, 1036, and in 1820,
975.
Castle-Cary, town in Somersetshire,^
v/lth a market on Tuesday, 12 miles SE of
Wells, and 112 W by S of London. Lon.
2 32 W. lat. 51 5 N.
Castle-Comb, town in Wiltshire, so call'
ed from iis ancient castle. It formerly
had a mar'rct. It is 12 miles N^'Pi 'n'
IVith.
CAS
GAT
Castle-Hedingham, ^■illage in Essex,
seven miles SW of Sunbury,
Castle- Rising, borough in Norfolk, which
had a market, now disused, on account of
its harbour being choked up, but it is go-
verned by a mayor, ana sends tw o mem-
bers to parliitment. The castle, whence it
has its name, has now fallen int • ruins. It
is seven miles NE of Lynn, and lOS NNE
of London. L.^n. 0 30 E. lat. 50 52 N.
Castleton, village m the peak of Derby-
shire, at the foot of a rock above 250 feet
high, on which are the remains of a cas-
tle, ascribed to William Peverel, natural
son of the Conqueror.
Castleton, pest town, in Rutland county,
state of Vermont, si uated 20 miles E of
Moimt Ir.dependence, containing about
1200 inhabitants.
Castleton, post village, Rensallaer coun-
ty. New York.
Castletoivn, township of Richmond coun-
ty, Stattn Island, New York. It is situat-
ed on Staten Island, and contained, in
1820, 1527 inhiibiunts.
Castletoivn, capital of the isle of Man,
with a c jsile, but of no great importance,
on account ot" its distance from the rockj-
and shallow harbour. Lon- 4 35 W. lat.
5-3 55 N.
Caston, town in Norfolk, with a market
on Monday, 10 miles NNW of Norwich,
and 113 NE of London. Lon. 1 22 E, lat.
52 48 N
Castor, town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Si.turilay, 15 miles NE of Lin-
coln, and 159 N of London Lon. 0 9 W.
lat. 53 30 N,
Caitres, 'own of France, in the depart-
ment of Tar'i, and late province of Lan-
gutdoc, of which it was re: ently an epis-
copal see. It is seated in a fine valley, on
the Agout, 20 miles S of Alby. Lon."2 20
E. lat .'43 27 N.
Castri, 'own of European Turkey, an-
cient Delphi.
Castro, town of Italy, in the patrimony
of St. Peter, 40 miles N W of Rome, Lon.
11 54 E. lat. 42 23 N.
Castro, mari ime town of the kingdom
of Naples, six miles S of Olranto. Lon.
18 31 E lat. 40 16 N.
Castro, town ot South Am.=rica, in Chili,
capital of the island of Chiioe. It is 180
miles S of Baldivia. Lon. 75 5 W. lat. 42
4S.
Castro-Marino, town of Portugal, in Al-
garve. I is strong by situation, and seat-
ed near the mouth of the Guadiana, 55
miles S of Beja. Lon. 7 12 W. lat. 37 6N.
Castro-Vereyna, town of Peru, remarka-
ble for mines ot silver, good tobacco, and
wholesome air. It is 125 miles SE frim
Lima. Lon. W C 2 16 E Lt. 12 50 S.
Caswell, county of North Cai oiina ;
bounded by Vircrinia, or Dan river N;
172
Person E ; Orange S ; and Rockingham
W ; 20 miles square ; area 400 square
miles ; surface hilly ; soil of middling
qualitv. Chief town, Leasburg.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,818
do. do. females . - - 3,725
Total whites - . - . 7,543
Free persons of colour, males - 164
do. do. females 129
Slaves, males - - . . 2,771
do. females . ■ - 2,645
Total population in 1820 ^ - 12.253
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 20
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,541
do. in Manufactures - 481
do. in Commerce - - 54
Population to the square mile, 33.
Cat Island, Guanahanni, or St, Salvador,
one of the Bahamas. This was the first
land ot America, discovered by Columbus,
October 12th, 1492.
Cat Island, on the coast of Louisiana,
and Mississippi, about six miles long by
^ mile mean widtii ; lying between the
passes of Marianne and SE. It was on the
outside of this island that the British fleet
lay during the invasion of Louisiana, 1814,
and 1815 ; 53 miles NE by E from New-
Orleans.
Catabambee, town and province of Peru,
SW from Cusco.
Catahoola, parish of Louisiana, bounded
bv Concordia E and SE ; Rapides S and
S W : and by Ooachit a, N W and N ; length
80 ; mean width 25 ; area 2000 square
miles. Surface hilly, in the SW part, and
level in ihe NE. It is nearly intersected
into two equai sections by Ouachitta river.
The soil is in general extremely sterile,
and covered with pine timber. Some very
productive tracts lie along the streams,
upon the small prairies, and on Sicily
Island. Staples, cotton, live stock and
lumber. No town of any consequence.
See Ocatahoola.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 479
do. do females - - 329
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 8
Slaves 348
Total population in 1810 - 1,164
Popidation in 1820.
Fre white males ... 870
do. do. females - - 654
Total whites - - - - 1,524
Free persons of colour, males - 9
do. do. females - 3
C A T
Slaves, males
do. females
391
360
2,287
12
716
157
24
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foresfjners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
Population to the square mile, 2.
Catahoola, river of Louisiana, rises in the
parishes of Natchitoches and Ouachitla,
and flowing SE enters the parish of the
same name, expands into a lake 300 miles
in length by from 3 to 6 miles wide, turns
E, contracts again to a river of about 70
yards wide, flows 10 miles and joins the
Ouachitta and forms Blackriver, after an
entire comparative course of 120 miles.
The country dramed by the Catahoola is
generally sterile pine woods. See Ocata-
fioola.
Catahoola, lake of Louisiana. This
lake is one of a species, perhaps peculiar to
.Louisiana. It is a natural reservoir, filled
and emptied by turns. When the Missis-
sippi river is rising, it throws a volume
over the iniermediate space into the Oua-
chitta which thus swelled forces the cur-
rent to repulse into the Catahoola lake,
v/hich then becomes filled ; h\iX as the
Mississippi depresses, the water drains
from the lake, and in autumn its bottom
becomes one great meadow of succulent
herbage, with the river Winding its devi-
ous way through its wide spread plain.
Catabaiv, river of North and South Caro-
lina, rises in the latter, and flowing SE by
S into the latter, and takes the name of
Wateree, joins tiie Congaree, and together
forms the Santee. See JVateree.
Catalina, harbour on the east coast of
Newfoundland, S from Cape Bonavista.
Lon. VV C 24 50 E. lat. 48 40 N.
Catalonia, province of Spain, bounded on
the N by the Pyrenees, on the E and S by
the Mediterranean Sea, and on the W by
Arragon and Valencia. Its greatest extent
from E to W is 112 miles, and from N to
S 148. It is 155 miles in length and 100
in breadth. The air is wholesome ; and it
is full of high mountains, covered with
forest and fruit trees. It abounds m wine,
corn, and pulse, and there are several
quarries of marble of all colours, chrystal,
alabaster, amethysts and lapis lazuli. Bar-
celonia is the capital.
Catamain, river of South America, in
Quito, talis into the Pacific Ocean, S trom
Gape B;anco.
Catania, celebrated city of Sicily on a
gulf ot the same nyme, with a bishop's see,
and a iiniversily, tne only one in the
island. The land about it is fenile in corn,
excellent wine and fruits
C A T
troyed : and in 1593, it was entirely swal-
lowed up by an earthquake, which buried
18,000 people in the ruins. It is 52 miles
SW of Messina. Lon. 15 29 E. lat. c>7 36
N.
Catanzaro, town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, seated on a
mountain, 13 miles SAV of Belcastro. Lon.
16 48 E. lat. 39 0 N-
Cataract nver, branch of Columbia,
which it joins from the north 200 miles
from the Pacific Ocean.
Cataraugus, county of New York, bound-
ed by Pennsylvania S ; by Chatauque W ;
by Erie N ; Gennesee NE, and Allegany
E ; length 39 ; mean width 36 ; area 14U0
square miles ; surface hilly ; and soil pro-
ductive. Chiet town, Hamilton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,250
do. do. females - - - 1,834
Total whites - . . -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
4,084
2
2
none
2
4,090
none
none
lor
6
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile S.
Catarmigiis, river of New York, in Ca-
taraugus county, falls into lake Erie.
Catarwism, townsliip and post town,
Columbia county, Pennsylvania. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2520.
Cataro, town of Venetian Dalmatiji, with
a castle, and a bishop's see ; seated on a
gulf of its own name, 30 miles W of Scu-
tari. Lon. 18 40 E. lat. 42 40 N.
Cateaii. See Chateau Cambresis.
Catenate, gulf between Sweden and
Denmark, by which the Baltic communi-
cates with the ocean.
Catharineslaf, or Bcatterrinendaf, go.
vernment of liie Russian empire, divided
into two provinces; namely, Catharinen-
slaf, which includes New Russia, and the
late government of Asoph : and Taurida
which includes the Crimea.
Catharineslaf, capital of a province of
the same name, built by the late empress
of Russia ; and its name signifies. The
Glory of Catharine. It is seated near the
confluence of tiie Kiltzin and Samara, 178
miles NE of Cherson. Lon. 35 15 E. lat.
47 23 N.
Catharine's, St. principal island on the
By an eruption coast of the S part of Brasil, with a har-
•■ • '•— It is 27
of Etna, m 1603, it was aijioit tjtaHy des- hour defended bv several forts.
173
C A T
G A U
miles long, but not more tlian six broad.
Lon. W C 27 43\V. lat. 27 35 S.
Catherine's, St. island on the coast of
Georgia, in the lat. of 31 30 N. on 81 W.
Catharine, I'^wnship in Tioga county,
New Y' r!c. Popuhitioii in 1621/, j^816.
Cat/ierine, S . crtek of Adam's coun-
ty, Miisisbippi, falls into the Mississippi
river, II milts below Natchez.
Catherines, post town of Tioga county,
New York.
Calmandu, capital of Napaul, in Hin-
dodstan PropL-r, 445 nniles E of Delhi.
Lon 84 51 E. lat. 28 6 N.
Calo, township and pobt town of Cayu-
ga county, New York. Population ifi
1820, 4021.
Catoche, Cafie, NE promontory of Yu-
catan, in N America, where the Enghsh
adventurers from Jamaica, first attempt-
ed to cut logwood. Lim. W C 8 50 W,
lat. 22 10 N. bee Honduras.
Catskill, post tuwn in Green county,
New York ; situated on the W sidt- of
Hudson rivtr, at the mouth of Catskill
creek. 8 miles fron) the city of Hudson,
and 114 N of New Yurk.
Catskill, township in Green county,
Ni'V/ Ycik. Population in IbiO, 3510.
Catskill, crtek ot Greene couity, New-
York, rises in the Catskill mountains,
ard falls into the Hudson river at the
town of Catskill
CatfikiU, mountains, rai.-ges through
Nt w York, in tiie counties ot Sullivan,
Ulster, Greene, and Schoharie. Some
of the i-'eaks of these mountains in Wind-
ham, (iretne county, exceed 3,500 feet,
the Rou:;d top, 3,804, and High peak,
3,718.
Cat lack, or Cut tack, the capital of
Orissa, a province of Hindoostan, in the
JDeccan. It is a post of consequence on
the Mahanuddy, as it lit s on the only road
between Bengal and the Northern Cir-
cars. Cattack is seated on the Maha-
nuddv, near its influx into the bay of
Bengal, 220 miles SW of Calcutta. Lon.
86 1 E, lat. 20 51 N.
Cattarick, village near Richmond, in
the .W riding of Yorkshire. It has a
brid>!,e over 'the river Swale, and a sort
of cataract near it, from which it seems
to have derived its name. It appears to
have been a great city in the time of the
Romans, one of whose highways crossed
the river here, on the banks of which are
the foundations of great walls, and a
mount cast up to a vast height. Many
coins and urns have been dug up here.
The final destruction of this city was by
the. Danes
Cattaro, town of the Austrian empire,
on the E side of the gulf of Venice, at
•he head of the gulf of Cattaro. 30 miles
174
SSE from Ragusa. Lon. 18 58 E, lat.
42 22 N.
Caitatuessy, thriving post town on the
E bank ot Susquehannah river in Co-
lumbia county, Pennsylvania, at the
distance of 21 miles E by N of North-
umberland, and 150 miles NW of Phila-
delphia.
Catwick, village of Holland, on the
German Ocean, near which the only
branch of the Rhine that retains its ori-
ginal name, is lost in the sands. It is 6
miles N by W of Leyden.
Caitca, river ot South America, the
south western branch of the Magdaiena,
in New Granada, rises near the city of
Popayan, at 2 30 N lat and flowing north,
a little east, joins the Magdaiena at 9
30 N lat. after a comparative course of
350 miles.
Caucassian mountains, are part of an
immense chain, extending from Europe
to India ; from the Dardanells to the
sources ot the Indus, Sihon, Ganges, and
Burrampooter.
Caucasus very high mountain of Asia,
being one of that great ridge of moun-
tains that runs betwten th> Black and
Casp.an seas. ( )f this ridge mi unt Cau-
casus is the highest and most difhcult to
pass. The tt-p of some ot the peaks,
rise to the region of perpetual snow, but
the other j-arts are very fruittul, abound-
ing in honey, corn, fiuits, hogs and large
cattle.
Caucasus, government of the Russian
empire, divided into the two provinces
of Astracanand Caucasus. The province
of Caucasus comprises the Cuban, and
ail that district to the E and S, now in
the possession of Russia, between the
rivers Don and Cuban, and between the
Black Sea and the Caspian, extending as
far as the confines of Georgia.
Caudcbec, rich and populous trading
town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine and late province of Nor-
mandy, at the foot of a mountain, near
the Seine, IB miles NVV of Rouen. Lon.
1 26 E, Lit. 49 31 N.
Caug/inawQgo, post town in Mont-
gomery county. New York, on the river
Mohawk, 30 milts VV by N of Schenec-
tady, and 206 NNVV of 'New York.
Caune, town of France, ir. the depart-
ment of Tarn and late province of Lan-
guedoc, seated near the mountains, where
the river Agout has its source. It is 21
miles NE of Castres. Lon. 2 43 E, lat.
43 40 N.
Cauterets, village of France, in the
department of the Upper P) renees and
late province of Bigorre, noted for its
mineral water. It is 18 miles SW of
Bagneres.
C A X
« . A Y
Cauvery, or Caverij, considerable
river of the peninsula of Hindoostan,
which rises annong the Gauts, and water-
ins^ Seringapatam and Tanjore, enters
the bay of Bengal, by several mouths, be-
tween Curldalore and Trichinoply.
Cava, considerable and populous town
of Naples, in Principatn ('iteriore, with a
bishop's see ; seated at the foot of Mount
Metelian, three miles W of Salerno.
Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 40 26 N.
Cavaillon, town of France, in Venais-
sin. It lately had an episcopal see, and
was subject to the pope. It is seated on
the*Durance, 20 miles SE of Avignon.
Lon. 5 17 E, lat. 43 34 N.
Cavaillon, town of St. Domingo, on
the NW Peninsula, 16 miles W by S
from St. L luis.
Cavan, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Ulster,- 47 miles in length, and
23 in breadth ; bounded on the N by
Fernaanagh and Monac;han, on the E by
the latter county and Louth, on the VV
by Leitrim, and on the S by Lonford,
West Meath and East Meath. It has
but two towns of any note, Cavan and
Kilmore. It sent six members to the
Irish parliament, and it contains 37
parishes.
Cavan, borough of Ireland, capital of
the county of Cavan, 60 miles NW of
Dublin. Lon. 7 23 W, lat. 54 51 N.
Cavendish, post town of Windsor
county, Vermont ; situated on the N s'de
of Elack river, between Weathersfield
and Ludlow, 32 miles SE of Rutland
river, containing 1016 inhabitants.
Cavele, seaport on the W coast of the
island of Luconia. See Manilla.
Caviana, island, at the moutii of the
Amazon river, about 100 miles in cir-
cuit. Lon. W C 28 E, lat. 0 10 N.
Cavina, town in the islai^d of Manilla,
with a strong cas'le, a harbour and a
dock. It is 10 miles from the city of
Manilla.
Canvood, town in the K riding of York-
shire, with a market on VWdnesf'sy. 12
miles S of York, and 186 NW rf Lon-
don. Lon. low. lat. 53 47 N.
Caxamarca, town of Ptru, capital of a
terri ery of its own name, on the river
Tuiiguragua. It was noted for a sump-
tuous palace belonging to the Incas and a
magnificent temple dedicated to the sun.
It is 300 miles NNE of Lima. Lon. W
C 0 32 E, lat. 7 25 S.
CaxamarquUla, city and province of
Peru, on the river Tunguragua, to the
north of Caxamarea.
Caxatamba, city and province of Peru,
nearly midway between Lima and Caxa-
marea. Lon. VV C 0 30 W, lat. 10 30 S.
Cnxton, town ii^ Cambridgeshire, with
a market ou Tuesday, 10 miles W by S
of Cambridge, and 49 N of London. Lon .
0 10 W, lat. 10 0 N
Caija, river of Portugal which rises
near Portalegre, and running SE divides
Spain from Portugal, and falls into the
Guadiana, at Badajoz.
Caija/wga. See Cuyahoga,
Cayambe Urcu, one of the highest
peaks of the Andes. It is 19,386 feet
above the level of the Ocean, 150 miles
NE from Chimborazo, and nearly on the
Equator.
Cayenne, rich town and island on the
coast of Guiana, in South America, ca-
pita! of the French si ttlements there, and
bounded on the W by the Dutch colony
of Surinam. The French settled here in
1635, but left it in 1654, and it was suc-
cessively in the possession of the E.-.glish,
French, and Dutch ; but the latter were
expelled by the French in 1677. The
island is about 16 miiesin circumference,
and is only separated from the continent
by two rivers. By a particular forma-
tion, uncommon in islands, the land is
highest near the water-side and low in
the middle. Hence it is so full of moras-
ses, that all communication between the
different parts of it is impt.ssiblC: without
taking a great circuit. Cayenne pepper,
sugar, and coffee, are the principal com-
modities. Lon. W C 24 45 E, lat 5 N.
Cuycs, seaport of the NW part of St.
Domingo, 50 miles W from St Louis.
Lon. W C 4 E, lat. 19 12 N
Cayuga, lake of New York, commen-
ces at the mouth of Fall creek, in Tom-
kin's county and exit nding nearly north,
with a mean width of 2 miles ; 40 miles
to the village of Cayuga, where it again
contracts into a small rivtr, which a
short distance bilow Cayuga, unites
with the Seneca outlet. Cayuga lake,
forms part of the natural channel of
water communication from the grand
canal of New York, to the Susquehannah
river. A stfam boat aln-ady runs be-
tween I hica and Cayuga.
Cayuga, county of New York ; bound-
ed S by Tomkins; W by Cayuga lake,
Cayuga outlet, and Seneca county ; NW
by lake Ontario; N by Oswego, and E
by Ononda.fo, and Courtlan.i , length 55 ;
m.ean width IS^ ; area 740 square miles ,
surface in general hilly, with a V( ry pro-
ductive soil. Staples grain, f^our, whis-
key, live stock, salted meat, butter,
cheese, 8cc. Chief town, Auburn.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 15,352
do do. females - - 14,330
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . , - S6
Slaves r.5
C E L
C E L
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males -
do. do. females
29,843 i'ree white females
5,725
19,862
18,796
Total whites .... 38,658
Free persons of colour, males 119
do. do. females, 72
Slaves, males - . - . 17
do. females - . . 31
Total whites .... 11,923
Free persons of colour, males 874
do do. females 909
Slaves, males .... 1,296
do. females - '- - 1,046
Total population in 1820
38,897
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 211
Engaged in .\!l;i iculture - 7,69.5
do. in Mii'.iufactures - 1,773
do. in Commerce - 127
Population to thf square mile, 52.
Cayuga, post town in Cayuga county,
on the right bank of Cayuga outlet, on
the road from Auburn to Geneva, 10
miles from the form' i', and 12 from the
latter place. A st. am boat now plies
between Cayuga and Ithaca.
Cavu^a. creek of New York, rises in
Gennessee, and flowing W into Er e
cnunty, joins Boffiio river .i miles abuve
its miiuth at Htiffilo harbour.
Cuiju'a, township in Tioga county,
New Yuik Population in 1820, 1839.
Cazenovia, post t:\vnot Madison C')iiiity,
New York . near the head of Chenengo
river, aho^it 40 miles W from Utica, and
130 W from Albany.
Cazenovia, township in Madison county,
New York Pojnda'ion in 1820, 3,909.
Cczimer, town of L.ittle I'o'aiH, in the
palatinate of l,u"^lni, seated on the Vistula,
80 miies E of Zarnaw. l^on. 22 3 E, lat.
51 0 N.
Ci'lin, <.ne of tlie most south, rly of the
Phil'.ppine moun'.ains.
Ceci'. coun'y of Maryland, forming the
NE ar.i^'e of the state; boimded >f ijy
Prnnsylvaii^u ; B by Delaware; S by Kent
county, and VV by Cliesupcake bay, .nd
S\isqnehanna river; !fnp;th 21; mean v/iJth
12; ar a, 2.50 .<quar'. miles; surface gene
rally level, though not actually Hat ; soil
vai'ed; mich .sfood land on the stre.in;S ;
slapiis >;ra:'i, Hour, f uit, whiskey, and
salnd ;neat. Ch ( ftown, Elkton.
Popirl.ition in 1810.
Free white mules - - . 5.036
do. do. females . . 4 616
All o her persons except In-
dians not taxed - - - 947
Slaves - - -^ - - 2,467
Total population in 18-0,
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
176
13,066
S,19[
16,048
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 141
Engaged in .\griculture . 5,045
do. in Manufactures - - 1,453
do. in Commerce - - 268
Population to the square mile, 60.
Cecil, township in Washington county,
P.ennsvlvania. Population in 1810, 1,167,
and in 1820, 1,154.
Cedar Creek, township, Sussex coimty,
Delaware. Population in 1810, 3,874, and
in 1820, 2,280.
Cedar, creek of Rockbridge count)',
Virginia, is a small stream falling into the
left side of James river. The natural
bridge over this civek, which gives name
to the county, is in itseli a very curious
phenomeaori, which, there are, however,
in .\merica, several others > f a similar na-
ture See atwal Bridges.
Cedar, to n of Missouri, in Howard
coun y.
Cedar-crce\-moHth, post village of Frank-
lin county, Kentucky.
Cedar, la';e i)f British North America,
between lake Winmpig, and the Soskat-
chv'witie river. Lon. W C 22 30 VV, lat.
5:!, N
Cedar Pa.nt, rape of St Mary's county,
Maryland, SE ^ de of the mouth of Pa-
tuxent river.
Cedar Point, in Charles county, Mary-
hind, at the mouth uf Naniemy or Nanje-
nioy I- ver.
Cedi-m, villageTiWBf^ppr Canada, on the
lef. bank of Si. La > rence, 30 miles above
Montreal.
Cedarville, post town, Cumberland coun-
ty, iVew Jersey.
Cedonga, town of Naples, in Pri'>cipato
Ultenore, with a bishop's see ; seated at
the fo't of the Ap;)<?iiniues, 12 miles NVV
of vielfi. Lon. 15 38 E, lat. 41 5 N.
Cefalojiia, consi lerab'e island of the Me-
diterranean, on the coast of Livadia, and
opposite the gulf o*' Len-mto. It is fertile
in od, and excellent muscadine wine. It is
subjeci to the Venetian.s, and the capital is
of the same name. Lon 20 36 E, lat. 38
22 N. '
Cefalu, seaport of Sicily, in the valley
of Demons, with a castle, and a bishop's
see. Lon 13 58 E, lat. 38 25 N.
Ce'ano, town of Naples, in Abruzzo UI-
teriore, a mile from the lake of Celano
Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 41 56 N.
C E N
C E R
Celaya. See Silcc,
Celebes, or Macassar, island in tlie In-
dian Ocean, to the E of Borneo. The heat
would be insupportable but for the N
winds and the rains, whicli overflow this
country, and for whicli reason the inhabi-
tants build their houses on piles of wood
ten feet high. The fruits are ripe all the
year. The natives are Mahometans, and
the best soldiers in these parts. The Dutch
have strong forts here, by which they keep
tiie natives in awe. Lon. from 116 to 124
E, lat. from 1 30 N to 5 30 S.
Cenada, ancient tovvn'of Italy, in Trevi-
sano, with a bishop's see, 18 miles N of
Trevigio. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 46 2 N.
Cents, mountain which is a part of the
Alps, and separates the marquisate of Susa
from the Morianne.
Centei-ville, post town of Fairfax county,
Virginia, eight miles from Fairfax court
house, and 26 from Washington.
Centre Harbour, township in Strafford
county. New H mpshlre. Population in
. 1810, 349, and in 1820, 486.
Centre, county of Pennsylvania; bounded
by Huntingdon S ; Clearfield VV ; Lycom-
ing NW, isr. and NE ; Union E; and Mif-
flin SE. Length 58 ; mean width 26 ; area
1,500 square miles. Surface mountainous,
and soil in general rocky and sterile, though
much good land skirls the streams, parti-
cularly the W branch of Susquehanna.
Stiples, grain, flour, whiskey, live stock,
salted meat, and lumber. Chief town, Bel-
lefonte.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 5,521
do. do. females - - - 5,045
.\11 other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 114
Slaves - . . - . 1
Total population in 1810 - - 10,681
Population in 1320.
Free white males . . - 7,082
do. do. females - - - 6,594
Total wliites ... - 13,676
Free persons of colour, males - 55
do. do. females 55
0 Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 • ■ 13,786
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturahzed - 50
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,807
do. in Manufactures - 874
do. in Commerce . - 27
Population to the square mile, 9.
Centre, township in Indiana count v,Penn-
Z
sylvania. Population in 1810, 777, and in
1820, 937.
Centre, township in Union county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1820, 2094.
Centre, township in Green county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1820, 795.
Centre, township in Butler county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1310, 742, and in
1820. 972.
Centre, township in Monroe county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1,292.
Centre, township in Morgan county,
Oliio. Population in 1820, 277.
Centre, township in Columbiana county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 1,103, and in
1820, 1,437.
Centre furnace, post office of Centre
county, I'eiinsylvania.
Centre -harbour, post town of New Hamp-
shire, in Stratford county, on VVlnnipiseo-
gee lake.
CV«<)ew7/e, township in Allegany county.
New York Population in 1820, 421.
Ccntreville, post village, Crawford coun-
ty, PennsyKania.
CentrcviUe, post town and seat of jus-
tice in Queen Anne county, Maryland, on
Corsica creek, branch of Chester river, 12
miles S from Chester, and 36 SE from Bal-
timore. In this town there is an academy.
Centrerille, post village of Fairfax coun-
ty, Virginia, on Bull run, on the road fr m
"VVas'.iington city to Haymarket, and War-
renton.
CentreviUe, post v^illage of P^-ndleton
district. South Carolina.
CentreviUe, post village, Lexington
county, Kentucky, with an academy.
CentreviUe, post town, Fairfield coun'y,
Ohio, on the road between Lancaster and
Columbus, and 14mde& from each.
CxntreinUc, post to'vn of Montgomery
county, Ohio, nine miles SB from Uayton.
Ceritrevilli, post tow n and seat o' jus-
tice in Wayne county, Indiana, on tlif main
fork of the West branch of White water
river.
Cepbalonia. See Cefalonia.
Cepetu, town of P ru, on the Faticaco
lake, 60 miles NW from La Puz.
Ceram, isl.md in the Indian Ocean, one
of ihe Moluccas, to the W of New Guinea,
140 mik » in length, and 40 In bread;h It
is mountainous and woody ; and the Dutch
once had a fortress to keep the natives in
subjection, and to defend vhe Spice Islands,
having destiovcd the clove-trees here.
Lon. trom 126 to 129 E. lat. 3 0 S.
Cerdiipia, small district, partly of
Spain, in Catalonia, and i)artly o'' France,
in the deptrtment of the Eastern Pyre-
nees, and la'c province ff Rousf'lton.
Puycerda is the capital of the Spanish
part, and Mont Lewis of the French,
^ 177
C E U-
CfH A
Ceretita, town of Naples, in Calabria
Oiteriore, with a bishop's see ; seated on
a rock, 12 miles NW of St. Severino. Lon.
17 2 E. lat. 39 23 N.
Ceres, township in M'Kean count)',
Pennsylvania. Populatipn in 1810, 142,
and in 1820, 425.
Ceret, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, and late
province of Roussillon, with a magnificent
bridge of one arch over the Tet. It is 12
miles from Perpignan. Lon. 2 46 E. lat.
42 36 N.
Cerigo, island of the Archipelago, to the
S of the Morea, and to the N of Gandia,
formerly known by the name of Cytherea,
and noted for being the birth place of
Venus. It is 45 miles in circumference,
full of mountains, and has a small town of
the same nsme. Lon. 23 22 E. lat. 36 20 N.
Cerines, seaport of Cyprus, with a cas-
tle, and a Greek bishop's see. Lon. 33 35
E, lat. 35 59 N.
Certiey, J\''orth, village in Gloucester-
shire, near the downs where Cirencester
races are run. In an adjacent field is a
camp of considerable extent. It is four
miles fi'om Cirencester.
Certosa, celebrated Carthusian monaste-
ry in the duchy of Milan, four miles from
Pavia. Its park is surrounded by a wall
20 miles in circumference, and contains
several villages.
Cervera, town of Spain, in Catalonia, on
a river of its own ncjme, 22 miles NW of
Tarragona. Lon. 1 9 E. lat. 41 25 N.
Ceri'ia, seaport of Italy, in Romagna,
with a bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of
Venice, 10 miles SE of Ravenna. Lon. 12
17 E. lat. 44 30 N.
Cesena, town of Italy, in Romagna, with
a bishop's see ; seated on tlie Savio, 15
miles SE of Ravenna. Lon. 12 20 E. lat.
44 25 N.
Cette, seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Herault and late province of Lan-
guedoc, seated at the place where the
Canal of Languedoc begins, between
Montpelier and Agde, on the Mediterra-
nean Sea. Lon. 3 42 E. lat. 43 23 N.
Ceva, town of Piedmont, on the Tanaro,
\yith a fort, eight miles SE of Mondovi. It
was taken by the French in April 1796.
Lon. 8 10 E. lat. 44 26 N.
Cevennes, mountainous country in the S
of France, in which, after the revocation
of the edict of Nantz, a remnant of the
persecuted Huguenots took refuge.
Ceiitnt seaport of Africa, with a bishop's
see, John, king of Portugal, took it from
the Moors, in 1415, but it now belongs to
Spain. It is seated on the straits of Gib-
rahar. Lon. 5 20 W. lat. 35 50 N.
Ceylon, large island in the Indian Ocean,
250 miles in length, and 195 in breadth.
178
In general the air is very good, and though
the country is full of mountains, there are
fertile valleys. In some places there are
rich mines, whence are got rubies, sap-
phires, topazes, and other stones of less
value. The Portuguese were the first Eu-
ropeans who settled on this island ; but the
Dutch soon drove them away, and estab-
lished themselves on all the principal places
along the coast. In February 1796, all the
Dutch forts and settlements were taken by
the English. Lon. from 80 to 82 E. lat.
from 6 to 10 N.
Chablais, province of Savoy, bounded on
the N by the lake of Geneva, on the
E by Vallas, on the S b}' Faucigny, and
on the W by the Genevois. Thonon, is
the capital.
Chablis, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Yonne and the province of Bur-
gundy, remarkable for white wines It is
15 miles E by N of Auxerre. Lon. 3 59
E. lat. 47 42 N.
Charco, a vague, indefinite, and now ob-
solete term for the plains of Tucuman, and
adjacent places.
Chactarvs, nation of Indians residing in
the state of Mississippi, and Alabama, on
the waters of Tombigbee, Pearl, Pasca-
goula and Big Black Rivers.
Chceronea. See Caprana.
Chactoole. See Chailkatok.
Chagre, fort of South America, in the
province of Darien, at the mouth of a river
of the same name, to the SVV of Porto-Bel-
lo. It was taken by Admiral Venion, in
1740. Lon. W C 2 30 W. lat. 9 20 N,
Chagiie, river of North America, in the
province of Panama, rises on the Isthmus
of Darien between the bay of Panama, and
Point San Bias, at N lat. 9, lon. W C 1 30
W. and flowing west by comparative
courses 60 miles, turns to north 30 miles,
falls into the Caribbean sea, between Porto
Bello and Conception. It is navigable only
a short distance for sea vessels to Cruces ;
but for boats down stream, it is the channel
of commerce between the two Oceans.
Chagrine, river of Ohio, in Cuyahoga, and
Geauga counties, running nearly along the
line of separation, but entering lake Erie in
the former.
Chagrin, township and post town Cuya-
hoga county, Delaware, Population in
1820, 733.
Chais-Dim, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Loire, and late pro-
vince of Velay. Its Benedictine abbey
was much celebrated. It is 12 miles E of
Brioude. Lon. 3 4 E. lat. 45 15 N.
Chaidea. See Irac ^irabia.
Chaleur, large bay of the gulf of St.
Lawrence, separating New Brunswick,
from Lower Canada, Ristigouche rive?
enters its head, lat. 48 N.
C il A
C H A
Chalons-sur-Saone, ancient city of France,
in the department of Saone and Loire, late-
ly an episcopal see in the provinc:' of Bur-
gundy ; on the Saone, 35 miles S of Dijon.
Lon. 4 57 E. lat. 46 47 N.
Chalons-siir-Marne, city of France, in
the department of Marne, lately an epis-
copal see in the province of Champagne.
It contains 15,000 inhabitants; on the ri-
vers Marne, Mau, and Nau, 40 miles SVV of
Verdun, and 95 E of Paris. Lon. 4 27 E.
lat. 48 57 N.
Chamby town of Germany, in the circle
of Buvaria, capital of a county of its own
name, seated on the river Chamb, '2>7 miles
NE of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 55 E. lat. 49
14 N.
Chamberry, populous town, the capital of
Savoy, with a castle. It is watered by
many streams, which have tlieir sources in
St. Martin's Hill, and run through several
of the streets. It was taken by the French
in 1792. It is 27 miles NE of Grenoble,
and 85 NW of Turin. Lon. 5 50 E. lat. 45
35 N.
Chambersburg, post town, and seat of
justice in Fianklin county, Pennsylvania;
situated on the Conegoctieague creek, 11
miles SW of Shippensburg, 50 of Carlisle,
and 143 W of Philadelphia. Tnis is a
thriving town, being seated in the bosom
of a very ferliie limestone valley, and a po-
pulous settlement. Lon. W C 0 32 W.
lat. 39 57 N.
Chumbly, seigniory, and town of Lower
Canada, in Bedtord, and Kent counties, on
the left o^nk of the Ssrelle river 12 miles
SE oy E from Montrcrd.
diamond, town ot France in the de-
partment ol Rhone and Loire and late pro-
vince of Lyonois, with a strong castle, on
the river Giez, 17 miles S of Lyons. Lon.
4 55 E. lat. 45 29 N.
Champagne, late province of France,
162 miles in length, and 112 in breadth,
bounded on the N by Hainault and Lux-
emburg, on ihe E by Lorrain and Franche
Comte, on the S by IB'.irgundy, and on the
W by the Isle of France aisd Sois^onnois.
It now forms the department of Ardennes,
Aube, Marne, and Upper Marne.
Champaign, .'ounty of Osiio- bounded by
Logan NW, undN; by Union NE ; Madi-
son E ; Clark S ; and Miami W % length
29 ; width 16 ; area 460 square miles.
Surface generally level, and part flat, and
swampy ; soil exuberantly fertile, produc-
ing grain, particularly maize, and fruits in
abundance. Chiefiown, Urbana,
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - .
Slaves . -
3,302
2,936
65
Total population in 1810 - - 6,303
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,366
do. do. females ... 3,964
Total whites .... 8,330
Free persons of colour, males - 67
do. do. females - 82
Slaves, males . - - . no e
do. females ... none
Total population in 1820 - - 8,479
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 16
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,677
do. in Manufactures - 285
do. in Commerce - - 19
Population to the square mile, IS.
Champion, township and post town, Jef-
ferson county. New York. Population in
1820, 2080.
Champion, village of Ohio, in Geaug£(
county, Painseville township.
Champion, township in Trumbull county,
Ohio.
Champlain, lake of North America, ex-
tending (rom Whitehall in New York, in a
north direction, 112 miles, to Ashisland in
Canada, with a width from 1 to 16 miles.
Its shores are mostly bold and rock}', in
some places they are precipitous. From
the NW angle it receives the discharge ot*
lake George, from the S Wood creek,
Paulet and Hubberton, and from the east.
Otter, Onion, La Moelle, and Mississque
rivers. From the W ; Bojiquet, Sable, Sa-
ranac and Chazy. Its outlet is the river
Sorelle. Considerable commerce is carri-
ed on upon this lake, amounting to perhaps
8000 tons ot shipping. Lake Champlain is
now united to Hudson river by a navigable
canal, cut from Whitehall to a point on
Hudson river below Glenn's Falls. This
lake was discovered and named by M.
Champlain, first governor of Canada, in
1611, In 1814, a British fleet and ar.my
attacked Plaisburgii, in Clinton county, at
the mouth of Saranac. On the lllh Sep-
tember this fleet was attacked, defeated,
and nearly entirely captured by a squadron
of United States vessels, and the nivadmg
army compelled to retreat precipitately in-
to Canada.
Champlain, townsh'p, and post town in
Clinton county. New York. Population in
182a, 1611.
Chancay, province of Peru, on the Pa-
cific Ocean ; bounded N by Santa, W by
the Pacific, S by Cereado, E by Canta,
a:»d NE by Cax .tamba.
Chancay, capital of the province of the
same name, is 50 miles NW from Lima,
Lon. W C 0 10 W, lat. 10 20 S.
Chavceford, upper Township and p^st
179
< H"
0 li A
village in York count)', Pennsylvania.
Population in 1810, 966, and in 1820,
1248.
Chanceford, lower, township in York
county, Pennsylvania, Population in
1810, 818, and "in 1820, 955.
Chancha, rich and considerable town
of Egypt five miles from Cairo, at the
entrance of the desert which leads to
M'lunt Sinai.
Chanda, considerable city of Berar, in
the Deccan of Hindoostan, subjt-ct to the
chief of the Eistern Mahrattas. It is
seated on a branch of the (iodavery. 70
G. miles S of Nagpour. Lon. 79 40 E,
lat. 20 10 N.
Chandernagorey large town of Hin-
doostan Proper, in Bengal. It was a
French settlement, and had a very strong
fort, destroyed by Admiral Watson in
1757 ; and, in 179.3, the English again dis-
possessed the French of this settlement.
It is a ntat and pretty large town, and is
seated two leagues and a half above Cal-
cutta, with an excellent harbour.
Chandler s-ville, post town in the dis-
trict of Maine, situated on a river of the
same, about 10 miles SE of Machias.
Chandler's Gore, township in Oxford
township, Maine. Population in 1810, 9,
and in 1820, 42.
Chang hai. town of China, in the pro-
vince 01 Kiang-nan. In this town, and
the villages dependant on it, are more
than 200,000 weavers of common cotton
eloth.
Chanmann'mg, city of Thibet, which
has been the residence of the grand La-
ma. It is 130 miles W of Lassa. Lon.
89 45 E, lat. 31 0 N.
Channeray, village in Ross-shire, near
the Frith of Murray, 30 miles W of El-
gin.
Chan-si, province of China, and one
of the smallest in the empire, is bounded
on the E by Petchcli, on the S by Hnnan,
on the VV by Chen- si, and on the N by
the Great wall. The climate is healthy
and agreeable, and the soil generally fer-
tile, though the country is full of moun-
tains.
Chan-tong, province of China, bound-
ed on the E by Petcheli and part of Ho-
nan, on the S by Kiang-nan, on the E by
the sea. and on the N by the sea and
part of Pt tcheli. The country is well
•watered by lakes, streams, and rivers.
Chapala lake of Mexico in Guadalaxa-
ra, it is 50 ;i)iles long, and, about 20 wide,
united <it its eastern extremity with the
river St Jago, or TolTiiotlan.
Chapell Hill post town of Orange
county. North Carolina, situated on a
branch of Cape Fear river, ab ut 14 uiiies
S of Hillsborough, and 24 W of Raleigh.
180
The situation in an elevated and broken
country, is pleasant and healthy. It is
the seat of the University of North Caro-
lina. This seminary was incorporated
in 1788, and liberally sujjported by pub-
lic donations, and private benefaction.
The ri VI nues are at present ample.
The officers are, a president and 4 pro-
fessors. The students exceed one hun-
dred
Chafxel in Frith, town in Derbyshire,
with a poor iviarket on Saturday, seated
on the confines of the Peak, seven miles
SE of Manchester, and 165 NNW of
London. Lon. 1 55 VV, lat 53 22 N.
Chafiel island, bay of Honduras.
Chaliman, township in Lycoming coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
SJ5.
Chajitico, town in St. Mary's county,
Maryland, 12 miles NVV of Leonard-
town, and 56 from Washington. Here
is a post office.
Charabon, seaport on the N coast of
Java, in the Indian Ocean, 150 miles E
of Batavia. Lon 109 10 E lat. 6 0S.
Charadra, ancient Charadrus, traver-
ses the plain of Marathon, and enters the
strait between Atlica and Negropont.
Charaton, east, and Charaton west,
two rivers of Missouri, rising in the an-
gle between Les Moines river, and Grand
river, and flowing south, falls into the
Missoui'i, 220 miles above St Louis, and
120 below the mouth of Kanses river.
Charcas, province of South America,
on the sources of the Madeira, and Pil-
comaya having Potosi S ; Andes W ;
Cochabamba N ; and E by indefinite
limits. It is included in the United Pro-
vinces of La Plata. Lon. W C 10 E,
lat. 20 S.
Chard, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Monday ; seated on the side
of a hill, six milts W of Crewkerne, and
141 W by S of London. Lon. 3 18 W,
lat. 50 52 N.
Chardon, post town and seat of justice
in Geauga county, Ohio, 12 miles from
the mouth of Grand river, and 160 NE
from Columbus. Population in 1S20, 430.
Charente, department of France, in-
cluding the late province of Angoumois.
Charente, Lower, department of
France, consisting of the two late provin-
ces of Aunis and Saintonge. Saintes is
the capital.
Charente, river in the W of France,
the ancient Carantaiius, rises in Upper
Vienne, and after a course of about 100
raiies, falls into the sea, 8 miles below
Rochefort. It is navj -able to Rochefort
for vessels of large tonnage.
Charente, department of France,
bounded by Lower Charente, Deux
C H A
C II A
Sevres, Vienna, Upper Vienne, and Dor-
dogne. Population 3 ^0,000 ; square miles
2240. Capital Angouit-me.
Charente, Lo-wer, dt.'partment of France,
bounded by the Atlaniic Ocean W, and^in
the interior by Gironde, Dordogne, Deux-
Sevres, and La Vendee. Topulation
400,000 ; area 2800 square miU s.
Charenton, the namt of two towns in
France, the one upcn he Marmaude, m
the department of A Her, the other on
the river Seine, four miles S of Paris ;
once famous for its protesiant church.
Churstte, post town of M'ssouri, on the
left bank of Missouri river, 50 miles above
the mouth of that stream.
Charite, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nievre, and late province of Ni-
vernois. The town derives its name from
the charity of the late prior of the Bene-
dictine Clunistes, upon whose bounty it
subsisted in a time of scarcity. Lon. 3 10
E, lat. 47 10 N.
Charkof, or more correctly Kharkof, pro-
vince of Russia, on the sources of the
Vorskla branch of the Dnieper, and the
Donetz branch of the Don. Charkof the
capital is on the Donetz. Loii. 36 26 E,
lat. 50 N.
Charlesburg; post town of Montgomery
county Maryland, 26 miles N of Washing-
ton.
Charles City, town of Virginia, in a coun-
ty of the samp name, on the N side of .Tames
river, 35 m les SE of Richmond, and 167
from Washington.
Charlemont, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Armagh, seated on the river
Blackwater, six miles S of Dungannon.
Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 54 44 N
Charlemont, fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in the county of Namur, ceded
to the French by the treaty of Nimeguen.
It is seated on the Meuse, 25 miles SW of
Namur. Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 50 6 N.
Charlemont, township in Franklin county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 1,081.
Charlemonte, township of Hampshire
county, Massachusetts, containing about
1000 inhabitants.
Charleroy, town of the Austrian Nether-
lands, in the county of Namur, built by the
Spaniards in 1666. It lias been frequently
taken and retaken, the last time by the
French in 1794. It is seated on the Sam-
bre, 18 miles W of Namur. Lon. 4 30 E,
lat. 50 20 N.
Charles, county of Maryland, on the Po-
tomac ; bounded by St. Mary's and Patux-
ent river E ; by Pnnce George N ; and by
Potomac river W and S ; length 30, mean
width 15; area 450 : surface hilly , soil in
part sandy, and in general of middling qua-
lity. Staples, grain, flour, tobacco, &c.
Chief town, Port Tobacco.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
3.668
do. do. females
3,730
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
412
Slaves . . . . _
12,435
Total poj)ulation in 1810 -
20,245
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - .
3,103
do. do. females - • -
3,411
Total whites . . . -
6,514
Free persons of colour, males
274
do. do. females
293
Slaves, males - . -
4,787
do. females ...
4,632
Total population in 1820
16,500
Of these ;
Foreigners- not naturalized - 27
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,070
do. in Manufaciures - - 327
do. in Commerce - - 47
Population to the square mile, 32.
Charles, cape on the coast of Labrador,
NE from the straits of Bellisle. Lon. W C
21 40 E, lat. 52 25.
Charles, Cape, of Virginia. See Cape
Charles.
Charles City, county of Virginia, on the
peninsula between James and Chickaho-
miny rivers ; bounded by the James SE
and SW ; Henrico county NW; and by
the Ciiickahominy river, or New Kent, and
James city counties NE ; length 26 ; mean
vvidtii8; area 200 miles; surface hilly or
rolling ; soil thin, or of middling qMality.
Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief
town, a post village, 25 miles SE from
Richmond.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... ^846
do. do. females - . - 9J0
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 387
Slaves 3,023
Total population in 1810 -
5,186
Population in 1820.
Free white males
.
837
do. do. females .
-
913
Total whites
_
1.750
Free persons of colour.
, males -
287
do. do.
females
251
Slaves, males
.
1,531
do. females -
-
1,436
Total population in 1820 - - 5,255
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,813
181
G H A
OH A
Engaged in Manufactures - 24
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 25.
Charles, river in the state of Massachu-
setts, wiiich flows into Boston harbour,
near that lovvn.
Charles, Cape, promontory on the SW
part of tlie strait entering' into Hudson's
Bay. Lon. 75 15 W, lat. 62 10 N.
Charles, Fort, a fortress of Ireland, at the
entrance of Kinsale harbour. Lon. 2 23
W, lat 51 1 N.
Charleston, township and post town in
Montgomery county, New York. Popula-
tion in 1820, 5,365.
Charleston, Rhode Island. See Charles-
town.
Charlestoiun, district of South Carolina,
between Santee and Combahee rivers ;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Colle-
ton SW ; Orangeburgh and Sumpter NW ;
and Santee river, or Williamsburgh, and
Georgetown districts NE ; length 55^ ;
mean w.dth40; area 2,230 square miles;
surface in general level, part flat and marshy
or sandy The soil partakes of the variety
of features; some tracts are in a high de-
gree productive ; in general it is however
of middling quality. Staples rice and cot-
ton. Chief town, Charleston city.
Population in 1810, exclusive of the city.
Free white males - - 2,454
do. do. females - - 1,989
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - 311
Slaves 33.714
Total population in 1810
>s
lies
58,468
Population in 1820.
Free wuite males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free perhons of colour, mal
do. do. fern J
Slaves, males
do. females
4.538
4,185
8723
985
1,155
22,955
21,614
Total population in 1320
55.432
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 151
Engaged in Agriculture - 28,6/'6
do. in Mtnufactures - 925
do in Commerce - 532
Population to the square mile, 25 ne-irly.
Charleston, City, and sciip ;rt in
Charleston district, S«5uth Carolina, at
the junction of Cnrper and Ash'rv rivers.
Lon W C 2 54 VV, 79 54 W froio L^n-
don; lat. 32 50 N 112 miles SSE from
Columbia; and 550 SSW from Wtsh-
ton. Ashley river is navigabU 20 miks
above the city hy vessels of considerable
182
burden ; but it being placed on a low spot
of ground, and in the vicinity of the
Ocean, it is subject to be inundated by
high tides, and has often suffei'ed from
this cause, as well as by fires and tre-
mendous whirlwinds. The harbour is
united to Santee river by a fine naviga-
ble canal, 22 miles in length, which
opens to its merchants the trade of the
interior of South Carolina, and North
Carolina. The harbour has two chan-
nels of entrance, the deepest of which
admit vessels drawing 16 feet water.
The entrance of the harbour is defended
by a fort on Sullivan's Island, al)out six
miles below the city. This fort repelled
the attack of a British fleet under Sir P.
Parker; in the revolution war, with a
very destructive effect to the assailants.
Cliarleston is nevertheless a capital
of great riches and commerce ; the ex-
ports of 1803 amounting to g7,811,108 ;
and in 1815, its tonnage exceeded 36,470
tons. — The banks of the rivers above and
below the town are beautified with fine
plantations, and walks, interspersed with
rows of trees. The streets that lie E
and W, run in straight lines, from river
to river, and are intersected by others at
right angles, tliough they have one com-
mon fault of being too narrow, some of
them being not above 35 feet wide Most,
if not all of them are provided with sub-
terranean drains that carry off the water
and filth of the city. — The houses lately
built are principally o* brick, and some
of them in a style of co;V)j).irJitiv(r gran-
deur and elegance. The chief public
edifices are an exchange, a stat; b',;ase,
a bank, an avmtiury. and r public aims-
house, with ten or a dozen placet) of reli-
gious w. rship. Here are two banks, be-
sides a branch of the United States' bank.
The Orphan Asylum is a very respecta-
ble foundation, consisting of a large and
spacious budning, where 150 children are
protected, clothed, fed and educated, A
Library Society formed sosr.e years past,
have now a library exceeding 13,000 vol-
umes. This city has kept full pace with
the ''tlier great se^p'Tt towns of the Uni<ed
States. In 1790, the inliabitan's amounted
to 16,359, in 1800, to 18,711. T.s subse-
quent advance is seen by the annexed table.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . . 5,863
do. do. females - - . 5,705
All other persons «;xcept Indians
not taxed - - - 1,472
Slaves - . - . 11,671
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
24.711
5,323
G II A
c ir A
Free white females
5,330
Total whites - - - 10,653
Free persons of colour, males - 623
do. do. females 852
Slaves, males - - ■ 5,695
do. females ... 6,957
Total population in 1820, 24,780
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 425
Engaged in Agnculture - 164
do. in Manufactures - 887
do. in Commerce - - 1,138
Cliarleston, post town, township, and seat
of justice in Clarke county, Indiana, near
the Oliio river, and the mouth of Eleven
mile crctrk, 15 miles above Louisville.
Population, 1550.
Charleston, town on the SW side of the
island of Nevis, in the West Indies. It is
the seat of government, and defei^ded by a
fort. Lon. W C 14 30 E, lat. 16 40 N.
Charleston, island at the bottom of Hud-
son's Bay. Lon. 79 5 W, lat. 52 3 N.
Charlestoivn, JVew, town of Penobscot
county, Maine, 28 miles NNW from Ban-^
gor.
Charlestoxvn, township, and alternately
with Keene, seat of justice, in Cheshire
county. New Hampshire, on Connecticut
river, 42 miles W from Concord, and 30 S
from Dartmouth college. A fine bridge
over the Connecticut river, unites this
beautiful village with the opposite shore in
Vermont. Lat. 43 14 N. Population in
1810, 1501, and in 1820, 1702.
Charlestoivn, the principal town of Mid-
dlesex county, Massachusetts, opposite to
Boston, from which it is separated by
Charles river, over which is constructed an
elegant bridge. This town stands upon the
elevated peninsula between Mystic and
Charles rivers. Besides the Boston bridge,
leading into Prince street in tiiat city,
another leads over the inner harbour to
Cambridge, Bridges cross also Mystic
rivers, and open communication with Mai-
den, Chelsea, and Salem. The state prison
of Massachusetts, is located in this town ;
and on the point opposite Lynn and Ship
street in Boston, the United States have a
navy yard, extending over about 60 acres,
on which have been erected the necessary
buildings to carry on the business, and ac-
commodate the officers and men attached
to the establishment. The battle of Breeds,
generally, though erroneously called Bun-
ker's Hill, was fought in this town, June
17th, 1775.
Charlestoiu7i, township, includincr the
preceding town, in Middlesex coun'y, Mas-*
sachnselts. Population in 1810, 4959, and
in 1820, 6591.
CJtarlestoxvit, township in Washington
county, Rhode Island. Population in 1810,
1174. and in 1820, 1160.
Charlesto-ivn, post town, Washington
county, Rhode Island. It is remarkable for
being the residence of the greater part of
the Narragansett Indians tliat still remain
(to the number of 350) in this state.
They are peaceable and well disposed
toward tiie government, and speak the
English language.
Charlestoivn, township, and post town in
Chester county, Pennsylvania, 7 miles
above Norristown. Population in 1810,
1580, and in 1820, 2069.
Charlestoivn, post town in Cecil county,
Maryland, on the W side of North East
river, near its mouth, 10 miles W of Elk-
ton and 47 E by N of Baltimore.
Charleslo-uin, post town of Jefferson
county, Virginia, 73 miles NW from Wash-
ington City.
Charlestoivn, village of Kenhawa countj',
Virginia, on the point of confluence above
the junction of Kenhawa and Elk rivers.
Charlestoivn, Brooke county, Virginia.
See Wellsbtirg.
Charlestoivn, post town and township,
Portage county, Ohio, on the Cuyahoga
river, 4 miles west from Ravenna.
Charleville, borough of Ireland, in the
countv of Cork, 30 miles N of Cork. Lon.
8 30 'W, lat. 52 23 N.
Charleville, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Ardennes and late province
of Champagne. The streets are as straight
as a line, and the houses of an equal height,
covered with slate. Here is a magnificent
square, and in the centre a handsome foun-
tain. It is seated on the Meuse, near Me-
ziers, from which it is separated by a bridge
and a causeway, 15 miles NW of Sedan,
and 115 NE of Paris. Lon. 45 E, lat. 49
50 N.
Cliarlotte, county of New Brunswick ;
bounded by the bay of Fundy S, and by the
St. Croix and Passamaquoddy Bay W.
Chief town, St. Andrews.
Charlotte, post town on the E side of
Lake Champlain, in Chittenden county,
Vermont ; at the distance of 10 miles S of
Burlington, and 13 N of Vergennes.
Charlotte, post village Monroe countj-.
New York, on Braddock's bay.
Charlotte, town, Charlotte, county Vir-
ginia. See Mart/ville.
Charlotte, county, Virginia, on Staunton
river ; bounded by Lunenburg E ; Mecklen-
burg SE; Hahfax, or Roanoke river SW;
Campbell NW ; Buckingham and Prince
Edward NE ; length 33 ; mean breadth 18 ;
area 600 square miles ; surface pleasa ily
variegated by hill and dale, and well water-
ed. Part of the soil along the streams ex-
cellent. Staples, grain, flour, tobacco, live
stock, and some salted provisions. Chief
town, Maryville.
183
C H A
C ii A
Population in 1810.
Free white mates - . . 2,691
do. do. females - - - 2,663
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 210
Slaves 7,597
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males . ■ .
do. do. females
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males
df). do. females -
Slaves, males - . - -
do. females - , -
Total popvdation in 1820
13,161
2,515
2,490
13,290
Of these ;
I'oreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,703
do. in Manufactures - 1,782
do. in Commerce - - 32
Population to the square mile, 22.
Charlotte, post town and seat of justice,
Mecklenburg county, North Carolina ; situa-
ted on Sugar Creek, a branch of Catahaw
river, 46 miles S of Slatesville, and about
the same distance SW of Salisbury.
Charlotte, post town and seat of justice,
Dickson county, Tennessee, on Jone's
creek, 30 miles N from Nashville.
Charlotte, village, South Carolina, at the
junction of Tugaloo and Broad rivers.
Charlotte, river, bay and harbour, west
coast of East Florida. The river rises in
the interior of the Peninsula, and flows west
into the bay. Lon. W C 4 30 E, lat. 26
30 N.
Charlotteburg, town, Brunswick county,
North Carolma.
Charloltehall, post office, St. Mary's coun-
ty, Maryland, near the Patuxent river, 56
miles SE from Washington.
Charlottenbirrg, town of Brandenburg, 3
miles from Berlin on the Spree.
Charlotte's, Queen, Island, island in the
South Sea, first discovered by Captain
Wallis in the Dolphin. It has abundance
of good water, cocoa-nuts, palm-nuts, and
scurvy grass. The inhabitants are of a
middle stature, and dark complexion, with
long hair hanging over their shoulders.
Charlotte's Town, Prince Edward's island,
in the bay of St. Lawrence ; on a deep bay
south side of the island.
Churlotts-to-cvn, formerly Jlonseau, the
capital of Dominica, 21 miles SE of Prince
Rupert's Bay, on a point of land on the S W
side of the island. Lon. 61 25 W, lat. 15
25 N.
Charlottesville, town of Norfolk county,
TJpper Canada, on lake Eric
184
Charlottesville, post town and tlie capital
of Albemarle county, Virginia, situated on
Kivannali river, 42 miles E by S of Staun-
ton, and 85 NW of R.chmond.
Here the central college of Virginia, was
located in 1817. This institution has not
yet went into operation.
Charlton, townsiiip in Worcester county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 2180,
and in 1820, 2131.
Charlton, township and post town, Sara-
toga county. New York. Population in
1820, 1953.'
Charlton, village in Kent, on an eminence
that commands a fine view of the Thames.
Charlton is six miles ESE of London.
Charlton, island, of James Bay. Lon. W
C 3 W, lat. 52 12 N.
Charmes, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Vosges and late province of
Lorram, seated on the Moselle, over which
is a handsome bridge, eight miles E of
Mirecourt. Lon 6 17 E, lat 48 21 N.
Charnxvood, or Charley Forest, a rough
open tract in the NW part of Leicester-
shire.
Charolles, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Saone and Loire, and late province
of Burgundy. It has a ruinous castle, and
is seated on the Reconce, 24 miles WNW
of Macon. Lon. 4 24 E, lat. 46 28 N.
Charon, river of Upper Canada, entei-s
lake Superior.
Charost, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre, and late province of Berry,
seated on the Arnon, six miles NE of Is-
soudun. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 47 1 N.
Chartiers Creek, of Washington and Al-
legany counties, Pennsylvania ; rises near
Washington in the former, and flowing
NNE into the latter, falls into Ohio river,
4 miles below Pittsburg. It is navigable at
high water, for boats going aown stream
from Morganza, at its main forks, 2 miles
from Cannonsburg.
Chartiers, township in Washington
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1747, and in 1820, 1330.
Chartres, ancient city of France, in the
department of Eure and Loire, and late
province ofBeauce. The cathedral is one
of the finest in France, and its steeple
much admired. The principal trade con-
sists in corn. It is seated on the Eure, 45
miles SW of P.iris, Lon. 1 34 E. lat. 48
27 N.
Chartreuse, or Grand Chartreuse, lately
one of the most celebrated monasteries in
France, eight miles N of Grenoble, now
converted into a kind of arsenaL Lon. 5
49 E. lat. 45 20 N.
Charibdis, famous whirlpool, in the Strait
*of Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite
the celebr.itcd Scyila, in Itaiy. According
to the poets, it was very formidable to
marinerb ; but it is ^wl to have been en-
C H A
€ H A
tirely removed by tlie dreadful earthquake
in 1783. On diving into it, there were
found vast gulplis and whii.lpools below,
which produce all the commotion on the
suifiice of the water.
Chataho'iche, river of Georgia, Alabama,
and Florida ; rises in the Appalachian
mountains, and flowing by comparative
courses about 300 miles joins ihe Flint
and forms the Appalachicola ; ivJiich see.
Chatanyhquc, lake in Chatauque county.
New York, near the line which divides
that state from Pennsylvania, and about ten
miles from the SE side of lake Erie. The
waters of this lake are discharged by the
Conewango, creek into the Allegany river
at Warren.
Chatauque, county of New York, form-
ing the SVV angle of that state on lake
Erie ; bounded by Pennsylvania S and SW ;
by lake Erie NW ; by Erie county in New
York NE ; and by Cattaraugus E ; length
on Pennsylvania 37 miles from east to west
and 19 wide from north to south ; the re-
sidue in form of a triangle, 37 miles base,
with an altitude of 19. The whole area
1050 square miles. Surface hilly, and
rocky, with a very productive soil. Staples
grain, whiskey, flour, live stock, and salted
provisions. Chief town, Mayville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6 590
do. do. females - - 5,965
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
12,555
12,568
none
1,892
207
16
Population to the square mile, 12,
Chaieaii-JBryant, town of France, in the
department of Lower Loire and late pro-
vince of Britanny, with an old castle, 24
miles S of Rennes. Lon. 1 16 VV. lat. 47
46 N.
Chateau- Chambresis, town of France, in
the department of the North and lute pro-
vince of the Cambresis, U'ith a magnificent
pulace, which belonged to the archbishop
of Cambray. It is famous for a ^reaty con-
cluded between Henry IL of France and
Philip II of Spain ; and is 12 miles SE of
Cambray. Lon. 3 40 E. lat. 13 7 N.
Chateuu-Chmoti, town of France, in the
department of Nievee, and late province
of Nivernois, '.vi.th a cori?'iderab!e inanufac-
A ■►
ture of cloth. It is seated on the Yonne,
near the source oi that river, 36 miles E of
Nevers. Lon. 4 8 E. lat. 47 0 N.
Chateau-Daxiphin, strong castle of Pied-
mont; 18 miles W by Nof Saluces. It was
taken by the French and Spaniards in
1743, and restored in 1748, by the treaty
of Aix la-Chapelle.
Cnateau-ilu-Loir, town of Fiance, in the
department of Sarte and late province of
Maine, famous for sustaining a siege of
seven years against the count of Mans. It
is seated on the Loir, 22 miles SE of Mans,
and 97 W of Paris. Lon. 0 30 E. lat. 47
40 N.
Chateau-Dun^ ancient town of France,
in the department of Eure and Loire, and
late provmce of Beauce. Here is a castle,
and a holy chapel, built by the famous
coimt of Duuois. The streets are straight ;
the houses uniform ; and the great square
is very spacious. It is seated on an emi-
nence, near the Loire, 30 miles N of Blois,
and 72 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 22 E. lat. 48
4N.
Chateaugan, river, rises in New York,
Franklin and Clinton counties, and enter-
ing Lower Canada, flows NE into Lake St.
Louis. Tiie country from which this
stream takes its source is low and swampy.
Chateaugay, post village, of Clinton
county, New York.
Chateauguay, township and post tov/n,
in Franklin county. New York. Popula-
tion in 1820, 828.
Chaieauguay, seigniory. Lower Canada,
Huntingdon county, on tiie Chateaugay
river 15 miles S W from Montreal.
Chateau- Gontier, town of France, in the
department and late province of Maine,
seated on the river Maine, with a castle.
It has a mineral spring; its trade consists
in linens ; and it is 22 miles NW of An-
gers, and 147 S W of Paris. Lon. 0 36 E.
lat. 47 47 N.
Chateau- iMndon, town of France, in the
department of Seine and Marne, and late
province of the Isle of France. It lately
had an Augustine Abbey, seated on a hill,
five miles S of Nemours, and 50 S by E of
Paris. Lon. 2 38 E. lat. 48 11 N.
Chateaidin, town of France, in the de-
partm-nt of Finisterre and Lte province of
Britann}', 18 miles N of Quimper, on the
river Auzon where there is a salmon-
fisiiery.
ChateauMeillant, town of France, in the
department of Cher, and late province of
Berry, nine miles E of Chalre. Here Is a
castle, with a tower said to have been built
by Julias Csesar.
Chnteaunei/f, town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher and late .province of
Berry, 16 miles S of Bourges. It is the
name of two other inconsiderable towns of
S'raiicf.
C H A
C H A
Cliateaunenf, town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and Loire, and late pro-
vince of Beauce, 12 miles NE of Chartres.
Chateauneuf, twwn of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Lo:re and late pro-
vince of Anjoii, seated on the Sarte, 12
miles N of Angers.
Chateau- Renand, town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire, and late
province of Touraine, 20 miles \W of
Amboise, and 88 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 1
W. lat. 47 33 N.
Chateuroux, town of France in the late
province of Berry. It has a manufacture
of cloth, and is seated in a pleasant plain,
on the Indre, 15 miles SW of Issoudun,
and 148 S ot Pans. Lon 1 5 E, lat. 46
46 N.
Cliateau-Thierry, town of France, in the
department of Aisne and late province of
Champagne, with a castle on an eminence
seated on the river Maine. It is the birth
place of the inimitable La Fontame ; and
is 27 miles SW of Rheims, and 97 NW of
Paris. Lon. 3 o:^ E. lat. 49 2 N.
Chatel, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Vosges and late province of
Lorrain, seated on the Moselle, 8 miles E
of Mirecourt.
Cfiatel-Chalon, town of France, in the
department of Jura and la'e provmce of
Franche Comte, remarkable for its late
Benedictine nunnerv, 20 miles S of Dole.
Lon 5 38 E. lat. 46 46 N.
Chatellerauh, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Vienne and laie province
of Poitou, seated on the Vienne, over
which is a handsome stone bridge. It is
noted for its cutlery, watchmaking, and the
cutting of false diamonds. It gives the
title of duke to the Scotch duke of Hamil-
ton It is 22 miles NN'E of Poiviers, and
168 SSW of Paris. Lon. 6 44 E. lat. 46
50 N.
Chatham, town in Kent, adjoining Ro-
chester, and seated on the Medway. It is
one of the principal stations of the royal
navy ; and the yards and magazines are
furnished wiih all sorts of naval s'ores. It
has about 500 houses, mostly low, and
built with brick ; the streets are narrow
and paved ; and it contains about 3000 in-
habitants. The principal employment of
the labouring hands is ship building in the
king's yard and private docks. It has a
market on Saturday, a church, a chapel of
ease, and a ship used as a church for the
sailors. It is 31 miles ESE of London.
Lon. 0 36 E. lat. 51 22 N.
Chathamy township of Kent (jounty, Up-
per Canada, on lake St. Clair.
Chatham, town of York county. Lower
Canada, on the left bank of Ottawa river.
Chatham, town of Northumberland coun-
ty, New Brunswick, on Miramachi river.
Chatham, township in Coos countv. New
186
Hampshire. Population in 1810, 201, and
in 1820, 298.
Chatham, township and post town, Barn-
stable county, 20 miles E from Barnstable,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 1334,
and in 1820, 1630.
Chatham, township, opposite Middle-
town, Middlesex county, Connecticut.
Population in 1810, 3258, and in 1820,
3159.
Chatham, township and post town, Co-
lumbia county. New York. Population in
1820, 3372.
Chatham, township and post town, Mor-
ris county. New Jei'sey, 13 miles NW f om
Ehzabeth town. Population in 1810, 2019,
and in 1820, 1832.
Chatham, village in Chester county,
Pennsylvania, on the Nev\port turnpike,
16 miles SW from West Chester.
Chatham, county of North Carolina, on
both sides of Cape Fear river; bounded by
Randolph W; Orange N; Wake NE;
Cumberland SE, and Moore S ; length 33 ;
width 26; area 860 square miles; sirface
hilly, and soil varied. Staples, grain, to-
bacco, &Co Chief town, Pittsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 4,609
do. do. females - - 4,491
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 242
Slaves 3,635
Total population in 1810 - 12,977
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - - 4,312
do. do. females - - - 4,355
Total whites - - - - 8,670
Free persons of colour, males - 100
do. do. females - 83
Slaves, males - - - - 1,909
do. females - - - 1,899
Total population in 1820 - 12,661
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,407
do. in Manulactures - 135
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to the square mile, 14.
Chatham, post town of Chesterfield, dis-
trict South Carolina, on the right bank of
Pedee river, 100 miles from Columbia.
Chatham, coun'y of Georgia; bounded
by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Ogeechee river
or Bryan SW ; Effingham NW ; Savannah
river NE ; length 27 ; mean width 15 ; :.rea
400 square miles. Surface level, and in
part, low and marshy. Soil in general,
ra her sterile, though tracts of very fertile
land is found along'' the rivers. ■ Staples
C H A
C H A
rice, cotton, tobacco, and some sugar.
Cliief town, Savannah.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 355
do. do. females - - 364
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 48
Slaves - - - . . 7,553
Total population in 1810, including
Savannah .... 8,320
Population in 1820.
Free white males - , -
do. do. females - - -
Total whites . - . ,
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - -
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
7,214
1
3,995
21
none
Population to the square mile 18, exclu-
sive of the town of Savannah.
Chatham-Four-Corners, post office Co-
lumbia county. New York,
Chatham, island in the Pacific Ocean.
Lon, W C 100 W, lat. 43 '•0 S._
Chatham, island. Pacific ' i. Ijon.
W C 95 W, lat. 13 32 S.
Chatham, strait, on the Norti. vest coast
of North Aaierica, between King George
and Admiralty islands. Lon. W C 57 W,
lat. 58 N.
Chastillon-Les-Dombes, town of France,
in the department of Ain and late province
of Bresse, 12 miles W of Bourg.
Chatillon-sur-Indre, town of France, in
the department of Indi'e and late province
of Berry, 10 miles S of Loches. Lon. 0
55 E. lat 47 22 N.
Chatillon siir Loire, town of France, 14
miles NE from Aubigny.
Chatillon sur JUame, town of France, in
the depari.ment of Marne and late province
of Champagne, 27 miles S of llheims. Lon.
4 5 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Chatillon-sur-Seine, town of France, in
the department of Cote d'Or and late pro-
vince of Burgundy, divided into two by the
river Seine. It has ironworks in its neigh-
bourhood, and is 36 miles NW of Dijon.
Lon. 4 35 E, lat. 47 42 N.
Chatre, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and laie province of Berry,
seated on the river Indre, 37 miles from
Bourges. Ii carries on a considerable trade
in cattle. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 46 c,5 N.
Chaisworth, village in the Peak of Der-
byshire, near the river Derwent, six miles
W of Chesterfield. It vas the prison of
Mary, queen of Scots, for 17 years, in
memory of which the new lodgings tliat
are built, instead of the old, are called the
queen of Scots apartment.
Chaudiere Falls, on the Ottawa river,
Upper Canada, 36 feet high. Tiiey are a
little above the mouth of the river lladeau,
and below lake Chaudiere.
Chaudiere Lake, is formed by the widen-
ing of the Ottawa river, above tiie moutli
of the river Radeau, and below lake Chat,
Upper Canada.
ChmuUere, Riviere a la, or Catfish Creek,
runs into lake Erie, west of Long Point,
Upper Canada.
Chaudiere River, of Lower Canada, rises
on the hilly region from which the Con-
necticut and Kennebec iiave tiieir sources.
It flows nearly north from Megantic lake,
about 100 miles, and falls into St. Lawrence
6 milf s above Quebec, It was by the chan-
nel of this stream, that general Arnold
reached the St. Lawrence river, early in
the revolutionary war. It is a precipitous,
and unnavigable stream. The scsnery
along its banks, has excited the admiration
of all travellers, who have visited iLs
banks.
Chaulness, town of France, 7 miles SW
from Peronne.
Chaidness, town of France, 20 miles ESE
from Paris.
Chanmont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne and late province
of Champagne. The ]5rincipal gate of the
church of the college is much admired.
It is seated on a mountain, near the river
Marne, 14 miles S of Joinville. Lon. 5 9
E, lat. 48 8 N.
Chanmont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise and late province of the
isle of France, 30 miles NVV of Paris. Lon.
2 7 E, lat. 49 18 N.
Chanmont, po-.t village of New York,
Jefferson county, on Chaumont bay.
Chanmont, bay of lake Ontario, JefTerson
county. New York, to the north off, and
communicating by a strait with Sacket's
Harbour.
Chaiinv, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 miles
E of Noyon. Lon. 3 IS E, lat. 49 17 N.
Chaves, town of Portugal, in the province
of Tra-los-Montes, seated at the foot of a
mountain, on the river Tamega. Between
the town and the suburb Magdalena is an
old Roman stone bridge. It is 30 miles
SW of Braganza. Lon. 7 0 W, lat. 41
45 N.
Chazy, two small rivers of New York,
Clinton cou ity, fidls into tlie west side of
lake Champlain, in the township of Cham-
plain.
Chatv, township and post town, Clinton
387
C H E
CHE
county, New York, 186 miles N from Al-
bany. Population in 1820, 2313.
Cheadle, town in SafFoidshire, with a
market on Saturday, seated on tiie most
fertile part of the Moorland, 12 miles NE
of S aftbrd. Lon. 1 56 W, lat. 53 0 N.
Cheam villak^e in Surrv, adjoining to
which is the siie of the vill ge of (Joding-
.ton, or Cudington, wl)ere Henry VIII.
built the palace of Nonsuch, si much cele-
brated by Camden and Heutzner, for its
magnificence. Cheam is 13 miles SSW of
London
Cheat, river In the state of Virginia,
which rises in Randolph county, and after
running a northwardly course falls uito the
Monongaheia, near the line thai divides
that state frum Pennsylvania. At its junc-
tion with the Monongaheia it is about 200
yards wide.
Chebree'dn, town of Poland in the pro-
vince of Russia, and palatinate of Belskow.
Lon. 23 51 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Chebukto, harbour, near Halifax, in No-
va Scotia. Lon. W C 13 18 E, lat. 44
45 N.
Chebuotequion, is one of the lakes on the
communication between lake Simcoe and
the Rice Lake, Upper Canada.
Chedabucto, bay of the NE C' ast of Nova
Scotia; openiig into the strait between
Cape Breton and Nova Scotia. Lon. W C
15 50 E, lat. 45 35 N.
ChcJev, village in Somersetshire, famous
for its cheeses, which are' as large as those
of Cheshire, It is three miles E of Ax-
bridjije.
Chedxvorth, village in Gloucestershire,
four miles WSW of Northlech, situated on
the declivity of two hills. In this parish,
in 1760, a Roman Bath was discovered ;
and near it is a tumulus, in which great
quantities of human bones have been
found.
Cheeks- Cross-Roads, post office, Hawkins
county, Tenness.-*.
Cheitore,ov Otidipour,t&w.n, in a province
of the same name, in Hipdoostan Proper.
It was a fortress and city of great extent,
situated on a mountain ; but it has been in
ruins since the time of Aurungzebe, in
1681, and had once before experienced a
like fate from the hands of Acbar in 1567.
It is 120 miles S by E of Nagpour.' Lon.
74 56 E, lat. 25 21 N.
Chelm, town of Poland, in Red Russia,
capital of a palatinate of its own name, with
a bishop's see. It is 100 miles ESE of
Warsaw, Lon, 23 29 E, lat. 51 20 N.
Chehner, river in Essex, which rises near
Thaxted, and flows by Duftmow and
Chelmsford to Maiden, where it joins the
Blackwater, and forming the estuary called
Blackwater Bay, or Maiden water, enters
the German Ocean,
Chelmsford, county town of Essex, sUua*
188
ted in a beautiful valley, at the confluence
of the CheliTier and Can, with a market on
Friday. In 1793 an aci of parliament was
obtained, to make the Chelmer navigable
hencf to Maiden, Chelmsford is 21 miles
WSW of Colchester, and 29 ENE of Lon-
don. L n. 0 33 E, lat. 51 43 N,
Chelmsford, post town of Middlesex
county, Massachusetts, 22 miles NW of
Boston, and about 1300 inhabitants.
Chelmsford, township in Middlesex coun-
ty, Massarhusetts. Population in 1810,
1396, and in 1820, 1535.
Chelmsford, verv flourishing post village
of Middlesex county, M ssachusetts, on the
right bank of the Me. rimack nver, 26 miles
NW from Boston, Here the Middlesex
canal joins the Merrimack river by several
locks.
Chelsea, fine village situated on the N
bank of the river I hames, a mile W of
Westminster, remarkable for a magnificent
hospital of invalids and old decrepit sol-
diers, and for the noble rotundo in the
garden of Ranelagh h use, to which a great
dealo^'fine companv resort in summer, and
which is one of the noblest structures of
the kind in Eur <pe. Here is also an ex-
cellent physic garden, belong. ng to the
company of apothecaries.
Cfhelsea, post town and seat of justice in
Orange county, Vermont, 40 miles N from
Windsor. Population 1350.
Chelsea, township and post town in Suf-
folk county, Massachusetts, 3 miles NE
from Boston.li I'nJpuIation in 1810, 594, and
in 1820,1
CheUecn in.nding, post village, and port
in Norwitit, New London county, Connec-
ticut. On the point between, and at the
junction of the She'iucket and Yaatic rivers,
14 miles above New London.
Cheltenham, town in Gloucestershire,
with a market on Thursday ; and noted for
its mineral waters, v.hich are somewhat
like those of Scarborough. It is nine miles
NE of Gloucester, and 95 W by N of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 51 55 N.
Cheltenham. See Chiltenham.
Chelnm, or Jhylitm, river of Hindoostan
Proper, being the westernmost of the five
eastern branches of the river Indus. It
rises above Cashmere, waters that city, and
flowing through the province of that name,
in a SE direction, joins the Indus below
Movdton. It is joined by a vast number of
streams in its course. This river is the
famous Hydaspes of Alexander and 'is
sometimes called Behut.
Chemali, vdlage of Natolia.
CItemiur, river of Indiana, falling into
lake Michigan,
Chemnitz, town of Saxony, 36 miles WSW
from Dresden. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Chemnitz, town of Bohemia, 30 miles SE
from Dresden.
t; H E
<; H E
Chemung, post town and township in
Tioga county, New York. Population
1350.
Chenal Ecarte Isle, Upper Canada, near
the entrance of the river St. C air, into
lake St. Clair, east of Harsan's island ; it
cont ins about 300 acres of arable land ;
the other parts are meadow and marsh.
Chenal Ecarte, Isle de, Upper Canada, in
the river St. Lawrence, opposite the town-
ship of Cornwall, contains from seven to
eight hundred acres ; the soil is good.
Chenal Ecarte River, Upper Canada, runs
nearly parallel to the river Thames, and
empties itself at the entrance of river St.
Clair.
Chanango, river of New York, one of
the main constituent branches of Susque-
hannah, rises in Madison, and flowing SSW
100 miles joins the Siisquehannali at Bing-
hampton in Broome county.
Chenango, township, in Broome county,
New York. Pupidation in 1820, 2626.
Chenango, coun y of New York, bounded
by Broome S ; Cortland W ; Madison N ;
Otsego and Delaware E ; length 36 ; mean
width 25 ; area 900 square miles ; surface
hilly, and soil productive in grain, fruits,
and pasturage. Staples, grain, flour,
whiskey, fiuit, live stock, salted provisions,
and lumber. Chief town, Norwich.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 11,408
do. do. females - - 10,207
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 76
Slaves . - - - - 13
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - .
do. do. females . - -
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males - - - -
do. females ...
21,704
15,758
15,261
31,019
93
96
4
31,215
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 12
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,996
do. in Manufactures - 743
do. in Commerce - 54
Population to the square mile, 34.
Chenango, post town Broome county,
at the junction of the Chenango river with
the Susquehannah.
Chene, Isle du, in lake Ontario, lies off
the east,erly shore of Marysburgb, Upper
Canafla, and close to the land.
Chene, Pointe an. on the river St. Law-
rence, lies east of River de la Traverse, and
nearly opposite to St. Regis, Upper Ca-
nada.
Chene, Portage du, on the Ottawa river,
immediately below lake Chaudiere, Upper
Canada.
Chene, Riviere du, runs into the bay of
Miciiipicoten, lake Superior, west of nver
Michipicoe.i, Upper Canada.
Chene, Blane, small river of Arkansaw,
the South branch of Little Mis ouri.
Chene, river of Louisiana, rises in the
marshes SE from the English Bend below
New Orleans ; flows parallel to the Mis-
sissippi and falls into Chandelenr bay,
about 10 miles E from Fort St Philip. An
inlet connects the Chene with the Terre
aux Boeufs river.
Chen si, one of the most extensive pro-
vinces of China, bordering on the great
wall. It is divided into tv/o parts, the
eastern and western, and contains eight
cities of the first rank, and 106 of the se-
cond and third. In Chen-si are rich gold
mines, which, for political reasons are not
allowed to be opened. Singan-fou is the
capital.
Chen-yan, or J\loiig-den, capital of East-
ern Chinese Tartary (or country of the
Mantchew Tartars) and of a department of
the same name, which is bounded on the
S by the great wall of China.
Chepelio, island in the bay of Panama,
three miles from the city of Panama, which
it supplies with provisions and fruit. Lon.
80 15 W. lat. 8 46 N.
Chepachet, post village of Rhode Island.
Providence county, on Chep;.chet creek.
It is a very flourishing manufacturing vil-
lage.
Chepstow, town in Monmouthshire, with
a market on Saturday. It is seated on the
side of a hill, on the Wye, near its conflu-
ence with the Severn. It is walled round,
has a handsome high bridge over the river,
and sends provisions and other commodities
to Bristol. The tide is said to rise higher
here than in any other part of Europe, it
swelling to 50 ov 60 feet perpendicular It
is 18 miles N of Bristol, and 127 YV of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 36 W, lat. 51 42 N.
Cher, river of France, rises near Belle-
garde, and after a course of 150 miles, joins
the Loire a liitle below Tours.
Cher, department of France, including
part of the late province of Berry. Bourges
is the c.ipital.
C/ierasco, considerable tovin of Piedmont,
caprtai of a territory of the same name, with
a strong cijadel, to which the duke of Sa-
voy retired in 1706, during the siege of Tu-
rin. It is seated at the confluence of the
Sturia and Tanaro, upon a mountain 24
miles SE of Turin. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44
45 N.
Chera-ai Court House, principal sea' of jus»
tice in Dar'ing'on district, S Carolina, situ-
ated on the S'side of Black creek, a bra'ich
of the Great Pedee. Here is a post office
424 miles from Washington,
189
CHE
<J H E
Cherbourg, seaport of France in <he de-
partneiit oT the Channel and late province
of Normandy. It i^^ remaik.-ible for thesea-
figiit bf-'ween the English and French in
1692, when the latter were bt-at, and up-
wards of Iwfniy of tl'Cir men of war buini
near c. pe 1^ Hog-iie. Th< E gli h la^ d d
here in Ang-ust 1758, t.)i>k die town, with
the ships in the basni, demolished he forti-
iic.tioiis and ruined the other works \vhich
ha 1 been 1 ng b gun for ihe purpose of rn-
larging the harlx.ui-, and reiidt-ring it more
safe and convenient. Chf, bourg i^ 50 miles
NW ■ f Caen. Lon. 1 33 E, l:.i. 49 38 N.
Cheresoul, town of Turkey in Asi.i, capi-
tal of Curdistan, 150 miles N of Bagdad.
Lon 44 15 E, hit. :!>5 50 N.
Cherokee-corner, post village, Georgia, in
Oglethorpe county.
Cherokees, nation of Indians residing in
Te ness^e, Alabama, and Mi.-sis-ippi.
Sen ol aid Missionary establishmems have
been e^tahlis led amongst thib people ; but
more efficacious means of civilization have
bet'n mtroduced through the agency of
agrculture and the mechanic arts. The
Cherokee^ have ma^.e the most extensive
and effective advance, in he arts, and
modes of poli-hed Ife, of any nation of In-
dian-: within the limits of the United
States.
C/ierrii- creek, rises at the foot of the
Blue Mouiit on the N side, in Northampton
county, near the V.'indgap, and running
ENE along tiie fo t of the mountain, falls
into the Deiavv;ire, at its entrance into the
Wat( rgap ; ii :s not navig.ble, rapid, and
has S'"v r 1 mills erected in it.
Cherrvfield, towns-np in Washington
couiitv, ii ine, 30 miles W from M.ichias.
Populaiior. in 1810, 181, ;indi;i 1820, 2il.
Cherry Jshind,u\ t lie Pacific Ocean. Lon.
W C 80 W iai. 11 2rs.
Cherry Island, in the Northern Ocean,
between Norvav and Greenland. Lon. 20
5 E, tat. 74 oO N.
Cherry Valley, posf town in Otsego coun-
ty, New York, 12 miles NK of Cooper's
town, and 60 W of \.b. ny. It is an ancient
establishment. The houses built m the old
Dutch mode.
Cherry Valley, township in Otspgo coun-
ty. New Y..rk. Including the village, po-
pul^-irn \r, 1820, 3684.
Cherry Tree (,ewiship in Venango coun
ty, Pcnn.'^ylvania. Pupul.ition in 1810, 391,
and in 182i.i, 297.
Cherryton. seaport of the Eastern shore
of N'irg> 'ia, N nhampton county.
Cherryville. post village, No'thampton
couiitv, IVnns) ivinia, on the Berwick r- ad,
13^ miles NW fro n Bethlehem, and four
from the Lehigh watergap.
Cherso, island in the gulf of Venice, with
a town of tiie san'e name, near Croatia,
belonging to the Venetians. The soil is
190
stony ; but it abounds in wine, cattle, oilj
and excellent honey. Lon. 14 40 E. lat.
45 11 N
Cherson, capital of New Russia, in the
govt r m nt of Cadiarineslaf Ii is a new
town erected by Ca !iari.ie II. on the N
b nk of tht^ Dneiper, 10 miles below the
mouth of the Ingulec. It is intended to be
th prncipal mait of ;dl the commod.ti.-s of
export and import. It has a dock, for the
conr-Tociion of large vessels from which
several men of war and mercliant ships
have been already launched. It is suppli-
ed Witn fuel by reeds only, of which there
is an int xhuustible forest in the shallows of
the Dneipcr, opposite the town. Rails,
and even temporary houses, are made of
them. They are tall and strong, and af-
ford shelter to various kinds of aquatic
birds, some of which are very beautiful.
The fori ificaiions are made, and the plan-
tations formed, by malefactors, who amount
to .'.onie hundreds. In 1787, the empress
made a triumphant journey to this capital,
and met the empeor Joseph II. Her in-
tention it is said, was to be crowned here
queen of Taurica, and empress of the
East. But the design, whatever it was,
did not take place ; and she was content to
have inscribed over one of the gates of the
city, " Throtjgh this gate lies the road to
Byzantium " In this place, in 1790, the
excellent Mr. Howard, so well known for
his pians of reform of the different hospitals
anu prisons of Europe, fell a victim to his
in.'efatitrable humanity. Cherson is 50
miles E of Ocz.kow. Lon. 33 10 E. lat.
46 5 N.
Chertsey, town in Surry, with a market
on Wednesday. It is seated in a low wet
situation not far from the river Thames,
over which is a handsome stone bridge of
seven arches. It is seven miles W of Kings-
ton, and 20 W by S of London. Lon. 0 20
W. lat. 51 25 N.
Cherz, ancient town of Poland, in Maso-
via, 15 miles from Warsaw. Lon. 21 8
W. lat. 52 1 N.
Chennpeuk, bay, has its entrance between
Cape C^ ar es and Cape Henry in Virg nia,
18 miks wide, and it exvend- 180 miles to
the N, dividing Virgiiiia fronn Maryland,
through this ex'ent it is from seven to 18
miles bro d, and generally nine fathoms
deeo ; affording man> commodious har-
bours, and a safe navigation. It receives
the Si.squeh;'nn.ih, P tomac, Rappahan-
noc, York, .md James Kivers, which are all
large nd navigable.
Chesapeuk, town, post village of Cecil
coui t). Mar} la;id.
Chesham, town in Bucks, with a market
on Wcdnesdav, 12 mile.s SE of Ailesburv,
and 29 \V by N of London. Lon. 0 36 W.
lat. 51 42 N.
Ches/iire, English county palatine, bound-
CHE
c; H B
ed on the N by Lancashire, on the NE
by Yorkshire, on the E by Derbyshire, on
the SB by StafFordshire, on the S by
Shropshire, on the VV by Denbighshire and
FUntshire, and on the NW by the Irish
Sea. This county extends 33 miles from
N to S, and 42 from E to VV, without in-
cluding a peninsula 13 mdes in length and
six in breadth, which projects into the Irish
Sea, or a narrow tract of land which
stretches between Lancashire and Derby-
shire, to Yorkshire, on the NE. Popula-
tion in 1801, 191,751 ; in Ifill, 227,031 ;
and in 1820, 270,098. It is remarkable for
its cheese and rock salt.
Cheshire, county of New Hampshire,
forming the SW angle of the state ; bound-
ed S by Massachuset's, W by Vermont, or
Connecticut river, N by Grafton, and E by
Hillsborough ; 60 miles in length ; mean
width 20 ; area 1200 square miles : sur-
face hilly and rocky, but delightfully va-
riegated, well watered and the soil pro-
ductive in grain, fruits and pasturage.
Chief towns, Keene and Ciiarlestown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . . 20,438
do, do. females - - 20,489
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . - 61
Slaves none
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820,
Free white males
do. do. females
40,988
22,275
23,021
Total whites - - - 45,996
Free persons of colour, males - 36
do. do. females - 44
Slaves, males - - - . none
do. females - - - - none
Total population in 1820
45,376
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized , 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 7,968
do. in Manufactures - 1,620
do. in Commerce - - 82
Population to the square mile, 38,
Cheshire, township and post town,
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 140
miles WNW from Boston, Population
in 1810, 1,315, and in 1820, 1,202.
Cheshire, post town of New Haven
county, Connecticut, 13 miles N from
New Haven, It is the seat of the Epis-
copal Academy of Connecticut.
Cheshire, township, including the pre-
ceding post town, in New Haven county,
Connecticut. Population in 1810, 2,2<S8,
and in 1820, 2,281.
Cheshire, township in Gallia countj,
Ohio Population in 1820, 446.
Chesnut Creek, of Virguiia, enters
the Great Kenhawa river, near the
North Carolina line.
Chesnut-hill . post town and township,
Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Po-
pulation, 1 026.
Chesnut-hill, post village, Jackson
county, Georgia
Chesnut ridge, one of the ridges of
the Appalachian mountains, extending
from Maryland through the counties of
Fayette, Westmoreland, and Indiana,
in Pennsylvania.
Chester, the capital of Cheshire, with
a market on Wednesday and Saturday.
It is a very ancient city, supposed to
have been founded by the Rismans, and
plainly appears to have been a Roman
station, by the many antiquities which
have been and are still discovered about
the town ; the walls are near two miles
in circumference, and there are four
gates, towards the four cardinal points
It has a strong castle, in which is the
shire-hall, and 10 churches, besides the
cathedral. It gives the title of earl to
the prince of Wales, is governed by a
mayor, sends two members to parlia-
ment, and is a bishop's see. It is 20
miles S by E of Liverpool, 38 SW of
Manchester, and 182 NW^ of Londoni
Lon. 3 3 W, lat. 52 12 N.
Chester, town of Lunenburg, SE coast
of Nova Scotia, on Mahone bay, 25 mdes
S from Windsor, and 20 SW from Ha-
lifax.
Chester, post town of Rickingham
county. New Hampshire,* 25 miles SE
from Concord.
Chester, township in Rockingham
county. New Hampshire. P. pulation in
in 1810, 2,030, and in 1820, 2,262.
Chester, post town of Windsor county,
Vermont, 17 miles SW from Windsor.
Chester, post town of Hambden coun-
ty, Massachusetts, 20 miles NW from
Springfield.
Chester, township in Hampden county,
Massachusetts. Population in 182u, 1,526.
Chester, post village, Connt cticut, in
Saybri'ok Middlesex county.
CAes^er, post village in Goshen,Orange
county. New York.
Chester, post town of Warren county,
Ntw York, 90 miles N from Albany,
and 25 miles NW from Whitehall.
t hester, township in Warren countv.
New Ycrk. Population in 18:o 1.018.'
Chtsttr, West. See West Chester.
Chester, post town of Morris county.
New Jersey.
Chester, township in Morris countv,
191
c n E
C H K
New Jersey. Population in 1810, 1,175,
and in 182U, *212.
Chester, township in Burlington coun-
ty. New Jersey. Population in 1810,
1,839, and in 1820, 2,253,
Chester, county of Pennsylvania;
bounded by Maryland SW ; Lancaster
W ; Berks NW Montgomery NE ; and
Delaware county, and the state of Dela-
ware SE ; length about 38 ; mean width
19^ miles ; area 732. This county is ex-
trtmely diversffied in its surface. The
western parts towards Lancaster county
is hilly, and even mountainous, whilst
those sections skirting Maryland and De-
laware, though not level, are much less
elevated than the W and NVV parts of
the county. Octararo creek. North-east
river, and Elk river rise in the SW part
of Chester county, and flow southward
into Maryland, fall into the Snsquehan-
nah, or Cnesapeak bay. The centre of
thr cwunty is dr.iined by the sourcfs of
Brandy wine, Chester, Ridley, and s^ime
smaller creeks entering Delaware river.
The Schuylkill limits the county on the
NE. The sdil is aiso greatly varied ;
changing from rocky to the pioductive
limestone valleys extending from the ri-
ver Schuylkill SW across the waters of
the Brandywine. The stapU s are nu-
merous, consisting of every article of agri-
cultural production suita()le to the cli-
mate. Chiet town, West Chester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 19.143
do. do. females - - 18,632
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - _ . 1,814
Slaves . - . _ . 7
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males -
do. do. females
39,596
21,270
20,444
Tot a', whites - - - - 41 714
Free persons o^ colour, malf-s l,''i92
do. do. females 1,242
Slaves, malf s _ - _ 3
do. females - - _ 4
Total population in 1820 - 44,455
Of these ;
Foreii!;ners not naturalized - 416
Engaged in AgricHiture - - 7.032
do. in Maiiufac ures - 2,659
do. in Comm'- rce - 139
Populatirri to the square mile, 60.
Chester, borough on Dd'iware river,
Delaware county, Pennsylvania, 15 milf-s
SW from Philadelphia. Population in
1820, 657. This is a very ancient town,
and was the seat of the first Jjeeislacure,
19 2
after the arrival of William Penn, but
has long been stationary in point of
growth.
Chester, township in Delaware county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, in-
cluding the borough, 1056, and in 1820,
638, t xclusive of tlie burough.
Chester, river of the Eastern shore of
Maryland, and Kent county, in Dela-
ware ; rises in the latter, and flowing
nearly SW into the former, separates
Queen Anne and Kent counties, and falls
into the Chesapeak bay at Love Point.
Chester, post* town of Shenandoah
county, Virginia, 17 miles SW from
Winchester.
^Chester, township of Wayne county,
Orlio. Papulation in 1820, 551.
Chester, township in Clinton county,
Ohio, Population in 1820, 1,171.
Chester, township in Geauga county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 269.
Chester, township in Knox county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 697.
Chester, district of South Carolina,
on Wateree river; bounded by Fairfield
S ; Broad river or Union W ; York N ;
Catawba river, or Lancaster E ; length
22, width 18 ; area about 400 square
miles Surface pleasantly diversihed by
hill and dale, and well watt red. Soil of
middling quality. Staples, grain, tobacco,
livestock, 8cc. Chief town, Chesterville.
Popu ation in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,3 >9
do. do. females - - 4,383
All other pirsons except Indians
not taxtd - - - - 14
Slaves ----- 2,743
Total population in 1810
Popuhtion in 1820.
Free white males
do. do, females
11,479
4,890
4.721
Total whites - - - 9,811
Free persons of colour, males 20
do. do. females, 16
Slaves, males - - - 2,294
do. females - - - 2 248
Total population in 1820
14,389
Of these ;
Foreign- rs not na'uralized - 25
Eiig.ig.. d in Agriculture - 4,767
do in Manufactures - 334
do. in Cc^mmcrce • 45
Population to the square mile. 36 nearly.
Chester, river of West Florida, flow-
ing into Pt nsacola bay.
Chesterjield, town in Derbyshire, with
a market on Saturday, and a handsome
church, remarkable for its carved spire
C H E
(:' it E
Chesterfield is seated on a hill, between
the rivulets Ibber and Rother, 22 miles
N of Derby, and 149 NNVV of London.
Lon. 1 27 W, lat 53 18 N.
Chesterfield, township in Kennebec
county, Maine. Population in 1810, 430;
and in 1820. 612.
Chesterfield, post town of New Hamji-
shire, Cheshire county, 11 miles SW
tVomKeene.
Chesterfield, township in Cheshire coun-
ty. New Hampshire, Population in 1810,
1839; and in 1820,2110.
Chesterfield, township and post town
in Hampshire county, Massachusetts.
Population in 1810, 1408; and in 1820,
1447.
Chesterfield, post town and township
of Essex county, New York, on the point
between the riviere an Sable and lake
Champlain; 18 miles ii from Pittsburgh.
Population, 6 67.
Chesterfield, township in Bjrlington
county. New Jersey. Population in 1310,
1839 ; and in 1820, 2087.
Chesterfield, county of Virginia, oppo-
site Richmond, between James and Ap-
pomatox rivers; bounded by Powhatan
NVV ; James river NE ; and SE by S the
Appomatox river ; length 30 ; mean
width \^; area about 480 square miles.
Surface hilly, and soil of middlini? quali-
ty in general, though considerable tracts
upon the streams are in a high degree
productive. Staples, grain, flour, and
tobacco. Chief town, Manchester.
Population in 1310.
Free white males . . - 1,863
do. do. females - - - 1,829
All other persons e.xcept Indians
not taxed . - . _ 2T2
Slaves . , . . . 6,015
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white mules
do. do. females -
Total whites
l-'ree persons of colour, Juales
do. do, females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
9,979
822
477
470
5,007
4,506
18,003
iingtcn SE ; and Kershaw and Lancaster
districts or Lynch creek SW ; k.ngili 30 ;
mean width 36; area 780 square miles.
Surface hilly ; soil sandy in general, and
of middling quality. Chief town, Ches-
terville.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 1,951
do. do. females . - - 1,916
All other persons except Indians r.ot
taxed 158
Slaves - - - . . 1,639
Total population in 1810 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 65
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,995
do. in Manufactures - - 501
do. in Commerce - - 21
Popidation to the square mile, ot.
Chesterfield, district of S Carolina ;
bounded by N Carolina N ; Alarlborough
flisUrct o.r Great Pedee river E ; Dar-
S^S^Hii
Population in 1S20.
Free white mal s
-
2,173
do. do. females -
-
2,239
Total whites
^
4,412
Free persons of colour.
, males
91
do. do.
females
80
Slaves, mules
-
1,032
do. females
-
1,030
^'otal population in 1820
6,645
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,034
do, in Manufactures - - 138
do. in Commerce - - 29
Population to the square mile.
Chest erfi.eld, chief town of Chesterfield
district, S Carolina, en Thompson's
creek, a branch of Great Pedee', 159
miles N from the city of Charleston.
Chesterfield, inlet or strait, extending
to an unknown distance westward from
Hudson's Bay; outlet lon. WC 13 20 VV,
lat. 63 30 N.
Chesterfield, Key, N side of the island
of Cuba.
Chestertotvn, seaport, post town, and
seat of justice for Ktnt county, Marj'-
land ; on the right bank of Chester river,
40 miles SSE from Baltimore. Lon WC
1 E, lat. 39 13 N. Population. 700. A
very respectable academy exists in this
town. The remains of Washington col-
lege, founded there in 1782, but subse-
quently removed.
Chesterville, post town of Kennebec
county, Maine, on sandy river, 30 miles
NW from Augusta.
Chestnut Hill, township in Xorthamptoa
coiintv, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
1128,'and in 1820, 1026,
Chesiincook, lake of Maine, crossed by
the line between S 'mersett and Penobscot
counties. It receives from the NW, the
Upper Penobscot, and several lesser
breams.
Chetimaches, lake of Louisiana, between
the Atchafalaya and Teche Fivers, is about
^Q miles in length, with a breadth froro
193
L il I
^■: H j
one to six miles. It is shallow, and envi-
roned by a low, annually inundated and
uninhabitable country. At high water, it
communicates in every direction with the
Atchafiilaya, and at all seasons, at its SE
extremity with the Teche river.
Chetican Ilmd, cape on the NW coast of
the island of Cape Kreton. Lon. W C 16
14 E, lat. 46 40 N.
Cheveanx, Point mix, on the north shore
of lake Ontario, and to the eastward of
river Ganaraska, Upper Canada.
Cheviot, England, district in Northum-
berland, to the SW of Wooller, on the
borders of Scotland, famous for the free
chace, ranch used here by the Ens^lish and
Scots gentry. The adjacent country being
hilly is called the Cheviot Hills, of which
one la so high that it is seen 60 miles off,
and is the first land discovered by ships
coming from the E. This is the Cheviot
famous for the fierce encounter between
the English and Scots under the earls Per-
cy and Douglas, which is celebrated in the
ballad of Chevy Chace.
Chevrotiere, river of Lower Canada, flows
into St. Lawrence from the Xorth, 40 miles
above Quebec.
C/^frt/>a, province of Guatimala; bounded
NW and N by Vera Cruz ; E by Yucatan ;
SE by Vera Paz; and SW by Guatimala
Proper. It is an inland country, drained
by the Sumasinta and Tabasco rivers, flow-
ing into the gulf of Mexico. Central lat.
16 30 K.
CIdapa-el- Heal, town in North America,
5n the province of its own name, with a
bishop's see. Its principal trade consists
in cocoa-nuts, cotton, and sugar. Lon. W
C 16 low, lat. 17 10 N.
Chiarensa, seaport of Turkey in Europe,
in the Morea, opposite the island of Zante.
Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 37 50 N.
Chiavi, town of Italy, in the Bresclano,
where the Imperialists defeated the French
m 1701. Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 45 30 N.
Chiaro Monte, town of Sicily, on a moun-
tain, 25 miles W of Syracuse. Lon. 14 59
E. lat. 37 3 N.
CIdavenna, town of Swisserland, capital
of a country of the same name, under the
sovereignty of the Grisons. It is a trading
place, esp'ecially in wine_ and delicute
fruits ; but its chief support is the transport
of merchandise, it being the principal com-
munication between the Milanese and
Germany- Chiavenna is seated near the
lakes of Chiavenna and Como. Lon. 9 19
E, lat. 46 19 N.
Chiavenna, Laghctto di, small lake of the
country of the Grisons, in Swisserland,
near the town of Chiavenna, remarkable
for its delightful views, which are wild and
magnificent. It Is surrounded by barren
rocks, craggy, and rising into spires sprink-
led with snow. The bases of these dread-
194
ful precipices are lost in the overshadowed
water, dangerous on account of its malig-
nant vapours, and aflfording no asylum,
scarcely a landing place, to the crews of
those frail boats, which are caught unwa-
rily ?n the violent storms to which it is sub-
ject.
Chicago, small, but very important river
entering lake Michigan at its southern ex-
tremity. The country over which it flows,
is a low flat prairie. Its mouth is obstruct-
ed by a bv.r, over which, vessels drawing
more than 3 feet water cannot enter,
though inside adequate depth is found for
ships of almost any tonnage. The postage
between Chicago and Uiviereaux Plains,
a branch of Illinois, is only about 9 miles.
At high water, vessels of considerable size
already pass, and a canal is contemplated
to unite lake Michigan with Illinois.
Chicama, small river of Peru, falls into
the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles NW from
Truxillo- Lat. 7 45 S.
Chicasatos, nation of Indians, settled on
the h«ad branches of the Tombecbe, Mo-
bile, and Yazoo rivers, in the NW of Geor-
gia, and NE of Alabama.
Chickapee, river of Massachusetts, rises
in the counties of Franklin and Worcester,
flows SW into Hampshire, where it turns
W, and falls into Connecticut river at North
Springfield.
Chichas y Tarija, province of South
America, in Potosi, now appertaii\ing to the
United Provinces of La Plata. It is drain-
ed by the Rio Grande and Pilcomayo ; and
bounded W by the Andes Central lati-
tude 24 S, lon. W C 10 E.
Chichester, England, capital of Sussex,
with a market on Wednesday and Saturday.
It is surrounded with a wall, which has
four gates answering to the four cardinal
points; from which run two streets that
cross one another in the middle and form
a square, where the market is kept, and
where is a fine stone piazzo built by bishop
Red. The principal manufacture is malt
and needles. Its market is noted for fish,
vvhe.it, barley, malt and oats : the finest
lobsters in England, are bred in the Lavant,
and it is observable, that this river unlike
most others is very low in winter, but in
summer often overflows its banks. It is 61
miles SW of London. Lon. 0 48 W, lat,
50 50 N.
Chichester, township, Rockingham coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
951, and in 1820, 1010.
Chichester, Utiper, tuwns'iip in Delaware
countv, Pennsylvania. Poi»u!ationin 1810,
417, and in 1820, 413.
Chichester, Lower, township in Delawsre
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
511, and in 1820, 502.
Cldckahominy, ri er of Virginia, branch
of James' river, rises in Hanover, and flow-
0 ir 1
C II I
jng SE, separates Henrico and Charles'
city from Hanover ; New Kent and James'
city, falls into James' above Point Comfort.
It is navigable for 12 feet vessels, 8 miles.
Chickasatv Jlgency, post office, Mississip-
pi, loU miles bW from Hmitsville.
Chickasaw Bluff, higli bank of the Mis-
sissippi river, 115 miles below the mouth
of Ohio, at the NW angle of the state of
Mississippi,
CIdckasa-Mhay River, north eastern, and
main branch of Pascagoula. (See Pasca-
goula ) The Chickasawhay, rises in the
Choctaw country. N lat. 32 40, flows
nearly south, through pine forests, crosses
Wayne and Greene, and enters Jackson
county, on the borders of which, at N lat.
30 57, it joins Leaf river and forms Pasca-
goula. The entire length of Chickasawhay,
is about 120 miles.
Chickasawhay, post office, Greene coun-
ty, Mississippi.
Chidley, Cape, on the north-eastern coast
of Labrador, has Davis' Straits NE, and the
bay of Unguva SW. Lon. W C 12 10 E,
lat. 60 12 N.
Chielef a, town of Turkey in Europe, in
the Morea. It was taken by the Venetians
in 1685 ; but the Turks retook it. Lon.
22 28 E, lat. 36 35 N, 12 miles W from
Kolikithia.
Chiemsee, lake of Germany, In Bavaria,
which contains an island and town of the
same name, with a bishop's see. The
island is 17 miles in circumference, and the
town is 22 miles VVS W of Saltzburg.
Chieri, fortified town of Piedmont, seated
on the declivity of a hill, in a pleasant
country, bounded on all sides by hills
covered with vines. It is eight miles E of
Turin.
Chifti, town of Naples, capital of Abruz-
zo Citcriore, with an archbishop's see. It
is seated on a mountain near the ri^'er Pes-
cara, eight miles SW of Pescara. Lon. 15
7 E, lat. 42 20 N.
Chifuncte, river of Louisiana in St, Tam-
many, rises in the north part of that parish,
flowing SSB 50 miles, falls into lake Pont-
chartrain, in a direction nearly north from
the city of New Orleans, There is depth
of water at the mouh of the Chifuncte
sufficient to admit vessels drawing six or
seven feet water, as far as the mouth of the
Bogue Falaya.
C/j/!§-n(?rit-, bay of Nova Scotia, the NW
arm of the bay of Fundy.
Chig-ivsll, vi.lage in Essex, 10 miles NE
of London. It is no'ed for a free-school,
founded by archbishop Harsnett, who had
been vicar of this place, and lies buried in
the church.
Chihuahva, city of the internal provin-
ces of Spain in North America ; situ;itt.d
near the river Conchos, a branch of liio-
granddlff Norte, in the province of New
Biscay. It is the capital of the Internal
Provinces, and environed by some very
rich mines. Population 12,000. Lat. 2S
50 N, lon. W C 27 20 W.
Chili, large country of South America,
on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, discover-
ed by Diego d'Ahnagro in 1525, extending
from the desert of Attacamas. S lat. 24
30, to Chiloe S lat. 44. The mountainous
part of it is possessed by the Puelches,
Araucns, and other tribes of its original
inhabitants, who are still formidable neigh-
bours to the Spaniards. That part of Chili,
tiierefore, which may be properly deemed
Spanish, is a narrow district, extending
along the coast, from the desert of Ataka-
mas to the island of Chiloe, above 900 miles.
Though bordering on the torrid zone, it
never feels the extremity of heat, being
screened on the E by the Andes, and re-
freshed from the W by cooling sea-breezes..
The fertility of the soil corresponds with
the benign ty of the climate, and is won-
derfully accommodated to European pro-
ductions. The most valuable of these,
corn, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, as if
they had been native in the country. Here
all the fruits imported from Europe attain
to fi.ll maturity ; and the animals not only
multiply, but improve. The horned cattle
are of larger size than those of Spain ; and
its horses excel in beauty and spirit the fa-
mous Andalusian race, from which they
sprung. Nature, too, has enriched Chili
witii valuable mines of gold, silver, copper,
and lead. The population of Chili, has been
for the last two centuries increasing, and
at present, besides the independent tribes
of natives, exceeds, it is probable 1,500,000.
Since Februar), 1818, this fine country has
been virtually one of the civilized nations
of the earth, and was by the government
of the United States so recognised, in the
Congressof 1821— 22.
Chilka, lake in the Deccan of Hindco-
stan, which bounds the five Circars on
the N. It lies on the coast of the bay of
Bengal, and seems the effect ot the breach
of the sea over a flat sandy surface,
whose elevation was something above the
level of the country within. It commu-
nicates with the sea by a very narrow but
deep opening.
Chilian, province of Chili, bounded on
the E by the Andes ; on the N by Maule ;
VV by Itata, and S by Arauco.
Chillau, capital of the province of the
same name, on the Chillau river. Lon.
VVt: 6 E. lat. 55 30 N.
Chilkolhe, post town and seat of jus-
tice in Ko.ss county, Ohio, on the bank
of the river Kciota, 45 miles S from Co-
lumbus, and 73 E by N frrm fJincinnati.
Lon. VVC 5 5:i W, lat. 39 20 N. The
site of the town is a plain, or river level,
195
R H I
o; II I
but tiie adjacent countiy vises into bold
hills of from 200 to SOO'feet, affording a
fine diversity of surface. It Wiis laid out
ill 1796, and in 1810 the t'.wi.'ship con-
taint-d 1369, and in 1820, 2426 inhabitants.
There are in this town two printing of-
fices, three banks, and about thirty mer-
cantile stores. Manufacturing establish-
ments are numerous and flourishing, con-
sisting of cotton spinning factories, oil,
fulling, fl )ur, and saw mil's.
Chilkoihe, land district, is composed of
thr 9 westeriimnst of the 22 ranges of
townships of the United States army
lands. The refugee tracts, and the seven
westernmnst of the 22 ranges of town-
ships of the United States lands south of
the refugee tract. It includes parts of
Delaware, Knox, Licking, Frank ii. Fair-
field, Pickaway, Ross, Athens, Hccking,
Lachfor, Lawrence. P ke,Sciota,and G^-
lia counties, but nr t the whole if either.
Chillkoihe, township in Ross county,
Ohio, P(.pul <tion in 1810, 1369 ; and in
1820, 2426, including the town of Chili-
cothe.
Chilicothe, Old, township in Ross coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 199.
Chilo, town of Ohio, in (Mermont coun-
ty, on the right bank of Ohio river. See
j^echanickberg.
Chillisqaque, township in Northumber-
land county, Pennsylvania. Population
in 1810, 1505 ; and in 1820, 1035.
Ch'tlmark, township in Dukes county,
P.Iassachusetts, in the island of Martha's
vineyard. Population in 1810, 723 ; and
in 1820, 695.
Chiloe, group of islands of South Ame-
rica, in Southern Chili. They extend
nearly parallel to the coast in a gulf of
the same name. The principal island,
from which the archipelago is named, is
about 105 miles long, and from 10 to 30
vvide, lying between lat. 41 50, and 43
10 S.
Chilfianzinco , qity of New Spain, in-
tendancy of Mexico ; situated on the
southern slope of Analuac, 3542 feet
above the level of the ocean ; surrounded
by beautiful fields of wheat and orchards,
on the road from Mexico to Acapul-
co. Lat. 17 40 N, Ion. WC 22 20 W.
Cliilquesy Mosques, small province of
Peru, SW iVom Cusco, on the sources of
the Crand Para central -latitude, 14 S.
CMliern, chain of chalky hills', running
from E to W through Buckingliamsiiiie,
aud forming the S part of the coupty.
They are covered in various p;irts with
woods : and some of the eminences are of
consideraijie height, and alFurd rich pros-
pects. The air on these heights is ex-
tremely hcahhful ; the soil, though stony,
produces good crops of wheat and barle\'.
195
I'his district belongs to the crown, which;
for time immemorial, has had an officer
under it, with the title of Steward of the
Chiltern Hundreds.
Chiinborazo, mountain of Soutli America,
in the chain of the Andes Lat. 1 20 S,
about 100 SW from Quito. This immense
cone can be seen far intu the Pacific Ocean,
and presents to the eye of the mariner a
most magnificent object. It rises accord-
ing to Humboldt, to 21,440 feet. That
illustrious traveller ascended its slope as
high as 19,300 feet, the highest point on
the globe ever aicended to by man. It is
covered for several thousand feet by per-
j)etual snov/, and generally surrounded by
fogs.
China, extensive country in Asia, be-
tween 98 and 123 E Ion. and 21 and 42 N,
lat. It is 1330 miles from N to S, and 1030
fiom E to VV ; bounded on the E by the
Yellow and the China sea, S by the latter
sea and the kingdoms of Tonquin, Laos,
a-nd Birmah, W by Tibet, and N by Tar-
tary, from which it is separated by a great
wall. This stupendous wall exceeds every
thing of human art and industry that is
read of in history ; and is said to have been
built about the year 1160, to prevent the
frequent incursions of the Mongols. It
extends along a hiliy surface 1500 miles in
length ; the breadth, in many parts, is up-
wards of 15 feet at the top ; and it is flank-
ed with towers at the distance of 300 feet :
the materials of which the whole is com-
posed are so close and solid, that it is yet
almost entire. China is divided into 15
provinces, which are Pe-tche-li, Kiang-nan,
Kiang-si, Fo-kien, Tche-kiang, Houquang,
Ho-nan, Chan-tong, Chan-si, Chen-si, Se-
tchuen, Quang-tong, Quang-si, Yun-nan,
and Koei-tcheou. These provinces con-
tain 4402 walled cities, divided into classes,
the civil and the military ; the civil class
containing 2045, and the military 2357.
The civil class is again divided into three
other classes ; the hrst are called fvti, the
second icheov, and the third sMen. Ac-
cording to the statement of the population
of China, delivered to lord Macartney, in
1793, by a Chinese mandarin, the number
of inhabitants VT as not less than 333,000,000;
but from the calculations in Neuhoff's
travels the population is about 230,000,000.
The climate and soil are various, as the dif-
ferent provinces are nearer to, or remote
from the S ; severe cold being fait at Pe-
king, while the southei'n provinces are
exposed to excessive heat. Here are
several large lakefr; the principal of them
are the Po-yang, in Kiang-si, 250 miles in
circumference ; the Tung-ting, in Hou-
quang, above 200 miles in circumference ;
t!)e Tai, part of which extends into Kiang-
nan ; the Hong-tse, and the Kao-yeou, in
the province of Kiang-nan. The chief
('. li ;
C H I
rivers are the Kian-ku and the Hoan-ho ;
beside which there is an infinitude of great
and small rivers, and fine canals, one of
which, called the Grand Canal, surpasses
any ihing of the kind in the world. By
this canal, and some rivers, there is a com-
munication by water between Peking and
Canton, the two extremes of the empire,
except the interruption of a day's journe)^,
by a mountain in the province of Kian^^-si.
This inland navigation, upwards of 1400
miles, is effected from Peking by passing
down the Peiho to tlie influx of the Eu-ho,
then up that river to the entrance of the
grand canal, and along that canal to the
Kianku ; then up that river into the Foyang
lake, and thence up the river that runs
through Kiang-si ; then over the mountain
before-mentioned, and down the river of
Canton. 'J'lie manufactures* of China em-
brace almost every article of industry ; but
t]ie most noted are porcelain, silk, cotton,
and paper. The internal commerce of the
country is immense, but the external trade
is unimportant ; the chief export is that of
tea, which is sent to England. In several
of the provinces, the land yields two crops
a year; yet, though the husbandman culti-
vates it with such care as not to lose the
smallest portion of ground, the country has
been often desolated by famine. One great
cause of the scarcity of gram is the prodi-
gious consumption occasioned by the com-
position of wines, and of a sj)irituous liquor
called rack. The numerous mountains of
China (which are chiefly in the N and W
parts) contain mines of iron, tutenag, cop-
per, quicksilver, gold, and silver : but those
of gold and silver are little worked, that
the people may attend to the more useful
labours of agriculture. Quarries of marble,
coal, lapis lazuli, jasper, rock crj stals, gra-
nite, and a kind of sonorous stones of which
musical instruments are composed, are
abundant ; and here is potter's earth of such
various and superior kinds, that the fine
porcelain of China is unrivalled. Beside
the fruits peculiar to the country, it produ-
ces the greater part of those of Europe ;
but (excepting the grapes and ])omegra-
nates) they are much inferior. Oranges
were first brought us from China. Here
are also lemons, citrons, the tse-tse, a kind
of fig peculiar to China ; the li-tchi, of the
size of a date, its stone covered with a soft
juicy pulp, of an exquisite taste, but dan-
gerous when eaten to excess ; the long-yen,
or dragonseye, its pulp white, tart, and
juicy, not so agreeable to the taste, but
more wholesome tlian the li-tcin. The
Chinese excel in the art of managing kitch-
en gardens, and have a number of vegeta-
bles unknown to us. They cultivate "even
the bottom of their waters ; the beds of their
lakes, ponds, and rivulets, producing crops
ttnknown to us, ])articularly of the pitsi, or
water chestimt, the fruit of which (found
in a cover formed by its root) is exceed-
ingly wholesome, and of a very delicate
taste. Among the trees peculiar to China
is the tallow-tree, the fruit of which is
white, of the size of a small walnut, and the
pulp has the properties of tallow ; the wax-
tree, producing a kuid of wiiite wax al-
most equal to that made by bees ; the tsi-
chu, or varnish tree, which produces the
admirable Chinese varnish ; the tie-ly-mou,
or iron wood, the wood of which is so hard
and heavy that it sinks in water, and the
anchors of the Chinese ships are made of
it ; the camphire-tree ; the bamboo reeds,
which grow to the height and size of a
large tree, and beside being used as natu-
ral pipes to convey water, are employed for
numberless other purposes; the tea-plant,
&c. with cotton, betel, and tobacco : the
flowering shrubs, flowers, herbs, and medi-
cinal plants, are too numerous to be reci-
ted. In the mountains and forests are
wild animals of every species ; but that
valuable quadruped, the muskdeer, is pe-
culiar to this country. Of its birds, the
most beautiful in China, and, perhaps in
the world, is the kinhi, or golden fowl.
The complexion of the Chinese is a sort of
tawny, and they have large foreheads,
small eyes, short noses, large ears, long
beards, and black hair ; and those are
thouglit to be the most handsome who are
the most bulky. The women aflisct a great
deal of modesty, and are remarkable for
their little feet Tiie men endeav^'ur to
make a pompous appearance when they go
abroad ; aiid yet their houses are mean and
low, consisting only of a ground floor.
Theij' towns are so much alike, that those
who know one are acquainted with all.
Learning, with the arts and sciences in
general, is much cultivated in this country.
Their writing is very particula; ; for every
letter is a word, and consequently they
have as many letters, or ciiaracters, as
words in their language. Their religion is
paganism. They allow polygamy, and keep
their wives pretty close. Burials are not
permitted in cities or towns, and their se-
pulchres are commonly on barren hills and
n>ountair.s. They pretend to have a great
veneration for their ancestors; and some
keep images of tlicm in tiieir houses, to
which they pa) a sort of adoiation. They
liave laws which regidate the civilities and
ceremonious salut, lions chey pay to each
other, for winch reason they always appear
to be extremely good-natured ; and yet
they are as deceitful as any people in the
world. The gove.nment is absohite, and
the emperor has tiie privilege of liaming
his successor ; liut the ciiief mandarin has
permission to tell him of his fuilts. He
looks upon^iis subjects as his ciuldren, and
professes to govern them with paternal'af'
■[97
1. ti i
t'ection. Their empire is very ancient, and
they pretend tliat it existed many thousand
years before Noah's flood : it is generally
allowed to have commence d 2500 years be-
fore the birth of Christ. The Chinese em-
pire now includes Tibet, the greatest part
of Tartary, Corea, and numerous islands on
the S and E coasls of China, the principal
of which are Lieu-kieu, Formosa, and Hai-
nan. The annual lievenues of the crown,
according to Sir George Staunton, are said
to be 66 OOO.OUOZ. sterling ; and the army
in the pay of China, including Tartars,
amount to 1,000,000 infantry and 800,000
cavalry. Peking is the capital.
China, township in Kennebec county,
Maine. Population in 1820, 894.
China, townsh p in Genesee count)',
New York. Population in 1820, 780.
China-Grove, post office, Georgeiown
district, South Carolina.
Chinca, seaport of Peru, seated on a river,
in a valley of its own name, 90 miles S of
Lima. Lon. W C 0 45 E, lat. 13 10 S.
Chine, La, village of Lower Canada, 6
miles from Montreal upon the same island.
It is the upper part of that city ; here all
boats arrive from, and depart, whicii are
employed in the commerce of the St. Law-
rence or Otlawas rivers. A canal is now
cutting from La Chine to Montreal, in or-
der to obviate the dangers of the interve-
ning rapids of St. Louis.
Cliinon, ancient town of France, in tlie
department of Indre and Loire, and late
province of Touraine, with a castle, in
which Henry II. king of England expired.
Chinon is the birth place of Rabelais and
of Quillet. It is seated on the Vienne, 10
miles N of Richelieu, and 150 SW of Paris.
Lon. 0 22 E, lat. 47 12 N.
Chinsura, town of Hindoostan Proper,
in Bengal. It is a settlement of the Dutch,
and is seated on the river Hoogly, nearly
midway between Chandernagore, and the
old town of Hoogly. It contains several
good houses, and a church, with a little
mole projecting into the river. It was
taken by the English in 1795.
Chiny, town of the Netherlands, capital
of a country of the same name, in Austrian
Luxemburg, 57 miles W of Luxemburg.
Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 49 45 N.
Chios, Scio, or A7o, by the Turks called
Saki Saduci, an island lying near the coast
of Ionia, in Asia Minor, about 100 miles W
of Smyrna. It is mountainous and rocky,
and about 100 miles in circuit. The num-
ber of its inhabitants is almost incredible,
having, besides others, upwards of a mil-
lion of Greeks, who have 300 churches
here, besides chapels and monasteries.
It abounds with excellent wines ; and from
thence the ancients had their nectar.
Chios, capital of the above island. It
stands on the E coast, is as we!I built as
most of the towns in the Levant, tlie Ge*
lioese having been long in the possession
of it. The natives pretend that Homev
was born here, and show a place they call
his sch'iol, at the foot of mount Epos, about
four miles from the city. Lon. 27 5E, lat.
38 6 N.
Chiourlic, ancient town of Romania, with
the see of a Greek bishop. It is seated on
a river of the same name, 47 miles VV of
Constantinople Lon. 27 57 E, lat. 41 8 N.
Chiozzo, anciently Fossa Claudia, a town
and island of Italy, in the territory of Ve-
nice, with a bishop's see, and a harbour de-
fended by a fort. It is 18 miles S of Venice.
Lon 12 9 E, lat. 45 17 N.
Chippenham, borough in Wilts, with a
market on Saturday. It sends two mem-
bers to parlia(pent ; and is seated on the
Avon, over which is a stone bridge of 16
arches, 21 miles E '^f Bristol, and 94 W of
London. Lon. 2 8 W, lat. 51 27 N.
Chippe-cvan, mountains of North America.
This great chain is the principal spine of
that continent, and by various names, ex-
tends from the Isthmus of Darien to the
Frozen Ocean, through 60 degrees of lati-
tude, or 4,150 miles. In Mexico, it is
known as by the general term Anahuac.
Farther north, the Spaniards designate it
as the mountains of New Mexico. In the
United States, it is known as the Rocky
mountains. In Cabotia or British America,
by its true native name Chippewan, or
Chippewyan. In Mexico and Guatimala,
it rises into Volcanic summits, elevated far
above the region of perpetual snow. Po-
pocatepetl, Citlaltepetl, or Peak d'Oriza-
ba, Pico Frailes, and Corede Perote, all
Tise above 13,500 feet. In the United
States, the elevation of this chain remains
undetermined, but must be considerable,
from the length and rapidity of the streams
flowing from its opposite sides.
Chippetvaij, small river or creek, Lincoln
county, Upper Canada, falls into Niagara
river, at the village of Chippeway.
Chi/ifieivay, village of Lincoln county.
Upper Canada, on Niagara river, at the
mouth of Chippeway creek. Here a san-
guinary battle was fought between the
British and the United States armies,
Ju'y 5th, 1814.
Chifitierjay , river of the United States
NW territory, rises with the Montreal,
and other streams of lake Superior, pur-
sues a SW course, and falls into the left
bank of the Mississippi at lake Pepin.
Lat. 44 30 N, lon. WC 14 58 VV.
Chijifieiva, township in Beave county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 443.
ChJ/ifienva. township in Wayne county,
Ohio Population in 18^0, 681.
Chirambia, remark'ible cape of South
America, 30 miles NV' from Choco bay.
It is the point of separation on the Pari-
C H )
C il O
lie Ocean, between Raposa and Novita.
Lon. WC 3 30 W, lat. 4 15 N.
Chirigui, river and district of Vera-
qua, on the Pacific side.
Chiame, or Cistne, ancient Cyssus, N
lat. 38 24 ; seaport of NatoUa, Asiatic
Turkey, 40 miles SW by W from Smyr-
na, and nearly opposite to the southern
point of the island of Scio, on the ancient
Clazomenian promontory ; famous for
two naval battles. One in which the fliet
of Antiochus king of Syria was defeated
by the Romans, AC 192. The second
in 1770, when a large Turkish fleet was
destroyed by the Russians. See Myon-
neaaus-
Chiswell, isles on the NW coast of
North America, group lying near the
mainland, between cape Elizabeth and
Montague island. Lon. WC 71 4 VV, lat.
59 33 N.
Chiawick, village in Middlesex, on the
Thames. Here is Chiswick House, a ce-
lebrated villa of the duke of Devonshire,
built by the earl of Burlington, after a
design of Palladio. In the church yard
is a monument to Hogarth with an epi-
taph by Garrick. It is five miles W by
S of London.
Chitor, capital of a province W the
same name in the Hither India. ■ This
city is supposed to have been the seat of
Porus' dominions, who engaged Alexan-
der. It lies 256 miles NE of Surat, and
is subject to the Gi'eat Mogul. Lon. 76
10 E. lat. 2^ 30 N.
Chitor, city of Piedmont in Italy, situ-
ated on the Po, tt- n miles N of Turin ; it
■was taken by the French after a trail ant
defence in 1705, but recovered by the
confederates the following year : it is
subject to the king of Sardinia. Lon. 7 35
E, lat 45 12 N.
Chitro, tow^n of Macedonia, on the bay
of Salonichi, where the mother, wife,
and son of Alexander were murdered by
Cassander ,- and where Perseus was de-
feated by the Romans. Lon 22 35 E, lat.
40 20 N.
Chittenden, county of Vermont, on lake
Champlain, on both sides of Onion rivtr ;
bounded W by lake Champlnin ; NE by
Franklin; SE by Washinge n, and S by
Ad'lism; length 30; mean width "1; area
630 ; surface in the wester;', jan W\y,
and in the east rn rnnuMtaiiious. Tiie
whole w 11 watered; sol pr dnotive in
grain and pasturage. Chief town, Bur-
lington.
Populauon in 1810.
Free white ir.ales - - - 9,223
do dc. feniaies - - 8,330
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . , 67
Total population in 1810 18,120
Population in 1820.
Free while males - - ■ 8,176
do. do. females - - 7,757
Total whites .... 15,933
Free persons of colour, males - 55
do. do. females - 67
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females 0
Total population in 1820. - - 16,055
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 217
Engaged in Agriculture . - 2,607
do. in Manuf ctures - • 668
do. in Commtrce • - 81
Population lo the -.quare mile, 25.
Chittenden, town of Rutland county,
Vermont, 30 miles NW from Windsor.
Population. 450.
Chitterdroog, town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, in Mysore, 117 miles N by
W of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 15 E, lat.
14 5 N.
Chitieningo, large creek of Madison
county. New York; is one of the feeders
of the Grand Canal, which it crosses, and
flows into Oneida lake.
Chittinham, township in Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
783 ; and in 1820, 956.
Chivas, town of Piedmont, which has
been several times taken and retaken It
is so advantageously situated near the
river Po, that it is called the key of Ita-
ly It is 12 miles NE or Turin. Lon. 7
i7 E lat. 45 13 N
Chiusi, episcopal town of Tuscany,
poorly peopled, on account of its un-
wholesome air, It is 35 miies SE of Sien-
na. Lon. 10 52 E, lat 43 U N.
Chiutaye, town of Turkey in Asia,
capital of Natolia proper, and the resi-
dence of the Grand Seignior before the
taking of Cunstantinonle It is seated on
the river Ay ila, 7S miles E of Bursa.
Lon 30 47 E, lat. 39 30 N
Choco, province of South Amrrica. in
New Granac'a. It has Darien N, B'ru-
qiie W ; aud Novita S: watered by the
rivf-r Atr:.to. Central lai 7 N
Choconut, creek of Susquehannah
county Pennsylvania is the diicha^'ge of
Silver lake, flows north-easterly into
New Yv rk and fall into Susquehannah
river, a short distance below Chenango
point
Choconut. township of Susquehannah
couHtv, Pennsylvania, at the mouth of
199
c n o
(J H it
Choconut creek. Population in 1820, 508.
See Cocoamit.
Choctaw, river of Florida and Alaba-
ma, rises in the latter, and flowing into
the former, falls into St. Rosa bay. 1 his
river rises in the pine woods, between
the source of Yellow-water and some
creeksfalling into Apalachicola river, and
has a nearly southern course of 60 or 70
miles into the bay of St. Rosa.
Choctaw, nation of Indians, residing on
the waters of Tombigbee river, in Mis-
sissippi and Alabama, The Choctaws
reside to the SW from the Chicasaws.
These nations have both for upwards of
20 years been in considerable numbers
migrating over the Mississippi river.
Choczim, town of Moldavia, on the
Dniester. It surrendered in 1788 to the
Russians and Austrians? but was restor-
ed to the Turks at the subsequent peace.
It is 110 miles NVV of Jassy. Lon. 26 25
W, lat. 48 46 N.
Chalet, town of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire, and late
province of Anj ^u, with a castle, ITO
miles SVV of Paris. Lon. 0 45 W, lat. 47
ION.
Cholula, city of Mexico, in the inten-
dancy (jf Putbla, 60 n.iles SE by E from
Mexico. Pipulatinn, 16,000. Lon. \VC
21 20 W, iat. 19 Id N.
Cholula. ancient republic of Mexico,
corresponding nearly to tlie district ap-
pertaining to the present city of Cholula.
Cholula, ancient pyramid of Mexico,
in the intendancv of Puebla. It is 177
feet high. Lon.'VVC 21 20, W, lat. 19
2N.
Chonat, episcopal town of Hungary,
capital of a county of the same name, on
the Merich, 25 miles E of Segedin Lon.
21 4 E, lat. 46 :0 N.
Chonos, !<rnup of is'ands on the coast
of Chili. South from Chili, extending
from 44 to 47 S.
Cho/uan/c, river of Maryland and De-
laware, rista in the latt<-r, by Choptank
creek, and in the fnrmer by Turkahoe
creek; which unite bt-fweeu Caroline
and Talbot counties, and, after a SW
course* of 45 miles, ('[lens into a --ine bay,
and turns to NW, iH m'les it joins the
Ch. snneake bay, between Cook's point
and Tilghman's island.
Chofiuvifth, river in the Rncky m' un-
tains. tails into the right side- of the Koos-
koshee, a branch of Lewis river.
Chorg-(s, tdwn of France, in the de-
partment of th'. Upper Alps and late jjro-
vince of Danpliny, burnt by the duke ( f
Savoy in i692. It is 10 miles E of Gup.
Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 44 35 N.
Chorleu, town ©f Lancashire, with a
200
market on Tuesday, It is seated near
the source of a rivulet called Chor, not
far from the river Yarrow, six miles SSE
of Preston, and 205 NW of London.
Lon. 2 42 W, hit. 53 38 N.
C/iotva?i, river of North Carolina, form-
ed by the united streams of the Mehe-
rin, Notaway, and Blackwatcr, all rising
in Virginia, but flowing into North Caro-
lina. The Chowan opens by a very wide
estuary into Albemarle sound.
Chowan, county of North Carolina, on
the N side of Albemarle sound ; bound-
ed by Chowan river \V ; Gates N ; Per-
quimans E; and Albemarle sound S:
length 22 ; mean width 9 ; area 200
square miles. Surface flat, and in part
swampy. Soil in general of middling
quality. Chief town, Edenton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,186
do. do. females - - 1,223
All other persons except Indians
not taxed _ _ _ 99
Slaver, 2,789
5,297
1,402
1,437
6,464
13
2,151
216
55
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males -
do. do. females
Total whites - - . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females.
Slaves, mciles ....
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreign? rs not naturalized
En.t;:aged in .\i-'riculture
do in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Pfipulation to the square mile, 32.
Chowle, town on the coast of Malabar,
with a harbour for small vessels, which
s fortified. It is \5 miles S of Bnmbav.
Lon. 72 45 E, iat. 18 42 N.
Chremnifz, chief mine town in Upper
Hungary 90 miles NE of Presburg. Lon.
19 27 E, lat 48 59 N.
Christchurch, borough in Hampshire,
with a market on Monday. It is a pret-
ty gord town, is governed by a mayor,
sends two mtmbers to parliiment, and is
seated at the cnnrluence of tht Avon and
Stotir, 9? miles SVV of London. Lon. 1
46 W lat 50 45 N.
ChV'stchurch, jiarish of Charleston dis-
trict, South Carolina.
Chri<itian, county of Kenturky or Cum-
berland river; bounded by Tennessee S :
O M K
cut;
Gaidwell SW ; Hopkins' and Muhlen-
berg N ; and Logan E ; length 42 ; mean
width 25 ; area i050 square miles ; sur-
face level, and soil productive. Chiet town,
Hopkinsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males • - - 4,781
do. do. females - - 4,381
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . , 19
Slaves 1,703
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . -
do. females
10,889
3,55j
3,390
6,943
13
12
1.731
1,760
10.459
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 10.
Chnsiian, tov/nship in Lawrence county,
Arkansas. Population in 1820, 1222.
Christian Sound, opens between Capes
Ommamay and Decision, and extending
SE off King George's island, unites Prince
Frederick Sound to the Pacific Ocean.
Lon. W C 57 W. lat. of the opening into
the Pacific 56 15 N.
Cliristiania, city of Southern Norway, in
the government of Aggerhuys, situated at
the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a
semicircular bend along the shore of the
beautiful bay of Biorning, which forms the
N extremity of the gulf ofChristiania. The
castle ot Aggerhuys is built on a rocky
eminence on the W side of the bay, at a
.small distance from the city. Christiania,
is 30 miles from the open sea, ant! 290 N
by W of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 50 E. lat.
59 6 N-
Christiana, post village in New Castle
county, Delaware ; seated on Christiana
creek, mne miles above Wilmington, and
37 SW from Philadelphia.
Christiana, township in New Castle, De-
laware. Population in 1810, including
the vill ige of the same name, 6698, and in
1820, 8355.
Christiana, creek of Delaware, is formed
by the Red Clay, and White Clay creeks,
and Christiana creek proper, which unite
near Christiana bridge, turns to NE and
joins the Brandyv/ine, at Wilmington.
V'c^scls d'-.w,'ing 14 feet water, ascend ':o
Wilmmgton, and those of five or six to
Christiana bridge.
Christian, Great, small island between
Crete, and Santorm, it is the ancient Asca-
mia. Lon 25 15 E. lat. 56 20 N.
Chnstianople, strong seaport of Sweden,
on the Baltic, and capital of Bl. kin^^en.
It is 13 miles NE of Carlescroon. Lon. 16
47 E. lat. 56 26 N.
Christianburg, fort of Africa on the gold
coast of Guinea, subject to the Danes.
Lon.l 55E. lat. 4 ION.
Christiansand, city, and government of
Norway, on the SW coast. The haroour
is excellent. Lon. 8 03 E. lat. 58 08 N.
Christiansvi//e, post town in Mecklen-
burg county, Virginia, on the Meherin ri-
ver, 243 miles from Washington.
Christina, St. one of the islands in the
S;m-h Pacific Ocean, called the Marquesas.
Lon. 139 9 W lat. 9 56 S.
Christmas Island, island in the N. Paci«
fic Ocean, so named by C.ptain Cook, on
account of his first landing there on Christ-
mas day. It is 45 miles in circumference,
uninhabited, and destitute of fresh water ;
but has abundance of fine turtle. Lon.
157 30 VV. lat. 1 59 N.
Christmas Sound, sound of South Ameri-
ca, in Terra del Fuego. Lon, 70 2 W. lat.
55 21 S.
Christopher, St. or St. Kitt's, one of the
Leeward Islands in the West Indies, 60
miles W of Antigua. It was formerly in-
habited by the French and English ; but,
in 1713, it was ceded to the latter. It is
20 miles in breadth, and seven in length,
and has high mountains in the middle,
whence rivulets flow, which are of great
use to the inhabitants. It was taken by the
French in 1782, but restored the n. xt year.
Basseterre is the capital.
Chucuito, province of Upper Peru, now
.appertaining to the united provinces of La
Plata. It lies along the west side of lake
Titicaca, SE from Arequipa. Cbicuitathe
capital is on the lake. Lon. W C. 6 30 E.
lat. 16 30 S.
Chuadto, lake. See Titicaca.
Chxidleigh, town in Devonshire, with a
market m Sat'fi^^ ; seated near the river
Teigne, nine milePSW of Exeter, and 185
W by S of London. Lon. 3 39 W . lat. 50
38 N.
Chmar, fort of Ilindoos'an Proper, in
the province of Allahabad. It is seated on
the Ganges, 20 miles above the Benares,
and IS built on a rock, which is fortified all
round by a wall, and towers at v.irious dis-
tances. At the end, overlooking the ri-
ver, is situated the citadel, v/bich has form-
erly been strong. This fort is said to be
of the highest antiquity, and originally
built by the Hindoos. In the citadel is an
altar, consisting of a plain black marble
slab, nr* wh''-h the tutelarv deilv of llr*
C H U
C i N
place is tradititionally supposed to be seat-
ed at all times, except from sunrise till
nine in the morning', when he is at Be-
nares ; during' vvliich time, from the super-
stition of toe H'ndoos, attacks may be
made with a prospect of success. Ciuinar
has always been considered as a post of
great consequence on the Ganges, from its
insulated situation, projecting forward to a
great extent, and being of considerable
height. It was unsuccessfully attempted
by the English in 1764 ; the nest year it
was surrendered to tliem : they restored
it to the Nabob of Gude at the subsequent
peace; but in 1772 it was finally ceded to
the English by that prince, in exchange for
Allahabad. At this place is kept the ma-
gazine of ammunition and artillery for the
brigade of Cawnpore. It is 385 miles N W
of Calcutta. Lon. 85 50 E. lat. 25 10 N.
Chunaub, or Jenaub, river of Hindoostan
Proper, one of the five eastern branches of
the Indus. It runs through Cashmere and
Lahore, between the Chelum and the Rau-
vee. Its general course is from NE to
SW, and after leaving Jiimmoo, is through
a flat country, gradually approacliing to
the Chelum. It is united with both these
rivers at some distancf above Moultan.
Its junction with the Chelum, about 50
miles above Moultan, is effected with
great violence and noise, and no less dan-
ger to navigators. The Chunaub is the
Acesines of Alexander.
Chun-te-fon, city of China, in tiie pro-
vince of Petcheli, with nine populous ci-
ties of the third rank under its jurisdiction.
C/aiquibaniba, town of Peru, near Cama-
na, and Arequipa. It is the cap.tal of the
' district of Condesuyos.
Church Creek, pest town o'' Dorchester
county, Maryland, seven miles SW from
Cambridge.
Chnrch-Siretton, town in Shropshire,
with a mas ket on Thursday, 14 mdt s S of
Shre'ttsbwrv, and 153 \VN\V of London.
Lon. 2 46WJat. 52 32 N.
Churchill Fort, fort or, Church-hill river,
on the E sid '.f Hudson's Bav. I.on. 4 3
W. iat. 58 48 N.
C'iurci\-hill, post town o^ Queen Anns'
countj, Maryland, sitiiaied nn Sc^uth Easi
C":ek, a branch of Ci es'ei ;iv<-r, .'ib( ut
nin- miles E r>y S of Chester ;o«vr, and the
sara; hstance N by E of (kntrtvillp.
Ckwch Hill, post village o! Spartansberg
district, Houto Carolina.
Church Ml!, cape in Hudson's bay, 40
miles E tiom the mouth o» Ci-iiKh Hill
river. Lon. WC 16 VV lat. 58 54 N.
Church Hill, river (/f N; w S; nth Wales,
failing into Hudson'.s bay at Fort Clu rcli-
bilt, 29 miles from the cape of the same
name.
Church Fori, on Hudson's bay, at the
mputh of Cburcli-bills' river.
30.2
Vh^isan, island on the E coast of China,
where the English East India company had
once a f .ctory. Lon. 124 0 E lat. 30 0 N,
Chnseslan, province of Modern Persia,
corre?ponding in some degree to the an-
cient Susiana, bounded N by Irac Agrmi ;
E by Farsistan ; S by the Persiaii Gulf, and
W by the Tigris river.
Ciampa, or Chiampa, kingdom of Asia,
bounded on the E and S by the Indian
ocean, on the N by Cochin-China, and on
the W by Camb nlia.
Cicasica, province and city of the United
Provinces of La Plata, on the river Dessa-
gudro, and VV froni C chahamba. Central
latitude 18 S, lon. W C 9 E.
Cicero, township in Onondaga county.
New York. Population in 1820, 1303.
Ciclui, or Cicltijh, frontier town of Dal-
matia, on a rocky hill on the W bank of
the Narentha. It was taken from the
Turks by the Venetians, in 1694. Lon. 18
22 E. lat. 43 29 N.
Cilicia, now the SE part of Caramania in
Asiatic Turkey. This singular triangular
Valley occupies the region adjacent to the
NE angle of the Mediterr;<nean, between
that sea, Pamphylia, Cappadocia, Arme-
nia, and the mountains of Anianus.
Cillei/, ancient town of Germany, in Up-
per Carniola. It is the capital of a county
of the same name, and seated on the Saan,
36 miles NE of Laubach. Lon. 15 15 E,
lat. 46 31 N.
Cimbrisham, seaport of Sweden, in Scho-
nen. Lon. 13 30 E. lat. 56 40 N.
Cinaloa, called also, San Felipe de Sa7i'
tiago, town of Mexico, in the Intendancy of
Sonara. Lon. W C 30 50 W.lat. 25 50 N.
Population 10,000.
Cincinnati, is a large commercial city,
and seat of justice for Hamilton county,
Oiiio. It is situnted on the north bank of
Ohio rver, opposite Newport in Kentucky,
and about 20 miles fror.i the mouth of the
Grrat Miami river, at the SW comer of
the st-.tc T!ie town was laid off in Janu-
ary, 1789, adjacent to fort Washington ;
wirich had been erected during the autuma
previous. It was settled by emigrants
from New .Tersey, and the New England
slates; but did not extensively improve,
un d after Gen. Wayne had defeated the
hostile Ino'ans in August, 1794. Sincethat
p^riod, hnwevrr, i», tor;ether with the ad-
jacent country, h;.s rapidly progressed in
population, wealth and internal improve-
ments;
Among the public buildings are two
pre>byterian, two methodist, one episcopa-
lian, and onf friends' meeting houses ; be-
side an elegant and costly court house and
j dl, and two extensive market houses ; one
of which, called the lower market, is built
with triple rows of pillars 300 feet long.
The markets are held in them four davs irt
CI N
C i N
a week, two days at eacb, alternately. Here
are also several manufacturing establish-
ments for cotton and woollen goods ; for
paper, and for siU'Cr, brass, copper and
iron wares, and machinery of various des-
criptions. Here are also four printing
offices, three of which print weekly news-
p.ipers; likewise four book stores, a type
foundary, and a manufactory for making
cards for carding machines. One of the
machines in this establishment is a great
specimen of human ingenuity. By the
simple process merely, of a boy turning a
small crank, the wire is drawn from areel,
cut oflT at a suitable length, bent into card
teeth, the leather perforated, and the teeth
set therein, all by the one process above
mentioned.
In January, 1819, a Medical College was
established here, by the Oliio legislature ;
and during the same month, the L'incSnnati
college was also chartered ; both of which
are now progressing, with a prospect of
becoming useful institutions for tlie west-
ern country. The faculties of bo'.h col-
leges are, in some measure, united, and
both occupy, conjointly, the public edifices
designed for then* accommodation.
Cincinnati was formerly, the seat of the
old territorial government, until 1800 ; and
in January, 1819, vi^as incorporated as a
city. Bistance, south by west from D;n/-
toii 52 miles, 110 SW from Columbus, 93
W by S from Chilicothe, and 82 N by E
from Frankfort in Kentucky. Lat. 39 6
N. Ion. 7 25 W.
The following account of the local situa-
tion of Cincinnati ; and enumeration, and
description of the various public edifices,
and improvements, are taken from Doctor
Daniel Drake's valuable "Picture of Cin-
cinnati and the Jliami country," published
in 1815,
" lis site is the eastern part of a tract of
alluvial or bottom land, bounded on the
N by a chain of ridges, on the W by Mill-
creek, on tile S by the river, and on the E
by Deer creek, a brook which originates ia
the n^ig bouring uplands, The area of
this pi am is about four square miles. It is
imequaliy elevated, and the upper and
lower tables have received from the inha-
bitants, t!)e names of Flill and Hotom.
The latter (gradually w;dening) s rt^tclips
v/ej-twnrdly, from the mouth of Deer creek
wh; re it is but 200 feet broad, to the inter-
val lands of Mill creek. Its medium
breadth is about 800 feet. The northwest
portioiis of this slip are the lowest. T!iey
hi'-ve been overflown a few times since t!ie
se tlem;nt of ihe town, and in March
1793, ihe whole uf tins p ain was inunda-
ted. Tiie Hill rises ub.nii. 50 feet ,l)ovetlie
Bottom. The ascent, whicli is :a first
steep, soon becomes gradual, and continues
for the distance of "nearly 1000 feet, when
the surface declines gently to the base of
the ?.d joining highlan:ls — The medium
breadth of this table is about one mile. Its
western portions are imeven, and towards
Mill creek descend to tlie level of tite
Bottom. On the opposite side of the ri,
ver, the valley has nearly the ^ame expan-
sion. The ranges of hills bordering these
extensive plains, intersect each other in
such directions as to compose an imper-
fect square, tiirough the northeast and
southwest angles of which the Ohio enters
and passes out. Being variously divided
by streams and rivulets, lying at different
dis'ances from the town, and having a
dense covermg of tall trees, hese ridges
aft'^)rd a pleasant termination to the view.
" Phdadelphia seems to have been the
model after which that portion of this town
first laid out, was planned. Between
Broadway and Western Row there are six
streets, each 66 feet wide, running from the
river N. 169 W, and lying 396 feet asunder.
These are inters cted at right angles by
others of the same width, and at the Ertme
distance from each other; except Water
and Front street, and Second and I'hird
street, tiie former of wliich are nearer, and
the latter, on account of tiie brov/ of the
Hi:], more distant. Not a single alley,
court, or diagonal street, and but one com-
mon v/as laid out. The blocks or squares
were each divided into eight lots, 99 by
198 feet, except those lying between Se-
cond and Third street, which made ten
lots each ; and those between Front and
Water s'reet. The out-lots, 81 in num-
ber, contain four acres each, and lie chief-
ly in the north of the town. This pla:i
was not deposited in the public archives
for r.^cord until tiie 29th of April, 1802.
Tiie s r.'ets m tliat part of the town L-id
out by John C. Symmes, are but 60 feet
wide. Titose intersecting' the river ran
north 44 degrees west, and lie at the same
distance from each other as tlie streets in
•tlie or:ginr.l town ; but tlie cross streets are
nearer, and IiCnce the lots of this quarter
are shorter. The plan of this survey was
not recorded by thejjroprietor till the 12th
of September, 1811. Trie reseivalioii of
the Genera! GiVernment was surveyed so
as to oiiiiect the pla's jtist<lescri''>ed. The
dilTeicnt subdivisions w:ll be best under-
stood by a reference to tne engraved plan.
" The new Presbytenan cluirch is a very
spacious brick edifice, measuring 68 by 85
feet. Its eastern and narrower front looks
towards Main strset, and is cornered witli
square turrets crowned wi ii cupolas From
tiie rear is an octagonal projection, for a
v-'itrv. Ti'C roof is of a common form.
The height i\-«m the ground lo t!ie caves
is oidy 4j (c;.t, to the top of the cupola 80,
which is less than either side including the.
lowers, and hence the aspect of the Hnild-
20?
jng IS low and hcaw. — 'llic siair cases arc
in liie basements of the Utrrets, and are
entered without passing into the bouse.
The inside is divided into one hundred
and twelve pews, and five capacious aisles.
"The Episcopalian church, in Sixth
street, is a handsonse and commodious
brick edifice, 40 by 55 feet, well furnished
with doors and windows, ornamented
with a balustrade, and finished inside with
taste.
"The Cincinnati college on "Walnut
street, in the rear of the Presbyterian
church, is an extensive two story brick
edifice, consisting of two oblong wings, ex-
tending from Walnut street 88 feet deep.
Near the front, t!iey are connected by an
apartment, for stair cases, 18 by 30 feet, out
of whiclj arises a dome capped peristyle,
designed for an obsei-vatory. The front of
this intermediate apartment is to be decor-
ated with a colonnade, forming a hand-
some portico, 12 feet deep and 30 feet
long. The front and each side are orna-
mented witli a pediment and Corinthian
cornice. The aspect of the building is
liglit and airy.
" Tlie buildings of tlie Cincinnati Manu-
facturing Compan)', on the bank above
Deer creek, are numerous and extensive ;
the main edifice is 150 feet long, from 20
to S7 feet wide, and from two to four
stories high.
" The most capacious, elevated and per-
manent building in this place, is the Steam
Mill, erected in the years, 1812, '15 and
'14, on the river beach, upon a bedof hori-
zontal limestone rocks, and in high floods
is for its svhole length e^rposed to the cur-
rent. The foundation is 62 by 87 feet,
and about 10 feet thick. Its height is 110
feet, and the number of stories nine , includ-
ing two above the caves. To the height
of 40 feet, the wall h battered, or drawn in ;
above, it is perpendicular. The cornice is
of brick, und the roof of wood, in the com-
mon style. It has 24 doors and 90 win-
dows. The limestone with which it was
built were quarried at various places in the
bed of the river, and measure in tlie wall
6,620 perches, Besid-s this, it swallowed
up 90,000 bricks, 14,800 bushels of lime,
and 81.200 cubic feet of timber. Its
weight is estimated at 15,655 tons. Through
the bu Iding there is a wall dividing each
story in'.o two untrqual apartments the one
designed for manufacturing flour ; the
other for receivmg wool and cotton ma-
chinery, a flax seed oil mill, fulling mill,
and s^iveral other machines.
Popuhtif>n in 1810.
Free white malos ... 1,358
do. do. females - . _ 1,100
All otlier persons except Indians
not taxed ... 82
Slaves - ... none
"I'otal population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
2,540
Free white males ...
do. do, females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do, do. females
Slaves, males . . .
do. females
Total population in 1820,
4,919
4,290
9,209
219
214
none
nones
9,642
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
240
99
753
313
2»4
Cincinnati, land district in Ohio, and In-
diana, extends W from the Virginia military
tract and of Symmes' purchase. It in-
cludes all Miami, Dark, Prebble and Mont-
gomery ; and part of Champaign, Warren,
Butler and Hamilton counties, with a con-
siderable extent in Indiana.
Cincinnaiusy township in Courtland coun-
ty, Nev/ York, Population including the
city of the same name, in 1820, 885.
Ci?ieif, town of the Netherlands, in the
archbishopric of Liege, eight miles E of
Dinant, Lon, 4 57 L lat. 50 18 N.
Cinque Ports, certain ports on the coast
of Kent and Sussex, so called by way of
eminence, on account of their superior im-
portance, as having been thought bj'-'our
kings to'merit a particular regard for their
preservation against invasion. Tiicy were
five in number, when their first charter was
granted by AVilliam I. in 1077. These
were Dover, Hastings, Ilythe, Romney, and
Sandwich ; to which were afterward added,
Winchelsea, Seaford, and Rye. That king
appointed a constable of Dover Castle
(who is now called Lord Warden of the
Cinque Ports) and invested him with the
command of these parts, whose inh.ibitants
had considerable privileges.
Cinthiania, post town of Kentucky, in
Harrison county, on a branch of Licking
river, 13 miles N from Paris.
Cinira, cape of Portugal, in Estramadu-
ra, called the Rock of Lisbon, on the N
side of the entrance of the Tajo. On it is
a town of the same name, 14 miles W of
Lisbon, Lon. 9 30 W, lat. 38 46 N,
Ciotaf, seaport of France, in the depart,
ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late
province of Provence, defended by a strong
fort. It is famous for Muscadine wine,
and is seated on the bay of Laquee, be-
tween Marseilles and Toulon. Lon. 5 46
E, lat. 43 12 N,
Circars, J\''orther?i, five provinces on the ,
W coast of the bay of Bengal, They were
originally denominated Northern, from
G ]
C L A
tiieir position in respect to Madras, ou
which they depend. Of the five Northern
circars, Cicacole, Rajamunihy, EUore, and
Condapilly are in the possession of the
Enghsh, and Guntoor is in the hands of the
Nizam. The first four extend from the N
bank of the,Kistna to Cliilka Lake ; forming
a narrow slip of country 350 niiK s ion^, and
from 26 to 75 broad, bounded by mountains
and extensive forests on llie side opposite
the sea. The Enghsh circars had been
ceded to the French, by t)ie Nizam of the
Deccan, in 1753 -, hut ihey were conqiiered
by colonel Clive in 1759, and pindict- ar.
aimual revenue of 360,1/00^ See Gun-
toor.
Circassia, large country of Asia, situated
between 45 and 50 degress of N latitude,
and between 40 and 50 of E Icngiude It
is bounded by Russia on the N ; by Astra-
can and the Caspian sea on the E ; by
Georgia and Dagistan on the S ; and by the
river Don, the Halus Meotis, and the ijiack
St a on the W. This country has loiv^ been
celebrated, for the extraordinary beauty of
its women ; and here it was that the prac-
tice of inoculating for the small pox first
began. Terki, the principal city, is ,-eated
in a very spacious plain, very swampy,
towards the sea side, in 43 deg. 23 min.
N latitude ; it is about three vversts in com-
pass, well fortified with ramparts and bas-
tions in the modern style, wel' stored with
cannon, and has always a considerable gar-
rison in it, under the command of a govrr-
nor.
Cirencester, considerable borough in
Gloucestershire, with a market on \i> nday
and Friday. It is seated on the river Churn,
and was a p'ace of great accouiit in the
time of the Romans. The ruins of the
walls and streets are to be seen in the ad-
jacent meadows wliere many Roman coins,
checquered pavements, and inscrip'iins of
marble, have been found. It liad aiso a
castle and an abbey. Many Roman Hnti-
quities have been discovered ; and here
the Roman roads crossed each other. It is
oneoftiie greatest marts in England for
wool, sends two members to parliament,
and is 18 miles SE of Gloucester, and 89
W of London. Lnn. 1 58 W, lai 51 43 N.
CircleviUe, post town and seat of jus-
tice in Pickaway county, Oiiio, on the E
side of the Sciota river, at VV Ion W C
5 5, lat. 39 36 N, 26 nniles below Colum-
bia. It derives its name from some an-
cient work? in a rude circular form, on
the site of which it is situated. The ad-
jacent courstry is amongst the most fertile
of the Ohio valley.
Cirenza, town of Naples, capital of Ba-
silicata, with a bishop's see. h is seat-
ed on the river Brandonn, at the t-iot of
the Appennines, 97 mih-s E of Naples.
Lon. 16 leE, lat. 40 44 N.
Cittadello, seaport and capital of Mi-
norca, on the W side of that island. Lon.
3 34 E, lat. 39 54 N.
Citta-di-Castdlo, populous city of Ita-
ly, capital of a county <:f the same name,
in Umbra, with a bishop's see. It is seat-
ed on the Tiber, 27 miles SW of Urbino.
Lin. 12 3 8 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Citta-JVouva, city of Italy, in the mar-
quisate of Aiicona, containing lb church-
es and convents within its walls, and 15
without. It is seated on the gulf of Ve-
nice, 10 milfs S of Lor-c-tto. Lon. 13 40
E. lat 43 16 N.
Citta-Mjuva, seaport of Venetian Is-
t'ia, with a bishi.p's set-, 60 miles E of
Venice L n 14 2 E, lat. 4:5 36 N
Cicy- Point, post town and post of en-
try, in Pri>!ce Gv-orge county, Viri^inia,
on James at th-.- mouth ot Apjwmattox
river. 20 miles belovy Richmond.
Ciudad- RftaL town of hpain, capital of
Mancha. The inhabitants 'are noted for
dressing leather for gicvcs. It is two miles
from ti^e Guadiana, and 90 S of Madrid.
Lon. 3 25 W, lat 38 58 N- ^
Ciudad-Rodrigo, town of Sjiain, in Le-
on, with a bishop's see, seated on the
river Aquada. 40 miles SW of Salaman-
ca, Lon. 5 58 W, lat. 40 33 N.
Civita di-Friuli^ small but ancient town
of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, seated on the
Natisona, 10 miles Eot Udena. Lon. 13
15 E, iHt. 46 12 N
Civita-di-Penna, ancient town of Na-
ples, iii Ambruzza Ulteriore, with a bi-
shop's see, near t^e river Salino, 35 miles
NE of Aquila. Lon. 14 52 E, lat. 42 27
N.
Ci-vita-Castilana, town joi Italy, in
Campagua di Romana, on a high rock, at
the foot of which is a river, which falls
into the Tiber, it is 25 miles NW of
Rome, Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 42 25 N.
Civita- Vecchia, seaport t.f Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Pi ter, with an arse-
nal. Here the pope's galUys were for-
merly stationed, and it was a free port ;
but the air is unwholesome. It is 35
miles NW of Rome. Lon 11 51 E, lat.
42 5 N.
Clucka?}>us, river of United States, en-
ter tlijc Wallamut, of Columbia.
Clackmannan, small t'>w!» in Scotland,
and capical oi the county of the same
name. It is seated on the N shore of the
Forth, atid stands on a hill, on the top of
which IS a castle, com man^ ling a n^ble
prospect. A large square tower in this
castle derives its name from the illus-
trious Rob rt Bruce, whose great sword
atid casque are here preserved. A large
sword is also shown, said to have be-
longed to Sir John Graham, the faithful
attendant of the heroic Wallace, It is
205
OLA
C b A
23 miles N by E of Glasgow. Lon. 3 40
W, lat. 56 5 N.
Clackmannan&hrre, county of Scotland,
bounded on the E bv Fifcshire, on t'lf' N
and W by Pertlishire, and on the S by
the Forth. It is ei^ht miles in length,
and five in breadth. The country is
plain and fertile towards the Frith, pro-
ducing corn and pasture in abundance.
This shire, with Kinross, sends one mem-
ber to parliament It is watered by the
rivers Forth and Dt-van. Population in
1801, lu.858; in 1811, 10,010; and in
1821. 13 263.
Clagenfurt, town of Germany, capi-
tal of C rinthia, 5 J miles SVV of Vienna.
Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 46 53 N.
Claiborne., county of Mississippi ;
bounded NW by Mississippi and Big-
black rivers, E bnundinj^ county uncer-
tain, and S by Jefferson ; surface, except
along the bounding rivers, hilly; length
32, mean width 12, area 384 , soil varied,
productive on the alluvion of tiie streams,
but towards the eastern part sterile pine
woods. Staple, cotton. Chitf town, Gib-
son-port.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 899
do. do. females - - 653
All other persons exc pt Indians
not taxed . . - 12
Slaves ----- 1,538
Total population in 1810
'S
lies
5.102
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, mal
do. do. fema
Slaves, males
do. females
1,599
1,241
2,840
19
17
1,515
Total population in 1820 - 5.963
. Ofthts^ :
F'ireigiiei"s not natur3lized - 0
Engaged in A.'ilif.ijltare - 1,983
do. in M injfdcture.3 - 0
d in Cov:imei'"e - 0
Population to tht square mi'e, 12.
Claiborne^ Fort, post town on tlie le
ba'ik "f A.iHbama rivtr, in M nro- coun-
ty, .^^a'jama, al the hea.l of Schooner
navigation, 25 miles E from fort bt. Ste-
phens
Claibornt, county of Tennessee, be-
tween Clinch and Powell's i-ivers: bound-
ed by Virginia N ; by Hawkins county in
Tennessee E ; Clinch river, or Granger,
20'-;
and Knox SE ; and Powell's river, oi-
Campbell NW : length 40 ; mean width
10 miles ; area 400 square miles : surface
hilly, and in part mountainous; soil of
middling quality. Chief town, Taze-
well.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - , 2,277
do. do. females ... 2,159
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . , 35
Slaves 327
Total population in 1810 - - 4,798
Population in 1820,
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - -
Total whites - - - .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do, females
Slaves, males - . - .
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 - - 5,508
or these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in .\grculture - - 1,397
do. in Manufactures - 15
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 14 nearly.
Clameci, town of France, in the de-
partment of Nievre and late province of
Nivernois. Clameci is seated at the con-
fluence of the Beuvron and Yonne, 112
mi'esS by E of Paris. Lon. 3 36 E, lat.
47 28 N.
Clafiham, village in Surry, noted for
many handsome villas, which chiefly sur-
round a beautiful cimmon. In the old
p.in-h church divine service is perform-
t.d at tunerals only ; an elegant new
church hiving been erected on the com-
mon, but without an adjoining cemetery.
Clapii.uTi is three miies SVV of London.
Clara St small island of South Ame-
rica, in Peru, in the hav of Guaiaquil,
70 mdes SW of Guaiaquil. Lon. 82 20
W lat. 2 20 S,
Clare St., small island or rather rock,
one of th'- Canaries, between Lancerota
and A Iegrall^a.
Clare, town of Suffolk, with a market
on Monday The ruins of a cast'e and
of a collrgiate cliurch are still visible ;
and here is a manufacture of baize. It
is seated near the Stour, 15 miles Sof St.
Edmunti's Bury, and 56 NE of London.
Lo!. 0 3o E, lat. 52 12 N,
Clare, county of Ireland in the pro-
vince of Munster, 55 miles in length,
and 38 in breadth : bounded on the E
C i: A
U JL A
and S by the Shannon, which separates it
from Tipperary, Limeric, and Kerry ; on
the W by the Atlantic, and on the N by
Galway. It contains two rnarktt-towns
and 73 parishes, and before the union
sent four members to the Irish parlia-
ment.
Clare^ town of Ireland, capital of a
couiuv of the same name, 17 miles NW
of Limeric. Lon. 8 46 W. lat 52 52 N.
Claremont, township in Chesliire cmn-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
2094 ; and in 1820, 2090.
Claremont, county in Sumpter district,
South Carolina,
Clarence, township in Niagara county.
New York. Population in 1820, 3278.
Clarence, township in Stnrmont coun-
ty, Upper Canada, on the Ottawa river.
Clarence, Duke of, straits, on the N W
coast of North America, between duke
of York and pi-ince of Wales islands ;
and between prince of Wales island and
Point Barry. Lon. W C 56 W, lat. 56 30
N.
Clarendon, post town, Rutland county,
Vermont, 30 miles W from Windsor.
Population 1820, 1800.
Clarendon, township of Vermont, situa-
ted in Rutland county, about 40 miles NE
of Benning-ton, and containing 2000 inhabi-
tants.
Clarendon, village, three miles E of Salis-
bury, where Henry 11. summoned a council
of the barons and prelates, in 1164, who
enacted the laws, called the Constitutions
of Clarendon ; and here were two palaces
built by king John.
Clarens, or CA«^i/Za>' J, village of Swisser-
land, in the Pays de Vaud, delightfully
situated not far from Vevay, on an emi-
nence, whose declivity slopes gradually
towards the lake of Geneva.
Claridon, township in Geauga county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 588.
Claritza, seaport of European Turkey,
in the ancient Thessaly, to the south from
the mouth of the Peneus. Lon. 22 54 E,
lat. 39 45 N.
Clark, township in Clinton countv, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 1210.
Clark, township in Brown county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 1892.
Clark, interior county, Ohio; bounded
on the north by Champaign, east by Madi-
son, south by Green, and on he west by
Montgomery and Miami counties. It is 29
miles long from east to wes', ind 17 Uroad
from north to south ; and c ntaining 400
square miles. Soil generally fertile. Chief
town, Springfield.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,970
Free wiiile females
Total whites
4,521
Total whites - . - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
laves, males . - .
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
9,535
or these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - od
Eng;igt-d in Agriculture - - 1,256
do. in Manuf^iCtures - 221
do. in Commerce - - 6
Population to the square mile, 24 nearly.
Clark, county of Illinois; boundaries and
extent undefined. It is on the waters of
Kaskaskia and Little Wabash.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 490
do. do. females - - - 440
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - .
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
Clark, county of Arkansas ; boundaries
and area uncertain.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
930
0
1
0
0
931
0
204
13
0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufictures
do. in Commerce
522
448
970
0
0
o7
1,040
0
250
0
0
Population to the square mde, uncertain.
Clarke, county of Georgia ; bounded by
•TacBson NW ; Ma'".isou NE ; OgU^thorpe E ;
Greene S, and Morgan SW ; k-ngth 21 ;
mean width 11: area 230 square miles;
surface hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town,
Athens.
307
L A
C L A
Population in IBli.
Free while'males
do. do. females - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - .
Slaves - . . _ .
Total population in 1810 -
soil generally very productive. Chief town,
2,475 Charleston.
2,355 Population in 1810.
Free white mnles - - - 2,943
30 do. do. females - - 2,606
2,405 All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 40
7,265 Slaves 81
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour,
do. do.
Slaves, males
do. females
males -
females.
2,757
2,528
5,285
14
7
1,801
1,760
Total population in 1820 -
8,867
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,756
do. in Manufactures - 134
do. in Commerce - - 36
Population to the square mile, 38.
Clarke, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Madison and Fayette SW ; Bourbon
NW; Montgomery NE, and Estill SE ;
length 25 ; mean width 8 ; ai-ea 200 square
miles; surface moderately hilly, and soil
productive. Chief town, Winchester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,210
do. do. females - - 4,053
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed ... 23
Slaves 2,695
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males -
do. females
Total population in 1820,
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
10,981
4,098
3,847
7,945
20
21
1,735
1,728
11,449
2
6,423
215
41
Population to the square mile, 57.
Clarke, county of Indiana ; bounded by
the Ohio river SE ; Harrison SW ; Wash-
ington W, and NW ; Jennings N, and Jef-
ferson NE; length 26; mean width 19;
area 500 square miles. Surface hillv, but
208 •
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - - _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . - . .
do. females
Total population in 1820
5,670
4,478
4,093
8,709
Of these ;
ForeijTners not naturalized 17
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,590
do. in Manufactures - ' 389
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 22 nearly.
Clarke, county of Alabama ; bounded W
by Tombigbee river, N by Marengo, and
E by Monroe ; length 45 ; mean width 14 ;
area 640 square miles. Surface rather
hilly, and except on the stream.s soil sterile.
Chief town, Jackson.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,030
do. do. females - - 1,748
Total whites . - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged m Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Conri'iierce
Population to the square mile, uncertain .
Clarhesvillc, post office Green county,.
Pennsylvania.
ClarkesviUe, post town, and the capital of
Montpnmery county, Tennessee ; situated
on the N side of Cumberland river, about
45 miles NW of Nashville, and 790 from
Washington.
ClarkesviUe, post town of Clarke county,
Indiana, at the lower part of the rapids of
Ohio.
Clarksbo'rouirJh post town, Jackson coun-
5,839
7'
1,820
84
29
C L A
C L v.
ty, Georgia, on a branch of Oconee river,
10 miles S from Jefferson.
Clarksburg, township and post town of
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on Hoo-
sack river, 33 miles NNW from Lenox.
Population in 1810, 231, and in 1820, 274.
Clarksburg, post town, Montgomery
couniy, Maryland.
Clarksburg, post town and seat of justice
for Harrison county, Virginia, on the riglit
bank of the Monongahela, 40 miles SSW
from Morgantown.
Clarksburg, post town In Jackson county,
Georgia ; situated on the N fork of the Ap-
palachy river, 110 miles NVV of Augusta,
and 704 from Washington .
Clarksburg, town of Ross county, Ohio,
16 miles NVV from Chilicothe.
Clark's Ferry, post office, Cumberland
county, Pennsylvania.
Clark^s Fork, river, one of the great
branches of the Yellow Stone, falls into
that stream from the south, about 100 miles
above the mouth of Bighorn river.
Clarkson, township in Genesee county,
New York. Population in 1320, 1612.
Clark''s River, the great middle branch
of Columbia river, rises in the Chippewan
mountains, interlocking with the sources of
ihe Missouri, flows SW, W, and NW, by
a course of about 800 miles, joins Lewis'
river, and forms the Columbia.
Clarksioivn, township, post town and seat
of justice, Rockland county, New York.
Population in 1820, 1808.
Clarksville, post village, Clinton county,
Oliio, 8 miles from Wilmington.
Clavernck, township in Columbia coun-
ty. New York. Population in 1820, 2813.
Clavei-ack, post town in Columbia coun-
ty, New York, five miles E ot Hudson.
Claude, St. handsome city of France, in
the department of Jura and late province of
Franclie Comte ; with a bishop's see. It
is seated between three high mountains, on
the river Lison, and owes its origin lo a ce-
lebrated abbey, built in 425, in t'nis then
barren and uninhabited country. The ca-
thedral is extremely elegant. In this ci;y
are many public fountains with large ba-iin-.
It is "o5 miies NW of Geiieva. Lon. 6 18
B. lat. 45 24 N.
Clausenburg, town of Transylvania, on
the river Samos, 60 miles NW of Harm .n-
stadt. On one of the gates is an inscription
in honour of the emperor Trajan. Lon.
23 20 E. lat. 46 53 N.
Clay, town in Norfolk, seated on an arm
of the sea, belv/een two rivers, 20 miles
NW of Norwich. Here are some large
salt-works.
Clay, county of Kentucky, on the head
waters of Cumberland and Kentucky ri-
vers; boimded by Knox SE; Rockcastle
W : Madison, Estell and Floyd N ; and
Flovd E ; length 50 ; mean v.'idth about 40
D d
miles ; area 2000 square miles ; surface
very hilly and rocky ; soil in some few
places productive, but in general of mid-
dling quality. Chieftown, Manchester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,202
do. do. females - - 1,055
All other persons except Indians
not ta.xed .... none
Slaves 141
Total population in 1810 - - 2,398
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - . 2,112
do. do. females - - - 1,906
Total wliites - - - - 4,018
Free persons of colour, males 40
do. do. females 50
Slaves, males ... 180
do. females . - - 105
Total population in 1820 - - 4,393
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,455
do. in Manufactures - - 499
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to the square mile, 2^ nearly.
Clay-ponds, light-house, on Cape Cod,
Massachusetts.
Claysville, post village, Washington
county, Pennsylvunia.
Clayton, eastern townsliip of Perry coun-
ty, Oiiio, oa tiie waters of Hockhocking
nver.
Clear, Cape, promontory of a little
island on the 8 of Irei.snd. Lon. 11 45 W.
lat. 51 18 N.
Clear, creek of Ohio, joining the Great
Miami, from the left in the NE corner of
But cr county.
Clear Creek, township in Warren coun-
ty, Ohio. Population m 1820, 2444.
Clear Creek, township in Richland,
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 309.
Clear Creek, township in Fairfield coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 1126, and in
1820, 1174.
Clearfield, county of Pennsylvania, on
the waters of S'.isqueliannati; bounded by
Indiana W ; Jcfferr^on NW ; M'Kean N ;
Lyconiing NE, andC-n're SE : length 45;
breadth 32 ; area 1425. This county is
yet but very thinly peopled, though much
of the soil is excellent, and the climate
dehghifu!. It is a true Alpine region rich
in the most varied scenery. Ci-arfieid is
drained by the higher creeks, and west
branch of Susq".eh mnah, p.articularly Sin-
namahtning, and Mushannon cre'ks. Some
of the waters of Toby's creek, Sa"i!y ere k,
and .Mohiilbuctitun branches of AlLgany
209
C L £
CLE
rivei" rise on ahd flow from the western
part' of this countj'. The surface is gener-
ally broken, and mucli of it mountainous.
There are extensive indicatians of metalic
ores, particularly iron. Chief town, Clear-
field.
Population in 1810.
!Pree whiles, maies - - 437
do. do. females - - 403
All other pei'sons except Indians not
taxed 53
Slaves - - - • - none
875
1,307
1,000
2,307
18
17
none
none
2,342
9
708
none
1
Total population in 1810
Popvilation ia 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
Population to the squire mile, 1^.
Clearfield, township in Butler county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 288;
and in 1820, 515.
Clebury, town in Shropshire, with a
market on Thursday, seated on the river
Rea, 28 miles SE of Shrewsbury, and
136 NW of London. Lon. 2 23 W, lat.
52 21N.
CleraCy or Clairac, lately in the pro-
vince of Guienne, now in the department
of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the
river Lot, 10 miles NW of Agen. Lon.
0 25 E, lat. 44 20 N.
Clermont, county of Camden district.
South Carolina ; bounded on the W by
Wateree river, which divides it from
Richland county, in the same state. It
contains 5000 inhabitants.
Clermont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Meuse and late territory of
Barrois, 127 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 5
.9 E, lat. 49 34 N.
Clermont, town of-France, in the de-
partment of Oise and late province of
the Isle of France, 37 miles N of Paris.
Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 49 25 N.
Clertnont, considerable city of France,
in the department of Puy de Dome, and
late province of Auvergne, with a bi-
shop's see. Many Roman antiquities are
found in the neighbourhood. There are
also some mineral springs ; and that of
21.0
the suburb St. AUyre has formed a natU"
ral bridge over the brook into which it
falls : it is called the Mineral bridge,
and carriages may pass over it. Cler-
mont contains 30,000 inhabitants, and
has manufactures of ratteeqp, druggets,
serges, and leather. It is the birth place
of the celebrated Pascal ; and is 300
miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 45
47 N.
Clermont, town in Columbia county.
New York, on the E side of Hudson ri-
ver, and 15 miles S of the city of Hudson,
The township has 1150 inhabitants. The
post office is 361 miles from Washing]
ton.
Clermont , county of Ohio ; bounded by
Ohio river E and SE ; Hamilton W ;
Warren N, and Brown E : length 32 ;
mean width 13 ; area 416 square miles.
A great portion of the soil is of first rate
quality. Staples, grain, flour, and salt
provisions.
Population in 1810,
Free white males ... 4,981
do. do. females - - - 4,947
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 27
Total population in 1810 - - 9,965
Population in 1820,
Free white males - - - 8,090
do. do. females - - - 7,701
Total whites .... 15,791
Free persons of colour, males , - 13
do. do. females 16
Slaves, mules ... - 0
do. females . - - - 0
Total population in 1820 - - 15,820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 26
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,824
do. in Manufactures - 727
do. in Commerce - - 30
Population to the square mile, 38.
Clermont, township in Columbia coun-
ty, New York. Population in 1820, 11 )4.
Clery, village in France, nine mi es
SW of Orleans, once famous for the pil-
grimage to our lady of Clery. Here was
the tomb of that monster, Lewis XL who
appeared, in white marble, as the saint
and the patriot king.
Gierke's Islartd, lies in the North Pa-
cific Ocean, between the coast of Kamt-
schatka and that of North America. It
was discovered by captain Cook in 1788,
and was so named in honour of captain
Clerke, his second in command. A land-
ing could not be effected. Near its E ex-
C L I
O I, i
tremity, is a little island, i-emarkable fov
having three elevated rocks upon it. It
is quite uninhabited. Lon.WC 92 30 W,
lat. 63 15 N.
Cleveland, township in Cuyahoga coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 547, and in
1820, 606.
Cleveland, post town and seat of jus-
tice for Cuyahoga county, Ohio, at the
mouth of Cuyahoga river, on lake Erie.
Population, 605. It has a bank, styled
the Commercial bank of lake Erie, and
a printing office. Distance 54 miles N
from Warren, 131 NW from Pittsburgh
in Pennsylvania, and 150 NE from Co-
lumbus Lon. 4 44 W, lat. 41 31 N.
Cleves, duchy of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia, divided into two parts
by the Rhine. It is a fine country, de-
lightfully variegated with hills, woods,
fields, towns, and villages ; and is subject
to the king of Prussia.
Cleves, city of Westphalia, capital of
the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on
the eastern side of three lulls, about a
mile wi t of the Rhine ; with which it
communicates by means of a canal, which
is large enough for great barges. It has
a castle built by Julius Caesar. It has
been often taken and retaken : the last
time by the French, in 1794. It is 15
miles SEof Nimeguen. Lon. 5 50 E, lat.
51 45 N,
C/c7;es,town of Virginia, King George's
county, on the Rappahannock.
Cleybrook, Great and Little, two vil-
lages in Leicestershire, on the NW side
of Lutterworth. They are supposed to
have been a part of Cleycester, situated
one mile to the W, which was a flourish-
ing city of the Romans, and where their
bricks and coins have been frequently
found.
Clief, town in Northamptonshire, with
a market on Tuesday, 30 miles NE of
Northampton, and 88 NNW of London.
Lon. 0 37 W, lat. 52 53 N.
Clifford, township in Susquehannah
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
681.
Clifton, village in Westmoreland, three
miles SSE of Penrith, noted for a skir-
mish between the king's forces and the
rebels in 1745, in which the latter had
the advantage.
Cl-fton. village in Gloucestershire, near
Bristol, noted for the hot well in its neigh-
houi'hood, upon the lower Avon, at the
foot -if St Vincent's rock.
Clifton, town of Buckingham county.
Lower Canada.
Clinch, navigable river of the state of
Tennessee, which rises in Clinch moun-
tain, and after running through Powell's
vallev, flows into the Tennessee river at
211
SVV point, or Kingston, and forms Ten-
nessee.
Clinch, mountain of Tennessee, ranges
between Clinch and Holstnn rivers.
Clinton, town of Buckingham coui.ty.
Lower Canada.
Clinton, county of New York; l-.onnd-
ed by Lower Canada N ; Lake Cham-
plain E ; Essex county S; and Franklin
W ; length 40 ; mean width 3,5 ; area
1400 square miles. It forms the NE an-
gle of the state. The surface is hilly,
and in part mountainous. Soil s^enerally
indiflFerent. Chief town, Platsburgh.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,196
do. do. females - • 3,745
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 32
Slaves ----- 29
Total population in 1810
Population in jSSO.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males
do. females - . -
Total population in 1820
8,002
6,510
5,462
11,972
48
48
0
12,070
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - „ ^^^
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,044
do. in Manufactures - 763
do. in Commerce - 119
Population to the square mile, 8.
Clinton, tov/nship in Dutchess county,
New York. Population in 1820, 6611.
Clinton, county of Lincoln, Upper Cana-
da, on lake Ontario.
Clinton, township and post village, Kcr.-
nebec countv, Maln^. Population in ISlQ,
1050, ar.d in 1820, 1356.
Clinton, ^.o\\•ns\\^p and post town, Knox
county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 7I4,
and in 1820,834.
Clinton, township in Franklin county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 518.
Clinton, township in Jackson county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 338.
Clinton, county of Ohio, on the waters of
Little Miami, bounded by Warren Vt' ;
Green and Fayetve N ; Clinton E ; Higli-
Lmd SE i and Hrown S ; length 22; me.nn
width IS; ara 360 square miles. Sur-
face diversified by hiil antl dale ; sod ge-
nerally highly productive. Chief town,
Wilmington.
C L O
C O A
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1316
do. do. females - - 1,349
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 9
Slaves - . . - . none
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - -
2,674
4,104
3,935
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males _ . . -
do. females - - .
8,039
34
22
none
none
Total population In 1820
8,085
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Enj^aged in .\griculture - - 1,315
do. in Manufactures - 168
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 22.
Clinton, post village, Oneida county, N.
York, on Oriskanr.y creek, nine miles M^
SW from Uiica. Hamilton college, near
this village was incorporited in 1812, and
from the lib pal support given by public
and private patronage is a flourishmg insti-
tution. It IS under the direction of a pre-
sident, three pro'essors, and two tutors ;
tlie students about 70.
Clinton, seat of justice, and post town of
Jones county, Georgia, 20 miles W from
Milledgeville.
CUntonville, post village of Onondago
county. New York.
Clissa, fort of Dahnatia, taken from the
Turks by the Venetiais. It is seated on a
craggy mountain, six miles N of Spalatro.
Lon. 17 31 E. lat. 44 10 N.
Clisson, town of Fr.mce in the depart-
ment of Lower Loire, and late province of
Bri'tagne, on the river Seure, 12 miles S
■ of Nantes. Lon. 1 28 W lat. 47 1 N.
Clithero, borough in Lancasliire, with a
market on Saturday, and the remains of an
ancient castle. It sends two members to
parliament, and is seated near Pendil Hill,
36 miles SK of Lancaster, and 213 NNW
of London Lon. 2 21 W. lat. 53 54 N.
Clock7>ilIe, post village, Madison county.
New York.
Clos^her, episcopal town and borough
of Ireland, in Tyrone. Lon. 6 50 W. lat.
54 30 N.
Clonmel, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Tipperary, seated on the river
Sure, 19 miles SE of Tipperary. Lon. 7
27 W, lat. 52 14 N.
Cleud, St, town of France, fjiir miles W
212
of Paris, seated on the Seine, , Here was
lately a magnificent royal palace, gardens,
fcnd a beautiful cascade.
Clover dale, post office, Virginia, in Bo-
tetourt county.
Clover Gcrden, post village of Chatham
county N'-rth Carolina.
ClougbJ\£ills, post office, Laurens South
Carolina.
Clozvay, rivi r and lake of British North
America. The lake lies about 30° W from
W C at lal. 62 30 N and discharges its wa-
ters to the SW which flowing about 200
miles enter Great Slave Lake. Lon. W C
35 VV lat 62 N.
Cloyne, episcopal town and borough of
Ireland, in the county of Cork, 16 miles E
of Cork Lon. SOW, lat. 41 54.
Cluny, town of France in the depart-
m' nt of Saone and Loire and late province
of Burgundy, remarkable for its late fa-
mous Benedictine abbey. It is seated on
the Grosne, 10 miles NVV of Macon. Lon.
4 33 E. lat. 46 24 N.
Cliise, town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seat-
ed on the Arve, 22 miles SE of Geneva.
Lon 6 29 E. lat. 45 57 N.
Cltvyd, c; lebrated vale of Denbighshire,
extending from its upper end to the Irish
Sea, above 20 miles ; its breadth varying
from tiiree to eight, according to the ap-
proach or recess of the high motintains en-
closing it, through which, in different
parts, are gaps formed by nature for en-
ti'ances. A river of the same name, which
rises in the middle of the county, runs
along this vale, and having entered Flint*
shire, falls into the Irish Sea.
Clyde, river in Scotland, which arises in
Annandale, falls into the sea over against
the Isle of Bute.
Clyde, river of Orleans county, Vermont,
which falls into lake Memphramagog, at its
SE corner.
Clydesdale, wild district in the S part of
Lanerkshire. Amid the mountains here,
particles of gold have sometimes been
washed down by the rains and streams of
water ; but this tract is chiefly remarkable
for producing metals of inferior worth.
The veins of lead lie mostly N and I'2, and
their thickness, which seldom exceeds 40
feet, varies grea'ly in different pans. The
scanty pasture here feeds some sheep and
cattle.
CoalMines, post office, Chesterfield
county, Virginia.
Co'ils-Mouth, post office, Kenhawa coun-
t}', Virginia.
Coanaminc, river of Guiana.
Coast Castle, Cape, principal settlement
of the English on the coast of Giiinea, with
a strong citadel. It is 30 miles E by N
of St. George del Mina. Lun. 0 0 lat. 5
6 N.
c o c
COD
Coatlan, river of M "xico, falls into tiie
Pacific Ocean. See Gucvetlan.
Coatesville, post office, Ciiester county,
Pennsylvania.
Cobagua, riv-r of Soulh America.
Cobagua, island in the Carib;;ean sea.
Lon. VV C 13 34 E, lat. 10 50 NT.
Cubbescomte, river, Kennebec conniy,
Maine, the drain of a number of small lak(-S
between Kennebec and Amiroscogi^in,
which unite in the town of Gardner, and
enter the right side of Kennebec river.
Cobham, village in Dinwiddle couii'y,
Virginia ; situated on the S side of James'
river, opposite to James' town, and about
12 miles S of Williamsburg.
Cobijah, seaport of Peru. Lat. 22 24 S.
Coblentz, ancient city of Germany, in the
electorate of Treves ; seated at the conflu-
ence of the Rhme and Moselle, 50 mdes
NE of Tr. ves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat 50 24 N.
Cobleskill, township and post town of
Schoharie county. New York. l:*opula'ion
in 1820, 2440.
Cobscook, post town, Maine, in Washing-
ton county.
Coburg, town of Germany in the circle of
Franconia, capital of a principality of the
same name, with a college, a f.rt, and a
castle. This town, and its principality, be-
longs to the house of Saxony. It is seated
on the Itch, 20 miles N of Bamberg. Lon.
11 18 E, lat. 50 22 N.
Coca, river of Colombia, is the north
western branch of the JVapo, which see.
Coca, town of Spain, in Old Castile, near
which is a strong castle for state prisoners.
It is seated among mountains, at the con-
fluence of the Morvedro and E,ez(-na, 25
miles XNE of Segovia. Lon. 3 34 W, lat.
41 irN.
Cochabamba, province of the United pro-
vinces of La Plata ; bounded \V by the
Andes ; S by Charcas, and dfained by the
sources of the Para, and Magda ena rivers.
It is a fine healthy and fertile country, of
about 4,500 square miles, and peopled by
100,000 inhabitants. Central, lon. W C 11
E, lat. 18 S.
Cochinm, town in the electorate of
Treves, formerly imperial. It was forced
to surrender to the French in 1794, and is
seated on the Moselle, 25 miles SW of
Coblenlz. L'.n. 7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N,
Cochin, seaport on < he coast of Malabar,
in Travancore. It is a Dutch -ettl ment,
and was captured by the British fleet in
1795. It .s 120 m.les S bv E of Calcut,
Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 10 0 N
Cochin China, k'ngdom uf Asia; bounded
on the E by the Eastern Ocean, on the N
by Tonquin, on the \V by Cambodia, and
on the S b\ Ciampa.
C'jc/iran's Store, post village, North Caro-
lina. Person countu.
LochransviVe, post \'illage, Chester coun-
ty, l^eiins\lvahia.
Cjche, county of E;tst Tennessee ; bound-
ed by Nortii Carolina SE ; Sevier and Jef-
ferson W j J fFe;-oii N, and Grei-ne NK ;
lerigth 22 ; mean vvidil> 17 ; area 374 sqiare
miles Surface mount inuus, and soil gi ne-
rally of middling quality. Chief town,
Ne.' port.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,438
do. do. females - - 2,264
All other persons except Indi; ns
not taxed .... 16
Slaves 436
Total
population in 181C
[julationin 1820.
),
•.
5,154
Po,
Free
white males
.
.
2,229
do.
do. females -
-
-
2.180
Total whites
4,409
Free
persons of colour,
males
.
13
do. do.
femah
:S
2
Slave!
5, males .
.
_
193
do.
females
.
.
275
Total population in 1820
4,892
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in ,\t;Ticultiire - - 1,408
do. in Manufac ures - 60
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 13.
Cocker, river which rises in the S of
Cumberland, and flowing tlirough the
lakes of Buttermere, Croniack-water, and
Lowes-water, joins the Derwent, IdcIow
Cocke rmouth.
Cockermozith, populous borough .in Cum-
berland, with a m Tket on Mondi.y. It lies
between the Derwent and Cocker, over
which latter are two stone bridges ; and
between two hills, on one of which stands
a handsome church ; and on the other a
stLtely castle. It sends two members to
parliament, and is 27 miles SW of Carlisle,
and 290 XNW ot London. Lon. 3 25 W,
lat 54 42 N.
Cocoamit, See Choconut.
Coconato, town of Piedmont, remarkable
for being the birth place of Columbus. It
is 20 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 9 E, lat. 45
5N.
Cod, Cape, on the S side of Boston Bay,
in the state of Massachusetts, in North
America. Lon. 70 18 W, lat, 42 0 N.
Cndogno, towi. of Italj' in the duchy of
Milan. It wr.s taken by the French in
May, 1796. It is seated near the conflu-
ence of th.e Adda and Po, 33 miles E of
Pavia. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 45 6 N.
Corlorur, creek of Pennsvlvania, in York
213
(; Q 1
G O I.
county, flows nearly north, through the bo-
rough of York, falls into the Susquehannah.
Codorus, township in York county, Penn-
sylvan a. Population in 1810, 1975, and in
1820, 2183.
Cod's Fe'Tt/, post office, Wabash county,
Illinois.
Coesfeld, town of Germany in the terri-
tories of the bishop of Munster, where he
often resides. It is seated near the river
Burkel, 22 miles SW of Munster. Lon. 7
30 E, lat. 51 48 N.
Coevordeii, fortified town of the United
Provinces in Overyssel, seated in a morass,
30 miles S of Groningen. Lon. 6 44 E,
lat. 52 44 N.
C'oei/mans, township and post town, Al-
bany count}"^, New York. Population in
1820, 2872.
Coghnaivago, Indian village, Huntingdon
county, Lower Canada, on the right side of
St. Lawrence river.
Cognac, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Charente, lately in the pro-
vince of Angoumois, with a castle, where
Francis I. was born. It is remarkable for
excellent brandy, and is seated on the
Cliarente, 17 miles W of Angoulesme.
Lon. 0 10 W, lat. 45 44 N.
Cogni, ancient town of Turkey, in Asia,
in Caramania, in a country abounding in
corn, fruits, pulse, and cattle. Here are
sheep, whose tails weigh 30 pounds. It is
270 miles SR of Constantinople. Lon. 35
56 E, lat. 37 56 N.
Cohansti, river of New Jersey, which
rises in Salem count)', and enters the bay
of Delaware, about 8 miles below Green-
wich.
Cohasset, seaport and post town, in Nor-
folk countv, Massachusetts, about 25 miles
NE of Igoston.
Cohasset, township, including the forego-
ing post town, Norfolk county, Massachu-
setts. Populatiim in 1810, 994, and in
1820, 1699.
Coimhettore. province and town of the
peninsula of Hindoostan, in the kingdom
of Mysore. Since tlie defeat and death of
Tippoo Sultan, it belongs to tlie E st In-
dia Cmipany. It is 100 miles S by E of
Seringapatam. L-n. 77 10 E, ht. 10 5 N.
Coimhra, town of Portugal, capital of
Beira, with a bishop's see, and a un ver-
sity. It stands on a mountain, by the side '
of the river Mondego, 100 miles NE of
Lisbon, in a very pleasant country, abound-
ing in vineyards, olive trees, and fruits.
Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 40 12 N.
Coire, 'own of Ssvisser'and, capital of the
country of the Grisons. It is situated at t:>e
fo'it of the Alps, in a rich p ain, and is sur-
j'oiinded by ancient brick wails, with
square and round towers, in the style of
fortification, prior to the invention of gun-
powder. The streets are narrow and
214
dirty ; and the inhabitants .ire computed
at 3000. It is seated near the Rhine, 48
mil's S of Constance. Lon. 9 25 E, lat.
46 50 N.
Coitsville, township in Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population in 1810, 429, and in
1820, 541.
Cokalaldskit, river of the United States,
rises m the Chippewan mounta ns, and
flowing NW, falls into Chark's river. Lon.
W C 35 W, lat. 47 N.
Cokenhausen, strong town of Russia, in
the government of Livonia, on the river
Dwina, 50 miles SE of Riga. Lon. 25 50
E, lat, 56 30 N.
Col, one of the Western Islands of Scot-
land, nine miles SW from the point of Ard-
namurchan, in Argyleshire. It is rich in
corn and pasture, and abounds with fish,
Lon. 7 15 W, lat. 57 0 N.
Colallco, township in Lancaster county,
Pennsvlvania. Population in 1810, 4024,
and in 1820, 4590.
Colbrook, township in Litchfield county,
Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1243,
and ii, 1820, 1274.
Colberg. seaport of Prussian Pomerania,
remarkable for its salt-works. It wa- taken
by the Russians in 1761, but restored at
the subsequent peace. It is seated at the
mouth of the Persant, on the Baltic, 60
miles NE of Stettin. Lon. 15 39 E, kt. "54
21 N.
Colchester, borough of Essex, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday. It is seated on an eminence
OR the Coin, which is navigable to a place
called Hythe, where the custom house is
situated. In 1811. the irimber of inhabi-
tants was 12,544, It is 22 miles SW of
Ipswich, and 51 ENE of London. Lon. 0
58 E, lat. 51 53 N.
Colchester, township of Essex count}'.
Upper Canada, on lake Erie, below Mai-
den.
Colchester, town of Chittendon county,
Vermont, at the mouth of Onion river.
Population 660
Colchester, p st town and township. New
London county, Connecticut. In this town
was located in 1801, an Academy v/hich has
since become one of the most flourishing
institutions in the United States.
Colchester, township and post town, Dela-
ware county. New York. It is mountain-
ous, and watt red by the head streams of
the river Delaware. Population in 1820,
1064.
Colchester, town in Fairfax county, Vir-
ginia, 16 miles S by W of Alexandria, and
26 irom W - ington, being situated on Oc-
qnakan creek, a branch of the Potomac
river.
Coldirigliam. he.ithy tract near the roast,
in the county of Berwick, in Scotland, an-
cientlv noted for a nunnerv, built in the
COL
G U L
12th century by Edgar, king ot' Scotland.
Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in
tradition for her chastity, gave ramc to the
nei^iibouring nroinontory called St. Abb's
Head.
Coldinff, town of Denmark, in N Jutland,
remarkable for its bridge, over which all
the cattle pass, that go from Jutland into
Holstein, and pa\ a small toll, which brings
in a considerable revenue 'o the king.
Here is a royal paiace, containing a suite of
190 rooms. It is situated at the extreniity
of a bay of the Little Hclt, 50 miles S b> E
of Wiburg, on an eminence in a pleasant
country abounding with game. Lon. 10
15 E, lat. 53 35 N.
Cold Spring, post office, New Jersey, in
Cape May county.
Cold Spring Cove, near Burlington, New
Jersey.
Coldstream, town in the county of Ber-
wick, seated on the Tweed, ov<r which
is a handsome bridge. Lon. 2 5 W, lat.
55 36 N.
^ Cold Stream Mi'Is, post office, Hamp-
shire county, Virginia.
Colebrook Dale, in Shropshire ; a wind-
ing glen on the banks of the Severn, be-
tween two vast hills, which break into
various forms, being all thickly covered,
and forming beautiful she^t.. of hanging
woods. Here are the most considerable
iron works in England ; and a c .nous
bridge over the Severn, constructed en-
tirely of ca- t-iron.
Colebrookdale, township in Berks coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. P [juiation in 1810,
792 ; and in 1820, 1046.
Colebrook, post t<iwn and township of
Coos county, New Hampshire. Papula-
tion in 1810, 325 ; and in 1820, 470.
Colebrook, township and post town of
Litchfield county, in the state of (Con-
necticut, situated on the W branch if
Farmington river, between Barkhamp-
stead and Norfolk. In contains 1250 in-
habitants.
Colenet, Cafie, cape of the island of
New Caledonia, in the S Pacific Ocean
Lon. 164 56 E, lat. 20 3o S-
Colerain, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Londond':'rrv, on the river
Bann, 25 miles NE of Londonderry. Lon.
6 39 W, lat. 55 16 N.
Colerain, township in Bedford county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 876' ;
and in 1820, 986.
Colerain, post town of Franklin coun-
ty, Massachusetts.
Colemin, township in Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Papulation in IblO,
834 ; and in 1820, 1088.
Colerain, post town of Berr.ie county.
North Carolina.
Cola-ain, post village in Camden coun-
ty, Georgia, on St. Mary's river, 30 miles
above St. Mary's.
Colerain towns'/ip 6 miles square, ia
the NE corner of Ross county ; in which
is situated the town ot Adclphi. Popu-
lation in 1810. t>46; and in I82u, 866.
Coleran, town.ship ot Belmont county,
NE trom Clainsville Population in 1810,
471 ; an^' in 1820, 778.
Colerain, township in Hamilton county,
Ohio, on the E side of the Great Miami
river, 15 miles from its mouth, and op-
posite to Crosby. Population in 1810,
1058 ; and in 1820, 1906.
Colerain, tov/nship of Hampshire coun-
ty, Massachusetts ; hourded north v/ard
by th.. line that divides this state trom
Vermont
Colerain township of Bt-df' rd county,
Pennsylvania. It is situated near the N
line which divides Maryland and Penn-
sylvania, and contains about 3000 inha-
bitants
Coleshill, town in Warwickshire, seat-
ed on the side of a hill, on the Coin, over
which is a stone bridge. It is 11 ir.iles N
W ot Coventry, and 105 ot London. Lon,
1 35 W. lat. 52 32 N
C o/r.vt;?£7e,post viilageof Windsorcoun-
ty. New York.
Colesvi'le, pust village of Montgomery
countv, Maryland.
C^lesvi'le, post town of Chesterfield
county, Virginia, 152 miles from VVabh-
iugton.
Cohford. town in Glor.cestershire. with
a market on Tursdav. 14 miles S tif Here-
ford, and 123 W b\ N of London. L:n.
2 40 W, lat. 51 48 N.
CoUma, town of Mexico, caj-ital of a
fertile vallty of the same name. It is
seated at the mouth of a river, near the
N rtli Pacific Oc an, 300 mdes W of
Mexico, in the intenduicy of Vaila(!olid,
near a volcinic mountain Lon. W C
26 10, lat 9 .ON.
Cdioure. seaport vi France, in the de-
partment of th.- Eastern Pyrenees and
late i)ri)vince of R. usilion. It is a small,
but a stroni; town, seated at the fi^t of the
Pyrtnees, 10 n ilesSEof Ptrpignb'n. Lon.
3 8 E. lat. 42 34 N.
Colin, village of Bfhemia, 28 miles E
from Prague ; remarkab'e, as being the
scene of a sanguinary battle, June 17th,
1757, in which th' Prussians, under Fre-
d< rick the Gn at, were def' ated by the
Austrians under marshal Daun.
Colle. episcopal town of Tuscany. 10
mil. s NW of Sienna. Lon. 11 7 E, lat. 43
16 N.
I'oUege Grant township in C'os county.
New Hampshire. Population in 182" 33.
Collfge, townships, are tv/o tracts of
land, each miles square, situated in the
215
COL
COL
centre of Athens county, Ohio, adjoining
each other, the one on the N, the other
S. Through the northernmost, runs the
Hockhocking river, adjactnt to many
parts of which are several tracts of ex-
cellent land. The names ot those town-
ships arose from the circumstance of
their having been granted as a donation
to the college of Athens; the right of
soil to which, belongs exclusively to the
said college.
College^ township of Ohio, six miles
square, in the western border of Butler
county, belonging to the Miami universi-
ty. See Oxford.
Colleton, district of South Carolina ;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and
Charleston district SE ; Beau-ort SW ;
Barnwell and Orangeburgh N\V ; and
part of Charleston NE : length 57, mean
width 30 ; area 1700 square miles. Sur-
face generally flat ; and soil, except on
the streams, of indifferent quality. Sta-
ples, rice, cotton, and tobacco. Chief
town, Waterborough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,344
do. do. females - - 1,946
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 211
Slaves 21,858
Total population in 1810 - 26,359
Population in 1820.
Free white males -
do. do. females
Total whites -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ _ _
do. females - - _
Total population in 1820 - 26,373
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agricultiu'e - - 1,060
do. in Manufactures - 5
do. in Commerce - 52
Population to the square mile, 16.
Collmore's-'ridge, plantation in Lincoln
county, Maine.
Cnlniar, city of France, capital of the
department of U])per Rliine, and late
province of Uj^per Alsace. It is seated
near the river 111, 35 miles S bv W of
Strasburg. Lon. 7 27 E, lat 48 5 N.
C'olmars, town of France, now in ihe
department of the Lower Alps, latelv in
the province of Provpnce, 20 milts E of
Digne. Lon. 6 33 E. lat. 44 7 N.
Cobnagarod, tov;n of Russia, in an island
formed by the river Dwina, with an arch-
bishop's see, 30 miles SE of Archangel.
Lon. 39 42 E, lat. 64 14 N.
Co/7i,name of several of the small rivers
in England, the chief of which rises near
Clare in .SuflTnlk, and passing by Haistead
and Colchester, in Essex, falls into the
German Ocean, b.tween Mersey Island
and the mainland. In the inlets and
pools, at the mouth of this river, are bred
the famous Colchester oysters.
Culnbrook, town of Bucks, with a nnar-
ket on Wednesday, seated on the river
Coin, 17 miles W of London. Lon. 0 25
VV, lat. 51 29 N.
Colne, town in Lancashire, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday, seated on a hill, 36
miles SE of Lancaster, and 214 NNW
of London. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 53 50 N.
Cohiei, cape of New California, SW
from the town of St. Thomas, and bay of
Virgins. Lon. W C 40 50 W, lat. 31 40
N.
Colocc, town of South America, in the
Upper part of Santa Crug de la Sienna,
on the river Guapey. Lon. W C 12 50
E. lat. 13 20 S
Colochina, ancient town of Turkey, in the
Morea, 50 miles SE of Misitra. Lon. 23
22 E. lat. 36 32 N.
Colocza, town of Hungary, on the Da-
nube, capital of the county of Bath, with
an archbishop's see, 57 miles SE of Buda.
Lon. 18 29 E. lat. 46 38 N.
Cologna, town of Italy, in the Paduan,
26 miles S W of Padau. Lon. 17 27 E. lat.
45 14 N.
Cologne, electorate of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, bounded on the
N by the duchy of Cleves and Cuelderland,
on the E by the duchy of Berg, on the S
by the archbishopric of Treves, and on the
W by the duchy of Juliers. It is one of
the most fertile countries in the empire,
abounding- with all the necessaries of life.
Cologne, ancent city of Germany, capi-
tal of the electorate of Cologne, with a
bishop's see, and a famous university, seat-
ed on the river Rhine, 17 miles E of .Ju-
liers. Lon. 7 10 E.lat. 50 55 N.
Colombia, republic of South America,
composid of the former vice royalty of
New Granada and the captain general-
ship of Venezuela, or Caracas. It is bound-
ed by the Pacific Ocean from the mouth of
Tumbez river. South America, lat. 3 45 .S,
to Dnlcebay, in North America, lon. W C
5 10 V*'. Itit 8 30 N ; thence crossing the
Isthmus between Dnlce and Carlago bays,
mcliiding the provinces of Panama, and
Veragiia, on the gulf of Nicaragua : thence
along the Carribean sea, and Atlantic
Ocean, to Cape Nassau, between Spanisli
and Dutch Guyana, lon. W C 18 22 E.lat.
8 N ; thence S to Issequibo river, and up
that stream to its source in the mountains,
separating Colombia from the Portuguese
COL
COL
territories: thence VV along thosa moun-
tains, to the source of the Orinoco, wliere
the bounilary indues to S\V, and continues
in that direciion to the Rio Negro at Fort
de Saint Jose. Here commences an artifi-
cial hmit which, in a direction something
W of S, continues to St. Fernando at the
mouth of the Rio lea on the Amazon ;
thence wp the latter, the Tunguragaa, and
Lauricocha, to the foot ol'ihe Andes at Ion.
W G 1 30 W. lat. 6 20 S ; thence crossing
the Andes, and turnmg to NVV by N be-
tween Jaeii, and Piur.i, to the place of be-
ginning at Tumbez.
Th:s vast empire includes besides innu-
merable smull^r sireams, the entire waters
of the Orinoco, and Magdalena, toijether
with tiie northwestern confluents of the
Amazo >. In respect to climate, it em-
braces from Pom (iail na-, 10 20 N. to the
banks of the Lauricocha, at the southern
extension of Jaen, lat. 6 S. It includes,
independent of minor indentings, on the
Pacfic Ocean 17u0 miles of sea coast ; 1700
miles on the Cafribl)ean sea ; and 300 miles
on the Atlantic Ocean ; giving an aggre-
gate navigable ocean border of o700 miles.
Tlie interior land frontier exceeds 2400
mdes, the wliole yielding an outline of
6100 miles. Within this wide perimiter,
are enclosed all the varieties of soil from
the frozen summits of Chimborazo, Cayam-
be Urcu, and Cotopaxi, to the almost illi-
mitable plains of Cassinare, and the allu-
vial Delta of the Orinoco. The ocean lim-
its present a front to the commerce of Asia,
one to the United States and Mexico, and
one to Europe and Africa. In the interi-
or the highly navigable confluents of the
Amazon, and Orinoco renders these exten
sive regions accessible at almost everv
point by water. It is obvious that in this
greatly diversified expanse, every vegeta-
ble production of the earth can be matur-
ed with ease, and in abundance. The
whole surface amounts to within a small
fraction of 1,100,000 square miles. The
following table is taken from an official
statement in the Columbian Gazette, pub-
li.hed at Bogota, and republished in the
Aurora.
17-=:==
Departments
Provinces
Provincial po-
Departmenta
Senators.
Represenla
pulation.
population.
tives,
fGuayana
45,000
2
Orinoco
J Cumana
^. Barcelona
Lvi»igaretta
70,000
45,000
o
2
15,000
175,000
4
1
Venezuela
C (J:iracas
I Rarinas
350.000
80,000
430,000
4
12
3
rCoro
j Truxillo
A Merida
30,000
1
Suha
33,400
50,000
1
2
l^Maricaibo
48,700
162,100
4
2
fTunja
200,000
7
j Socoro
150,000
S
Boyacca
"^ Piiiiplona
75,000
3
I^Casanare
19,000
444,000
4
1
I^Bogola
172,000
6
Cundinamar-
I Antioquia
■> Mariqiiita
104,000
45,000
3
2
ca
I^Neiba
50,000
371,000
4
^
Cauca
r Popayan
I Choco
171,000
6
22,000
193,000
4
1
#-Carthagena
170,000
6
Magdalena
3 Santa Martha
6:.700
2
V Rio Hacha
7,000
239,300
4
1
Quit')
250,000
3
Quijos, Majas
35,000
1
Cuenca
78,000
3
Jaen
13,000
1
Mainas
56,000
1
Loja
48,000
2
Guayaquil
90,000
550,000
3
Panama]
50,000
2
Veragua
30,000
80,000
1
2,644,800
28
90
2i;
C U L
G O L
The former seven provinces known un-
der the i^eneral name of Quito, has not
been distributed into departments or sena-
torial districts ; nor h;id the two North
Ameiicm provinces of Panama and Vera-
gua. It is, however, supposed ihat the en-
suing' congress will compr.se those nine
provinces into three deparuntnts, which
from the senatorial ratio of four senators to
each department will raise that body to 50
members. From (he apportionment of re-
presentation already adopted, toe nine pro-
vinces, will have five memliers, augmenting
the lowei' house to ninety five,
Colombo, town of Ceylon, and seat of the
British establishmen s on that island. Lat.
7 4N.
Colombotz, castle of Turkey in Europe,
in Holj^aria, on a hill, under which is the
stroll}^ pass of Urania.
Colomey, or Colomia, town of Poland, in
Red Russia, seated on the river Pruth, 42
miles SE of Hahtz. Lon. 25 40 E. lat. 43
41 N.
CoIoTina, town of Italy, in Campagna.
C'oloi-ado, river of Mexico, in the Pro-
vincias Internas, or rather unconquered
country, N\\ of Sonera, and New Mexico.
This stream rises in the mountains which
give also source to the confluents of Mis-
souri, Columbia ar.d Rio Grande del Norte,
at N lat. 41, and W Ion from W G 35. Its
general course is SW by S receiving nu-
merous antl large branches from the east,
joins the Uio Gila, N lat, 33, dilates into a
vt ry wide estuary, which has received the
distinctive name of the guif of California.
The regions watered by this great river is
very defectively known. Its entire length
if the gulf is included exceeds 1200 miles,
Colorado, r.ver of Mexico, province of
Texas, rises in the unexplored country be-
tween the Red and Rio Grande rivp-rs, and
falls into the gulf of Mexico N lat. 29, W
lo... \Y C 19.
Colorado, river of South America, rises in
the Andes S lat. 32, and pursuing a SK
course falls into the Atlantic Ocewn at lut.
40 S after an entire length of 700 miles
by comparative courses.
Colorno, town of Italy, in the Parmasan,
reir die Po, eight miles from Parma. The
duke of Parma had a pleasure house here,
vk'liich was o-e of the mosi ,ielik:htful in
Italv, and the gardens were very fine. Lon.
10 22 E. lat. 44 54 N.
Colos-ivar, hr^e to'.'n of Transylvania,
where the states meet. It is se;i'ed on the
river Sam- s, 37 miles NW of Wei,-sem-
burg, £.nd 120 E by S of Vienna. Lon. 23
15 E. lat 46 53 N.
Colraiiie, towns'iip in Franklin county,
Massuchuset's. Population in 1820,1961.
Coloiiri, anrient Salamis. small island of
Greece, ix miles W from Athens.
Columbia, Oregon, or liiver of the West.
This is amongst the most singular streams
218
in America. W of the Chippewan moun»
tains, a valley extends nearly parallel to
the coa^t of the Pjcific Oce>n, along which
another nameless chain extends to an un-
known distance. The intervening valley
is about 350 mile» wide, and very hilly and
broken where known. In this valley
about N. lat. 54 rises the extreme north-
ei'n source of Columbia, which flowing S
upwards of 400 miles, receives Clarks ri-
ver from the NE. B low the moutb of
Clarks river the Columbia assumes a SW
course 200 miles, receives at N lat. 46 10
Lewis's river fr m tlie NE Below the
mouth of Lewis's river, the Columb a con-
tinues to fl vv S as low as N lat. 46, where
it urns abruptly, and assumes from that
P'int TO it!> moutli a genend course nearly
W. The Multnom.h or gn-ai t^outhcrn
branch of Columbia joins that stream 288
miles by water, below the mouth of Lew-
is's river. Thus, the Columbia is formed
by four large branches, the Columbia pro-
per, Clark's river, Lewis's river and Mult-
nomah.
Of these branches, the first and last are
very imperfectly known. The Columbia
proper enlerlocks, in the Chippewan
mountains with the sources of the Unjiga,
and Siishishawin rivers. When seen by
M'Kenzie, it was a stream of considerable
size, but from that point to the mouth of
Cliik's river, the intermediate tributaries
of C ilumbia are unknown.
Clark's rivf^r rise s by a great number of
branches in the Ch ppewan range, enter-
locks with the sources ot Missouri, and S
brunch of Sashashawin rivers. The ex-
treme southern source of Clark's river, is
about N lat. 45, ;.nd W lon W C 34 30 ;
it thence flows NW by N 500 miles be-
yond N lat. 49, gradually curves W and
SW, finally joins the Columbia after an en-
tire comparative course of upwards of 500
miles.
Lewis's river rises at N lat. 43, enter-
locks with the sources of the Arkansaw,
Plate, and Yello'vst.me river, it thence
flows W iwo hundr-.d miles and assumes a
northern course of 200 miles, receives its
northern br.nch, a 1 rge tributary s ream
of above 200 miles in length. Bdow the
mouth of t'te northern branch, Lewis's ri-
ver curves gradually to tlie "W 2ij0 miles,
unites witli the Columbia, after an entire
cour e of oOU miles.
The M'iti omah, draws its waters from a
terra incignila The Spanish tiavellers
fro n Mex'co, ascend ngtiir- C lorado, to its
source, found to the N of that river two
streams flowing wo-stwai.i, to one of which
they gave the name of Rio de Buenaven-
tura, and to 'he other, and most northerly,
that of Riode San Clementini. From ana-
logy with the otiier rivers, and the general
configuration of that part of N. America the
San Clementini, is supposed to be the ex-
COL
COL
treme SE ource of the Multnomah. If so, Colmnbia, pnst town, Maine in Washing-
thai river rLs! s at N. lal. 41, and \V Ion. W ton ciuiity, 20 miles \V from Machias,
C 34, and has an entire comparative course Columbia, township in Washington coun-
of 7<Ji) II. deb. Its month ac. ordin;^' to ty, Maine, including the foregoing post-
Clark and Lewis is aUUyaros m widtli with t«n. P.ip.ihdon in 1810, 511, and in
all the common yppcrtrjiices of a very con- 1820, 537.
siderable length of course. Columbia, township in Coos county, N.
The great valley or basin of Columbia, is Hampsiiire on Connecticut river, 110
considerably elevated above th.e surfacf of '■"•'fs N from Concord. Population in
the Pacific Ocean. C. ark's, Lew s's and 1820,281.
Coiumoiapr-per. are precipitated over a . Columbia, post town. \\ mdaam county,
series of ledges, wliich enrich the scenery, ^o"" cticut.
but interrupt the navigation of those Columbia, township m Windham coumy,
streams. Though not actually determined Connecticut, including the precechng pos.
there is liUle doubt but that the Mul-.no- town. Population in 1810, 8o4, and in
mah, is also precipitated from a tahle land, 1820,941, ^
the level of the tides. It is probable that Columbia, county of New \_ork, on tr.e
the tide Hows higher in the Multnomah,
than in the main stream, in which it is ar-
rested about 50 mdes above the mouth of
Mulmomah.
The Columbia is one of the largest ri-
vers of America, compared to its lenj^th,
which if estimated by the Columbia pro-
E s'de of the Hudson river, bounded by
Cinnecticut SE : Duchess county S;
Hudson river W ; Renselaer county N ;
and Massachuseils E; length 32; mean
width 19 ; area about 60l» square miles.
Sit ace extremely varied by valley, hill,
and mountain. The soil is equally varient
in qual.ty. This county is well cultivated
per, vvould be upwards ot 1000 miles, by ,„d ,oductive in grain, fruit and pas-
Sf;''.V''''''l?^^,'^'''p2yH'''^''o''; turage. Staples, |ra.n, flour, whiskey,
900 miles, or Multnomah 800 miles^ But beef, nork, butter, cheese and live stuck,
if the length of the Columo.a and Multno- chieVtown, city of Hudson,
rtirth above then- junction be added the en- Ponula'on in 1810
tire length of the who]- strea^n,from source ^^^^ \,\\\^<i males
to source would be 1700 miles.
Below tide v/ater the C'llumbia rolls on
to its mouth with an immense volume of
four or five miles w.de abo it 150 miles.
do do. females - - •
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ' - ' -
Slaves . - . - -
Total population in 1810
15,538
15,123
Population in 1820.
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820. -
Of these;
The Columbian basin is upwards of 900
miles from S to N, aid 400 miles mean
width, or covering an area of 360,000
square miles. Of this expanse the U. S. Tree white rna'es
possess by discovery and treaties from N ^^' "°- lemales
lat, 42 to 49, or 4S'3 mdes N and S, wh re
the basin is at least 450 miles, mean width :
of course the U. S. claim near 220,000
square miles, watered by the Columbia,
and its confluents.
Betv.en Columbia and Colorado rivers,
stretche> a region of more than 700 miles
bv 500 miles, or above 350,000 square
miles, which is utterly unexplored. This
is a wide field for future enterprise.
From the concurrent testimony of all Foreigners not naturalized -
travellers :md voyagers, wlio have vi^ited Engaged in Agriculture
the west coa'-t of N America. The climate do. in Manuf ctures -
is much mo;e mdd than in similar lati- do. in Commerce
tudes, in the Mississippi, B-siii or Atlantic Population to the square mile, 64 nearly,
slope. This incrt-ased w rmih on the Columbia, post village, St. Lawrence
western coast of America is in perfect county. New York.
analogy with the plienomena of climate on Columbia, townsliip in Herkimer county,
the opposing continent. As far, therefore. New York. Population in 1820, 2051.
as the seasons are concerned, our Colum- Columbia, po>t town and town.sliip in
bian territory will be more habitable than Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on the
will be the corresponding latitudes east of Susqueh nnah rivor, 11 miles SWbyW
the Ciiippewan mouDtams. As in Eii.ope fom Lancaster. At this village a very fine
and Asia, the zones of vegetable life will be bridge has been erected over the Susque-
found to cut thos.e of latitude obliquely in hannah river. Population in 1820, 1891.
N. Amerira. f-'thnvh'a, county of Pcnnsvlvania, on
' 2!9
18,0"S
18,433
36,516
525
528
474
387
38,330
133
7,604
2,175
271
i.: o L,
COL
bolh sides of the Susquehannah river,
bounded SW and W, by Northumberland
NW, by Lycoming; E by Luzerne; and
SE by Schuylkill ; !ength 52 ; mean width
22; area abou' 709 square miles. Sur ace
much variegaved b\ mount in-, hids, val
lies, and by the fine bottoms of the Susque-
hann-ih Thr soii of the river alluvi .1
lands <f the first qjality, that of toe moun-
tains rocky and s'cnle. S; pKs, grain,
whiskey, fruit, live stock, salted provisions
and Imber. Cliie'town, Danville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,955
do. do. females - - 8,643
Total whites - - . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females.
Slaves, males . . . -
do. females
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
11,171.
11.443
17,621
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 52
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,288
^do. in Manufactures - 888
do. in Commerce - 40
Population to the square mile, 25.
Columbia, township in Bedford county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 823.
Columbia, District of, seat of the United
States general government. It is composed
of a tract of 10 miles square, lying nearly
in a NE, SW, and NW, and SE direction,
on both sides of the P<.'towmac. It was
formed out of part of Prince Georges and
Montgomery counties in Maryland, and part
of Fairfax county, Virginia ; and was ceded
by Maryland and Virginia respectively to
the United States in 1790, and in 1800,' be-
came the seat of he United S ates general
government It now contains, besides the
city of Washington, properly so called,
Alexandria and Georgetown. See these
places under their respective heads. It is
under the immediate gi>vernment of Con-
gress, and for local pui'poses, subdivided
into, Washington City, c;mnty of Washing-
ton, Alexandria, and Georgetown. The
surface of the District of Columbia, is
generally but very pleasantly diversified by
hill and dale. The soil in its natural state,
rather sterile. The climate is esteemed
very healthy. The following tabl s will
exhibit the progressive advance, and state
of the population in 1820.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 8,140
do. do. females - - 7,949
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 2,549
Slaves ..... 5,395
Total whites - - - 22,614
Free persons of colour, males - 1,731
do. do. females - 2,317
Slaves, males .... 3,007
do. females . . , . 3,370
Add to the above.
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manuf. ctures
do. in Commerce
33,039
564.
853
2,184
512
Total population in 1810
320
24,033
Total population in 1820 * 37,152
Population to the square mile, 371.
From its po-^ition, Columbia is necessa-
rily the centre of a very extensive and in-
creasing commerce. Ti'e first falls in the
Potomac at Georgetown, has been passed
by a navigable casial ; and other canals have
been formed at various place;- on the Poto-
mac and Shenandoah rivers, which have
opened to Columbia, the rich interior of
Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. The
quantity of flour and other domestic pro-
duce, brought down the Potomac annually,
is very considerable. The principal ship-
ping interest of this district, centers at
Alexandria, but extensive business is also
done at Georgetown. The amount of ex-
ports in 1817, amounted to near 1,800,000
dollars, and the sh-pping to about 21,750
tons. At the junction of the East branch
with the Potomac, the Urited States have
a Navy yard, to which vessels of the largest
tonnage can ascend.
A college has been organised in Wash-
ington City ; as have also a medical society,
a botanical society, and the Columbian in-
stitute.
Columbia, post town of Fluviana cotnity,
Virginia, on the right bank of Rivanna
river, 45 miles above Richmond, and 35
from Charlotteville.
Columbia, post town, Richland district.
South Carolina. It is also the capital of
the state on the left bank of the Congaree,
immediiitely below the confluence of Broad
and Saluda rivf-rs. It is regularly laid out,
upon ground considerably elevated above
the neighbouring streams Boats of large
draught a.-cend thus high, and a steam boat
has recently been built, intended to ply be-
tween '^olumbia and Charleston. Besides
the ordinary buildings, suitable to legisla-
tive and judicial proceedings, and for reli-
gious purposes, a college, under the title
of the " South Carolina College," was es-
tablished in this town in 1801, under the
direct patronage of the state. It has now
a president, 4 professors, 2 tutors, and
above 100 students., with an excellent li-
COL
brary, exceeding 5,000 volumes. It is in-
deed one of the most flourishing institu-
ti..'ns in the United States ; south vest from
the Potomac.
Columbia, county of Georgia ; b mnded
bv Savannah rivir or North Carolina NK ;
H.chmoiid SE ; Warren SW, and Wilkes
and Lincoln NW; surface rather waving
than hilly ; some vcy productive soil, w th
much of a middling quality. Staples, gr lin,
and coUon. Chief town, Aplmgt n.
Popidation in 1810
Free wliite males ... 2,637
do. do. females - - • 2,592
All other persons except Indians not
taxed .... - 33
Slaves ..... 5,980
U U L
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females - - -
Total whites ....
Kree persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . . -
do. females
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white mal s - -
do. do. females
11,242 Total population in 1820
5,529
5,250
99
10,878
11,238
10,635
21,873
91
69
0
0
22,033
2,663
2,550
Total whites - . - - 5,213
Free persons of colour, males 32
do. do. females 30
Slaves, males .... 3,763
do. females ... 3,657
Total population in 1820 - - 12,695
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agricnltui'e - - 4,048
do. in Manufactures - - 39
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to 'he square mile, uncertain.
Columbia, post town and stat of justice,
Maury coimty Ten essee, on the left bank
of Duck river.
Columbia, post town and seat of justice,
.\dair county, Kentucky.
Columbia, towns) ip in Cayah 'ga county,
Ohio, Population in 1810, 205, and in
1820, 181.
Columbia, township and post town, Ham-
ilton county, Ohio. Population in 1810,
2U51, and in 1820, 2814.
Columbia, township in Me'gs county,
Ohio. Popul tion in 1820, 128.
Columbia, post village of Indiana, in Gib.
son county.
Columbia, township in Lawrence county,
Arkansas. Population in 1820, 520.
Columbiana, county of Ohi' ; bounded by
Pennsylvania E ; Jefferson and Harrison S ;
Stark 'W, and Portage and Trumbull N j
length 30 ; breadth 3U. It would contain
900 square miles, if a small triangle of 36
square miles were not cut fiom the SE cor.
ner by the Ohio river, leaving 864 square
miles. Surface extremely broken, and
billy, though the soil is in most parts fer.
tile. This county abounds in iron ore and
mineral coal, and with excellent mill
Etreams. Chief town, New Lisbon.
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 243
Engaged in Agricidlure - - 3,427
do. in Manufactures - • 1,029
do. in Commerce - - 1
Population to the square mile, 25.
Columbiana, post town of Columbiana
county, Ohio, on the waters of Great Bea-
ver, 10 miles NNE from Nevv Lisbon.
Columb, St. town in Cornwall, with a
market on Thursday, seated on a hill 10
m'les W of B.^dmin. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 50
20 N.
Columbton, town in Devonshire, with a
market on Saturday. It has a woollen
manufacture, and is seated on the river
Columb, over which there is a bridge. It
is 12 miles NE of Exeter, and 164 W of
London. Lon. 3 23 W, lat. 50 53 N.
Columbus, post town. New York, Che-
nango county. Population in 1820, 18U5.
Columbus, county of North Carolina;
bounded by South Carolina SW; Robeson
NW ; Bladen NE, and Brunswick SE ;
length 32 ; mean width 13 ; area about 400
square miles Surface fiat, Iv ing between
the Wagim^w river, and Great Swamp
creek. Soil generally, but of middling'
quality. Chief town, Whitesville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,081
do. do. females - - 1,211
All other persons except Indians
not taxed _ _ - 27
Slaves 7Qo
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total wliites
Fiee pc-rsons of colour, males
do. do. females
221
3,022
(; o M
C O M
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
453
460
3,912
Of these;
Foreigners not natiu-ilized - 0
Engaged in Aj^riculture - - 516
do. in Manufactures - - 0
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, 9^.
Columbus, post town, seat of justice, and
capital .;f the state, Frariklin c;>uiity, Oido,
on t!ie left bank of the Sciota river, -15
miles above Chilicothe, and 110 miles NE
from Cmcinnati. This town was laid out
in 1812, and in 182U, contai led upwards of
200 houses, and moi e than 140U inhabitants.
Beside the ordinary public buildings, f r
stale and county purposes, it contains a
penitentiary, a nuniber ot piace5 of public
worsh p, some scliools, iw^ printing offices,
and a number of m: rcantile stoes
Cohimna, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Moscow, with an archbishop's see,
50 miles SE of Moscow. I.on. 38 25 E,
iat. 55 5 N.
Com, populous town of Persia, in Irac
Agenii, 100 m les N of Ispahan. Lon. 51
56 E, lat. 34 5 N.
Comachio. episcopd town of Italy, in the
FeiTaiesf. Tlie air is bad, for wiiicii rea-
son it IS inhabited by a few fislu rmen on-
ly. It is sf aled in a lake of the same name,
27 miles SE of Ferrara. Lon. 12 10 E, lat.
44 45 N.
Comachio, lake of Italy, in the Ferrarese,
between the two moviths < f the river E'o.
It is 10 miles in circumference ; but dry m
several places, and on one part a town of
the same name i'^ built.
Comanagotta, town of South America, in
Terra Firma, 10 nules W of Comana. Lon.
64 40 W, lat. 10 10 N.
Coinb-Mbey, village in Warwickshire, '3
miles from Covfntry, once famous for a
I'ich abbey The cisurch is demohshed,
but the abbey, modernized, is the soal of
lord Craven.
Combahee, river o'" Son'.h Carolina, rises
between Savar.nah and SaiMee rivers, and
flows SE, uito St. Helena Sound.
Comb-J^Iartin, town in Devonshire, with
a market on Tuesday. It 's seated on the
British Channel, < here it has an inlet which
I'uns through tl'C town. It is but a small
place five miles E of Ilfracomb, and 176
W by S of London, L<.n. 4 2 W, lat. 51
13 N
Comines, town of France, in the depart-
ment i.f the North and late French Flan-
ders, seated on die Lis, five miles S W of
Menin. Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 50 45 N.
C'o;«/i^, small river, rising on the limit
between Lo'.iisiai:a and Mississipji, and
flowing nearly S, crosses New Feliciana in
the latter state, and falls into the Amite, 12
miles E from B.iton Rouge.
Commercey, town of France in the de-
partment ot Meuse and la e duchy ot Har,
with a magnificen. castle, built by canhnal
de Retz. It is seated on the river .Meuse,
160 aides E of Paris. Lo i. 5 44 E. lat. 48
40 N.
Como, populous town of Italy, in the Mi-
lanese, x\ith a bishop's see ; siuiuteu in a
valley, enclosed by fertile mils, on the S
ex reinity of a lake ot the same name.
Tue houses are neatly built of stone ; and
the catheilrul is a handsome edifice of white
marble, hewn fiomthc neighbouring quar-
ries. Como is 80 miles NE of Turin. Lon.
9 7 E, :at. 45 45 N.
Como, the largest lake in Italy, in the
Milanese. It is 88 miles in circumference,
but not above six miles over in any one
part.
Comora Islands, five islands in the Indian
Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar
and tiie N part of the island of Madagas-
car. They are callefi Hinzuan, Mayoita,
Mohilla, Angt zeia, and Comora. See Uin-
zuun.
Comorin, Cape, the most southern point
of the peninsula of Hindoostan. Lon. 77
32 E, lat 7 50 N.
Comorta, town of Lower Hungary, capi-
tal of a territory of the same name. It is
so well fortified, that the Turks could never
take it. The greatest part of tiie inhabi-
tants are of the Greek religion. It is seated
on the Danube, in the island of Sibut, 70
miles S b)' E of Vienna. Lon 18 5 E, lat.
47 46 N.
Compeigne, town of France, in the de-
partment of tJise and late province of the
Isle of France. It has a paiuce, in which
the kings ol France otlen rtsided. The
Maid of Orleans was taken prisoner here,
in 1430 It is -eated near an extensive
forest, ai the confluence oi the Aisne and
Oiise. 45 miles NE of Paris. Lon. 2 55 E,
lat. 49 25 N.
Compostella, celebrated town of Spain,
capital of (ialicia, with an archbish' p's see,
and a university 'fhe archbis! op is one
oi' tiie ricliest prelates in Sjiain, having
70,000 c;o«ns a \ear. From this ionn the
mditary order of St. Jago, or St. James, had
its orij;in. It is seated on a peninsula,
formed by the Tanibra and Ulla, 265
miles NW of JVladnd. Lon. 8 17 W, lat.
42 52 N.
Compostella, town of Mexico, in Guada-
laxana, ntar the mouth of the Santiago
river. Lon. W C 27 30 W, lat. 21 15 N.
Compton, tov;nship in Bc^rgen county.
New. Jersey. Population in 1820, 2818.
Conujobary, post town in .Montgomery
county, New York, on the S side of -Moiiock
river, 41 miles W by N of Schenectady, and
57 NW of Albany. "
(JON
U O N
Cona-waiigo, small river flowing tiom
Chatauque and Casada lakes, Chatauqiie
county, New York, and entering I'eniisyl-
vania, falls into Allegany river at Warren.
Concan, low tract of country, on the W
coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan. From
this tract rises abruptly that stupendous
wall of mountains called the Gauts. It is
subject to the Mahruttas, and lies between
15 and 20 degrees X lat.
Concarneau, sc'poi't of France, in the
departiTient of Finisterre and la'e provi ce
of Brittany, with a castle 12 miles SE of
Quimp r.' Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 47 46 N".
Conception, seaport of Ver igua, in the
Caribbean sea, 9U miles \V from Panama.
Lon. W C 3U 2U \\, lut. 8 N.
Conception, small town or post, on the
coast of New California. Lon. W C 42 25
W, Lit. 34 40 N.
Conception, bay of Newfoundland, be-
tween tlie point of Grates, and Cape St.
Francis. Central latitude 47 40, N lon. W
C 24 E.
Conception, town of New Granada, on
the Meta.
Conception del Pao, town of Colombia, in
Venezaela. .Lon. VV C 11 50 E, lat. 8
45 N.
Conception, town of Chili, on the Pacific
Ocean, with a bishop's see, with a very
large harbour. It has been often tak n
and ravaged by the native Americans, and
is seated on the South Pacific Ocean, 230
miles N of Baldivia. Lon. W C 3 40 E,
lat. 36 40 S.
Conchas, river of .Mexico, in Durango,
rises in a range of mountains in the western
part of that province, and flows first south,
th-^n east, finally turns nearly to due north,
falls into the right bank of Rio Grande del
Norte, a little above N, lat. 31, after a
comparative course of about 300 mile.s.
Concord, township in Rockingham coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population m 1810,
2393, and in 1«20, 2838.
Concord, post town of Rockingham coun-
ty. New Ha.npsliire,in the foregoing town-
ship, ft is the seat of the st-^te government,
and stands on the we»t bank 'f Merrimack
river, 60 miles N\W from B ston, at N
lat. 43 12 N, lon W C 5 30 E From its po-
sition, and by means of the Middlt- sex ca-
nal, and other improvements i i the naviga-
tion of the Merrimack, Concord lias a direct
water communication with Boston, and
Newburyport, and is a place of consideraMe
inland commerce. It has now about 200
houses and 1000 inhabitants.
Concord, township in Grafton coiin.ty.
New Hampshire. Population in 1810,
1126, and in 1820, 1126.
Concord, township in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 163"3i
and in 1820, 1788.
Concord, post town, Vermont in Esstx
county, on Connecticut river, 40 miles ENE
from .Montpelier.
Ccncord, river of Massachusetts, rising in
Norfolk, but having most of its sources and
course in Middlesex county ; it falls into
the M rrimac belov/ Chelm.-ford. The
fine Middlesex canal is chiefly supplied
with water by this stream.
Concord, post town, Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, 18 mdes NW from Boston.
It is alternaiely witii Cambridge, the seat
of justice for the county.
Concord, township in Erie county, New
York, south from Buflldoe. Population m
1820, 278.
Concord, township in Saratoga county.
New York. Population in 1820, 571.
Concord, township in Delaware county,
Pennsylvania, on Chester creek. Popula-
tion in 1810, 1061, and in 1820. 1032.
Concord, post town of Sussex county,
Delaware, on Bcoad creek, branch of Nan-
tikoke river, on the road from Georgetown
to Laurel county
Concord, post village of Campbell coun-
ty, Virginia.
Concord, post town and seat of justice,
Cabawas county. North Carolina, 30 miles
SW fp-m Salisbury.
Concord, township, Erie county, Penn-
sylvania Population in 1820, 53-
Concord, township of Favette count}',
Oiilo P .pulation in 1820. 347.
Concord, township of Highland cotinty,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1035.
Concord, township in Mi. mi county,
Ohio Population in 1810, 679, and in
1820, 591.
Concord, township, Ross county, Ohio.
Population in 1810, 1277, and in 1820,
2234.
Concord, township of Delaware countv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 209.
Concord, township in Champaign county,
Oliio. Population in 1820. 507.
Concord, township of Washington coun-
ty, M ssouri.
Concoidia, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Mirand )la, on the river Sechia, five mi es
VV of Mirandoia. Lon. 11 13 E. lat. 4^/;
52 N.
Concordia, town of Italy, in Venetian
P'ri'ili, with a bishop's see, 28 miies SSW
ot Udina. It is now Imo^t ruined, and the
bishop resides at Porto Gruaro.
Concordia, parish of Loui^iana on the W
side of the Missi'^.^ppi ; bouiulfd by the
Mi'<siSKippi river E and SE ; by Red,
Black, andTensau riv rs SW and W; and
by Washttan N ; length 112; mean widh
15; area about 1680 squire miles; sur»
face a uniform alluval fiat, most part of
which is annually •ul.'mf'rged by the over-
flow of the Mississippi and Washi'aii ri-
vers. Like most other parts of Louisiana,
liable t'j such periodical overflow only the
2'?i
CON
C O N
comparatively elevated river margins are
capable of cultivation. W.iat soil can,
however, be made arable is exuberantly
productive. Cotton is vtie most abundant
staple. Chief town, Concordia.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 469
do. do. females - . - 850
Total whites
Free personsof colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
727
6
6
949
2,626
Of these ;
Foreignere not naturalized • 7
Engaged in Agriculf ire - - 1,496
do. in Manufactures - 3
do. in Commerce - - none
Population to the square mile, I5.
Concordia, post town, and seat of justice
in Concordia parish, Louisiana, on the right
bank of the Mississippi, opposite Natchez.
P.ipula ion about 150.
Coudavir, tort in the peninsula of Hin-
doostan, and the principal post ofGnntoor,
one of the five C'rcars. !• is strongly sit-
uated on a mountain, 16 miles W of Gun-
too»-.
Conde, strong town of France, in the
dep.irtme t of the North a:id French part
of Hiiiiiault. Tt has a castl^ , and gave the
title of prince to a branrh of 'he late ro\aI
family. Conde is se ted on the Sche d',
sev-n miles \ F. of Vlencennes, a- d 117
N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 39 E. lat. 50 27
N.
Conde, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvi'dos, and I'te province of N<>r-
mandv. Ft is 15 miles VV of Paris. Lon.
0 37 W. lat. 48 50 N.
C'ondecedo, cape of North America, in
Yucii'iin, 100 miles W o: Merida. Lon.
W C 27 W. lat. 20 50 N.
Condestiios de ^ireqnipa, province of
Peru, on the Pacific Oce;m.
Condom, large tov. nof France, in the
dep irttnent of Gers, and late provitice of
Gascopy. It was l.itelv an ep}sco!)al see;
and is seated on the Raise, 22 miles VV of
Aurh. Lon.O 36 E. lat. 44 1 N
Condore, capital of a Tiumber of islands,
in the Indian Ocean. It produces man-
goes, which grow on trees, as large as ap-
ple-trees; the fruit isoftlie size o* a small
peach, and when rip' has a plensant smell
and t:ste. The inh bitants a-e small in
stature, vve'1 shaped, and of a dark olive-
complexion ; their faces are long, with
black straight hair, small black eyes, high
noses, thin lips, white teeth, and little
mouths. The English East India Compa-
224
ny had a settlement here in 1701 ; but tite
factors falling oit with the natives, most of
tUem nere murdered, and the rest driven
t'lence in 1705. Lon. 107 26 E. lat. 2 40
N.
Condrien, town of F:ance in the depavt-
mciit of Rhone and' l^o re and l.te pro-
vince o*"Lyonois, rematkahle fur its excel-
lent wines. It is seated at the fo' t of a
hdl near the Xhone 17 m les S of Lyons.
Lon. 4 53 E. lat 45 23 N.
C'lnecocheagiie, small river of Pennsylva-
nia and Maryland, ri esin the former by
two brmchrs ; one iieading on the bound-
ary between Perry and Fr.inklin couny,
and between North and Ttiscarora moun-
tains, and the other near Cliambersburg,
enterlockmg with the sources of the Cone-
dogwinil. The two branches fi<w to the
S, unite between Greencastles and Mes-
sersb'irg, and entering Mary and falls into
the Potomac at Williamsport. This river
from Ciiambersbur.^ to it* mou h nearly
separates the slate and limestone ranges.
Se Kitt'itijiny Fid'ei/.
Confcvh, river o' A'abama, rises SRfr ^m
the junction of the Coo-a and the Ta la-
po'isi, and assum ng- a SW, direction, is
augmented by a great number of large
creeks from the N, continues by compa-
ra'ive courses about 120 m'd^s, where it
passes N lat. 31, and enters F'onda and
turns to nearly S, pursues that directioti
g neralK, but by a curve t ■ t'le westward
is finally lost in the bay of St. Marta dc
Galvez, or northern arm of Fensacola Bay.
See Connecvh
CojirdosrivhiPt, small river of Cumber-
land countx , Pennsylvanii, ri-inpr, however,
in tiie northeastern part o^ Frinklin coun-
ty, lis f ourse is nearly NE between North
and South Moimtains, and pas in^ ai)oiit
one mile north from Carlisl- fail- i.ito the
S'lsquehannah abotit two miles a^'ove Har-
risburg. Similar to the Conecocheague,
the Conedogwinet, though not uniformly,
yet generally separates the sl.ite and lime-
stone ranges.
Conemmigh, river of Penn--ylvania, rises
in Cambria, aiid Someiset coun'ies, and
assuming a cotirse to NW, pierces fi:e
Laurel Mountain, and separating Indiana
and Armstrong from Westmor^hnd conn-
t\, joins the Aileganv about 70 miles above
Pit sburg. \'auiable salt wuks have been
erected on this river near the mou h of
Loyalliannon creek. T'.ie salt water was a
comparatively recent discovery, but yidds
at present above 100 bushels of salt per
d em.
Conemaugh, village of Cambria count}',
Pennsylvania. P-pnlation in 1820, II6.
Conemmtgh, to-*nship. Cambria county,
Pennsylvania. Populaiion in 1820, 807.
Cone-nmugh, township, Indiana county,
Pcnns^/lvania. Population in 1820, 1555.
C © N
C 0 N
Connemaugh, township ia Somerset
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
S78.
Coneque?iessi7isr, township, Butler coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
977.
Conestoffoe, small river of Lancaster
county, rising on the borders of Chester,
Berks, and Lebanon county, and flowing
SE throug-h the centre of Lancaster coun-
ty falls into the Susqaehannah river, about
10 miles below Columbia, and an equal
distance SE from the city of Lancaster.
This fine stream drains one of the most
productive and best cultivated tracts in
the United States
Conestoe^oe township of Lancaster coun-
ty. Population in 1820, 1805.
Cone-ivago, creek of Pennsylvania, sepa-
rating Lancaster and Dauphin counties, and
falling into the Susquehannah river four
miles below Middletown
Conexuago, a much more considerable
stream than the preceding, rising in Adams
county, Pennsylvania, and flowing NE into
York, over which it passes to the Susque-
hannah into which it falls five miles below
Middletown,
Conewago, township in York county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 945.
Coneiaago, township of Adams county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,839.
Coiieivango, towiiship in Warren county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 892.
Coiijlans, name of several inconsiderable
villages in France, and one in Savoy.
Coiigaree, river of South Carolina, form-
ed by the Broad and Saluda rivers. Below
the junction of the two latter at Columbia,
the former flows 30 miles, and unites with
*Jie Wateree to form the Santee.
Congleto7i, town in Cheshire, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated on the river
Dane, seven miles S ot Macclesfield, and
164 NW cf London. Lon. 2 10 W. lat. 53
8N.
Congo, country of Africa, between the
equinoctial line and IS degrees of S lat.
containing the kingdoms of Loango, Con-
go, Angola, •;n(i Benguela. It was dieco-
vered by the Portuguese in 1481, and is
bounded on tlie N by Benin, by the inland
part of Africa on tlie E, by Matamon on the
S, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the W. It
is sometimes called Lower Guinea ; and the
Portuguese have a great many settlements
on the coast, as well .is in the inland coun-
try.
Com, town of Piedmont, capital of a ter-
ritory of that name, witli a citadel. It
surrendered to the French in April 1796.
It Is seated on the confluence of the Gresse
and Sture, 35 miles S of Turin. Lon. 745
E. lat. 44 30 N.
Cmingsech, town of Suabia, capital of a
Ff
county of the same name, 20 miles N of
Constance. Lon, 9 20 E. lat. 47 50 N.
Congo river. See Zaire.
Congress, township in Wayne countv,
Ohio. Population :n 1820, 250.
Conhocton, branch, one of the constitu-
ents of the Tioga, rises in the NW part of
Steuben county. New York, flows SE 70
miles, and joins the Canisteo at Painted-
Post, and forms the Tioga.
Conhocton, township of Steuben countv.
New York. Population in 1820, 1560.
Coni, town of Piedmont, capital of a ter-
ritory of that name, with a citadel. It sur-
rendered to the French in April 1796. It
is seated at the confluence of the Greese
and Sture, 35 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45
E, lat. 44 30 N.
Coiiington, village ia Huntingdonshire,
near Stilton.
Coniston-Mere, lake in Lancashire, whicli
afl^ords plenty of char. It is five miles W
of Wiuandermere,
Connaught, province of Ireland, 1.30
miles long, and 84 broad ; bounded on the
E by Leinstcr and Munster, on the S by
the latter province, on the V/ and N by the
Atlantic, and on the NW by Ulster.
Connecticut River ; this noble stream rises
on the border of Lower Canada, and flow-
ing nearly south, separates New Hampshire
from Vermont, and thence^ crosses Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut, eniers Long
Island Sound.
Connecticut, is amongst the most curious
of the Atlantic rivers. Its extreme northern
sources are in a hilly, though not moun-
tainous country, at N lat. 45 10, interlock-
ing with the sources of the St. Francis,
branch of the St. Lawrence, and with those
of the Kennebec ; and thence assuming a
course of a little west of south, down a
valley between two ranges of mountains,
.ns far as N lat. 42 43. Thence crossing
Massachusetts and Connecticut, in a direc-
tion nearly due south to Middletown in the
latter, where it turns to north-east, and fi-
nally enters tije sound at 41 16 N lat. Its
entire basin is about 280 miles in length,
with a mean width of 45, draining an area
of 12,600 square miles.
Thougli the basin of Connecticut is al-
most entirely on a primitive rock, and
though passing one small ridg-e of moim-
tains near Middletown, it is nevertheless
navigable for vessels drawing 10 feet water
to that place ; ibove the mountain pass 36
miles, following the windings of the stream ;
and by vessels drawing 7^ feet to Hartford,
15 miles still higher. The latter place is
at the head of ship navigation, but tiiough
considerably obstructed by falls, rapids, and
shoals, the navigation of this river has been
so much improven, by dams, locks, and
22.^
CON
CON
short canals, as to admit boats of consiclefa=
ble tonnag'e to ascend to, and descend
from tlie fifteen mile falls above Haverhill,
upwards of 250 miles, follow ng the stream
from Long Island Sound. This is very con-
siderably the deepest inland navigation in
the United States, east from the Hudson.
Connecticut, state of the United States,
has the following limits :
On Long Sound - - 96 miles
New York - - 81
Massachusetts - - 85
Rhode Island - - 50
Area 4,750 square miles ; 3,040,000
acres ; extending from N lat. 41, to N lat.
42, and Ion. W C from 4 18, to 5 12 E,
The coast of this state is finely diversi-
fied by harbours, of which New Haven,
New London, Bridgeport and Norwich,
are the principal ; the Connecticut opens a
navigation to sea vessels to Hartford, and
the Thames to Norwich. The state is also
traversed in every direction by good roads.
The face of the country is most delight-
fully varied by mountains, hills, and dales,
which added to the well calculated aspect
of the farms, and the neatness of the build-
ings, gives to the physiognomy of Connec-
ticut, a most seductive appearance.
The manufacturing industry of this statej
has been carried to a greater comparative
extent than any other state of the United
States. Its manufactured and agricultural
staples, embrace a great variety of articles,
such as tin ware, nai'.s, glass, hats, fire
arms, &c. horses, mides, butter, cheese,
Indian corn, beef, pork, &c.
Connecticut being settled in the first
instance by an enhgbtened people, the in-
terests of education has been ever enter-
woven in her colonial and state policy.
Yale College in New Haven, is at the head
of her literary institutions. This respecta-
ble seminary has produced some of the
most finished scholars in the United States.
Several other literary establishments exist
in the state, the principal of which are a
theological cspiscopal seminary in New
Haven ; Bacon Academy in Colchester ; an
Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, and the
Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Hartford.
In 1790, Connecticut contained 237,946 ;
and in 1800, 251,002 inhabitants. Its sub-
sequent advance in population, can be seen
by the following tables.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
Slaves - . - .
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
- 130,80r
- 136,374
Total population in 1810,
2.?fi
126,373
128,806
6,453
310
261,942
Total whites .... 267,181
Free persons of colour, males 3,863
do do. females 4,007
Slaves, males - . . . 57
do. females . = . 60
All other persons , . i 100
Total population in 1820, - 275,248
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 568
Engaged in \griculture - 50,518
do. in Manufactures - • 17,541
do. in Commerce - - 3,581
Population to the square mile, 58,
For internal purposes, Connecticut is
subdivided into the following counties,
having the population in 1820, respectively
annexed to each.
Hartford - - . . 47,264
New Haven - - . 39,616
New London - - - 35,943
Fairfield ... - 42,739
"Windham ... 31,684
Litchfield - . - 41,267
Middlesex - - - 22,405
Tolland .... 14,330
275,248
C'onnecuh, coimty of Alabama ; bounded
by Florida S ; Monroe W, and NW ; But-
ler N, and Covingtoai E. It is 36 miles
each side, except an angle of about 112
square miles at its NW corner, which
leaves an area of 1184 square miles. Sur-
face rather waving than hilly. Only good
sod, on the streams. Chief town, Sparta,
Staple cotton.
Popidation in 1S20;
Free wliite males . - . 2,021
do. do. females . - - 1,748
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized ■ 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,847
do. in Manufactures - 58
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 4|^.
Conneought, creek of Ohio, falls into lake
Erie.
Conneought^ township in Erie countVj
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820- 631.
C O Is
C O N
C'o7iiteought, post town, Ashtabula coun-
ty, Ohio.
Conneoughteey township in Erie county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 438,
Connelsville, post town and township in
Fayette county, Pennsylvania, standing on
the NE sifle of Yoghigany river, 12 miles
NE fiom Union, 31 W from Somerset, and
ahout45 SE of Pittsburg. Population 1820,
600.
Connor, town of Ireland, in the county of
Antrim, with a bishop's see, six miles N of
Antrim. Lon. 6 6 E, lat. 54 59 N.
Connotten, or more correctly Gradcnlmt-
ten, creek of Ohio, falls into Ohio, 6 miles
above New Philadelphia.
Conqiiet, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Finisterre and late province of
Bretagne, with a good harbour and road.
It is 12 miles W of Brest. Lon. 4 41 W,
lat, 48 23 N.
Conrad's Store, post office, Rockingham
county, Virginia.
Constable, township and post town in
Franklin county, New York. Population
in 1820, 637.
Constance, city of Suabia, with a bishop's
see ; seated on the Ithine, between the
upper and lower lakes of Constance. It is
35 miles NE of Ziiric. The inhabitants
scarcely amount to 3000. Lon. 9 10 E, lat.
47 38 N.
Constance, Lake one of the most con-
siderable lakes of Swisserland, which it
separ«tes from Suabia, that part excepted,
where the city of Constance is seated on its
S side. Like all the lakes in Swisserland,
this is deeper in summer than in winter ;
which is owing to the first melting of the
snow from the adjacent mountains.
Constantia, district at the Cape of Good
Hope, consisting of two farms, which pro-
duce the well known wine so much prized
in Europe, and known by the name of Cape
or Constantia wine.
Constantia, township in Oswego county,
New York Population in 1820, 767.
Constanlina, strong and considerable
town of Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers,
and capital of a territory of ihe same name.
It is the largest and strongest in all the
eastern parts, and seated at the top of a
great rock. There is no way to it bnt by
steps cut out of the rock ; and the visual
way of punishing criminals here is to throw
them down the cLfF. Here are many Ro-
man antiquities, particularly a triumphal
arch. It is 75 miles from the sea, and 210
E by S of \lgiers. Lon 7 0 E, lat. 36 4 N.
Constantina, town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a castle seated on a mountain, 40
miles NE of Seville, Lon. 5 35 W, lat.
37 40 N.
Constantinople, one of the largest cities
m Europe, and the capital of the Turkisli
ejBpire. It is of a triangalstr form ; and
seated between the Black sea and the
Archipelago, on a neck of land tliat ad-
vances tow<«rd Natolia, from which it is
separated by a strait a mile in breadth.
The sea of Marmora washes its walls on
the S, and a gulf of the strait of Constanti-
nople does the same on the NE. It was
anciently called Byzantium, but the name
was changed by Constantine the great, who
made it the seat of ihe Roman empire in
the east. It was taken, in 1453, by the
Turks, who have kept possession of it ever
since. The grand signior's palace, called
the Seraglio, is on the seaside, svirrounded
by walls flanked with towers, and separa-
ted from tlie city by canals. It stands on
the site of ancient Byzantium, the E point
of tiie present city, and is three miles in
circumference, consisting of an assem-
blage of palaces and apartments placed by
the side of one another, without symme-
try i.nd vvitiioul order. The principal en-
trance of ihs palace is of marble, and is
called Capi, that is, the Port (or gate) a
name used frequently to express the court,
or the empire. The casile of Seven Tow-
ers is a state prison, and stands near the
sea of Marmora, at the W point of the city
from the seraglio ; and at the NW point,
without the walls, is the imperial palace of
Aijub, with a village of tlie sume name.
The number of houses in Constantinople is
prodigious ; but, in general, they are mean
and all of them constructed of wood, and
the roofs covered with hoiiow tiles. The
public edifices alone are built in masonry
in a very solid manner. The streets are
narrow, badly paved, and dirty ; and the
people are infested with the plague almost
every year. The inhabitants, who are said
to amount to 520,000, are half Turks, two
thirds of the other half Greeks or Arme-
nians, and the rest Jews. Here are a great
number of ancient monnrnents still re-
maining ; particularly the superb temple
of St. Sophia, built in the sixth century,
which is converted into a mosque, and will
contain 100,000 persons conveniently. Be-
tween the two mosques of sultan Solyman
and Bajazet is the old seraglio, in which
are shnt up all the wives of the deceased
sultans, a d also such women as have dis-
p eased the grand signior The bazars,
or bezesteins, are large square buiMings,
covered with domes, sunporte;! by arcades,
and contain all sorts of goods, which are
there exposed to sale. The market tor
slaves of both stxes, is not far oil"; and the
Jews are the prmcipal merchants who
brmg them here to be sold. There are
a great number of young girls br<.ut;ht
from lIungdH, Greece, Candia, Min-
grelia, and Georgia, i'or the service of
tlie Turks, who gen' rdly buy them for
their seraglios. The great square near
the mosque of sultan Bajazet, is the place
S27
CON
COO
i'or public diversions, where the jugglers
and mountebanks play a great variety of
tricks. The circumference uf this city is
by some said to be 15 miles, and by Mr.
Tournefort 25 miies : to which if we add
the suburbs, it may be 34 miles in com-
pass. The suburb called Pera is charm-
ingly situated ;' and is the place where the
ambassadors >,f England, France, Venice
and Hoiland reside. This city is built in
the fofm of a triangle; and as the ground
rises gradually, there is a view of the
■whole town from tiie sea, Th.e public
buildings, such as the p daces, .he mos-
ques, bagnois, and caravansaries for the en-
tertainment of strangers, are many of them
verv magn.ficent. Lon. ■^9 20 E. lat. 41
4N.
Constantinople, Strait of, ancicn ly the
Thracian Bosphorus, and forming tlje com-
munication between the Euxine or Black
Sea, and the Proriontis, or sea I'f Marmora.
It is 20 miles long, and three fourths of a
mile broad, where narrowest. Th.e Turks
have built two castles opposite to each
other, to defend the passage. It forms the
separation here between Europe and Asia.
On one side of it is situated Cons ant.no-
ple, and on the other Scutari, where ^he
grand seignior has his seraglio.
ConstantinQiu, t^wn of Poland, in Volhi-
nia, on the river Selucza, 62 miles NE of
Karrinieck. Lui. 27 20 E iat. 49 58 N.
Contesso, seaport of Turkey in Europe,
on a guU of the same name, ancient Stry
mouicus Sinus, in the Archipelago, 200
miles VV of Coi^stantinople. Lon. 23 58
E. 1 .1 41 8 N
Co7iti, town of France, in the depa: tment
of SoiTme and late province of Picuidy.
It firmeily gave the tiUe of prince to a
branch of the royal family of France. It
is seated on the Sedle, 14 miles SW of
Amiens, and 62 N of Paris. Lon. 2 13 E.
Iat. 49 42 N.
Contacook, river of New Hampshire,
rises in Cheshire county, and flowing NE
over Hillsborough, falls into the Merrimac
at Concord.
Contrecoeur, seigniory, Surry county.
Lower Canada, on the right side of 3t.
Lawrence, and on both sides of Sorelle
river.
Conversano, town of Naples, in Terradi
Bari, with a bishop's see, 12 miles SE of
Bari. Lon. 17 6 E, lat. 41 20 N.
C'o7zwny, t"vvn in Carnarvonshire, with a
market on Friday ; seated at the mouth of
the Conway, :nd distinguished by the
massy vemai'^s of its castle, formerly one of
the most magnificrnt st.ructur^s of the
kind in the kingdom. It is 18 miles RNE
of Cfirnarvon, and 235 VVNW of London.
Lon. 4 1 W. lat. 53 20 N.
Con-way, river of N. Wales, which flow-
ing through 9. fertile vale of the same name,
228
along the whole eastern border of Carnar-
vonshire, falls into the Irish Sea, at the
town of Conway.
Comvay, town of Sudbury county, New-
Brunswick, on the light baivk of St. John's
river, and near the bay of Fundy.
Conivay, township and post town, Straf-
ford county. New Hampshire, Population
in 1820. 1365.
Conivay, township and post town, Frank-
lin co'mty, Massachusetts. Population in
1820, 1705.
Contuot/, borough, post office, Horry dis-
trict, Soutn Carol na.
Conyatt, tovvnhhip in Crawford county,
Penu^yiv;inia. Population in 1810, 285
and in 1820, 265. See Conemight.
Conyngham, village and post town, Lu-
zerne county, situated in Nescopeck Val-
ley, upon the turnpike, leading from Ber-
wick towards Bethlehem. It is 12 miles
from the Susquehannah at Berwick, and 18
miles from the Lehigh at Lansanne. It'is
biult upon one street, at the foot of the
Buck Mountain
Conxa, town of Naples, in Principato
UUeri re, with an archbishop's see. It was
so greatly ruined by an earthquake in 1694,
that the place where the cathedral stood is
hardlv known. It is 52 miies E of Naples.
L n. 15 35 E. Iat. 40 50 N.
Cook's River, large river of N. America,
which flows into the N. Pacific Ocean. It
was discovered in 1778, by Captain Cook,
who leit a blank for its name which was
filled up by the earl of Sandwich. This
riv r was traced as high as lai. 61 30 N,
which is above 70 leagues from its mouth,
m lon. 152 0 W.
Cooke's-La-w office, post office, Elbert
couiity, Georgia.
Cook's Strait, strait dividing the two
islands of which New Zealand is compos-
ed : it is about four or five leagues broad.
Coolspring, township in Mercer county)
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 521,
and ill 1820, 596.
Cooper, river of South Carolina, which
rises in the district of Georgetown, and
falls into Charlestown harbour, on the E
side of the city. The Santee canal which
unites Charleston harbour with Santee ri-
ver, is extended from the head of Cooper
river. See Santee.
Cooper's To-um, po^t town, and seat of
justice, Otsego county, New York, on Ot-
sego lake, wesi side of its oudet into Sus-
queliann.h river.
Cooper, county of Missoiu'i, between
Osage and Missouri rivers. Boundaries
and extent uncertain. Surface of the coun-
try diversified, with considerable pnirie.
The alluvial soil of the rivers of first rate
quality. Chief town, Boonville.
c^o o
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females -
Total whites • . - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do, females
Slaves, males . - .
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
3,383
2,924
6,307
13
2
344
293
6,959
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,605
do. in Manufactures - 157
do. in Commerce - - 28
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
Coos, northern county of New Hamp-
shire, bounded by Connecticut river NW ;
by Lower Canada N ; by Maine E ; by
Straflord county New Hampshire S ; and
by Grafton SW ; length 84 ; mean width
20; area 1680 square miles. Tiie highest
mountains m the United States is in tliis
county ; the While hills rising to 7,300
feet above the level of the Ocean. Inde-
pendent of the mountains the face of the
country is in general broken, veiy hilly,
and highly picture-^que. Much of the soil
is, however, productive in grain and pas-
turage. Chiet town, Lancaster.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 2,366
do. do. females ... 1,905
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 20
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . .
do. do. females - - -
Total whites - . - .
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males . , - .
do. females - . -
Total population in 1820 -
3,991
2,737
2,808
5,549
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agrcultuie - - 1,760
do. in Manufactures - 71
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 3^.
Coosa River, the NW and main branch
of Abbama, rises in the nortii-we;t part of
Georgia, flowing first SW about 100 miles,
enters Alabama, and gradually turns to a
south course nearly, in which direction it
C O Q
continues 200 miles to its junction with the
Tallapoosa, or head of Alabama river. It
is boatable generally to Wettumka falls, 7
miles above its mouth, and at high water,
to the junction of Etowlah and Oostenalah
rivers in Georgia.
Coosaxvutchy, river of South Carolina,
fails into Port Royal Sound.
Coosa-watchy, post town and seat of jus-
tice, in Beaufort county. South Carolina ;
lying on the Coosahatchie river, about 7S
miles westward from Charleston,
Cootstoivn, post town, Berks county,
Pennsylvania; situated on Maiden creek, a
branch of the river Schuylkill, and about
17 miles NE of Reading.
Copenhagen, capital of the kingdom of
Denmark ; situated on the eastern shore of
the island of Zealand, upon a fine bay of
the Baltic sea, not far from the strait called
the Sound. Lon. 13 0 E, lat. 55 30 N.
Copenhagen is the best built city of the
north ; for although Petersburg excels it in
superb edifices, yet as it contains no wooden
houses, it does not display that striking
contrast of meanness and magnificence, but
in general exhibits a more equable and uni-
form appearance. This city is five miles in
circumference, and seated on the E shore
of the isle of Zealand, 300 miles SW of
Stockholm, and 500 NE of London. See
Amak.
Copely, township in Medina county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 169,
Copiapo, Cape, town and province of
northern Ciiili. The province lies between
the Andes mountains and Pacific Ocean.
The town is near the Cape of the same
name. Lon. W C 6 15 E, lat. 26 55 S.
Copilowats, town of Turkey, in Europe,
in Bulgaria. Lon. 56 35 E, lat. 46 40 N.
Coporia, town of Ingria, in the Russian
government of Petersburg, at the mouth of
a river of the same name. Lon. 29 0 E,
lat. 59 34 N.
Copper-Mine, river of British North
America, entering the sea, according to
Hearne the discoverer. Lon. W C 34 W,
iat. 69 N.
Copper-Mine Faint, Upper Canada, oh
the south side ot Lake Superior, between
Mamonce point and Montreal river.
Coijvet, river in Northumberland, which
crossing the centre of that country, falls
into the German Ocean, at Warkworth.
Coquet, island on the coast of Northum-
btrlaiid, opposite the mouth of the river
Coquet.
Coqmmbo, seaport of Chili, on a river of
the same name. It has been otten pillaged
by the English. Lon. W C 5 42 \V, lat.
29 54 S.
Coqunnbo, province of Chili, betv.een the
Andes mountains and Pacific Ocean. It is
a most delightful region, enjoying almost
perennial spring. Coquimbo is the capital-
COR
COR
Cora, capital of the island of Samso.
Coraco, cape on the east side of the
island of Metelin and Lesbos.
Corah or Corahjehmabad, city of Hin-
doosthn Proper, in Dooab, subject to the
naSob of Oude. It is 60 miles SSW of
Lucknow. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 26 5 N.
Corbach, t-wn of Gtrmany, in tiie princi-
pality of Waldeck, 10 miles N\V of VVal-
deck. Lon 8 58 E, lat. 51 20 N".
Corbeck, town of Ausirian Brabant,
three miles S of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E,
lat. 50 50 N.
CorbeiU town of Fr-nce, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise and late provmce
of the isle of Prince, seated on the Seine,
17 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat.
48 33 N.
Corbie, town of Fiance, in the depart-
ment of Somme and late province of Picar-
dy, with a late celebrated Beneuicti;ie ab-
bey, seated on the Somme, 10 miles E of
Amiens. Lon. 2 38 E, lat 49 54 N.
Corby, t. wn of Germany, on the con-
fines of Westphalia, with a famous ab-
bey, who^e abbot is a sovereign prince.
It is seated on the Weser, 30 miles E
by N of Paderborn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51
50 N.
Cordova, episcopal town of Spain, in
Andalusia, remarkable for its antiquity, and
for having preserved its splendour and
riches through so many ages, it being well
known to the Romans by the name of Cor-
duba. In 1759, Abdoulrahman only heir of
the Ommiad line fixed his royal residence
at Cordova. Then began those flourishing
ages of Arabian gallantry and magnificence,
which rendered the Moors of Spain supe-
rior to all their cotemporaries in arts and
arms, and made Cordova one of the most
splendid cities of the world. When Eu-
rope was buried in ignorance and debased
by brutality of manners, it became the
centre of politeness, industry and genius.
Great and expensive monuments of archi-
tecture were undertaken and completed by
many of these Spanish monarchs ; whose
remains nobody can behold witliout being
strongly impressed with a high idea of tl»e
genius of the artists, as well as the gr.an-
deur cf the prince who carried them into
execution. It is seated on the Guadalqui-
ver, over which is a magnificent stone
bridge. The circumference is !arge, but
it is not peop'ied in pr >portion to its ex-
tent, for there are many orcliards and
gardens witliin the walls. The palaces,
churches, and religious houses are superb,
particularly tiie cathedral, which is very
magnificent. It was a mosque when tlie
Moors possessed the town : for which rea-
son it still retains the nime of Mezquita.
The sqtiare, called the Plaza Major, is sur-
rounded by fine houses under which ara
piazzas. The trade consists in wine, silk
2.30-
and Cordovan leather ; and in the neigh-
bourhood are a vast number of orange and
lemou trees. The best horses in Spain
come ht-nce. Cordova is 75 miles NE of
Seville, and 137 S bv W of Madrid. Lon.
4 4 W, lat. 32 10 S.
Cordova, town of S. America, in Tucu-
man, with a bishop's see, 180 iniles E bvN
of St. Jago. Lon. W C 13 R, lat. 31 23 S.' 1
It is situated in an extensive level country,
Cordova, ex'ensive province of the
U:iited Provinces of La Plata, of which the
preceding place of the same name is the
capital. Its limits are uncertain ; its popu-
lation eslimaled at about 75,000. Chief
trade, mules ond horses.
Cordova, flourishing town of Mexico, in
Vera Cruz, containing about 4,000 inhabi-
tants, 60 miles W from Vera Cruz, and 140
ESE trom Mexico. Lon. W C 20 W, lat.
18 50 N.
Corduan, famous lighthouse of France,
at the mouth of the Gironde, 55 miles
NW of Bordeaux. Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 45
36 N.
Corea, peninsula of Asia, extending be-
tween China and Japan. It is bounded on
the N by Manshuria, on the E by the sea
and isles of Japan, on the S by the Ocean,
and on the W by the gulf and province of
Leao-tong. This kingdom is commonly
reckoned 2(;0 leagues from N to S, and 100
from E to W.
Corentin, small river of Guania, falls into
the Atlantic Ocean, west from Berbice.
Core Sound, on the coast of North Caro-
lina, extends from Beaufort inlet to Pamlico
Sound, 20 miles in length.
Corfe- Castle, boi'ough in Dorsetshire,
with a market on Thursday. It is seated
in a peninsula, called the Isle of Purbeck,
on a river, between two hilfs, on one of
which stands the castle, formerly a place of
great importance. It is 21 miles E of Dor-
chester, and 120 W by S of London. Lon.
2 4 W, lat. 50 36 N.
Corfu, island of the Mediterranean, near
Albania, subject to tlie British government,
and forms the principal part of the repub-
lic of the 7 islands, or Ionian republic. It
is defended by an impregnable castle.
Lon. 20 0 E, lat. 39 40 N.
Corfu, ancient Corcyra, capital of the
island of Corfu. It is a very strong, but ill
built town, with about 15,000 inhabitants.
Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 40 N.
Coria, episcopal town of Spain, In
Leon ; seated on the Alagon, 120 miles SW
of Madiid. Lon. 5 30 W, lat 40 0 N.
Corinth, now called Corantho, or Go-
rame, a celebrated city, in the Morea, with
a Greek archbishop's see It was one of
the most important places in Greece, on
account of its situation on the isthmus into
the Morea ; its castle on the top of an al-
most inaccessible rock j its harbours on the
COR
COR
guiphs of Lepanto and Engia ; its riches,
and its architects, sculptors and painters,
who were the most skilful in Greece. It
is now greatly decayed ; for the houses are
not contiguous, but intermixed wiih fields
and gardens, which make it look like a vil-
lage. The country about it abounds with
corn, wine and oil, and from the castle is a
fine prospect over the sea to the E and W,
and a fertile country N and S. The in-
habitants are chiefly Christians of the
Greek church. It is forty miles NW from
Athens. Lon. 23 3 E, lat. 38 14 N.
Corinth, Isthmus of, in the Morea, a neck
of land which joins the Morea to Livadia,
and reaches from the gulf of Lepanto to
that of Engia. T!ie nanoweiii part o; it ;s
six miles over; and on a mount there,
called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the
Isthmian games. Jiihus Caesar, Caligula,
and Nero, in vain attempted to cut a chan-
nel through the isthmus ; they therefore
built a wall across it, called Hexamilium,
because it was six mdes in length. This
was demoHshed by Amuradi II. rebuilt by
the Venetians, and levelled a second time
by Mahomet II.
Corinth, township and post town, Pe-
nobscot county, Maine. Population in
1820, 296.
Corinth, post town. Orange county, Ver-
mont. Population 1900.
Corinth, township of Orange county,
Vermont; situated between Washington
and Moreton townships, about 12 miles W
of Mount Sawer. It contains 1500 inhabi-
tants.
Corinth, post town, Saratoga county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1490.
CynVa, town of Spain, in Leon, 23 miles
E of Salamanca. Lon. 5 49 W, lat. 41
5 N.
Cork, county of Ireland, in the province
of Munster, 80 miles m length, and 50 in
breadth ; bounded on the W by Kerry and
the Atlantic, on the N by Limerick, on the
E by Watertbrd, and on the S and SE by
St. George's Channel. It contains 232
parishes, and before the Irish Union sent
26 members to parliament. It is fertile
and populous, and has two remarkable
rivers, the Blackwater and Lee.
Cork, capital of the county of Cork,
with a bishop's see. It is a neat, wealthy
and populous place, on the river Lee,
where it has a commodious harbour. It is
the first town of Ireland for trade except
Dublin. It was taken by the earl of Marl-
borough in 1690. It is 14 miles from St.
George's Channel, and 124 SW of Dublin.
Lon. 8 23 W, lat. 51 54 N,
Corlal, town of Asia Minor, near the gulf
of Is Nickmid, near the rmns of Chatcedon.
Corlin, town of Prussian Pomerani.-t,
seated on the river Persant, eight miles
SE of Colberg. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 54
16 N.
Cormachiti, cape of Cyprus, on the north
sld I't'the island. It is probably so called
from the ancient group of smali islands,
called Carpassae.
Cormentin, fortress on the Gold Coast
of Guinea, belonging to the Dutch. Near
it is the town, which is large and popu-
lous. Lon. 0 15 W, lat 5 30 N
Cormertj town of France, in the de-
partment ef Indre and Loire and late
province of Touraine. It had before the
French revolution a rich Benedictine
abbey, and is seated on the Indre, eight
miles from Tours. Lon. 0 28 E, lat. 47
30 N.
Cornet, castle on the island of Guern-
sey. L' n. 2 40 W, lat 49 30 N.
Corneto, town of Itoly, in the patri-
mony of St. Pet r, wnh a b'shop's see,
seat* d on the Marta, 3 miies E of the
sea, and o7 NW of Rome Lon. 11 53
E. lat. 42 15 N.
Cornish, township and post town of
Y rk county, Maine. It is a mountainous
country, situated on Saco river. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1088.
Cornish, township and post town of
Cheshire county, in the state of New
Hampshire It is situated on the E side
of Connecticut river, about 20 miles N
of Charleston. Population in 1820 1701.
CornvUle, township and post town.
Some rset county, Maine, 44 miles N from
Hallowell. Population in 1810, 504, and
in 1820, 652.
Cornwall, county which forms the SW
extremity of England ; bnundtd on the
E by Devonshire, on the S by the English
Channel, and on the NW by St. Geor-
ge's Channel This country is 80 miles
long, 40 broad, and 250 in circumference,
containing 960 600 acres. Population
in 1801. 188,269, in 1811.216,687, and m
1S21, 257,447. Its c'ief rivers are the
Tamar, Tale, Cober, Loo, Camel, Fowe,
Haile, Lemara, Keiise and Aire. Its
principal capes or head lands are the
Land's End, the Lizard, Cape Cornwall,
Dead-man's Head, Rame Head, &c.and
a cluster of islands, 145 in number, called
the Scilly isles, supposed formerly to
have belonged to the mainland, though
now 30 miles d stant ; abounding with
antiquities particularly druidical. As
Cornwall is surrounded by the sea on all
sides except the E, the summers are less
hot, and the winters less cold, than in
other parts of England, and the spring
and harvest are observed to be more
backward. High and sudden winds are
also more common in this than in other
counties of England. The soil, as it is
231
COR
shallow, is not very fruitful, especially in
the centre or the hilly p^rts ; the valleys
are vtry pleasai.t and fertile, yielding
great plenty ':)oth of corn and pasture.
The Phenicians early visited these
coasts, some think 400 or 450 years he-
fore Christ. It derives its chief impor-
tance from its minerals. The mines of
tin are numerous, and nre in {general,
very rich in ore; the e have rendered
this countv famous in all ages. There
has been sometimes found a small quan
tity of ijold a'.d silver, but not worthy of
notice. With the metalline ores are in-
termixed lar^e quantities of mundic and
arsenic, Many sorts of stones are also
found here, particularly monrstone which
is used both in buildings and for mill-
stones; whf-n polished, it appears more
beautiful than any of the marble kind,
and makes the richest furniture, as ta-
bles, chimney pieces, &c. but bein? ex-
ceedin^lv hard, the polishing is expen-
sive. The copper mines are also nu-
merous, and rich in ore. In many
cavernous parts of the rocks are found
transparent crystal-^, called Cornish dia-
monds, they being very hridiant when
well polished. This country was one of
the places to which the ancient Britons
retreated, whose language was retained
even to this century, but it is now quite
extinct. The king's eldest son is born
duke of Cornwall, and derives a revenue,
not only from lands appertaining to the
duchy, but from tlie mines of tin and
copper ; he has under him an officer,
called lord warden of the Stannary
Courts, whose jurisdiction extends over
the mines and miners of Cornwall and
Devonshire ; and he appoints in his privy
council, the sheriff of the former county.
Launceston is the capital.
Cornwall, township of Upper Canada,
county of Stormont, on the left bank of
the St. Lawrence, between Osnaburg and
Charlottenburg.
Cornnvall. village of Stormont county,
Upoer Canada, nearly opposite the In-
dian village of St. Regis.
Cornwall, township of Addison coun-
ty, Vermont, on Otter river, 36 miles S
from Burlington. Population 1280.
Cot-nwall, pos town and township,
Litchfield county, Connecticut, 10 miler, N
W from Litchfield. Popula-ion in 1820,
1662. There is a foreign missionarj-
school in this town.
Cornwall, township and post town.
Orange county, New York, 52 miles above
the city of New York. Population in 1820,
3020.
Coniwall-brulgfi, post town, Litchfield
countv, Connecticut.
COR
CornwalUs, county of Lower Canada, be-
tween Devonshire and Gaspe.
CoriuvaUis, lown of Nova Scotia, on the
W cotst, 45 miles N\V from Halifax.
CornivalliH Point, cape of N)rth .\meri-
ca. Lon. W C 57 VV. lat. S7 N.
Cornij, aMcient Vpain-a, at the conflu*
ence of the Euphrates and Tigris.
Coro, seaoort of Coiambi i m Venezuela,
on th>" Caribbean ~ea, 21,0 miles W from
Caracas. Lom W C 7 20 E. lat 11 20 N.
Coromandel . Coast of, t!ie most eastern
part of the Hither Ind\a, lying between 10
and 20 deg. N lat. and 79 30 and 86 30 B
lon. It is terminated by Golconda on the
V, by the bav of Beno^al on the E, by Ma-
dura on the S, and by Bisnagar Proper on
the W. Some geographers consider the
southern limit of Golconda to be Cape Co-
morin, and the northern Masulipatam. On
this coast, Madras or Fort St. George, Pon-
dicherry, ind many other Vjiropean forts
and factories are situa' ■■ 'om whence
chintz, calicoe'S and musiins are exported
to Europe, togetiier with some diamonds.
Th -re is not a port for large Ships on the
whole coast. Madras is the principal
t'>wn. '
Coron, sf^aport of the Morea, seated on
a bav, 15 miles SE of Modon. Lon. 21 50
E, lat. 36 50 V, It is the ancient Appolo-
nis Corinthi Templum, of Messenia, near
the promontory '>f .\r,ritas, now cape Gallo.
Cominiion Cape, cape of tfie island of
New Caledonia, in the S Pacific Ocean.
Lon. 167 8 E. lat. 22 5 S.
Corregio, town of Itaty, capital of a ter-
ritory of the same name in the Modenese,
with a castle, nine miles NB of Reggio.
Lon. 11 12 E. lat. 44 46 N.
C'orre.re, department of France, contain-
ing the late province of Limosin. It takes
its name from a river, which falls into the
Vezere, after having watered Tulles and
Brives. Tulles is the capital.
Corrientes, cape on the Pacific Ocean,
South America, in Novita. Lon. W C 0 10
W. lat. 5 30 N.
Carrientes, cape of, SW part of Cuba.
Lon. W C 7 30 W. lat. 21 _ 40 N.
Corriejites, cape of Mexico, in Gnadala-
xara. Lon W C 28 25 W. lat. 20 22 N.
Corrina, township in Somerset county,
Maine. Population in 1820,411.
Corsham. town in Wilts, wltere the Sax-
on king Eth-^lred had a palace. Here are
some considerable clothiers. It is four
miles SW of Chipp-vnham.
Corsica, island in the Mediterranean, be-
tween 8 and 10 E lon. and 41 and 43 N.
lat. On the S it is separated from Sardi-
nia, by the strait of Bonifacio; to the E it
has the Tuscan Sea ; to the N the gulf of
Genoa ; and to the W it is opposite the
coasts of France and Spain. It is 150
miles from N to S, jtnd from 40 to 50 in •
C O It
COS
breadth. On the coast are many excellent
harbours. The aii- is very unwholesome,
and the land hilly, full of stones, ai:l culti-
vated very poorly : how^-ver the valleys
produce wheat, and the hills fruiis, viz.
olives, figs, grapes, almonds and chesnuts.
They have ivorses also of a very fiei-y na-
ture. Besides, there are mines of iron,
and a gre^t deal of fish and coral on <he
coast. There is a ridge of mountains,
which divide the island into two parts, the
N and S. The capital is fiastia. Tt belong-
ed to the Genoese, but the natives having
for many years taken up arms jgainst them,
that state surrendered its rig'nt to the
king of France. After the Frencli revoliN
tioa in 1789, Corsica was ad nitted as an
eigiUy-third department of France, at the
particulir request of a deputation, of
which Paoh was at tlse head. In c -nse-
quence, however, of s >me even's which
followed the revolution of 1792, Paoli re-
volted; the French, by the as5i^tance of
the English, were expelled from the island ;
and Corsica, on the 19tli of June 1794, w ;s
declared annexed to the crown of Great
Britain, according to a new consiiiution,
which had been previously formed It has
since revolted to France and the Enghs'i
viceroy has been recalled. It remains to
France, and forms two departments, Golo,
and Liamore. Napoleon Buonaparie, late
emperor of France, w.ts born on this Island
at Ajaccio.
Corsoer, town of Denmark, en the W
side of the isle of Z aland, on a peninsula,
in the Great Belt. It his a good h:(rl)our
for liglit ves'^els, and is defended !)y a ci-
tadel." Lon. 11 12 E. 111. 55 12 N.
Corte, town of Italy, in the island of
Corsica, seated parity ut the foot, and
partly on the declivity of a rock, at the
confluence of the Tavignano anri Restoni-
ca. On t!ie point of a r >ck, rising above
tlie rest, at the back of the town is a cas-
tle, which has only oie winding passage to
climb up, in which onlv two persons can go
abreast. It is 27 miles SW of Dastia.
Lon 9 26 E. lat. 42 6 N.
Cortis, town of Germany, in the bisli-
opric of Liege, 10 miles ME of Kamillies.
• Lon. 4 59 e! lat. 50 46 N,
Cortlandt, township an 1 post town of
West Ch ster county, in the sta'e of New
York. From its vicinity to the capit.d it
has been well settled and highly improv-
ed. Fop'ilalion in 1820, 3421.
Cortlavrlt coMOfty of New York, on the
hearls of the Toni )go river, branch of Clie-
n mgo, b"unde'' hv Tompkuxs :<nd Cayuga
W; Onondaga N; Madso'. 'NR ; Chenan-
go K, and Brooine S ; lengr.h 25; mean
width 20 ; area 500 square miles. Sur-
face hilly, but well timbered and watered.
Soil productive in grain, fruits, and pastur-
age. Chief town. Homer.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,661
do. do. females - - ^ - 4,206
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 2
Slaves ..... 0
Total population in 1810 - - 8,869
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 8,378
do. do. females . - - 8,078
Total whites ... - 16,455
Free persons of colour, males - 23
do. do. females, 25
Slaves, males . - - . 2
do. females ... 1
Total population in 1820 - - 16,507
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 21
Engaged in \griculture - - 3,093
(io. in Manufactures - 459
do. in Commerce - - 43
Population to the square mile, 33.
Corila-itdt, post town, Cayuga county
New York.
Cortlandt, post town, Cortlandt county,
New York.
Cortona, town of Tuscany, with a bisji.
op's see, and a famous academy, 32 miles
E of Sienna. Lon. 11 52 W. la'. 43 20 N.
Coruniia, seaport i)f Spain, in Galicia, at
the mouth of the Gr lyne. It is situated
on a fine bay of the Atlantic Ocean, about
32 miles N of Compastella. Lon. 8 19 W.
lat. 43 18 N.
Cuvvo, the sniiillest island of the Azores.
It derives its name from the abun.-lance of
crows found upon it. It has anout 600 in-
habitants, who cultivate wh"iit and feed
hog-i. Lon. 31 5 W. lat. 39 42 N.
Corifdon, no'^t town, and seat of justice
fo ILrris m county, Indiana; and also seat
of gove:-nment f t that state. It stands in
the f >rks of Indian creek, 25 miles WSVV
fr )m JeffersonvUe at the rapids of Ohio.
Population ab nit 1200.
Con See SlancMo.
Corzola, is'iiid in the gulf of Venice, on
the c tsi of Dalm .ti». Lon. 17 0 E. lat.
43 16 V.
C'fjseuza, ci'y of Naples, capital of Cala-
bria C; eriore, with an arciibi -hop's ;.ee,
and a c stle. U is seated on th-.' river
C atf, 11 mile^ from die s^-a, and, 105 BE
of N iples. Lon. 16 10 E. I *t. 39 20 N.
Coahocton^ post village on the Delaware,
in SuUivan conntj^. New York, 60^ miles W
fr »m N'^^vvburg.
Coshoctov, CO mty, Ohio, bounded by
Muskingum S ; Licking SW ; Knox W ;
COS
COT
%Vayne N ; Tuscarawas E ; and Guernsey
SE ; lenp:th 30 ; mean width 30 ; area 900
square niiles. Surface hilly, and soil vari-
ed. On the streams highly fertile, but ge-
nerally of middling cjuality. Chief town,
Coshocton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820,
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
3,705
3,362
7,067
11
none
none
7,086
50
1,622
31
7
110 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 85 22 E,
lat. 23 40 N.
Costa^nazzar, highest mountain of Tur-
key in Europe, in Romania, anciently call-
ed Hsemus.
Costo Rica, province of North America,
in Guatimala, bounded on the NB by the
gulf of Mexico, on the SW by the Pacific
Ocean, on the NW by Nicaragua, and on
the SE by Veragua. New Carthage is the
capital.
Cotaco, county of Alabama, bounded by
Tennessee N ; by Lawrence W ; Blount
S and E uncertain, 18 miles square ; area
324 square miles. Surface hilly, soil va-
ried. Chief town, Somerville.
' Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,243
do. do. females - - 2,151
Population to the square mile, 6 nearly.
Coshocton, post town and seat of justice,
Coshocton county, Ohio, on tiie E side of
Muskingum river opposite to the mouth of
White Woman's river. Lat. 40 17 N. lon.
W C 4 55 W.
Cossinissn, small island of Greece. Lon.
25 44 E. lal . 36 36 N. near the ancient
los, modern Nio.
CosHn, town of Prussian Pomerania, 10
miles V. of Colberg.
Come, town of France in the department
of Nievre and late prov'uce of Nivernois.
It is seated at the confluence of the Loire
and Noain, 88 miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 6
E. lat. 47 23 N.
Cossacs, people inhabiting the confines
of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey.
They are divided into the Kosakki-saPa-
rovi, the Kosakki-Donski, and the Uralian
Cos'acs. The Cossacs are tall and well
made, with aquiline noses, and a good mtin.
They ai-e hardy, vigorous and brave ; but
fickle and wavering; tiie women are hanvl-
some, well shaped, and complaisant to
strangers. The Uralian Cos«acs dwell in
their villages, along the banks of the Ural,
and their chief town is Uralsk. Tiie coun-
try which the Kosakki-sa-Parovi iiliabit, is
called the Ukraine ; and their towns are
built of v/ood after the manner of tlie Rus-
sians. Th'" Kosakki-Donski, dwell on botli
sides of the Bon, .ire under the protection
of Russia, and profess the same religion.
See Ukraine and Uralian Cossacs.
Cossimbazar, small city of Hindoostan
Proper, in Bengal, nearly adjacent to
Moorshedabad. It has been at all times
the residence of the different European
factors, this being the centre of their trade.
It is seated on an island, in Hoogly River.
■734
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
4,394
6
5
432
429
1 5,263
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,155
do. in Manufactures - 37
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, 16.
Cotbus, town of Lower Lusatia, subject
to the king of Prussia. It is noted for ex-
cellent beer, pitch, and the cultivation of
flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60
miles S by E of Berfin. Lon. 14 12 E. lat.
51 36 N.
Cote d^or, department of France, con-
taining part of the late province of Burgun-
dy. Djon is the capital.
Cotes du J\rord, department of France,
so named from its northerly maritime po-
sition, containing part of the late province
ofBretagne. St. Brieux is the capital.
Cole-sans-dessein, town ol Missouri, on
the Missouri river, opposite the mouth of
Osage river. It is the temporary seat of
government.
Cotignac, iown of France, in the depart-
ment (»f Var and late province of Provence,
on \.\\i river Argens.
Cotistookl, or Cois-ii'old Hills, long tract
of hi.^'i^. ground in the E part of Glouces-
tt-rshire. Affording in many places a fine
short gTass for the feed of sheep, and
others are devoted to thegrovvth of corn.
Cotapaxi, mountain and volc.;no of Co-
lombia in Qui'o, rising to nearly 18,900
faet above the level of the Ocean : It is
the most enormous, anil most elevated vol-
cano known. Its eruptions are frequent and
terrible. The most memorable since the.
c o ^
Spanish conquest of Quito, were, in 1698,
1738, 1742, 1744, 1766, 1768, and in 1803.
Cotton- Gin Fort, town of Ali-sissippi, at
the head of boat navigation in the Tombig-
bce.
Cotton Port, post town, and seat of jus-
tice of Limestone county, Alabama, one
mile from the lett bank of Tennessee on
Limestone creek, 40 miles SWfrom Hunts-
%'ille.
Coney, town of Pi-ance, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, nme miles N of Soissons.
Lon. 3 13 E. lat. 49 31 N.
Coventry, c\\.y in Warwickshire, which,
with Litchfield, is a bishop's see. It is a
county of itself, governed by a mayor, and
sends two members to parliament. It has
a communication with the Staffordshire
Grand Trunk, by a canal to Fradley ; and
by another canal, which joins the Oxford
canal at Braunston, it has a communication
with the Thames. Coventry is 91 miles
N\V of London. Lon. 1 28 W. lat. 52 28
N.
Coventry, post town, Orleans county,
Vermont, 48 miles N from Montpelier.
Coventry, township in Grafton county,
New HaTiipshire. P.-pulation in 1810, 162,
and in 1820, 315.
Coventry, township in Tolland county
Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1938,
and in 1820, 2058.
Coventry, township in Kent county,
Hhode Island. Population in 1810, 2928,
and in 1820, 3139.
Coventry, township in Chester county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1608,
and in 1820, 1977.
Coventry, township in Portage county
Ohio. Population in 1820, 400.
Covert, township in Seneca county, Xew
York PopuLtion in 1820, 3439.
Covington, township in Tioga county,
Pennsylvania, formerly Putnam. Popu-
lation in 1820, 555.
Covington, township in Clearfield coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 90.
Covington, township in Genesee county,
New York. Population in 1820, 2144.
Covington, township in Luzerne county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,373.
Covington, post town, Campbell county,
Kentucky, opposite the city of Cincinnati,
on the bank uf Ohio, below the mouth of
Lickling river, by which it is separated
from Newport, The great road from the
central purts of Keniucky to Cincinnati
passes through this town. A bridge over
Licking river connects it with Newport.
C'oM'n^/ort,'post town and seat of justice,
Washington county, Illinois, on Kaskas-
kias river.
Covington, county of Mississippi, bound-
ed by the Choctaw country NVV ; Wayne
E; Perry S, and Lawrence W ; length
G O 1
20 ; mean width 25 ; area 750 square
miles : surface hilly. Some good soil, but
in general sterile, and clothed with pine
timber.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 927
do. do. females - - - 897
Total whites .... 1,824
Free persons of coloui', males . G
do. do. females . 0
Slaves, males ... - 213
do. females - - - 193
Total population in 1820 - 2,330
Of these;
Poreignei-s not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 663
do. in Manulactures - 8
do. in Commerce . - 5
Population to the square mile, 3.
Covoerden, town of the United Provinces
in Overyssel, with a fortress in the marshes,
strong both by nature and art. It is 35
miles NE of Deventer. Lon. 6 35 E. lat.
52 46 N.
Council Bluff, on the W side of the Jlis-
snuri river, a short distance above the
raoutli of Kises river. Lon. W C 19 40
E. lat 41 SO N.
Cournoyer, seigniory, Lown- Canada,
Surry coiuily, on the Richelieu river.
Courtablean, river of Louisiana, in Opc"
lousas, formed by the junction of two large
creeks, the Boeuf, and Crocodile, which
unite 10 miles N from St. Landre seat of
justice for the parish of St. Landre, Opelou-
i-As, and fiowuig SE, about 25 miles com-
parative course falls into the Atchafalaya.
It is the commercial outlet from Opelou-
sas to the Mississippi river.
Conrland, duchy of Europe, bounded on
the N by the Baltic, on the E by Livonia,
and on the S and W by Poland. It is di.
vided into Courland Proper and Semignl-
lia; its length is about 150 miles, and its
breadth is in some places 30, in others,
scarcely 10, and towards the SE it stretches
to a point. The country swells into gen-
tle hills, and is fertile in corn, hemp, and
flax. It is nominally a feudatory province
of Poland, but, in reality, deptndent on
Russia. Mittauis the capital.
Courtray, town of the Austrian Nether-
land-:, on the liver Lis, 22 miles E of Ypres.
It was taken by the Fri-ncii in April, 1794,
in whose poss-ssion it siill remains. Lon.
3 6 E. lat. 50 50 N,
Couserans, late province of France, lying
along the river Satat, and forming with
Foix, the department of Arriege.
Contanca, seaport of France, in the de-
parlment of die Channel and late province
C R A
U R A
oPNormandv. It is 22 miles N of Avrau-
ches. Lon.' 1 23 E. Lit. 49 3 N
Coutras, Town of Frmce, in the depurl-
ment of D )rdogne and late province of
Pe-ig'orcl, eaied on the Uordogne, 20
miles \E of Uourdeaux. Lon. 0 3 W. lat.
40 4 N.
Co-.vbridffc, corporate town in Glamor-
gansliire, with a market on Tuesday. It is
called, by the Welsh, Font-Van, from tiie
stone bridge over the river, wliicli soon
after falls into the Bristol Channei. Tlie
streets are broad and paved ; and here the
assizes for the county are held. It is 12
miles W ol Cardiff and 176 of London.
Lon. 3 So W. lat. 51 28 N.
Covjdersport, seat of justice in Potter
county, Pennsylvania.
CotvUskee, river, branch cf Columbia,
falling into the hitter from the north.
Coivcs, seaport on the NE side of the
jsle of Wiglit, 8 miles SW of Portsmouth.
Lon. 1 15 W. lat 50 46 N.
Co7c/)astnre, river of Virginia, rising in
the valley of the Appalachian mountams,
flows SW and forms one of the principal
sources of James river.
Cowpens, Union District, South Carolina.
Here the U. S. army under general Mor-
ga-i defeated tl)at of ti)e British uisder ge-
neral Ta; leton, January llth, 1781.
CoxvpershiU, post >iilage, Robertson
county. North Carolina.
Coxakie, township and post town.
Green countv, ^iew York. Population in
1820,2355.
Cozumcl, island of North America, on the
E coast of Yucaran, where Cortez landed
and refreshed his troops, before he aitempt-
ed the conquest of Mexico. It abouv-ds
with fruits, pulse, cattle, and fowls. The
original natives possess this island, but are
subject to Spain.
Crab-bottom, post village, Pendleton
county, Virginia.
Crab-orchard, post village, Washington
county, Pennsylvania.
Crab-orchard, post village, Lincoln coun-
tv, Kentucky, 25 miles SE trom Danville.
CrflCfl«o«,'southernmost of a cluster of
islands in the entrance of the straits cf
Sunda. The population is consioerable,
and its coral reefs afford small turtles in
abundance. Lon. 105 56 E. lat. & 6 N.
Cracow, city, formerly the capital of Po-
land, where the kings were elected and
crowned. It was once almost the centre of
the Polish dominions, but since the parti-
tion of Poland in 1774, it is become a fron-
tier town. When the ceneialinsiinecicn
broke out, in 1794, against the Prussian aid
Russian usurpers of the Polish terruory,
Kosciusko, the chief of the patriotic insur-
gents, expelled the fJuss'an ^.arnsoii trc-m
this ci'y, on the 24ih of Aiarcl., 17S4; Lul
having marched, m the sequel, to the pro-
236
tecLion of Warsaw. Cracow surrendered
to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It
is seated on the Vistula, 130 mdes SSW of
W;ir>aw. L-m. 19 50 E. 50 10 N.
Craftsburg; post toivn, Orleans county,
Vermont, 28 miles N from .Montpelier.
Crcigie's »lij/Zs, po-t office, Oxford coun-
ty, Maine.
Craig point, W coast of North America,
o;; Duke of York's island. Lon. W C 55
20 W. lat. 56 30 N.
Craigmillar, ruinous castle, two miles S
E of Edinburgh, in which Miiry queer, of
Sc>'S resided, after her remrn from Paris,
in 1562. Her French retinue were lodged
in an adjacent village, thence called Little
France.
Crail, borough in Fifeshire, at the mouth
of 'he Frith of Forth, seven miles SEofSt.
Andrew's. Lon. 2 36 W. lat. 56 15 N.
Crainburg, town of Germany, in Carnio-
la. on the river Save, 20 n.iles NW of Lau-
bach. Lon. 14 5 E. lat. 46 36 N.
Cramahe, township in the coui ty of Nor-
thumbcrian , Upper Canada, lies west of
Murra}-, and fronts lake Ontario.
Crammond, mall village of Midlothian
Scotland, remarkable for the traces of a
Roman staton.
Crammond tVater, river in Edinburgh-
shire, called also the Almond. F'or sever-
al miles it divides this county from Linlith-
gowshire, and falls into the Frith of Forth,
at the village of Crammond.
Cranbourn, town in Dorsetshire, 'with a
market on Wednesday. It is well watered
with streams, and has a fine chase.
Cranberry Islands, two small islands on
the coast of Mane, SE from Motmt Desart,
and forms part of Hancock county.
Cranberrij, post town, Middlesex coun-
ty. New Jersey, nine miles E from Middle-
town.
Cra?iber)v/, township and post town iij
Butlt r count}', Pennsylvania. Population
in 1810, 543, and in 1820,765.
Cranbrook, t(.wn in Kent, with a market
on Satiirday, 13 miles S of Maidstone, and
52 SE of London. Lon. 0 39 E. lat. 51 4 N.
Craney Island, in the moutli of James and
Elizabetli rivers, Virginia. It is small hav-
ing only siifhcieni extent for ;; fort, which
witlt Fort George commands the entrance
of both rivers.
Cravganore, town and fort on the coast
of Malabar, until lately subject to the Dutch
by whom ii was taken from the Portuguese
in 1662. Crar^ani re is seated at the
mouth of a river, 24 n iles N by W of Co-
chin. Lon. 76 30 E. lat. 10 23 'n.
CTfl7Js<&7!, lownship in Providence coun-
ty, Rhode Island ; situated between Provi-
dence river ci. the E, and Sciticase town-
ship on the Vv . I oj uLtit.n in 1820, 2274.
Crato, town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
seven miles E of Portalegra. It has 29
OKA
CR A
parishes, under its jurisdiction, beside the
cap.tal prioiy blunging to the order of
M Ita. Lon. 7 20 W. lat. 39 6 N.
Craven, conn y of North Carolina, in
N wbcrn di-tnct. It is siuated -n both
sides of the river Nens, b'.unde'i i>y Crie-
ret S, JamesSW ; LenMiran.i GreenNW;
Pitt N ; Bc'ii'ifort NE; and Pamlico Sound
E; length 60; mean width 17; area 1020
square milts. Surface v^-enerally flat ; soil
in part sandy and marshy. Cbiei town,
Newbern.
Pnpulation in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves . - . - -
Total population in 1820
9,397
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females
Total whites - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ . _
do. females _ - -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agricnitute -
do. in iVlanufactures
do. in Oimmt-rce
3,134
3,367
1,125
5.050
12,676
0
3,:00
450
133
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 84
Engaged in .\griculuire - 2,020
do. ii< Manufactures - 195
do. in Ci,mmevc^ - - 13
Population to the square mile, 8.
Crawford, county, Michigan, Bounda-
ries and extent un^ert^in.
Po))ulhtion iii 1820.
Free white males - - - 243
do. do. females - - 102
Population to the square mile, 13.
Crawford, cotinly of Pennsylvania, bound
ed by Eric N ; Warren E ; Venango SEJ
MircerS; and state of Ohio W ; length
47; mean width 24; area about 1130
square miles. Surface gently hilly. ;.nd
soil product ve in grain, fiuits and pastur-
age. Chief town, Me:idvilie.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,195
do. do. females ... 2,961
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 20
Slaves ..... 2
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1S'20.
Free white n^jles
do. do. f< niales -
Total whites . . . -
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . .
do. females - - .
6.178
4,900
4,456
9,356
23
IS
0
0
345
V
9
noric
none
131
492
Total whites - - . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males - . . .
do. femahs ...
\t\ other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ . .
Total population in ISvO
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 101
Engaged in Agriculture - 70
do. in Manufactures - 29
do. in Cornmtrce - 58
Population to the square mile, tmcertain.
Crawford, cauniv ot Itidiana, on Ohio,
behw Its junction with Great Biije river;
bounded by Ohio SE ; by Pt rry KVV ;
Dub'^is VV ; Orange N ; Washington NE,
and Hdtrisori E ; iciigtr 22; mta" width
12; area 264; suttuce hilly, a!:d soil
generally productive. Chief town, Fre-
donia.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. ffinales
Slaves, males _ _ .
do. females _ _ -
Total population in 1820 - 2.583
Of til. se :
Foi eigne rs not naturalized - 2
Engaged it> Agriculture - 681
do. in Manufactures - 36
do hi CcnitTjerce - 1
Population to the square mile, 9.
Cj-cufhrd, county of Illinois ; bounded
by Clarb N . V\ abash river E ; Edwards,
VV ayne, and Jtfiti.scn S, and Bond W;
length 75 ; Uitan width 35 ; area 2625;
surface part hilly, and part flat, with
much good soil.
P( |)u)rttion in 1820.
P\iee white males - - 1,535
dc. do. females - - 1,392
237
ORE
CUE
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do, females,
Slaves, males ... -
do. female?
All other persons exctpt Indians
not taxed • -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged m Aijricultiire
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
2,927
S3
39
0
0
23
5
975
21
5
Population to the square mile, li.
Cranvford, township in Pulaski coun-
ty, Arkaiisas. Population in 1820, 547.
Crecy, or Cressy, village of France, in
the dtpartrnt-nt of the Straits of Calais
and late province of Picardy, remarka-
ble for the victory gained by Edward
ITT, in 1346. It is 32 miles S by E of
Calais.
Credit River, Ujjper Canada, dis-
charges itsf U into lake Oitario, between
the head of that 1 ke and Y. rk, in the
Mississaga t^rritoi-y. It is a gi-eat resort
for thfse and otlier Indian tribes, and
abounds in fish.
Crediton. town in Devonshire, with a
market on Saturday. It has a Ciiisidtra-
ble manufacture of serges, and is seated
between two hills, 12 miles NW of Exe-
ter, and 181 W by N of London. Lon.
3 45 W lat. 50 49 N. .
Creegers-(07vn, on the Monocccy creek,
Fredf rick county, Maryland on the road
from Frtderick to Gettysburg, in Penn-
sylvania, 12 miles fn m tht former, and
22 from tlie latter place.
C^ee/c Indians, or m re correctly Mus-
coeees, inhabiting the westtrn part of
Georgia, and east part of Alabama.
Creetown, small port if .'^cot'ai d, on
the E ide of Wis^ton Bay, in Kirkcud-
brightshire. Here seviial sli"(>ps are
constantly emplnyrd in carrying sea-
snells coast WIS' . or importing coal and
li.T^ie from Cun:iTrlanc!
Crtiff. \v\ix\ in Perthshire, v-ith an
annual fair toi c ttl< , ont <:f the .greatest
in Scoilai'd. It is seated r.n tiie Earn,
20 miles VV of P^rti'.
Crril. ir.wii of France, now in tht de-
p:irtm>:iit of Oist, l..-te!y n the pri vince
of thi Ish- f F-aiice, sealt-don ihe C)isc,
five miles E of Senlis. Lon. 2 4S E. iat.
49 13 N.
Crema, town of Italv, capital of Cre-
m&scx), with a bishop'? s. e It is stated
on the Serio, 20 milts N of Placentia.
Lon. 9 50 E, l.'t. 45 25 N.^
Cremiu, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isere and late province of Dau-
phiny. It is seated at the foot of % moun-
tain near the Rhone, 20 mies NE of
Vienna. Lon. 5 2u E. lat. 45 44 N.
Crtmn tz, principal mine-towii of L^p-
p. r Hui gary. 70 mii< s NE of Presburg.
L(-n. ly 6 E.lat. 48 32 N.
Cremona, town of Italy, capital of the
Cremonese, defended by a strong castle.
The streets are broad and straight, the
houses well buiit, the churches hand-
some, and the squares large. It was the
see of a bishop, and had a universitv. It
is seated on the Po, 30 miles NW of
Paiina. Lon. 9 58 E, iat. 45 « N.
Cremonest, teiiitory of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan ; bounded on tlie E by
Mantua, on the N by Bresciano, on the
VV by Cremasco, and on the S by Parma.
It is fertile in wine and fruits. Cremona
is the capital.
Cremfieri, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Holstein, five miles from Ham-
buri;h.
Cre&apsburg, post town of Alleghany
county, Maryland, oc the W side uf Poto-
mac river seven miles SW of Cumber-
land, eight N of Frankford, and 155
from Washington.
Crescentino, town of Pitdmont, on
the river Po. It was taken by the French
in 17u4, and by the allies in 1706. It is
20 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 0 E, lat.
45 20 N.
Cresfiy, town of France in the depart-
ment ot Oise and late province ot the
Isle ot France, 32 miles NW of Paris.
Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 49 10 N.
C'resi, town of FratiCe, in the depart-
ment of Dnuse and late province of
Dauphir y, seated on the Drome, 15 miles
SE . f Valence. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 44
40 N.
Crevecaur, town of France in the de-
partment of the North and late province
of Cambifcsis, on the Scheldt, five miles
5 of Cambray. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 50
6 N.
Crevectsur, town and fort of Dutch
Brabant, at the confiuenee of tiie Dom-
ait- with the Mat sr, four tmles NW of
Bois le-Duc. . it was taken by the
French in 1794, when tliey overran Hol-
land.
Cvtu&e, departnunt of France, con-
taining the latfc province of Marche.
Gueret is the capital. ,
Crevse River. Part of the Ottawa
river IS so caltd, above les Alumets.
LrtutzTiach. towti of Gtrmany, in the
circle (.1 ihe Lower Rhine, with a castle,
on an eminence It has been frequt iitly
taken duti' g the present vvar, the last
time by the French in 1796. It is seated
on the Nahe, over which is a stone
G K 1
C K U
bridge, -20 miles SW of Mentz. Lod. 7
55 E. lat 49 44 N.
Crewkerne, town in Somersetshire,
with a mat ket on Saturday. It is seated
near a branch of the Parret, 25 miles S
of Wells, and 132 WSW of London.
Lon. 3 0 W, lat. 50 50 N.
Crewsville, post town of Goochland
county, Viri^inia, lying on the S side of
South Anna river, a branch of Pamunkey
river, 20 mil^s SE nf Cnlumbia Court-
house, and 122 from Washington.
Crickhowely town in Brecknockshire,
with a market on Thui'sday. It is seat-
ed on the river Usk, 10 miles SE of
Brecknock, and 149 W by N of London.
Lon. 3 r W, lat. 51 49 N.
Crickladc, borough in Wilts, with a
market on Saturday. It is almost sur-
rounded by the Thames ; and is 25
miles W by S of Oxford, and 83 W
by N of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 51
38 N,
Crimea^ or Crim Tartary, the ancient
Taurica Chersonesus, a peninsula in
Asia ; bounded on the S and W by the
Black Sea ; on the N by the province of
Catharinenslaf, with which it commu-
nicates by the isthmus of Perekop , and
on the NE, and E. by the sea of Asoph,
and the strait of Caffa. The mountain-
ous parts were inhabited by the Tauri,
probably a colony of Scythians; and its
coasts on the W, the E, and the S, by
Greeks. The Scythians were driven
out by Mithridates ; the Greeks by the
Sarmatians; and these again by the
Alani and Goths, a northern horde of Scy-
thians. The Hungarians, the Cossacks,
and Tartars succeeded in their turn ;
while the Genot-se in the 12th cen'ury,
held a temporary and precarious possfs-
sion of the seaports, which they were
obliged to yield to the Turks in 1475.
At the peace of 1774, the Tartars of the
Crimea were declared independent.
The mountains are well covered with
woods fit for the purpose of ship-build-
ing, and contain plentv of wild beasts.
The valleys consist of fine arable land ;
on the sides of the hills grow corn and
vines in great abundance, and the earth
is rich in mines. But these mountaineers
are as careless and negligent as the in-
habitants of the deserts: sighting all
these a'.lva);tages ; and, lik thiir breth-
ren of the lowlands, are sniiicieatly hap-
py if they are in p iss ssion of a fat slieep
and as much bread is serves them ti.
eat. In 1783. the Russ' ins took posses
sion of the countrv wjfh in arny ; the
following year it was crd d to them by
the Turks; and the peaceable possession
of the whole was secured to them in
1791, by the cession of the fortress of
Oczakow. The Crimea is divided into
two parts, by mountains which run E and
W. The N division is flat, poor, and fit
for pasturage only. In the S parts, the
valleys are astonishingly productive, and
the climate extr-mely mild, from the
exclusion of th ise violent winds by which
the N division is frequently incommoded.
Besides the ports of Kerth and Jenikale,
the road of CafFa, and the harbour of
Baluclava, there is. near Sebastapol, one
of the finest harbours in the world. The
Crimea now forms one of the two pro-
vinces of the government of Catharinen-
slaf, under the name of Taurida : in
some late maps it is called Taurica.
Achmetschet was made the capital in
1785.
Crio, Cafie, ancient Criumetopon pro-
montory, SVV point of the island of
Crete.
Cris, Big and Little, two points on the
north sh: re on lake Superior, Upper
Canada, east of isle Grange, and sur-
rounded by islands ; between these points
is a noted and safe harbour.
Crissu, ancient Crissa, village of
Greece on Mount Parnassus.
Croatia, formerly a part of the ancient
lUyricum, now a province of Hungary ;
bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the
E by Bosnia, on the S by Dalmatia, and.
the gulf of Venice, and on the W by
Carniola. The greatest part of it be-
longs to the house of Austria. Carlstadt
is the capital.
Croghan's, town of Sandusky county,
Ohio, on the east side of Sandusky river,
opposite Fort Stephenson, 98 miles N
from Columbus and 18 by water, above
tlie mouth of Sandusky river. Popula-
tion in 1S;30, 78.
Croghan's-Gafi, post office, Cumber-
land county, Pennsylvania.
Croia, town of Albania, with a bishop's
see ; seated near the gulf of Venice, 13
miles NE i^f Durazzo. Lon. 19 27 E,
lat. 42 6 N.
Croisic, or Croisil, town of France,
now in the department of Lower Loire,
lately in the province of Brt^tagne. It is
seated on the bay of Biscay, between the
mimths of th^" L'Mre and Vilaine, o5
miles W of Nantes. Lon. 2 31 VV, lat.
47 1 7 N.
Croix, St. river of North Amprica,
which forms th'- NE boundary of the
United Stvites, and falls into the Bay of
Fiindv.
Cromack-tuater, lake of Cuml)erland,
between Buttermere wafer and Lowes-
water, with each of which it is connect-
ed by the river Cocker. It is four miles
long, and near half a mile over ; beauti-
239
C li o
C R O
tied with three small isles, oce of them
a rock.
Cromarty, county of Scotland, which
comprehends a part of a peninsula on
the Sside of the Frith to which it gives
name. It is bounded on all sides by
Ross-shire, except on the E, where it is
bounded by the Murray Frith. It is 12
miles fronn E to VV, and three is its
greatest breadth.
Cromarttj, capital of the shire of Cro-
marty, at the mouth <if the Frith of the
same name. It is 16 miles N of Inver-
ness. Lon. 3 53 VV, lat. 57 44 N.
Cromer, town in Norfolk, vvith a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated near the
German Ocean, and formerly had two
churches, one of which, with several
houses, was swallowed up by the sea.
The inhabitants are now chiefly fisher-
men ; and the best lobsters, on this part
of the coast, ai-e taken here. It is 22
miles N of Norwich, and 127 NE of Lon-
don. Lon 1 15 W, lat. 53 0 N.
Cromford, village in Derbyshire, on
the river Derwent, two miles N of
Wirksworth.
Cronach, sti'onej town of Germany, in
the bishropric of Bamberg, with a cita-
del, 25 miles NE ot Bamberg. Lon. 11
35 E, lat. 50 27 N.
CronAor^, strong fortress of Denmark,
on the isle of Zealand, near Elsinore,
which guards the passage of the Sound.
Not far from this is Hamlet's Garden,
said to be the spot where the murder of
his father was perpetrated. Lon. 12 54
E, lat. 56 0 N.
Cronenburg, town of Germany, in
the landgiavate of Hesse Cassrl, with a
castle. It is seated at the foot of ,a
mountain, lU miles N of Francfort, on
the M line. Lon. 8 40 E, !at 49 55 N.
CronstcdC. town and fortress r,f Rus-
sia, on the island of Rt tusari, in the gulf
of Finland. It has a gorid harbour,
which is the station of the Russian fleet,
and great magazint s of naval stores, as
well as docks and yards for building
ships. It is 12 miles W of Petersburg.
Lon. 29 56 E, lat. 59 56 N
Crooked, cre;k of Pennsylvania, falls
into the Allegany from the east, 20 miles
below Kittanning.
Crooked- Creek- Bridge, pt;st office,
Armstrong county. Peimsylvaiiia.
Crooked Is'a?id, island in the group of
Bahamas, between Crooked Island Pas-
sage and Mayaguana Passage. Lon. W
C 2 40 E, lat. 22 30 N,
Crooked Island Passage, NW from
Crof ked Island, and stretching from the
Old Bahama Channel to the Atlantic
Ocean, between Crooked and Yuma or
Long Island.
M-r,
Crooked Lake, lake of New York,
partly m Sieui)en, and partly in Ontario
county Its outh t is into Seneca lake.
Crooked River, Maine, rises in Ox-
ford county, and flowing SSE, enters
Cumberland county, falls into Sebago
lake after a course of about 40 miles.
Crooked River, Camden cou ty,
Geori;ia, falls into the Atlantic Ocean,
between the Santilla and St. Mary's
rivers.
Crooked River, Illinois, branch of Illi-
nois river, joining that stream from the
NW, 75 miles above its mouth.
Crosby Tonvns/iip, lies to the north-
ward of Leeds, and to the westward of
Bastard, Upper Canada.
Crosby, post town, Hancock county,
Maine. ^
Crosby, post town, Hamilton county,
Ohio, on the west side of Great Miami
river, opposite Colerain. Population in
1820, 1721.
Cross Anchor, post office, Spartenberg
district, South Caroiina.
Cross Creek, township of Washington
county, Pennsylvania. Population in
1 20.'l908.
Cross Creek, township Jefferson coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1651.
Cross Creeks, two creeks flowing into
Ohio river ; one rises in Washington
county, Pennsylvania, and flowing west
into Brooke county, Viri:';inia, falls into
Ohio river, 5 miles below Steubenville ;
the othtr enters directly opposite the
preceding from Jeflperson cc-unty, Ohio.
Cross Island, on the coast of Maine,
at the mouth of Machias bay, and form-
ing a part of Washington county. Lon.
W C 9 38 E, lat 44 30 N
Cross Knjs, post office, Southampton
county, Virginia.
Cross Keys, post office. Union district.
South Carolina.
Cross Lake, a dilatation of Seneca
river, between Onandago and Cayuga
counties, New York.
C7-0SS Cafie, NW coast of America,
forming the SE point of openins^ into
Cross Sound. Lon. W C 59 W, lat.
58 N.
Cross River, post village, Westches-
ter county. New York.
Cross Roads, village in N^w London
township Chester cour.ty, Pennsylvania.
Situattd between London Grove and
Little Britain, near the Maniar.d 'ine,
and ab:nit 18 miles westward from Wil-
mington in Delaware state.
Cross Roads viila^i of Kent county,
Maryland, on the road from Frederick to
New' Market.
C7'oss Sound, between King George's
island and the continent of North Amcri-
C K CI
L V B
ca. Lon. W C from 58 to 50 VV, lat.
58 N.
Crosswicfcs, village in Burlington coun-
ty, New Jersey ; situated o:iCrus3wick.*s
creek, 8 miles SEot Trenton.
Crossen, handsome town of Silesia,
capital of a pi'incipality of the same
name, at the confluence of the rivers
Bobar and Ovler, in a country abounding
with wine and fruit. The bridge over
the Oder is fortitifd ; and it is 35 miles
NW of Glogaw. L'.)n. 15 49 E, Jat.
52 5 N.
Crolon River, rises in Fairfield
county, Connecticut, and after jjassing
into the state of New York, falls into
the North river or Tappan bay.
Croton, village of New York, on the
left bank of the Hudson, above the mouth
of Croton riv^r, 4 miles above Singsmg,
and 6 miles below Peekskill.
C7'otona, town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, on the gulf of Taranto, with a
bishop's see, and a citadel, IJ miles SE
.of St. Severina. I.cn. 17 27 E, lat. 39
9 N,
Crouch, river in Essex, which rising
near Ilorndon, terminates its course in
the German Ocean, between Burnhani,
and Foulness Island-
Croiv Creek, fails into the right side of
Tennessee river, 25 miles belovv Nicko-
jack, and opposite Crow town.
Crovjland, town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Saturday. It has three
streets, separated, from each other by
water courses, whose i)anks are support-
ed by piles, and set with willow trees.
It is 11 miles N of Petersborough, and
93 N by W of London. Lon. 0 10 VV,
lat. 52 41 N.
Crowland Tonvnsiii/i, in the county of
Lincoln, Upper Canada, lies west of
Willoughby, and is watered by the VVel-
land.
Crown Pohit, post town and township
of Essex county. New York, on lake
Champlain, 12 miles N from Ticondero-
ga. Population in L820, 1522. Lon. W
C 3 33 E, lat. 44 03 N.
Croivsnest one of the peaks of the
Highlands, near Hudson river. N* w
York, Elevation above tide v.'ater 1330
feet.
Crowsv'Ue, post village, Spartansburg
district. South Carolina.
Croydon, town in Surry, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated near the
source ui the Wandle, surrounded in a
manner with hills, and has a hospital
and fri-eschnol, founded by archbishop
Whitgift. It is nine miles S from Lon-
don. Lon. 0 1 VV, lat 51 20 N.
Croudon, township in ('heshire couii-
H h
ty, New Hampshire, 35 miles NW from
Concord. Population in 1820 loCO.
Cruces, town of Cnlombia in Panama,
on Chagre river. Lon. VV C 2 10 W,
lat. 9 20 N.
Crugerstonvn. S^-e Cr^ egcrstoivn.
Cruxhaven, small maritiuie town of
Gtrmany, in the N part of the duchy of
Bremen ; seatf^d at the m nith of the
Elbe, 70 mil s NW of Hambu'-gh.
Cicba, i^land of the VV st I idies at the
entrance ot the gulf of M-x-co, ^0 mil; s
in length, and about 60 mean wi 'th, or
42,000 square miles supcrfici-U area.
On the E side it begins at 20 iO N lat.
touches the tropic of Cancer on the N,
and extends from 74 to 85 18 VV Inn. It
lies 60 miles W of Hispanidla. 85 :tulfs
N from Jamaica, 80 miles to the E '.f
.lucatan, and 100 to the South from Cape
Flurida. It commands the entrai.ee of
the gulphs both of Mexico and Florida,
as also the windward passages. It was
discovered by Colu pbus, in 1492. The
Spaniards are entirely masters of it,
having extirpated the natives. The
soil is varied, in part extremely produc-
tive. Extensive Savannahs ch quer
the interior. A chain of not very el< va-
ted mountains ranges nearly the entire
length of the island This rid^e is sup-
posed to be rich in miuvrals. Tiie pro-
duce is sugar, ginger cassia, wild cinna-
mon, and very good tobacco, called by
the Spaniards Cigarros. The hills run
through the middle ot the island from E
to W, but near the coast th'.- land is ge-
nerally level, and mary rivuUts flow
from the hills to the N and S The
hundreth part of this island is not yet
cleared The true plantations are nit-.st-
ly coniined to the beautiful plains of the
Havannah, Matanzes, and near St. Jago.
Havannah was taken by the Eng-
lish in 1761, but restored by the peace
of 1763.
The |)npulation of Cuba, no dou' t ex-
ceeds 500,000 ; about one half of whom
are fr-e whites ; the residue slaves, and
free blacks The i.^land wou'd, if fieopled
equal to Jamaica, have a population of
upwards of two millions four hundred
thousand inhabitants.
Cuba, city of the island of Cuba. See
6V Jugo.
Cuba, r Aicuba, town x.f Pi.rtugal, in
Alentejo 35 mil'S S by E of Evora.
Lon 7 10 W, lat. 38 0 N.
Cubaguu, barren island of South A-
merica,^ between that of M irgaretta and
Terra Firma, wh;re the Spaniards, in
1509. established a fishery of pearls.
Lon. VV C 12 10 E, lat. 10 25 N.
Cuban, large river, formed by the
iunction of manv streams that rise in the
341
C U L
C U L
countries between the Black Sea and the
Caspian. It divides the Abkhas and
Circa sians from part of Taurica, and
falls into the Black Sea near the straits
of Kiiflfa.
Cuban, or Cuban Tartary^ country of
Asia, in the Russian province of Tauri-
ca ; bounded on the W by the sea of
Asoph ; on the N by the river Don,
which separates it from Europe ; on the
E by the desert of Astracan ; and on the
S by the river Cuban, which divides it
from Circassia and the country of the
Alikhas,
Cuckfield, town in the county of Sus-
sex, witli a market on Friday, 13 miles
NW of Lewes, and 40 S by W of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 12 W, lat. 5l' 4 N.
CuckooviUe, post office, Louisa county,
"Virginia.
Cuddalore, town on the coast of Coro-
niandel, belonging to the English, very
near the place where Fort St. David
once stood. It is naturally a strong
situation. It was taken by the French
in 1781 ; and, in 1783. it stood a severe
siege against the English, which was
ended by the intelligence received of the
peace. It is 80 miles S of Madras.
Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 11 41 N.
Cuddafia, town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, ceded by Tippoo Sultan to
the Niza-.n of the Deccan. It is seated
on the Pennar, 95 miles W by N of its
entrance at Gangapatnam, into the bay
of Bengal, and 140 NW of Madras.
Lon. 78 47 E, lat. 14 3 N.
Cuen^a, town and province of Colombia
in Quito. The province lies between
Piura, Jaen, and Guayaquil. The town
stands a short distance E from the gulf
of Guayaquil, on the road from Valadolid
to Quito, 120 miles SVV from the latter.
Lon. VV C 2 16 W, lat. 2 55 S. Popu-
lation 1.5,000.
Cuenza, town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, with a bishop's see, on the river
Xucar, 74 miles E hv S of Madrid. Lon.
1 55 W, !at. 40 7 N.
Cueriiavaca ancient Quanhnahuac,
city of Mexico, in the intendancy of
Mexico, .on die south d-cl vity of the
Cordillera of Guchiiique. in a temperate
and delicious climate, where the fruits
of southern Europe come to full maturi-
ty. Elevatim above the Pacific Ocean
5428 feet. Lon. W C 22 W. lat. IS 56
N, sbnut 40 miles SSW from Mexico.
Cuiaba, town of Brazil, in the captain
generalship of Mattagrosso, on a branch
of Paraguay river. Lon, W C 21 E, lat.
15 30 S.
Cui'ebras, river of Veragua, falling
into the Caribbean Sea.
C'llfinbachy town of Francoriia, capital
24?
of a margravate of the same name, witti
a citadel. It is seated on the Maine, 25
miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 33 E,
lat. 50 11 N.
Culemburg, town of Dutch Guelder-
land, on the river Leek, 12 miles SE of
Utrecht. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 51 58 N.
Culiacan, town of North America, in
Mexico, capital of a province of the
same name. It is opposite the south
end of California. Lon. 10 85 W, lat.
24 .0 N
Cullen, small town on the coast of
Banffshire, 40 miles NW of Aberdeen.
Near it are seen three lofty spiring
rocks, f.rmed of flinty masses, called the
Three Kings of CuUen. Lon. 2 40 W,
lat. 57 40 N.
Culliton, town in Devonshire, with
a market on Thursday, seated on the
Cully, 17 miles SE of Exeter, and 154
W by S of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 50
46 N,
Culloden, village in Scotland, three
miles E of Inverness, where the duke of
Cumberland gained a decisive victory
over the rebels, in 1746
Cu/lum^ton. See Columbton.
Culm, town of Western Prussia, with
a bishop's see. It is seated near the
Vistula, 60 miles S of Dantzic. Lon. 18
30 E, lat. 53 24 N.
Culmore, town of Ireland, in the coun«
ty of Londonderry, seated on the coast of
Ijoughfoyle, five miles N of Londonder=
ry. Lon. 7 3 W, lat 55 8 N.
Culpepper, county of Virginia, bounded
by Orange S ; Madison SW ; the Blue
Ridge or Shenandoah NW ; Fauquier NE
and R, and Spotsjlvania SE ; length 30;
mean width 18; area 540 square miles;
surface pleasantly diversified by hills, val-
leys and mountains, with much excellent
soil. Staples grain, flour and tobacco.
Chief town, Fairfax.
Population in 1810,
Free whiie males • - - 5,292
do. do females - - 5,099
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 264
Slaves 8,312
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Pre e while males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
18,967
5,597
5,539
20.94"'
G U ]V1
C U M
Of ihese ,
.^■oreigners not naturalized - 11
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,632
do. in Manufactures ^ 218
do. in Commerce - - 26
Population to the square mile, 38.
Culross, borough on the Frith of Forth,
in a tract of country between Ciaclimanan-
shire and Kinross-shire, which is reckoned
an appendage of the county of Perth.
Here is a magnificent palnce with 13 win-
dows in front, built about the year 1560,
by Edward lord Kinloss. Lon. 3 34 \V.
lat. 56 4 N.
Cumana, province of Colombia on the
Caribbean sea ; bounded by that sea N ;
the gulf of Paria and the Atlantic Ocean
NE ; S by Guayana, and W by Venezuela.
See Colombia.
Cumana, city and capital of the province
of Cumana, near the gulf of Curaico on a
sandy plain. This place like Caracas is
subject to earthquakes. Lon. W C 12 50
E. lat. 10 40 N.
Cumanacoa town of Cumana, 40 miles
S from Cumana.
Cumberland, township. Upper Canada,
and lit's partly in the county of Stormont,
and partly in Dundas; and is the sixlli
township in .isc nding the Ottawa riv-r.
Cumberland, county ot England, bound-
ed on the N by Scotland ; on the E by
Northumberland, Durham, and Westmore-
land ; on the S by Lancashire, and on the
W by the Irish Sea and Solway Frith. Tiie
length from north to south may .^.mouiit to
55 miles, but the breadth does not exc ed
40. It is well wa ered with rivers, laks,
and fountains ; but none of its streams are
navigable. In some places there are very
high mountains. The air is keen and
piercing on these mountains towards the
north : and the climate is moist, as in all
hilly countries. The county produces
great quantities of crtil, some lead, abund-
ance of the mineral jparth called black
lead, several mines of lapis calaminaris :
and an inconsiderable pearl fishery on the
coast near Ravenglass. The Skiddaw is
the principal mountain ; and the chief ri-
vers a. e the Eden and Derwent. This
county and the adjoining one of West-
moreland, are cel.-brated foi- their lakes,
which have been repeatedly described by
the pen and pencil. The lakes in Cumber-
land are tlie Derwent water, Bossenthwaite
water, Buttermere water, Cromack water,
Lowes-water, Uls- water, W st water, En-
nerdale water, Elder water. Broad wa.er,
&c. Carlisle is the captal. Population
in 1810, 117,230; in 1811, 133,744; and
in 1821. 156,124.
Cumberland, county of New Brunswick,
at the hei.d ot the bay ofFundy.
Cumberland, county of Maine ; bounded
by the Atlantic Ocean f?r/; by Saco river,
or York S W ; Oxford NW and N ; Andros-
coggin and Kennebec rivers NE and E ;
length 36 ; mean width 28 ; art-a about
1000 square miles: surPiice greaily varied.
The sea coast being broken by deep bays
and chequered by numerous islands. The
interior hilly, though interspersed by se-
veral lakes, of which Sebacook or Sebago
is the principal. Soil pr.iductive in pastur-
age, though in general rather s.eriie.
Chief towfl, Portland.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 21,132
do do. females • - - 21,333
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . S66
Slaves - - . . . 0
Total population in 1810
42,831
Population in 1820.
Free white ma'es
-
24,047
do. do. females
-
24,983
Total whites
.
49,030
Free persons of colour,
males
161
do. do.
ie males -
188
Slaves, males
.
0
do. females -
-
0
All other free persons.
except In-
dians not taxed
-
66
Total population in 1820.
49,445
Of these;
Foreigners Piot naturalized - - 117
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,648
do. in J\Iaiiuf.*ctures - - 1,631
do. in Commerce ■ - 662
Population to the square mile, 49.
Cumberland-head, peninsula on the N
side of lake Ciiamplain, in Cliaton county.
Cumberland, bay, between Cumberland-
head, and the m luih ot the Saranac river,
Clinton county. New York. Plattsburg
stands at the head of this bay at the mouth
of the Saranac.
Cumberland, township and extensive
manufacturing distrx'. in Frividence coui-
i}-, Rhode Isla.id. Population in 1810,
2110, and in 182' J, 2653.
Cumberland, c aunty of New Jersey,
bounded by Dolawure bay S, and SW ;
Salem N W ; Gloucester NB, ar.d cape
May SE ; length 30 ; me. n width 15 ; a-ea
450 square miles : surface generally Hat
and soil sandy. Chief town, Greenwich.
Population m 1810.
Free white ma'es . - . 6,143
do. do. females - _ - 5,938
All otiie- pr-rsons except Indians
not ta-ied - - - - 5i2
Slaves ... - - 42
Total population in 1810 ^
12,665
245
C U M
(; L -M
Population h\ 1S2[).
Free while mules - - - 5,999
do. do. females . - - 6,046
Total whites . - - - 12,045
Free persons of colour, males 315
do. do. females 290
Slaves, males ... 10
do. females ... 8
Total population In 1820 - -,» 12,663
45
1,845
503
296
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engagetl in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 28.
Cnmberlmul, county oF Pennsylvania,
hounded by York and Adams SE ; Frank-
lin SVV ; Terry NW and N ; and Susque-
hannali river NE ; l^-ngth 34 ; mean width
16; art'.i 545 sqnar- miles. Thi- country
lies in liie fi e v Ley !)etv,'een ihe Sout!i
an<l Nor h m )unt..;ns, and i^j watered by
th" Coned gwinet creek. The SK side of
the valley is has d on hmes'one, and the
1\ W on c ay sl.ite. The sur ace is gently
hilly aod s >il pr ductive in grain, pastur-
age, and fruit. Siaples, wheat, rye, oats,
flour, wii skey, iip iles, cider, peacii and
ap')le hr :ndy, live stock and salted pr;)Vi-
sions. Chief town, C rhsle.
Pop :lation in 1810.
Free wlii'cs, ma'es - - 13,482
do. do. fem ,les - - 12 703
All other persoiis except Indians not
taxed 265
Slaves - . - . - 3 or
Total popuUtion in 1810 26,757'
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 11,622
do. do. females - - - 11,239
Total whites - . - . 22,861
Fi ee persons of colour, males - 372
do. do. females - 356
Slaves, males - - - 6
do. females . - - ii
Total population in 1820 - 23,606
OF these ;
Fo'^eigners not naturalized - 162
Engaged in Agriculture • • 2,074
do. in Manufactures - 1,408
do. in Commerce - 89
Population to the squ .ve mile, 43.
Cumberland, t wn-hip in Adams county,
•Tim.-.->->nia. Population in 1820, 1022.
Cumbeiand. F^, to;vnsS^rp IH^ j8ga?J?i
ooai.Lv, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810,
570, and in 1820, 683.
Cumberland, post town, and seat of jus-
tice in Allegany county, Maryland, on the
north side of Potomac river, above the
niouth of Wills creek, 150 miles W by N
fi om Baltimore, and 105 NW from Wash-
ington city. Lon, W C 1 46 W. lat. 39
38 N.
Ciimbcrland, county of Virginia, hounded
by Amelia and Prince Edward SE, and S ;
Buckingham NW ; James rlvci' or Gooch-
land NE, and Powhatan E; length 32;
mean width 10 : area 320 square miles.
Surface hilly, and soil varied in quality.
Staples, grain, flour and tobacco. Chief
town, Carterville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,020
do. do. females - ■ 1,795
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 175
Slaves ----- 6,102
Total population in 1810
Popul-Htinn in 1820.
Free white nnales
do. do. females
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . . -
do. females _ _ -
Total population in 1 820
10,092
1,988
1,978
11,023
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - , 5
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,207
do. in Manufactures - 330
do. in Commerce - HI
Population to the square mile, 34.
Cumberland, town (# New Kent county,
Virginia, on the Paillfmkey river, 65 miles
ENE from Richmond.
Cumberland, ca\in\.y of North Carolina,
bounded bv Robeson and Bladen S ; Moore
and Chath'am NW ; Wake N ; .Johnson
NE, and Sampson E; length 50; mean
width 30 ; area 9500 square miles. Sur-
face hilly. Soil of middling quality.
Staples, grain, flour, tar, turpentine and to-
bacco. Chief town, FayetLeviUe.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,253
do. do. females - - 3,238
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 95
Slaves 2,791
Total population in 1810,
9,382
C b M
G U K
.Vree while females -
4,610
Total whites
.
9,230
Free persons of coloui-
, males -
288
do. do.
females
276
Slaves, males -
.
2,394
do. females
-
2,357
Totaj population in 1820 -
14,546
Of these j
Eoreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,098
do. in Manufuciures - 715
do. in Commerce - - 177
Population to the square mile, 9|.
Cumberland, Cimnty ot Kenmck), bound-
ed by Tennessee -S ; Barren \V ; Ad.iir
N, andWa}neE; length 47 ; me.,n width
22; area, 1034 square miles. Cuiet town,
JJurkville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 2,683
do. do. females - - - 2,497
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . . 3
Slaves
902
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white mules
do. do. females -
males -
females
3,433
3,279
Total whites
I-'ree persons oi colour,
do. do.
Slaves, males
do. females
6,712
6
8
659
673
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
8,058
0
1,617
59
18
Population to the square mile, 8.
Cuinberlandfovd, post village, Knox coun-
t}', Kentucky.
Citmberland-ffap, post oflice, Claiborne
county, Tennessee.
Cumberland House, one of the Hudsons
Bay Company lactories on Saskatchawaine
river, at the outlet of Pme Island lake.
Lon. W C 25 W. iat. 54 N.
Cumberland, island on the coast of (Geor-
gia, extending from Santilla t« Si. Mary's
river. It is generally a IcvlI sandy plani,
but with some fertile spots.
Cumberland Mountains, one of the ridges
of the Appalachian chaiij, .ind the continu-
ation, in Virginia, Ken ucky and Tennes-
see, of the Laurel mouniains (^f Pennsyl-
vania. As a separate ridge Cumberland
mountam, distinctly commences southwest
from tlic Great Sandy river, and following:
a direction of nearly SW, separates Ken-
tucky irom Viigiiiia, and e: tering Tennes-
see, traverses that stale, and entering Ala-
buuia, crosses Tei.ne?jee riv^r, and gra-
duall} ijicrges into h.lls in the north part
of Alabama.
Cumberland, river, rises on the weitern
slopes ot Cumberland m lunUin, nearly
west through Kaox, WhiUey, PuUski,
VV^yne an l Cumbtiland counties, in Ken-
tuck), li-'nis to SW, atid enieis i'ennebsee,
through wl)icii it Hows b} a ge:.eral west-
ern course, though curving co:.sidtr.ibly
to the south. After having aaverst-d or
bounded in Tennessee, tlie couniies of
Jackson, Snr.ti:, V»'iison, Summer, Uavid-
so.i, iiobertson, Montgoinery, Dickson
and Stewart, ihe Cumberland turn- near-
ly norh and re-eattis Kentucky, jja-.sing
ihioiign tiie coufi'.ies oi Ciirislian, Cahi-
W( If ami Livingston, und fii^aiiy eiuers
Oliio river, 11 miles above the inoulh of
Tennessee. The CiiimberliDd by ct)mpa-
rative courses flows, in Upper Kentucky,
220 miles ; in Tennes-ee 170 ; and in
Lower Kentucky 50 ; li^iving an entire
comparative course of 440 miles ; upwards
of 3oO of which are navigable at nearly all
seasons.
Cambray, Great and Little, two islands
in the Frith of Clyde, to the L of the isle
of Bute. The former is remarkaible for its
excellent freestone quarries, and the ruins
of an ancient cathedral dedicated to St.
Cviluwibia.
Cummmglon, post town and township of
Hampshire county, Massuctuisetis, 2o miles
NW trout Northampion. Populaiion m
181U, 10U9, and in 1820. 1060,
Cumree, towiis!ii[!, Berks county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1810, 2017, and
in i82U, 2462.
Cwrent, town hip in Lawrence county,
Arkansas. Population in 1820, 422.
Cunningham, mo.st nor' hcriy division of
Ayrsliire. The NW angle of tiiis district,
though rnou!itainoiis atlords rich pasturage.
Its chief town is Irvin.
Cunninghams Island, situaled at the west-
ern end of lake Erie, and soutiicaiterly
from the Ba^s islands, state of Ohio.
Cuper, royal borough of Fiieshire, and
the coiiniytown It is seated in a rich
valley on the N side of the Eden, eight
mile:, WSW of St. Andrew's. Lon. 2 55
W. lai. 56 15 N.
Cupar in Jlngiis, small town in Forfar-
shire, Sco'land, vvhi)lly eniployed in the
manufacture of linen cloth. Fair, Thurs-
day before Easter.
Cnrafoa, island, oil" the coa>-t of Colom-
bia in the Caribbean aea, 30 miies long and
10 broad. It is a barren spot, destitute of
iresh water, and important as a commercial
245
0 U \i
C U Y
station. Central Ion. W C 8 2u E. lat. 12
05 N.
Curdistan, country of Asia, seated be-
tween the Turkish empire and Perbia, ly-
ing along' the ei;siern coast of tiie river
Tigris, and comprehending great p rt of
ancient Ass) ria, it is the Gaiduchi ot Xeno-
phon. Some of the inhabitants live in
towns and vilU^ges, and others rove from
place to place, having tents like the wild
Arabs, and being robbers like them Their
religion is partly Christianity and partly
aiahomelanism but they are very loose in
regard to either.
Curia-Maria, an island on the coast of
Arabia F. lix, opposite the mouth of the
river Prim. Lon. 55 25 E. lat 17 0 N.
Curico, town of Chili, on the road
from ChuUan to Santiago Lon. W C 6
10 E, lat. 34 35 S.
Cicriches Haff, a bay of Polish Prus-
sia. It is in reality the outlet or estuary
of the Memnel, and reaches about 70
miles from Mulzen to Memnel.
Currant River, Missouri, one of the
western confluents of the Black river,
branch of White river.
Currituck, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by Virginia N ; Ail.iutic Ocean
E ; Albtmarle S^und S, and Pasquotank
W ; length 42 ; mean width 10; area 420
square miles Surface level, and soil
generally sandy and barren.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,6.18
do. do. females - - 2,596
All other persons except Indians
not taxed _ _ - 120
Slaves - - - - - 3,631
Total population in 1810
6,985
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
3,087
3,011
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
rfo. females
6,098
75
71
978
876
Total population in 1820
8,098
Ofthe.se ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 12
Engaged in Agriculture - - 807
do. in Manufactures - - 127
do. in Commerce - - 302
Population to the square mile, 19.
Cursoliers, small islands of Livadia,
in the gulf of Patras, ancient Echinadts
insf^rlae.
Curzola, island in the gulf of Venice,
on the coast of Dalmatia, ancient Corcyra
246
Nitra, about 20 miles long. It belongs to
the Venetians, and has a town of the
same name, with a bishop's see. ■ Lon.
17 15 E, lat. 36 N.
Curzola, capital of the island of Curzo-
la. Lon. 17 06 E. lat. 43 12 N.
Cushing, township in Lincoln county,
Maine Population in 1810, 532, and m
1820, 600.
Cussewago Creek, branch of French
creek, which it joins at Meadviile.
Cussewago, township in Crawford
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
642.
Cushat, river of North Carolina, which
falls into Albemarle Sound.
Cushing, township of Lincoln county,
in the district of Main.' ; situated on
St George's river, about SO miles NE of
Portland
Cusset, town of France, now in the
department of AUier, lately in the pro-
vince of Bourbonnoi.s, 17 miles N of Ro-
anne. Lon 4 5 E, lat 46 17 N.
Cu^trin, capital of the new marche of
Brandenburg, with a castle, seated at
the confluence of the Oder and Warta.
In 1760, it was bombarded and reduced
to ashes by the Russians. Custrin is 46
milt s E by N of Berlin. Lon. 14 40 E,
lat. 52 4u N.
Cusu Leuvu, river of South America.
It ris^s in the Andes mountains, and in
the province of Mendoza, and assuming
a SE course, separates the United Pro-
vinces of La Plata from Patf.gonia, and
after a comparative course of about 600
miles, falls into the Atlantic Ocean at S
lat. 41, between the mouth of the Colo-
rado and the bay of St. Mathias.
Cutais, town of Turkey, the capital of
Imeritia and the residence of its sove-
reign. The remains of its cathedral
seem to prove that it was once a con.
siderable place, but it now scarcely de-
serves the name of a village. Lon. 43
0 E, lat. 43 25 N.
CiUch, territory in Hindoostan Proper,
governed by a rajah, and situated on the
SE of Sindy : the E branch of the Indus
separating the two countries. It extends
along the N coast of the gulf of Cutch,
and is separated from Guzerat by the
river Puddar.
Cuttock, district of Hindoostan in Orisa,
south from Bengal, and between the bay
of Bengal and a range of mountains. In
this country is the famous temple of
Juggernaut. It lies between lat. 19 and
22 N.
Cuyahoga, viver of Ohio, rises in Geau-
ga county, flows SW into Portage, in
which it turns first west, and on the
west border of the county nearly north,
enters Cuyaloga county, and falls into
G Y L
€ Z O
iake Erie at Cleveland, after a compara-
tive course of 80 miles. This river
forms a part of tlie natural channel
through which the contemplated Grand
Canal of Ohio is intended to be formed.
Cuyahoga, county of Ohio, on both sides
of Cuyahoga river ; bounded by late Erie
N ; Geauga E ; Portage SE ; Medina SK,
and H'.iroii W ; length 36 ; mean width 13 ;
area 468 square m les. Surface part hilly,
and part levei, wiUi a soil generally fertile.
Chief town, Clevehmd.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 798
do. do. females ... 647
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 14
Total population in 1810 - - 1,459
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - =
do. do. females - - -
Total whites . . - ,
Free persons of col.mr, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . - -
do. females ....
Total population in 1820 - - 6,328
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 47
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,739
do. in Manufactures - . 232
do. in Commerce - - 62
Population to the square mile, 9.
Cuyo, province of the United Provinces
of Li Plata, in Peru ; bounded by the An-
des VV.
Cuzco, town of Peru, formerly the resi-
dence of the Incas. It is seated at the foot
of a mountain, and is buiit in a -quare
form, in the middle of which is the best
market in all America ; four large streets
terminate in the square, which are all as
straight as a line, and regard the four quar-
ters of the world. It contains eight large
parishes, and five religious houses, and 'he
number of the inhabitants is about 50,000,
of which three-fourths are the original
Americans, Streams of water run through
the town, which are a great convenience in
so hot a country where it seldom rains.
It is 320 miles S of Lima. Lon. 73 47 \V,
lat. 12 0 S.
Cuzumely small island in the Caribi)ean
sea, E from the coast of Yucatan. Lon W
C 8 20 W, lat. 19 N.
Cylades, ancient name of the Grecian
islands SE from Attica, and so called from
lying round the island of Delos. The
principal of these islands advancing from
tlic north, were Andros, Teno, Myconus,
Ithenea,. Delos ; to the west, were Syros,
Ceos, Cythnus, Seriphus, Syphnns, and
Melos ; and to the south from Delos, were
Naxos, Paros, Amorgos, and Astypalaea.
C'ypnis-Bridge, post town of Chatham
coun'y, North Caro ina.
Cyprus, island in the Mediterranean,
near tlie coa-t of Syria. The soil is an
excellent fertile clay -, and, if the natives
were industrious, they might make it a
paradise. The exports of the island are silk,
wool and wine. Nicosia is the capital.
Cyr, St. villag*' of France, two miles
from Versailles, celebra ed for a nunnery,
founded by Lews XIV, undt-rthe patronage
oi mada r.e de .Main'enon, who was herself
the abbess till her death in 1719. This
nunnery has been abolished since the
French revolution.
Czack-thtm, strong place of Austria, be-
tween the rivers Drave and iVIi hir, 100
miles S of Vienna. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 46
44 N
Czaslau, town of Bohemia, capital of a
circle of the same name. Here is t' e high-
est tower in Bohemia, and near this place
the king of Prussia gained a vict' ry over
the Austrians in 1742 It is seated on the
river Crudenka. 40 miles SE of Prague,
Lon. 15 33 E, lat. 49 50 N.
Czenstokow, town of Poland, in Cracovisj
with a fort, in which is kept a rich trea-
sure, called the Treasure of the V rgin
Mary. The pilgrims flock hither so much
for the sake of a convent near it, that it is
called the Loretto of Poland. It is seated
on the river Watte. 50 miles N by W of
Cracow. Lon. 19 15 E, lat. 50 48 N.
Cxercassi, town of Russia, in the Ukraine,
with a ca>tle. It. is seated near the Dnie-
per, 85 miles SE of Kinw. Lon, 32 5 B,
lat. 49 0 N.
Czernic, town of Carniola, in the circle
of Austria. I' is remarkable for its lake,
which is 15 miles in length, and five in
breadth, and produces fish and corn ever}'
year ; for when the waters fiill from the
giountains, it becomes full, and abounds
v/ith fish ; and, after some time it sinks into
the earth, and then it is cultivated, and pro-
duces grass and corn. Lon. 15 0 E, la'.
46 6 N.
Czer7iikou, town of Russia, capital of a
duchy of the same name, with a casile. It
is seated on the Dezna, 70 miles N by E of
Kiow. Lon. 31 53 E, lat. 51 29 N.
Czersko, town of Poland, on the Vistula,
20 miles NVV of Warsaw. Lon. 21 31 E,
lat. 52 26 N.
Czongrodt, town of Hungarj% capital of
a territoiy of the same name, at the con-
fluence of the Teisse and Keres, 13 miles
N ot Sagedin. Lon, 20 54 E, lat. 46 36 N.
247
D
Babul, town of the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, on the coast of Concan, 75 miles
S by W of Bombay. Lon. 72 50 E, lat.
18 0 N.
Dacca, city of Hindoostan Proper, on
the E quarter of Bengal, beyond ^he prin-
cipal stream of the Ganges, ahhough a
very capital branch runs near it. It is the
provincial capital of this quarter, and is the
third city in Bengal in point of extent and
population. Indeed, within the prese^it
century it has been the capital of ail Ben-
gal. It has a vast trade in muslins, and
manufactures the most delicate ones among
those which are most sought after in Eu-
rope ; the cotton is produced within the
province. Dacca is situated 100 miles
above the mouth of the Ganges, and 180
by the road from Calcutta. It is 160
miles NE of Calcutta. I.on. 90 25 E, lat.
23 55 N.
Dachaw, town of Bavaria, where the
elector has a palace, with fine gaidens. It
is seated on a mountain near the river Am-
ber, 10 miles NW of Munich. Lon. 11 30
E, lat. 48 20 N.
Dacheet, river of Arkansas and Louisiana,
rises in the former, and flowing south into
the latter, falls into the head of lake Bisti-
neau
Daclistein, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhii^ and l;<te province
of Alsace, with a palace that belonged to
the bishop of Strasburg. Lon. 7 45 E, lat.
48 35 N.
Dafur or Dofar, a town of Arabia Felix,
seated on a bay of the same name, on the
SE coast. Lon. 53 25 E, lat. 16 .30 N.
Dageiiham, village in Essex, nine miles
E by N of London. A gre:»t breach was
made here by the Thames, in 1703.
Daghestan, province of Asia ; bounded
on the E by tlie Caspian Sea, on the W
by the mountains of Caucasus, on the N by
Circassia, and on the S by Schirvan. Ife
is inhabited by Tartars, and is subject to
Ilussia.
Dagno, town of Albania, capital of the
district of Ducagni, with a bishop' see :
sealed near the confluence of tlie Drino
and Nero, 13 miles SE of Scutari. Lon.
19 39 E, lat. 42 30 N,
Dago, or Dagao, island in tlie Baltic,
on the coast of Livonia, between the gulfs
of Finland and Riga. It is of a triangular
figure, and is 20 miles in circum'erence,
and ha- two ca-tles, called Dagerwort and
Paden. Lon. 22 56 E, lat. 53'44 N.
Dagsborovgh, post town in Sussex coun-
ty, Delaware; lying on Pepper Creek, a
stream that runs into Rchoboth Bav, and
218
about 18 miles S from Lewistown. Popu-
lation 1500.
Dagsborough, township in Sussex coun-
ty, Delaware. Population in 1820, 2204.
Dahl, the finest river of Sweden, which
flows through Dale:artia and Gestricia, and
falls into the gulf of Bothnia, to the E of
Gesle. Near Escarleby, it forms a cele-
brated cataract, scarce inferior to the fall
of the Rhine at LauflVn.
Dahomy, kingdom of Africa, on the coast
of Guinea, to tlie N of Whidah. It is sup-
posed to reach from the sea coast about
500, or 200 miles inland, though no Euro-
pean has penetrated above half the dis-
tance ; tlie capital Abomay, lies about 99
50 N lat. ; and between the 3d and 4th deg.
E lon. reckoned from the meridian of
Greenwich.
Dalaca, island of the Red Sea, opposite
the coast of Abex, 72 miles in length, and
15 in breadth. It is fertile, and populous,
and remarkable for a pearl fishery. The
inhabitants are Negroes, and great enemies
to the Mahometans.
Dakburg, town of Sweden, capital of
Dalia, seated on the Lake Wenner, 50
miles N of Gottenburg. Lon. 11 59 E. lat.
58 32 N.
Dalecarliu, province of Sweden, near
Norway, 175 miles in length and 100 in
bi-eadth. It is full of mountains, abound-
ing in mines of copper and iron, some of
which are of a prodigious deptii. The
towns are small ; and the inhabitants are
rough, r.ibust, and vvarhke.
Dalia, province of Sweden, bounded on
the N by Dalecarlia,,on the E by Werme-
land and Like Wenner, on the S by Goth-
land, and on the N by Norway and the
sea.
Dalkeith, town of Edinburgshire, with a
great weekly market for corn and oat meal.
The palace of Dalkeitii is a magnificent
structure, the seat of the duke of Buc-
cleugh. It is six miles SE of Edinburg.
Lon. 3 12 W. lat. 55 54 N.
Dallas, county of Alabama, bounded by
Wilcox S ; Mar. ngo W : Greene NW ;
Perry N; Aut.nga NE, and Mon'gomiry
E ; length 45; mean width 24 ; area 1080
square miles Surface generally iiilly pine
woods. Soil on ti^e streams fertile, parti-
cularly on Alabama river. S'.r.ple cotton.
Chief town, C i^aba.
Populati(m in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . - . -
Free per.sons of colour, males
<lo. do. females -
1,851
1,473
3,324
1
\
DAM
DAN
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
1,398
1,279
6,003
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,782
do. in Manufactures - 173
do. in Commerce - - 39
Population to the square mile, 5|.
Dallas, township in Luzerne county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 455.
Dalmatia, country of Ewrope, formerly a
kingdom. It is bounded on the N by Bos-
nia, on the S by the gulf of Venice, on the
E by Servia, and on the W by Croatia. It
is divided into Venetian, Turkish, Ragu-
san and Hungarian Dalmatia. Spalatro is
the capital of Venetian, and Herzegovina
of Turkish Dalmatia ; Ragusa is capital of
the republic of Ragusen ; the Hungarian
part contains five districts, and Segna is
the capital. The air is wholesome and the
soil fruitful. See JVIorlachia.
Dalton, town in Lancashire, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated at the source
of a river, in a champaign country, not far
from the sea; and the ancient castle is
made use of to keep the records and pri-
soners for debt in the liberty of Furness.
It is 19 miles NW of Lancaster, and 273
NNW of London. Lon. 3 18 W. lat. 54
14 N.
Dalton, township ad post town in Coos
county. New Hampshire, at the 15 mile
falls. Population in 1810, 235, and in 1820,
347.
Dalton, townsliip and post town. Berk-
shirs county, Massachusetts, on the Housa-
tonick river above lienox. Population in
1810, 779, and in 1820, 817.
Dalton, post town in Grafton coimty,
New Hampshire, situated on the E side of
Connecticut river.
Dalton, township of Berkshire, Massa-
chusetts, about 130 miles VV of Boston.
Dam, town of the United Provinces, in
Gronlngen, seated on the Damster, three
miles from the sea, and 15 SW of Embden,
Lon 6 48 E. lat. 53 22 N.
Dam, town of Prussian Pomeranla, seat-
ed on liie Oder, 10 miles SE of Stetln.
Lon. 14 50 E. lat. 53 31 N.
Dnmar, famous town of Arabia Feli.x.
Lon. 49 25 E. lat. 16 0 N.
Damariscotta, river of Maine, or rather a
long deep bay, extending from the Atlan-
tic Ocean into Lincoln county between
Boothbay and Bristol.
Damascus, now called !^ham, ancient city
of Syria, the form of which is an exact
square, each side being a mi)e and a half
long. It had three walls now almost en-
tirely ruined ; and of the several suburbs
which it formerly had, there remains only
1 i
one, which extends three miles in length.
The extraordinary beauty of this place i
owing to several streams which run across
the fertile plain of D .mascus, and wa er all
the gardens, supply the public fountains;
and run into every house. It is an arch-
bishop's see, and contains gieat numbers
of Christians and Jews. It stands on the
river B rida, 112 miles S of Aniioch, and
112 NE of Jerusalem. Lon. 37 0 E. lat.
33 45 N,
Damascus, Pachalic of Turkey in Asia,
of wliich the city of Damascus is the capi-
tal. It contains nearly all northern Syria,
extending to Caramaina on the N, and to
Palestine S. It is bounded on the W by
the Mediterranean and on the E by deserts
of sands. Like most countries on the bor-
ders of the Asiatic desarts, the Pachalick
of Damascus exiiibits tracts of exuberant
fertility. The banks of the Orontes, the
plains of the Hauron, and'some other spots
are in a high degree producive in vines,
olives, and many other vegetable substan-
ces.
Damascus, township in Wayne county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 391,
and in 1820, 366.
Damascus, post village, in the NE part
of Frederick county, Maryland, on the
road from New Market to Barnestown.
Damaun, seaport of the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, at Iheentra'ce ofth' gulf ofCam-
bav. It is subject to the- Portuguese and
is 50 riiiles S of Surat. Lon. 72 25 E. lat.
20 20 N,
Dames Gore, 'ownsh'p in Grafton coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1820,
28, See Dana.
Darng-artin, town of Swedish Pomerania,
with a castle, seated on the Recknds, 18
miles W of Stralsund. Lon. 12 57 E. lat.
54 16 N.
Damietta, ancient and rich town of
Egypt, seated at one of the eastern mouths
of the Nile, with a good harbour. It is
rounded in a semicircle, two leagues and
a half from the mouth of the Nde. The
tongue of land on whic!) Damietta is situa-
ted, straightened on one side by the river,
and un the other by the W extremity of
lake Menzale, is only from twD to six
miles wide fri m E to W. It is intersected
by innumerable rivulets in every direction,
wliich render it the most fisrtile spot in
Egypt. 1 is there that nature lavishing
profusely her pomp and riches, pr. sents
flowers, fruits and harvests at every season
of the }ear, Damielta was taken by the
French in their expedition to Egypt, 1799
Damiano, St town of Italy in Montser-
rat, 18 miles W by N of Vercelli. Lon. 8
0 E. lat. 45 33 N.
Damme, strong town of Flanders, seated
on the canal between Sluys and Brugps.
Dan, river of North Carolina,\vhich ris-
249
DAN
1> A N
iiijf in the state of Virginia, miis in a ser-
pentine course near the line which divides
the two states. Near Mecklenburg It falls
into the river Roanoke, and loses its name
in that of the greater stream. The falls at
Danville near the line between Virginia
and North Carolina, impedes the naviga-
tion ; but measures have been taken to
form a canal around this obstruction, which
if completed, will render the Dan naviga-
ble to its junction with Irvine river.
Dana, township in Worcester county,
Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 625,
and in 1820, £64.
Danbnriu village in Essex, situated on a
hill five miles E of Chelmsford, and 16 W
of tlie sea. The spire of the church was
burnt with lightning in 1750, but was soon
after rt built, and forms a seamark.
Danburij, township in Grafton county.
New Hampshire, 25 miles NW from Con-
cord. Population in 1810, 345, and in
1820, 467.
Danbury, post town of Fairfield county,
Connecticut, 10 miles N of Ridgefirld, and
about 33 NW of New Haven. This town
and a large quantity of military stores
lodged tliere were burnt by the British
troops in 1777.
Danbury, township in Fairfield county,
Connecticut, 54 miles SW from Hartford.
Population in 1810, 3606, and in 1820, 3873.
Banbury, townsliip in Huron counlj',
Ohio, on the Peninsula, between Sandusky
bay and Portage river. Population in
1820, 157.
Danbij, post town in Rutland county,
Vermont, 21 S of Rutland. It has a post-
office, and about 1730 inhabitants.
Danby, township and post town in Tioga
county, I^ew York, 10 miles N from Spen-
cer. Population in 1820, 2001.
Dancey' s-store, post village, Northamp-
ton county. North Carolina.
Dandridge, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Jefferson county, Tennessee, on the
right bank of Broad river, on the road from
Knoxville to Greenville, 45 miles above
tiie former place.
Danger, Isles of, three islands in the S.
Pacific Ocean, seen by commodore Byron
in 1765. They appeared crowded with
people, but were so surrounded by rocks
and breakers, that it was unsafe to attempt
to land. The commodore supposed them
to be the i&'andsseen by Quiros, in the be-
ginning of the 17th century, and named
Solomon's Islands. Lon. 169 28 W lat.
10 15 S.
' Damelsvilh, post village, Spotsylvania
count}', Virginia.
Danielsviile., post town and seat of jus-
tice, Madison county, Georgia, on a brancli
of Broad river, 80 niiles N {rom MlUedge-
ville.
Dansville, township in Steuben county.
New York, Population in 1820, 1565,
250
Danneberg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, seated on the
Tetze, near the Elbe, 40 miles SE of Lu-
nenberg. Lon. 11 29 E. lat. 53 4 N.
"Dantzic, capital of Western Prussia,
standing on a branch of the Vistula, about
four miles above where it falls into the
Baltic; in lon. 16 36 E, lat. 54 20 N.
This city is famous in history on many ac-
counts, particularly that of its being form-
erly at the head of the Hanseatic associa-
tion, commonly called the Honsetowns.
It is lai'ge, beautiful, populous, and rich ;
its houses generally are five stories high ;
and many of its streets are planted wit h
Chesnut trees. The houses are well built
of stone or brick, six or seven stories high,
and the granaries are still higher, to which
the ships lie close, and take in their lading
The established religion is the Lutheran ;
but Roman Catholics, Calvinists and Ana-
baptists are tolerated. The inhabitants have
been computed at 200,000, but other com-
putations have mudethem considerably less.
In- 1700, upwards of 30,000 persons died
of the plague. It has now lost its inde-
pendence, being forced to submit to the
king of Prussia, who forcibly usurped the
sovereignty, in a second partition of the
Polish dominions. Besides corn, of which
great quantities are exported, they trade
in naval stores, and a great variety of other
articles. It is seated on the Vistula, near
the gulf of Angil, in the Baltic, 30 miles
SE of Marienburg, and 160 NW of Warsaw.
Danube, one of the largest rivers in Eu-
rope, called the Ister by the ancients. It
rises at Doneschingen, in Suabia, and flows
NE by Ulm ; then E through Bavaria and
Austria, by Ratisbon, Passau, Ens, and
Vienna ; it then enters Hungary, and runs
SE by Presburg, Buda and Belgrade; af-
ter which it divides Bulgaria, from Morla-
chia and Moldavia, discharging itself by
several channels into the Black Sea. It be-
gins to be navigable for boats at Ulm, and
receives several large rivers as it passes
along. It is so deep between Buda and
Belgrade, that the Turks and Germans have
had men of war upon it ; yet it is not navi-
gable to the Black Sea, on account of the
cataracts. See Doneschingen.
Danube, circle of the Upper, one of .the
great divisions of Bavaria. Capiti>l, Eich-
staut.
Danube, circle of the Lower, one of the
great siib-divisions of the kingdom of Ba-
varia. C:ipital Passau.
Danube, Circle of, district of the Grand
Duchy of Baden. Capital, Vil.ingcn.
Danube, District of one of the sub-divi-
sion- of the kingdom of Wcrtemberg.
Danube, township and po^t village, Her-
kimer county. New York. Population in
1820, 3187.
Danvers, post town, of Essex county,
Massachusetts, about one mile N from Sa-
D A R
o A 1<
km. This village is in reality a continua-
tion of Salem. It is noted for the extent
and impo'tance of its manufactures.
♦ Danvers, townshp in Essex county,
• Massachusetts, including' the foregoing vil-
lage. Population in 1810, 3127, and in
1820, 3646.
Danville, township in Cumberland coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 1085.
Danville, post town and seat of justice,
Caledonia county, Vermont, 25 miles NE
from Montpelier. Population, 2240.
Danville, post town, and township, Steu-
ben county. New York. Population, 1565.
Danville, post town and seat of justice,
Columbia county, Pennsylvania, on the
right bank of the Susquehannah, 35 miles
above Northumberland.
Danville, post town, of Pittsylvania coun-
ty, Virginia, on the right bank of Dan ri-
ver, 150 miles SW from Richmond. It is
a very thriving place situated at ti^e falls of
Dan river. The navigation for boats is un-
interrupted, except by low water in sum-
mer, and autumn thus far. Canal improve-
ments are in operation to permit boats to
pass the falls at Danville, and will, when
completed, open v.-ater communication to
Hen'-y and Patrick counties in Virginin, arid
to Rockingham, and Stokes counties in
North Carolina.
Danville, post town in Mercer co'.tnty,
Kentucky, about 40 miles S from Frankfort,
near and W from Dicks river. It has about
200 houses and 1000 inhabitants.
Danville, town of Knox county, Ohio, on
Owl creek, 13 mi^es NE from Mount Ver-
non.
Darby, village of Lower Darby township,
in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on the
E side of Darby creek, 7 mdes SW of Phi-
ladelphia.
Darby, Upper, township of Delaware
county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820,
1004.
Darby Lo-uier, township of Delaware
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
692.
Darby, township of Union county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 445.
Darby, post town and township, Madison
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 392.
Darby, township in the NW part of
Pickaway county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 536.
Darby River, one of tlic western branch-
es of the Sc!0 a river, rises in L'nion
Ch,.mp-ign and Franklin counties ; ard h<-
a comparative co'-rse of 65 miles SSE, falls
into Sciota river oppo^te Circleville,
Darby, cape of North America, on the
Northern Pacific Ocean, SW from the
mouth of Nurn^an river. Lon. W C 86 30
\V, !at. 64 ii N.
Darda, town and fort of Lower Hungary,
built by the Turks in 1686, and taken by
the Austrians the next year. It is seated
on the Drave, at the end of the bridge of
Esseck, eight miles S of Baranwhar, and
80 NW of Belgrade. Lon. 19 56 E, lat.
45 45 N.
Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey ; on
each side the ancient Hellespont, novv the
strait of Gallipoli, tlie SW entrance of
which they command ; tlie one is called
Sestos, seated in Romania ; the ot'ier
Abydos, in Natolia. At the latter, the
cargoes of all ships sailing from Constanti-
nople are searched. Lon. 25 30 E,lut. 46
0 N.
Dardenne, post town, St. Charles county,
Missouri.
Darfoor, kingdom of central Africa, to
the west from Sennaar and Abyssinia.
Darel-Hamara, town oi the kingdom of
Fez, built by the Roma:i?. Its trade con-
sisis in oil and covn ; and it is seated on a
mountain Lon. 6 SS W, lat. 34 20 N.
Darien Isthmus, which unites the two
Americas. The narrowe-t part is from the
bay of Panama to that of Mandingo, which
does not exceed 20 miles from bay to bay.
Tlie intermediate space is mountainous,
thotigh not very elevated.
Darien, province of Colombia, in Ncv/
Granada ; is bounded by Novita S ; the Pa-
cific Ocean and bay of Panama W ; province
of Panama NW; gulf of Darien NE, and
Choco E. See Colombia.
Darien, large gnif stretching into Colom-
bia, between Darien and Carthagena. It
receives at its extreme head, the rivers
Atrato and Guacaba.
Darien, township of Fairfield countj',
Connecticut. Population in 1820, 1126.
Darien, post town and sea port M'Intosh
county, Georgia, on the north side and
principal channel of the Alatamaha, 12
miles above the bar, and 190 below Mil-
ledgeville. Lon. W C 4 57 W, lut. 31 23
N. The town is situated upon a sandy
bluff, and has advanced in wealth and popu-
lation with great rapidity. In 1810, the
number of inhabitants only a little exceeded
200, it now, 1822, probably contains ten
times that number. It has a bank with a
capital of 150,000 dollars. A steam boat
navigation h^s been opened from this town
to Mdledgevlile. The 'n^r ut the mouth of
the Alatam-ha, has 12 feet wuter at ordi-
nary tides Rut little f.oniparative xpense,
it is probable, woiid procu-ea much great-
er depth, and admit merchant vessels of
the largest cl.ss.
Darke, cotm^y of Ohio; bounded W by
Indiana; N by Mercer; E Iv-'Sh'lby and
Miami ; SR by Montgomeiy, and S by
Prebhie ; length 32 ; width 21 ; area 672
square mile.s It is watered by the he<<d
branches of still water, and SW i>ranch of
Great Miami. Surface in part hilh,', but
generally rather level with some prairie,
251
DAK
D A R
Soil productive in grain, fruits, and pastu-
rage. Chief town, Greenville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,939
do. do. females - - . 1,760
Total whites .... 3,699
Free persons of colour, males - 8
do. do. females 10
Slaves, males - . - . 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 3,717
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - - 554
do. in Manufactures - 85
do. in Commerce - - 1
This table includes the population of
Mercer connty, 528 square mil: s, which
added to 672, gives 1200 square miles, or
a very sma I frac ion above 3 to tiie square
mile in both counties.
Darkijig. or Dorking, town in Surry,
wi h a market on Thursday, noied for corn
and p ultrv. It is se^ited on the river
M .Je, 23 miles SW of London. Lon. 0 14
W, lat. 51 17 N.
Darlasion, village near Stone, in Stafford-
shire, where are the remains of a castle, on
a hill.
Darling Island, the largest of two islands
in the entrance ot lake Simcoe, Upper
Canada
Darlings, post town, on Owl creek,
Knox county, Ohio, 15 miles E from Mount
VLrnon.
Darlington, town in the county of Dur-
ham, with ;■ market on Monday, seated in
a flat, on the river Skerne, which fails into
the Tees. It h;is a spacious market-place,
and ,• long stone bridge o'. er the r ver. A
curious water machine for grinding optical
glasses, and spinning linen yarn has been
erected h(re, the invention of a native of
the town. Darlington is 19 miles S of Dur-
ham, and 239 N by W of London. Lon.
1 25 W, la(. 54 32 N.
Darlington Township, in the county of
Durliam, Upper Ca ada, lies to the west
of Clarke, and fronts upon lake Ontario.
Darlington, district of South Carolina ;
bounded by Sum iter SW ; Kershaw W ;
Chesierfield NW; M rib' roi;gh NE, and
Mariiin and VV.ILamsburg SE ; length 34 ;
width 28; area 950 square miles. Lying
between Lynch's creek and Gre t Pedee
river, the surface is rather level than hilly ;
soil generally of middling quality. Staple
cotton Cief town, Darlington.
Population m 1810.
Free white males ... 3,097
do. do. females - . 3,162
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 57
252
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
2,731
9,047
3.221
3,181
Total whites - - - 6,407
Free persons of colour, males - 34
do. do. females - 35
Slaves, males - - - - 2,200
do. females - - - . 2,273
Total population in 1820 - - 10,949
Of these : ;-
Foreigners not naturalized . 4
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,938 ,
do. in Manufictures - 90
do. in Commerce - - 39
Population to the square mile, 11^.
Darlington, town of Darlington, district
of South Car lina, on Black creek, 40 miles
E from Camden.
Darmstadt, capital of the landgravate of
Hesse Darmstadt, with a castle, where its
own prince generally resides. It has hand-
some suburbs and a good college. It is
seated on a river of the same name, 30
miles NW of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 40 E,
lat. 49 43 N.
Dames, post village of Montgomery
county, Maryland.
Dart, river in Devonshire, which rises at
the foot of Dartmoor Hills, crosses Dart-
moor to Ashburton, and falls into the
English Channel, at Dartmouth.
Dartford, town in Kent, with a market on
Saturday, seated on the Darent, not far
from its influx into the Thames. Here are
the remains of a fine nunnery, founded by
Edward III. The town is finely watered
by two or three very good springs, and is
full of inns, by reason of its being a great
thoroughfare from I>ondon to Dover. It is
16 miles E by S of London. Lon. 0 16 E,
Lt. 51 25 N.
Dartmoor, extensive Moorish tract in
Devonshire ; bounded on the N by bleak
hills, and extending southward quite
through the centre of the county to the
sea. It is watered by the river Dart. On
this moor prison, barracks were erected
during the last war between Great Britain
and the United States. Here on the 6th of
Ai ril, 1815, by order of the commandant,
7 American piisoners were massacred, and
56 dangero'isly wounded.
Dartmouth, borough of Devonshire, with
a market on Friday. It is seated near the
river Dart, near its fall into the sea, and
has a spacious harbour defended by a fort.
It has a considerable trade to the S of Eu-
rope and to Newfoundland, as well as a
share in the coasting traffic. It contains
three churches, and is 30 miles SSW of
D A V
1) A V
Exeter, and 204 W by S of London. Lon.
3 45 W, lat 50 22 N.
Dartmouth College. This itistitution is
located in the town of Hanover, Grafton
county, New Hampshire. It was bounded in
1769, by the Revd, Dr Eleazer Wheelock,
and named in himour of William, earl of
Dartmouth, one of its most munificent bene-
factors. In 1797, a Medical Institution was
annexed to the college. The officers of
this college, are, a president, 4 professors,
2 lecturjers, and 3 tutors. The number of
students, ordinarily about 150, and from 50
to 60 medical students. The college li-
brary exceeds 4,000 volumes ; and two
other hbraries with about 2,000 volumes
each, have been formed by associations of
students. The medical department pos-
sesses a laboratory', anatomical museum, 2
lecture rooms and chapel. The college
has attached to its other establishments, an
extensive and valuable philosophical and
chemical apparatus. The site of Dart-
mouth college is pleasant and healthful,
which, with the judicious arrangement of
concerns, have rendered it a very flourish-
ing instituiion. Its funds are chiefly drawn
from lands, amounting to about 1600 dol-
lars, annually. This revenue, added to the
sums paid by students, yields a neat yearly
amount of about 4000 dollars.
Dartmouth, post town and seaport of
Massachusetts, in Bristol county. It is
situated on the NW side of Buzzard's bay,
about 75 miles S of Boston. Population in
1820, 3636.
Dassen-Eyland, or Isle of Deer, one of
the three j-mall islands to the N of the Cape
of Good Hope, so called, on account of the
great number ofdeer which were first car-
ried thither in 1601. Here are also sheep
whose tails weigh from 10 to 20 pounds.
Lon. 18 7 E, lat? 33 25 S.
Davenport, township of Delaware county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1384.
Daventrij, corporate town in Northamp-
tonshire, with a market on Wednesday.
It is governed by a mayor, and seated on
the side of a hill, 10 miles W of North-
ampton, and 72 N W of London. Lon. 1
10 W. lat. 52 15 N.
David Point, cape of the island of Gre-
nada, on the north. Lon. W C 15 26 E.
lat. 12 20 N.
David's St. city in Pembrokeshire, with
a market on Wednesday ; seated in a bar-
ran soil, on the river Hen, scarcely a mile
from the seashore. |It was once a consi-
derable place, and the cathedral is said to
have the highest roof of any in England.
It is 24 miles NW of Pembroke, and 255
W by N of London. Lon. 5 15 W. lat. 51
56 N.
David, Fort St. English fort, on the coast
of CororaandeJ. It was taken and destrov-
ed by the French in 1758, and has not yet
been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S of Fort St.
George. Lon. 79 45 E. lat. 11 30 N.
Davis' Straits, ar^. of the sea, between
Green and and N. America, discovered by
capt. Davis, in 1585, which he enceavour-
ed to find out a northwest ^passage.
Davidson, comny in the state of Tennes-
see ; situated on the W side of Cumber-
land mountains, bounded by Robertson N ;
Summer NE ; Wilson and Rutherford E ;
Williamson S, and Dickson W ; length 26;
mean width 22 ; area 570 square miles.
Surface rather uneven than hilly ; soil ge-
nerally fertile. Chief town, Nashville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 4,931
do. do. females - - - 4,252
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - . 130
Slaves - . . . . 6,305
Total population in 1810
Population in 1320.
Free white males
do. do, females -
15,618
6,390
5,676
Total whites - . - . 12,066
Free persons of colour, males - 109
do. do. females 80
Slaves, males . - - . 4,045
do. females - - . 3,854
Total population in 1820 - - 20,154
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 95
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,070
do. in Manufactures - 963
do. in Commerce - - 141
Population to the square mile, 36 nearly.
Davidson, post town and seat of justice,
Lawrence county, Arkansas.
Davidstoiun, town of New .Jersey in Hun-
terdon county, 10 miles above Trenton on
the Asanpink creek.
Daviess, county of Kentuck)', bounded
by Ohio river N ; Breckenridge NE ; Ohio
SE; Muhlenburg S ; Hopkins SVV, and
Henderson W ; length 30 ; mean width
20 ; area 600 square miles. Surface hilly
except near the streams : soil generally
productive. Chief town, Owensburg.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,538
do. do. females - - . 1,479
Total whites - - . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females . - -
Total population in 1820
253
3,876
1) A TJ
D A L
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - S
Engaged in Agriculture - - 997
do. in Manufactures - 67
do. in Commerce - • 22
Population to the square mile, 6.
Davies, 9ounl3' of Irdianv, be \V:^en the
two main branches of White river, bound-
ed by Dubois SE and S ; Gibson SW ;
Knox W ; Sullivan NW, and Monroe and
Lawrence NE ; length 60 ; mean width
15 ; area 900 square miles.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,810
1,590
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males - - . .
do. femrdes - - .
3,400
15
17
0
0
Total population in 1820,
5,432
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
F.ngaged in Agriculture - 924
do. in Manufactures - - 62
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, 4 nearly.
Davies, post village, Mecklenberg coun-
ty, Virgmia.
Davisbtirg, town of Christian county,
Kentucky.
Davis' -store, post office, Rapide, parish
Louisiana.
Davis' Inlet, or Strait, E coast of Labra-
dor. Lon. VV C 16 50 E. lat. 56 20 N.
Davis' Straits, an immense openin;^ in-
to Hudson's and Baffins bays, between N.
America and Greenland. This inland sea
bears NW and SE ; 700 miles in length
and 450 miles wide.
Davis' Tavern, post office, Sussex coun-
ty, Virginia.
J>a7(7i, town of Germany, in the electo-
rite of Treves, seated on the Lezer, at the
foot of a mountain, on which is a castle.
It is 12 miles N of Mont Royal.
Dauphin, river of British North America,
flowing into Little Wmnipic lake. Lon.
W C 23 W, lat. 52 20 N.
Dauphin, county of Pennsylvania, on the
east side of Susquehannah river ; bounded
by Lancaster and Lebanon SE ; by Susque-
hannah river W ; NorthumS^erland N, and
Schuylkill NE ; length 33 ; mean width 16 ;
area 528 square miles. This coimtrv is
extremely diversified in surface. The SE
part of the country is hilly and broken, but
with a soil highly productive. The Swa-
tara rises in Schuylkill, and traverses Leba-
non into Dauphin, passing over the south-
eastern section of the latter, into the Sus-
quehannah river. This part of the countv
254
lies below the Kittatinny range of moun-
tains, and covering about 230 square miles,
is subdivided into nearly equal portions by
the limestone and slate regions. See JEi7-
tutinny Valley. Above the Kittatinny moun-
tain, the residence of the county is exces-
sively broken by mountains and hills, with
a generally sterile soil. The staples of
Daupliin are, grain, flour, whiskey, salted
provisions and live stock. Chief town,
Harrisburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - • - 16,011
do. do. females - - 15,593
All o'her persons except In-
dians not taxed ... 253
Slaves 26
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ . .
do. females
Total p.ipulation in 1820
31,885
10,73 S
10,409
21,663
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 132
Engaged in .\gricuUure - - 2,353
do. in Manufactures - 1,410
do. in Commerce - - 104
population lo the square mile, 41.
Dauphin, island of Alabama, off the mouth
of Mobile bay. It is a sandy flat, covered
with a few trees, about 6 miles long, and
from two miles ti> a quarter of a mile wide.
The Pass au Heron into M*>bile bay, enters
from Pascagoula Sound, north from Dau-
phin Island ; the main Pass enters between
the island and Mobile Point.
Dauphin Fort, seaport of St. Domingo,
on the north side of the island. Lon. W C
4 40 E, lat. 19 41 xM.
Danp/tiny, late province of France, ex-
tending 40 leagues from N to S, and 36
from E to W ; bounded on the W by the
Rhone, N by the Rhone and Savoy, S by
Proveace, and E by the Alps. Hence the
heir apparent of the kings of France is
called the Dauphin. Two-thirds of Dau-
phiny are intersected by m-untains, which
afford good pasturage ; plenty of t-niber,
fir-trees in particular, for the bwiiding of
shij^s ; and very scarce simples. In these
mountains, which are branclies of the Alps,
are bears, chamois, marmots, eagl':s, hawks,
&c . and mines of iron, copper, and lead.
The vr.lleys afford wheat, and the hills, in
the vicinity of the Rhone, excclle;nt wines,
olives, and silk. The principal rivers are
D E A
the Rlione, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It
now forms the departments of Dromo,
Isere, and Upper Alps.
J5«x, or Jcqs, ancient town of France, in
the department of Landes and late prov ince
of Gascony, with a bishop's see, and some
famous hot baths. It is seated on the
Adour, 24 miles NE of Bayonne. Lon. 1
0 W, lat, 43 42 N
Bat/ton, flourishing post town and seat
of justice for Montgomery county, Ohio.
It is situated on level ground, upon the
eastern bank of the Great Miami river, just
below the confluence of that and Mad
river. It contains an academy, a printing
office, a bank, S''veral mercantile stores,
and three apothecary shops ; also a pres-
byterian m cting hous°, one for methodist,
a court house and jail, and above 130 dwel-
ling houses, and 1000 inhabitants. There
are numerous mills in the vicinity, particu-
larly on Mad river, near its moutii, where
it is peculiarly well calculated for mills and
other machinery necessary to be propelled
by water. Distance 66 miles, west by
south from Columbus, ;>>d 52 northerly
from Cincinnati. Lat. 39 42 N, lon. 7 8 VV.
Dayton, townsliip of Montgomery coan-
ty, Ohio, in which the preceding town is
situated. Population in 1820, 2530.
Deadman^s-ffead, c£tpe in Cornwall, be-
tween St. Mav's and Fowr;y.
Dead Sfa, lake of Palestine, ancient As-
phaitites, into which the river Jordon runs.
It is 70 mil's long, and 20 broad, enclosed
on the E and W by high mountains. It
abounds in bitumen.
Deal, S'-aport in Kent with a market on
Thursday. It is seated on a strait of Do-
vei-, and is a member of the Cinque Port
of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. It has
ab^iut 1000 houses, which are mostly built
of brick. The inhabitants amount to 4500,
and, as no manufacture is carried on here,
they chiefly depend on the seafaring men
who resort hither. The port is defenoJed
by two castles ; Deal or Walmer castle to
the S, and Sandown castle to the N Be-
tween this place and the Godwin Sands,
are the Downs, where the ships usually
ride at their leaving or coming into ihe
river Thames. It is seven nules S by E of
Sandwich, and 72 E by S of London. Lou.
1 29 E, lat. 51 13 N.
Deal, village of New Jersey ; situated on
the sea shore in Monmouth county, famous
as a watering place, 7 miles S from Shrews-
bury.
Dearborn, post town and township Ken-
nebec county, Maine. Ponnlation in 1820,
463.
Z>ea?-6or7f, county of Indiana, on Ohio ri-
ver, bounded by the state of Oliio and
Ohio rver E ; Switzerland S ; Riplev W ;
and Franklin TV ; length 27 ; mean "width
15; area about 400 square miles, Surface
DEC
very hilly, though with a productive soil.
Chief town, Lawrenceberg
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,750
do. do. fem-.les - - - 3,460
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . 92
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white m.iles
do. do. females . . -
Total whites . . - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females.
Slaves, males . - - .
do. females . . ,
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agi-icnlture
do. in Manufactures
(\■^. in Com'Ti ice
7,310
6,029
5,367
11,468
93
1,722
245
57
Population to the square mile, 28.
Dearborn, river, a wps*r"n brr'iicf of Mis-
souri, int') W.I ch 1' fails .bove the rapids.
Oeben, river in Suffolk, which rises near
Debenham, an-! expands into a long nar-
row arm of the German Ocean, a little to
the N of Ilarwicli.
Debenham, town in Suffolk, with a mar-
ket on Friday, seated near the head of the
Doben,on the side of a hill, 24 miles E of
Bury St. Ed'nund's, and 84 NE of London.
Lon. 1 17 E. lat. 52 22 N.
Debrecen, town of Upper Hungary, capi-
tal of a district of the same name. Ir is
106 miles E of B.ida. Lon. 22 11 E. lat,
47 32 N.
Debretzin, town of Hungary and th seat
of a very respectable academy, possessing
a library of upwards of 20,000 volumes.
The number of students are considerable,
exceeding five hundred. It is situated
about 160 miles ESE from Vienna,
Decatur, post town and townsiiip, of Ot-
sego county. New York, nine miles W from
West Union. Population In 1820, 902.
Decatur, post town and township. Brown
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 101.
-DecaiJO', township, Mifflin county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1820, 635.
Deccan, f x.ensive tract of country, iu
Asia, wliicli, in its ordinary acceptation,
means oid> the countries situated between
liindoostan Proper, the Carna'ic a id Oris-
sa, that is the provinces of Candeise, Dow-
latabad, Visiapour, Golconda, and 'he \V
partofBerar. It is bounded on the N by
the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and by
Bahar ; and the river Kistna forms its se-
paration on the S from the neninsula of
•?5."
DEE
DEL
Hindoostan. Candeish, Visiapour, and a Deep River, in North Carolina, one of
part of Dowlatabad, are subject to the the main and higher branches of Cape Fear
Mahrattas ; the remainder, to the Nizam of river,
the Deccan. Oeer Creek, south westernmost township
Deception, bay of North America, on the Pickaway county, Ohio. Population in
Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 48 W. lat. 46 1°20, 1532.
12 N, Deer Cr-eeil", township of Ohio, Madison
Deception Passage, strait of North Ame- county. Population in 1820, 584.
rica on the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 48 Deerfield, post town and township, Rock-
W lat. 47 10 N. inghani county, New Hampshire. Popula-
Decision Cape, south point of an island, tion in 1820, 2133.
lying between Prince of Wales' Island, and Deerfield, p st town and township, Frank-
King George's Island. Lon. VV C 56 56 lin county, Massachusetts, on the W side
W, lat. 56 05 N. of Connecticut river, 17 miles N from
Decise, ancient town of France, in the de- Northampton. Population in 1820, 1868.
partment of Ni( vre and late province of Deerfield, township of Oneida county,
Nivernois, seated in an island formed by New York, opposite Utica, on the Mohawk.
the Loire, 16 mihs SE of Nevers. Lon. Population in 1820, 2344.
4 31 E. lat. 46 50 N. Deerfield, \i(iS\.\ovir\, Cumberland coun-
Deckendorf, town of Lower Bavari.i, ty, New Jersey. Population 1900.
seated near the Danube, 37 miles SE of Deerfield, township in the SE angle of
Ratisbon. It wa- taken by tl.e Swedes in Portage county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
1641. Lon. 12 55 E, la» 48 42 N.
UeckerstoTvn, post town, Sussex county.
New Jersey.
Deddington, town in Oxfordshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It is 16 miles N of
Oxford, and 70 W\W of London. Lon.
1 1'2W. lai. 52 2N.
430.
Deerfield, township of Morgan county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 558.
Deerfield, township of Ross county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1804.
Deerfield river, rises in Vermont, ''and
flowing S enters Massachusetts, turns to
Dedham, village in Essex, noted for an nearly E and falls into Connecticut Jriver
ancient large church, which has a fine Go- between ^.Greenfield "and Deerfield.
thic steeple. It is six miles N of Colches- D<?er/w^, post town -^nd townshtp,"Hills-
ter. borough county, New Hampshire. Popu-
Dedham, post town and seat of justice, lation in 1820, 1415.
Norfolk county, Massachusetts : situated Deer Isle, island'and township, Hancock
on the S side of Charles river, about 11 county, Maine, nine mile SE from Castine.
miles from Boston. It has a post office Population 1500.
and 2493 inhabitants. • JDeerhurst, village three miles S of
Dee, river of N. Wales, which rises in Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, subject,
Merionethshire, in N. Wales, and run- E by its low situation, to frequent'inundations
to the borders of Denbighshire, where
turning N it washes the walls of Chester,
and then with a broad channel falls into
the Irsh Sea.
Dee, river of Scotland, which rises in
Aberdeenshire, amid the mountains of Mar
Forest, and flows through ■■> wild country
till It reaches the fertile vale of Brae-mar,
from the Severn.
Deer Park, post' town. Orange county.
New York. Pojiuiation in 1820, 1340.
Deinse, or Deynse, town of Austrian
Flanders, seated on the Lis, eight mdes
SVV of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 E lut. 50 59 N.
DeKalb, post town, St. Lawrence coun-
ty. New York, on Oswegatchie river, 20
whence it proceeds in an easterly direction miles above its junction with St. Lawrence,
to Aberdeen, below which it falls into the Population in 1820, 709
British Ocean. Over it there is a bndge
of seven arches. it abounds with salmon,
so as to form ore of the greatest salmon
fishe"ies in Scotland.
Delagoa, bay of Africa, on the Indian
Ocean. Lat. 27 S.
Delaware, river of the United States.
The Delaware basin, intervening between
Dee, river of Scotland, which rises m that of Susquehannah and that of the Hud-
the NW part of Kircudbrightslnre, and son, extends about 250 miles from north
joining the Ken, below New Galloway, falls to soutli, with a mean width of 60 miles,
into the Irish Sea, at Kirkcudbright. extending over an ar^-a of 15,600 square
Deeping, town in Lincolnshire, with a miles. The Dt^la-vure ri.-es by two branches
market on Thursday. It is seated on the in the Catsbergs, drai.'iing the angle be-
Wr.Hand, m a fenny country, six miles E tween the Su-qiiehan uh and Schoharie
of Stan^ford, and 90 N of London. Lon. 0 branch of Mohawk. The sources of the
21 W. lat. 52 42 N. Delaware flow SW by cornparative courses.
Deep Creek, post office, Pasquotank 50 miles, through Delaware county, in
countv. North Carolina. New York, uniteat the NE .ingle of Penn-
4.56
DEL
DEL
sylvanla, and turn at right angles to a course
ofSE; following the latter direction, by
comparative courses, 7J mile,-, to the NW
angle of New Jerse\ , ami tiie btise of the
Kitatitiny niwuntain ; again turning with
the aioiintain to the S\V, follows that
course along its base, by comparative
co'irses, 40 miles, to the mouth of Broad-
head creek, wliere the river again turns,
and p isses tlie Kitta'.inny mountain. Tne
g-eneral physiognomy of the Susquehannah
and Delaware, every where remaikable, is
in no other place so striking as in the val-
ley between the Kiit.itinny mountain and
the continuation of the Blue Ridge, below
Easton and tlie moutli of the Lehigh.
Tills river has a very crooked course ab >ve
and even below the Blue Moun'ains ; tlie
country is very mo>Miaiiiou-, through winch
it passes, until it leaves the Watergap. It
con.inues hilly along its banks, below the
mountain as tiir down as Wells falls below
the village of New Hupe, in Bucks county.
It has many rapids an 1 shallows along iis
whole length, until it reaches Trenton falls,
where it meets the tide. Boat navigation
is vt-ry difficult above Easton. From Eas-
ton to the tide, the navigation has been
improved, and at present, a very consider-
able trade is Carried on m this part ot the
river.
In the Kittatinny valley, 25 miles, by
comparative courses, below the Delaware
v/atergap, the Lehigh comes in from the
northwest.
The latter stream claims a very large
share of attention, as being one of the
great channels from which the city of Phi-
ladelphia, and indeed the whole Atlantic
coast, is destined to receive exhaustless
supplies of coal.
This branch of the Delaware rises in
Wayne, Luzerne, and Northampton, and is,
empliatically, a mountain str am. Flow-
ing first to S W, curves to S and SE, pierces
the Kittatinny mountain, crosses the Kit.
tan-iy valley in a SE direction, is turned by
the SE mountain at Allentown, where it
winds to NE, and joins the Delav/are at
the borough of Easton, after a compara-
tive cjurse of aboDt 80 miles. See Le-
high.
Below the SE mountain, the Delaware
turns to a SE course 35 mles, ti where it
leaves the primitive, and falis into 'he al-
luvial formation at tlie head of tide water.
Continuing over the alluvion four or five
miles, the Delaware again turns to S\V,
nearly parallel to, antl about five miifs dis-
tant fr!jm, the primitive ledge, in which di-
rection it flows, by comparative courses,
35 miles, to th? mouth of ilie Schuylkill.
Respecting the Schuylkill, it is sufficient
to observe, that, it has its principal sources
in Northampton and Schuylkill cotmties :
that its general course is from NW to SE,
K k
by comparative courses, 120 miles. Few
secondary rivers of the American conti-
nent are destined to become of equal im-
portance with the Schuylkill, as a channel
of inland navigaaon. The general course
of SW is mainiained by the Delaware,
about 30 miles below the mouth of the
Schuylkill, or about five miles b-low New
Castle. Here the river, already considera-
bly expanded in width, opens mto a wide
triangular bay, &5 miles in length, and 30
wide, between Capes Hinlopen and May.
See Schuylkill.
Ddaivare Bay, the estuary of the Dela'
ware river, between New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania, and between New Jersey and De-
laware. This bay in strictness commences
at Trenton, at the he<d of tide water, but
is usually computed fr >m Fishers Point
b. low New Castle to r;apes May aid H n-
lopen. Thus ler^tncled it rs about 65
miles long, aul v .u-ymg in width from 3 to
30 miles. It admits the entra-icc or the larg-
est vessels though much impeded by
shoals.
DeUnvnre, one of the United States.
Tills stjte is boun led by an ex'erior limit,
from its SE angle at Fenwick's
island to Cape Hinlopen 20
Along the right shore of Dela-
ware bay - - - • 90
Around the semicircle of 12 miles
radius from New Castle - 25
Thence nearly south along Mary-
land .... sr
Thence due east to Fenwick's
Island - - - - 36
Having an entire outline of - 258
Area, 2120 square miles, equal to 1,356,800
acres.
Extreme length from south to north, 96
miles ; greatest breadth along^ its south
boundarv 36 miles.
- Extending from lat. 38 29, to 39 54 N.
Tile state of Delaware from its confined
extent, and position presents the most
uniform mrface of any of the great politi-
cal sections of the United States. That
pan of D laware bordering on Pennsylva-
nia, rises into liiils of sor.e litle elevation,
and is extremely well watered Reced-
ing, how. ver, down Delaware bay, or
rather ulo ig the intervening peninsula
between that and Chesapeak bay the face
of the countiy becomes m .re monotonous,
and finally smks to a near y g-neral level.
Some parts of he lower sections of the
state are marshy, some sandy, but inters-
persed with productive tracts. Tiie res-
pective fcrility of the different divisions of
the stae can bs' se n liy reference to the
different counties with their comparative
population.
in the northern part of the state the soil
is well adapted to the production of grain
DEL
DEL
aiid pasturage. Grain and flour are there-
fore staple commodities. For the manu-
facture of the latter article few places in
any country can possess greater natural
facilities, than docs higher Delaware.
Brandy wine creek ris ng on the primitive,
and secondary formations in Pennsylvania
is precipitated over considerable rapids in
its passage from the primitive rock to the
alluvial tract below. Red Cky and White
Clay creeks, branches of Christiana river
present similar features io Brandy wine,
and taken together, affird an uncommon
assemblage of seats for mills and other
manufactories. Much has been done to
improve those natural advantages. Manu-
factories of paper, gunpowder, and cotton
and woollen goods have been extensively
estabhshed. A canal to unite the Dela-
ware and Chesapeak bays, and to crop
the state of Delaware, was undertaken in
May, 1804. This enterprise, after consi-
derable labour and funds had been ex-
pended, was from various causes, suspend-
ed, in 1805 ; but now, (1822) is again re-
vived, with the most flattering hopes of
success.
For political and legal purposes Dela-
ware is subdivided into the following coun-
ties ; having the population respectively
annexed, in 1820.
New Castle - - 2^,899
Kent - - - 20,793
Sussex - - - 24,057
72,749
Free persons of colour, females S9
Slaves, males - . . 33
do. females . . « 23
Total population in 1820, 26,587
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 558
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,771
do. in Manufactures - 735
do. in Commerce - - 44
Population to the square mile, 16,
Delarware, county of Pennsylvania, on the
Delaware river ; bounded by Delaware
river SE ; state of Delaware SW ; Chester
NW ; Montgomery and Philadelphia coun-
ties NE ; length 20 ; mean width 10 ; area
300 square miles. Surface generally hilly,
with a soil naturally productive, and much
improven in many places by artificial
means. The Staples of this county, consist
of grain, flour, fruit, and an indefinite
number of articles for the Philadelphia
market. Chief town, Chester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 7,084
do. do. females . - - 6,828
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 822
In the convention held at Philadelphia
in 1787, the inhabitants were computed at
37,000. According to the census of 1790,
they amounted to 59,000 ; m IbOO, they had
risen to 64,273.
Delatvare, county of \ew York ; bounded
by Pennsylvania SVV ; Broome W ; Otsego
N ; Schoharie and Greene NE, and Ulster
and Sullivan SE ; length 45 ; mem width
36 ; area 1630 square miles. Surface hilly
in general, and in part mountainous. Soil
nevertheless fertile, and productive in
grain, fruits and meadow grasses. Chief
town, Delhi.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 10,409
do. do females - - 9,762
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 77
Slaves ... - - 55
Total population in 1810 - 20,303
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 13,441
do. do. females ... 13,008
Total whites - - - 26,449
^^e persons of colour, males 43
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . «
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 -
14,734
7,001
6,700
14,810
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - HO
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,111
do. in Manufactures - 843
do. in Commerce ~ - 48
Population to the square mile, 74.
Delaware, township of Wayne county,
Pennsylvania.
Delaware, township of Mercer county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 424.
Delaware, town of Virginia, King William
county, on the point between the Pamunky
and Matapony rivers.
Delaiuare, county of Ohio, on Sciota and
Whitsione rivers, and on Ailum creek;
bounded by Franklin S; Madison SW;
Union W ; Marion N, and Knox and Lick-
ing E ; leng'.h 27 ; mean breadth 24 ; area
about 650 square miles. Surface rather
waving than hilly ; soil in general produc-
tive. Chief town, Delaware
DEL.
DEM
Population in 1810,
Free white males ... 1,033
do, do, fem;iles - - . 923
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 44
Total population in 1810 - - 2,000
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,986
do. do. females - • 3,616
Total whites - - - - 7,602-
Free persons of colour, males - 19
do. do, females - 18
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - 7,639
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 38
Engaged m Agriculture - 1,163
do. in Manufactures - 198
do, in Commerce - • 0
Population to the square mile, 12, nearly,
Delery, seigniory, Lower Canada, Hun-
tingdon county, on the Sorelle rivei', 27
mdes SSE from Montreal, Isle Aux Noix
is in this seigniory.
Delft, city of the United Provinces, in
Holland. It is clean and well built, wiih
canals in the streets, planted on each side
with trees It is about two miles in cir-
cumference ; and has a fine arsenal well
furnished. It is noted for a considerable
manufacture of earthen ware known by the
name of Delft ware. It is seated on the
Schie, eight miles NW of Rotterdam, and
30 SW of Amsterdam, Lon. 4 24 E, lat.
52 4 N,
Delftshaven, fortified town of Holland, on
the N side of the Maese, with a canal to
Delft, 84c. It is between Rotterdam and
Schiedam, not tliree miles from each,
Delfzy, fortress of the United Provinces,
in Groningen. It is seated on the river
Damster, 13 miles NE of Groningen.
Dellii, province of Hindoostan Proper ;
bounded on the NW by Lahore, on the NE
by Serinagur, on the E by the Rohilla
country, on the S by Agra, and on the W
by Moultan. Having been the seat of con-
tinual wars for above 50 years, it is almost
depopulated ; and a tract of country that
possess every advantage that can be deri-
ved from nature, contains the most misera-
ble of inhabitants. It is now all that re-
mains to the Great Mogul of his once ex-
tensive empire.
Delhi, capital of a province of the same
name, in Hindoostan Proper, seated on the
river Jumna, It is the nominal capital of
all Hindoostan, and was the actual capital
during the greatest part of the time since
the Mahometan conquest. In 1738, when
Nadir Shah invaded Hindoostan, he entered
Delhi, and dreadful were the massacres
and famine that followed ; 100,000 of the
inhabitants perished by the sworJ ; and
plunder, to the amount of 62,u00,O00A ster-
ling, was said to be collected. The same
calamitief they endured on the subsequent
invasions of Abdalla, king of Candahar.
Delhi is 80 miles NNE of Bombay, Lon.
77 40 E, lat. 28 37 N.
Delhi, post town and seat of justice, in
Delaware county, New York, on Coquago
branch ot Delaware river, 70 miles WSW
from Albany.
Delhi, township of Delaware count}',
New York, includuig the foregoing village.
Population in 1820, 2285.
Delichi, river of ,\lbania, the Acheron of
the ancient poets, who feigned it to be in
hell.
Delmcnhorst, town of Westphalia, in the
county of Delmenliorst, belonging to Den-
mark. It is seated on the Delm, near the
Weser eiglit miles SW of Bremen.
Dehs, island of the Archipelago, now
called Dili. There are abundance of fine
ruins supposed to be of the temples of
Diana and Apollo, whose birtli-place it is
said to be. 1 1 is six miles in circiunference,
but now destitute of inhabitants. Lon. 25
59 E, lat. 37 30 N.
Delphi, or Delphos, town of Livadia,
seated in a valley, near mount Parnassus,
It was famous for the oracle of Apollo,
which people came f om all p r;s to consult.
Delsperg, town of Sv.'is crianci, in the
bishopric of B:isle, 10 liiiles KW ot Soleure,
Lon, 7 23 E, lat. 47 17 N.
Delta, part of lower Kgypt, l.ttween tiie
branches of tSie Nile and the Mediterra-
nean. The ancients called it the isle of
Delta, because it is in the shape of a trian-
gle, like the Greek letter of that name. It
is 130 miles along the coast i"r.)m Damietta
to Alexandria, and 70 on the sides, from the
place where the Ni e begins to divide it-
self. It is the most plentitul country of all
Egypt, and it ruins more here than in other
parts ; but its fertility is chiefly owing- to
the inundations of the Nile, The princi-
pal towns on the coast are Damietta, Ro-
setta, and Alexandria.
Demer, river which rises in the bishopric
of Litge, waters TIasselt, Diest, Sichem,
Arschot, and Mechlin, below wiiich it joins
the Senne, and takes the n me of Rupel.
Demerara, river of South America, in
Guiana, rises -t about lat. 4 N, and flowing
nearly north 20J miles, falls into the Atlan-
lic Ocean, 10 miles E from the mouth of
tlje Isiquiljo river.
Demerara, province formerly of Dutch
Guiana, lying on both sides of the Deme-
rar.i river. It was ceded to Great Britain
in 1814,
Detneraru, settlement formerly belonging
259
BEN
D E K
to the Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the
same name, three leagues W of Paramari-
bo. It was taken by the English in April,
1796.
Uemmin, ancient town of Swedish Pome-
rania, in the duchy of Stet n, seated on the
river Peen. Lon, 13 22 E, la- . S3 52 N.
.Demona, fort of Piedmi nt, on the river
Sture, 10 miles S\V of Coni, Lon. 7 28
E, lat. 48 18 N
Denain, village of France in the depart-
ment of the North and lute province of
Hainault. It is s< ated on the Scheldt 8
miles W of Vali nciennes.
Denbigh, county-town of Denbieb shire ;
situate on the side of a ro ky lull, on a
branch of the river Clvvyde. Its ruined
castle, with its vast enclosui-e crowning the
top of the hill, forms a slrikin.c objt-ct. It
has a market on Wednesduv, seiids one
member to parhament, and s 27 miles W
of Chester, and 208 N\V of London. Lon.
3 35 W, lat. 53 UN.
DenbigJishire, county of Wales, bounded
on the S by Merioneth and Montgomery
shires, on the N by F intshire and il-e Irish
Sea, on the VV by Caernarvon and jjart of
Merionethshire. Ii is about 40 miles long
and 21 broad. Tiie air is wholrsome, but
sharp; the coMuty being pretty hilly, and
tiie snow lying long ^n the tops of the
mountains. The soil in general is barren
The chief commodities are black cattle,
sheep, goats, rye, and lead ore The coun-
ty sends two members to parliaiiefit.
Population in 1801. 60,352, in 1811, 64,240,
and in 1821, 74,511.
DendeVfUvey of Austrian Hainault, which
waters Leuze, .\th, Lessincs, Grammont,
Ninove, and Alost, and jo.ns ihe Scheldt at
Di'nd^rmonde.
Dendevmonife, city of Flanders, with a
strong citadel. It was taken by the French
in 1794, when they overran Holland It is
surrounded by marches and fine meadows,
which can be covered with water, and is
seated at the confluence of the Dender and
Scheldt, 16 miUs W of Mechlin. Lon. 4
IDE, lat. 51 3N.
Benia, ancient seaport of Spain, in Va-
lencia. It is seatid at the foot of a m >un-
tain, on the Mediterranean, 52 miles E of
Alicant. Lon. 0 36 E, lat. 33 44 N.
Denmark, kinjjdom of Europe ; bounded
on the E by the Baltic sea, W ai'd N by the
Ocean, and S by Germany. The country
ifl generally flat, and the sod sandy 'I'he
air is rendered foggy by the neighbuurhood
of the seas and lakes, of which it is full ;
but it has no considerable river. Denmaik,
properly so called, consists of Jutland and
the islands of Zealand and Fimen, with the
little isles about them. The king of Den-
mark's dominions, however, con air the
duchy of Holstein, Iceluid, the Farroe
islands, and also Norway till lately ; but in
260
consequence of Denmark being in alliance
witii Franc. , during the grand confedi racy
against that Power, in 1813, th^- allies, un>-
der the crown prince of Sweden, soon after
the battle of Leipsic, entered the king's
diiminion^ in the North of Germany ; and
after several severe- battles, in wliich the
Danes had to contend w th ver> superior
numbers, the king was compelled to con-
clude a treaty, wherein he ceded Norway
to S-veden, and was to receive in exchange,
Swedish Ponii rania, and the Isle of Rwgen.
In the East Indies, Denmark possesses
Tranquebar on the coa^t of Coromandel,
and the Nicobar islands; in the West In-
dies, ;he islands of St Thomas, St. Croix,
and St. John ; Christiatiburg on the coast
of Guinea; and a small part of Greenland.
Di-nmark was once a limited and elective
monarchy ; but, in 1660, it was made abso-
lute and hereditary, by a revolution almost
imp ralleled iu liistory ; a free people
voluntarily resigning tiieir liberties into the
hands of their sovereign. The inhabita' ts
are protestants since the year 1522, when
they embrced the co' fession ot Augsburg.
The manners and customs of the superior
classes dift'er little from those in other parts
of Europe ; but the peasantry continue in a
state of vassal ge, except those of the
crown. The revenues, which arise fiom
tlie crown and duties, are supposed to
amount to 1,50: ,000^ a year The har-
bou!'s of Denmark are well calculated for
trade ; and c mmercial companies are es-
tablished to the East Indies, West Indies,
and Africa. The pr.)duce of Denmark, be-
side fir and other timber, is black cattle,
horses, butter, tal'cw, hides, pitch, tar,
fish, oil, and iron. Copenhagen is the
capital.
Denmark now contains:
Population.
Jutland - ^ - - 400,000
The islands of Zealand, Fu-
nen, Langland, Laland,
Falster, &c. - - 550,000
Holstein - - - 350,000
Sleswick - - - 300,G00
Lauenburgh - - 40,000
Iceland - - - 60,000
Faroe Islands - - 5,000
Sittlements in the East and
West Indies - - 100,000
1,805,000
Denmark; post town, Lewis county.
New York, on Black river, on the road
from Utica to Sackett's Harbor.
Denmark, township of New York, in
Lewis county. Population in 1820. 1745.
Denmark, post town and township,
Oxford county, Maine, on Saco river.
Population in 1820, 792.
D E R
D E R
Demnark, township, Ashtabula county,
Ohio, 6 miles E tnm J'-ffersuii.
Dennis, p'St town and township, in
BanisLablf county, M.issdchus' its, about
eight milts troin Barnstable. Popuiation
in IS2U, 1997.
Dennis, post village, Amelia county,
Virginia.
IJcnnis- Creek; post office, Cape Mary
county, Nf w Jersey.
Dennynville post town and township,
Washington county, Maine, on the left
bank of Denny's river, 23 milts NE
from Machias, and 17 NW from East-
port
Denny's River, rises in Madvbemp
lake, Washington countv, Maine, and
flowing SE, falls into Cnbbescook bay.
Denton, post town, and capital of
Caroline county, Maryland ; standing on
the E side of Choptank river, about
seven miles E from Hillsborough, and 8
S from Greensborough.
Dentrecanteaux' s Channel separates
Bruny's island from Van Uii-man's land.
Deny'a, St. famous town of France, in
the department of Paris. Ht^re is an an-
cient and magnificent church, in which
were the tombs of many of the French
kings : and in the treasuiy, among other
Curiositifs, the swords of St. Lewis and
the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of
Charhmagne It is seated on the river
Crould, near the Seine, five miles N of
Paris. Lnn 2 26 E, lat- 48 56 N.
Deposit, post office Delaware county.
New York, on Delaware river, 105 miles
W from Cats kill.
Depiford, town of Kent, four miles E
of London It has a bridge over the
river at Ravensbourn, near its influx into
the Thames, where it once had a deep
ford from whence it had its name. It is
remarkable for its fine docks and for the
king's yard and storehouses. It was an
ciently called West Greenwich. It is
divided into Upper and Lower D( ptfurd,
and has two parish churches. Here is a
hospital, incorporated by Henry VIII.
called Trinity House of Dep'ford Strond.
It contains 21 houses : a more modern
structure, and a finer one, called Tr ni-
ty Hospital, contains 38. Both these are
for decayed pilots, or masters of ships,
or their widows, who have a handsome
monthly allowance. Deptford is four
mil»-s Efrom London. Lon. 0 4 E, lat.
51 30 N.
Drptford, township of Gloucester
county. New Jersey. Population in 1820,
3281.
Derbane, river of Louisiana, in the
parishes of Natchitoches and Ouachitta ;
it rises in a hilly pine ridge in the parish
of Natchitoches, enterlocking with t^e
sources of Dacheet and Black Lake river.
i"h cnciri length of Derbane is about 80
mile-i, it enters Ouachitta 3 miivs above
fort Miro. This little stream is navi-
gable at high water thirty or forty miles;
some good farming lands lie along the
outer vales, between t e w>,tcr courses'
and hills, but in general, the country
drained by the D rbane, is open unpro-
ductive jjine woods.
Dtrbane, small river of Louisiana;
rises in the parish of the interior of La-
fourche, and flowing SE falls into the
gulf. of M xico, 10 miles W from the
mouth of Lafourche river.
Derbane, creek {bayou) of Louisiana,
in Opelonsas, fails into the Courtableau
from the left.
Derbent, seaport and fortress of Per-
sia, in the province of Schirvan, on the
W coast of the Caspian Sea. The town
is inhabited chiefly by Persians, Tartars,
and a few Armenians It is said to have
been built by Alexander the Great, and
is surrounded by high brick walls. The
fortress surrendered tc* the Russians, in
May, 1796, after a siege ot ten days. It
is seated at the foot "f Mount Caucasus.,
Lon. 50 0 E, lat 42 8 N.
Derby, county town of Derbyshire,
with a market on Friday. It is seated
on the Derwent, over which is a hand-
some stone bridge. In 1734, a machine
was erected here by sir Thomas Lombe,
for the manufacturing of siik, the model
of which was brought from Italy. Derby
possesses also a considerable manufac-
ture of silk, cotton, and fine worsted
stockings ; and has a fabric of porcelain,
equal, if not superior in quality, to any in
the kingdom Several hands are em-
ployed in the lai)idary and jewellery
branches ; and Derbyshire marbles, spars
and crystals, are wrought into a variety
of ornamental articles. Derby sends two
members to parliament, and is governed
by a mayor It is 36 miles N of Coven-
try, and 126 NNW of London. Lon. 1
'25 W, lat. 52 58 N.
Derby post town. New Haven county,
Connecticut, on the left bank of Housa-
tonick, at its junction with the Nauga-
tuck river. This place is remarkable
for its mills and other manufactories,
erected at the falls of the Naugatuck
and Eight Mile rivers.
Derby, post town of Vermont, in Or-
leans County on lake Memphramagog.
Population in 1820, 710.
Derby, township of New Haven coun-
ty, Connecticut. Population in 1820,
2088.
Derbyshire, English county, bounded
on the N by Yorkshire, on the E by Not-
tinghamshire, on the S by Leicestershire
261
D E K
D a. T
and Warwickshii-e, on the W by Staf-
tbrdbhire, and o.i ih<r NW by Cheshire.
It litb in thi ducthf nt Litchfif Id and Co-
veiilry, st- • ds tVur rti' mbcrs to parlia-
ment, and contains six '.undrcds. 11 mar-
ket towns, and 1 .16 parishes. It iS near
59 inilits iii length from scuth to north;
about 34 in brtadth on the north side,
but on tht south no more than six. The
pri. cipai rivers are the Dervvtnt, Dove,
Erwash and Trent. Popuation in 1801,
161,142, in 1811, 185,487, and in 1821,
21j 333.
Dereham^ town in Norfolk, with a
market (-n Friday. The market is noted
for wod and yarn. It is 14 miles W of
Norwich, and 100 NNE of London. Lon.
1 0 E lat. 52 42 N.
Dtrenburg town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Halherstadt.
Dereote, or Ddroute, town of Enypt,
in the isle formed by the canal from
Cairo to Rosetta. Here is a magnifi-
cent temple. Lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30
40 N.
Dermon^ township of Fayette county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 2379.
Derne, town of Barbary. It is the
capital of a district in Tripuli near the
coast. Lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30 40 N.
Derry, township of Dauphin county,
Pennsylvania, on the Swatara creek, 12
miles from Harrisburg. Population in
1820, 2256.
Derry, township of Mifflin county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1551.
Derry, township of Westmoreland
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
2301.'
Derry, township of Columbia county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1662.
Derry, township of Guernsey county,
Ohio. 'Population in 1820, 902,
Derfi town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Riga, with a bishop's see, and a
university It lies near the river Am-
bec, .50 miles NVV of Pskof. Lon. 26 15
E, lat. 58 30 N
De Ruyter, township and post town,
in the SW angle of Madison cnuntv,
New York. Population in 1820, 1214.'
Derivent, river in Devonshire, which
rises in the high Peak, passes Derby, and
empties itself into the Trent on the bor-
ders of Leicestershire.
Dtriuent, river of Yorkshire, which
rising in the N riding, flows into the
Ouse, b low York.
Derwent, river of Durham, which
flowing for some time between Durham
and Noi'thumberland, falls into the Tyne,
above Newcastle.
Dtrwent, river of Cumberland, which
flowing through the lakes of Derwent-
water, and Bassenthwaite-waterto Cock-
262
ermouth, enters the Irish Sea, near
Workington.
Derweni-tvater, lake of Cumberland,
in the vale of Keswick. It is three
miles in length, and a mile and a half
wide. Five islands rise out of this lake,
which add greatly to the beauty of the
appearance. On one of them is an ele-
gant modern-built house,
Desaguero, river of South America.
See Colerado.
Desaguero, river of South America, in
La Paz flows north into lake Titicaca.
Deseada, one of the French Caribbee
Islands, in the West Indies, It is 10
miles long and five broad, and is gene-
rally th< first land that is made in sailing
to the West Indies, Lon. 61 20 W, lat.
16 4U N
Deseado, Ca/ie, on the NW coast of
Terra del Fuego. Lon. W C 0 IS E,
lat. 52 52 S.
Des Moi?is, large branch of the Mis-
sissippi, rises at N lat. 43 40, and Lon. W
C 18 W. It thence flows SE by com-
parative courses 350 miles, falls into the
Mississippi, about 130 miles by water
above the mouth of Missouri.
Desna, river of Russia, joins the Dnie-
per from the NE at Kiov.
Desolation, La/ie, on the SW coast of
Terra del Fuegu, South America. Lon.
W C 10 30 E. lat. 54 55 S.
Desolation, Cape, of Greenland. Lon.
W C 30 E, lat. 61 45 N.
Depage. See Fox river.
Des Planes, river, branch of Illinois rises
to the W from lake Michigan, and flowing
S joins the Kankakee from the E and
forms Illinois. Ai seasons of high water a
channel is open between the Dee Planes,
and Chicago rivers. See Cldcago.
Dessaw, strong town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, and province of
Anhalt. It belongs to its own prince, and
is seated on the Elbe, 37 miles N of Leip-
sic. Lon. 12 22 E. lat. 51 53 N.
Destruction, or Queeti Hythe, island of the
United States in the Pacific Ocean on the
coast of North America. Lon, W C 47 50
W. lat. 47 37 N.
Detliinold, town of Westphalia, on the ri-
ver Wehera, 15 miles N of Paderborn.
Lon. 8 55 E. lat. 52 0 N.
Detroit, post town, and capital of Michi-
gan territory. It is situated on the west-
em bank of the strait St. Clair, or Detroit
river, between lake Ene and lake St. Clair ;
18 miles north of the west end of the for-
mer, and nine miles below the latter.
Fort Detroit is of an oblong figure, built
with stockades, and advantageously situat-
ed, with one entire side commanding the
river. The town is near a mile in circum-
ference, and previous to its being burned
U E T
D E V
in January, 1805, enclosed about 300
houses and a Roman CAtliotic cluirch ;
buiit in a regular manner, with parallel
crossing each other at right angles. It is
rising again on a large scale, with wider
streets. For eight miles below, and the
same distance above Detroit, on both sides
of the river, the country is divided into re-
gular and well cultivated plantations; and
from the contiguity of the farmers' houses
to each other, they appe.ir as two long ex-
tended villages. The inhabitants, who
were mostly French, were about 2000 in
number, in 1778, 500 ot whom were as
good marksmen as the Indians tliemselves,
and as well accustomed to the woods.
They raise large flocks of black cattle,
and great quantities of corn, which they
grind by windmills, and manufacture into
excellent flour. The chief trade of De-
troit consists in a barter of coarse Europe-
an goods with the natives f)r furs, deer
skins, tallow, 8;c. The exports from this
place for the year 1804, amounted to
38,028 dollars. By the treaty of Green-
ville, August 3, 1795, the Indians have ced-
ed to the United States tht- post of Detroit,
and all the land to the north, the west and
south of it, of which the Indian title has
been extinguished by gifts or grants to the
French or English governments. In 1807,
the Indians, for 59,500 dollars, ceded to
the United States about 50,000,000 of
acres, extending from fort Defiance on the
Miami, 260 miles on that river, lake Erie,
the Detroit nver and lake, the river St.
Clair and lake Huron, including all the
streams falling into those waters. The
tort, &c. was delivered up by the British in
July, 1796, according to treaty. Lon. W
C 5 50 W.lat.42 25 N.
Detroit River, or Strait of St. Clair, is-
sues from lake St. Clair, and enters the
west end of lake Erie, forming part of the
boundary line between the United States
and Upper Canada. In ascending it, its
entrance is more than three mile wide, but
it perceptibly diminishes ; so ;hat opposite
the fort, 18 miles from lake Erie, it does
not exceed half a mile in wi.lth ; and from
thence to St. Clair, it widens more than a
mile. The channel of the strait is gentle,
and wide and deep enough for shipping of
great burthen, although it is incommoded
by several islands, one of which is more
than seven miles in length, Tliese islands
are of a fertile soil, and from their situation
afford a very agreeable appearance. The
length or the river is 28 miles ; and several
streams fall into it, chiefly from the north-
west, viz. Bauche, Clora, Cuni^re, Detroit
and Huron rivers. There are several
windmills on the Detroit, and an orchard
adjoining almost every hou e. I'he set-
tlers are numerous, and the improvements
handsome and exten.sive. V.'hen the trees
are in blossom, the prospect as you pass
thr )ugii the strait is perhaps as delightful
as any in 'he wo; Id
Detroit, le Petit, on the Ottav.'a river, is
below the upper main forks of the Otiawa
river.
Dettingen, village of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Hanau. The French were defeat-
ed near this town in 1743 by George 11. It
lies between Hanau and Aschaffenburg",
four miles from each.
Deva, seaport of Spain, on the bay of
Biscay, in the province of Guipuscoa, 15
miles' SE of Bilboa. Lon. 2 40 W. lat. 43
24 N
Devento, town of Bulgaria, with a Greek
archbishop's see, seated on the river Pani-
za, 65 miles XB of Adr anople. Lon. 37
33 E. lat. 42 33 N.
Deventer, ciiy of the United Provinces,
the capital of Overyssel, with a university.
It is surrounded by strong walls, and seated
on the river Yssel, 50 miles E of Amster-
dam. Lon. 5 56 E. lat. 52 18 N.
Deverte, bay of New Brunswick, on the
NE coast. Lon. W C 13 10 E. lat. 46 N.
Dez>etto, or Zagoria, town in Bulgaria,
not far from the see of a Greek archb'.shop.
It is situated near the Black Sea, 100 miles
N of Constantinople. Lon. 27 22 E. lat,
42 25 N.
Devizes, borough in Wilts with a market
on Thursday, and a manufacture of serges
and other woollen btuflTs. It is seated on a
hill, sends two members to parliament, ,ind
is 24 miles NW of Salisbury, and 89 \V of
London. Lon. 2 2 W. lat. 51 20 N.
Devon, river of Perthshire, over which,
in the beautiful vale ot Gletidevon, is a
great curiosity, called the Rumbling
Bridge. It consists of one arch, thrown
over a horrible chasm, worii by the river,
about 80 feet deep, and very narrow. In
other places, the river has forced its way
in a surprising manner, through the rocks.
At the Ch Idron-lin, it has worn away the
softer parts of the stone, and formed im-
mense pits, into which the water falls with
a tremendous noise. Below this, the whole
river is precipitated in one sheet, from a
height of 40 feet.
Devonshire, county of England, 70 mile.g
long and 64 broad, bounded on the N W and
N by the Bristol channel, E by Somerset-
shire and Dorsetshire, • SE and S by the
English channel, and W by Cornwall. It
contains 1,600,000 acres ; is divided into
32 hundreds, and 398 parishe- ; and has
one city and 35 market towns. The air is
so mild in the valleys, that the myrtle
grows unsheltered ; but it is cold and bleak
on the mountains. The soil is various, for
the lower grout^ds are naturally fertile, and
the hills are very barren. In the eastern
part there is plenty of good corn, and fine
pasturage for sheep, where the srrourd';
1) I c
DIE
are dry ami chalky. The southern part is
remarkably ferriie; and frui' trees are
pleiitifu esieciillv .ipples, with which a
great quan i y otc;-itr is m de.
On the coast is found a peculiar rich
sand, ot sipi^ulyr aervici- to husbandmen
The middie part is occupied by the
forest of Dartmoor. The western part
abounds with game, especially hares,
pheasants, and wood-cocks ; and here is
a bird so very small that it is reputed a
humming-bird, and like that constructs
its nests n the extreme branches of
trees. Devonshire was formerly more
celebrated for its mines than even Coin-
wall ; and although the latter has nearly
mompolized the trade, the stannary
laws in some degree remain in force.
Here are veins of loadstone ; likewise
quarries of good stone and slate, great
quantities of which are exported. In
the SW parts are much marble, and in
many places marble rocks are the basis
of the high road. The principal rivers
are the Tamar, Taw, Torridge, Ex,
Teign, and Dart. Exeter is the capital.
Popu Htion in 1801, 343.001, in 1811,
385, .108. and in 1821, 43Q 04,-.
Druprug, town of Tiuet, in the county
of Sinia ;ur. seated at the ronflnx of the
Allaknandara with the Ganges, 23 miles
S of Si'ii.Hgur.
Deux Fonts, or Zeivybrucken, late
duchv of Gt.'r:nany, in the palatinate of
the Rhine. The country is mountainous,
but celebrated for mines of quicksilver,
and yields abundance of corn, wood, and
wine.
Deux Fonts, town of Germany, once
the capital of the duchy of the same
name, with a magnificent palace. It is
seated on the Erbach, 49 miles NNW of
Strasburg, and 50 SW of Mentz. Lon.
7 28 E iat. 49 15 N.
Devon, county of Lower Canada,
south, off the St. Lawrence, between
Hertford and Cornwallis counties.
Diarbeck, or Diarbekir, province of
Asiatic Turkey, between the Tigris and
Euphrates ; bounded on the N by Ar-
menia, E by Curdistan, S by Irac-Arabi,
and W by Syria. It was the ancient
Mesopotamia.
Diarbckir, town of Asiatic Turkey,
capital of the province of Diarbek. and
the residence of a pacha The Turks
are more affable here than in other pla-
ces, with regard to the Christians, v.ho
are about 20,000 in number. It has a
great trade in Red Turk y leather, and
cotton cloth of the same colour. It is
seated on the Tigris. 150 miles NNE of
Aleppo. Lon. 39 40 E, Iat. 3r 18 N.
Dickinson, township of Franklin coun-
ty, TSfew York. Population in 1820, 495.
Dickinson College. See Car/is/e, Penn-
sylvania.
Dickinson, cownship »if Cumberland
county, Pennsylvania. Population in
1820. 2007
Dicfcin&on^s Store, post office, Caroline
county, Virginia.
Dickinsonville, post office, Franklin
county, Virginia.
Dick's, river of "K ntucky ; rises in
Rockcastle, and Lincoln counties, and
flowing NNW, separates Mf^rcer from
Garrard counties, falls into K' ntucky
river, 10 miles NE from Harrodsburg.
Dickson, cuinty of West 1 ennessee ;
bounded by Hickman S; Humphreys VV;
Sti wart NW ; Montgnmery N ; Robert-
son NE, and Davidson and Williamson
E; length 36; mi an width 30; area
1080. . Surface hilly in general ; soil
generally of but middling quality. Chief
town, Charlotte.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,837
do. do. females - - 1,699
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - _ _ o
Slaves 980
Total population in 1810 - 4,516
Population m 1820.
Free white males - . - 1,976
do. do. females • - 1,885
Total whites - - - 3,861
Free persons of colour, males lO
do. do, females 14
Slaves, males _ _ _ G67
do. females _ - - 658
Total population in 1820 - 5,190
2
1,164
93
II
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 5 nearly.
Die town of France in the depart-
ment of Dn>me and late province of
Dauphiny. It was lately an episcopal
see, and is seated on the Drone, 24
miles SE of Valence. Lon. 5 23 E, Iat.
44 42 N-
Diepholi, town of Westphalia, capital
of a country of the same name, subject
to the elector of Hanover. It is seated
on the Dummer Like, 30 miles NW of
M nden Lon. 8 45 E, Iat 52 36 N.
Dieppe, town of France in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine and late province
of Normandy, with a good harbour,
formed ^y the mouth of the river Ar-
ques, an old castle, and two piers. It is
D I L
D I N
not now so considerable as formerly. It
is 30 miles N of Rouen, and 132 NW of
Paris. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Diessenhofeen, considerable town of
Swisserland, in Thurgaus, seated on the
Rhine, five miles S of SchafFhauseu.
Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 47 "2,5 N.
Diest, town of Austrian Brabant, on
the river Demer, 15 miles NE of Lou-
vain. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 5U 59 N.
Dietz, town of Weteravia, capital of
a county of the same name, with a strong
castle. It is subject to the prince of
Nassau-Dillenburg, and is seated on the
Lohn, 16 miles E of Coblentz. Lon. 7
35 E, lat. 50 12 N.
Dieuzc, town of France, now in the
department of Meurthe lately in the pro-
vince of Lorrain, remarkable for wcrlls
of salt water, which produce much salt.
It is seated on the Scille, 22 miles NE
of Nanci. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 48 53 N.
Diez, St, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Vnsges and late province
of Lorrain. It is seated on the Meurthe,
30 miles SE of Luneville. Lon. 7 4 E,
lat 48 20 N.
Digby, township of Nova Scotia, on
the bay of Annapolis, 18 miles SW from
Annapolis.
Dighton, post town and port of entry,
Bristol county, Massachusetts, on the
right side of Taunton river, 39 miles S
from Boston, and 7 miles S from Taun-
ton. Population in 1820, 653.
Digmaii's- Ferry, post office, Pike
coun>ty, Pennsylvania.
Bignan, town of Istria, three miles
from the e;uU of Venice. Lon. 13 5 E,
lat 45 10 N
Bigne, town of Frar.ce, in the depart-
ment of the Lower Alps and late pro-
vince of Provence, with a bishop's see.
It is famous for its hot l)atiis, and is
seated 30 miles S hv VV of Embrun.
Lon. 6 12 E. lat. 44 10 N.
Bijon, iiiicifnt city of France, in the
department of Cote d'Or and late pro-
vince of Burt^uudy. It lias an academy
of sciences and belles-lettres. The pub-
lic structures, and particuhirly t!)e
churcbes, are very fine, and in one of
the squares was a statue of Lewis XIV.
which iias been destn-ed since the
French i-e volution. In front of the Palace
Royal, is the aiscient palace of the dukes
of Burgundy ; and at the gates of Dijnn
is a late chartreuse, in which some of
those princes are interred; Dijon is
seated in a pleasant plait), which produ-
ces excellent wine, between two small
rivers, 48 miles NE of Autun. The in-
habitants are computed at 20,000 Lon.
5 7 E. lat. 47 19 N.
Bili^ ^n Delos.'-'
I. I
Billa, Mount, remarkable promontory
on the Malabar coast, 20 miles N by W
of Tellicherry. Lon. 75 2 E, lat. 12
1 N.
Billenburg, town of Weteravia, capi-
tal of acouiity of the sahne nan>e, subject
to the prince of Nassau Dillenburg. It
is 22 miles NW ti Marpurg. Lon. 8 27
E, lat. 50 48 N
Billtngen, town of Suabia, with a uni-
versity. Here the bishop of Augsburg
resides. It is seated near the Danube,
17 miles NE of Augsburg. Lon. 10 20
E, lat. 48 30 N.
BilliardsvUle, post office, Rutherford
county, Tennessee.
Billsberg, post office, York county,
Pennsylvania.
Bilh-Ferry, post office, Northampton
county, Pennsylvania.
Binwiuc, town of Romania, with a
Greek archbishop's see It is seated on
a mountain, surrounded by the Merizza,
12 milts SW of Adrianijpie. Lon. 25
15 E, lat. 41 25 N
Biiiant, town of France, now in the
departntent of th< N.ith Coast, lately in
the province of Br.tagne. It is seated
on a craggy mountain, at the foot of
which is the river Ranee, 20 miles S
of St. Malo. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 48
20 N.
Binant, town of Westphalia, in the
bishopric of Liege, with a castle. It is
seated near the Meuse, 12 miles S of Na-
mur. Lon. 4 58 E, lat. 50 17 N.
Binasjnondy , town in Merionethshire,
with a market on Friday, 18 miles S of
Bala, and 196 NW of London. Lon. 3
40 W, lat. 52 37 N.
Binchurch village in Kent, in Rom-
nty Marsh. It is three miles NE of
Romney.
BinckensfiiL free imperial town of
Suabia, seated on the river Wcrnitz It
has a great and little council ; t!ie former
is a mixture of Ruman Catholics and
Lutherans: but the little one is all Ro-
man Catholics. It carries on a trade
in cloth and reaping-hotks, and is 37
■ ■liles SW of Nuremburg, Lon. 10 20
E. lat. 49 0 N.
Jlingeljing. town of Germany, in Low-
er Brivaria, seated en the Iser, 20 miles
NE of Landschut. Lon. 12 36 E, lat.
48 40 N.
Bingle, seaport of Ireland in the
county of Derry, seated on Dingle Bay,
four miles W of Limerick. Lon. 8 40
\V. lat 52 42 N.
Bingnvall, royal borough in Ross-shire,
seatea at the head of the Frith of Cro-
marty, 15 miles VV of the town of Cro-
marty. Near it runs, the river Conol,
famous for producing pearls. Some lineia
D 1 S
D ] X
yarn is manufactured here, and there is
a lint-mill in the neighbourhood. Lon.
4 23 W, lat. 57 45 N.
Binividdie, county of Virginia ; situa-
ted on the SW side of Appomattnx
river, which separates it irom Ches-
terfield county ; bounded by Bruns-
wick SW ; Nottoway W ; Amelia NW ;
Chesterfield NE ; Prince George E, and
Sussex and Greenville SE ; length 27 ;
mean width 22 ; area about 600 square
miles. Surface uneven, rather than hilly,
Soil in many places of first rate quality,
and in general good second rate land.
Chief town, Pet^ rsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,308
do. do. females - - 2,298
All other persons except Indians
net taxed - . - - 476
Slaves ----- 7,442
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
13,524
2,639
2,734
Total whites - - - ^",373
Free persons of colour, males 326
do. do. females, ,342
Slaves, males .... 4,059
do. females - - - 3,692
Total population in 1820
13792
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 4
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,323
do. in Manufactures - 365
do. in Commerce . - 0
Poi)ulation to the square mile, 23.
Disapfiointinent y Cajie, cape of the
island of Southern Georgia, in the South
Pacific Ocean. Lon. 36 15 W, lat. 54
53 S.
Disafif}oi7itvicnc, Cajie. It is the N
point of the mouth of Columbia river.
Lon. W C 48, lat. 46 19 N.
Dismal Swamfi, marshy tract, on the
coast of North Carolina, 50 miles long
and 30 broad. It occupies the whole
country between Albermarle Sound and
Pamlico Sound.
From the general course of the Black-
water and of the Chowan rivers, below
their junction, an extensive flat peninsula
is formed between Albermarle Sound,
Chesapeak bay, and James' river, of
about 70 miles in length from north to
south, by 50 mean width, east and west,
or 3500 square miles. This extensive
flat region is occupied by Currituck,
C imdcn Pa.squotank, Perquimans, Cho-
wan, and Gates's countie?? :n N'^rth
Carolina, ana cy the Isle of Wight, Nasi'
semond, Norfolk and Princess A.nne
counties in Virginia. It is the central
parts which are occupied by the Dismal
Swamp, but much of the residue is
marshy, yet, by the census of 1820, the
ten cr>unties comprise a population of
87,510 inhabitants. The canal already
executed between the Albermarle Sound
and Nansemond river penetrates this
tract.
Diss, town in Norfolk, with a market
on Friday. It is seated en the river
Waveney, on the side of a hill ; and at
the W end of the town is a large muddy
lake, abounding with eels. Here are
manufactures of sail-cloth, linen cloth,
hose and stays. It is 19 miles S of Nor-
wich, and 92 NNE of London. Lon. 1
9 E, lat. 52 25 N.
Diu, island at the entrance of the gulf
of Cambay, in theDeccan of Hindoos tan,
three miles long, and one broad. On it
is a large fortified town of the same
name, built of freestone and marble ;
and it contains some fine churches,
erected by the Portuguese, about the
time they took possession of the island in
1515. It is pretty large, and fortified by
a high stone wall, well furnished with
cannon. The trade of the town, once so
important, is almost entirely removed to
Surat. It is 180 miles W by S of Surat,
and 20.J N W of Bombay. Lon. 69 52 E^,
lat. 20 43 N.
Dividing Creek, post office in Cum-
berland county. New Jersey.
Dividing Creek, small stream of Vir-
ginia, flowing into Chesapeak bay, be-
tween Northumberland and Lancaster
counties.
Division, post town, NE part of Tomp-
kins ct uniy, New York.
Tiixan, first town in Abyssinia, on the
side of Taranta.
Dixjield, post town, Oxford county,
Maine, IS miles NE from Paris. Popu-
lation in 1820, 595
Dixhills, post oflice, Suffolk county.
Long Island, New York.
Dixmont. post town Penobscot county,
Maine, 20 miles W from Bangor. Popu-
lation in 1820, 555.
Dixmude, town of Austrian F!anders,
which has been often taken. It was
forced to surrender to the French in
1794. It is celebrated fnr its excellent
butter ; and is seated on the river Yper-
lee. 10 milfcs NW of Ypres. Lon. 2 57
E, lat. 51 2 N.
Dixon, township oT Prebble county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 841.
Dixon's Entrance, west coast of North
A.merica, betv.'een Qn^r" Cbarl <:'*:•■"•
D (5 E
D O 3S1
and Prince of Wales' Islands. Lon. W
C 55 W, lat. 54 N.
Dixon's Springs, post office, Smith
county, Tennessee.
Dixville, township of Coos county,
New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 2.
Dixville, post office, Henry county,
Virginia.
Dizier, S(. considerable town of France,
in the dei)artmeiit of Upper Marne
and late province of Champagne, seat-
ed on the Marne, where it begins to
be navigable for boats, 15 miles SE of
Vitri le-Francois. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 48
35 N.
Dnieper, anciently the Boristhenes, a
large river of Russia, which rises in the
government of Smolensko, and flowing
in a southerly direction, enters the Black
sea, between Cherson and Oczakow.
From its source to its mouth, it now
flows entirely through the Russian do-
minions; and through this whole course
of above 800 milf s, its navigation is only
once interrupted by a series of cataracts,
which begin below the mouth of the
Samara, and continue for above 40
miles ; but these may be passed in
spring, without much hazard, even by
loaded barks.
Dniester, ancient Tyras, more recent-
ly Danaster, and modern Dmeftter, fine
river which rises in Galicia, ii) Austrian
Poland, and taking a SE direction visits
Chocsim, dividing Podolia from Molda-
via ; it then separates Bessarabia from
the Russian government of Catharinen-
slaf, and having watered Bender, falls
into the Black Sea, between the mouths
of the Dnieper and the Danube.
Dobbs, Cape, in Hudson's bay. mouth
of Wager river. Lon. W C 9 30 W,
lat. 65 N.
Dobelin, town of Courland, 20 miles
SW of Mittau. Lon. 23 35 E, lai. 56
28 N.
Doboy, soimd and inlet, receives the
main left channel of the Alatamaha.
Dobrzi7i, town of Poland, in Masovia,
capital of a territory of the same name,
seated on a rock near the Vistula, 14
miles NW of I'iocksko. Lon. 19 5 E,
lat. 52 54 N.
Dobson's Cross- Roads, post office,
Stokes county, N-irlh Carolina.
Doce Rio, fine river of Minaes Geraes
in Brazil, flows by a general course NE
by E, about 300 miles, by comparative
courses, falls into the Atlantic Ocean,
lat. 19 30 S.
Dockum, town of the United Provin-
ces, in W Friesland, at the mouth of the
river Ee, 10 miles NE of Lewarden.
Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 53 18 N.
jOod. :ovr> <fs Du'ch F's^der*, ot the.
river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, nine miles
NW of Antwerp. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 51
U N
Doesburg, town of the United Provin-
ces, in Zutphen. It is seat-^d on the Is-
sel, 10 miles S of Zutphen. Lon. 5 36
E, lat. 42 2 N.
Dofrafield, or Dofrine, that chain of
mountains which separate sNirv/ay from
Sweden. It extends about 800 miles N
NE, and rises to the elevatior* in some of
its peaks of 7680 feet, above the level cf
the Ocean.
Dog River, branch of Pascagoula ;
rises between the latter and Tombigbce
river, flows SSW, and falls into Pasca-
goula, 10 miles above its mouth.
Dog Rixier, rises with the preceding,
and flowing SE, falls into Mobile bay,
about 10 miles below the town of Mo-
bile.
Dogado, province of Italy, in the ter-
ritoiy of Venice ; bounded on the E by
the gulf of Venice, on the S by Polesino,
on the W by Pdduano, and on the N by
Trevisano. It conipreheiids many small
islands near it, called the Lagunes of
Venice
Dohrman, SE township, Tuscarowas
county, Ohio Population in 1820, 520.
Dol, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isle and Vilaine and late pro-
vince of Bretagne. It is situated in a
moras^, 5 miles from the sea, and 21 SE
of St Malo. Lon. 1 41 W, lat. 48 33 N.
Dolce-Aqua, town of Piedmont, capi-
tal of a marquisate of the same name,
with a castle. It is seated on the Ner-
via, 5 miles N of Vintimiglia. Lon. "
42 E, lat. 43 58 N.
Dole, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Jura, and late province of
Franche Comte, seated on the river
Doubs, 25 miles SW (jf Besancon. Lon.
5 38 E, lat. 47 6 N.
Doleigno, strong town of Albania,
with a bishop's see, a good harbour, and
a citadel. It is seated on the Di ino, 10
miles SE of Antivari. Lon. 19 20 E, lat.
42 12 N.
Bo'egeUy, town in Mcrio:-,ctl)shire,
with a market on Tuesday. It is seated
on the river Avon, in a vale so called,
and at the foot of the great rock Cader-
Idris which is extremely high. It has a
good manufacture of VVelsli cotton, and
is 31 miles NW of Montgon^ery, and
205 of Londca. Lon. 9 48 W, lat. 52
42 N
Dollart Bay, large gulf separating E.
Friesland, in Germany, from Gironingen,
one of the United Provinces.
Dojy-MzUze, town of Bohemia, in the
circle ot Pilsen ; on the riva'et Cadbuz^,
iir mi'es S cf Pilsen.
of;7
D O M
I) O M
Bomjront, town of France, now in the
depariment of Orne, lately in the pro-
vince of Normandy st ated on a steep
mountain, whici has a large cl- ft from
the suininit ti> the b^se liirougr. which
flows the little river Vaivnne. It is 35
miles NW nf Alcncon. Lon. 0 43 W,
lat. 48 38 N.
Doniiiigo St, or Hii/}aniola,bne ci the
richest islands in the West Indies, 400
miles in length, and 75 in breadth It
was discovered by Columbus, in 1492,
and is surrounded by craggy rocks and
dangerous shoals. The heat to the N
and SE would be insu])portable for six
months of the year, if not qualified by
the easterly winds, and frequent rains ;
but the latter soon spoil the flesh, bread,
and fruits. It has a 'j;rt'at many rivers,
and mines of gold, talc, and crystal.
The Spaniards had possession of the
whole island for 120 years. They were
afterward forced to divide the island
with the French, who obtained the W
part ; and the Spaniards retained the
E, the most extensive and fruitful.
Since the revolution in France this island
hns been subject to great calamities. In
1791 an insurrection began in the French
plantations and in a short time not less
than lOu.oOO blacks were in arms; the
manufactures and plantations appeared
as one general conflagration, and the
plains and mountains were covered with
carnage and blood. An African by
birth, named Toussaint, was afterward
invested with the command of the blacks
and mulattoes. In 1802 the French sent
an additional force, and after several en-
counters the negro chief was induced to
accept of apparently favdurable terms;
but soon aft'rr he was perfidiously seized,
and sent in irons to France, where he
perished in a dungeon. The other black
chiefs, Dessaliues and Christophe, saved
themselves l)y flight ; the natives again
flew to arms ; and the French troops
fell victims to the climate. Dessalines
succeeded to the authority of 'i'oussaint,
and in 1804 caused himself to be pro-
claimed emperor of Hayti, the ancient
name of the island !n 1806 the chiefs
begun to war against each other, and the
black emperor was kill d. Christophe
was elected chief in his place. This
latter chief perished in a war with Boyer,
the successor of Petion, in 1820, leavi'g
the latter master of the whole of what
was French St. Domingo. In 1821, the
Spanish part f. II also under the authori-
ty of Boyer. St Domingo has Cuba W ;
Porto Rico E, and Jamaica SW.
The population of this island in 1789,
was from the best authorities, about
660,0'.)0 inhabitants, of which nearly
268
jGO 000 were black slaves. The French
part contained 535,000, of whom 480,000
were slaves ; the Spanish part 125,000 ;
l.^.OOiJof whom, were slaves. It is proba-
ble that the present numbers do not ma-
terially differ in extent, though the num-
ber of whites have uc doubt greatly di-
miniKshed.
The trade of this island has greatly
declined. The value nl exports in 1791,
exceeded 5,370.000 pounds sterling ;
23,832,800 dollars. Coffee amounted to
84,617,328 lbs. Sugar 217.463 casks.
Iiidigo 3,257,610 lbs. Cocoa 1,536,017
lbs. and Cotton 11,317,226 lbs.
Domingo, St capital of the E part of
the island of St. Domingo, and an arch-
bishop's see. The cathedral is a superb
structure. It is seated on a navigable
river, and had formerly a harbour, which
is now choaked up with sand Though
its trade has been long extinct, it was in
a respectable condition while it continued
in the hands of the Spaniards. The city
itself is largp, well built of stone, and de-
fended by batteries. Lon. 70 10 W, lat.
18 20 N.
Boniinica, one of the Windward Ca-
ribbee islands in the West Indies. It
lies about half way between Guadaloupe
and Martinico,. and is 28 miles long and
13 broad. It was taken by the English
in 1761, and confirmed to them by the
peace of 1763. The French took it in
1778, but restored it in 1783. It suffered
great damage by a tremendous hurricane
in 1806. The soil is thin, and better
adapted to the rearing of coffee than su-
gar ; but the sides of the hills bear the
finest trees in the West Indies, and the
island is well supplied with rivulets. The
capital is Charlotte-town.
Dominica, largest of the islands of the
Pacific Ocean, called the Marquesas.
Lon. 139 2 W, lat. 9 41 S.
DominOt St. one of the Tremiti islands,
in the gulf of Venice, 15 miles from the
coast of Naples.
Domitz, town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a fort,
seated at the confluence of the Elve and
Elbe, 25 miles S of Schwerin.
Dommel, river of Dutch Brabant,
which receives the Aa below Bois le
Due, and then flows into the Meuse.
Domo d'Ossola, town of Italy, in the
Milanese, with a castle, seated on the
Tosa, 20 miles N of Varallo.
Domfiaire, town of France, in the
department of Vosges, 10 miles WNW
of Epinal.
i5ow?*cw!/-/fl-Pz/cfuV, village of France,
in the department of Meuse and late
province of Barrois, remarkable for the
birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Or-^
I) o ?^
D O it
leans. It is sealed on the Mcuse, live
miles from Neufchateau.
Bon, large river that separates Europe
from Asia. It issues from lake St John,
in the government of Moscow, and di-
vides, near Tcherkask, into three
streams which fall into the sea of Asoph.
This river has so many windings, is in
many parts so shallow, and abounds with
such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely
navigable, except in the spring, on the
melting of the snows ; and its mouths
also are so choaked up with land, that
only fiat-bottnm boats, except in the
same season, can pass into the sea of
Asoph.
Don, rivf-r of Scotland, which rises in
Aberdeenshire, joins the Erie Water at
Inverary. and passing by Kintore, falls
into the German Ocean at Aberdeen,
within two miirs of the m^mth of the
Dee Upon both of these rivers is an
excellent salmon fishery,
Bon, river in Yorkshire, which waters
Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaster,
and joins the Aire, near its termination
with the Ouse.
Bonaldson, post office, Rowan county,
North Carolina.
Bonaldsonville, post town and seat of
justice, of the parish of Ascension, Loui-
siana. It stands on the point formed by
the Mississippi, and the efflux of La-
fourche river, below the latter ; contains
30 or 40 houses, and from 150 to 200 in-
habitants, 81 milts abfive New Orleans.
Bonawert, strong town of Germany
on the frontiers of Suibia, subject to the
duke of Bavaria It is seated on the N
side of the Danube, 25 miles N cf Augs-
burg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 48 52 N.
Boncaster corporate town in the West
riding of Yorkshire, with a mark t > n
Saturday. It is seated on the river D n,
and has a castle now in ruins. It is lar)!e
and well built, and governed by a mayor.
It was i.ot> d for knitting worsted st ck-
ings, but that article of trade is now on
th<" decline. It i^ 37 miles S of York, and
160 N bv W of L. ndon. Lon. 1 12 W,
lat. 53 3'j Is.
Boncherry, handsome t'wn of France,
in the department < f Ardennt s and late
province of Champagne, seated on the
Meuse, three miles from Sedan. Lon. 5
2 E, !at. 49 42 N.
BonegaLcoGTiXy of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Ulster. 68 miles in length, and
44 in breadth ; bounded on the E by
Londonderry and Tyrone, on the VV and
N by the Ocean, and on the S bv Fer-
managh and the bay of Donegal. It con-
tains 43 parishes, and before the Irish
Union Kent 12 members to the Irish par-
liament. It is in general, a champaign
country, and abounds with harbours.
Bonegal, town of Ireland, capital of a
county of the same name, seated on the
bay of Donegal, 10 miles N of Bally,
shannon. Lon. 7 47 W, lat. 54 42 N.
Bonegal, populous township of Lan-
caster county, Pennsylvania ; situated in
the NW corner of the county, about 14
miles NW of the borough of Lancaster.
Population in 1820, 3986.
Bonegal, township of Westmoreland
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
2564.
Bonegal, township, Butler county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 960.
Bonegal. township, Washington coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 18 iO,
1879
Boneschingen, town of Suabia, in the
principality of Furstenburgh. It is the
chief residence of the prince of Fursten-
burgh. in the court-yard of whose palace
the Danube takes its rise. Some' small
springs bubbling from the ground, form
a basin of clear water, about 30 feet
square. From this issues the Danube,
where is here only a little brook ; and
though the small rivers Bribach and
Brege, uniting below the t< wn, are far
more considerable than this stream,
which flows into them soon after their
junction, yet has this alone the honour
of being called the source of the Danube.
Bongala, or Bancala, town of Nubia,
with a castie seated on the Nile, among
niountains, 150 miles N ( f Sennar. Lon.
30 35 F^, lat. 21 0 N.
Bonzy, town of France in the depart-
ment of Ni^vre, and late territorvo' Ni-
vernuis, 22 miles N of Nevers. Lon. 3
14 R, 'at. 47 2 N
Booab, f r Boabah tract uf iand in
Hinddostin Proper, occupying all the flat
country bt tween the Ganges an.d thi N
mountains, as wrtl as t^'e principal part
of that tract l\ing between the Ganges
andJumnah. The print ipj! {)artotit is
su^j< ct t rht' nabob of Oude.
Boon, I ocli. lake of Ayrshire, in the
SF part cf Kv e, six miles in length, and
of cot siderabe breacUh On an island
in this lake slaiuis Bdllncli Ca.stle.
Boon river of Sc: tland, which issuing
from L ch Dnon, runs NW divides the
district ot Kylf from Carrick, the south-
ern division of Avrsliire, and falls into
the Frith of Clyde.
Borut, town of France, now in the
department of Uppt-r Vicnne, lately in
the territory of Limosin. seated on the
Abrax, near its confluence with the
Sfvre, 25 mih-s N of Limoges. Lon. 1
24 E. lat. 56 12 N.
Bor Chester, county -town of Dorsetshire.
269
U O K
D O J;
with a market on Wednesday and Satur-
day. It has three churches, sends two
inembers to parHament, and is governed
by a mayoi'. It is stated on the river
Frome, on a Roman road, eight miles N
of Weymouth, and 120 W by S of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 50 42 N.
Dorchester, town in Oxfordshire, which
was a station of the Romans, and ruined
in the wars with the Danes. It was the
see of a bishop 500 yeai-s till 1086, when
Wilham the conqueror translated it to
Lincoln. It gives the title of baron to
the family of Carleton, and is seated on
the Tame, 10 miles SE of Oxford, and
49 WNW of London. Lon. 1 OW, lat.
51 39 N.
Borchester, township of Norfolk coun-
ty, Massachusetts, in the vicinity of Bos-
ton. It was settled at an early period of
the colony in 1630. Population in 1820,
3684.
Borchester, county of Lower Canada,
along both banks of the Chaudiere river,
and extending to the St. Lawrence.
Borchester, township of Norfolk coun-
ty, Upper Canada, on the river Thames.
Borchester, township of Grafton coun-
ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1820,
584.
Borchester, town of Cumberland coun-
ty. New Jersiy, on the left bank of Mor-
ris' river, between Port Elizabeth and
Leesburg.
Borchester, county of Maryland ;
bounded by Chesapeak bay S, and SW ;
Choptank river, and Caroline N ; Dela-
ware E, and Nanticoke river SE ; length
32 ; mean width 20 ; area 640 square
miles. Surface rather level, in part
marshy ; soil generally sandy and of se-
cond rate quality. Chief town, Cam-
bridge.
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - - 5,194
do. do. females - • - 5,221
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 2,661
Slaves - . . . . 5,032
Total population in 1810 - - 13,108
Population in 1S20.
Free v/hite males - - 5,132
do. do. females - - 4,963
Total whites - - - 10,095
Free persoris of colour^ males 1,194
do. do. females 1,303
Slaves, males - . _ 2,698
c'.o. females > - - 2,410
Total population in J820 - 17,700
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - J
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,153
do. in Manufactures - 41
do. in Commerce - 30
Population to the square mile, 29.
Borchester, post town and seat of justice
Colleton district, South Car;4ina, on the
left bank of Ashley river, 18 miles WNW
iroi.T Charlesvon.
Dordogiie, department of France, which
includes the late province of Perigord.
Born, village in a detached psrt of Wor-
chestershire, three miles SE of Campden
ill Gloucestershire, where have been lound
abundance of Roman and British coins.
Bvrnocfi, royal borough, the county-
town of Sutherla'idshire, at the entrance of
a frith of the same name, over which it has
a ferry to Taim. Part ot the cathedral
serves for a parish church ; the other part
is in ruins. It is a small place, and half in
ruins, but v/as the residence of the bishops
of Caithness. It is 40 miles NE of Inver-
ness. Lon. 3 48 W. lat. 57 52 N.
Borpt, or Borpat, town of Livonia, on
the Ember, between the lakes Wosero and
Pepas, 60 miles S of Narva. Lon. 27 52
E. lat. 58 18 N.
Borsetshire, county of England, bounded
on the S by the English channel, on the
N by Somersetshire and Wiltshire, on the
E by Hampshire, and on the W by Devon-
shire, and some part of Somersetshire. It
is between 40 and 50 miles long from E to
W, and 34 broad from S to N, and contains
34 hundreds, 22 market-towns, and 248
parishes. Tliis county enjoys a mild plea-
sant, and wholesome air, and a deep, rich,
and fertile soil, finely diversified. Towards
the N it is level, under the high lands that
divide it from Somersetshire, where there
are fine arable ground that will yield large
crops of different kinds of grain. It is dis-
tinguished fur its woollen manufactures,
and its fine ale and beer. Dorchester is
the capital. See Portland and Purbeck,
Population in 1801, 115,319; in 1811,
124,693 ; and in 1821, 144,499. It extends
over 1129 sqtiave miles, consequentiy it has
127 to each square mile.
Borset, post town of B'nnlngton county,
Vermnnt, about 25 miles N of Bennington.
It conwiins about 1500 inh' bita:it.''.
Bort, or Bordrccht, city in Holland, fa-
mous fir a protestant syn-.id held in 1618,
which condemned the tenets of Arminius,
It is srattd ; n an isknd of the Meusc, op-
posite tint of Ysselmond. It was detached
from the miiii lanu in 1431 by a flood occa-
sioned by the breaking diuvii of ttie dyke,
v/bich overwhelmed 70 villages and about
100.000 persons. In 1457, this city wan
almost entirely destroyed by fire. It was
t^ken by tb^ French in JaaH»r^ 1795. It
'?70
D O T
DO 17
is 10 miles SE of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 48
E. lat. 51 50 N.
Dortmnnd, strong imparial town of West-
phalia, in the county of Marck, seated on
the Enister, 35 miles NE of Cologne. Lon.
7 35 E. lat. 51 26 N",
Douay, city of France in the department
of the North and late French Flanders. It
is seated on the river Scarpe in a very
pleasant and fertile country. The town
is larg« and populous, and exceedingly
well fortified. It is seated on the river
Scarpe, whence there is a canal to the
Deule, 15 miles NW of Cambray. Lon. 3
10 E. lat. 50 22 N.
Double-bridge y post office, Lunenburg
county, Virginia.
Ooubs, department of France, including
part of the late province of Franche
Compte.
Boubs, river of France, rises in Mount
Jura, and flowing first north, then west
turns south and joins the Saone at Verdun.
Done, small : own of Fr .nee, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire and late pro-
vince of Anjou. It has one of the finest
fountains in France : and near it is a vast
Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid
rock. It is nine miles SW of Sanmur.
Dove, river in Deibyshire, which rises in
the Peik parts, the county from Stafford-
shire, and falls into the Trent, four miles
N of Burton. The Staffordshire canal is
carried over this river in an aqueduct of 23
arches.
Dove, cape on the coast of Nova Scotia,
NE fro.m Halifax. Lon. W C 13 E. lat. 44
20 N.
Dovedale, one cf the most romantic spo's
in Derbyshire, in the neighbourhood of
Ashhorn. Here the rver Dove runs in a
chasm between precipitous rocks.
Dover, seaport of England in the county
of Kent, with a ra.jrket on Wednesday and
Saturday. It sends two membei's to par-
liament, who are styled Barons of the
cinque parts of which Dover is the chief.
It is situated between two high cliffs, on
one of which is an ancient castle, E from
the town. It was repaired in 1756. and
there are barracks in it tor 3000 men. It
is the station of the packet boats that, in
ti-ie of pcice, pass between Dove; and
Calais, from whicli it is li^tant onh 21
miles. Th harbour is mad' by ;< gap in
the cliffs, who>e height i- riiiy sublime.
Hence, in fine weath r, is a pn-spect oi di
coast .;f F ance. D ver is 15 miles SE of
Canterbury a<>d 72 of Ljndon. Lon 1 23
E. lat. 51 8 N.
Dover^ Kent county, Upper Canada, on
the right bank of the Thames, opposite
Raleigh.
Dover, post town and seat of justice, of
Strafford county, New Hampshire, lying
on the rivpr Gochncho, 15 miles N by W of
Portsmouth. This town was incorporated
in 1633. Population in 1820, 2871.
Dover, township, Norfolk county, Mas-
sachusetts, 16 miles SW from Boston.
Population in 1820, 548.
Dover, post town of Kent county, Dela-
ware, and the seat of a state government ;
situated on Jones' creek, near its junction
with the river Delaware, about 36 miles S
of New Castle. This small town is neatly
built; the houses being mostly of bricks,
and the streets disposed with regularity.
In the centre is a handsome square, on
which the state house and public offices
are erected. It lies in the lat. of 59 10 N.
and lon 75 30 W. Population in 18205-
aoout 600.
Dover, town of York county, Pennsylva^
nia, situated about eight miles westward
from York, and containing 1500 inhabit-
ants.
Dover, post town and township, Dutchess
county, New York. Population in 1820,
2193.
Dover, township of Monmouth county
New Jersey, on Cedar bay creek, 40 miles
E from Philadelphia. Population in 1820,
1916.
Dover, post town, York county, Pennsyl-
vania, on a branch of Conewago creek.
Population in 1820, 1816.
Dover, township, C:iuyahoga county,
Ohio. Population m 1820, 308.
Dover, township of Athens county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 592.
Dover, post town, and township Tusca-
rawas county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
718.
Dover, post town, and seat of justice,
Stuart county, Tennessee, on the left bank
of Cumberland river, 'o5 miles below Clarks-
ville.
Dover-mills, post office, Goochland coun-
ty, Virginia.
Douero, or Doiiro, river in Spain, which
rises in Old Cas ile, in the raountumS of
Urbjon. It runs W by several towns, and
crossing Portugil, falls into tne Atlantic
Ocean, ne-r Oporto.
Douglass, town in. Lunerkhire, on a ri-
ver of he same n;,me that fails uro the
Clyde, above l.anerk. Here is Douglas
Ca-'tle, for many ages the residence ot the
se>"nr.d f mily in Scotlnd. A modern
building lias be n 'reeled on the s.ime side,
in imitation otthe ancient asile. It is 37
miles SW i)f Edinbiiigii.
Douglass, seaport of the Isle of Maii,near-=
ly at he s me dis aiici^ from tlu: t.niii>h,
Scotch, and h sh shores, ;.nd the best iiar-
bour in the isiind. L isdeend'-d iiy an
impiegnable fort. Lm. 4 20 W, 1 t. 54 12
N.
Douglass, Cape, lofty promontory on the
W coast of America, within theentrancf- of
'"'oolr'q I?"'ver It was discovered by cap'
ij O "W^
D R E
tain Cook in 1778. Its summit forming-
two very high mountains. Lon. W C 75
30 W. lat. 58 N.
Douglass, post town and township, Wor-
cester county, Massachusetts, 17 miles S
from Worcester. Population in 1820,
1375.
Douglass, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
750. '
Douglass, township, Berks county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1820, 709.
Douglass-mills, post office, Cumberland,
Pennsylvania.
Dourac, town of Persia near the conflu-
ence of the Euphraies and Tigris, remirk-
able for the reed of which they make pens.
Lon. 56 57 E. lat. 32 15 N.
Dourdan, town of France, in the depart-
of.Seine and Oise and late province of the
Isle of France, with a manufacture of silk
and worsted stockings. It is seated on the
Orge, 25 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 2 10
E. lat. 48 35 N.
Dourlach, town of Suabia, capital of Ba-
den Dourlach. The inhabitants are pro-
testants. It is seated ctfi the Giessen, 12
miles S of Philipsburg. Lon. 9 28 E. lat.
49 2 N.
Doulens, or Dourlens, town of France,
now in the department of Somme lately in
the province of Picardy, with two citadels.
It is seated on tlie Autie, 15 miles N of
Amiens. Lon. 2 23 E. lat. 50 10 N.
Dowlatabcd, formerly called Amednagur,
a province of the Deccan of Hindoostan. It
is bounded on the N by Candeish and Mal-
way, on the W by the Gauts, on the S by
Visiapour and G jlconda, and on the E by
Berar. Aurungabad is the capital.
DoTvlatabad, fortress in the Deccan of
Hindoostan, 15 miles NW of Auru; gabad.
Near it are the Pagodas or Elora, most of
which are cut out of the natural rock.
Lon, 76 0 E. lat. 19 55 N.
Doitm, county of IreLind, in the province
ofUist.T, 42 miles in length, and 34 in
breadth: bounded on the E by the In-h
Sea, on the W by A magh, on the NW liy
Antrim, and on the S by C .rlingfoid Bay
and the ocean. It contains 72 parishes,
and before the Irish union sent 14 mem-
bers io the Irish pirHument. This coun y
is rougli and full of hills, and yet the aii is
temperate and heHlthy. The so 1 naurally
produces wood, unless constaniiy k^pi
open and pionghed ; and ihe 1 w grounds
degenerate into begs and moss, where the
drains are neglected. But by the indu try
of the inhabitants if prnducfs goo ! crops of
corn, particularly oats ; and, where marl is
found, barley.
Down, capital of the county of Down, in
Ireland. It is a borough and market-town,
seated on the river Newrv, scvcri miles W
of Stranford Bay. Lon. 5 49 W. lat. 54
29 N.
Dow?js, "roads on the E coast of Kent, be-
tween the N and S Foreland. It is a fa-
mous rendezvous for shipping. "See God-
■win Sands.
Doiune, township of Cumberland county.
New Jersey. Population in 1820, 1749.
Do-uitham, town in Norfolk, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated on the Ousa,
35 miles NE of Cambridge, and 86 N by
E of London. Lon. 0 20 E lat. 52 40 N.
Doivningtow7i, post town, Chester county,
Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Brandy-
wine creek, 33 miles W by N from Phila-
delphia.
Doionton, borough in Wilts, with a mar -
ket on Friday It is governed by a mayor,
sends two members to parliament, and is
seated on the Avon, six miles SE of Salis-
bury, and 84WSW of London. Lon. 1 36
W. lat. 51 0 N.
Doylesto-wn, post town and township of
Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 26 miles N
from Philadelphia. PoDulaiion in 1820,
1430.
Doylesville, post office, pari.sh of New
Feliciana, in Louisiana.
Dracut, town of Middlesex county, Mas-
sachusetts ; situated on the N side of the
river Merrimack, about 35 miles NW of
Boston. Population in 1820, 1407.
Dragiiignan, town of France, in the de-
partment of Var and late province of Pro-
vence, 10 miles NW of Frejus. Lon. 6 35
E. lat. 43 31 N.
Drake, Port Sir Franc s, bay W coast of
Mexico. Lon. W C 46 W. lat. 38 N.
Drakenstein, district of the colony at the
cape of Good Hopt-, 40 miles from cape
town, celebrated for it.- fi e wine.
Drave, considerable river of Germany,
which rises in the Tirol, run> across Carin-
th;a, and entering S^ iria continues its course
by Marpurg ; then it runs along the con-
fines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary,
passes by Esseck, and a little after falls in-
to the Danube.
Drayton, town in Shropshire, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday, seated on the river
Torn, wl)ich separ.tes this county from
StaO'ordshire. It is 17 miles NE of S'^rews-
bury, and 154 NW of London. Lon. 2 22
W lat. 52 34 N.
Drentelhurg, town of Germany in the
princip lity of Hesse. Lon. 8 57 E. lat.
51 23 N.
Dresden, city of Germany, and the capi*
tulofthe kingdom of Sa.Kony. It is divid-
ed by thr E>;.ie into the old and new town,
which are united by a grand bridge, and
surrounded bv s.r ^ng iortifictions. It has
a cabtle, an academy of paintngand sculp-
ture, and a magnificent chui ch for the Ko»
man catholics. The houses are built of
freestone, almost all of the same heigh*:.
D 11 I
D R O
and though the palaces are few, it is deem-
ed the handsomest city in Germany. The
palaces of Holland and Japan are full of
curiosities from that country and China ;
and the picture gallery may claim prece-
dence over every individual gallery in Italy.
The city and suburbs are estimated to con-
tain 50,000 inhabitants, near 5000 of whom
are catholics, and there are about 800
Jews. Here are manufactures of gold and
silver lace, jewellery, porcelain, paper-
hangings, and wind instruments of music.
It was taken by the king of Prussia in 1745,
and again in 1756, but r-taken in 1759 ;
and it was bombarded by him in 1760, for
nine days, when he was obhged to raise
the siege. Dresden is rendered memora-
ble for its neighbourhood being the princi-
pal theatre of operations between the allied
and French armies during the greater part
of the year 1813. The Russian and Prus-
sian troops having entered it in the month
of March was obliged to quit it in May af-
ter the battle of Lulzen ; and Buonaparte
afterwards lield his head-quarters here for
a long time. On the 26th and 27th of Au-
gust of the same year, the allied army,
200,000 strong, under prince Schwartzt-n-
burg, attempted to carry the town by as-
sault; but Buonaparte h:iving arrived from
Silesia, with his guards, the night before
the attack, repulsed them with great loss
in killed, wounded and prisoners. It was
at this time, the celebrated general Mo-
reau, received a mortal wound, while in
conversation with the emperor of Russia.
The allies, in consequence of tliis disaster,
immed'ately commenced their retreat into
liohemia ; and the French, being too eager
to profit of their succes--, had sent general
Vandamme with about 30,000 men, into the
niOuntain=! of t!u.t otintry to cut off their
retreat. But on their arrival near Culm,
ihey were assailed on all sides ; and after
a furious conflict, the whole army v/as near-
ly destroyed, and the commander with the
whole of his staff were made prisoners.
Soon after the brittle of Leipsic, Dresden
surrendered to the allies, with a garrison
of about 25,000 men. It is 80 miles NNW
of Prague. Lon. 13 50 E. lat. 51 6 N
Dresden, post town and township, Lin-
coln county, Maine, eight miles NW from
Wiscasset. Population in 1820, 1338.
Dresden, post town, Ohio, Mtiskingham
couiHy, 15 miles N from Zanesville.
Dreux, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and Loire and late province
ofBeauce. It has a considerable manu-
facture in cloth for the army, and is seated
on the river Blaise, at the foot cf a moun-
tain, 48 miles W of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E.
lat. 48 44 N.
Driessen, strong town of Germany, in the
new marche of Bradenburg, with a strong
M m
fort, on the river Warta, 20 miles E of
Landsperg. Lon. 15 43 E. lat 52 53 N.
Drinaivard, town of Tuikey in Europe,
in Servia. It stands on a small island
formed by the Drino, on the confines of
B.>snia.
Dvino, river of Turkey m Europe, which
has its source in the fnmtieis of Albania,
and f :lls into a bay of the same name in the
gulf of Venice.
Drino, seaport of Turkey in Europe, on
a bay of the sam-^ name, in the gulf of Ve-
nice, 50 miles SE of Ragusa. Ljn. 10 19
E. lat. 42 48 N.
Drogheda, seaport and borough of Ire-
lund, in the county of Louth. It is a strong
place, and well inhabited, having an excel-
lent harbour. It is seated on the Boyne,
five miles VV of the Irish -ea, and 23 N of
Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W. lat. 51 53 N.
Droitwich, borough in Worcestershire,
with a market on Friday noted for excel-
lent white salt made fr^m the salt springs
in its neighbourhood. It is seated on the
Salwarp, six miles ENE of Worcester, and
118 WNW of London. Lon. 1 48 W. lat.
52 15 N.
Drome, denartment of France, including
part of the la* province of Dauphiny.
Dromore, town of Ireland, in the county
of Down. It is a very ancient town and
the seat of a bishopric, The cathedral is
small, but the episcopal palace is hands< me
and convenient. It Is se.ited on the Lag-
gan, 15 miles SW of Belfast. Lon. 6 8 E.
lat. 54 25 N.
Dromore, township and post town, Lan-
caster county, Pennsylvania, situated on
the E side of Susquehannah river, between
Pequea and Octorara creeks. Population
in 1820, 1500.
Dronero, town of Piedmont, seated at
the foot of the Alps on the river Maera,
over which is a bridge of prodigious height.
Dronfeld, town in Derbyshire, with a
market on Thursday, and a free-school, ft
is so resorted to, on account of its whole-
some air, that it abounds with gentry and
handsome buddings. It is 28 miles N of
Derby, and 155 NNW of London. Lon. 1
25 W. lat. 53 18 N,
Drontheim, province of Norway, bounded
on the W by the ocean, on the N by the
government of Wardshuys, ©n the S by
tliat of Bergen, and on the E by Sweden,
from which it is separated by high moun-
tains. It is but thin ol people.
Drontheim, city of Norway, capital of a
government of the same name, with an
archbishop's see, and a good harbour. It
carries on a great trade ; is almost sur-
rounded by 'he sea and the river Piddet ;
and is 270 miles NW of Stockholm. Lon.
11 9E. lat. 63 25 N.
Drowned Lands, valuable tract of about
50,000 acres, in the state of New York, on
DUB
DUB
the N side of the mountains, in Orange
county. The waters, which descend from
the surrounding hills, being slowly dis-
charged by the river Wa kill, cover the>e
vast n.eadows every winter, and render
them extremely fertile.
Drowned Meado-w, post office, Suffolk
county, New York, on Long Island.
Z>rwn6o«e, town of Ireland, in the county
of Monaghan, eight miles W of Dundalk.
Lon 6 31 W. lat. 54 10 N.
Dnimlaimg, town in Dumfriesshire in
the district of Nithsdale ; remarkable for a
wood of o;ik six miles in length. Here is
a noble seat of the duke of Queensberry,
skreened by woody hills, and adorned with
beautiful gardens. Drumlanrig is seated
on the river Nith 13 miles N of Dumfries.
Lon. 3 31 W. lat. 55 25 N.
Drummond's Island, in lake Huron, 36
miles E from Mackinaw. Here the Bri-
tish government maintain a garrison, and
trading post.
Brurmnond-toim, post town and seat of
justice, Accomack county, Virginia, on a
small creek discharging into the Atlantic
Ocean, 45 miles N from Cape Charles.
Druses, people of Syria, on the moun-
tains Libanus and Antilibanus. They are
warlike, inured to labour, are great ene-
mies to the Turks, and have their particu-
lar princes, called Emirs.
Dryden, one of the miliary townships in
the state of New York, situated at the SE
end of Cavuga lake. Population in 1820,
39.il.
Duanesbtirg, township of New York, in
Schenectady county, 25 miies \V from Al-
bany. Pojjulation in 1820, 3510.
Dublin county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Lei ister, 2r miles in length, and
17 in breadth ; bounded on the E by the
Irish Sea, on the N by East Meath and the
Irish Sea, on the W by East Meath and
Kddare, and on the S by Wicklow. Be-
fore the Union it sent ten members to the
Irish parliament.
Dublin, capital of Ireland, in a county of
the same name, with a bishop's see ; seat-
ed on the Liffey, in view of the Irish Sea
on the E. Its f .rm is that of a square, two
miles and a h If in extent on each side,
and it contains about 22,000 houses, whose
inhabitants are estimated at 156,000. With
respect to its streets, Dublin bears a near
resemblance to London ; some of the old
streets were formerly narrow, but great
improvements h .ve been lately made, in
regard both to convenience and embellish-
ment ; and there are several magnificent
squares, the largest of which is St. Stephen
green, nearly a mile in circuit. It has a
cathedral and a collegiate church, 18 par-
ish churches, 8 chapels, 16 Roman catho-
lic chapels, numerous meeting-houses for
274
dissenters of various denominations, fout'
foreign churches, and a synagogue.
Amrng the principal public buildings
are the castle (the residence of the vice-
roy) the national bank. Trinty college,
the hall of justice, the royal exchange, the
custom-house, the royal hospital of Kil-
mainham for invalids, the linen-huli, the
barracks, the tollsell, or town-house, and
Essex bridge and Sarah-bridge, two of the
six bridges over the Liffey. The hospi-
tals and other charitable institutions are nu-
merous ; and it has two theatres. The
PhcEnix park, at the W end of the town, is
a royal enclosui-e, seven miles in circuit •
and, beside the Hibernian school, is adorn-
ed with the villa of the viceroy, the seat of
the principal secretary, and few others ;
also a salute battery of 22 pieces of can-
non, and the ammunition magazine, a
strong fortification An obs' rvatory is
erected on a rocky hill, about four miles
NVV of the city. The civil government of
Dublin is executed by a lord mayor, re-
corder, two sheriffs, 24 aldermen, and a
common council, formed of representatives
from the 25 corporations. Beside 'he
silk, woollen, and cotton manufactures car-
ried on in tlie suburbs, o her branches of
useful manufacture are establishing in dif-
ferent parts of the metropolis ; and its fo-
reign trade is considerable.
The harbour is incommoded by two
banks of sand, which prevent vessels of
large burden from going over the bar : it
has a mole nearly four miles in length,
with a lighthouse at the extremity, and an-
other on the promontory opposite, called
the hill of Howth. Three miles below the
city, at a place called the Pigeon-house, is
a commodious dock; and here the pack-
ets receive and land their passengei-s. The
LifPey divides the city almost into two
equal parts, and has spacious and noble
quays on both sides A grand canal has
been made from the Liffey, which commu-
nicates with the Sliannon near Clonfort.
Dublin is seated at the end of a spacious
bav seven miles from the Irish Sea, 60 W
of 'Holyhead, in Wales, and 300 WNW of
London. Lon. 6 18 W. lat. 5o 21 N.
Dublin, post town, and township of Che-
shire county. New Hampshire, 34 miles
SW from Concord. The township includes
the Grand Monadnoch mountain. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1260.
Dublin, township of Huntingdon county,
Pennsylvania. Population, in 1820, 632.
Dublin, township, Bedford county, Penn-
sylvania. Population in 1820, 713.
Dublin, Loiaer, township of Philadel-
phia, county, Pennsylvania, on Delaware
river, 10 miles above Philadelphia. Po-
pulation in 1820, 2640.
Dublin, C//>6er, township of^Montgome•
DUD
B U K
vy county, Pennsylvania, slUiated between
Abington and Gwinned townships, 15 miles
NW of Philadelphia.
Dublin, pest town and seat of justice in
Laurens county, Georgia, on the right
bank of the Oconee, 55 miles below Mil-
ledgeville.
Dublin, post town, Franklin county,
Ohio, on the right bank of Sciota river, 12
miles NW from Columbus. Population in
1820, about 50.
Dubois, Lake of the Woods, lake of Bri-
tish North America, west from Lake La
Pluie, or lake Rain. The river La Pluie,
flows from the latter to the former. The
discharge of the Lake of the Woods is
again into lake Winnipic. The NW bound-
ary of the United States on N. lart. 49 in-
tersects the west bank of the Lake of the
Woods.
Dubois, county of Indiana, bounded by
Perry SE ; Spencer S ; Warrick SW,
Pike W: Davies NW ; Owen N; and
Orange and Crawf )rd E ; length 20 ; mean
width 18 ; area o7S square miles. Sur-
face generally hillj', and soil varied.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
612
548
1.160
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females, 5
Slaves, males - - . . none
do. females - . . none
Total population in 1820
1,168
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - -343
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - 0
Population to the square mile, 3.
Dubose's-ferry, post office, Sumptei"
county, South Carolina.
Duck Creek, sometimes called Salesbury,
post town and hundred, of Kent, Dela-
ware, 12 miles N by W of Dover, aud 28 S
of New Castle. Population in 1820,
3951,
Duck river, Tennessee, rises in Franklin
county, and pursuing a comparative course
of about 150 miles WNW falls into Ten-
nessee river, after having traversed Bed-
ford, Maury, Hickman, Williamson, Dick-
son and Humphrey counties. It is naviga-
ble for boats at high water following the
bends about 100 miles.
Duck Island, tov/nship, Hancock county,
Maine. Population in 1820, 18.
Dudley, town in W^orcestershire, with a
market on Satin-day, and a great n>anufac-
ture of nails and other iron wares. There
!S a church at each end of the longest
street. It is ten miles NW of Birming-
ham and 120 of London. Lon. 2 0 W. lat.
52 33 N.
Dudley, post town and township of Wor-
cester county, Massachusetts, situated on
the line which divides this state from Con-
necticut, and on the E side of Lockwood
river. Population in 1820, 1615.
Duff^s Forks, post office, Fayette coun-
ty, Ohio.
Duerstade. See Tfick-de- Duerstade.
Didns, or Doino, seaport in the duchy of
Carniola. eight miles NW of Trieste. Lon.
13 46 E. lat. 45 55 N.
Duisburg, town of Westphalia, in tlie.
duchy ot Cleves, with a university, seated
on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 miles N of
Dusseldorf Lon. 6 50 E. lat. 51 22 N.
Duitz, or Duytz, town of Westphaha, on
the E side of the Rhine, opposite Cologne.
It is chiefly inhabited by Jews.
Dttke of Yoj-k^s Island, island in the
South I'acific Ocean, discovered by com-
modore Byron i:i 1765, lying N of the
Friendly Islands. The ground was cover-
ed by land crabs, but no other animal was
seen. Lon. 172 30 W. lat. SOS.
Dttke of York's Island, island in the
South Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long,
lying between lord Howe's Group and the
SE point of New Ireland. The nutmeg
was seen by captain Hunter, who anchored
in Port Hunter Bay, in this island, in May,
1791. Lon. 152 42 E. lat. 4 7 8.
Dukes, county, Massachusetts, comprises
Martha's Vineyard island, Chabaquiddick
island, Nomans island, and the group of
Elizabeth islands. The whole surface
amounting to about 120 square miles of
habitable land. Soil of middling quality.
Chieftown, Edgartown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,489
do. do. females - - 1,645
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 156
SLives - . . - . 0
Total population in 1810 - 3,290
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,543
do. do. females - - 1,652
Total whites - - - 3,195
Free persons of colour, males - 50
do. do. females 47
Total population in 1820 - 3,292
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in Agriciiltiire - - 281
do. in Manufactures - - 90
do. in Commerce - - 34,1
Population to the pquare mile. 27^.
275
D U M
D IT N
Buia!:, village on the NE side of the isle
of Anglesey, much freqaented on account
of the corn and butter trade, and for fern
ashes.
Dulce, river of North America, in Costa
Rica, and Veragua, falls into the gulf of
Dulce, after separating the two provinces
from which it flows.
Buhe, gulf of the Pacific Ocean, into
which the river Dulce is discharged. Lon.
W C 5 20 W. lat. 9 N.
Dulderstadt, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Brunswick. It is seated on the
riVer VVhippe;, 15 miles E of Gottingen,
and 130 NE of Mentz. Lon. 10 14 E. lat.
51 28 N.
Bulmen, town of Westphalia, in the
bi>-hopric of Munster, 18 miles SW of
Muister. Lon. 7 4 W. lat 51 47 N.
Bulverton, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Saturday, seated on a branch of
the Ex, 24 miles E of Barnstaple, and 164
W by S of London. Lon. 3 40 W. lat. 51
4N.
Dulidch, village in Surry, five miles S of
London.
Biimbarto7i, borough, the capital of Dum-
bartonshire, seated at the confluence of the
Leven and Clyde, witli a stone bridge over
the former. Its principal manufacture is
glass ; but many of the young women are
employed m the print-fields on the banks
of the Leven. It is almost surrounded by
the Leven and the Clyde. Dumbarton is
15 miles WNW of Glasgow. Lon. 4 30
W. lat. 50 0 N.
Dumbarton, townsliip, Strafford county,
New Hampshire. Population in 1820,
1450.
Btimbartonshire, or Lenox, runs far N
among a cluster of hills, and is bounded on
the S by the Frith and river of Clyde ; on
the E by Lanerkshire and Sterlingsliire ; on
the NE by Perthshire and the Grampian-
hills ; and on the W by Argyleshire and
Loch Long. It is above 20 miles broad
from E to W, and about 40 long from N
to S. That part which lies to the E is very
fruitful in corn ; the other parts being hilly,
feed vast flocks of sheep. Population in
1801, 20,710 ; in 1811, 24,189 ; and in
1821, 27,313.
Bumblane^ village in Perthshire, remark-
able for a battle, called the battle of She-
riff-m.uir, between the duke of Argyle and
the rebel earl of Mar, in 1715. At the up-
per end of the village is a ruinous cathe-
dral It is 30 miles NVV of Edinburgh.
Bumfermline, bornugh in Fifeshire, whicli
is a considerable manufacturing town, and
has a good trade in linen goods, particular-
ly diapers. It is 15 miles NW of Edin
burgh. Lon. 3 37 W, lat. 56 5 N.
JDumfries, post town and seat of justice
in Prince William county, Virginia, on
276
Uuantico creek, 32 miles SSW from Wasi)-
ington, and 23 miles NNE from Fredericks-
burg.
Bumfries, royal borough of Scotland,
capital of Dumfriesshire, pleasantly seated
between two hills, on the river Nith. It is
a regular well-built town, eight miles N of
Solway Frith, and 30 WNW of Carlisle.
Lon. 3 29 W. lat, 55 12 N.
Bumfries, county of Scotland, which in-
cludes Annandale and Niddisdale ; it is
bounded on the N by part of Ayrshire,
Lanerkshire, Peeblesshire and Selkirk-
shire ; on the W by Selkirkshire and Rox-
burghshire ; on tiie S by the Solway Frith ;
and on the W by the counties of Ayr and
Kircudbright ; extending about 50 miles
in length and 30 in breadth. Eusdale is
the most eastern division, and divided from
Annandale by Eskdale. Annandale lies on
the banks of the river Annan which runs
through the middle of the county and falls
into the Solway Fnth, after a coui'se of 27
miles. This division is a stewarty, abound-
ing with pasture and pleasant woods, is
about 27 miles long and 14 broad. Nid-
disdale or Nithdale receives its name from
the river Nid, that passes through it and
runs into the Solway Frith; this is the
western division, abounds in pastures and
arable lands, produces abundance of corn,
and some woods and forests ; gold has
been found in some of its brooks after great
rains. Its chief rivers are, the Esk, Annan,
and Nid. Its cliief towns are, Annan and
Dumfries. Population in 1801, 54,597 ; in
1811, 62,960, and in 1821,70,878,
Bumtner, township in Coos county. New
Hampshire. Population in 1820, 42.
Bummerston, post town and township,
Windham county, Vermont, on Connecti-
cut river, at the mouth of West river. Po-
pulation 1800.
Buiiamond, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Riga. It is situated near the
mouth of the Dwina, 15 miles NW of
Riga.
Bunbar, royal borough in Haddington-
shire, seated near the German Ocean. It
has a good harbour, formerly defended by
a castle. Under the rock, on which the
casile stands, are two natural arches
through which the tide flows : and be-
tween the harbour and the castle is a stra-
tum of vast basaltic columns. Dunbar is
remarkable for the defeat of John Bahol's
army by earl Warenne, in 1296, and for a
victory gained by Ctomwell over the
Scots, in 1650. It is 25 miles E of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 2 34 W. lat. 57 12 N.
Bunbar, townshij) of Fayette county,
in Pennsylvania, on the SAV side of
Youghiogany river, opposite Connelsville.
Population in 1820, 1895.
Bunbarton, township of Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire, situated on the
D U K
D U N
W side of Merrimack river. 35 niiies W
of Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 1450.
Duncansboro' , town, Orleans county,
Vermont, on lake Memphramagog. Popu-
lation 150.
Duncanno7i, fortress and town of Ireland,
in the county of Wexford, seated on t e
river Ross, six miles E of Waterford.
Lon. 6 46 W. lat. 54 12 N.
Duncansville, post office, Barnwell dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Dundalk, seaport of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Louth, on a bay of the same name, 20
miles NNVV of Drogheda. Lon. 6 17 W.
lat. 52 16 N.
Dmidas, county of Upper Canada ;
bounded E by Stormont ; SE by St. Law-
rence river ; W by Grenville, and N by Ot-
tawa river.
Dundee, royal borough in Angusshire,
with an excellent harbour. Its situation
for commerce is very advantageous.
Trading vessels of the largest burden can
get into the harbour : and on the quay
there are three very convenient and hand-
some warehouses, built in 1756, as well as
good room for ship-building, which is car-
ried on to a large extent. The houses are
built of stone, generally three or four
stories high. The population in 1788
amounted to nearly 20,000, but tlie inha-
bitants have increased to 23 or 24,000. It
is seated on the N side of the Frith of Tay
12 miles from its mouth, 40 NE of Edin-
burgh, 22 E of Perth, and 14 NW of St.
Andrews. Lon. 2 55 W. iat. 56 30 N.
Duneburg, town of Lavonia, on the
Dwina, 90 miles SE of Riga. Lon. 27 0 E.
lat 56 8 N.
Dungannon, town of Ireland, in the
county Tyrone, 11 miles NNW of Armagh.
Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 54 48 N.
Dungarvon, seaport of Ireland, in the
county of Waterford, seated on Dungar-
von Bay, 22 miles S W of Waterford. Lon.
7 29 W, lat 52 6 N.
Dungeness, cape on the coast of Kent,
eight miles S by W of Romney. Lon. 0
29 E. lat. 50 52 N.
Dunkavd, township of Pennsylvania,
situated on the W side of the river Monon-
gahela, in Greene county, and bounded on
the S by the line that divides this state
from Virginia. Population in 1820, 1472.
Dwikeld, town of Scotland, in the shire
of Perth, seated on the N side of the river
Tay, in a situation truly romantic, un'^er
and among very high, and almost inacces'
sible crags. Bunkeld is 12 miles N of
Paris. Lon. 3 36 W. lat. 56 35 N.
Dunkirk, considerable seaport of France,
in the department of the North and late
French Flanders. It v/as taken from the
Spaniards by the English and French in
1658, and put into the hands of the English,
but sold to the French, by Charles IJ. iji
1662. Lewis XIV. made it one of the best
fortified ports in the kingdom : but all the
vast and expensive works were demolished,
and the bnsais filled up, in consequence of
th^ treaty of Utrecht, in 17l3 The French
afterwards resumed the works ; but they
were ordered to be demolished by the
peace of 1763. By the peace of 1783, the
commissary was withdrawn, and the French
were left to resume the works. This
pi ice was besieged by the English in 1793,
but they were forced to retire with loss.
It is 22 miles SW of Ostend. Lon. 2 28
E, lat. 51 2 N.
Dunkirk, small village and port on lake
Erie, Chatauque county N. York. The har-
bour lies in form of a semi-eHipss. It is shel-
tered to the NW by a j oint of land, and on
the N by a reef of rocks, on which there is
only about 2 feet water. It is tlie only
harbor from Buffalo to Erie, on the New
York and Penn ylvania shore From Buf-
falo 45 miles, and from Canadaway or Fre-
donia 4 m les.
Dunkirk, post town in King and Queen
county, Virginia, 116 miles from Wash-
ington.
Dunklin's, post office, Newbury c(>unty.
South Carolina.
Du7i le-roi, town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, and late province of
Berry, 20 mies SofBourges. Lon. 2 29
E, lat. 46 45 N.
Dunlop, village in Ayrshire, in the dis-
trict of Cunningham, celebrated for rich
and delicate cheese.
Dunmow, Great, town of Essex, with a
market on Saturday, and a manufacture
of baize It is 1,3 rniles N of Chelmsford,
and 46 NE of London Lon. 0 24 E, lat.
51 54 N
Dunmow, Little, village in Essex, adjoin-
ing to Great Dunmow
Dimnington. town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Saturday, 27 miles SE of
Lincoln and 111 N of London. Lon. 0 7
W, lat, 52 55 N.
Dunnose, cape on the S side of the Isle
of Wight. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 50 33 N.
Dumisbury, post office, Lycoming coun-
ty, Pennsylvania.
Dunse, town in Berwickshire ; situate
between the forks of the rivers Blackadder
and Whiteadder, in a rich and fertile coun-
try, 12 miles W of Berwick upon Tweed.
Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 55 46 N.
Dunstable, town in Bedfordshire, with a
market iin Wednesday. It is seated on a
5ry ch Iky hill, and hasfmr streets which
regard the four cardinal points. The
church is the remainder of a piiory, and
oppi site to it is a farm-house, once a royal
palace. Dunstable is famous for elegant
baskets, &c. made of straw, which are even
277
\) V r
D L >;
an article of exportation. It is 34 miles
NVV of London. Lon. 0 29 W, lat. 51
59 N.
Dunstable, post town in Hillsborough
county, !*few Hampshire, lying on the river
Merrimack, about 40 miles NVV of Boston.
Population in 1820 1142.
Dunstable, township of Middlesex county,
Massachusetts ; situated on the W side of
Merrimack river, 25 miles NW of Boston.
Population in 1820, 584.
Dunstable, township of Lycoming coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 474.
Dtmstaffnage, venerable castle, near
Loch Etive, in Argyleshire, formerly a
royal palace, and afterward the seat of the
lord of the isles.
Dimster, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Friday, and a harbour on the
Bris'ol Channel. ' It is 20 miles NW of
Tawnton, and 158 W of London. Lon. 3
41 W, lat. 51 13 N.
Dunxvich, borough in Suffolk, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated at the
top of a loose cliff, and was formerly a
bishop's see, but it is now only the remains
of a town, all but two parishes being swal-
lowed up by the sea. It sends two mem-
bers to parliament, and is 24 miles S of
Yarmouth, and 99 N of London. Lon. 1
55 E, lat. 52 21 N.
Duuivich Township, Upper Canada, in
the county of Suffolk, lies to the west of
Southwold, h ving the river Thames for
its nortli, and lake Erie for its south boun-
dary.
Dupage, lake of Indiana, in the river
Des Pi tues, 6 miles above its junction with
the Kanhakee
Duplin, county of North Carolina; bound,
ed by Nev/ Hanover S ; Sampson W ;
Wayne N" ; Lenoir and Jones XE, and
Onslou E ; length 32 ; mean width 20 ; area
640 square miles. Surface generally level
or moderately hilly, and soil thin and rather
sterile.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,784
do. d ). females - - - 2,634
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 29
Slaves 2,416
Total population in 1810 . - 7,863
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,913
do. do. females ... 3,171
Total whites .... 6,084
Free pers. )ns of colour, males - 32
do. do. females 29
Slaves, males .... 1,874
do, females - . - 1,725
Total population in 1820 - 9,744
278
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized • 23
Engaged in Agricvdlure - . 3,270
do. in Manufactures - - 9
do. in Commerce . - 2
Population to the square mile, 15.
Duplin, Old, post office, Duplin county.
North Carolma.
Dupreeville, post town in Northampton
county. North Carolina ; situated between
Meherrin and Roanake rivers, 245 miles
SSW of Washington.
Duquela, province of Africa, in the king-
dom iif Morocco about 75 miles in length,
and 85 in breadth. It abounds in corn and
cattle.
Durampour, town of the Deccan of Hin-
doostan in the province of Guzarat, 46
miles NNE of Bombay. Lon. 7o 14 E, lat.
20 32 N.
Durance, river of France, which rises
near Biia^tcon, and watering Embrun, Tal-
lard, Sisteron, Monosque, and Cavaillon,
falls into the Rhone, below Avignon.
Durancl, township of Coos county. New
Hampshire. Population in 1820, 78.
Durango, city of New Spain, province of
New B scaj', and capital of the intendancy
of the same name ; situated 500 miles in a
direct line from the city of Mexico, and 900
from Santa Fe. The height of the town is
nearly 7,000 feet above the Ocean. Its
environs appear to be volcanic. One of
the largest masses of native iron ever dis-
covered, exists lear tlie city of Dur-^ngo ;
its weight has been calculated to be above
40,000 lbs. avoirdupois. N lat. 24 25 W,
lon. W C 26 35. Population 12,000.
Durango, intendancy of Mexico, better
known by the name of v\ew Biscay, belong-
ing to the Captain Generalship of the In-
ternal provinces , bounded W by Sonora ;
N by regions yet inhabited by Savages;
NE by Texas ; SE by a p rt of San Louis
Potosi, and S by Zacatecas and Gaajialaxa-
ra. Area 118,922 square miles; length
from north to south, from the mines of
Guarissamay 650 miles; mean breadth 180
miles. Population 160,000.
The surface of Durango, is in general
mountamous, and for its latitude cold. The
soil is in m ,'St places dry and arid. Im-
mense barren plain-, cover this intendancy,
over which the Spanish and Indian horse-
men ro;.m at large, in never ceasing hos-
tility to e.ch other. No races of men dif-
fer moie essentially than the Spanish
Creok' of the Viceroyalty, and the Euro-
pean descendants in the Provincies Inter-
nis, and the native Indian of Mexico, and
tie aborigines on the Rio Grande. Active,
bold, brave, and extremely athletic, the
inhabitants of the Internal provinces, civili-
zed and Savage, know perhaps less of dis-
ease, than any part of the bnman species
U U It
D U '1
)ti any age or country. Durango lies on
the table land of Anahuac, in nnost places
elevated upwards of 6,500 feet above the
Ocean, but declining to the east and west.
Its pi'oductions are European jj;rain and
fruits. Chief towns, Durango, Chihuahua,
San Juan del Rio, Nombre de Dios, Pas-
quiaro, Saltillo, Paras and Sta Rosa de
Cosigniriachi.
JJurant's Bay, North C irolina, Albe-
marle Sound, ton. \V C 0 44 E.
DurazzOi village of Albania, with a Greek
archbishop's see. It has a ruined fortress,
and a good harbour, on the gulf of Venice,
50 miles N of Valona. Lon 19 19 E, lat.
41 54 N
Durby, town of French Luxemburg,
capita! of a county of the same name, seat-
ed on the Outre, 20 miles S of Liege. Lon.
5 28 E, lat. 58 18 ?J.
Dwcheim, town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, 12 miles NE of Neu-
stadt. Lon. 8 21 E. lat. 49 26 N.
Duren, town of Germuiy, in the djichy
of Juliers, on the river Roer, 12 miles S of
Juliers Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 44 N.
Duvhain, covmty o? En;.^land, cal ed the
bishoprc of Durham; bounded on t!ie N
by Northumberland, on the E hy ihe G>-r-
raan Ocean, on t!ie S and SW by York-
shire, and on the VV by Wes moreland and
Cumberland. It extends 37 mdes from
N to S, and 47 from E to W ; contains one
city, seven market towns, and 113 parish-
es ; and sends four members t> p;^rliament.
Its rivers are the Tees, Tine, Vv^ere, Tame,
Lune, Derwent, Gauntless, Skerii, &c. Its
principal products are leud, coals, iion,
corn, mustard, saU, glasSj fine ale, with es;-
ceilent butter and salmon. The soil is
various ; the south is rich, but the wes ern
parts rocky and moorish. Population in
1801, 160,361, in 1811, 177,625, and in
1821, 207,673
Durham, capital of the conity of Dur-
ham, with a market on S it^urd ly, and a
bisliop's see. Has a manufactun- of shal-
loons, tammies and cal imancoes; and around
it are grown large quan ities of the best
mustard. Nevil's Cross, near the c;ty, wa-^
erected in memory of the victory obtained
by queen Philippa in 1346, over David
Bruce, king of Scotland, vviio was taken
prisoner in this battle. Durham sends
two members to parliament ; is 14 miles S
of Newcastle, and 257 N by W of London.
Lon. 1 27 W, lat 54 50 N
2);«r/jaOT, tow. iship of Buckingham coun-
ty. Lower Camda, between Wick am and
Melborne, 60 miles E from Montreal
Durham, township of Cumberland, Mai le,
situated on the SW side of S gadohoc
river, about 12 miles a'sove its junction
with the river Kennebec. Population in
1820, 1562.
Durham, post town and township, Staf-
ford county, New Hampshire, west from
Great Bay, and 12 miles W from Ports-
mouih. Population in 1820, 1538.
Durham, x^ast tow a and toi^ns.iip, Mid-
dlesex county, Connecticut, 7 miles S from
Middletown. Population in 1820, 1196.
Durham, post town and township, Green
ounty, New York, 20 miles NW from
Athens. Population m 1820, 2979.
Durham County, Upper Canada ; bound-
ed on the east by the county of Northum-
berland; on the south by lake Ontario
until it meets the westernmost point of
Long Beach ; thence by a line running
north 16 degrees v*^e.st, until it intersects
the soutiiern boundary of a tract of land
belonging to the Missassago Indians ; and
thence along the said tract, parallel to lake
Ontario, until it meets the north western-
most boundary of the county of Northum-
berland.
Durham, northern township of Bucks
county, P nnsylvania ; situated on the W
side of the river Delaware, 12 mdes S from
Eas on. P ipulation in 1820, 485.
D/rsley, town in Gloucestershire, with a
market on Thursday, and a castle, now in
rums. It is inhabited by clothiers, and
seated near the Severn, 13 miles SW of
Gloucester, and 107 W of London. Lon,
2 23 W, lat. 51 40 N.
Durial, town of France, in the depart-
ment of \Iaine and Loire, and late province
of Anjou, whose chief trade consists in
tanning.
Dusky Buy, bay of the island of New
Zeal '.ml, in tiie South Pacific Ocean. Lon.
166 18 E, 1 .t. 45 47 S.
Dassddorf, su^ng city, capital of the
duchy of Bci-g. It contains about 18,000
inhabitants, includin::^ the garrison Dus-
seldorf derives an air of dignity from its
pu!ace and great chui'ch. It is s ated on
the r.ver Dussei, near he Rhine, 22 miles
\W of Cologne. Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 51
12 N.
i)K<c/iess, county of New York; bounded
E by Connecticut . S by l*u nam county in
New York ; W by Had'.on's r;vtr, and N
by Columbia county, Ne^v York ; 1 'ngtli
35 ; mean width 24 ; area 840 sqiare miles.
The ace of tliis cou ty i^ ii. a peculiar
manner diveisified In the valle\ s of the
Housatoiiic, Fishkil., W ppiiiger and Jan-
sen, are extensive bodies of first rate
laid. Ill ihe intermediate spare betw en
those rich vales, extend fertile tracts of
high land lit le less prod.ictive. The b' nks
of the Huiison. are steep, rocky and brok n,
and indeed general y pr cipitous. On its
southern b undary, this county risf-s mto
mounttins, some of tlie peaks of which,
exceed 120J feet above he level of tide
water. These are the celebrated High-
lands, which inflecting first to NE, and
thence N, through Dutchess into the SE
279
E A O
E A K
angle of Columbia county, separate the
sources of the Housatonic, from those of
the creeks falling into the Hudson, and
gives to the eastern side of Dutchess a bold
and mountainous aspect. From the eleva-
ted ground from which they flow, and the
comparatively deep chasm in which the
Hudson is confined, the creeks of Dutch-
ess are eminently calculated for the pro-
pulsion of machinery, an advantage to a
considerable extent improven by the in-
habitants. See Mateotvan, Wappingers
Creek, &c. This country is well cultivated
and productive in grain, ti:uits and meadow
grasses. Its staples are numerous, and
consist of grain, flour, whiskey, beef, pork,
butter, cheese, live stock, orchard fruits
and garden vegetables. Chief town, Pough-
keepsie.
The population of Dutchess for 1810,
included, also the townships subsequently
formed into Putnam county. See P71I-
nam.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 25,161
do. do. females - - 23,816
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 1,124
Slaves 1,262
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
51,363
22.374
21,784
Total whites - - - 44,158
Free persons of colour, males - 764
do. do. females - 921
Slaves, males . - - . 383
do. females . - - - 389
Total population in 1820 - - 46,615
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 248
Engaged in Agriculture - 7,506
do. in Manufactures - 2,625
do. in Commerce - - 319
Population to the square mile, 55.
Dntliiigen, town of Suabia, with a castle,
seated on a mountain. It is situated on the
Danube over which it has a bridge. It be-
longs to the duke of Wirtemburg, and is
33 miles NW of Constance. Lon. 9 2 E,
lat 48 10 N.
Dutotsbiirg, post town, Northampton
county, Pennsylvania -, situated on the
west bank of the Delaware, at its entrance
into the Watergap and at the foot of the
Blue Mountain on tlie north side, in Smith-
field township. It is 22 miles NE by N
from Easton.
Duxborough, post town and township,
Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 10 miles
N from Plymouth. Population in 1820,
2403.
Duxbury, township of Washington coun-
ty, Vermont, on the left side of Onion
river, 13 miles below Montpelier, Popu-
lation 350.
Duijveland,QX\Q of the islands of Zealand,
in the United Provinces, E of Schowen,
from which it is separated by a narrow
channel.
Ihvina, large river of Russia, which rises
in Vologda, and flows NNW into the
White Sea, at Archangel.
Dioi7ia, river of Russia, in Lithuania,
which divides Livonia from Courland, and
falls into the Baltic, below Riga.
Dyberry, township of Wayne county,
Pennsylvania, on the I^ackawaxen Creek.
Population in 1820, 1082.
Dyer's Island, in the head of the bay of
Quinte, lies to the eastward of Missassaga
Island, Upper Canada.
Dysart, borough in Fifesliire, seated on
the Frith of Forth, 11 miles N of Edin-
burgh. It has a considerable trade in coal.
Loii. 3 6 W, lat. 56 9 N.
E
Eagie, township of Brown couniy, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 2133.
Eagle, creek of Adams, Brown counties,
Ohio, falls into Ohio river, 10 miles below
Maysville.
Eagle, township Hocking county, Ohio.
Eagle Island, township of Hancock coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 8.
Eaglesville, villajre, township of Manlius,
Onandago county, New York.
Eagleville, town of MareTigo county, Ala-
bama, on Tombigbee, at the mouth of the
Black Warrior.
Eaoowe, one of the Friendly Islands in
the South Pacific Ocean, discovered bv
280
Tasman, in 1643, and by him named Mid-
dleburg. Lon. 174 30 W, lat. 21 24 S.
Eardfy, township of York county, Lower
Can » da, on Ottawa river.
Earl, township of Berks county, Pean-
sylva'ia, 12 miles NE from Reading. Popu-
lation in 1820, 509.
Earl, township of Lancaster county, on
Conesfogf) creek, 12 miles above Lancas-
ter. Population in 1820, 5559.
Earslto7u town in Berwickshire, seated
on the river Leader, 35 miles SE of Edin-
burgh.
Earn, river which issues from the lake
of Ram, in Perthshire. It meanders for
E A rf
E A S
above 20 miles tiirous^h the valley otSlra-
tliearn, and joins the Tuy below Perth.
Earne, lake of lrelani.1, in tiie county of
Fermanagh, 30 miles in length. It is nar-
row in the middle; and in this part is an
island on which stands Inniskilling.
Uarihquake Lake ; lake in Missuiiri, said
to have been formed by the earthquake in
that country in 1312. Most of the accounts
jiii'jlished of this phenomenon, were no
doubt grossly exaggerated.
Eastdourn, town of Sussex, noted for
plenty of the birds called wheatears and is
a pliice of resort for bathing It is seated
near the Ji iglish Ciiannel, 1.5 mites ESE of
Lewes, and 63 SSE of London.
EuH Jlnduver, town of Oxford county,
Maine, 30 miles NW from Paris.
East Bay, in Adolphnstown, bay of
Quinte, Upper Canada, is where the forks
of the; north charmel open, descending
south-westerly from Hay b ly.
East Bsthkhe'n, township of Lancaster
county, Pennsylvania.
' East Brulford, township of Chester
county, Pennsylvania, on Brandywine
creek below East Cain. Population in
1820, 1217.
East Bridgwater, post village, Plymouth,
coimty, Massachusetts.
East Cain, lOA'nsiiip of Ciic.iter county,
Pennsylvania, in the Brandywine valley
between West Whiteland and Sadsbury.
Downingsto \vn is in this township, 32 miles
from Piiiladelphiu. P)pu!atio;i in 1320,
1162.
East Chaster, post town. West Chester
county, New York, 20 miles N from New
York. Population in 1820, 1021.
East District, tow nshh"^ of Be k? county,
Pennsylvania, on the sources of Perkio-
men, Miuataway, Litt'.e Lehigh and .Maiden
creeks, 18 miles N."^ from Reaiing. Podu-
lation in 1820, 509.
Easter Island, island in the So'itli Pacific
Ocean, 12 leagues in circuit. It lias a hiliv
and stoay surface, an iron-boun.l shore, and
affords neitiier safe atichorage, fr -sh water,
nor w<)od for fuel. It bears evident marks
not only of a volcanic origin, but of having
been not very long ago ruined by an erup-
tion. It is the same tliat was seen by Da-
vis in 1636 ; it was next visited by Uogge-
wein in 17'22, and again by Cant .in Cook in
1744. Lon. 109 46 W, lar. 27 5 S.
Eastern District, of Upper Canada ;
bounded easterly by the pr )vince of Lower
Canada ; southerly by tlie river St. Law-
rence ; northerly by the Ottawa river, and
westerly by a meridian passing through
the ranuth of the Gananoque river, in Leeds
county.
East Fallrnv/ield, township of Chester
CDuiitv, Pcnnsvlvania, on the west branch
N n
of IJrandy wine, S W from East Cain. Popu-
lation in 1820, 857.
East Goshen, township of Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on Ridley creek, 7 miles
E from Downingstown. Population in
1820, 735
East Greenwich, post town and township
Kent couniy, Rhode Island. Population in
1820, 1519.
East GuUfurd, post village, New Haven
couniy, Connecticut,
East Iladdam, post town and township,
Middlesex county, Connecticut, on the left
bank of Connecticut river, 14 miles below
-Middietown. Population in 1820,2572.
Eastham, post town and township, Barn-
stable county,. Missachusftts, 24 miles NB
from Barnstable. Population iu 1820,
766.
East Hampton, township of Hampshire
county, Masiacliusetts, 5 miles S from
No:-tham!)ton. Population in 1820, 712.
Ea'it Hampton, post town and township,
Suffulk county. New York, includes Mon-
tauk Point and Gardiner's Island, 112 miles
ENE f om New York. Clinton Academy
located in East Hampton, is a very respecta-
ble institution. Population in 1820, 1646.
East Hartford, post town and flourishing
township, Hartftrd county, Connecticut,
on Connecticut river opposite Hartford, to
which it is conveniently connected by a fine
bridge. Population in 1820, 3373.
East Haven, township ot Es-,ex county,
Vermon', 48 miles N from Montpelier
East ILiven, township, New Haven coun-
ty, Connecticut, 4 miles E from New Ha-
ven Population in 1820, 1237.
East Kingston, township of Rockingham
county, Vew Hampshire, 22 miles SW from
PorUimouth, Population in 1820, 443.
East Lake, lies between the townships
of .Marysburgh and Sophiasburgh, imme-
diitely to tiie north-east of little Sandy bay,
on lak ' Ont .rio, Upper Canada.
East .Main, part of New Britain, on the
peninsuh of Labrador; lies along the E
shore of .F .mes' Bay.
East JLiin House, one of the British sta-
tions for Indian fur trade, stands on a river
flowing into James' bay. Lon. W C 1 42
W, lat. 52 15 N
E,ast Jllanor, tiAvnship of Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
3303.
East Jilarlboroiigh, township of Chester
county, Pennsylvania, on the sources of
Red Clay creek, 9 miles S from Downings-
tovvn. Popu'ation in 1820, 993.
East Minot, post town, Cumberland coun-
ty, Maine.
East JVantmill, township of Chester
county, Pennsylvania, on the sources of
French creek, 35 miles NW from Phila-
delphia. Population in 1820, 1873.
East liiver, strait of New York, between
281
E A S
i^ A i
Long Island Sound and New York bay. cle of flour, which constitutes the principal
Opposite the central part of New York, or staple o*' Northampton county. Population
from Fulton street to the main street of in 1810, 165", and la 1820, 2370.
Brooklyn, East river is about three quar- Easton, post town and capital of Talbot
tersofamile Wide. "Vessels of any tonnage countv, Maryland, on ihe left bank of
can pass through this strait. In it, is the Treadhaven creek, 12 mdes above Chop-
principal commercial harbour of the city of tank bay, 50 miles SE from Baltimore. It
New York. is the most considerable town of the eas-
Easton, post town and township, Bristol tern shore, part of Maryland. Population
county, Massachusetts, 22 miles S from near 2000.
Boston. Population in 1820, 1803. Eastport, post town and port of entry,
Easton, post town, SK angle of Washing- Washington county, Maine, at the mouth
ton countv. New Y''ork, on the left bank of of Cobscook river, 280 miles NE from
the Hudson, 22 miles above Albany. Portland. The boundaries of the townstiip.
Population in 1820, 3051. • contains Moose island, and several smaller
Easton, post town and seat of justice islands. This town has rapidly increased,
Northampton county, Pennsylvania, on the its shipping in 1816, exceeded 7,370 tons.
Delaware, 60 miles N from Philadelphia. Population in 1810, 1511, and in 1820,
It is a borough town, situated on a point of 1937.
land formed by the Delaware and Lehigh East Sudbury, post town, Middlesex
rivers and Bushkill creek. The streets county, Massachusetts. Population in
are laid out at right angles to each other, 1830, 962.
and along the cardinal points. The lower EasCto^un, township of Chester county,
part of the town near the Delaware is on Pennsylvania, on both sides of the road
an elevated level, but the western ex'tremi- from Philadelphia to Lancaster, 16 miles
ty rises by a gradual acclivity to a consider- from th? former. Population in 1820, 618.
able elevation. The adjacent country is East Whiteland, township of Chester
bold, broken, and romantic- The soil is county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike road
highly productive, and being well cultiv.a- from Philadelphia to Lancaster, 20 miles
ted, gives a most pleasing aspect to the from the former. Population in 1820,
vicinity of Easton. Farm houses, orchards, 818.
fields and meadows, are comingled along
the bottoms of the rivers and slopes of the
adjacent hills. Bushkill creek is amongst
the finest mill .'■.treams in the U. States. See
Bushkill. This stream rises 8 miles N from
Nazareth, and has an almost uninterupted
f Jl to the Delaware. Within the borough
East Windsor, post town and township,
Hartford county, Connecticut, on the east
side of Connecticut river, 8 miles above
Hartfoi-d. See Warehouse Point. Popula-
tion in 1820, 3400.
Eaton, township of Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, 84 miles SSE from Trois
of Easton it passes the Chesnut ridge, and llivieres, or Three R.vers.
by a very winding and precipitous course £a«o;i, post town and township, Strafford
reaches the Delaw^ire, affording a rapid county. New Hampshire, N from Ossipee
succession of mill seats. lake, 50 miles NE from Concord. Popii-
The following valuable information re- lation in 1820, 1071.
specting this interesting place, was coinmu- Eaton, post town and township, Madison
nicated to the editor by anintelligent young county, New Y'ork, on the head of Chenan-
gentlemen, a native of that town. There go river, 30 miles SW from Utica. Popu-
are within the boundjries of the borough, lation in 1320, 3021.
3 oil mills, 6 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 2 dis- Eaton, township of Luzerne county,
tillpries, 3 tan yards and tanneries, 1 brew- PeJinsylvania, on the right side of Susque-
ery, and 31 dry good and hardware stores, hannah river on Bowman's creek, opposite
A library formed in 1811, containing about Tunkhannock. Population in 1820, 478.
1200 volumes. An academy called the Eaton, post town and township and seat
Union Academy, in which the learned Ian- of justice, Prebble county, Ohio. The vil-
guages are taught. Three places of pub- lage is seated near a quarter of a mile from
lie worship, 1 for Presbytei-lans ; 1 for Epis- Old fort St Clair, 34 miles W from Dayton,
copalians, and 1 for German Lutheran?, and 50 N from Cincinnatti. Population in
A court house, erected in 1758. Four fine 182u, 255.
bridges ; one over the Delaware, a most Eatoji^s JVecIc Light House, Huntingion,
substantial structure, erected at an expense Suffolk county. New York, on Long Island,
of 80,000 dollars ; one a chain bridge, over It is situated on a point of land north from
the Lehigh, on tlie Philadelphia road, and Huntington bay, of Long Island Sound 40
two over the Bushkill. Two banks ; one miles ENE from New York, and nearly op-
a bi'anch of that of Pennsylvani;!, and the posite Norwalk in Connecticut,
other the Easton bank, with a capital of Eatonton, post town and seat of justice,
400,000 dollars. The trade of this town is Putnam county, Georgia, 20 miles NNW
very considerable, particularly in the arti- from Millcdgeville.
282
E DA
E D G
'£nion io-Lvn, village of New Jersey, Mon-
mouth county, 1 mile from Shrewsbury and
12 from Freehold.
Eaiise, ancient town of Finance, in the
department of Gers and late province of
Armag-nac, 17 miles S\V of Condom. Lon.
0 10 E, iat. 43 51 N.
Ebeiiezer, chief town of Effingham coun-
ty, state of Georgia ; situated on the SW
side of Savannali river, 35 miles NNVV of
the city of Savannah. It was originally
settled by emigrants from Germany.'
Ebensbiirg, post town and seat of justice,
Cambria countj', Pennsylvania, 70 miles E
from Pittsbiu'g, and 4 miles N W from Beu-
lah.
Ebc.rbach, town of German}', in the pala-
tinate of the Ithine, remarkable for its
wme. It is seated on the Ntckar, 10
miles NE of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 56 E. Iat.
49 26 N.
Eberberg, castle of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, seated at the conflu-
ence of the Nahe and Alsen, 8 miles SW of
Creutznach. Lon. 7 52 E, Iat. 49 38 N.
Eberstein, district and castle of Suabia,
subject to the margravate of Baden. The
castle is the chief place, six miles SE of
Baden. Lon. 8 20 E, Iat. 48 46 N.
Eberstein, town of Germany, in Alsace,
3 miles SW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 46 E,
Iat. 48 29 N.
Eberville, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Puy-de-Dome, and late province of
Auvergne. It lately had a Benedictine ab-
bey, which was very rich. It is seated on
the Scioule, eight miles NE of Riom. Lon.
3 15 E, Iat. 45 59 N.
Ebro, river of Spain, which rises in the
mountains of Santillane, in Old Castile, and
watering Sarngossa and Tortossa, falls into
the Mediterranean.
Ecaterrinenshif. See Catharinenslaf.
Ecdefechaii, village in Dumfriesshire,
noted for its great monthly market for cat-
tle. It is 10 miles SE of Dumfries.
Eccleshal, town in Staffordshire, with a
market on Friday. It is seated on a branch
of the river Stow, and the bisliop of Litch-
field and Coventry has a castle here. It is
"six miles NW of Stafford and 143 of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 9 W, hit. 53 2 N.
Echinades, now Cu~'olari, small islands
on the coast of Epirus.
EcJUevnach, town of Austrian Lu.^em-
burg, on the river Sout, in a valley surround-
ed by mountains, 18 miles NE of Luxem-
burg. Lon. 6 33 E, Iat. 49 5Q N.
Ecija, or Ezija, episcopal town of Spain,
in Andalusia, seated on the Zenil, 28 miles
SW of Cordova. Lon. 4 27 W, Iat. 37
39 N.
Edanit town of New Holland, famous for
its red rind cheeses, and seated on the
Zuider-Zee, 20 miles N by E of Amster-
dam. Lon, 4 54 E, Iat. 52 32 N,
Eddyntone, name of some rocks in the
English Channel, which cause variety of
contrar}^ sets of the tide or current in their
vicinity. They are situated SSW from the
middle of Plymouth Sound, at the distance
of 14 miles. They are almost in the line
which joins the Start and the Lizard Points,
and their situation with regard to the Bay
of Biscay and the Atlantic is such, that they
lie open to the swells of the bay and Ocean
from all the SW points, so that ail the lioavy
seas from the SW break upon Eddystonc
with the utmost fuiy. Three light houses
have been erected on these dangerous
rocks ; the first by Mr. Winstr.nly, 1696,
which on the 27th Noven.ber, 1703, was
destroyed by a storm, and with it perished
the ingenious founder. The second was
built of wood by IMr. Rudyard, but was
burnt in 1755. The tliird, and the one yet
in existence, was constructed in stone by
Mr. Smeaton, and finished August 24th,
1759. Us distance from the Ram Head,
the nearest point of land, is 12 miles. Lon.
4 24 W, Iat. 50 8 N.
Eddivillc, post town, and capital of Cald-
well county, Kentucky, on the right bank
of Cumberland ri\ er, 40 miles above its
mouh.
Eden, town v/hich rises in Westmore-
land, on the confines of Yorkshire, and
running N by Appleby and Carlisle, falls
into Solway Frith.
Edentor,, post town, port of entry, and
the capital of Chowan county, N. Carolina ;
seated near the head of Albemarle Sound,
11 miles N by E of Plymouth, on the op-
posite shore, 22 E of Windsor, and about
the same distance S by W of Hertford. It
contains about 1500 inhabitants, and lies in
the Iat. of 36 66 N.
Edgartoim, post town of Duke's county,
Massachusetts; it is a port of entry, the
chief town of the county, and the capital
of Martha's Vineyard ; situated in the Iat.
of 41 25 N. Poindation in 1820, 374.
Edgecombe, cape of King George's
Island, west coast of North America, Lon.
W C 58 15 W. Iat. 57 02 N.
Edgecombe, post town, and township,
Lincoln county, Maine, opposite Wiscas-
set on Sheepscut river. Population in
1820, 1629.
Edgecombe, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by Greene S; Wavne SW ; Nash
NW ; Halifax NE ; Martin E, and Pitt SE ;
length 33; mean wiHtli 14; and artja 460
square miles- Surface level, and soil ge-
nerally sandy and unproductive. Chief
town, Tarborough.
Population in ISIO.
Free white m.ales ... 3,534
do. do. females - - 3,545
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - - 237
283
K D G
Ji D i
Slaves ..... 5,107
Total population in 1810, • 12,423
Population in 1820.
Free white males
.
3,573
do. do. females -
■
3,700
Total whites
7,273
Free persons of colour, males -
127
do. do.
females -
131
Slaves, males
.
3,%l
do. females
-
1,784
Total population In 1820
13,276
Of these ;
Ivoreigners not naturalized - 2
Kngaged in Agriculture - - 3,973
do. in Manufactures - 174
do. in Commerce - - 24
Population to the square mile, 29.
Edgefield, district of South Carolina ;
hounded by Savannah river ZSiW ; Abbe-
ville NVV ; Newberry N; and Lexington,
Orange and Barii" ell SE ; length 46 :
mean width 40 ; :;rea 1840 square miles.
Surface moderately hilly and soil of second
rate quality. Chief town, Edgefield.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 7,340
do. do. females - - - 7,093
All other persons except Indians not
taxed - - - - - 151
Slaves 8,576
Total population in 1810 - - 23,160
Population in 1820.
Free white mahs - - - 6,425
do. do. females ... 6,439
Total whites ... - 12,062
Free persons of colour, males 26
do. do. fen-ales 31
Slaves, males .... 6.439
do. females ... 5,761
Total population in 1820 - - 25,119
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,872
do. in Manufactures - - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 13.
Edgemoni, township '^f Delaware county
Pennsylvania. It is situated on both sides
of Providence creek, about 15 miles W of
Philadelphia. Population in 1820, 640.
Edgehill, village in VVai-wickshire, where
the first battle was fought between Charles
I. and the parliament, in 1642. It is 14
miles S of Warwick.
Edge-ware, town in Middlesex, with a
284
market on Tiiursdav, eight miles NW of
London. Lon. 0 14 W. iat. 51 2,7 N.
Edikofeii, town of Germany in the palati-
nate of the Rhine. A bloody battle was
fought here between the Prussians and tlie
French in 1794, wliicli terminated in fa-
\o\iv of the French-
Edinburgh, metropol sof Scotland, situa-
ted in a county oi the same name. It may
properly be divided into the Old and New
towns. The Old 'i'own is situated on a
narrow steep hill, about a mile in length,
terminated abruptly on the V/ side by the
castle, from which there is a gi adual de-
clivity to the palace of Holyrood-house,
v/hich is placed in a beauiiful plain called
St. Ann's Yards From the level of this
plain, and on each side of the ridge or hill
on wlncii the Old Town stands, run two
na. row valleys, nearly parallel to each
other ; the southern one forms a street
called the Cowgate, the northern continu-
ed a marsh till very la'.elj', which was call-
ed the North Loch, but is now drained.
The liigh street which runs between the
castle i>nd Holyrood-housc, is long and spa-
ciotis, and the houses are very high. Frf»m
this street many narrow lanes or closes run
ofl'at riglit angles, towards ihe N and S,
The ca>tle is seated on a vast perpendicu-
lar rock, accessible only by a drawbridge
on one side, and in ancient times was con-
sidered as almost ifripregnabL». In 1811
tie number of inhabitants, exclusive of
Leith, was 103,000. It is supplied with
water conveyed in iron pipes, from Comis-
ton, four miles to the W. It is governed
by a lord provost, a dean of guild, a guild
covincil, and 25 common cour.cil. Here
are 14 incorporated trades, each li.aving its
deacon or warden. Edinburgli is two
miles SSW of Leith (whicii is its port) and
377 N by W from London. Lon. 3 12 VV,
Iat. 55 58 N.
This city has become deservedly cele-
brated for the nurpiber, extent, and excel-
lence of its liiera y institutions. Tlie uni-
versity of Edinburgh was founded in 15S2,
and now-, embraces professorships, on al-
most every important pursuit of the iiuman
intellect. The number of students ordina-
rily exceeds 2000. To the university is
attached a library containing above 50,000
volumes. As a medical school, the repu-
tation of this university occupies a most
exalted rank. The other literary charita-
ble, religious and legal institutions are nu-
merous and highly respectable. Of all the
great cities of the British empire, Edin-
burgh is supposed to derive the least com-
parative emolum.ent from trade, commerce
or manufacturers.
Edinburghsldre, or .Mid Lothian, county
of Scotland, 27 miles long and from 6 to
16 broad, bounded on the N by the Frith
of Forth, E by the shires of Haddington.
R D W
E F F
Berwick, and Roxbursf, S by those of Sel-
kirk, Peebles and Lanerk, and \V by Lin-
lithgovv:-hire. It is divid-.d intool jarislies.
The soil is fertile and [jrodiires corn of all
sorts, with plenty of grass , also, coal, iron,
limestone, and black marble. Tiie prmci-
pal rivers are the Esk, Leitli, Amond, and
Gala. Population in 1801, 122,954 ; in
1811, 148,607 ; and in 1821, 191,514.
EiUnbitrgh, township of Saratoga county.
New York, 28 miles NNW from Balslon
Spa. Population in 1820, 1469.
Edinburgh, village of Elbert county, in
Georgia, on the right bank of Savannah
river, 65 miies above Augusta.
Edinburgh, township of Portage county,
Ohio, SW from Ravenna, and along the
right bank of Cuyahoga river. Popula-
tion in 1820, uncertain.
Edinburgh, township. Dearborn countj-,
Indiana,
Edisto, post town in Orange county,
South Carolina, 577 miles from Washing-
ton.
Edisto, considerable river nf South Ca-
rolina, which riSirs in the ilistric if Erlge-
field, and after meandering in a SE threc-
tion, between Barnwell and Orangeb'.irgh,
enters Colleton and falls jjito the ocean by
two separate outlets in the lat. (.f32 25 N.
Edisto, island ot Georgia, formed by the
two outlets of Edisto river. It is separat-
ed from Wadmeiaii island, by North Edisto,
and is fertile and well cultivated. Staple,
cotton.
Edmeston, post town, and township of
Otsego county. New York, 20 miles W
from Cooperstown. Population in 1820,
1841.
Ednam, village near Kelso, in Roxburgh-
shire, Scotland, seated on the Tweed,
where Thomson, tlie auth.or of the seasons,
was born.
Edward, cape of west coast of Nortli
America on King George's Island, 40 miles
N from Cane Edgecombe. Lon. W C 58
45 W lat 57 40 N.
Edwards, county of Illinois, on Wabash ;
hounded by White S : Wayne W ; Craw-
ford N, and Wabash river SE ; length 33 ;
mean width 30 ; area 990 squared miles.
Surface rather waving than hilly ; soil ge-
nerally fertile. Chief town, Palenyra.
liirkbeck's settlement is in the SE part of
this county.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - . . ,
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
En^raged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactiires
do. in Commerce
387
767
87
21
Population to the square mile, 3^.
Edwurdsville, township of Greenville
county. Upper Canada.
EdiuardsvUle, post town and seat of jus-
tice, .Madison county, Illinois, on the left
bank of Cahokia river, 22 miles NE from
St. Louis. A land office, a bank, and one
pnnting office, have been located in this
town.
Eel river, small branch of Wabash, en-
ters from the NW, 20 miles nearly S from
Fori Wayne.
Efferdiiig, town of Upper Austria, de-
fended by two castles, eight miles W of
Lintz. Lon. 13 52 E. lat. 48 18 N.
Effingham, village in Surry, once, ac-
cording to tradition, a populous town, con-
taining 16 churches. It is 12 miles NE of
Guilford, and 17 SW of London.
Effingham, coumy of Lower Canada, ex-
tends from the O tawa r ver, opposite Isle
Jesus, in a NE direction between York
and Leinster countie,-. It lies NW from
Montreal.
Effingham, township of Strafford county.
New Hampshire, 43 miles NE from Con-
cord. Population in 1820, 1368.
Effingham, county of Genrgia, between
Savannah, and Great Ogeechee river, and
bounded S by Chatham; W by Great
Ogeecjjee river ; NW by Scriven ; and NE
and E by Savannah river ; length 26 ;
mean width 18 ; area about 470 square
milts. Surface level and soil sandy. Chief
town, Springfield. Staple, cotton.
Population in 181U.
Free white males . - . 830
do. do, fem.'Jes - - - 745
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . - 1
Slaves ----- 1,010
Total population in 1810
Population in 182n.
Free white males
do, do. females -
2,586
782
part of
Total whites . . - -
1,654
Free persons of colour, males -
9
do. do. females.
8
1,861
Slaves, males . . - -
761
1.561
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
586
3,422
3,018
8
Of these;
_.
7
Foreigners not naturalized
0
3
Engaged in Agriculture
1,084.
4
do. in Manufactures
none
do. in Commerce
18
3,444.
Population to the square mile, 6,
285
E G \
EG!
.Bgg-Harboiir, Great, inlet of Gloucester
county, New Jersey, receiving from the
NW Great Kgg Harbour river. The inlet
and nver are navigable about 20 miles for
vessels of 200 tons burtlien.
Egg-Harbour, Little, inlet between Bur-
lington and Monmouth counties, New Jer-
sey. It is navigable 20 miles for 60 ton
vessels.
Egg-Harbour, Great, posttoun, se-port,
and port of entry, Gloucester count}.
New Jersey, on the N side of Great Egg-
Harbour Lilet, 60 miles SE from Phladel-
phia. The township in 1820, contamed
1635 mhabitanis.
Egg- Harbour, ij«/e, post town, seaport
' and port of eniry, Biu-lington cou!ity. New
Jersey, at the mouth of Little Egg-Har-
bour Inlet. Population in 1820, 1192, in
the township.
Egg Island, small island of Cumberland
county. New Jersey, on the N side of De-
laware bay
Egmount, bay of the inland of St. Johns,
in ine gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly oppo-
site bay Oeite in New Brunswick. Lon. W
C 13 E. l;!i.46 SON.
Egmount, island in the gulf if Mexico, on
the W coast of Florida 2tj miles NW from
the mouth of Tampa bay. Lon. W C 6 20
W.lat 28 N
Egg, fertile little island, one of the He-
brides of Scotland, to the S of Skye.
Egham, village in Surry, which has two
neat almsiiouses for six men and six wo-
men, with a school for the educawon of 20
boys. Egham is seated near the Thames,
18 miles W by S of London.
Eglisau, ancient town of Swisserlarid, in
the canton of Zuric, seated on the Rhine,
13 miles N of Zuric. Lon. 8 30 E. lat. 47
33 N.
Egra, town of Bohemia, formerly impe-
rial. It was taken by the French in 1742,
but they were forced to evacuate it the
next year. Its mineral watei's are fiimous.
It is seated on the Eger, 90 miles W of
Prague. Lon. 12 40 E. lat. 50 9 N.
Egremont, trAvn in Cumberland, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated near the
Irish Sea, on the river Eben, over which
are two bridges ; and on the peak of a hill
is a castle. It sen*, members to parliament
in the reign of Edward I. and is 14 miles
SW of Cockermouth, and 299 NW of Lon-
don. Lon. 3 35 W. lat. 54 32 N.
Egremont, township and post town,
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the
Housatonick, 18 miles SSW from Lenox.
Population in 1820, 865.
Egypt, country of Africa, 600 miles in
length, and 250 where broadest : bounded
on the N by the MediteiTanean, on the S
by Nubia, on the E by the Red Sea and the
isthmus of Suez, and on the W by the de-
serts to Die E of Fezzan. The "broadest
"!86
parfe is from Alexandria to Damletta, and
tlience it gradually grows narrower, till it
approaches Nubia. It is divided into the
Upper, Middle and Lnwer ; which last
comprehends the D,.-ita ; and though the
air is naturally hot, and not very whole-
some, it enjoys so many other advantages,
that it has been always extremely popu-
lous. Egypt carried on a considerable
trade in East India commodities, till the
P'jrtUriuehe found the vvjy round the Cape
of Good Hope. However the merch ints
01 Europe visit ihe harbours of the Medi-
ten-anean, and import and export several
sorts of merchandize ; and from other
parts the natives get elephant's teeth ;
ebony, gold dust, musk, civet, ambergris,
and c .ft'ee. The gold dust is brought from
Negroland, to Fez, and Morocco, and
thence to Cairo, over immense deserts.
T!ie priiicipat commodities which the mer-
chants purchase are coffee, senna, cassia,
rhubarb, sal ammoniac, myrrh, saffron,
saltpetre, aloes, opium, indigo, sugar, san-
d.il wood, dales, cotton, cloth, &c. The
complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and
the further S the darker, so that those near
Nubia are jlmo>t black. They arc gener-
ally indolent and cowardly ; the richer
sort do nothing all day but drmk coffee,
smoke tobacco and sleep ; and they are
ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously
vain. From March to Noverrber, the heat
to a European, is almost insupportable ;
but the ( ther months are more temperate.
The S winds are by the natives called poi-
sonous winds, or the hot winds, of the de-
serts ; they are of such extreme heat, and
aridity, that no animated body exposed to
it can withstand its fatal influence. Dur-
ing the three days that it generally lasts,
the streets are deserted ; and wo to the
traveller whom this wind surprises remote
from shelter. It rains very seldom in
Egypt ; but that want is fully supplied by
the annual inundation of the Nile. When
the waters retire, all the ground is covered
with mud ; then they only harrow their
corn into it, and in the following Marcli,
they have usu.illy a plentiful harvest ; their
rice fields are supplied with water from
canals and reservoirs. There is no place in
the world better furnished with corn, flesh,
fish, sugai", fruits and all sorts of garden
stuff ; and in LoM'er Egypt, are oranges,
lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and
plantains, in great plent}'. The sands are
so subtile that they penetrate into the clo-
sets, chests and cabinets, which, with the
hot winds, are probabl}' the cause of sore
eyes being so very common here. The
animals of E;"vpt are tigers, hyenas, ante-
lopes, apes, liick cattle, fine horses, large
asses, crocodiles, the hippopotamus, the
cameleon, and a kind of rat called ichneu-
mon ; ostriches, eagles, hawks pelicans-
F- tx \
E I S
water t'owJsoi ail kinds, and the ibis wiiicli
resembles a duck, and was deified by ihe
ancient Egyptians, on account o'' its de-
stroying serpents u'ld n )xious insects. Here
is a serpent called the cerastes, or burned
viper, whose bite is fatal to those who
have not the secret of gnvirding against it;
for some ef the natives can play witii the
cerastes, and it will not attempt to bite
them ; but when applied to a hen, or any
other animal, it has instantly bit and killed
them. The pyramids of Egypt are noticed
by all travellers ; the largest takes up ten
acres of ground, and is, as well as the rest,
built upon a rock. Here are also caverns,
out of which they get the mummies, or em-
balmed dead bodies, which are found in
coffins, set upright in niches of the walls,
and have contiuued there at least 4000
years ; many of these have been brougiit to
E igland, and were formerly deemed of
great use in medicine. The principal city
is Cairo. The ancient kings governed
Eg^T^t, till Cambyses became master of it,
525 years B. C and in their time all those
"wonderful structures were raised, which
we cannot beliold without astonishment.
These are the pyramids, the labyrinths,
the immense grottos of the Thebals ; the
obelisks, temples, and pompous palaces ;
the lake Moeris, and the vast canals, which
served both for trade and to render the
land fruitful. After this conquest Camby-
ses demolished the temples and persecut-
ed the priests. After his death, this coun-
try continued under the Persian yoke till
the time of Alexander the Great, who hav-
ing conquered Persia, built tlie famous
city of Alexandria. He was succeeded by
Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 years B. C.
Ten kings of that name succeeded each
other, till Cleopatria, the sisrer of the last
Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when
Egypt became a R.jman province, and con-
tinued so till the reign of Omar, ihe second
calif of the successors of Mahomet, who
drove away the Romans, after it had been
in tlieir hands 700 years When the power
of the califs declined, Saladine set up the
empire of the Mamloucks, which became
so powerful in time, that they extended
their dominions over a great part of Africa,
Syria and Arabia, Egypt .was then con-
quered by Selim, a Turkish emperor, and
great numbers of its ancient inhabitants
withdrew into the plains. An attempt %vas
then made to deprive the Ottoman Porte
of its authority over Egypt by Ali Bey,
who having been for some time extremely
fortunate, was at last defeated and killed
in 1773. Egypt has been since torn by
civil wars between the adherents of Ali,
and other beys or princes, who rose on his
ruins. Alternately expelled from Cairo,
they finally agreed to a compromise in
1789. From this period nothing of im-
portance occurs till ir99, when this coun-
try was invaded by the French under Bou-
naparte ; thry landed at Alexandria,
which surrendered to them after a feeble
resistance. Tiiey then proceeded to Ro-
setta and Cairo, whicii they took without
much difficulty. They would probably
have subdued the whole country, and final-
ly overturned the Turkish empire, had not
their progress been arrested at St. John
d'Acre, by the gallant Sir Sidney Smith,
who defended that inconsider.ible place
with such invincible courage and skill, that
t!te enemy were compelled after innumer-
able desperate attacks to abandon the at-
tempt. They were shortly afterwards de-
serted by their commander, who has re-
turned to Fr.ince. A treaty was entered
into by Sir Sidney Smith, which did not
meet the approbation of the British go-
vernment. The country was subsequently
abandoned by French and British, and has
since submitted to the nominal authoriiy
of the Turks, but is really subject to the
Bey, or Pacha. ^
Egypten, town of Poland in the duchy
of Courland, 100 miles SE of iMittau. Lon.
10 40 E. lat. 56 2 N.
Ehigen, name of two small towns of
Suabia, the one near the Danube, and the
other on the Neckar. They belong to the
house of Austria. The former is in lon. 9
45 E. lat. 48 15 N, and the latter, in lon, 8
45 E. lat. 45 25 N.
Ehre/ibreltstem, very ancient castle, in
the electorate of Treves, on the E bank of
the Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It is seat-
ed on the summit of a stupendous rock,
not less than 800 feet above the level of
the river, and is thought, when supported
by a competent garrison, to be impregna-
ble. It has a communication with Cob-
lentz, by subterraneous passages, cut out
of the solid rock; and is plentifully sup-
plied with water from a well 280 feet
deep. The prospect from this castle is
majeciic, extensive, and variegated ^ and
the stream at its foot is decorated with two
small islands, on eacli of which is a con-
vent. In the vale of Ehrenbreitstein, is
the old palace of the elector.
Eimeo, one of the Society Isles, in the
South Pacific Ocean, lying near Otaheite,
and visited by captain Cook, in his last voy-
age.
Eiinbeck, toVv"n of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Grubenhagen, 25 miles S of Hilde-
sheim. Lon. 10 0 E.kt. 51 46 N,
Einsidlin, town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Schwitz. It is situated on the
river Sihl, between the lofty mountains,
whose distant summits are covered with
snow.
Eisleben, town of Germany, in the coun-
ty of Mansfield, famoas as the birth place
of Luther. It is five miles E of Mansfield,
Lon, 12 16E, lat. 51 42 N.
287
E L ii
E i. IS
ELsnach, town of Tlmringia, capital of a
district of the same name, with a celebrat-
ed college, 36 miles W of Erfurt. Lon.
10 25E.lat. 50 59 N.
Eithen, or Ytlum, river in Aberdeenshire,
which crosses th:it couuly in a SE direc-
tion, and falls into the British Ocean at
Newburgh.
Ekereford, town of Denmarlt, in the
duchy of Sleswick, seated on the Baltic,
12 miles SE of Sleswick. Lon. 10 30 E.
lat. 54 56 N.
Elba, island on the coast of Tuscany, re-
markable for mines of iron and loadstone,
and quarries of marble.
Elba, island in the Mediterranean Sea,
between Italy and the island of Corsica,
and separated from Tuscany by the chan-
nel of Piombino. It was known to the
Greeks by the name of iEtlialiu, and to the
Romans by that of liva. The form of the
island is very irregular, the length from E
to W is about 14 miles, and the greatest
breadth, which is at the W end, is between
eight and nine miles ; and contains a po-
pulation of 13,r00 souls. The whole
island presents numerous mountains, se-
parated by deep valleys, and some pLiiis of
considerable extent; ilie southwest part
is the most elevated, and are composed of
black and white granite, susceptible of a
fine polish. Elba has been renowned for
its mines of iron and loadstoue, for a pe-
riod beyond the reach of history. Aristo-
tle speaks of them as opened from time
immemorial ; it lias also quarries of fine
marble. On the XE part, is the mountain,
or mine of iron ore, which supplies most
of the forges of Italy. The tower of Vol-
torajo stands on this mountain, on a shaggy
rock. Tile view fnm this tower is won-
derfully fine every way, as the eye over-
looks tlie whole island, that of Corsica,
many scattered islets, the channel of Piom-
bino, and a great range of continent. On
the E side of the mountain, stands llio, a
village inhabited by miners. Under it
breaks out the only rivulet in Elba which
does not run abovi a mile before it falls in-
to the sea ; but the water gushes out of
the rock in sucli abundance, that it turns
17 mills in that short course. The soil of
Elba is very narrow, with scanty room for
cultivation, and few places level enough
for corn, producing little more than six
months provisions for its inhabitants : but
the island is so situated, that it can, in
spile of a blockading fleet, be always sup-
plied with provisions, and the garrison
v/ith reinforcements. The wine is good,
if made with care and properly kept; the
fruit of its standard trees are excellent,
though not in great plenty; orange and
lemon trees thrive very well in the shelter-
ed valleys and narrow plains near the sea.
There are several snriniTS of excellent
water in the island ; and the climate is
much milder than the adjacent continent,
for it produces many fruits and plants that
cannot stand the Tuscan winters. Among
the animals and birds, are wild boar.s,
hedge-hogs, partritlges, quails, canary-
birds, nightingales, ortolans, &.c. It has
no rivers ; but there are a number of rivu-
lets. This island was held, with Piombino,
by the Appiani, as a fief of the empire,
till Cliarles V. thonglit proper to transfer
it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, that h.e
might rescue it and the adjacent coasts
from the Turks and French. Before the
French i-evolution, it was subject to the
prince of Pioinbino, except Porto Ferrajo,
and Porto Longone, the former belonging to
the duke of Tuscany, and t!ie latter to the
king of Naples ; but in 1801, the French
became possessed of the whole island. In
consequence of the late political events in
Europe, this island has attracted a consi-
derable degree of interest, on account of
Napoleon Buonaparte, emperor of the
French, having chosen it for his future re-
sidence. By the treaty concluded vvitii
him in April, 1814, which was guaranteed
by all the powers of Europe, the full so-
veregnty of the island is vested in him, as
his sole pr >perty, during the remainder of
his life ; and to form a separate principa-
lity. On the 4th of May following, he
landed with his suite, at Porto Ferrajo,
(which he left on the 26th of February,
1815, on his last expedition into France)
the ctpital of the island. Lon. 16 15 ,E.
lat. 42 50 N.
Elba, township of Genesee county New
York. Population in 1820, 1333.
Elbassano, town of .Vlbania. 45 miles SE
of Durazzo. Lon. 20 9 E. lat. 41 34 N.
Elbe, large river of Germany, which
rises in tiie mountain of the Giants, on the
confines of Bohemia and Sle-sia ; flows to
Koningsgratz, Leiitzmeritz, Dresden, Des-
saw. Meissen, Wittemberg, Magdeburg,
Hamburg, and Giuckstadt, and enters the
German Ocean, at Cruxhaven. It is navi-
gable tor large ships to Hamburg, which
is 70 miles from the sea.
Elbert, county of Georgia, between
Broad and Savannah rivers : bounded NE
by Savannah river; SW by Broad river,
and N by Franklin cjunty ia Georgia ;
lengtli 3S ; mean width 16 ; area 800
square miles. Surface hilly and soil pro-
ductive. Chief town, Piilberlon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,882
do. do. females ... 3,650
All otb.er persons except Indians
not taxed - . . - •' 50
Slaves - - - . . 4,574
ToUl population in 1810
12,156
£ L E
ELI
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,362
do. do. females » - - 3,Sf67
Total whites .... 6,629
Slaves, males ... - 2,604
do. females - • - 2,555
Total population in 1820 - - 11,788
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized • 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,954
do. in Manufactures - 130
do. in Commerce - - 150
Population to the square mile, 13.
Elberston, small town of Effingham coun-
ty, Georgia, on the Ogeeciiee, 20 miles W
from Ebenezer.
Elb.Tton, post town and seat of jus-
tice, in Elbert county, Georgia, 23 miles
NW of Petersl)urg on liie Savannah river,
and 30 SE of Carnesville.
Elbeuf, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Power Seine and late province of
Normandy. It lias a manufacture of cloth,
and is seated on tlie Seine, 10 miles S of
Rouen, nnd 65 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 3
E. lat. 49 19 N.
Elbing-, strong town of Western Prus-
sia, in the paiatin«te of Mari::fnburg. It
carries on a considerable trade, and is seat-
ed near the Baltic Sea, 30 mJes SE of
DanTzic, and 100 N by W of Warsaw.
Lon. 19 35 B. lat. 54 9 N.
E/bogen, town of Bohemia, capital of a
circle of the sums name, wih a citadel, on
the river Eger, 16 miies NE of Egra. Lon.
13 OE. lat. 50 16 N.
Elbridge, post town, Onondago connly,
New York, on Skeneateles outlet 60 miles
W from Canandaiiqua.
Elburg, town of the United Provinces,
in Guelderland, on t!ie E coast of the Zui-
der-Zee, ten miles NE of Harderwick.
Lon. 5 50 E. lat. 52 30 N.
Elcatif, seaport of Arabia Felix, on the
W coast of the guUof Persia, 300 miles S
of Bassora. Lon. 53 5 E. lat. 26 0 N.
Elchfi, town of Spain, in Valencia, 20
miles S\V of Alicaut. Lon. 0 23 W. lat.
38 7E.
Eldridge, township of Huron county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 376
Eleanor, Point, northern extremity of
Knights island, on the NW coasit of Nor'.h
America. Lon. W C 70 \V . lat. 60 S7 N,
Elephanta, island on t!ic W coast tif the
Deccan of FlindoosUn, five miles from the
castle of Bombay, It contains one of the
most inexplicable antiquities m the world.
It is ab^iut 3 miles in compass and consists
of almost all hill, at the foot of which you
land you see the figure of an elephant, of Total whites
O o
tiie natural size, cut coarsely In stone. An
easy slope then leads to the portal of »
magnificent temple, hewn out of the solid
rock It is an oblong square, 80 feet long,
and 49 broad. The roof whicli is about 10
feet high, is cut flat, and is supported by
regid;ir rows of pillars, with capitals re-
sembling large cushions, as if pressed by
the incumbent mountain. At the further
end are three gigantic figures, which were
mutilated by the absurd ze^l of the Portu-
guese, when this island was in their posses-
sion. Elephants was ceded to the Eng-
lish by the Mahrattas.
Eleven-point-river, one of the western
branches of Black river fork of White ri-
ver, enters the latter, nearly on the line
between Missouri and Arkansas, and be-
tween Thomas' fork and Strawberry ri-
vers.
Eleutkex, kingdom of Tartary, lying to
the NW of Chinese Tartary. It was con-
quered in 1759, by the emperor of China.
See Kalmucks.
Elgin, county-town of Murrayshire,
Sco'hind, pleasantly seated on the r.ver
Lossi. Here are many large old buildings
erected over piazzas. Its cathedral,
founded in 1224, was one of the most mag-
nificent Gothic structures in Scotland.
Its magnificent ruins sufficiently prove its
former grandeur. It is five miies S of
Murray Frith, and 37 E of Inverness. Lon.
3 15 W. 1st. 57 37 N.
Elizabeth, small river of Virginia, rises
by several branches in Princes Anne and
Norfolk counties, and flowing generally
NW, passes Norfolk, and falls into Hamp-
ton roads 10 miles below the former place.
It admits vessels of 18 feet draught to
Norfolk. Its mouth is defended by Cra-
ney island fort. The dismal swamp canal,
leads from the middle branch of Eliza-
betli river, nine miies above Norfolk.
Elizabeth, Cape, the NE point at the en-
trance of Cook's Inlet. Lon. W C 63 30
W. lat. 59 09 N.
Elizabeth City, county of Virginia, be-
tween York and James river, bounded by
Chesapeak bay E ; Hampton-roads S ; War-
wick W; and York N; length 8 ; breadth
8 ; area 64 .square miles.
Popidation in 1810.
F-ree whiles, inates ~ - 820
do. do. females - - 909
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 75
Slaves - . » .
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
289
1,?'34.
3,608
1,175
901
2,07ri
ELI
ELK
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
41 above Wilming-ton, and 55 below FaycUe-
29 ville. '
819 EHzabethtown, post town and seat of jus-
824 tice, Hardin coiintv, Kentucky, on the
— — head o^■Nolin creek, branch ot Greene ri«
3,789 ver, 45 miles nearly S from Louisville.
_ EHzabethto-MH, post town and seat of jus-
88 tice. Carter county, Teniiesssee, on the
817 left bank of Watauga river, 130 miles above
18 Knoxville.
5 Elizabethtoivn, post town, Harrison coun-
ty, Indiana.
Elizabeth City, post town, and seat of Elizabeth, township in the eastern part
justice, Pasquotank coun'>y. North Cai'oli- of Miami county, Ohio. Population in
na, on the right bank of Pasquotank river, 1820, 768.
Total pipulation in 1820
Of tliese ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Eng'aged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
Population to the squire mile, 59.
Elizabeth, township in the western part
of Lawrence county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 295,
Elizaville, post town, Fleming county.
45 miles S from Norfolk, and 35 NE from
Edenton.
Elizabeth Islands, a group on the coast
of Massachusetts, stretching .SW from Buz-
zard's bay, between the island of Martha's Kentucky.
Vineyard and Elizabeth bay. They form Elkholm, seapoit of Sweden, in Bickin-
part of Dukes county, are 12 or 13 in num- gen, seated on the Baltic, 24 miles W of
ber, the principal of which are Nashawn, Carlescroon. Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 56 20 N,
Pasqui, Nasahawenua, Pineguese and Chat- Elk, small river on the eastern shore of
tahunk. Maryland, which runs into the Chesapcak
' Elizabeth, township of Leeds count)', bay, near its head, and between North
Upper Canada, opposite Morristown, St. East and Sassafras nvers. ii is from tliis
Lawrence county, New York. BrockviUe, stream that a feeder canal has been pro-
scat of justice for the county, is in this jected, and in part executed, to supply the
township. Chesapeak and Delaware canal.
Elizabeth, post town and seat of justice. Elk, river of Western Virginia, rises in
K-sex county, New York, on Bouquet river, Randolph county, and flowing westward
130 miles N from Albany. Population in by comparative courses about 100 miles
1820, 889. falls into the Great Kenhawa at Charleston,
Elizabethto-iun, post town and borough, after having traversed Randolph and Ken-
Essex county, New .Jersey, on a creek of awa counties.
the same name, which discharges into the Elk, river of Tennessee and Alabama,
Kills, or Sound of Staten Island. Tliere is rises on the western slope of Cumberland
in this village a bank, an academy, and se- mountain in Franklin county, Tennessee,
veral places of public worship. Vessels and flowing SW by W through Franklin,
of 300 tons come to Elizabetlitown point, Lincoln and Giles counties, enters Aiaba-
two miles distant, and small vessels of 30 ma in Limestone county, over which it
tons reach the village. From Newark meanders, and falls into Tennessee river,
6 miles, Ne-v York 15 miles. A steam at the upper end of the Muscle shoals, in
boat plies between Ehzabeth town-point the NE angle of Lauderdale county. En-
and New York. Population in 1820, 3515 tire comparative course, about 100 miles,
in the township. Elk, townsliip, Athens county, Ohio.
E'izabcthtotm, post town, Lancaster coun- Population in 1820, 537.
Ij', Pennsylvania : seated near the mouth Elkland, township, Lycoming county,
of Conewago creek, about 18 miles NVV of Pennsylvania. On the waters of LoyaU
the borough of Lancaster, containing 1928 sock creek, 20 miles NE from Williams-
inhabitants in 1820. port.
Elizabethtoivn, township and post town Elkland, township of Tioga county,
in Allegany county, Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania, between Cowanesque and
E side of Monongahela river, about 12 crooked creeks, 20 miles SW from Painted
miles above its junction with the Ohio, and Post. Population in 1820, 509.
the same distance S by E from Pittsburg. Elk river, township of Columbiana, Ohio.
' Population in 1820, 1356.
Elk creek, township of Erie county,
Pennsylvania, on the heads of Conneaut,
Elk creek, and Cassewago, 17 miles SW
from Erie, and 18 NNW from Meadville.
Population in 1820, 288.
Elk Horn, river of Kentucky, branch of
Kentucky river, rises in Fayette, and flow-
Popidation in 1820, 4381
Elizabethtoivn, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Washington county, Maryland, (some-
times called Hagerstowii) on Antietam
creek, 26 miles NW from Frederickstown,
and 14 N of Sharpsburg ; containing about
2000 inhabitants.
Elizabethtoivn, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Bladen county. North Carolina, on the ing north-west through that county, and
right bank cf Cape Fear river, 40 miles ^iao Scott, Woodward and Franklin, falls
290
ELL
E L B
into Kentucky river 10 miles below Frank-
fort.
Elk Horn, township, Montgomery coun-
ty, Missouri.
Elk Lake, small lake between lake Su-
perior and the lake of the Woods.
Elk Lick, township otSomersett county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1087.
Elk Marsh, post village, Faquier county.
Elk Ridge, town of A.nne-Arundel coun-
ty, Maryland, on the right bank of Patap-
sco river, 8 miles SW from Baltimore.
Elk Run Church, post office, Fauquier
county, Virginia, 15 miles W from Dum-
fries.
Elkton, post town and the capital of Ce-
cil coimty, Maryland ; seated on Elk river,
at the head of navigation, at the distance of
10 miles E by N from Chai'leston, and 45
SW from Philadelphia. It is the intrepot
of a considerable trade between Baltimore
and Philadelphia, being the general ren-
dezvous of the regular stages that travel
between the two cities.
Elkton, post town, Giles county, Tennes-
see, on the right bank of Elk river, 80 miles
SW from Murfrees borough, and 30 NW
from Huntsville.
Elkton, post town, Todd county, Ken-
tucky, 20 miles W from Russelville.
EUerena, episco::)al to.vn of Spain, in Es-
tramadura, 54 miles N of Seville. Lon. 5
20 W, lat. 38 26 N.
Ellesmere, town in Shropshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It is seated on a
large mere, in a small but fertile district
of the same name, 16 miles XNW of
Shrewsbury, and 176 NW of London.
Lon. 2 52 W, la:. 52 53 N.
Ellichpour, capital of the W part of Be-
rar, in the Deccan of Hindoostan. It is a
fine city subject to the Nizam of the Dec-
can ; and is 395 miles NE of Bombay. Lon.
77 46 E, lat. 21 12 N.
EUicott, township of Chatauque county.
New York, lying in tlie SE part of the
county on Casdago creek. Population in
1820, 1462.
EUicott's Cross Roach, post office, Cum-
berland count}', Kentucky.
Ellicoits,ov Eleven. Mile Creek, SE branch
of the Tonnewanto creek ; rises in Gen-
nessee and flowing NW into Erie county.
falls into the Tonnewanto near tlie mouth
of that stream.
EUicofJs Mills, post office, Baltimore
connty, Maryland, on Potapsco river, 12
miles nearly due \V from Baltimore.
Ellicottsville. See Seltzersloivn.
EUijigton, township of Tolland county,
Connecticut, 15 miles NE from Hartford.
Population in 1830, 1196.
EJliott, Missionary station of the Ameri-
can board of Foreign Missions, on a branch
of the Yazoo, 150 miles NE inm WaJnut-
Hillso At this place have been erected,
since 1818, a village containing about 20
houses, a Lancasterian School established,
and other judicious measures adopted to
civilize the neighbouring Savages.
Elliot, township of Yoik county,
Maine. Population in 1820, 1679.
Elliotts Island, in the Gulf of Florida,
between Florida peninsula and the Cat
Keys. Lon. W C 3 0 5 VV, lat. 25 33 N.
Ellisbury, post town and township,
Jefferson county. New Yoric, at tlie
mouth of Sandy creek. Population in
1820. 3531.
Ellisvillc, post office, Warren county.
North Carolina.
EUisville, or Lower Blue Lick, post
village, Nicholas county, Kentucky, on a
small branch of Licking river, 50 miles
NE by E from Frankfort.
Ellstvorth, post town and township,
Grafton county, Maine, 12 miles NNW"
from Plymouth. Population in 1820,
213.
Ellsworihy post town and township,
Hancock county, Maine, 24 miles NE
from Castine. Population in 1820, 892.
Ellsivcrth, post village, Sharon, Litch-
field county, Connecticut, on Oblong
creek, branch of Housatonick river, 12
miles W from Litchfield.
Ellsworth, township of Trumbul coun-
ty, Ohio, adjoining Canfield, and on a
branch of Big Beaver. Population in
1820. 50S.
Elmadia, or Mahadia, town of the
kingdom of Tunis, seated on the gulf of
Capes. It is surrounded by the sea, is
well fortified, and has a good harbour.
It was taken by the emperor Charles V.
but retaken soon after. Lon. 8 47 W,
lat. 35 4 N.
Elme, St. castle of the isle of Malta ;
seated on a rock near the city of Va-
letta, at the mouth of :;. very fine har-
bour.
E'mira, post town, Tioga county. New
York. See .Ye^utown.
Elmo, E'ort, fortress of France, in the
department of the Eastern Pyrenees.
It surrendered to the Spaniards in 1793,
but was retaken in 1794. It is seated oa
the river 'let, five miles N of Colioure.
FAmore, township, Orleans county,
Vermont, 17 miles N from Montpelier.
Population 160
Elmsley Towjishifi, in the eastern dis-
trict. Upper Can.uia, lies to the south,
and in the rear of Cumberland.
Elora. See Dowlatabad.
Elfihin, tov;n of Ireland, in the county
of Roscommon, and the see of a bishop.
Elrich, trading town of Upper Saxony,
formerly the capital of the county of
Klettenbarg.
291
E T. Y
K M M
Elsmburg, seaport of Sweden, in the
province of Gothland, seven miles E of
Elsimore. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 56 0 N.
JElsJnborough, township of Salem coun-
ty. New Jersey. Population in 1820,
505.
Elsinore, seaport of Denmark, seated
on the Sound, in the isle of Zealand. It
is the most commercial place in Den-
mark, next to Copenhagen ; and con-
tains 5000 inhabitants, among whom are
a considerable number of foreign mer-
chants, and the consuls of the principal
nations trading to the Baltic. The pas-
sage of the Sound is guarded by the cas-
tle of Cronborg, situate on the edge of a
peninsular promontory, the nearest point
of land from the opposite coast of Swe-
den. The tolls of the Sound, and of the
two Belts, produce an annual revenue of
above 100 000/. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 55 0
N. See Cronborg,
Elteman, town of Franconia, in the
bishopric of Wurtsburg, on the river
Maine. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 50 8 N.
Eltham, town in Kent, with a market
en Monday, eight miles S of London.
Here are to be seen, the ruins of a pa-
lace, in which Edward II. often resided,
and his son, John of Eltham was born.
Its stately hall, still entire is converted
into a barn.
Eltor. See Tor.
EUzy town of Germany, in the bishop-
ric of Heldesheim, seated on the Leina,
10 miles SW of Hildesheim. Lon. 10 5
E, lat. 52 5 N.
Elvas, strong frontier town of Portu-
gal, in Alentejo, with a castle and bish-
op's see. A royal academy, for yowng
gentlemen, was founded here in 1733.
It is seated on a mountain, near the
Guadiana. 50 miles NE of Evora, and
100 E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 58
43 N.
Elvira, township of Illinois, on the
waters of Cash river.
Elivangen, town of Suabia, with a
chapter, whose provost is a prince of
the empire and lord of the town. It is
seated en the Jaxt, 17 miles SE of Halle,
and 25 SW of Anspach. Lon. 10 28 E,
lat. 49 2 N.
Ely, city of Cambridgeshire, with a
bishop's see, and a market on Saturday.
It is seated on the Ouse (which is navi-
gable hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract
called the isle of Ely. It is 17 miles N
of Cambridge, and 68 N by E of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 9 E, lat. 52 24 N.
Ely, township (if Buckingham and
Richelieu counties, Lower Canada, on
the Riviere a la Tortue, 60 miles E from
Montreal.
Elyria, township and village in the eas-
292
icrn part of Huron county, Ohio. I'he
township lies on bcth sides, and the village
in the forks of Black river. Population in
1820, 174.
Elysian Fields, post office, Amite
county, Mississippi.
Emden, strong town of Westphalia,
capital of E Friesiand, with a good har-
bour. It belongs to the king of Prussia,
and is seated at the mouth of the Embs,
opposite Do'.lart Bay, 23 miles NE of
Groningerv. Lon- 7 5 E, lat. 53 26 N.
Embden, township, Somersett county,
Maine, on the right bank of Kennebec
river, 16 miles above Norridgewock.
P( pulation in 1820, 664.
Embo, village near Brora, on the E
coast of Sutherlandshire.
Emboly, town of Macedonia, with a
Greek archbishop's see, seated on the
Stromona, 40 miles NE of Salonichi.
Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Embrun, strong city of France, in the
department of the Upper Alps and late
province of Dauphiny. It is stated on a
craggy rock, near the river Durance,
17 miles E of Gap. Lon. 6 34 E, lat.
44 34 N.
Embs, river of Westphalia, which
rises in the county of Lippe, and falls into
the Doliart, a bay of the German Ocean,
near Embden.
Emersonville, post town, Gibson coun-
ty, Indiana.
Emivanuel, coxxnly of Georgia; bound-
ed by Tatnall SE ; Montgomery SW ;
Laurens and Washington W ; Jefferson
N ; Burke NE, and BiUlock E ; length
49; mean width 20; area 800 square
miles. Surface moderately hilly, and
soil sandy. Staples cotton and tobacco.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . . 1,272
do. do. females - - 1,254
Total whites - - - 2,526
Free persons of colour, males 20
do. do. females 15
Slaves, males - _ _ 187"
do. females - . _ igQ
Total population in 1820
2,928
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in AgricaUure - - 1,011
do. in Manufactures - 17
do. in Commerce - 0
Population to the square mile, 3|.
Emmaus, post town, and one of the
settlements of the United Brethren,
commonly calltil Moravians, in the
township of Salisbary, 5 miles SSW from
AUentown or Northampton. Population
about 100.
E N P
E > I.
Emessa, town of Syria, in the govern*
ment of Damascus. There are still
noble ruins, that show it was anciently
a magnificent city.
JLmmerick, large city of Germany, in
the Duchy of Cleves. It carries on a
considerable trade with Holland, and is
seated near the Rhine, eight miles E of
Cleves. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 51 45 N.
Emmittsburg, post town of Frederick
county, Maryland, abuui 18 miles NW
from Taney town, and about 50 in the
same direction from Baltimore.
Eiiiouy, or Hiamen. island of China,
lying off the coast of the province of Fo-
kien. It is celebrated for its port, which
is enclosed, on one side, by the island,
and on the other by the main land, and
is so extensive, that it can contain many
thousands of vessels ; and so deep, that
the largest ships may lie close to the
shore without danger. This island is
particularly celebrated on account of the
magnificence of its principal pagod, de-
dicated to their god Fo. Lon. 116 27 E,
lat 24 3 N
Emfioli, town of Tuscany, with a
bishop's see, seated on the Arno, \7
miles SW of Florence. Lon. 11 6 E, lat.
43 42 N.
Enckauysen, seaport of N Holland,
on the Zuider-Zee. It was once a flour-
ishing place ; but its harbour being ob-
structed by sand it has lost its former
consequence. It is 25 miles NE of Am-
sterdam. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 52 45 N.
E7idetn>our Strait, lies in the S Pacific
Ocean, and separates New Guinea from
New Holland. Its length is 10 leagues,
and its breadth about five, except at the
NE entrance, Avhere it is contracted to
less than two miles, by the islands called
Prince of Wales' Islands, It was ex-
plored by Captain Cook in 1770, from
whom it received its name.
Ending, town of Suabia, in Austrian
Brisgaw, formerly free and imperial. It
is seated near the Rhine, 10 miles below
Bi'isach.
Endkiofii7ig, town of Sweden, in Up-
land ; situated on a river, close to an
inlet of Lake Maelar. It consists chiefly
of wooden houses, which are red. It n
40 miles W of Stockholm. Lon. li 59
E, lat. 5? 45 N.
Enfield, town in Middlesex, with a
market on Saturday. It was once fa-
mous for an extensive royal chase, dis-
forested in 17r9. Here was a royal
palace, whence Edward VI. went in pro-
cession to the Tower, on his accession
to the throne, which is now taken down.
It is 10 miles N of London. Lon. 0 2
E. lat. 51 41 N.
Enjield, township of Grafton county,
New Hampshire, containing in 1820,
1370 inhabitants.
Enfield, township of Hampshire coun-
ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820,
873
Enfield, township of Hartford county,
Connecticut ; situated on the E side of
Connecticut river, 6 miles N of East
Windsor, and 12 miles NW of Tolland.
Population in 1820, 2065.
Enfieid, post town, Halifax county.
North Carolina.
Engadina, country of the Grisons, in
the m uiitains of the Alps. It is divided
into Upper and Lower, extending along
the banks of the river Inn, from its source
to the Tirolese. Upper Engadina is a
beautiful valley, yet, on account of its
elevation, produces nothing but rye and
barley. The winter s6'.,s in early, and
even in summer, the air is cold and pier-
cing, and the corn occasionally much
damaged by the hoar-frost.
Engelberg, valley of Swisserland, 10
miles long, entirely surrounded by very
lofty and barren mountains, and bounded
by the cantons of Bern, Uri, and Under-
walden. It was formerly subject to the
abbot of a Benedictine monastery of the
same name, who was under the protec-
tion of the cantons of Lucern, Uri,
Schweitz, and Underwalden. The ro-
mantic scenery of this country has al-
ways delighted the traveller, and en.
gaged the attention of the naturalist.
Glaciers, of a very great extent, and ex-
tremely diversified, are found on the- side
of very fertile mountains, and exhibit
singular points of view There is abun-
dance of line black marble, white veined ;
a vitriolic earth, slate impregnated with
vitriol ; small crystals, called Swiss dia-
monds; silver, and vitriol. The abbey
is 12 miles SW of Altdorf. See Titlis-
berg.
Engers, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Treves, capital of a county of
the same name. It is seated on the
Rhine, 11 miles N of Cobltntz. Lon. 7
32 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Enghein, town of Austrian Hainault,
near which was fought the famous bat-
tle of Steenkirk. It is 15 miles SW of
Brussels. Lon 4 5 E, lat. 50 42 N.
Etigia, or Engina, ancient Aegina,
island of Turkey in Europe, in a gulf of
the same name, between Livadia and
the Morea. There is a town upon it of
the same name, 22 miles S of Athens.
Lon 23 59 E. lat. 37 45 N.
Engia, ancient Saroiiic gulf of Greece,
between Livadia and the Morea. In
ancient times it separated Attica and
Megara from Argolis.
England, the southern part of the
293
E N G
E N G
island of Great Britain, is bounded on the
E by the German Ocean ; on the S by
the English channel ; on the W by St.
George's channel, the principality of
Wales, and the Irish sea ; on the N by
the Cheviot hills, and by the river Tweed.
Its extent is computed at 5S,335 square
miles; and the population in 1811,
amounted to 9,499-400. Its external
surface somewhat resembles the form of
a triangle, and from the South Foreland
in Kent, which may be termed the E
point of the triangle to Berwick upon
Tweed, which is the N p'.;int, its length
is 345 miles. From that point to the
Land's end in Cornwall, which is the W,
it is 425 ; and the breadth thence to the
South Foreland, is 340. The face of the
country aflfords all that beautiful varit-ty
■which can be found in the most exten-
sive tracts of the globe ; not, however,
without romantic, and even dreary
scenes, lofty mountains, craggy rocks,
black barren moors, and wide unculti-
vated heaths; and yet, few countries
have a smaller proportion of land abso-
lutely sterile and incapable of culture.
The richest parts are, in general, the
midland and southern Towards the N
it partakes of the barrenness of the
neighbouring Scotland. The E coast is,
in many parts, sandy and marshy. A
I'ange of rude and elevated land, some-
times risi:ig into lofty mountains, extends
from the borders of Scotland to the very
heart of England, forming a natural di-
vision between the E and W sides of the
kingdom. Cornwall is also a rough hilly
tract ; and a similar characfrr prevails
in part of the adjacent countiefe. These
mountainous tracts abound with various
mineral treasures. The rivers are nu-
merous ; and the most considerable of
them are the Thames, Severn, Humber,
Mersey, Medway, Trent, Ouse, Tyne,
Tees, Eden, Avon, and Dee. The lakes
are neither numerous nor extensive, and
are chiefly in the NW counties : those nf
Westmoreland and Cumbrrlaiid, in par-
ticular, exhibit such vanities of beauti-
ful scenery, as to become the object of
summer excursions from every part of
the country With resp ct tu climate,
England is situate in the N part of the
temperate z(jne, so that it enj'ys but a
scanty share of the genial influence of
the sun. Its atmosphere is inclined to
chillness and moisture, subject to fre-
quent and suc!d-n changes ; and is more
favourable to the growth, than to the
ripening of the products of the earth.
No country is clothed with a more beauti-
ful and lasting verdure ; but the harvests,
especially in the northern parts, fre-
quently suffer from unseasonable rains,
?94
The rigours of winter, however, and the
heats of summer, are felt here in a much
less degree than in parallel climates on
the continent; a circumstance common
to all islands. The whole country, some
particular spots excepted, is sufficiently
healthy ; and the longevity of its inhabi-
tants is equal to that of almost any re-
gion. All its most valuable productions,
both animal and vegetable, have been
imported from foreign countries, and
ha\e been kept up and improved by con-
stant attention. England has now no
other wild quadrupeds than some of the
smaller kinds ; as the fox, badger, mar-
ten, otter, hare, rabbit, squirrel, &c.
On the other hand, every kind of domes-
tic animal, imported from abroad, has
been reared to the greatest degree of per-
fection. The horse has been trained up
for all the various purposes of strength
and swiftness, so as to excel in those
qualities the same animal in every other
country. The horned cattle have been,
brought to the largest size and greatest
justness of shape. The different races
of sheep are variously distinguished,
either for uncommon size, goodness of
flesh, and plenty or fineness of wool.
The deer of its parks, which are origi-
nally a foreign breed, are superior in
beauty of skin, and delicacy of flesh, to
those of most countries. Even the
several kinds of dogs have been trained
to degrees of courage, strength, and sa-
gacity, rarely to be met with elsewhere.
Tne improvement in the vegetable pro-
ducts of this island is not less striking
than in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs,
and a few wild berries, were almost all
the variety of vegetable food which its
woods could boast. To other countries,
and to the efforts of culture, it is indebt-
ed for corn, esculent roots, and plants,
and all its garden fruits. The rivers
and seas of England are stocked with a
great variety of fish, which yield a plen-
tiful article of provision to all ranks of
people. The manufactures and com-
merce of this country are vast, exten-
sive, and various: in the woollen, linen,
cotton, and hardware manufactures in
particular, it has long maintained a pre-
eminence ; nor must the recent one of
elegant earthenware be omitted ; and
though nature has denied it the rich
fruits of other countries yet the manu-
facture, if it may be so called, of home-
made wines, in imitation of the foreign,
has been brouQ^ht to an uncommon de-
gree of perfection. The English manu-
factures have been lately estimated at
thf annual value cf 63,000 000/. ; and
supposed to employ 1,585,000 people ; of
Avhich sum the woollen manufacture is
E N G
E PE
stated to produce about 15,000,000 ; the
leather 10,000.000; the iron, tin, and
lead, 10 000,000; and the cotton 9,000,000/
The government of Enghmd is a limited
monarchy ; the legislative power residing
in th^ king lords and cumiTions ; and the
executive in the king, the great officers
of state, the judges, and the inferior gra-
dations of magistracy The army, du-
ring the late war, was supposed to ex-
ceed 170,000, with 30 000 fencibles, and
80,000 miHtia. But the great rampart
and supreme glory of England consist in
her Navy, which in size, strength, and
number of ships, far exceeds any thing
on record in the history of the world.
This, indeed, must be apparent lo every
one who examines the list of ships and
vessels into which the British naval
force is divided, according to one of
which, at the conclusion of the war,
there were 256 ships of the line, 39 of 40
from to 50 guns, 257 frigates, 16 fire-
ships, 219 brigs, 33 cutters, 103 schoon-
ers or luggers, and making a total of
1113 ships and vessels of war exclusive
of the hired armed vessels, which are
chiefly employed in protecting the coast-
ing trade. From this immense fleet, the
number of seamen araounts to 120,000, a
number which no other country, ancient
or modern, could have supplied. The
civil division of the country is into six
circuits, and 40 counties : these last are
subdivided into wapen-takes or hun-
dreds, and parishes. In each of the
circuits, for the most part, two of the
judges administer justice twice a year
They are, 1. The Home Circuit, which
contains the counties of Hertford, Essex,
Kent, Surry, and Sussex. 2. The Nor-
folk, containing Buckingham, Bedford,
Huntingdon, Cambridge, Suffiik, and
Norfolk. 3. The Oxford, containing
Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, Worcester,
Monm-'uth, Hr reford, Sal-ip, and Staf-
ford. 4. The Midland, containing War-
wick, Leicester, Derijy, Nottingham,
Lincoln, Rutland, and Northampton.
5 The Northern, containing York, Dur-
ham, Northumberland, Lancaster, West-
moreland, and Cumbt-rland 6. The
Western, containing Hants, Wilts. Dor-
set, Somerset, Di-von, and Cornwall.
Two other counties, Mi^ldlesex and
Chester, are not included in any circuit.
The established religion, as contained in
the Articles of the Church oi England, is
Calvinism; but these articles are inter-
preted, by the clergy in general, accord-
ing to the more liberal principles of
Arminius; and all other religions are
tolerated. The ecclesiastical d vision of
England is into two arc ibishoprics,
called the provinces of Canterbury and
York. That of Canterbury contains the
dioceses of London, Winchester, Bath
and Wells, Bristol, Chichester, Ely,
Exeter Glnucesttr, Hereford, Litchfield
and Coventry, Liiicoln, Norwich, Ox-
ford, Peterborough, Rochester. Salisbu-
ry, and W^orcester, beside the four
Welsh bishoprics of St. David, Bangor,
LandafF and St. Asaph The province
of York contains the dioceses of Durham,
Chester, and Carlisle, and that of Sodor
and Man. Every pi'elate of the sees
enumerated, that of Sodor and Man
excepted, has a seat in the house of
lords London is the capital, and the
metrop .lis also of the whole British em-
pire. For the population and other re-
markable objects in the topography of
England, see the respi ctive counties.
JEnglish Harbor, convenient haven of
the island of Antigua. Lon. W C 5 33
E, lat. 17 8 N.
E7iglish Town, post village, Monmouth
county. NeAv Jersey, 18 miles E from
Princeton.
E?iglish Turn, Detour Des Aiiglais,
remarkable bend of the Mississippi river,
18 miles below New Orleans.
Eno, river of North Carolina, rises in
Orange county, and with Little river and
Flat river, forms the Neuse, 17 miles
below Hillsborough.
Eno, or Enos, town of Romania, near
the gulf of En', with a Greek arbishop's
see, 125 miles W of Constantinople.
Lon. 26 15 E lat. 40 46 N.
Enos, maritime town of European
Turkey in Roumelia, 63 miles S from
Adrianop!e.
Enoibiirg. post town of Franklin
county. Vermont, on Missisque river, 36
miles NE trom Burlington. Population
700.
Enoshurg, township of Vermont, situa-
ted in Franklin county, on th- SE side of
Michiscoui river, between Hungerford
and M"ntgomf ry.
Ens, town of Upper Austria, on a river
of the same name, 12 miles SE of Lintz,
and 90 W of Vienna. Lon. 14 22 E,
lat. 48 !3 N
Ensis/iei?n, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Upper Rhine and late
province of Aisace, seated on the 111, 10
miles SVV of Brisach. Lon. 7 30 E. lat.
47 58 N.
Enskirke7i, town of Germany in the
duchy of Julier.s. 15 miles SW of Colog-
ne. Lon 6 29 E, la'. 31 0 N.
Emre-Douerrj-e-Minho, province of
Portugal, 45 miles in length and breadth.
Bragji is the capital
Eficrics, town of Upper Hungary, ca-
pital of the county of Saros, remarkable
for its mines of salt. It is seated on the
295
£ P P
E it I
i'atza, 20 miles N of Cassovia. Lon.
21 13 E. lat. 49 8 N.
Efiernay, ancient town of France, in
the department of Marne and late pro-
vince of Champagne. The wines pro-
duced in its neighbourhood, are very ex-
quisite. It is 17 miles N W of Chalons.
Lon. 4 0 E, lat. 49 5 N.
Efihesusy ancient and celebrated city
of Natolia, in that part, anciently called
Ionia. It is now called Ajasalouc, by
the Turks ; but of its former splendour
there is nothing to be seen but heaps of
marble, overturned walls, columns, capi-
tals, and pieces of statues. The fortress,
which is upon an eminence, seems to be
the work of the Greek emperors. Ephe-
sus is seated near a gulf of the same
name, and has still a good harbour, 40
miles S of Smyrna. Lon. '27 33 E, lat.
37 48 N.
Ephrata, or Tunkerstonvn, town of
Pennsylvania, in the county of Lancas-
ter. It is the principal settlement of a
sect, who are professionally baptists, of
German extraction, and first appeared
in America in 1719. It is 60 miles W
of Philadelphia.
Ep.inal, town in France, in the depart-
ment of the Vosges and late province of
Lorrain. It is seated on the Moselle,
near the mountains of the Vosges, and
is oS miles SE of Nanci. Lon. 6 0 E,
lat, 48 9 N.
Efiinglesy les, on the soutii-west
branch of the Ottawa river, Upper Ca-
nada, above the main or upper forks, be-
tween P irtage a la Rose, and Portage
Paresseux, but nearest to the latter ; it
is nearly half way from the fork to the
lake Nipissing Portage.
E/iirus, NW part of Greece. It was
anciently bound'-d W by the Ionian sea ;
S by the gulf of Ambracia, and E by
Thessaly. To the N, in no age has Epi-
I'us had a definite limit. By the ancients
it was in that quarter confounded with
lUyria, and by the moderns with Alba-
ma
E/ifiing; f^wn in Essex, with a market
on Friday. Its butter is highly esteemed
in London. Epping is seated at the
N end of a fon^st of the same name, 17
miles NNE ■ f London. Lon. 0 9 E, lat.
51 46 N.
Ef I fling Forest, fine forest in the SW
of Essf X, formerly a much mort exten-
sive district, that contained a great part
of the county.
Epfiing, post town of Rockingham
county. New Hampshire, about 20 miles
W of Portsmouth, and 8 S of Notting-
ham, with 1120 inhabitants-
Efifiing, post town, Rockingham couu-
ty, New Hampshire, twenty miles W
from Portsmouth. Population in 1820,
1158.
Ep/iingen, town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle,
seated on the Elfats, 20 miles NE of
Phillipsburg. Lon. 9 0 E, lat. 49
24 N.
Epsom, town in Surry, that has, from
the number of opulent people residing in
and near it, a daily market. It is cele-
brated for its mineral waters and salts.
It is 15 miles SSW of London. Lon. 0
15 W, lat. 51 25 N.
Epsom, township and post town, in
New Hampshire, in the county of Rock-
ingham, 34 miles VV by N of Portsmouth,
and 14 SE of Concord. Population in
1820, 1336.
Epnvorth, village of the isle of Axholm,
in Lincolnshire, 9 miles N of Gainsbo-
rough. It is the birth place of John Wes-
ley, one of the founders of the sect of the
methodists.
Eraklea, ancient Heraclea, town of
Turkey in Europe, in Roumelia, on the
Marmora sea, 46 miles W from Constan-
tinople.
Ericho, ancient Oricum, harbour of
Albania in the gulf of Aulona, now Va-
lona. Lon. London, 19 28 E, lat. 40
36 N.
Erfurt, town of Germany, capital of
Upper Thuringia, with a university. It
was formerly imperial, but is now sub-
ject to the elector of Mentz, and is de-
fended by two strong forts. It is seated
on the river Gere, 30 miK s ESE of Mal-
hausen. Lon. 11 23 E, lat. 51 0 N.
Eribol Loch, arm of the sea, on the
N coast of Sutherlandshire, capable cf
aflFording a safe retreat to the largest
vessels It receives several streams ;
particularly that which flows from a lake
called L<ich Hope.
Ericlit. Loch, large lake in Perthshire,
which ' xtends several miles into Inver-
ness-shire. Near this place the unfortu-
nate Prince Charles wandered, after the
battle of (-ulloden, in 1746, lurking in
caves, and among rocks. Tlit- waters
of this lake descend >nto another, called
Loch Rann ch.
Erie, lari^e lake of the Ujiittd States
and Upper Canada extt ndin • in form cf
an oval, SW by W, and NE by E. 280
miles in length. It is about 65 miles
wide where broadest. Extreme south
part at N lat. 43, extreme S. N lat. 41
20 and reaching itoxa. one degree E, to
6 W lon. W C. The area of this lake
is about 12,000 square miles. When com-
pared to any of the ether four great Ca-
te II i
E R I
nadian lakes, lake Erie is shallow, sel-
dom exceeding 40 or 50 fathoms. Its
shores are in some places low and sandy,
and in others rock bound. The mouths
of its rivers, Detroit and Niagara ex-
cepted are shallow, and not very favoura-
ble to commerce. Its position, however,
and the fertility and extent of the adja-
cent regions, superinduces a very exten-
sive trade on this great inland sea. It
receives from the NVV by the Detroit,
the immense volume discharged from
the Superior, Huron, and Michigan.
From the peninsula of Upper Canada,
the Ouse flows into Erie from the NW,
from the peninsula of Michigan, it re-
ceives the Huron and Raisin rivers ;
from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New
York, Maumee, Portage, Sandusky, Hu-
ron, Vermilion, Black, Cuyahoga,
Grand, Ashtabula, Conneauht, Catta-
i-augus, and BufFaloe rivers. The Uni-
ted States, possess at present, it is pro-
bable more than 3,000 tons of shipping
on this lake. Independent of Detroit
and Niagara, Erie has, at seasons of high
water, a natural communication with
Illinois river. The Great Western Ca-
nal of New York, will unite it with the
Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson, as
will that by Cuyahoga and Muskingum
river with the Ohio The whole form-
ing an unequalled interior chain of com-
mercial connexion.
Erie, Fort, strong for!incation in the
township of Bertie, Upper Canada ;
situated on the north shore of lake Erie,
and on the v<est bank of the 'Niagara
river, 27 miles south by east of Niagara
Fort, and 18 above the carrying place at
the Falls of Niagara It has a barrack
for troops and a block house ; a compa-
ny of soldiers are quartered here for the
purpose of transporting the public stores.
Lake Erie narrows here into the strait,
•which carries the waters over the great
Falls of Niagara ; there is a good harbour
here for vessels of any size. Fort Erie
frequently suffered from the western
gales, which occasion the lakes some-
times to rise very considerably. The
new fort is projected on a small height
in the rear of the present garrison. N
lat. 42 33 17 W, Jong. 79 from London.
WC200W.
Erie, couDty of New York ; bounded
by Cattaraugus county S ; by Chatauque
county SW ; by lake Erie and Niaga^A
river W ; by Tonnewanto river or Nia-
gara county N, and by Genessee county
E ; length 38 ; mean width 2.- ; area 950
square miles. Surface part.y hiliy in the
eastern and south eastpf-^ part ; but level
towards lake Erie and Niagara river.
The soil generally productive in grain,
P P
fruits and pasturage. Staples, flour,
"'^iskey, salted provision and live stock.
By the census of 1820, Erie county was
included in>ti.igara, which see.
Erie, NW cout^y of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by lake Erie >x\v ; Chatauque
county in New York Ne ; Warren
countv in Pennsylvania E; Crawford S,
and Ashtabula county in Ohio W ;
length 36 ; breadth 20 ; area 720 square
miles. Surface rather waving than hilly;
soil generally productive. Chief town,
Erie.
Population in fSlO.
Free white males ... 1,947
do. do. females ... 1,762
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . . 31
Slaves ..... IS
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
3,758
4,527
3,942
Total whites . - . . 8,469
Free persons of colour, males - 48
do. do. females 23
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females .... 1
A.11 other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . . 12
Total population in 1820 -
8,553
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 15
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,484
do. in Manufactures - 372
do. in Commerce - - 23
Population to the square mi'e, 12 nearly.
Erie, post town, boro'gh, and seat of
justice, in Erie county. ^Pennsylvania. It
is the Presquile of theJpi'ench, but stands
on the main land, opposite the peninsula,
from which its n--nfie is derived. The
best part of the villagi- extends in one
street from th^ harbour, on the road
towards Pit«burg. The harbour is
formed by t^- main shore, peninsula and
a reef of J'^nd. Over th** latter, without
an extraordinary swell of the lake there
is onV 8 feet water ; the depth and an-
chorage within, are comncodious and
s?ie. 'rbe trade of this town is considera-
ole and increasing. A turnpike road
extends from there to Pittsburg, distant
fr<im each other 136 miles. It is 80
miles SSW from Buffalo. It has a num-
ber of neat dwelling houses, several
stores, a court-house, jail, and printing
office. Population in 1820, 635.
Erie, township of Erie county, Penn'
sylvania, on lake Erie, including anA
E It U
E 6 F
commensurate with the borough of the
same name.
Erlevu'le, post village, Madi«^" coun-
ty, New York. .
Erin, township rf Ind ana, Switzer-
land cour.ty, 12 'niles below Vevay, and
opposit the mouth of Kentucky river.
Eritria ancient Erythrae, town of Na-
tolia. 36 miles W from Smyrna.
Ei-isso, town of Macedonia, with a bish-
op's see, at the bollom of the gulf of
Mount Sanchio.
■ Erith, village in Huntingdonshire, on the
Ouse, five miles ENB of* St. Ives Near
this place is a piece of antiquity called
Belfar's Hill, an artificial mount, generally
supposed to be the place where the peo-
ple took up arms against William the Nor-
man, in 1066, after he had defeaed He-
rold at the Ijattle of Hastings.
Erivan, city of Asia," in the province of
the same name, and capital of Persian Ar-
menia, with an Armenian patriarch. It is
detended by a fortress, in which is the go-
vernor's pa' ace, and by a castle, on the ri-
ver Zuengui, near a lake of its own name,
which is very deep, and 60 miles in.' cir-
cumference. It is 105 miles NW of As-
trabad. Lon. 44 10 E. lat. 40 20 N.
Erkelens, town of Westphalia, in the
duf-hy of Juliers, with a castle seated on
the lioer, 10 miles NW of Juliers. Lon.
6 35 E., lat. 51 4 N.
'Erlaiig, town of Germany, in the circle
of Franconia, and marquisate of Culem-
bach, seated on the Regnitz, 12 miles NW
of Nuremberg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 49 o5 N.
Er?nelanfl, country, now become a pro-
vince of Prussia, by which it is surround-
ed.
Ernee, town of France, in the late pro-
vince, now in he department of Mayenne.
situated on the Mr^yenne, 13 miles NNW
of Laval. Lon. 0 41 W. ht. 48 19 N.
Erbil, ancient Arbela, town of Asiatic
Turkev, 60 miles E ►•om Mosul. Lon. 43
20E.1 t. 36 11 N.
Ernest, township of Linox and Hadding-
ton county, Upper Canada \v and adjoining
Kingston.
Erpach, town of Germany, Jn the circle
of Franconia, 30 miles SE ol Prancfort
Lon. 9 10 E. lat. 40 36 N.
Erpach, town of Suabia, capital ol^ coun-
ty of tl\e sime name, with a castle, •jjjht
miles SE of Llm. Lon. 10 19 E. lat. 4b 20
■ N.
Erroly township of Coos county, New
Hampshire, 100 miles N from Concord. Vc-
pulation in 1820, 26.
Eriolna, post village, Bucks county,
Pennsylvania.
Erxvinsville, post village, Hutherford
county, North Carolina.
Erquino, seaport of the Red Sea, on the
opast of Abe.x, subject to Turkey. It is
""98
320 miles SW of Mecca. Lon. 39 5 E.
lat. 17 30 N.
Erzenim, city of Turkish Armenia, with
Armenian and Greek episcopal sees. It is
situated between the two sources of the
Euphrates, in a beautiful plain, at the foot
of a chain of mountains, fruitful in all sorts
of corn Wood is very scarce, for which
reason their fuel is only cow dung. It is
surrounded by double walls, defended by
square towers. The Tuiks, who are all
janizaries, are about 12,000 in number :
but most of them are tradesmen and re-
ceive no pay. The Armenians have two
churches, the Greeks but one ; the latter
are mostly braziers, and live in the sub-
urbs. They drive a great trade here in
furs, Persian si'ks, cottons, calicoes, and
drugs. This town is a thoroughfare, and a
resting place, for the caravans to die East
Indies. It is 104 miles S by E of Tribi-
sond. Lon. 40 35 E. lat. 39 56 N.
Erzffeberg, circle of the kingdom of Sax-
ony. It IS a minp region containing a po-
pulation of ab nut 460,000, and besides many
of lesser note, the towns of Freyberg, At-
tenberg, Chemnitz, and Zwickavv.
Escahna, town of Spain, in Old Castile,
14 miles NNE of Segovia.
Escalona,Xov/x\ of Spain, in New Castile,
surrounded with walls. It is situated on
an eminence, in a fertile country, near the
Albreche, 20 miles NW of Toledo, and 32
SW of Madrid.
Escambia, bay and river. The Escambia
river, rises in Alabama, a few miles north
of N lat. 31, and flowing SE 30 or 40
miles enters Flonda, and unites with a
much larger strean. the Conecuh, from the
NE, the united waters continue SE 10
miles, gradually expands into a bay of about
10 miles in length by from two to three
miles wide. Tiie Escambia bay is an arm
of that of Pensacola, which it joins on the
NW part of the latter.
Eschelles, town of Savoy, on the frontiers
cf Dauphiny, 10 miles SW of Chamberry.
Lon. 5 45 E. lat. 40 35 N.
Esch-iveffen, town of Germany, in the land-
gravate of Hes.se Cassel, seated on the
Werra, 22 miles SE of Hesse Cassel. Lon.
10 6 E, lat. 51 9N.
Escunal, village of Spain, in New Castile
seated on the Guadara, 15 miles NW of
Madrid. Here Philip II. built a famous
structure, in 1563, in memory of tlie vic-
tory gained over the French near St. Quin-
tin, since called by pre-eminence, the Pa-
l^^e of the Escurial. The church is built
aftei the model of St. Peter's at Rome.
Lon. 3 t25 N. lat. 40 35 N.
Essens, iQwn of E Friesland, on the Ger-
man Ocean, 20 miles N of Embden. Lon.
17 14 R. lat. 5p 47 N.
Esfarain, town of Pcveja, in the province
of Kcrasan, famous for the great number of
fi s s
E S S
writers It has produced. It is 90 miles B
of Astrabad. Lon. 41 23 E. lat. 36 48 N.
Esher, village in Surry, on the river
Mole, five miles SW of Kingston. It is dis-
tinguished by a noble Gotliic mansion, the
two towers of which are as they were origi-
nally built by cardinal Wolsey.
Esk, river in Dumfriesshire, which forms
part of the boundary between England and
Scotland, and fulls into Sohvay Frith.
Esk, river in Edinburghshire, Scotland,
formed bythe junction of two streams, call-
ed N and S Esk.
Eskimaux, bay on the coast of Labrador.
Lon. W C 19 10 E. lat. 51 30 N.
Eskimaux, cape in Hudsans bay, near
the mouth of Deer river. Lon. W C 16 20
W. lat. 61 20 N.
Eskimaux, small group of islands, on the
coast of Labrador, E from the Mengan set-
tlement, and N from the island of Anticos-
ti, Lon. W C 14 E. lat. 50 10 N.
Eslingen, large imperial city of Suabia,
in the duchy of Wirtemburg. It is seated
on the Necker, eight mics SE of Stutgard.
Lon. 9 20 E. lat. 48 47 N.
Esmerahlas, town of Columbia, in the
.southern part of Spanish Guiana, on the
right bank of Upper Orinoco. Lon. W C
11 20 E. lat. 5 10 N.
Esne, Asne, or Esscnaij, large town of
Upper Egypt, on the Nile, supposed to be
the ancient Syena, but Norden thinks it
was Latopolis. Esne lies near the grand
cataract of the Nile. Lon. 31 40 E. lat.
24 46 N.
Esopus, township of Ulster county, New
York, on Hudson river, and Esopus creek.
Population in 1820, 1513. See Kingston.
Esopus, Lirge creek i)f Ulster county.
New York, rises in the Catskill mountains,
and falls into the Huds')n ai Saugertics, 10
miles below Catskill town.
Essek, or Eszek, tividing town of Sclavo-
nia, with a strong castle. Ft has a wooflen
bi'idge over the Drave and the marshes,
eight miles in length and 80 feet in breadth,
with towers at a quarter of a miie distant
from each other. It is seated on the river
Drave, 100 miles WNVV of Pc^lgrade, and
136 S ofBuda. Lon. 19 ^6 E. lat. 45^0
N. . , .
Esseiiiiovin of Westphalia, in tlir clucny
of Berg. Here are seated catliolir churches
and feonvents, but the inhabita^cs are chief-
ly Lutherans. It is eight m^les E of Duys-
burg.
Essem, town of Westphalia, m East
Friesland, now the German ocean, 20 miles
NNE of Emden.
Esseqniho, river of Guiana, failing into
the Atlantic Ocean in lon. W C 19 40 E.
lat. 6 45 N.
Essequiho, province of Guiana, along
both banks of the Esseqnebo river.
.Kwar, county of England. 54 mHcs long
and 48 broad ; bounded on the N by Cam-
bridgeshire and Suffolk, E by the Germ!»n
Ocean, S by Kent, a d W by Hertford-
shire and Middlesex. It contains 1 .i'Hi.oUD
acres; is divided into 19 hun lred-i,and 415
parishes: has 27 market towns; and sends
eight members to parliament. The Tim-
ber of inhabitants in 1811 was 252.473 It
possesses a variety of soil and face of
coun ry. The S\V purt is occup e»: jjiin-
cipally by tl.e two f rc^ts ot Kpping and
Hainault ; and is noted for its hu' ter, wliich
takes the nwrnp. of Epping: buitcr. The N
W part, from S.ifiVon-Waden to Cam-
bridge, isfimous for the growth of sail: nn f
and fur a kind of triple t rop of coriander,
carraway, and teazle, which are all so«n
together, but come to mattirity at (liferent
periods. The middle part is a fine corn
country, varied with gentle inequ^^^ies of
surface, and sprinkled with v^oo^s. Tiie
part borderiii,< on the T :i:><es ■ n<l '.iie
sea consis's chi< fly of rn'r-^hy g: oundh,
wiiich afford excellent pa-sturage, yet are
deemetl unwholesome and aguish. The
principal rivers are Hie ("lismes, Black*
water, C'lla, C ehntr, Stour, ;-r mcii .,..d_
Roding. Besi.ie v -si. q;,:.iiiities of corn vi
all Kinds, abundance of calves are sent to
the London ma- ket ; also wild 'owis nd
oyi.ters. The chief sranufac-ure i"s baize
and stufl's. Chelmsford is the county-
town. Population in 1801, 22e,437; in
1811, 253,473; and in 1821, 28ft424.
Essex, county of Upper Oanacia, be-
tween lakes Krie, and St. «-^lair, and be-
tween Detroit river and Si^oik county.
Essex, county of.Vpmont, forming the
NE angle of tha» st-e ; bounded hy Con-
necticut river E a-'l SE; bv Culedoniaand
Orleans W; s-t* by Lower Canada JSf;
lensrth' 46 ; 'iean width 18 , arei 728
squire mile'- Surface hilly in general, and
in part n^''''^'^'''"""®' ^^''' "'^ '^^'^ streams
fertile '^^ productive in grain and pastur-
age. Chief town, Guddhall.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,607
do. do. females - - 2,474
All other ptrsons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 6
i,087
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
.Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - - - >^»274
Free persons of colour, males ^
do. do. females, 7
1,645
1,629
Total population in 1820
29^
3,284
ESS
4
. 1,016
87
4
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
Population to the square mile, 4.
£s*ex, town of Chittenden county, Ver-
mont, IQ miles E from Burlington, on
Onion river. Population in 1820, 1000.
Essex, county of Massachusetts, bound-
ed by the Atlantic Ocean NE. E and SE,
Middlesex county SW, and Rockingham
county in New Hampshire NW; length
and breadth about 19 miles each; area
360 square miles. Surface rather rough
than hilly. Soil of middhng quality.
Chief towns, Salem and Newburyport.
Population in 1810,
Free v^hite males ...
do do females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - .
34,539
36,489
860
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white ma'es
do. do. females -
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Total popiU^tion in 1820. -
71,^
35,207
37,969
73,176
328
326
73,930
Free persons of colour, males » 19
do. do. females - 9
Slaves, males . . . , 3
do. females ... q
Total population in 1820 - 12,811
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 189
Engaged m Agriculture - 3,345
do. in Manufactures - 558
do. in Commerce - - 37
Population to the square mile, 8.
Essex, post town of Essex county. New
York, 140 miles N from Albany. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1225.
Essex, county of New Jersey, on Passaic
river, bounded E by Passaic river ; S by
Middlesex; SW by Somerset ; W by Mor-
ris, and N by Bergen, or Passaic river ;
length 21 ; mean width 12 ; area 252.
Surface hilly, and soil fertile. Chief tovyn,
Newark.
Population in 1810.
Free white males -
do. do f.-males
Of these ;
Foreigners not nituralized - 374
Engaged in Agricul.,r^ . . 3.615
do. in Manufaclu-es. - 5,355
do. in Commerce . . 2 473
Population to tiie square mje, 203, includ-
ing the large towns. ,
Essex, township of Essex coitvty Massa-
chusetts, on Chebac.-.o r.ver, eigii mile- N
E from Salem. Population in 1820, xio/.
£ssex, county of New York, boundi-i e
by lake Champlain ; S by Warren ; WSy
Hamdton, and Fr.inklin ; an'! N by Ciniton ;
length '45; mean, width 34; area 1530
square miles. Surface hilly, nnd even
mountainous; with a rocky and sterile
soil in general. Chief town, Elizabeth-
town.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,944
do. do. fem les ... 4,530
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 3
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
9,477
6,481
6,199
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves .....
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females . - -
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do.. , females
Slaves, males ...
do. females . . _
Total population in 1820,
12,212
11,883
758
1,129
25,984
14,423
14,301
30.773
Of these; •
I'r.reigners not'naturalized - 433
Engaged \n Agriculture - 2,844
do. in ilanufactures - 3,543
■lo, in Commerce - - 253
Poptlation to tht square mile, 122.
£ssey, county of Virginia, bounded NE
by Rnpp^Jianntck river, SE by Middlesex .-
SW by K'u^ an Queens : and NW by
Caroline. Ler.gth 28; mean width 10;
area 280 square miles. Surface moderate-
, ly hdly ; and ^oil generally of second rate
quality. Chief town, "Rappahannock.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,668
do. do. females - - . 1,743
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 306
Slaves - - - . . 5,652
Total whites
■300
12,780 Total population in 1810
9,376
E T A
E R W
Population in 1820.
^ree white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour,
do. do.
Slaves, males
do. females
males
females
1,762
1,737
3,499
180
184
3,112
2,934
Total population in 1820
9,909
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,798
do. in Manufactures - 571
do. in Commerce - 34
Population to the square mile, 35.
Esslington, Port, sound on the coast of
New Cornwall, on the Pacific coast of
North America. Lon. W C 53 W. lat. 54
15 N.
EsUng, village of Austria, on the left
bank of the Danube, six English miles be-
low Vienna: nndered remarkable for a
battle fought on the 21st and 22d of May,
1809, between the Firench and Austrian
armies.
Estachar, small town of Persia, in Ears,
or Farsistan, near the ruins of Persepolis,
about 30 miles NNE from Shires. Lat. 30
05 N.
Estramadnra, province of Spain, 17 miles
in length, and 100 in breadth, bounded on
the N by Leon and Old Castile, on the E
New Castile, on the S by Andalusia, and on
the W by Portugal. It abounds with corn,
wine and/ruits ; but the air is bad for fo-
reigners, on account of the excessive heat.
It now makes a part of New Castile.
Estramadura, province of Portugal, ly-
ing about the mouth of the Tajo ; bounded
on the N by Beira, on the E and S by
Alentejo, and on the VV by the Atlantic
Ocean. It abounds with wine, excellent .
oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oran-
ges were first planted that were brought
from China, and which are known by the
name of China oranges. Lisbon is the
capital.
Estravayer, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Friburg, with a fine castle, seat-
ed on the lake of Neufchatel. Lon 6 56
E. lat. 46 55 N.
Estremos, town of Portugal in Alentejo,
divided into the upper town and the lower.
It is seated on the river Terra, which falls
into the Tajo, 15 miles W of B.idajoz, and
75 E of LisDon. Lon. 7 16 W. lat. 38 44
N.
Eswecen, town of Germany, in the land-
gravaie ot Hesse-Cassel, 25 milps SE of
Cassel. Lon. 10 9 E. lat. 51 11 N.
Etain, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meuse and late duchy of Bar, 15
miles NE of Verdun. Lon. 5 35 E. lat. 49
15 N.
Etampes, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise, and late province
of the isle of France, seated on the river
Loet or Etampes, which abounds with
crawfish. It is 15 miles E of Chartres.
Lon. 2 10 E. lai. 48 30 N.
Etaya, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Agra, situated on a high
bank of the .Tumna. It is a large, but very
wretched town, having but two tolerable
houses. It is 62 miles SE of Agra. Lon.
79 25 E. lat. 26 43 N.
Ethiopia, name by which a vast region of
Africa, ha* been distinguished by some
geographers, who have divided it into Up-
per and Lower Ethiopia. The first in-
cluded the centrical part of Africa, under
the equinoctial line. The second contains
what is now called Nigriiia or Negroland.
Etienne, St. city of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone and Loire and late pro-
vince of Forez, remarkable for its manu"
fuctures in iron and steel, for the temper-
ing of which, the water of the brook Eu-
rens, on which it is seated is extremely
good. It carries on likewise a considera-
ble manufacture-of ribands. Coal is found
in its neighbourhood, and also a soft stone
fit for grindstones. Its merchandize is con-
veyed to Paris, Nantes, and Dunkirk, by
the Loire, which begins to be navigable for
small barges at St. Lambero. St. Etienne
is 22 miles SE of Fuers, and 260 S by E of
Paris. Lon. 4 30 E. lat. 'i5 22 N.
Etlingen, ancient town of Suabia, of the
margravdte pf Bader-Dourlach, seated at
the confluence of the Wirim, and Entz,
tiiree miles 3 uf Douilach. Lon. 9 30 E.
lat. 48 59 N.
Etna, Mojint, volcano of Sicily, now
called Gibel by the inhabitants. It is 62
miles in circumference at the base, and
10,954 feet in height. The first eruption
of Etna, on record, is that mentioned by
Diodorus Siculus, without fixing the period
when it happened ; but the second record-
ed by Thucydides, was in the year 784 B.
C. From this period to the year 1447,
there were 18 more eruptions. After this
it ceased to emit fire near 90 years. The
next was in 1536 ; others followed in 1537,
1567, 1603 (which continued till 1736,)
1564 (which continued 14 years) 1682,
1686, 1693, 1755, 1763, 1764, 1766, 1780,
1787, and 1794. Of all its erupdons, that
of 1763 was the most terrible ; it was at-
tended with an earthquake that overturn-
ed the town of Catania, and buried 18,000
persons in its rums. It is 10 miles W of
Catania.
Etna, township of Penobscot county,
Maine. Population in 1820, 194.
Er-ivin Grant, township of Franklin coun-
301
E V E
£ U 11
ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820,
331.
EtoUa, ancient province of Northern
Greece, bounded W by Acainynia ; S by
tlie Ionian Sea, and gulf of Corinth ; E by
the Locri Ozolae ; and N by the mountains
of Thessaly. It is now southern Albania.
£^071, town of Bucks, sealed on the
Thames, over which is a bridge to Wind-
sor. It is famous for a school and college ;
founded by Henry VI. and King's college
in Cambridge admits no other students for
fellows but what have been brought up
here. It is 20 miles W of London. J-on.
0 36 W. lat. 50 30 N.
Etotoah, river of Georgia, rises in the
Appalachian mountains, interlocking with
the sources of tiie Chatahoochee, and flow-
ing SW, joins in Alabama, the Oostenalah,
and forms the Coosa.
Etncria, village in Staffordshire, near
Newcastle. It is the principal seat of the
potteries in this county, and here the most
elegant vases of every use and form are
made.
Ettrick, river in Selkirkshire, which rises
from the mountainous region in the SW,
and having formed a junction with the
Yarrow, their united streums meet the
Tweed, where that river .er.ters Ruxbiirg-
shire. From the woods, formerly on the
banks of this river, tiie county obtained
the name of Ettrick Forest. Ettrick
Banks are tlie subject of a pastoral Scotch
ditty.
Evansham, post town and seat of justice,
Wythe county, Virginia, on Reed creek,
branch of Great Kenhawa, 56 miles SW
from Christiansburg.
Evansville, post town, Alablima, in Mon-
roe county.
Eu, seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine and late province of
Normandy, with a strong castle, and a
handsome square. The principal trade is
in serges and lace. It is seated in a valley,
on the river Brele, 15 miles NE of Dieppe.
Lon. 1 30 E. lat. 50 3 N.
Evaiix, town of France in the depart-
ment of Creuse and late province of Marclie
20 miles from Mount Lacon. Lon, 2 35
E. lat. 46 13 N.
Euclid, post town and townsiiip of Cuya-
hoga county, Ohio, eight miles NE from
Cleveland, on tjie shore of lake Erie. Po-
puktion in 1820, 809.
Everding, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Austria, seated on the Danube, 12
miles W of Lintz, Lon. 13 46 E. lat. 48
19N.
Evershot, town in Dorsetshire, with a
market on Friday, 12 miles NW of Dor-
chester, and 129 W by S of London. Lon.
2 55 W. lat. 50 52 N.
Evesham, borough in Worcestershire,
with a market on Monday. It has a manu-
30?
facture of stockings, is governed by a
mayor, and sends two members to parlia-'
ment. It is seated on a gradual ascent
from the Avon, which almost surrounds it,
and over which is a -^tone bridge. It was
formerly noted for its abbey, and still con-
tains three parish churches. It gives name
to an adjacent vale, remarkable for produc-
ing plenty of corn. It is 14miles|SEof
Worcester, and 95 N W of London. Lon.
1 45 W. lat. 52 4 N.
Evesham, township of Burlington county,
New Jersey, situated eight mdes NE of
Haddonfield, and about 16 miles E of Phil-
adelphia.
Eugnbio, epiocopal town of Italy, in the
duchy of Urbiiio, 35 miles S of Urbino,
and 87 N of Rome. Lon. 13 37 E, lat, 43
18 N.
Evian, town of Savoy, in Ghablais, on
the S side of the lake of Geneva, 22 miles
NE of Geneva. Lon. fr 50 E. lat. 46 21
N.
Evoli, town of Naples, in Principato Ci-
teriore," 12 miles E of Salerno. Lon. 15
16 E. ht. 40 46 N.
Evora, fortified town of Portugal, capi-
tal of Alentejo, with an archbishop's see.
and a university. It is seated in a coun-
try, which, though a little unequal, is very
pleasant, surrounded on all sides by moun-
tains, and planted with large trees of di-
vers sorts. It is 65 miles E by S of Lis-
bon. Lon. 7 30 W. lat. 38 28 N.
Eiiphemia, seaport of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, seated on a bay, 50 miles NE of
Reggio. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 38 44 N.
Euingsvjlle, post village. Christian coun-
ty, Kpntiicky,
Euphrates, one of the most celebrated ri-
vers in the world, and the principal of
Turkey in Asia. It has its rise near Erze-
rum, in Armenia, from two sources on high
mountains covered with snow most part of
the year. The plain of Erzerum is enclos-
ed between these two fine streams, which,
when united, are called the Euphrates, or
the Frat. After this junction it begins to
be navigably for boats ; but the channel is
so rocky, that the navigation- is not safe.
It first divides Armenia from Natolia, then
Syria from Diarbeck ;. after which it runs
through Irac-Arabia, and receives the Ti-
gris on the confines of the Persian province
of Kusistan ; it then waters Bussarah, and
40 miles SE ot it enters the gulf of Persia.
It is also the NE boundary of the great de-
sert of Arabia.
Eiire, department of France, which in-
cludes part of the late province of Nor-
mandy.
Eure and Lure, department of France
so called from the rivers of that name. It
contains the late province of Beauce, and
its capital is Chartres.
i> (j K
EXE
Bvreiix, ancient town of France, seated
In the department of Euie. It is the capi-
tal of Ihe department, and its cathedral is a
handsome structure. The trade consists
in corn, linen and woollen cloth ; a;vl it ;:as
a manufacture of cotton velvets, and ano-
ther of tick. l\ is seated on thf river
Iton, 25 miles S of Rouen, and 55 XW of
Paris Lon. 1 14 E. Iat.49 1 N.
EUROPE, one of thf four general parts
of the world, bounded on th ■ N by the Fro-
zen Ocean, on the S by the Mediterranean,
on the VV by the Atlantic and N ifther'i
Ocean, and on the E by \sia. From cape
St. Vincent to the mouth of the Oby, it is
near 3,6U0 miles in length ; and from cape
Matapan in the More a, to the Xor'^ cape
in Lapland, about 2,200 in breadth. It is
much less than either Asia or Africa, but
surpasses them in many particulars. It is
entirely within the temperate zone, ex-
cept a small part of Xonvay and Rus.ia ;
so that there is neither the excessive heat,
nor the insupportable cold of the other
parts of the continent. It is much more
populous, and better cultivated, than
either Asia, or Africa ; is fuller o;' villai^'es,
towns, and cities, and the buildings are
stronger, more elegant and commodious.
The inhabitants are all whites, and, for the
most part, much better made than the Af-
ricans, or even the Asiatics. With regard
to arts and sciences, there is no manner of
comparison ; nor yet in trade, navigation,
and war. Europe contains at present the
Christian governments q/ Sweden, Russia,
Prussia, Denmark, Great Britain, France,
Spain, Portugal, Sardinia; the two Sici.
lies, the Popes dominions ; and several mi-
nor states in Italy ; Austria, Bavaria, Wir-
temberg and Saxony, with other minor
states of Germany. Mahometan Europe
embraces all Greece, Epirus, or .\lban;a,
Macedonia, Thessaly, Thrace, Bulgaria,
Servia and Bosnia, with part of Croatia,
and Herzegowina : or briefly, all the con-
tinent and most of the islands of Europe,
SE from the Save and Danube rivers.
The languages are the Italian, French,
Spanish and Portuguese, which are dia-
lects of the Latin ; the German, Flemish,
Dutch, Swedish, Danish and English,
■which proceed from the Teutonic ; the
Sclavonian, which reigns (though in dis-
guise) in Poland, Russia, Bohemia, and a
great part of Turkey in Europe; the Cel-
tic, of which there are dialects in Wales,
the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Bre-
tagne in France, and Lapland ; the modern
Greek, and several others. The principal
rivers are the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper,
Vistula, Volga, Dwina, Bog, Don, Scheldt,
Hhine, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Garonne,
Groyne, Tajo, Thames, and Severn. The
principal lakes are those of Constance,
Geneva, Lausanne, Wenner, Ladoga and
Onega. The chief mountains are the Alps,
Appcnnines, and Pyrenees. Th-- preval-
ingreligioa is the Ghri-.tian divided into
Gfeek, Romish md Protestant churches.
There are a!si Jews in every country, and
Mahometinism is the established though
not general religion in the Turkish empire.
Eustis, \ ke .f the United S^cttes one qf
the source of Yellowstone river Lon. W
C 31 3! W lat. 43 N.
Eniino Springs, small stream of South
Car'iliiia, flowing into the Santee rver, in
the NVV part of Charles on d str ci, 60
miles from Charleston. Here September
8, 17^1, General Greene defeated the Bri-
tish army, and terminated the revolution-
ary wa: 1:1 the southern states.
Euxine. See Black Sea
E'us'atii, v. one of the -mallest of the
Leeward Islands in the W st Indies. 1 is
a mountain in the form of a suga--loafi
who-e lop is hollow, and lies t> the XW of
St. Chr.stophe-. It was taken from the
Ditch by the English in 1781; but was
af erwards aken by the. F ench, nd re-
stored to the Dutch in 1783. Lo.. 63 10
W iat. 17 29 iN
Eutim, town of Hols'ein, with a castle,
where the bi hon of Lubec resides. It is
seveH m les f om Lubec.
•£^ye/, town in Surry, with a market on
Thursday, seated on a rivulet v/iiich emp-
ties itself into the Tiamcs, at Kingston.
It is 10 miles NXE of Darking, and 13 SSE
of London. Lon. 0 15 W. lat 51 26 N.
Ex, river, which rises in the forest of
Exmoor, in Somersetsh re, and after being
joined by several httle streams, leaver that
county below Dulverton, and r ms to Ti-
verton, Exeter and Topsham. from whence
it fo'-ms an estu'iry, which' lerminntes in
the Englisii Channel, at Exmouth, after a
course of 40 miles.
Exeter, capital city of Devonshire, situa-
ted on the river Ex, 10 md s N of the Bri-
tish channel. It is large, populous and
vvealtliv, v.ith gates, walls, and suburbs;
the circumference of the whole is about
three miles. Ships of burden formerly
came up to this city ; but the navigation
was almost destroyed by Henry Courtney,
earl of Devon, and though repaired, could
not be restored to its form<rr state. Its
port, therefore, is at Topsham, five miles
below. It has 13 companies of tradesmen,
a manufacture of serges and other woollen
goods, an extensive foreign and domestic
commerce, and a share in tlie fisheries of
Newfoundland and Greenland. It is go-
verned by a mayor, >ends two members to
parliament, and is 68 miles SW of Bristol,
and 173 W by S of London. Lon. 3 33
W. lat, 50 44 N
Exeter, township of Penobscot county,
Maine. Population in 1820. 582.
Exeter, post town and township of Rock-
203
F A C
F A H
ingham county, New Hampshire, on Exe-
ter river, branch of Piscataqu ', at tht h- ad
of tide water, 15 miles SW from Ports-
mouth, seated at the fall of the Bxeier ri-
ver. The village -f Exeter has become
the seat of numerous flouris i ig manufac-
tures, of wo lleii Hntl cotton -1 tlis and ..Iso
ordnance and small arms. Bxt-tT academy
is a very respectable institution, originally
founded by the hon. John Piillips, L. L.
D. m 1781. It is supported by the stu-
dent-, amounting to about 80, and by
funds exceeding 80,000 dollars.
Exeter, small but Important river
of Mew Hamjshire, rising in Rocking-
ham county, and flowing past Exeter into
Great Bay.
Expter, township of Washington county,
Rhode Island, 25 miles StV from PrDvi-
dence. Population m 1820,2581.
Exeter, po-tiown, Otsego county. New
York, 10 NVV from Cooiierstown. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1430.
Exeter, post town, Luzerne county,
Penns>!vania, on the Susqueliannah river
10 iniies .<bove Wilkesbarre. Population
in 1820, 820.
Exeter, township of Be'-ks county, Penn-
sylv.mia. !VB side of Scnuylkill river, com-
mencing abo'it three mdes below Read-
ing. Population in 1820, 1381,
Exiter town of New Hanover county,
Norih Car:>lina, on the ti fork, of cape
Fear 'iver, 36 miles a*iove '^Vilmington.
Exeter, town of Harrison county. In-
diana.
Exilles, strong fort oF France, now m the
dep rtment of the Upper Mps. hteiy in he
pr:>vi ce of Dauphiny. It was t.iken by
the duke of Savoy in 1708, but restored
by the reaty of U recht. It is an import-
ant passage, SIX miles W of Suza, and 40
NE of Einbrun.
Exmoor, forest in Somersetshire, in the
JfiV rornor of that c fvity, extending
thence inu) Devonshire.
Exmouth, village in Devonshire, on the E
side of the bay which forms the mouth of
the river Ex, 10 miles S by E of Exeter. It
is much frequented for the benefit of sea-
battling.
Exiima, lon» narrow island in the group
o' the Bahamas. Lon. W C 1 15 E. lat.
23 25 N
Exuma Sound, extending SE from Elen-
thera, to Yuma, and between Guanahanni,
and Exuma Keys.
Exuma Keys, long and dangerous reef,
composed of rocks, sand banks, and small
islets stretching NW from Exuma island
towards New Providence.
Eye, borough in Suffolk, with a market
on Saturday. It sends twa members to
parliament, and has the ruins of a castle,
and a Benedictine abbey. It is a mean
built place, wnh narrow streets; the chief
manufacture is bonelace and spinning. It
is 20 miles N of Ipswich, and 91 NE of
London. Loi. 1 10 E, lat. 52 20 N.
Eye, river, which rises in the NW of
Berwickshire, and falls into the British
Ocean at Eyem uth.
Eyernoutft, seaport in Berwickshire, at
the mou h of tiie Eye, for nerl^' fortified to
curb tUe garrison of Berwick from which
it is fi stant nine miles. Lon. 1 50 W. lat*
55 51 N.
Eyesdale, small island on the coast of
\rgyleshire, to the SE of Mull. It is noted
for its slate quarries.
Eyhiv, town of Prussian Poland, about
30 miles nearly S from Koningsberg. Here
a s.mguinary battle- took place on the 8th
of February, 18 J7, between the French
and Russians.
Eyndhoveii, town of Dutch Brabant, in
the d strict of British-le-Duc, at the conflu-
ence of the Eynds and Dommel, 13 miles
SE of Bois-le Due. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 51
31 N.
Eusoch, river of t!ie bishopric of Brixen
which waters the town of that name, and
falls into the Adiere below Meran.
F
Faaborg, seaport of Denmark, on the S
coast of the island of Funeii. Lon. 10 16
E. lat. 55 12 N.
Fahius, post town in Ononcjago county,
New York. It is situated on t!ie hea i
springs of Chenango river, 148 miles W of
Albany, and contained in 1820, 2494 inha-
bitants.
Fabriano, town of Italy, in the marqui-
site of Ancoiia, famous for its good paper.
It is 25 miles NE of Foligui. 'Lon. 12 32
E. lat. 43 10 N.
Factories, post office, Hambden county,
Massachusetts.
.304
Faen:a, ancient town of Italy, in Romag-
na, with a bishop's see. It is famous for
fine earthen ware, invented here : and is
se.ited on the river Amona, 12 miles SW
of Ravenna.
Fahlun, town of Sweden, capital of Da-
lecarlia, situate in the midst of rocks and
hills, between the lakes of Run and War-
pen. It contains two churches, and (in-
cluding the miners) 7000 inhabitants,
whose houses are generally of wood, two
stories high. It is chiefly celebrated for
its copper mine, which is on the E side of
h' A 1
i' A i
Ibe town. It is; 30 miles NW of Hedemo-
ra. Lon. 16 42 E. lat. 60 34 N.
Fairblujf, post village, NorJi Carolina,
in Colambus county.
Fairfax, post town and township, Ken-
nebec count}-, Maine, 26 miles N from
Augusta, Population in 1820, 1204.
Fairfax, post town and township, Frank-
lin county, Vermont, on the river Lamo-
elle, 20 miles NNE from Burlingion.
Fairfax, county of Virginia, o!) llie Poto-
mac, opposite the district of Columbia,
bounded by the Potomac river and District
of Columbia NE, the Potomac river E;
Prince William SW ; and Loudon NW ;
length 25 ; mean width 18 ; area 450
square miles; surface broken, and soil in
most parts thin and sterile. Cliief town,
Centreville.
Population in 1810.
Free white niales - - - 3,269
do. do. females - - 3,357
All other piireons except Indians
not taxed .... 543
Slaves 5,942
Total population in 1810 -
13,111
Population in 1820.
Free white males
-
3,054
do. do. females -
3,170
Total whites
6,224
Free persons of colour,
males
261
do. do.
females
Slaves, males
-
2,353
do. females
-
2,320
Total population in 1820
11,404
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 61
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,896
do. in Manufuciures - - 292
do. in Commerce - - 44
Population to the square mile, 24.
Fairfax, post town and seat of justice,
Culpepper county, Virginia, on Mountain
creek, branch of Rappaliannock, 38 miles
above Fredericksburg, and 7s SW from
Washington.
Fidrfidd, post town and townsiiip on the
right s:de of the Ken'iebec river, in the ex-
treme south p:irt of Somerset county,
Maine. Population in 1820, 1609.
Fair/idd, post town and township, Frank-
lin county, Verm^iiit, on Black river a
branch of Missisque river, 26 miles NXE
from Burlington. Population in 1820,
about 1350.
Fairfield, county of Connecticut, on tiie
SW angle of that state ; bounded by Nev/
York W ; Litchfield N ; Nc.- Haven NE ;
and E; and Long Island Sound SE;
length 35; mean width \7 -. aica about
'^00 ?nna.^e mile? > ' *' '■-
coimty is most delightftil'y variegated by
hill and dale. The soil though not gener-
ally very fertile, is yet productive, and
well cultivated. The shore along the
Sound is very much indented by small
creeks, bays and inlets, affording a very
convenient navigation. Staples are too
numerous for discrimination, consistiug of
a great variety of articles suitable to the
New York market. Chief towns, Daubury
and Fairfield .
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 19,895
do. do. females - - 19,877
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1,185
Slaves 83
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
40,940
20,505
20,852
Total whites .... 41,357
Free persons of colour, males . 673
do. do. females 677
Slaves, males . - . 10
do. females - - - 17
All other free persons, except In-
dians not taxed ... 5
Total population in 1820
42,739
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 96
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,149
do. in Manufactures - 2,083
do. in Commerce - - 472
Population to the square mile, 71.
Fairfield, post town, township and port
of entry, in Fairfield county, Connecticut,
of which it is the seat of justice, on Long
Island, 54 miles NE from New York. It is
a place of considerable commerce. It is
also the seat of an academy, and contains
the ordinary buildings appertaining to a
seat of jusdce. Population of the town-
siiip in "1820, 4151. See Greenfield Hill,
Saugatnck, Black Rock, and JVIiU-rixer.
Fuirfidd, post tov.m and township, Her-
kimer co<:nty. New York, on the east side
of Wtst Can ida creek, 10 miles N from
Ilerk.mfcr. Population in 1820, 2610.
Fairfield, township of Cumberland cou7i-
t}', New Jersey. Population in 1820,
1869.
Fairfield, townsiiip of Crawford county,
Pennsylvania, right bank of French creek,
and south from the township of Mead. Po-
pulation in 1820, 1553.
Fairfield, V/estmoreland county, Penn-
sylvania, between Loyalhannon and Con-
vimaup'h rivevp. andi between thf^ Caurcl.
F A 1
F A 1
600 square miles. The surface of this
Hill and Chesnut ridge. Population in
1820,2685.
Fairfield, post town, of Adams county,
Pennsylvania, seven miles S^V by W from
Gettysburg, and at the foot of Jacks moun-
tain.
Fairjeld, post village, Rockbridge coun-
ty, Virginia, 12 miles NE from Lexington.
Falrjield, district of South Carolina;
bounded by Broad river SW and W ; Ches-
ter N ; Wateree river NE ; Kershaw E ;
and Rickland S ; length 30 ; mean width
23 ; area 690 square miles. Surface mo-
derately hilly and soil fertile. Chief town,
Winnisborough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,149
do. do. females - - 3,637
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 37
Slaves 4,034
Total population in 1810 - 11,857
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,770
do. do. females - 4,608
Total whites - - . - 9 378
Free persons of colour, males . 20
do. do. females - 28
Slaves, males .... 3,822
do. females - - - 3,926
Total population in 1820 - 17,174
Of these ;
Foreigners not natur.alized - 77
Engaged in Agriculture - 6,265
do. in Manufactures - . 227
do. in Commerce - . 30
Population to tlie square mile, 24.
Fairfield, post village, Columbia coun-
ty, Georgia.
Fairfield, post village, Putnam county,
Georgia.
Fairfield, post village, Neson county,
Kentucky.
Fairfield, county of Ohio ; bounded by
HockiHg SE ; Pickaway SW , Franklin
NW ; Licking N, and Pt-rry E ; length
30; breadth 24 ; area 540 square miles.
The surface of t'lis county is peculiar, it
is mostly level hard soil, with abrupt,
and comparatively el vated and precipi-
tous piles of rock iiiterspersed. Prairies
or barrens existed in the natural state of
the country. The soil, though not gene-
rally very fertile, is high, dry, and tole-
rably well adapted to the cultivation of
grain. Chiet town, Lancaster.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 5,928
do. do. females - .'J,398
306
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves - _ - _ _
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . . _
Free persons of ceSour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, nnales
do. females - . .
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
35
0
11,361
8,691
7,920
16,633
17
2,888
284
28
Population to the square mile, 32.
Fairfield, township of Jefferson county,
Ohio. '
Fairfield, township of Columbiana
county, Ohio. Population in 18.;0, 1287.
Fairfield, township in the northern
parts of Highland county, Ohio. Popula-
tion in 1823, 2100.
Fairfield, township of Tuscarawas
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 342.
Fairfield, township of Jefferson county,
Ohio.
Fairfield, post town, and township of
Greene county, Ohio.
Fairfield, township of Butler county,
Ohio Population in 1820. 1867.
Fairfield, township of Licking county,
Ohio, 4 miles N from Newark.
Fan-ford, town in Gloucestershire,
with a market on Thursday. The
church has 28 lart^e windows, curiously
painted with scripture historit- s, in beau-
tiful colours, and designed by the famous
Albert Durer It is seated on the Coin,
25 miles SE of Gloucester, and 80 W
by N of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 51
40 N.
Fair/iaven, post town of Vermont, in
Rutland county, 18 miles W of Rutland,
and 50 N of Bennington, with about 650
inhabitants.
Fairhaven, township of Bri.=itol county,
Massachusetts, on Acushnet river oppo-
site Bedford. Population in 1820, 2733.
Fair Isle, island of the Northern
Ocean, between Shetland and Orkney,
trom both which its high towering rocks
are visible. On the E side, the duke of
M. dina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish
armada was wrecked in 1588.
Fairlee, post town of Orange county,
Vermont, on Connecticut river opposite
F A 1-
F7A L
Oxford, in Grafton county. New Hamp-
shire.
J'^air/iort, new and flourishing town, on
the east bank ef Grand river, in Geauga
county, Oliio, on the southern shore of
lake Erie; and has a tolerable good
port, or harbour, for vessels usually navi-
gating the lakes. It is 32 miles NE
from Cleveland, and 180 in the same di-
rection from Columbus.
jFair Tonon, post town, Cumberland
county, New Ji^rsty, on Cohanzy creek,
4 miles S from Bridgeton, and 25 SE
from Salem.
Fa'j-valcy post village, Washington
county, New York.
Fairvieiv, township, in the extreme
north part of York county, Pennsylvania,
between the Susquehannah river and
Yellow Breeches creek. Population in
1820, 1764.
Fairvieiv, post village, Erie county,
Pennsylvania, on lake Erie, at the mouth
of Walnut creek, 8 miles SW by W from
Erie
Fairvieiv, new town of Guernsey
county, Ohio, on the road from Zanes-
ville to Wheeling, 25 miles east from
Cambridge, and adjoining the east line of
the county
Fainveather, cape of Patagonia, at the
mouth of the Gallegos river, on the At-
lantic coast. Lon. W C 8 10 E, lat. 51
30 S
FairweatheTy cape of North America,
in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 60 20
W, lat. 58 50 N
Fairweatlier, Mount, high and re-
markable isolated mountain, 12 miles N
E from Cape Fair weather of North A-
merica.
Faiaans, island in the river Bidassoa,
■which separates France from Sp lin. it
is also called the isle of Conference, he-
cause Lewis XIV. and Philip IV. here
swore to observe the peace of the Pyre-
nees, in 1660, after 24 conferences be-
tween their ministers Here also the
hostages of France and Spain are receiv-
ed and delivered ; this being a neutral
island, the sole dominion of which can
be claimed by neither kingdom. It is
situated between Andaye and Fontara-
bia Lon. 1 46 \V, lat. 43 20 N.
, Fakenliam, town in Norfolk, vvith a
market on Thursday ; situated on a
hill, 20 miles NW of Norwich, and 110
NNE of London. Lon, 0 58 E, lat. 52
53 N.
Falaise, town of France, in the de-
partment of Calvadns and late province
of Normandy, with a cast'e, and one of
the finest towers in France. It is re-
markable for being the birth place of
William the Conqueror. It has a good
trade in serges, linen, and lace ; and its
fair, which begins on August 16, is the
most famous in France, next to that of
Bf aucare. It is seated on the river Ante,
20 mih s SE ot Caen, and 115 W of
P, ris. L.n 0 2 W. lat 48 35 N.
-Fa/Ar^^z^er^^ S'.aport of Swt'deii on the
Baltic, 17 niiesNWof H Imsladt Lon.
12 50 E, lat 56 52 N,
Falkenburg strong town of Gtrmaiiy,
in the new marche of Brandenburg,
seated on the river Traje, 60 miles E of
Stetin. L.in. 15 -iS E, lat. 53 :^5 N.
Falkingham, town in Lincolnshire,
with a market on Thursday 18 miles
W by S of Boston, and 104 N of London.
Lon 0 20 W, lat. 52 48 N.
Falkirk, town in Stirlingshire, re-
markable lor a battle trained by Edward
I, over the Scots, in 1298, and where the
high landers m 174o dtfeattd the king's
forces. It is 9 mil- s S of Stirling, iyjn.
4 58 W lat 55 57 N.
Falkland, small town in Fifcshire,
made a royal borough by Jairit s II. in
1458. It is 20 milts N of Edinburgh.
Lon 3 7 W, lat. 56 18 N
Falkland Idands, near the straits of
Magellan, in S America, discovered by
Sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594. Lon. W
C 17 E lat. 52 S.
Fall Creek, small stream in Tompkins
county. New York, remarkable lor a fine
cascade of 6 ) feet, perpendicular de-
scent.
Falling Springs, creek of Virginia, in
BathC' unty. li is a branch of Jackson's
river, and ab'tut 25 miles SW from the
Warm Springs, is precijjitated on a ledge
of rockb of 2uiJ fef't pr rp'.-ndicu!ar height.
Falling Waters post village, Berkeley
county, Virj^io'a.
Falloivfi'-ld E and IV, tv/o townships
of Chester county, Pennsylvania. They
are contiguous, on the W branch of the
river Brandywine, about 40 miles W of
Philadelphia See East Falloivfield, and
West Fal'oivjield.
Falloivjleld, townsliip of Washington
county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of
Monongahela river on trie waters of Pigon
cr ck. Population in 1820, 2020.
Fallowfield, township, Crawford county,
Pennsylvania, on the sources of Big Beaver
river, 10 rn lesSW from Meadville. Popu-
lation in 1820, 742.
Fall River, post town, Bristol county,
Massachusetts.
Falls, township of P>ficlc cf)unty, in tlie
Great Bend of Delaware river, opposite
B'lrdentov/n. Ponnlati >n in 182j, 1880.
Falh, township in Mnskingum county,
immediately wes. fr;>iii ZancaVille, Ohio.
Poptdatitm in 1820, 1112.
J: A N
is A. a
Falls, township of Hocking county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 1001.
Fallsuigton, village of Bucks coun£y,
Pennsylvania, 5 miles SW from Trenton.
Fallsto~Mi, post town. North Carolina,
Iredell county.
Fah7iouth, corporate town and seaport
in ('ornwall; situated where the river
Fale runs into the English Channel.
Tiie harbour is so extensive and commo-
dious that ships of the greatest burden
come up to the quay. It is guarded by
the castle of Maircs and Pendennis, on
a high rock at the entrance, and there is
such excellent shelter in many creeks
belonging to it that the whole royal navy
might ride rafe here in any wind. It is
268 miles WSW of London. Lon. 5 2
W, lat. 50 8 N.
Falmoutli, seaport town of Barnstable
county, Ma£S;ichusetts ; situated at the S W
end ofthe pe;iinsula of Barnstable, 18 m les
S by W of Sandwich, and 41 S of PI) mouth.
Populailtn 2370.
Falmouth, post town in Cumberland coun-
ty, Maine, iivc miles NW of Portland.
Population in 1820, 1673.
Fclir.onth, tov.n of Stafford county, Vir-
ginia ; situated on the N side of the river
Rappahannock^ opposite to Fredericks-
burg-, 70 miles N of Richmond, and 60 S by
W of Washington.
FalmoKth, post town and seat of justice,
Pendleton county, Kentucky, on the left
bank of the south fork of Licking river, 30
miles south from Cincinnati.
Fake Bay, bay E of the Cape of Good
Hope, frequented during the prevalence of
the NW winds which begin in May. Lon.
18 33 E, lat. 34 10 S.
False Cape, E ofthe Cape of Good Hope.
Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 S.
Falster, little island of Denmark, near
the entrance of the Baltic, between the
islands of Zealand, Lapland, and Mona.
Nikoping- is the capital.
Famagosta, town in the island of Cyprus,
with a Greek bishop's see, and a harbour,
def nded by two forts. It was taken by
the Turks, in 1570, after a siege of six
months, when they flayed the Veneti:in
governor alive and murdered the inhabi-
tants, though they surrendered on hoi^oura-
ble terms. It is 62 miles NE of Nicosia.
Lon 35 55 E, lat. 35 10 N.
Famart, town of France, 3 miles S of
Valenciennes, in the department of the
North, where the allied forces defeated the
Prench in 1793.
Famine, Port, fortress on the NE coast of
the straits of Magellan. Here a Spanish
garrison perished for want ; since which
it has been neglected. Lon. 70 20 W, lat
55 44 S.
iFartdnot town of tfaly, in the Modcnese,
308
25 miles S of Alodena. Lon. 11 18 E, ial .
44 10 N.
Fannet, township and post town, in
Franklin county, Pennsylvania; sitUiUedon
the W branch of Coneu;ocheagtie creek,
betvi'een Strasburg and the T..scc,iora
mountain. It contains 1747 inhabitants.
Funo, town of Italy, in the duchy of Ur-
bino, with a bishop's see. Here is ^n an-
cient triumphal arch, handsome churches,
and fine palaces. It is seated on the gulf
of Venice, 8 miles SE of Pesaro. Lon. 13
5 E, lat. 43 46 N.
Fautin, small but populous kingdom of
Africa, on the Gold Coast of Guinea, where
the English and Dutch have forts. Its
palm wine is much better and stronger
than that in other parts of the coast. The
principal village has the same name.
Fareham, town in Hampshire, with a
market on Wednesday, 12 miles E of
Southampton, and 74 W by S of London.
Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 50 53 N.
Farev-'ell, Cape, most southerly pro*
montory of Greenland, at the entrunce o£
Davis' Straits. Lon. W C 34 48 E, lat. 59
38 N.
Farewell, Cape, promontory ofthe island
of New Zealand. Lon. 172 41 B, lat. 40
37 S.
Fargeau, St. ancient town of France in
the department of Yonne, and late province
of Burgundy, with a castle 10 miles SE of
P.rairie, and 82 S of Paris. Lon. 3 8 E, lat.
47 40 N.
Farley-.Wlls, post office, King and
Queen's county, Virginia.
Farlysville, post village, Charlotte coun-
ty, Virginia.
Farmer, post town Seneca county, New-
York.
Farmington, post town and township, on
Sandy river, in the NW part of Kennebec
county, Maine, the village is 33 NW from
Augusta. Population in 1820, 1938.
Farmington, post town and township,
Stafford county, New Hampshire, on Co-
cheeho river; the village 26 miles NW
from Portsmouth. Population in 1820,
1716.
Farmington, river of Massachusetts and
Connecticut, rises in Berkshire county of
the former, and flowing SE into the latter
state, crosses Litchfield and Hartford coun-
ties by a very circuitous course, and falls
into Connecticut river 4 miles above Hart-
ford.
Farmington, post town and township,
Hartford county, Connecticut, 9 miles west- ,
ward from Hartford. Population in 1820,
3042.
Farmington, post town and township of
Ontario county. New York, between Flint
creek and the outlet of Canandaigua lake,
S miles NE from the village of Canandai-
gua. Population in 1820, 4214.
li- A K
J : A \
Ohio.
Favagnana, small island,
"Farmville, town on the N side of Appo- comsjass, on tlie W side of Sicily, with a
mat- ox river, in P ince Edward county, fort. Lon. 12 23 E, lat. 08 16 N.
Virginia, 20 miles SW from Cumberland, Fnuqiiemont, or Valkenburg, town of
and 72 W by S from Richmond the capital Dutch Limbui-i^, on the river Geule, 7
of the state. mdes E of Maestricht. Lon. 5 50 E, lat.
Farnham, township of Bedford and Ri- 50 52 N
chelieu counties, Lower Canada, on the faw^w/ep, co'inty of Virginia; bounded
river a la Fonue, 20 miles SE from Mon- by Staff" rd SE; Culpepper SW; Blue
treal. Ridge nr Frederick NW ; Li.udon NE, and
Farnham, post village, Richmond county. Prince William E ; lengt.'i 45 ; mean width
Virginia. 16 -, area 720 square mdes. The face of
Farnham, town in Surry, with a market this county is pleasantly diversified by hill
on Thursday. It is one of the greatest dale and mountain. The soil partakes al-o
wheat markets in England. It is fan.ous of tiie varied physiognomy, being of al-
for hops, of which there are mAny plan- most every variety of texture. Staples
Chief town, Warren-
gram and tobacco,
ton.
Population in 1810.
Free white inah s
do. do. {rm;des
All othir persons excf pt Indians
not taxed - - -
Total populatior: in 1810
tations round the town. It is seated on
th Wye, 12 miles W of Guildford, and 39
WSW of London. Lun. 0 46 W, lat. 51
16 N.
Farnham, post town in Richmond, Vir-
ginia, distant 159 miles S from the city of
Washington.
Farn Islands, two groups of little islands Slaves
and rocks, 17 in number, lying opposite to
Bamborough castle in Northum ;erland.
At low water the points of several otliers
are visible besides the 17 just mentioned.
The largest or House Island is about one
mile in compass, and has a fort and light-
house It contains about six or seven acres
of rich pasture , and the shore ab unds with
good coals which are dug at the ebb of
tide.
Faro, seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, on
the gulf of Cadiz, v/ith a bishop's see, 20
mites SW of Tavira Lon. 7 48 W, lat. 36
54 N.
Faro of Messina, the strait between Italy
and Sicily. It is so named, from the faro,
or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity Foreigners not naturalized
5,999
4,985
344
10,161
22,689
Population in 1820.
Free white males
.
5.702
do. do. females
-
5,727
Total whites
.
11,429
Free pf-rsons of colour
ma'es -
3u7
do. do.
fema es
2U0
Slaves, males
.
5,803
dii females
-
5.364
Total population in 1820
Ofihe>e;
23,103
to Messina.
Farringdov, town in Berks, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday, seated on an eminence,
near the Thames, 18 miles W of Oxford ;
and 50 W by N of London. Lon. 1 27 VV,
lat. 51 44 N.
Farsistan, province of Persia ; bounded
on the E by Kerman, on the N by Irac
50
6,772
524
76
Engaged in .Xi^riculture
do in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to tlie square mile, 32.
Fausse Riviere, a lake of Louisiani, in
Point Coupee, a bend of the Mississippi
river. The banks of the lake are high,
dry and arable ; one of the most wealthy
Agemi, on the W by Kusistan, and on the i . . ■ .u .. » • t- t,-
01 ^l ^c cTi ■ r* ■ r .1 settlements in the state is on Fausse Ri-
S by the gulf of Persia. It is very fertile.
antl famous for its excellent wines called
the Wines of Schiras, the capital of this
province. Here are the ruins of Perse-
polis, perhaps the most magnificent in the
world.
Fartack, town of Arabia Felix, at the
foot of a cape of the same name. Lon. 51
25 E, lat. 15 55 N.
Fate, township, Clermont county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 1775.
Fattipoiir, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
Fawcettstowri, post town, of Ohio river, in
Colcmbiana county, five miles below the
PcRnsylvania line, and 48 miles by water
below Pittsburg.
Fatcn, township of York county, Penn-
s\lvania; situated on the S side of Muddy
Creek, and joining the divisional line that
separates this state from Maryland. Popu-
lation in 1820, 803.
Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western
tbe province of Agra, where the emperors Islands, which suffered greatly bv an
309
F A \
p-arthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa de
Ilorta.
Fayence, town of France, in the depart-
tnentof Var and late province of Provence,
nearthe river Biason, 10 miles W of Grasse.
Lon 6 44 E, lat. 45 38 N.
Fayette, post town and township, in Ken-
nebec county, Maine. Population in 1820,
824.
Fayette, township of Seneca county.
New York, between Seneca and Cayuga
lakes, 8 miles BE from Geneva. Popula-
tion in 1820, 3698.
Fayette, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded
SE by Allegany county in Maryland ; S by
Preston and Monongalia counties in Vir-
ginia ; W by Monongaliela river,, or Greene
and Washington counties ; N by West-
moreland, find E by Somerset ; length 30 ,
breadth 27 ; area 824 square miles. The
surface of this county is generally broken,
part mou'^tamous, and every where hilly.
The soil upon the streams, and except
where rendered otherwise by rocks, pro-
ductive in grain, fruit and meadow grasses.
Staples, flour, whiskey, grain, salted pro-
visions and iron. Chief towns, BrownsvillCj
Bridgeport and Union.
Population in 1810.
Bree white males ... 12,313
do. do. females - - 11,753
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 590
Slaves 58
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free whte males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males - 419
24,714
- 13,475
- 12,910
- 26,385
do
Slaves, males
do. females
do. females
440
14
27
27,285
Total population in 1820
Of these •-
Foreigners not naturalized - 280
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,485
do. in Manufactures - 1,958
do. in Commerce - - 9Z
Population to the square mile, oo.
Fayette, township in Allegany county,
Pemsylvania, on Chartier's creek, along
the borders of Washington county, 14 miles
from Pittsburg, and 15 from Washington.
Population in 1820, 2000.
Fayette, county of Kentucky, on the
sources of Elkhorn river ; bounded by Jes-
samine SE ; Woodford W ; Scott NW^ ;
Bourbon NE ; Clark E, and Madison or
Kentucky river S ; length 22 ; mean width
32; area 264 square miles. Surface gene-
"^10
rally level, and Soil fertile. Chief towii.,
Lexington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 6,848
do. do. females - - - 6,650
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . _ 208
Slaves 7,664
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white n^les
do. do. females -
21,370
6,939
6,789
Total whites .... 13.728
Free persons of colour, males - 109
do. do. females 139
Slaves, males .... 4,681
do. females - - - 4,593
Total population in 1820
23,250
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 29
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,458
do. in Manufactures - - 1,160
do. in Commerce - - 169
Population to the square mile, 88.
Fayette, county of Ohio ; bounded S by
Highland ; SW by Clinton, N W by Greene ;
N by Madison ; E by Pickaway ; and SE
by Ross ; length 26 ; mean width 16 ; area
about 420 square miles. Surface mostly
level, and soil tolerably fertile. Chief
town, Washington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 974
do. do. females - - 876
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 4
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,854
3,S50
3,041
Total whites ... - 6,291
Free persons of colour, males 12
do. do. females, 13
Slaves, males . . - - none
do. females - . - none
Total population in iSSe - 6,316
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - ^ 2
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,793
do. in Manufactures - 25
do. in Commerce - ^
Population to the square mile, 15.
Fayetteville, post town and seat of justice,
Cumberland county, North Carolina, on the
V E IS
F E R
right bank of Cape Fear vivor, about 60
miles S from Raleigh and 100 NNW from
Wilmington, N lat. 35 03. It stands at
the head of boat navigation, and is the cen-
tre of a very extensive inland trade, in
grain, flour, tobacco, some cotton, and na-
val stores. A branch of the bank of the
United States is located m this place.
Fayetteville, post town and seat of justice,
Tjincoln county, Tennessee, on the right
bank of Elk river, 50 miles SW from Mur-
freesboro.
Faystoxuti, township, Washington Ver-
mont, 17 miles SW from Montpelier.
Fearing, township of Washington county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 811.
Fecamp, ancient seaport of France, in the
department ot Lower Seine and late pro-
vince of Normandy. Ii had lately a Bene-
dictine abbey, remarkable for its opulence
and great privileges. The church is one
of the largest in France. Fecamp is 24
miles NE of Havre-de-Grace. Lon. 0 23
E, lat. 49 o7 N.
Federals burg, village of Caroline and
Dorchester counties, Maryland, on Marshy
Hope creek, 20 miles E from Easton.
Feeding Hills, post office, Ha-npden
county, Massachusetts, 5 miles W from
Wfst Springfield.
Feesto-wn, post village, Clermont county,
Ohio.
Feldkirchs, trading town of Germany,
capital of a c junty of the same name, in
Tirol. It is seated on the river 111, near
its entrance into the Rhine, 15 mil s E of
Appenzel Lon. 9 49 E, lat 47 10 N.
Feliciana, See JV^^o" Feliciana.
Feliaida, one of the Lipari Islands, in
the Mediterranean, 28 miles W of Lipari.
Felix, St. island in the South Pacific
Ocean, NNW of J'lan Fernandes. Lon. 86
W, lat. 26 S.
Fellen, town in the Russian government
of Riga, seated on a river of the same name,
62 miles SE of Revel. Lon. 24 5 E, lat. 58
22 N.
Felletin, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Creuse, and late province of
Marce, noted for its manul'acture of tapes-
try.
Feltri, episcopal town of Italy, in the
Trevisano, capital of a district of the same
name. It is seated on the Asona, 40 miles
N of Padua. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 46 3 N.
Femeren, fertile island of Denmark, in
the Baltic, three miles from the coast of
Holstein.
Fcmme Osage, post town, St. Charles'
county, Missouri.
Fenestrelle, town and fort of Piedmont,
in the valley of the Vaudois. It was taken
by the duke of Savoy, from the French, in
1708, and ceded to him by the treaty of
Utrecht. It is 18 miles W of Turiu. Lon.
7 21 E, lat, 45 10 N.
Fer, Poinl. Ait, the outer SE limit of At»
chafalaya bay. Lon. W C 14 36 W, lat.
29 12 X.
Fevabad, town of Persia, in the province
of Mazanderan, seated amongthe mountains
which bound the Caspian Sea to the S, and
12 miles from it. Shah Abbas often spent
his winters here. It is 130 miles VV of
Astrabad. Lon 53 21 E, lat. o7 14 N.
Ferabad, town of Persia, two miles from
Ispahan, and extending almost three miles
along the banks of the Zenderoud. It
was built by Shah Abbas, who brought the
Armenians iiere from the preceding town,
after they had revolted from the Turks.
Ferdinand, township, Essex county, Ver-
mont, on Connecticut river, 15 m ies above
Lancaster and 60 NE from Montpelier.
Ferdinand, township of St. Louis county,
Missouri.
Fere, town of France, in the department
of Aisne, and late province of Picardy, fa-
mous for its powder-mill, and sciiool of
artillery. Near this town is the castle of
St. Gobin, famous for its manufacture of
fine plate glass. Fere is seated at the con-
fluence of the Serre and t)ise, 2'^ miles N
of Soisons and 75 NE of P^iris. Lon 3 25
E lat. 49 29 N.
Ferentino or Fiorento, episcopal town of
Italy, in Champagna di Roma, seated on a
m'urtain', 44 miles SE of Rome. Lon. 13
27 B, lat. 41 46 N.
Ferelte, town of Alsace, in Germany, 49
miles S of Strasburgh. Lon. 7 36 E, 1 it,
41 50 N.
Ferguson, southern township of Centre
county, Pennsylvania, on the -u'srces of
Spring and Penns' creeks. Pop. nation in
1820, 1189.
Fergusojis Ferry, post office, Johnson
county, Illinois.
Fermanagh, county of Ireland, in the
province of Ulster, 38 miles in length, and
23 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Done-
gal and Tyrone, on the E by Tyrone and
and Monaghan, on he S by Cavaii and Lei-
trim, and on the AV by Leitrim. It contains
19 parishes, and before the Irish Union
sent four members to the Irish parliament.
Inniskilling is the capital.
Fermanagh, township in Mifflin county,
Pennsylvania, having the Shade mountain
on the N, and J'.iniata river on the S. The
inhabitants in 1820, 2529
Fermo, ancient town of Italy, in the mai'-
quisate of Ancona, with an ardibishop's
see. It is seated near the gulf of Venice,
17 mile."; SE of Macerata. Lon, 13 50 E,
lat. 43 7 N.
Feriiambuco. See Pernambuco.
Fernandina, sea port of Amelia Island,
East Florida.
Fernando, J^foronha, island near the coast
of Brasil, subject to the Portuguese. Lon.
32 33 W, lat, 3 56 S.
31!
!■■ E Z
•I i G
Ternando Po, an island of Africa, 25 miles
W of the coast of Benin. It is 30 miles
long-, and 20 broad. Lon. 3 3 E, lat. 3 6 N.
Ferrara, city of Italy, capital of a ducliy
of the same name. It is seated in an
agreeable and fertile plain, watered by the
river Po, which is a defence on one side ;
and on the other is encompassed.
Ferrier Point, cape of Mexicc/, on the
Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 41, lat 33 42 N,
Ferrisburg, township of Addison count)',
Vermont, on lake Champlain, at the mouth
of Otter river, 25 miles S from Burlington.
Feroe Islands, cluster of twenty -two small
islands in the Northern Ocean, between 5
and 8 W lon. and 61 and 63 N lat. subject
to Denmark. Seventeen are habitHble,
each of which is a lofty mountain, divided
from the others by deep and rapid cur-
rents. Some of them are deeply indented
with secure harbours, all of them steep,
and most of them faced with tremendous
precipices. They produce agate, jasper,
and beautiful zeolites. The surface con-
sists of a shallow soil of remarkable fertili-
ty ; yielding plenty of barley, and fine grass
for sheep. No trees above the size of a
juniper, or stunted willow, will grow here ;
and the only quadrupeds are sheep. Vast
quantities of sea-fowls frequent the rocks,
and the taking of them furnishes a perilous
employment for the inhabitants. The ex-
ports are salted mutton, tallow, goose-
quills, feathers, eiderdown, knit woollen
waistcoats, caps, and stockings. To the
S of these islands is a considerable whirl-
pool.
Ferro, or Hiero, the most westward of the
Canary islands, about 18 miles m circum-
ference. It is not fertile, but produces
some corn, sugar, fruits, and legumes. Lon.
17 52 W, lat. 27 47 N.
Ferrol, seaport of Spain, in Galicia, on a
bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of
the best in Europe, for the vessels lie safe
from all winds ; and here the Spanish
squadrons frequently rendezvous in time
of war. It is 30 miies NE of Corunna, and
65 W of Rivades. Lon. 8 4 W, lat. 43
30 N.
Ferte-Alais, town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise and late pro-
vince of the isle of France, 18 miles S of
Paris. Lon. 2 27 E, lat. 48 30 N.
Ferte- Bernard, town of France, in the
department of Sarte and late province of
Maine, seated on the Huisne, 20 miles NE
of Mans. Lon. 0 39 E, lat. 48 8 N
Feversham, seaport in Kent, on a creek
of the Medway, much frequented by small
vessels, nine miles W of Canterbury, and
48 E by S of London. Lon. 0 55 E, lat. 51
22 N.
Fez, kingdom of Barbary, 125 miles in
"length and breadth ; bounded on the W by
the Atlantic Ocean, on the N bv the Medi-
terranean Sea, on the E by" Algiers, and on
the S by Morocco and Tafilet.
Fez, capital of the kingdom of Fez, and
one of the largest cities in Africa. It is
composed of three towns, called Beleyde,
Old Fez, and New Fe^. Old Fez is the
most considerable, and contains about
80,000 inhabitants. Fez is 160 miles S of
Gibraltar, and 250 NE of Morocco. Lon.
5 5 W, lat. 33 40 N.
Fezzan, kingdom of Africa ; bounded on
the N by Tripoli, on the E by deserts that
divide it from Egypt, on the S by Bornou,
and on the W by the deserts of Zabara,
lying between 25 and 30 N lat. It is an
extensive pla^n, encompassed by moun-
tains, except to the W. Mourzook is tlie
capital.
Fiano, town of Italy, in the patrimony of
St. Peter, seated on the Tiber, 15 miles N
of Rome.
Fianona, town of Venetian Istria, seated
on the gulf of Carnero, 17 miles N of Pola.
Fiascone, episcopal town of Italy, in the
territory of the chnrch, noted for fine mus-
cadine wine. It is seated on a mountain
near Lake Bolsena, 12 miles NW of Viter-
bo, Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 42 34 N
Ficherulolo, fortified town of Italy, in the
Ferrai-ese, seated on the Po, 12 miles W of
Ferrara. Lon. 11 31 E, lat. 45 6 N.
Field's Mills, post office, Bi'unswick
couniy, Virginia.
Fieranzuolo, town of Italy, in the Parme-
san, 10 miles SE of Placenlia. Lon. 9 44
E, lat. 44 59 N.
Fiezoli, ancient town of Italy, in the
Florentino, with a bishop's see, five miles
NE of Florence. Lon. 11 11 E. lat. 43
49 N.
Fifeshire, county of Scotland. It is a fine
peninsula, enclosed between the Forth
and the Tay rivers, bounded on the E by
the British or German ocean ; on the S by
tlie Frith of Forth ; on the AV by the Oc-
hill-hills, Kinross and Pertlishire ; and on
the N is divided from Forfar by the Tay.
It is about 36 miles long from NE to S\V,
and about 17 where broadest. The east-
ern part is the most level. The N and S
parts are fruitful in corn, and the middle fit
for pasture The number of towns is al-
most unparalleled in an equal tract of
coast ; for the whole shore, from Crai) to
Culross, about 40 miles, is one continued
chain of towns and villages. Cupar is the
countv-toun. Population in 1801, 93,745 :
in 1811, 101,272 ; and in 1821, 114,556.
Figari, seaport of Corsica, at the mouth
of a river of the same name, 22 miles
WNW of Bonifacio.
Figeac, town of France in the depart-
ment of Lot and late province of Querci,
and Guienne, seated on the Seil^, 22 miles
E of Cahors, and 270 S of Paris. Lon. 1
.58 E. lat 44 32 ^r.
i 1 \\,
X' 1 »
tigueirO'dos-Vinhos, town of Portugal, in
listpamadura, seated among' mountains,
near the rivei* Zizere, and remarkable for
its excellent vineyards. It is 22 irales N of
Tomar. Lon. 7 45 W. lat. 39 49 N.
Figxieras, or St. Fernando -de-Figuer as,
very strong fortress of Spain, in Catalonia,
which was taken by the Frencli in 1"94.
Lon. 2 46 E. lat. 42 18 N.
Fillech, town of Hung.ary, in the county
of Xovigrad, seated on the Ipol, 20 miles
from Agria. Lon. 19 8E. lat. 48 24 N.
Final, town of Italy, on the coast of Ge-
noa, with a strong citadel, two forts, and a
castle. It was sold to tlie Genoese, by the
emperor Charles VI. in 1713. It is situa-
ted on the Mediterranean, and is 30 miles
SW of Genoa. Lon. 8 0 E. lat. 44 14 N.
-FiV/afe, town of Italy, in the Modenese.
It was besieged and taken by the French
in Nov. ir95. It is seated on an island
formed bv the river Panaro, 22 miles NE
of Modena. Lon. 11 25 E. lat. 44 26 jV.
Fincastle, post town and s-at of justice,
Bottetourt county, Virginia, situated on
.the W side of the N. Mountain, containing
765 inhabitants, one brick court house, one
presbyterian and one methodist church ; 36
miles E from Lexington and 192 W by N
from Richmond.
'^H Findhom, fishing town in Miirrayshire, at
^tlie mouth of a bay of the same name, it
is a considerable town and has a good har-
bour. It is 17 miles W by N of Elgin.
Lon. 3 40 W. lat. 57 45 N.
Findhorn, river of Scotland, which has its
source in Inverness-shire and crossing Nair-
neshire and the N\V cornsn- of Murray-
shire, forms the bay of Findhorn, which
opens into tlie Frith of Murray, at the
town of the same n.ime.
Finisterre, Cape, the most western cape,
not only of Spain, but of Europe; It was
thought, by the ancients, to have no coun-
try beyond it ; and therefore tiiey gave it
a name which signifies tlie end of the
earth. Lon. 9 17 W. lut. 42 51 N.
Finisterre, department of France, whicli
includes part of the late province of Bre-
tagnc. 'Its name corresponds to the Eng-
lish expression, the I^and's End, it being
the most westerly part of France. Quim-
per is the capital.
Finland, recently one of the five gene-
ral divisions of Sweden, but at present a
province of Russia ; bounded on the N by
TJothniaand Lapland, on tlie E by Wibtirgh,
on the S by the gulf of Finland, and on the
W by that of Bothnia. It is about 200
• miles in length, and as many in breadth.
It has many lakes, in v.'hich are several
islands, which are genei'ally rocks or inac-
cessible mountains. It contains the pro-
vinces of Finland Proper, the isle of (Eland,
Ostrobothuia, Tavasteland, Nylaud, Savo-
!as, and that Qart of the fiefs of Kvmne
It V
and Carelia, which Sweden has prese rved
Abo is the capital.
Fijilai'ville, post village. North Carolina,
in ^lecklenburg county.
Ftnleu, township of Washington county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1967.
Fnimark, part of Danish Lapland, in the
government of Wardsburgs.
Fionda, ancient Phaselis, city of Asia
Minor, on the W coast of the gulf of Sata-
lia, 36 miles S from Adalia.
Fiorenzo, St. seaport of Corsica, on a
gulf of the same name, seven miles W of
Bastia. It surrendered to the English and
Corsicans, ;u 1794, but has since revolted
from England. Lon. 9 20 E. lat. 42 35 N.
Fireplace, post village, in SuS'o'k county.
New York, about 40 miles NE of New
York.
F/.s'ier-ron; village about five miles from
Edinburgh. It is seated on the VV side of
the month of the river Eak, and has some
elegunt villas in its vicinity.
Fisldng-creek, lownsliip in Columbia
county, Pennsylvania, which takes its name
from a creek of the same name. It is
situated on the N side of the E branch of
Susqueiiannah. The chief town is Ber-
wick. Population in 1820, 502.
Fiskardt, corporate town in Penbroke-
shire, with a market on Friday. It is go-
verned by a mayor, and carries on a good
trade in herrings. It is situated on a steep
clifF, at the influx of the river Gwaine, into
St. George's Channel, vvhicii here forms a
spacious bay. It is 16 miles NE of St.
David's, and 242 W by N of London. Lon.
4 52 W, lat. 52 4 N.
Fi.^hkill, small river of New York, rises
in Oswego and Lewis countiesi by a num-
ber of creeks, which flow into and unite
in Oneida county, and join Wood creek a
sliort distance aljove tlie discharge of the
latter into Oneida Inke.
Finhkill, creek of 'New Y^'ork, in Sarato-
ga countv, falls into the Hudson opposite
Battenkiil. It was on this creek, that in
October 17th, 1777, that getieral Burgoyne
surrendered his army to general Gates.
Fifshkill, small but important creek of
New York in Ducliess county, falls into
the Hudson opposite Newburgh.
Fishkill, post town and township of New-
York, in Duchess county, on Fishkdl
creek, ne'ar its mouth. This is one of the
best cultivated, and most thickly populated
country places in the United States. Po-
pulation in 1820, 8203.
Fishkill, mountains, is the continuation
of the Highlands- above Westpoint, and
curving to the NE and N stretches be-
tween Dur.hcss and l^utnam counties, and
thence through the former towards the
SW angle of Massachusetts.
Fisher's- field, township of Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire, on Sunapee lake,
discharging into Saear river, branch of
313
t L ti
Connecticut and the liead waters ot the
Warner river, branch of Contoocook river.
It is through this township, that a canal
has been contemplated to unite the Con-
necticut and Merrimac rivers. Population
in 1820, 874.'
Fisher's Island, island in the NE mouth
of Long Island Sound, nearly opposite
Stonington in Connecticut. It is about
nine miles by two, and forms part of South-
hold, in Siiftblk, New York.
Fisher' s-store, post office, Clarke county,
Alabama.
Fish River, Great, considerable river of
Africa, which rises in the unknown interior
regions, divides Caffaria from the country
of the iiottentotP, and falls into the Indian
Ocean, in lat. 30 30 S. The deepest pai'ts
of this river are inhabited by the hippopo-
tamus, and the adjacent woods by ele-
phants, rhinoceroses and buffaloes.
Fistella, fortified town of Morocco. The
inhabitants carry on a great trade in fine
garments. It is i25 miles NE of Morocco.
Lon. 5 55 W, lat. 32 27 N.
Fitchbiirg, post town of Worcester coun-
ty, Massachusetts, situated about 40 miles
N\V of Boston, and 25 N of Worcester.
Population in 1820, 1736.
Fitz-TVilliam, post town in Cheshire
county, New Hampshire. It is bounded
on the S by the line wliich divides this
stale from Massachusetts. Population in
1820, 1167.
Five Churches, episcopal town of Hun-
gary, 85 miles S of Buda. Lon. 18 13 E.
lat." 46 5 N.
Fium, capital of a province of the same
jiarae in Egypt. It is very populous, and
ihe Cophts have a bishop's see. Here are
many ruins of magnificent ancient struc-
tures ; and it has a considerable trade in
flax, linen, mats raisins, and figs. The
province contains a great number of canals
and bridges bui'.t by the ancient Egyptians.
The town is seated on a canal, that com-
municates with the Nile, 70 miles SVV of
Cairo. Lon. 39 49 E. lat. 29 2 N.
Fiume, or St. Veit, seaport of Austrian
Istria, with a castle and a good harbour
formed by the river Fimarna, which enttrs
the bay of Carnero, in the gulf of Venice.
It is very populous, noted for wine, good
figs, and other fruits ; and the cathedral is
worth observation. It is 37 miles E of
Capo d'lstria. Lon. 14 46 E. lat. 45 40
N.
Fagg-Sjiring, post office, Cumberland
county, Kentucky
Flamhorongh Heady lofty promontory in
Yorkshire, wiiose snow-white cliffs serve
for a direction to ships. Its rocks are oc-
cupied by innumerable multitudes of sea-
fowls, which fill the air and ocean all
around. It is five miles B of BurlingtO'i.
Lon. 0 4 E. :jit, 54 9 N.
ol4
Flanders, country of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, 60 miles long and 50 broad ;
bounded on the N by the German Ocean
and Holland, E by Brabant, S by Hainault
and Artois, and W by Artois and the Ger-
man ocean. The principal rivers are the
Scheldt, Lys, and Benders. It is a level
country, fertile in grain and pastures, and
very populous. The chief manufactures
are beautiful table linen and fine lace. It
was formerly divided into Dutch, Austrian
and French Flanders ; the latter was com-
prehended in the department of Nord, on
the new divisi/.)n of France, in 1791. The
other two were afterwards annexed to that
country, and called the departments of
Lys and Scheldt ; but on the Bourbons re-
ascending the throne of France, they were
restored.
Flat Bush, post town and seat of justice,
in King's county, Lonf^ Island, in the state
of New York. ' It is situated five miles S
of the city of New York, and 163 of Alba-
ny. It is a fine little village in one street,
with an academy and the ordinary county
buildings. It was the scene of the first
considerable field of action beiween the
American troops under General Washing-
ton, and the British under General Howe.
Population in 1820, 1027., »
Flat-Lands, township of King's county.
Long Island, on New Y^ork Bay, S from
Brooklyn. Population in 1820, 512.
Flattery, Cape, on the W coast of North
America, so named by captain Cook, who
discovered it in 1788, because he was dis-
appointed at not finding a harbour. Lon.
124 57 W. lat. 48 25 N.
Flavigni, town of Erance, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or, and late province of
Burgundy. It had before the French re-
volution a benedictine abbey. It is seated
on a moun'ain, 12 miles E of Semur, and
140 E of Paris. Lon. 4 37 E. lat. 47 26
N.
Fleche, town of France, in the depart.
ment of Sarte and late province of Maine.
It is seated on the river Loire, 22 miles N
of Angers. Lon. 0 3 W. lat 47 39 N.
Fleet, river in K rcudbrightshire ; it
winds through a beau' iful valley, skreened
by woody bills, and enters Wigton Bay, at
Gatehouse. On the W side of this river
are the vestiges of a camp, a druidical cir-
cle, and a vitrified fort.
Fleming, county of Kentucky, bounded
SW by Lickiing river or by Bath and Ni-
cholus counties ; NW by Mason ; NE by
Lewis and Green up E by Lawrence ; and
SE by Pike ; length 35 • mean width 16;
area 560 square miles. Surface rather un-
dulating than hilly ; soil fertile. Chief
town, Flemingsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males , - - 4,360
da. do. females - - - 4.021
T lu I
F h O
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves . - - - -
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females ...
Total whites .....
Pree persons of colour, males -
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . .. . -
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 .
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
17
549
8,947
5,574
5,437
12,186
5
2,960
406
16
Population to the square mile, 21^.
Flemimgs, post office, Wayne county,
Indiana.
Flemingsbiirg, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Fleming county, Kentucky, 50 miles
NE from Lexington,
Flemington, post town, Hunterdon coun-
ty, New Jersey, on a branch of Rarilon
river, 23 miles N from Trenton.
Flendsburg, town of Denmark, capital of
Slesvvick, with a strong citadel. It is situa-
ted on a bay of the Baltic, and has a har-
bour deep enough for large shipping. It
is a place of considerable commerce, 15
miles NW of Slesvvick. Lon. 9 4" E, lat.
54 50 N.
Fletcher, township of Franklin county,
Vermont, between Lamocl river and tlie
head of Black river, brancli of Missisque
river, 23 miles NE from Burlington.
Flcurus, village of ihe Austrian Nether-
lands, in the province of Namur, famous for
a battle fought in its neiglibourhood in
1690, between the French and the allies.
Here also in June, 1794, the Austrians
made a general attack on the French posts,
but were repulsed. It is 6 miles NE of
Cnarleroy.
Fleury, town of France in the depart-
ment of Saone and Loire and late province
of Burgundy, 30 miles N of Chalons. Lon.
4 50 E, lat. 47 13 N.
File, or Vlieland, island on the coast of
Holland, at the middle of the entrance of
tlie Zuider-Zee.
FUinis' Fol'k, post village, Caldwell coun-
ty, Kentucky, 8 or 10 miles NE from Prince-
ton.
FUni, town in Flintshire in W;^)es, which
gives name to the county, and s^^nds one
member to parliament ; but it is a small
place, without trade, and the ussizes are
held at Mold. Here are ihe remains of a
^asHe. in which Richard Yl. was delivered
into the hands of his rival, afterwards
Henry iV. It is seated on the river Dee,
12 miles W by N of Chester, and 193 NW
of London. Lon. 3 2 VV, lat. 53 16 N,
Flintshire, counly of N Wales, 29 miles
in length, and 12 wiiere broud'-St ; bounded
on tlie N and NE by a bay, at tlie mouth of
the Dee, which divides it from Ciiesiiire ;
on the NW by the Irish sea ; on the E by
the Dee, which continues to divide it from
Cheshire, and on the S and y\V from Den.
biglisiiiire. Part of Fhntshire extends on
the E side of tiie Dee, ab.iut nine iriiles be-
tween Cheshire and Shropshire. It is divi-
ded into five hundreds ; in whicli are two
market towns and 28 parishes. Population
in 1801. 39,622; in 1811, 46,518, and in
1821, 53,784.
Flint River. See .■Ippalacldcola.
Flix, town of Spain, in Catulonia, strong
botli by art and natni'e. It is built on a
peninsula in the river Ebro, where it makes
an elbow, which serves th.e town instead of
a ditch, and may be conducted quite rnind
it. Tlie side where t!ie river does not pass,
is covered by mountains, and defended by
a casile on an eminence; and ne;;r it is a
waterfall. It is 20 miles S of Lerida. Lon.
0 26 E, lut. 41 15 N.
Florence, capital of the ducliy of Tusca-
ny, and one of the finest cities in Italy. It
is surrounded on all bides but one with
higli hills, which rise insensibly, and at
last join the lofty mountains called the Ap-
peniiines. Towards Pisa, there is a vast
plain of 40 miles in length ; which is £0
filled with villages and pleasure-houses,
that they seem to be a continuation of t!ie
suburbs of the city. Independent of the
churches and palaces of Florence, most of
which are very magnificent, the architec.
ture of the houses in general is in a good
taste ; and the streeis are remarkabiy clean,
and paved witli large broad stones chiseled
so as to prevent the liortes from sliding.
The city is divided into two unequal parts
by the river Arno, over which there are
no less than four bridc;es in sight of each
other. Florence is a pl.ice of some strength,
and contains an archbishop's see and a uni.
vcrsity. The number of iiihahitants is
calculated at 80,000. Florence is 45 miles
S of Bologna, and 1 5 NW of Rome. Lon.
11 15 E, lat. 43 46 N,
Florence, townsliip of Oneida county, IS
mi es NW from Kome. P.ipulation in
1820, 640.
Florence, p'.st town and seat of justice,
LaudeiH^iale county, Ahiharr.a, at the mouth
of Cypress creek, lov,er esti-emity of the
Muscle shoals in Tennessee, 120 miles SW
from .Murfreesboro' andSO \V from Hunts
ville.
Floreiit, St. t'lwn of France, in the de-
panmeni of xMaine and Loire and lale pro-
vince of Anjou. It lately had a rich Bene.
31-5
dictine abbev. It is seated on the Lou--,
20 miles WSW of Angers, Lon. 0 56 W,
iat. 4.7 24 N.
Florentin, St. town of France, in the de-
partment ot Yonne ; situated at t!ie conflu-
ence of the Armance and Armancon, 15
miles NE of Auxerre, and 80 SE of Paris.
Lon. 3 35 E, Iat. 48 1 N.
FloreiUino, one of tlie three provinces of
Tuscany ; bounded on the. W by the repub-
lic of Lucca and the Modenese, on lh« N
by the Appennincs, on tlie E by tiie duchy
of Urbino, and on the S by the Siennese.
It is a well watered province, and very
fertile. Florence is the capital.
Flores, fertile island, one of the Azores,
so called from the abundance of flowers
found upon it. Lon. 31 0 W, Iat. 39 34 N.
Florida, country of North America, 600
miles long, and 130 broad ; bounded on the
N by Georgia, on the E by the Atlantic
Ocean, on tlie S Ijv the gulf of Mexico, and
on the W by the Mississippi. It is divided
into E and W Florida: St. Augustine the
capital of the former, and Pcnsacola of the
latter.
:.Iiles
Florida, taken in its utmost extent
has a boundary from the mouth of
St. Mary's river to Cape S.able 450
Upon the Gulf of Mexico, between
Cape Sable and the mouth of Per-
dido river . - . . 600
Up the Perdido bay and river to N
Iat. 31 40
Along N Iat. 31 to Chatahooche
river - - - - - 140
Down Chatahooclie to the junction
of that stream, and Flint river 40
Thence to the source of St. Mary's
river 140
Down St. Mary's river to the mouth 80
Havin.c: an entire outline of 1490 miles.
Area 54,000 square mi!t-s ; 34,560,000 acres,
between Iat. 25 and 31 N. Extending
through 6 degrees of latitude, considerable
diversity of seasons must be expei'ienced
in Florida ; but from the uniformity of the
general surface, the whole extent exliibits
none of those rapid transitions of seasons
vi'liich can only arise from great inequality
of relative elevation. The interior of the
country remains but imperfectly known.
As far, however, as coiTect information
has been received, the greatest part of
this large peninsula, is composed of a
very i:jferior so;l, with exceptions found
near, and along the streams. The vegeta-
ble productions are numerous and impor-
tant. Amongst the vjluable cultiv. ted
plants, may bt eniimerate.!, cotton, sugar
cane, rice, indig), tobacco, Indian corn,
olive tree, peach, orange, lime and fig tree.
It remains undetermined, whether or not
the coffee plant can be cultivated in
T^orida.
316:
i lorida was discovered in lo"12,by Joiin
Ponce ue Leon, and named Florida, from
having been discovered on Palm Sunday,
" Pasqua Florida." The first civilized
colony in this country, was planted by the
French in 1562, under Francis Ribault.
The French colony was surprised in 1565,
and the colonists murdered by the Span-
iards. St. Augustine was soon after found-
ed, and the Spaniards remained undisturbed
possessors, until 1666, when St. Augustine
was taken and plundered by an English
squadron under iTohn Davis. Pensacola
was founded by Don Andre de la Riola, in
1699. The country was frequently attack-
ed by the French and English, but con-
tinued a Spanish province until 1763, when
it was ceded to Great Britain. In 1783, it
was again receded to Spain. On the 22d
February, 1719, by the treaty of Washing-
ton, Florida was ceded by Spain to the
United States. This treaty was on the
24th October, 1820, ratified by the Cortes
and king of Spain : and on February 22d,
1821, ratified by the Congress of the Uni-
ted States. Florida is now a territory of
the U. S. under the first grade of terri-
torial government;
Florida, cape of Florida. Lon. W C 2
40 W, Iat. 25 40 N.
Florida, gulf of, channel between the
peninsula of Florida and the Bahama
islands.
Florida Stream, strait between Florida
and Cuba.
Florida, township of Berkshire countj',
Massachusetts, 30 miles NNE from Lenox.
Population in 1820, 43 1.
Florida, post town in Orange county.
New York, about 60 miles NW of the city
of New York, on the post road to Alban}'.
Florida, post town of Montgomery coun-
ty. New York, o5 miles NW from Albanj'.
Population in 1820, 2743.
Florisunt, post town, St. Louis county,
Missouri, on Missouri river opposite St.
Charles, 20 miles NW from St. Louis,
Flotz, town of Walachia, seated on the
Genissa, near its influx into tlie Danube.
Flour town, post village, Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles N from
Philadelphia.
Floviclen, village in Northumberland, 5
rniles N of Wooler, fan)ous for a battle
fonglit here by the English and Scots in
1513, in which James IV. was killed to-
gether with the flower of !iis nobility.
Floyd, tovvnship of Oneida county. New
York, 6 miles NE from Rome. Population
in 1820, 1498.
Floyd, extreme eastern county of Ken-
tucky; bounded by Virginia NE and SE ;
Harlan and Perry SW -, Pike NW, and
Lawrence N. Surface broken, hilly, and
mountainous. Soil varied, but generally of
middling quality. Chief town, Preston-
F L U
i' O i)
burg-. Length 55; mean widtli 46; area
3.530. Pike county has been formed out of
tlie N\V part of Floyd. Both wire, by the
census of 1810, included in one table by the
latter name.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
Slaves ....
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Vree white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
I?ree persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
'Jotal population in 1820,
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
E/ngaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
1,809
1,561
0
115
3,485
4,164
3,703
r,867
92
51
81
116
great foreign trade. It is 4 miles SW ol'
Middleburg. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 51 29 N.
Flushing, township in Queen's county.
New York ; situated about 5 miles E of
New York. Population in 1820, about
3,000. I
Fhivatina, considerable river of Vir-
ginia, which rises in the Alleghanv moun-
tains, and runs nearly an E course till it
joins the Rivanna near Columbia. The
united stream is then called James' river.
The name of Fluvanna given to the main
fork of James' river is becoming obsolete.
Fluvanna, county of Virginia ; situated at
the fork of the Uivanna and Fluvanna
rivers ; bounded SW by James' river ;
NW by Albemarle ; NE by Louisa, and SE
by Goochland, and the bend of James'
river, above the mouth of the Rivanna;
length 23 ; mean width 18 ; area 414 square
miles. Surface beautifully variegated by-
hill and dale, and well watered ; the soil is
not, however, in general very productive.
Chief town, Columbia.
8,207 Population in 1810
,^ree white males ... 1,257
"do. do. females ... 1,319
All other persons except Indians not
taxed . - - . . 57
Slaves 2,142
1
2.960
406
16
Population to the square mile, 31 .
Floyd, county of Indiana, opposite Louis-
ville in Kentucky ; bounded by the Ohio
river SE ; Harrison S and SW ; Washing-
ton NW ; Scott N, and Clarke NE. Abo>it
20 miles square ; area 400 square miles.
It is a hilly and generally not very fertile
tract. Chief towns, New Albany, and Jef-
fersonville. This county was formed out
of the SW part of Clarke, and the NE of
Harrison county.
Population in 1820.
4,775
1,692
1,683
Free white males
do. do. females - - .
1,431
1,276
Total whites - . . -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . _ . .
do. females - _ .
3,707
36
33
0
0
Total population in 1820 -
2,776
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 41
Engaged in Agriculture - - 570
do. in Manufactures - 196
do. in Commerce - - 38
Population to the square mile, 7 nearly.
FloycPa, post office, Buckingham county,
Virginia.
FlusUnsf, strong and considerable sea-
port of Dutch Zealand, in the island of
Walcbeven. with a sfood ftarbour, and a
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males - , -
do. do. females
Total whites - . . _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . ,
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce - - 72
Population to the square mile, 16.
Focliabers, town in llanffshire, seated on
a plain near the river Spey. It is 48 miles
NW of Aberdeen.
Fo-chan, village of China, in the province
of Quang-tong. It is 12 miles from Canton.
Fochia, J\'ova, ancient Phoceci, town of
Natolia, on the gulf of Satalia, with a
good harbour, and a castle. The Venetians
beat the Turkish fleet, near this place, in
1650.
Fodgin, town of Naples, in Capitanata,
seated near the Cerbero, 10 miles E of
Manfredonia,
Fnrliuar, town of Hungai'v, seated on the
."17
6,704
8
1,980
109
F O N
F O 1<
Danube, opposite Colocza. Lon, 19 36 E,
lat 46 39 N.
Fogaras, town and castle of Transylva-
nia, on the river Alauta, 30 miles NE of
Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 25 E, lat. 45 30 X.
Foglia, river of Italy, which rises on the
confines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of
UrbinOj and falls into the g'ulf of Venice,
at Pcsaro.
Fogo, See Ftiego.
Fohr, island of Denmark, near the coast
of Slei>v>'ick. It is about 12 miles in cir-
cumference.
Foia, ancient town of Natolia on the gulf
of Smyrna, with a good harbour, and a
strong castle, 30 miles N of Smyrna.
Foin, Point Av, in St. Lawrence river,
the first above river a la vielle Galette, in
Edwardsburg, Upper Canada.
Foix, town of France, in the department
of Arriege and late county of Foix, It is
seated on the Arriege, at the foot of the
Pyrenees, ei^ht miles S of Paraiers. Lon.
132E, lat. 43 ON.
Fo'kien, province of China ; bounded on
the 2\'^ by Tche-kiange, on the W by Kiang-
si, on the S by Quang-tong, and on the^
by the Chinese Sea. They have all com-
modities in common Vvith tlie rest of China ;
but more particularly musk, precious stones,
quicksilver, silk, hempencloth, calico, iron,
and all sorts of utensils wrought to the
greatest perfection. From other countries
they have cloves, cinnamon, pepper, san-
dal-wood, amber, coral, and many other
things. The capital city is Foutcheon Fou.
It contains nine cities of the first, and sixty
of the third class.
FoUgni, episcopal and trading town of
Italy, in the duchy of Umbria, remarkable
i'ov its sweetmeats, paper-mills, silk-manu-
factures, and fairs. It is seated on the de-
clivity of a mountain near a fertile plain,
69 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, lat.
42 48 N.
Folkstoiie, town in Kent, with a market
on Thursday. It was once a flourishing
place, containing five churches, which are
now reduced to one, and the inhabitants
are chiefly employed in fishing. It is a
member of the port of Dover, governed by
a mayor, and is seated on the English
•Channel, eight miles SW of Dover, and 72
E by S oPLondon. Lon. 1 14 E, lat. 51
5 N.
Fond du Lac, or St. Louis, enters the S
W extremity of lake Superior. This river
forms one of the most direct channels of
inter-communication between lake Supe-
rior and Upper Mississippi.
Fondi, episcopal town of Naples, in Ter-
ra di Lavora It is seated on a fertik- plam,
but in a bad air., near a lake of its own
name, 42 miles NW of Capua, and 50 SE
of Rome, Lon, 13 24 E, lat. 41 22 N.
Fmt-taianir.foii, city of China, in the pro-
.318
vince of Chen- si. Its district covins 3
cities of the second and third class. It is
495 miles SW of Peking.
Fong-yang.fou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiang-nan. It is seated on a moun-
tain, which hangs over the Yellow River.
It is 70 miles NE of Nanking.
Fontainbleau, town of France in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne and late pro-
vince of the isle of France, remarkable for
its fine palace, where the kings of France
used to lodge, when hunting. It stands in
the midst of a forest, 35 miles SE of Paris.
Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 48 25N,
Fontaine VEveque, town of France, in
the department of the North and late pro-
vince of Hainault, near the river Sambre,
three miles W of Charlerov. Lon. 4 18 E,
lat. SO 23 N.
Fontarabia, seaport of Spain, ancient
Ocaso, in Bisca)-, seated on a peninsula in
the baj'- of Bisca}', and on the river Bida.
soa. It is well fortified both by nature and
art ; has a good harbour, though dry at
low water; and is suiTounded on the land
side by the Pyrenean mountains. It is a
very important place, being accounted the
key of Spain on that side. It surrendered
to the French arms in 1794. It is 22 miles
SW of Bayonne, and 62 E of Bilboa. Lon.
1 33 W, lat. 43 23 N.
Fontenai, village of France, in the de-
partment of Yonne and late province of
Burgundy. It is 20 miles SE of Auxerre.
Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 47 28 N,
Fontenai-le-Comte, town of France, in the
department of Vendee and late province of
Poitou. it has a woollen manufacture, and
its fair is famous for cattle, particularly for
mules. It is seated on the Vendee, near
the bay of Biscay, 25 miles NE of Rochelle.
Lon. 0 55 W, lat. 46 50 N.
Fonte7ioii,\i\lsige of the kingdom of the
Netherlands in Hainault, remarkable for a
battle between the allies and the French,
in 1745, in wliichthe former were defeat-
ed. It is four miles SW from Tournay.
Fontexirault, town of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire and late
province of Anjou. It is nine mi!es SE of
Saumur, and 160 SW of Paris. Lon. 0 0
E. lat. 47 9 N.
Forbes, Grant, large tract of land in Flo-
rids, embracing the delta of the Appala-
chicola riv'T.
Ford'sfeiTi/, post office, Marion county,
Mississippi, at the crossing of the Pearl
river, about 75 niiles N Ivom New Orleans.
Forcalquier, town of Frar.ce in the de-
partment of the Lower .\lps, and late
province of Priivence, S' au-d on a bill by
the river Li^-e, 20 mles NE of Aix. Lon.
5 48 E. lat. 43 58 N.
Forchain, strong town of Franconia, in
the bishopric of Bumberg, with a fine arse-
nal. It was taken I)v the French in 1796,
r o R
t O Li
who were afterwards compelled ti aband-
on it. It is seated o» til? Rediiitz, 18
milci S by E of Bamber^^. Lon 11 12 E.
lat, 49 44.
Fordham, township in West Chester
coanty, New York, containing about 200
inhabitants,
Fordingbridge, town in Hampshire, with
a market on S:itard.<v, seated on the Avon,
20 miles WSW of Winchester, and 87 W
bv S of London. Lon. 1 49 W. lat. 50 56
N.
Fordnn, small village of Scotland, in Kin-
cardineshire.
Fordwich, member of the port of Sand-
wich, ill Ke it, seated or. the river Stoiir,
and governed by a miyor. It is noted for
excellent trouls, and is three miles NE of
Canterbury, and eight W of Sandwich.
Foreland, South, vemsLrk&hle point of Up-
per Canada, projecting into lake Eric, and
usually called Point Pelc. It lies opposite
to Huron county in the state of Ohio.
Foreland, JVortk, promontory which is
the NE point of the Isle of Tiianet, in
Kent. It is also the snost soiUheni part of
the port of London, which is thence ex-
tended N, in a right line, to the point,
called the Nase, in Essex, and forms what
is properly called the' mouUi of the
Thames. Here is a round brick tower,
near 80 feet high, erectedjjy the Trinity
House, for a seamark.
Foreland, South, headland, forming the
E point of the Kentish coast, and called
South, in respect to its bearing from the
other Foreland, which is about six miles to
the N. Between these two capes, is the
noted road, called the Downs, to which
they afford a great security.
Forest Towns, four towns of Suabia, ly-
ing along the Rhine, and the confines of
Swisserland, at tiie entrance of the Black
Forest. Their names are Waldschut, Lauf-
fenburg, Seckingen and Rheinfelden ; and
they are subject to the house of Austria.
Foret, Isle an. See Gage's Island.
Foresterton, village of Burlington county,
New Jersey, 15 miles E from Philadelphia.
Forez, province of France, bounded on
the W by Auvergne, on the S by Velay and
the Vivarais, on the E by the Lyonois, and
on the N by Burgundy and the Bourbon-
nois. It is watered by the Loire, and se-
veral other streams, and several mines of
coal and iron. It is now included with the
Lyonois, in the department of Rhone and
Loire."
Forfar, borough of Scotland, and capital
of the county of the same name. It stands
on the valley of Strathmore lliat runs from
Perth NE to the sea. Its principal manu-
facture is osnaburgs, it is 20 miles W of
Montrose. Lon. 2 54 W. lat 5& 35 N.
Forfarshire, or ^lugjtsshira, county of
Scothnd, bounded N by Aberdeen, and
Kincardine ; E by the German Ocean ; S
by the Frith of Tay ; and W by Perth';
are:i 977 square miles. St iples gr 'in, fi^h,
and linsrid Pi.puiation in 1801, 99,127;
1811, 107,264 ; and in 1821, 113,430.
Forges, town of France, m th_- depart-
ment of Lower Seine and late province of
Normandy, remirkable for its mineral
wa'ers. It is 60 miles NW of Paris. Lon,
0 40 E la;. 49 38 N.
Forli, ancient town of Romagnia, capital
of a territory of the same name, with a
bishop's see. Tlie public structures are
very handsome, and it is seated in ;- fertile
and healthy country, 10 miles SE of F;»xe-
na, and 40 NE of Florence, Lon. 11 44 B.
lat 44 16 N.
Formosa, island in the Chinese Sea, 90
miles E of Canton, lying between 119 and
122 E lon. and 22 and 25 N lat. It is sub-
ject to the Chinese, who, notwithstanding
its proximity, did not kno v of its existence
till the year 1430. Tai-quang is the capi-
tal.
Formosa, river of^western Africa, falling
into the gulf of Benin. According to M.
Reichardt, it is the outlet of the Niger.
Forres, town in Murrayshire, seated on
an eminence, close to a rivulet, it is a small
well built town pleasantly situated, two
miles to the E of the river Findhorn. For-
res manufactures some linen and sewing
thread, and is 15 miles W of Elgin.
Fort Amanda, Allen county, Ohio, 50
miles NE from Greenville.
Fort jinne, post town and township, NW
part of Washington county. New York.
The village seated near Old Fort Anne, is
on Wood creek, at t'le northern extremity
of the Hudson and Champlain canal. Po-
pulation in 1820, 2911.
Fort Armstroiig, military establishment of
the United States, on Rock Island in the
Mississippi, about two miles above the
mouth of Rock river.
Fort Bro~^n, Paulding county, Ohio, 16
miles S from Fort Defiance.
Fort Broxvn, at the head of Greene Bay,
of lake Michigan, and on the left bank of
Fox river. Lon. WC 10 30 W. lat. 44 18
N.
Fort Carlos, on a small island in the
mouth of the bay of Maraca\'bo, 20 mile.^
NE from Maracaybo.
Fort Chippexvayan, one of the British
posts on Athapescow lake, 25 miles NE
from the mouth of Elk river. Lon. W G
33 AV. lat. 58 N.
Fort Churchill, on the W coast of Hud-
son's bay at the mouth of Churchdls river.
Lon. WC 17 45 W. lat. 58 50 N.
Fort Claiborne, post town, Monroe coun-
ty, Alabama, on the left bank of Alabama
river, at the head of Schooner navigation,
60 miles above the junction of Tombigbee
and Alabama,
:319
1 O K
I' O li
Fort Clarke, on the right bank of Illinois
river, by compHrativ courses about 250
miles ab:)ve i'.s mouth. Lon. W C 12 15
W. lat. 40 35 N. .j^
Fort Crawfj^'d, on the point ml^ by he
confluence oi the Missi-sippi and Ouiscon-
sin rivers, an iah' ut five miles above their
junction, in Prairie da Chien. A f r irade
settlemeit was made at tiiis place hy tiie
French when ui p..ssession of Cjii:ida a id
about 5uOoitne descendants of tae origi-
nal col ny :eniain. It is a very impor'ant
frontier static ■, ^nd trading r stablisliment.
Lon. ^\ C 13 5.j W, l-i. 43 05 N.
Fort Coulonge, Lower Canada, 170 miles
NW \ v; f-oni Montreal.
Fort D'larboni, Un ted States fort, about
half mile TDni lake Miciiigan, on the ri.^ht
bank of Ch'.cag) river. Lon. W C 10 35
W. kt 41 43' ..
Fort D.]fiance, post town of Paulding
county, Ohio, at the confluence o" the
Anglaize and Muunee r.vers, 16 miles SW
from Fort Meigs.
Fort Diimmer. S^e Hinsdale.
Forteventura, one of the Canar}'^ Islands,
65 miles in lengih, and of a very irregular
breadth, consisting of two peninsulas join-
ed by an isthmus 12 miles in breadth. It
produces plenty of wheat, barley, beeves,
and goats. Lon. 14 26 W lat. 28 4 N.
Fort Edward, (formerly a C'lusiderable
British fortress) now a post town of W .sli-
ington c lunty, Xew York; situated on tlie
E side of Hudson river, 50 miles N fr:)m
Albany. The New York northern canal
enters Hudson river at this place.
Fort Ferree, station so called, at Upper
Sandusky, 40 miles south, or up the nver,
from fort Stephenson
Fort Finlcy, small post on tiie military
route from Urbana to fort Meigs, Ohio, 20
miles N from fort Necessity.
Fort Gadsden, Florida, on the left bank
of Chatahooche river, near the point where
that stream spreads into several channels.
Lon. W C 7 25 W, lat. 33 15 N.
Fort Eric. See Ihie Fort
Fort George, town, and military post,
Lincoln county, Upper Canada, on the left
bank of Niagara river, about half a mile
above its mouth.
Fort George, Warren county. New York,
at the extreme S end of lake George, 60
]niles N from Albany.
Fort Gratiot, on the right bank of St.
Clair river, near its outlet from lake Hu-
jon.
Fort Greenville, military post erected dur-
ing the early settlement of Ohio. Here
was concluded the celebrated Indian trea-
ty in the year 1795, commonly called the
treaty of Greenville. A village has since
gradually grown up in its vicinity, called
by the same name, which is now the seat
of justice for Dark countv.
290.
Fort Ha'.'ri.son, post town and seat of jus'«
tice, Vigo county. Indiana, on the left bank
of the >Vabish, 70 miles above Vincennes.
Fort Haiokins, post town, .Tones county,
Ge:)rgia, -^n the leit bank of the Oakmul-
gee river, 33 miles SW by W from Mil-
ledgeville.
Fort Hoiaard. See Fort Brovin, of Green
Bay.
Forth, one of the most noble and com-
modious rivers in Scotland. It takes its
ri-ic near the bottom of Lomond hills ; and
running from E to W receives in its pas.
s.ige m":ny considerable streams, deriving
their waiers from the eminences in th;- mid-
land counties of North Britain. There is
a co-n!n'in.cat'on between tnis river and
tiie Clyde, by a canal 35 miles in length.
Fort Independence, on Castle Island, Bos-
ton H rrjour.
Fort Jackson, Montgomery county, Ala-
bama, in the fork between Coosa, and Tal-
lapoosa rivers.
Fort James, Wayne county, Georgia, on
the right bank of Alatamaha river, 10 miles
below the junction of Oconee and Oakmul- .
gee rivers. , - .
Fort Jefferson, Drake county, Ohio, abovfl^jT.
six miles S from Greenville. r , . -
Fort Jennings, SE angle of Putnam coun-
ty, Ohi ■, on the left bank of the Au Glaize
river, 32 miles Sfrom Fort Defiance.
Fort Laivre7ice, on the right bank of
Flint nver, 31 miles SW from Fort Haw-
kins, 65 miles W from ivf^ledgeville.
Fort Loramie, NW angle of Shelby
couniy Ohio, 30 miles NW from Green-
ville. Lon. W C 7 15 W. lat. 40 16 N.
Fort Louis, or Vanban, important fort-
ress of France on the Rhine, 18 miles be-
low Strsburg.
Fort M' Arthur, Hardin county, Ohio, on
the nglit bank of' Sciota river, 65 miles
NNW from Columbus.
Fort Maiden, stood on the left bank of
Dtroit river, half mile above the village of
Amherstburg, Upper Canada. The fort
has been abandoned since the conclusion
of the last war between Great Britain and
the United States.
Fort Massac, Pope county, Illinois, on
the bank of the Ohio river, 38 miles above
its mouth.
Fort Meigs, post town. Wood county,
Ohio, on the rig it bank of the Jlaumee,
80 miles S W from Detroit.
Fort Michell, or Co-meta, on the right
bank of Chatahooche river, where ti)e road
passes from Milledgeville, to New Or-
leans, about 100 miles SW by W from
Milledgeville.
Fort Montgomery, Mobile county, Ala-
bama, 12 miles NNE from Fort Stod-
dert.
FiD-t Moose, 9.i the mouth of Moose ri-
]b o s
F O U
ver, into James' Bay of Hudson's Bay.
Lon. VV C 3 40 W. lat. 51 30 N.
Fort Pickermg, Shelby county, Tennes-
see at Kickisan Blufi", below the mouth of
Wolf river. See J\Temphis.
Fort liecoverif, Mercer countj', Ohio, (m
a brancli of Wabash river, 23 miles NNW
from Greenville.
Fortrose, borough in Ross-shire, situated
on the Frith of Murray,, nearly opposite
Fort George, and nine miles W of Inver-
ness.
ForC Royal, see port of the south side of
Martinico. Lon. W C 16 E. lat. 14 34 N.
Fort St. Clair, Preble county, Ohio,
quarter of a mile S from Eaton.
Fort Kt. David, British establishment in
Hindoostan, C&romandel coast, and in the
Camatie, 15 miles SSW from Pondicherry.
Lon. 79 57 E. lat. 11 46 N.
Fort Si. George, at Madrass.
Fort Sa}ita Cruz, citadel of the city of
Rio Janeiro, capital of the kingdom of l$ia-
zil. It stands upon a lofty mass of Granite
rocks, and commands the entrance into the
harbour.
Fort St. Jean de Uloa, on a rocky island
at the mouth of the harbour of Vera Cru?,
Intendancy of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Fort St. Julian, o:\ tiie point N side of
the mouth of the Tagus Portugal.
Fort St. Marks, Vlovida, on St. Marks ri-
ver, 20 miles above its mouth.
Fort St. jyfaiy, Allen county, Ohio, en
St. Mary's river, 12 miles S from Fort
Amanda.
Fort St. Philip, post oflicc, and import-
ant militaiy establishnient of the United
Slates, on the left bank ot tiie Mississippi,
at tl'.e Plaquemine bend, 70 miles below
New Orleans.
Fort St. Sieplieiia. See St. Stephens.
Fort Stanwix. See Rome.
Fort Stephenson, Sandusky county, Ohio,
18 miles above its mouth.
Fort Siodderl, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Baldwin county, Alabama : at the
junction of Tombigbee and Alabama ri-
vers.
Fort Stother, St. Clair county, Alabama,
on the right oank of Coosa river, 20 miles
SE from St. ClairsviUe.
Fort Wayne, Indiana, at the junction of
St. Mary's and Maumee rivers.
Fort Williams, Alabama, on the E side of
the Coosa, in the country of the Upper
Creeks, about 60 miles above Fort Jack-
son.
Fortescue, bay in the straits of Magellan.
Lon. W C 3 38 E. lat. 53 40 S.
Fortune, bay in the S coast of Newfound-
land, enclosed by Miquelon island, and
Point May. Lon. W 0 21 40 E. lat. 47
N.
Fossano, strong town of Piedmont, with
a bishop's see> seated on the Sture, 10
Ss
miles NE of Com, and 27 SE of Pignerol.
Lon 7 56 E. lat. 44 45 N.
Fossombrone, town of Italy, in the duchy
o ' Urbino, \\'\(\\ a bishop's see ; seated near
rfie river Metro, 16 miles SW of Pesaro,
and 12 SE of Urbino. Lon. 12 48 E. lat.
43 40 N.
• Foster, township of Providence county,
Rhode Island, 15 miles W from Providence.
Population in 1820, 2900.
Foster'' s ferry, post office, Sussex county,
New Jersey.
Fothcringay, town in Northamptonshire,
nine miles S of Stamford, near the river
Nen. It is noted for the ruins of the cas-
tle where Richard III. was born, and where
Mary, queen of Scotland, was beheaded.
Folheringay, post village, Montgomery
cofcmty, Virginia.
Foueanlt, seigniory, Bedford county.
Lower Canada, between Mississque bay,
the northern lioundary of the United
States, and Richelieu river.
Foue, ancient town of Lower Egypt,
seated on the Nile, 25 miles S of Rosetto,
and 40 E of Alexandria. Lon, 31 15 E.
lat. 31 12 N.
Fougeres, town of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire and late pro-
vince of Bretagne, with an ancient castle.
It is stated on the Coesnom, 25 miles NE of
Rennes, and 150 W of Paris. Lon. 1 13
W. lat. 48 22 N.
Foulksto-arn, small post town of Colum-
biana county, Ohio.
Foxdsham, town in Norfolk, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday, 16 miles NW of Norwich,
and 111 NE of London. Lon. 1 7 E. lat.
52 5\ N.
Fonlweather, cape of the United States,
on the Pacific Ocean, NW from Cannaveral
bay. Lon. W C 47 30 W. lat. 44 55 N.
Fourche azi Cado, branch of Washitau
river, entering from the left. It rises be-
tween Waschitau proper, and Little Mis-
souri.
Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Wald-
sttetter Sea.
Four Cornel's^ post village, Lincoln coun-
t}', Maine.
Four Corners, post village, Oswego
county, New York, 14 miles W from Ilot-
terdaim.
Four mile branch, post village, Barnwell
district. South Carolina.
Fourneanx Island, small island in the
South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 143 2 W, lat.
17 11 S.
Fourness, in Lyonsdale Lancashire, is a
tract, between the Kent, Leven, and Dud-
den-Sands which runs N parallel with the
W sides of Cumberland and Westmore-
land : and on the S runs out into the sea as
a promontory.
Fou-tcheoufuu, city of China, in Fokien ;
one of the most considerable in that prc-
321
¥ R A
F R A
vince, on account of its trade, the conven-
ience of its rivers and port, the number of
its literati, and the magnificence of i\s
principal bridge, which has more than 100
arches constructed of white stone, and or-
n;tmented with a double b dustrade It is
the residence of a viceroy, has under its
jurisdiction nine cities of the third class^^^
and is 360 tiiltj NE of Canton
Fo-zvey, borougii and seaport in Corn-
wall, wi'h a market on Saturday. It is 32
miles SW of Launceston, and 240 W by S
of London. Lon. 4 35 W. lat. 50 19 N.
Foiuey, river in Cornwall, which rises in
the NE part, pa'^ses by Lestwithiel, and
enters the English Channe'. at Fowey.
Fo-zvleness, island en the coast of Essex,
formerly subject to inundations, till by the
Dutcli art of draining it has become good
land.
Fo-wler, post town and township, St.
Lawrence county, New York. Population
in 18C0, 605.
Fo-vler, tov.'nship of Trumbull county,
Ohio, 12 m\\fT NE from Warren. Popula-
tion in 1820,125.
Foxbororigh, township of Norfolk county,
Massachusetts, situated on Wading creek,
a branch of Taunton river, about 25 miles
S of' Boston. The inhabitants are estimat-
ed at 1000.
Fox, Cape, Pacific coast of North Ame-
rica. Lat. 54 45 N.
Foxcreft, township of Penobscot county,
Maine, between Piscataquis, and Sebec
rivers, 40 miles NNW from Bangos. Po-
pulation in 1820, 211.
Fox Islands. See Mentian Islandn.
Fox river. This fine and very import-
ant stream rises to the NW from Green
Bay interlocking with the souJces of Ouis-
cousin. Both streams, in the higher part
of their course, flow nearly south, upwards
of 200 rniies ; thev the'i approach within
one and a half miles of each other, and
thence turn ; the Ouisconsin SW, and Fox
river NE. The portage from the Fox to
Ouisconsin is one of those singular situa-
tions, which the interior of America affords,
where nature seems to have made prepa-
ration for the operations of human inter-
course. The intervening ground is level
prairie, over which at time of high flood
loaded canoes are easily navigated. Fox
river flows by a gentle course as far as the
narrows, through a range of highland pass-
ing W off lake Michigan. Relow this
rocky pass it expands into Winnebago lake,
from which it again issues by a course
nearly N to Green bay, which it enters at
Fort Brown. Tiie entire comparative
course of Fox river is about 300 miles.
Fraga, town of Spain, in Arragon, with
a castle. Alphonso VII. king of Arragon,
was killed here by the Moors, in 1134,
when he besieged this town. It is 46 miles
322
E of Saragossa. Lon. 0 28 E. lat. 48 46 K,
Framingliam, post town and township of
Middlesex county, Massachusetts, between
Sherborn and Marlborough. 20 miles SW
of Boston. Population in 1820, 2037.
Framli7igham, town in Suflblk with a
market on Saturday. It is 30 miles E of
Bury, and 87 NE of London. Lon. 1 26
E. lat. 52 25 N.
Frampton, township of Dorchester and
Hertford counties, Lower Canada, between
Cranbourne, and lailiet, 30 miles SE from
Quebec.
France, country of Europe, bounded
on the N by the English channel and the
Austrian Netherlands ; on the E by Ger-
many, and the Alps, which separate it
from Swisserland, Savoy, and Piedmont ;
on the S by the Mediterranean Sea and
Spain, from which kingdom it is divided
by the Pyrenees ; and on the W by the
Atlantic Ocean. From the Pyrenees in
the S, to Dunkirk in the N, its extent is
625 miles ; and something more from
the most easterly part of Alsace to the
most western point of Bretagne, which
province, it must be observed, extends
above 100 miles further into the Ocean
than any other part of the country.
At the decline of the Roman empire,
this country, then called Gaul, was in-
vaded by the Franks, (a people who in-
habited the borders of the Rhine) and
entirely subdued by them, under the
conduct of their leader, or king. Clevis.
Their kings were always of the same
family, that of Clovis; The kingly go-
vernment of France continued from
Clovis, who established himself at Sois-
snns, in the year 486, till Hugh Capet
obtained the crown in 987 ; and whose
descendants are now on the throne.
There is no country of Europe more
beautiful, or more agreeable to live in
than France ; the air in general is pure
and wholesome, and the change of sea-
sons is less inconvenient than in almost
any other. It is not subject to such se-
vere cold as Germany, nor to the vio-
lent heat of Italy and Spain. In the
southern parts the winters are indeed
sharp, but of short duration. The sea-
sons are more regular than in England.
The soil, diversified by mountains and
plains, is watered by a great number of
large and small rivers, which serve at
once 1:0 fertilize the country, and con-
vey merchandise from one extremity of
the nation to tlie other. The industry
of the inhabitants, joined to its natural
advantages, render it one of the most
fertile countries in Europe. It abounds
in corn, legumes, fruit, wines, oil, pas-
ture, hemp, and flax, sufficient for its
"own inhabitants, and much to spare.
F li A
F R A
Here are mines of iron, lead, and cop-
per; there are likewise some of silver
and gold, but the last are not rich enough
to defray the expenses of working. The
chief productions of France are wines,
as Champagne, Burgundy, claret, &c.
brandy, vinegar, fruit, such as prunes
and prunelloes, dried grapes, pears, ap-
ples, oranges, and olives ; corn, salt,
hemp, flax, silk, resin, oil, soap, cork,
kid-skins, perfumes, drugs, 8j;c. The
manufactures are silks, such as lubtrings,
modes, brocades, velvets, &c. woollen
cloth, linen, coarse and fine lace, paper,
china, of exquisite beauty and fineness,
soap, &.C. The principal rivers are the
Seine, Loire, Rhone, and Gironde ; and
there are many others which gave name
to the departments in the new geogra-
phical division of this country. The
most considerable mountains are the
Alps, Pyrenees, Cevennes, and Vosges.
France was an absolute monarchy under
her kings, from the time of Clovis to the
death of Lewis XVI. in 1793. It was
divided into several military govern-
ments or provinces ; namely, Alsace,
Angoumois, Anjou, A.rmagnac, Artois,
Aunis, Auvergne, Barrois, Basques,
Beam, Berry, Bigorre, Blasois, Bou-
lonnois, Bourbonnois, Bresse, Bretagne,
Burgundy, Cambresis, Champagne, Cou-
serans, Dauphiny, Forez, Foix, Franche
Comte, French Flanders, Gascony, Ge-
vaudan, Guienne, French Hainault, Isle
of France, Languednc, Llmosin, Lor-
rain, Lyonois, Marche, Maine, Marsan,
Navarre, Nivernois, Normandy, Orlea-
nois, Perehe, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou,
Provence, Quercy, Rouergue, Rousillon,
Saintongue, Soissonois, Touraine, Velay,
and Vermandois. These varied much
from each other in point of extent and
importance, and there were others of
still inferior consideration. The estab-
lished religion was the Roman catholic ;
and the ecclesiastical division of the
country was into 18 archl/ishoprics and
113 episcopal sees, exclusive of Avig-
non, Carpentras, Caivaillon, and Vaison,
which belonged to the pope. But in
1789, a wonderful revolution took place.
The deranged state of the finances of the
country had induced Louis XVI to con-
voke, first an assembly of the notables,
and next (on theinefiFcctual result of their
deliberations) the states general, which
had not been assembled since 1614. They
consisted of three orders ; the nobility,
the clergy, and the commons. The last
•were double the number of the other
two orders when united ; and when the
states assembled, on the 5th of May, at
Versailles, a contest arose, whether the
three orders should make three distinct
houses, or but one assembly. The com-
mons insisted upon the latter, and, as-
suming the title of the National Assem-
bly, declared, that they were competent
to proceed to business, without the con-
currence of the two other orders, if they,
refused to join them. The nobility and
clergy found it expedient to concede the
point, and they all met in one hall. In
the mean time, Paris was encircled by
50,000 men, with the apparent view cf
coercing that city, if necessary. Not-
withstanding this, on the removal of the
popular minister, M. Neckar, in July, a
dreadful insurrection ensued, on the
14th of that month, in Paris ; the mili-
tary refused to fire upon the people ; the
Bastile %vas taken by the citizens, and
the governor and some others v/ere be-
headed. On the 17ih the king visited
the Hotel de Ville in Paris, and surren-
dered himself to his people. The na-
tional assembly now proceeded to the
most extraordinary measures : they abol-
ished nobility, and the whole feudal sys-
tem ; confiscated the possessions of the
clergy ; rendering them dependent on a
public allowance ; and suppressed all the
religious houses. The monarchy itself,
divested of its formidable prerogatives,
became one of the most limited in Eu-
rope. In October, in consequence of a
dreadful riot at Versailles, the king, the
royal family, and the national assembly,
removed to Paris. The king was now,
in fact, a state prisoner, treated with
the formalities appendant to royalty, but
watched in all his motions. From this
situation he attempted to escape, in
june 1791, v/ith the queen, his sister, the
dauphin, and his daugiiter; but they
were arrested at V^arennes, and con-
ducted back to Pan's, Such, how^ever,
was then the moderation of the popular
party, that the national ass- nil)ly admit-
ted tlie king's apologetical explanation
of his conduct, and even declared his per-
son inviolable. This was one of the ar-
ticles of the new constitution, which they
completed soon after, and it was accept-
ed by the king in September, when a
new national assembly v/as elected. In
April 1792, the king went to the national
assembly, and proposed to them to de-
clare war against the king of Hungary
and Bohemia. War was accordingly
declared ; but the king was suspectecl of
acting in concert vvith the enemy, and
with the emigrant jjrinces, who were in
arms against their country. In August,
the mayor of Paris appeared Ijefore the
national assembly, and demanded the
deposition of the king. Before they
could deliberate on this demand, a dread-
ful insurrection ensued ; the Thuil^erirs
[• R A
J-- li A
(the royal residence) was attacked ; tlie
Swiss guards were massacred ; and the
king and royal family took refuge in the
national assembly That body instantly
decreed the suspension of royalty, and
the convocation of a national convention.
The king and his family were conveyed
to the Temple, and there kept in close
confinement. The convention met on
the 21st of September, and instantly de-
creed the formation of a republic. la
December, they decreed, that the king
should be tried before them. 'I"he trial
accordingly took place ; and this tribunal
(notwithstanding the constitution had de-
creed his person inviolable) condemned
the unfortunate monarch, who was be-
headed, in the Place d<; la Revolution,
lately the Place de Lovis XV. on the
21st of January 1793. All Europe ex-
claimed against the injustice and cruelty
of this proceeding. Powers, hitherto
neutral, were eager to take part in the
war ; and the new republic, in addition
to the arms of Austria, Prussia, Sardinia,
and the empire, had to encounter the
combination of Great Britain, Spain, and
Holland. The queen did not long sur-
vive her consort : being tried and con-
demned by the revolutionary tribunal,
she was executed in the same place, on
the 16th of October. Her fate was a
prelude to that of the king's sister, who
■was also beheaded in the same place, on
the 10th of May 1794. The dauphin
and his sister remained in confinement ;
where the former became diseased with
swellings, and he died on the 8th of
June 1795 : the princess was taken the
December following to a place, near
Basil, on the confines of Germ.any, where
she was exchanged for some French
deputies, who had been some time pris-
oners to the emperor. Various factions
successively seized the helm of govern-
ment, and, in their turn, were over-
thrown ; the prisons were crowded in
every part of the republic ; the scafiToids
streamed, almost incessantly, with blood;
and many of the most popular patriots,
and of those who had voted for the
death of the king, perished on the scaf-
fold, or in exile and misery ; while in-
surrections, proscriptions, and massacres,
became, in a manner, only common oc-
currences. By the conclusion, however,
of the year 1794, this reign of despotism
and terror gave place to a more moder-
ate system : and although, at one period
the shutting up of churches, and the for-
mation of anew calendar (by which the
year was divided into decades instead of
weeks) indicated open hostility to thr-
christian religion ; the convention found
it necessary, at last, to conform so far to
324
the prejudices of the people as to declare
publicly their acknowledgment of a Su-
preme Being, and of tlie immortality of
the soul, and to permit again the exer-
cise of religious worship ; abolishing,
however, all clerical distinctions, and
leaving the whole maintenance of the
ministers to the benevolence of the peo-
ple. With respect to the war, it may
be sufficient to state, in general, that
after four campaigns, in which great re-
verses of fortune were experienced, the
French nation before the conclusion of
1795, were in the entire possession of
Savoy, and of the Austrian and Dutch
Netherlands; and had made such pro-
gress in Holland, Spain, Italy and Ger-
many, as to procure a peace with Prus-
sia and Spain, and form an alliance with
Holland. Their eommerce, however,
was ruined ; and their finances were sup-
ported by a vast emission of compulsive
paper currency, and by plunder and con-
fiscation : their armies nevertheless
fought with ardour, and in 1796, under
general Bonaparte, subduied the whole of
Lombardy ; and, after the capture of
Mantua, penetrated through the Tyrol,
and threatened the city of Vienna, that
the emperor commenced a negotiation
for peace. In the mean time, the French
turned their arms against Venice, which
government they revolutionized; and at
the conclusion ot' the treaty of peace with
the emperor of Germany, signed at
Campo Formio, Oct. 17, 1797, they ceded
the city and the greater part of the ter-
ritory to Austria. In the beginning of
1798, a congress of deputies from the
states of Germany met at Rastadt, to
negotiate a peace for the empire, with
French plenipotentiaries appointed for
that purpose, which came to no final
adjustment : but during its continuance
the French obtained possession of Mentz,
forced Ebrenbreitstein to surrender by a
blockade, and sent general Bonaparte
with a formidable army into Egypt ; the
emperor of Germany formed an alliance
with Russia; the Turks declared against
France, on account of the invasion of
Egypt; and the flames of war, which had
been for a time suppressed, burst forth
■with redoubled fury. The French re-
monstrated to the emperor of Germany
on the march of the Russian troops, and
receiving no satisfactory answer, passed
the Rhine, under general Jourdan, on
March 5, 1799. Hostilities were at the
same time commenced by the French
troops in the Grison country, where they
gained several advantages ; but on
March 25, the army under Jourdan suf-
fered a complete defeat by the archduke
Charles, near Stockach, and was com-
F R A
F K A
peiled to recross the Rhine. The Rus-
sian troops, under general Suw arrow,
soon after joined the Austrian army in
Italy, of which that general to^k the
command. The success of the allied
armies Avere so rapid and decisive, that
by the end of Aut!;ust the French were
almost entirely driven out both of Italy
and Switzerland. But in the iatter a
reverse of fortune took place ; for the re-
publican armies having been greatly re-
eiiforced, general Massena, on Sept. 25,
at Zurich, totally defeated the Austro-
Russian army, under general Hotze, who
was killed : general Suwarrow, who had
entered the country from Italy, finding
it impossible to join his oefeated allies,
retreated over the mountains into Ger-
many ; and soon afterward the Russian
troops were ordered home. The affairs
of the republic in Egypt appeared not
prosperous, and general Bonaparte, hav-
ing found means to escape thence, arri-
ved at Paris in October. He found the
authority of the directory was greatly
weakened ; and this one man, aided by
the bayonets of a few soldiers, affected
another revolution on the 10th of No-
vember, by which the directory was
abolished, and three consuls appointed
to govern the republic. A new consti-
tution was afterward formed, in which
the whole of the executive and almost
all other power was vested in the first
consul, general Bonaparte. In April,
1800, the campaign m Italy commenced,
and for the most part, with loss to the
French, till June 14, when Bonaparte,
who had recently arrived, gained a de-
cisive victory over the Austrians, at Ma-
rengo, which reinstated them in the full
possession of that country The war in
Germany was prosecuted with vigour
by the French, who pursued their suc-
cesses into the territories of Austria,
v/here, in December, they concluded an
armistice with the emperor; and a
treaty of peace was signed on the od of
February, 1801, at Luneville, France
now endeavoured to negotiate a peace
with Great Britain, the preliminaries of
which were settled in London on the 1st
of October, and the treaty was signed at
Amens on the 27th of March, 1802 ; but
this treaty held little more than a year,
the French deeming it violated by the
English refusing to evacuate Malta.
Bonaparte was now appointed consul for
life, with power to nominate his succes-
sor; but his ambition aspired to the
throne, and on the 20th of May, ISO*,
at the request of the senate, he assumed
the title of Emperor of the French, and
he was shortly afterward crowned by
the pope, who was ordered to repair to
Paris for that purpose. War in Germa-
ny was again renewed in 1805, and the
grand army of the French, h.-aded by
the emperor Napoeon, crisstd the
Rhine on the 1st of October. His suc-
cess and rapid progress were such, that
after the battle of Austerlitz. on the 2d
of December, 'h emperor of Germany
was necessitated to negritiate for peace,
and a treaty between the two emperors
was signed at Presburg on the 26th of
that month. In 1806, many of the prin-
ces of Germany entered into an alliance
with France, and a treaty, called the
Confederation of the Rhine, under the
protection of Napoleon, was signed on
the 12th of July at Paris. Towards the
latter part of the same year, the king
of Prussia took the field against France ;
but all his measures were marked, by
precipitation, indecision, and a total
want ef resource, on any unexpected
change of circumstances. Instead of
waiting to be joined by the Russian ar-
my, who was then on its march to assist
him, he ventured on a battle alone with
the French, (now strengthened by the
forces of the Confederation) at Jena, on
the 14th of October, which ended in the
total destruction of the Prussian army.
The consequence was, Russia was now
left single, as it were, in the contest ;
and after several battles, the French at
length succeeded in giving them a total
defeat at Friedland, on the 14th of June,
1807", which was decisive ; and a treaty
of peace was signed at Tilsit, on the 9tti
of July following. In the beginning of
1808, the designs of Napoleon began to
develope themselves respecting Spain ;
and, flushed with the conquest of Prus-
sia, and the brilliant victory which he
had gained over Russia at Friedland, he
formed the design of seizing the govern-
ment of Spain, and transferring the
crown from the Bourbons to his own
family. Having found a pretext for
drawing 16,000 of her best troops and
sending them out of the country, he
marched an army of 80,000 men to de-
pose the king, and place his own brother
Joseph on the throne, in which he suc-
ceeded. In the following year, however,
Austria once more took the field against
France. Numerous battles were fought
during the months of April and May,
with incredible slaughter and various
success on each side ; bat on the 6th of
Julv, after a whole day spent in manceu-
vering, a general engagement took place,
in which Napoleon out generalled the
archduke Charles, and gained a com-
plete victory. This was the famous bat-
tle of Wagram, at which the French
took 20.000 prisoners. An armistice was
."25
F R A
X' li A
concluded on the 12th of July, and a de-
finite treaty was a'so signed and ratified
in the month of October foilowing. Soon
after his return to Paris, Napoleon, by a
formal act of separation, repudiated his
empress Josephine, and married Maria
Louisa, the archduchess of Austria,
whom he espoused with great pomp on
the 1st of April, 1810. This event ap-
peared to consolidate his power, and to
fix his throne on an immoveable basis ;
and except the war in Spain, the crnti-
nent of Europe was at peace till towards
the month of June, 1812, at which time
the French emperor once more marched
his army ti the north-east of Europe, to
attack the emperor of Russia's dominions,
who had given him some cause of of-
fence. Passing through Poland, he en-
tered the Russian territory ; defeated the
armies of the latter at Molnlnw- and
Smolensko ; and after the dreadful bat-
tle of Boridino, entered the city of Mos-
cow on the 14th of September, with an
intention of there fixing his winter quar-
ters. But his career was now drawing
towards a close. The houses of Moscow
being constructed almost entirely of
wood, the governor of the town, Rostop-
chin, formed the desperate resolution of
setting the city on fire, which was so com-
pletely carried into eflFect, at the instant
the French army had taken possession of
it, that they were foiled in their last re-
source, and compelled to attempt their
retreat, at the moment they considered
themselves securely entrenched for the
winter. In this crisis of his affairs, the
first object of the French emperor, was
to offer terms of peace to the Russians,
which were rejected ; he next proposed
an armistice, which was also refused ;
and on the 19th of October, began his re-
treat from Moscow. But before the ar-
rival of the French army, however, at
Smolensko, the frost had so keenly set in,
that it was almost impossible to proceed ;
and their loss, in the course of a few
days, was so great in men and horses,
that the army was reduced to a mere
wreck. On arriving at Smorgonic, a
small town near Wilna, on the 5th of
December, Napoleon gave the command
of the army to Murat. and immediately
departed for Paris. It has been suppo-
sed that the loss of the French, in this
memorable campaign, was not less than
200,000 men. 'Tiie remainder of the
winter was spent by the hostile powers
in vigorous preparations for the campaign
of 1813 ; and notwithstanding the almost
entire destruction of his arttiy in the ca.
lamitous retreat from Moscov/, the
French emperor was the first to take
the field in the spring of the year. Af-
326
tei the batties of Lutaen and Bautzen,
however, it was soon seen that Russia,
although now strengthened by Prussia,
was by no means a match for France,
without more powerful assistance. Aus-
tria, into whose hands the balance of
Europe was thrown, now stept forth to
offer her mediation to the contending
powers ; but finding all her efforts una-
vailing, after a fruitless negotiation of
six weeks, at length joined the allies on
the 11th of August. A number of san-
guinary engagements soon after took
place between the opposing armies with
a vai'iety of success, till the month of
October, when Bavaria having declared
for the common cause, and the allies had
collected all their forces together, they
determined to hazard a general battle,
which was fought in the neighbourhood
of Leipsic, on the 16th and 18th of the
same month, The result of this battle
was the capture of the French rear-
guard on the following morning, and the
retreat of the French army across the
Rhine. The allied army immediately
invaded France ; and though the issue of
the contest there appeared doubtful for
a short time, yet the allies, by a skilful
manoeuvre, at length succeeded in arri-
ving before the gates of Paris, on the
30th of March, 1814, and which was en-
Sei'ed by the confederated sovereigns on
the next day. As soon as the sovereigns
had entered Paris, they declared their
intention was not to make any peace with
Buonaparte ; but recommended to the
French, in the mean time, to form a pro-
visional government ; and in a few days
after, got the senate to pass a vote de-
claring' the dynasty of Napoleon Buona-
parte at an end. In this posture of af-
fairs, Buonaparte, whose sway had ex-
tended over all the states of Europe,
Great Britain excepted, for years, con-
sented to abdicate the thrones of France
and Italy, both in his own right and that
of his posterity, and to retire upon a
pension of 4.500,000 francs, to the island
of Elba. The provisional government,
at the suggestion of the allies, now re-
stored the ancient family of the Bom--
bons, and made a tender of the sover-
eignty to the eldest brother of Louis
XVI. who accepted the offer, and as-
cended the throne of France, with the
title of Louis XVIII. A definitive treaty
was soon after signed at Paris by all the
powers of Europe, on the oOth of June.
Napoleon retired to Elba, where he ar-
rived ill May, 1814, and remained until
February 26lh, 1815, when he again left
his retreat, sailed to and entered France.
Tlio nation declared for him ; the king,
royal family, and their adherents fied. and
r II A
he was once more acknowledged emperor
of the French. Great Britain, Prussia, and
Russia collected their armies to restore the
Bourbons. Austria subsequently acceded,
and after a short but sanguinary contest
France sunk under the enormous weight
opposed to her armies, and on the 18th
of June, 1815, at Waterloo a village of Bra-
bant the l;ist hopes of Napoleon perished.
His army was defeated — he returned to
Paris; abdicated the throne; threw him-
self under the protection of Great Britain,
and was sent to exile, prison and grave, in
the island of St. Helena. Louis XVllI,
was restored, and France became a regu-
lar limited monarchy.
The Rondan Catholic religion is re-es-
tablished in France, and the ecclesiasti-
cal division of the country is into 10
archbishoprics and 50 bishoprics; the
protestant religion is also tolerated. As
the ancient order of things is now re-
stored, it is necessary to notice the for-
mer geographical state of the country.
France was divided into 83 departments,
nearly equal in extent, instead of the an-
cient military provinces ; and these de-
partments were subdivided into districts,
cantons, and municipalities. The names
of the departments are Ain, Aisne, Al-
lier, Alps Upper, Alps Lower, Ardeche,
Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Avei-
ron, Calvados, Cantal, Charente, Cha-
rente, Lower, Cher, Correze, Cote d'Or,
Cotes du Nord, Creuse,Dordogne, Doubs,
Drome, Eaire, Eure and Loir, Finisterre,
Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde,
Herault, Indre, Indre and Loire, Isere,
lUe and Vilaine, Jura, Landes, Loir and
Cher, Loire, Loire Upper, Loire Lower,
Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere,
Mayenne, Mayenne and Loire, Manche,
Marne, Marne Upper, Meurthe, Meuse,
Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Nievre, Oise,
Ome, Paris, Pas de Calais, Puy de
Dome, Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Low-
er, Pyrenees Eastern, Rhine Upper,
Rhine Lower, Rhone, Rhone (Mouths of
the) Saone Upper, Saone and Loire,
Sarte, Seine and Oise, Seine Lower,
Seine and Marne, Sevres (Two) Somme,
Tarn, Var, Vendee, Vienne, Vienne Up-
per, Vosges, and Yonne. All the coun-
tries which the ambition of the govern-
mept had annexed to its former territory
are restored except that part which now
constitutes the departments of Mont
Blanc and Vaucluse. The number of
departments, therefore, are now 85, all
of whom appeared in this work ; and
the account of the late provinces are still
retained. The population of the whole
is estimated at 30,000,000.
It is a very remarkable fact, that the po-
pulation of France has regularly increased
since 1789. In that year the inhabitants
were 26,300,000; in 1805, 27,700,000 in
1817, upwards of 29,000,000; and at pre-
sent, 1822, no doubt exceed 30 000,000.
The national debt of France considering
the efibrts made during and subsequent
to her revolution, and the heavy contribu-
tions of her enemies, is comparatively
small. Her annual expenditure is about
130,000,000 of dollars. The revenue
nearly an equal sum, but nominally a frac-
tion higher. The French army has been
reduced to 90,000 men ; and its navy has
sunk to utter insignificance. With all it.s
reverses this nation has gained immensely
by the revolution. The croud of useless
nobility and governmental priests dimin-
ished; its internal industry revived, active
and flourishing. The literary institutions
are on a most respectable footing. There
now exists in the kingdom, 26 universities ;
36 royal colleges ; 3070 primary schools ;
upwards of 40 divinity schools ; about
1400 boarding schools; and near 22,500
primary schools. In all these seminaries
are educated nearly 800,000 pupils. With-
out distracting foreign colonies without
paper money, or false credit : and with a
mild and limited government, France is now
no doubt the most happy and prosperous
nation in Europe.
France, Isle of, or Maurithts, island iii
the Indian Ocean, 200 leagues E of Mada-
gascar. It was early discovered by the
Portuguese. After them, the Dutch set-
tled on the SE shore, and gave it the name
of Mauritius, in honour of prince Maurice,
their sladlholder. But they abandoned it,
on their acquisition of the Cape of Good
Hope. It then remained uninhabited, till
the French landed there in 1720. This
island is about 45 leagues in circumfer-
ence. The climate is healthy : but the
soil not very fertile. There are many
mountains, some of which are so high that
their tops are covered with snow : they
produce the best ebony in the world. The
valleys are well watered with rivers, and
are made very productive by cultivation of
which indigo is the principal object The
town and harbour are called Port Louis,
and are strongly fortified ; the town is
large and covers a great deal of ground.
But in the hurricane months, the harbour
cannot afford shelter for more than eight
vessels. Here are large storehouses and
every thing necessary for the equipment
of fleets. The number of inhabitants on
the island exclusive of the mihtary, is 8000
whites, and 1200O blacks. Lon. 57 28 E.
lat. 20 9 S.
Frances, port of Colombia, in Venezue-
la, near cape Codera. See Codera in the
Adcknda.
Francestoivn, post town and township,
Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, fif-
F R A
F R A
teen miles NW of Amherst, and about lif'ty
five W of Portsmouth. Population in
1820, 1479.
Franche Comte, late province of France,
bounded on the N by Lorrain, on the E by
Alsace and Swisserland, on the VV by Bur-
gimdy, and on the S by Bresse. It is 126
miles in length, and 80 in breadth, and
abounds in corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines
of iron, copper and lead. It was conquer-
ed by France in 1674, and ceded to it by
the treaty of Nimeguen in 1678. It now
comprehends the three departments of
Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone.
Franchemont, town of Germany, in the
bishopric of Liege, 12 miles SE of Liege.
Francis, tov/n of St. Genevieve county,
Missouri.
Francisco, Rio, large river of Brazils,
vises in the Capitania general of Minaes
Geraes, lat. 19 S, and flowing a little E of
N, nearly parallel to the Atlantic coast, to
lat. 14 S, It thence gradually curves to
NE, E and SE by E falls into the Atlantic
at lat. 11 S, after an entire comparative
course of upwards of 100 miles.
Francois, town of Wayne county, Mis-
souri.
Francois, Cape, fine town in the N part
of the island of St. Domingo, belonging to
the French, who often call it the cape, by
way of eminence. It was almost ruined by
the dreadful commotions which attended
the French revolution. Lon. W C 4 42 E.
lat. 19 46 N.
Franconia, circle of Germany, bounded
on the N by the circle of Upper Saxony, on
the E by that of Bavaria, on the S by that
of Suabia, and on the W by the circles of
the Rhine. The middle is fertile in corn,
wine and fruits, but the boi-ders are full of
woods and barren mountains. The Franks
who conquered France, came from this
province, and gave the name to that king-
dom.
Franconia, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, situated on the S
side of the NE branch of Perquioming
creek. Population in 1820, 848.
Franconia, Grafton county. New Hamp-
shire, on the waters of Amanoosuck river,
15 miles NE from Haverhill. The town-
ship is remarkable for the abundance and
excellence of its iron ores. There are two
companies engaged in the manufacture of
iron on a large scale ; the New Hampshire
Iron Factory Company ; and the Haverhill
and Franconia company. The former ma-
nufacture weekly from 12 to 15 tons of Iron
and steel, and the latter, though on a
smaller scale do extensive business. The
whole forming one of the most extensive
establishments of the kind in the United
States.
Franeker, or Franker, town of the Unit-
ed Provinces, in Friesland, with a castle and
328
university. Tiie public buildings and
palaces are magniiicent. It is seven miles
W of Lewarden. Lon. 5 33 E. lat. 53 11
N.
Frankendal town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine. It has been often
taken and retaken, the last time by the
allies in 1794. It is seated near the Rhine
seven milt-s S of Worms. Lon. 8 29 E.
lat. 49 25 N.
Frankenstein, town of Germanv, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 12 miles NW of
London • Lon. 7 55 E. hit. 49 18 N.
Frankford, township of Sussex countv.
New Jersey. Population in 1810, 2008. '
Frankford, post village and borough,
Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, five
miles NE from the centre of Philadelphia.
The Friends Assylum for the insane, is in
this borough. P 'pulation in 1820, 1405.
Frankford, chief town of Hampshire
county, Virginia, on the W side of the S
branch of Potomac river, about four miles
NW from Romney, and 45 NW from Win-
chester.
Frankfort on the JVIaine, ancient and free
imperial city of Germany, in the circle of
Franconia, in which the emperor is elected.
All religions are tolerated at Franckfort
under certain restrictions ; but Lutheran-
ism is the established faith. It is seated on
the river Maine, 15 miles NE of Mentz,
and 350 W by N of Vienna. Lon. S 40 E,
lat. 49 55 N.
Frankfort on the Oder, flourishing city of
Germany, in the middle marche of Branden-
burg, formerly imperial but now subject to
the king of Prussia. It is remarkable for
three great fairs, and Its university. It is
45 miles SE of Berlin, and 78 S of Stetin.
Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 52 23 N.
Frankfort, post town and township, Han-
cock county, ;Maine, on the right bank of
Penobscot river. At this place winter na-
vigation terminates, 26 miles N from Cas-
tine. Population in 1820, 2129.
Frankfort, township, Herkimer county.
New York. Population in 1820, 1685.
Frankfort, post town, Franklin county,
Kentucky, on tlie right bank of Kentucky
river. It is the capital of the state, and
contains beside the ordinary buildings ne-
cessary for legislative purposes, a county
ourthouse, penitentiary, an academy,
theatre, Stc. At seasons of high water
steam boats of 300 tons are navigated to
this town, and to New Frankfort, a flourish-
ing village opposite. The progressive po-
pulation of this town is shown by the an-
nexed table.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 431
do. do. females - - 255
All other persons except Indians not
taxed .... - 6
Slaves 407
IRA
P R A
Total population in 1810
1,092
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
497
do. do. females
387
Total whites - - . .
884
Free i)ersjns of colour, males
36
do. do. females -
43
Slaves, males . _ - -
311
do. females ...
332
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
74
Total population in 1820
1,679
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
8
En.Ejaged in Agriculture -
22
do. in Manufactures
100
do. in Commerce -
15
Population to the sf;^uare mile, uncertain.
Frankfort, town of Guernsey county,
^Ohio, on tile great road from Wlieeling
to Zanesville, 15 miles E from Cambridge.
Franklin, county of Vermont, bound-
ed N by Lower Canada ; E by Orleans
county, Vermont ; S by Chittenden ; and
W by lake Chaniplain ; length 3U ; mean
width 27 ; area 810 square miles. The
eastern part mountainous, hilly in the
central and western sections ; S)il varied
in quality, but on the streams in many
places highly fertile. Cliief town, St. Al-
bans.
Population In 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
All other persons except Ind:
not taxed
Slaves . . - .
ians
8,392
8,143
104
0
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
16,639
8,799
8,299
Total whites . - - -
17,098
Free pei-sons of colour, males -
48
do. do. females
46
Slaves, males ....
0
do. females - - - -
0
Total population la 1820 -
17,192
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
145
Engaged in Agriculture
2,085
do. in Manufactures
471
do. in Commerce
38
both sides of Connecticut river, bounded
N by Windham county, in Vermont, and
Cheshire county in New Hampshire ; E by
Worcester county in Massachusetts; S by
Hampshire ; and W by Bucisshira ; length.
36; mean width 18; area about 650
square miles. Surface highly and elegantly
variegated. Connecticut river divides the
county into two nearly equal portions, and
^ each of these sections are again divided
by the two fine little rivers. Millers to the
E and Deerfield to the W. Detached
though not very elevated mountains decorate
the various parts The soil especially near
the streams is highly prodnctive in grain,
fruits, and meadow grasses. Chief tjwn,
Greenfield.
Population in 1820.
Free v»rhite males - . - 14,366
do. do. females - - 14,767
Total whites . - _ 29,133
Free persons of colour, males 71
do. do. females 58
Slaves, males _ _ _ o
do. females - - _ o
Total population in 1820 - 29,268
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,617
do. in Manufaciures - 910
do. in Commerce - 77
Population to the square mile, 45.
Franklin, township, Norfolk county,
Massachusetts, 10 miles SVV from Ded-
ham. Population in 1820, 1^0.
Franklin, post town, and townsliip. New
London county, Connecticut, on the right
side of Shetucket, five mile-, above Nor-
wich. Population in 1820, 1161.
Franklin, county of Nw Yoik, bounded
by Lower Canada N; by Clinton county in
New York E: by Essex SE ; by Hamilton
S ; and by St, Lawrence W ; length 60 ;
mean width 27j ; area 1665 square miles.
Surface mountainous taw.irds tiie south;
in the central and northern parts level, and
swampy, interspersed iiills and with som©
spots of good land. Chief town, Meione.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,551
do. do fi;nales - - 1,063
All otiier persons except Indians
not taxed ... 3
Slaves 0
Population to the square mile, 21.
Franklin, county of Massachusetts, on
T t
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do, do. females .
2,617
2,361
2,078
1" K A
1" R A
Total whites ... 4,439
Free persons of colour, males 0
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males ... o
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820, 4,439
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized . 195
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,250
do. in Manufactures - 151
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 2^.
Franklin, post town, Delaware county,
New YofK, on Oleout creek and Susque-
hann&h river, 15 miles W from Delhi. Po.
pulation ill 1820, 2481.
Franklin, township of Somerset county,
New Jersey. Population in 1820, 3071.
jPra7z^'/J«, township of Gloucester coun-
ty, New York. Popuh.uion in 1820, 1137.
Franklin, township of Berg'en county,
New Jersey. Population in 1820, 2968.
Franklin, county of Pennsylvania, bound-
ed S by Washing'ton county in Maryland ;
W by Bedford ; NVV by Hantin^don ; N
by Mifflin ; NE by Perry and Cumber-
land ; and E by A.dams ; lengtij 30 ; width
25; area 756 square miles. Tlie surf;\ce
of this county is highly diversified by
mountains, hills and valleys It is limited
by mountains on two sides ; on the W and
N margin extend the Cove mountain, Tus-
carora, and North mountains ; and on the
SE the South mountain, with the truly fine
valley of the Conecocheaque and Cone-
dogwinet intervening. Those two large
creeks form .nearly a boundary between
the limestone and slate formations ; leav-
ing the latter to the NW and the f )rm-
er to the SE. The soil of those great
rock form-atlons differ essentially, the
limestone, in the present state of agricul-
tural science being much the most produc-
tive in the growth of valuable cultivated
vegetables. Franklin county products as
staples, grain, flour, whiskey, apples, cider,
live stock, and salted provisions. Its com-
mercial outlet, Baltimore. Chief town,
Chambersburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 11,393
do. do. females - - 10,679
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 924
Slaves 87
Free persons of colour, females
Slaves, males ...
do. females ...
76;^
15
4
31,192
Total population in 1810 - - 23,083
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 15,641
do. do. females ... 14,685
Total whites - - - 30,326
Free persons of colour, males - 784
Total population in 1820 -
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized . 416
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,505
do. in Manufactures - 1,597
do. in Commerce - - [234
Population to the square mile, 42.
Franklin. See St. Thomas.
Franklin post tov/n and seat of justice,
Venango county, Pennsylvania, on the
right bank of French creek and Allegany
river, at their junction, about 70 miles
N from Pittsburg. Population in 1820,
252.
Franklin, township of Adams county,
Pennsylvania, in the forks of Marsh
creek, on both sides of the road from
Gettysburg to Chambersburg, 7 or 8
miles from the former. Population in
1820, 1456.
Franklin, township, York county, Penn-
sylvania, on the head waters of Bermu-
dian creek braiich of ('onewago, between
the two roads from Little York to Car-
lisle, 20 miles from the former. Popu-
lation in 1820, 973.
Franklin, townshifi, in the northern
part of Himtingdon county, Pennsylva-
nia, between Little Juniata and Spruce
creek, 14 miles NW from Huntingdon.
Population in 1820, 870.
Franklin, township of Fayette county,
Pennsylvania, b 'tween Youghiogeny river
and Redstone cr ek, and between Wash-
ington and Dunbar, commencing 5 miles
N from Union town. Population in
1820, 1749.
Franklin, township of Westmoreland
county, Pennsylvania, extending from
the head branch of Poketon's creek,
falling into Allegany river to the road
from Greensburg to Pittsburg, across the
head waters of the northern branch of
Turtle creek. iVlarysville near its cen-
tre 11 miles NW from Greensburg.
Population in 1820, 1757.
Franklin, township of Greene county,
Pennsylvania, on the south fork of Ten-
mile creek. Waynesburg the seat of
justice for the county is in this township.
Population in 1820, exclusive of the bo-
rough of Waynesburg, 1591.
Franklin, county of Virginia , bounded
by Pittsylvania E; part of Henry SE;
part of Henry, and Patrick S ; the Blue
Ridge, or Montgomery W ; Bottetourt
N, and Bedford N£1 ; length 28 ; mean
width 24 ; area about 670 square miles.
Although bounded on two sides by moun-
tains, this county is rather waving than
hilly. Soil generally fertile. Staples.
F R A
P R A
grain, flour and tobacco. Chief
town,
Rocky Mount.
Population in 1810.
Free white males -
4,038
do. do. females
3,928
All other persons exct pt Indians
not taxed ....
86
Slaves - - - . -
2,672
Total population in 1820
9,741
Total population in 1810 - 10,724
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 4,157
do. do. females - - 4 070
Total whites - - - 8,227
Free persons of colour, males 77
do. do. females, 66
Slaves, males - - - 1,779
do. females ... 1,868
Total population in 1820 - 12 017
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - II
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,692
do. in Manufactures - 339
do. in Commerce - 23
Population to the square mile, 18.
Franklin, post town, Pendleton coun-
ty, Virginia, on the middle fork of the
south branch of Potomac, 40 miles SW
rom Mdorfields, and 80 miles NW from
Staunton.
Franklin, village of Russel county,
Virginia, on Cedar creek, branch of
Chinch river, 17 miles N from Abinj^dnn.
Franklin county. North Carolina ;
bounded SVV by Washington ; Granville
NW; Warren NE, and Nash SE;
length 26 ; mean width 20 ; area 540
square miles ; surface moderately hilly ;
soil in part fertile, though generally
rather unproductive between the
streams. It is drained by various branch-
es of Tar river. Chief town, Lewis-
burg.
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - Q
Engaged in \griculture - 3,108
do. in Manufactures - - 130
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 18.
Franklin, county of Georj^ia ; bounded
by Elbert and Madison E; Jacksan S
W ; Habershan) NW, and Tugaloo river
or South Carolina NE ; length 56 ; mean
width 23 ; area about 940 square miles.
Surface broken and soil varied. Chief
town, Carnesville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 4,689
do. d.>. females - . - 4,454
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... \j
Slaves 1,656
Population in 1810.
Free white males
2,342
do. do females
2,323
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
171
Slaves
5,330
Total population in 1810
10,166
Population in 1820.
Free white males
2,411
do. do. females
2,462
I
Total whites ....
4.873
Free persons of colour, males
81
do. do. females -
78
Slaves, males ....
2,337
do. females
2;5-2
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
Total whites - . -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
10,816
3,790
3,450
9,040
6
2,492
32
2
Of these ;
Foreigners nnt naturrlized
Engaged in Agricnlture
do ill Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 9J
Franklin. Cf.unty of Alabama ; bound-
ed N by T<-nnessee river ; E by Law-
rence ; S Ijy Marion, and W by the ter-
ritory of the Chickisaws; length 32;
mean width 21 ; area 670 square miles,
Surface hilly and broken. Soil produc-
tive. Staple cotton. Chief town, Rus-
seiv lie.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,818
do. do. females . - - 1,490
Total whites .... 3,308
Free persons of colour, males . 10
do. do. females - 3
Slaves, m-tles .... 843
do. females - . . 824
Total population in 1820 - 4,988
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,498
do. in Manufactures . 301
351
f- It A
I- It A
Kn_:;aged in Commerce - - '2:i
Population to the square mile, 7 1-3
Franklin, county of Mississippi; bound-
ed Sby Amite; SW hy Wilkinson ; W
by Adams ; N by J ff rson, and NE by
the New Purchase ; length 46 ; mean
width £0; area 920 square miles. Sur-
face hilly, but without stone. Soil on
the streams very productive. In the
eastern and northern parts of the county
the intervals between the water coursts,
open pine woods- Staple cotton. Chief
town, Franklin.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - -
do do. females - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves, - - - -
711
557
13
7'25
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - ■
do. females
Total population in 1820. -
2,016
1,202
1,075
2,277
5
4
748
787
3,821
4
1,365
29
9
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in MunufacUires
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mde, 4.
Franklin, village of Frank'in county
Mississippi, 25 miles SE by E from
Natchez.
Franklin, post office, on the Teche
river in St. Mary's Parish, Attacapas in
Louisiana.
Frank'in, county of Tennessee ; bound-
ed S by Alabama ; VV by Lincoln ; NW
by Bedford ; NE by Warren, and SE by
Marion ; !en:^th 42 ; mean width J8 ;
area 600 square miles. Surface moun-
tainous and hilly soil fertile. It is prin-
cipally watered by the heads of Elk
river. Chief town, Winchester.
Population in 1810,
Free white niales - - 2.868
do. do. females - - 2,352
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1
Slaves 709
Totalpopulationinl810, - 5,930
332
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . . 6,294
do. do. females ... 6,044
Total whites .... 12,338
Free persons of colour, males - 35
do. do. females 31
Slaves, males . - - 1,986
do. females - - • 2,181
Total population in 1820 - 16,571
Population to the square mile, 27^.
Franklin, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Williamson county, Tennessee, on
Harpeth river, 17 miles S from Nash-
ville.
Franklin, county of Kentucky, bounded
by Mercer and Washington S ; Shelby
SW ; Owen N ; and Scott and Woodford
E ; length 40 ; width 12 ; area 270 square
miles. Surface moderately hilly, soil fer-
tile. Chief town, Frankfort.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3j052
do. do. females ... 2,704
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 56
Slaves 2,201
Total population in 1810
-
8,013
Population in 1820.
Free white males
_
3,818
do. do. females
-
3,443
Total whites
. .
7,261
Free persons of colour,
males
70
do. do.
females
69
Slaves, males
.
1,809
do. females
-
1,741
All other persons except
Indians
not taxed
■
74
Total population in 1820
11,024
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,051
do. in Manufactures - 193
do. in Commerce - 24
Population to the square mile, 40.
Franklin, i own of Simpson county, Ken-
tucky.
FrankHn, county of 'Ohio, bounded S by
Pickaway ; W by Madison ; N by Dela-
ware, and E by Licking and Fairfield ;
lenj^th 25 ; mean width 22 , area about
520 square miles. Surface generally level,
part wet and marshy ; but the soil almost
uniformly in a high degree fertile. Staples
gr ,in and flour. Chief town, Columbus.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,726
do. do. females - - 1'647
F K A
F R A
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - _ - 43
.Total population in 1810 - 5,486
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 5,332
do. do. females - - 4.708
Total whites .... 10,040
Free persons of colour, males 68
do. do. females, 63
Slaves, males ... - none
do. females ... none
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 120
Total whites - . . . 10,698
Free persons of colour, males - 31
do. do. females 34
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females . - - - 0
Total population in 1820 - - 10,763
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized . 26
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,403
do. in Manufactures - 315
do. in Commerce . - 15
Population to the square mile, 20.
Total population in 1820
24
2,239
607
0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 20.
Franklin, township, Franklin county,
Ohio, on the right bank of Sciota river op-
posite Columbus. Population in 1820,
777.
Franklin, post town and township, War-
ren count)', Ohio. The village is on the
left bank of Great Miami, 18 miles above
Dayton. Population in 1820, 2099 in the
township.
Franklin, township of Ross county, on
the road from Chilicothe to Portsmouth.
Population in 1820, 340.
Franklin, township of Portage county,
Ohio, eight miles below Ravenna on Cuya-
hoga river. Population in 1820, 348.
Franklin, township of Wayne county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 462.
Franklin, township, Coshocton county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 345.
Franklin, NW township of Starke coun-
ty. Poptilation in 1820,388
Franklin, township of Columbiana coun-
ty. Population in 1820. 620.
Franklin, township of Licking county,
Ohio. Population in 1820,713.
Franklin, township of Jackson county,
Ohio Population in 1820, 536.
Franklin, township of Richland county,
Ohio. Population in 1820,360.
Franklin, county of Indiana, bounded by
the state of Ohio E ; Delaware and Ripley
connues S: Fayette W ; and Wayne N ;
length 24 ; mean width 21 ; area about
540 square miles. Surface moderately
hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town, Brook-
ville.
Population in 1820,
Free white males ... 5,491
do. do. females ... 5,207
- Franklin, county of Illinois, bounded by
10,291 Johnson and Union S ; Jackson and Ran-
. dolph W : Jefferson N ; and White and
Gallatin E ; length 30 ; width 24 ; area
934 square miles. Surface generally level
and soil productive. It is principally
drained by the higher waters of Muddy
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, rnales
do. do. females -
Slaves, males - - . .
do. females
875
818
1,691
32
3S
4
1,763
0
441
0
0
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, Ir}.
Franklin, post town, and seat of justice,
Howard county, Mis.souri, on the left bank
of Missouri river, 180 miles by land above
St. Louis.
Franklin, county of Missouri, bounded N
by Missouri river; E by St. Louis and Jef-
ferson ; S by Washmgton; and W by
Wayne ; length 33 ; mean width 30 ; area
990 square miles. That part of this coun-
ty adjacent to the Missouri river rather
level and interspersed with prairies. The
southern part drained by the Merrimac ri-
ver, hilly broken and in great part sterile.
Much of the soil near the Missouri excel-
lent. Chief town Rogerstown.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
1,190
980
2,170
0
I' II E
F U L
Vree persons of colour females
Slaves, males . , - .
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
0
111
98
2,379
1
523
3
7
Population to the square mile, 2 1-3.
Franklin, post town of Franklin county,
Ohio, opposite C. lumbus.
Franksto-.un-branch, river of Pennsylva-
nia, tiie northwest branch of Juniata, rises
in Bedford county, and flowing N about
20 miles, enters Huntingdon county, turns
E and SE joins Rays; own branch, two
miles below the borough of Huntingdon,
and forms the Juniata.
Frankstown, township of Huntingdon
county, Pennsylvania, on Frank^town river,
20 miles SW by W from Huntingdon.
Population in 1820, 1297, exclusive of Na-
voy, HolUdaysburg and Frankstown.
Frankstoxon, post village, Huntingdon
county, Pennsylvania,%n the left bank of
Frankstown river, and 20 miles nearly W
from Huntingdon. Population in 1820,
101.
Frauenjield, town of Swisserland, capital
of the Thurgan. It is seated on an emi-
nence, and was the place, where since
1712, the deputies of the Swiss cantons
held their genera! diet. Lon. 8 56 E, lat.
47 2,5 N.
Fruustadt, town of Silesia, remarkable
for a battle gained by the Swedes over the
Saxons, in 1706. It is 20 miles NW of
Glogaw. L(;n. 16 3 E. lat. 51 48 N.
Frazersbnrgh, small town in Aberdeen-
shire, on the Gtrm^n Ocean, with a tolera-
ble harbour. I is seated close by a pro-
montory, called Kinnaird's Head, on which
is a lighthouse, 40 miles N of Aberdeen.
Lon. "1 :^7 W. lat. 57 35 N.
. Fradenbitrg, town of Westphalia, 50
miles W of Cassel. I^n. 8 16 E. lat. 51
10 N.
Frederica, post village in Kent county,
Delaware 12 miles E from Dover, contain-
ing 250 inhabitants.
Frederica, post town on St. Simon's
island, Glynn county, Georgia; at the
month of Alatamalia river.
Frtderick^ township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, on the right side
of Perkiomen, 9 miles NE from Potts-
town. Population in 1820, 927.
Frederick, county of Maryland ; bound-
ed N by Pennsylvania; E by Baltimore;
SE by Anne Arundel and Montgomery ;
SW by the Potomac river, or Loudon
county in Virginia, and by Washington
334
W ; mean width near 24 miles ; area
900 square miles. The entire face of
this county is broken. The western part
mouritainous, and the residue diversified
by hills, and the whole drained by the
various branches of the Monocacy creek.
It is one of the most productive and
well cultivated valleys in the United
States. Staples may be considered every
object of agricultural industry, suitable
to the climate. Chief town, Frederick-
town.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 14,266
do. do. females - - 13,717
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 783
Slaves 5,671
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
34,437
16,312
15,685
Total whites . . - . 31,997
Free persons of colour, males 951
do. do. females 817
Slaves, males - - - 3,575
do. females - - . 3,110
Total population in 1820
40,450
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 645
Engaged in Agriculture - . 6,621
do. in Manufactures - - 3,115
do. in Commerce - - 259
Population to the square mile, 45 nearly.
Frederick, county of Virginia, between
the Blue Ridge and the continuation of
the Kittatiney Mountain ; bounded by
Loudon and Fauquier NE ; Shenandoah
SW ; Hampshire NW, and Berkley and
Jefferson NE; length 38; mean width
22; area 736 square miles. Surface
hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil ex-
cellent for grain and orchard fruits.
Chief town, Winchester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 7,868
do. do. females - - 7,679
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - glO
Slaves 6,417
Total population in 1810 - 22,574
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 8,475
do. do. females - - 8,082
Total whites - - - 16,557
Free persons of colour, males 505
ip RE
f a L
Free persons of colour, females, 46.1
Slaves, males .... 3,658
do. females - - - 3,521
Total population in 1820 - 24.706
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 123
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,149
do. in Manufactures - 1,179
do. in Commerce - . 95
Population to the square mile, oo^.
Frederick Point, Upper Canada, is on
the east side of Kingston harbour, and
on the west side of Haldimand Cove,
which is made by it and Point Henry.
Fredericksburg, Danish fort on the
Gold Coast of Guinea, near Cape Three-
points, 62 miles WSW of Cape Coast
Castle. Lon. 1 5 W, lat. 4 30 N.
Fredericksburg, post town in Spott-
sylvania county, Virginia ; seated on the
S side of the river Rappahannock, 66
miles N from Richmond, and 62 SW
from Washington.
This is a very advantageously situated
and prosperous commercial port. Vt-s-
sels of about 140 tons can come up to the
foot of the falls. Its staples are grain,
flour and tobacco, calculated to exceed
an annual average of 4,000.000 of dollars.
Its public institutions are, two banks, and
an academy. Its residcHt population
about 4.000.
Fredericksburg, post town, Gallatin
county, Ohio, on the left imnk of Ohio
river, 55 miles below Cincinnati.
Fredencksburg, township and post
town, vVashington county, Indiana. The
village is on the right bank oF Big Mud-
dy river, 17 miles N from Cory don.
Fredericksburgh Townshifi, county of
Lenox, Upper Canada, lies to the west
of Ernest town, in the Bay of Quinte
Frederickshall, or Frederickstadt, sea-
port of Norway, in the provi ce of Ag-
gerhuys ; situated on the extremity of
the Swinesund, at the mouth of the river
Tist. This town is 51 miles SE of
Christiana. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 59 12 N.
Fredericksham, neatly built town of
Russia in Carelia, whose streets go off
like radii from a centre, it is seated
near the gulf of Finland.
Frederickstadt, town of Denmark, in S
Jutland ; seated on the river Evder, 17
miles SW of Sleswick. Lon. 9 43 E.
lat. 54 30 N.
Frederickstein, strong fortr-ss of Nor-
way. It is situated on thv summit of an
almost perpendicular rock, which over-
hangs the town of Fredericksbail, and
has never been taken. It was besieged
in 1718, by Charles XII. of Sweden, who
was killed.
Frederickton, or 6V. Aimc, capital of
New Brunswick, on St. John's river, at
the he-ad of Sloop Navigation, about 90
miles above its mouth,
Fredericktoivn, p.>st town and seat of
justice, Frederick county, Maryland, on
Monocacy creek, about 42 miles W of
Baltimore, 21 E by N of Harper's Ferry
on the Potomac, and 44 from Washing-
ton. This is a very thriving town, and
contains about 4500 inhabitants.
Fredericktown, post town, Washing-
ton county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank
of Monongahela river, 2 miles below the
mouth of Ten Mile creek, and 8 above
Brownsville.
Fredericktoivn. post town, Knox coun-
ty, Ohio, 7 miles N from Mount Ver-
non.
Fredonia. post town, Chatauque coun-
ty, New York, formerly Canadaway, 45
miles from Buffaloe, and 45 from Erie,
on the road between the two latter pla-
ces, and 4 miles from Dunkirk on lake
Erie. It is a flourishing village, with a
printing office and several stores.
Freedom, posl town, .wd township, Ken-
nebec couaiy, Maine, 28 miles NB from
Angusta. Population in 1820, 788.
Freed'/m, post town, Baltimore county,
Maryland.
Freehold, or Monmou'h, post town and
seat of justice, M wirnonth county, New
Jersey, 15 m:le-sSW by W from Shrews-
bnry; and 25 miles SE ii'y K fr im H.jrdesi-
towii. It was near hi-^ v \\y^e that gene-
ral Wash ngt^n d-fated t e British army,
J ne 28th, 1778. I is the seat of an aea-
demy. Population in 1820, in the lown-
ship, 514(5.
Freehold, Upper, township of Monmouth
county, New .fersey, VV from Monmouth.
Population in 1820, 4541.
Freeman, post towi :ind township, So-
merset c.un-.y, M^in-, 40 miles NW fio:n
Norridgerock. Poimlati -n m 1820 517.
Freeport, post town and town^lop, Ourti-
berland county, Maine, 20 mi!- s NE from
Portland. Popui .Hon ui 1820, 2184.
Freeport, post to^vn, Armstrong co^nity,
Pennsylvania, nn the right bank of Allega-
ny river, at 'die month o Buffalo en ek, IS
miles below Kiuanning, and 26 miles
above Pittsburg.
Freeport, post 'own and township in the
SW an,de of H.rrison county. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1194.
Freeport. township, Ontario county, New
York. P ipidati .1) m 1820, 1288.
Frehel, cape of France, v\ the depart-
men' of the North Const and lite province
of Bretagne, 13 miles W of St. Malo. Lon.
2 -10 W. hit. 48 41 N.
Frreio-wn, principal places of the Bri-
tish settlement of Sierra, Leone, on the W
coast of Africa.
1' R E
1 R I
Freetown, post town and township, Bris-
tol county, Massachusetts, left side of
Taunton river, 40 miles S from Boston.
Populat'.n in 1820, 1863.
FrbeCoxvn, township, Cortland county,
Nfw Yoric. l^ooaiaUon in 1820, 663.
Frtjus, town of Provence in Fra.ice,
now in the depart nent of Var. By the
Romans, it was Cfiici Forum Jaiii ; and at
thai time' hid a gO')d lorr >n the Mediter-
ranean whic'i is nuvahive a iniie fron it.
Here Napoleon laided in 1815, when he
returne 1 into Fi ince from Elba. It is
seated near the river Argi-ns, in a morals,
40 mii^s NE of Toulon, hm. 6 50 E. lat.
43 26 N.
Frmch-broad, river of North Carolina,
and Tenne-see, one of the hranciies of
Tennessee river, risf;s in Banc >mbe coun-
ty in the former, and flowing NW, enters
the latter in Cocke county, over vviiich it
passes, and receives the Nolachucky from
the left. It thence turns W, and traversiiiij
part of JefFersin, Sevier and Knox coun-
ties, joins the Holston, five miles above
Knoxville. It is navigable to the mouth of
Nolachucky.
French creek, rises in Berks county, and
flowing- SK enters Chester countv, falls into
Schuylkill river, 10 miles above Nornst)wn.
French creek, VR township of Vfercer
county, Pennsylvatiia. Population in 1820,
277.
French creek, river rises in Chataui[ue
county. New York, and pursuing a com-
parative course SW 15 miles enters Penn-
sylvania, in Erie county, and continuing
SW 35 miles by comparative courses to
Meadville, there receives the Cassawago
from the NVV, turis to NE 25 miles, and
unites with the Allegany river at Franklin.
It is navigable as high as the mouth of
Boeuf creek five miles S from Waterford.
French creek, township of Venango coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, along the right side of
French creek, and Allegany rivers, above
and below Franklin. Population in 1820,
521.
French jWills, now Fort Covington, post
town and township of Franklin county.
New York, on Salmon river, eight miles E
from St. Regis.
Frenchman's Bay, bay and a settlement
round it, in Lincoln county, Maine. It was
so named from a small colmiy of French
established there as early as 1637.
French river. See Francois.
French, river, rises in Worcester, Massa-
chusetts, and joins theQuinebaug in Wind-
ham, Connecticut.
Frenchton, post town, Dinwiddie county,
Virginia.
FrenchtD-wn landing, one mile S from Elk-
ton, Cecil county, Maryland.
Frenchtoimi, Monroe county, Michigan
territory, on the left bank of the river
336
Raisin, 40 miles SSW from Detroit. Here
on January 2Ji;h 1813, a, body of U. S.
tro ips sui-rendered to the British and their
Lidiun allies, many of whom were after-
wards murdered in cold blood.
Frescati, town of Italy, in Champagna di
Rona. It derives iti o me from the cool-
ness of the air, and fresii verdure of the
fields around. It is budt on the r ms of
the aficient Fusculum, the T iscu i » I'da
of Cicero is at no great distanct^. Frescati
is seated on the decuvny of a hdt, 12 miles
SE of Rome. Lon. 11 42 E. lat. 41 48 N,
Fresnillo, town of Mexico, m the Inten-
dancy of Xacatexas, 30 miles NW from
Xacatexas. Lon. W C 24 50 W. lat. 23
22 N.
FreudenUadt, strong town of Suabia, in
the Black Forest, built in 1600, to defend
the passage into this forest, it is 12 miles
SE of Strasburg. Lon. 21 E. lat. 48 28 N.
Freukenshal, town of Silesia, celebrated
fir its breed of horses, and manufacture of
fine linen. Lon. 17 21 E. lat. 50 3 N.
Freuberg, kingdom of Saxony, the most
celebrated mining establishment in Europe,
19 miles WSW from Dresden. It is the
capital of the ''^rzgeberg, and the residence
of the mining supenutendatits throughout
the kingdom. Beside many others, this
mineral school has been rendered illustri-
ous by having produced Werner the New-
ton of mineralogy. See Erzgeberg.
Freystadt, town of Hungary, in the
county of Neitra, with a strong castle,
seated on the VV^aag, opposite Leopold-
stadt. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Freystadt, town of Silesia, in the duchy
of Treschen, 20 nailes E of Troppaw.
Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Frias, considerable town of Spain, in
Old Castile, seated on a mountain, near
the river Ebro, o5 miles NW of Burgos.
Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 42 52 N.
Friburg, one of the cantons of Swis-
serland, surrounded on all sides by the
canton of Bern. It is fertile in corn,
fruits and pastures.
Friburg, town of Swisserland, capital
of a canton of the same name ; seated
on the river San, 15 miles SW of Bern.
Lon, 6 55 E, lat. 45 48 N.
Friburg, town of Suabia, capital of
Brisgaw ; remarkable for the steeple of
the great church and for its university.
The inhabitants are famous for polishing
crystal and precious stones. It surren-
dered to the French in June 1796. It is
seated on the river Triser, 10 miles E
of Brisach, and 26 S of Strasburg. Lon.
7 57 E, lat. 48 10 N.
Fricenti, episcopal town of Naples, in
Principato Ulteriore, near the river Tri-
apalto, 20 miles SE of Benevento. LoDv
15 9 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Frisdberg, imperial town of Germany,
F R I
1' R O
in Weteravia, seated on a mountain, 15
miles NE of Francfort. Lon. 8 46 E, lat.
50 10 N.
Friedberg, town of Germany, in Ba-
varia, with a castle, taken and plun-
dered by the Swedes in 1632. It is 30
miles KW of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E,
lat. 40 23 N.
Friedberg, town of Germany, in Mis-
nia, remarkable for its mines? and for
being the burying place of the princes of
the house of Saxony. It is seated on the
Multa, 15 miles SW of Dresden; Lon.
13 36 W, lat. 51 0 N.
Friedber^,X.o\vn of Germany, in Thurin-
gia, seated on the Unstrue, 30 miles W of
Leipsick. Lon 11 41 E. lat. 51 19 N.
Friedberg, name of two small towns in
Silesia ; the one in the duchy of Javer,
and the other in the duchy of Schweidnitz.
The last is remarkable for a battle gained
there by the king of Prussia, over the Aus-
trians, in 1745.
Friding, town of Suabia, on the Danube,
30 miles NE of Constance. Lon. 9 31 E,
lat. 48 UN.
Fridland, town of Polish Prussia, on the
Pregel river, 40 miles SE from Konings-
berg. Here on June 14th, 1807, Napoleon
defeated the allied army of Russians and
Prussians, which led to the treaty of Til-
sit.
Fridland, town of Bohemia, on the con-
fines of Silesia, 55 miles E of Dresden.
Lon. 15 15 E. lat. 52 4 N.
Fridlingen, town of Suabia, tliree miles E
of the Rhine, and four N of Basle. Lon. 7
:i6 R. lat, 47 40 N.
Friendly Islands, group of islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, so named by captain
Cook, in 1773, on account of tlie friendship
that appeared to, subsist among the inha-
bitants, and their courteous beliaviour to
siraiigcTS ; a character reversed by subse-
quent ;ind more accurate observatio;). The
gener;<l appearance of the -e islands convey
an idea of the most exuberant fertility ;
the surface, at a distance, seems entirely
clothed witli trees of various sizes, some
of which are very large, particularly the
tall coco^-palm, and a species of fig with
narrow pointed leaves. On closer exami-
nation, they are almost wholly laid out in
plantations, in which are some of the rich-
est productions of nature ; such as bread
fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, yams,
sugar-canes, and a fruit like a nectarine.
Friendship, township of T/mcoln county,
Maine, on* the E side of Muscongus bay,
30 miles E from Wiscasset. Population in
1820, 587.
Fnendihip, township of Allegany county.
New York, 15 miles SW from Angelica.
Population in 1820,652.
Friendship, post town, Anne-Arundel
ooimtv, Maryland.
■ U u
Friesach, town of Germany, in the arch-
bishopric of Saltzburg, with a strong cas-
tle, on a mountain. It is 56 miles SE of
Saltzburg. Lon. 14 12 E. lat. 47 12 N.
Friesengen, town of Germany, capital of
a bishopric of the same name, in the circle
of Bavaria. It surrendered to the French,
September 3, 1796 It is seated on a
mountain, near the Iser, 20 miles N by E
of Munich. Lon 11 50 E. lat. 48 26 N.
Friesland, one of the United Provinces,
bounded on the N by the German Ocean,
on the W by the Zuider-Zee, on the S by
the same and Overyssel, which, also, with
Groningen, bounds it on the E. Lewarden
is the capital.
Friesland, East, province of Germany, in
the circle of Westphalia, lying near the
German Ocean. It is bounded on the S by
the bishopric of Munster, on the E by the
county of Oldenburg, on the W by the
province of Groningen, and on the N by
the sea, being about 50 mdes in length,
and 30 in breadth. The principal towns
are Norden, Leer, Essens, Whitmunde,
and Aurick. Embden was an imperial
city, and the principal place, in the coun-
try ; but now belongs also to the king of
Prussia, who bought it of the Dutch.
Friesland, West, another name fi'r that
part of Holland, called North Holland*
The states of Holland hence take the
title of the states of Holland and West
Friesland.
Frimvalt, town of Germany in the mar-
gr-ivate of Brandenburg, seated on the
Oder, 30 miles NE of Berlin. Lon. 14 10
E. lat. 52 50 N..
Frio, Cape, promontory of Brasil, in the
province of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 41 31 W*
lat. 22 54 S.
Frischah, bay of the Baltic Sea, at the
mouth of the Vistula.
Fritidar, town of Germany, in the land-
gravate of Hesse-Cassel, 20 miles SW of
Cassel.
FriuU, province of Italy, bounded on the
N by Garinthia, on the S by the gulf of
Venice, on the E by Carniola and the gidf
of Triesto, and on the W by the Trcvisano
and Beilunese. It is fertile in wine and
fruits, and subject partly to the Venetians,
and partly to Austria, Udina is the capi-
tal.
Frobisher's Straitn, little N of Cap? Fare-
well, and West Greenland, discovered by
Sir Murlin Frobisher. Lon. 42 0 W. lat.
63 0 N.
Frodingham,. town in the E riding of
Yorkshire, with a market on Tiiursday, 36
miles E of York, and 194 N of London.
Lon. 0 12 W. lit. 53 56 N.
Frodsham. town in Cheshire, with a cas-
tle at the W end, and a market on Wed-
nesday. It is seated near the Mersey,
by Frodsham Hills, 'the highest; in the
F R U
F U N
county, 11 miles NE of Chester, and 182
NNW of London. Lcn. 2 48 W. lat. 53 21
N.
Fro£''s Point, or JPro^'s JVeck, West
Chester county. New York, on Ltrng
Island Sound, n'ne miles NE from Harlem
Heiglits.
Frame, or Froom, river in Dorsetshire,
which comes from the SW pan of the
county of Dorchester, and proceeding to
Wareham empties itseU ino the bay that
forms the harbour of Poole.
Frame, river in Snmersetsliire, which
flows by he town of Frome, and unites
with the A^on :it Bristol.
Frome, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Wednesday. Their diief majiu-
facture is second cloths. It is seated on
the Frome, 12 miles S of Bath, and 104 W
by S of London. Lon. 2 16 VV. lat. 51 10
N.
Fronsac, town of France in the depart-
ment of Gironeie and la'e province of Gui-
enne, seate^! on the Dordngne, 22 miles
NE of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 16 W. lat. 45 4
N.
Fronteira, town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
19 miles NE of Estremos.
Fronteru, San Jzum de la, town of the
United Provinc- s of Buenos Ayres, about
100 miles N bv B fmm Mendoza. Lon.
W C 8 24 E, lilt. 31 17 S.
Frontigniac, town of France, in the de-
partment of Herault and late province of
Langue.'.oc, remarkuble for its excellent
muscadine wine';. It is S( ated on Lake
Maguleone, 14 miles SW ol Montpellier.
Lon. 3 48 E. lat. 43 46 N.
Frontenac County, Upper Canada, bound-
ed on the E by the county ot Leeds; on
the S by lake Ontario; on the W by he
township of Ernest, running N 24 degiees
W, uniii it intersects the Ottawa or Grand
River ; and thence ascending ti.at ri^*er
until it meets the north-westernmost
boundary of the comity of Leeds.
Front'tfucic, fort St-e Kingston.
Front Jioyul, ])Ost town in Frederick
county, Virginia, on the E side of She^.an-
doah river, nt ar the Blue ridge, 20 miles
S from Winchester.
Frexvard, Cnpe, the extreme southern
prolons-cation of the American continent, in
the straits of Magellan. Lon. W C 6 E.
lat. 54 03 S.
Fr&?/en, island in the North Sea, about
35 miles in circumference, and situated
near the coast of Norway. Lon. 9 0 E.
lat. 63 46 N.
Frozen, or .Arctic Ocean. ' This is a ge-
neral and very indefinite term for the seas
lying N from Europe, Asia, North Ameri-
ca and around the North Pole.
Fitdisto-wn, post towii of Columbia coun-
ty, Pennsjlvania, 15 miles N from Dan-
ville.
Frutingen, beautiful town of Swissei •
land, situated in ihe canton of Bern, 31
miles SE of Friburg.
Fryberg, post town of Oxford county,
Maiie, and the ser.t of a .\c-demy ; lymg
on the N branch ofSaco river, 58 miles N
W fPonland. P pulation in 1820, 1057.
Frying pan Shoals, ofl' Cape Fear river,
North Curi'lina.
Fuca, St. Juan de, straits of the United
States, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean,
between ihe Wakash or Qi.adra and Van-
couvers Island and the contine.nt. Its en-
trance from the ocean is between Cape
Flattery ai;d the island of Quadra. Lon.
W C 48 W. hi. 48 30 N.
Fuego,ox\& of the Cape de Verd Islands,
in the Atlantir Ocean. It is 300 miles W
of Cape de Verd. Lon. 24 30 W. lat. 14
54 N.
Fuen-hou-fou, extensive and populous
city of China, in the province of Peiche-
11, celebrated for the beauty of its streets
and triumphal arches.
Fuen-tcheou-fou, commercial city of
China, in the province of Chang sii. It
is seated on the river Fuen-ho, 250 miles
§VV from Peking.
Fuente- Duegna, town of Spain, in
New Castile ; seated on the Tajo, 35
miles SE of Madrid. Lon. 3 0 W, lat.
40 14 N.
Fuers, ancient town of France, in the
department of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Forez, seated on the Loire, 23
miles SW of Lyons.
Fuessen, town of Suabia, belonging to
the bishop of Augsburg, with an ancient
castle. It is seated on the Lech, 50 miles
S t»y E of Augsburg. Lon 11 15 E, lat.
47 40 N.
Fuidentall, town of Silesia, in the duchy
of Trnppaw, seated near the Mohra, 16
miles W bv S of I'roppaw.
Fula, or' T/mle. one of the Shetland
Islands, VV of Mainland, thought by
snme to be the Ultimata Thule of the
ancients.
Fulde, town of Germany, in the circle
of the Upper Rhine, with a celebrated
abbey, whose abbot is primate of the ab-
bies of the empire, and sovereign of a
small territory between Hesse, Francc-
nia, and Thuringia. It is seated on the
Fulde, 55 miles S of Cassel. Lon. 9 43
E, lat. 50 40 N.
Fidhain, village in Middlesex, four miles
W by S of London.
Funchal, capital of Madeira; situate
round a bay, on the gentle ascent of the
first hills, in form of an amphitheatre. Lon.
17 6 W, lat. 32 38 N.
Funen, island oF Denmark, 340 miles in
circumference ; separated from Jutland by
a strait called the Little Belt, and from
G A I
G A I.'
viualand by the Great Belt. It is remarka-
bly fertile in pasture and grain, and exports
to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and peas.
Odensee is ttie capital.
Fumes, town of the Netherlands, 12 miles
E from Dunkirk. Lon 2 45 E, lat. 51 4 N.
Furruckabail, district of Hiiidoostan
Proper, contiguous to the VV bank of the
Ganges, and surrounded by the dominions
of Oude. I' is little more than 30 miles in
extent, ajid belongs to a chief of the Patan
Rohilla tribe. Its capital is of the same
name. I,on. 79 30 W, lat. 27 28 N".
Furstenbiirg, principality of Suabia ;
bounded b\ the duchy of VVirtenmburg, the
county of Hohenburg, by the Brisgaw, the
Black F irest, and the lake and bishopric
of Constance. In this state the river Dan-
ube takes its rise. It is subdivided be-
tween Baden, Wirtemberg and Hohenzol-
lern, Sigmaringen.
Fursteiiburg, village of the principality of
Furstenburg, 14 miles NNW from Schaf-
hausen.
Furstenfsld, town of Lower Stiria, with
a castle, on the river Ausnilz, 50 miles S
of Vienna. Lon. 16 5 E, Ut. 47 23 N.
Furstenivald, town of Germany, in the
middle marche of Brandenburg, seated on
the Spree, 20 miles W of Francfort on the
Oder. It was taken by the Swedes in 16ol
J.on, USE, lat. 52 23 N.
FuUypour Sicri, considerable -town of
Hiiidoostaa Proper, in the province of
Agra, seated under a range of hills, the
southern boundary of an immense plain, in
which for the greatest part, not a shrub is
to be seen, and the soil is light. It is 42
miles W of Agra. Lon. 77 45 E, lat. 27
0 N.
Fyal, one of the Azores, or V^estern
Islands. The most coii;>ider„I:ii'- :.dce is
called Villa de Horta. Lon. i^ 36 '.V, lat.
38 32 N".
Fyers, river of Inverness-shire, in Scot-
land, which descending' from the S, flows
toward Loch Ness.
Fytie, J^och, inlet of the Atlantic In Ar-
gyieshire, near 40 miles in length, noted
as the resort of the herring shoals, and nu-
merous fishing vessels. It receives and
returns a tide on each side of the isle of
Arran, which is directly opposite its en-
trance.
Fyzabad, large city of Hindoostan Proper,
in the territory of Oude, of which it was
once the capital. It is seated on the Go-
gra, a large river frum Th bet, and is 80
miles E of Lucknow, and 500 NW of Cal-
cutta, Lon. 82 30 E, lat. 29 34 N.
G
Gabaret, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gers and late province of Gascony,
seated on the Gelise, 20 miles W of Con-
dom. Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 44 59 N.
Gabel, town of Bohemia, 45 miles N of
Prague.
Gabian, villageof France, in the depart-
ment of Herault and late province of Lan-
guedoc, famous for its mineral waters.
Gabin, town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Rav;(, 50 miles NVV of Warsaw. Lon.
19 45 E, lat: 52 26 N.
Gaieta, ancient town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, with a fort, a citadel, a harbour,
and a bishop's see. It was taken by the
Austrians in 1707, and by the Spaniards in
1734. It is seated at the foot of a moun-
tain, near the sea, 30 miles NW of Capua.
Lon. 13 47 E, lat 41 30 N.
Gaillac, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Tarn, lately in the province of
Languedoc, remarkable for its wines It
is seated on the Tarn, 10 miles SW of
Alby. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 43 54 N.
GaiUon,Xtown [of France, an the depart-
ment of Eure and late province of Nor-
m-ndy, remarkable for its archiepiscopal
palace, which lately belonged to the arch-
bishop of Rouen. Ills 5 miles from An-
dely, and 22 from Rouen.
Gaines, post town, Boone county, Ken-
tucky.
Gainsborough, town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Tuesday, seated near the river
Trent, over which is a handsome stone
bridge. It is 17 mdes NW of Lincoln, and
151 N by W of London. Lon. 0 36 W,
lat. 53 28 N.
Gninsborough, township of Lincoln coun-
ty, Uf>per Canada.
Gainsborougfi, post village, Frederick
count}', Virginia.
Gairloch, large bay of Scotland, on t!ie
VV CO ist of Ross-shire. In this bay, which
gives name to a tract of land ;ie:ir it, the
fishing of cod, and otlier white fish is very
considerable.
Gaisee, village of Swisserland in Rhode
exterior, which is the protestant division
of the county of Appenzel. It is much re-
sorted to on account of its goat's whey,
which is brought from a neighbouring
mountain.
Galacz, town of Bulgaria ; seated near
the Danube, between the mouths of the
Pruth and Seret.
Galashiels, village in Selkirkshire, seated
on the Gala, near its confluence vv.th the
Twe. d. It is 25 miles S by E of Edin-
buigh.
Galaso, river of Naples, in Otranto, which
539
It a L
li A L
rises in the opening near Oria, and talis
into the gulf of Taranto.
Galata, village near Constantinople, or
rath r a suburb of that city, on the Euro-
pe'.n side of ihe Bosphcmis opposite the
Seraglio, on the NK side of tiie rrier har-
bor. It is inhabited by Christians of all
sorts, us well as Jews, who exorcise tlicr
religion publicly ; and here wine is sold in
ta<erns, which is not allowed in the city
itself.
Galicia, country in the SW part of Po-
land, which extends 320 miles ti'om E to
W, md 290 in breadth. It comprises Lit-
tle Poldud, I he greatest part of Red Russia,
and a slip of Podolia to the W of the river
Bog. Tliis territory was forcibly seized by
the Austrians in 1772 and 1795, and incor-
porated into the Austrian dominions, under
the appellation of the kingdom of Galicia
and Loiomeria. The mountainous parts
produce fine pasture ; the plains are most-
ly sandy, but abound in forests, and are
fertile in corn. The prin ipal articles of
traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ;
and these countries contain mines of cop-
per, lead, iron, an I salt, of which the latter
are tlie most valuable. This country is
divided into East Galicia and West Gali-
cia, of which the capitals are Lemburg and
Cracow.
Galicia, province of Spain ; bounded on
the N and W by the Atlantic, S by Portu-
gal, and E by Asturias and Leon The air
is temperate along the coast, but in '.th r
places cold and moist. It is thin of people.
The produce is wine, flax, and citrons.
Ilei e als > are copper, tin, and lead ; and
the foies^s yield wood for building ships.
Compostella is the cap tal.
Galicia, JVe^u See Guadalajara.
Galistio, town of Spain, in Estremadura,
10 miles NW of Placentia.
Galitsch, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Kostroma, on the S side of a lake
of its name, 56 miles ENE of Kostroma.
Lon. 22 54 E, lat. 57 56 N.
Gnlly St. nev/ canton of Switzerland,
bordering on the lake of Constance, be-
tween the cantons of Thurgad and Appen-
zel.
Gall, St. or St. Gallen, town of Switzer-
land, capita! of the canton of St. Gall. It
has a rich abbey, whose abbot formerly
posse sed the sovereignty of the town. It
is seated m a narrow valley, on two small
streams. 35 miles E of Zurich. Lon. 9 18
E, lat. 47 21 N.
Gallam, tov.'n of Negr iland, capital of a
kingdom of the same name, on the river
Senegal.
Gallapagos, group of islands in the Paci-
fic Ocean, lying under the equator. The
largest 65 miles long and 45 miles broad.
Lon. W C 12 W.
340
Gallatin, township of Columbia county,
New York. See Alteram.
Gallatin, post town and seat of justice.
Summer county, Tennessee, 27 miles NE
from Nashville.
Gallatin, county of Kentucky ; bounded
N by 01\io river; E by Giant , SE by Grant
and Owen, and SW by Hertty. Length
35 ; mean width 10 ; area 350 square miles.
Surface hilly, and soil where fit for tillage,
generally fertile. Chief town. Port Wil-
liam.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,393
do. do. females - - 1,214
All oiher persons except In-
dians not t;vxed ... 12
Slaves 688
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, pales
do do. females
Slaves, males - . *
do. females
Total population in 1820,
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agricuhure -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
3,307
3,023
2,799
5,817
10
6
601
• 641
7,075
10
1,873
162
S5
Population to the square mile, 20.
Gallatin, county of Illinois ; bounded by
Wabash river E and SE ; Pope S ; Frank-
lin W, and White N ; length -36 ; mean
width 33 ; area 880 square miles. Surface
waving, rather than hilly, and soil ppoduc-
tive. Chief town, Shav.anee town.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,609
do. do. females ... 1,254
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 .
3,155
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 19
Engaged in Agriculture - - 620
do. in Manufactures - 286
do. • in Commerce - . 29
Population to the square mile, 3^.
Gallatin s River, branch of Missouri, rises
in the Rocky Mountains, between Yellow
Stone river and Madison's river, and joins
GAL
GAM
the Missouri a few miles below the junc-
tion of Madison's and Jefferson's rivers.
Lat. 45 15 N.
Galle, or Point de Galle, seaport on the
S coast of Ceylon, in a rich aad beautiful
district, with a strong fort and a secure har-
bour.
Gallia, county of Ohio ; bounded by the
Ohio river E and SE ; Lawrence SW ;
.Tackson NW, and Meigs N; length 36;
width 24 ; area 500 square miles. Surface
generally hilly and broken ; though much
good bottom land spreads along the Ohio
river. Soil on the hills sterile. Chief
town, GalJipolis.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 2,175
do. do. females ... 1,991
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ..... 15
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810
4,181
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour,
do. do.
Slaves, males
do. females
males
females
3,603
3,354
6,957
85
56
0
0
Total population in 1820 -
7,098
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 116
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,439
do. in Manufactures - - 101
do. in Commerce - . 36
Population to the square mile, 14.
Gallipoli, strait between European and
Asiatic Turkey, the ancient Hellespont.
It forms the communication between the
Archipelago and the sea of Marmora, and
is detendf-d at the SW entrance by two
castles. It is here two miles over, and is
33 miles long. See Dardanelles.
GaUipoli, seaport of European Turkey,
in Romania, the residence of a pacha, and
the see of a Greek bishop. It contains
about 10,000 Turks, 3,500 Greeks, beside
a great number of Jews. It is an open
place, with no other defence than a sorry
square castle, and stands on the s'rait of
the same name, 100 miles SW of Constan-
tinople. Lon 26 59 E, lat 40 25 N.
Gallipoli, seaport of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, and a bishop's see. This place
is a great mart for olive oil, and has a manu-
ficture of muslins. It is seated on a r.cky
island, on the S shore of the bay of Torento,
and joined to tlie main land by a bridge,
protected by a fort, 23 miles W of Otranto.
Lon. 18 5 E. lat. 40 20 N.
Gallipolis, post town and seat of justice,
Gallia county, Ohio, on an elevated second
bottom of Ohio river. Lat. 38 50 N. It is
the seat of an Academy. Population of
the town and township in 1820, 830.
GalUvant's Ferry, post village, Kingston
district. South Carolina.
Gallop, or as they are commonly called
Galloo Islands ; a group of beautiful small
islands in the St. Lawrence, Upper Canada.
They are about 30 m number, with a very
rich soil, and appertain mostly to St. Law-
rence county. New York, and lie opposite
to Edwardsburgh in Grenville county. Up-
per Canada. They commence about five
miles below Ogdensbutgh, and extend
down the St. Lawrence 6 or 7 miles.
Gallo, cape of the Morea, the .^ncient
Acritas. Lon. 21 52, E, lat. 36 48 N.
Gallo, island of the Pacific Ocean, near
the coast of Peru ; the first place possessed
by the Spaniards, when they attempted the
coiquest of Peru. It is also the place
where the Buccaneers used to come for
wood and water, and to refit their vessels,
Lon. W C 2 W, lat. 2 30 N.
GalloTvay, JVeto, borough in Kircudbright-
shire ; situated on the river Ken, 14 miles
N of Kircudbright.
Galloivay, Upper, or TVest. See fVigton-
sJiive.
Galveston, small post village of Louisiana,
on the right bank of Amite river, at the
pouth of Ibberville, 20 miles NNE from
Donaldsonville, and 25 SE from Baton
Rouge.
Galveston Bay, bay of Texas in the gulf
of Mexico, at the mouth of Trinity river.
Lon. W C 18 W, lat. 29 N.
Gahvay, county of Ireland, in the pi'o-
vince of Connaught, 82 miles in length,
and 42 in breadth ; bounded on the N by
the Atlantic, and the counties of Mayo and
Roscommon ; on the E by Roscommon,
West Meath, and King's county ; on the
SW by Tipperary ; on the S by Gal way
Hay and Clare ; and on the W by the At-
lantic. The river Shannon washes the
frontiers of the E and SE, and forms a lake
several miles in length. It contains 136
parisi)es, and formerly sent eight members
to the Irish parliament.
Galivay, seaport of Ireland, capital of
Galway county, on a bay of the same name,
on the Atlantic Ocean, 40 miles WSW of
Athlone, and 100 W of Dublin. Lon. 9 0
W, lat. 53 18 N.
Gahvay, post town- and township of Sara-
toga county. New York; 12 miles NW from
Ballstown, and 33 from Albany. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2579.
Gal-way Bay, large bay of Ireland, en-
circled on the N and E by Galway county,
,ind S by county Clare ; to the W it is
open to the Atlantic Ocean.
Gambia, creat river of Africa, which
.341
G A K
G A U
cunning from E to W, falls into the Atlantic
Ocean, between Cape Vi rd on the N, and
Cape St. Mary on ihe S, It (.verdows the
country a.inually, like tne Nile. Tlie
Ganrjbia was io. g supp 'sed to be a branch
of tiie Niger; btii iis source was determin-
ed by Mr Park to be 130 geojfraphical
miles \V ot Uiat TiVer.
"dananuqui, river of Upper Canada, falls
into the St. LawTt-ncc, 18 miles be.ow
Kings' nn. Tliere is an exc llent harbour,
witli from 12 v 15 feet water at its mouth.
GaJiamha, smaii river of Ufper Canada,
fails uu > lake On arjo nearly opp.js u o
Geucsec cciiii y u\ N^w'Y^rk. Lon. VV
C 1 15 W. . From its mouth ther- is a
car'-) ng p'ace of about 15 miles 'o liice
lake •wtiie lixer Ir^n.
Ganderslieim, lown of Lower Saxony, in
the iluchy of Brunswick WolfenbuUle,
with a celebrated nunn ry, 17 miles SW of
Goslar. Lon 18 20 E i^t 51 54 N.
Gandin, seaport ot Sp.ii i, m Valencia,
With a smad i;niversit\, 55 miles N ot Ali-
cant. Lu 0 2oE lat. 39 6 N.
Gandicotta, town of the peninsula of
Hihdoosian, rtm rkable for a strong for-
tress, .tnd a d ^moiid mine near it. Ii is
seatrd near ihe river Pelaiar, between
Gooty and Cuudapa.
Ganges, or Ganja, town ■ /f Persia, in the
proviiict; of P>iva.., 105 miles S by E of
Tefflis. Lon. 45 50 E lat 41 ION.
Ganges, large and celebrated river of
Asi , wnicii has its source in two springs
on the; W side of Mount Kemaifi'e, in Thi-
bet. The-.e two stieams take their c urse
westward, inclm.ng c )nsidei-ably to the N,
for a course ot about 300 mdes, when
meetmg the i;reat ridge of Mount Himma-
leh, they turn to the S, in which course
they unite tlieir waters, and form what is
properly called the Ganges. This great
body ot water now f Tces a passage through
the ridge oi ILmmaleh, at the distance of
100 miles below the place of its first ap-
proach, and, sapping its very foundation,
rushes through a cavern, and precipitates
itself into a vast basin which it has worn
in the rock, at the higher f >ot of the
mouritains. The G..nges thus appears, to
incurious spectators, to derive its original
from this chain ot mountains. The mind
of superstition has given to the mouth of
the cavern, the form of the head of a cow ;
an animal held by the Hindoos in a degree
of veneration, almost equal to that in which
the Egyptians held their god Apis. From
this second source (as it may be termed)
of the Ganges, its course becomes easterly,
through the rugged country of Sirinagur,
until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes from
this mountainous tract in which it has
vandered 800 miles. From Hurdwar
where it gushes through an opening in the
oiountains, and enters Hindooslan, it flows
342
with a smooth navigable stream through
delightful plains, during the remainder of
its course to tiie bay of Bengal, which is
about 1350 miles In the animal inunda-
tion of this immense river, the country is
overfl )wed to the e.vtent of more th^n 100
miles in wid h ; nothing appearing but vil-
lages and trees, excepting very rarely, the
top of an elevated spot, the artificial mound
of some deserted village, appearing hke an
island. The rise of the wa.er, is, on an
average, 31 feet. ' In a woftl, it is, in every
rfsp ct, one of the most b, neficial rivers
in Llie -.vorKl, diffusing plenty immediately
by means of its living productions, and se-
condarily by enrichiiit; the lands, affording
uneasy Cjnve\ance for the productions of
its borders, :md giving employment to
many thousand boatmen.
Gangotri, town of Thibet, situated on
the Ganges, 138 mile • N of Delhi. Lon.
76 o5 E. lat. 33 8 N.
Gangpour, town f>f the peninsula of Hin-
doo tan, 225 miles S of Patna. It is in the
countrv o*. Orissa. Lon. 83 57 E. lat. 21
25 N.'
Ganjam, town of the peninsula of Hin-
doo^tan in one of the Northern Circars,
subject to the English. It lies on the bay
ot Bengal, between a river and the SW
end of Chilka Lake. Lon. 85 20 E. lat.
19 22 N.
Gannat, town of France, in the depart-
ment of AUicr, and l.te provinc.; of Bour-
bunnois, 30 miles S of Moulins.
Gap, incieiit town of France, in the de-
partment of the Upper Alps, and late pro-
vince of Diuphiny, and lately a bishop's
see. Gap is seated on the smad river
Bene, at the foot or a mountain, in which
some mineral waters are found that are
dee.iied febrifuge. It is 27 miles N of Sis-
tron. Lon. 6 10 E. lat. 44 33 N.
Garack, island of Asia, in the gulf of
Persia, remarkable for the fine pearls fish-
ed up on its coasts. Lon. 48 0 E. lat. 28
15 N.
Gard, department of France, which com-
prehends part ot the late pruvince of Lan-
guedoc. Nismes is the episcopal town.
Garda, town of Italy, in the Veronescj
seated at the end of a lake of its own
name, 17 miles NW of Verona. Lon. 11
4 E. lat. 45 36 N.
Gardeleben, town of Germany, In the old
Marche of Brandenburg. It has a trade in
hops and excellent beer, and is seated on
the river Beise, 32 miles N by VV of Mag-
deburg. Lon. 11 35 E. lat, 52 41 N.
Garden, bay on the NE side of New-
foundland. Lon. W C 54 30 E, lat, 49 42
N.
Gardiner, post town and township, Ken-
nebec county, Maine, between Cobbese
conte, and Kennebec river, opposite PittS'
G A K
GAT
town, and six miles below Augusta. Popu-
latinn in 1820, 2053.
Gardiner's Bay, or rather small gulf of
Long I-land,. enclosed between Rocky
Point, Plum Island, Gardiners Island,
East H mpton, and Sheller Island.
Gardner'' s Island, at the E end of Long
Island, f;)rm ng part of the township of
East Hampton, Suffolk county, New York.
It lies nearly in a N and S direction about
four milea. long exclusive of a long sandy
beach.
Gardner's Inlet, New Hanover, Pacific
coast of North America. Lon. W C 51 43
AV. lat. 5o 35 N.
Gardner, township of Worcester county,
Massachuseits, on the highland between
the sources of the W branch of Nashua
river, and those of Millers river, 60 miles
NW from Boston. Population in 1820,
911
Garland, post town and township, Pe-
nobscot county, Maine, 28 miles NW from
Bangor. Population m 1820, 275.
Garonne, river of France, which has its
source in the Pyrenean mountains, and ta-
king a NW direction, waters Toulouse and
Bourdeaux, below w'hich it is joined by the
Dordogne, and thence to its entrance into
the bay of Biscay, assumes the name wi»h
Gironde. It commuiiica*es with the Me-
diterranean, by its junction with the Royal
Can^l.
Garonne, ?7/)/)er, department of France,
which comprehends part of Languedoc.
Toulouse is the capitnl.
Games, township in the southern part of
Genesee countv. New York. Population
in 1820. 1134. '
Gainesville, township of Genesee county,
New York. Population in 1820, 1088.
Garrards, county of Kentucky, bounded
by Rockcastle SE ; Lincoln SW ; Mercer
NW ; Kentucky river, or Jessamine N ;
and Madison NE ; length 28 ? mean width
8 ; area 220 square miles. Chief town,
, Lancaster.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,592
do. do. females - - - 3,496
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 15
Slaves ----- 2,083
Slaves females
Total population in 1820
1,488
10,851
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
9,186
3,953
3,948
Total whites . - - - 7,901
Free persons of colour, males - 18
do. do. females, 14
Slaves, males .... 1,430
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 11
Engaged in Agriculture - . - 2,085
do. in Manufactu;"es - 73
do. in Commerce - - 16
Population to the square mile, 50 nearly.
Garretsville, post office, Otsego county.
New York, on Butternut creek, 75 miles
W from Albany.
Garrison, town of Ireland, in the county
of Fermanaugh, 10 milts SE of Ballyshan-
non. Lon, 17 43 W. lat. 54 25 N.
Garstzang, town in Lancashire, with a
market on Thursday, seated on the river
Wyre, 10 miles S of Lancaster, and 225
NNW of London. Lon. 2 5Z VV. lat. 53
56 N.
Gartz, town of Prussian Pomerania,
seated on the Oder, 13 miles S of Stetin.
Lon. 14 45 E. lat. 53 23 N.
Gasconade, river of Missouri, rises in
Wayne county, interlocking sources with
those of White, St. Francis, and Merrimac,
and flowing N enters Missouri about 100
miles above St. Louis.
Gasco7Vj, late province of France, bound-
ed on the W by the bay of Biscay, on the
N by Guienne, on the E by Languedoc,
and on the S by the Pyrenees. This pro-
vince, with Armagnac, is now included in
the department of (iers.
Gaspe, bay of Lower Canada, SW from
Cape Gaspe, the shores are high and
rocky. •
Gaspe, cape of Lower Canada in the gulf
of St. Lawrence, between Cape Rosier,
and Gaspe bay. Lon. W C 12 30 E. lat.
48 50 N.
Gaspe, district of Lower Canada, on the
right side of St. Lawrence bay, bounded
N by St. Lawrence ; E by the gulf of St.
Lawrence, and S by Chaleur bay and the
province of New Brunswick. New Car-
lisle, principal town. •
Gaspe, seigniory, Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, 15 miles SW from Quebec,
on tlie left side of Beaur^vage river.
Gatehouse, considerable' village in Kir-
cudbrightshire, at the mouth of the river
Fleet, with a cotton mill. The river is na-
vigable for sloops, witkin a short distance
of the town. It is nine miles NW of Kir-
cudbright.
Gates, township of Monroe county. New
York, N from the mouth of Genesee river.
Population in 1820, 2643.
Gates, county of North Carolina, bound-
ed N by Virginia ; W by Chowan river ;
S by Chowan county ; SE by Perquim.(ns ;
and E by Pasquotank ; length 23 ; mean
width 12 ; area 276 square miles. Surface
343
G A U
(i E S
Jevel, and soil part sandy or swampy.
Chief town, Hertford.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed -
Slaves - - " -
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females .
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of ihese ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
1,568
1,494
113
2,790
5,965
1,998
1,991
3,989
47
116
1,742
943
6,837
11
2,636
853
80
Population to the square mile, 24.
GatioTh borough in Surry, which sends
two members to parliament, but now has
neither market nor fair. It is l9 miles S
by W of London. Lon 0 10 W. lat. 51 18
N.
Gavardo, town of Italy, in the Bi'esciano,
seated on the Weise, seven miles W of
Lake Garda. Lon. 10 9 E. lat. 44 40 N.
Gaiidens, St. town of France m the de.
partment of Upper Garonne, and late pro-
vince of Languedoc, seated on the Garonne
eight mi^'s NE of St. Bertrand. Lon. 0
56 E. lat. 43 1 N.
Gaxieren, or Waveren, town "of Austrian
Flanders, seated on the Sche.l:it, eight miks
S of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 50 46 N.
Gavi, town of Italy in the territory of
Genoa, seat.d on the-Lemo, 19 miles NW
of Genoa. Lon. 8 57 F,, lat. 45 40 N.
Gau'etft river of Virginia, rises in Ran-
dolph, and flowing nearlj W, separates
Greenbriar froi.n Kenbawa* counties, enters
the right side oK Kenhawa, at tiie great
ails.
GcMte or Indian t^ppe?inines, stupendous
wall of mountamsi, which extend 13 de-
grees f f laM'.nde from Cape Cosnorm, the
S extre.nity of H!-idoost.Tin, to 'he Tapfy,
or Surat river, at unequd disti!nrp> from
the coast ; seldom more than 70 miles,
and commonly abosn 40; and within one
short space only, it approaches within six
miles. They rise abr:iptly from the I'nv
country, called the Conran, supporting,
in the nature of a terrace, a vast extent of
fertile and populous plains, which are so
344
elevated, as to render the air cool and
pleasant. This celebrated ridge does not
terminate in a promontory, when it ap-
proaches the Tapty ; but departing from
its meridional course, it bends eastward,
in a wavy line, parallel with the river ; and
is afterwards lost among the hills, in the
neighbourhood of Burhampour. In its
course along the Tapty, it forms several
passes or descents toward that river.
Gai/head, W point of Martlva's Vine-
yard.
Gaza, ancient and celebrated town of
Palestine, three miles from the Mediter-
ranean, with a harbour called New Gaza.
It is now very small ; but, from appear-
ance of the ruins, it was formerly, a consi-
derable place.- There is a cas-.le near it,
where a bashaw resides. It is 50 miles
SW of Jerusalem. Lon. 34 45 E, lat. 31
28 N.
Gearon, or Jaron, town of Persia, in Far-
sistan, in whose territory the best dates of
Persia are produced. Lon. 51 17 E. lat.
28 15N.
Geauga, county of Ohio ; bounded NW
by Lake Erie ; e' by Ashtabula and Trum-
bull ; by Geauga ; and W by Cuyahoga ;
length 28 , width 21 ; area 600 square
miles; soil tolerably fertile; chief town
Chardon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ _
Slaves - - . . .
2,175
1,991
15
0
4,181
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,244
do. do. females 3,541
Total whites .... 7,785^
Free persons of colour, males - 6
do. do. females - - - 0'
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females . - . 0
Total population in 1820 - - 7,791
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,855
do. in Ma nufac lures - 272
do. in Com erce - - 27
Population to the square mile, 13.
Gebharts, po.st office, Somerset county,
Pennsylvania.
Geste, the capital of the . province of
Gestrike, in Sweden, seated on three .
branches of a river of the same name,
which begins to be navigable here, and
G E N
G E N
falls, in a sliovL distance, into a bay of the
Baltic. It is the most commercial town in
H;is northern part of Sweden ; and its ex-
ports are principally iron, pitc';, tar, and
planks. It is 65 miles N by V/ of Stock-
holm. Lon. 17 0 E, lat. 63 0 X.
Gegenhach, free imperial c.ty of Suabia,
under- the protection of the house of Aus-
tria. It is seated on the Kinzii, 12 miles
SE of Strasburg. Lon. S 2 E, lat. 48 24 N".
GeUliure, town of Suabia, near the river
Kocher, with a castle, belonging to the
lords of Li m burg.
Geiden^en, an imperial town of Suabia,
\7 miles NVV of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 E, lat.
48 36 N,
Geismar, town of Germaiiy, in tlie princi-
pality of Hesse. Lon. 8 57 E, lat. 51 19 N'.
Gelhausen, small imperial lo'vn of We-
leravia, under the pr )tection of th-- elec-
tor palatine, with a castle, sealed on the
Kintzig, 25 rftiles E of Hanau. Lon. 9 15
E, lat' 50 7 N.
Gemaf'ipc, village of Austria Ilainanlt,
three miles W by S of Mons. It is re-
markable for a bloody battle between the
Austrians and the French, Xov. 5 1792,
in which the Austrians were defeated with
great loss.
Gembtonrs, town of Austrian Brabant,
with an ancient abbey, Don John of Aus-
tria gained a battle here over the Diitch
in 1578 ; and it was twice burnt dawn, in
1628 ajid 1712. It is seated on the Or-
neau, 22 miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 51
E, lat. 50 .37 N.
Geminiani, St., town of Tuscany, in the
Florenlino, seated on a mountain, in which
is a mine of Vitriol, 25 miles SSVV of Flo-
rence.
Gemmi»g-eii. towr\ of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Khine, 30 miies E of Phi-
lipsburgh. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 49 6 N.
Gemnnd, imperial town of Suabia, v.-ith
a manufacture of chaplcts or beads, which
are sent to distant countries It was taken
by the French in August 1796 ; and is
seated on the Reims, 30 miles N by W of
Ulm. Lon. 9 48 E, lat. 48 48 N.
Vemimd, town "f Westphalia, in the
aacby of Juliers, seated on the Roer, 24
miles SW of Cologne. Lon. 6 48 E, lat.
.50 38 X.
Giimund, town of Upper Austria, re-
markable for its salt works ; seated to the
N of a lake of the same name, on the river
Draun, 20 miles SSW of Llntz.
Genap, town of Austrian Brabant, with
an ancient castle, seated on the Dyle, 15
miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 40 E, lat.
50 40 N.
Genep, or Gennep town of Westphalia,
subject to the king of Prussia, and seated
on the Nears, five miles SW of Cleves.
Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 51 42 N.
Genessee, river, rises in Potter county
""nnsylvania, and flowing NNW enters
X K
Allegany county New York, and continu-
ing that direction 30 miles, turns t > NN'E
65 miles through Allegany, Livingston and
Monroe counties, falls into lake Oi'tario
30 miles NW from Canaiidaigiia. This
stream is navigable for large boats 5 miles
to i?s fails at Rochester Above the fdls
it is again navigable at h gii water to near
Angelica, in All gany coumy. The Grand
Western Canal closes the Genessee at Ro-
chester.
Genessee, county of New York ; bounded
S by Allegany and Cataraugus; W by
Erie and Niagara ; N by lake Ontario ; and
E by Monroe j<nd Livingston cou. ties.
Length 52; width 26 ; area 1356 sq lare
miles. 'I'he surface of tiiis country with
ver\' partial exccp ions is hilly. The soil
is very varied in quality ; but may in ge-
neral be consiJcrad as productive in grain,
fruits, and m.ea low grasses Tiie central
parts is a kind of able land, from which
flow ihe sources of BufFdoe and To ne-
wanto cret-ks to the west ; and Biack, and
Allen creek branches-of Genessee nver to
the NE. The Grand Canal traverses the
northern part of this county along the
Ontario hi'ls. Chief town Baiavja.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 6,823
do. do. females - - 5,740
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed - - . - 4
Slaves ----- 11
Total population in 1810
12,588
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 30,267
do. do. females 27,681
All other persons except Indi..ns
not taxed - - . . 28
Total whites - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do females
57,976
42
40
20
15
58,093
Total population in 1320 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 147
Engyged in Agricdtuie - - 15,894
do. in Manufactures - - 1,655
do. in Comm rce - - 57
Population to the square mile 43.
The foregoing tabi ■ includes the town-
ship of Mount Morris E, and all the o'her
townships of Liv ngston and Monroe coun-
ties west from Genessee river. The two
latter counties were formed subsequent to
the census of 1820
Genessee, post town, and township, Li-
vingston county New York, on Genessee
river, 30 miles SW by W from Canandat-
eua. Population 1820, 1598.
345
fj E iS
«T i: o
Geneva, ancient, large, and populous
town, capital of a republic of the same
name, and a member of the Swiss confe-
deracy, near the confines of France and
Svvisserland. It is seated on the most nar-
row part of the lake of the same name,
where the Rhone issues in two large nar-
row channels, whicli soon after unite.
This river divides the city into two une-
qual parts. Geneva, which lies partly in
tlie plain on the bordei-s of the lake, and
partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly
built. It is the most populous town of
Swisserland, containing 24,000 souls. The
treaty of alliance which Geneva contracted
with Bern and Friburgh, in 1526, may be
considered as the xra of its liberty and in-
dependence ; not long after, the dukes
of Savoy were deprived of the authority
which they possessed over this city ; the
bishop was expelled ; a republican form of
government was established, and the re-
formation introduced. In 1584, Geneva
concluded a treaty of perpetual alliance
with Zurich and Bern, by which it is allied
with the Swiss cantons. Geneva is 40
miles NE of Chimberrv, and 136 NW of
Turin. Lon. 6 5 E, lat.'46 12 NT.
Geneva, Lake of ancient Leman, a mag-
nificent expanse of water, in Svvisserland,
which, from the city of Geneva to Vil-
leneuve, extends 54 miles in length : and
its bre:ulth in the widest part, is 12. It is
in the shape of a crescent, of which Swis-
serland forms the concave, and Savoy the
convex part
Genei'u, po^t town, in Seneca township,
Ontario county New York, on the NW
margin of Seneca lake. In this village is
a bnk, an academy, and several manufac-
tures ; two printing offices, and several
planes of public woi-ship. The site is un-
commonly fine, rising by gentle P-cclivity
from the lake, and afl^ording an elegant
prospect of the lake and adjacent country.
It is 16 miles E from Canandaigua, and 22
W from Auburn. The population about
2,000.
Geneva, township of Ashtabala county
Ohio, on lake Erie. Population, 1820, 315.
Geneva. See J\''eiv Geneva.
Genevieve. S;e St. Genevieve.
Genito, bridge post office, Powhatan coun-
ty Virginia.
Genevois, duchy of Savoy, of which Ge-
neva and its territory were formerly a part.
Annecy is the capital.
Gengenback, town of Suabia, 10 miles SE
of Strasburgh. Lon 7 53 E, lat. 48 28 N.
Gengoiix de Royal, St town of France,
in the department of Saone and Loire and
late province of Burgundy, remarkable for
its excellent wines. It is seated at the foot
of a mountain, 17 miles SW of Chalons.
Lon. 4 43 E, lat 46 37 N.
Geniz. St. town of France, in tire depart*
346
ment of Aveiron, 24 miles NE of Rhodesfr
Lon. 3 0 E, lat. 44 35 N.
Gent's, town of Savoy, seated on the
Guier, 12 miles W of Chamberry. Lon. 5
30 E, lat. 45 40 N.
Genoa, formerly a republic of Italy, now
a province of Sardinia; extending along
that part of the Mediterranean called the
gulf of Genoa, 152 miles ; but its breadth
is very unequal, being from eight to 12
miles. Where it is not bounded by the
sea, it is bordered from W to E by Pied-
mont, Montserrat, Milan, Placentia, Parma,
Tuscany, and Lucca. It is populous, well
cultivated, and fertile near the sea; but the
inner parts are mountainous, and barren in
several places, having neither trees nor
grass upon them.
Genoa, ancient city of Italy, capital of the
province of the same name. It is situated
at the bottom of a little gulf, partly on the
declivity of a pleasant hill ; in consequence
of which it appears to great advantage from
the sea. It is defended on the land-side,
by a double wall, which in circumference
is about six miles. Genoa is 62 miles SE
of Turin, and 225 NW of Rome. Lon. 8
41 E, lat. 44 25 N.
Genoa, post town and township, Cayuga
county New York, on the E side of Cayuga
lake, 26 miles S from Auburn. Population
1820, 2,585.
Genoa, post village and township in the
south part of Delaware county. Popula-
tion 1820, 493.
George, Fort, Strong and regular fortress
in Inverness shire, which has several hand-
some streets of barracks. It is seated on
a peninsula running into the Murray-fritb,
and completely commands the entrance
into the harbour of Inverness.
George, Fori. See JMadrass.
George, Lake, lake of New York. It
lies SW of Lake Champlain, and is 35
miles long, but narrow. The adjacent
country is moimtHinous. The scenery
around this beautiful sheet of water is high,
bold, and extremely romantic. Its vicini-
ty is a favourite resort in summer of the
visitants to Ballston and Saratoga springs.
It is about 33 long, and with about a mean
width of two miles.
George, lake of Florida, in N lat. 29 N
about 25 miles in length and 8 wide. This
lake is a mere delatation of St. John's
river, and is generally surrounded by low
marshy grounds. What land is of a suffi-
cient height for cultivation is generally of
the first rate quality. The timber, live
oak, cabbage palm, cypress, and pine.
George, St. one of the Azores. The in-
habitants are employed in the cultivation
of wheat, and may amount to 5000. Lon.
23 0 W, lat. 38 39 N.
George, St. island of the United States,
in the strait of St. Marv, that forms th&
L. E O
U K «>
communication between Luke Supcnwaiid
Lake Huron.
George del mina, St. best fort on the
■Gold Coast of Guinea, and the principal
seUleraerit of the Dutch in those parts.
It is 30 miles W by S of Cape Coast Castle.
Lon. 0 22 W, lat. 5 3 N.
George's, St. small inland in the gulf of
Venice, lying to the S of Venice, to which
it is subject. Here is a Benedictine mo-
nastery, whose church is one of the finest
in Itajy.
George's, St. largest of the Bermuda
Islands, in which is ihe town of St. George,
the capital of all the islands. Lon. 65 30
W, lat. 32 45 N.
George* s, St. island in the gulf of Mexi-
co, opposite the mouth of the Aopalachi-
cola. Lon. W C 7 50 W, lat. 29 30 N.
George's Key, St. small island of No.tli
America, oft' the coast of H iiiduras. It is
likewise called Casina or Cajo Cassina
By a convention in 1786, the English Log-
wood cutters were permitted to occupy
this island.
Georgetown, post village, and township,
Lincoln county Maine, on the left side of
Kennebec river at its mouth. Population
1820, 1,165.
Georgetown, post village, and township
of Madison county New York. Population
1820, 824.
Georgetown, post town, and seat of jus-
tice Sussex county Delaware, on the divi-
ding ground between the heads of Indian
and Nanticoke rivers, 40 miles S from
Dover.
Georgetown, post town and port of entry,
District of Columbia, 3 miles W from the
Capitol. The siie of Georgetown is an
acclivity rising by a bold sweep from Po-
tomac river, and Rock creek. It is the
seat of a Roman Catholic college, which
possesses two large buildings a well cho-
sen library of 7000 volumes, and about 150
students. This town is the mart of consi
derable commercial business ; its progres-
sive population is shown by the following
table
Population In 1810,
Free white males ... 1,678
do do. females ... 1,557
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - - . 551
Slaves, - ... 1,162
Slaves, males - - - - jiq
do. females - - - 81{»
Total population in 1820. - - 7,360
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 43
Engaged in Agriculture - - 19
do. in Manufactures - 225
do. in Commerce - - 23
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
Georgetoivn, tovvn <f Kent county,
on the left side of Sassafras river, 65
miles SW from Philade'phia.
Garget'jtvn, district of South Caro-
lina ; boundc(i by the Ailaiuic Oct an S
E ; by Santee rivtr or Charleston SVV ;
by VVilHamsburg NVV, and by Marion
and H Try NL Length 36; mt-an
width 25 ; area 900 square miles. Sur-
face generally level, and in part sandy or
swampy. Soil of middling quality. Chief
town, Georgetown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . ggg
do. do. females - - - 811
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . 1 02
Slaves 13,867
Total population in 1810 - 4,948
Population in 1820.
Pree white males - - - 2,475
.do. do. females - - 2,465
Total whites .... 4,940
^ree persons of colour, males - 375
do. do. females - 519
Total population in 1810 -
15,679
Population in 1820.
Free wiiite males
.
945
do. do. females
-
885
Total whites
^
1,830
Free persons of colour.
males
116
do. do.
females
111
Slaves, males
-
7,851
do. females
-
7,695
Total population in 1820
17.603
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - 9,522
do. in M'lnufictures - 3
do in Commerce - 52
Population to the square mile, 19^.
Georgetown, post town, sea port, and
seat of justice, Georgetown district.
South Cardina, on the point between
Sampit Creek and B;ack river, near the
head of VViny-^n bay. 60 miles NE from
Charleston. Lat. 33 21 N. The popu-
lation about 2000. it is well situated for
a port of trade, the bar at the mouth of
Pedee admitting vessels of 11 feet draft,
and having the extensive cou' try water-
ed by the Great Pedee and its branches
in the rear. It contains several places
of public worship, a bank, and the erdi-
nary buildings necessary for legal pur-
Doses.
347
GEO
(. E O
Georgetown, village of Warren coun-
ty, Georgia, on the itftsi-Ie of Ogeechee
river, 60 mi!f-s from Savannah and 35
above L u ^i'le.
George' own, iiost village of Beaver
county. P niisy'var.ia
Georgetown, post town and seat of
justicf Scott c >u. tv. K ttjcky, n the
left bank .f Nith Elkh.:ni 'cr ek, 15
miles E fr<)!u Frankfort it contains a
court h luse, bank printing ifficc, a.id
several paces f puinic worship.
Georgetown post village, Harrison
county Onio. 6 niilc^s SE fr. m Cadiz
Georg' town, post town, Dearborn
county Indian,!.
Georgetown, called by the Dutch
Scabrotck, tv.'wn of S iith America, in
Dem^rara, on the right bank of Dema
rara river. Lon. WC 19 E, 'at. 6 40 N.
P pu'ation 9000
Gtorgei'own Cros-i 7?oac?s. post nffice,
K- nt county, Maryland, 3 miles S from
Georgetown.
Georgia, country of A!:.ia, called by
the Persians Gurdistan, and by the
Turks Gurtuhi. It is one of the seven
Caucasian nations, in tlu- countries be-
tween th Black sea and the Caspian,
and comprehends the ancient Ibf-ria and
Colchis It is bonnd> d on thr N by Cir-
cassia, E by Da.i?h: staii and Sciiirvan, S
by Armenii and W by Cuban, or the
new Russian govern lent of Caucasia. It
is divided into nine provinces. C)t these,
five form wtiat is commmly called the
kingdom of Georgia ; and four the king-
dom or principality of Imeritia. The
last reigning prince ceded this country to
Russia on his death, which happened in
ISoO. The hiils of Georiia are covered
with forests of oak ash, beech, chesnuts,
walnuts, and fim.s, encircl d with vines,
growing perfectly wild, but producing
vast quantities of grapes, from which
much wine and brandy are made. Cot-
ton grows spontaneously, as wt 11 as the
finest European fruit-trees. Rice, wheat,
millet, hemp, and H,tx, are raised on the
plains, almost without culture. I'he
valleys afford the finest pasturage, the
rivers are full of fish, the mountains
abound in minerals, and the climate is
healthy. The rivers of Georgia, being
fed by mountain torrents, are always
either too rapid or too shallow for the
purposes of navigation. The (ieorgians
are Christians of the Greek communion.
The principal mountains are the Cauca-
sus, separating it from Circassia.
Georgia, one of the United States ;
bounded SE by the Atlantic Ocean ; S
by Florida ; W by Alabama ; N by Ten-
nessee, and NE by South Carolina.
Length 380 miles ; mean width 150; area
343
within a small fraction of 58,000 square
miles, equal to 37,120,000 acres. Lying
between lat. 30 22, and 35 N.
Of ail the states of the United States,
Georgia preseits the greatest, diversity
ot climate, and of vegetable production,
indigenous and exotic. Its mountainous
northern extremity, rises into elevation
favourable to the cereal gramina, whilst
Its southern extremity on the branches
of Appalachicola, St. Mary's and Alata*
mahah, have a climate sufficiently mild
to permit the growth, and even profita-
ble culture of the sugar cane, orange,
olive, date and lemon tree. Between
those c xtr' mes, every valuable vegeta-
ble substar.ce produced in the United
States, can be brought to perftction.
From the much higher tetnptrature of
the s asons on the At a tic coast, than
those in the basin of the Mississippi, ten-
der tropical vegetabks are cultivated
upwards of two degrees of latitude
farther m^rth in the former than in the
latter reeion Sweet oranges are culti-
vated in Beaufort district, South Caro-
lina. Lat 32 20 N. This fruit ceases
ill Louisiana, at about lat. 30 <0 N.
Oranges are cultivated along the entire
sea board of Georgia, as is the sugar
cane. Cott. n may, however, be con-
sidered as the staple commodity of the
state.
Georgia is naturally divided into three
zones, presenting very distinct and ap-
projjriate features. First, the almost
flat, and in many places inundated bor-
der ; the sand hill tract, between the
sea border and the falls of the rivers j
and lastly, the hilly and mountainous
section above the falls. The first is
marked by some very productive islands,
but generally, by a marshy, or sterile
pine wood soil, reaching 80 or 90 miles
inland. The Sv"Coik1, or sand hill tract,
interspersed v/ith much very valuable
river alluvion. The third, the most ex-
tensive, most fertile, and much the most
salubrious part of the state, reaches
from th.e interior of the middle zone to
the utmost limits of the state. On the
latter, is cultivated in full perfection, all
the grains of the U. S. rice excepted,
and an indefinite variety of orchard and
garden fruits, and other vegetables.
Taken as a whole, this state produces,
grain, sugar, coton, tobacco, indigo, &c.
The interests of education have re-
ceived their share of attention in Geor-
gia. A university has been planned
and partially establi.shed, consisting of
Franklin college, already in operation at
Athens, and of an academy intended to
be located in each county. The latter
part of the design remains necessarily
GEO
G E II
incomplete, though several academical
establishments have been actually form-
ed. Free schools were projtcted in
1817, and 200,000 dollars appropriated by
the legislature to carry the enl ghtened
proJL-ct into effect.
Tlie state is judicially divided into
four districts, southern, eastern, middle
and western. Similar to other states of
the United States, the legislature of
Georgia, consists of a Senate and House
of Representatives ; but elections are
more than ordinarily frequent. The
members of both houses are chosen an-
nually by the respective counties. The
governor is chosen biennially by the le-
gislature.
In point of commercial imports, Geor-
gia from the value of her products, holds
a high rank; in 1817, her exports
amounted to near nine millions of dol-
lars.
For local purposes, Georgia is subdi-
vided into the following counties.
Inhabitants in 1820.
Appling
Twiggs -
- 10,640
Walton -
4 192
Warren -
- 10630
Washington
- 10,627
Wayne
1,010
Wilkes -
- 17,607
Wilitinson
6,992
Baldwin
Bryan
Bullock -
Burke
Camden -
Chatham
Clark
Columbia
Early
Effingham
Elbert
Emmanuel
Franklin
Glynn
Greene -
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Irwin
Jackson -
Jasper
Jtfferson -
Jones
Laurens -
Liberty -
Lincoln
M Intosh
Madison
Montgomery
Morgan -
Og'lethi rpe
Pulaski
Putnam -
Rabun
R chmond
Scriven
Tatnal
Telfair -
1,264
7,734
3,031
2,578
11,577
4,342
14,737
8,767
12,695
768
3,018
11,788
2,928
9,040
3,418
13.589
4 589
3,145
5 086
12,734
411
8,355
14,614
7.056
16,5(0
5,436
6,695
6,458
5,129
3,735
1.862
13,520
14,046
5,283
15,475
524
8,608
3,941
2,644
2,104
340989
This population was composed of
whites 189,570 ; free people of colour
1763 ; and slaves 149,656. The produc-
tive part classed.
Persons engaged in Agriculture 97,231
Do. do. Manufactures 3,427
Do, do. Commerce 1,989
Georgia, gulf of ti\e United States, on
the Pacific coast, between the continent
and Quadra and Vancouver's island. It
extends from Johnson's Straits to the
straits if John de Fuca.
Georgia, post town of Franklin county,
Vermont ; situated on the E side of lake
Champlain, about 5 miles N of Milton,
containing 1800 inhabitants.
Georgia, Southern, island of the
South Pacific Ocean, discovered by cap-
tain Cook in 1775, and so named by him.
It is 31 leagues long, and 10 in its great-
est breadth. It seems to abound with
bays and harbours, which the vast quan-
tities of ice render inaccessible the great-
est part of the year. The valleys were
covered with snow ; and the only vege-
tation observed, was a bladed grass,
growing in tufts ; wild burnet ; and a
plant, like moss, which sprung from the
rocks. Not a stream of fresh water was
to be seen on the whole coast. This
island lies between 38 13 and o5 34 W,
Icn. and 53 57 and 54 57 S lat.
Gepping, imperial town of Suabia, in
the duchy of Wirtemburg, seated on
the river Wils, 35 miles E of Stutgard.
Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 44 N.
Gera, town of Germany, in Misnia,
with a handsome college on tht river
Elster, Lon. 11 56 E, lat. 50 50 N,
Geraw, town of Germany, in Hesse-
Darmstadt, capital of a district of the
same name, 10 miles NW of Darmstadt.
Lon 8 29 E, lat, 49 45 N.
Gtrberoy, town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise, and late province of
the Isle of France, 50 miles N by W of
Paris. Lnn. 1 54 E, lat. 49 32 N.
Gerbes, Gerbi, or Zerbi, island on the
coast of '1 unis. It bears no other corn
than barley ; but has large quantities of
figs, olives and grapes, which, when
dried, form the principal trade. It de-
pends on the dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10
30 E, lat. 33 56 N.
Gerbevillersy town of France, in the
349
tS E R
G fc 11
department of Meurthe and late pro-
vince of Lori ain, with a handsome cas-
tle. I'he church of the late Cdrmelites
is very ekgaut. It is seated on tlie
Agfn, fivf miles from Luneville.
Gergenti, town of Sicily, with a cas-
tle, and a bishop's S(re ; seated near the
river St. Blaise, 50 miles S of Palermo.
Lon. 13 24 E, lat. 47 24 N.
Gerisau, village of Swisserland, on
the N side of the lake of Schweitz, at
the foot of the Rigi. It is a republic, the
smallest in Europe. Its territory is two
leagues in length and one in breadth,
composed entirely of scattered houses
and cottages, of a very neat and pictu-
resque appearance. The inhabitants are
computed at about 1200 and are much
employed in preparing silk for the ma-
nufactures at Basle. This republic is
under the protectios of the cantons of
Lucem, Uri, Schweitz, and Und^ rwai-
den ; and, in case of war, furnishes its
quota of men. Gerisau is 12 miles SW
of Schweitz.
Germain, St. town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oise and late
province of the Isle of France, with a
magnificent palace, embellished by se-
veral kings, particularly Lewis XIV.
Here James II. found an asylum, when
he fled to France. It is seated on the
Seine, near a forest, 10 miles NW of
Paris. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 48 52 N.
Germain's St. borough in Cornwall,
with a market on Friday. It stands
near the sea, 10 miles W of Plymouth,
and 224 W by S of London. Lon. 4 24
W. lat. 50 22 N.
Germain Laval, St. town of France,
in the department of Rhone and Loire,
and late province of Forez, remarkable
for excellent wine. It is 225 miles SE of
Paris Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 45 50 N.
German, township of Chenango coun-
ty, New York, 18 miles W from Nor-
wich Population in 1820. 2675,
German, township of Fayette county,
Pennsylvania, on Brown's river, 6 miles
W from Union. Population in 1820,
2379.
German, township of Clarke county,
Ohio. P( pulation in 1820, 897.
German, township of Montgomery
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2o79.
German, western township of Dark
county Ohio.
German, township of Cape Girardeau
county. Missouri.
German Coast, district of Louisiana,
on both banks of the Mississippi river,
above the parish of Orleans. See St.
Bernard.
German Flats, post town and township
of Herkimer county. New York, on the
35n
level point between Mohawk river and
West Canada creek. The township is
named from the extensive alluvial bot-
toms of ihe Mohawk. Population in 1820,
2(565.
Germanto-wn, township of Columbia
county, New York, on Hudson river, 12
miles below Hudson. Population in 1820,
891.
Gei^vianto-ivn, post town, of Philadelphia
county, Pennsylvania, commencing six
mill s, and extending along the Reading
road to Chesnut hill, lo miles north from
Philadelphia. In this fine village is located
Mount Airy college, a respectable literary
institution. In this village on October
4th, 1777, a battle was fouglit between the
American and British armies. Population
in 1820, 431 i.
Gernifintoivn, post town, Hyde county.
North Carolina, on the N side of Pamlico
Sound, 30 miles SE b\ Efiom Washing on.
Germanto-ivn, pnst town, S okes county.
North Carolina, on Dan river, 100 miles
NW from Raleigh.
Germanto-wn, town nearly on the line
between Bracken and Mason couniies,
Kentucky, 33 miles SE from Cincinnati.
German, township and post town, Mont-
gomery county, Oiiio, 13 miles SW from
Dayton. Population in 1820, 2079.
German Ocean, that expanse of water
bounded by Germany and France S : by
the British Islands W ; a part of" the north-
ern Atlantic E ; and by Norway, Jutland,
and a part of Germany E. See JVorth Sea.
Germany, country of Europe, 650 miles
in length, and 600 in breadth ; bounded
on the E by Hungary and Poland, N by
the Baltic sea and Denmark, W by the
Netherlands and France, and S by Switzer-
land and Italy ; area 220,000 square miles.
It contains a great many aovereign princes,
who are independent of each other ; and
lately there was a number of imperial
towns, which were so many little repub-
lics; but the whole of them formed a great
confederacy, governed by political laws,
at the head of which was an emperor,
whose power in the collective body, or
diet, was not directive but executive.
The western Roman empire, which had
terminated in the year 475, in the person
of Augiistulus, the last Roman emperor,
and which was succeeded by the reign of
the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the Lom-
bards, was revived by Charlemagne, king
of France, on Christmas day, in the year
800. This prince being then at Rome,
pope Leo III. crowned him emperor, in St.
Peter's church ; tind Nicephorus, who was
then emperor of the eas', consented to this
coronation. After the death of Charle-
magne, and of Lewis le Debonnaire, his
son and successor, the empire was divided
between the four sons of the latter. Lo-
G E R
G E R
thario, the first, was emperor ; Pepin was
king of Aquitaine; Lewis king ol Ger-
many; and Charles le Ohanve, king of
France. This partition vi'as the so'j'-ce of
incessant feuds. The French kepi ih':-
empire under 'iglit emperors, til ine year
912, wiien Lewis III. the last ;)riiice of the
line of Charl magna, died without issue
male, Conrad, count of Franconia, the
son-in-law of Lewis, was then elected em-
peror. Thus the empire went to the Ger-
mans, and became elec ive ; for it had
been hereditary unier the French empe-
rors. The emperor was chosen hy the
princes, the lords, and the deputies ot
cities, till the year 1239, when the num-
ber ot the electors was reduced to seven ;
one more was added in 1649, and another
in 1692; these nine electors continued to
the year 1798, when, in consequence of
the alterations made in the constitution of
the enipire, under the influence of France
and Russia, they became ten in numbei-;
namely, the elector and archbishop of lld-
tisbon, the elector and king of Bohemia
(the then emperor) the electir of Bava-
ria, the elector of Saxony, the elector of
Brandenburg (Icing of Prussia) the elector
of Hanover (king of England) the elector
of Wurtzburg (late grand duke of Tusca-
ny) the elector of Wirtemburg, the elector
of Baden, and the elector of Hesse. Ro
dolphus, count of Hapsburg, was elected
emperor in 1273. He is the head of the
house of Austria, which is descended from
the same stock as the house of Lorrain,
re-united to it in the person of Francis I.,
father of the two late emp -rors, Joseph
and Leopold. On the death of Charles
VI of Austrii, in 1740, an em.peror was
chosen from the house of Bavar a, by the
n ime of Ciiarl^-s Vll. On the death of th.s
prince, in 1745, the above-mentioned Fran-
cis, grand duke of Tuscany, was elected
emperor ; whose grandson, Francis II , en-
joyed the dignity of emperor of Germany
till 1806, when he fomially resigned 'he
title and office. At the close of the Saxon
race, in 1024, the prerogat ves of the empe-
peror were very considerable ; but, in 1437,
they were reduced to the nghi of c mfer-
ping all dignities and titles, except the pri-
vilege of being a state of the empire ; of
granting dispensations with respect to the
age of maj 'rity ; of erecting cities, and con
ferring the privilege of coining money ; of
calhng the meetings of the diet, and pre-
siding in them. But after all there was
no' a foot ofland annexed to this li'le ; fir,
ever since the reign of Ch rIesIV, the
emperors depended entirely on tiie r here-
ditary dominions, as the only source of
their power, and even of their subsistence.
To prevent the c^damities of a contested
election, a king of the Romans was often
chosen in the lifetime of the emperor, on
whose death he succeeded to the imperial
dignity of course. The emperor (always
elected and crowned at Pr.mkfort on the
Miine) assiimed t!ie t'tle of august, and
pretended to !>e successor to d<e emperors
of R-.j'Tie. Althjiigh !e wis chief of the
enpire, t le suiireme u'.i'iiorit, resided in
the diet, which was cti:np;)sed of three
colleges; the college of electors, the col-
lege o' princes, and the colleg*' orimoerial
towns, riie diet had the po v.r of making
pe-ace or war, of lettiii-.g general imposi-
tions, and of reipiluing all tlie '.inpoitant
affairs of tile empi e : bii*. tiie decisions had
not the Inrce of I iw till t'.ie emperor gave
liis consent. When a w:.r v.as det'.-rm'ned
on, every pr.nre contrih ited ius <|)j ita of
men and money, as vaaied in tlie matricu-
lation roll ; though as an elector or prince
he might espotise a different side from
that of the diet All the sovereigns of
Germany have an abs)lu!e autitority in
their own domoiiuis, and can lay taxes,
levy troops, and make alliances, provided
they dill not prejudice the empire. They
determine al. civil cA'ises definitely, unless
in some particular caes, in wir-ch an ap-
peal may be m.de. These appeals were
to two courts, called the Im[)e:ial CKa'n-
b?r, atWetzlar; and the Aulic Coitncil, at
Vienna The three principal religions
are, the Roman caiholic, the Lutheran, and
tite Calvinists ; but Christians of all dcio-
minations are toK rated, and there is a mul-
tittidt of Jews in all the great towns. 'I^he
principal rivers of Germany are the Da-
nube, Rhine, Elbe, Wesser, Maine, and
Oder. Germany was divided into nine cir-
cles, namely, Austria, Bavaria, Suabia,
Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, West-
phalia, and Upper ?.nd Lower Saxony : each
of these includes several other stat v! ; and
Ro'iemia, Moravia, Lusatia, and Silesia are
not comprised in the ten circles Germa-
ny lately contained six archbishoprics and
thirty-eight bishoprics ; but this hierarchy
was thrown into confusion by the seculari-
zations in 1798, and is not yet restored to
Older: i he archbishop of Ratisbon is pri-
mate and metropolitan of all Germany ;
the see of Vlentz having been moved to
Ratisbon. No country has undergone such
a variety of changes for the last 20 years as
Germany, This account must be consi-
dered as what Germany was previous to
the year 1806 ; after which lime, in con-
sequence of the formation of the Confede-
ration of the Rhine, the emperor Francis
II., resigned his office as emperor of Ger-
mmy, which dissolved that ancient con-
stitution. And therefore, that confedera-
tion may now be considered as abolished.
By the confederation of 1815, Germany
was new modelled, and now stand as fol-
lows. A permanent diet is formed, and
holds its sessions at Frankfort on the:
^51
U E R
G £ X
Maine. The stUes which
representation in that body
Austrian Germany
Prussian Germany
Bavaria ...
Wirt^mberg
Hanover ...
Saxony ...
Baden, grand duchy -
Hes e Damstadl
Hesse Cas.-el
Holstein, and Lunenberg
Luxanburg
Mecklenburg Schwerin
Biiihswick
Nassau ...
are entitled to
arc the follow-
Population.
9,482,000
7,923,000
3,560,000
1 395,000
1,305,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
62u,000
520,000
360.000
214,000
358,000
21U,000
303,000
28,450,000
The 6 largest have 4 votes in the general
diet; B den, Hesse Dams'adt, Hesse Cas-
sel, Holsiein, and Lunenbug, and Bruns-
w.ck, have each 3, and the residue two
votes.
The following have each one vole, Saxe
Weimar, Saxe Gotha, Saxe-Cobourg, Saxe-
Meinungen, Saxe-Hikiburgliau'^en, Meek.
lenburg - Strtli z, Oldenbcrg, Anhault
Bern'urg, Anhall Dessau, A'lhelt-Kothen,
Schwartzb'irg-Rudoistadt, Schwartzburg-
Sonder!iausL-n, Hohenzoliem-Heckei.gen.
Lichti.n--.ein, Hohe zoUern-Siginaringrn,
Waldeck, Keus-Gretz, Reiiss Lobenstein,
Hesse Homberg, Schaumburg-Lippe, Lip-
pe, Lippe-Detmold ; and the four free
town- nf Lubeck, Frankfort on the Maine,
Bremen, and Hamburg.
Taken colleciively these minT states
have a p pulation of 1,621,000 ; which ad-
ded to 28.450,000, vieMs 30,071,000 as ihe
entire p pu!atiou of Germany.
Many f atures of the ancient constltui ion
has been revived. In ordinary concerns,
the smaller states are di\ided into six clas-
ses, each class havirg one vote. The lar.
ger stall s liave also, each one vote in the
discission ofqutstions of general import;
or in (he passage of fundamental laws, ihe
diet is res'^ved ints- a general assembly and
each state votes in its single c^p city as we
have noticed. The military con'ingent
more n' miny] than real, is fixed in peace
to 120,000 and in war, to upwards of
300,000. The respective revenues of the
Gernsan states is also in mosi ins'ances too
uncertain and capricious to adn.it exact
specihcat.on. Nt) people apply themselves
more closely to their studies th;.n the Ger-
mans ; and ine Htbrew is no where so ge-
nerally learnt, or better understood. Print-
ing is most-extensively encouraged ; every
man of letters is an author ; they multiply
books without number; thousands of sup-
T^ositions and disputations are annually pub-
352
li.shed, with wiiich they overstock the fairs
of Frankfort and Leipsic ; for no man can
be a graduate in tlie universities who has
not published one disputation at least.
Tlie language of Germany is a dialect of
the Teutonic, which succeeded that called
the Celtic. Vienna is the principal city.
Germany, southeast township of Adams
county Pennsylvania, on the heads of the
M nocacey, and Conewago creeks. Popu-
lati m 1820, 1272.
Gertminy, village of shade township,
So:Tierseit county Pennsylvania, on the
head waters of Shade creek, 20 miles NFi
from Somerselt.
Gemerslieim, town of Germany, in the
palatinaie of the Khiiie, situated near the
Rhine, 5 miles W irom Philipsburgh. This
is one of tlie cities of Germany appropri-
ated as a barrier fortress, and 266,400 dol-
lars voted by the diet for the augmentation
of its works.
Gerry, township of Chatauque county
New York. Population 1820, 947.
Gerry, township of Worcester coun-
ty, state of Massachusetts. See Phillifis-
ton.
Gers, department of France, in which
are comprthended the late provinces of
Gascnny and Arnaagn&c
Gcrirudenburg, kingdom of theNeth-
erl.inds. in Brabant ; situated at the E
extremity of the Biesboch lakes which
are formed by the Macse, and make a
good harbour It is 10 miles N of Ere-
da. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 52 44 N.
Gerumenhi, ancient town of Portugal,
in Aleiiiejn, with a strong castle ; but was
taken, in 1662, by the Spaniards. It is
seated on a hill, near the river Guadiana,
18 tniles below B.-.daji z.
Gentrike, or Gestricia, province of
Sweden, h unded on the N by Helsin-
gia, on the E by the gulf of Bothnia, on
the S by Upland, and on the W by Dale-
carlia.
Gettysburg, post town and seat of
justice, in Adams' county, Pennsylvania,
28 miles SW of Yorktown, the capital
of the county, and 115 westward of Phi-
ladelphia; between Rock and Marsh
creek, branches of Monocacy, on a fine
elevated site, with a fertile well cultiva-
ted surrounding country.
Get'cmdan, territory of Languedoc, in
France, bounded on the N by Auvergne
on the W by Rouergue, on the S by the
Cevennes, and on the E by Velay. It is
a mountainous, barren country ; and now
forms the department of Lozcre.
Gever, or Gower. See Goar, St.
Gex, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aine and late province of Bresse,
seated at the foot of Mount St. Claude,
G I B
ti I L
between the Rhone, the lake of Geneva,
and Swisserland. It produces excellent
cheese ; and is 10 miies NVV of Geneva.
Lon. 6 1 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Gezira, town of Diarljcck, in an island
formed by the Tigrs, 70 miles NVV of
Mousui. Lon. 40 50 E, lat. 36 36 N.
Glianah, or Ghinnah, town of the em-
pire of Cashna, in Africa. It is seated
between a lake and the river Niger. It
is 90 miles NE of the citv of Caslina,
and 208 S of Agadez. Lon. 13 12 E,
lat. 15 55 N.
Ghants. See Gants.
Ghent, town of the kingdom of the
Netherlands. It is seated on four navi-
gable rivers, the Scheldt, the Lys, the
Lieve.and the Mosre, which run through
the city. The city is cut by many ca-
nals, which divide it into 26 isles, and
over the canals are 300 bridges. It has
also two navigable canals ; the one to
Sasivan Ghent, the other to Bruges and
Ostend. the last of which was destroyed
in 1798, by the British. It i- 26 miles
NW of Brussels. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 51
3 N.
Ghent, post town, Ga'latin county,
Kentucky, opposite Vevay, 65 miles by
water, below Cincinnati.
Ghergang, city of Asia, capital of the
kingdom of Assam. It is seated on
the Degoo, near its conflux with the
Burrampooter. 400 miles NE of Calcut-
ta. Lon. 93 15 E, lat. 25 55 N.
Ghcriah, town of the peninsula of Ilin-
doostan, on that part of the W side
called the Pirate Coast. It was lately
the capital and principal port of Angria.
It is 295 mi'es S by E of Bombay. Lon.
72, 8 E, lat. 17 59 N.
Ghilan, prQvince of Persia, on the SW
side of tile Caspian Sea ; supposed to be
the Hyrcania of the ancients. It is very
agreeably situated, liaving the sea on one
side, and high mountains on the other ;
and there is no entering it but tlirough
narrow passes, which may be easily de-
fended. Resht is the capital.
Ghilan, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of the North and late province
of French Hainault, seated on the Haina,
five miles W of Mons. Lon. 3 53 E, lat.
50 28 N.
Chizni, town of Hindoostan Proper,
formerly the capital of an extensive em-
pire of the same name. It is termed the
second Medina, owing to the great num.
ber of illustrious persons interred here.
Lon. 68 20 E,lat. 16 12 N.
Gibraltar, town of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, near a mountain of the same name,
formerly called Calfie, which, with Aby-
la, on the opposite shore of Africa, were
Y v
called the pillars of Hercules. Tarick,
a general of the Moors, built a fortress
liere, which he called Gibel Tarick, that
is, Mount Tarick. Since that time a town
has been built at the foot of this rock,
which is strongly fortified. It was for-
merly thought to be impregnable ; but, in
1704, it wis taken by the confederate
ileet, commanded by Sir George Rooke ;
and has ever since continued in the
hands of the English. The strait of Gib-
raltar is 24 miles in length, and 15 in
breadth, and a st"'ong current always
runs through it from the Atlantic to the
Mediterranean. ' Gibraltar is 25 miles N
from Ceuta, and 45 SE from Cadiz.
Lon. 5 17 W, lat. 36 6 N
Gien, town of France, in the department
of Lyiret -.w\ late province of Orl.annois,
sealed on tlie Loire, 76 miles SE of Paris.
Lon. 2 43 E. lat. 47 34 N.
Gienzor, town of Barbary, in Tripoli, 10
mil^s from ihe town of Tripoli.
Gierac", episcopal (own of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, seated on a mountain,
near the sea, 32 mil:-s NE of Resrgio. Lon.
16 40 E, lat. 38 13 N,
Giesciu tov/n of Ciermany, in the land-
gravate of Hesse Cassel, with a castle and
a university. It belongs to the house of
Darinst<idt, and was taken by the French in
1796, but retaken tiie same year by the
Austrians. It is seated on the Lohn, 16
miies VVSW of M,*rpiirg. Lon. 8 41 K,
lat. 50 30 N.
Giga, small island on the W coast of
ScotL'Tid, between t!ie isle of Skye and the
peninsula of Cantyre, in Argyleshire, in
which county it is included. Tlie inhabi-
ta!its annually export a considerable quan-
tity of grain
Giglio, small island on the coast of Tus-
cany, v/ith a castle. It makes part of the
sta'e of Sienna, and is 15 miles W of Porto
tlercole. Lon 11 16 E, lat. 42 1 N.
Giles, cmniw of Virginia ; bounded SW
by T z rwell; NW by Cabell, an ! Kenhawa;
NE by Kenhiwa river, or by Grc nbriar
and M'lnroe ; and SEby .Montgosaery ;
length 75; mean width 30; area 1900
square miles ; surface exlremtly broken ;
sail generally steri)e. Chief town, Paris-
burg
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - . 1,739
do. do. females - - l,f39
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 25
Slaves 242
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
3,745
2,150
2,024
GIL
U I V
4,174
23
19
146
160
4,522
4
1,222
20
T«ta\ whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Boreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufaciures -
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, 2.
Giles, county of West Tennessee; bound-
ed by Alabama S ; Lawrence W ; Murray
N ; and Lincoln E ; length 30 ; mean width
20 ; area 600 square miles. It is chiefly
situated in the valley of Richland branch of
Elk river. Surface undulating and soil fer-
tile. Staple cotton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 2,030
do. do. females - - 1,783
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . q
Slaves ----- 7^33
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
4,546
4,735
4,537
9,272
Free persons of colour, males 16
do. do. females, 9
Slaves, males - - . 1,625
do. females - - - 1,636
Total population in 1820
12,558
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in Agriculture • 3,288
do. in Manufactures - 189
do. in Commerce - 19
Population to the square mile, 21, nearly.
Gill, township ot Franklin county Mas-
sachusetts, W off Connecticut river. Po-
pulation, 800.
Gilespies', store, post office, Blount
county Tennessee.
Gihnanton, post village, and township,
Strafibrd county, New Hampshire, 18 miles
NE from Concord. The village is alter-
nately with Rochester the seat of justice
tor the county. Population 1820, 3527.
Gilmanton, Lower, village of Gilmanton
township, Stafford county New Hampshire.
Gilolo, large island, with a town of the
same name, in the Archipelago of the Mo-
laccaS", It does not produce any fine
354
spices, though it lies near the Spice Isl-
ands ; but much rice, the inhabitants are
fierce and cruel. It is seated under the
line. Lon. 130 0 E.
Gikum, township of Cheshire county.
New Hampsliire, 48 miles SW by W from
Concord. Population 1820, 601.
Giiigen, free imperial town of Suabia, 16
miles N of Ulm. Lon. 10 13 E, lat. 48
39 N.
Gingee, large and populous town on the
coast of Coromandel. It is strong both
by art and nature, being seated on a moun-
tain, whose top is divided into three
points, on each of which is a castle. The
Great Mogul, in 1690, began a siege, which
continued three years to no purpose. It
is 33 miles W of Pondicherry. Lon. 79
25 E, lat. 11 42 N.
Giodda, or Giddah, seaport on the B
coast of Arabia, on the Red Sea. It is the
port of Mecca, and carries on a great trade.
Lon. 39 27 E, lat. 21 SON.
Giovannazzo, lov/n of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, seated on a mountain, near the sea,
10 miles NW of Bari. Lon. 16 50 E, lat.
41 26 N.
Gierst, large town of Persia, in Kerman,
whose trade consists in wheat and dates.
Lon. 57 55 E, lat. 2730 N.
Giro7ide, department of France, which
includes part of the late province of Gui-
enne.
Giro7tna, ancient and strong town of
Spain, in Catalonia, with a bishop's see.
It is seated on a hill, on the side of the
river Onhal. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 42 0 N.
Giroii, Si. town of Prance, in the depart-
ment of Airiege, and late province of
Cousreans, seated on the Sarat, three
miles S of St. Lisier. Lon. 1 16 E, lat. 42
53 N.
Girvmi, village in Ayrsliire, at the
mouth of a river of the same name, al-
most opposite the rock of Ailsa. Here
are some manufactures ; particularly in
tiie tanning of leather, and the making of
shoes and boots. It is 16 miles S by W
of Ayr.
Gisborough, town in the N riding of
Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It
is noted for being the first place where
alum was made, as it was formerly for its
abbey. It is four miles from the mouth
of the Tees, 22 NW of Whitby, and 247
N by W of London. Lon. 0 55 W, lat. 54
35 N.
Gisborn, town in the W riding of York-
shire, with a market on Monday. Lon. 2
22 W, lat. 53 55 N,
Gisors, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and late province of Nor-
mandy, seated on the Ept, 28 miles SE of
Rouen, Lon. 1 43 E, lat. 49 15 N.
Givet, fortified town in the bishopric of
Liege, divided in two by the river MaesC;,
t L A
G L A
21 miies SW of Namur. Lon. 4 34 B, lat.
50 13 N.
Givira, town of Italy, in the Milanese,
sealed on a lake of the same name, eight
miles fr.m Anghierra.
Gvila, strong town of Upper Hungary,
on the frontiers of Transylvania. It was
taken by the Turks in 1566 and retaken
in 1695. It is seated on ihe Keresblan, 30
miles SW of Great Waradin. Lon. 20 40
E, lat. 46 40 N.
Ghtliana, town of Sicily, on a craggy
rock, 12 miles NNE of Xacca, and 30 SSW
of Palermo
Giustandel, large town of Macedonia, with
a Greek archbisiiop's see, stra ed near lake
Ochrida, sixty miles SE of Durazzo. Lon.
20 36 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Glaciers, name given to some very ex-
tensive fields o* ice among the Alps of
Swisserland These glaciers may be divi-
ded into two sorts : the first occupying the
deep valleys situated in the bosom of the
Alps, and termed by the natives the Valley
of Ice, but which Mr. Coxe distinguishes
by the name of Lower Glaciers ; the se-
cond, which clothe the summits and sides
of the mountains, he calls the Upper Gla-
ciers.
Glainorffanshire, county of S Wales, 43
miles long and 26 broad ; bounded on the
N by Carmarlhensiire and Brecknock-
shire, on the E by Monmouthshire, and on
the S and W by the Bristol Channel. It
lies in the diocess of Landaff; contains 10
hundreds, one city, eight market-towns,
and 118 parishes ; and sends two members
to parliament. Population, 1801, 71,525 ;
in 1811, 85,067, and in 1821, 101,737.
Glandfordbridge, or Brig-g, town in Lin-
colnshire, with a market on Thursday : It
is 23 miles N ol Lincoln, and 156 N by W
of London. Lon. 0 23 W, lat. 53 35 N.
Glarus, canton of Swisserland, bounded
on the E by the Grissons ; on the S by
the same, the canton of Uri, and that of
Schweitz ; and on the N by the river Lmth.
it is a mountainous country ; and the chief
trade is in cattle, cheese, and butter.
Glanus, large town of Swisserland, capi-
tal of a canton of the same name, and
seated on the river Llnth, 32 miles SE of
Zuric, The streets are large, and the
houses kept in good repair. Lon. 9 1 E,
lat. 46 56 N.
Glasgow, large and populous city of
Scotland, in Lanarkshire. From its ex-
tent, beauty, regularity, and modern
improvements, it is undoubtedly the se-
cond if not the first city in North Bri-
tain. The university, instituted in 1450,
is constantly increasing in reputation. At
present it consists of a chancellor, rec-
tor, dean of faculty, a principal, and 16
professors, of which one is for law, four
for theology, five for the study of medi-
cme and subjects, connected therewith,
and the others for the faculty of arts.
It has lately been greatly enriched in
the mathematical department by the
library of the late celebrated Dr. Robert
Simpson, author of the translation of
Euclid, and has received an important
addition, by a collection of rare books and
manuscripts, in every departinent of
science, but particularly in medicine, be-
queathed by the late Dr. William Hun-
ter, who has also left his extensive mu-
seum to the university of Glasgow. Be-
sides the anatomical preparations, the
museum, for which an elegant building
has bt-en erected, contains the collection
of shells, corals, insects, and fossils, made
by the late Dr. Fothergiil, and a cabinet
of medals and coins, ancient and modern,
the most complete of the kmd in Europe.
The observatory is well fitted up, and
supplied with the most improved instru-
ments for the use of the professor of
practical astronomy. Glasgow has a
considtrable foreign trade ; and its nu-
merous manufactures, particularly of
muslin, cotton, ca'ico, coarse woollen
cloth, porcelain, glass, the refining of
sugar, and the tanning of leather, are
carried on to a great extent. Glasgow
was originally one parish, but is now,
for the benefit of the poor and ease of
ministers, divided into eight, with as
many churches, besides three chapels of
ease. The population of Glasgow, with
its suburbs and dependencies, amounted
in 1811, to 108,000. It is seated on the
N side of the Clyde, over which are two
stone bridges. The river is navigable
for vessels of eight feet water as far as
the bridge ; but larger vessels stop at
Port Glasgow, or Greenock, to unload;
it has also the advantage of two canals,
beside the Great Canal that joins the
Clyde to the Forth. Glasgow is 44 miles
W of Edinburgh, and 60 SW of Perth.
Lon. 4 30 W, lat. 55 50 N.
Glasgow, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Barren county. Kentucky, about 125
miles NE from Nashville, in Tennessee,
and 150 miles SW from Lexington,
Glasborough, village of Gloucester
county. New Jersey, 20 miles nearly E
fronn Philadelphia.
Gla&tonbury, town in Somersetshire,
with a market on Tuesday. It is 6
miles SW of Wells, and 129 W by S of
London. Lon. 2 40 W, lat, 51 8 N.
Glastonbury, post town of Hartford
coimty, Coi.necticut, on the E side of
Connecticut river, about 5 nules SE of
the city of Hartford. Population in
1820,3114.
Glai^tonbxiry, township cf Bcnnic 4ti-^r»
355
county, Vennoiit, 9 miles NE from Ben-
nington.
Glatz, county of Germany, seated be-
tween Silesia, Bohemia, and Muravia;
and surrounded by mountains, which ren-
der it very difficult of access. It is 38
miles long, and 23 broad. It has miiu-s
of coal, copper, and iron, j^ood quarries
of marble and stone, a' id fine springs of
mineral waters. In 1724, it was ceded
to the king of Prussia, by the quc-tn of
Hungary.
Glatz, city nf B.iheniia, and c;\pital of
a county of the same name. It is situa-
ted at the foot of the mountains which
divide that kingdom from Silesia, near
the river Neisse On tlie top of the hill
is an ancient casth- ; and the Prussians
have not only greatly augmented and im-
proved it, but havi- built a new citadel.
It has been frtquently besietred and taken.
It is 48 miles SSE of Bres!aw, and 82
ENE of Prague. Lon. 18 50 E, lat. 50
25 N.
Glcncoe, Vale of, valley in Scotland,
near the head of Loch Eiive, in Argyle-
shire, noted for the cruel massacre if its
unsuspecting inhabitants in 1691. King
William had published a proclamation,
inviting the Highlanders, who had been
in arms for King James II. to accept a
general amnesty bf fore the 1st of Janua-
ry, on pain of military execution after
'hat period. Alexander Macdonald,
laird of GlencdC, on the last day of De-
cember, went to Fort William, the go-
vernor of which referred him to a civil
officer. This made it the first of January
bef re he could reach Inverary, where
he surrendered to the sheriff, who, how-
ever, accepted his submission, in con-
sideration of his offer to surrender the
day before. The laird having taken the
oaths, returned to Glencoe, in full assu-
rance of safety ; notwithstanding which,
he, and his whole clan, were butchered,
en the 15th of February, and the whole
of that beautiful valley rendered a scene
of massacre and desolation.
Glencroy, Vale of. wild and romantic
tract, near the NE extn mity of Loch
Loung, in Argyleshire. The two ranges
of mountains, which overhang this valley,
approach each other, and between the^e
the traveller is immured. Their stu-
pendous height and the naring oi nu-
merous cataracts, that pour over their
broken surface, produce an effect av/fully
sublime.
Glengary County, Upper Canada,
bounded on the east by the line that di-
vides Upper frrm Lower Canada; on
the south by thr river St. Lawrence ;
and on the west by the township of Corn-
ivall; running north 24 degrees west,
356
(i I. o
until it intersects the Ottawa or Grand
river ; thence descending the said river
until it meets the divisional line afore-
said
Glenluce, town in Wigtonshire, seated
on the river Luce, near its entrance into
the bay of that name, 16 miles VV by S
of Wigton.
Glcnns, post village, Gloucester coun-
ty, Virginia.
Glenns Falls, Hudson river, at Glen-
ville. The river is here precipitated
over a ledge of rocks, in a cataract, de-
scending 28 feet in about 3 perches
Glenshee, H/iital of. n. ted pass of the
Grampian mountains in Scotland, a little
S of the point v/here the counties of
Perth, Angus, and Aberdeen meet.
GttiiDiUe, post village of New York,
in Washington county. The village
stands at Glenns Falls, on the left bank
of the river, over which a fine bridge has
been erected.
Glockner, one of the peaks of the
mountains of Saltzburg, it rises on the
confines of Saltzburg, Tyrol and Carin-
thia, to the height of 12,760 feet. Lat.
47 4 N, ion. 12 51 E.
Glogaw, town of Silesia, capital <^ a
principality of the same name, and wfeli
fortified on the side of Poland. It is
seated on the river Oder, 50 miles NW
of Breslaw, and 115 NE of Prague. Lon.
16 15 E, lat. 51 40 N.
Glomvie, longest river of the province
of A,;gerhuys, in South Norway, which
flows into the North Sea, at Frederic-
stadt. It receives the river Worme
which issues from Lake Micss. It is
not navigable in any part of its course
from this lake to Frederickstadt, its
stream being intercepted by such fre-
quent cataracts and shoals, as, in some
places, to render it necessary to drag
the trees, which are floated down, over
the ground. At least 50,000 trees are
annually floated by this river to Frede-
ricstadt.
Gloucester, city in Gloucestershire,
with a market on VVednesday and Satur-
day. It is seated on the E side of the
Severn, where, by two streams, it makes
the isle of Alney. Here is a good stone
bridge over the river Severn, with a
quay, wharfs and custom house, but most
of its business is engrossed by Bristol.
It is 24 miles NE of Bristol, and 106 W
by N of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51
50 N.
Gloucester, county of England, 63
miles in length, and 47 in breadth ;
bounded on the W by Herefordshire and
Monmouthshire, m t!ie N by Worces-
tershire, on the E by Warwickshire and
Oxfordshire, and on the S by Wiltshire
G L O
Lr L ^
and Somersetshire. It contains 13 hun-
dreds, 1 city, 27 market-towns, and 218
parishes. Population in 1801, 250 809;
in 181 1, 286,514 ; and in 182i, 335,843.
Gloucester J:iay, Upper (Canada, is the
eastern txuemity "t lake Huron.
Gloucesfer Fort,oT Foiiaau Pins, Up-
pt-r (Canada, the first point on the north
shorr in the narrows leading from lake
Superior towards the tails ot St. Mary.
Gloucester Toivnshipy Upper Canada,
in the county of Dundas, is the st venth
township in ascending the Ottawa river ;
it lies eastward also of and adjoining the
river Radeau.
Gloucester, maritime and post town
in Essex county, Massachusetts ; situa-
ted near Cape Ann, 14 miles NE of
Beverly, and about 18 from Salem, and
Marblehead. Population in 1820, 6384.
The village has one of the most ex-
tensive fishing ports in the U. S. Thatch-
er's island with two Light houses, forms
a part of the township.
Gloucester, township of Providence
county, Rhode- Island ; situated in the
Is W corner of the state, having Massa-
chusetts on the N, and Connecticut on
the W. Population in 1820, 2504.
Gloucester, small town in Gloucester
county, New Jersey, on the E bank of
the river Delaware, fcur miles below
Philadelphia, Population in 18,0, 2059.
Gloucester, county of New Jersey;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean SE;
Cape May, Cumberland and Salem
counties SE ; Delaware river NW, and
by Huntii gdon NE , length 40 ; breadth
20; area 800 square miles. Surface
level, and though the soil is sand\ , tole-
rably productive, ('hief towns, Wogd-
buy, Gloucester and Camden.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 9,605
do. do females - - 9,179
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 886
Slaves 74
Total population in 1810
19,744
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
11,351
do. do. females -
10,617
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
18
Total whites - - . .
21,986
Free persons of colour, males .
552
do. do. females -
512
Slaves, males . - - .
19
do. females ...
21
Total population in 1820
23,090
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 100
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,017
do. in Manufactures • 1,079
do. in Commerce - - 249
Population to the square nide, 28|.
Gloucester, cciMwty of Virginia; bound-
ed E by Mock Jack bay ; SE aixl S\V by
York river, NW !)y King and Queen,
and NE by Middlesex and Mathews;
length 20 ; mean widtii 16 ; urea 320
square miles Surface level, and soii of
midiing quality. Chief town, Glouces-
ter.
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - 2,059
do. do, females - - 2,124
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . _ - 445
Slaves - - . . . 5,798
Total population in 1810 - 10,427
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,964
do. do. females - - 2,044
* ' _____
Total whites - - _ 4,008
Free persons of colour, males 214
do. do. females, 248
Slaves, males - - . . 2,649
do. females - - • - 2,559
Total poptilation in 1820 . 9,678
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 9
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,050
do. in Manufiicturcs - 292
do. in Commerce - - 18
Population to tiie square milt, 30-
Gloucester, town of Gloucester coun-
ty, Virginia, on York river, nearly oppo-
site York town.
Gloucester Factory, establishment of
the Hudson's bay Company, on a branch
of Albany river. Lon. W C 10 W, lat.
51 iON.
Glover, township of Orleans county,
Vermont, o5 miles NNE from Montpe-
lier. Population 400.
Gloydsborough, post office, Hamp-
shire county, Virginia.
Gluckstadt, town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, with a strong
castle. It is seated on the Elbe, near
its mouth, 30 miles NW of Hamburg,
and 55 N of Bremen. Lon. 9 15 E, lat.
5o 53 N.
Glynn, county of Georgia, bounded by
the Atlantic Ocean, on the SE : Camden
county, or Little St. Ilia river S\V ; Wayne
NW ; and Alatamahah river or M'Intosh
county, NE ; length 20 ; width 20 ; area
400 square miles. Surface level and part
o57
Li O A
G O I
Ttnarshy ; staples cotton and sugar. Chief
town, Biuinswick.
Population in 1810.
Free wiiite males - - - 314
do. do. females ... 250
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 8
Slaves 2,845
Total population in 1810 -
3,4ir
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - . .
Total whites - - . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females . - . -
548
295
643
7
8
1,417
1,343
Total population in 1820 -
3,418
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture - IJ'G
do. in Manufactures . 0
do. in Commerce - - 6
Popidation to the square mile, 83.
Gnedenhviten, post town of Tuskarawa
county, state of Oliio; a Moravian settle-
ment, planted with the pious view of pro-
pagating the Christian religion among the
Indians, 50 miles from Zanesville.
Gnetsna, city of Great Poland, of which
it is the capital, with an archbishop's see,
whose prelate is primate of Poland, and
viceroy during the vacancy of the throne.
It was the first town built in the kingdom,
and formerly more considerable than at
present. It is 90 mileb N by E of B:eslaw,
and 125 W of Warsaw. Lon. 17 40 E.
lat. 52 28 N.
Goa, considerable city of the Hither
India with a harbour to the coast of Mala-
bar, in the kingdom of Deccan, in Visia-
pour. It is the capital of the Portuguese
settlements in India, and the seat of u vice-
roy. It stands in an island, 22 miles in
length, and six in breadth ; and the city
built on the N side of it, having the con-
veniency of a fine river, capable of receiv-
ing ships of the greatest burden, where
they lie within a mile of the town. It is
292 miles S by E. of Bombay. Lon. 7^ 45
E. lat. 15 28 N.
Goar, St. or Gower, town of Germany,
in the circle of the Lower Rhine, s-ubject
to the landgrave of He^se Cassel. It stands
immediately under the stupendous rock of
R*;einfels, and was taken by the French in
1794. It has a considerable commerce in
wines and hides, and is 15 miles SE of
Coblentz.
358
Goat Island, in the state of Rhode Island
near the enlrance of the harbour of New-
port. It is f >rtitied wilh a fort and citadel.
Goat isL.nd, island, in Niagara river,
fornnng a pail of Erie count}. New York,
It overhangs ihe falls and divides the
water of Niagara river into two unequal
portions.
Goave, Petit, or Hispaniola, town of St.
Domingo, in tlie Gonave channel, 20 miles
WSW Turn Leogane. Lon. W C 4 25
E. lat. 18 25 N
Gobcehi, town of Germany, in the pala.
tinate of the Rhme, 18 miles SE of Phdlips-
burg. Lon. 8 56 E. lat. 49 6 N.
Gobin, St. See Fere.
Gocn, town of Germany, in the duchy of
Cleves, seated on tlie Neers, six miles S of
Cleves. Lon. 5 52 E. lat. 51 39 N.
Gociano, town of Sardinia, capital of a
county of the same name, with a castle,
seated on the Thurse, 25 miles E of
Algher.
Godalming; town in Surry, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated on the VVey,
where it divides into several streams, four
miles SW of Guildford and 54 of London.
Lon. 0 34 W. lat. 51 13 N.
Godavei'y, or Gonga Godoiury, river of
the Deccan of Hindoos'.an, which has its
source 90 miles to the NE of Bombay.
After crossing Dowlataoart and Golconda,
from "\V to E, it runs to the SE, and re-
ceiving the Bain Gonga, about 90 miles
above the sea, besides aany smaller rivers
separates into two principal channels at
Kajamundry ; and these subdividing again,
form altogctiier several tide harbours, for
vessels of moderate burden, such as Inge-
ram, Coringa, Yalam, Bandarmalanka, and
Narsapour.
Godmanchester, large village in Hunting-
donshire, parted from Huntingdon by the
river Ouse.
Godwin Sands, famous sandbanks off the
coast of Kent, lying between the N and S
Foreland, and as they run parallel with the
coast for three leagues together, at about
two leagues and a half distant from it, they
give additional security to the Downs.
Goes, or Ter Goes, strong town of the
LTnited Provinces, in Zealand, and capital
ot the Island of South Beveland, It com-
municates with the Scheldt by a canal, and
is 20 miles E of Middleburg. Lon. 3 50
E. lat. 51 33 N.
Godefroi, fief of Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence river be-
tween Roquetaillaide, and Becancour, three
miles above Three Rivers.
Goffsto7m, post town and township,
Hillsborough county, New Hampshire.
The village is at Amoskf ag falls, 15 miles
below Concord. Population in 1820,
2173.
G O L
GOO
(iogra, 01" Soorjeiu River, large river
which rises in Lake Lunkee Diie, in Thi-
bet, in lat. 33 17 N. an.l forcing its way
through Mount Himmaleh, lakt^^s a SE <li-
rection, and unites with rhe G^ng'es, above
Chupr.ih, in the province of"Ba!;ar.
Gohitd, territory of H;nti()o.-;tan Proper,
in the piovince of A^a ; suhjr ct to a ra-
jah, who IS tributary to the Poonah Mah-
rattas, Gwalior is the capitul.
Goiaz, one of the Capitamas of Brazil,
chiefly between the rivers Araquaya and
Tocantinas, bounded E by Maranham,
Bahia and Minas Gerat-s ; S by Saint
Pauls, W by Mattogr.sso; and NVV and
N by Grand P:-ra. Chi f town, Vill,. B a.
Go/conda, country of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, between the Lower par^s of
the courses of Kistna and Godavery rivers,
and the principal part of Dowlatab.:d. It
was formerly called Teilingana, or Tilling,
and is subject to the Nizam of the Deccan.
It is most remarkable for its diamond
mines, the most considerable m the world.
Here are also mines of salt, fine iron for
sword blades, and curious calicoes and
chintzes. Hydrabad or Bagnagur is the
capital.
Golconda, celebrated fortress, in a coun-
try of the same name, six miles WNW of
Hydrabad, and joined to that city by a wall
of communication.
Golcondo, post town and seat of justice,
Pope county, Illinois, on the Ohio river, 31
miles above the mouth of Tr.nnessee, and
50 miles below the mouth of Wabash
river.
Gohlengrove, post office, Greenville dis-
trict, Soutli Carolina.
Goldberg, town of Silesia, in the duchy
of Lignltz, 36 miles W of Breslaw. Lon.
16 23 E. lat. 51 3 N.
Gold Coast, maritime country of Guinea,
where the Europeans have several forts
and settlements. It reaches from the
Gold River, 12 miles W of Assine, and
ends at the village of Ponni, eight m,les E
of Acraw.
Golden Island, barren island at the mouth
of the river or gulf of Darien, where the
Sct^ts attempted to make a settlement in
1698. Lon. 77 10 W. lat. 9 0 N.
Goldingen, town of Courland, with a cas-
tle, seated on the Wela, 60 miles W of
Mittau. Lon. 22 21 E. lat. 56 48 N.
Goldsborough, post town of Hancock
county, Maine : situated on the E side of
Fr>^nchman's bay, about 50 miles from
Castine. Population in 1820, 560.
Goleita, island of Africa, at ttie entrance
of the bay of Tunis ; taken by the emperor
Charles V. when he attempted the seige of
Tunis, and kept by the Christians several
years. It is 29 miles N of Tunis. Lon.
10 20 E, lat. 37 10 N.
Golnaw, town of Prussian Pomerania,
seated on the Una, 18 miles NE of Stetin.
Lon. 14 59 E. lai. 53 45 N.
Gvmhv'iun, c./!(3idcr<i'oie seaport of Per-
sia, ill Fai -i-.tan, cal:ed by ttie natives Ban-
d<<r Abassi. It is seated m a bay of the
s> rait of Ornms, 120 mi'ei bSE o: Kerman.
Loa. 56 30 E. la.. 27 2S X.
G'jinera, one of the Canary Islands, be-
tween Fcrro and TenerifFe. It has a town
of the same name, with an excellent har-
bour, where the Spanish ships often take
in refre hments. Here is corn -uincient
to support ihe inhibitants, and one ^ugar-
work, wi'h gr^ at pLirv of win- and fruits.
Lon. 17 3 VV. lat. 28 6 N.
Gonave, island, near tha-t of Hispaniola ;
haviuif St. Mj ks Channel NE and Gonave
Cliannel SW. It i; about 35 tiulc:; long
and 10 vvide, with a to\vn and t'arbour of
the sa'ne name.
Gondar, fnetropolis of Abyssinia, situated
on a hdi of considerable height, ..nd con-
taining about 10,000 fa^nilies in time of
peace. I: is 180 oiies SE of Sennar. Lon.
57 33 E lat. 12 34 N.
Gondfgatna, or Gondlacomma, river of
the peninsul' of Hindoost^-n, which rises
near Combam, forms the n'jminal boundary
of thf Carnatic on the N, and falls into the
bay of Beuijal, at Mootapilly.
Gondrecourt, town of France, in the de-
partment of .Meuse and late duchy oF Bar,
seated on the Ornay, 20 miles S of St.
Michael. Lon. 5 37 E. lat, 48 30 N.
Gondreville, town of Franca, in the de-
partment of Meurthe and late province of
Lorrain, wi'h a castle and a magnificent
ho?.pital. It stands on a hill, on the river
Mviseile, eight miles from Nanci. Lon. 6
9 E. lat. 48 40 N.
Gonesse, town of France in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise, and late provmce
of the Isle of France, remarkable for the
goodness of Its bread, which is brought
twice a week to Pans. It is the birthplace
of king Philip Augustus; and is seated on
the Crould, 10 miles NE of Paris. Lon. 2
10 E. lat. 48 58 N.
Gonga, town of Romania, seated near
the sea of Marmora, 37 miles NE of Ga-
lipoli. Lon. 37 31 E. lat. 40 53 N.
Gonjak, kingdom of Africa, between the
coast of Guinea on the S, and Tombucton
on the N. supposed by major Rennel to be
the Corkche of M. d'Anville. Gonjah, the
capital, is 870 miles W by S of Cashna.
Lon. 6 low. lat. 13 20 N.
Goochland, county of Virginia, bounded
by James river or Powhatan and Cumber-
land county S and SW ; Fluvanna NW ;
Louisa and Hanover NE, and Henrico SE;
length 28 ; mean width 12 ; area 336
square miles. Surface moderately hilly,
359
G O li
G O S
and soil tolerably productive. Chief town,
HadeiisviUe.
Population in 1810.
Tree wiiite males • - - 2,060
do. do. females - . 2,170
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 509
Slaves 5,464
Total
population in 1810
nidation in 1S20.
10,203
Poi
Free white males ...
1,889
do.
do. females
1,907
Total
whites . . -
3.796
Free persons of colour, males
317
do. do. females -
368
Slave;
5, males . - . -
2,919
do.
females
2,607
Total
population in 1820
these ;
10,007
Of:
Foreigners not naturalized
0
Enejaged in AgrlciUture
3,201
do.
in Manufactures -
296
do.
in Commerce
0
Population to the square mile, 30.
Goochland, cotirlhouse and post office,
Goochland county, 30 miles \V by N from
Riciimond.
Goodwomans river, falls into Missouri
from the left, 190 miles above the mouth of
the latter.
Good. Hope. See Cape of Good H«pe.
Goodwin Sajids. See Godwin Sands.
Goodwinsville, post village, Dinwieddie
county, Virginia.
Goompty, river of Hindoostan Proper,
which rises in the Rohilla Country, and
flowing SB by Lucknow and .Tionpour,
falls into the Ganges, a little below Be-
nares.
Gooty, or Gtitii, strong fortress in the
peninsula of Hindoostan, formerly the seat
of government of a Mahratta prmce, and
now subject to the British, (t is seated on
the Pennar, 25 miles S by E of Aduni.
Lon. 77 35 E. lat 15 15 N.
Gorcum, town of the United Provinces,
in Holland, which carries on a considera-
ble trade in cheese and butter- It is seat-
ed at the junction of the Linghe with the
Waal, 12 milts E of Dort, and 32 S of
Amsterdam. Lon. 4 51 E. lat. 51 51 N.
Gordon's Ferry, post office, Hickman
county, Tennessee.
Gordonsville, post village, Orange coun-
ty, Virginia, at t'.e foot of the South Moun-
tain, 45 miles SW by W from Frederick-
burg.
Gore, townsliip of the land of the state,
Penobscot county, l^Jaine. Population in
1820,37. ■ '
.-^eo
Goree, small island of Africa, near Cape
de Verd, subjec' to the French. It is bar-
ren, but of^great importance on account of
its good trade. Lon. 17 25 W. iat. 14 40
N. '
Goree, capital of an island of the same
name, in Holland, eight inles SSVV of
Bi-iel. Lon. 4 20 E. iit. 51 44 N.
Gores Island, barren and uninh'ibited
island in tlie North Pacific Ocean, so
named by captain Cook, wlso discovered it
in 1778. Cape Upright, the SE extremity
is in lon. 172 50 W. lat. 60 30 N.
Gorgona, small island ."f Italy, in the
sea of Tiiscnny, eight miles m circumfer-
ence, remai'kdble for the l.'irge quantity 'if
anchovies tsken near it. Lon. 10 0 E. lat.
43 22 N.
Gorgona, island in the South Pacific
Ocean, 12 miles W of the coast of Peru-
It is high land, very woody, and some of
the trees are proper for masts. It is 10
miles in circumference, and has several ri-
vulets of excellent water. Lon. 77 50 W.
Iat. 3 20 S.
Gorgontua, remarkable high rock on the
north shore of lake Superior, lying at a
small dist:ince, iotd southerly of the point
which forms Michipicoten Bay, to the
southward and eastward ; the rock is lioJ-
low, wi;h an openmg into it.
Gorham, township and post village,
Cumberland county, Maine. Population
in 1820, 2795. The vdlage is nine miles
NW from Portland.
Gorham, township and post village of
Ontario county. New York- Population
in 1830, 3991.' The village is 10 miles W
from Geneva.
Goritz, capital of a county of the same
name, in the duchy of Carmola, with a cas-
tle, seated on the Lisonzo, 16 miles NE of
Aquileia. Lon. 13 30 E. iat. 46 20 N.
Gorlitz, strong town of G-.rm;iny, in Up-
per Lusatia, on the river Neisse, 55 miles
E of Dresden. Lon. 15 40 E. lat. 51 10
N.
Gone, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle and late province of Lor-
rain. It had a rich abbev, previous to the
revolution, and is seated on a hill, eight
miles SW of Metz,
GoxfieJd, township of Essex county,
Upper Canada, on lake Erie, west from
Mersea.
Goshen, township of Cheshire county.
New Hampshire, 30 miles W from Con-
cord. P .puiation in 1820, 687.
Goshen, township of Addison county
Vermont, 33 miles SW from Montpelier.
Population, 100.
Goshen, township of Lichfield county,
Connecticut, 7 miles W fiom Lichfield,
and 38 NW of the city from Hartford. Po-
pulation 1820, 1586.
Goshen, township and post village of
G O T
G O T
Hamshire county, Massachusetts, situated
between Worthington and Convvay, about
90 miles westward from Boston. Papula-
tion in 1820, 632.
Goshen, p.ist town and township, (Jrange
county, New York, famuMs for excellent
cheese, distant 60 miles NW from ilie city
of New York, and 112 S of Albany. Po-
pulation in 1820, 3,441. The county
courts are held alternately at the village of
Goshen, and at Newberg,
Gosheii, ^Fesf, towiiship of Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles K from
Downingstown, on some of the creeks of
Brandywine, and the heads of Chester
creeks. Population in 1820, 1,309, inclu-
ding the borough of West- Cht ster. Chief
town West-Chester.
Goshen, post village Loudon county Vir-
ginia, on the road from Washington to
Winchester, 35 miles from Washington.
Goshen, post town Lincoln County Geor-
gia, about 40 miles above Augusta.
Gos/ten, township of Tuscarawas county
Ohio, in which stands New Philadelphia,
seat of justice for the county. Population
in 1820, 604, including New Philadelphia.
GosAen, township of Columbiana countv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 492.
Goshen, township of Belmont county,
Ohio. Population m 1820, 1416.
Goshen, tovvnsiiip of OisampMign county,
Ohio. Popdation in 1820, 911^
Goshen, township of Clemont county,
Ohio, 18 miles NW from Williamsburg.
Population m 1820, 755.
Goshen, townsiiip of St. Clair countv, Illi-
nois. Population 2,000
Goshen Hill, post office, Spartanburg,
South Carolina.
Goslar, ancient, fvee, and imperial city of
Lower Saxony, in the territory of Bruns-
wick, seated at tiie foot of a mountain,
near the river Cose. It is 28 njiies S of
Brunswick. Lon 10 42 E, lar. 52 0 N.
Gosport, fortified town in liamp-.hire, on
the W side of the Harbour of Port-^mouth,
over which is a ferrv. It is 78 miles SW
of Londm. Lon. 1 3 W, lat. 50 49 E.
Gostynen^ or Gosttivin, town of Pcdand,
in the palatinate of Rava. 36 miles NE of
Rava. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 51 54 N.
Gotha, town of Upper Saxony, capital of
a duchy of the same name, 18 miles W of
Erfort. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 51 0 N.
Gotha, river of Sweden which issues from
Lake Wenner, and falls into the North Sea,
at Gotheborg.
Gothard, St. one of the highest moun-
tains of Svitzerland, in the canton of Uri.
Itii- 9075 feet above the sea, and 22 miles
S of AUorf. Though not the highest.
mountain, it is deemed the prinfipal sum-
mit of the Helvetian Alps ; for in its vici-
nity rise the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss, and
llhine, which Sow hence in everv direction.
Z z
Gotheburg, or Gothenboi'^, city of Swe-
den, capital of Wtst Gothland, seated at
the mouth of the Gotha, which forms an
excellent ha hour ; the best situate for
foreign tnide of any in the kingdom, as it
iies on the Categat. I is 180 miles SW
of Or bo. Lon. 11 39 E, lat. 57 42 N.
Gothland, one of the five general divi-
sions of Sweden; bounded on the N by
Sw'::den Proper, E an ; S by the IJaltic, and
W by the Sound, the German Ocean, and
Norway. Thi>. country is inhabited by a
nation, celebrated for their excursions and
invasionsof other countries, which had its
origen from the G-se, or Tarta'S of the
Crimea. The Goths had kings of their
own till 1132, when they were united to
Sweden. It includes nine provinces and
the isles of Gothland and CEland.
Gothland, island of Sweden, in the Baltic,
70 miles frii.m N to S,ancl 25 in its greatest
breadth. From its form and situation it
has obtained the name of the Eye of the
Baltic The siil is fertile, and remarkable
for .»n excedent breed of sheep. Here are
fine wood>5 of oak and pine, quarries of ex-
cellent stone, and very good limestone.
Wisby is the capital.
Gothland, East, province of Sweden, in
the division of Gothland, between the
B;iitic on the E, and laki' Wetter on the
W, 80 mile.s loi.gand 70 broad. The .soil
is fertile, and produces abundance of all
sorts of grain. It has fine orchards, pas-
tures, lakes, and rivers, forests of oak and
birch, iron-mines, and quarries of stone
and marble. The chief town is Nord-
koping.
Gothland. West, province of Sweden in
the division of Gothland, between the
lakes Wettf-r and Wenner, 30 miles long;'
and from 25 o 70 broad, The soil and
produce are similar o East Gothland. The
chief town is Gotheburg.
Gottesbnrg, town of Silesia, wliere great
quantities of worsted stockings are knit,
16 miles SW ot Schweidnitz.
Gottengcn, cUy of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Briinswick. Here George IL of
Great Britain foun<led a university, which
has acquired a very distinguislied reputa-
tion; and it contains one of the most capi-
t;il libraries in Europe. The university of
Gottingen is amongst the most respectable
literary institutions that has ever been
formed. Regular professorships are es«
tablisiied on every subject which consti-
tute education of the most enhghtened of
mankind. The number of students rarely
falls short of 1000, sent from every part of
Eurnpe. The library exceeds" 200,000
volumes. There are also many other lite-
rary institutions, and a commandery of the
Teutonic order. The woollen manufac-
tures are the principal support of the in-
habitants. It is seated on the Lein, 58
■361
6 O W
G R A
miles S of Hanover. Lon. 9 53 E, lat. 51
32 N.
Gottingen, province of Hanover, inclu-
ding the city of Gottingen, and the princi-
palities of Grubenhagen, Hohensteln, and
Elbingeroda, with the bailiwicks of Plesse,
and Gleichen.
Gottorp, town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, capital of the duchy of Hoi
stein Gottorp, seated at the bottom of an
arm of the sea, called the Slev, four miles
WSW of Sleswick. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 54
36 N.
Gotisberg, town of Silesia, in tlie duchy
of Schweidnitz, remarkable for its silver
mines.
Gouda, or Turgo-w, strong town of the
United Provinces, in Holland, celebrated
for its noble church, and painted glass
■windows, supposed to be the finest in
Europe. It is seated on the Issel, eight
miles NE of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 41 E, lat.
52 2 N.
Gondhurat, town in Kent, with a market
on Wednesday, 12 miles SW of Maidstone,
and 44 BE of London. Lon. 0 31 E, lat.
51 8N.
Governolo, town of Italy, in the Mantuan,
seated on the Minchib, 12 miles SE of
Mantua. Lon. 10 56 E, lat. 45 4 N.
Goura, or Gnra, town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Masovia, belonging to the
bishop of Posnania. Lon. 21 50 E, lat. 51
1 N.
Gordon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot, and late province of Querci,
18 miles NW of Cahors, Lon. 1 24 E, lat.
45 43 N.
Gonpe, Riviere da, stream of Lower Ca-
nada, falling into the north side of St.
Lawrence 45 miles below Quebec.
Gouverneiir, township of St. Lawrence
county, New York, on Oswegatchie river.
Tlie village stands on the road from Og-
densburg to VVatertown, about 33 miles
from each. '
Gmimay, town of France, now in the
department of Lower Seine lately in the
province of Normandy, remarkable for its
fine butter. It is seated on the Epte, 52
Miles NW of Paris. Lon. 0 36 W, lat. 49
32 N.
Gourock, town in Rcifreshire, on a bay
of the Frith of Clyde, with a copper mine
in its neigiibourliood, lately shut up.
Go-wer, peninsular extremity of Glamor-
ganshire, to the W of the bay of Swansey.
It has very lofty limestone cliffs next the
sea, whence large quantities of lime are
exported to the English counties across
the Bristol Channel. The coast abounds
with oysters. The land is a fertile tract of
arable and pasture.
Goiver, or Gever. See Goar, St.
Go-wran, borough and post town of Ivc
3&2
land, in the county of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 0
E, lat. 52 34 N.
Go-wrie, Carse of, a fertile tract of coun-
try in Perthshire, remarkable for the fine
crops produced there,
Gozzie, or Gozes, island of the Mediter-
ranean, to the S of the isle of Candia, 12
miles from Fort Selino.
Gozzo, fortified island of the Mediterra-
nean, five miles NW of Malta, and belong-
ing to the knights of that island.
Graaf Reynet, Easterii District of the
colony of the Cape of Good Hope; extend-
ing from Stellenboch.
Graboiu, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, 18 miles S of
Schwerin. Lon. 11 44 E, lat. 53 26 N.
Gi-aceham, post village, Frederick coun-
ty, Maryland.
Graciosa, one of the Azores, or West-
ern Islands. It contains about 300 inhabi-
tants, and produces wheat, wine, butter,
and cheese. Lon. 27 58 W, lat. 39 2 N.
Graciosa, rocky, barren, uninhabited
island, one of the Canaries, to the N of
Lancerota. It is three miles long, and
two broad.
Grudista, town of Sclavonia, on the
frontiers of Croatia, taken by the Turks
In 1691. It is seated on the Save, 20
miles SW of Posega. Lon. 18 39 E, lat
45 21 N.
Gradiska, strong town of Germany in
the coimty of Goritz, seated on the Lison-
zo, 15 miles SE of Udina. Lon. 13 14 E,
lat. 46 6 N.
Grado, town of Italy, in a small island of
the same name, on the coast of Venitian
Friuli, 50 miles E by N of Venice. Lon.
13 10 E, lat. 45 46 N.
Grafton, village in Northamptonshire,
between Stony Stratford and Northamp-
ton, where there is a manor-house and
park, given by Charles II. to the duke of
(Jrafton, whence the title is derived.
Grafton, county of New Hampshire ;
bounded by Connecticut river, or Vermont
NW and N; Coos NE; Strafford SE ; and
Hillsborough and Cheshire S ; length 55 ;
mean width 28 ; area 154'0 square miles.
Surface broken, hilly and part mountain-
ous. Soil where arable, productive in
grain and pasturage. Chief town Haver-
hill.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 14,295
do. do. females - - 14,105
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 64
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
28,462
16,448
16,524
G R A
G R A
Total tvhltes - - - 32,942
Free persons of colour, males - 22
do. do. females - 25
Slaves, males - - . - 0
do. females ... - 0
Total population in 1820 - - 32,989
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 34
Engaged in Agriculture - 8,653
do. in Manufactures • 1,097
do. in Commerce - - 118
Population to the square mile, 21.
Grafton, post town and township in Graf-
ton county. New Hampshire, 20 miles SE
from Dartmouth college, and 29 N\V from
Salisbury. Population in 1094.
Grafton, township of Worcester county,
Massachusetts, about 45 miles SW from
Boston. Population in 1820, 1154.
Grafton, post town and township, Wind-
ham county, Vermont, 22 miles S from
Windsor. Population in 1820, 1500.
Grafton, township of Rensallaer county
New York, 12 miles E from Troy. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1611.
Graham's Store, post office, Albemarle
county Virginia.
Grainier, county of Tennessee between
Chinch and Holston rivers ; bounded by
Jefferson SE ; Knox S W ; Claiborne NW ;
and Hawkins NE ; length 30 ; mean width
12; area 360 square miles. Surface hilly,
and soil sterile, except along the margin of
the streams. Chief town Itutledge.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,894
do. do. females - - 2,784
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 182
Slaves 537
TofalpopulationinlSlO, - 6,397
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,407
do. do. females . - - 3,394
Total whites . - . . 6,801
Free persons of colour, males - 94
do. do. females 104
laves, males - - - 334
do. females . - - 317
Total population In 1820 - 7,650
Of these; ""
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged m Agriculture - 1,977
do. in Manufactures .1 135
do. in Commerce - . 12
Population to the square mile, 21%
Grammonl, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Viene and late province
of Limosin. It is 15 miles NE of Litno.'-es.
Lon 1 30 E, lat, 46 1 N.
Grampian Hills, chain of high mountains
in Scotland, running from E to W, nearly
the whole breadth of the kingdom. Tliey
take their name from the Mons Grampius
of Tacitus, whence Galgacus waited the
approach of Agricola, and where the battle
was fought so fatal to the brave Caledo-
nians.
Grampound, borough in Cornwall, with
a market on Saturday. It has a consi-
derable manufacture of gloves, is govern-
ed by a mayor, and sends two members
to parliament. It is seated on the Valles,
40 miles SW of Launceston, and 244 W
by S of London. Lon. 4 49 W, lat 50
22 N.
Gran, town of Lower Hungary, with an
archbishop's see. It has been several
times taken and ret:;ken, but last of all by
the Austrians, in 1683. It is seated on the
Danube, 87 miles E by S of Vienna. Lon.
18 6 E, lat. 47 46 N.
Granada, province (formerly a kingdom)
of Spain, bounded on the N and W by An-
dalusia, on the E by Murcia, and on the S
by the Mediterranean Sea. It is 175 miles
in length, and 75 in breadth. Though a
mountainous country, the soil is good.
This province has the highest mount un
in Europe SW from Mount Blanc ; the
Muley Hassan rising to 11,250 feet.
Graiiada, city of Spain, capital of the
province of Granada, Avith an archbish-
op's see, and a university. It is built on
four hills, and divided into four parts.
In one part is the palace of the kings of
Spain, and an ancient palace of the
Moorish kings, the Atliambra, with so
many rooms that it is like a labyrinth.
In the third is the university ; the fourth
has nothing considerable ; but all the pub-
lic buildings are magnificent. It is seat-
ed near the confluence of the Ore with
the Xenil. 125 miles SW of Murcia, and
225 S of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 VV, lat. 37
8N.
Granada, island in the West Indies,
the principal of the Grenadines ; situated
in lon. W C 5 40 E, and between 11 55
and 12 23 N lat. It is the last of the
Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues
NW of Tobago. The chief port caled
Lewis, is on the W side, in the middle
of a large bay, with a sandy bottom, and
is very spacious.
Granada, town of North America, in
the province of Nicaragua, seated on tlie
l;^ke Nicaragua. The inhabitants carry
on a great trade by means of the lake,
whicii communicates with the AtTamrc
G R A
G R A
90 square miles. Chief towB, North -
hero.
Population in 1810.
P'ree wiiite males
do. do. females
Population in 1820.
Free while males
do. do. females -
Ucean. It is 54 miles SE of Leon. Lon.
W C 8 46, W lat. 12 5 N
Granada, Afew, extensive country in
South America, denominated by the
Spaniards tlie n.w kinf^dom of Granada.
It now forms part of tlie republic of ^jj ^^^^^ persons except Indians
Columbia, and contains tlie departments ,^q^ taxed
of Boyacca, Cundinamurca, Cauca, and gloves
Magdalena. Sfe Colombia.
New Granada was conqutred by the ^^^^1 population in 1810
Spaniards in 1536. It is so far elevated
above the level of the sea, that thuugit
it approaches almost to the i^quator, the
climate is remarkably temperite. The
fertility of its valleys is not interior to
that of the richest districts in America; Total whites . - -
and its higher grounds yield gold and Pi-ee persons of colour, males
precious stones of various kinds. Its do. do. females
towns are populous and flourishing. The Slaves, males . . -
capital is Santa Fe-de- Bogota. , do. females
Granby, township of Bedford and Ri-
chelieu counties, Lower Canada, on the Total population in 1820 ,
river a la Tortue, 45 miles ESE from
Montreal. Of these ;
Granby, township of Essex county, Foreig'ners not naturalized
Vermont. The village on the head of Engaged in Agriculture
Moose river, on the road from Guildhall , do in Manufactures -
to BrcwningtoH, 50 miles NE from Mont- do. in Commerce
pelier.
Granby, township of Hampshire coun-
ty, Massachusetts; situated about 85
miles W of Boston. Population in 1820,
1066.
Granby, township and post village,
Hartford county, Connf cticut ; joining
the state of Massachusetts, in the north,
and bounded in the west, by the Poppoto
nuck mountain. The village is situated
about 20 miles NW from Hartibrd.
Population in 1820. 3012.
Granby, tov.'nship of Oswego c unty.
New York, on Oswego river. Popula-
tion in 1820, 555
l.J'QS
1,633
14
0
3.445
1,841
1,677
3,527
0
337
80
8
Population to the square mile, 39.
Grand Isle, island in Niagara river,
and in Erie county New York, about 6
miles long and 5 miles wide where broad-
est, and c.nnta ns about 11,000 acres.
Surface rising by a gentle acclivity, and
soil generally good. It is yet in great
part' uninhabited, and the property of
the state.
Grand Manan, island of Washington
county, Maine, opposite to Passamaquod-
dv bay. Lon. W C 10 17 E, lat. 44
48 N.
Grande-Pre, town of France, in the
department of A rdennes and late province
Gra^z^^, post town, Lexington, district ^f "Champagne, seated on the Ayre, 32
of South Carohna on the right banii ot ^.,^^ j, ^^ jlheims. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 49
Congaree river, about 2 miles below Co- r,i «^
lumbia. Granby is at the head of navi- " ^,.;^^^ p^^^ seigniory St. Maurice
gation ; a bridge has been there erected ^ Lower Canada, on lake St. Peter,
over the Congaree. . 18 miles W from Three rivers It ex-
Grand Jme, or Jmwje, seaport of ^^^,15 f^om the lake between the seignio-
Hayti, or Hispaniola, on the SW penm- - -
sula. Lon. W C 2 55 E, lat 18 15 N
Grand Cailloiu island on the coast of
Louisiana, near the southern extremity of
the Cape, between the Atchafalaya and
Lafourche river
ries of Riviere du Lvup, and Grosbois or
Machiche.
Grondon. See Fairfiort.
Grand River, of Ohio, rises in Trum-
bull county, and flowing about 10 miles
GranrfGosffr, low and small island, a nearly north, enters Ashtabula county,
and contnmrg north about 20 miles,
turns rieariy at right angles and enters
Geauga county, in which it falls into lake
Erie at Fairport. after an entire com-
parative course of 50 miles. See/*aOTs-
ville and Fairfiort.
Grand River, or JN'ifiigon River, Up-
little west of north from the mouth of the
Mississippi, lying between Breton island
and the south end of die Chandeleurs.
Lat. 29 3i N, lon W C 12 15 W.
Grand Isle, NW county of Vermont,
formed by the peninsula of Alburg, and
S and N Hero, with several smaller
islaf-ds in lake Champlain. Area about per Canada, falls into lake Superior
364
G R A
G R A
from the N, a little E, opposite Keweena
point.
Grand. See Ottanva River.
Grand Traverse, group of islands in
lake Michigan, opposite to the mouth of
Green bay.
Grand Vieiv, NE township of Wash-
ington county, O'nio, so called from an
extensive view upon the Ohio river, 30
miles above Marietta. Population in
1820, 35L
GrandvVle, post village, Monongalia
county, Virginia, on Duncard's creek, 12
miles NW from Morgantown-
Grand, Rio, fine river of Brazil in
Minaes Geraes, flovrs NE, and falls into
the Atlantic Ocean in lat 15 2.5 S, after
an entire comparative course of 350
miles.
Grange, La, cape of Hispaniola, on
the N side, NE from the mouth of Yaqui
de St. Jago river Lon. W C 5 25 E,
lat. 19 54 N.
Granger, county of E Tennessee. See
Graniger.
Granger, township on lake Erie, and
on the west side of Rocky river, in Cuy-
ahoga county, Ohio, 7 miles west from
Cleveland. Population in 1820, uncer-
tain.
Granger, township of Medina county,
Ohio, immediately east from the town-
ship of Medina. Population in 1820, 217.
Granic, or (^tfhucus, small river of
Natoiia, which nas its source in Mount
Ida, near the ruins nf ancient Troy, and
falls into the sea of Marmora, to the E
of Lampfaco. It is now the Ousoola.
On its banks was fought the celebrated
battle, in which Alexander the Great,
obtained his first victory over the Per-
sians.
Granitza, town of European Turkey,
near the gulf of Coi'inth, between Liva-
dia and Tebes.
Grant, county of Kenturky, bounded by
Owen S ; Gallatin W ; Boone N ; and
Pendleton E; length 20; mean width 13;
area 260 square miles. Surface hilly, and
soil of middling quality.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 853
do. do. females - - - 813
Total whites .... 1,666
Free persons of colour, males - 2
do. do. females - 0
Slaves, males .... 69
do. females - - - 68
Total population in 1820 - 1.805
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1,
Engaged in Agriculture - - 358
do in Manufactures - 22
Engaged in CoTmierce - - 0
Pop. elation to the square mile, 7,
Gransoii, 'own of Ssvi^seri.uid, in the
Pay;i de VhiuI, cap-^al of a bailiwic of the
same name, wiih a cattle. Charles the
Bold, dukv of Burgundy, tot)k it by storm;
but in a brittle near it, in 1476, he was to-
tally defeated. Lon 6 30 E. lat. 46 50 N.
Grantham, borough in Lincolnshire, with
a mirket on Saturday, It is seated on the
Witham, 20 miles S by W of Lincoln, and
110 N by W of London. Lon, 0 36 W. lat.
52 59 N.
Grantham, township of Buckingham
couniy, Lower Canada, on the left bank of
St. Francis river, 25 mdes S from Three
Rivers.
GranfsUek, post office, Campbell county,
Kentucky.
Grantsville, post vdlage. Green county,
Georgia.
Grantham, township in the county of
Line In, Upper Canada, lies west of New-
ark, and fronting lake Ontario.
Gran-ville, se 'port of France, in the de-
partment of the Channel and late pro-
vince of Normandy, parily seated on a rock,
and p-rtly on a plain. It is 15 miles S by
E of Cnutances, and 185 W ofPiris. Lon.
1 32 VV. lat. 48 50 N.
Granville, township of Anapolis county,
Nova Scotia, near the mouth of Anapolis
river.
Granville, seigniory, Cornwallis county.
Lower Canada, on the S side of St. Law-
rence, 80 miles NE from Quebec.
Granville and Lachenaye, seigniory,
Cornwallis county. Lower Canada on the
S side of St. Lawrence bay, 90 miles be-
low Quebec.
Graiiville, township of Hamden county,
Ma^^sachusetts, 14 miles W of Springfield.
Population in 1820, 1643.
Granville, township of Washington
county. New York ; on the line which di-
vides this state from Vermont, and 60
miles NNE of Albany. Population in 1820,
3727.
Granville, flourishing post town and
township of Licking county, Ohio, in the
middle tbrk of Licking river, 32 miles
W from Zanesviile, 26 NEfrom Lancaster,
and 26 E by N from Columbus. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1472. Lon. 5 35 W, lat.
40 5N.
Granville-tmlls, post office, Charlescity,
county, Virginia.
Granville, count}' of North Carolina,
bounded N by Virginia ; E by Warren
and Franklin counties ; S by Wake and W
by Orange and Person ; length 30 ; mean
width 23; area 690 square miles. Surface
hilly, though not very broken, and soil ge-
nerally productive. Chief town, Oxford,
365
tin A
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - ^•'^'^^
do. do. females - - 3,617
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - ' „t^l
Slaves ----- 7,746
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females.
Slaves, males . . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
15,576
4,296
4,328
18,216
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturaliz-ed - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,552
do. in Manufactures - 332
do. in Commerce - 26
Population to the square mile, 24 nearly.
Grasse, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Var, lately in the province of
Provence. It was lately a bishop's see ;
and is sealied on an eminence, 15 miles W
of Nice. Lon. 6 56 E. lat. 43 39 N.
Grasse, town of France in the depart-
ment of Ande and late province of Lan-
guedoc, seated on the river Othieu, at the
foot of the mountains of Courbiere, 18
miles SE of Carcassonne.
Grasse, Baye (le, on the north shore of
lake Ontario, lies to the eastward of Point
aux Cheveaux.
Grasse, river of St. Lawrence county,
Nev/ York, rises in the SE part of the coun-
ty, and curving to the W, N and NE, falls
in'io St. Lawrence river,between St. Regis,
afid Long Sant rapids, after a comparative
course of about 100 miles. This stream
and the Oswegatchie, are united by a na-
tural canal, 15 miles SE from Ogdens-
burgh.
Grasty's-store, post orScc, Pittsylvania
county, Virginia.
Graieley, village in Hampcl.ire, on the
SE side of Quarley Hill, in the road from
Andover to Salisbury, where, in 926, king
Athelstan held a grand council of the no-
bility. Near it is a great Roman camp,
and on Quarley hill is a large British camp.
Gratz, town of German]', capital of Sti-
ria, with a castle, and a university. Here
are many palaces, and a fine arsenal. The
castle stands on a rock, and communicates
with the river by means of a deep well.
It is seated on the Muehr, miles SW of
Vienna. Lon. 15 30 E. lat. 47 4 N,
G R A.
Graudentz, town of Poland, in the pala-
tinateof Culm, with a castle, seated on the
Vistula, 30 miles N of Thorn, and 110 NW
of Warsaw. Lon. 18 52 E. lat. 53 36 N.
Grave, strong town of Dutch Brabant,
seated on the river Maese, beyond which
there is a fort. It has been often taken
and retaken, the last time by the French
in 1794. It is eight mites S of Nimeguen.
Lon. 5 45 E. lat. 51 47 N.
Grave Creek, post town of Ohio county,
Virginia, 12 miles below Wheeling. This
town derives its name from a large creek,
which rises near Washington in Pennsyl-
vania, and flowing W falls into Ohio river.
The town stands on an elevated alluvial
bottom, remarkable for the number and
magnitude of aboriginal antiquities.
Gravelines, strong seaport of France,
now in the department of the North, lately
in French Flanders. It was ceded to
France, by the treaty of the Pyrenees, and
is seated on the Aa, 12 miles E of Calais.
Lon. 3 13 E. lat. 50 59 N.
Gravel Point, on lake Ontario, in Marys-
burgh, lies between St. Peters Bay and
Point I'raverse, Upper Canada.
Gravenac, town of Suabia, capital of a
county of the same name, 33 miles W of
Ulm. Lon. 9 28 E. lat. 48 22 N.
Graven Machren, town of Luxemburg",
on the Moselle, taken in 1552, by the
marquis of Brandenburgh, who burnt it.
Grarvesande, tovin of Holland, the resi-
dence of the ancient counts of Holland,
It is seven miles W oMnjjp.
Gravesend, town in Kent, with a market
on Wednesday and Saturday. It is situa-
ted on the banks of the Thames, and is a
place of g^eat resort, being the common
landing place for seamen and strangers in
their pass.^ge to London. It is 22 miles
SE of London. Lon. 0 27 E, lat. 51 25 N.
Graves Island, in the SE part of lake
Simcoe, Upper Canada.
Gravina, town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, with a bishop's see, 32 miles SW of
Bari,
Gravois, Pointe au, is the W point of the
little Detroit, on the N coast of lake Supe-
rior.
Gravois, Riviere au, in the Missassaga
land, on the north shore of lake Ontario,
runs into that lake, between Burlington
bay and the river Credit.
Giaulhct, town of France in the depart-
ment of Tai-n, 12 miles NW of Castres.
Gray, town of France, in the department
of Upper Siione and late province of
Franche Comte. It carries on a trade in
iron ! and it is seated on the Saone, 25
miles NE of Dijon, Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 47
28 N.
Gray, post village, and township of Cum-
G R A
6 K E
berland county, Maine. Population in
1820, 1479.
Grayson, county of Virginia, bounded S
W by North Carolina ; NW by Washing-
ton and Wythe ; NE by Montgomery and
SE by Patrick; length 70; mean width
13 ; area about 900 square miles. Surface
broken and mountainous; soil generally
sterile. Chief town, Greenville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - « 2,338
do. do. females - - 2,303
All other persons except Indiai>s
not taxed - - - 30
Slaves 270
Total population in 1810 - 4,941
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,678
do. do. females 2,492
Total whites - . - - 5,170
Free persons of colour, males - 50
do. do. females - - - 33
Slaves, males ... - 173
do. females , - . 172
Total population in 1820 - - 5,598
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized ■ - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 863
do. in Manufactures - H
do. in Commerce - - ^
Population to the square mile, 6.
Grayson, county of Kentucky, between
Green river and Rough creek, bounded S
by Warren ; SW by Butler ; W by Ohio ,
N by Breckenridge ; NE by Hardin and
E by Hart ; length 36 ; mean width 16| ;
area 600 square miles. Surface broken,
and soil of middling quality. Chief town,
Litchfield.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Slaves 103
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
Free persons of eolour,
do. do.
Slaves, males -
do. females
males -
females
1,927
1,909
3,836
19
96
88
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,179
do. in Manufactures » 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 6^.
Gray''s Thurroch, town in Essex, with a
market on Thursday, seated on the
Thames, 24 miles E of London. Lon. 0
24 E. lat. 51 26 N.
Great Harrington, post town in Berk-
shire county, Massachusetts, about 23
miles W of Springfield on the river Con-
necticut. Population in 1820, 1908.
Great Bay. extensive sheet of water,
between Stafford and Rockingham coun-
ties. New Hampshire, five miles above
Portsmouth. It unites with Piscataqua ri-
ver, and receives Oyster, Lamprey and
Exeter rivers.
Great Dismal, extensive morass in the
state of North Carolina, containing upwards
of 350,000 acres, in the middle of which
is a small lake, about 40 miles in circuit.
From this lake a canal has been cut, com-
municating wilh Scuppernong river.
Great Bridge, post office, Norfolk
county, Virginia.
Great Ca/ie, on the north side, where
lake Superior descends into the narrows of
the fall St. Mary.
Great Crossings, post office, Scott
county, Kentucky, on Great Elkhorn
creek.
Great Mills, post office, St. Mary's
county.
Grebna, town of European Turkey, in
Thessaly, 50 N by E from loanina, in Epi-
rus.
Greece, country of Europe, included in
the empire of the Ottoman Turks. The
boundaries of this truly interesting coun-
try, as well as the etymology of the name,
are equally uncertain. The common
opinion of the Greeks themselves, derive
their national appellation from Graicus, son
of Thessalus. Many sources liave been
sought for the origin of this people, proba-
bility is in favour of the supposition, that
the mass of the people originated from
Gothic, or Scythian colonies, but, that their
civilization, arts, and sciences, were drawn
from the cultivated nations of western
Asia, and NE Africa. The word Ylixxirytt,
signifies a stork, or bird of passage, and is
peculiarly applicable, to either a nomadic
or commercial people, and given with the
warm and happy felicity of Greek nomen-
clature. They prided themselves also, on
the t«itle of Autochthones ; children of the
earth. Gradually civilized, and quitting
the nomadic state rather by tribes than
nationally, new provincial names arose, and
in the lapse of successive ages, the primi-
tive nimes were lost, in those of Helleni-
4,055 ans, lonians, Dorans, Stc«
367
1,159
1,039
2,301
G R E
G R E
We understand commonly by the name
of Greece, the country generally so known,
and which forms the SW part of European
Turkey. Though I have already observed
that this country was peopled by colonies,
advancing from the norili, I have only, in
the present article, included under the
name of Greece, divisions admitted by the
ancients themselves ; but the Greek nation,
not only inhabited that part of Europe, they
also extended colonies into the south of
Italy, to which they gave ihe name of
Magna Graecia ; into Sicily, in which they
founded many large and populous cities ;
on the coast of Africa, west from Egypt,
and particularly into Asi-i Minor
The following synopsis will suffice for
•Greece proper, and for the principal towns
of each section.
Greece was divided into three great
portions, by th^, hand of nauire ; these sec-
tions were,.penW^^ui;lr Greece, or the Pe-
loponnesus, jmw^ Morea; Continental
Greece, and Il^5^a^ Greece.
Peloponnesus w^s subdivided into the
provinces of ArgollS, in which were the
rivers Inachus and Erasinus, and the cities
of Argos, Myoena and Ep:dauris. Jjaco-
nia, with the Eurota-. river, and the cities
of Sparta, Amyclae, Gytliium, and Taena-
rium. MessenJa, with the Pamisus river,
and the cities o^fitenyclarus and Colonides.
Elis, with the )Bfc>heus, Anigus, and Sel-
leis, and the citieajS^f Olympia, Pjsa, and
Elis. Achala, wateVi^jtf^y the Melas and
Crathis rivers, and li^H^" the cities of
Dyme, Patrae and AegrB|(|iv Sicyonia,
with the I'iver Asopus, and tmS<jiUes of
Sicyon and Phlius. Coriiuhus, \mh-the
cities of Corinth. Lerhaeum and Cenchrae.
The last subdivision of the PeUiponnesus,
was that of Arcadia in the centre, contain-
ing the Alpheus, Ei-yman'hus a;:d Aora-
nius rivers, and the cities of Megalapolis,
Mantinaea, Tegea, Orchomenus ajid Phi-
galia.
Next followed Greece proper, or conti-
nental Greece, subdivided, advancing from
south to north ; into Attica, with the cities
of Athens, Eleusis >nd Marathon. Mega-
ris, with the cities of Megara and Nysaea.
BcEOtia, with the lake Cop:ns and river Aso-
pus, and the cities of Thebes, Orchomenus,
Cheronea, Tanagra, Eleuterae and Thes-
piae. Phocis, with the river Cephisus, and
the cities of Delphi, Elatia, Crys^a and
Anticyra. Doris, witii ihe city of Cytini-
um. Locfis Ozolae, with the cities of Am-
phissa, and Naupactus. Locr s Epicnemi-
dii, with the city of Cnemides. Locri
Opuntii, with the ci'.y of Opus. Aetolia,
with the rivers Achelous and Evenus, and
the cities of Thermui, Calydon and Chal-
cis. Acarnania, with the cities of Argos,
Araphilochicum, Stratus and Actium.
Thessilia, with the rivers Peneus, Onches-
tus and Sperchius and the cities of Larissa,
Pharsalus, Pherae and Demetrias. Epirus,
with the rivers Acheron and Avas, and the
cities of Buthrotum and Nicopolis. Ulyria,
with the cities of Epidair.-ia and Apollo-
nia. Macedonia, wnh the rivers Erigon,
Axius, Strymon and Haliacmon, and the
cities of Pella, Edessa, Thessalonica and
Olynthus.
Insular Greece was subdivided into the
East, South and West sections That of
the East, contained the islands of Thtra.
Naxia, Paros, Delos, Myconus, Tenos, An-
dros, Eeos, Eub 'ea, Scyos, Thasos, and
some smaller groups. That of the south
contained Crete, and Cythera. In the west
were Corcyra, Leucadia, Cephallenia, Du-
lichium and Zacynthus,
In this exposition oi the states of Greece
Macedonia is included ; but it may be ob-
served that It W.1S only after the reign of
Philip 11. and his son Alexander U. ; or
Alexander the Great, that the Greeks com-
menced to regard Manedonia, as a part ot
Greece. Before that period the people in-
habiting the country called Grecia and also
Hellas, regarded the Macedonians, as well
as the Thraciaiis as barbarians. Similar
observations might indeed be extended to
Thessaly, Etolia, Acarnania, Epirus and
lllyria. These countries v.ere slowly and
with the advance of arts, science and poli-
tical power, admitted into the list of Gre-
cian states! Taken in extenso, Greece was
bounded south by the Mediterranean sea;
west by the Ionian, and part of the Adria-
tic sea ; north by the mountains of lllyria,
Macedonia and Thrace, and east by Thrace
and the Aegean sea. It extended from lat.
35 to 43 N. or about 560 English miles;
and from east to west 250 mdes wide
where broadest. Its area about 40,000
sqtiare miles.
Greece is formed by a peninsula bearing
a strong resemblance to that of Italy, the
Peloponnesus representing Sicily. Nearly
parallel to the two opposite coasts extends
a range of mountains with latteral ridges,
branching tosvards each sea. The main
chain gradually declines ;n elevation from
north to south. In the northern part of
Greece, the ndges of Pindus and Parnas-
sus rise to from 7 to 8000 feet, whilst the
mountains oi' Boeotia and Attica do not ex-
. eed fr-.m 500 to 1000 feet. Parallel to
the mai'i ch.;!ii another rises near the head
of the gulf of Salonica or the ancient Sinus
Thermaicus, and by the local names. of
Ossa, and Pehon, and Octa, and Othrys, ex-
tends through Thessaly to the ancient gulf
of ArtimisiuiT, and is continued through
the islands of Euboea, Andros, Tenos, .My-
conus, &c. The latter c'.ain is in reality a
ramnification of the main central chain
which it leaves betv" een the sources of the
Haliacmon and Pencus rivers, and first
G R E
G R E
stretching eastward toward the Themiaic
gulf, thence turns SE as already described.
Along the northern frontier of Macedo-
nia ranges Mount Orbelus, a part of the
great chain of Mount Ilaemus. From
Mount Orbelus, between the sources of the
Axius and Strymon rivers extends an
humble but distinct ridge of which Mount
Athos in the Cealcidice, was the utmost
southeastern termination. The countries
of Acarnania, Etolia and Epirusare also ex-
tremely mountainous.
The Peloponnesus, now Morea, posses-
ses its appropriate mountain ridges, of
which the principal are Mount Cyllene in
the west, and Taygetus near the south ex-
tremity. The whole peninsula is, how-
ever, excessively mountainous. The cen-
tral table land of Arcadia, rising to an ele-
vation which gives it a climate of consider-
able severity in winter, but a mast salubri-
ous and delicious atmosphere in spring,
summer and autumn. In brief all Greece
may be viewed as a region rough, but
highly conducive to the full developement
of tlie haqpan frame and mental faculties.
A country so indented, cannot be sup-
posed abundant in rivers, but tKougli com-
paratively small, and of limited length of
course, many of the rivers of Greece fare
fine mountain streams, and some drain val-
lies rich with every gift of nature. Ad-
vancing from north to south we find in Ma-
cedonia, the ihree beautiful basins of the
Strymon, Axius and Haliacmon. In Tiies-
saly spreads the basin of the Peneus, now
Saiympria, celebrated in all ages, as one
of the most inviting spo'.s on earth. The
gorge through Mount Ossa made by the
Peneus in its escape to the Aegean sea, is
the famous vale of Tempe. The Gepliisus
river of Boetia is remarkable as having no
outlet to any sea.
Though not very generally fertile, the
soil of Greece is more productive than
could be expect^ed from a country so bro-
ken by mountains. It is more cel-brated
for fruits than grain. The plains and val-
leys of Greece, produces however, in suf-
ficient abundance, wheat, barley, rice,
maize, millet and other cerealia. Its fruits
are abundant and delicious ; the prmclpal
species are, figs, grape-, apples, &.c.
In many places, extensive orchards of
the while mulberry tree are cultivated, to
feed the s Ik worm. The modern name of
the Po'oponnesus the Morea, is deriVed
from Morus, tlie Latin name of the mulber-
ry tree.
Honey is also amongst the most valuable
productions of Greece That of Attica,
has been from time immemorial celebrated
for its peculiar excellence. Cotton ^nd to-
bacco, in modern timi^s, have been intro-
duced and are now generally cultivated.
In brief Greece, wants onlv freedoxn and
SA
release from the deteriorating and murder-
ous despotism of the Turks ; and national
union to again resume her rank amongst
the most respectable nations of the world.
Considerable advance hasbeen made during
the last 70 years, in rousing the Greeks to
a recollection of what was once their an-
cestors, and an anticipation of what they
may themselves be, if restored to self go-
vernment. Literature has made, if we es-
timate the many impediments opposed to
its advance, astonisiiing progress of late.
Great attention is paid to the ancient and
modern languages of Greece The formerf
distinguished by tiie title of Helenic, and
the latter, by th.at of Romaic, and differing
about as much as Latin and Italian
Increasing intelligence, and reading of
their own classic authors, have led to a re-
sult which was inevitable, a resistance
against their ancient and ferocious oppres-
sors. That resistance is now in operation,
and lost must that heart be, which is not
witli its every feeling, arrayed on the sids
of the Greeks.
Green, township of Franklin county,
Pennsylvania, on both sides of the road from
Shippensburg to Chambersburg. Popula-
tion in 1820,2010.-
Green, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Clinton and Warren S ; Montgomery W ;
Clark N ; Madison NE, and Fayette E ;
length 24; breadth 18; and area 400
square miles. Surface moderately hilly,
and soil productive. Chief town, Xenia.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,039
do. do. females ... 2,795
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 35
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 5,870
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5,366
do. do. females ... 5,102
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... g
Total whites .... 10,476
Free persons of Colour, males - 25
do. do. femaleSj 28
Slaves, males . . , . 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820
10,529
Of these ;
Foreij^ners not naturalized - 52
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,094'
do. in 4Manufactures - 365
do. in Commerce . - 6
Population to the square mile, 26.
Green, township of Adams county, Ohio.
Population in 1620,678.
G R E
G R £
Gt'een, township of Glark ceunty, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 658.
Green, township of Clinton county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 917.
Green, township of Columbiana county,
Ohio. Population ii 1820, 772
Green, lownsi-.ip of Fayetie coiinty, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 905
Green, township of Gal'ia county, Ohio.
Population i.i 1820, 700.
Green, townsliip in Harrison county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 2978.
Green, township of Richland county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 621.
Green, township of Ross county, Ohio, on
the east side of Sciota river. Population
in 1820, 1531.
Green, township of Sciota county, Ohio,
on Ohio river; Population in 1820, 582.
Green, post village and township of
Stark county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
503.
Green, township of TFumbull county,
Ohio, 18 miles NE from Warren. Popula-
tion in 1820, 135
Green, town hip of Wayne county, Ohio,
six miles NE from Wooster. Population in
1820,413.
Green Bank, soutk from the island of
Newfoundland, about 150 miles long and
50 wide, lying in form of an ellipsis. Lon.
W C from 20 10 to 24 40 E. lat. 45 30 to
46 50 N.
Green Bay, formerly Bay Puan, large
bay of lake Michigan, or more correctly the
estuary of Fox river. Its form is that of a
triangle, extending about 90 miles from
lake Michigan, gradually narrowing, from
20 miles to the confined stream of Fox ri-
ver. The mouth of Green bay is closed
by a group of islands. See Grand-traverse.
Vessels of 200 tons can navigate this bay
and enter some distance into Fox river.
Green Bay, settlement. This region was
colonised by tiie French when in posses-
sion of Canada, about 1700. The majority
of the present settlers are descendants of
the original settlers. See Brotim county,
^Michigan.
Green-briar, river of Virginia, which
rises in Pendleton county, Virginia, and
flowing SWby S through Pendleton, Bath,
Nicholas £nd Monroe counties, falls into
the Great Kenhawa, after a comparative
course of 100 miles.
Green-briar, county of Virginia, bounded
by Nichelas E ; Monroe SE ; Kenhawa
river or Giles SW; Kenhawa NW ; and
Randolph NE ; length 50 ; mean width 24 ;
area 1200 square miles. Surface hilly and
mountainous generally, with a soil mostly
rocky or stony and barren Chief town,
Lewisburg,
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 2,714
(h). do; females - . . ?,576
All other per»>ns except Indians uot
taxed 30
Slaves 594
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
5,814
3,228
2,935
Total whites - . . . 6,163
Free persons of colour, males 50
do. do. females 43
Slaves, males - - - - 413
do. females - - - 372
Total populatioain 1820
7,040
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 12
Engaged in .\griculture - - 1,899
do. in Manufactures - - 161
do. in Commerce - - 17
Population to the square mile, 6,
Greenbnsh, post village and township,
opposite the city of Albany, and in Ren-
sallaer county, New York. Population in
1820, 2764.
Green Castle, post town in Franklin
county, Pennsylvania, 11 miles S of Cham-
bersburg, and the same distance N of Ha-
gerstown, Maryland, with about 1300 inha-
bitants.
Greencaalle, post town Fairfield county,
Ohio, 10 miles NW from New Lancaster,
and 11 SE from Columbus.
Greene, post village and township of
Kennebec county, Maine, 24 miles SW
from Augusta. Population in 1820, 1890.
Greene, county of New York, bounded
E by Hudson river ; S by Ulster ; W by
Delaware ; NW by Schoharie, and N by
Albany ; length 32 ; mean width 20; area
640 square miles. The surface of this
county is in a peculiar manner diversified.
Its central parts are occupied by the high-
est elevations of the Kaatsbergs, rising to
near 4000 feet, and are the highest peaks
of the Appalac an or Allegany range SW
from Hudson river. Around these Alpine
summits, .re many valleys of the first rate
land, highly productive in grain, fruits and
pasturage. It is indeed one of the most
interesting countries in ihe United States,
for the richne-is and variety of its scenery
and its mineral and vegetable productions.
Chief town, Athens.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 9,547
do do. females - . 9,251
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed . - - 371
Slaves 367
Total population in 1810,
19,536
G R E
G P E
Population in 1820.
Pree white males
11,283
do. do. females
10,942
Total whites - - -
32,225
Free persons of colour, males
311
do do. females
326
Slaves, males - - - .
62
do. females ...
72
Total population in 1820,
22,996
Of these ;
Poreigneps not naturalized
81
Engaged in Agriculture -
4,627
do. in Manufactures
996
do. in Commerce
155
Population to the square mile, 36.
Greene, post town, Chenango count)',
New York, 12 miles S\V from Norwich.
Population in 1820, 2590.
Greene, SW county of Pennsylvania,
bounded by Virginia S and W ; by Wash-
ington, Pennsylvania N ; and by the Mo-
nongaiiela river E ; length' 32 ; breadth
12 ; area 600 square miles. < Surface gene-
rally hilly, with a good soil on the streams
and some fpart of the highlands.^ ^ Chief
town, Waynesboro.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males • - 6,282
do. do. females - • 6,180
All other persons except Indians not
taxed T2
Slaves 10
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females • - -
Total population in 1830 -
12,544
7.784
7,509
15,293
127
127
4
15.554
28 ; mean width 15 ; area 420 square
miles. Surface hilly and soil productive.
Chief town, Greensb'rough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,332
do. do. females - - • 3,076
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 45
Slaves ..... 5,236
Total population in 1810 - - 11,679
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,415
do. do. females - - 3,184
Total whites - - - 6,599
Free persons of colour, males 25
do. do. females 28
Slaves, males . - - 3,497
do. females - - - 3,440
Total population in 1820 - 13,589
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agricwlture - - 4,309
do. in Manufactures - 146
do. in Commerce - 26
Population to the square mile, 30.
Greene, county of Alabama, at the mouth
of the Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior river ;
bounded by the Tombigbee river W ;
Pickins and Tuscaloosa N ; Perry K, and
Da las and Marengo S ; length 35 ; mean
width 2U , areii 700 squan miles. Surface
in gf-nt-ral hilU. Soil upon the streams
highly fertile, but in t!ie Intermediate space
sterile. Chief town, Erie.
Population in lb20.
Free white males ... 1,543
do. do. females - - 1,318
Total whites
.
2,861
Free persons of colour.
males -
1
do. do.
females
1
Slaves, males
.
834
do. females
-
857
Of these;
. Foreigners not naturalized • 23
Engaged in .\griculture - - 2,248
do. in Manufnctures - 715
do. in Commerce - - 64
Population to the square mile, 26.
Greene, township of Greene county,
Pennsylvani i, on Whitely creek. Popu-
lation in 1820,1801.
Greene, township of Beaver county,
Pennsylvania, on the S side of Ohio river.
Population in 1820, 1194.
Greene, county ot' Georgia, bounded by
Oconee river SW ; Clarke and Oglethorpe
N ; Wilkes E ; and Hancock SE ; length
Total population in 1820
4,554
Ofthe.se;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - - 496
do. in Manufactures - - 33
do. in Commerce • - 16
Popula'ion to the square mile, 2^
Greene, county of North Carolina;
bounded by Lenoir S ; Wayne W ; Edge-
comb N ; Pitt NE, and Craven SE ; length
20 ; mean width 14 ; area 280 square miles.
S\irface moderately h liy, and soil tolerably
profluctive.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,412
371
G R V.
G R E
Fi;ee white females - • -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves .....
1,558 Total population in 1810
55
1,842
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - -
4,867
1,122
1,172
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
2,294
47
18
1,113
1,061
Population in 1820.
Free white ma'es
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free per-:o.~.s of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820.
Total population in 1820
4,533
Of these ;
Forei.^ners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,569
do. in Manufactures - 36
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to the square mile, 16.
Greene, county of Mississippi ; bounded
by Alabama E ;"by Jickson S ; Perry W,
and Wayne N ; lengtli 36 ; mean width 30 ;
area 1090 square miles. Surface uneven,
rather than hilly. Soil, except in a few
places along the -treams sterile, and tim-
bered, with fine staple cotton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 545
do. do. females - - 518
Total whites .... 1,063
Free persons of colour, males - 2
do. do. females - 0
Slaves, males .... 200
do. females ... i80
Total population in 1820 - 1,445
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 23
Engaged in Agriculture - 428
do. in Manufactures - 5
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, 1§.
Greene, county of East Tennessee ;
bounded by North Carolina SE ; Cocke S
W ; Jefferson W ; Hawkins N. and Wash-
ington E ; length 32 ; mean width 22 ; area
about 700 square n\iles. Surface greatly
diversified by mountain, hill and dale. The
Nolicluicky river winding tlirough the cen-
tral parts of the county, affords much good
land. Chief town, Greenville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . > . 4,608
do do. females - - - 4,438
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . 12
tSIaves, - ... ,655
9,715
5,230
5,235
10,465
10
20
415
418
11,328
Of these ;
Foreignere not naturalized - 16
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,577
do. in Manufactures - 331
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 16.
Green, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Adair SE ; Barren SW ; Hart W ; Hardin
NW, and Washington N ; length 34 ; mean
width 12 ; area about 400 squ:ire miles.
Surface generally rather level, and being
drained by Green river and its numerous
branches, possesses a great proportion of
good land. Chief town, Greensburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,720
do. do. females - • - 2,545
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 61
Slaves .... - 1,401
Total population in 1810 -
6,735
Population in 1620.
Free white males
do. do. fennales
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. fcKiales
Slaves, males _ . -
do. females _ _ -
4,662
4,021
8,683
9
10
1,533
l,7u8
Total population in 1820
11,943
372
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,827
do. in Manufactures - 181
do in Commerce - 19
Population to the square mile, 19^.
Greenfehl, township, and post village,
Franklin county, Massachusetts, on the
west bank of Connectcut river, 20 miles
above Northampton. The village is the
seal of justice for the county, and is a pros-
perous commerci;*! depot. Population of
the township in 1820, 1361
Greenfield, post village, and township of
Saratoga county. New York, 10 miles N
from Balston Spa. Population in 1820,
o02'4.
g; R E
G R E
Greenjield, northern township of Bedford
county, Pennsylvania, principally on the
head waters ot the Frankstovvn branch of
Juniata. Population in 1820, 1141.
Greeiijield, townsliip of P'airhcld county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, uncertain.
Greenfield, western township of Gallia
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 326.
Greenjield, post village, on the eastern
pan of Highland county, 22 miles W from
Chiliicothe.
Greenjield Hill, post village, Fairfield
county, Connecticut, 6 miles west from
Bridgeport.
Green Garden, post office, Sumner coun-
ty, Tennessee.
Green Hill, post village, Campbell coun-
ty, Virginia.
Greeidand, general name by which are
denoted the most easterly parts of Ameri-
ca, stretching towards the north pole, and
likewise some islands to the northward of
the continent of Europe, lying in very high
latitudes. This country is divided into W
and E Greenland. Greenland was for a
long time considered as a part of the conti-
nent of West Greenland, but is now dis-
covered to be an assemblage of islands ly-
ing between 76 46 and 80 30 ot N latitude,
and between 9 and 20 of E longitude. It
was discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby in
1553, who Called it Greenland ; supposing
it to be a part of the western continent. In
1595, it was again visited by William Ba-
rentz and John Cornelius, two Dutchmen,
who pretended to be the original discov-
erers, and called the country Spitzbergen,
or Sharp Mountains, from the many sharp-
pointed and rocky mountains with which it
abounds. The only quadrupeds of either
W or E Greenland, are deer, white bears,
and foxes. To its frozen seas, the English
and other nations repair annually, in the
proper season, to fish for whales. See
Spitzbergen.
G')'e«z/a«f/,townshiiJ of Rockingham coun-
ty. New Hampshire, on the south side of
Great bay Population in 1«20, 634.
Greenland, hitherto considered as a part
of tlw; continent of America, has been de-
termined by the researches of Captain
Parry, to be separated from that country by
a strait, or rather an intricacy of straits and
islands.
Greenlaw, county -town of Berwickshire,
seated on a river that joins ilie Tweed, be-
fore it reaches Berwick. It is 18 mUes
W bv S of that town. Lon. 2 10 W, lat.
55 43 N.
Green JMowUains, ridge extending from
the Highlands, in New York, tlirough
Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont,
into Lower Canada, In Berkshire county,
Mussachusatts, a branch leaves the Green
Mountains, and stretching south through
Connecticut, terminates at New Haven.
The Green Mountains vary in height from
300 to 4000 feet, with some elevated,
though highly fertile valleys. Vermont de-
rives its name from this range, the word
meaning liierally Gieen Mountain.
Green Point, in the bay of Quinle, is the
norUi pomt in Supliiasburgti, and iuys op-
posite to John's isla'id. Upper Canada.
Greenock, considerable seaport in Ren-
frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, which
here expands into a basin four miles wide.
It is 20 miles W ot Glasgow. Lon. 4 29
W. lat. 55 54 N.
Greai Jiiver, river of Kentucky, rises in
Lincoln county, and flowing by a generally
western course, througii Case}', Adair,
Green, Hart, Warren, Grayson, Butler,
Ohio, iMuhlenburg, Hopkins, Davis and
Henderson counties, falls into Ohio river,
after a comparative length of about 230
miles.
Greensborough, post town, Orleans coun-
ty, VeriTiont, on the head of La Moelle
river, 30 miles NNE from Montpelier.
Greensboro', post town in Caronne coun-
ty, Maryland, situated on the branch of
Choptank river, eight miles N of Denton,
and 10 miles E of Centreville.
Greensborough, post village, Guilford
coujty, North Carolina.
Greensboro' , town in Green county,
Georgia, 38 miles W by S ot Washington,
and 67 NW of Louisville, Here is a post
office.
Greensburgh, township of West Chester
county. New York, on Hudson river, 30
miles above New York. Population 1820,
2064,
Greensburg, post town and the capital
of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, 31
miles E by S of Piltsbiirg, and 264 W of
Philadelphia ; it has a court house, jail,
and about 800 inhabitants Population in
1820, 770,
Greejuburg, small post village in Green
county, Pennsylvania, on V/hitcIay creek,
18 n.iles S fiom Bro^vnsville.
Greensbitrg, post town in Green couiity,
Kentucky, situaled on the N side of Green
river, about 56 miles SW of Springfield.
GVeCTwieJ, village in Essex, one mile VV
of Chipping Or.gar, remarkable for its little
church, the walls of wliicli are formed of
the sohd trunks of trees placed in rows,
and are entire though built betore the con-
quest.
Green valley, post village, Bath countj',
Virginia, on Cowpasture river, 12 miles N
E from the Warm Springs.
Greenville, township of York county.
Lower Canada, on the N side of Ottawa
river, 50 miles W from iNIontreal,
Greenville, post village, and township of
Green county. New York, on Catskill
creek, 16 miles above Catskill.
Greenville, county of Virginia, bounded
G> R E
GR E
by North Carolina S ; Brunswick W; Dim-
vidrlie NW ; Susst-'^i NE, and Sou'hamp oi
E, length 22 ; ipeaii widih 14; arf^ about
300 square mile' Gem rally Itvrl, and
soil of (iiidiilipg quality. Chief towii,
Hick>foid.
Pop -latian v.: 1810.
Free whites, males - - 1,135
CIO. do. emaies - - 1,119
All oTiier persons, except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Slav.b 4,59y
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820,
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do females
Total population in 1820 -
6,853
1,015
1,041
2,056
141
149
2,320
2,192
branch »f Tar river, 23 miles above Wash-
inf^' n
Greenville, district. South Carolina,
bouiderl by Nor'h Caroli .:i NW ; Spar-
tans lur^ E; l.atreps SG ; and P.-ndleton
SW ; Ici gih 47; nie n width 15; area
about 700 sq-are mde-. S'.rface moun-
tai i>ais or hilly, sol of the bottomlands
fertile Chief t^wn, Greenville.
Populatiun in 1810.
Free wlnte malts - - • 5,458
do. do. females ... 5,281
AI; other per ons except Indians
not taxtd ....
Slaves . . - . -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. fei'iales
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
6,858 Slaves, males ...
do. females
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agrictdture . . 2,225
do. in Manufactures - - 66
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile 23 nearly.
Greenville, post town of Muhlenburg
county, Kentucky, on tue W side ot Green
river. 14 miles SW of Hanford.
Greenville, pist town in Pitt county,
North Carolina, on tne 6 bank of Pampii-
co river, 23 miles above Washiiij^Ton, on
the same stream.
Greenville, post town in Green county,
Tennessee, 60 miles E fmm Kioxvil.e.
Greenville, post town in Greenville dis-
trict, South Carolina, situated on the W
side of the head ot Reedy river, 100 miles
above Columbia.
GreenviUe, county, Upper Canada, bound-
ed on the E by the county of Dundas ; on
the S by the river St. Lawrence, and on the
W b> the tow nship ot Elizabeth Town,
ru'-;nmg N 24 degrees W, until it inter-
sects the O'.awa or Grjind River; thence
it descends tiiat nver, untii it miets tlie
northwes'er-.most boundary of the county
of Dundas. The county of Green vile com-
prehends all the ihlands near to it m the
river St L-iwrence. It sends one repre-
sentative to provincial p rliament.
Greenville, township, Somerset county,
Pel.n^ylvania, on the head brunches of
Castlemans river, branch of Yougi:iogany
river. Popul tion in 1820, 594.
GreenviUe, post town and seat of jus' ice,
Pitt county, North Carolina, on the left
374
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
F'reigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
13,133
5,898
5,119
ii,oir
52
38
i,n2
1,711
14,530
161
1.618
355
27
Population to the square mile 20 nearly.
Greenville, village of Darli: gton distinct,
South Carolina, on Black river, 80 miles
NE by E from Culumbia.
GreenviUe, post town and seat of justice,
Jeffir on coiinty, Mississipp . on Coles
creek. 21 miles NEfrom Natchez.
Greenville, post town and seat of justice
for Dark county, Ohio. It contains 1154
inhabiants. It is noted as being the place
where general Wayne made his treaty with
the Indians, in 1795, It is 46 miles W
from Urbafia. 86 westerly from Columbus,
and 80 northwardly from Cincinnati. Lon.
7 30 W. lat. 44 2'N.
GreenviUe Creek, tributaiy of the SW
branch of Miami river, running E pas old
f rt GreenviUe. One mile above its mouth
and 17 below Greenville, it has a perpendi-
cular fall of 15 feet.
Greemip, NE county of Kentucky, bound-
ed N by Ohio, and E by Big Sandy river ;
S by Lawrence; W by Flt-ming, .md NW
by Lewis : length 43 ; mean widt'i 14 ;
area about 590 square miles. These limits
include what \s no-s Greenup county, since
1820, the so'ithern pari has been erected
into Lawrence c unty, containing 720
square miles ; of course when the last cen-
sus was taken the former couny extend-
ed over 1310 square miles,' Surface hilly,
GEE
ORE
broken and soil generally of indifferent
quality. Chief town, Greenupiburg
P(>|)uIation in 1810.
Free white males - . . 1,039
do. do. females - - 835
A'l oilier persons except Indians
not tuxed . - - . 11
Slaves 484
Total population i-i 1810 . - 2,369
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . - . 3,730
Free persons of colour, males - 10
do. do. females - 5
Slaves, males _ . - 334
do. females - . . 232
Total population in 1820 - 4,311
1,959
1,771
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - 847
do. in Manufactures - 169
do. in Commerce - 4
Population to the square mile 3 1-3 includ-
ing Lawrence and Greenup counties.
Greenupsburg, post town and seat of
justice, Greenup county, Kentucky, on Ofto
river above the mouth of little Sandy river.
Greenwich, town in Kent, wi'h a market
on Wednesday and Sa'urday. It is famous
for a magnificent hospital for decayed sea-
men, and a royal observatory in a delight-
ful park. The hospit>^l is thought to be
the fi.iest structure of the kind in the
world ; tiie front to the Thames consists of
two rang'S of stone buildings. These
buildings perfectly correspond with each
other, and have their tops crowned with a
stone balustratle. The observatory was
built by Charles 11. on the summit if a hill,
called Fiamstead IIiH, from the greit as-
tronomer of that name, who was here the
first astronomer royal. The English com-
pute the longitude from tlie meridian of
this place. Greenwich is seated on the
Thames, five mdes E of London.
Greenwich^ post town in Fairfield coun-
ty. Connecticut, situat d on L'fn-- Island
sound, about half way between Ni'w York
and New Haven ; the township cont lined in
1820, 3790.
Greenwich, post village and township,
Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 20 miie-
from Northampton. Population in 1820,
778.
Greenwich, East, post village aid town-
ship, Kent county, Rh.ide Island. The vil-
lage is the seat of justice for the county.and
situated on Nassanket bay, 15 miles S'from
Providence. It contains a respectable
acadeny. Popnlati 41 in 1820, 1519.
Greenwich, fVest^ township Ke--t county,
Rhode Island, on Pawtuxet river. Popu-
late.'n in 1820. 1927.
Grcenxoich, post town and township,
W.iS'iinguon county. New York. The vil-
lage is on the Hiitsoii at the mou'h of Bat-
terkill. i7 iniles above Albunv. Population
of the township in 1820, 3197.
Greemvich Village, in trie northern part
of the city of Naw Vork.
Greenwich, village and township, in Cum-
berland county. New Jersey, on Cohansy
creek, about 20 miles SE of Salem, and 10
S\V of Bridgetown. Population in 1820,
890.
Greenwich, township of Gloucester coun-
tv, New Jersey. Population in 1820,
2"699.
Greenwich, township of Berks county,
Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of
Maiden creek, 8 miles E of Hamburg, and
18 NE of Reading. Population in' 1820,
1337.
Greemvich, post village, Charleston dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Greenwood, township, Oxford county,
Miine, 5 miles NW from Paris. Popula-
tion in 1820, 5j9
Greenwood, lownship of Mifl'iin county,
Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of
Susquehannah, and on the N of Juniata ;
being an angle formed by the two rivers.
Population in 1820, 1800.
Greenwood, NE township of Perry coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, between the Susquehan-
nah and Juniata. PopuLiJ^n in 1820, 1660.
Gregory, Cape, of the United States, on
the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 43 23 N.
Gregstoivn, post town, Somerset county.
New Jersey, on Millstone river, 6 miles N
E from Princeton.
Grenada, JVew. See Colombia, aad JWty
Granada.
Grenada, island in the W. Indies, the last
of the W ndward Caribbees, and 30 leagues
NW of Tobago. It is 20 miles Itmg and
13 bro>'d, finely wooded and the soil suited
to produce sugar, tobacco, and indigo. It
was taken from the Fr-nch in 1762, con-
firmed to rhe English in 1763, taken by
the French in 1779, and restored to the
English in 1783. In 179J, the French
landed some troops, ^nd caused an insur-
rection in this island, which was not finally
quelled till June, 1796. St. George is the
capital.
Grenada, city of Mexico, in the province
of Nicaragua. It was taken twice by the
French buccaneers, and pillaged. The in-
habitants carry on a gre^t trade by me -ns of
the lake Nicaragura, on which it is seated,
60 miles SE of Leon de Nicaragura. Loiu
86 36 W, lat. 12 5 N.
Gi-enade, town of France, in the depart-
375
G R I
ment of Upper Garonne, 17 miies NW of
Toulouse.
GrenadilUis, or Grenadines, group of
small islands bet\veen Grenada and St.
Vincent.
Grenoble, city of France, capital of the
department of Isere, and a bishop's see,
with a fortified castle. The leather and
gloves tliat are made here are iiighly es-
teemed It IS seated on the Isere, over
which are two bridges to pass into that
part called Perriere, a large street on the
side o; the river. It is 27 miles S of Cham-
berry. Lon. 5 44 E, lat. 45 12 N.
Grenville, p'^nt of the United States, on
the Pacific Ocean. Lat 47 50 N.
Gre?iville's Canal, channel on the Pacific
coast of North America. Lat. 56 30 N.
Grlersburg, post village of Beaver coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, 11 miles NNVV from Bea-
ver.
Griffenhageriy town of Prussian Pomera-
nia, in the duchy of Sletin, seated on the
Oder opposite Gartz. Lon. 14 42 E, lat. 53
25 N".
Grimbergan, t:)Wn of Austrian Bnabant,
wiih an :<bbey and a castle, six miles N of
Brussels. Lon. 4 27 E, lat. 50 57 N.
Grimm, town in the electorate of Saxony,
with a citadel, seated on the Muldaw, 10
miles SE of Leipsick. Lon. 12 c>5 E, lat.
51 15 N
Griinmen, town of Swedish Pomerania,
five miles S of Stralsund. Lon. 13 27 E,
lat. 54 12 N.
Grimperg, town in the electorate of
Treves, vvifh a bishop's see, 17 miles SE of
Treves. Lon. 6<^9 E, lat. 49 35 N.
Grimsby Great, seaport and borough in
Lincolnshire, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday. It is 35 miles NE from Lin-
coln.
Grimsby, township of Lincoln county,
Upper Canada, on lake Ontario, W from
Niagara.
Grindstone Ford, post town of Claiborne
county, Mississippi, or Bayou Pierre.
Grinstead, East, borough in Sussex, with
a market on Thursday. The assizes are
sometimes held here, and it sends two
members to parliament. It is 20 miles N
of Lewes and 29 S of London. Lon. 0 2
E, lat. 51 12 N.
Grips-wald, Rtrong town of Swedish Po-
merania, formerly imperial, with a good
harbour, and a university. It is seated
near the Baltic Sea, 15 miles SE of Stral-
sund, and 55 NW of Stetin. Lon. 13 44
E, lat 54 4 N.
Griso7is, people Inhabiting the Alps, and
in alliance with Swisserland. They are
divided into three parts called the Leagues,
which form one republic ; namely, the
Grey League ; the League of the House of
God ; and that of the Ten Jurisdictions.
Thtoughout the three leagues the Bomati
376
law prevails, modified by the municipal
customs.
Gripvold, township of New London coun-
ty, Connecticut, on the Thames nver, east
side, 8 miles below N'orwich. Pt.pulation
in 1820, 1869.
Grodno, pretty large city of Lithuania,
and capi al of the government of Grodno,
in Russian Poland, and next to Wilna, the
best in that duchy. It is situated on the
river Niemen, partly on a plain, and partly
.in a mountain. Grodno is 125 miles NE
of Warsaw, Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 53 28 N.
Grondines, seigniory, Hampshire county.
Lower Canada on the left side of St. Law-
rence river, 45 miles above Quebec.
Groll, town of Dutch Guelderland, in the
county of Zutphen. The French took it in
1672, and demoli hed the fortifications.
It is seated un the Slinghe, 15 miles SE of
Z'.uphe-n.
Groningen, populous city of the klngdoni
of the Netlierlanis, capital of a lordship
of the same name, with a university. It
is seated on the riv--rs Hunes and Aa ; at
10 miles dii>tance from the sea, with which
it has a communication by a canal. It is
85 miles NE of vmsterdam. Lon. 6 31 E,
lat. 53 10 N.
Groningen, province of the kingdom of
the Netherlands, bounded on the E by
East FriPsKind, n tlie W by Friesland, on
the N by the German Ocean, and on the S
by Overyssel. It is divided into two parts,
of which the town of Groningen and its
district are one, and the Ommerlands the
other.
Grosbois, or YamacMche, seigniory, St.
Maurice county, Louver Canada, on the
north side of lake St. Peters, 14 miles W
from Tlnve rivers.
Gros Isle, island of the territory of Michi-
gan, in Detroit river, near its discharge
into lake Erie.
Grossa, i.sland of Dalmatia, in the gulf of
Venice, near the coast of the county of
Zara. It is 5l» miles in circumference, and
belongs to the Venetians.
Grossetto, town of Tuscany, with a caslle
and a bishop's see; siuated near the sea,
30 miles SW of Sienna. Lon. 11 1 E, lat.
42 40 N.
Groton, post village and township, Graf-
ton county. New Hampshire, 15 miles NE
from Dartmouth college. Population in
1820, (588.
Groton, township of Caledonia county,
Ver.mont, 18 miles E lirom Montpelier.
Population 500.
Groton, post town and township, in Mid-
dlesex county, Massachuselts, 35 miles NW
of Boston. Populati .n in 1820, 1897.
Groton, township of New London coun-
ty, Connecticut, on the E side of the river
'i'hames, nearly opposite to New London.
I'opulation in 1820, 4664,
G U A
G U A
Groton, township of Huron county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Grolskaiv, town of Silesia, capital of a
province of the same name, 30 miles NE . f
Glatz. Lon. 17 25 E, lau 50 37 N
Grotskaw, town of Servia, wh^re the
Turks defeated the Germans in 1739. Lon
21 10 E, lat. 45 10 N.
Grovehill, post village, Warren county,
North Carolina.
Grovdand, post village, and township of
Livingston county, New York, on Genesee
river, 30 miles SW from Canandaigua.
Population in 1820, 1273.
Grovepoint, N point at the discharge of
Sassafras river into Chesapeak bay, Cecil
county, Maryland.
Groyne, river oif Spain, in Galicia, which
enters the bay of Biscay, at Corunna.
Griibenhagen, town and castle of Lower
Saxony, and the chief place of a principality
of the same name, belonging to the house
of Hanover. In the mountains near it are
mines of silver, iron, copper, and lead. It
is 45 miles S of Hanover. Lon. 10 3 E,
lat. 51 31 N.
Gruckfeldt, town of Carinthia, with a
castle on the river Save. Lon. 15 45 E, lat.
46 7 N.
Griinberg, town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse Here Charlemagne and the kings
of the Merovingian race held their court.
Grunberg, town of Silesia in the princi-
pality of Glogan ; it is S'lrrounded with
vineyards, and has a miinutacture of cloth.
Gviaule, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Biunswick, and in tiie mountains of
Hartz. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 52 10 N.
Gniningen, town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Halber^tadt, on the river
Felke. Lon. 11 41 E, ht. 52 4 N.
Grumngen, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Zuric, capital of a bailiwic of the
same nime. The cas'.le stands on a lofty
rock, and commands an extensive prospect.
Lon. 8 43 E, lat. 47 14 Ts' .
Gnnjires, town of Svvi.sserland, in the
canton of Friburg, with a castle, where the
bailiff" resides. It is famnis for cheese, and
is 15 miles SW of Friburg. Lon. 6 43 E.
lat. 46 35 N.
Guacoclcingo, town of New Spain, 30
miles SE of Mexico. Lon. 99 45 W, lat.
19 36 N.
GuadaJaviur, ancient Durias, river of
Spain, rises in the province of Aragon, and
flowing south, by comparative course 80
miles, turns SE about 100 miles, and falls
into the Mediterranean, below the city of
Valencia.
Guadalaxara, town of Spain, in New
Castile, seated on the Henares, 30 miles N
E from Madrid. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. 40
36 N.
Cuadaxara, province of Spain, bounded
SW by Toledo and SE by Cuenca. It is
drained oy various branches of the Tagus.
Giiadolaxara, intendancy of the empire
of Mexico, bo^mded 3W and W by the
Pac fie Ocean ; N by Sonora and Dmango;
NE by Xacatecas, E by Guanaxuato, and
SE by Viuladohd ; length from N to S 320,
and breadth from E to W 250 miles ; area
74.280 square miles. Population in 1803,
630,000; at present 1822, probably 850,000.
Between lat. 18 and 23 40 N.
The intendancy of Guadalaxara, is cross-
ed from SE to NW, by tbe Rio de San-
tiago, a considerable stream, which com-
municates with lake Ciiapaht, and will, no
doubt, in the advance of population, wealth,
and civilization, become an important
channel of inland commrcefrom Salaman-
ca, and Ze:aya, to San Bias.
All the ea-tern part of this province is
the table land, and western declivity of the
Cordilleras, of Anhnac. The maritime
regions, especially those which siretch
towards the grewt bay of Bayona, are
covered with forests, and abound in ex-
cellent wood for ship building. But in
this latter country, the air is excessively
heated, and unhealthy. The high interior,
and eastern part is temperate and salubri-
ous. The difference in elevation from
the Pacific coast to the confines of Gua-
naxuato, ami Valladolid exceeds 6000 feet.
The Volcano of Colima, I'ises in an isolated
ridge to upwards of 10,000 feet. It is only,
however, occasionally covered with snow.
Coiima is the most western active Vol-
cano, known in America. Lon. W C 26
W, lat. 18 05 N.
Tiie staples of this intendancy, are
maize, wheat, cotton, cochineal, and the
precious met ds. In 1802, the value of its
agricultural pi'oduc*- amounted to 2,599,000
dollars, and that of its manufactures to
3,302,200 dollars. The province con.ains
two ciiies, six large and 322 sm dl villages.
'I'he principal mines, are, those of'Bulanos,
Asientes de Ibara, Hostiotipaquillc;, Copala
and Guichichilla.
Guadalaxara, capital of the Intendancy
of the same name, situated on the left bank
of the Santiago. Lon. W C 25 50 W. lat.
21 10 X. It is the seat of" the intendant
and of the Audiencia. Population about
20,000.
Guadaloupe, handsome town of Spain, in
Estramadura, with a rich convent. It is
seated on a rivulet of the same name, 34
miles E by N of Iruxillo. Lon. 4 45 W.
lat. 39 12 N.
Gandulovpe, one of the Leeward Carib-
bee Islands in the West Indies, between
Antigua and D minica, in ton 62 0 W.
and lat. 16 20 N. The island, which is of
an irregular figure, may be about 80
leagues in circumference. It is divided
into tw» parts bv a small arm of tke s&a,
377
G U A
G U A
wijick is «ot above two^leagiies, and from
15 to 40 fathoms broad. This canal,
known by the name of the Salt River, is
navigable, but will only carry v sst-ls o»' 50
tons burden. The soil is exceedingly
good and well watered near .he sea, by
rivulets whicli fdl from the mountains.
The French settled in this island, in 1632,
in whose possession it still remains. Bas-
seterre is the c;ipltal.
Guadaloitpe, river of the empire of Mex-
ico, in Texas, i'ails into the Gulf of Mexico,
after a course of about 200 miles. Its mouth
180 miles W from that of the Sabine.
Guadalqniver, river of Spain, wiiich rises
in the S part of New Castile, flows through
Andalusia, and falls into the bay of Cadiz,
at the town of San Lucar, after a compara-
tive course of 350 miles. It is the hfth in
size, and the most navigable river of the
Spuiiish peninsula The basin of the Gua-
dalquiver, is also the most fertile region in
Spain. The cities of Audujar, Cordova
and Seville are up m its banks.
Gundarama, town of Spain in Old Cas-
tile, remarkable for its great trade in
cheese. It is seated on the Guadaram, 25
miles NW of Madrid. Lon.3 48 VV, lat.
41 45 N.
Guadiana, river of Spain, which having
its source in New Castile, crosses Esiiama-
dura into Portugal, and separating Algarva
fro n Andalusiii," falls into the bay of <;adiz
between Ayamonte and Castro Marin, 85
miles NW from Cadiz, after an entire com-
parative course of 400 miles.
Gaudix. town of Spain, in Granada, with
a bishop's see, 30 miles E of Granada.
Lon. 2 47 W. lat. 37 4 N.
Giiilas, or Huilas, province of Peru, N
from Caxatambo. Central lat. 9 S. nearly
due south from W C.
Gitaria, La, city of C<dorabia, in C .racas.
I is the port ot the city of Caracas, is well
fortified. The harbour is good and much
frequented ; sf v^ n mdes N from Caracas.
Lon. W C9 58E. la', 10 48 N.
Gualior, celebr ited fortress of Hindoo.
Stan, in possession of the Mahrattas. Lon.
78 14 E, lat. 26 18 N.
Gualaffii, river of Peru, hea Is with the
Caxamarca, flows a little E of N between
the Caxamarca and Grand Para, and falls
into she Tun;^uragua, after a comparati\e
course of 400 miles, from lat. 8 20 to 4
50 S.
Gnaldo, town of Italy, in Ancona, eight
miles NW of Nocera. In 1751, it was al-
most destroved by an earthqu ke. Lon.
12 43 E, lat. 43 6 N.
Guam, chief of the Ladrone Islands, in
the North Pacific Ocean, 100 miles in cir-
cumference. It depends upon the Sp^n-
iards who have a garrison here, hut the
inhabitants are almost all natives of the
country, and repute I to be very skilfui in
building boats. It abounds with excellent
fruit, and the air is wholesome ; notwith-
standing which the natives are subject to
a kind of leprosy. Lon. 145 15 E, lat. 13
5N.
Guamanga, town of Peru, capital of a
province o- the same name, with a bishop's
see. It IS remarkable for sweetmeats, and
neurit are mines of gold, silver, loadstone
and qnicksilver. It is 200 miles SE from
Lima. Lon. W C 2 45 K lat. 13 20 S.
Giianhani, or Cat Island, one of the Ba-
liania Islands, the first land of America dis-
covered by Columbus, in 1492, and named
by him St. Salvador. Lon. W C 1 30 E,
lat. 24 20 N.
Guannpu, small river of the province of
Grand Para, falls into the estuary of the
Amazon from the S.
Giianare, town of Colombia, in Vene-
zuela, near the borders of Varinas, on
Guanare river. Lon. W C 7 50 E, lat. 8
25 N. It is 200 miles SW from Caracas,
and 60 NE from Truxillo.
Giianaxuato, intendancy of the empire of
Mexico, bounded by Guadalixara W ; Za-
ctaexas and S.in Louis, capital Potosi N ;
Mexico E ; Valladohd S ; length and
breadth nea ly equal, each about 80 miles.
Area about 6900 square mile?^. Popula-
tion in 1803, 517,300. 11 now, 1822, no
doubt contains upwards of 700,000.
This fine though smdl and elevated
province, is entirely on the table land of
Anahuac, and is the most populous region
of Spanish America. The mountain of
Llanitos in Guanaxuato rises to 9,235 feet
above the level of the sen, and the whole
province lies above, it is probable 5000
feet.
The mine of Valenciana, near tlie city of
Guanaxuato, is the mo.st productive ever
yet discovered, exceeding tliose n.^yr Po-
tosi. The producis of the province are,
however, considerable in objects of agri-
cultural and miiu'ificturing industry. Gua-
naxuato, contains five cities; Guanaxuato,
Salamanca, Celaya or Silao, Leon and San
M'guelel Grande.
Guanaxuato, capital of the preceding in-
tendancv, stands 170 miles NW from the
city of Mexico. Lon. W C 23 50 W. lat.
21'n. This city was begun by the Span-
iards in 1554; it was raised to the rank of
Villa in 1619, and to that of Ciudad, in
1741. Popubtion of the city and adjoin-
ing mir.es, 70j000 The principal mines are
Miirsil; Santa Anna, Santa Rosa, Valen-
ciana, Rayas and McL'ado. The ground on
which Guanaxua () is built, is above the
level of the sea 6836 fe-t ; Valenciana at
the mouth of the new pit, 7586 feet; and
Rayas at the mouth of the main gallery,
7075 feet.
Gnancavelica, city of Peru, remarkable
for its abundant mines of quicksilver ; 14.0
G U A
G U E
miles SE from Lima. Lon. W C 2 51 E,
lat. 12 56 S.
GHtWicAaco, town of Peru on the Pacific
Ocean. It is the port of Truxillo. Lon.
W C 1 58 VV, lat. 8 5 S.
Guanta, province of Peru, on the
branches of the Apiirimac, lying N from
Guamanga, central latitude 13 south.
Gnardnfui, cape of Africa, at the en-
trance of the strait of Bdbelmamlel, Lon.
53 5 E, lat. 11 46 N.
Guardarville, seigniory, Hampshire coun-
ty, Lower Canada, on the N side of St,
Lawrence, five miles above Qiebec.
Guardia, or Guar da, town ot Portugal,
in Beira, with a bishop's see. It is fortifi-
ed both by art an 1 nature, and has a state
ly cathedral. It is 138 miles E of Lisbon.
Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 40 22 N.
Chiardia-Alferez, town of Naples, in the
Molise, witli a bishop's see, seven miles N
W of Larino. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 4i 39 N.
Guarico, cape of Cuba, on its NE coast.
JLon. W C 2 38 E, lat. 20 30 N.
Guarochiri, town of Peru. Lon. W C 0
42 E, lat. 11 55 S. It stands 60 miles NE
from Lima.
Guasco, or Huasco, town and seaport of
ChiU. Lon. W C 0 52 K. lat. 28 29 S.
Guarma, seaport of Peru, 120 miles NW
of Lima. Lon. 77 49 W, lai. 10 10 S.
Guaatalla, town of Italy, in the .Vlantuan,
ceded to the duke of Parma, in 1748. It
is noted for a battle between the Austri
ans and the French, in whicli the former
were defeated with the loss of 5000 men.
Itis seated near the river Po, 15 m le.s N
of Reggio. Lon. 10 38 E, lat. 44 56 N.
Gtiasto, or Vasto, town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Venice,
15 miles SE of Lanciano. Lon. 15 6 E,
lat. 42 14 N.
Guatimala, J\'Vw, capital of the captain
generalship and province of Guatiniula,
with a bish.ip's see and a university. It is
situated 25 miles S from the site of tlie
former town oftliat name, which was des-
troyed, 3 nwQ 7th, 1773, by a dreadful
earthquake, attended. by an erupt. on f r mi
the neighbouring volcano. New Guatima-
lais 650 miles SE from Mexico. Lon. W
C 14 10 W, lat. 14 28 N.
Guatimala, captain generalship in North
America, bounded by tlie Pacific Ocean S
W ; Mexico NW ; Yucatan, bay of Hon-
duras and Caribbean sea NE ; and by Ve-
raguain Colombia SE. Length from NW
to SE 1000 miles. The settled parts are
chiefly along the Pacific Ocean, and aver-
age about 100 miles in width. The wliole
captain generalship is subdivided into the
provinces of Chiapa, Vera Paz, Guatimala,
Hond'iras, Nicaragua and Cost.i Rica. The
country is excessively mountainous, and
Volcanoes are numerous ; of which about
20 are active. The soil is in general exu-
berantly fertile. Staples, grain, wax, ho-
ney, cochineal, cotton, wool and particu-
larly the finest indigo made in America.
Population about 2,000,000.
Guatimala, NW province of the captain
generalship of the same name, lies along
the Pacific Ocean, extending from tlie in-
tendancy of Oaxac' in .VI xico, to the pro-
vince of Nicaragua, and having Cliiapa and
Vera Paz NE. It is abov.t 400 miles long
and 50 mean aidth.
Guachinango, town of Mexico, in Pu-
ella, 91 miles oE from Mexico.
Gnaquil province of Colombia, in
New Grenada, lying a'ong the Pacihc
Ocean, on the Guaquil river and north
side of the gulf of the same name.
Population about SO 000. Staples, cacas,
cotton, tobacco, salt, wax, rice, and
honey.
Guaquil, city of Colombia, and capital
of the province of the same name, on the
west side of Guaquil river. It possesses
an excellent port. Ship timber abounds
in the vicinity, from which many vessels
have been built. It is 150 miles SSW
from Quito. Lon W C 2 50 W, lat.
2 11 S
Guaquil River, rises in the province
of Quito, flo»<ts south 150 miles, and falls
into Guaquil bay, below the city of the
same name. It is an uncommonly large
stream for its length.
Guaquil, bay or gulf, extending from
Cape St. Helena, to Ponta de Picos, up-
wards of 100 miles, and extending inland
in form of a triangle, receiving at its
head Guaquil river The gulf is che-
quered by numerous i»slanc!s, one of which
Puna is of considerable size.
Guara, town and sea port of Peru,
province of Chancev. Lon. W C 1 W,
lat 11 6 S.
Guasacualco, river of Mexico, is a
short but important stream, falling into
the gulf of Mexico, at its extreme south-
ern extension. It rises in Oaxaca, inter-
locking sources with those of the Chi-
malapa This is one of the channels of
communication mentioned by Hur.Jxjldt,
as suitable to unite the Atlantic and
Pacific Ocean. From the mouths of
these two rivers is a di.stance of about
120 milt s-
Guuviari, river of Colombia, in Cun-
diuamarca, rises in the Andes, and flow-
ing SE by E 500 miles, talis into the
Orinoco, 'Lon. VV V. 9 E, lat. 4 N.
Giiaxaca. See Oaxaca.
Guben, town of Germany, in Lower
Lusatia, seated on the Neisse, 62 miles
NE of Dresdei. Lon 14 39 E, lat. 51
58 N.
Gubio, or Eugubio, town of Italy, in
the ducliv of Urbino, with a bishop's- seCf.
37-P
G L £
«, L I
SJ miles N of Rome. Loti. 12 38 E, lat.
43 16 N.
Guelderland, or Guftldrcs, territory of
the N- thtTlancls. which was overrun by
the Fr nch in 1794
Gueldres, town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of the saai-- name, which
has been often taken and retaken. It
was ceded to the kinj^ of Prussia by the
peace of Utrecht, and was taken bv the
French in 1794. It is 10 mil(rs NE of
Velno. Lon. 6 0 E. lat. 51 26 N.
Guerande, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lov/er Loire and late pro-
vince of Bretagne. It carries on a con-
siderable trade in white salt, and is three
miles from the Atlantic, and 350 VV of
Paris. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 47 10 N.
Guere(, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Creuse and late province of
Marche, seated on the Gartampe, 35
miles NEof Limogps, and 170 S of Paris.
Lon. 1 56 E. lat. 46 10 N.
Guernsey, island on the coast of Nor-
mandy, subject to Great Britain, but
governed by its own laws. It is natural-
ly strong, being surrounded by high
rocks, and of a round form, 30 miles in
circumference. The natives speak
French, it havint^ been a part of Nor-
mandy. Lon. 2 37 W, lat 49 32 N.
Guernsey . courxy of Ohio, bounded on
the north by Tuscarawas, east by Bel-
mont, south by Morgan, and west by
Muskingum and Coshocton counties. It
is nearly 26 miles square, and contains
470 square miles. The land is generally
hilly and of a moderately good quality ;
although there are several tracts of ex-
cellent land along Well's creek ; which
stream, and its branches, compose the
principal waters. Chief town, Cam-
bridge.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,616
do. do. females - - 1,428
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . 7
Slaves - - . . . 0
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
3,051
4,766
4,474
Total whites - . - 9^240
Free persuns of colour, males 30
do. do. females, 22
Slaves, males - - . . 0
do. females - - - 0
Total population in 1820
©f these ;
380
9 292
Foreigners not naturalized Stf
Engaged in Agriculture - 891
do in Manufactures - 85
do. in Commerce - - 18
Population to the square mile, 19
Gucta town of Spain, in New Castile,
60 miles E of Madrid. Lon. 1 56 W,
lat. 40 22 N.
GwaJia. large country of South Ame-
rica, is bounded on ttie E and N by the
Atlantic Ocean, on all other sides its
limits are rathtrr indefinite. The term
is indeed used vulgarly for the country
between Venezuela and Brazil. The
British, Dutch, French, Spanish and
Portuguese nations, all have settlcmicnts
in Guiana. British Guiana, reaches from
the Essequebo to the Corantyn rivers.
Dutch Guiana, from the Corantyn to the
Maroui. French c uiana, from the Ma-
roui tothe Aruary. Portuguese Guiana,
from the Aruary to the Amazon. Span-
ish Guiana, is now included in Venezue-
la. The settlements of the civilized
nations are confined to the coast, or to
the banks of some of the larger rivers,
at a very limited distance inland. Dutch
Guiana, is mure particularly known by
the name of Surinam, and that apper-
taining to France as Cayenne. The
principal British settlements, are, Esse-
quebo and Demerara The population
of the European colonies, amount to
about 200.000 ; ff which, those of Spain
have 30,000; British 70,000; Dutch
80,000 ; French 20,000. The body of the
inhabitants are negro slaves, the whites
in all the settlements, not being compu-
ted ab >ve 20,000. The sea coast of Gui-
ana, is one vast plain of unequalled fer-
tility. Staples, sugar, coffee, and cot-
ton.
Guienne, ancient province of France,
now parcelled out into the departments
of Girondes, Lot and Garonne, Dordog-
ne. Lot and Aveyrou.
Guiacjuil, commercial city of Peru,
capital of a jurisdiction of the same name.
It stands partly on the side and partly at
the foot of a hill, which descends gently
towards the river Guiaquil, on which the
town stands It is large and populous,
and is 140 miks N by E of Paita. Lon.
81 11 W, lat. 2 11 S See Guaguil.
Guira seaport of Terra Firma, on
the coast of Caracca. Lon. 66 5 W, lat.
10 35 N.
Guilderland, post village and town-
ship, Aliiany county. New York, WNW
from Albany. Population in 1820, 2270.
Guilford, borough and capital of Sur-
ry, on the Wey, with a market on Satur-
day. The Wey is navigable to the
Thames, and much timber and corn are
carried upon it. It is a ivell built town,
G L I
GUI
with two churches, and governed by a
mayor. It is 23 miles WSW of Croy-
don, and 30 SW of London. Lon. 0 29
W, lat 51 15 N.
GtiUdhall, post village and seat of jus-
tice, Esst-x county, Vermont, on Connec-
ticut river opposite Lancaster. Popula-
tion in 1820, 6U0
Guilford, township, Somerset county,
Maine, 40 miles NE from Norridgevvock.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Guilford, township of Windham county,
Vermont, 50 miles S from Windsor. Po-
pulation 2000.
Guilford, post town and township in New
Haven county, Connecticut, 18 miles E by
S of New Haven, on Long Island Sound.
Population 1820, 4131.
Guilford, township of Franklin county,
Pennsylvania, including the borough of
Chambersburg. Population 1820, 2439
Guilford, courthouse, and post office,
Guilford county, North Carolina, 48 miles
NW from Hillsborough ; the scene of a
hard fought battle between the Americans
under gen. Greene, and the British under
Lord Cornwallis, March 15th, 1781.
Guilford, township in the southern part
of Medina coumv, Ohio. Population 1820,
72.
G^iiford, county of North Carolina,
bounded by Randolph S : Rowan and
Stokes W; Rockingham N; and Orange
E. Length 26 ; width 25 ; area 650
square miles. Surface hilly and soil pro-
ductive. Chief town, Martinsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,547
do. do females - - 5,303
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 103
Slaves 1,467
TotalpopulationinlSlO - 11,420
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,562
do. do. females - 6,130
Total whites . - - 12,692
Free persons of colour, males - 116
do. do. females - 92
Slaves, males . . - . 873
do. females ... 738
Total population in 1820 - 14.511
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in AgricuUiire - 3,621
do. in Manufactnies - - 105
do. in Commerce . - 0
Population to the square mile, 22.
Guillaia, Si. town of the Netherlands, in
Ilainault, seated in marshy land, on the ri-
ver Haisne, six miles W of Mons. Lon. 3
53 E, lat. 50 27 N.
Guillandiere, fief, Surry county, Lower
Canada, on the right bank of St. Lawrence,
16 milts below Moiuital.
GuiUhmtme. Boniitimmc. seigni(-ry,Hiimp-
shire county. Lower Canad.*, on Jacques
Cartier, river, and in the rear of Demaiire,
or St. Augustin, 12 miles NW from Que-
bec.
Guillestree, town and caslle in the Alps,
once belonging to Dauphiny, in France.
It was taken by prince Eugene in 1692,
and is nine miles NE of Embrum. Lon.
6 36 E, lat. 44 41 N.
Guimaraens, considerable town of Portu-
gal, in the province of Entre-Douero-Min-
ho. It has formerly been the residence of
their kings aid is divided into the Old
and New. The public buildings are m/.g-
nificent. It is 165 miles NE of Lisbon.
Lon. 8 21 W, lat. 41 35 N.
Guinea, large region of Africa, of which
httle is known except the coast It Les in
the Torrid Zone, between 14 W and 28 E
lon. and is divided into Upper and Lower
Guinea. The first comprehends Sierra
Leone, the Grain coast, the Tooth-coast,
the Gold coast, the Slave-coasi (which in-
cludes Whidah, Dahomy and Ardrah)
Benin, Biafara, Majombo, Gabon and An-
ziko. Lower Guinea is commonly called
Congo It is very unhealthy for Europeans.
There are many little siates, whose chiefs
are often at war with each other, when the
people taken, on both sides, are sold for
slaves ; and it is not uncommon for the
nearest of kin to sell each other. The
English, Dutch, Portuguese, Danes, and
French, have factories upon this coast.
Guinea, JSTeiv, or Paqua, island of the
Souih Pacific Ocean, to the N of New
Holland, from which it is separated by En-
deavour strait. It is next in size to New
Holland, extending SE from the equator
to 12 S lat. and from 131 to 153 E lon. a
length of more than 1200 miles, by a me-
dal breadth of perhaps 300; but the coasts
of the eastern part are far from being com-
pletely investigated. The northern part
is said to have been discovered by the
Spaniards, in 1528, who had sailed from
Mexico to explore the Spice Islands. The
coasts are generally lofty ; and in the in-
terior, mountain rises above mountain : but
the whole appears covered with luxuri-
ance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely
be conceived. The cocoa, sago, bread-
fruit, and plantain-tree, beside most of the
trees, shrubs, and plants, common to the
islands in the South Pacific Ocean, are
found here in great perfection. This
island is the chosen residence of the singu-
lar birds of paradise, which breed here
during the wet monsoon, and in the dry
migrate in flocks westward, to the smaller
381
G U N-
gw a
islands, particularly Arroo. The inhabit-
ants make much the same appearance a8
the New Hollanders.
Gtd7icawp, town ot" France, in tlie de-
partment ofihe No-^th Coast and late pro-
vince of Bretag'ne, seated on the Tiieu,
13 miles S of Tieguier. Lon. 3 8 W, lat.
48 36 N.
Guipuscon, NB division of the province
of Biscay, boundei on the N by the b.y of
that name, on the E by Navarre, on tlie W
by Bu-cay Proper, and on the S by Alava.
Tolosa is the c ipital.
Guise, small town of France, now in the
department of Aisne, lately in the province
of Picardy, with a castle, s-^ated on the
Oise, 25 miles E of St. Quiniin, and 95 NE
of Paris. Lon. 3 42 E, lui. 49 54 N.
Guito, town of Italy, in the Mantuan,
seated on the river Mincio, between the
lake of Mantua and that of Garda, 15 miles
N W of Mantua. Lon. 10 40 E. lat. 45 16
N.
Gull Islands, two smnll islands, at the
eastern extr mity of Long Island Sound,
and between Plum and Fishers islands.
On Little Gull island, there is a light
house.
Gwnbiimen, government of East or Po-
lish Prussia, E from Koningsberg. Popu-
lation 350,000,
Gumbinnen, t"wn of East Prussia, and ca-
pital of the government of Gumbinnen, 80
miles E from Koningsberg.
Gum Springs, post village of Orange
county, Virginia, on the south side of Ra-
pid Anne river, 40 miles above Fredericks-
burg.
Gumw'Sfinia, town of Romania, on the
road from Salonica to Constantinople, and
200 miles W from the latter.
Gunpovider, river of Maryland, which
rises in York county, Pennsylvania, and
runniMg in a SE dir ction througli Balti-
more county, falls into Chesapeak bay,
opposite Poole island.
Gunpo-udev, post office, crossing of Gun-
powder river, Baltimore county, Mary-
land, 16 miles NE from Baltimore.
Chintoor, one of the Northern Circars, in
the peninsula of Hindoost;m. It is also
called Moi'linazagiir ai.d Condivir, and
occupies the space between Condapilly,
the southmost of the tour English Circars,
and the N part of the Carnatic ; extending
along the sea-coa>t of the bay of Bengal
more than 30 miles. Tiie maritime parts
of this circar are flat and open but t'le in-
terior par s contam some very s rong for-
tresses and po-ts. It was subject to the
nizam of the Deccan, but has been ceded
to the Engh:.h.
Guntzberg, town of Suabia, in the mar-
gr^tvale of Burgaw, with a castle, seated on
the Danube, 16 miles NB of Ulm. Lon.
10 25 E, lat. 48 35 N.
3S2
Guntienhausen, town of Franconia, fiva
miles from Weissemberg. It is seated on
the Altmul, near a forest, and subject to
the king of Prussa.
Gnrk, town of Carlnthia, with a bishop's
see, sealed on the river Gurk, 55 miles E
of Saitzburg. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 47 12 N.
Gustavus, township, Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 371,
Gnstrotv, city of Germany, in the duchy
of Mecklenburg Schwerin, :md capital of
the circle of Wenden. The chief courts of
judicature for 'he duchy are held here ;
and it has an elt-gant palace, in which the
dukes sometimes reside. It is 35 miles N
E of Schwerin. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 57
N,
Gutta, town of Hungary, seated on the
E side of the Danube, opposite the island
ofSchut, 29 miles E by S ot Presburg.
Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 48 10 N.
Gutskoiv, town of Swedish Pomerania,
capital of a county of the same name. It
is seated on the Peene, 14 miles W of Wol-
gast. Lon. 13 39 E, lat 54 ON.
Giiyandot, Big, river of Virginia, rises in
Giles and Tazewell counties; and flowing
NW between the branches of Big Sandy
and Great Kenhawa, enters Cabell coun-
ty, turns N and falls into Ohio river, alter
an entire comparative course of 100 miles.
Giiyandot, Little, creek of Virginia be-
tween Big Guyandot and Great Kenhawa,
forms part of the boundary between Cabell
and Mason counties.
Giiyandot, creek of Lawrence county,
Oiiio enters Ohio river, nearly opposite to
Big Guyandot.
Guyandot, post office Cabell county,
Virginia.
Guzlehisar, ancient Magnesia, town of
Asiatic Turkey, on the Sarabat, ancient
Hermus river, about 70 miles NE from
Smyrna. Lon. 27 50 E, lat. 37 45 N.
Guzerat, peninsula of Hindoostan Pro-
per, about 200 miles long, and 140 broad,
formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs
of Cambay and Cutch. The West part is
motmtainous and woody, and inhabited by
a wild hardy race, governed by rajahs of
their own. But the largest as well as the
finest purt is subject* to the Mahrattas.
Amedabad is the capital.
Gwalior, ancient fortress of Hindoostan
Proper, in the province of Gohud. It
stands on a vast rock, about four miles in
length, but n^^rrow and of unequal breadth,
and nearly flat on the top. Tl-e sides are
so steep as to appear almost perpendicular
in every part ; for wnere it was not na-
turally so it has been scraped away; and
the heigiit from the plain below, is from
200 to 300 feet. This place is considered
as the Gibraltar of the East : but in 1780,
major Popham took it by an unexpected
11 A (-
HAD
jjoctuiiial escalade. It is 80 miles S of
Agr.i. Lon. 78 30 E, lat. 26 9 N.
G-winnet, county of Georgia, bounded
SW by the country of the Lower Creeks;
W by ;he Chatahooche river ; N by Cbata-
hoochee river ; NE by Hail and Walton
coun'.ies; and SE by Newton and Henry.
Lengl'i o5 ; mean width 28 ; area 980
square miles. Chief town, Lawrenceville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,071
do. do. females ... 1,979
Total whites . - . 4,050
Free persons of colour, males - 0
do. do. females 1
Slaves, males
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
239
299
4,589
0
1,136
13
11
Population to the square mile, 4|.
Givynedd, town-hip of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania on the he.'.ds of the
Towamensing and Wi'^sahlccon creeks, 18
miles NNW from Philadelphia. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1221.
H
Hiaag, or Hag, town of Bavaria,
seated on a hill, on the river Inn, 30 miles
E of Munich. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48
18 N
Habersham, NE county of Georgia,
bounded by North Carolina N ; South
Carolina NE ; Franklin and Jackson SE ;
Hali S, and Rabun W ; length 60 ; mean
width 20 ; area 1200 square miles. Sur-
face generally hilly and part mountain-
ous.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females.
Slaves, males
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
1,494
1,374
2,868
0
0
146
131
3.145
0
719
36
1
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 2^.
Hacht, small river of Colombia, in
Santa Marta.
Hacha, town of Colombia, in Santa
Marta, on the Caribbean sea, at the
mouth of Hacha river. Lon. W C 4 8
E, lat 11 31 N.
Hacketstown, post town in Sussex
county, New Jersey, twelve miles E from
the river Delaware, and 22 W from Mor-
ristown.
Hackinsack, town in Bergen county.
New Jersey, and the principal seat of
justice ; it has a post office, and is dis-
tant from the city of New York about 15
miles NW. Population m 1820, 3076,
Hackinsack, river of New Jersey,
which rises in Rockland county, New
York, and running a southern course
through Bergen county, falls into New-
ark bay, near mid distance from Paulus
Hook to Newark.
Hackney, populous village to the NE
of London ; the first that was accommo-
dated with carriages for occasional pas-
sengers ; from hence the hackney coach-
es of London derive their name.
Hadamar, town of Germany, in We-
taravia, with a castle seated near the
Elss, 22 miles NW of Mentz. Lon. S 0
E, lat 50 23 N.
Haddam, post town and township, of
Middl'- sex county, Connecticut ; situated
on the W side of Connecticut rivtr, 17
miles NE from New Havc-n, and 8 be-
low Middletown. Population in 1820,
2478.
Haddington, borough in Scotland, iu
a county ot the sanif- name, with a mar-
ket on Friday for grain. Part < i a Fran-
ciscan uir-nastery here is occui)ied as a
parish church ; and at a smail distance
are the ruins of a nunnery, founded in
1178. Haddington is sfat< d on the Tyne,
18 miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 39 W,
lat. 55 58 N
Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian,
county of Scotland, bnundfd on the N
and E by the Frith of F^rtb ; S by Ber-
wickshire, and VV by Edinburghshire.
It is about 27 miles long from E h W,
and about 17 from N to S Hire are
several convenient harbours, with the
advantage of some hshiiig towns. This
county may be reckoned as fruitful,
rich, and pleasant as any in Scrtland ;
or indeed as most in England. The
chit f towns are, Dunbar, Haddington,
and North Berwick ; and its principal
river the Tyne, which receives several
smaU streams. Population in 1801,
383
II A G
II A I
29,986; in 1811, 31,184; and in 1821,
35,127.
Haddonfield, post town in Gloucester
county, New Jersey, 8 milts SE from
Philadelphia, anu 6 E from Gloucester
Hadenville, post town, Gochland coun-
ty, Virginia, 35 miles NW by W from
Richmond.
Hadersleben, maritime town of Den-
mark, in Sleswick, with a strong citadel,
on a small island in a bay of the Baltic,
25 miles E of Ripen. Lon. 9 50 E. lat.
55 18 N.
Hadiey, corporate town in Suffolk,
with a market on Monday. It is a
pretty large town, and has a very hand-
some church. Large quantities of yarn
are spun here for the Norwich ma lifac-
ture ; and it had a Cdusiderable woollen
manufacture, which Is now decayed It
is seated on the Bret, 20 mile's SE of
Bury, and 64 NE of London. Lon. 1 6
E; lat. 52 10 N.
Hadiey, viiiat;e in Essex, 5 miles SW
of Rochford. Here are to be seen the
ruinous remains of a castle, on a channel
of the Thames between Canvey Island
and the sliore.
Hadiey, post town and township,
Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on
the left bank of Connecticut river, oppo-
site Northampton and Hatfield. The
town is situated along the river, and be-
side many other fine buildings, contains
Hopkins' Academy, a respectable litera-
ry institution. Population of the town-
ship in 1820, 1461.
Hadiey, township and pnst village,
Saratoga couniy New Y.^rk, 17 miles N
from Bailston Spa. Population in 1820,
798.
Haf, or estuary of the Oder, large bay
of Denmark and Prussia, in Pomerania.
It is closed towards the Baltic by the
islands of Usedcni and Wollin.
Haf, or Frische Haf, estuary of the
Vistula and Pregel rivers It is nearly
enclosed towards the Baltic by a long
narrow and sandy pnint, called Frische
Nehrung. The Frische Haf extends
from Ebling to K ningsburg 70 miles,
with a mean breadth of 10 miles, and
opens into the Baltic bv a narrow strait,
between Pillau and the NE point of the
Frische Nehiung
Haf or Cur:che Haf estuary of the
Memeli in Prlish or E Prussia. It is in
form of a triangle, extending from La-
biau to Memel 70 miles, and formed by
a long narrow and low sandy j)oint, ex-
tending from the province of Samland,
and calhd the Curiche Nehrung. The
opening from the Curiche Haf into the
Baltic is at Memel.
Hagarstonvn, flourishing inland post
384
town and seat of justice, Washington
county, Maryland, i.i t.'.e fertile and well
cultivated valley of Conegocheague, near
Antietam creek. It is a well built town,
containing about 300 houses, constructed
of brick and stone. Population about
1500 Distant 70 miles NW from Wash-
ington, and 79 WNW from Baltimore.
Hague, town of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, in Holland, which may
compare with the handsomest citie- in
Europe, in the beauty of its palaces, its
streets, its agreeable walks, and its great
trade. It is seated two miles from the
sea, and there is a pavement across the
sand hills with trees on each side, which
leads to Sche\'eling, near the sea-shore.
It is 10 miles NW of Rotterdam, and 30
SW of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat.
52 4 N.
Hague, township of Warren county.
New York, on the west side of Lake
George. Population in 18 JO, 514.
Hague, township, St. Lawrence coun-
ty, N. w York, on St. Lawrence river.
Population in 1820, 827.
Haguenau, town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine and late
province of Alsace, on the Motter, which
divides it into two parts, 12 miles N of
Strasburg. and 252 E of Paris Lon. 7
53 E, lat.- 48 47 N.
Hailbron, free imperial town of Sua-
bia. ill the kingdom of Wirtemburg, on
the Neckar, over which is a stone bridge,
25 miles NE from Stutgard. Lon. 9 25
E, lat. 49 19 N.
Haimburg, town of Lower Austria on
the Danube, 10 nailes W of Presburg, and
25 E of Vienna. Lon. 16 58 E, lat 48
12 N.
Hain, town of Uppsr Saxony, in Mis-
nia It has a manufacture of cloth, and
is seated on the Khcdar, 12 miles NW of
Dresden.
Hai nan, considerable island of the
Chinese Sea, to the N of the gulf of Co-
chin-China, and to the S of the province
of Quang tong from which it is 22 miles
distant. It is 400 miles in circumfer-
ence The soil of the N part is level ;
but in the S and E are mountains, among
which are valleys that produce two crops
of rice every year. There are mines of
gold and lapis lazuli, which last is car-
ried to Canton, to paint the porcelain.
It produces the same fruits as China,
beside sugar, tobacco, cotton and indigc,
Hainault, proviuv^-e of the Nether-
lands ; bounded on the N by Brabant, on
the NW by Flanders, on the W by Ar-
tois^ on the S by Gambresis, Picardy, and
Champngne, and on the E by the terri-
tories of Liege and Namur.
Hamburg, town of Austria, on the
HAL
HAL
Danube, 35 miles E of Vienna. Lon, IT
18 E, lat. 48 14 N.
Halberstadt, town of Lower Saxony,
capital of a principality of the same
name. It was formerly capital of tlie
bishopric of Halberstadt, now secularized.
It is subject to the king of Prussia, and
seated on the Hothiem. 32 miles SE of
Brunswick. Lon. U 24 E, lat. 52 6 N
Haldenstein, free and independent
barony of tht- country of the Grisons. It
consists of a semicircular plain, between
the Rhine and the foot of Mount Calen-
dar, about five milesin length, and scarce-
ly one in breadth.
Haldimand, county of Upper Canada,
on lake Ontario.
Halen, town of Austrian Brabant, on
the river Geet, 24 miles W of Maes-
tricht. Lon. 5 4 E lat 50 58 N
Hales-Owen, town in Shropshire, en-
closed by Worcestershire, six milt-s E
of St lurbridge. It is the birth place of
Shenstone, and near it is the celebrated
seat of Leasowes.
Haleswort/i, town in Suffolk, v/ith a
market on Tuesday. It has a trade in
linen, yarn, and sailcloth, and about the
town is raised a great deal of hemp It
is seated on a neck of land between two
branches cf the river Blyth, 28 miles NE
of Ipswich, and 101 of London. Lon. 1
40 E lat. 52 25 N
Haleysbridgc, post village, Southamp-
ton county, Virginia, on the left bank of
Meherin river, 40 miles south froai Pe-
tersburg.
Haleysburg, post village, Lunen!)urg
county, Virginia.
Halfmoon, township of Centre county,
Pennsylv mia. on Bald Eigle river, 18
miles NVV from Bellefonte. Population
in 1820 ns.
Halfway House, \)ost village, Vork
county, Virginia, 15 miesSE'rom Wil-
liamsburg, and 23 NW from N irfolk.
Halibut^ Island, island in the N^rth
Pacific Oc^an, so named by Captain
Cook, on account of the number nf fish
of that name they caught here. It is 7
leagues in circumference, and except
the head very low and barren. Lon.
164 15 W, lat. 54 48 N
Halifax, town in the W riding of
Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday,
seated in a hilly country near a branch
of the Calder. It is a very lari;e par-
ish, containing 12 chapels of ease, and
upwards of 12,000 inhabitants who are
pri :cipally employed m the woollen
manufacture.
HaVfax, town and capital <f Nova
Scotia, begun to be built by the English
planters in 1749. It is delightfully seated
in Chebucto harbour, -which is large
3 ("
enough to shelter a squadron of men of
war through the winter. It is 789 miles
NE from New York. Lon. W C 13 3®
30 E, lat. 44 45 N. Population about
15,000.
Halifax, town of Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, on the waters of Nicolet
and Becancour rivers, 45 miles SEfrom
Three rivers.
Halifax, township and post town of
Windham county, Vermont, situated be-
tween Guildford and Whittingham, 25
miles E from Bennington, It has about
2000 inhabitants.
Halifax, post town, Plymouth county,
Massachusetts, 35 miles SE from Bos-
ton. Pojjulation in 1820, 749.
Halifax, post tovn in Dauphin county,
Pennsylvania ; standing on the E side of
the river Susquehannah, 19 miles N from
Harrisburg.
Ha- fax, county of Virginia ; bounded
S by N :)rth CaroUna ; W by Pittsylva-
nia ; N by Ca npbell or Roanoke river,
NE by Charlotte or Roanoke river, and
E by Mecklenburg ; length 30 ; mean
width 32 ; area 960 square miles. Sur-
face moderately hilly and soil produc-
tive. Chief town. Banister.
Population in 1810.
Free white m iles - - - 6,113
do. do females - - 6,004
All oilier persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 353
Slaves 9,663
Total population in 1310
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females -
22,133
4,380
4,378
Total wliites - . . .
Free pers:)ns of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do. females . . -
8,758
245
177
5,005
4.875
Total popuiatio.i in 1820
19,060
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,015
do. in Manufactures - 475
do. in Commerce - - 75
Population to the squsre mile, 20 nearly.
Halifax, county of North Carolina ;
bounded SE by Martin; SW bv Erlg-
comb and Nish ; NVV by Warr; n ; N
and NE by Ro.tnoke river or N-rtnamp-
ton, anri E by Roanoke rivt-i- or Bertie.
Length 42; mean width 16; area 67'^-
square miles, Chief towu, Halifax.
r
II A I.
UAL
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,897
do. do. females - - 2,863
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1,236
Slaves 6,624
Total population in 1810 - - 13,620
Population in 1820.
Free while males . • ■ 3,181
do. do. females ... 3,055
Total whites .... 6,236
Free persons of colour, males 749
do. do. females 802
Slaves, males ... 4,848
do. females ... 4,602
Total population in 1820 - - 17,2 7
Of these ;
Foreigners not natural zed - 34
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,350
do. in Manufac aires - -• 21
do. in Commerce - - 30
Population to the square mile, 25.
Halifax, post town and seat of justice,
Halifax county, N'tth Carolina, on the
right bank of the R anoke, 7o miles by
land, above the mouth of Rnanuke river.
Vessels of 45 tons caii ascend to this
place, and when th^ intended canals and
lock around the falls are completed, a
batteaux navigation will be opened to
the fine country on the Roanoke and
Dan rivers, for upwa'-ds of 130 miles
above Halifax. Lon. \V C 0 38 lat. 36
18 N.
Halitz, town of Poland, capital of a
territfiry of the same name, in Red Rus-
sia, with a castle. It is seated on the
Dniester, 46 miles S of Lemburg. Lon.
25 19 E, lat. 49 20 N.
Hall^ county of Georgia, bounded by
Chattahoohe river, or Rabun county N
W; Habersham NE ; Jackson and Wal-
ton SE, and Gwinnett SVV. Length 40 ;
mean width 12 ; area 480 square miles.
Chief town, Gainesville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
2,370
2,311
4,681
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females 3
Slaves, males - - - 182
do. females - - - 217
Total population in 1820 - 5,086
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
386
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,384
do. in Manufactures - 50
do. in Conninerce - - 7
Popula'i in to the square mile, lOJ.
Hallam, township of York county,
Penns\lvania, on the S"uth side of the
rivf r Susquehannali, and on the ?>E side
of Codorus creek. Papulation in 1820,
2)^2.
Hulland province of S-vrden. on the
W coast of Gotidand. It is 60 miles
along the coasi, but not 12 in breadth.
Halmstadt is the capital.
Hallaton^ town in Leicestershire, with
a market on Thursday, 12 miles SE of
Leicester, and 90 N by E of London.
Lon 0 50 E, lat. 52 32 N.
Halle, town of Hainault. It is seated
on the Senne, 8 miles SSW of Brussels.
Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 50 46 N
Halle, considerable city of Upper
Saxviny, in the duchy of Magdeburg,
seated on the Sal, 4i. miles E f M;igde-
burg. It is famous for its university,
and salt works. Lon. 1 ; 8 E, lat. 51
36 N.
Halle, free imperial city of Suabia,
famous for its salt pits. It is seated on
the Kncher, among rocks and mount tins,
37 miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 52 E,
lat. 49 20 N.
Halle, town of Germany in Tirol, 6
mile NE of Inspruck. Lon. 11 33 E,
lat. 47 12 N
Hallein, town of Germany, in the
archbishopric of Saltzburg ; seated on
the Saltza, among mountains that abound
in mines of salt, which are the chief
riches of the town and country. It is 7
miks SE of Saltzburg. Lon. 13 12 E,
lat 47 33 N
Haliowell, post town in Kennebec
county, Maine, on the W side of the
rivf-r Keniiebtc, about 25 miles above
the junction of this river with the An-
drascoggin, and at the head of tide water.
It is now the seat of government for the
state, and a very prosperous town, con-
taining 400 houses, and in the township
about 3503 inhabitants. Kennrbec river
is naviiiablf:- thus far, for vessels of 150
tons burthen. It contains, beside the ne-
cessary public build ns s, a respectable
academy Lo;i. VV C 7 05 E, lat 44 16
N. Distant 44 miles NE from Portland.
HalloivelL township of Prince Edward
county. Upper Canada, on lake Onta-
rio
Halmstadt strong seaport of Sweden,
capital of Halland, situattd on a bay of
the North Sea, 80 mdes SSE of Gothe-
bnrg. Lon. 12 48 E, lat. 36 39 N
Hals tend, town io Essex, with a mar-
ket on Friday, and a manufacture of
bays, says, and callamancoes. It is seat-
ir A M
II A M
■efl on the declivity of a hill, at the toot
of which runs the Coin, 16 miles N of
Chei iisford ami 47 NEof Lun-don. Lon.
0 45 E, lat. 51 59 N.
HaUeren, town of Germany, in the
bishopric of Munster, seated on the Lippe,
25 miles SW of Munster. Lon. 7 27 E,
lat. 51 40 N.
Halton, town in Cheshire, with a
market on Saturday seated near the
Mi-rsfy, 13 miles NE of Chester, and
184 NNW of London. Lon. 2 47 VV, lat.
5:i 2J N.
Halva, town of the kingdom of Fez,
seated on the Cebu, 8 miles S of F.z.
Lon 5 5 W. lat. 33 32 N
Ham, strong town of Westphc<lia, ca-
pital of the county of Mi ok, stated on
the Lippe, 24 miles S of Munster. Lon.
7 50 E. lat. 51 36 N.
Ham, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Somme and late province of
Picardy, with a strong castle. It is
seated on the Somme, 48 miles N of
-Paris Lon. 3 6 E iat 49 45 N.
Ham, village in iSurry, one mile fr m
Kingston. Near it is Hanr. Walks, cele-
brated by Thomson and oth r poets.
Ham, West, village in E-sex, where
are the remwins of an opulent abbey,
founded in 1135 This village is seattd
on the river Lea, four miles E by N of
London.
Ham, East, village in Essex, adjoining
to Wtst Ham. In this parish is a
spring called Miller's Well, the excel-
lent water of which has never been
known to freeze, or to vary in its height.
Ham, township, Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, on both sides of the NE
branch of Nicolet river, 50 miles SSE
from Three rivers
Hamadan, or Amadan, city of Persian
Irak, probably the ancitnt Ecbatana, on
the eastern slope of the Elwend, or Tag
Aigha mountains, 340 milis NE by E
from Bagdad. Lon. 46 E, lat. 34 54 N
Haviali, large town of Syria, seated
among hills on the Ass river, ancient
Orontes. It is supposed to be the ancient
Emessa. The inhabitants have a trade
for linen, of their own manufacture. It
is 78 miles SW of Aleppo, Lon. 34 55
E, lat. 36 15 N.
Ham.am.et, town of Barbary, on a gulf
of the same naiTie, 45 miles S of Tunis.
Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 36 35 N.
Hamar, town of Norway in the govern-
ment of Aggerhuys, 60 miles NE of
Christiana. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 60 33 N.
Hameledin Hill, near Sturminster, in
Dorsetshire. Here was a Roman camp,
and many Roman coins have been dug
up.
Hamburg, free and imperial city of
Germany, in Lower Saxony, consisting of
the old and the new town ; both nearly
of an equal size. Most of the houses
are built after the manner of the Dutch,
and richly furnished within. The prin-
cipal streets of the old town have long
and broad canals, which are filled by
the tide. It is seated on the i-ivers
Elbe and Alsttrs, and the late, before it
enters the t wn by sluices, forms a fine
basin. Here is a celebrated college, an
arsenal, a bank, and a handsome ex-
change. Themitabitants were estimated
till lately at 100 OJO- The religion is
Lutheran, and m, e but the English have
th liberty of performing divine service
in a chapel of their own. Hamburg,
from its sivaation, has all p ssible advan-
tages for foreign and domestic trade ;
particularly froio its communication, by
the Elbe, with some of the principal
navigable rivers of Germany ; and hence
it is one of the nnost commercial places
in th world. It is distinguished for its
sugar rt finery, and it has manufactures
of cotton stockings, gold thread, ri-
bands and velvets. It is 55 NE of Bre-
men. Lnn 10 1 E, lat. 53 33 N.
Hamburg, territory of Germ;iny, of
which Hamburg is the capital. It con-
sists of the city pr. per, and a circle in
the vicinity ; the town and bailiwick of
Cuxhaven at the mouth of the Elbe,
and some scattered villages in Holstein,
the whole amounting to about 133 square
miles, and 130,000 inhabitants. Ham-
burg, since the Congress of Vienna, has,
in conjunction with Frankfort, Lubec,
and Bremen, a vote in the Germanic
diet. The character of this city is
commercial, and though possessing an
extensive library and many literary in-
stitutions, the attention of the inhabitants
to objects of science, is much less mark-
ed than that of any other of the large
cities f north Germany.
Hamburg, post village and township, of
Ni..ga a county, on lake Ontario. Popu-
lation in 1820, 2034.
Hamburg, po.st village, Sussex county,
Ni w Jersey, on a branch of Wailkill
river, 50 miles NE from Easton in Penn-
sylvania
Hamburg, thriving inland post town in
Berks county, Pennsylvania, immediate-
ly beiow the Schuylkill water gap, about
15 miles N froiVi Reading on the post
road to NorthuiTiberland, with about 400
inhabitants.
Hamdbitrgh. town of Franconia, in the
territory of the abbey of Fukle, seated on
the Saab, 28 miles SE of Fu'de. Lon.
10 12 E, lat. 50 16 N.
Hamclin, string town of Germany, in
the duchy of Calenberg, at the extrem' tv
.387
II A M
ir A M
uf the duchy of Berwick, of wliicli it is
the key. It is situated at the confluence
of the Hamel and \^'^eser, 25 miles SW
of Hanover Lon 9 36 E, lat. 52 6 N.
JTamersiein, castle and village nt Ger-
many, belonging to the elector of Treves.
The castle is seated "n a I'.ifty mcmntain,
on the E side of tiie Rhine, two miles N
by W of Andtrr.ach.
JIa mi, country situated to the NW
from China. The country of Ha-mi,
though surrounded by deserts, is ac-
counted one ot the most dtiigiitful in the
world. The soil produces abundance of
grain, fruits, legurfiinous plants, and pas-
ture of every kind The rice which
grows here is particularly esteemed in
China; and pomegranates, oranges,
peaches, raisins, and prunes, have a most
exquisite taste. It is a kingdom, tribu-
tary to that country; and its capital is
of the same name.
HamiUon, tuwn in Lamerkshire, seated
in a very agreeable plain. Here are the
remains of a collegiate churc'i founded in
1451 Near ii is Hamilton Huuse, the
magnificent st at ot the duke of Hamilton.
Tht town is situated on the C yde, 10
miles SE of Glasgow. Lon. 4 16 W, lat.
55 58 N.
Hamilton, post town of Essex county,
Massachusetts, 10 miles NW of Salem,
with 802 inhabitants in 1820.
Hamilton, township of Northumberland
countv Upper Canada, on lake Ontario,
Hamilton, tov.'nship of Gaspe county,
Lower Car.ada.
Hamilton, county of New York, bound-
ed by M- nti;omeTy S ; Herkimer SW
and W ; St. La^vrence and Franklin N,
and Essex, Warren, and Saratoga E ;
length 60; mean wi«dth 28; area 1680
square miles. Surface extremely broken,
and soil sterile in general This county
■was formerly contained in the northern
part of Montgomery.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 666
do. do. females ... 583
Total whites .... 1,249
Free persons of colour, males - 1
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males ... 1
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 1,251
Of these;
Foreigners not naUiralized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - . 229
do. in Manufactures .. 15
do. in Commerce • - . 6
population to the square mi'e, ^.
JIamUton, post town, St. Lawrence
county, New York, on St. Lawrence
riv"er, on a fine declivity rising from the
stream. Population 300. Distant 20
miks beluw Ogdensbur h.
Hamilton, post village of Madison coun-
ty. New York, on a branch of Chenango
river. The vihage is on the main nad
from Cherry vallty to Auburn, 28 miles S
W from Utica, and 42 W from CheiTy
Valley.
Hamilton, village of Cattaraugus cnunty.
New York, on tho right bank of Allegany
liver, at and below the moudi of Olean
creek. It is laid out in seven streets run.
ning N and S and five ru.miiig E and W.
The .\llegany river is there about 80 yards
wide, and at seasons of high water naviga-
ble for vessels ot 8 or 10 tons burthen. It
is very favourably situ.ited to become an
extensive inland mart, and thoronghfare
between the northeastern and southwest-
ern states. Distant from Pittsburg by land
170, by water, 260 miles from Buffalo,
65, and from navigable water in Genesee
river near Angelica about 25 miles.
Hamilton, Albany couniy, New York.
See GuilderlancU.
Hamilton College. See Clinton, in Onei-
da county. New York.
Hamilton, township of Franklin county,
Pennsylvania, belv. een Back creek and
the main E branch of Conococheague, im-
mediately opposite Chambersburg. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1688.
Hamilton-ban, township of Adams coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, between Marsh cveek,
and 'he west limit of the county, com-
mencing about four miles W from Gettys-
buig. Population, 1820, 1053.
Hamilton, post village, on ti;e W bank of
the Schujdvill opposite PluladeJphia in
Blockley township. It is in reality a sub-
urb of Philadelphia, built upon a fine
swelling acclivity rising from the river.
The village extends principally along
Darby, West Chester and Lancaster roads.
It is well built, and forms the summer re-
treat of raa:'.y of tlie wealthy citizens of
Philadelphia. Resident population about
1000.
Hamilton, township of Northampton
county, Pennsylvania, west of die Bine or
Kitta inn) Ridge, an M'Mickles and Cher-
ry creeks, 20 miles N from Easton. Popu-
lation 1820, 1320.
Hamilton, county of East Tennessee ;
bounded by Tennessee river E, S and SW ;
Marion W ; and Bledsoe and Rhea N ;
length 28 ; mean width 18 ; area 470
square miles. Surfitce hilly in general, and
in part mountainous.
Population in 1820.
Free white males , - . 387
do. do. females ... 379
H. A M
Total whites , - . . T66
Free persons of colour, males - 10
do. do. females - 6
Slaves, m;.les ... - 20
do. females ... 19
Total population in 1820 - 821
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized • 0
Engaged in \j^riculture - • 177
do. in iVIanuiactures - 3
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, 2.
Hamilton, post town, Martin county,
North Carolina.
Hamilton, SVV county of Ohio, bounded
by O lio river S; the state of Indiana W ;
Butler N ; Warren NE ; and Clermont E ;
length 30; breadth 16; area 400 square
miles , surface generally brokei\ and hilly,
soil excellent. Staples grain, whiskey,
fruit, and salted provisions. Mineral coal
abounds near Cincinnati. Ciiief town,
Cincinnati
Population in 1810.
Free white mah s - - 7,886
do. do. females - - 7,214
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 158
Slaves - . . . . 0
Total population in 181© - 15,258
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 16,262
do. do. females 14,869
Total whites .... 31,131
Free persons of colour, males - 328
do. do. females - - - 305
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 . - 31,764
H A M
Ohio, containing 943 inhabitants of whom
17 are free blacks.
Hammersmith, hrgr village in Middlesex,
seated on the Thames, four miles W of
London. lUre is Brand nbftrg House, I'.ie
magnificent neat or the; m^.rgrave of An-
spach.
Haviont, town of Germany, in the bish-
opr c ot Ltige, 17 mile- yV ofRuremonde.
Lon. 5 31 E. lat. 41 17 N
fli(7n/>r/en, townsii.p f H tncock county,
Maine. It has a po^ office, and 1000 in-
habitant .
Hampshire Hantshire, or /Tan/s, coimty of
Englmd, bnundeU on tiie N by Berks, on
the E by Surry and Sussex, on the S by
tlie English Channel, and on the VV by
Dorsetshire arid Wilts. It extends, exclu-
sive of the Isle of Wight, 42 miles from N
to S, and 38 from E to W. Population in
1801, 219,656; in 1811, 245,080, and in
1821,282,203. See Southampton.
Hampshire, counly of Lower Canada, ex-
tentimg along the N side of St. Lawrence
river, from about two miles above the
St. Ann's river, to five miles above Que-
bec.
Hampden, post town and township, Pe-
nobscot county, Muine, 10 miles SSW
from Bangor. Popidation in 1820, 1442.
Hampden, county of Massachusetts,
bounded S by Connecticut ; W by Berk-
shire; N by IL»r.>pshire, and E by Wor-
cester ; ifiigth 45; mean width 13; area
585 square miles. Surface very much
varugated by hill, dale, and mouniain
sct-nery. Soil fertile ar.d well cultivated.
Chief town, Springfield.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 13,800
do. do. females ... 13,915
303
4,127
1,548
389
Total whites - - - 27,715
Free persons of colour, males . 166
do. do. females . 140
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females .... 0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufac'ures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 79.
Hamillon, flourishing post town and seat
of just.ce for Butler county, Ohio, with a
printing office, a bank, 14 mercantile stores
and 100 dwelling houses. It i-- situated on
the southeastern side oi the Great Miami
river, 25 miles north from Cincinnati, and
105 s-uthwest from Columbus. Lon. W
C7 30 W. lat. 39 22 N.
Hamiltoji, township of "Warren county,
Ohio, containing 1069 inhabitants.
Hamilton, fertile township on the cast
side of Scioto river, in Franklin county.
Total population in 1320
28,021
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 28
Engaged in Agrii ulture - 5,685
do. in Manuf ctures - 1,430
do. ill Commerce - • 60
Populaiion to the square mile, 47.
Hampden, township of Gt auga county,
Ohio. Population in 1820,296.
Hampshire, county oi Massachusetts, on
both sides of Connecticut river, bounded
by Hampden S ; Berkshire W ; Franklin
N ; and Worcester V, ; length 38 ; mean
width 14; area 532 sqiiaie miles. Sur-
face most highly diversiiied by hill, dale
and mountain. Soil generally productive,
and well cultivated. Staples grain, fruit,
389
1£ A M
live stock, and salted provision. Chief
town, Nor'.liampton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 37,968
do. do. females ... 37,7ul
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 6' 6
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 . . 76 275
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 13,038
do. do. females ... 13,223
Total whites .... 26,261
Free persons of colour, males - 104
do. do. females 112
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... Q
Total population in 1820 - 26.477
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 16
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,868
do. in Manufactures - - 1,103
do. in Commerce - . 146
Population to the square mile, 50.
Hampshire, county of Virginia, bounded
by Hardy SW ; the" Potomac river, or Al-
Jeg:.ny county in Maryland NE and N ;
and Berkeley and Frederick SK ; length
50; mean width 25; area 1250 square
miles. Surface extremely mountainous,
though its river soil is highly productive.
Chiei town, Romney.
Population in 1810.
Free white niales ... 4,478
do. do, females - - 4,252
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 124
Slaves ..... 929
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
9,78:;
Free white males - - _
do. do, females
4,893
4,614
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
9,507
52
51
675
604
Total population in 1820
10,889
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturaliz-ed - 10
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,486
do. in Manufactures - 330
do. in Commerce - 16
population to the square niile, 8.
JTampstead, village in Middlesex, four
390
HAN
mUes NNW of London, formerly famous
for its lie icinal 'at rs. It is seated on
th. de ivity ,)t a lull, on the top o which
is a fine heath that commands a delightful
prospect.
Hampsiead, towrship in Rockingham
county, N. w Hampshire, 36 miles W by S
ot Port tiiOMth. Population 18:0, 1098.
Hampstearl, townstiip of Queen's county.
New Brunsw ck, right bank ot St Johns
river.
Hampstead, pos town and township,
RocklaRcf CO' nt\ New York, 35 miles NN
W^from New 'York. Populatiou 1810,
2072. The extensive irow works called
Ramapoo works are in his township.
Hampstead, p- si village. King George
coun \, Virginia.
Humpton, vilLige in Middl- sex, famous
for a ro\ al palace, called Hampton Court,
b'!iltby ca dii.al Wolsey, who gave it to
H my VII It is seated on the N side of
the Thames, 14 mi.es SW of London,
Hampton, o Minching Hampton, town in
Gloucestershire with a markt-t on Tues-
..ay It is seat, d on the Coleswol Hilis,
14m-es S of Gloucester, and 9vj W of
London. Lon. 2 15 W. lat 51 36 N
Hampton, small maritime po>t town, in
Rocking! am county. New H mp.shire,
abi ut s X miles E of Exeter, between Rye
and Newtown. Inhabitants in 182u, 1098.
H mpton, lo^vnship of Windham county,
Co! necticut, on the E side of Bigatew's
river, five miles N of Windham, containing
in 1820, 1313 inhabitants.
Hampton, township ot Washington coun.
ty. New Y. rk, situated 70 miles NNEfrom
Albany. Population in 1820, 963.
Hampta7i Falls, post town and township,
Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 10
miles SVV from Portsmouth. Population
1820, 572.
Hampton, seaport town in Elizabeth city
county, Virginia, situated on Hampton
roail, about 20 miles NW of Cape Henry,
and 10 miles E of York, on York river.
Lat. 37 N, lon. 76 28 W
Hamptonville, post town, Sury county.
North Carolina.
Hariaii, county of Germany, in the circle
of the Lower Rhine, which belongs to its
own prince. It is 45 miles in length, but
the breadth is small ; bounded on the E
by the county of hheinec and the territo-
ry oi Fulde, on the W by the counties of
Weissembu g and Soims and on tiie Nand
S by the territories of ilentz, and Franc-
fort.
Hanau, strong town of Germany, capital
of a countj ot the same name. It is divid-
ed into two towns, the Old and the New,
and is seated near the Maine, 18 n-ilesNE
ot Darmstadt. Here is a university with
several manufactures, and a very consider-
able traffic. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49 56 N,
HAN
M A N
Weuicock, eounty of Maine, bounded by
the Atlantic O'-.ean S; by Lincoln and
Kennebec S\V ; by Penobsc,. N W and N ;
and VVasiiington B. Ivs for n is ve.y irre-
gular, inciudiiig ihe numero s islands and
peninsulas SE trom the mo ith of Penob-
scot river. T'lis re iders an estimate of its
length diffictiit. From the Fox islands to
ScUoodic lake is upwards of 90 mdes. The
area may be est mated, including the
islands, 300l» square miles. Chief town,
Castine. t,
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 15,481
do. do. females . - - 14,459
All other persons except Indians
hot taxed .... 91
Slaves - . . - . 0
Total population in 1810 - - 30,031
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 15,964
do. do. females - - 15,285
Total whites - - - 31,249
Free persons of colour, males 21
do. do. females 20
Slaves, males - - _ o
do. females - - _ 0
Total population in 1820 - 31,290
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 147
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,250
do. in Maimfac ures - 706
do. in Commerce - 1,085
Population to the square mile, 10.
Hancock, post village and township,
Hdlsb rugli cunt}, New Hampshire, 13
miles Fi from Keeiie. Population in 1820,
1178.
Hancock, post village and township, Ad-
dison count , Ve m nt, 30 mdes SW from
Monipe' er. Population, 350
Hancock, post v llage an i township of
Beikshire, Ma s ■ 'busetts. It is situ <ed be-
tween Richiiond and Lamsborough, on
the Ne-.v York line. P ip;ilaiion in 1820,
1165.
Hancock, post village and 'ownship of
De aw re county, New York, 22 milt-s SW
from Delhi. Population \n 1820, 525.
Hancock, post town, Salem county, New
Jersey
Hancock, post town in Washington coun-
ty, Maryland, standing on ihe N side of
the river Potomac, 35 miles W of Hagers-
town
Hancock, county of Georgia, bounded S
E by Washington ; SW by" Balduine; W
by Pumam ; NW by Green, and NE by
Warren ; length 22 ; mean width ^O ; area
440 square miles. Surface rather waving'
than hilly. Soil fertile. Chief town,
Spart;i
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 3,575
do. do. femules - - 3,274
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 35
Slaves - . - . . 6,456
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free whi^e males
do. do. females -
13,330
3,030
2,817
Total whites .... 5,847
Free persons of colour, males - 9
do. do. females 15
Slaves, males .... 3,617
do. females .... 3,246
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
E gaged in Agr. culture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
12,734
4
4,313
191
95
Population to the square mile, 32 nearly.
Hancock, county of Ohio, bounded W by
Putnam ; N by Wood ; E by Seneca and
Crawford, and S b\ Hardin. l\ is 24 miles
square ; area 576 square miles. Surface
level and soil fertile. It was formed out of
the New purchase subsequent to the cen-
sus of 1820,
Hancock, county of Mississippi, bounded
by Lake Boigne S ; by Pearl river or Lou-
isiana W ; by Marion and Perry N, and by
Jackson NE. L'^ngth 40 ; mean width 25;
area 900 square miles. Surface level in
the S, a'ld hilly in the centre and northern
parts. Soil, except with partial excep-
tions on ihe streams, ste iie and clothed
with pine. Chief town, Shieldsboro.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females
697
445
1,142
65
66
171
150
Total whites
Free persons of colour, ma'es ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 - 1,594
Ofthe'fe ; ""
Foreigners not naturalized - 38
Engaged in .\ijri culture - - 153
do. in Manufactures - - 130
do. in Commerce - - 31
Population to the square mile. If.
f?91
II A N
II A N
Hancocks, post office, Uiiioa district,
South Carolina.
Hiing-Tcheon Foil, caplial of the province
of Tche-kiang. in China It is four leagues
in circumerence, exclusive of its suburbs,
and contains more than a million of inhabi-
ants. It is seated on a small lake, called
Si-hou! has under its jurisdiction, seven
cities of the second and third class ; and is
225 miles SE of Nan-king. Lon. 120 20
E, lat. 30 21 N.
Hannibal, post town and township of
Oswego county. New York, SW from tlie
mouth of Onondaga rivei". Population in
1820, 935.
Hanover, kingdom of Germany, in tlie
circle of Lower Saxony. It contains Ca-
lenberg, Gottingen, Luneburg, Hoya,
Diepholty, Hildesh-ini, Oznaburg, Verdun,
Bremen the city, Bremen the duchy, Rent-
heim. East Fnesland, Lin'jen, Rheina and
Meppen. Area 14,600 square miles, and
1,300,000 inhabitants.
Hanover is an aristocratical monarchy, if
such terms are admissble. The crown is
on the head of ihe king of Kngland, but
represen'ed by a regent resident in Hano-
ver. The taxes are laid, and municipal re-
gulations made by and with consent of the
states, consisting of the nobility, clergy
and deputies of towns.
The country with the exception of some
spurs of the Hartz mountains, is a level
and almost undeviating plain, in some
places extremely fertile. Produce iron and
copper, and lead, from the Hartz ; grain,
timber, live stock, &,c.
Hanover, fortified city of Germany, the
capital of the kingdom of the same name.
In its neighbourhood are the palace and
elegant ga"d ns of Herenh iusen. Hano-
ver is well built, contains upwards of
15,000 iiihabitants, and has manufactures
of lace, stuff, stockings, ribands a-nd lea-
ther. The French took it in \757, but
were soon after expelled. They took it
again in 1803, but eviiCnated it in 1813. It
is seated on boh sides of the Leine, 38
miles W by N of Brunswick. Lon. 9 48
E, lat. 52 22 N.
Hanover, post village and township of
New Hampshire, in Grafton county, on the
E bank of the Connecticut. Three miles
S of the village and near the same river,
stands Dartmouth college, one of the
most respectable seminaiies of education
in the United States. Hanover is 100 miles
NW of Portsmouth. Population in 1820,
ij222. See Dartmnuth College.
Hajiover, post village and township of
Plymouth county, M ssachusetts, 15 miles
NW from Plymouth. Popvdation in 1820,
1211.
Hanover, village in Oneida county. New
York, on Oriskany creek, 12 miles SW
from Utica.
392
Hanover, post village and towttsiiip,
Chatauque county, New York, on the NK
part of the coantv. Population in 1820,
2217.
Hanover, post town and township, Mor-
ris county, New Jersey. Population in
1820, 3503. The n!lag2 is on the S branch
of Passaick river, 11 miles W from New-
ark.
Hanover, township and post village of
Burlington county. New Jersey, on Anco-
cus creek, 29 miles NE by E from Phila-
delphia, ar.d 12 miles E from Mount Holly.
Population 1820, 2642.
Hanover, J^e-^u, t)wnship of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, on Swamp creek,
branch of Perkiomen, 30 miles NW from
Philadelphia. Population 1820, 1320.
Hanover, Upper, NW township of Mont-
gomery county, Pennsylvania, on Perkio-
men creek, 35 miles NW from Philadel-
phia. Population 1820, 12f3
Hanover, post village and township of
York county, Pennsylvania. Population
1820, 946. The village or borough is sit-
uated between thr heads of tue Codorus
and Conewago creeks, 11 mdes SW from
York.
Hanover, township of Luzerne county,
Pennsylvania, extending from the Ncjco-
peck mountain, and Lehigh river to the
Susquehannah river, including on the lat-
ter a part of old Byoming. Population in
1820, 879.
Hanover, East, township of Lebanon
county, Pennsylvania, on the right side of
Swatara, 20 miles NE from Harrisburg. Po-
pulation 1820, 1871.
Honover, West, township of Dauphin
county, Pennsylvania, on the right side of
Swatara, 10 iTiiles NE from Harrisburg.
Population 1800, 3015, including ihat part
of East Hanover in Dauphin county. Bethel
and Rush.
Hanover, township of Northampton coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, in the great bend, and on
the left side of Lehigh river, between
Bethlehem and Allentown. Population in
1820, 358.
Hanover, SW township of Beaver coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the heads of Raccoon
creek. Population 1820, 1147.
Hanover, township of Columbiana coun-
ty, Ohio Population 1820, 1486.
Hanover, village of Harrison county, five
miles S from C.idiz.
Hanover, to^vnship of Butler county;
Ohio. Population 1820, 1512
Hanover, tovvubh p of Licking county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 594.
Hanover, county of Virgini;!, bounded S
W by Henrico &nd Goochland ; NW by
Louisa; NE by North Anna and Piimunky
rivers, or the comtties of Spotsylvania Ca-
roline and King AVilliam ; and SE by New
Kent, Length 40; mean width 16: »rca,
H A>
640 square miles. Surface generally hilly,
soil sandy in general, though along the
streams much excellent alluvion is found.
Staples gr.iin, flour and tobacco. Chief
town, Hanover.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 3,002
do. do. females ... 3,217
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 409
Slaves ..... 8,454
Total population in 1810 -
15,082
Population in 1*820.
Free white males
2,9-1
do. do. females
3,159
Total whiles
6,130
I?ree persons of colour, males
188
do. do. females
193
Slaves, males - - - ' -
4,396
do. females
4,260
Total population in 1820
15,267
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,554
do. in Manufactures - 51
do. in Commerce . - 12
Population to the square mile 23|.
Hanover, post town, Hanover county,
Virginia, 25 miles NK from Richmond.
Washington academy is located near this
town.
Hanse towns, or Hanseatic Leas'tie. In
the I3ih century, a league was f(n-med be-
tween some of the principal cities of Ger-
many, Poland and the Netherlands, ibr the
protection of trade. It yet subsists, though
confined to Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bre-
men. This respectable confederacy laid
the foundation for the flourishing state of
manufactures and commerce in the nonh,
and had n'> trifling share in preparing tlie
Way to the present civilizitlon of Eurojie.
Hants, county of Nova Scotia.
Hanuiic^Xovin of Austrian Brabant, 20
miles SE of Louvain. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 50
41 N.
Han-yang-fou, populous and commercial
city of China, in the province of Hou-quang.
It has one city under i'sjurisdiction.
Hapaee, name of four of the Friendly
Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The
plantations are numerous and extensive,
and some of them are enclosed in such a
manner, that the fences, running parallel to
each other, form spacious public roads, that
would appear ornamental in countries,
where rural conveniences have been earn-
ed to the greatest perfection. These
islands extend about 19 miles.
Hapaal, seaport of Livonia in llussia in
the government of Revel, scaled oa the
o D
. H A II
Baltic, hve miles SVV of Revel opposite the
island of Dago. Lon. 22 47 E, lat, 57 4 N.
Hapabiii'ff, ancient castle, now in ruins,
o:\ a lofiy eminence, near Schintznach, in
Sivisseriund. famous for being the patri-
mony of liodolph Count of Hapsburg, who
by his bravery and abilities r.iised himself
to the imperial throne of Germany. The
remains of it are inhabited by the family
of a peasant.
Harborough, town of Leicestershire, with
a market on Tui.sd.ay, seated on the Wei-
land, 14 miles S of Leicester and 83 N by
W of London. It is observed of this town,
that there are no lands belonging to it.
Lon 0 62 W, lat. 53 28 N.
Harburg, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Lunenburg, with a strong castle.
It is sealed on the Elbe, opposite Ham-
burg, equally well situated for trade as that
c.ty, and is 37 miles NW of Lunenburg.
Ilarcourl, town of France, now in the
department of Calvados lately in the pro-
vince of Normandy. It is 12 miles S of
Caen.
Hardeberg, town of Germany, 52 miles S
of Vienna ; it is situated in the duchy of
Stiria. ■ Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 47 22 N. _
Hardegseri, town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Calenberg, 10 miles NW of
Gottingen. Il has a considerable manufac-
ture of leather.
Ilardenberg, town .of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, it is 13 miles ENE of Dus-
seldorp. Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 51 19 N.
Hardenbiirg, town of Overyssel, situated
on the Vecht, 10 miles SW of Covoerden,
Hardenbiirg, post village, Breckenridge
coun y, Kentucky. See Hardinsbiirg.
Hardcnburg-milk, post office, Delaware
county. New York.
Hardens Cove, post village, Randolph
county, Virginia, on the East branch of
Monongahela river, 65 miles above Mor-
gantown.
Ilardar-wich, town of Dutch Guelderland,
with a uitiversity. It was often taken and
retaken in the civil wars of the 16lh cen-
tury ; the French did it a great deal of
damage in 16/2, since which time it has
been upon the decline. It is seated on tke
Zuider-Zee, 32 miles E of Amsterdam.
Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 52 23 N.
Hardin, county of Kentucky, bounded
by Ohio river NW ; Bullitt, Nelson and
Washington NE ; Greene SE ; and Hart,
Giuyson and ^breckenridge SW. Length
55 ; mean width 20 , area 1100 square
miles. Surface extremely hilly.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 3,314
do. do. females - - 3,249
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed - - - - 28
Slaves ----- 940
?3
H A K
H A R
Total population in 1810 - 7,531
Population in 1820;
Free white mules
do. do. females
Total whites ...
I'ree persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do- females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile 9*.
Hardin, county of Ohio, bounded by
Hancock N ; Crawfoid and Marion E ; Un-
ion and Logan S ; and Allen W, It is 24
miles square ; area 576 square miles. This
county was formed from tlie new purcliase
and of course not included in the census
of 1820.
Hardin, county of West Tennessee, on
both sides of Tennessee river, bounded
by Alabama SE ; Mississippi S\V ; Hen-
derson county W and N ; and Perry and
Wayne E. Length 30; mean width 22;
area 660 square miles.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 679
do. do. females - - 638
4,539
4,470
9,009
19
. 4
767
699
10,498
62
2,673
62
So
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820,
1,317
4
5
81
55
1,462
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 255
do. in Manufactures - 8
do. in Commerce - - 1
I'opulation to the square mile, 2 nearly.
Hardin, village of Shelby county, Ohio.
Hardlnsbnrg, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Breckenridgc county, Kentucky, 45
miles Nfrom Russelville, asd 110 SW by
W from Frankfort.
Hardiston, townsliip, Sussex countv.
New Jersey. Population 1820, 2160.
Hardivick, post village and township of
Caledonia county, Vermont, 21 miles NE
from Monlpeiier. Population 750.
Tlardu-ick, lowrship of Worcester coun-
ty, Massachusetts : situated on the W side
of Ware river, 55 miles W from Boston.
394
In 1820 it contained 1657 inhabitants, and
in 1820, 1836.
Hardivick, township of Sussex county.
New Jersey, on Delaware river, 60 miles
above Easton in Pennsvlvania. Population
1820, 3360.
Hardieick, post village, Bryan county,
Georgia, at the mouth ot'Ogechee river.
Hardivick, island in Johnson's strait on
the Pacific coast of North America. Lon.
W C 48 45, lat. 50 26 N.
Hardy, county of Virginia, bounded by
Maryland NW ; Hamps'iire county in Vir-
ginia NE ; Shenandoah SE and" Rocking-
ham, Pendleton and Randolph SW. Length
42 ; mean width 17 ; area about 700
square miles. The South branch, and vari-
ous other branches of the Potomac cross this
county from SW to NE. The surface is
excessively mountainous, and soil rocky,
and generally barren. Chief town, Moor-
fields.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - ■ - - 2,333
do. do. females - . - 2,246
All other persons except Indians ,
not taxed . - . . 197
Slaves 749
Total population in 1810,
w.
Population i-n 1820.
Free while males ,-
do. do. females -
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . - .
do. females
Totj] population in 1820 -
5,525
2,337
2,270
5,700
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 19
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,273
do. in Manufactures - 98
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 8^
Hare, large bay on the E side of the
northern peninsula of Newfoundland. Lon.
W C 19 20 E, Lt. 51 20 N.
'Hardif, county in the state of Virginia,
containing 5525 inhabitants in the year
1810.
Harfeur, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, and late province of
Normandy. Its fortifications have long
been demolished, and its harbour choked
up. The English took it by assault in 1415.
It stands at the mouth of the Seine, 36
miles NW of Rouen. Lon. 0 19 E, lat. 49
30 N.
Harford, township of Susquehannah
county, Penu&yivania, between Martins and
n A R
n A It
VaYiwinkles branches of Tunkhannock
river, 12 miles SE from Montrose. Popu-
lation 1820, 642.
Harford, county of Maryland, bounded
N by Pennsylvania ; NE by Susquehannah
river ; SE by Chesapeak bay, and SW and
W by Baltimore county ia Maryland,
Length 30; mean width 16; area 480
square miles. Surface undulating rather
than hilly. Soil productive in grain, pas-
turage and fruit. Chief town, Ejllair.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 7,450
do. do. females - - - 7,156
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 2,221
Slaves - ... - 4,431
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
21,258
Free white males
5,706
do. do. females ...
5,511
Total whites . - - .
' 11,21-
Free persons of colour, males .
691
do. do. females,
696
Slaves, males - -
1,811
do. females
1,509
Total population in 1820
15,924
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 37
Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,782
do. in Manufactures - 395
do. in Commerce . - . 50
Population to the square mile, 33.
Harford, post town, Harford county,
Maryland, at the head of Bush river
bay and of tide water, 25 miles NE from
Baltinnore.
Harlebec, town of Austrian Flanders,
on the river Lis, three miles NE of
Ccartray. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 50 52 N
Ilartech, town in Mericnetlishire, with
a market on Saturday. It i.s seated on
a rock, on Cardigan Bay, and but a poor
place, though the county tnwn and
governed by a mayor. It is 28 miles S
SE of Carnarvon, and 213 NNW of
London. Lon. 4 0 VV, lat. 54 57 N. '
HarleesviUe, post village, Marion coun-
ty, South Carolina.
Harlem, or Haerlem, village of the
county of New York, on Harlem river.
Harlem, township of Delaware county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 2I3.
Harlem, populous city of the kingdom
of the Netherlands. This place claims
the invention of printing ; the first at-
tempts in the art being attributed to Lau-
rentius Costa, a magistrate of the city.
It is situated 10 miles W of Amsterdam,
Loo. 4 38 E, lat. 52 24 N.
Harlem, Mc7'e, lake of Holland, near
Hark-m, 14 miles long and the same
broad. It lies between Leyden, Harlem,
and Amsterdam ; though it is navigable,
it is subject to dangtrous storms ; on
which account, the canals from Leyden
to Amsterdam were made, which are a
safer passage.
Harlesion, town in Norfolk, with a
market on Wednesday, seated on the
Waveney, over which there is a bridge,
16 miles S of Norwich, and IM NE of
London. Lon. 1 2o VV lat. 5J 26 N.
HartiJig, town in Norfolk, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday, seated on a rivulei ije-
tween Thetf^rd ar,d Buckiiigi.am It
manufactures a little liiun- cloth, and is
24 miles SW of Norwich, and 88 NE of
Lond n. Lon 0 58 _E,. lat. 52 27 N.
Harlingen. s?ap;.rt of tiie Unittd Pro-
vinces, in Wcbt Frieslaiid. Thf manu-
factures are salt, bricks, tiles, and all
sorts of linen cloth. It s 13 miles W of
Lewarden. Losi 5 14 E, lat. 53 9 N.
Zfor/ow.-towu in Essex, seven miles N
W of Chipping On.i^ar. O.i .1 common,
two miles fr;>m the town is a fam us an-
nual fair on the 9th of September, called
Harlow Busi^. Fair, 'nuch tYkqucnled by
the neighbouring gentry.
Harm'ans, creek of Pennsylvania and
Virginia, rises in Washington ci.ninty in
the former, and falls intu the Ohio rivv r,
in Brooke county in thj latter
Harmony, pos>t t')wn and township,
Somerset county, M^.ine, 25 miles E
from Norridgewock. Population in 1820,
584.
Harmony, township of Chatauque
county. New York, S from Chauuique
lake. Population in 1820, C4j.
Harmony, post village, Suase x county,
New Jersey.
Harmony, post town, Butler county,
Pennsylvania, on Conaquenessing creek,
14 miles SW by W from Butler, and 12
NE by E from Reaver.
Harmonif, township nf Clark county,
Ohio. Population in 1820. 1412,
• Harmony, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Posey crtunty, Indiana, en the left
bank of the Wabash. It was settled by •
the sect called the Harmonists, after
their removal from Harmony, in Butler
county, Pennsylvjiuia In their new es-
tablishment, they have formed 'an exten-
sive woollen -manufactory, asid have
commenced the cultivation of the vine.
Harper's Ferry, post village, Jefferson
county, Vir 'inia, en the right bnnk of
Potomac river, at the month of Shenan-
doah river. 05 milesbv i ^nd above Wash-
ington. Thejustly celebrated jj^iL^-age of
the Potomac, through the B:uc Kidge is
at this place. The United States has an
395
!! \ R
armoury and manufactory ci afms es-
tablished here, in whicli, about 260 men
are annually employed.
Harfiersfield, post town and towns-hip,
of Delaware county, New Yoik, 55 miles
SW from Albany, and on a creek of
Charlotte river, branch of Susquehan-
nah Population in 1820, 1884.
Jlarpemjield, township in the western
part of Ashtabula county, Ohio. Popu-
lation in 1820, 763.
Harfieth, post village, Williamson
county, Tennessee.
Harfionellu, town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, \S2 miles NNVV of Seringa-
I)atam, capital of a district of the same
name, in the Mysore country. Lon. 75
28 E, lat. 14 40'N.
Harfisiveli, township of Cumljerland
county, Maine, 40 miles E from Portland
Population 1253.
Harria. or Jlardinland, province of Li-
vonia, lying on the NW part of the gulf
of Finland. Revel is the only town.
Harrington, township of Washington
county, Maine, 28 miles W from Machi-
as. Population in 1820, 723.
Harrington, township of Bergen coun-
ty. New Jersey. Population in 1820,
2296.
Harrisborough, village of Richmond
county, Georgia, a little below Augusta.
Harris durg, borough, seat of justice for
Dauphin county, and seat of government
for Pennsylvania, is situated on the east
bank of Susqnehannah river, 96 miles
from Philadelphia and 35 from Lancas-
ter. The upper part of the site of Har-
risburgh, is a gently swelling hill or high
bank between Susquehannah river and
Paxton creek. The lower part extend-
ing on the level bottom or plain, above
the mouth of Paxton. The town ex-
tends in three streets, parallel to the
river and several cross streets. The
middle part, opposite the bridge, is toler-
ably well built. The bridge is a fine
structure of its kind, resting on stone
piers, with a roof. * It is composed of two
parts, extending over the two channels-
of the Susquehannah, on each side of an
island opposite tlie town. 'I'he state
capital is an elegant edifice, erected on
the highest part of the hill, on which
part of the town stands. From the cu-
pola of the state house, is one of the finest
inland landscapes in Pennsylvania, em-
bracing a wide extent of cultivated coun-
try, swelling hills, the meanders of the
river, and the adjacent mountains. Be-
side the state hou-e or capital, Harris-
burgh contains a court house, market
house, and a number of places of public
worship. Population in 1820, 2990.
ITarlan, SE county of Kentucky, bound-
396
J I A li
C'l by Cumberland Mountain or Virginia
SE ; Tennessee SW; Whltely W ; Knox
and Perry NW ; and Floyd NR. Length
80 ; mean width 12 ; area about 720
square miles. Surface rocky, hilly and in
part mountainous. Soil in great part bar-
ren. This county was formed from Knox,
in which it was included in the census of
1810.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 953 4
do. do. females - - 898 'j
Total whites -• - - - 1,851
Free persons of colour, males • 1
do. do. females - 1
Slaves, males .... 58
do. females - - - 50
Total population in 1820 - 1,961
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 492
do. in Manufactures - 1
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 3 nearly.
Uarrisbtirg, post village of Lancaster
county, Cieorgia.
Harriaort, townsliip of Cumberlasid coun-
ty, Maine, 40 miles NW from Portland.
Population 1820, 789.
Harrison, township of IJroomc county.
New York:. Population 1820, uncertain.
Harrison, towni-hip of Westchester coun-
ty. New York, 30 miles NE from New
Yf.rk. Population 1820, 994.
Harrison, county of Virginia, bounded by
Lewis S ; Wood W ; Tyler NW ; Monon-
galia NE ; and Randolph SE ; length 50 :
mean width 22 ; area about 1100 square
miles. Surface exccssiveiy broken with
higli hills. Soil upon the streams in many
places highly fertile, but in general rocky,
or stony and part barren. Chief town,
Clarksbt'.rg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,939
do do. females - - - 4,509.
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • ^ . . 51
Slaves, - ... 459
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free while mates
do. do. females
9,958
5,484
5,816
Total whites ... - 10,300
Free persons of colour, males - 36
do. do. females - 27
Slaves, males . - • - 258
do. females ... 311
Total population in 1820.
10,932
ir A R
H A R
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Enp^aged in Agriculture - - 2,071
do. in Manufactures - 248
do. in Commerce - - 6
Population to the square mile, 9.
Harnson, county of Keniucky, bounded
by Bourbon S ; Scott and Owen W ; Pen-
dleton N ; Bracken NE ; and Nicholas E ;
length 23 ; mean width 15 ; area about
330 square miles. Chief town, Cynthiana.
Population in 1810,
Free white males ... 3,372
do. do. females - - . 3,266
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 9
Slaves 1,105
Total population In 1810 - - 7,752
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 5,011
do. do. females - - 5,040
Total whites - - - 10,051
Free persons of colour, males 43
do. do. females 47
Slaves, males - - - 1,019
do. females _ _ - 1,118
Total population in 1820 - 12,271
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 15
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,857
do. in Manufactures - 389
do in Commerce - i2
Population to the square mile, 37.
Ifarrison, coun'y of Ohio, bounded by
Stark and Coh'mbiana N; Jefierson E;
Belmont and Guernsey S ; and Tuscara-
ra W ; length 27 ; width 24 ; area 450
square miles. It is an elevated and hilly
region, with a tolerably fertile soil. Chief
town, Cadiz.
Free white males
do: do. females
7,289
7,028
Total whites . .
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do, females -
Slaves, males ...
do. females - - .
Total population in 1820
14,317
21
7
0
0
14,345
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
289
2,487
557
19
Harrison, SE township of Stark county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 518.
Harrison, township of Franklin county,
Ohio, on Alhim creek. Population 1820,
426.
Harrison, township on the E side of Ross
ctivmty, Ohio. l'opu!a>ion 1820, unctrtain.
Harri'sun, SW lownship of Dark county,
Ohio. Population, 1820, 907.
Harrison, townsiiip of Muskingum coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain.
Harrison, township of Pickaway county,
Ohio, E from Sciota river. Population in
1820, 534.
Harrison, township of lacking county,
Ohio, on the S fork of Licking river. Po-
pulation 1820,357.
Harrison, post village and township.
Champaign county, Ohio. Population in
1820. 332.
Harrison, township of Prebble county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 815.
Harrison, post village of Ohio and In-
diana, It is remarkable as standing on
the line of demarcation between the two
states, one part being in Hamilton coun-
ty, Ohio, and the other in Dearborn, In-
diana.
Harrison, village of Knox county, Ohio,
15 miles SE from Mount Vernon.
Harrison, county f Indiana, bounded
by Ohio river SE, S, and SW ; Big Blue
river W ; Washington N, and Floyd N
E and E. Length 30 ; mean width 14 ;
area about 410 square miles. Surface
hilly, but soil fertile. Chief town, Co-
rydon.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 1,866
do. do. females ... 1,696
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 12
Slaves ..... 21
Population to the square mile 32 nearly.
Harnson, township of Gallia county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 475.
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. female
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufiictures -
do. in Commerce
3,595
4,038
3,768
7,806
36
3o
0
0
7,875
1,531
0
0
Population to the square mile, 19 nearly.
Harrison, post village and township,
597
H A II
H A 11
Population Total population In 1820
4,184
0
1,235
126
of Harrison county, Indiana
1200."
Harrison, township of Franklin coun- Of these;
ty, Indiana, 25 miles NW from Cincin- Foreigners not naturalized
nati. This township is remarkable for Engaged in Agriculture
the number and magnitude of aboriginal do. in 'Manufactures -
remains found within its limits. . do. in Commerce - - >>
Harrisonburg, post town and seat of Population to the square mile, 13.
justice, Rockingham county, Virginia, on Hartford, or Hertford, the county town
one of tiie branches of Shenandoah river, cf Hertfordshire, seated on the.river Lea.
25 miles NNE from Staunton, and 40 It sends two members to parliament; and
miles NNW from Charlotte vi He. its market is oh Saturday, the chief com-
Harrisori's Store, post office, Bruns- modities of which are wheat, malt and
■wick county, Virginia. wool ; and it sends 5000 quarters of malt
Harrison's Store, post office, Franklin to London weekly by the river Lea.
county. North Carolina. Hartford, post village and township, Ox-
Harrisonville, post town and seat of ^^j.^^ countv, Maine, 12 miles NE from
justice, Monroe county, Illinois, en the ^^,^1^, Population in 1820, 1133.
left bank of the Mississippi, opposite //art/or^f, post village and township, of
Herculaneuni 30 miles below St. Louis.
Harrisville, post village, Brunswick
county, Virginia.
Harrisville, post village and township,
of Medina county, Ohio, on the south
side of the county. Population in 1820,
231.
Harrisville, post town, Harrison coun-
ty, Ohio, 9 miles NE from Cadiz.
Harrodsburg, post town in Mercer
countv, Kentucky, lying on the E side of
Salt River, 30 miles south from Frankfort,
the capital of the state. ^ elevated but very distinct mountains,
//arroe-aiff, village m the W riding ot „„/ i:.^:f„,i ^., •,<= «mci^r„ Km-ri^r Ku ,.
Windsor county, A^ermont, 15 miles above
Windsor. Population 2000.
Hartford, county of Connecticut, on both
sides of Connecticut river ; bounded by the
state of Massachusetts N ; by Tolland E ;
New London SE ; Middlesex and New Ha-
ven S, and Litchfield W. Length 32 ;
mean width 23 ; area about 740 square
miles. Surface very diversified, being
traversed by the Connecticut from north to
south, and on both sides of that stream, at
a distance of 7 or 8 miles by chains of not
Yorkshire, in the parish of Knaresbo-
rough, noted for medical springs ; one of
which is the strongest sulphur water in
Great Britain. It is 206 miles N by W
of London.
Harroiv, village in Middlesex, on the
highest hill in the county ; on the sum-
mit of which is the church, with a lofty
spire. Here is a celebrated free-school,
founded by Mr. John Lyons, in the reign
of queen Elizabeth. It is 10 miles WN
W of London.
Hart, county of Kentucky, on bath sides
of Green river; bounded by Barren S ;
"Warren SW ; Grayson W ; Hardin N, and
Gr-ene E. Length 30; nr.ean width 11;
area 320 square nniles. Chief town, Madi-
sonville. Surface level, and on both sides
of Green river, in great part occupied by
that species of soil denominated barrens.
Hart county has been since 1810, formed
out of par' of Hardin and Barren counties,
and is not included in the census of 1810.
Population in 1820,
Free while males - ,- - 1,825
do. do. females - 1,747
and limited on its western border by
third ridge. The river valleys of the Con-
necticut and Farmington (see Fannington')
a.*j exuberantly fertile, and highly cultiva-
ted. Much of the high land is also pro-
ductive, in grain and pasturage. The as-
pect of the county, is indeed that of pros-
perous and active industry. Chief town,
Hartford.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 21,747
do. do. females - - 22,049
All other persons except Indians
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
398
3,572
not taxed
Slaves - - . . .
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males - - - -
do. females
920
17
9
293
303
7 Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
44,735
22,599
23,428
46,027
601
589
9
47.234
106
H A R
H A R
Engaged in Agriculture - 7,919
do. in Manufactures' - 3,305
do. in Commerce - - 626
Population to the square mile, 63 j.
Hartford, city of, capital of Coimecticut,
and seat of justice, for Hartford county, is
situated on the right bank of^Jcnneclicut
river, about 50 miles above its mouth, 14
miles above Middletown by land, and 34
miles froiTi New Haven. The site of tiie
town rises by rather a steep acclivity from
the river, to an extensive plain. The miiin
sheet extends along the latter. A large
creek rising ii> the Farmington hills, crosses
the city nearly at right angles, aijd is tra-
.versed by a substantial bridge on tiie mairi
street. Surrounded by a thickly popula-
ted and well cultivated country. Hertford
is a very active and flourishing place ; iris
at the head of sloop navigation. The
amount of >hipping owned here, is between
9 ai,d 10 thousand tons.
Public buildings, besides common schools
and places of public v/orship, are; a state
.house, state arsenal, 2 banks, 2 ensurance
companies^ 7 or 8 printing- officer, an
academy, museum, and an assylum for the
deaf an4 dumb. The Connecticut river is
crossed opposite the city by a fiii' bridge,
erected at a%expense of upwards §100,000.
Lon. W C 4 22 E, lat. 41 46. Population
• in 1820, 4726.
Hartford, township of Hartford county,
Connecticut, including ihe city of the sam'e
name. Population in 1820, exclusive of
the city, 2175.
Hartford, township and post village, of
Washingtor^ounty, New York, oii a branch
of Wood creek, 54 miles N from Albany.
Population in 1820, 2493.
Hartford, post town and seat of justice,
Pulaski county, Georgia, on the left bank
of Oakmulgee river, 50 miles SSW from
Milledgeville. j
Hartford, post towii and seat of justice,
Ohio county, Kentucky, on the left bank
of Green river, 45 m'lles N from llussel-
ville.
Hartford, post village and township,
Trumbull county, Ohio, Population in
1820, 625.
• Hartford, N\V township of Licking coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 285.
Hartford, po^t village, Dearborn county,
Indiana, on Lougtiery creek, 7 miles from
Lawrenceburg, and 5 from Oiiio river.
Hurttand, town in Devonshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated oi the
Bristol Channel, near a promontory called
Hartland-point, 28 miles W of Barnstable,
and 213 W by S of LoHdon. I.an. 4 31 W,
lat. 51 12 N.
Hartland, post town in Windsor county,
Vermont, lying on the W side of Connec.i-
cut river, about nine miles N of Windsor.
The township has 2400 inhabitants.
Hartland, NW township, Hartford coun-
ty, Connecticut, on the east brunch of F.ar-
mington river. Population in 182u, 1254.
Hartland, NE townsh'.p o' Niagara conn.
ty, New York, on lake Ontario Popuia-
tion in 1820, 1448.
Hartlepool, seaport in the county of Dur-
ham. It is 16 miles SE of Dur lam, and 254
N by W of London. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 54
47 N.
Hartlelon, post town, and NW township,
Union county, Pennsylvania. Population
in 1820, 1239.
Hartley, iown in Northunv-erland, NW
of Ti mouth, whet e lord DeLival has con-
st: ucte;! a haven, whence coal s shipped to
London. Here are l.rge -y-A^., copperas, and
glass, works; ind a canal has been cut
through a solid rock to tii<^ Jiarbour.
Hitrtx'' Store, post office, Alberinarle
county, Virginia.
Hurtsville, post village. Summer county,
Ten.'.esjee.
Hartville, post village, on a branch of
Wappingers creek, Dutcliess coui.ty. New
York, 12 miles NE by E from Poughkeep-
sie.
Hurtivick, post town, and township, Ot-
sego ciunty. New York, 5 miles S\V from
C -operstown. Population in 1820, 2579.
Hth^iz, muuntainous and f n-est dis'rict,
princ'pally in the- south of Hanover, in
North Germany. It is particu.a; ly remarka-
ble for the quant ay and excelit-nce of its
minei-al tre,;su-es, especially iron, c.ipper
and lead. The ama; 1 tenth of the iron
mines, prod ices a revenile, exceeding
115,000 pounds sterling, upwardsof 510,000
dolkrs
Hariz^erode, town of Upper Saxony,
situated near the Har'.z moiiniains in the
priacipahtv of Anhalt Bei'nburg, Lon. 11
2 E, tat. 51 46 N. '
Hansard, post town and township, Wor-
cester county, Massachusetts, 20 miles NE
from Worcester. Population in 1820,
1597.
Harvard CoUejd.- See Cambridge, Mid-
dlesex county, JMassachnsetts.
Harvey's Island, island in the South Sea.
Lon. 151 48 W, lat. 19 17 S.
Harwich, seaport and borough in Essex,
with a market on Tuesday and Friday.
Here the i)ack. t boats aresl^itioned that go
to Germany and Holland. Harw.ch is 42
miles E bv N of Clielmsford, 72 EXE of
London. "Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 52 0 N.
Huv-Mch, post town and township, iu
Barnstable county, Massachusetts, situated
on Barnstable Bay, nine miles from Cha-
tham, and eight from Yarmouth, containing
1942 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820,
1980.
Hnr-wich, township of Kent county. Up-
per Canada, extending between lake Erie
and the river Thames.
399
11 A T
H A V
Jfanvinton, post village and township,
Litchfield county, Massachusetts, 23 miles
west from Hartford. Population in 1820,
1500.
Hasbat, province of Africa, in Barbaiy,
and in the kingdom of Morocco.
Jfaselfelde, ancient town of Germany, in
Lower Saxony.
Haslem, island of Denmark, in the Cate-
gate at the entrance of the Baltic, N of
Zealand. Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 56 21 N.
Haslemere, borough in Surry, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday. It sends two members to
parliament, and is 12 miles S\V of Guild-
ford, and 43 of London. Lon. 0 3& W, lat.
51 6 N.
Haslingdeii, town in Lancashire, with a
market on Wednesday, 16 miles N by W
of Manchester, and 196 NNW of London.
Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 40 N.
Hasselt, handsome town of the United
Provinces, in Overyssel, seated on the
Vecht, five miles N of Zwoll.
Hasselt, town of Germany in the territo-
ry of Liege, seated on the Demer, 20 miles
NW of Maestricht.
Hassli, small territory of Swisserland, in
the county of Bern.
Hastenbeck, town in the principality of
Calenberg, in Lower Saxony, five miles SE
of Hamelin. Here the duke of Cumber-
land was defeated by the French under
Marshal D'Estres.
Haste Rival' Mills, post office, Culpepper
county, Virginia.
Hastiiigs, borough in Sussex, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
is one of the Cinque Ports, and sends two
members to parliament. Here William the
Conqueror landed, in 1066, and Harold II.
was slain in battle. It is 24 miles E of
Lewes, and 64 SE of London. Lori. 0 46
E, lat. 50 52 X.
Hatborongh, post village, Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, on Penepack creek,
17 miles N from Philadelphia.
Hatchy, Big, river of Tennessee and Mis-
.sissippi, rises in the latter, and flowing N
W, enters Henderson and Madison coun-
ties in the former, gradually turns to W,
and enters Mississippi river, at lat. 35 30 N.
Hatfield, township of Montgomery coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the line between that
and Bucks county, 24 miles NNW from
Philadelphia. Population in 1820, 756.
Hatfield, town in Herts, with a market
on Tl^uirsday. It formerly belonged to the
see ef Ely, but was alienated to the crown
in the reign of Elizabeth. Sir Itobert Ce-
cil, aflerwai-d earl of Salisbury, built the
present magnificent seat called Hatfield
House. It is seated on the river Lea, 20
miles NNW of London. Lon. 0 10 W, lat.
51 48 N.
Hatfield-Jiroad-Oak, or Hatfield Regis,
town in Essex, w ith a market on Saturdav,
40:>
30 miles NNE of London. Lon. 0 20 E,
lat. 51 48 N.
Hafield, post village and township,
Hampsiiire county, Massachusetts, 5 miles
above Northampton. Population in 1820,
823.
Hatherl^,^o\vn in Devonshire, on a branch
of the river Towridge, with a market on
Friday, 26 miles NW of Exeter, and. 201
W by S of London. Lon. 4 9 W, lat. 50
52 N.
Hatley, township of Richelieu and Buck-
ingham counties. Lower Canada, on lakes
Mempiiramagog, Scaswaninfepus, and To-
mefobi. •
Hatiem, town of Dulch Guelderland-,
seated on the Yessel, five miles SW of
Zvveil,
Hattengen, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia, in the county of JMarck,
seated on the Roer, 17 miles ENE of Dus-
seldorp. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 51 17 N.
Hatieras, cape of North Carolina. It is
the salient point of a very long reef of sand
extending from Ocracock to New Inlet.
The cape propeily so called is at lon. W
C 1 30 E. lat. 35 15 N.
Havanna, city and seaport on •the NW
part of Cuba, two miles in circumference,
and the capital of the island.* The houses
are elegant, built of stone, and the churches
are rich and magnificent. The harbour is
capable of containing upwards of 1000
vessels, and the entrance, so narrow that
only one ship can enter at a time, is defend"
ed by two strong forts, called the Moro
and the Puntal ; there are also many other
forts and platforms, well furnished with
artillery. Here all the sliips that come
from tile Spanish settlements rendezvous
on their return to Spain. This city was
taken by the English, in 1762, but restor-
ed to the Spaniards, in 1763. It is seated
on the W side of tLw harbour, and water-
ed by two branches of the river Lagida.
Lon. W C 5 02 W,. lat. 23 12 N.
HavatU, town in Hampshire, between
F.u-eliam and Chichester, with a market on
Saturday, seven miles NE of Portsmouth,
and 64 VV by S of London. Lon. 0 53 E,
lat. 50 52 N.
Havel, river of Germany, in Brandenburg>
which empties itself into the Elbe,
Havelberc-, town of Germany, in the elect-
oiate of Brundei.burg, with a secularized
bishop's see. It is seated on the Havel,
57 miles NW of Brandenburg. Lon. 12
26 E, lat. 53 5 N.
Havenslcin, small village in Suabia,
where are the ruins of a castle, which was
thrown down by an earthquake in 1356.
The town is situated en the Rhine, 13 miles
NW ofBaden.
HiLverfurd, township of Delaware county,
Pennsvlvartia, containing 754 inhabitants
tt A U
HAW
in 1810; situated on the E side of Derby-
creek, bout six miles W of P!iilade!pin<«,
Haver- ford iveH, borough in We nbroke.
The assizes are kept here. It is 15 miles
S by E of Si. Divid's, nd ,329 W by N of
London. Lin. 5 0 W, Lt 51 50 X.
Hnverhill, onsiderable pust town and
township in Rssex cuuntv, Massachusetts,
l_ving on the NW side of the river Merri-
mack, at the distance of 15 miles VV from
Newburyport, and 32 N from Boston; it
carries on a brisk trade, foreign and do-
mestic. Population 1820, 3070.
Kiverhill, post town in Grafton county,
New Hampsiiire, on the E side of Connec-
ticut river, 35 miles NW^ by N ot Dart-
mouth college. Population 1820, 1609.
Haverill, town in Suffolk, with a market
on Wednes;iay, and a manufacuire of
checks, cottons and fustians. It appears
by the ruins of a church and castle, to have
been of more consequence formerly than
now. It is 16 miles SW of Bury, and 59
NE of London. Lon. 0 28 E.j lat. 52 6
N.
Havering Boiver, village in Essex, three
miles NE of Kumford. It was once the
seat of a royal palace, in which died Joan,
queen of Henry IV.
Haverstraiv, post town of Rockland coun-
ty, New York, containing 1866 inhabitants
in 1810. It is situated on the W side of
Hudson river 33 miles N of New York,
and 120 S of Albajiy.
JTavre-cIe- Grace, considerable seaport of
France, in t!)e department of Lower
Seine, and late province of Normandy, on
the English Channel, in a large plain at the
mouth of the river Seine. It is a small
fortified town, divided into two parts by
the harbour, surrounded with a wall, antl
other works, and defended by a strong ci-
tadel, which, together with its foreign
trade makes it one of the most important
places in France, It is 45 miles W of
Rouen, and 112 NW of Paris. Lon. 0 U
E, lat. 42 29 N.
Havre-de- Grace, considerable seaport
town, in Hartford county, Maryland; situa-
ted at the head of Chesapeak bay, in the
lat. of 39 35 N, and lon. of 76 8 W. It is a
principal enire pot of tiie lumber and
grain brought down the river Susquehan-
nah, it has a post office, and is 37 miles NE
from Baltimore.
Hante-rive, town of France in the depart-
ment of U])per Garonne, and late province
of Languedoc, seated on the Arriege, Lon.
1 26 E, lat. 43 26 N.
Hautvilliers, town of France in the de-
partment of Marne and late province of
Champagne, where the best champagne is
made. It is seated on the Marne, 20 miles
S by E of Ilheims.
Hato, river of North Carolina, wliicli
rises in Rockingham county, near the
:3 E
northern border of the state, and flowing:
SE joins Deep river in Chatham, and forms
the NFE branch of Cape F-. ar river.
Hawick, pleasantly situated town in Ilnx-
burghshire, sealed on the Tiviot amid
v.'o ids, rocks, cataracts, and bridges, 15
miles SW of Kelso.
Haivke, townsliip, Rockingham county,
New Ha npshire, 20 miles SW from Ports-
mouth. Popuiatiini i i 1820, 421.
Haivk'biirii, river of New Holland, which
rises in the mountains far inland, and flow-
ing E, falls into Broken bay.
Hawkeshury Toiunship, in the county of
Prescott, Upper Canada, lies on the Otta-
wa river adjoining to Lower Canada.
Hrwkins, county of Tennessee ; bounded
by Virginia N ; Sullivan county in Tennes-
see E . Greene aid . I jffers in S; Grainger
W, and Claiborne NW. Lengt'i 40 ; mean
width 17; ai-ea 4S0 square miles. Sur-
face very much broken by hills and moun-
tains. Being traversed by Holston river,
in the entire length of the country, and
drainsd by numerous minor branches, it
contains much excellent alluvial soil. Chief
town, llogersville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - .^ 3 473
do. do. females - . 3,225
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . j5
Slaves 930
Total population in 1810 - - 7,643
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . 4,876
do. do. females - . 4,432
Total whites . . _ 9,308
Free persons of colour, males 151
do. do. females, i59
Slaves, males - - - 659
do. females - , . 672
Total population in 1820 - 10,949
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 12
Engaged in Airriculture - 1,802
do. in Manufactures - 191
do. in Commerce - 17
Population to the square mile, 23 nearly.
Haivley, post town and township, Frank-
lin county, Massachusetts, 14 miles SW by
W from Greenfield. Population in 1820,
1089.
Hatukshead, town in Lancashire, situated
in Fourness, 24 miles NNW of Lancaster,
and 273 of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54
24 N.
Haws-water, lake in Westmoreland, S of
Penrith, three miles long, and half a sr.ile
401
HAY
H E B
over in some places. It is almost divided
in the middle by a promontory of enclo-
sures, so that it consists of two sheets of
water.
Haiothornden, ancient building, a few
miles to tiie SB of Edinb-iri,di, famous for
some artifici.d caves cut oui of the solid
rock ; it W.-JS the seat of Drummond the poet
and historian.
Hay, town in Brecknockshire, with a
market on Saturday, seated between the
Wvll and Dulas, 15 miles NE of Brecknock,
and 151 VV by S of London. Lon. 3 4 W,
lat. 51 59 N.
Hay Bay, in the township of Fredericks-
burgh, running south-w^esterly into East
Bay, makes the fork of the north channel
of the bay of Quinte, Upper Canada.
Haycock, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania ; situated on tbe N side of
Tokickon creek, 22 miles NW oFXewton,
and contained 836 inhabitants in 1810, and
in 1820, 926.
Haye, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, lately in the
province of Touraine. It is memorable for
being the birthplace of Des Cartes, and
seated on the Creuse, 25 miles S of Tours,
and 135 SW of Paris. Lon. 0 46 E, lat. 46
56 N.
Hayhham, town in the county of Sussex,
with a market on Saturday, 12 miles E of
Lewis, and 58 SE of London. Lon. 0 20
E, lat. 50 55.
Haymarket, post town in Prince William
county, Virginia ; at the distance of 38
miles W from Washington.
Haymarkct, village of Muskingum coun-
ty, Ohio, on the east bank of Mu.skingum
river, 9 miles above Zanesville.
Jlaynes, SE township of Centre county,
Pennsylvania, in Penns valley. Population
in 1820, 2350.
Haywood, western county of North
Carolina ; bounded by Georgia S ; Tennes-
see NW, and Buncombe E. It is nearly in
form of a right angled triangle, with the
base 58 miles on Georgia, and the perpen-
dicular on Buncombe, 50 miles on Bun-
combe county ; area 1450 square miles.
The great body of the county is an eleva-
ted mountain valley, drained by different
branches of Tennessee river. Soil in
general, rough, rocky, and barren, but with
some remarkable exceptions near the
streams.
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - - 1,366
do. do, females - - 1,236
All other persons except Indians
- . - in
1,888
1.892
not taxed
Slaves
4,073
0
594
15
9
Total population in 1810
402
2,780
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 2|.
Hay~Moodsborottgh, post town of Chatham
county, North Carolina, in the forks of
Cape Fear river, 46 miles above Fayette-
ville.
Hazlegreen, post office, Madison county,
Missouri.
Hazlepatch, post office, Knox county,
Kentucky.
HazktorCs Ferry, post office, Knos coun-
ty, Indiana,
Headford, town of Ireland, in the county
of Galway, and province of Connaught, 12
miles N of Galway. Lon. 0 3 W, lat. 22
12 N.
Head of Elk, post town, Cecil county,
Maryland, near the head of the bay of
Chc^apeak, on a small river of its own
name. It enjoys great advantages from
the carrying trade between Baltimore and
Fhiladelphia, being about 50 miles from
each.
Head of Chester, post village, Kent coun-
ty, Maryland, about 50 miles E from Balti-
more.
Head of Sassafras, post village, Kent
county, Maryland, about 50 miles NE by E
from Baltimore.
Heath, post village and township, Frank,
lin county, Massachusetts. Population in
1820, 1122.
Heath Point, SE extremity of the island
of Anticost in the gulf of St. Lawrence.
Hebrides, or TFesterji Islafids, numerous
islands on tbe W coast of Scotland, on the
principal of which are Skye, St. Kilda,
Lewis and Harris, Uist, Cannay, Staffa,
Mull, Jura, and Islay, The situation of
these islands in the great Atlantic Ocean,
renders the air cold and moist in the most
of them,
Hebrides, J\''exu, a cluster of islands, lying
in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by
Quiros in 1606, and considered as part of
a great southern continent, under the name
of Tierra Australia del Espiritu Santo.
They were next visited by Bougainville in
1768, who did no more than discover that
II E I
H E L
Ihe land was not connected, but composed
of islands, which he called the Great Cy-
clades. Captain Cook, in 1774, ascertain-
ed the extent and situation of the whole
groupe, and gave them tlie name they now
bear. They lie between 14 25 and 20 4 S,
lat. and 166 41 and 170 21 E Ion. extend-
ing' 125 leagues,
Hebron, town of Palestine, seated at the
foot of an eminence on which are the re-
mains of an ancient castle The sepulchre
of Abraham is shown here which is visited
by Christians and Mahometans. It is 25
miles SW of Jerusalem.
Hebron, post town and township, Oxford
county, Maine, 9 miles S from Paris.
Population in 1820, 1727.
Hebron, post village and township, Graf-
ton county, Nev/ Hampshire, 35 miles N
from Concord. Population in 1820, 572.
Hebron, post town in Tolland county,
Connecticut, 18 miles SE ot Hartford.
Population in 1820, 2094.
Hebron, post village and township. Wash,
jngton county, New York, 50 miles NNE
from Albany. Population in 1820, 2754.
^ecA?Za, mountain, and volcano of Iceland,
rising to about 5000 feet, 40 miles SE from
Skalholt.
Hector, post village, and SW township,
Tompkins county, New York, between Se-
neca and Cayuga lakes. Population in
1820, 4012.
Hedjas, holy land of the Mahometans, ex-
tending along the NE shore of the Red
Sea, and including Mecca and Medina.
Hedomora, town of Dalecarlia in Sweden,
seated on the lake Hafran, famous for the
gunpowder made here ; it is 55 miles NW
of Upsal. Lon. 17 7 E, lat. 60 14 N.
Heideberg, township of Berks county,
Pennsylvania, on the left side of Schuyl-
kill river, commencing six miles above
Reading, at the mouth of Cacoosing creek.
Population 1820, 3605.
Heidelberg, post town of Lebanon coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, situated 30 miles E from
Harrisburg, and about the same distance N
from Lancaster. It is the chief lown of
Heidelberg, the NE township of the coun-
ty. Population of the township in 1820,
2384.
Heidelberg, township in the western part
of York county, Pennsylvania. Population
1820, 1313.
Heidelberg, city of Germany, in the cir-
cle of the Lower Rhine, with a celebrated
university. It has manufactures of wool-
len stufis, carpets, silk stockings, velvet
and soap. It was the capital of the palati-
nate, and celebrated for a great tun, which
held 800 hogsheads ; but it has undergone
so many calamities by war and fire, tliat it
is not so large as formerly. The protest-
ant electoral house becoming extinct in
1693, a bloody war ensued, in whicli the
castle was ruined, and the elector remov«
ed his residence to Munheim. The French
took possession of this to^nm 180U, and in
1803 it was given to the elector of Baden.
It is seated on the Neckar, over which is a
bridge, 12 miles SE of M;iiiiieun, and 52 S
of Frankfort. Lon. 8 .38 E, l..t, 49 21 N.
Heidenheim, town of Suabia, and in the
teri'itory of Brentzhali, witli a handsome
palace belonging to llie liouse oi Wurtem-
burg. It was takt n oy the Fiench m Au-
gust, 1796, and is 22 miles N of Uim. Lon.
10 9 E, lat. 48 47 X.
Heila, town of Western Prussia in Po-
land, at the mouth of ihe Vistula, oa tiie
Baltic Sea, 12 miles N of Uantzic. Lo:».
19 25 E, lat. 54 53 N.
Heilegen Have, seaport of Holstein ia
Germany, seated on the Baltic, opposite
the Island of Femeren. Loo. 10 57 E. lat.
54 30 N.
Hdligoland, island of the German Ocean,
belonging to the king of Denmark ; it is
seated between tlie mouths of the Eider
and the Elbe. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 54 21 N.
Heiligensludt, town of Gensany, belong-
ing to the elector of Mentz, capital of the
territory of Etchset. It is seated at the
confluence of the Geisland and Leina, 30
miles NW of Eisnach. Lun. iO 14 E, lat
51 22 N.
Helena, St island in the Atlantic Ocean,
27 miles in circuit, belonging to the Eng-
lish East India Company. It lies between
the continents of Alrica and South Ameri-
ca, about 1200 miles W of the former, and
1800 E of the latter; and was discovered
by the Portuguese, in 1502, on St. Helena
day. Afterward, the Dutch were in pos-
session of it till 1600, when they were ex-
pelled by the English in 1673, the Dutch
retook it by surprise ; but it was soon after
recovered. It has some high mountains,
particularly one called Diana Peak, which
is covered with wood to the very top.
There are other hills also, which bear evi-
dent marks of a volcanic origin, and some
have huge rocks of lava and a kind of half
vitrified Hags. Tlie chief inconvenience to
which the island is subject, is want of rain ;
however, it is fiir from being barren, the
interior valleys, and little hills, being co-
vered with verdure, and interspersed with
gardens, orchards and various plantations.
There are also many pastures, surrounded
by enclosures of stone, and filled with a fine
breed of small cattle, and with English
sheep ; goats and poultry are likewise nu-
merous. The inhabitants do not exceed
3000, Including near 500 soldiers, and
1600 blacks, who are supplied with corn
and manufactures by the company's ships
in return for refreshments. The town,
called Jamestown, is small, situate at the
bottom of a bay on the S side of the island,
between two steep dreary mountains, Thrs
403
II E. L
11 E M
jsiaiul has now become cla^^slc ground in
history by becoming the place of exile, and
death of the emperor Napoleon, and con-
taining the grave of this ex'raordinary
man. He was landed on the isl.tmi, Octo-
bi-r 16th, 1815 ; dird on the 5th, and was
interred on the Qtli of May, 1821, aged ol
years, eight nionths, and 20 days. id. wa.v
born at Ajacoo in Corsica, August l5th,
1769.
Eden's St. town in East Medina in the
isle of Wight. It has a large bay, and, in
a war with France, is often the station o;
the royal navy.
Helicon, r,ow Scmgma, mountain of
Greece, in Boeolia, near the gulf of Co-
rinth.
Heller, St. little island, near the town of
the same name, in the bay of St. Aubin,
on the S side of Jersey.
Helier, St. capital of the island of Jersey,
in the English Channel, seated in the bay
of St. Aubin, where it ha^ a harbour and a
stone pier. The inbabitants are computed
to be 2000.
Heligoland, or Helgoland, island in the
German Ocean, abi ut 28 miles distant from
the moutli of the Weser, Elbe and Kjder.
This island has two good liarbours, and
about 2000 inhabitants. It has been m pos-
session of the British since 1807. Lon. 7
55 E, lat. 54 UN.
Hellgate, strait of New York, between
Long Island and West Chester county. It
unites Long Island Sound to the East river,
eight miles from New York.
Hellespcnt, now Dardanells, river or strait
uniting the sea of JIarmora, with that of
the Archipelago. It extends in a NE and
SVv" direction about 50 miles, differing in
width from one to ihrce miles.
Helmsdale, river in Sntherlandshire,
which descends from the mountains bor-
dering on Caithness-shire, and empties it-
self into the German Ocean, where there is
a good salmon fishery.
Helmoiit, town of Dutch Brabant, in the
low countries with a strong castle, seated
on the Aa, 17 miles SE of Bois-le-Duc, and
20 W of Venlo. Lon. 5 67 E,jlat. 51 31 N
Helmsley, or Helmsley-Blackmore, town in
the N riding of Yorkshire, in Rhidalvale,
with a market on Saturday. It had form-
erly a castle, for the defence of this part
against the Scotch invaders, and is seated
on the Rye, 20 miles N of York, and 220
N by W of London. Lon. 1 0 W^ lat. 54
19 N.
ffetmstadt, town of Brunswick and Low-
er Saxony in Germany, with a university,
20 miles SE of Brunswick. Lon, 11 16
E, lat. 52 16 N.
Helmstadt, strong iT,aritime town of Swe-
den, and capital of a province of Holland.
Helsinburg, or Eluinburg, seaport of Swe-
den in the province of Gothland and tcr-
494
ritoryof Schonen, seated on the opposite
side of the Sound, seven miles E of Elsi-
nore, and 37 S of Halmstadt. Lon. 13 2
E, lat. 56 2 N.
Hdmngfors, town of Swedish Finland,
with a harbour reckoned almost the best in
the kingdom. It is 150 miles E of Abo.
Lon. 25 0 E, lat. 60 2U N.
Hdsingia, province of Sweden, bounded
on the N by Jempterland and Madelpadia,
on the E by the gulf of Bothnia, and on the
S and W by Dalecarlia and Austricia. It
is full of mountains and forests, and tiie
employment of the inhabitaitts is hunting
and fishing.
Hehton, town in the county of Cornwall,
with a market on Monday, seaied on the
Cober, near ij.s influx into Mounts-bay. It
is one of the towns appointed for the coin-
age of tl;e tin, and the place of assembly
for the W division of the shire. It is go-
verned by a ma) or, sends two members to
parluimeiit and has the largest market
house in the county. It is seated on the
river Low, and is 11 miles SW of Falmouth
and 274 W by S of London. Lon. 5 15 E,
lat. 50 2 N.
Helvcelshiys, seaport of Holland, on the
i.sland ot Yoorn, whtre the Eogh..h packet
boat always goes. It is but a smali place,
consisting only of a handsome quay, and
iwuor three litik streets. Here some of
the Dutch men if war are laid up in ordina-
ry ; It was taken by the French in Janua-
ry 1795 ; and is five miles S of the Briel.
Lon 4 23 E, lat. 51 45 N.
Hemlock, lake of New York, in Livingston
county, discharges into Genesee river by
Honeoy creek.
HemwingJ'ord, township of Huntingdon
county Lower Canada, 34 miles S from
Montreal, and adjoining Clinton county,
New Yoik.
Hemjjield, township, Lancaster county,
Pennfjlvaiiia ; situated on the NE side of
Susquehannih, and containir g 3431 inha-
bitants in 1810, and m 1820, 3339. It is
now divided into E and AV Hempfield.
Hempfeld, township of Westmoreland
countv, Pennsylvania, containing 3444 in-
habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3885. It is
situated on the N side of Big Sewickly
creek, about 25 miles SE of Pittsburg.
The chief town Is Greensburg.
Hempsted, or Hemel Hempsted, corporate
town in Herts, with a market on Thursday,
seated among the hills on a branch of the
Coin, 18 miles SW of Hertford, and 23 N
"VV of London. Lon, 0 15 W, lat, 51 47 N.
Hempstead, post town on Long Island, in
Queen Ann's county. New York, 23 miles
E of the city. It issltuated on the edge of
an extensive plain, 16 miles I'lng, and vary-
ing in width from one to about four miles.
Hempstead, county of Arkansas. Limits
and relative position uncertain.
HEN
HEN
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females - . -
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . .
do. females - - - .
Total population in 1820 -
2,489
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture . 592
do. in Manufactures . 12
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
* Hen and Chickens, groupe of small islands
in the VV part of lake Ene, and N from the
Bass Islands. By tlie decision of the com-
missioners appointed to settle the bounda-
ry between the U. S. and Canada, the line
runs between the Bass Islands and Hen
and Chickens.
Henbxiry, village in Gloucestershire, near
Bristol, two miles from St. Vincent's Rock.
In this parish is a camp, with three ram-
pires and trenches, supposed to have been
British. In digging up this hill in 1707,
great numbers of Koman coins were
found.
Henderson, post village, and township,
Jefferson county. New York, on lake On-
tario, between Chaumonl bay, and the St.
Lawrence river. Population 1820, 1919.
Henderson, county of Ken'.uck), bounded
by Ohio river N ; Davies couity, Kentuc
ky E ; Hopkins S ; and Union W ; length
36 miles ; mean width 16^ ; area 600
square miles. Suriace iiilly, and soil fer-
tile. Chief town, Henderson.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . >
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white mules
do. do. females -
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 18^0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
1,670
1,489
20
1,514
4,693
1,821
1,598
3,419
18
12
1,106
1,159
5,714
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,749
do. in Manufactures - - 210
do. in Commerce - - 40
Population to the square mile, 9^.
Henderson, post town and seat of justice,
Henderson county, Kentucky, on the left
bank of Ohio river, about 200 miles by
water below Louisville, and 44 above the
mouth of W;^bash river.
Hendersons, post village, York district.
South Carolina.
He-nderston, post town, Montgomery
county. North Carolina.
Hendersonville, NoUaway couniy, Virgia-
ia, on Little Nottaway ri^r, 45 miles SW
by W from Petersburg.
Hendersonville, or Henderson^s ferry, post
village, Newbury di-strict, South Carolma,
30 miles above Columbia,
Hendersonville, post village, in Sumner
county, Tennessee; 20 miles N from Nash-
ville.
Hendrick's store, post office, Bedford
county, Virginia.
Heneago, or Heneagas, the two most
northern islands of the groupe of the Baha-
mas.
Henley, corporate town in Oxfordshire,
on the 'i'hanes, over which is a lundsome
stone bridge, and sends malt, corn, wood,
&c. to London, by barges. It is 24 miles
SE to Oxford, .;nd 35 W of London, Lon.
0 46 VV, lal. 51 2,3 N.
Henley, town on the AIne, 10 mil s NW
of Warwick, and 202 NISW oi London.
Lon. 1 50 W, lal. 52 23 N.
Henley-House, station of the Hudson bay
compuny, on Alb ny river. Loi;. W C 8
05 W.lut. 52 14 N.
Hevlupen Cupe, cape oi Uelnware state,
oppt'site 10 Cape Miv, ai ttie entrai ce of
Delaware bay., Lat. 38 55, U.n, 75 \^ .
Henncberg, coimty ot Ger.-xiany iii the
circle oi Franconia ; it is bouhded cm tiie
N by 'I'hunngia, un the \V by Hose, on
ti;e S by tlie bishopric of VVurtzburg, and
on the E by that of Bamberg. Mainungen
is the capital.
Henneberg, town of Franconia, in a coun-
ty of the same name, wuh a castit, 34
miles NW of Banib. rg, Lon 10 3b £, lat.
50 40 N
Hennehon, own <i l-':unc<:-, now in the
deparimeiit of M.,ibil,aM and iuieiy in the
proviocf ot B et:Agne, seated ()'> the river
B;avet, 22 miles NV\ of Vannes bite. 260
miles \V by S of I'aris. Lon. 3 4 W, lat.
47 50 N.
Hennchemont, town of Frnce, now in
the department of Cher and late province
of Bt- rry. it was the capital of a district
which Henry IV. gave to his miii siei the
duke of SuUy. It it. seated on the tsandre,
15 mi'f-s NNE of Bourges.
Hemico, county of Virginia ; bounded by
James river or Chesterfield SW; Gooch'
405
HEN
« EN
knd NW ; Hanover and New Kent NE,
and Charles City SE. Length 30 ; mean
width 10 miles; area 300 square miles.
Surface moderately hill)-. Soil generally
of ffiiddling quality. Chief town, Rich-
mond.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
2,111
2,273
715
4,846
9,945
2,546
2,772
11,600
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 42
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,469
do. in Manufactures - 455
do. in Commerce - - 27
Population to the square mile, 38^.
Henrietta, township of Monroe county.
New York, on Genesee river. Population
in 1820, 2181.
Henry, county of Virginia ; bounded by
North Carolins S ; Patrick county in Vir-
ginia W ; Fianklin N, and Piitsylvania E,
It averages about 20 miles ?qtiare; area 400
square miles Surface broken, and soil
generally rather sterile. Chief town, Mar-
tinsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All othei- persons except Indians
not taxed - - . .
Slaves .....
1,823
1,818
215
1,575
5,611
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,650
do. do. females . • 1,671
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 - 5,624
406
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,87§
do. in Manufactures - 151
do. in Commerce - 7
Population to the square mile, 14.
Henry Cape, cape of Virginia, the south
point of the entrance into Chesapeak bay,
Lon. W C 1 E, lat. 36 58 N.
Henry, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Jefferson SW; Obio river W; Gallatin N
and NE ; Kentucky river, or Owen county
E, and Shelby S. Length 32 ; mean width
12^ ; area 400 square miles. Surface hilly
and broken ; but soil productive. Chief
town. New Castle.
Population in 1810.
Free wiiites, males - - 3,023
do. do. females - - 2,60^
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 11
Slaves- 1,137
Total population in 1810 6,777
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,452
do. do. females ... 4,356
Total whites - - . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 - - 10,816
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,685
do. in Manufactures - 111
do. in Commerce - - .3
Population to the square mile, 27.
Henry, county of Ohio, in the New Pur-
chase ; bounded N by the territory of
Michigan ; by Wood county E ; by Putnam
S, and WiiJiamd W ; length 31; mean
width 24 ; area about 450 square miles.
This county is crossed by Maumec river,
and contains a great extent of excellent
land.
Henry, SE county of Alabama, bounded
by Chatahoocbe river E ; Florida S ; Co-
vington W, and Pike N. Length 50 ;
mean width 27 ; area 1350 square miles.-
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Fiee persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
1,133
878
2,011
1
0
326
300
HER
HER
'f otal population in 1829
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - • 773
do. in Manufactures - - 4
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 2.
Henry Point, the east point of Haldimand
Cove, Upper Canada, which is formed by
it and Point Frederick on the west.
Hemhaia, township in the NW part of
Trumbull county, Ohio. Population 1820,
uncertain.
Heppenheim, town in Germany, in the
electorate of Mentz, with a castle and an
abbey. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 49 29 N.
Heraclea, ancient seaport of Romania,
with a Greek archbishop's see. It was
very famous in ancient times ; and there
are still considerable remains of its former
splendour. It is 50 miles W of Constanti-
nople. Lon. 27 58 E, lat. 40 29 N.
Herat, town of Persia, in Korasan, 160
miles SE of Mesched. Lon. 61 0 E, lat.
34 30 N.
Herault, one of the departments of
France, so named from a river which falls
into the gulf of Lyons. It includes part of
the late province of Languedoc ; and the
capital in Montpellier.
Herbemont, \.o\vn of Austrian Luxemburg,
with a castle on a mountain, near the river
Semoy, three miles NW of Chiney.
Herborn, town of Germany, in the circle
of the Upper Rhine and territory of Nas-
sau, with a famous tmiversity and woollen
manufactui'e, eight miles S\V of Uillen-
burg. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 0 40 N.
Herculaeiieiim, ancient city of Italy, five
miles E by S from Naples. It was over-
whelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvi-
us, AD. 79.
Hercutaeneum, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Jefferson county, Missouri, 30 miles
below St. Louis, and 30 above St. Gene-
vieve ; and 36 from Mine A Burton, in the
lead mine district. It is the chief empori-
um of the lead made at the various mines
in the interior.
Hereford, capital of Herefordshire. It is
24 miles WSW of Worcester, and 130 W
NW of London. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 52 4
N.
^ere/or<fsAjre, county of England, nearly
of a circular form, bounded on the E by
Worcester and Gloucester, on the S by
Monmouthshire, on the W by Radnor-
shire, and Brecknockshire, and on the N
by Shropshire. lis length from N 'o S is
46 miles. Us breadth from E to W 40, and
its circumference 220. Population 1801,
97,557; in 1811, 111,654; and in 18^1,
129,714.
2,638 Hereford, township of Buckingham couh-
— ~ ty. Lower Canada, on the head waters of
Connecticut river, and bounded on Ver-
mont.
Hereford, NE township of Berks county,
Pennsylvania, on the head branches of
Perkiomen creek. Population in 1820,
1431.
Herenthals, town of Austrian Brabant,
seated on the Nethe, 20 miles NE of Lon-
vain. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 51 13 N.
Herford, or Hervorden, free imperial
town of Westphalia, capital of the county
of Ravensberg, with a famous nunnery be-
longing to the protestants of the confes-
sion of Augsburg, whose abbess is a prin-
cess of the empire. It is seated on the
Aa, 17 miles SW of Minden. Lon. 8 47
E, lat. 52 9 N.
Hergrundt, town of Upper Hungary, re-
markable for its mines of vitriol, which are
extremely rich. The miners, who are nu-
merous have built a subterraneous town.
It is 65 miles N of Buda. Lon. 18 15 E,
lat. 48 30 N.
Heri, island in the Indian Ocean, two
miles NNW of Ternate. It is pretty high
and not more than two miles in circumfer-
ence, and appears to be in a perfect slate
of cultivation, and well inhabited.
Herisau, considerable commercial town
of Swisserland,in the canton of Appenzel.
It is famous for its manufactures of very
fine linen and muslin. It is seven miles
SW of St. Gall.
Herk, town of Germany, in the bishopric
of Leige, seated on a river of the same
name, near its confluence with the Ueraer,
two miles W of Maestricht. Lon. 5 58
E, lat. 50 52 N.
Herkimer, county of New York, bound-
ed by Otsego S ; by Oneida and Lewis W ;
St. Lawrence N ; and Hamilton and Mont-
gomery E ; kngth 90 ; mean widih 18;
area 1620 square miles. This is one o^the
most diversified counties m the United
States, extending from lat. 42 50, to 44 07,
and very much ijroken by mountainous or
very high hilly ridges : the climates of its
two extremes are very different, deep
snows frequently cover the ridges drained
by the waters of Black river, when spring
blooms in the valley of the Mohawk. The
soil is also excessively varied ; no land in
the United States exceeds in fertility the
alluvia] bottoms of the Mohawk, and that
ofthe two Canaia creeks. The body of
the population exists on the southern half
of the county, though even on the branch-
es of Black river, much good land extends
along the streams.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 11,350
do. do. females - - 10,547
m
22,046
15,653
15,032
72
31,017
253
5,661
1,365
70
HER
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males . • .
do. do. females . . -
All other persons - - -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - -
do. females . . -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriciduire
(io. in Manufaciures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 19.
Herkimer, post town and seat of justice,
Herkimer county, New York, on the left
side of the Mohawk, 78 miles W from Al-
bany, anl 14 beloA- U»ica. This to'vn
stands upon a most profUictive alluvial
plain, about one mile above the mouth of
West Canada creek. Population in 1820,
3055, m the township.
Hermamtadt, ancient Cibinium, or Her-
manopoUs, large and strong town of Him-
gary, and until 1790, the capital oj" Tran-
sylvania, with a bishop's see. It fs seated
on the Ceben, 25 miles E of Weissemhiu-g,
and 205 SE of Buda. Lon. 24 40 E, lat.
46 25 N.
Heme, town of Kent, six miles from Can-
terburv, wi h a commodious bay frequent-
ed by Collier-!.
Her/ihut, fimous place in Upper Lusatia,
in the kingdom of Saxony, between Zit-
taw and Leohan. Here in 1722, some
persecuted Moravian bretliren, settled
in the fields of the villag^e of Berhels-
dorf, belonging to count Z'nzindorf, and
began to buil-.l another village.
Herman, township of Peno'iscot county,
Maine, seven miles W from Bangor. Po-
pulation 1820, 266.
Hernosand, seaport of Sweden, on the W
coas' (iFthe gulf of Bothnia. Lon. 17 58
E, lat. 62 3f^N.
Heron, Pass of, inlet between Mobile
bay and Pascagoula Sound, and between
the main shore of Alabama and Dauphin
island.
Herstal, town of Germany, in the bish-
opric of Leige, with an ancient castle, seat"
408
tt E R
ed on the Maese, three miles N of Leige.
Lon 5 40 E, lat. 50 40 N.
Hertfordshire, county in England, deriv-
ing its name from Hartford, or Hertford,
the county town, and is bounded on the N
by Cambridgeshire, on the E by Essex, on
the \V hy Bedfordshire and Buckingham-
shir?, and on the S by Middlesex. It is 35
miles in length, 27 in breadth, and about
190 in circumference. Population 1801,
97,557; in 1811, 111,654; and in 1821,
129,714.
Hertford, town of England and capital of
Hertfordshire. It is the seat of the East
India college, 21 miles N from London.
Hertford, county of Lower Canada, on the
right side of the St. Lawrence, opposite
the isla d of Orleans and boimded by
Cornwallis NK, and by Dorchester SW.
Herford, county of North Carolina,
bounded by Virginia N ; by Chowan river
NE and E ; Bartie S ; and Northampton
\V ; lengtli 26; mean width 14 ; area 364
square miles Surface hvel, and soil
rathe- sterile generally. Chief town, Win-
ton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,517
do. do. females • - 1,426
All o'her persons except In-
dians not taxed . - - 304
Slaves 2,805
Total population in 1810, . 6,052
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,796
do. do. females - - - 1,884
Total whites .... 3,680
Free persons of colour, males - 376
do, do. females 412
Slaves, males ... 1,676
do. females ... 1,568
Total population in 1820 - - 7,712
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0>
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,350
do. in Mamifactures - 144
do. in Commerce - - 35
Population to the square mile, 21.
Hertford, post town and seat of justicei
Perquimans county. North Carolina, on
Perquimans river, 18 miles NE from Eden-
ton.
Hertzherff, considerable town of Germa-
ny in the electorate of Saxony, 35 miles
NW of Dresden. Lon, 13 17 B, lat. 51 41
N.
Herzegotvlna, part of ancient Illyfia,
along the NE side of the Adriatic sea. It
HEX
H 1 C
extends from about lat. 43 to 44 20 N, and
belongs mostly to the Turks.
Hesdiii, strong town of Fr.ince, now in
the department of the straits of C.ilais, and
lately in the county of Artois ; it is a regu-
lar hexagon, and surrounded with mor.s-
ses seated on the Ganche, 25 miles SS\V
of St. Omer, and 165 N of Paris. Lon. 2
6 E, lat. 50 24 N.
Hesse, country of Germany, in the cir-
cle of the Upper Rhine; bounded on the
N by the bishopric of Paderborn and duchy
of Brunswick, on the E by Thuringia,
on the S by the territory of Fulde and
Wateravia, and on the W by the counties
of Nassau, Witgenstein, Hatzfeldt, and
Waldeck. The house of He-se is divid-
ed into four branches ; namely, Hesse
Cassel, Homberg, Darmstadt, and Rhin-
feld, each of which has the title of land-
grave, and takes its name from one of the
four principal towns.
The principal Hessian house is that of
Cassel ; area 4,350 square miles, and
540,000 inhabitants. The title of the so-
vereign is Elector of Hesse, and grand
duke of Fulda ; his power is that of a li-
mited monarch. The dominions of the
Elector of Hesse Cassel is hilly and drain-
ed by the various sources of the Weser.
Revenue about 380,000 pounds sterling.
Hesse Darmstadt, or Grand Duchy of
Hesse. This is the second great division of
the family of Hesse. Area about 5000
square miles, and 620,000 inhabitants.
The country is mountainous, though the
soil is productive. The mountains yield
ores of iron, copper, and lead. The coun-
try is drained by the s 'urces of the We--er ;
by some final streams flowing westward
into the Rhine, and by the lower northern
branches of the Muine. The constitution
is that of limited monarchy. The Grand
Duke is a member of the Germanic IJiet,
and in the smaller as'^embly has one vote
and the 9th place, at the larger he has
three votes. Revenue abo'.!t 370,000 pound
sterling.
Hesse Hcmber^, principality of Germany,
south of the Maine, and near Frankfort.
It belongs with the title of Landgrave, to
a branch of the Hesse family. Population
20,000.
Henkelum, or Hoekehim, town of the Uni
ted Provincfs, in Holland, seated on the
Linghe, 5 miles NE of Gorcum. Lon. 4
55 E, lat 51 55 N.
Heusden, strong town of the United Pro-
vinces, in Holland, seated on the Maese,
with a castle. It surrendered to the
French in 1795; and is eight mihs NW
of Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 3 E, ht. 51 44 N.
Hexham, town in Northumberland, with
a market on Tuesday. It i- seated on the
river Tyne, and was formerly famous for
an abbev^: A battle was fought in 1463,
3 F
near tliis place between the Louses of York
and Lancast-er; in which the latter was
defeated. Hexlium has a manufacture of
tanned leatlicr, bhoes, and gloves ; and is
22 miles VV of Newcastle, and 28* NNW
of London. Lon. 2 1 W, lat. 55 3 N.
Heydon, borough in the E riding of
Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday.
It is seated on a river, which soon falls into
the Humber ; and was formerly a considera-
ble town, but is now much decayed. It is
six miles W of Mull, and 181 N by W of
London Lon. 0 5 W, lat. 53 45 N.
HeyJesem, town of Austrian Urabant, 14
miles SE of Louvain. Lon. 5 7 E, lat. 50
45 N.
Heytesbury, borough in Wilts, that sends
two members It) parliament, but has now
no market. It is 20 miles NW of Salisbu-
ry, and 93 W by S of London. Lon. 2 8
W, lat 51 12 N.
Hiaqui, river of Mexico, in Sonora, falls
into the gulf of C.difornia, after a course
of 400 miles. M.iuth at lat. 27 30 N.
Hiaistoxvn, village of Mid '.lesex county.
New Jersey, on the head of Mill-sloae
river, 13 .niles NE from Trenton.
Hickman, county of Webt Tennessee ;
bounded by Lawrence S ; Perry W ; Dick-
son N, and Murray E. Length 33 ; mean
width 22 ; area 726 square miles. Surface
hilly, and soil varied.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 1,338
do. do. females - - 994
A'! oiher persons except Indians
not taxed .... 6
Slaves 245
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
2,583
2,782
2,589
Total wiiites • . . . 5,371
Free persons of colour, males - 8
do. do. females \
SLives, males ... 311
do. females - - - 389
Total population in 1820
6,080
Of thes? ;
Foi'eigners not natiuralized - 0
Engaged m Agriculture - 1,605
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Co'r.iiierce - - 2
Population to the -quare mile, 8
Hickman, county ot Kentucky, including
the spar-e enclo-ed by the nor hern boun-
dary of Tennessee, and Tennessee, Ohio,
and Mississippi rivers This region ex-
tend about 75 miles el ng Tennessee, and
embrace, about 1500 square miles. It ie
in great part unsettled.
409
II J G
H I L
Hickory, post village, Washington Penn-
sylvania.
Hickory-Flats, post office, Madison coun-
ty, Alabama.
Hickory Grove, post office, Abbeville
distiict. South Carolina,
Hickory Hill, post office, Beaufort dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Hickaford, post villige, Greenville coun-
ty, "S'irginia, on the S side of Meherin
river, 69 miles S from Richmond.
Hieres, town of France in the depaitment
of Van and late province of Provence,
seated near the Mediterranean Sea ; but
its harbriur being choaked up, it is con-
siderable only for its salt works. It is a
pretty little town, situated in a beautiful
country. This town is the birth place of
Massil on, the celebrated French preacher.
It is 12 miles E of Toulon, and 350 S by
E of Paris. Lon. 6 20 E, lut. 43 5 N.
Hieres, four islands of France, on the
coast of Provence, and opposite to the
town of the same name. Their names are
Porqu' roltos, Porterous, Bagueau, and
Tit!in, which last is the largest. Between
these islands and the continent, is the ro:-d
of Hieres, which is so capacious and ex-
cellent, that it has afforded shelter fo^• the
largest squadrons. It is defended by three
forts.
Hiero. See Ferro.
Hiesmes, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Orne and late province of Norman-
dy, s"a:ed on a barren mountain, 10 miles
from Seez, and 90 W of Paris.
Higham Ferrers, borough in Nerthamp-
tonshire. It is seated on an asc:-nt. on the
E bank of the nver Nen, 25 miles ESE of
Cov nt y, and 66 NNW of London. Eon.
0 40 VV, lat. 52 19 N.
Highgate, village m Middlesex, seated on
a hili, E ot that of Hampstead, and four
miles N by W of London. On the side
next LfiU'ion the fineness of the prospect
occasioned several handsome edifices to
be built. Here lord chief bar.)n Chol-
mondely built a free school in 1562.
Highgate, post village and township, of
Franklin county, Vermont, on Mississque
bay, 33 miles north from Burlington.
Highland, county of Ohio ; bounded S
by Adams and Brown ; W by a pari of
Brown ; N\V by Clinton ; N by Fayette ;
NE by Ross, and E by Pike. Length 25 ;
width 22 ; area 420 square miles. It is a
hilly, broken and elevat'-d coun'y, occupy-
ing the Height of 1 'ud between the waters
of Ohio river. Sciota and Miami rivers.
Chief town, Hill-borough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,044
do, do. females - - 2,596
410
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . . 126
Slaves 0
TotalpopulationinlSlO, - 5,766
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,256
do. do. females - . . 5,881
Total whites - - - 12,137
Free persons of colour, males - 87
do. do. females - 84
Slaves, males - . . . 0
do. females • - - . 0
Total population in 1820 - . 12,308
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,799
do. in My.nufictures - 288
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 30.
Highland, township of Muskingum coun-
ty, diiio. Population in 1820, 577.
Highivorth, town in Wdts, with a market
on Wednesday. It is seated on a hill,
which stands in a rich plain, 36 miles N of
Salisbury, and 77 W of London. Lon. X
40 W, lat. 51 o6 N.
Hildburghausen, Saxe, duchy of central
Germany, enclosed between Saxe-Meinun-
gen and Saxe-Coburg. Population 30,000.
Hildbiirghausen, town of Franconia, and
capital of a duchy of the same name. It is
seated on the river Werra, and is 22 miles
N by W of Cobourg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 50
53 N.
Hildesheim, free imperial city of Low-
er Saxnny, in a bi^hoprc of the same.
It is now capital of the province of the
same nnme, in the kingdom of Hanover.
It is seated on the Ii neste, 17 miles SSE
of Hanover. Lon. 10 10 E, lat. 52 10 N.
Hikleshdm, province of Hanover, adjoin-
ing Gotiiiigen. Population 130,000.
Hillah, or Hcllnh, town of Asiatic Turkey,
in Irak Arabia, and Pachalic of Bagdad, on
the right bank of the Euphrates. It is a
miserable place, supposed to be on the site
of ancient Babylon. Lon. 44 13 E, lat. 33
34 N.
Hillham, post town, Overton county,
Tennessee.
Hillsborough, routity of New Hampshire ;
bounded by Massachusetts S ; Cheshire W ;
Grafton N ; S raflbrd.NE, and R' ckingham
E. Length 46 ; mean width 25; area 1150
square miles. Surface rocky, hilly, and in
part mountainous ; soil, however, on the
streams, and in many other parts hilly, fer-
tile, and productive in grain and pasturage.
Chief town, Hillsborough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 24,104
H I M
H I X
Free white females • - 24,816
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 229
Slaves - . . . . 0
Total population in 181 6
49,149
Population In 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
26,155
2r,496
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . . . .
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
53,651
109
124
0
0
53,884
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 26
Engaged in Agriculture - - 13,197
do. in Manufacures - 2,400
do. in Commerce - - 238
Population to the square mile, 46|.
Hillsborough, township and post town of
Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, W
from Contacook river, and 20 miles W
from Concord. Population 1820, 1982.
Hillsboro2igIi, township of Somersett
county, New Jersey, 15 miles W from
Brunswick. Population 1820, 2885.
Hillsborough, post village, Caroline coun-
ty, Maryland, on the E side of Tuckahoe
river, 26 miles SSW from Chester.
Hillsborough, post village, Loudon coun-
ty, Virginia, 40 miles NW from Washing-
ton.
Hillsborough, post town and seat of jus-
tice, on Eno river, 45 miles NW from
Raleigh, Population about 400.
Hillsborough, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Highland county, Ohio, on the Rocky
fork of Paint creek, 36 miles W b}' S from
Chilicothe. Lat. 39 14 N.
Hillsdale, post town and township, in Co-
lumbia county, New York, 18 miles SE of
the city of Hudson. Population in 1820,
2511.
Hilllon, post villag-e, Charles county,
Maryland.
Hilton, considerable island on the coast
of South Carolina, opposite Beaufort dis-
trict. It is about 20 miles in lenijUi, and
five in breadth, L6n. 80 20 W, lat. 32 10
N.
Hilto~,vn, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, between New Britain arid
Rockhill townships, 17 miles SW of New-
ton. In 1810, it contained 1335 inhabit-
ants, and in 1820, 1501.
Himmaleh, chain of mo'.mtains in Asia,
which extends from Cabul alor.g the N of
Hindoostan, and is the genera! boui'dary of
Tibet, through the whole estent li-om the
Jo^anges to the river Testa ; cnulcsing
between it and Hindoostan, a tract of
country from 100 to 189 miles in breadth,
divided into a number of small states,
which are understood to be either tributa-
ries, or feudatories of Tibet ; such as Siri-
nagur, Napuul, &c. This ridge is proba-
bly that designed by the ancients, under
the names of Imaus and '.he Indian Cauca-
sus. The natives call it Hindooko (the
Indian mountains) as well as nim.naleh ;
which last is a Sanscrit word, signifying
snoiuy ; its summit being covereil with
snow. The Daw ilgen and several other
peaks of this range, rise above 27,000 feet,
and are the most elevated mountains yet
measured.
Hinchinbrook Isla?id, one of tlie New
Hebrides, in the South Pacific Octan. Lon.
168 33 E, lat, 17 25 S.
Hinchinbrook, cape of America, on the
Pacific Ocean, at the entrance of Fiince
William's Sound. Lon. W C 69 W, lat.
60 16 N.
Hinchinbrook, island of America, in
Prince William's Sound, on which the
Russians have a factory.
Hinckley, town in Leicestershire, with a
market o;i Monday. It has a large church
with a lofty spire, and a considerable
stocking manufacture. It is 12 miles SW
of Leicester, and 91 NNW of London.
Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 52 34 N.
Hindelopen, seaport of the Unied Pro-
vinces, in Friesland, seated on tlie Zuider-
zee, 20 miles SW of Lewarden. Lon. 5
10 E, lat. 52 58 N.
Hinesburg, post town in Chittenden
county, Vermont, about 12 miles SE from
Burlington.
Hindoostan, or India, celebrated country
of Asia, which in its most extensive signiti-
cation, comprehends the tract situated be
tween the Thibetian and Tartarian moun-
tains on the N, the Indian Ocean on the S,
the Burrampooter and the bay of Bengal
on the E, and the Indian Ocean and Persia
on the W. But this country must be con-
sidered under the three grand divisions of
Hindoostan Proper, the Dcccan, .-md the
Peninsula. Hindoostan Proper includes
all the countries on the N of the river Ner-
buddah, which bounds it on tlie S as far
as it goes ; Bengal and Bahar compose
the remainder of its southern boundary.
It is divided into eleven soubah^, the
names of which are Lahore, Aroultan (in-
cluding Sindy) Agimere, Delhi, Agra,
Onde, Allakabad, Bahai-, Bengal, Mdwa,
and Guz^-rat. A 12th soubah, n.imed Cu-
bul, was formed out uf tne countries con-
tiguous to the W sources of the Indus,
and three new ones out of the conquests
of the Deccan ; Berar, Candus c, and
Amednagur. The Deccan in its most ex-
tensive signification is applied to the whole
region of >l!ndoost;;i) Proper ; in its mors
111
H I X
H ! N
restricted sense, it means only tlie coun-
ties situate between Hindoostan Proper
and the river Kistnu ; tlies- are C nd isli,
Dowlatubad. Beiar, Oriss , ti>e Circars, the
chief pait of G-lconia. Vis .pour ;ind
Concan. The tract S >f tliese, or t e ri-
ver Kistiia, is generally called ihe Peninsii
la ; although its form does not authorize
that appellation ; it includes a small part
of Golconda, Mysore, and tlie Carnatic,
with Madura, and other smaller districts ;
the W coast being called that of Malabar,
and the E that of Coromandel. The prin-
cipal rivers of this extensive region are the
Ganges, Burrampooter, Indus, Jumna,
Pudda, Nerbudda, Tapty, Godavery; Kist-
Tia, Pennar and Cauvery. The chief moun-
tains are those of Himmaleh and the Gauts
To give an idea of the modern revolutions
in the empire of Hindoost>.n, it is proper to
observe, that from a pure Hindoo govern-
ment, it became, at last, a Maliome an
state, and continued 'o be so, under vari-
ous dynasties, till tl'.e begmning of th 18th
century. The first irruptions of tht- Maho-
metans was in the year 1000. From this
period the provinces of Hindofistan were
held rather as tributary kingd ms, than as
provinces of the same empire ; and the
conquest of the Deccan, in particulai , was
forages an object of considerable import-
ance to the emperors. In 1389, the Mo-
gul Tartars, under the conduct of Timiir,
or Tamerlane, invaded Hindoos' an ; but
the conquest of the country was no', efft- ct-
ed till 1525, by Sultan Baber, one of his
descendants, who, from this circumstance,
was the founder of the Mogul dynasty ;
and hence Hindoostan has been called the
Mogul Empire, aad its c ief, the Gi cat
Mogul. The illustrious Aclmr, his .son,
failed m his attack upon the Deccan ; an
attempt in which many of his snccesscrs
were equally unfortunute, and which
tended, in the sequel, to the decline and
dissolution of the empiri-. In 1615 em-
peror Jehanguire, his son, n-reived Sir
Thomas Roe, as the first English ambassa-
dor; and the Puriuguese had, by this ime,
acquired considerable settlements in Ben-
gal and Guzerat la the reign of his
grandson Aurungzebec, which Listed from
1660 to 170r, the empire attained its full
extent ; his authority reached from 10 to
35 degrees in lat. and nearly as much in
Ion. and his revenue exceeded 32,000,000/.
sterling. The conquest of the Deccan
employed the last years of his life, fri>m
1678 to 1707 during 15 years of which
time be was actually in the field. This
dereliction of his capital for nearly 0 years
occasioned great disorders there, and laid
the foundation of many more. Under hs
reign the empire attained to its full mea-
sure of extent, see major Rennel's memoir
«f a map of Hindoostan, p. Ixiii, In a word,
412
instead of finding the emperors attempt-
ing now the conquest of the Deccan, their
enipiie was atiacked by the powerful ni-
zam of that country, through whose con-
trivance, Nadir Shah, the Persian usurper,
invaded Hindoostan in 1738. By the in-
tri{jue - of the Nizam and his party Maho-
m d Shah was induced to throw himself
on the cleint-ncy of the invader, who en-
tered Delhi, and demanded 30 millions
sterling, by way of ransom. Tumults,
massacres and famine were the result :
100,000 of the inhabitants were massacred,
and 62 millions of plunder were said to be
collected. H« evacuat. d Delhi, however,
and left the Nizam in possession of the
whole remaining power of the empire,
which he sacrificed to his own views in
the Deccan, where he. established an in-
dependent kingdom. MaliomedShah died
in 1747, having seen the Carnatic and Ben-
gal become likew se independent, under
their respective nabobs, an independent
s\at(' tO' , formed hy the Rohillas (a tribe
from the mouniains between India and
Persia) on the E by ihe Ganjjes, within
80 miles of D Ihi ; and the kingdom of
Candaliar, erected by Abd dla, one of the
grnerals of Nadir Sliah. Ahmed Shah, the
son of Mahomed, succeeded ; in whose
reign the emire division of tiie empire took
phict- ; nothing reniaining to the Irouse of
T imerlane but a small terri oiy round
Delhi, with tht- city i's. If (no longer a ca-
pi-.il) exposed to depredanons massacres,
and (amines by the con ests of invaders.
The last imperi 1 army was defeated by
the Rohillas in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo
tribe, founded a state in Agra ; Oude was
St ized by the grand father of the present
nabob ; Allahabad, by Mahomed Kooli.
Tiie Mahratta-^, besides their ancient do-
mains in thi- Deccan, obtained great part
of Malwa, Guzent. Bcrar and Orissa The
Mogul empire was now become merely
nominal : and the emperors from this pe-
riod, must be regarded as of no political
consequence, otherwise than as their names
and persons, were made use of, by differ-
ent parties, to promote their own views.
That the name and person of the emj>eror
were of use, as retaining a considerable
degree of veneration among the bulk of
the people in Hindoostan, is evident, from
the application made, at different times,
for grants of territory, forcibly obtained by
the grantee, but which required the sanc-
tion of the lord paramount, to reconcile the
transaction to the popular opinion. Ano-
ther instance of he effect of this opinion,
is, that the coin throughout the whole
tract, known by the name o'' the Mogul
Empire, is to this day struck in the name
of the nomin<l emperor. Ahmi-d was de-
posed in 1753, and was succeeded by Al-
lumguire, who was deposed and murder*
H I K
H I N
ed in 1760. He was succeeded, however,
by his son Shah Aulum, w)>o was alternate-
ly deptndent on the contending powers,
and more particularly upon tlie English,
who obtained from him a gra^it of the
provinces of Bengal, Bahai- and Orissa, to-
gether with the Northern Circars on con-
dition of paying him 360,000/. per annum
by way of tribute. It was liis misfor une,
however, that he could not accomod.-te his
mind to his circumstances, and put him
self into the hands of Uie Maliratt s, wlvi
promised to seat him on the throne of
Delhi. He thus lost all he had acquired
with the British, am; has evrr since con-
tinued a kind of stale prisoner ; living on
the produce of a trifling domain, allowed
him out of venera ion for his ancestors, and
for the use of his name. In the sequel, he
was deihrotied and murdered by the Ro-
hiUas. These beii g defeated by Madajee
Sindia, a Maiiratta chief, liis so i, Jewan
Bucht, was permitted to succeed lii'n, and
to live in the same ciepiorabie sta'e of de-
gradation. The whoi' nf Hiiidoo>tan in
1792, consisted of six principal sta'e^i,
which hold as tributaries, or f udatories,
some inferior sta es. Tli se six prin- pal
states, were, the British, the Poonah Mah-
rattas, the Berar Mahrattas, Nizam Ally.
soubali of the Deccan ; Mysore, or the
dominions of Tippoo Sultan : and the
Seiks.
The Britisli possessions are Bengal, Ba-
har, Benares, the Northein Circar , the
Jaghire in the Carnatio. Bombay, Salsette,
the district of Midnapous in Orissa, and
some considerabe cessi' n from Tippoo
Sultan, in 1792. S'nce 1792, war broke
out with T ppoo, who was defeated, and
his capital tak- n by assault, together with
an immense quantity of plunder, Tippoo
lost his Ufe in the attack. By his fall, a
great extent of t rritory will accrue to the
British, and their power will be secured
on a stable and permanent foundation. The
allies of the British, who may be consider-
ed as dependent upon them, are the na-
bobs of Oude, and the Carnatic, and the
rajahs of Travancore and Tanjore. For
the five other principal states,, see their re-
spective names, and for an account of some
inferior independent states, see Bundela,
Ballogistan, the Jats, Kohilcund, &c. Ac-
cording to Mr. Orme, the inhabitants of
Hindoostan are computed at about
10,000,000 Mahometans, and 100,000,000
Hindoos. The Mahometans, or Musul-
men, whom the English improperly call
Moors, are represented to be of a de'esta-
ble character. The Hindoos, or Gentoos,
are of a black complexion; their hair is
long, their person straiglit and elegant,
and their countenunce open and pleasant.
They diflTer materially from all other na-
tions, by being- divided into tribes or casts.
The four principal tribes are the Bramins,
Soldiers, Labourers, and Mechanics ; and
these are subdivided into a multiplicity of
inferior distinctions. There are Bramins
of va-ious degrees of excel ence, who liive
the care of religion allotted to tiem, and
are held saced by vhe res' ; some of hese
acknowledge the errors th^t have crept
into their religi n, own one Supreme
B ing, and iaugh at the idolatry of the
miilti U'le but insist upon the necessity of
working upon the wi knesses of the vul-
ga ; ye' tiie generalii- of them .re as ig-
norant a the Ijity. Sifh as ate not enga-
)^ed in worldly pursuits aie a very super-
stitious, innocent people, who promote
charity as much as they can, both to man
and beast : but th se who e-ig ge in the
world are generdly the worst of all the
Gentoos; for, rersuadetl that the wa'ers of
the Ganges will purif\ t em from their
sins, and being exempt fr-im the utmost
rigou: of the courts of justice (under the
Gentoo governments) they run into much
gi"< ater excesses, '['he Soltliers are com-
monly called Rajah pools; that is, de-
scended troiTi th rajihs. Thc-y are much
more robust than the rest, have a great
share of courage, and a nice sens' of mili-
tary honour, wl ich c in.^ists, um>ng them,
in fidelity 'o those they serve. F ghting is
their prof ss on ; tiiey readily enter into
the sernceof an\ that will pay them, and
will follow wherever he leads ; but, should
their leader fall i' die battle, thai cans- s
at an end, and they run offthe field, with-
out any stain of their reputation. The
English E. Ind a Company have many bat-
talions ot them in iheir service: they are
Cidled Sepoys, and are clothed and discip-
lined in the European manner. The La-
bourers include farmers, and all who culti-
vate the land. The Mechanics include
merchants, bankers, and all who follow any
trade : these again are subdivided into each
profession. Beside these, are the Halla-
chores, who cannot be called a tribe, being
rather the refuse of all the tribes. They
are a set of unhappy wretches, who per-
form all the vilest officers of Ufe, bury the
dead, and carry away every thing that is
polluted. All the different tribes are kept
distinct from each other by insurmountable
barriers : they are forbidd' n to intermarry,
to cohabit, to eat with each other, or even
to dri k out of the same vessel with one of
another tribe Every deviation f om hese
points subjects them to be rejected by
their tribe, renders them polluted for
ever, and obliges t em, from that instant,
to herd with the Hallachores The mem-
bers of each cast adhere invari bly to the
profession of their forefathers: from gene-
rat on to genetation the same families have
followed, and still continue to follow, one
uniform manner of life. To this may be
413
H I N
II I N
ascribed that high degree oi' perfection
conspicuous in many oT' the Indian manu-
factures ; and also that striking peculiarity
in the state of Hindoostan, the permanence
of its institutions, and tiie immutability in
the manners of the inhaoitants. Hence it
is, that the Hindoos admit no cnnverts, nor
are themselves ever converted, whatever
the Roman missionaries may pretend. The
Hallacliores may be here excepted, wlio
are glad to be admitted into any society
where they are treated as fellow creatures.
The Hindoos vie with the Chinese, in re-
sped to ihe antiquity of ilieir na'ion; and
the doctrine of transmigration is one of
their distinguishing tenets. Theii- institu-
tions of religion form a complete system of
superstition, upheld by everv thing which
can excite the reverence of the people.
The temples consecrated to their deities
are magn ficent ; their relig'ous cerem ^nles
splendid ; and the absolute dominion which
the Bramins have obtained over the minds
of the people is -upported by the c immand
of the immense revenuts, wih wliich tiie
liberality of prmces, and the zeal of pil-
grims and devotees have enriched their
pagodas. The dominion of religion ex-
tends to a thousand particulars, which, in
other countries, are governed by the civil
laws, or by taste, cu-tom, and fashion.
Their dress, their food, the common inter-
courses of life, their marriages, and profes-
sions, are ail under the jurisdiction of reli-
gion. The food of the Hindoos is simple,
consisting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of
imperfect butter) milk, vegetables, and
oriental spices The warrior cast may eat
of the flesh of goats, sheep, and poultry.
Other superior casts may eat poultry and
fish ; but the inferior casts are prohibited
from eating «esh or fish of any kind.
Their great luxury consists in the use of
the richest spiceries and perfumes, of
which the greiit people are very lavish.
They esteem milk the purest of food, be-
cause they th^ak it partakes oi'some of the
properties of the nectar of tlieir gods, and
because they esteem the cow itself almost
as a divinity. Tlieir manners are gentle.
Their happiness consists in the solaces of
domestic life ; and they are tuught by tlieir
religion, that matrimony is :in indispensable
duty in every man, who does not entirely
separate himself from the world, from a
principle of d' votion. Their religion per-
mits them to have several wives, but they
seldom have more than one ; and their
wives are distingui'«hed by a decenc) of de-
meanour, a solicitude in their families, and
a fidelity to tiieir vows, which might do
hon>-:ur to imman nature in the most civili-
zed countries. The custom of women
burning themselves in the fire with the
CO pse of their husbands is still practised
in Hindoostan, The code of Gento© laws,
414
with their sacred books, the Vcidam and
the Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit lan-
guage, which is very copious and nervous,
although the style of their best authors is
wonderfully concise. Hindoostan, toward
the N, is pretty temperate, but hot toward
the S ; and it rains almost constantly for
three months in the year. Its products
are diamonds and other precious stones,
silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice,
and sugar; and the chief manufactures are
muslins and calicoes. But these and va-
rious other particulars will be found under
the difi'erent names of its provinces, cities,
towns, mountains, and rivers, described in
this work.
Politically Hindoostan is now divided
between the following powers. The Mah-
raltas are yet the most powerful people of
India, and retain either all, or part of
Ajmeer, Agra, Allahabad, Gujerarat, Mal-
wah, Berar, Ori-sa, Khandeish, Dowlatabad,
Visiapore, Concan. British India, contains
Bengal, Behar, the Circars, and Canara,
with part of Agra, Oude, Allahabad, Guze-
rat, Mulwah, Berar, and Onssa.
The Nizam, rules over Golconda, part
of Berar, Visiapore, and Dowlatabad. Part
of Oude continues subject to its Nabob.
The Sciksare next to the Mahrattas, the
most powerful native people of India, and
retain very extensive territories ; consist-
ing of states in the Punjab and Moultan.
Some other regions continue subject to
native rulers; the Afghans possess extensive
territories in the NW part of Hindoostan ;
Serinagur, under its own Rajah ; Nepaul,
under the Ghoorkali, or Rajah ; and Bootan
Lama of Tibet; as independent sovereigns,
the Rajahs of Assam, Odeypore, Jypore,
and Joudpore, with many other petty
chieftains.
Kandahor and Cashmere, are, though
vaguely, considered as Hindoostanic re-
gions. See Cashmere and Kandahor.
Hinclsdale, formerly Fort Dummei; post
village and township, Cheshire county.
New Hampshire, 55 miles SW from Con-
cord. Population in 1820, 890.
Hingham, town in Norfolk, with a market
on Saturday, 12 miles SWof Norwich, and
97 NE of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 52
43 N.
Hingham, post village and township, town
in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 19
miles SE of Boston. The township con-
tained 2857 inhabitants at the last census.
Hingham, post village, Suffolk county,
Massachusetts, 14 miles SE from Boston.
Hinsdale, post village and town-hip, of
Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Popu-
lation in 1820, 822.
Hinznan, Joanna, St. one and the princi-
pal of the Comora islands in the Indiaa
Ocean. This i)5 and is a proper place of
refreshment for the East India ships, whosQ
II O A
u o u
crews, when ill of the scurvy, soon recover
by the use of limes, lemons, and oranges,
and from the air of the land. The town
where the king resides is at tlie east side
of the island ; and though it is three quar-
ters of a mile in length, it does not contain
above 200 houses. Their principal houses
are built with stone, with a quadrangle, in
the middle, and are only one story high.
All the other houses, or rather huts, are
slightly composed of plastered reeds ; and
yet the mosques are tolerably structures,
very neat and clean in the inside. Lon. 44
15 E, lat. 12 30 S.
Hio, town of Sweden, in West Gothland,
seated on the lake Wetter, 145 miles SW
of Stockholm, and 25 E of Falcoping. Lon.
14 0 E, lat. 57 5Z N.
Hiram, post village and township, Oxford
county, 34 miles SW from Paris. Popula-
tion in 1820, 700.
Hiram, post village and township, Port-
age county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
296.
Hirch-Horn, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, with a castle. It is
seated on the side of a hill, on the Neckar,
near Eberbach.
Hirchfeld, town of Germany, in the circle
of the Upper Rhine, capital of a princi-
pality of the same name, depending on the
house of Hesse-Castle. It is seated on the
Fulde, 16 miles NE of the town of Fulde,
and 32 SE of Cassel. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 50
56 N.
Hirberg, town of Silesia, famous for its
mineral baths. It is the most trading place
in all Silesia, next to Breslaw, there being
in the town and suburbs considerable
manufactures. It is seated on the Bosar,
44 miles SW of Breslaw.
Hirsova, Hirsowa, or Kerscho-wa, town of
European Turkey, on the Danube, 45 miles
below Silistria, and 64 above Ismail.
Hispaniola, or Hayti. See Domingo, St.
Hitchin, large and populous town in
Hertfordshire, 15 miles NNW of Hertford,
and 34 NW of London. Lon. 0 10 W, lat.
51 58 N.
Hithe, or Hythe, borough in Kent, with a
market on Saturday. It is one of the
Cinque Ports, and had formerly five parish-
es, but by the choaking up of the haroour
it is now reduced to one. It is 10 miles
W of Dover, and 68 SE of London. Lon.
1 10 E, lat. 51 8 N.
Hi-wassee River, a branch of Tennessee,
rises in the NW part of Georgia, and flaw-
ing NW, enters Tennessee, and falls into
Tennessee river, after separating M'Minn
and Khea counties from the Cherokee
lands.
Hoai-ngan-fou, city of China, in the pt-o-
vince of Kiang-nan, seated in a marsh, and
enclosed by a triple wall. This place is a
very populous, and every thing in it an-
nounces a brisk and active trade.
Hoang-Ho. See Yellow River.
Hoang-tcheou fort, populous and commer-
cial city of China, in the province of Hou-
quang. Its district contains one city of the
second and eight of the third class.
Hochberg, marquisate of Suabia, in Bris-
gaw, belonging to the prince of Baden
Dourlach.
Hochstet, town of Suabia, remarkable for
the great battle gained near it by the duke
of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the
English call the battle of Blenheim, from a
village three miles SW of this place. It is
seated on the Danube, 22 miles NE of
Ulm. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 38 48 N.
Hockerland, territory of Germany, and
one of the circles of Prussia.
Hockhocking, Great, river of the state of
Ohio, which empties into the river Ohio,
200 miles below Pittsburg. It is one of the
deepest and best beatable streams of any
in the conn ry, in proportion to its quanti-
ty of v.ater ; but is narrow, not exceeding
50 yards in breadth. Near its source,
seven miles northwestwardly from Lancas-
ter, is a very romantic cascade in the
stream ; the water falling over a stratum of
rock, of about 40 feet perpendicular
height. A flouring mid, five stor es hi^h,
is e-ected on th:s fall ; and 24 or 25 miles
bel 'W this, is another perpendicular f .11 of
seven feet. Excepting the interruption of
the lower falls, and some mill dam-, latter-
ly erected, this river is navigable about 70
mdes Among the branches of Hockhock-
ing, are Rush creek. Sun lay, Monday,
Margaret's, and Federal creeks.
Hocking, interior county of Ohio, bound-
ed on the north by Fairfield and Perry,
east by Athens, south by Jackson, and west
by Ross counties. It is 26 by 24 miles in
extent, and contains 432 square miles.
The land is generally hilly and broken.
It, however, contains considerable fertile
and valuable land, particularly along the
borders of Hockhocking river, which runs
across the n irth-.-astern quarter of the
county, from northwest to southeast. The
head waters ot Raccoon and Salt creeks,
are also in this county. Chief town, Lo-
gan.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,099
do. do. females - - - 1,031
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - _
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
415
2,130
0
0
0
0
2,130
H O H
H O L
Poreiijners not naturalized ■ 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 380
do. in Maniitactures - 30
do. in Corimerce - - 1
Population to the square mile, 5 nearly.
Hocking, central townsliip of Fairfield
county, Oiiio, in wliicii is situattd the town
of Lancaster. It con'ained 2236 inhabi-
tants, by the en us of 1820
Ho'Jtlesdoii, town in Herts, with a market
on Thursday, seated near the Lea, tliree
miles S of Ware, and 17 N by E of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 5 E, lat. 51 49 N.
Hoei tcheou, the most s.>utbern city of
the province of Kiang-nan, in China, famous
for its teas, varnish, and engravings. It is
one of t'^e richest cities in the empire, and
has six cities of the third class dependant
on it.
Hoei tcheou-foH, commercial city of China,
in the province of Quang-ong. Its juris-
diction contains 11 cities of the second and
third cla^s.
Hoekelun. See Heiikelum.
Hoesht, town of Germany, in the electo-
rate of Mentz, seated on the Maine, three
mil s from Fr ncfort.
Hog Island, below Peach Island, is situa-
ted in the strait of Detroit, where it opens
into lake St. Clair ; the lower end of it is
about two miles from Detroit.
Hoq Island, islan'! of Lake Champlain,
forming part of Frmklin county.
Hague, Cape la, the NW point of Nor-
mandy, in France. Lon. 1 52 W, lat. 49
45 N.
Huhenlinden, town of B.ivaria, near which
the French gained a great victory over the
Austrians, December 3d, 1800. It is 22
miles E from Munich.
Hohenlohe, or Holach, principality of
Franconia, W of the margravate of Ans-
pach, abounding in wine, corn, wood, and
catile. Since 1809, Hohenloche forms part
of the kingdom of Wirtemberg. The chief
town is Obringen.
Hohenmant, town of Bohemia, on the
river Me\ta, 13 miles E of Chrudim.
Hohenstein, ancient castle of Upper
Saxony, in Thuringia, which gives name to
a county. It is situated on a moun'ain, at
the foot of which is the village of Neus-
tadt, five miles NNE of Nordhausen.
Hohe?it-weil, f'^riress ofSnavIa surrounded
by the county of Nellenburg. Its fortifica-
tions were destr yed by tlie French in
1800. It stands on a mountain, nine miles
ENE ofSchaffhausen.
HohenzoUei^, town of Siiabia, in a princi-
pality of the same, with a castle, on a
mountain, the seat of the ancient counts of
Hohenzollern. It is seated on a branch of
the Neckar, 16 miles S by W of Tubingen.
The principality is now divided into the
416
two houses of Heckingen and Sigmaringen.
Lon. 9 8 E, lat 48 28"n
Hohnsteiii, t/wn of Upper Saxony, in
iM snia, on the river Muida, 11 mdcs NE of
Zwick^n.
Ho kien city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Pe-tcheli, situa'e be-
tween two rivers, 85 miles S of Peking.
Lon. 116 23 E, lat. 38 4'j N.
Hola, town of Iceland, and a bishop's
see, at the mouth of a river, on the N coast.
Lon. 19 20 W, lat. 65 40 N.
Holbeach, town in Lincolnshire, with a
mark^-t on Thursday, 12 miles S by E of
Boston, and 109 N by E of London.
Holbeck, seaport of Denmark, in the
island of Zealand, with a good harbour,
from which greai quantities of corn are
annually exported. It is 30 miles W of
Copenhagen. Lon. 11 44 E, lat. 55 42 N.
Holden, post village and township, of
Worcester county, Massachusetts, 6 miles
N from Worcester. Popidation in 1820,
1402.
Holderness, township of Grafton county.
New Hampshire, on the Merrimack, 35
miles above Concord. Population in 1820,
1160.
Hole in the Wall, village of Talbot coun-
ty, Maryland, -ix miles south from Easton.
Hole in the Wall, remarkable rock in the
W.'Si Indies, in the inland of Abaco. Lon.
W C 1 W, lat. 25 50 N.
Holland, province of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, bounded by the German
Ocean W ; Zealand S ; the Zuydersee
and province of Utrecht E. Ar a 2100
square miles. Popul tion 900,000.
In point of cleanliness no country sur-
passes, and few come up to it, especially in
North Holland, and that even in the villa-
ges. It has considerable linen and woollen
manufactures, and numerous docks for the
building of ships. The established reli-
gion is Calvanism ; but ali religious sects
are tolerated. Amsterdam is the capi-
tal.
Holland, J\^eiv, the largest known land
that does no' bear the name of a continent :
it extends from 10 30 to 43 42 S lat. and
from 110 30 to 153 30 E lon. so that its
square surface considerably exceeds that of
Europe When this vast island was first
disc ivered, is uncertain. In the begin-
ning of last century, the N and W coasts
were traced by the Dutch : the S extremity
was discovered by Tasman, in 1642. Cap-
tain Cook, in 1770, expl red the E and NE
from 38 S, and asc rtained its separation
from New Guinea; and, in 1773, captain
Fnrneaux, by connecting Tasman's dis-
coveries with Cook's, completed the cir-
cuit. In thit part of it, which Tasman dis-
tinguished by the name of Van Diemen's
Land, and which was visited by Furneaux in
1773, and again by Cook, in 1777, the land
M O L
H O M
is, for the most part, of a good height, di-
versified with hills and valleys. See Wales,
JVero South.
Holland, township, Orleans county, Ver-
mont, 56 miles N from Montpelller. Popu-
lation 130.
Holland, township, Hampden count}',
Massachusetts, 20 miles E from Springfield.
Population in 1820, 453.
Holland, township, of Niagara county,
New York. Population in 1820, 768.
Holies, township of Hillsborough county,
New Hampshire, containing 1529 inhabi-
tants in 1810. It is situated on tlie W side
of Merrimack river, between Bunstable
and Merrimack townships. Population in
1820, 1543.
Holliduy Cove, post village, Brooke
county, Virginia, 30 miles W from Wash-
ington, Pennsylvania.
HoUidaysburg, post village, Huntingdon
county, Pennsylvania.
Uollingsworth's Ferry, post office. Mason
county, Virginia.
Hollies, York county, Maine, on Saco ri-
ver, 42 miles N from York. Population
1820, 1762.
Holliston, post town and township, Mid-
dlesex county, Massachusetts, 27 miles S
W from Boston. Population 1820, 1C12.
Holm, town in Cumberland, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is a small place seated
on an arm of the sea, 12 miles N of Cock-
ermouth, and 310 NNW of London, Lon.
3 19 W. lat. 54 53 N.
Holmesburff, thriving village with a post-
office, in Philadelphia couniy, Pennsylva-
nia, situated on the post and stage road
to New York, 10 miles NE of Philadelphia.
Holme^ Hole, post town, Dukes county,
Massacliusetts, on Maithas Vineyard, nine
miles from Falmouth. It contains about
70 houses, and 350 inhabitants.
Holslein, duchy of Germany, bounded by
the German Ocean on the \V ; the Baltic
or the gulf of Lubeck on the E ; the
duchy of Mecklenburg on the SE ; that of
Bremen, with the river Kibe on the .S\V;
and Lunenburg, with the territory of Ham-
burg on the S, Us greatest length is
about 80 miles, and its breadth 60. A
great part of this country consists of rich
marshland, which being much exposrd to
inundations both from tlie sea and rivers,
dykes have been raised at a great expense
to guard and defend them. Hamlmrg and
Lubec supply the inliabitants with what
they want from abroad ; from wfience and
Altena tliey export some grain, malt, grots,
starch, buck-wheat, peas, beans, rape-seed,
butter, cheese, sheep, swine, horned cattle,
horses and fish. The manufactures of the
duchy are chiefly carried on at Altena,
Kiel and Gluckstadt. Denmark now pos-
sesses the whole ducliy ; the imperial cities
excepted. The king of Denmark, as
3 G
Duke of Holstein, and Lauenburg is a mem-
ber of the Germanic diet, and entitled to
three votes in the gen^ ra: assi mbly. Area
3250 square miles." Pop;dati';n 360,000.
Hokton, navigable river of Tennessee
state It rises in Virginia, and running in
a SW direction, passes by Knoxville, the
capital or the st=ite, and falls into Tennes-
see, near the town of Maryville.
Holt, town ni Norfolk, w ith a market on
Saturday, 20 miles NNW of Norwich, and
122 NE of London. Lon. 1 6 E, lat. 53 5
N. ,
Holy Island, island on the coast of North-
umberland, six miles SE of Berwick. It
is two miles long, and one broad ; the soil
rocky and full of sioues. It has a town
and a custle, under wliich is a commodious
harbour defended by a blockhouse On
this island which is llkewse called Lindis-
farne, are the ruins of a stately monastery,
and here was anciently a bishop's see, re-
moved with the body ol St. Cuthbert, first
to Chester le Street, and afterward to Dur-
ham
Holyhead, seaport and cape of the isle of
Anglesea. It is the most usual place of
embarkation for Dublin, there being pack-
et-boats that sail for that city every day,
except Tuesday, wind and weather per-
mitting. Holyhead is 93 miles WNW of
Chester, and 276 NW of London. Lon. 4
22 W, lat. 53 19 N.
Holyxoe'l, town in Flintshire with a
market on Friday. It takes its name from
the famous well ot St Winifred, concern-
ing which so many fables and superstitious
notions have prevailed. It is a copious
stream, bursting out of the ground with a
considerable degree of impetuosity. Be-
sides the cold bath, celebrated for wonder-
ful cures, formed at the spring-head, and
covered with a beautiful Gothic shrine, it
is now applied to the purpose of turning
several mills for the working of copper,
making brass wire, paper and snuff, and
spinning cotton. It is 10 miles E of St.
Asaph, and 212 NE of London. Lou. 3 21
W, lat. 54 13 N.
Homlnirg; town of Germany, in the land-
gravaie of Hesse Cassel, 150 miles N of
■pranckfoit. Lmi. 9 25 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Uombnrff, town cf Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Ponts between the Moselle
and the Rhine, 50 miles SE of Treves.
Lon. 7 32 E, lat 49 16 N.
Homer, post town and seat of justice,
Cortiandt county. New York, on the
Tiougl'.niaga creek, branch of Chenango
river, 145 miles W from Albaiiv. Popula-
tion 1820, 5504.
Homnchittn, river of the Mississippi, rises
in Hinds and Lawrence counties, flows S
W through Franklin and Amite, and be-
tween Wilkinson and Adams counties,
falls into the Mississipjii 44 miles below
417
H 0 0
HOP
Natchez, after a comparative course of 70
miles,
//o-7jfl?i, province of China, bounded on
the* N by the province of Petcheli and
Chan-si, on the E by Kiangsi, and Chan-
tonsc,on the S by Hcuquantf, and on the W
by Ciu n-si As every thing that can con-
tribute to rendir a country delightful, is
found ill tiiis proMnce, the Cliiuese call it
Tonghea ; the middle Flower,
Ilonanfou, city of China, in the province
of Hainan. It has under its jurisdiciion
one city of the second class, and 13 of the
third. It is 500 miles SW of Peking.
Hcnduras, large province of Guatimala,
bounded on the N by the bay of Honduras,
on the E by the Mosquito Sliore, on the S
by Nicarigua, and on the W by Chiapa
and Guatimala. This province, and the
peninsida of Jucatan, on the other side of
the bay of Honduras, derive much ot their
value from the great abundance ot the
logwood Tee. But by a convention >>ign-
ed in 1786 the En<rlish were not only per-
mitted to cut logwood, but mahogany or
any other kind of wood, and to carry away
any o'her produce of the country; and
also to occupy the small island called Ca-
sina. The ci.piiai of Honduras is Valludolid.
Honduras, Bay, or Gulf of , is that part
of the Caribbean sea, lying between Hon-
duras and Yucatan.
Honeoy, creek, Ontario county, New
York, outlet of a lake of the s me name.
Honey Creek, of Ohio, branch of Sandus-
ky river.
Honey Brook, township of Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvan a, on the heads of both
brand es of Brandywine. Population in
1820, 1322.
Honfeur, considerable seaport of France,
in the department of Calvndos and late
province of Normandy, with a g'lod bar-
bour and a trade in lace. It is eight miles
N of Pont i'Eveque, and 110 NW of Par s,
Lon. 0 15 E, lat. 49 24 N,
Hojiitoti, town in Oevonshire, on the Ot-
ter, 16 miles E f'f Exeter, and 156 W bv
S of London. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 50 45 N.
Hoiwlsteiii, town of Germany, in the
electorate of Treves. Lon. 7 5 E, lat, 49
48 N.
Hood Island, one of the Marques:is in the
Pacific Ocean, discovered and named by
captain Cook, in 1774. Lon, 138 47 W,
lat. 9 26 S.
HooEfly, small but ancient city of Hindoos-
tan, in Bengal. It is now nearly in ruins,
but possesses many vestiges of former
greatness. In the beginning of this cen-
tury, it was the great mart of the expert
trade of Bengal to Europe, It is seated on
an arm of the Ganges, called Hoogly, 26
miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 32
30 N.
Hoogly jRiver, arm of the Ganges, formed
418
by the union of its two westernmost branch^
es, named the Cossimbuzar and Yellingby
rivers. It is the port of C Icutta, and the
only branch of the Qjnges that is common*
ly naviga'ed by ships,
Hoogsiratev, town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, capital of a county of the same
name, 10 miles S of Breda, and 15 NE of
Antwerp.
Hookset Falls, in Merrimac river, eight
miles above the Amoskeag falls, and eight
below Concord.
Hookstown, village of Maryland, 6 miles
NW from Baltimore, and on the road to
Reisterstown.
Hookstoxm, Green county, North Caro-
lina.
Hookstoim, Talbot county, Maryland, 3
miles N from Easton,
Hoosack, one of the most elevated sum-
mits of tlie Green mountain range, in Wil-
liatnstown, Berkshire county, Mas.iachu-
setts.
Hoosack Itivery rises in Bennington coun-
ty, Vermont, flows west, and falls into the
Hu('son, 8 miles above W^tertord.
Hoosack, post village and township, of
Renellaer county, New York, 30 miles N
of Albany, on the E side of Hudson river.
Population in 1820, 3373.
Hopebottom, village of Susquehannah,
county, Pennsylvania,
Hope Tottmship, county of Durham, Up-
per Canada, lies to the west of Hamilton,
and fronts lake Ontario.
Hope, township, Lincoln county, Maine,
38 NE from Wiscasset, Population in
1820, 1179,
Hope, post town in Sussex county, New
■Jersey, a sm: 11 Moravian settlement 22 miles
NE of Easton in Penns\ Ivania,
Hopejield, village of Arkansas territory,
on the Mississippi, opposite the Chickisaw
Bluffs.
H'pervell, township ot New Brunswick, in
Westmoitlard coun'y, on a siT.all nver
flow ng into the Bay ot Fundy.
Hopcivell, towf ship ot Cumberland coun-
ty, New Jersey. Population in 1820,
1952
Hope-velh township of Hunterdon county.
New Jer ey, containing 2565 inhabitants
in 1810. U is situated on the NE side of
the river Delaware, 14 miles E of Prince-
ton, and 10 N of Trenton. Population in
1820, 2881.
Hopeivell, township of York county,
Pennsylvania, joining to the state of Ma-
ryland. In 1810 it contained 1587 inhabi-
tants, and in 1820, 1630,
Hope-well, township of Washington coi'.n-
ty, Pennsylvania, containin.e 2193 inhabi-
tants in 1810. It is situated about 14 miles
NW by W from Washington. Population
in 1820, 2186.
Hopeii-ell, SW township of Cumberland
HOP
II O R
county, Pennsylvania, between the Blue
Mountain and Comie logvvinnet creek.
Popa!atio> in 182U, 820.
Hope-well, township of Bfdford county.
Pen isylvania, on the iVE border of the
county, a-id on boih sides of Raystown
branch. Population in 1820, 1327.
Hope-ivell, townsliip of Huntinj^don coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on both sidvsof'Ray town
branch, 12 miles SW from Huntingdon.
Populat.on in 1820. 1047.
Hopewell, 'own-hi: > of Perry county, Ohio,
J' miles N from Somerset. Population in
1820, 1037.
Hope-well, township of Licking county,
Ohio. Populition in 1820, 657.
Hopewell, township, on 'he western bor-
der of Maskinj^jum county, Ohio. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1259.
Hopkins, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Christian S; Caldwell SW; Union W ;
Henderson NVV ; Green river or I)avi-s N ;
and Muhlenburg E. Length 35 ; mean
width 22; area 750 square miles. Chief
-town, Madisonville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 1,355
do. do. females - - - 1,196
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 1
Slaves 412
Total population in 1810
Popidation in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of coli>ur, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
3,964
2,220
2,114
5,322
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engai^ed in A.griculture - 1,443
do. in Manufactures - 77
do. in Commerce . - 11
Population to the sq'i .re mile 7.
Hopkinsville, township of Caledou'a coun-
ty, Vermont, 36 miles NE from Montpe-
lier.
Hopkinsville, post village, Po'.vhattan
couniy, Virginia, 20 miles W from llich-
mond-
Hopkinsville, post town and seat of jiH-
tice, Christ an county, Kentucky, on Lit le
river, a brancn of Cumberland river, 36
miles W from Riisselville
Hopkinton, pos^ t^jwn and township,
Hillsboroug'i cnunty, New H;\mp-hire, on
Contacook river, 8 miles W from Concord.
Population in 1820, 2437.
Hopkinlon, townsliip of Washington coun-
ty, Rhode I^lind, containing 1774 inha-
bitants in 1810, and in 1820,1821. It is
situated between Wood and /Vshewa^ue
rivers, and joins the slate of Connecticut.
Hupkuiton, post village and township, St.
Lawrence county, New York, on a branch
of St. Regis river, 40 miUs E from Ogdens-
burg, p'opulition in 1820, 581.
HopkirUon, to\\nsW\p, Middl, sex county,
M.t-sachuset s, 30 mi:es SW from Boston.
P pu'.ation in 1820, 1655.
Horeb, mountain of Arabia Petrea, in
A>ia.
Horn, cons derable town of the ^United
Provinces, in N Holland, with a good har-
bour, on the Ziiider-Zec, 13_ miles NE of
Amsierd:;m. Lon. 4 59 E, lut. 52 38 N.
Horn, town of liie I'te Austrian Nether-
lands, in the bishopric of Liege. Lon. 5 55
E, lat. 51 12 N.
Hornbach, town in Germany, in the
duchy of Deux-Ponis. Lon. 7 36 E, lat.
49 10 N.
Hor)iberg, ancient town of Germany, in
the IJlack Forest, in the duchy of Wirtem-
bcrg, with a fortrf ss on a mount .in. It is
seated on the Gutlish, 21 miles NE of Fri-
burg. Lon 8 27 E, lat. 48 12 N.
Hornby, town of Lancashire, in England,
seated on a branch of 'he rivsr Lone, with
a handsome church. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 54
6 N.
Horn, Cape, the most southern part of
Tiei'ra-del-Fuego, in Sou'li America. It
is now the common route fro u he Atlan-
tic into the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 9
14 E, hii. 56 S.
Horncastle, large well built lown in Lin-
colnshire, on the nver Bane. It is 20
miles E or Lincolir, and 136 N of London.
Lon 0 2 W, lit 53 14 N.
Hornchurch, vdlage in Essex, two miles
E by S of liumford, of which it is the
mother cliurch. A large pair of horns is
affixed to the E end o' tiie church, for
wtiich tradition assigiis a rea:.on too idle to
be repeated.
Horndon, town in Essex, with a market
on S/itunlay. It is seated on a hill, which
commands a beautiful prospect, 16 mile-i .S
bv W of Chelmsford, and 19 E of London.
Lon. 0 35 E, 1 .t 51 32 N.
Horn Island, long narrow bank of sand,
off' the co.iSt of .Mississippi, betiveen Pe-
litebois and Dog islands. It is about 17
m.les long, wiih a mtran width of half a
mile.
Hornaeri, town of York-hire. 188 miles
from Lo don It is almost sur^. .und^^d by
a small arm of t:ie sea, and the church
h -vin;; a*iiigli steeple, is a noted s"a-m irk.
Not many • cars ago tljere was a street
h reca'l d Horns-y beck which wis .Vish-
ed away by the sea, except a house or
two. Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 54 0 N.
419
H O T
H {■>) \
Mornsen, town in Middlesex, five miles
N of London. It is a long' straggling place,
situated in a low vallej', but extremely
pleasant, having the new river winding
through it.
//orr!/, eastern district of South Carolina ;
boundfd bj' Xortu C rolina NE ; the At-
lantic Ocean SE; Geoigetown S, -rnd Lit-
tle Red river or Marion W. Length 35,
menn widih 28 ; area 1100 square miles.
Surface level, :ind soil generally sandy or
marshy, und sterile. Chief town Conways-
boii'Ugh.
Population in ISIO.
Free whites, males - - 1,472
do. do. females - - 1,461
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed - . . . 18
Slaves 1,398
Total population in 1810
4,349
Population in 1820.
Free white males
-
1,820
do. do. females
1,748
Total whites
3.568
Free persons of colour.
males -
15
do. do.
females
8
Slaves, males
.
731
do females
.
7Q'o
Total population in 1820 - - 5,025
Of these ; •
Foreigners not natur.ilized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,275
do in Manufactures - - 157
do. in Comm'-vce - - 2
Population to i!ie square mile Al.,
Horsaieck, cape of Long Island', extend-
ing into Long Island Sound, NW from Hun-
tingdon bay.
Horseneck, village of Essex county. New
Jersey, on the south side of the Passaic
river, 4 miles S\V from Patterson.
Horsens, seaport of Denmark, in Jutland,
seated on the bottom of a bay ihat 0|,'ens
into he Categatc near the island of Hiar-
noe, 125 miles W by N of Copenhagen.
Lon. 9 40 R, lal. 55 57 N.
Horsham, boruiigh in Sussex. It sends
two members to parliament, and is 36 m Ic.s
S by W of London. Lon. 0 12 W, lat. 51
8 N
Horsham, township of M ntgomery coun-
ty, Penn ylvania ; situated on the S branch
of Neshauiiny creek, j -.i'.ing Bucks county.
It entail ed 938 inhabitants in 1810, and
in 1820, 1081.
Hottentots Country of the, large region in
the S extremity .jf \fiica, extending N by
W, from the Cape of G(iod Hope, beyond
the mouth of Oranue river, and from that
eape, in an ENE direction, to the mouth of
the Great Fish river, which parts it from
429
CafFraria. It lies between the tropic of Ca^
pricorn and 35 S lat. and is bounded on the
W, S, and E by the Atlantic, Southern, and
Indirin Oceans, .and on the N by regions
very little, if at all, explored. The Hot-
tentots are as tall as most Europeans, but
are more slender; and the characteristic
mark of this nation is, the smallness of their
hands and feet, compared with the other
parts of their body. Their skin is of a
yellowish brown hue, resembling that of
a European who has the jaundice in a
high degree. There are not such thick
lips among the Hottentots as among their
neighbours the Kegroes, the Caffrts, and
the Mozambiques : and their mouth is of
the middling size, with the finest set of
teeth imaginable. Their heads are cover-
ed with hair, more woolly, if pobsible, than
that of the Negroes. That part of the
Hottentot country possessed by the Dutch
or British is considerable ; extending from
the Cape of Good Hope, N to lat. 30, and
E to the Great Fish river, about 550 miles
in length, and 230 in breadth. The whole
is naturally barren and mountainous. See
Cape Toivn,
Haitat, island of France, near the coast
of Bretagne. It is 10 miles in circumfer-
ence.
Hoiidnn, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Etire and Loire and lately in
the province of Beauce, with a manufac-
turt- of woi.'llen stockings. It is sealed on
the Vegre, 10 miles from Dreux, and 32
miles SW of Paris. Lon. 1 41 E, lat. 48
47 N.
Houghton, township of Norfolk county,
Upper Canada, on lake Erie, W from
Walsingham.
Hounnfield, township of Jefferson county.
New York, on lake Ontario, including the
village of Sackett's Harbour. Population
1820, 3429.
Housatoiiick, river of Connecticut, It
rises in Massachusetts, and runs through
Lichfield county, nearly due south, till it
passes N. Milford. Thence it flows SE
till it joins the Stratford, and the united
stream falls into Long island Sound near
the town of Stratford.
Hounslow, town in Middlesex, with a
market on Thursday. It is situated on a
heath of the same name, on which are
some powder-mills, on a branch of the ri-
ver Coin. Here is a charity school and a
chapel. The heath is noted for robberies
and horse races. Huunslow is 10 miles W
by S of London.
Houssa, county of central Africa, on the
Niger. It is too little known to admit
specific description.
Hoiiquang, province of China, which
occupies nearly the centre of the empire.
Yang-tse-kiang river traverses it from E
to W, and divides it into two parts.
H O V
H i: ©
Housionville, post village, Iredell county,
North Carulina.
Houstonville, post village, Pendleton, dis-
trict, Sou'h Ca'olina.
Hou-tcheoufou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Tciie-kiang. It is 160 miles NE
of Nan-king. Lon. 119 45 B, lat. oU 35 N
Ilou-ard, towiiihip of Steuben county.
New York, on Canistes river, 18 miles W
from Bath. Population 1820.
Ho-ward, township of Centre county,
Pennsylvania ; on Beach creek in the
northern angle of the county. Population
1820. 1055.
Ifuivarrl, NW county, of Missouri, lying
N from Missouri river. This couniy oc-
cupies an e.\tent of 11,450 square miles,
and must consequently be soon subdivided,
it would be therefore useless to give its
existing boundaries Chief town, Franklin.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 6,160
do. do. females - - 5,159
Total whites ....
11,319
Free persons of colour, males
11
do do. females
7
Slaves, males ....
1,049
do. females . - ,
1,040
Total population in 1820,
13,426
Of these ;
Foreigr.ers not naturalized - 42
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,788
do. in Manufactures - 372
do. in Commerce - - 51
Population to the square mile, I5 nearly.
Ifowden, town in tlu E riding of York-
shire. It gives name to a small district
called Howdenshire, and has a large
church, hke a cathedral. It is sealed on
the N side of the Otise, 15 miles SE of
York, and 179 N by W of London. Lon.
0 51 W, lat. 53 46 N.
Ho-oell, townsliip of Monmouth county.
New Jersey. Population 1820, 354.
^ow/a7ic?, township of Trumbull county,
Ohio, E from Warren. I'opulation 1820,625.
Hoxter, lown of U'es'phalia, scat d on
the Weser, eight miles NVV of Corwey, 27
miles NE of Paderborn. Lon. 9 39 E, lat.
51 50 N.
Hoy, one of the Oi'kney Islands situated
between the Island if Pomona and the
N coast of Caiihness-shire. It is 10 miles
long. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 58 36 N.
Hoyn, province of Hanover, with a capi-
tal of the same name, on the Allor, 23
miles SE from Bremen.
^oi/e, town of Westphalia, capit 1 of a
county of the same name, subject to the
elector of Hanover, seated on the Weser,
13 miles NW of Zell. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 52
57 N.
Hua, or Kahau, large town of Asia, ca-
pital of Cochin-China, with a royal palace,
it is seated in a beautiful plain, and divid-
ed into two parts by a large river. Lon.
105 5 E, lat. 17 40 N.
Huahine, one of the Society Islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, 30 leagues from
Otaheite. It is 21 miles in compass, and
has a commodious harbour. Lon. 151 1
W, kt. 16 44 S.
Hubbard, township of Trumbull county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 843.
Hubbardstoivn, township of Worcester
county, Massachusetts, containing 1127 in-
habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1367. It is
situa'ed on a branch of the river Ware, 45
miles W from Boston.
Hubbardstoivn, post village and township
of Rutland county, Vermont, 40 miles NW
from Windsor. Population 1820,734.
Hubert, seigniory, Quebec county. Lower
Canada.
Hubert, St. town of Austrian Luxemburg,
with an abbey, 20 miles SE of Rochefort.
Lon. 5 12 E. lat. 50 0 N.
Huddersfield, town in the W riding of
Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesduy. It
is the mart for narrow cloths, called plains.
It is 42 miles SW of York, and 189 NNW
of London. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 53 40 N.
Hudsoji, one of the most flourishing ci-
ties in the state of New York ; situated on
the E bank of Hudson river, in Columbia
county, 115 miles N of the city of New
York,' and 30 S of Albany, in the lat. cf 42
15 N. The foundation of the first house
was laid in 1783, and in 1800 it contained
4048 inhabitants; and by the census of
1820, 5310. It is considered as the third
town in the stwte in manufactures and the
fourth in commerce. The si:e rises by a
gentle acclivity from Hudson river; and
the main street following the ascent ex-
tends above a mile from the water.
Hudson, river of New York. The basin
of the Hudson, if we include Uaritun bay
and river, the bay of Newark, with i;s two
small confluent rivers, Hackinsack and
Passaick, and the contiguous part f Long-
Island Sound, in the Hudson ba.-in, we iiKve
before us a very curious connexion be-
tween inland and maritime navigation.
Taken wiih this extcn-ion, ihe Hudson
basin, reaches from Sandy Hook, N lat. 40
30, to the extreme sources of the Hudson, in
N lat. 44 05, or above 250 miles in length,
with a mean width of 40 miles, exclusive of
the western part of the valley of the Mohawk
above the mouth of the Schoharie river.
This latter section includes a parallelogram
of 60 miles long, and 35 wide. The
whole basin sprtading over an area of
14,600 square miles. The Hudson river
is navigable for large ships to Hud- on, and
for sloops to Albany. The tide flo ' s to
Troy, to which small sloops ascend. When
the two great canals of New York are
421
HUE
H O M
completed, the Hudson will have a water
eommunicatioii with lakes Champlain and
Erie.
Hudson, p.ist villa.^e and township of
Portage con y, Oiiio, 12 mils N\V from
Ravenna. Popii alioii 1820, 491.
Hndsuu Bay, bay of N. America lying
between 51 and 69 N laiitule, dis overed
in 1610 by captain Henry Hudson. Tni^;
iiitrepi.l mariner, in s-arrhing aftera NW
passage o tlie Pacitii Octa i, di covered
three s laits, through which he hoped lo
find out a new way to Asia, Tliis bay
communicates on the N by two s'rai s,
with Bassin bay , on the E si le it s border-
ed i<y Labrador, on the SVV by New South
Wales, ..ndon the W b\ N-w N rth Wales.
These countries, included under the n .me
of New Brit in, abound with animals whose
skins and furs are far superior in quality
to those found in les- n r heily r gions.
The natives are called Esquimaux, and
northern In Hans ; and arc- materially dif-
ferent from ad the southern tribes. In
1670, a cliarler was graned to a company
for the exclusive trade to this bay. This
company po ses.s three forts, on ihe S coast
of James b >y, by v\ hich name the S part
of Hu is')n b y is distinguislied; these fac-
tories are called Rupert, VI lose, and Alba-
ny, but the former has been aband- ned.
On th(- W side '>f Hudson bay, up Hayes
river, is a factory calKd Flamborough ;
and to the N of this is York Tort and
Prince of Wales Fort. In December 1770,
Mr. Hearne, in the service of the Hudson
Bay Company, set out from Prince of
Wal s Fort to explore a river, that the
Esqu mai;x, wlio came to the company's
factories to trade, had brought to their
kno^vledge ; and which, on account of
much copper being found near it, had ob-
tained he OMme of Coppirr-mine River.
Under the cmvoy of f'cse Indians, he ar-
rived at this river in 1771, and traced it tdl
he came in sight of the Pacfic Ocean,
finding it incumbered with shoals and falls
to its mouth, which is in lat, 72 N. By
late observations the position of H.^ame's
river, is found much more to the W than
laid down by that traveller.
Hudson's House, factory of Hudson Bay
Comp iuy on Saska-hawin river. Lon, W
C 29 27 W, lat. 53 N.
Hudsons Strait, unites the Atlantic
Ocean to Hudson's Bay.
^He?m, isla' d of the Baltic, three miles
from the coast of Sweden, and subj ct to
the Swedes, to whom it -as ceded by the
Danes in 1658. In this ;sla id was the ob-
servatory of the ceiebra*ed Tyclio Hrahe.
It is six miles in circumference ; nine
miles S by E of E'.smore; and fourteen N
by E f Copenhagen. Lon. 12 38 E, lat.
55 54 N.
Huescs, ancient town of Spain, in Arra-
422
gon, with a bishop's see, and a university.
It is seated on the Issuela, 35 miles NE of
Sarag.ssa. Lon. 0 2 W, at. 42 18 N.
Huescar, town of Spain, in ihe kingdom
of G;a'iaja, with a cas.le, 60 miles NE of
Granada. Lon. 2 20 W, (at. o7 45 N.
Hiiessen, town of Dutch Guelderland,
seated on the Rhine, three rniles S of Arn-
heim.
Huetta, old and small town of Spain, in
New C ibtil , 67 m,les E of Madrid. Lon,
1 55 W. :a: . 40 22 N.
HitghsviUe, post village, Patrick county,
Virginia, about 75 miles SW by S from
Fincastle-
Hulingsburg, post village, Armstrong
count), Pennsylvania.
Htdl, or Ki7.gHton upon Hull, borough and
sea.jort in the E riding of Yoikshire. It
was built by Edv.'ard I. who called it Kings-
ton, and it is s ated on the river Hull, on
the N side of the Humber. The harbour
is artificial ; and here are docks for build-
ing and repairing ships. Among the pub-
lic buildings, are^he Trinity House, for
the relief of seamen and their widows; a
custom liouse, an exchange, a. id a town-
hall The stone bridge, over the river to
Holderness; was rebuilt in 1787, and con-
sists of 14 arches. Hull sends two mem-
ber-, to parli-.ment, and is 36 miles SE of
York, and 173 N of London. Lon. 0 14
W, lal. 53 45 N.
Hidl, township of Plymouth county,
Massachusetts, on the S side of Boston har-
bour nine miles E from Boston. Popula-
tion 1820, 172.
Hull's-cross roads, post office, Hartford
county, Maryland.
Hdl's stare, post office, Pendleton, coun-
ty, Virgmia.
flidmville, post town, Bucks county,
Pennsylvania.
Hulfie7t, town of the Austrian Nether-
lands, nine miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4
37 E, lat. 51 44 N.
Hidst, strong town of Dutch Flanders,
seated on a plain, which may be ove. flow-
ed. I has a very fine townliouse, 15 miles
NW of Antwerp, and 17 NE of Ghent.
Lon 4 6E, lat. 51 18 N.
Hiimber, river of England, formed by
the Trent, Ouse, Derwent and several
other streams it divides Yorkshire from
Lincolnshire, and fads into the German
Oce .n, at Holderness.
Humber, river of Newfoundland, flows
W into the gulf of St. Lawrence.
Humber, small river of Upper Canada, in
York coun'v, falls in'o :ake Ontario, a short
dis aoce W of York.
Humburstone^ township of LTpper Canada
in Lin- oln county, nn lake Erie, between
Bertie and Wainfieet.
Hommelsto-wn, town of Danphin county,
Pennsylvania, situated on tlie E side of
II U N
H U N
Swatara creek, nine miles E from Harris-
btirg and 27 NW from Lancaster. Popu-
lation 182U, 4i8,
Hvmmoch, island of Asia, in the Indian
Ocean, about six miles lonpf. Ti.e r jah
is supported in his authority by the Di.tch
East India C nipanv. It hes five leagues S
ofMinlanao Lom. 125 12 E, lat. 5 27 N
Hiimp/'ries, county ut Tennessee, bound-
ed by Perry S ; Tennessee river, or Caro-
line W ; Stewari N; and Dickson E.
Length 30; mean width 25; area 750
square milea. Surface rather varying- than
hilly. Chief town, Ueynoldbberg.
Population in 1810.
Fr^e whi'e males - - - 711
do. do. females . . - 645
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 13
Slaves 132
Total population in 1810, - 1,511
Population in 1820.
Free white males - , - - 1,824
^o. do. females - ' - - 1,698
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 - - 4,067
Of tliese ;
Foreii^ners not naturalized - 0
Knj^aged in Agriculture - - 1,048
do. in .Vlanuiactiires - 72
do. in (Jommerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 5.
Humphreysville, post village, Nf w Haven
county, Conneclicui, on the W side of
Naugatuck, four miles ubcve its junction
with the Housatonick. This village was
named from General Humphries who first
intriiduced Merino sheep in the United
States at this place. It is now the seat of
an fexiensive woollen manufacture.
Humphreysville, post village. Union dis-
trict, South Carolina.
Hungary^ kingdom of Europe, bounded
on the N by Poland and Silesia, W by Mo-
ravia, Austria, Sliria, S by Sclavonia and
Servia, and E by Walathia au'l Tran ylva-
nia. It is divided imo Upper and Lower
Hungar) ; ai:d to tliese may be wdded the
Bannat of Temeswar, incoipor ited i to the
kingdom of Hungary, in 1778 Hungary
formerly included Transylvania, Sclavonia,
Dalmatia. St- rvia, and VValachia. The prin-
cipal rivers are, the Danube, Save, Drave,
Tresse, Maros, Haab, and Waag. The air
is unhealthy, occasioned by the lakes and
bogs ; but it abounds in all the ntcessaries
of life, and the wine, especially that called
Tockay, is excellent. There are mines of
gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also of
opal, at Czerweniza, wiiich gem is ■ cculiar
to t'.iis country 'Mere is such plenty of
game, ti'at hunt ng s allowed to all. The
inhabit'.nts ;:.e wel sh;ip' d, gentrou , and
br^ve, but haughty and revcnget'ul ; and
art" estimated at seven mi lions. The
trarle princip liy consists in c.tt e, hogs,
slieep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, :ind wine ;
and these are almost wh lly stnt to the
Austrian provinces. Tiie kingdom of
Hungary can easily raise an army o! 1(JO,OUO
men. The horsemen are called Hussars,
and the fo t Heydukes. A'mos' all the
towns of Hungary have two namts, the one
G(.rnrian and the other Hiingari,.n ; and the
langiuige is a dialect of i e Scia\onsan.
The government is liereditar\ in the house
of AuslHa. No country in the world is
bettor suppliefl wih mineral waters and
baths ; and those of Buda, when tiie Turks
were in poss ssion of it, werr reckoned the
finest in Euiope. Buda is the capii;d of
Lower Hungary, and Pi esburg of the Up-
per. Popu'latiort 8 580,000; corsisti ,g
of Roni..n Catholics 4.000,000, Greeks
2 500.000; Calvinists 1,300,000; Li.theians
7u(j,000 ; and Jews 80,000.
Hungerford, town in Berkshire; it is 64
miles W of L- ndon Lon. 1 26 AV, lat, 51
26 N.
thmgerford, township of Upper Canada,
in Hasiinf;s c unty
Hungry Bay, New York, Jefferson coun-
ty. Sf e Suchdt's Harbour.
Hungry toiun, post town, Lunenburg
coun y, Viri.',i .la
Hiinmanby,ti>^' n in the E riding' of York-
shire, witii a mark t on Tut-sdav, 34 miles
NE of York, and 209 N of L naon. Lon.
0 12 \V, lat 54 12 N.
Hiinningueii, fortified town of France,
now in the der)artment of Upper Rhine
and I 'ely in the province ol Alsaci-, seated
on the Rhine, five miles N of Basle. Lon.
11 40 E, lat. 47 40 N.
Hunterdon, county of New Jersey ; bound-
ed by Dt-laware river SW ; Sussex county
NW ; Morris NE ; Somerset E, and Mid-
dlesex and Burlington SE. Lengh 32;
mean width 17 ; atva about 540 squ .re
miles. Surface h Ily ; bu with a soil gene-
rally productive in grain fruits and pastu-
rage. Chiei'tow'i, irenton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 11,448
do. do. ft males - - 11,302
All other pi rsons except Indians
iiot taxed - - - - 687
Slaves 1,119
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
423
24,556
II U N
HUN
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons
13,155
13,299
91
Total whites - - . 26,545
Free persons of colour, males 711
do. do. females, 732
Slaves, males .... 295
do. females - - - 321
cellent soil skirts the streams. Chief town,
Huntingdon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 7,522
do. do. femnles - - - 7,146
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 110
Slaves .... - 0
Total population in 1820
Total population in 1810
28,604
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 113
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,268
do. in Manufactures - 1,955
do. in Commerce . - 205
Population to the square mile, 53.
Hunter, township of Green county. New
York. Population in 1820, 1025.
Hnnterstown, township of St. Maurice
county, Lower Canada, 28 miles NW from
Three Kivers.
Huntersto-zvn, village of York countj',
Pennsylvania, 25 miles W from York.
Jftinteraville, post village, Lincoln county.
North Carolina.
Huntingdorishire, county of England, 25
miles in length, and 20 in its broadest part ;
bounded on the N and NW by Nnrthamp-
tonshire, on the E by Cambridgeshire, and
on the SW by Bedfordshire. Population
in 1801,37,568; in 1811, 42,208, and in
1821,48,771.
Huntingdon, county town of Huntingdon-
shire, with a market on Saturday. It is
pleasantly seated on a rising ground, on
the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge
to Godmanchester.
Huntingdon, town in Chittenden county,
Vermont, on the S side of Onion river, 10
miles northward of Bristol, .and 16 SE of
Burlington, with about 450 inhabitants.
Huntingdon, township m Fairfif-id cotmty,
Connecticut, on the S side of Housatonic
river, about 16 miles N of Fairfield. Popu-
lation in 1820, 2805.
Huntingdon, townsh p in Suffolk county.
New York ; situated on Long Island, 14
miles SE of Smithtown, an;' o6 NE of the
city of New York. Population in 1820,
4935.
Huntingdon, county of Lower Canada,
between the N boundary of New York,
and Ilicheheu and St. L:iwrence rivers.
Huntingdon, township of Hastings coun-
ty. Upper Canada, N from Thurlow.
Hnntingdon, cotmty of Pennsylvania,
hounded SW by Bedford ; NW by Cam-
bria ; N bv Centre ; E by Mifflin ; and SE
by Fr nkhn ; length 48; mean widtii 30 ;
and area 1185 square m les. This is a very
mountainous county watered by the Junia-
ta, and its various branches. Though ge-
ncrallv rocky and barren, much very ex-
4?1
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
All other persons
14,778
10,231
8,635
Total whites .... 19,869
Free persons of colour, males . 140
do. do. females, 128
Slaves, males .... 3
do. females ... 2
Total population in 1820 .
20,142
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 71
Engaged in Agriculture . - 3,208
do. in Manufactures . 878
do. in Commerce - - 31
Population to the square mile, 17.
Huntingdon, borough, post town, and
seat of justice, Huntingdon county, Penn-
sylvania, on the left bank of Raystown,
bi'anch of .Tuniata, 45 miles NE from Bed-
ford. Population 1820, 841.
Hmtingdon townsiiip of Adams county,
Pennsylvani;!, on Bermudian creek, 12
m les NNE from Gettysburg. Population
1820, 1198.
Huntingdon, township of Luzerne coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, 12 miles SW by W from
Wilkesbarre, and on Fishing creek. Po-
pulation 1820, 1274.
HuTdingdon, East, township of West-
moreland county, Ptnnsylv.inia, between
Jacobs creek, and Big Sewlckly, 10 miles
E from Greensburg, Population 1820,
1383.
Huntingdon, JS'ort/i, township of West-
moreland county, Pennsylvania, along
Yough river, and between Big Sewlckly
and Brush creeks. Population in 1820,
2217.
Huntingdon, South, township of West,
moreland county, Pennsylvania, along
Yough river, between Big Sewlckly and
Jacob's creeks. Populati' n in 1820, 2004.
Hunting Sound, cl)annel of North Caro-
lina, in Carteret county, uniting Core Sound
to the Main Ocean.
Huntingdon, township of Chittenden
county, Vermont, 15 miles SE from Bur-
lington. Populaiion in 1320, 514.
Huntingdon, post village and township,
Fairfield county, Connecticut, on the Hou-
H U R
H U S
satonick, 17 miles W from New Haven.
Population in 1820, 2805.
Hunrington, post town and township,
Suffolk county, Long Island, New York.
The village is built upon a bay (if Long
Island Suund, and conains an academy.
Population of the towaship, 1820, 4935.
Huntington, post village, Luurens dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Huntington, township of Gallia county,
Ohio. Population 1320, 474.
Huntington, townsliip of Ross comity,
Ohio, W off Sciota river. Population 1820,
981.
Huntington, township of Brown county,
Ohio. P.ipulation 1820, 2350.
Huntingtoiun, post town, Calvert county,
Maryland, on Hunting creek, 40 miles
from Anapolis.
Huntsburg, township and post village,
Franklin county, Vermont, situated near
the line that divides this state from Lower
Canada, at the distance of about 12 miles
E of Lake Cham plain.
Hunts-mills, jjost office, Huntingdon
county, New Jersey.
Himtspil, small town in Somersetshire, at
the mouth of the river t'arrei, five miles N
of Bridgewater, and 143 W by N of Lon-
don. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 31 UN.
Huntsville, small post town in Surry
county, North Carolina, 15 miles SVV of
Berthania the M'Pavijn town.
Huntsville, post village, Laurens district.
South Carolina.
Huntsvilk, post town and seat ()f justice,
Madison county Alibam;;, 113 miles S from
Nashville in Fennessee, Tliis is a new but
very flourishing vidage, about 12 miles N
from Tennessee river. PopHlatii/U 1820.
White Males, over 21 308
do. do, under 21 188
White Females, over 21 157
do. do. under 21 180
Black Males, 220
do. Females, 228
Free Males of colour, 22
do. Females do. 13
Total
1,306
Huntsville, post village, Robertson coun-
ty, Tennessee.
Hurd-uiar, town of t'le province of Delhi,
where the Ganges first enters the plains of
Hindoosian. it is 117 miles N by E oF
Delhi. Lon 78 15 H, lat. 29 35 N.
Huron, one of the five great lakes, com-
monly called the lakes of Canada. It is in
form of a triangle ; tlie S\V and NE, sides
of which is about 200 miles : that of the
SE 110 miles. Following the indenlings
of the sliores lake Hur >n exce-ds lUOO
miles in circumference. It is almost se-
parated into two lakes by a cliain of
islands, extending from its N W to SE side.
3 H
This chain retains its Indian name of Mani-
toulin, or Ishiiids of the Evil Spirit. I.,ake
Huron receives the discliarge of lake Su-
perior by St, Mary's strait; that of lake
Michigan by tiie straits of Miciidimakinak ;
that of Nipissiiig by the river du Francois,
and dischari^es the accumulated mass into
the river St. Clair.
Huron, river of Michigan territory, rises
in the interior of the peninsula, and flow-
ing E, enters lake St. Clair.
Huron, anoiher river of Michigan terri-
tory, rises with the preceding and flowing
SE, falls into lake Erie immediately S of
the mouth of Detroit river.
Huron, river of tiie state of Ohio, rises in
Richland and Crawford counties, and flow-
ing north, enters Huron county, which it
traverses and falls into hike Erie, 10 miles
SE from the mouth of Sandusky buy.
Huron, lake, county of Ohio, bounded on
the north by lake Erie, east by Cuyahoga
and Medina counties, south by Richland,
anil west by Seneca and Sandusky counties
in the lately acquired Indian territory. It
is 55 by 40 miles in extent, and contains
about 900 square miles. It includes all
the tract desi-iiated by the appellation of
Fire lands; beside several townships north
of Medma county, and west of Black
river. Sandtisky bay, and lake Erie, skirt
the whole northern boundary. Surface
r,ither level and soil fertile. Chief town,
Norwalk.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . _ . 3,678
do. do. females - - 2,990
Total whites . - . . 6,668
Free persons of colour, males - 7
d.». do. females - 0
Slaves, males - - . . Q
do. females ... Q
Total population in 1820 - 6,675
Of these ;
Foreig-ners not nattiralized - 37
Engaged in Ag-riculture . I,3l4
do. in Manufactures - 190
do. in Commerce - - 62
Population to tiie squaj-e mile, 7.
Huron, post township in Huron county,
Oiiio, on the laiie shore ; distance, 47 miles
westerly from Cleveland, and 110 north by
e;ist from Columbus. Lit. 41 25 N, lon.
5 36 W. Population in 1820, 651.
Hurst Castle, castle in Hampshire, near
Lymington. In this castle Cliarles I. was
confined previously lo his being brought
to trial. It is seated on the extreme point
of a neck of land, which shoots into the
sea toward the isle of Wight, from wiiich
it is distant two miles.
Hussingabad, town of Hindoostan in the
province of Malwa, the eastern division of
425
I B E
I B E
the Maliratta empire. It is 140 miles NW
of Nagpour. Lon. 77 54 E, hit. i2 42 N.
Husim, town of Denmarii, in the duchy
of Sleswick, with a stron_£f citadel, and a
very handsome church. It is seated near
the river Ow, on tiie German, 20 miles W
of Sleswick. Lon. 9 0 E, lut. 54 45 N.
HuttonsviUe, post village, R indolph coun-
ty, Virfjinia, on Roaring creek, and on the
road from Clarksburg to Beverly, 35 miles
SSE from the former.
Huy, town of the Netherlands, in the
bishopric of Liege ; the Dutch, in 1718,
demolished the fortifications, and surren-
dered it to the bishop of Liege. It is
seated on the !klaese, 12 miles WSW of
Liege. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 50 32 N.
Hyde, county of North Carolina ; bounded
SE and S by Pamlico Sound ; W by Beau-
ford, and N by Washington and Tyrrell.
Surface level, and soil marshy, sandy and
generally sterile. Chief town, German-
town.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,829
do. do. females - - - 2,258
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 90
Slaves 1,852
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
6,029
1,599
1,642
Total whites
3;241
Free persons of colour, males
72
do. do. females
74
Slaves, males . . _
801
do. females _ - -
779
Total population in 1820
4,967
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,464
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - 12
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
Hijdra, or Idra, island of the Grecian
Archipelago. See Idra.
Ilydvahad, capital of Golconda, in the
Deccan of Hindoostan, seated on a river
that falls into the Kistna, 352 miles N by
E of Madrass. Lon. 78 51 E, lat. 17 12 N.
Hydrahad, fort of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Sindy. It is the residence
of a Mahometan prince, who is tributary to
the king of Candahar. It is situated on
the Indus, not far above the head of the
Delta, and in the neighbourhood of Nus-
serapour. Lon. 69 30 E, lat. 25 29 N.
Hypolite, St. town of France, now in the
department of Gard lately in the province
of Languedoc. This town has a good fort,
and is seated on the Vidourle, near its
source, 12 miles SW of Alais. Lon. 0 4
E, lat. 43 55 N.
Hythe. See /fithe.
Ibarra, town of Columbia, in Quito, 42
miles NE from Quito.
Iberville, upper mouth of the Mississippi
river, on the left side. It is a small outlet
leaving the Mississippi, 14 miles below
Baton Rouge. Water only enters this
channel at high flood. After flowing about
20 miles, and receiving from both sides the
drain of the adiacent low lands, Iberville
ioins the Amite. Schooners drawing 5
feet water, ascend the Amite to the mouth
of Iberville, and those of 2 or 3 feet draft
are navigated up the latter, to the mouth of
the Spanish bayou, 5 or 6 miles.
Iberville, parish of Louisiana ; bounded
by the bayou Iberville, Mississippi river,
and bayou Plaquemine N and NW ; Atcha-
falaya i-iver SW ; parish of Ascension SE
and E, and A.mite river NE. Length 35 ;
mean width 10; area 350 square miles.
Stu'face dead level, and soil exuberantly
fertile ; but except along the streams, the
sti-eams not arable, on account of being
subject to annual overflow. Staple cotton.
Chief town, St. Gabriel.
426
Population in 1810.
Free white males • - - 786
do. do females - - 643
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 45
Slaves 1,205
Total population in 1810 - 2,679
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,120
do. do. females - 899
Total whites .... 2,019
Free persons of colour, males • 60
do. da. females • 56
Slaves, males .... 1,256
do. females ... 1,023
Total population in 1820 • 4,414
Of these ;
Foreigners not na' ur.ilized - 44
Engaged in Agrici Uure - 1,624
do. in Manufactures - • 14
I C K
I L A
Engaged in Commerce - - 22
Population to the square mile, 12^5.
Iben, lake of South America, between
the Parana and Uruguay rivers. Il is
rather an overflowed country than a real
lake.
Iberville, or St. Gabriel, post village, on
the left bank of the Mississippi, in the
parish of Iberville, 18 miles by water and
6 by land, below the outlet of bayou Iber-
ville.
Iborg, or Iberg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, and in the bishopric
of Osnaburg, 10 miles SW (if Osnaburg, and
30 NE of Munster. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 52
14 N.
lea, province of Peru, bordering on the
Pacific Ocean.
lea, capital of the province of lea, 140
miles ESE from Lima. Lon. W C 1 30 E,
lat. 13 50 S.
Iceland, large island to the W of Nor-
way, 300 miles in len.^th, and 150 in
bi'eadth, lying between 64 and 66 N iat.
For two months together the sun never
sets ; and in the winte^ it never rises for
the same space, at least not entirely. The
middle of this island is mountainous, stony,
and barren ; but in some places there fire
excellent pastures, and the gras^ has a fine
smell. The ice which gets loose from the
more northern country in May, brings with
it a large quantity of wood and several ani-
mals, such as foxes, wolves, and bears.
Mount Hecla is the most noted mountain,
and is a volcano, which sometimes throws
out sulphureous torrents. The iniiabit nts
believe that some of the soul^. of '.he damn-
ed go to this mountain, and that others are
confined to the ice near this island. Their
houses are at a distance f om each other,
and many of them deep in the ground ; but
they afe all miserable huts, covtred with
skins. Many of the inhabitants profess
Christianity; but those that live at a dis-
tance are pagans. They are mostly clothed
with the skins of beasts. The Danes trade
with the natives for hides, tallow, trainoil,
whale-bone, and seahorses teeth, which are
as good as ivory. Iceland, which was'con-
sidered by the ancients as the Ultima
Thule, or the extremity of the world, and
by us as scarcely habitable, once abounded
in learning and science, at a time when
great part of Europe was involved in dark-
ness. Their language was the old Gothic
or Teutonic, the vernacular tongue of the
Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians, before it
branched into the several dialects since
spoken by the natives of these three king-
doms.
Iclvwell, village in Bedfordshire, with a
fair on .\pril 5.
Ickleton, village in Carabridgesliire, with
a fair on August 2d.
Icfnoortfi, town in Suffolk, with a market
on Friday. Here are the ruins of an an.
cient priory, and several Roman coins have
been dug up. It is 23 miles NW of Ips-
wich, and 74 NNE of London. Lon. 1 0
E, la'. 52 22 N.
IcolmkiU, formerly lona, famous little
island, one of the Ilebrides, near the SW
point of the isle of Mull. It is only three
miles long, and one broad ; but is very fer-
tile. This once celebrated seat of royalty
and learning is now almost destitute of an
instructor, to teach the people the com-
mon duties of religion.
Ida, .Mount, lofy and pointed mountain,
in the middle of th;- island, of Candia, fa-
mous in ancient times. Ai! the cattle tiiat
are bred on it are a few p:dtry horsss, some
sheep, and h-df starved gouts.
Jd<i, mountain of Turkey in Asia, in Na-
tolia Proper, faui'ms in ancient fable, for
the judgment of P.^r s, and for being tiie
re!>ort of the gods during the 'frojan war.
Idanba hi-.Yueva, town of Portugal, in
Bei:a, five mdes SW of Idanha la-\'ella.
Lhmhala fella, town of Portugal, in
Heira. The French took it by assault in
1704. It is seated on the riv-er Ponsul,
25 miles NE of Casiel-Branco, and 25 N
W of Alcantara. Lon. 6 14 W, lat, 59
39 N.
Idn'a, town of Austria in Ulyria, in the
circle of Adesberg, remarkable for its
mines of quicksilver. Lon. 14 08 E, lat.
46 N.
Idsleiu, town of German}', in Weteravia,
which is the residence of a branch of the
house of Nassau, to whom it belongs. It is
12 miies KE of .Menlz. Lon. 8 23 E, lat.
50 2 N.
If, island of France, the most eastern
of the three before the harbour of Mar-
seilles. It is well fortified, and its port
is one of the best in the Mediterranean.
i^'-w, town of the country ':f the Grisons,
in Cadoea with a magnificent castle, in
which is a cabinet of curiosities, and a
librarv. It is 23 miles SW of Coire, and
23 S of Glarus. Lon. 9 OE, lat. 46 33 N.
Iglaiv, considerable and populous town
of Moravia, where they have a manufacture
of good cloth, and excellent beer. It is
seated on the Iglaw, 40 miles W of Krinn,
and 62 SE of Prague. Lon. 15 42 E, lat.
49 8 N.
Igk'sins, town in the S part of the i.sland
of Sardinia, with a bishop's see, 37 miles
WS>W of Gagliari. Lon. 8 39 E, lat. 39
18 N.
Iffiiatius, Point, on the north side of the
strait of Miciiilimacinau, 8 miles W from
Mackinau island.
Ihor. See Johore,
Hay. See May.
link, or JcJak, Iowhi,.j^ Nubia, on the
Nile supposed by some to be tlie ancient
^leroe. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 18 48 N.
427
I L L
1 L I-
Jldnts, town in the coiiiihy of the Gri-
Eons, capital of the Grey I<e;igue. It is
partly surrounded by walls. Here the
general diet of the three leagues assembles
every third year. Ii is seated on the
Khine, 17 miles SW of Coire.
Ilckester, town in Sf-mersetshire, with a
market oji Wednesday. It is seated on the
Ivel, 16 miles S of Wells, and 123 W bv S
of London. Lon. 2 37 W, lit 50 56 N.
I/dpfonso, St., village < f Spain, in New
Castile, five miles N of Uzeda, on the river
CogoUudo. Here is a mat^niiicent palace,
built by Philip V. It is a superb structure,
with fine water-works and gardens.
Ildtfonso de los Zapolacos, St. town of
New Spain, seated on a mountain, 50 miles
NE of Antequiera. Lon. 27 30 W, lat. 17
5 N.
Uderton, village in Xorthuinberland, four
miles S of Wooler.
Bfracombe, seaport and corporate town
in Devonshire. It is seated almost oppo-
site Swansea, in Glamorganshire, 49 miles
]S;N\V of Exeter, and 181 W by S of Lon-
don. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. 51 14 N.
Ilheos, seaport of Brazil, in Bahia, at the
mouth of a river, und on a bay of the same
name. Lon. W C S>7 18 E, lat. 14 34 S.
Ilheos, seaport of Brasil, in South Ameri-
ca, capital of Uio-los-lllieos, it is seated in
a fertile country, and is 150 nniles SSW^ of
St. Salvador. Lon. 41 25 \V, lat. 15 5 S.
Ilheos, or Rio los I'heos, provuice of South
America, subject to Portugal.
Ilkuch, town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Cracow, remarkable for its silver mines,
mixed with lead. It is seated in a barren
country, at the foot of several mountains,
15 miles NW of Cracow. Lon. 19 40 E,
lat. 50 20 N.
///, river of Germany, which rises near
Basle, and falls into the Rhnic.
Ille, town of France, now in the depart-
ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, and lately
in the province of Rousillon. 10 miles SE
of Perpignon. Lon 3 5 E, lat. 42 35 N,
Iller, river of German)', which lises in
Tirol, runs N through Suabia, p«ssiiig by
Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirchberg, and
falls into the Dav.ube, at Ulm.
Illesugaguen, strong town of Africa in
the kingdom of Morocco.
Illinois, river rises near the S end of
Lake Michigan, and taking a SW cour.'^e,
falls into the Mississippi, 18 miles above
the Missouri. See Illinois, state of.
Illinois, state of the United States, be-
tween lake Michigan, the Wabash, Ohio,
and Mississippi rivers.
Miles.
Illinois has a boundary on N lat. 42 30, 210
Along Michigan lake and Indiana to
Wabash river, ... 216
Down Wabash to the jimction with
Ohio, 150
428
Down the Ohio to its junction with
Mississippi, .... 130
Thence up the Mississippito the north-
west angle of the state, - - 500
Having an outline of 1206
Area 58,900 square miles = 35,696,000
acres.
Extreme South. North lat. 37 00.
Extreme North. North lat. 42 30. ,
Greatest length from the junction of
Ohio and Mississippi, to North lat. 42, 380
miles. Mean width, 150 miles.
Illinois is the fourth state of the United
States in respect to extent of territory, and
the first in point of fertility of soil. Ex-
cep ing Georgia, it is also the state whose
climate and sea'^ons differ most at the
north and south extremities. Extending
through five degrees of la'itude, Illinois
embraces the greatest extent north and
south, of any section of the United States.
New York only reaching through four and
a half, and Georgia about an equal distance.
The latter is indebted to the greater ine-
quality of its surface, for the superior va-
riety of its climate.
Illinois is a country of very little ine-
qualit} of surface compared with its great
extent. Tiie lower or southern part is
rolling rather than hilly, and not one emi-
nence in the state, it is probable, would
reach 600 feet above the common level-
In point of -oil Illinois iidmits a similar
classific! tion with Ohio and Indiana ; though
in proportion to extent, the former iias
less wet irreclaimable land, and more rich
prairie than tiie two latter. The state
may be considered as rolling in its southern
and western, and level in its eastern and
north-eastern sections.
In its ct't'.tral parts the prairies almost
vie in extent with those of Louisiana, Ar-
kansaw, and Miss^issippi. Tlieir margins
are generally compo.<ed of rich soil, wliich
as elsewhere de'eriorates in receding from
the woods. Extensive, however, as are
the pri^iries, the much gre^ter proportion
of the state is covered vvidi for^st timber
ot growth suitable to the soil and climate.
The Illinois river is an object, however,
that though its entire cour.se is within the
state of tlie same name, ytt from some pe-
culiar circumstances in its natural history
it becomes rather a subject of general than
local interest.
In examining the rivers of the Ohio val-
ley flowing from its right slope, we
find their currents slow towards their
sources, and gaining accelerated rapidity
in their progress towards their common re-
cipient. Tlie caiises of this increased ve-
locity of current has been discussed and
explained. This common characteristic
distinguishes the Muskingum, Sciota
I L I.
I L L
Great IVfiamee, and Wabaah, but does not
extend to the Illinois. The latter has
many traits peculiar to itself; the most re-
niurkuble of which are the immensity of its
bed, and the oniformity of" its current.
What may in snclness be designated the
bed of Illinois is from tv»o to three miles
wide, ami in so'oe places even more. This
space would seem to indicate an ancient
quantity of watc-r far greater tlian now
flows down that river. In f ct tlie present
appearance of the str am much more re-
sembles a strait than river, m the simple
acceptation of the latter term. The water
flows gently, and in a great measure uni-
form in all its length. Rapids there exists
none worth notice in Illinoi!-, and except at
very low water, but very litUe local accele-
ration is any where perceptible.
The country around the southern ex-
tremity of Michigan lake is mostly compo-
sed of level swamp intersected by inter
locking streams, or rather lagoons. Th:s
is more particul rly the case between the
lake and the heads of the Flein branch of
Illinois. Here tiie face of the globe so
nearly appro.sches to a perfect I vel, as to
produce almost stagnation in the wa'ers.
and leave them nearly balanced on this
table land.
Lake Erie is elevated 565 feet above
tide water in th.e Hiuls .n at Albany. The
distance from Lake Erie to Lake St. Clair,
is 28 miles; from Lake St. Clair to Lake
Huron 55 mdes, a id througli the straits of
Michilimackinak 10 miles, or the entire
length of current between Lakes Erie and
Michigan is 73 miles. Of th:S dista^.ce the
current is every where gentle except the
efflux of St Clair river fi om Lake Huron
at Fort Gratiot, where a strong current
rather than rapid continues about 2 miles.
An allowance of 6 inches per mile is too
hi.^h an esimate ; but in this instance we
will assume tliat ra.. ; nd consequently
allow an elevation of 36| feet for the sur-
face of Lake Michigan over that of Erie,
and give to the former 6OI2, or in round
numbers 600 feet above tide water in the
Hudson, and about 500 above the surface
of the Gulf of Mexico. The existence of
the Gulf stream demonstrates that the
surface of the Gulf of Mexico is elevated at
least 100 feet above that of the Atlantic
Ocean between the Chesapeak and New
York bays inclusive. The point of conflu-
ence of the Monongahela and Alleghany
rivers, at the city of Pitisburgh, is above
the surface of Chesiipeak bay, within a
trifle of 800 feet. All these estimates are
formed, on mathematic;d operations, or on
the result of analogical induction, almost
equally certain ; and the singular facts are
developed, that if channels were open
from Pittsburgh into Erie and Michigan,
the Ohio would flow into the latter with a
descent of 200 feet in about 400 miles, and
into the former 235 feet in little more than
100 miles.
If we allow 361 feet, as the difference of
level, between the water at the mouth of
Ohio, and the suiface of the Gulf ot Mexi-
co. It is about 230 miles by wattr between
the mouths of Illinois and Ohio; a fall of 6
ii)cht.s per mile would anmunt to 150 feet,
which, added to 361, yields 476 feet as
the height of the mouth of Uiinois above
the surface of the Gulf of Mexico.
We have already determined that of
Lake Michigan to be 600 feet, therefore
differing only 36 feet from the Mississippi
at its j notion with the Illinois.
It has been determ.ned by repeated ex-
periment, that loaded bi)ats of co'isiderable
size CATi pjss fr m ti.c Mississippi through
Illinois, into the Canadian sea, and vice
versa. Very little current is found in the
small, and very short streams, which inter-
lock with the sources of the Illinois, and
flow into the s-uthern extremity of Michi-
gan ; therefore tiie sources ot 1 linois can-
not be much above the surtiice ot Lake
Michigan. Fifteen or twmty feet is as
much as the data b fore us vvid justify ; of
course the whole volume of Illinois, from
a point opposite the head of Chicago river,
in a distance following the windings of up-
wards ut 400 miltrs, does not fall 60 teet.
Thi- face of the g obe maj in vain be
examined, o find any other spot, exceut
the so'rces of Or noco, and tht Rio Negro,
in South Anrieri'a, wiiere nat rai facili y to
internal communiv.a'ion b) water is equal
to tnat we have this mom nt 'iirvtyed. If
we g!a^ ce an eye over the immense re-
gions tiius ronn cted ; ii \'. e regaici the fer-
tility of soil, the null ip'.icit) of product
which characterize those regi..ns ; ai,d if
we combine those advantaj;es afl'oided by
nature, with the moral energy of tlie free
and active people wh ch are spreading
their increasing millions over its surface,
what a vista through the darkness of future
time opens. The view is indeed almost
too much for the faculties of man. We see
arts, science, industry, virtue, and social
happiness already increasing in those coun-
tries beyond what the most infl ted fancy
would have dared to hope, thirty or forty
years ago.
Civil and political subdivisions of Illinois,
with the result of the census of 1820, an-
nexed
Counties. Inhabitants. Square miles. To square mile
Alexander, 626 410 1^
Bond, 2,931 600 5 nearly.
Clark, 931 500 2 nearly.
Oawford, 3,022 500 6
Edwards, 3,444 970 3i
Franklin, 1,763 864 2"
Gallatin, 3,155 900 3 J
Jackson, 1,542 720 2
429
ILL
I N C
Jefferson,
691
970
if
Johnson,
843
486
1*
Madison,
13,550
600
22
Monroe,
1.537
324
5 nearly,
Pope,
2,610
611
4
Randolph,
3,492
860
4
St. Clair,
5,253
720
7
Union,
2.362
430
5
Washington,!, 517
900
H
Wayne,
1,114
800
H
Wliite,
4,828
830
13,495
6 nearly.
55,211
4
The foregoing estimate is confined to
the southern and settled parts of Illinois.
The whole state is calculated to embrace
58,900 square miles ; it is obvious, there-
fore, that but comparatively a small pai t of
this state is yet inhabited by civilized set-
tlers. Taken as a whole, it is, however,
from the tenor of the best information, the
most fertile continuous tract of land in tlie
United States ; and in a peculiar manner
accessible to navigation.
By the census of 1820, there were found
in Illinois, whites, 53,788 ; free coloured
persons, 506; and slaves, 917: the whole
amounting to 55,211, thus classed :
Foreigners not naturalized - 598
Persons engaged in Agriculture - 12,395
do. do. in Manufactures 1,007
do. do. in Commerce 233
Illinois was admitted into the confedera-
tion as an independent state, in Decem-
ber, 1818
The progressive population of Illinois
since 1810, has advanced with considera-
ble, though unequal celerity with that of
Ohio and Indiana, but nevertheless with
constant and considerable rapidity. In
1810, the number of inhabitants was 12,282,
and in 1820, had risen to 55,211.
Illock, strong town of Sclavonia, seated
on the Danube, 15 miles from Peterwara-
din, and 55 N\V of Belgrade. Lon. 20 6
E, lat. 45 36 N.
lim, or Stack Urn, town of Upper Saxony,
in the county of Srhwarizburg-Rodolstadt,
14 miles S of Erfurt.
Ihnene, lake of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novogorod, which has a commu-
nication wiih the lake Ladoga, by tlie ri-
ver Volkhof. Lon. 34 0 E, lat. 58 0 N.
Ilminster, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated in a dir-
ty bottom, among the hills, 137 miles W by
S of London. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 50 55 N.
Illijria, vague name for the regions NB
from the gulf of Venice. It has in no age
been clearly defined. Since 1816, the
title of kitigdom of Illi/ria, has been given
to that part of the Austrian empire, includ-
ed in Carinthia, Carniola, Friule, Cividal,
Istria and Croatia. It is again subdivided
into the governments of Lavbach and
430
Trieste. Area 15,500 square miles. Po-
pulation, 1,060,000.
Jlse, river of Germany, rising in the
mountains o; B' hemia, and running S falls
into the Danube at lllsta'lt.
Jlsley, East, town in Berkshire, with a
market on Wednesday. It is seated on a
pleasant valley, between two hills, and
excellent downs for feeding sheep. It is
53 miles W of London. Lon. 1 22 W,
lat. 51 32 N.
list, town of the United Provinces, in
Friesland, seated on the Weymer, 12
miles S of Lewarden. Lon. 5 24 E, lat.
53 1 N.
Ilstadt, town of Germany, in Bavaria,
seated at the confluence of the Danube
and Ills, opposite Passau. Lon. 13 37 E,
lat. 48 27 N.
Ilstrop, town of Sweden, in- West Goth-
land. Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 57 23 N.
lUen, town of Lower Saxony, in the prin-
cipality of Lunenburg.
Illzhofer, town of Suabia, in the territo-
ry of Halte.
Ilmenstaclt, town of Suabia, 20 miles E of
Lindau. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 47 35 N.
Imbro, woody and mountainous island in
the Grecian archipelago. It abounds with
game, and is about 20 miles in circumfer-
ence.
Imeritia, country of Asia, between the
Black Sea and ihe Caspian, bounded on
the S by Turkey, on the W by Mingrelia,
on the N by Os^etia, and on the E by
Georgia, of which it is, properly speaking,
a part. The Imeritians are of the Greek
religion. Their patriarch, who is gene-
rally of the roi'al family, can seldom read
or write ; and the inferior clergy are not
better instructed. Their churches are
wretched buildings, scarcely to be distin-
guished from common cottages, but from a
paper cross over the principal door, and
some paintings of the virgin and the saints.
Cutais is the capital. Imeritia, is now, po-
litically subject to Russia, but in its own
municipal concerns indepettdant.
Immenhauscn, town of Hesse-Cassel, in
Germany.
Immeiistndt, town of the county of Ko-
negsegg in Su:.bia. It is situated on a
small river 14 miles SF> of Tsny.
Imola, populous town of Italy, in Ro-
magna, with a bishop's see ; seated on the
Santerno, 45 miles N by E of Florence.
Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 44 28 N.
Imperial, pleasant town of South Ame-
rica, in Chili, seated on a craggy rock in a
charming country. Lon. 72 35 W, lat. 38
40 S.
Lichrolm, island in the frith of Forth,
near the coast of Fife, but within the coun-
ty of Edinburgh.
Jnchkeith, desolate little island in Edin-
burghshire, in the frith of Forth, lying
I N D
I N D
midway between the ports of Leith and
Kinghorn. Here is a ruinous fort.
Inchmarnock, beautiful fitlle island of
Scntland, SW of the isle of I3ute. It is one
mile long, and on the W side :ire vast
strata of coral and shells. It derives its
name of Inchmarnock f om a chapel dedi-
cated to St. M. rnoc, the ruins of '.vhich
are still to be seen.
Indapour, seaport of the island of Su-
matra. I.on 100 50 E, lat. 41 50 N.
Independence, township of Sussex county,
New Jersey. Population 1820, 1850.
Independence, township of Cuyahoga
county, Ohio, Population 1820, 354.
Independence, poet village and seat of
justice. Bond county, Illinois, on Kaskas-
kia river, 65 miles a little N of E from St.
Louis.
India, extensive region in Asia, which
lies between 66 and 93 E Ion. and 7 and
25 N lat. Under this name, the Europe-
ans have erroneously included all tlie coun-
tries which lie S of Tartary, and extend
from the eastern frontiers of Persia to the
eastern coasts of C'lina. But the name of
India can be applied, with propriety to
that country only, which is distinguished
both in Asia and Eur ipe, by the name of
Hindoost»n. The countries to the E of the
river Burampooter, namely, Aracan, As-
sam, Ava, Burmah, Cambodia, Cochin-
China, Laos, Malacca, Pegu, Siam and Ton-
quin, which geographers have hitherto
distinguished by the name of the Peninsu-
la of India beyond the Ganges, are no
more to be considered as belonging to
India, than the bordering countries of Per-
sia, Tartary and Thibet. See Hindoostan.
Ijuliana, state of the United States ;
bounded by Ohio river S ; tlie state of Il-
linois W ; lake Miciiigan NW ; Michigan
territory N ; and state of Ohio E.
Indiana has an interior boundary on
Ohio river opposite Kentucky, from the
mouth of Great Miamee, to that of Wa-
bash, of - - - - 336 miles
Up Wabash river to a meridian
line extending from North lat.
39 23, - - - - 150
Alofig meridian line to Lake Mi-
chigan, . - . . 160
Along Lake Michigan, to North
lat. 41 45. ... 32
East along parallel of North lat.
41 45, to the north-east angle
of the state, - - - 110
Due south to the mouth of Great
Miamee 185
Having an outline of 973
Area 34,000 square miles ; 21,760,000
acres.
The longest line that can be drawn in
Indiana, is from its south-west to its north-
east angle, 325 miles.
Its mean breaJth oetween Ohio and Illi-
nois, 150 miles.
Extreme south, at the mouth of Wabash,
37 <9.
Extreme north, along the territory of
Michi<^a;i, 41 45.
Tiie position of this state lying length-
wise, north and south, exposes it to con-
siderable vicissitude of seasons and dif-
ference of temperature It is, still less
than Ohio, marked by bold and prominent
scenery. Advancing towards the lowest
depression of the Mississippi basin, its sur-
face is in most places monotonous, and in
the central and northern parts level and
marshy. In every general attributi', the
two states of Ohio and Indiana, have, how-
ever, so much resemblance, that the same
terms of description apply to both. They
are in fact naturally, one undivided part of
the right slope of tiie Ohio valley; and as
such might be connected in geographical
description.
The prairies which we have found com-
mencing in Ohio, expand ui entering In-
diana. The central flat, or table land, is
also wider in the latter than in the former.
The sources of the Idinois, Wabash, St.
Joseph, and .Maumee, are all on this table
land. The Maumee is a very remarkable
stream. Its two superior branches, the
St. Joseph and St. Mary's, unite in Indiana.
The St. Mary's river rises in Allan, and
Mercer county in Ohio, and pursues a
north-west course of 65 miles to Fort
Wayne. The St. Joseph river rises in
Michigan, within less than 20 miles of the
mouth of Maumee, flows 80 miles south-
west to Fort Wayne, unites with the St.
Mary's river at that place, and forms the
Maun^ee. The latter, hteraliy turns upon
its con-.tituents, flows north-east 60 miles,
and falls nito the extreme south-west angle
of Lake Erie
From the junction of the St Mary's and
St. JoS' ph's rivers, at Fort Wuyne, to the
navigable sources of Wabash is not 10
mill s.
The country before us, is one widely
extended flat, interspersed with small
lakes, low, long ndges o^' arable land, and
much swamp. Prairies extend themselves
between the streMms. The waters are
sluggish in their descent. The country
around the extreme south bay of Lake
Mich-gan, has the appearance of the sea
marshes of Louisiana. Low fltioded prai-
ries intersected by lakes and interlocking
creeks. No eminences are seen ; one un-
broken horizon encircles the eye. It is the
sime, timber excepted, at the mouth of
the Maumee. I sailed in a very clear
mnrning into the bay at its mouth, and very
carefully swept my eye repeatedly around
431
I N 13
I N D
the limit of vision, but none, not the small-
est swell in the landscape met my view.
The resemblance to many a scene I had
previously examined in Louisana was in-
deed striking. The resemblance is, how-
ever, still more strong at the bottom of
Michigan, at the north west part of In-
diana.
In proportion to extent, Indiana does not
possess as much arable land as does Ohio.
That part of both states, lying within 100
miles of Ohio river, is, as 1 have already
observed, a continuation of one natural
section, a;id of course similar in common
physiognomy. This tract would be found
to enter Indiana, n' ar where its western
meridian leaves the Wabash, and winding
througlj the state, between the sources of
White and Wabash rivers, would enter
Ohio in Mercer county ; and foUowmg in
the latter state tlie general course of Ohio
river, would merge into Lake Erie, be-
tween Black and Huron rivers in Huron
county.
This fine margin includes all the hilly,
and most of the rolling tracts of both states ;
leav.ng to the north-west, the level plains
we have already noticed. It will at once
be seen by a glance on a map of both states,
that the level region of Indiana is much
more comparatively extensive than that of
Ohio.
The civil and political subdivisions of
Indiana are the following, with the result
of the census of 1820, -ubjoined.
Counties Inhahi'ants Square miles To square inile
Clarke, 8,709 256 34
Crawford, 2,583 250 10
Davies, 3,432 378 9
Dearborn, 11,468 410 23
Delaware, 3,677 5,400 *
Dubois, 1,168 378 3
"Fayette, 5,9^0 400 15 nearly.
Floyd, 2,776 360 8
Franklin, 10,763 576 18
Gihs-m, 3,876 430 9
Harrison, 7,875 410 19
Jackson, 4,010 470 8
Jefferson, 8,038 360 22
Jennings, 2,000 300 6 2-3
Knox, 5,437 410 13
Lawrence, 4,116 400 10
Martm, 1,032 910 . 1
Monroe, 2,672 324 8
Owen, 838 520 1§
Orange, 5,368 360 15
Perrv, 2,330 400 5
Pike', 1,472 410 3,^
Posey, 4.061 430 9"
Randolph, 1,808 540 3 1-3
Ripley, 1,822 432 4
Scott, 2,334 270 8|
Spencer, 1,882 324 5|
Sullivan, 3,498 630 5^
Switzerland, 3,934 324 12
Vanderburghl,798 240 7}
432
Vig»,
3,390
729
M
Wabash,
147
8,000
Wairick,
1,749
410
4
Washington
,, 9,039
470
19
Wayne,
12,119
470
26
147,178 27,372 5
The foregoing estimate embraces all that
part of Indiana purchased from the In-
dians, and subdivided into counties. A
large parallelogram, extending across the
entire northern part of the slate, and con-
taining^ about 6,630 square miles, continues
yet Indian territory. This, added to
27,372, yields within a very small fraction,
the same general area which is given in
page 431.
In a revieviT, however, of the settled
parts of Indiana, the counties of Wabash
and Delaware with the adjacent Indian
county, ought to be excluded, as their
extent is beyond every reasonable pro-
portion to their population ; and more,
these counties are mere momentary divi-
sions of convenience, occupying the cen-
tral, and otherwise- uniippropriated parts
of the state Rejecting therefore the area
of these three sections, amounting together
to 20,022 square miles, the actually in-
habited section of Indiana will be restrict-
ed to 13,972, say 14,000 square miles.
Deducting 3824, the number of persons
given by the census, as inhabitants of De-
laware and Wabash, from 147,178, will
yield a balance of 143,354, as the compact
mass of population in Indiana, on 14,000
square miles, or a little more than lO to
the square mile.
The progressive population of this state
has been exceedmgly rapid, since 1800, at
which epoch it stood at 5640. In 1810,
the inhabitants amounted to 24,520. The
next period often years swelled the popu-
lation, as we have seen, to 147,178.
This increasing body is composed of
whites, 145,758; free persons of colour,
1230, and 190 slaves.
They are classed by the census thus :
Foreigners not naturalized - 833
Engaged in agriculture, - - 61,315
Do. manufactures, - 3,229
Do. commerce, - - 429
Indiana was admitted into the union as a
state, Deceiiibe!', 1816.
Ijuliana c mnty of Pennsylvania, bound-
ed by Westmoreland S\V ; Armstrong
W ; Jefferson N ; Clearfield NE ; and
Cambria SE. Length 33 ; breadth 23 ;
area 770 square miles Surface hilly broken
and soil generally rocky and except near
tlte streams barren. It is separated from
■Westmoreland by the Conmaugh river,
and mostly drained by the creeks of that
stream and others flowing into the Allega-
IN©
I N D
ny, but on its extreme eastern border, the
west branch of Susquehannah has its
source. Chief town, Indiana.
Populaiion in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,199
do do. females ... 3,001
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . 14
Slaves, - ... 0
Total population in 1810 - 6,214
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 4,463
do. do. females - - 4,358
Total whites .... 8,821
Free persons of colour, males - 35
do. do. females - 26
Slaves, males . - - - 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820. - 8,882
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 78
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,950
do. in Manufactures - 304
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 11.
Indiana, post town and seat of justice,
Indiana county, Pennsylvania, 26 miles
BE from Kittanning, and 35 NE from
Greensburg.
Indiana, township of Allegany county,
Pennsylvania.
Jnt//a?i- OW Town, island and township of
Penobscot county, Maine, in Penobscot
river just above the great falls. Popula-
tion about 500 Indians.
Indian rivers. There are several small
streams so called in the United States.
One Washington county, Maine, between
Addison, and Jonesborough ; another New
Hampshire ; one of the sources of the Con-
necticut ; one in New York; the western
branch of the Oswegalchie ; a stream of
Sussex county, Delaware, heading with the
Nantikoke river, and flowing east enters
Rehoboth a bay of tlie Atlantic Ocean, 12
miles S from Hinlopen ; a sound of Florida
on the Atlantic coast, N lat. 27 ; and a ri-
ver of Louisiana, a branch of New river.
Indian-river, hundred of Sussex county,
Delaware, on Indian river. Population
1820, 1887.
Indian-tovm, village, Dorchester county,
Maryland, on the left side of the Choptank
river, three miles SW from New Market.
Indian-to-wn, post village, Currituck coun-
ty, North Carolina, 59 miles ENE from
Edenton.
Indiau'toim, post village, Williamsburg
district. South Carolina, on Cedar ci'eek,
80 miles NNE from Charleston.
Indian- Wheeling; creek of Belmont
3 1
county, Ohio, falls into Ohio river, oppo-
site Wheeling in Virginia.
Indies, East, name given by Europeans,
to a great number of islands in the Indian
Ocean, extending from the peninsula of
Hindoostan as far E as New Guinea, and
from tlie bay of Bengal and the China Sea
as far S as New Holland. The most west-
ern of them are the Maldives, and the
most eastern the Molluccas: between
which are several very large ones, as Cey-
lon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Celebes,
besides many others of considerable im-
portance as to riches, though much inferior
in extent. Their produce and other par-
ticulars, are described under their several
heads.
Indies, West, name given to a great num-
ber of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which
extend across the entrance of the gulf of
Mexico, from the NW extremity of the
Bahama islands, off the coast of Florida, to
the island of Tobago, 120 miles from the
coast of Terra Firnia Cuba is the most
western of these i-lands. When Columbus
discovered them in 1492, he considered
them as part of those vast regions in Asia
comprehended under the general name of
India, to reach which, by a W course
across the Atlantic, had been the grand ob-
ject of his voyage ; and this opinion was
so general, that Ferdinand and Isabella,
king and queen of Castile, in their ratifica-
tion of an agreement granted to Columbus,
upon his return, gave them the vame of
Indies. Even after the error which gave
rise to this opinion was detected, and the
position of the New World, was ascertain-
ed, the name lias remained, and the appel-
lation of West Indies is given by all the
people of Europe to these islands, and that
of Indians to the inhabitants, not only of
these islands, but of the continent of Ame-
rica. They are likewise called the Carib-
bee Islands, from the aborigines of the
country : and the sea in which they lie is
called the Caribbean Sea. By the French
they are called the Antilles : and" nautical
men distinguish them, from the different
courses taken by ships, into the Leeward
and Windward Islands, which see. The
name of Caribbee should properly be con-
fined to the smaller islands, lying between
Porto Uico and Tobago These were in-
habited by the Caribs, a fierce race of men,
nowise resembling their liniid neighbours
in the larger islands. Columbus was a
witness to their intrepid valour ; and the
same character they have maintained in-
variably in all subsequent contests with the
Europeans. The British^ islands are Ja-
maica, Barbados, St. Christopher, Antigua,
Anegadu, Nevis,- Montserrat, Barbuda, An-
guilia, Dominica, St. Vincent, Granada,
the Bahama Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, St.
Lticia and pfart of the Virgin Islands. Cu-
433
I >v G
I N 0
bu, Porto Rico and Margarita, belong to
the Spaniards. The Frencii have Guada-
loupe, Marigalante, Desenda, Hispaniola
and Martinico. The Dutch have St. Eus-
tatia, Curacao, Sada, and St. Martin. The
Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and part of
the Virgin Islands.
Indi^irka, large river of Russia in north-
ern Asia, rises in the Yublonoy mountains,
about no miles from the sea of Ochotsk ;
and flowing a little E of N by comparative
courses 700 miles falls into the Northern
Ocean, 350 miles E from the mouth of the
Lena.
Indore, or Endore, modern citj' of Hin-
doostan Proper, capital of a territory in the
province of Malvva, subject to one of the
Poonah Mahratta chiefs ; 30 miles S of
Odgein. Lon. 76 5 E, lat. 24 31 N.
Iiidrapore, Dutch Settlement on the W
coast of Sumatra, in the E. Indies, 160
miles N\V of IJencoolen.
Indre, department of France, Including
the late province of Berry. It has its
name from a river, which rises in this de-
partment, and passing into that of Indre
and Loire, falls into the Soire, between
Cliinon and Sauniur. Chateauroux is the
capital.
Indre and Loire, department of Fraixe,
which include the late province of Tou-
raine. Tours is the capital.
Industry, post town and township, So-
merset county, Maine, 13 miles W from
Norridgewock. Population 1820, 796.
Indus, great river of Hindocstan Pro-
per, called by the natives Sinde or Sindeh ;
formed of about ten principal streams,
which descend from the Persian and Tar-
tarian mountains. From the city of Attock
to Moultan, or to the conflux of the Chu-
naub, it is commonly named the river of
Attock. Balow the city of Moultan, pro-
ceeding in a SW direction, through the
province of that name, and that of Sindy,
it enters the Arabian Sea, by several
mouths, NW from the gulf of Cutch.
Ingutsione, town in Essex 23 miles NE
of London.
Ingersols-store, post village, Seneca coun-
ty, New York.
Inglesville, post town, Montgomery
county, Virginia, 105 miles SW from Lex-
ington, and 235 miles NE from Knoxville.
Ingleshnin, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of ihe Rhine, remarkable for hav-
ing been the residence of the emperors,
seated on ihe river Salva, on an eminence
from whence there is a charming pros-
pect, five milpsSW of Mentz. Lon. 8 15
E, lat. 49 48 N.
Ingleton, town in the W riding of York-
shire.
IngUng, town of France; now in the de-
partment of Moselle, lately in the province
of Loriain.
4o1.
Ingolsiadi, iiandsome town of Germany
and the strongest in Bavaria, with a 'amous
university, and a fine church. It is seated
on the Danube, five miles NNE of Neu-
burg, and 45 N by W of Munich. Lon. 11
10 E, lat. 48 46 N.
Ingria, province of the Russian empire,
which now forms the government of St.
Petersburg, It is 130 miles long and 50
broad ; bounded on the N by the river
Neva and the gulf of Finland, on the E and
S by the government of Novogorod, and
on the W by that of Livonia. The czar
Peter the Great, wrested it from the
Swedes, and it was confirmed to him by
the treaty of Nystadt in 1721.
Inliambania, kingdom of Africa,^ lying
under the equator. Tonqua is the capital.
Inn, river of Germany which has its
source in the country of the Gri^on3, at the
foot of the mountain Septimerberg. It runs
NE through Tirol, by Inspruc, and con-
tinuing its course NE through Bavaria
passes by Kufstein, Vasseburg, Braunaw,
and other towns, and falls into the Danube,
between Passau and Instadt.
Innaconda, fortress of theDeccan of Hin-
docstan, in the Guntior Circar, situated on
a hili, 46 miles NW of Ongole, and sub-
ject to the nizam of the Deccan.
Innerkeithing. See Inverkeithing.
Inniclier, town of Germany, in the Tirol,
situated on the Drave. Lon, 12 17 E, lat.
46 48 N.
Innisclochran, or the Sandy Island, island
in the river Shannon, where there was a
monastery.
Innisfail, one of the ancient names of
Ireland.
Innisfallen, island in the lake of Killar-
ney, in the county of Kerry, and province
of Munster.
Innishannon, town in the county of Cork,
and provinre of Munster, situated on the
river Candon, 134 miles from Dublin, and
six milts T m Kinsale.
Innishirkan, island between Cape Clear
island and Baltimore bay, in the county of
Cork.
l7miskilling,tov/n of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Fermanagh, witli a strong fort, it be-
ing a pass of the greatest importance from
the N to the S of Ireland. It is seated in
the middle of Lough Earne, where that
great lake is contracted, for about six
miles, to the breadth of an ordinary river.
It is 20 miles E of Bailyshannon. Lon. 6
50 W. lat. 54 25 N.
Innthal, district of Germany, in the Ti-
rol, watered by the river Inn. Inspruc is
the capital.
Innviertal, extensive district of the Aus-
trian empire, between the Danube Inn, and
Sabza.
Itiowsladislotv, strong and considerable
town of Poland, and capital ofCuiavia^
1 X \
I R A
with a fort and a palace where the bishop
of Cujavia resides. It is 37 miles NE of
Gnesnia, and 70 W of Warsaw. Lon. 18
50 B, lat. 52 58 N.
Inspire, populous town of Germany, in
the Tirol, capital of the district of Innthal,
with a strong; castle, formerly the resi lence
of the archdukes of Austria. It is sated
in a pie.isant valley, on the river Inn, 27
miles N\V of Brlxen, and SO'S of Munich,
Lon. 11 37 E. lat. 27 10 N.
Instadt. See Passau.
Insterbnrg, city of Lithuania, in Prussia,
%vhere the inhabit *nts, who are in number
about three thousand, tr.^de principally in
beer and grain. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 40
N.
Iiiterlachen, town of Swisserland, 33
miles SE of Bern.
Tnverary, royal borough in Argyleshire,
seated on the N\V side ot L cU Eyne. In
the neiglibourhood of this place is a con-
siderable iron w>rk It is 75 mies NW
of Edingburgh an i 45 of Glasgow. Lon.
5 0 VV, lat. 56 16 N
Inverary, small bor >ugh in Ahc'deen-
shire, situated on llie beauii'ul and fer de
banks of the Don, ju-t above its confluence
with the river called Urie Water. It is 15
miles NW of Abe. le^n.
Inverbervie. See Bervie.
Inveresk, village in Kdinb'irghshire, sit-
uated on the E side of the mouth of the
river Esk, on the Frith of Forth, In 17S3,
the sul)terrancous remains of a Roman h\-
pocaust, or hot bath, were discovered
here.
Iiiverkeithing; roy.il borough in Fifeshire,
situated on the Frith of Forth. It has a
beautiful bay with a g )od harbour, and
considerable trade in co-»l and other arti-
cles; and is 18 miles NW of Edinburgh.
Lon. 3 25 W, lat 57 0 N.
Inv'eriochif, ancient castle in the neigh-
bouriiood of Fort Wi liam, in Inverness-
shire
Inverness, royal borough of Scotland,
capital of a coiinty of the same name, sit-
uated on the -S bank of the river Ness,
and overio'tking the frith of Murray. It
has a safe and convenient harbour. To
the W of this town is the remarkable vit-
rified fort called Craig «Phadrick ; the
stones composing its walls, aj)pear to have
been partly melted bv fire. Inverness is
50 miles NE of Fort William, and 106 N
of Edinburgh, Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 57 34
N,
Inverness-shire, includes the subdivisions
of Badenoch, Lochaber, Inverness-shire,
Skie, and Harris, with a small part of
Ross-shire and Murr.aysbire. It is bounded
on the N by Ross-shire ; on the E by
Nairnshire, .Vlurraysliire, and Aberdeen-
fshire ; on the S by Perthshire and Argyle-
shire ; and on the W bv the Western Sea,
It is, exclusive of the isles, about 80 miles
long from B to W, and 50 broad from N to
S. It abounds with iron ore, anl pr.idu-
ces plenty of oak and fir; it abou.uls with
pastures, but little corn, and is reckoned
one of the most barren counties in Scot-
land Populition 1801, 74 292; in 1811,
78,336; md in 1821, 9 J, 157.
Inverness, townsliip ot Bucking!iam coun.
ty. Lower Canada, on the waters of Becan-
cour river, 50 mil -s SSW from Qacbec.
Ionian, or Republic of the Seven Islands.
Thi, recently estalilisJit-d nominal republic,
is composed of the islands alo ig the SW
coast of Gri^ece, from lat. 36 to 40. Tlie
seven principal islands, wiiich gives name
to the y.'.ite, are Corfu, ancient Corcyra,
Cepiialonia, Z .nte, Santa Maun, Ithaca,
Cerigo, an 1 Paxo. Enli e a. e ., about 1500
square miles, auvl pcipl.d by 200,0'JO in-
hubitun's. Since the Cong! ess of Vienna,
in 1815, the Ionian rep:!biic has been aban-
dji'cd 'O he British governniint.
Ijvm River, of uie NW territory of the
Unit d 81 4es, rises with tl>e Des Moines
liver, and fiowing p.ir.ilel, falls into the
righ' side of the Mississippi, ut N lat 41.
Ipsa'a, Ciipso.la, or Skipsilar, town of
Europe ill Turkey, on the Marit-za, 20
miles above its mouth and 45 miles below
Adrian<'[)!e
IpsaJa, town of Turkey in Europe, with
a Greek ardihisiiop's see. It is seated on
the Larissa, 20 mil-'s SW of Trajanopoli,
and 118 W of Constantinople. Lon. 26 10
E, lat. 40 57 N
Ipsarfl ancient Psyra, small island of
the Grecian Archipelago, 12 m Ics NW
from Scio. Population about 16,000.
Ipsxv/ch, borough and seaport in Suffolk,
with a market on Wedneday, Friday, and
Saturday. It is a place of gr. at antiquity,
and ivas once surrounded by a wdl, traces
of wiiich are yet to be een. It contains 12
par.sli churches, aguild-iiaii, two hospitals,
a free-school, and a custom-house, with a
.good quay. It is noied for being the
binh-place of cardinal Wnj-iey; and is
seated on the Oiv.ell, 26 miles SEof Rury
St. Edmunds, and 69 NE of London, Lon.
1 16 E, lat. 52 8 N
lps~ivich, sea port and post town in Essex
county, .Massachusetts ; situated on the
river Ipswich, 12 miles S of Ncwburyport,
and 10 NW of Beverley, in the lat. of 42
43 N, and lon. of 71 W. Population in
1820, 2553.
Irac, in Asia, divided into Trac .Arabic,
and Irac Agemi. Irac .Irabia, or Babylo-
nian Irac, is watered by the Euphrates and
Tigris ; and is almost all under the dominion
of the Turks, and forms the Pachalic of
Bagdad. Bagd.id is the capital.
Irac Jlgeini, or Persian Trac, province of
Persia ; bounded on the W by Irac Arabia
and Kusistan, on the N by Aderbeisfan anj
435
1 R E,
1 K E
Ghilan, on the E by Khuzistan, and on the
S by Farsistan. Ispahan is the capital.
Irasbvrff, post village and township, of
Orleans county, Vermont, 40 miles S from
Montpelier. Population 400.
JrNtskaia, town of Russia, in Peru, on
the Irbit river, 140 mil-s NE from Ekate-
rinenberg. Lon. 62 50 E, lat. 57 35 N.
Ireby, town in Cuniberiand ; it is 10 miles
NE of CockeniHuth, and 299 NNW of
London. Lon 3 18 W, lut. 54 50 N ,
Iredell, county of North Carolina ; bound-
ed by Mecklenburg S; Lincoln SVV ;
Burke W ; Wilkes NW ; Surry N, and
Rowan E. Length 40 ; width 20 ; area 800
square miles. Surface hilly, and in part
mountainous. Soil fertile. Chief town,
Statesville.
Population In 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
Slaves ....
Total population in 1810,
4,312
4,223
.5
2,432
. 16,172
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
5,040
5.018
Total whites .... 10,058
Free persons of colour, males . , 15
do. do. females 10
Slaves, males . - - 1,438
do. females - - - 1,550
Total population in 1820 .
13,071
Of these }
Foreigners not naturalized . 2
Engaged in Agriculture . - 3,462
do. in Manufactures - 345
do. in Commerce - . 29
Population to the square mile, 16.
Irekin, Jerkin, or Yarkan, rich and popu-
lous town of Tartary, the capital of Bocha-
ria, with a castle. It is the staple town of
all the trade carried on between India and
the N part of Asia. The Kalmucks are
masters of It ; and never disturb any one
on account of their religion. It is eight
miles N of Cashgur. Lon. 73 25 E, lat. 41
40 N.
Ireland, large island of Europe, lying to
the W of that of Great Britain. It is 280
mile.s in length, and 160 in breadth ; bound-
ed on -.he E by St. George's channel and
the Irish sea, which separate it from Eng-
land and Wales ; on the NE by a channel,
called the North Channel, 34 miles broad,
which separates it from Scotland ; and on
every other side by the Ocean. It con-
tains about 19,436,000 acres. Ireland is
divided into four provinces; namely, Ul-
436
ster to the N, Leinster to'lhe E, Munster
to the S, and Connaught to the W : and
tliese are subdivided into 32 counties.
Ulster contains the counties of Down, Ar-
magh, Monaghan, Cavan, Antrim, London-
derry, Tyronne, Fermanagh, and Donegal ;
Leinster has those of Dublin, Louth, Wick-
low, Wexford, Longford, East Meath,
West Meath, King's county. Queen's coun-
ty, Kdkenny,*Kildare, and Carlow : Mun-
ster includes Clare, Cork, Kerr}', Limerick,
Tipperary, and Waterford: and Connaught
has Leitrim, Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo, and
Galway. The climate of Ireland is mild
and temperate, but more humid than in
England. In general, it is a level coun-
try, well watered with lakes and rivers ;
and the soil, in most parts, is very good
and fertile ; even in tliose places where the
bogs and morasses have been drained,
there is good meadow ground. It produ-
ces corn, hemp, and flax, in great plenty ;
and there are so many cattle, that beef and
butter are exported to foreign parts ; and
not only the English, but other ships, fre-
quently come to be victualled here. The
other commodities are hides, wool, tallow,
wood, salt, honey, and vva.x. The princi-
pal manufacture, is fine linen cloth, which
is brought to great perfection, and the
trade in it is very great. This country i.s
well situated for foreign trade on account
of its many secure and commodious bays
and harbours. Its principal rivers are the
Shannon, Foyle, Liftey, Boye, Sure, Bar-
row, Blackwater, and Lee. The laws of
Ireland differ but little from those of Eng-
land ; and the established religion is the
same ; but the majority of the people are
Roman catholics, and yet retain their nomi-
nal bishops and dignitaries. I'he ecclesi-
astical districts are four archbishoprics and
eighteen bishoprics ; the former are Ar.
magh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam ; the
latter are Dromore, Down, and Connor,
Londonderry, Raphoe, Clogher, Kilmore
and Ardagh, Meath, Kildare, Ferns and
Leighlin, Ossory, Waterford and Lismore,
Cloyne, Cork, and Ross, Limerick, Ardfert
and Aghadoe, Killaloe and Kilfenora,
Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, Elpin, and Kil.
lala and Achonry. Formerly, this king,
dom had a parliament, which was subordi-
nate to that of Great Britain ; but, in 1800,
it was deemed expedient for the welfare of
Ireland that it should be united to Great
Britain. The two parliaments passed acts
for that purpose, and the two kingdoms, at
the commencement of 1801, were styled
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland : and 32 peers (four of them bish-
ops) and 100 commoners of Ireland, are
elected to represent that country in the
Imperial Parliament, assembled in England.
The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well as
the council, are appointed, from time t9
I.'ft E
I R E
time, by the king. The eountry people
ill Ireland, uncorrupted by commerce, are
remarkably hospitable, and very warm in
all their affections. The stranger, who
has dwelt in a commercial city, and been
long inured to that general neglect of the
pious offices of humanity, which the inces-
sant pursuit of gain produces, on passing
through their country, is surprised at the
earnestness they manifest in serving him,
or in helping him on his way : he is also
astonished on observing how these simple
people reckon upon a similar disposition,
as a thing of course, in the country about :
" 1 am sorry I cannot go with you now, but
when you get to the house beyond, why
Mr. Such-a-one will send a boy with you,
till you are after crossing the bog, and then
you will soon be at the village ; and why,
if you cannot stay all night with them, they
will some of them go with yon." Such are
the unaffected replies the traveller meets
with in this hospitable land ; and even in
the towns, formality and etiquette, are
often so lost in hearty salutations, and a
familiar manner of address, that the stran-
ger soon feels himself at home, and imagines
the people about him all relations. It is a
most grievous circumstance, that this amia-
ble people should sometimes be provoked
to rise upon those who are over them,
when, unhappily giving a loose to their
revenge, they sometimes commit such vio-
lent acts, as to induce those who do not
know their provocations, to think they are
wantonly barbarous, instead of barbarously
avengeful. The condition of the common
people has been always very wretched :
they were so poor, and it was so hard for
them to get a livelihood, that they fre-
quently went into other countries to seek
their fortunes ; and, particularly, great
numbers went over to the plantations in
America. Their diet consists chiefly of
coarse bread, potatoes, and butter-milk ;
the favourite liquor is usquebaugh, an ar-
dent distillation from corn ; and the rural
cottage is a wretched hovel of mud. The
manners of the superior classes differ little
from those of the same rank in England ;
but the gentry are more addicted to hunt-
ing and other robust exercises, than to
literature and the arts. That part of the
inhabitants, called the Wild Irish, were
formerly as savage as the native Ameri-
cans ; and, like them, lived in huts, making
a fire in the middle of them, but is it to be
hoped, that all the rude and barbarous cus-
toms, as well as every other trace of
wretchedness and degradation, will vanish
in time, and such measures be taken as
shall remove all restrictions on their trade
and commerce, and admit them to an equal
share of all the advantages enjoyed by the
empire of which they make a part. Dublin
is the capital
Populatisn of Ireland in 1821.
LEiNSTER.
COUNTIES.
Carlow
^
- 81,28r
Drogheda Town
-
. 18,118
Dublin County -
.
. 160,274
Dublin City
.
- 186,276
Kildare
.
- 101,715
Kilkenny County
-
- 157,096
Kilkenny City
>
- 23,230
King's County -
-
- 132,319
Longford -
-
- 107,702
Louth
-
- 101,070
Meath
-
. 174,716
Queen's County
.
- 129,391
Westmeath
-
- 128,042
Wexford -
-
- 169,304
Wicklow -
- 115,162
1,785,702
MUNSTER.
Clare
-
- 209,595
Cork county
-
- 702,000
Cork City
-
. 100,535
Kerry
-
- 205,037
Limerick County
-
- 214,286
Limerick City -
-
- 66,042
Tipperary
•
- 353,402
Waterford County
-
- 127,679
Waterford City
- 26,787
2,005,363
ULSTER.
Antrim
.
- 261,601
Armgah
.
- 196,577
Carrickferges T.
-
8,255
Cavan
.
- 194,330
Donegal
.
- 249,483
Down
.
- 329,348
Fermanagh
.
- 130,399
Londonderry
-
- 194,099
Monaghan
-
- 178,183
Tyrone
- 259,691
2,001,966
CONNAUGHT.
Galway county
-
- 268,921
Galway town
-
• 27,827
Leitrim
-
- 105,976
Mayo
-
- 297,538
Roscommon
•
- 207,777
Sligo - -
- 127,879
1,053,918
SUMTMART.
]
rUHABITANTS.
Leinster
.
- 1,785,702
Munster
•
- 2,005,363
Ulster
-
- 2,001,968
Conn aught
. 1,053,918
Total
6,846,949
437
1 H R
I s (;
N. B When the defici lAces in this ta-
ble shall have been supplied by the final
returns of the enumerator-, as certified Dy
the Mutfistrates, the tot I - umber of the
inhabitants will, it is thought, amount to
upwa: ds of se^jen millions.
Ireland, township of Buckingham county,
Lower Canada, on Pitt lake, 50 miles S
from Quebec.
Ireland, JVew. See Britain, JVew.
Irish 5Vn, that wide strart of the Atlantic
Ocean, between Great Britain and Ireland.
Irishtoimi- See Kilkenny.
Irjab, tiwn of the country of Cabul,
seated near a western branch of the Indus,
110 miles SSW of Cabul. Lon. 68 25 E,
lat. 33 20 N.
Irkeu, or Irkien. See Tarkan.
Irkoziisk, city of Asiatic Russia, on the
Augara river. It is the capital of the vast
jjovernmeut of the same name. Lon. 103
30 E, lat. 52 16 N.
Irkutsk, largest and least populous go-
vernment of the Rtissian empire, compri-
sing all the E p.irt of Siberia, from the
Northern Ocean to the frontif-rs of Cliinese
Tartary, and from the boundaries of the
government of Tobolsk to 'he Eastern
Ocean. This large territory was gradually
conquered ad appropriated by the Rus-
Slims in their desultory excursions from
Tobolsk. It is'divided into the four pro-
vinces of Irkutzk, Nertshinsk, Yakutsk,
and Okotsk.
Irois, Cape, western extremity of His-
paniola, or St Domingo.
Iron-acton, village in Gloucestershire, at
the c nfluxof the Staure and Laden, which
form the river Frome, 10 miles NE of
Bristol. Much iron has formerly been
dug up, and many iron works, and great
heaps of cinders are to be seen here.
Irondequot, bay of lake Ontario, in Mon-
roe c unty. New York.
Irondequot, cre< k of Monroe co nty.
New York, discharges its waters into the
bay of tl-.e same name. The Gi^itid Wes-
tern Canal of New York crosses this ere k,
by very expensive and massive work-^. See
JVavigation Inland.
Iron Moiintaim, local term for that ridge
of the Appalachian chain, which separates
North Carolina from Tennessee.
Iroquois, Pointe ^iux, St. Lawrence
couniy, New York, on the river St Law-
rence, six or sevi n miles above the R:.pid
plat, it is aiivantageoiisly sitna ed for
commanding the passage up and down the
St. L;<wr"'ce.
Irratvaddy, or Iravati, principal river of
the Birman mpire. It rises h< the moun-
tains of Tibet, and flowing nearly S falls
into the hay of Be gal at about lat. 16 N,
forming like the Ganges a large delta.
The geography of the Irrawaddy is yet
very imperfect.
438
Irromango, considerable island, and one
of the New Hebrides, in the South Sea.
Lon. 169 20 E, lat. 18 48 S.
Irronam, one ot the Hebrides, in the
South Sea, near Tanna. Lon. 170 26 E,
lat. 19 31 S.
Irtysh, large river of Asia, in Siberia,
which rises in • he country of vhe Ka:raucs,
and running from the S to NE falls into
the Oby, near Tobolsk.
Irville, post village, in the western part
of Mu>)kingum couniy, Ohio, 12 miles NW
from Zanesville.
Irvitie, or Ii-imt river of Scotland, in
Ayrshire, which descending from the
mountains on the E, p.,sses by Derval,
Newmilis, Gals'.on and Riccarton, and falls
into the frith of Clyde, close by the town
oflrvine.
Irvine, or Irwin, royal borough and sea-
port in AjTihire, seated at the mouth of
a river of the same name, on the frith of
Clyde, 15 mile.> E of ihe isle of Arran,
and 60 W by S ot Edinburgh. Its chief
tratle is the exportiiig of coal to Ireland.
Lon. 2 41 W, lat. 55 32 N.
Ir-well, river in Lancashire, which rises
above B' Iton, flows thence to Manchester,
and falls into the Mersey, below Fhxton.
Irxvin, county of Georgia, bounded by-
Florida south, by Early W ; Doolen N ;
Telfa r NE ; and Apphng E ; length 70 ;
breadth 48 ; area 3360 square miles. The
Ock l ckonne, Suwauny and Lttle St. Ilia
rivers rise in this county ; the general sur-
face is level.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, m les _ . . -
do. females - . .
Total papulation in 1820
172
200
372
0
0
27
12
411
0
131
0
0
Ofthe^e;
Foreigners not naturali2ed
Engaged in \griculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Isabella, ancient town of St. Domingo,
fonndert by Columbus, about 90 miles E
by N from Ct.pe Francois.
Isalella, St island of the South Sea, dis-
cover d by the Spaniards in 1568. It lies
ofl" tie Intendancy of Guadalaxara. Lat.
21 50 N.
IsbellsvUle, post village. Christian county
Kentucky.
Ischia, island of Naples ; ancient Oena-
ritt, or Pithecusa, 15 miles in circuit, 'lying
I S L
three miles off the coast of Terra di Lavo-
ra. ' It is full of agreeable valleys which
produce excellent fruits; mounttins, on
which grow vines of an exquisite kind,
rivers, and fine gardens.
Ischiu, city of Naples, capital of an island
of the same' name. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 40
41 N.
Iselstein, town of the United Provinces,
in that of Utrecht, seated on the Issel,
four miles S\V of Utrecht,
henarts, o' Eisenarts, town of Germany,
in Stiria, famous for iron mines, 30 miles
NWof Gratz. Lon, 15 4E, lat. 47 25 N
Isenach, town of Germany, in the cir-
cuit of Upper Saxony, from whence a Sax-
on prince takes (he ti'le of duke. Lon. 9
17 E, lat. 51 0 N,
henbitnr, large town of Germany, capi-
tal of a county of the same name, in the
elec'.orate of Treves, with a castle ; seated
on a river, eight N bv E ofCoblentz, Lon.
7 34 E, la. 50 32 N
Isenberg, principality of Germany, di-
vided between the houses of Hesse-Cassel
and Hes^e-Darmsta !t,
Isenghei7i, town of the Netherlands, with
the title of a principality, seated on the
river Mandera, Lon, 3 18 E, lat. 50 44
N.
Iser, river of Germany, which rises on
the confines of Tirol and Bavari.i, and
passi-g by Munich and Landschnt, falls
into the D aube, between Straubing and
Passau.
Isere, department of France, including
part of ihr late province >f Dauphiny.
It is so named from a river which rises on
the confines of Savoy, and falls into the
Rhone, above Valence. Grenoble is the
capital.
Isertohn. or Lohn, town of Germany in
the circle of We.>tphalia, 32 mil^s from
Cologn, where they manufacture ribands,
&c. "
Isemia, town of Naples, in Molise, with
a bishop's see It is -eated at the foot of
the .\ppenines, 12 miles W of M lise, and
46 N of Naples. Lon. 14 24 Ef lat. 41 36
N
Isignif seaport of France, in the dep -rt-
menl of Calvados, and late province of Nor-
mandy, noted for its salt works, cide-r and
its butter. It is 15 mi es 'V by N of lia-
yeux, Lon. 0 59 W, lal, 48 20 N
his. See Thames.
Islands, Bay of, bay of New Zealand, at
the N extremity of the most northern of
of the two islands that go under that name.
Island creek, township of Jtfl", rson coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820. 1617.
Islay, or Ila, island of Scotland, one of
the H bri.les, to the SW of Jura. Its
greatest length is 25 miles ; its bre dth 18.
The principAl village is Bowtnore, v,-hich
I b L
has a convenient harbour. The face of
th country is hilly. Popul.ition about
12.000. \rea 154,000 acres.
h!s, mix Petite Bois, small island of Ala-
bama, between the gulf of Mexico and
Pascag'iula sound.
Isle aiix Crudres, island and seigniory,
Nort! lumber and cnunty. Lower Canada,
in St. Lawrence river.
Isle anx jYoix, island of Lower Canada,
in Sorrel river, about 11 miles below its
efflux from lake Champlain.
Isle-Jdatn, town of France, now in the
department of Seine and Ose, lately in
the province of thf Isle of France, with a
castle seated on the Oise, 20 miles N by
W ot Paris Lon, 2 13 E, lat. la' . 49 7 N,
Islebnrough, township of Hancock coun-
ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 639.
Isle of Beeves, islaid of North America,
in the ba\ of Campeachy, 17 mdes long
and eight broal. It isfertile, and abounds
in cattl • and fruits.
Isle-Dien. small island of France, 14
miles from the coast of Poitou It was
taken by the English in 1795, but soon
after evacuated. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 46 55
N.
Jsle-da France. See France, Isle of.
Isle Jesus, inland and seij^niory, Effing-
ham county. Lower Canada. It is situi^ted
NE from the island of Montreal, with an
mtervening channel of St. Liv-rence river.
Isle-Jourdain, town of France, now in
thf department of Gers and lately in »he
province of Armagn<c. It is eated in an
island of the river Save, eigh' miles N of
Lombez, L<.n. 1 2 E, la'. 43 40 N.
Isle of Orleans, i-!and, county, and sHg-
niory. Lower Cmada, in St. l.-a-v ence ri-
ver, commencing four miles below Que-
bec.
Isle-Roiisse, town of Corsica, on the sea-
coast. 35mUes SW of Bastia.
Isle and Vilaine, department of France,
containing pari of the late province of
Bretagie. Renne-i is the capital.
Isleben. See Eisleben.
Isle of Wight. ci'i;n'v of Virginia, bound-
ed by Nansemond SE ; by B ackv/ater ri-
ver or Southampton S W ; Surry N\V ; and
James river NE Length 30 ; mean
width 15 ; area 450 square mil s Sur-
face level, and s -il of middling quality.
Chief town, Smithfield.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,161
do. do. females - - 2,2b6
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 698
Slaves 4,041
Total population in 1810 - 9,116
Popidation in 1820.
F.'-ee white males - - - 2,354
439
I S M
I s s
Free white females
2,522
All other persons
21
Total whites . - . -
4,904
Free persons of colour, males -
448
do. do. females -
490
Slaves, males ....
2,233
do. females
2,064
Total population in 1820
10,139
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,925
do. in Manufactures - 270
do. in Commerce . - 40
Population to the square mile, 22.
lale Royal, long island of lake Superior,
100 miles in length and 40 wide in some
places.
Isletuorth, village in Middlesex, seated
on the Tham.es, nine miles W of London,
Neap it is Sion House, the magnificent
seat of the duke of Northumberland.
Isle Verte, seigniory, Cornwallis county.
Lower Canada, on the SE side of St. Law-
rence, 104 miles below Quebec^
Isleborough, township of Hancock coun-
ty, Maine, one mile W from Castine. Po-
pulation 1820, 630.
Isles of Shoals, seven small islands, about
nine miles SSE from Portsmouth, in New
Hampshire. They form a part of Rock-
ingham county, and Staten Island, the last
forms the township of Gosport.
Isle de St. John, seigniory, Devon coun-
ty, Lower Canada, on the SE side of the
St. Lawrence, 45 miles below Quebec.
Isle du Portage, seigniory, Cornwallis
county, Lower Canada, on the SE side of
St. Lawrence, 85 miles below Quebec.
Islington, village in the county of Mid-
dlesex, on the N side of London, to which
it is almost contiguous, appears to be of
Saxon origin, and in the conqueror's time,
was written Isledon, or Isendon.
Islip, town in Oxfordsliire, four miles N
of Oxford. Islip was given by Edward
the Confessor to Westminster Abbey, to
which it still belongs. By the late inland
navigation it has a communication with the
river Thames, Hwmber, and a great many
others, and its navigation extends about
500 miles through dilTerent counties.
Islip, post town on Long Island, in Suf-
folk county. New York. Population 1820,
1156.
Ismail, strong town of Turkey in Europe,
in Bessarabia. It was taken by storm by
the Russians in 1790 ; and it is said, that
the long siege, and the capture, did not
cost them less than 20,000 men, The gar-
rison whose bravery merited, and from a
generous foe would have received the
highest honours, were massacred in cold
blood by the merciless Russians, to the
440
amsuat of 30,000 men ; and tbe place was
abandoned to the fury of the brutal soldie
ry. Ismail is seated on the N side of the
Danube, 140 miles S by W of Bender. Lon.
29 47 E, lat. 45 11 N.
Ismid, town of Turkey in Asia, capital of
Bythinia, situated on the sea of Marmora.
Lon. 29 47 E. lat. 40 27 N.
Isny, imperial town of Suabia, seated on
the Isny, 14 miles NE of Lindau, and 62
S W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 47 42
N.
Isnic, town of Turkey, in Asia in Nato-
lia, with a Greek archbishop's see. It is
the ancient Nice, famous for the first gene-
ral council here in 325. Nothing remains
of its ancient splendour, but an aqueduct,
the Jews inhabit the greater part of it;
and it is seated in a country fertile in corn
and excellent wine, 75 miles SE of Con-
stantinople. Lon. 30 9 E, lat. 40 13 N,
Isola, seaport town of Italy in Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, 18
miles SE of St. Severino. Lon. 17 26 E,
lat. 39 2 N.
Isonu, town of Spain in Catalonia, seated
near a mountain at the foot of a rivulet.
Ispahan, celebrated city, capital of Persia,
in the province of Irac-Agemi, and thought
by some to be the finest city in the East.
It stands in the middle of a plain, surround-
ed on all sides by mountains at eight
miles distance, and on a small river, called
Sanderut, which supplies almost all the
houses with water. It is 20 miles in cir-
cumference, with well built houses and flat
roofs, on which they walk, eat, and lie, in
summer, for the sake of the cool air. The
inhabitants were computed at about
1,000,000 ; but this kingdom having been
distracted by civil wars, th^ principal
towns are greatly depopulated. Ispahan
has three large suburbs, called Juisa, Ha-
senbath, and Kebrabath. Though at a dis-
tance from the sea, it carries on a great
ti'ade, people of several nations resorting
there for the sake of traffic. It is 265
miles NE of Bussarah, and 1400 SE of Con-
stantinople. Lon. 52 55 E, lat. 32 25 N.
Issel, or Yssel, river of the United Pro-
vinces, which branches off from the Rhine,
below Huessen ; and running by Doesburg,
Zutphen, Deventer and Campen, falls into
the Zuider-Zee.
Issel, or Yssel, Little, river of the United
Provinces, which waters Ysselstein, Mont-
fort, and Gouda ; and falls into the Merwe,
above Rotterdam.
Issel, or Yssel, Old, river which rises in
the duchy of Cleves, and enters the Issel
at Doesburg.
Issequibo, flourishing settlement of the
Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the same
n.ame, and contiguous to that of Demarary.
It was taken by the Enghsh in 1796.
hsoire, ancient town of France, now
1 T A
1 r A
ill the department of Puy de Dome, and
lately in the province of Auvergns. At
Veriiet, near tliis town, are found ame-
tliysts, of olour as beautiflil as those of
the East, but natso hard. Issoire is seat-
ed on the Couz, near the Allier, 13 miles S
of Clermont. Lon. 3 25 E, l.tt. 4-5 34 N.
Issondun, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Indre, and lately in tiie pro-
vince of Berrj', with a castle. Its trade is
in wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings,
and is seated partly on an eminence and
partly on a plain, 17 miles SW"bf Bourges,
and 135 S of Paris. Lon. 2 6 E, lai. 46 57 N.
Is-sur-TiUe,to\vn of France, now in the
department of Cote d'Or and lately in the
province of Burgundy, seated on the ignon,
near the Tille, 12 miles N of Dijon.
/s^r/ft, kind of peninsula of Ulyria, lying
on the NE part of the gulf of A^enice. ll
is bounded by Carniola on the XE, and on
all other sides by the sea. l"he air is un-
wholesome, especially near the coast ; but
the soil produces plenty of wine, oil and
pasture : there are also quarries of fine
marble. Istria now forms a part of the
Austrian kingdom of lUyria. Capo d'Istria
is the capital.
Italij, one of the finest and most cele-
brated countries of Europe ; bounded on
the NXW andXE by France, Switzerland,
the country of the Grisons, 'and Germany;
on the E by tliegulfof Venice; and on
the Sand W by the Mediterranein; its
figure bearing some resemblance to that
of a boot. Its length from .\os!a, at tiie
foot of the Alps, in Mount Blanc, Savoy,
to the utmost verge of Calabria, in Naples,
is about 600 miles ; l)ut its breadth is very
unequal, in some places near 400 miles, in
others not above 25 or 30. It was former-
ly the seat of the Roman empire, and after-
wards, of that more astonishing usurpation
the dominion of the pope h\ the middle
ages the kingdom i)t' Eombardy and that of
Naples lield the two extremes, and the Ec-
clesiastical and Tuscan states occupied the
centre. In more modern times the north-
ern part became divided into a great nimi-
ber of states ; and previous to tlie altera-
tions made by tiie late French government,
the whole country was divided in the fol-
lowing matiner. Between the confines of
France and Switzerland, oil the W and N
■were the continental dominions of the king
of Sardinia, namely, Savoy, Nice, Pied-
mont, part of the Milmese and Oncglia.
To the NE are the territories of VL'nice,
which are enumerated under that article.
South of these, were the dominions of the
eni])er\)r of Geiynany, namely, part of the
Milanese and the Mantuan; and S of the
latter is the Modencic, which belonged lo
the duke of MoJena. West of the Mo-
denese is the duchy of I'armi, to the S\V
of which lay the republic of Genoa ; and
S K
SEof Genoa, that of Lucca. Hence ex-
tends, along the coast of the Mediterra-
nean, the grand duchy of Tuscany. Tlie
])ope's territories lies NE and E of Tusca-
ny, between the gulf of Venice and the
isiediterranean ; and all S of this is the
kingdom of Naples. By the treaty of
Campo Formio, in 1797, the Venetian ter-
ritories to the E and N of the river Adige
were ceded to Austria ; and the remain-
der of the Venetian states, with the du-
chies of Modena, Milan and Mj.ntua, the
principality of M^ssa, a' d the three lega-
tions of Ferrara, Bologna, and Romag-
na in the pope's dominions, were erec-
t d into a government by the French,
and culled the Cisalpine Republic. This
republic was overturned in 1799, but re-
stored after the battle of Marengo, in
1800; and in 1802, it received a nev/ con-
stitution, under the name of the Italian
Republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul
of France, was elected president. In 1806,
the Italian republic was erected into a
kingdom, and the emperor of France as-
stmied the title of King of Italy. In De-
cember following, the Austrian part of the
Venetian states were added to its territo-
ries, by the treaty of Presburg. The king-
dom was divided into departments, and
the city of Milan was the capital.. But
tiie important changes that have lately
taken place in Europe, have again derang-
ed the political situatir,n of this country.
The kingdom of Italy has been overturn-
ed ; and althougii a part of its territories
has been restored to its former possessors,
yet the greater part was first provisionally
taken possession by Austria, and by the
Congress of Vienna, finally incorporated in-
to tiie Lombardo Venetian kingdom. The
air of Italy is very difi'erent, according to
the differe'it situation of the coimtries it
contains : in these on tlie NE side of the
Apennines, \t is more temperate ; but on
in the SW it is verv v^arm, in Campagno
di Roma, and the Ferrarese, it is said to
be unwholesome, from the lands not be-
ing dtdy cultivated, nor the marshes drair.-
etl ; but in the other parts it is generally
pure, dry and healthy. The principal ri-
vers are the Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, and
Yar ; and tl.ere are sevcivl fine lakes as
the M-.iggiore, Lugino, Ciimo, Garda, Per-
ugia, Bracciano, and Cclanc. The so 1, in
general, is very fertile. It prtfdiices a
great variety of wines, and the best oil in
Europe ; excellent silk in abundance ;
corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as
in some other countries ; oranges, lemons,
citron.s, pomegranates, almonds, raisins,
sugar, iigs, peaches, apricots, pears, apples,
filberts, cHesnuts, ?ic. Most of these fruits
were at first imported by the Romans from
Asia, Asia Mini'ir, Greece, Africa and Syria
&ud were not the natural products of the soil.
441
J A C
J" A C
1 liis country also yields good pasture,
and abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buf-
faloes, wild boars, mules, and horses. Tiie
forests are well stored with game ; and the
mountains have not or.Iy mines of iron, lead,
alum, sulphur, marble ■-■fall sorts, alabaster,
jasper, porphry, &c. but also gold and sil-
ver, with a great variety of aromatic herbs,
trees, shrubs, and evergreens. AVlnc, oil,
perfumes, fruits and silks, are the principal
articles of exportation ; and great sums of
money are expended by travellers in the
purchase of pictures, curiosities, relics, an-
tiquiiies, 8cc. There arc forty-one arch-
bishoprics in Italy, but the bishoprics are
too indefinite and arbitrary to be depended
on ; the pope creating or suppressing them
as he pleases. Tlie established religion is
the Roman catholic ; but all sects live un-
molested, provided no gross insult is of-
fered to their w^orship. Their language, a
corruption cf the Latin, is remarkable for
its smoothness, and is said to be spoken in
its greatest purity at Florence. Further
pai'ticulars of this country will be found
under the names of its particular divisions,
as Naples, &c.
Italy is now subdivided into the kingdom
of the two Sicilies ; states of the Church^;
Grand Duchy of Tuscany ; Austrian Italy ;
Sardinia ; Parma ; Modena ; Lucca ; and San
Marina. Area 117,000 square mdes. Popu-
lation about 20,000,000.
Itali), township of Ontario county. New
York, on Canandaigua lake. Population in
1820,728.
Jlamaria, island of Brazil in Pernambuca,
about 10 miles long and 2 broad.
Itclien, river in Hants, which rising in
the centre of the county, passes by Win-
chester, and enters the bay of Southamp-
ton, at the town of that name.
Ithaca, now Thiaki, island of the Medi-
terranean sea, s.tuated between Cefalonia
and Santa Maura. Lon. 21 E, lat. 38 36
N. It now forms one of the Ionian islands.
Ithaca, post village and seat of justice,
inTompkins pounty.New York, at the head
of Cayuga lake, about 40 miles above
Cayuga bridge. Population about 150, A
steam boat now plies between ltht;ca and
the lower part of the Cayuga lake.
Itzehoa, ancient and handsome town of
Germany in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of
Holstein, seated on the Stoer, 15 miles NE
Ghiclcitadt, and 30 NW of Hamburg. Lon.
9 30 E, lat. 52 58 N.
Iverdun. See Yverdim.
Ives, St. seaport and borough in Corn-
wall. It is eight miles NE of Penzance,
and 277 W by S of London. Lon. 5 30 W,
lat. 50 18 N.
Ives, St. j;own in Huntingdonshire. It is
seated on the river Ouse, over which is a
stone bridge, six miles NE of Huntingdon,
and 50 N by W of London. Lon. 0 20 AV,
lat. 52 20 N.
Ivica, island of the Mediterranean, one
of the Balearic, or Pithycusae group, 56
miles SW of Majorca. It is about 60 miles
in circumference, is mountainous, but fer-
tile in corn, wine, and fruits ; and is re-
markable for the great quantity of salt
made here. The capital, of the same
name, has a good harbour. Lon. 1 25 E,
lat. 38 52 N.
7wn^/io, village in Buckinghamshire, has
a market on Friday, six miles SW of Dun-
stable, and 32 NW of London. Lon. 0 32
W, lat. 51 54 N.
Ivrea, ancient town of Piedmont, capi'al
of Canavez, with a strong fort, a bishop's
see, and an ancient castle. It is seated on
the Doria, between two hills, 20 miles N
of Turin, and 32 E by N of Susa. Lon. 7
48 E, lat. 45 22 N.
Ivrv, town of France, in the department
of Eure and late province of Normandy.
It had a benedictine abbey, and is seated
on the Eure, 10 miles N by W of Dreux.
Lon. 1 28 E, lat. 48 54 N.
Ivy Bridjre, village in Devonshire, 11
miles NE of Plymouth, remarkable for its
rural and picturesque scenery ; the river
Arme runs through the village.
Ixworth, village in Suffolk, with a market
on Friday. It is seven miles NE of Bury
St. Edmunds, and 79 NNE of London.
Lon. 0 51 E, lat. 52 20 N.
Ixxuorth, town of Cornwallis county,
Lower Canada, 70 miles below Quebec.
Jaar, river rising near Tongress, in the
bishopric of Liege, and after a NE course
falls into the Maese at Maestricht.
Jablunka, town of Silesia, in the territo-
ry of Teschen, 35 miles SE of Troppaw.
Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 49 41 N.
Jacca, ancient town of Spain, in Arragon,
\vith a bishop's see, and a fort. It is seated
on a river of the same name, among the
moiin'aihs of Jacca, in a verv pleasant and
442
fruitful plain, which are a part of the Pjre-
nees, 22 miles N of Huesca. Lon. 0 19
yv, lat. 42 36 N.
Jaci-d'-Jiginla, seaport town on the eas-
tern coast of Sicily, 10 miles. N by E of
Catania. Lon. 15 26 E, lat. 37 27 N.
Jacksonburg, post town in Colleton
county, South Carolina; situated on the W
side of Edisto river, 30 miles W of Charles-
ton.
.1 A C
J A C
Jacksonbuvg, post town in Sci-iven coun-
ty, Georgia, 59 miles SW of Savannah.
Jackson, or IFiichcock, township of Han-
cock county, Maine, 25 miles NW from
Castine. Population in 1820, 385.
Jackson, township of Washington coun-
ty. New York. Population in 1820, 2004.
Jackson, post village, I.ouisia county, Vir-
ginia.
Jackson, county of Ohio, around the
Sciota salt works, erected into a county in
1816 ; and bounded by Lawrence S ; Sciota
SW; Pike W, and Ross NW ; Hock-
ing N ; Athens NE, and Gallia SE. Length
30 ; viridth 20 ; and area 490 square miles.
Surface generally hilly and broken. Mine-
ral productions stone coal, and salt, or per-
haps more correctly salt water. Chief
town, Jackson.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,999
do. do. females - - 1,711
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
county of Preble. Population in 1820,
1099.
Jackson, township of Preble countv.
Population in 1820, 615.
Jackson, the northwesternmost township
of Muskingum countv. Population in
1820, 330.
Jackson, county of Indiana, on White
river ; bounded SE by Scott ; S by Wash-
ington ; W by Lawrence ; N W by Monroe ;
N by Delaware, and E by Jennings.
Length 30 ; mean wid'.h 19 ; area 570
square miles. Chief town, Brov/nstown.
Population in 1820.
Free whte males ... 2,107
do. do. females ... 1,867
Total population in 1820
3,746
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - 901
do. in Manufactures - 94
do. in Commerce - 7
Population to the square mile, 7^.
Jackson, post town and seat of justice,
Jackson county, Ohio, 28 miles SE from
Chillicothe, and 7o in the same direction
from Columbus.
Jackso?i, township of Jackson county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 334.
Jackson, townsliip in the southern part
of Frankhn county. Population in 1820,
310.
Jackson, township of Wayne county.
Population in 1820, 236,
Jackson, township of Pickaway county.
Population 1820, ^75.
Jackson, NE township in Pike county.
Population in 1820, 853.
Jackson, township of Knox county. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1128.
Jackson, township of Champaign county,
containing in 1820, 600 inhabitants.
Jackson, township in the southern limits
of Monroe county. Population in 1820,
574.
Jacfcsoji, township in Stark countv. Popu-
lation in 1820, 521.
.7^(2C/tso7i, township of P^rry county. Popu-
lation in 1820, 860.
Jackson, township in the western bon'.ers
of Montgomery county, and adjoining ths
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. fem.ales
Slaves, males . . -
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 -
3,974
19
17
0
0
4,010
Of these :
Foreigners not ruituralized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 650
do. in Manufactures - 53
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to the square mile, 7.
Jackson, county of Illinois ; bounded by
the Mississippi river SW ; by Randolph N
W and N; Franklin E, and Union S.
Length 30 ; mean width 24 ; area 720
square miles. Chief town, Brov/nsville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - . 844
do. do. females . - - 659
15
1,542
18
234
30
20
Total wiiites .... 1,503
Free persons of colour, males #0
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males ... 24
do. females "...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 2 nearly.
Jackson, post town and seat of justice.
Cape Girardeau county, Missouri, 12 mile's
NW from Cape Girardeau, and about 10
miles in a direct line from the Mississippi
river.
Jackson, county of West Tennessee ;
bounded S by Wliite ; W by Smith ; N by
Monroe county in Kentucky, and E by
Overton. Lengtli 28; mean width 18;
area 500 squai'u miles. Otimberiand river
crosses this county in an oblique direction
from NE to SW. The sui-face is rather
4'i3
A C
.1 A «.
waving- than hilly. Chief to. vn, "'VViHi.inis
burg'.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females - - -
All other persor.s except Indian.s
not taxed . , . -
Slaves
2,548
S,364
8
481
5,401
3,455
3,281
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - . - - - 6,734
Free persons of colour, males - 56
do. do. females ^53
Slaves, males . . - - 341
do. females - - - 409
Total population in 1820 - ",593
Of these ;
Foreijjners not natiiralized - _^ 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,311
do. in Manufactures - - 103
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 15.
Jack-son, county of Georpcia; bounded by
Clark HE ; Walton SW ; Hall and Habber-
sham NW, and Franklin and Madison NE.
Length 25 ; mean width 20 ; area 500
square miles. Chief town, Jefferson.
Population in 1810
Free white males - - - 4,424
do. do. females - - - 4,518
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 11
Slaves 1.81^
by a direct line along Tennessee river, a.;
equal di.stance on Decatur county, and ar.
equal distance along the S boundary of
Tennessee; area 375 square miles. Soil
on the streams, and intervals fertile.
Staples, cotton and grain.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 4,220
do. do. females - - 3,909
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820,
T^tal population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females - - -
Total whites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, mules . - - -
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 -
10,569
3,187
3,159
6,346
5
7
967
1,030
8,355
*Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,520
do. in Manufactures - - 150
do. ia Commerce - - 28
Population to thesquure mile, 16-].
Jackson, NE county of Alabama, N off
Tennessee river, bounded by Tennessee
river SE ; by Decatur county SW ; and by
Franklin and Marion counties N. It is
nearly in form of a triangle ; 30 miles
444
8,129
49
34
271
268
8,751
0
2,654
68
12
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 23.
Jackcon, county of Mississippi, bounded
by Mobile countv in Alabama E ; by the
gulf of Mexico S ; Hancock SW ; .and by
Perrv and Greene counties in Mississippi
N. Length 42 ; mean width 30 ; area 1250
squai-e miles. Surface fiat in the south ;
and hilly in the middle and northern parts.
Soil generally sterile, and covered with
pine timber. Some good land, however,
lies along the Pascagoula and its branches,
which intersect this county, flowing from
the XW, N and NE.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 712
do. do. females ... 588
Total whites - - - 1,300
Free persons of colour, males . 29
do. do. females 32
Slaves, males .... 148
do. females . - - . 173
Total population in 1820 - - 1,682
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - 452
do. in Manufactures - 11
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 1^.
Jacksoji, town.sbip of Lebanon county*
Pennsylvania, on both sides of Tulpeho*
ock en creek, six miles E from Lebanon, and
on the dividing line between Lebanon,
and Berks counties. Population in 1820,
1748.
Jack-sonsLur^, small post town, in the
eastern part of Wayne township, Butler
county, Ohio, eigRt miles N from Hamil-
ton.
Jackson borough, Colleton district, Soiitli
J A !•>
.i A M
lyaroiina, on \he right bank of Edisto river,
34 miles W from Charleston.
Jacksonboroug'/i, Scriven county, Georgia
on the point between liriar creek and
Beaver-dam creek, about 70 miles NW
from Savannah.
Jackso7isburg , post town and seat of jus-
tice, Campbell county, East Tennessee, 50
miles NE by N from Knoxville.
Jacksons-jMUls, post office, Harrison
county, Virginia.
Jacksons river, rises in the S angle of
Pendleton county, Virginia, and flowing
SSW enters Bath county, through which
it meanders by comparative courses about
50 miles, and turning abruptly to NE joins
JJowpasture river, and together forms
James river.
Jackson town, post village, Jackson
county, Tennessee.
Jacksonville^ settlement or town, in Vio-
let township, Fairfield county, Ohio, 18
miles from Lancaster, on the road from
that town to Delaware.
Jacksonville, or Telfairton, post village
and seat of justice, Telfair county, Georgia,
near the north bank of the Ockmulgee ri-
ver, about 70 miles W from Savannah,
Jacksonville, township of Adams county,
Ohio, 20 miles E from West Union. Po-
pulation 1820, uncertain.
Jacobs creek, branch of Yough river, in
Pennsylvania.
Jacobstoxun-, township of Belmont county
Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain.
Jacques Cartier, river of Lower Canada,
rises into the intermediate space between
the river St. Anne, and Jeaune, and flowing
SW falls into the NE side of St. Lawrence
river in the SE angle of the Barony of
Portneuf.
Jacques Cartier, seigniory, Hampshire
county. Lower Canada, extending from the
N bank of St. Lawrence river, between the
seigniory of D'Auteuil, and the barony of
Portneuf, crossing the rivers Jacques Car-
tier, Savonnis, and St. Anne.
Jacn, strong and handsome town of
Spain, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see,
and a castle. It is seated in a country pro-
ducing excellent fruits, and very fine silk,
at the foot of a mountain, 15 miles SW of
Bueza. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 37 38 N.
Jae7i, provmce of Spain in the E part of
Andaluzia, bounded yv by Cordova ; S by
Granada ; E by iMurcia, and Granada, and
N by La Mancha. Area 4730 square miles.
Population about 210,000. Jean is tlie ca-
pital. Staples, wine, oil, silk and corn.
Jaen de Bracamoros, province of Colom-
bia in Quito, bounded N by Loja and Quix-
os; E by Mainas, and S and W by Peru.
Population 13,000. See Cohmbin.
Jaen, city of Colombia, in the province of
Jaen, about 300 miles S from Quito. Lon.
"W 01 30 W, ht. 5 25 S.
Jajj'a, town of Palestine, formerly called
Joppa, and entirely fallen from its ancient
grandeur. It is 50 miles NW of Jerusalem.
Lon. 35 0 E, lat. 32 16 N.
Jafiiupatam, seaport of Ceylon, whence
are exported great quantities of tobacco,
and some elephants, wiiich are accounted
the most docile of any in the world. The
Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 1658 ;
and it was taken by the English in 1795,
It stands at the N end of the island, 100
miles N of Candy. Lon. 80 10 E, lat. 9
45 N.
Jaffrey, post town in Cheshire county.
New Hampshire, lying near the boundary
line between this State and Massachusetts,
about 70 miles SW of Portsmouth, and 25
eastward of Connecticut river. Popula-
tion 1820, 1339. Great Monadnock moun-
tain is in this township.
Jagamaut, town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Orissa. Here is a famous pa-
goda, one of the first objects of Hindoo
veneration, and an excellent seamark. it
stands on the bay of Bengal, 48 miles S of
Cattack. "Lon. 86 6 E, lat. 19 50 N.
Jaffenidorf, town and castle of Silesia,
capital of a province of the same name ;
seated on the Oppa, 13 miles NW of Trap-
pan. Lon. 17 44 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Jaghire, district of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, subject to the English East India
Company. It extends 101 miles along the
coast, from Alemparve on the S, to Lake
Pullicate on the N, and is 47 miles inland in
the widest part. Madras is the chief place,
Jago, St. largest and most fertile of the
Cape Verd Islands, 10 miles long and five
broad. It abounds with high barren
mountains ; and the air, in the rainy sea-
son, is unwholesome to strangers. The
animals are beeves, horses, asses, mules,
deer, goats, hogs, civet-cats and monkeys.
Here are fowls and birds of almost all
sorts ; and maize, plantains, bananas, poni-
pions, oranges,, lemons, tamarinds, pine-
apples, cocoa-mits, guavas, tar, apples and
sugar-canes. It has also some cedar-trees,
and plenty of cotton. Ribeira Grande is
the capital, but the governor resides at
Porto Praya.
Jago, 5'^ capital of Chili, and a bishop's
see, with a good harbour, and a royal audi-
ence. Beside the cathedral, there are
three parish churches, and eight monaste-
ries. The inhabitants, about 40,000, are
native Americans and Spaniards. Here are
several canals, and a dyke, by means of
which they water the gardens and cool the
streets. It is seated in a beautiful plain, at
the foot of the Andes, on the river Mapo-
cho. Lon. 71 45 W, lat. 34 10 S.
Jagode-Cnba, St. formerly capital of the
island of Cuba. Lon. W C 1 28 E, lat. 20
15 N.
Jamaica, island of the West Indies, dis<
445
.1 A M
.( A M
covered by Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30
leagues W of St. Domingo, nearly the
same distance S of Cuba, and is of an oval
figure, 170 miles long and 60 broad, con-
taining 4,080,000 acres. A ridge >f hills
runs lengthwise from E to W, whence nu-
merous rivers t^ke their rise on both sides ;
and though none of them are navigable,
even for barges, yet the sugars are carried
upon many ol" them in canoes, from the re-
mote plantations to the seaside ; some of
them run under ground for a considerable
space, particularly the Cobre and Pedra.
The year is distinguished into two seasons,
the wet and dry ; but the rains are not so
frequent as formerly, which is supposed to
be owing to the cutting down of the woods.
About nine in the morning it is so intoler-
ably hot, that it would be difficult to live,
if the easterly breeze did not arise to cool
the air. Sometimes the nights are pretty
cool, and there are great dews, which are
deemed unwholesome, especially to new
comers. The months of July, August and
September, are called the hurricane
months, because then they are me most
frequent : and there is lightning almost
every night. The central mountains of
Jamaica rise in some of their peaks to 7430
feet above the level of the Ocean. The
seasons partake of the variety of elevation.
The southern slope of the island spreads
into immense plains, generally covered
with sugar cane. The whole cultivated
surface of the island, amounts to about
1,000,000 of acres The government of
Jamaica is a true British colonic establish-
ment, vested in a governor, appointed and
only amenable to the crown ; a council
composed of 12 members whose powers
emanate from the same source with those
of the governor ; and a house of assembly
composed of 43 members who are elected
bv, and represent the freeholders.
' The general produce of this island
is sugar, rum, molasses, ginger, cotton,
indigo, pimenta, cocoa, coffee, several
kinds of woods, and medicinal drugs. It
has some tobacco, but not good, and used
only by the negroes, who can scarcely live
\yithout it; also maize, Guinea corn, and
peas of various kinds, with variety of roots.
Fruits are in great plenty, such as oran-
ges, lemons, shaddocks, citrons, pomegra-
nates, ])ine-apples, prickly pears, melons,
pompions, guavas and many other sorts.
The principal town is Kingston ; but St.
Jago de la Vega, or Spanish town, is the
seat of government. Progressive popula-
tion of Jamaica.
1746.
Whites .... 10,000
Slaves .... 112,428
1812,
Whites and free coloured persons 40,000
Slaves . - . . 319,912
446
Jamaica, township of Windham county,
Vermont, 35 miles SW from Windsor. Po-
pulation about 1000.
Jamaica, fine post village of New York,
Queens county. Long Island, 13 miles E
from New York. Population of the town-
ship, about 2500 The village contains an
academy, and three or four places of pub-
lic wor-hip.
Jamana, capital of a principality in Ara-
bia Felix, seated on the river Astan, 150
miles W of Eleatif.
Jamba, city of the Hither India, and the
capital of a province of the same name.
Lon. 81 55 E, lat. 31 21 N.
Jumboli, territory of Turkey, in Europe,
lying on the Archipelago.
Jambi, or Jambis, seaport and small
kingdom on the E coast of the island of
Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here,
and export pepper hence, with the best
sort of canes. It is 160 miles N of Ben-
coolen. Lon. 102 35 E, lat. 0 59 N.
James Bay, the southern extension of the
sea of Hudson, or Hudson's bay. It abounds
with islands of various extent, and reaches
as far south as lat. 52 N, receiving a num-
ber of rivers, some of which are of great
length and magnitude, the principal are
Albany, Moose, Hurricane, and East
Maine.
James City, county of Mrginia, between
York and James iver, and bounded by War-
wick SE ; James river and Chickihominy
river SW; New Kent NVV; and York ri-
ver and York county NE. Length 23 ;
mean width about 8 ; and area 184. Sur-
face I'ather waving than hilly. Soil gene-
rally sterile. Chief town, Williamsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free whitts, males - - 686
do. do. females - - 668
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed ... - 420
Slaves - - - - - 2,320
Total population in 1810 - - 4,094
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 511
do. do, females 506
Total whites .... 1,017
Free persons of colour, males - 218
do. do. females - 249
Slaves, males ... 888
do- females ... 789
Total population in 1820 - - 3,161
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,144
do. in Manufactures - - 44
do. in Commerce - - 1
Population to the square mile. 17,
J A U
JAM
James citij, post town, Madison county,
Virginia.
James, island on the coast of South Ca-
rolina, between Stono river, and Charleston
harbour.
James Island, island of Africa, 30 miles
up the river Gambia, and three miles from
its nearest shore. Here the English have
a fort and factory. Lon. 16.0 \V, lat. 13
15 N.
James Toivii, ancient town in James City
county, Virginia, planted as early as 1607,
and made the seat of colonial government ;
it is situated on the N bank of James river,
in lat, 37 9 N, and lon. 74 10 W, at the
distance of eight miles S from Williams-
burg, and 32 SE from Richmond. It is
now in ruins.
Jumes river, river of Virginia, is formed
from two branches, Jacksons river, and
Cowpasture river, both rising in Bath and
Penf'leUm counties, and uniting in the
northern angle of Bottetourt county. It
thence flows by comparative courses SSE
35 miles to Patonsburg, where it turns to
ENE 20 miles to the foot of the Blue ridge,
in Rockbridge county, and receivmg from
the north a large accession of vater, by
the Great Calfpasture river, turns to SE
and pierces the mountain, at lat. 37 35, and
Ion. W C 2 30 W. From i",s passage
through the Blue Ridge, tiiis noble stream,
with many partial windings, but a general
comparative course of a little souih of east,
270 miles unites with Chesapeak bay be-
tween Old Point Comfort and Lynhaven
bay. Itsmou'h between Hampton and the
mouths of Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers,
is known by the name of Hampton Roads.
The tide flows up James river to the
first falls at Richmond. Ships of the line
of the largest class can enter its mouth
Vessels of 40 guns can be iiavigited to
James town, and those of 250 tons to War-
wick, smaller vessels of 125 or 130 tons as-
cend to Rockets about one mile below
Richmond. A canal cut around the falls
or rapids, opens a boat navigation 230
miles still higher.
The Board of Public Works in Virginia,
have given many statements of the utility,
and suggested the practicability of a canal
connexion between James and Ohio rivers.
In order to enable the reader to form his
own 'opinion on this interesting subject,
from correct data, the following geographi
cal notice and table are subjoined. It will
be perceived from the table, that to con-
nect James and Kenhiiwa rivers, two
routes are proposed ; one by Jacksons and
Greenbriar rivers ; and another by Craigs
creek branch of James river, and by Sink-
ing creek branch of Kenhavva.
Mr. Briggs, in a communication to the
board of works, through Mr. Pe\'ton, its
SMretary, has given the genera! levels ef
the sources of Craig's creek, that branch of
James river which interlocks with Sinking
creek branch of Kenhawa, in the great val-
ley SW of the Blue Ridge. These ele-
ments are of the utmost consequence in
forming a correct idea of the country over
which canals are designed to be drawn, to
unite James and Kenhawa rivers. The fol-
lowing short geographical description will
serve to inform the reader of the locality
of the two creeks so particularly noticed
in the annexed table.
Craig's creek is formed by two branches,
John's creek, and Crai.g's creek proper,
both rising in Giles county, in Virginia, at
N lat. 37 20 and 3 30 W lon. from W C.
Both branches flow northeast into Bote-
tourt county, in which they unite, and fall
into James river, about 15 miles belov^ the
junction of Jackson's and Cowpasiures
rivers, after a comparative course of 40
miles.
Sinking creek rises between Pond and
Walker's mountains, and between John's
and Craig's creeks, in Giles county, flows
southwest 25 miles, and falls into Great
Kenhawa, at N lat. 37 17, and W lon. 3 42
from W C.
Miles. Perches, Above
tide,feet,
James river at the mouth
of Craig's creek - 925
To the mouth of John's
creek, following the
bends of the watercourse 48 300 270
Highest spring tributary to
Craig's creejt - - 8 266 2398
To the lowest point on the
dividing ridge - - - 0 116 2551
To the nearest stream tri-
butary to Sinking creek 0 98 2509
To the mouth of "-inking
creek - - - 34 51 1585
Following James river up
to the mouth of Jack-
son's river, and thence
to the mouth of Bish-
op's creek, dividing Bath
from Botetourt county,
the point of junction be-
tween Jackson's river'
and Duid.ip's creek was
found to be - - 1238
Thence to the lowest point
on the dividing ridge 16 69 2478
To the mouth of Howard's
creek into Greenbriar ri-
ver, near Levvisburg, in
Greenbriar county - 12 00 1640
From the mouth of Sink-
ing creek to that of
Greenbriar river, is 55
jniles, and from the
mouth of Howard's
creek to that of Green-
briar river, 50 miles.
U7
A iV
Elevation of mouth of J/. P. Ft.
Greenbriar - - 1333
To Bowyer's Ferry - 46 130 930
Kenhawa at the foot of the
Great Falls - - 20 240 589
Ohio river at the mouth of
Kenhawa - - 94 000 481
The reacter, from a comparison of the
relative elevations of any given route hi-
therto rendered navigable by canals, can
easily determine the probability of effect-
ing such an object, by either of the above
routes, through the Appalachian ridges.
Jameslo-im, township of Newport county.
Long Island, embracing and commensur-
ate with Convenient island. Population in
1820, 448. Beaver tail lighthouse is at the
S end of the island.
Jamestown, town of Chatauque county.
New York. Population in 1820, uncertain.
Jamestown, post town, Prince Edward
county, Virginia.
Jamesto-itni, small town or village, in Sil-
ver creek township. Green county, Ohio,
containing one store.
Jamestow7i, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Leitrim, seated on the Shannon,
five miles S by E of Carrick, and 73 NW
of Dublin. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 53 51 N,
Jamestown, town of Barbadoes, in the W
side of the island.
Jamesville, post village in Manlius town-
ship, Onondago county, J^ew York, 4 miles
E from Onandago Hollow.
Jamesville, post village, Clarendon dis-
trict, South Carolina. *
Jamtland, province of Sweden, bordering
on Norway, nearly of a circular form, about
70 miles in length, and 60 in breadth, an-
nexed to the crown of Sweden by the trea-
ty of Roschild, in 1658. It is in general
mountainous. The eastern part is a cham-
paign country, watered wiih several lakes
and rivers, which abound with fish. The
country produces excellent oats, and
abounds in good turnips. It contains alum
quarries, sandstone, slate, the lapis ollarius,
fine rock crystals, lead ore, two new built
copper-works, and a place where salt-petre
is refined. The inhabitants subsist by agri-
culture, grazing, hunting, and fishing. They
also carry on a considerable trade with the
Norwegians.
Janeiro, province of Brazil, bounded by
the Atlantic Ocean E, SE, and S ; St.
Paul's SW, and Minas Geraes N\V. Length
380 ; mean width 100, and area 380,000
square miles. The tropical latitude and
exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, renders
this fine province capable of producing
most of the vegetable staples of highest
value. Sugar is its chief production.
Janeiro is its capital city.
Janeiro, Rio I)e, city of Brazil, and capi-
t;d of the province of the same name,
s'ands at the head of a large bav or basin,
448
surrounded by lofty mountains. The
opening of the harbor to the Ocean is about
one mile wide, and is defended by fort
Satita Cruz, built upon an immense mass of
granitic rocks. The city rises like the
steps or seats in an amphitheatre, and the
houses built of stone along straight and
well paved streets, produces a fine effect
from the wafer. It is the mart of an im-
menie and increasing inland trade. Popu-
lation above 100,000. Lon. W C 35 E.
Lat. 22 56 S.
Janna, province of Turkey in Europe,
bounded on the N by Macedonia, on the
S by Livadia. on the W by Albania, and
on the E by Archipelago. It is the Thes-
saly of the ancients, and Larissa is the
capital.
Janna, town of Turkey in Europe, in a
province of the same name. It is 62 miles
W of Larissa. Lon. 21 36 E, lat. 39 48 N.
Janikale, Janikaleli, or Jenikale, town,
seaport, and fortress of Russia, in Taurida,
and in the straits of Tarnan. It commands
the p.issage from the Euxine, or Black
Sea, into the sea of Azoph. Lon. 36 25 E,
lat. 45 21 N.
Janowitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Kaushim, famous for a battle between
the Swedes and Imperialists in 1645, when
the latter were defeated. It is 48 miles
SE of Prague. Lon. 15 38 E, lat. 49 45 N.
Jao-tcheou-fou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiang-si, seated on the river Po,
which, at a small distance, enters the lake
Po-yang.
Japan Islands, of Asia, between 30 and
40 N lat. and between 130 and 144 E lon.
the largest of which is called Japan, and
sometimes Niphon, and gives its name lo
all the rest, being 600 miles in length, and
from 100 to 150 in bieadth. Its capital is
Jeddo. The second island in magnitude is
called Sacock, or more correctly Sikokf,
and separated from the former only by a
very narrow channel. It is about 500
miles in circuit, and its capital is called
Bougo. — The third in magnitude is called
Kiusu and these are surrounded by a great
number of smaller. The whole group
averages about 90,000 sqtisre miles and is
peopled by at least 30,000,000 of inhabit-
ants. It is the most exclusive and detach-
ed of all t!~.e civilized nations of the *rbrld.
INhich has been said, and it is probable
little correctly understood in Europe re-
specting the government, religion, internal
policy, and manners of this great nation.
A secular and Hierarchical emperor have
been named, presenting a striking resem-
blance to Europe during the middle ages,
and to Mahometan Asia, during die decline
of the Califale, and aflordinga similar intri-
cacy to bewilder, and perplex foreigners,
and fill their observations with fable and
absurdity. ♦
J A S
Accordin.£f to Galownin the latest'Euro-
pean authority, the Japanese are remarka-
ble for, order, intelligence and temperance
and the country for its culture, and neat
appearance. A prudent jealousy of Euro-
peans has saved Japan from the fate of
Ilindoostan, and mortifications of China.
The country produces in itself nearly all
the luxuries and all the necessaries of hu-
man life.
Japara, seaport on tlie N coast of the
island of Java, with a good liarbour. It was
the capital of a considerable kingdom, till
the Dutch made themselves masters of it ;
and now they have a colony here, and a con-
siderable trade. It is 253 miles E by S of
Batavia. Lon. 110 45 E, lat. 6 20 S.
Jaquemel, town of St. Domingo, on a bay
of its name, on the S coast, 32 miles SSW
of Port au Prince. See Jacquemel.
Jaques, river of the United States, falls
into Missouri from the N about lat. 43 N.
Jargeau, town of France, in the depart-
ment ofLoiret. It was taken by the Eng-
lish in 1438, and retaken by Joan of Arc
the next year. It is seated near the Loire,
10 miles ESE of Orleans.
Jarlsberg, town of Norway, capital of a
district abounding in mines, in the diocess
of Aggerhuys, five miles N of Tonsberg.
Jarnac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Charente. Near this place the
duke of Anjou, afterward Henry III., ob-
tained a victory over the Huguenots, in
1569. it is seated on the Charente, 20
miles W of xVngoulesme.
Jaromitz, town of Bohemia, sealed on the
Elbe, nine miles N ofKonigingiatz.
Jaron, town of Persia, in Farsistan, ce-
lebrated for abundance of palm-trees and
their excellent fruit. It is 95 miles S by E
ofShiras. Lon. 53 10 E, lat. 28 15 N.
Jaroslau, town of Poland, in Hed Rus-
sia, with a strong citadel. A battle was
gained here by ilie Swedes, in 1656, after
which they took the town. It is included
in the kingdom of Galicia, and seated on
the Seine, 55 miles AV of Lemberg. Lon.
22 43 E, lat. 50 4 N.
Joroslauf, government of Ilussla, former-
ly a province of the government of Mos-
cow. It is 160 miles in length, and from
50 to 110 in breadth. The capital is of the
saiive name, and a large commercial place,
with numerous manufactures ; seated on
the Volga, 145 miles NNE of Moscow.
Lon. 39 50 E, lat. 57 35 N.
Jaseniiz, town of Hither Pomerania,
seated on the Oder, eight miles N of Stet-
tin.
Jasper, county of Georgia, bounded by
Jones S ; Henry and Newton W ; Walton
N ; Morgan NE ; and Putnam E. Length
25; mean width 18 ; and area 450. Tliis
county lies along the east side of the Oak-
inulcpc liver, and was justlv named in ho>
2 L "
J A,V
nour" of sergeant Jasper, who replaced the
U. S. flag on the parapet of fort Moultrie
at Charleston, when shot off by a British
cannon, in the attack made by Sir Peter
Parker.
Population in 1820.
Free white males _ - . 4,828
do. do. females - - - 3,258
Total whites
2,086
Free persons of colour, males
22
do. do. females
12
Slaves, males . . . -
2,767
do. females
2,727
Total population in 1820 - - 14,614
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture -. 5,021
do. in Manufactures - 261
do. . in Commerce - - 42
Population to the square mile 32|.
Jasqne, town of Persia, in the province
of Mecran, which gives name to a cape in
the gulf of Ormus. Lon. 57 4 E, lat. 25
40 N.
Jassy, city of European Turkey, capital
of Moldavia, and an archbishop's see. In
1753, it was destroyed by fire ; but is now
a well fortified place, defended by a cas-
tle. The inhabitants are estimated at
12,000. It has been several times taken in
the wars between the Turks and the Rus-
sians or Austrians. It is seated on the
Prutli, 170 miles NNE of Bucharest. Lon.
27 30 E, lat. 47 8 N.
Java, island of the E.Indies, lying to the
S of Borneo, and separated at its W end
from Sumatra, by the strait of Sunda. It
is sometimes called Great Javj, to distin-
guish it from Bah, by some named Little
Java ; and is 420 miles in length, and of
various breadth, extending from 105 to 118
E lon. and 6 to 8 S lat. The land is low,
and in some places marshy, near the shore,
which renders the air unhealthfid ; but it
rises in a gradual slope lowaid the interior
of the country, admitting in its ascent eve-
ry variety of situatic n and vfrdure. The
N coast has a great many commodious
creeks, bays, harbour.s and towns, with
m;iny little islands near the shore. This
i sland has very high mountains, particular-
ly the Pepper mountain on the S side ; it
has likewise impassable fort sts and wilder-
nesses, but to the N, between Batavia and
Bantam, is a very populous country, i\\\} of
rice fields, and plenty of salt and pepper,
beside most sorts of fruits prop r to tiie
clmate. The serene season is frorr, May
till November ; and then the rains begin,
which lay the low grounds under water,
kill the insects, and continue till May. In
M;irch they begin to sow, and in July the
.sugar and rice begin to ripen ; butSeptem'
1:49
J E A
J K I'
ber and October are t!ie best months for
all sorts of fruits, Java has always been
considered in a high degree unhealthy,
btit this observation applies correctly only
to the sea coasts. The interior is in many
places, high, airy, temperate and healthful.
The fruii-s, grains and other vegetables of
nearly all climates are found on this island,
but their culture depends upon suitable
elevation.
Java was originally colonised by the
Dutch ; it v>as taken in 1811, by the Bri-
. tish, but has been since restored to the
king of the Netherlands.
Java-head. W end of JavH, towards the
straits of Sunda.
Java Sea, lies between Java and Bor-
neo.
Jay, post town and township, Oxford
county, Maine, 20 miles NE from Paris.
Population in 1820, 1614.
Jau, township and post village, of Or-
leans county, Vermont, about 50 miles N
from Montpelier.
Jayme, San, town of Columbia Varinas,
on the Aspuri river, 200 miles S\V from
Caracas. Lon. W C 9 E, lat. 7 50 N.
Jay point, post village, Oxford county,
Maine.
Jean, St. town of France, now in the de-
partment of Moselle, formerly in tlie pro-
vince of Lorrai-J. li is seated on the Sare,
12 miles \V of Deux-Ponts. Lon 7 12 E,
lat. 49 16 N.
Jean-cT ^ngely, town of France, now in
the department of Lower Charente, lately
in the province Saintonge. It is famous
for its brandy, and is seated on the Bou-
tonne, 15 miles NE of Saintes, and 32 SE
of Rochelle. Lon. 0 20 W, lat. 45 59 N.
Jean-de-Laune, St. town of France, now
in the department of Cote d'Or, lately in
the province of Burgundy. It is seated on
the Saone, 15 miles SE of Dijon, and 155
SE of Paris. Lon. 5 19 E, lat. 47 8 N.
Jean-de-IiUz, St. town of France, now in
the department of the Lower Pyrenees,
lately in the province of Basques. It is the
last next Spain, with a harbour, and owes
its opulence to the cod and whale fishery.
It is seated on a small river, near the bay
of Biscay, 10 miles NE of Fontarabia, and
12 SW of Bavonne. Lon. 40 E, lat. 43
23 N.
Jean-de-JMaurienne, town of Italy in Sa-
voy, capital of a county of the Fame name,
with a bishop's see. It is seated in a val-
ley, on the river Arc, 15 miles S by W of
Montier, and 25 NE of Grenoble. Lon, 6
20 E, lat. 45 17 N.
Jean-Pied-de Port, St. town of France,
now in the department of the Lower Pyre-
nees, late province of Lower Navarre. It
is s'^ated on the river Nive, at the entrance
•150
of those passages, or defiles, in the Pyre
nees, which in this country are called Ports,
and defended by a citadel upon an emi-
nence. It is 20 mdes SE of Bayonne, and
30 NE of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 33 E, lat. 43
12 N.
Jean Eabel, town of St. Dommgo, on the
sea coast, 12 miles NE from St. Nicholas le
Mole. Lan. \V C 3 5o E, lat. 19 55 N.
Jed, river in Roxburghshire, which joins
the Teviot, a little below Jedburgh.
Jedburgh, borough in Roxburghshire,
situated on the Jed, near its confluence
with the Teviot. It is 36 miles SE of
Edinburgh. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 55 35 N.
Jeddo, capital of all Japan, a city situated
on the NE coast of the island of Niphon.
Population 1,000,000. Lon. 140 E, lat. 36
30 N.
Jefferson, post town and township, Lin-
coln county, Maine. Population in 1820,
1577.
Jefferson, post village and township,
Coos countv, New Hampshire. Population
in 1820, 252.
Jefferson, county of New York ; bounded
by lake Ontario W ; St. Lawrence river N
\V ; St. Lawrence county NE ; Lewis coun-
ty SE, and Oswego S. Length 47 ; mean
width 25 ; and area about 1170 square
miles. Surface broken in the interior, but
level towards lake Ontario and St. Law-
rence river. The substratum generally
a shell limestone, which in many places,
particularly near Black river, and around
Sacket's Harbour approaches near the sur-
face. Soil much diversified, but generally
well calculated for the production of grain
and pasturage. Chief town, Sacket's Har-
bour.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - . 8,216
do. do. females ... 6,884
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 40
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810, - 15,140
Population in 1820.
Free white males - .. - 17,599
do. do. females - . - 15,213
Total whites .... 32,812
Free persons of colour, males - 79
do. do. females 56
Slaves, males .... 1
do. females ... 4
Total population in 1820 .
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
J B F
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do
8,90r
„.. - 1,603
do. in Commerce - - 134
Population to the square mile, 29 nearly.
Jefferson, township of Schoharie county.
New York, on the most elevated ground
between the Susquehannah and Mohawk
rivers, 50 miles SW from Albany. Popu-
lation in 18'20, 1573.
Jefferson, township of Morris county,
New Jersey. Population 1820, 1231.
Jefferson, county of Pennsylvania, bound-
ed by Armstrong and Venango W ; War-
ren N ; M'Kean NE ; Clearfield SE ; and
Indiana S. Lengtlj 46 ; mean width 26 ;
and area 1200 square miles. This county
is watered by Sandy Leek creek; Tobys
creek, and other branches of Allegany ri-
ver, the surface is hilly and broken, and
soil generally rocky, or much broken.
Some highly fertile soil skirts the streams,
but is mostly of a middhng quality.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . , . 85
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - -
75
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 303
do. do. females - - ■ 248
Total whites .... 551
Free persons of colour, males . 4
do. do. females, 6
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 561
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 18
Engaged in Agriculture - - 124
do. in Manufactures . 31
do. in Commerce . - 0
Population to the square mile, 2 nearly.
Jefferson, township of Greene county.
Pcnnsjlvania, on Monongahela river, above
and along Ten Mile creek, 22 miles SE
from Washington. Population in 1820,
1158,
Jefferson, county of Virginia bounded by
the Potomac river, NE ; by the Blue
Ridge or I.oudon county, SE ; Frederick
SW ; and Berkley W and NW. Length
20 ; mean width 15, and area 300 square
miles. This county limited on the NW by
the Opequan river ; on the NE by the Po-
tomac ; and traversed towards the Blue
Ridge by the Shenandoah, and lying in the
Great Limestone vallev is one of the most
J E F
productive grain and fruit counties of Vir-
ginia. Its surface is pleasantly variegated
by hill, and dale, and well watered.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - .
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . . _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females - . .
Total population in 1 820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
^ Engaged in Agriculture
^ do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
^^^ Population to the square mile, 43.
4,196
3,771
3,532
11,851
4,510
4,197
89
4,6j0
880
71
Jefferson, county of Georgia, bounded
by Emanuel S ; Washington W ; Warren
NW ; ColuiTibia N ; Richmond NE ; and
Burke E. Length 33 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 660 square miles. It is traversed
by tlie main stream, and drain-d by seve-
ral branches of O^^echee river. Surface
uiKlulating, and soil sandy. Chief town,
Louisville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
1,893
do. do. females - - -
1,853
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
29
Slaves .....
2,336
Total population in 1810
6.111
Population in 1S20.
P'ree white males
do. do. females
All other persons
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do, females
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
451
2,010
1,922
3,934
15
13
1,571
1,525
7,056
J E ¥
J E r
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,542
do. in Manufactures - 85
do. in Commerce - 38
Population to the squ^i-e mile IO5.
Jefferson, post town and seat of justice
in Can-ibden county, Georg-ia, on the right
bank of the Great St. lUa, 50 niilts SW
from Darien, and 25 NW from St. Marys.
Jefferson, post town and seat of justice,
Jackson county, Georgia, on one of the
head branches of Oconee river ; 80 miles
N from Milledgeville, and 20 NW from
Athens.
Jefferson, county of Alabama, bounded S
by Tuscaloosa ; SW by Pickens ; NW by
Marion ; N by Blount ; NE by St. Clair ;
and SE by Shelby. Length 46 ; mean
width 30 ; and area 13S0 square miles. It
is traversed by the main stream of the
Tuscaloosa. Chief town, Elyton. This
county is not embraced by the census of
1820.
Jefferson, county of Mississippi, on the
Mississippi river, bounded by that stream
NW ; by Claiborne N ; uncertain on the
E ; by Franklm S ; and Atlams SW ;
iengtli 30 ; breadth 18 ; area 540 square
miles. Besides the Missi-^slppi river, this
county is v/atered principally by Fa rchilds
and Coles creeks, in the centre, and by the
sources of Homochitto river, and Bayou
Pierre, towards its eastern extremity, It
is bounded along the Mississippi by a sel-
vedge of low and perfectly level land. Tliis
flat is followed at a distance of from one to
four or five miles by what is known as the
I^Iississippi blulFs. With the blufls com-
mences a surface generally moderately
hilly, and covered by a very dense forest
which continues to the utmost eastern li-
mits of the county. The soil of the Mis-
sissippi below the bluflfs a deep and highly
fertile loam, but mostly subject to annual
inundation. The soil of the bluffs, and ge-
nerally on the waters of Coles and Fair-
childs creeks, the soil is highly productive,
but gradually deteriorates towards the
branches of Homochitto and Bayou Pierre,
and terminates in open pine woods, with
a sterile soil. Staple cotton. Chief town,
Greenville.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 1,250
do. do. females - - 939
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 20
Slaves ..... 1,792
Total population in 1810 4,001
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,157
do. do. females ... 1,297
Total whites - - - . 3,154
Free persons of colour, males - 14
452
Free persons of colour, females ly
Slaves, males ... - 2,032
do. females . . - - 1,603
Total popvdation in 1820 - - 6,822
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture - - 746
do. in Manufactures - 84
do. in Commerce - - 23
Population to the square mile, 12^.
Jefferson, county of East Tennessee,
bounded by Sevier SW ; llolston river N
W ; Gr.imger county N ; Hawkins NE ;
Greene E, and Cocke SE. Length 30 ;
mean width 12 ; and area 360 square miles.
I'his county is traversed by Nolachucky,
and bounded by Holstun river, and contains
mucli good soil. Chiet town, Dandridge.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,304
do. do females - - 3,148
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 74
Slaves 783
Total population in 1810
7,309
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females -
4,045
3,985
Total whites ....
I"ree persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
8,030
18
13
453
439
8,953
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,395
do. in Manufactures • 215
do. in Commerce - - 18
Population to the square mile, 25.
Jefferson, post town, Rutherford county,
Tennessee.
Jefferson, county of Kentucky, bounded
by Ohio river W and NW ; Henry NE ;
Shelby E, and Bullitt S. Length 28;
mean width IS^ ; and area about 520 square
miles. This country is remarkable from
lying- opposite to the Ohio rapids. The
surface is waving, though not hilly. Soil
highly productive. Chief town, Louis-
ville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,705
do. do. females - - 4,233
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 114
Slaves . . - - - 4,347
J E I
J E F
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
All other persons
13,399
7,510
6,155
Total whites .... 13,667"
Free persons of colour, males - 123
do. do. females 92
Slaves, males . - . 3,630
do. females . - - 3,256
Total population in 1820
20,768
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 190
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,850
do. in Manufactures - 1,080
do. in Commerce - - 247
Population to the square mile, 40.
Jqferson, eastern county, Ohio, bounded
N by Columbiana county, E by the Ohio
river, S by Belmont, and W by Harrison.
It is 27 miles long from N to S, and 20
broad from the Ohio river westvvardly, and
contains about 500 square miles. The
principal waters are Yellow creek, Cross
creek and Short creek, beside Ohio river.
The soil is generally very fertile, and the
climate healthy. Chief town, Steuben-
ville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 8,778
do. do. females^ - - 8,358
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 124
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
17,260
9,462
8,852
the shore of lake Erie, 55 miles N from
Warren. The village is at lat. 41 45 N.
Population of the township in 1820, 150.
Jefferson, township of Guernsey county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 349.
Jefferson, township in the northern bor-
der of Muskingum county, on the right
side of Muskingum river. Population in
1820, 829.
Jefferson, eastern township of Franklin
county. Population in 1820, 559.
Jefferson, SE township of Ross county,
Ohio, on Sciota river. Population in 1807,
1407.
Jefferson, post town of Pickaway county,
Ohio, in Pickaway Plains on Sciota river,
28 miles below Columbus, 3 below Circle-
ville, and 16 above Chillicothe.
Jefferson, eastern township of Madison
county, Ohio, on Little Darby creek.
Population in 1820, 345.
Jefferson, township of Logan county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1169.
Jefferson, NW township of Fayette coun-
ty. Pepulation in 1820, 892.
Jefferson, northern township of Sciota
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 469,
Jefferson, township of Adams county,
Ohio. Population In 1820, 916.
Jefferson, NW township of Preble ccun-
U', Ohio. Population in 1820, 876.
Jefferson, one of the central townships of
Montgomery county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 1339.
Jefferson, countv of Indiana, bounded by
Ohio river SE ; Clarke SW ; Scott W j Jen-
nings NW ; Ripley N, and Switzerland NE.
Length 25 ; mean width 15 ; area about
360 square miles. Surface hilly and soil
fertile. Chief town, Madison.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,134
do. do. females - 3,792
Total whites - - - 18,314
Free persons of colour, males 105
do. do. females, 112
Slaves, males ... 0
do. females - _ - 0
18.531
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 209
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,519
do. in Manufactures - 1,235
do. in Commerce - 49
Population to the square mile, 37.
Jefferson, post town, township, and seat
of justice, Ashtabula county, Ohio. It
contains a brick court house of 40 by 50
feet area, and a school house. It is situa-
ted on Mill's creek, about 10 miles from
Total whites .... 7,926
Free persons of colour, males - 54
do. do. females - 58
Slaves, males - . - . 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - 8,038
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 153
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,452
do. in Manufactures - - 271
do. in Commerce - - 27
Population to the square mile, 22.
Jefferson, county of Illinois, bounded by,
Franklin S ; Randolph SW ; Washington
W ; Bond NW ; Crawford N ; Wayne E,
and White SE. Length 35; breadth 34;
and area 970 square miles. Surtiace rather
level
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 387
453
J K F
.1 E N
Free white females - - 302
Total whites ... 689
Free persons of colour, males 1
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males _ . _ o
do. females - _ - 1
Total population in 1820 - 691
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - 191
do. in Manufactures - 5
do. in Commerce - C
Population to the square mile ^.
Jefferson, county of Missouri, bounded
by the Mississippi river E ; St. Genevieve,
and Washinjjtn counties S ; Franklin W,
and NVV, and Merrimac river, or St. Louis
county N. Lengtli 30 ; width 25 ; and area
about 650 square miles Surface considera-
bly broken, and soil except partially rather
stei'ile. Chief town, Herculaneum.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 867
do. do. females - - 753
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820
1,620
2
1
\lf
95
1,835
5
555
49
18
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 3.
Jefferson river, N W branch of Missouri,
ioins Madisons river, at lat. 45 N, Ion. WC
*30 45 W, and forms the Missouri. A short
distance below their junction Gallatins ri-
ver enters the united stream from the
BE.
Jefferson, town of Pike county, Missouri,
on the left bank of Missouri river, about 20
miles above the mouth of the Ossage river
Jeffersonton, post village, Culpepper
county, Virginia, on the S side of Hedge-
mans river, 50 miles SW by W from Wash-
ington.
Jeffersovtcn, post village, Ash county.
North Carolina, on a branch of New River,
30 miles SE from Abingdon in Virginia,
and 45 miles N from Morganton.
Je_ffersontoiim, post tov/n, Jefferson, coun-
ty, Kentucky, on a branch of Salt river, 15
miles SE by E from Louisville.
Jeffersonville, post town, Clarke county,
Indiana, at the head of the rapids, and
nearly opposite Louisville, Kentucky. As
454
at Louisville, pilots reside, who skllfulJy
convey boats through the rapids. Where
necessary, carts or wagons can be also
procured to transport goods by land. A
good road extends from Jeffersonville to
New Albany. This town contains about
600 inhabitants.
Jeffries-store, post office, Nottaway coun-
ty, Virginia.
Jehiul, or Joad, mountainous district in
the NVV part of Hindoostan Proper, ex-
tending from Attock, eastward to Bember.
It is inhabited by the mountaineers, called
Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares. After Ti-
mur had passed the Indus, in 1398, the
chiefs of these mountains came to make
their submission to him, as Ambisares, the
king of the same country, did to Alexan-
der, about 1730 years before.
Jekil Irmak, ancient Iris, river of Asia
Minor, failing into the Black Sea at Sam-
soun.
Jekyl, small island of Georgia, S of the
island of St. Simons.
Jempterland, province of Sweden, bound-
ed on the N by Angermania, on the E by
Medelpadia, on the S by Helsingia, and on
the W by Norway. It is full of mountains.
Jena, strong town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a university. It is seated
on the Sala, 10 miles SE of Weimar, and
25 SE of Erfort. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 51 2
N. This place has gained additional his-
torical consequence, from being the scene
of the great battle between the French and
Prussians, October 14th, 1806, which by
the defeat of the latter prostrated the
Prussian monarchy.
Jenda, great lake of Russia, in Finland.
It disciiarges its waters into the gulf of
Finland.
Jenikaleh. See Janicale.
Jenitza, ancient Pella, town of European
Turkey in iMacedonia. It is often written
and pronounced Jenidsehe Vardar. It
stands on a lake 12 miles from the head of
the gulf of Salonica, about 24 miles WNW
from the city of Salonica. Lon. 23 30 E,
lat. 40 48 N.
Jenitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Anliaul Dessau, situated on
the Muldau, two miles NE of Dessau.
Jenkinton, village in Montgomery county,
Pennsylvania, 10 miles N of Philadelphia,
on the post road to Bethlehem.
Jenner, township of Sommerset county
Pennsylvania, on the Quemahoning creek
on the road from Bedford to Greensburg
Population 1820, 1129.
Jennerville, post village, of Somerset
county, Pennsjlvania, on the road from
Bedford to Greensburg-, eight miles W
fiom Stoystowa.
Jennijigs* county of Indiana, bounded by
Jefferson NE ; Scott and Jackson SW ;
J E U
.1 E il
Delaware N W and llipley E. Length 24 ;
breadth 18 ; and area 300 squaie miles.
Surface undulating. Soil productive.
Chief town. Mount Vernnn.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,041
do. do. females - - 914
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ - -
do. females - _ -
1,955
21
24
0
0
2,000
.Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners nnt naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - - 359
do. in Manufactures - '^7
do. in Commerce - 0
Population to the square mile, 6 2-3.
Jeno, town of Upper Hungary, 20 miles
S of great Waradin, and 48 NE of Sege-
din. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 46 40 N.
- Jeremie town and cape on the N side of
the southern peninsula of the island of St.
Domingo. The two is situate on an emi-
nence, in a fertile soil, panicu'arly excel-
lent for the culture of coffee, five miles W
of St. Domingo. Lon. W C 3 05 E, lat.
18 42 N.
Jericho, town of Syria, in Pale.stine, once
a famous city. It is now called Herubi by
the Arabs, and contains oi.ly a f w vv retch-
ed huts, where some beggarly Arabs re-
side. It is five miles VV of the river Jor-
dan, and 20 E by N of Jerusalem.
Jericho, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe,
32 miles NNE of Magdeburg.
Jericho, post village and township of
Chitiendon county, A'^ermont, on Onion ri-
ver, 12 miles S from Burlington.
Jericho, post village, in Oyster Bay,
township, Queens county. New York, 30
miles E from the city of New York.
Jericho. See Bainbridge, Chenango
county, J\'ew York.
Jermah, town of the kingdom of Fezzan,
distinguished by the numerous herds of
sheep and goats that feed around it, and by
many majestic ruins, that exhibit to the in-
habitants of its clay-built cottages vestiges
of greatness to which they ire perfectly n-
different. It is 60 miles SE of Mourzook.
Jeromestown, trifling Indian settlement so
called in Wayne county, 0;iio, adjoining its
western limit ; on the road from Wooster
to Mansfield.
Jeromesville, recently laid out town, on
Jerome's creek, one mile from tlie above
described settlement, and 15 W from
Wooster.
Jersey, island in the English channel, 18
miles from the coast of Normandy in
France, and 84 S of Portland in Dorset-
shire. It is subject to the English ; but is
still governed by the ancient Norman laws.
It is 30 miles in circumference, and diffi-
cult of access, on account of the rocks,
sands, and forts erected for its defence.
The number of inhabitants is estimated at
20,000, of whom 300U bear arms.
Jersey, JVew, one of the United States of
America. See JVeto Jersey.
Jersey-Shore, post village, Lycoming
county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles above Wil-
liamsport, on the west branch of Susque-
hannah river.
Jersey- City, or Paulua Hook, post town,
Bergen county. New Jersey, on Hudson
river, opposite New York.
Jersey-town, post village, Northumber-
land county, P-nn-ylvania, on Susquehan-
iiah river, above Sunbury.
Jersey, township in the western borders
of Licking county, Ohio. Population
1820, 256.
Jerusalem, ancient and famous town of
Asia, formerly capital of Judea, after Da-
vid had conquered the J'lbusites. It was
taken bv Nebuchadnezza? in the reign of
Zedeiiiah, and the Jews were led cap'.ives
to B.»bylon. It was afterward taken by
the Rom .ns, and ruined, together witii the
Temple, 70 years after the bir.h of Christ,
after s istaining one of the most remarkable
sieges in history. The empe lor Ad;ian
built a new city near its ruins It was
taken by the Persians in 614, and by the
Sa' acens in 636 In 1099, it w>.s retaken
by the Crusaders, who founded a new
kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under
nine kings. Saladin, king of Egypt and
Syria, got poss ssion of it in llSr. The
Turks) who drove away the Saracens in
1217, have kept possession of it ever since,
and call it Hcleods, that is, the Holy City.
It is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jews,
and Ciiristians. It stands on a high rock,
with steep ascents on every side except
to the N. It is almost surrounded with
valleys encompassed with mountains, so
that it seems to stand in the middle of an
amphitheatre. It s about three miles in
circumference, and includes Mount Calva-
ry, which was formerly without the walls.
On this hill is erected a large structure,
with a round nave, which has no light but
what comes through the top, like the Pan-
theon at Home. This is called the cliurch
of the holy sepulchre: at the entrance, on
the right haul, is that place where the
body of our Saviour was laid. The tabic
»n which he was said to have been laid at
first, is two feet and a half high from the
pavement, and is now covered with white
marble, because its visiters were for all
carrying away a small bit. The chapel is
cut out of the rock, and lamps are kept
constantly burning in it. The whole is
covered v/ith white marble, both v/ithin
J E V
J O A
and without ; and on the outside there are
10 fine columns of the same. It is covered
with a platform, the middle of which is
exactly above the three holes, and forms a
small dome, six feet in height, covered
with lead, and supported by 13 columns of
porphry, placed by pairs on the platform,
and forming six arches, which have three
lamps under each. Before the gate of the
sepulchre is a silver lamp, so large, that
two men cannot fathom it. On Good Fri-
day, all the parts of our Saviour's passion
are solemnized in this church. The Ciiris-
tian pilgrims flock here from various parts,
and the inhabitants accommodate them
with lodging and provisions, which is their
chief business ; and a bashaw, with a guard
of janissaries always resides here to protect
them from the insults of the Arabs. Jeru-
salem was taken by the French under Bo-
naparte, in Feb. 1799. It is 112 miles SW
of Damascus, and 45 from the Mediterra-
nean sea. Lon. 35 26 E, lat. 31 50 N.
Jerusalem, post village and township,
Ontario county. New York, on the W side
of Seneka lake, and 38 miles NE of Bath.
This was the seat of Jemima Wilkinson,
the foundress of a religious sect, and some
of her followers. Population in 1820,
1610.
Jerusalem, village on Long Island, New
York, in Queen's county, 30 miles ESE
from New York.
Jerusalem, post town of Southamptoe
county, Virginia, situated on the N side
of the river Nottoway, 6i miles SVV of
Norfolk.
Jesi, town of Italy, in Ancona, with a
bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain,
near the river Jesi, 17 miles SW of Anco-
na, and 112 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 16 E,
lat. 43 30 N.
.^eso, group of islands on the E coast of
Asia, lying between those of Japan and tlie
Kuriles. The southernmost, called Mat-
mai, lies N of Kaiphon. It is governed,
by a tril)ulary prince, dependent on the
empire of Japan, and fortified on the side
toward the continent. It is full of woods ;
and the inhabitants, who live by fishing and
hunting, are strong, robust, savage, and
slovenly, when compared to the Japanese.
The two islands to the NE of Matmai, Ku-
nachir and Zellany, and likewise the three
still further to tlie NE, c.tHed tlie three
Sisters, are perfectly independent. The
Japanese give the name of Jeso to the
whole chain of islands between Japan and
Kamschatka. See Kuriles.
Jessamiue, county of Kentucky ; bounded
SE, S, and SW by Kentucky river; NW
by Woodford, and NE by Fayette. Length
14; breadth 12 ; and area 170 square miles.
The surface of this county may be con-
sidered level, and s«il generally first rate
fjualitv. Nicliolasville its chief ty^vn, stands
456
nearly in the centre, about 85 miles almost
due south from Cincinnati.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,072
do. do. females - . - 2,786
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 36
Slaves 2,483
Total population in 1810
8,377
Population in 1820.
Free white males
.
3,353
do. do. females
" *
3,042
Total whites
6,395
Free persons of colour,
males -
63
do. do.
females
37
Slaves, males
-
1,426
do. females
-
1,376
Total population in 1820
9,297
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,013
do. in Manufactures - 44
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to the square mile, 54.
Jesselmere, town of Asia, in Hindoostan,
in the dominions of the great Mogul. Lon.
72 40 E, lat. 26 40 N.
Jessnp, post town in the eastern part of
Huron county, Ohio.
Jever, town of Germany, Westphalia,
and capital of Jeverland, with a citadel. It
is 17 miles NE of Aurick, and 30 NE of
Embden. Lon. 7 41 E, lat. 53 33 N.
Jeverlund, territory of Germany, in West-
phalia, belonging to the house of Anhalt-
Zerbst.
Jewiti's City, post village o^ Connecticut,
in New London county, 6 miles NE from
Norwich.
Jezdkast. See Yezdighnst,
Jibbel Auress, mountainous, well watered,
and fertile district of Africa, in the province
of Constantia, Regency of Algiers.
Jibbel Iskel, ancient mount Cerna, a
mountain of Tunis, about 15 miles SW
from Bizerta.
Jidda, Jitddn, or DJedda, seaport of Ara-
bia Felix, on the Red sea, in the sheriflTate
of Mecca. A very considerable trade is
carried on liere, this city being a mart be-
tween F,gyi)t and India. The ships from
Suez seldom proceed further than this
port, and those from India ave not sufifered
to advance to Suez. The English are par-
ticularly favoui-ed in the trade of this
place, as they pay only eight per cent,
dues of custom, while all others, even the
subjects of the sultan, pay ten ; and they
ar<- suffered to discharge this in goods,
v.iiiie all others must produce money,
Jidda has no fresh water, and is situated iii
J O A
J O H
a barren sandy district, 34 nilies SVV of
Mecca, of which it is the port. Lon. S9
22 E, lat. 21 29 N.
Jiffitonhonha, river of Brazil, in Mianas
Geraes. It is celebrated for the diamonds
found in its bed.
Jihon, or Gihon, ancient Oxus, river of
Asia, rising in the same mountains with the
Indus and Sihon, or Jaxartes. Its SE
sources interlock also with those of tiie
Ilindmend, ancient Etymander flowing'
into the sea of Durrah. The course of
the Jihon is generally to the NW ; com-
parative course about 900 miles. This
noble stream had formerly a communica-
tion with the Caspian, which is now impe-
ded by sand. Before the destructive influ-
ence of the Tartars, the country on the
.Tihon was flourishing and well cultivated.
The regions it drains, are amongst the
finest of central Asia.
Joachim, village of Jeflerson county, Mis-
.souri.
JoacJdmstJial, town of I>ohemia, in tlie cir-
cle of Saatz, noted for its mines and a
manufacture of lace, 15 miles N by E of
Elbogen.
Joachimsthal, town of Brandenburg, in
the Ucker mark, 31 miles NNE of Berlin.
Joanna. See Ifin:ua?i.
Joannes, one of the islands in the mouth
or Delta of the Amazon, it is about 150
miles long, and 100 miles broad, and is ex-
tremely fertile.
Joannina, capital of Albania, in European
Turkey, 70 miles W from Larissa ; 115 S
AV from Salonica, and 30 nearly E from Ba-
trinto, ancient Buthrotum in Epiros.
Population about 35,000, composed of
Greeks, Albanians, with a few Turka and
Jews. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 39 30 N. It is
situated in a mountainous, but feriile and
romantic region, and has been recenth'
rendered remarkable as bfingtlie scene of
the power, wealth, tragic adventures, and
final catastrophe of Ai; I'actia. Since the
death of this ferocious ciiief the city has
been restored to the Ottoman empire.
Joanpoiir, city of Ilindoostnn Proper,
capital of a circar of the same name, in
Benares. It is seated on the Goomty ;
and not fur from the confluence of that
river with th.e Ganges ; tlie fort of Jionpour
is a building of considerable extent, on a
high bank commanding tlie bridge over the
Goomty. It is now chiefly in ruins, al-
though, formerly, it commanded the coun-
try, from the Ganges to Eucknow. The
place, was, at one time, the seat of an em-
j)lre. Chaja Jahan, vizier to sultan Mo-
hammed Shah, during the minority of his
son, Mamood Shah, assumed the title of
sultan Sbirki, or king of the East, took pos-
session of Bahar, and fixed his residence at
Joanpour, where he built the great mussnd,
or ma'-jsnleum. which is cHl r?main;?jg, tor
3 31
himself and family. The stone bridge
over the Goomty consists of 16 pointed
arches ; and on the top of it are many little
shops on both sides. It was built in 1567,
upon such sound principles, as to have
withstood, for such a length of time, the
force of the stream, which, in the time of
the rains, is very great. The inundations
have been known to rise frequently over
the bridge, insomuch that in 1774, a brig-
ade of the British army passed over it iti
boats. Joanpour is 49 miles NW of Be-
nares. Lon. 84 7 E, lat. 25 45 N.
Jockgrlm, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lov/er Rhine, situate on an emi-
nence, near the Rhine, nine miles SE of
Landau.
Johun^eorgensindt, \.ov;n of Upper Saxo-
ny, in Misnia, celebrated for its mines and
a considerable manufacture of lace, 18 miles
SSEof Zaicka'!.
Joharinesbiirg, town of East Prussia, with
a citadel, se.ited on the river Pych, near
the lake Spirdlng, 95 miles SE of Konigs-
berg. Lon. 22 39 E, lat. 53 16 N.
Johnqnera, very ancient town of Spain,
in Catalonia, seated at the foot of the Pyre-
nees, 20 miles S of Perpignan.
John, St. one of the Philippine island.?,
E of Miudanoa. Lon. 126 39 E, lat. 9
30 N.
John, St. one of the Virgin islands, in the
West Indies, belonging to the Danes. It is
12 miles in circumference, and has a town
and spacious harbour. Lon. 65 10 W, lat.
18 10 N.
.Tohn, St. or Prince Edivard, island in the
S part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having
New Brunswick on the W, Nova Scotia on
the S, and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60
miles long and 30 broad, and fertile, with
several streams. The capital is Charlotte
town.
.Tohn, St. river which rises in the NW
pai't of .Maine, flows NE into New Bruns-
v/ick, where it soon takes a SSE course,
and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of
St. .John. It is navigable 60 miles for
sloops of 50 tons, and about 200 for boats ;
and affords a common and near route from
the province of New Brunswick to Que-
bec.
Jithn, St. city of New Brunswick, at the
mouth of St. John's river. It is a hand-
some and flourishing town. The tide rises
here 30 feet, and by its excessive rapidity
at ebb and flow, renders the harbour open
th;-oughoul the year.
Joh'i, township of Franklin county. Mis*
souri.
John's Mand, one of those islands on the
coast of South Carolina, formed by the in-
lets or diverging currents of the rivers.
John's island is formed by Stono river, and
north Bdisto inlet. The western part is
called Wadmalsu. Staple ccUon.
457
J O H
JON
Johnson, post village and township, of
Franklin countj', Vermont, on Lamoil
river, 30 miles NE from Burlington.
Johnson, county of North Carolina,
bounded bv Sampson S ; Cumberland SVV ;
Wake NW ; Xash NE, and Wayne E, and
SE. Length 32 ; mean width 20 ; and area
640 square miles. Surface undulating. It
is intersected by Neuse river from NW to
SE. Chief town, Smitiitowu Smithfield.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,273
do. do. females - - 2,236
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - , 28
Slaves - - . . . 2,330
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Afcriculture -
do. in ManuiacUires
do. in Commerce
6,86r
3,225
3,181
6,406
63
52
1,588
1,498
9,607
0
3,022
102
0
Population to the square mile, 15.
Johnson, county of Illinois, bounded by
Ohio river S ; by Alexander and Union W ;
Franklsn N, and Pope E. Length 30 ;
breadth 18 ; and area 486 square miles.
Surface hilly towards Ohio river, but be-
coming more level in the interior. Soil
fertile. Chief town, Wilkinsonville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do, females -
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . _ -
do females
Total popul.ition in 1820.
432
397
829
1
0
6
7
843
Of these ;
Foreigners not natur ilized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 178
do. in M .nufactures - - 5
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, If.
Johnson, Fort, at the entrance of Charles-
ton harbour, on James' island, Charleston
district, South Carolina.
4.>R
Johnsonsboro, post village, Sussex county,
New Jersey, 6 miles S from Newtown.
Johnston, township of Providence county,
Rhode Island, 5 miles N from Providence.
Population in 1820, 1542.
Johnston, township of Trumbull county.
Population in 1820, 327.
Johnston, Fort, of North Carolina, on the
right bank of Cape Fear river at its mouth.
Johnston^s Store, post office, Lancaster
county. South Carolina.
Johnston^ Straits, between the continent
of North America and the island of Quadra,
and Vancouva, it unites Queen Charlotte's
Sound to the gulf of Guinea. Lon. W C
46 W, lat. 50 35 N.
Johnstovin, in the township of Edwards-
burgh, Upper Canada, is situated upon the
river St. Lawrence, above the uppermost
rapids in ascending to lake Ontario, and is
a mile square. From this town vessels
may be navigated with safety to Queens-
towa, and to the ports of lake Ontario. It
is nearly opposite Ogdensburg in New
York.
Johnsto-ain, post town and seat of justice,
Montgomery county, New York. The vil-
lage is situated about four miles N from
the Mohawk, on the outer road from
Schenectady to Herkimer, 25 miles NW
by W from the former.
Johnstotun, small town in the northwest-
ern quarter of Licking county, Ohio, situa-
ted on the Middle or Raccoon fork of
Licking creek, and 17 miles NW from New-
ark, on the road leading to Delaware.
Johnstown Mills, post office, Cambria
county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of
Little Conemaugh, above the mouth of
Stony creek, and 18 miles N from Stoys-
town.
Johore, town of Malacca, in Asia. Lon.
93 55 E, lat. 1 15 N.
Joigny, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Yonne, and lately in the pro-
vince of Burgundy. Its red wines, though
not of the first quality, have a great de-
mand. It is handsomely seated on the
Yonne, 17 miles SSE of Sens. Lon. 3 36
E, lat 48 0 N.
Joinville, ancient and considerable town
of France, in the department of Upper
Marne, and lately in the province of Cham-
pagne. It is seated on the Marne, 24
miles SW of Bar-le-duc, and 125 SE of
Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 20 N.
Jolliet, seigniory, Dorchester county.
Lower Canada, on the Chaudiere, and
Echemin rivers, about 24 miles S from Que-
bec.
Jonasxdlle, post village, Allegany county,
Maryland.
Jones, county of North Carolina on Trent
river, bounded by Carteret SE ; by Onslow
and Duplin SW ; Lenori NW ; and Cra*
> en NE and F. Length 50 ; mean width
J O N
10 ; and area 300 square miles. Surface
level and soil generally either marshy or
sandy. Chief town, Trenton 22 miles W
from Newbern.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,267
do. do. females - - 1,235
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce - •"■
Population to the square mile, 17.
JoneSy county of Georgia, bounded by
Wilkinson and Twiggs SE : by Oalcmul-
gee river, or Fayette SW ; Jasper NW ;
Putnam N : and Baldwin E. Lciigth 21 ;
width 20: and area 420 square miles.
Clinton seat of justice about 22 miles SW
by W from Milledgeville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,084
do. do. females - - 2,487
4,968
1,148
1,152
2,300
82
70
1,439
1,325
5,216
0
2,055
62
50
Total whites - • 5,571
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 439
Slaves 2,587
Totalpopulationinl810, - 8,597
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5,264
do. do. females - - - 4,676
Total whites ... - 9,940
Free persons of colour, males - 49
do. do. females - 31
Slaves, males ... - 3,742
do. females ... 3,649
Total population in 1820 - 17,411
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,263
(jo. in Manufactures - 255
.T 0 Y
Engaged in Commerce - - 108
Population to the square mile, 41^.
Jonesborough, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Washington county, East Tennessee,
on Limestone creek, branch cf French
broad river, about 110 miles E from Knox-
ville.
Jonesburg, post town and seat of justice,
Union county, Illinois, 22 miles NW from
Wilkinsonville on the Ohio river.
Jones-Milh, post office, Cambria county,
Pennsylvania.
Jones-store, post village, Halifax count}--,
North Carolina.
Jonestoivn, post village, Lebanon comity,
Pennsylvania, on the pomt above the junc-
tion of the two main branches of Swatara
creek, 23 miles nearly E from Harrisburg.
Jonesville, village sfLee coun!y, Virginia,
near the N shore of Powells river, about 65
miles W from Abingdon.
Jonesville, post village, Surry county,
North Carolina.
Jonkiop'mg, town of Sweden, capital of
the province of Smoland, and seat of the
parliament, or superior court of justice for
Gothland. It is seated on the S side of
lake Wetter, with a strong citadel 50 miles
NW of Culmar. Lon. 14 46 E, lat. 57 12
Jonquieres, town of France, now in the
department of Var, and lately in the pro-
vince of Provence, 12 miles SW of Aix,
and 10 NW of Marsill. Lon. 5 10 E, lat.
43 20 N.
Jojipa. See Jaffa.
Joppa, town of Hartford counly, Mary-
land, 17 miles NE of Baltimore, and 16 SW
of Havre-de-Grace.
Jordan, river of Turkey in Asia in Pales-
tinue, which rises in Mount Libanus, and
running from N to S, forms two lakes, the
one formerly called the sea of Galilee, or
the lake of Tiberias, and the other the
Dead Sea.
Josselin, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Morbihan and lately in the
province of Bretagne, 25 miles NE of
Vannes. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 48 0 N.
Jouare, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne. and lately
in the province of the Isle of France, with
a late magnificent Benedictine abbey, 10
miles SE of Meaux, and 35 B of Paris.
Joud. See Jehitd.
Jourdans, post office, Lincoln county,
Georgia.
Jonx, Valley and Lake of. See Jura
JMnunt.
Jxian de Uloa, small rocky islet off the
harbour of Vera Cruz. On it stands a very
strong fortress, which covers the island and
commands the port.
Joi/ens, town of France, now in the de-
partment of Ardeche and lately in the
459
.? I.' A
.; u L
ptovince eir Daupliiriy, seated on tnc
Baune.
Jvan de la Frontera, St. a town of Chili,
in South America, ill the province of Chi-
quito, near the laiie Guanacho. The ter-
ritory of tiii.> town is inhabited by 20,000
naiive Americans, who are tributary to
Spain. It contains mines of gold, and a kind
almonds that are very delicate. It is seat-
ed at the foot of the Andes, 98 miles NE
of St Jago. Lon. 65 55 \V, lat. 33 25 N.
Juan de Puerto Rico, St. island of the
West Indies, 50 miles E of Hispaniola, and
usually called Porto Rico. It is 100 miles
long and 50 broad, and belongs to the
Spaniards, It is full of very high moun-
tains, and extremely fertile valleys, inter-
spersed with woods and well watered by
springs and rivulets. It pro.luces sugar,
rum, ginger, com, and fruits, partly proper
to the climate, and partly ir.y-oduced from
Spain ; and there are so many cattle, that
thej' often are killed i'or the take of the
skins alone. Here are a great number of
uncommon trees, and tlier^ is a little gold
in the N part of the island. It is common-
ly said, that the air is lieahhy, and yet, in
the reign of Queen Ehzubeth, the earl of
Cumberland, when he had taken this
island, lost most of his men by sickness,
and, on that account, was forced to aban-
don it. It is subject to storms and hurri-
canes, like the rest of these islands. The
capital is of the same name. Lon. 67 4
W, lat. 18 17 N.
Juan de Puerto Rico, St. capital of an
island of the same name, with a good har-
bour, defended by several forts It is a
bishop's see, :*Kd .seated on the N coast of
the island. Lon, 69 1 W, lat. IS 29 N.
Juaii Fernandez, ii^lard in the S Pacific
Ocean, lying in 83 VV 'imi. ar.d 33 S lat. 300
miles W of Chili It is uninhabited, but is
found ex'remely convenient to touch at
and water. Tiiere are instances of two
men living alone at different times on this
island for several years; the one a Musqui-
to Indian, the other Alexander Selkirk, a
Scotchman, who liaving been left on shore,
in this solitary place, by his captain, lived
here five years, till he was discovered by
captain Rogers, in 1709. From this re-
markable hislory, Daniel de Foe is said to
have derived the hints which gave rise to
bis celebrated production, 'I'iie Adven-
tures of Robinson Crusoe. This island is
not quite 15 miles long and about six
broad : its only safe harbour is on the N
side. It is said to have plenty of excellent
water, and to abound with a great variety
of esculent vegetables highly antiscorbu-
tic ; besides which, commodore Anson
sowed a variety of gardeii-seeds, and plant-
ed the stones of plums, apricots and
peaches, which he wa«, many years after-
wards, informed, had thriven greatly ; ^nd
-160
i.jw, doubtless iurnish a very valuable ad-
dition to the natural productions of this
spot.
.Tubo, capital of a kingdom of Africa of
the same name, subject to the Portuguese.
Lon. 43 20 E, lat. 0 50 N.
Jucalan. See Yt/cataii, Honduras and
JMerida.
Judda, seaport of Arabia Felix, with a
fort, seated on the Red Sea, 34 miles SW
of Mecca, to which it is the port. Lon. 30
22 E, lat. 21 20 N. See Jeddo.
Judenburg, considerable town of Germa-
ny, the capital of Upper Stlria, with a
handsome castle. The public buildings
with the square, are magnificent. It was
taken by the French in April 1797, and
here an armistice was settled between the
arciiduke Charles and Bonaparte. It is
seated on the Mueln, 45 miles W by N of
Gratz, and 100 SW of Vienna. Lon. 14
26 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Judith, Point, SW point at the entrance
of Narraganset bay.
Judoigne, town of the Netherlands in
South Brabant, near which the duke of
Marlborough gained that signal victory, in
1706, called the battle of Ramilies. It is
seated on the river Greete, 12 miles SE of
Louvain, and 16 N of Namur. Lon. 5 1
E, lat. 50 45 N.
Juggernaut, celebrated temple of Hin-
doo superstition, in Orisso a few miles E
from the Ohilka lake. Lon. 86 05 E, lat.
19 49 N.
Jiijui, river of South America, in the
province of Salta. It rises in the Andes at
ion. 9 E, W C, nearly under the tropic of
Capricorn, and flowing SE about 300 miles,
falls into the Kio Grande.
.Ti/jui, province of the United provinces
of Buenos Ayres ; occupying the peninsu-
la between the Juj«i and Rio Grande ri-
vers.
Jngov, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North Coast, and late province
of Bretagne, sealed on ;.he small river Ar-
qucon, 12 rniles from the English Channel,
Jugora, considerable province of Musco-
vy, depending on the government of Arch-
angel.
Julien du Sault, St. town of France in
the department of Yonnc and late province
of Burgundy, seated between two moun-
tains covered with vines, near the river
Yonne, five miles from Joigny.
Juliers, formerly duchy of Westphalia,
64 miles in length, and 36 in breadth ;
bounded on tlie N by Guelderland, on the
E by the archbishopric of Cologne, on the
S by Luxemburg and Treves, and on the
W by Limburg. It is subject to the king
of Prussia, and is remarkable for the quan-
tity of wood it produces, which is much
used in dyeing.
Jidiers, town of Gertnany, capital of ths
J U R
J U T
ibrmev diicliy of tlie same name, with a
strong citadel. It is seated on the Roer,
15 miles E of Aixla-Chapelle, and 18 W
of Cologne. Lon. 6 50 E, lat, 50 56 N.
Jidiestoim, post town, Burlington coun-
ty. New Jersey.
Judet, Momit, hill of Illinois, N from
T)es Planes river, near the mouth of the
Kankakie. Lat. 42 06 N.
Jumella, town of Spain in the province
of Murcia, 22 miles SVV of Murcia.
Jiimiege, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine and late province of
Normandy, with a late celebrated Benedic-
tine abbey. It is seated on the Seine, 12 ■*
miles S\V of Rouen, and 77 NW of Paris.
Lon. 0 55 E, lat 49 24 N.
Jummoo, or Jumbo, town of Hindoostan
Proper in the country of Lahore. It is
situated on the side of a hill by the river
Rawec. This city thougli in a decayed
state, is a mart of the first note in tiiat part
of the country ; it is 9U miles N of Lahore.
Lon. 23 16 e', lat. 32 45 N.
^ Jumnah, large river of Hindoostan Proper,
which rises to the NW of Delhi, waters
that capital as well as the city of Agra,
and joins the Ganges, 100 miles below Be-
nares.
Juniata, township of Perry county, Penn-
sylvania, on Juniata river, 20 miles from
Harrisburg. Population in 1820, 1748.
Ju7iiata, river in Pennsylvania, the prin-
cipal branches of which rise in Bedford
county. After having joined near Hun-
tingdon in Huntingdon county, the united
stream runs for the most part in an eastern
direction till it meets the Suscjuehannah,
10 miles above Harrisburg. This river
affords a channel through which the pro-
duce of the adjacent countrj' is conveyed
to a market ; either at Harrisburg, Middle-
town, Columbia, Baltimore, &c.
Junius, township of Seneca county. New
York, at the lower end of Seneca lake.
Population in 1320, 5113.
Junksilon, seaport of Asia, the principal
town of an island on the SW co.ast of Ma-
lacca. The town is situated on the N
part of the island, and has a harbour capa-
ble of receiving ships of a moderate size ;
the island is fertile, 63 miles long and
from 10 to 20 broad. Lon. 98 30 E, lat. 8
40 N.
Juntas, river of Colombia, in Quito, and
in the province of Jaen de Bracanioros,
rises in the Andes, and flowing E, receives
as its name imports, numerous branches
changes its name to Santiago, and fiiUs
into the Lauricocha, at lat. 4 30 S, lon. W
C 0 30E.
Jura, one of the Western Isles of Scot-
land, NE of Islay, supposed to be 34 miles
long and 10 broad. !t is composed princi-
pally of vast mountains quite ni<kcd, ar\d
wiiliout a possibility of cultivation ; three
of them called the paps of Jura are most
remarkable ; they are of a conic form and
stupendous height. The rest of the island
is flat, and generally covered with heath.
Jura, department of France, including
part of the late province of Franche
Comte. It contains mines of iron of a su-
perior quality, mines of copper and lead,
and many quarries of black marble, jasper,
and alabaster. It takes its name from
Mount Jura.
Jura, Mount, ch&m of mountains, which
begins in the canton of Zuric, in Swisser-
land, extends along the Rhine into the
canton of Soleure and the principality of
Neuchatel, branches out toward the Pays
de Vaud, separates that country from
France, and continues beyond the frontiers
of the Genevois as far as the Rhone. In
various parts of the Pays de Vaud, this
chain forms many elevated valleys ; of
these the most delightful is the valley of
the lake of Joux, upon the top of that part
culled Mount Joux, it is beautifully che-
quered with wood, arable, and pasture ;
and is watered by two picturesque lakes ;
the largest of which is called the lake oi
Joux, and the other, like Brenet. This
little vale is very populous, containing 3000
inhabitants ; some employed in making
watches, but the greater part in polishing
crystals, granites, and marcasites. These
parts are much infested wilii bears and
wolves. The descent from this delightful
vale, through a variety of hill, valley, wood,
and lawn, afibrds a very extensive prospect
of great part of the Pays de Vaud, the lake
of Geneva, with its mountains, and the
lake of Neuchatel. See Vosges.
JuruUo, very remarkable volcano of
Mexico, in the intendancy of Valladolid,
Lon. W C 24 10 W, lat. 19 9 N. It was
formed by an irruption in one night, be-
tween September 28th and 29th, 1759.
The irruption was preceded by shocks of
an earthquake from the month of July.
The conical summit rises to 524 feet.
Jutland, peninsula, the principal part of
Denmark, 180 miles in length, and 50 in
breadth, bounded on the SE by the duchy
of Holslein, and on the other sides by the
German Ocean and tlie Baltic. The air is
very cold, but wholesome. The soil is fer-
tile in corn and pastures, and feeds a great
nuuiber cf horses and beeves, which are
sent to Gtrmany, Holland, &.c. It was an-
cientty called Cimbrica Chersonesus, and
is supposed to be the country whence the
Saxons came, that conquered England. Ic
is divided into two parts, called N and S
Jutland ; the latter being the duchy of
Sleswick, and lies between N Jutland and
Holstein.
Jf/^jfiwr, c"tv of Hindoostan Proper, ca-
461
K A I,
K A M
pital of a territory oF the same name, and
subject f o one of the Rajpoot princes. It
was built by rajah-Jessing. It is about a
league from Ambeer the ancient capital,
now a place of great wealth and conse-
quence, being the staple for goods that are
brought from every quarter of India. It is
lo6 miles W by S of Agra. Lon. 76 9 E,
lat. 26 56 N.
Jykyl, island. See Jekyl.
K
Q^ Words that sometimes begin with K, and are not found under that letter, may
be sought for under the letter C.
Kabarda, territory of Russia, in Europe,
between the Terek, and the Caucasus
mountainSj.iind extends to the Caspian ?ea.
Kaffraria, country and people of Africa.
This country extends to the east from the
colony of the Cape of Good Hope. See
Cqffraria. The KafFres appear to be a peo-
ple essentially different from the Hotten-
tots, and Bosjesmans of south, or the Ne-
gro of central Africa. The Kaffres are re-
markable for elegance of form, and regu-
larity of feature ; though in every other
respect of the wooley family of mankind.
Kadhema, seaport of Arabia, in the pro-
vince of Bahrin. The inhabitants are
chiefly employed in the pearl fishery. It
is seated on a bay of the gulf of Persia,
170 miles N by W of Laclisa. Lon. 47 36
E, lat. 28 40 N.
Kaffungen, town and monastery of Ger-
many, in Hesse, near Cassel. Lon. 9 30
E, lat. 51 15 N.
Kalma. Sf>e Ilua.
Kairvun, city of Africa, in Tunis, capital
of a government of the same name. It is
the second city in the kingdom for trade
and population, and is 20 miles W of Susa.
Lon. 10 25 E, lat. o5 40 N.
Kaia, village of Saxony, near Lutzen,
remarkable for a battle between the
French and the Russian and Prussian
armies, May 2nd, 1813.
Kaisarich, city of Asia Minor, ancient
Cesarea, and capital of Cappadocia. Lon.
35 18 E, lat. 38 41 N.
Kalaar, town of Persia, in Chilan, with a
considerable manufacture of silk. Lon. 58
4.5 E, lat. 36 23 N.
Kaket, town of the country of Georgia,
in the province of its name, which compre-
hends a part of the ancient Iberia. It is
situate near Mount Caucasus, 45 miles NN
E of Teflis, and 120 N\V of Derbend.
Kalau, town of Lusatia, which has a
great trade in wool, 11 miles SE of Luckau.
Kalhat, town of Arabia, in the province
of Oman, on a river of the same name, at
its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 80 miles
SE of Mascat.
Kalis, town of Brandenburg, in the New
mark, near the frontiers of Poland, 37 miles
E of Stargard.
JCalisch, city of Poland, capital of a pala-
462
tinate of the same name. It is seated on
. the river Prosna, surrounded by morasses
and walls, 40 miles S of Gnesen. Lon. IB
5 W, lat. 52 0 N.
Kalkas, tribe of the Mongal Tartars,
in Chinese Tartary. They inhabit the
country N of the Mongul Tartars, properly
so called, which stretches as far as the
kingdom of the Eluths ; and is near 300
leagues in extent from E to W.
KalUngburg, seaport of Denmark, in the
isle of Zealand, seated on an inlet of the
Great Belt, with the best harbour, next to
Copenliagen, on the island. It is 55 miles
W by N of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 11 E,
lat. 55 47 N.
Kalmucs, nation of Tartars, inhabiting
that part of the Russian government of
Caucasia, which lies between the Volga
and the Ural, toward the Caspian sea.
They all live in tents, and remove from
place to place in quest of pasturage for
tiieir numerous cattle, consisting of horses,
camels, cows, and sheep. In person they
are of a low stature, and bow-legged, occa-
sioned by their being so continually on
horseback, or sitting with their legs below
them. Their faces are broad and flat,
with a flat nose and little black eyes, dis-
tant from each other like the Chinese.
They are of an olive colour, and their faces
full of wrinkles, with very little beard.
Kalmunz, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Bavaria. It is 12 miles from Ratis-
bon, and situated at the confluence of the
Vilz and Nad.
Kalnick, strong town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Bracklaw. Lon. 29 18 E, lat.
48 57 N.
Kaluga^ now a government of the Rus-
sian empire, but it was formerly a province
in the government of Moscow. Its princi-
pal town of the same name, is seated on
the Occa.
Kamakura, famous island of Japan, about
three miles in circumference, lying on the
S coast of Niphon. It is here they confine
their great men, when they have commit-
ted any fault ; awd the coast is so steep,
that tiiey are forced to be lifted up by the
cranes.
Kamatschinzes, is the name of a people
in Tartary. In the year 1629 they were
KAN
K A R
made tributary to Russia, and then led a
rambling life. At present tlieir habitations
are in the neighbourhood of Kunsk and
Abakansk, two ostrogs, situated one on
the Yenisei, and the other on the Kan.
Even at the time that they submitted to
Russia, they were only a scanty people,
or rather the remains of some ancient na-
tion.
Kambala, JMount, ridge of mountains in
Thibet, between lake Palte and the Bur-
rampooter. From the top of this ridge
may be seen, to the N, a range of still
higher mountains, covered with snow. ,
The foot of mount Krtmbala is 31 miles S
of Lassa.
JCaminiech, verj' strong town of PoL-ind,
capital of Podolia, with two castles and a
bishop's see. When the Russians seized
part of the Polish territories in 1793, this
fortress held out a long time, but at last
surrendered to their arms. The castle is
seated on a craggy rock, 85 miles W of
BrackJaw, and 100 SE of Lemburg. Lon.
26 30 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Kamischatka, peninsula of Asia, formed
by a chain of stony and barren mountains,
which run toward the SSW from that part
of the continent inhabited by the Koraiks.
It is bounded by the Eastern Ocean, the
gulf of Penschinskoi, and by the sea of
Oghotzkj in all probability tlie Kourili, a
range of isles which in many du'ections ex-
tend as far as Japan, are a part of Kamt-
schatka. It is situated between about 51
and 62 degrees N lat. The soil is stony,
full of cold springs, destitute of the smallest
piece of fertile ground, and so cold even in
the summer, that tiie earth is totally un-
fit for culture, and of itself does not pro-
duce a sufficiency for the cattle. The
Kamtschadales are for the most part of a
low stature, with bi-oad shoulders, large
heads, long flat faces, flat noses, small
eyes, thin lips, and short legs.
Kamtschatkoi, JViznei, town of Siberia,
capital of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, ar-
senal, and barracks. It is seated on the
N side of the river Kamtschatka, 20 miles
from its mouth. Lon. 161 50 E, lat. 56
30 N.
Kamtschatkoi, Verchni, town of Siberia,
in Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka,
120 miles SW of Niznei Kamtschatkoi.
Kandahor, province of Asghanistan. It
is a high but level country, west from the
mountains of Hindoostan.
^ Kandahor, city and capital of the pro-
vince of the same name, Is situated on t!ie
great road from Hindoostan to Persia, and is
extensive, commercial and flourishing. See
Candahor.
Kandeghen, town of Hindoostan, in the
Camatic. In 1599 it was the capital of a
kingdom, called Narsinga, the residence of
a Hindoo king, v/hose dominions extend
over Tanjore and Madura ; and in 1640, a
descendant of that prince, who reigned
here, permitted the English to form a set-
tlement at Madras. It is 70 miles NW of
Madras. Lon. 79 24 E, lat. 13 46 N.
Kanem, town of the empire of Bornou, in
a province of the same name, where are
bred multitudes of cattle and horses. It is
seated on the Gazel, 150 miles NNW of
Bornou.
Kanio-u, strong town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Kiow, seated near the Dnie-
per, 62 miles S by E of Kiow, and 100 NE
of Braclaw.
Kanisca, strong town of Lower Hungary,
capital of the county of Salawar ; seated
on the Urave, 100 miles S by E oi' Vienna.
Lon. 17 40 E, lut. 46 55 N.
Kankakie River, great SE source of the
Illinois, rises with the head waters of St.
Joseph's of Michigan, flows W, and uniting
with the Desplanes forms Illinois. The
country drained by the Kankakee is gene-
rally level, and most of it prairie.
Kansas, one of the great southwestern
branches of Missouri. It has interlocking
sources with those of Arkansas and Platte
rivers, and rises in the intermediate plains,
as far W as lon. W C 27 W. Flowing
nearly E, the variiius branches gradually
converge, and after a comparative course
of 400 miles unite, and forming a noble
stream of nearly half a mile wide, continues
100 miles farther, and joins the Missouri,
.at lat. 39 05 N. The junction of those
two streams, determines the extreme west-
ern limit of the state of Missouri.
Kan-tcheou, city of China, of the fii-st
rank, in the province of Kiang-si, on the
Kau-kiang, 840 miles S of Peking. Lon.
115 2 E, lat. 25 52 N.
Kao-tcheou, city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Quangtong. In its
vicinity is found a kind of marble, that re-
presents, naturally, rivers, mountains,
landscapes and trees ; it is cut into leaves,
and made into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou
stands on a navigable river, 36 miles from
the sea, and 1130 SSW of Peking. Lon.
145 36 E, lat. 40 N.
Kaposivar, ibvt of Lower Hungary, on
the river Kapos, which washes its walls.
It is 55 miles W of Tolna. Lon. 18 13 E,
lat. 46 3 IN.
Kara-Jtnid, Turkish name of Diarbekirj
ancient Amida.
KaraMssar. • See Jlpldom.
Karasu, ancient Pangaeus, mountains of
European Turkey, between Thrace and
Macedonia.
Karasiibazar, town of the Crimea, noted
for its noble antique bath, and an ancient
manufacture of leather from the skins of
Tauric goats. It is situate on tiie Karasu,
in a delightful valley, 34 miles "W from
CafiVv
463
K A S
K A Y
Karek, or Guvalc, island in the NE part
of the gulf of Persia, five miles lon^^ and
two broad ; where ships bound for Basso-
ra generally call for pilots. Lon. 50 26
E, lat. 29 15 N.
Karlesbiirg, or Belgrad, town of tlie Aus-
trian empire in Transylvania, of which it
was formerly the capital. It now contains
about 6000 inhabitants. Lon. 23 34 E,
lat. 46 4 N, 32 miles NW from Herman-
stadt.
Karlstadt, town and district of Austrian
lUyria, Karlstadt the capital, stands on a
branch of the Save, about 100 miles SE
from Trieste.
Karlstadt, province of Sweden, nearly
commensurate with the ancient province
of AVarmeland.
Karleby, Gamta, seaport of Sweden, in
East Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt,
and ship -building, seated on the gulf of
Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karle-
by, 90 miles N by E of Christinestadt.
Lon. 22 20 E, lat. 63 56N,
Karleby, J^y, town of Sweden, in East
Bothnia, on the I'iver Lappajock, six miles
from the sea, and 20 S of Gamia Karleby.
Karlscruhe, city of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden
Darlach, with a magnificent palace. The
city is built on a regular plan, and the
houses are all as uniform as the streets.
It is 12 miles N by E of Baden.
Kasan, country of the Russian empire,
lying on both sides of the Volga. It was
formerly an independent kingdom, belong-
ing to the Kalmucs, to whom the dukes of
Moscow, with other petty principalities of
Russia, were tributary. But, in 1552, Ivan
Bassilowitz II. conquered Kasan, which
now forms the three Russian governments
of Kasan, Simberskand Fenza.
KasaUf city of Russia, capital of a go-
vernment of t!ie same name, and an arch-
bishop's see. It has a strong stone fort,
several churches, almost all of them built
with stone, and eleven convents ; and
there are several suburbs, one of them in-
habited by Tartars. At one end of the
city is a manufacture of cloth for the army.
It is also the seat of a university, founded
in 1803, occupying a central position be-
tween Europe and Asia, it is a mart of ex-
tensive trade. It is seated on the rivulet
Kasanka, where it enters the Volga, 420
miles N of Moscow. Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55
44 N.
Kashgar. See Cashgiir.
A'askasbia, river of Illinois, rising in the
east part of the state near the west bound-
ary of Indiana, and flowing SW by com-
parative courses about 250 miles, upwards
of 150 of which following the windings of
its course it is navigable for boats. It falls
into the Mississippi about 100 miles above
the mart of Ohio.
464
JCaskankia, post town and seat of justice,
Randolph county, Illinois, on the right
bank of Kaskaskia river, 12 miles above
its mouth. It is built upon a plain, in a
prairie, and contains 150 houses and about
650 inhabitants.
Kataba, town of Arabia, in Yemen, with
a citadel, situate in a fertile country, near a
river which runs into the sea at Aden, 75
miles N of Aden. Lon. 44 32 E, lat. 13
64 N.
Katify town of Arabia, in the province of
Bahrin. It is built of rock salt, and stands
on the gulf of Persia, 95 miles N of Lach-
sa. Lon. 48 38 E, kt. 27 40 N.
Kauff bexiren, free imperial town of Ger-
many, m the circle of Suabia, in the territo-
ry of Kempten. It is seated on the War-
dech, 18 miles NE of Kempten, and 30 S
by W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 43 E, lat. 47
58 N.
JiTavenaugh, post village, Wilson county,
Tennessee.
Kaurzim, town of Bohemia, near Prague,
remarkable for a bloody battle fought there .
April 17th, 1757, between the Prussians |
under Frederick the Great, and the Aus- ^
trians under Marshal Daun. The former
were defeated. This is commonly called
the battle of Kolin.
Kayes Island, island in the North Pacific
Ocean, discovered by capt. Cook in 1778.
Its NE point is a naked rock, considerably
elevated above the land within it. Lon.
131 48 W, lat. 59 51 N.
Kayersberg, town of France, riow in the
department of Upper Rhine, and late pro-
vince of Alsace, 9 miles NW of Colmar,
and 25 NW of Basil. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 48
ION.
Kayserslaitteru, town of Germany, in the J
palatinate of the Rhine. In the present i
war it was taken by the French, is seated
on the Lauter, 22 miles S W of Worms, and
38 S bv W of Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat.
49 20 N.
Kayscrstiild, town of Swisserland, in the
county of Baden, with a bridge over the
Rhine, and a castle. It belongs to the
bishop of Constance, and is eight miles SE
of Zurzach. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 47 8 N.
Kayserverd, or Keise-ivert, town of Ger-
many in the circle of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, seated on the Rhine, eight
miles N of Dtisseldorp, and 22 NW of Co-
logne. Lon. 6 A5 E, lat. 51 14 N.
Keen, post town in Clieshire county.
New Hampshire, 14 miles SE of Walpole,
and 95 W of Portsmouth ; containing 1645
inhabitants at last census in 1300.
Kee7i, post town and seat of justice, in
Cheshire county. New Hampshire, 14 miles
SE of Walpole. and 95 W of Portsnwuth.
In the neigiibonrhood of Keene many ex-
teiibive inar.ufac'.urinir establishmcn'i have
KEN
J>: E ^
been formed. It is a fine tlu-ivios viUajje
bnl-Ashutot river. Population in 1820,
1895,
ICeenc, post town and township, Essex
county, New York. Population in 1820,
605.
Keenville, village of Northampton county,
Pennsvlvania, on the road from Easton to
the Lehigh Water Gap, 2 miles from Cher-
ryville.
Kehl, strong and important fortress of
Germany, in Suabia, seated on the Rhine,
over which is a bridge at Strasburg. Lon.
7 53, E, lat. 48 34 N.
Kelso, populous town in Roxburgh shire,
20 miles SW of Berwick, and 338 NNW of
London. Lo:i. 2 13 W, lat. 55 36 X.
Kelvin, small river of Lanarkshire, in
Scotland, over which the great canal is
conveyed by an aqueduct bridge.
Kempen, town of Germany, in tlie elec-
torate of Cologne, seated on tlie Niers, 30
miles N\V of Cologne. Lon. 6 30 E, lat.
51 18 N.
^Kempten, free imperial town of Suabia, in
the territory of the abbot of Ivempten, who
is a prince of the empire. The inhabitants
are prolestants. It is seated on the Iller,
45 miles S bv W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 21
E, lat. 47 49 N.
Ken, river in Westmoreland, wlilch has
a cataract near its moutli, that obstructs
the navigation ; so that Milthorp, situated
below this cataract, is the only port of
Westmoreland.
Keii, river in Kirkcudbriglitshire, that
flows to.lNew Gallov/ay, below wliich it
expands into a lake, four miles long and
One broad. The stream that issues from
this lake, falls into the river Dee, and their
united waters meet the Irish Sea, at Kirk-
cudbright.
Kendal, corporate town in Westmore-
land, 45 miles S of Carlisle, and 262 NNW
of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 54 15 N.
Kenhatva, Gr'eat, river of Virginia. It
rises in Ash ^county. North Carolina, and
being enlarged by a number of tributary
streams, runs nearly due N through Gray-
son,3Wythe,'and Montgomery counties : it
thence turns to NW, joined by tiie Green
Briar :'lh«nce it continues nearly NW tiil
it falls into the Ohio at Point Pleasant. Its
whole course is about 400 miles, and its
width at the Oiiio about 500 yards.
Kenka-.va, IMtle, river of Virginia, ■ -scs
in Lewis county, and flowiiig NW through
LewiSjand Wood counties, fulls into tlie
Ohio at Parkersburg, 13 miles below Ma-
rietta.
Ketiha-wa, county of Virginia, bounded S
E by Greenbriar and Giles ; SW by Cabell ;
NW by Mason and Wood, and NE by
I^ewis and Randolph. Length 62 ; mean
width^ 38'i and \ area aboul; 2400 stjuave
3 N
rrriles. It is intersected fay Kenhawa Snd
Elk rivers, and drained by their' numerous
branches. Tiie surface is extremely"
broken, and part mountainous. Soil gene-
rally rocky and sterile, though presenting
some remarkable exceptions. Chief town,
Charleston.
Population in 1810
Free white males . - - 1,845
Ap. do. females- - - - 1,623
Total whites - - - . ' 3,468
All other persons except Indians not
.... 46
taxed
Slaves
352
Total population in 1810 -
3,866
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
2,949
do. do. females - . -
2,348
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - .
0
Total whites . . . -
5,297
Free persons of colour, males
21
do. do. females
8
Slaves, males ....
605
do. females • - - -
468
total population in 1820
6,399
Of tlrese ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1)132
do. in Manufactures - - 488
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 2.
Kemhvorth, town in Warwickshire, with
a market on Wednesday Here was a fa-
mous castle, the remaiits of which form one
of the moit picturesque objects in the
kingdom. It is five miles N of Warwick,
and 95 NW of London,
Kenmavc\to\,vn of Ireland, 12 miles SSW
from Killarny.
Kennebec, river which rises in the nor-
thern part of iMaine, and falls into the At-
lantic Ocean, between the bays of Casco
and I'enobscot. The Kennebec river is
formed by the union of the Kennebec pro-
per with tlie Androscoggin, and drains a
basin of 150 miles in length, with a mean
width of 80 miles, embracing an area of
about 12,000 square miles. The tide flows
up the Kennebec to Augusta 45 miles, and
in the Androscoggin to near Durham.
Though interrupted by fills and shoals,
both ijranches afford very considerable ex-
tent of inland navigation. T&conich fali.<3
occur in the Kennebec at Waterville, about
20 miles ab!)ve Augu ta, but the stream i&
navigated to a considerable distance high,
er than that obstruction. Timber is the
principal staple brought down either branch
of the Kennebec.
4ES
K E iV
Kennebee, county of Maine, bounded by
Lincoln SE and S ; Oxford W ; Somerset
N ; Penobscot NE, and Hancock E. Length
^7 ; mean width 22 ; and area about 1000
square miles. Surface hil!y,. but generally
arable, and soil productive in grain and
pasturage. Chief towns, Hallowell and
Augusta.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 16,544
do. do. females ... 15,846
Total whites .... 32,390
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 174
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - . 32,564
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 21,408
do. do. females - - . 21,049
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites - . ^ -
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. f|males
Slaves, males . - . .
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 - ,42,623
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 137
Engaged in Agriculture - - 9,785
do. in Manufactures - . 1,309
do. in Commerce - . 211
Population to the square mile, 42^.
Kenneb-unk, river of York county, Maine.
Kennebxmk, post town and port of entry,
on the Atlantic Ocean, at tlie mouth of
Kennebunk river, 25 miles SW from Port-
land. The port is good ; and tonnage ex-
ceeding 10,000 tons. Population in 1820,
2145.
Kenned;/s, post village, Brunswick coun-
ty, Virginia.
Kemiet, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania, about 30 miles SW from
Philadelphia, on the waters of Clay creek.
Population in 1820, 1032.
Kennet, nver which rises among the
chalky hills in Wills, and flows to Newbu-
ry, in Berks, wiiere it becomes navigable ;
it is then augmented by the Lamborn, and
runs to Reiidhig, below which it mingles
with the Thames.
Kennet-Sqnare, post village in Chester
county, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles SW
from Philadelphia
Kenoqne, fort of Austrian Flanders, six
miles from Dixmude.
Kensington, village in Middlesex, two
miles W from London. The extensive
Iv E N
gardens, of late years, have become a very
fashionable walk.
Kensington, township of Rockingham
county, New Hampshire, 14 miles SW from
Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 709.
Kensington. See City of Philadelphia.
Kent, one of the counties of England,
situated at the SE corner of the island, and
from thence enjoying many advantages.
As to the climate of this country it varies
according to the situation of places. There
is no region more happily or more beauti-
fully diversified in regard to soil, so that
every kind thereof is, somewhere or other,
to be met with in its bounds ; and in no
shire are any of these soils more fertile
than they are in this. The Weald yields
variety of fine timber, particularly of ches-
nut ; the middle part has very rich arable
land, annually bearing every species of
grain in immense plenty, and these excel-
lent in their several sorts. There are also
many beautiful orchards, which produce a
variety of fine fruits, and more especially
apple? and cherries, which were introdu-
ced here from Flanders. The many rich
commodities produced in this county, is
the reason why most of our writers liave
represented it as in a manner void of manu-
factures which, however, as appears upon
a strict and impartial examination, is very
far from being the case. Of iron works
there were anciently many ; and there are
still some, where kettles, bombs, bullets,
cannon, and such like, are made. The
principal rivers, besides the Thames, are
the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and
liother. ilaidstone is the county town.
Population in 1801, 307,624; in 1811,
373,995 ; and in 1821, 426,016.
Kent Comity, Upper Canada, compre-
hends all the country (not being the terri-
tory of the Indians) not already included in
the several counties herein described ;
extending nortliward to the boundary line
of Hudson's bay, including all the territory
to the westward and southward of the said
line, to the utmost extent of the country
commonly known by the name of Canada.
It sends two representatives to the provin-
cial parliament.
Kent, county of Lower Canada, commen.
cing opposite Montreal, and extending
down St. Lawrence about 11 miles, and S
E to tlie boundary of Bedford county.
Kait, county of Rhode Island, bounded
by Connecticut W ; Providence county N ;
Narragansett bay E, and Washington S.
Length 23 ; mean width 9 ; and area 207
square miles. Surface waving rather than
hilly. Soil productive in fruits, grain, and
pasturage. Chief town, Warwick.
Population in ISIO.
Free whites, males - - 4,683
do. do. females - - 4,793
K E N
K E N'
Total whites - - - -
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - - - - -
Total population in 1810 -
Vopulation in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All'other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do- females - . -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do, in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
9,476
354
4
river, about 45 miles W|from Hartford.
Population in 1820, 1956.
Kent, county of Maryland, bounded E
by Delaware ;*|SE by Chester river or
— — Queen^Ann county ; W and NW by Che-
9,834 sapeak bay ; and N by Sassafras river or
— — Coecil county. Length 27 ; mean width
8 ; and area 216 square miles. Surface
generally level or moderately hilly. Soil
of middling quality. Chief town, Chester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,655
do. do. females - - 2,567
4,767
5,121
9,889
161
171
4
Total whites .... 5,222
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . 1,979
Slaves 4,249
10,228 Total population in 1810
10
1,644
446
63
Population to the square mile 49.
Kent, middle county of Delaware, bound-
ed by Delaware bay E ; Sussex county in
Delaware S ; Maryland W, and New Castle
county N. Length 32 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 640 square miles. Surface gene-
rally level, and soil of middling quality.
Chief town, Dover.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 7,103
do. do. females - - - 7,048
Total whites . . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves
14,151
5,616
728
Total population in 1810 -
20,495
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - -
Total whites - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . -
do. females ....
Total population in 1820 -
7,163
7,027
14,190
2,740
2,793
627
443
20,793
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
25
4,402
521
193
Population to the square mile, 32^.
Kent, post village aad township, Litch-
field county, Connecticut, on Housatnnick
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820,
11,450
2,668
2,647
5,315
1,007
1,060
2,276
1,795
12,453
16
2,589
262
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce - - 35
Population to the square mile, 53.
Kent, island in Chesapeak bay, belong-
ing to Queen Ann county, Maryland. It
contains nearly 30,000 acres.
Kentaijj'e, Mount, ridge of mountains in
the S part o« Thibet, bordering on Hin-
doostan Proper. On the W side' of this
ridge are the two heads or the Ganges, and
from its E side issues the Burrampooter.
Kentsingxien, town of Suabia, in the
Brisgaw, seated on the river Elz. Lon. 7
57 E, lat. 48 18 N.
Kentvcky, one of the central states of
the United States, bounded by Vir::,'inia
E ; Tennessee S ; and the Ohio river W,
NW and N.
ji'Eles.
Kentucky has a boundary on Virginia,
commencing at the mouth of Great
Sandy river, and following that
stream to its source in Cumberland
mountains, " " " ,'
Thence along Cumberland mountam
to the south-west angle of Virginia,
on the noith boundary .of Tennes-
60
see.
110
Thence by a line a little nortli of
467
s
K£ N
west, along the north boxiudary of Jlilca
Tennessee to Tennessee river, - 238
Up Tennessee river, . - - 12
Thence due west along the norlli
boundary of Tennessee, to the lelt
bank of Miss ssippi river, and ex-
treme south-west angle of Ken-
tucky, 81
Thence up the Mississippi river to the
mouth of Ohio, - - - - ^ 4-
Up Ohio, along Illinois, to the mouth
of Wabash and south west angle of
Indiana, ■ - - - - 130
Thence up Ohio river, opposite Indi-
ana, to tiie mouth of the Cirejit Mi-
amee and soutli-vycst angle of
Ohio, ..... 336
Thence up Ohio river, along Ohio to
the mouth of Great Sandy, - 173
Having an entire outline of - - 1207
Area, 3r,680 square miles, or 24,115,200
acres.
The greatest length of Kentucky is from
the south-west angle of li.e state on Mis-
sissippi river, to tlie head of Great Sandy
river, 380 miles : mean wiclt.li, 99 miles.
Extreme south. North tat. 36 30 ; ex-
treme north, lit the Great JMiamee bend,
39 5.
It Is obvious by a simple inspection of
its great fe-ilures that Kentucky must pre-
sent considerable divt rt,ity of soil and cli-
mate. On its south-east border it is limi-
ted by Cumberland m.ounUiin, from which
most of its streams take their source. Un-
like the opposite slope of the Ohio valley,
no table land, in the true meaning of the
term, exists on that on which Kentucky is
placed.
In point of soil the state is divisible into
three portions ; the mountainous, hilly, and
level. The mountainous section of Ken-
tucky, is of small and unimportant extent,
being limited to the repion towards the
sources of Cumberland, Kentucky, Wcking,
and Great Sandy rivers If all the soutli-
east angle ot the state is taken as moun-
tainous, it will not amount to one-fourth
the area of the wliole. But, though the
niountains are not very elevated, this part
of the state is very broken, and generally
sterile soil.
The second, or hilly section, follows the
iTiountainous, and is much more extensive.
The hilly natural subdivision spreads over,
in fact, much the greater part of the state,
reaching from the Ohio river between
Great Sandy and Licking rivers, and the
border of Tennessee, nearly as low down
as Ohio'below the mouth of Salt river.
From analogy it might be expected, that
on the left as well as right slope of Ohio
valley, table land would be found. This
Is pot, however, the fact ; so far otherwise
468
is the face of the hill part of Kentucky, that
in no part of the United States is the earth
so broken by abrupt steeps, nor where the
water courses have cut channels so deep
in proportion to quantity of water, and
length of course. In their natural state,
before the settlement of the whites, these
vales were overgrown with a thick forest,
under which grew brakes of the reed cane,
and rendered this part of Kentucky the
most impenetrable to the footsteps of man,
of any part of the North American forest
yet attempted. On the level bottoms of
Louisiana the large cane brakes are ex-
tremely difficult to pass, but it is on uneven
ground that this gigantic grass renders hu-
man effort to penetrate its recesses, to the
last degree painful and slow. The cane
brakes, however, like the wild animals
they once sheltered, disappeared before
civilized man. In Kentucky this fact has
been realized ii? a very striking manner.
The buffalo, deer, bear, elk, and the Arun-
do gigantea, have in t;reat part vanished ;
and in their places farms, orchards, mea-
dows, towns, and villages, have arisen.
I have more than one*' remarked, the
curious circumstance, that in the Ohio val-
ley, most of the hills were fertile to their
siin.m.ts. This characteristic is very stri-
king in that part of Kentvicky we have un-
der review ; it is so peculiarly so, that the
hills are in many places more fertile than
the bottoms. 'I'he prevading timber of the
hills is chesnut, hickory, poplar (lirioden-
dron fulipifera) sugar maple, elm, and
hackberry. In the bottomiS the timber is
nearly similar though larger.
As the rivers advance in tlieir progress
toward their common recipient, they pur-
sue through the mountainous and hilly
tracts we have noticed, nearly a west
cour.se, but are all less or more inflected to
the northward at a considerable distance
before their final discharge intoOhio. The
uniformity of their curves must have arisen
from some feature in the surface of the
original plain, into whose surface their
channels are worn. The rivers of the right
slope of the basin are remarkable for all
having courses not deviating much from
north and south. Those of the left, in the
lower or inferior part of their courses, flow
nearly north.
The rivers of Kentucky are more cha-
racterized than are even those of Ohio and
Indiana, by the deepness of the vales or
ravines they have formed out of the secon-
dary strata over whose surface they flow.
The substrata of Keiatucky is limestone in
the far greater part, into which the rivers
have worn precipitous channels.
Below the great bend of its rivers,- the
} hysiognomy of the country changes from
sharp, high, steep hills, narrow, deep and
gloomy valleys, to a comparative rolling or
K E X
K 1-. is
even level country. Thoug-b on a smaller
Bcale, than the expansive tracts of fertile
soil on the opposing slope, this part of Ken-
tucky is amongst the most desirable in the
United States. It is the only part of Ken-
tucky which assumes any of the attributes
of a table land. Tlie soil is extremely fer-
tile, but in many places so very shallow as
scarce to admit the growth of large trees.
Its base is one immense Hoor of secondary
<!r floetz limestone. This region may be
said to occupy the central parts of the state
i'rom the waters of Green river to those of
Licking, inclusive, and contains the best
peopled part of the state. A want of
spring water is felt in many parts of this
range, a common deficiency of all places
where carbonate of lime prevails to the ex-
clusion of other rocks. Water is perhaps
in ecjual quantity but unequally distributed.
Springs of immense volume occur, and are
followed by wide spaces where none are
found.
Advancing south west through Kentucky
the central table land we have under re-
view gradually becomes more level and less
fertile. The natural timber trees on the
north-east part is liriodendron, elm, black
walnut, honey locust, buckeye, papaw, cot-
ton wood, and wild cherry. This forest
growth prevails on the middle waters of
Licking, and Kentucky ; the heads of Salt
and Green rivers. It is followed toward
Tennessee by the " Bar-rois," an area
wooded by oak, chesnut, elm, kc. The
barrens are interspersed by other species
of soil, by broken, and what is called tlie
oak knob districts. In fact, the latter
term much mnre appropriately marks the
character of this section of Kentucky, than
does barrens. The hills are here round,
g'ently sloping, and deviate in a striking
manner from the common ridge form of a
hilly country.
The substratum continues to be as to
the north-east flat imbedded limestone.
Approaching towards the Ohio river the
true superstructure of the basin again ap-
pears, as we have seen on the opposing
slope. The rivers having found their way
from the mountains over the hilly and
central table land, their channels become
deeper. From Great Sandy to its mouth,
the aspect of the two opposing banks of
the Ohio river are alike, and all the obser-
vations made in any general view or par-
ticular survey of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
applies with equal correctness to Ken-
tucky. A very hilly broken border of
about twenty-five or thirty miles wide, fol-
lowing the inflections of Ohio river, skirts
the state from Great Sandy to the mouth of
Cumberland river. Th">3 border is the but-
tress of the Kentucky slope, fractured, if
such a term can be admitted, by the abra-
sion of the waters flowing from the inte-
rior. Thougii Ii6t obstructed by falls, or
even remarkable rapids, the streams of
Kentucky flow with great velocity, occa-
sioned by the considerable inclination of
their plane of descent. The space between
the mountains and Ohio river has a small
declivity, but the great depth of the bed
of the latter river has given so much pitch
to the water, that every stream has formed
for itself a channel whose declivity corres-
ponds to the comparative depression be-
tween their sources and recipient. The
apex of the hills within three or four miles
from the Ohio river is little if any below
that of those far in the interior. The
humble elevation of the interior hills are
in relation to their base ; if takeJi above
Ohio river their height would nearly cor-
respond to those near that stream.
We may, therefore, on leaving Ohio
river, conceive ourselves rising rapidly to a
level with the general surface. We find
the waters flowing in enormous chasms,
lined by limestone walls of from 109 to 300,
or 400 feet deep. These chasms become
less profound as we advance towards the
mountain sources. Near the Ohio we meet
with innumerable gushing springs of water,
which as we ascend the central table land
become more rare. We again find these
fountains increase as we proceed on our
way to the mountain border.
Over all the wide extent of Kentucky,
the only really level surface of note is the
bottoms of Ohio. Those bottoms are, in
every place where they occur, perfectly
similar in structure, and generally uniform
in their texture. But the bottoms on the
Ohio, in much the greater part, fall back-
wards toward the hills, at the base of
which, ponds and small marshes are fre-
quent. Hut few instances of a regular ac-
clivity from the water edge exist on the
Ohio. In this instance this river differs
essentially from most streams on the At-
lantic slope, and particularly from the St.
Lawrence. Tliese ponds along the base of
the Ohio hills superinduce bilious com-
plaints in autumn. Tiiey are, however,
easily drained, and the beneficial conse-
qtiences of such melioration on the face of
nature are felt at Louisville and other
places, where such works have been exe-
cuted. •
As the bottom lands of Ohio constitute
so remarkable a feature in the topography
of the United States, and as Kentucky em-
braces the largest share of this species of
soil, I have reserved to the present, to in-
troduce its particular description. • The
natural position of Ohio river, and the pro-
cess of its formation has been amply dis-
cussed. It has been shown that that
stream, and all its confluents owe their ex-
istence to the wearing away of a primitive
plain. It has been also noticed that this
469
K E N
K E N
process must have beert" gradual and of
very long continuance.
'I'he vale of Ohio, at the city of Pitts-
burgh is 460 feet deep ; and this depth di-
minishes in proportion to arr iidvance to-
wards the lower terminationof the vale, and
at the junction of Ohio and Mississippi
rivers, the water is but little depressed be-
low the level of the adjacent bottoms.
Evidences of the periodical recession of
the water is every where seen in the bot-
toms. In most places there are two, and
in some places three stages of bottoms, ele-
vated above each other 15, 20, or 25 feet.
The first, or lowest stage, is yet subject to
immersion, at the period of veiy high
floods, the second ynd third have long
ceased to be liable to inundation.
Newport, and Covington, the former
above, and the latter below the mouth of
Licking river, opposite Cincinnati, are on
first bottoms.
Louisville, at the rapids of Ohio, stands
on a first bottom, more than usually ele-
vated, but falling in tb.e rear into low
ponds.
In general the towns along the margin of
Ohio, except at the mouth of rivers, are
on second bottoms. Below Louisville the
hills are so much declined in elevation, as
to render that place a point of separation
between the bold and rich scenery above,
and the more humble and less variegated
landscapes below that place. It is also a
point where the boltoms commence a
change from the stair-form we have de-
scribed to the flat and monotonous aspect
of the shores of the Mississippi. From ilie
apes of the hills or. one side, to those on
the other, the distance is about two miles,
thrce-fotirths of which is occupied by the
river and slopes of the hills, leaving about
half a mile, or 880 yards, for the breadth
of the bottoms. The length of Ohio is
848, or in round numbers 850 miles, which
at half a mile wide would yield 425 square
miles of bottom land. Tliis amounts to
only 523,200 acres, much less than is com-
monly believed, tliough I am well convin-
ced falls little if any short of thej-eal quan-
tity. As to fertility, no description can
much exceed reality ; this range is no
doubt amongst the most productive in the
northern, temperate zone. Its natural iii;
digenous forest trees indicate-S-StnPBTthe
very highest strength of production. The
most prominent species are oaks, elms, ash,
and hickory, of every variety ; black and
white walnut, liriodendron, sugar maple,
linen,, cotton wood, and sycamore; with an
underwood of papavv, dogwood, and spice.
Every vegetable which the climate will
adfiTiii can be produced in abundance. We
may dismiss the subject at present by ob-
serving, that in p--/mt of climate the Ohio
itself ranges through three degrees and
470
forty minutes of latitude. The mouth of
Big Beaver, being in North lat. 40 40jnnd
the mouth of Ohio North lat, 37. OtPthis
climatic expanse, Kentucky embraces two
degrees and eight minutes of latitude.
We have now surveyed Kentucky, and
have found the features of nature exhibited
on its siu'face to be in accordance with
those of other parls of the basin in which
it is situated. We have foun^,a much
more varied physiognomy than that country
is commonly allowed to possess. It is a re-
gion, indeed, which well deserves the at-
tention of the philosopher and statesman :
it is interesting to the former from its pe-
culiar structure and productions, and
to the latter from its commanding posi-
tion.
Politically, Kentucky is subdivided into
the counties of :
Counties Square miles Population To square mile
Adair, 1,140 8,765 7
Allen, 290 5,327 17
Barren, 476 10,328 21
Bath, 352 7,960 22
Boone, 300 6,542 22
Bourbon, 200 17,664 88
Bracken, 160 5,280 33
Breckenridge, 700 7,485 10
BuUit, 260 5,831 22
Butler, 480 3,083 6
Caldwell, 480 9,022 18
Campbell, 220 7,022 32
Casey, 300 4,349 14
Christian, 770 10,459 13
Clarke, 230 11,449 50
Clav, 800 4,393- i- 5
Oumberhnd, '.440 8,058 18
IJavies, '600 3,876 6
Estill, 700 3,507 - 5
Fayette, 276 23,250 84
Fleming, 540 12,186 22
Flovd, 1,660 8,207 4
Franklin, 270 11,024 4
Gallatin, 350 7,075 20
Garrard, 220 10,851 50
Grant, 250 1,805 7
Grayson, 600 4,055 6J
Greene, .. 630 11,943 19
Greenup, 590 4,311 7
Hardin, 1,100 10,498 9^ '
Harlan, 650 1,961 3
Harrison, 330 12,278 37
lart, 320 4,184 13
Henderson, 600 5,714 9
Henry, 400 10,816 27
Hickman, 1,500
Hopkins, 750 5,322 7
Jefferson, 520 20,768 40
Jessamine, 170 9,297 54
Knox, 840 3,661 4
Lawrence, 720
Lewis, 380 3,973 10
Lincoln, 320 9,979 31
Livingston, 720 5,824 8
Logan, 630 14,423 23
K E N
K !•: 14
Comuka
Madison,
Mason,
Mercer,
Monroe,
Montgomery
Muhlenberg;
Nelson,
Nicholas,
Ohio,
Owen,
Pendleton,
Pulaski,
Perry,
Pike,
Rockcastle,
Scott,
Shelby,
Simpson,
Todd,
Trigg,
Union, .
Warren,
Washington,
Wayne,
WJiitley,
V/oodford,
Square miles
490
220
350
700
420
540
510
190
640
200
340
800
990
960
380
iro
520
410
450
450
540
680
550
940
560
160
Population
15,954
13,588
15,587
4,956
9,587
4,979
16,273
7,973
3,879
2,031
3,086
7,597
2,249
14,219
21,047
4,852
5,089
3,874
3,470
11,776
15,987
7,951
2,340
12,207
To square mile
32
61
44
7
9
32
42
6
10
9
9
6
83
40
11
11
8
6
17
29
8
4
76
37,680 564,317 15 nearly
Of this papulation, 2,759 are free blacks,
and 126,732 are slaves, leaving a white
population of 434,826.
The different members of this mass, ac-
cording to the census of 1820, were classed
thus:
Foreigners not naturalized - 529
Engaged^n Agriculture - - 132,161
do. Manufactures - 1\,779
do. Commerce - - 1,617
146,086
Those counties, the population of wliicli
are not marked, have been formed since
the last census was taken.
Lawrence county was formeti out of
Greenup ; Hickman, betua^en Xht state of
Tennessee, and Tennessee, Ohio, and Mis-
sissippi rivers ; Pike from Floyd, and Per-
ry from Clay.
The principal productions of Kentucky,
are wheat, flour, Indian corn, salted provi-
sions, live stock, tobacco, hemp and salt.
Manufactures of various kinds have risen
to considerable extent particulai'ly coarse
cloths and cordage. The commercial out-
let of Kentucky is the Mississippi river.
The interests of education have received
considerable attention in tiiis state, the
Transylvania, is a comparatively recent but
a really respectable institution. Accord-
ing to a report of the Professors l:i th .3 semi-
nary dated February 11th, 1822, the school
of Medicine presents, •' all the means re-
quisite for A complete course of msdicul
education, conducted in the usual acade-
mic:il form.
The liibrary of the Institution is select
and valuable', containing in various lau-
guages, tlie standard and most esteemed
works in medicine, both ancient and mo-
dern, with no inconsiderable number of
the same rank in tiie several collateral
branches of science ; the chemical appara-
tus is, in many respects, not inferior to any
in the United States; and the anatomical
museum, already rich In matter of instruc-
tion, will be rendered much more so, by
additions which it will receive from Eu-
rope in the course of the sunnmer. The
lecture rooms are also spacious, comforta-
ble and commodious.
Courses of lectures are delivered on all
the branches of medicine taugjit in the eld-
est schools of our country. 3
The price of subsistence is unusually
moderate, and accomodations excellent,
the situation exceedingly heilthy, and, in
intelligence, morality and rCTnement, the
society not surpassed by that of any other
town in the United States.
The lectures will commence annually,
on the first Monday in November, and ter-
minate early in the month of March.
To be entitled to present himself a can-
didate for the degree of Doctor of Medi-
cine, a pupil must be twenty-one years of
age, and have attended two full courses of
lectures — one of them at least, in this In-
stitution.
But any Physician, who sliall have prac-
tised his profession with reputation for the
term of four years, may become a candi-
date after attending one full course of leC"
tures in this school."
The charter of a second university to be
located at Danville, was granted by the
Legislature in 1819.
Kentucky, river, rises in Floyd county,
in the spurs of Cumberland mountain, in-
terlocking with the sources of Licking
and Big Sandy, and opposite to those of
Tennessee. The general course of Ken-
tuliky river is NW, and by comparative
courses 200 miles, tlirough or bordering on
Floyd, Perry, Estill, Clark, Madison, Fay-
ette, JessaiTiine, Garrard, Mercer, Wood-
ford, Franklin, Shelby, Owen, Henry and
Gallatin counties. It enters l^hio at Port
William, and in times of flood navigable by
the windings of the stream about 150
miles.
Kerbela, ancient Vologesia, town of Irak
Arabi, on the W bank of the Euphrates,
about 50 miles SW from Bagdad.
KercoIaJig, island in tlie Indian Ocean,
between 80 and 100 miles in circumfer-
ence. Lon. 126 31 E, lat.4 28 N.
Ucresoun, ancient Cerasus, town of Asia-
tic Turkey, on the Black Sea, 70 miles W
SW from Trebisond.
471
Iv b S
Kergiieleiis Land, island in the Soutlieni
Ocean, visited by captain Cook, in 1779,
Lon. 69 '37 E, lat. 49 3 S.
Kerman, province of Persia, ancient Ca-
rama/wa, lying on the gulf oi Persia. The
inhabitants drive a great trade in their
wool
Kerman, town of Persia, capital of a
province of the same name, called also
Caramania. It is 120 miles NNVV of Gam-
broon. Lon. 55 15 E, lat, 39 20 N.
Kerpeii, town of Germanj', in the circle
of Westphalia, in the dachy of Juliers, 14
miles SE of Juliers. Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 50
ON,
Kerry, county of Ireland, in the province
of Munster, 57 miles long and 45 broad,
bounded on the E by the counties of Li-
merick and Cork, on the W by the Atlan-
tic Ocean, on the N by the Shannon,
which separates it from Thomond, and on
the S by Desmond and the ocean. It is a
mountainous countr)', but in many places
are good corn-fields. It contains 84
parishes, and sends eight members to par-
liament. Ardfert is the capital.
Kerslia-iU, district of South Cai'olina,
bounded by Sumpter and^part of Hichland
SE ; part of Richland SW ; Fairfield W ;
Lancaster NW and N ; Chesterfield NE ;
and Darlington E. Length 33 ; mean
width 24 ; and area about 800 square
miles. Surface pleasantly diversified by
hill and dale. Soil productive. Chief
town, Camden. Tiiis district was not re-
turned in the census of 1820, but the ag-
gregates, as subsequently published in
Niles' Register, are annexed to the sub-
jokied table.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,577
do. do. females - - 2,365
^. »
Total whites ... 4,942
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 78
Slaves 4,847
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white inhabitants
Free persons of colour,
Slaves,
9,867
5,C28
122
6.692
Total population in 1820 . 3,746
Population to the square mile, 15',.
Kertsch, fortress of great importance,
which with Jenikale command the passage
which forms the communication between
the sea of Asoph and the Black Sea. It is
situated on the E coast of the Crimea,
near the N entrance of the straits of Caffa,
12 miles from Jemicale.
Kesroan^ chain of ifiomilahis, on the ccast
472
of Syria, which makes a part of Sfount Li-*
banus.
Kessel, town of Prussian Guelderland,
with a handsome castle, seated on the
Mease, between Ruremond and Venlo.
Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 15 16 N.
Kessehlorf, village of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, three miles below
Dresden, I'emarkable for a victory gained
by the kmg of Prussia, over the Saxons, in
1745.
Keste-jen, one of the three grand divi-
sions of Lincolnshire. It contains the W
part of tlie count}', from the middle to tha
S extremity.
Kss~Mck, town in Cumberland, with a
market on Saturday, it is seated in a vale
surrounded by hills, near the rapid river
Greeta ; near this vale the finest black lead
in the world is dug up. It is 25 miles N\V
of Kendal, and 217 NNW of London. Lon
3 15 W, lat, 58 35 N.
Kesxoich, Vale of, district in the S part
of Cuml)erland. fiere is the lake of Der-
went-water. To the N of this is the lofty
mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distin-
guished in England ; and to the S is the
dreary region of Borrowdale. See Bur-
roiodale, Derzvent-ivater, and Sbiddaxv.
KeUering, town in Northamptonshire, 12
miles NE of Northampton, and 75 NW of
London. Lon. 0 59 E, lat. 52 20 N.
Ke^t), village in Surry, seven miles W by
S of London, on the Thames, over which
is a stone bridge of seven arches to Brent-
ford. Here is a royal palace, fine gardens,
and his majesty's exotic garden. "Many
new plants from the South Sea and Cape
of Good Hope being transplanted to it.
Tiie latter has been brought to great per-
fertion. Kew gardens are open to the pub-
li«v every Monday, from Midsummer to the
en I of Autumn.
Ke\ieena, I'oiut, projects far into the S
side of lake Superior. It is thus distir>-
guis'.ed and described by Mr. Schoolcraft.
"It has sometimes been confounded by
geographers, and travellers, with Point
Chegoimegon, which is 130 miles further
west. In coasting round this point it is es-
timated to be ninety miles, but canoes
shorten tlie voyage, by ascending the Port*
age river, which nearly insulates the point
from the main shore, and makes a portage
of less than a niiie, into the lake west f;om
the point. To the east of this point there
is a large b.ay, 13 miles wide by 20 in length
called Kev.eena bay, which it is necessa-
ry to cross, in order to reach Portage ri-
ver. See Portage river.
Kexholm, town of the liussian govern-
ment of Wiburgh, on two islands of the
lake Ladoga, 60 miles NE of Wiburg, and
67 N of P'etersburgh. Lon. 30 25 E, lat.
61 3 N.
K^vmhmh tpv.n in Somci'sctshlre, on llic
D
k I 1.
Avon, five miles SE of firistol, and 119 W
of London, Lon. 2 34 W.lat. 51 24 N.
Keysville, post village of Charlotte coun-
ty, Virginia, on the head waters of Meheitn
river, 70 miles S\V from Richmond.
Khoraein, country of Asia, along the E
side of the Caspian. It corresponds in part
with ancient Hyrcania, or rather the west-
ern part of Scythia Intra Imarum.
Kharkof, government of the Russian em
pire, formerly comprised in the govern-
ment of Ukrania-Slovodskaia. Its capital
of the same name, is seated on the Uda,
which falls into the Donetz.
Khojund, city of Bucharia, on the Sihon
or Jaxartes river, 120 miles NE from Sa-
marcand.
Kia-king-foii, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Tche-kiang, remarkable for noth-
ing but its streets, ornamented by beauti-
ful piazzas, that shelter passengers from the
sun and rain. Seven cities of the third
class are dependent upon it. •
Kaichta, town of Asiatic Russia, on the
Selinga river, and frontier of China, about
200 miles S from Irkoutsk. it is the cen-
tre of trade between Russia and China.
Lat. 50 30 N. lon. 10 7 E.
Kiang-nan, province of China, bounded
on the W by Ilonan and Houquang, on the
S by Tche-kiang and Kiang-si, on the E by
the gulf of Nanking, and on the N by
Chan-tong. It is of vast extent and con-
tains 14 cities of .the first rank, and 93 of
tlie second and third. These cities are
very populous, and all of them are great
trading places, it is full of lakes, rivers and
canals ; and tlieir silks, japanned goods,
ink, and paper, bring liigher prices than
that of tlie other provinces, Nan-king is the
capital.
Kiang-Si, province of Chin^, bounded
on theN by Kiangnan, on the W by Hou-
quang, on tlie S by Quang-tong, and on
the E by Fo kien aud Tclie-kiang. TtiC
niotmtains of this province contain mines of
gold, silver, lead, &c. the rice it produces
is very delicate, and its porcelain is the
finest of the empire. It contains 13 cities
of the first, and 78 of the second and tiiird.
Nan-tchang-fou is the capital.
Kiburg, town of Swisseiland, and in the
canton of Zuric, with a castle. It is seat-
ed on the river TheoiT, 14 miles NE of tlie
town of Zuric. Lon. 8 46 E, lat. 47 28 N.
Kidderminster, corporate town in Wor-
cestershire. It is seated under a hill, on
the river Slour, und is the principal manu-
facturing place in the county, and it was
particularly noted for a woollen manufac-
ture called Kidderminster stuffs. Its for-
mer trade of stuflTs is much declined, on
account of the general use of cotton goods ,
but its carpet manufacture has greatly in-
creased. It is 14 miles SE of Brit^genorlh,
J 0
and 125 NW of -London. Lon. 2 18 W,
lat. 52 28 N.
Kidxuelly, town in Carmarthenshire, in S
Wales. It is seated on a creek of the
Bristol Channel, near the mouth of the
Towy. From this town, a canal has been
cut to some collieries, whence coal is
brought down and exported. It is eight
miles S of Carmarthen, and 224 W by N
of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 50 44 N.
Kiel, strong and considerable town of
Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony,
capital of Holstein, with a castle, and a uni-
versity. It stands on a peninsula, in a bay
of the Baltic, and has a commodious har-
bour for ships of the largest size. A canal
was begun in 1777, by which the naviga-
tion of the Northern Sea is to be united
with the Baltic ; and crosses Holstein, by
the canal of Kiel, and the river Eyder,
which passes by Rendsburg, and falls into
the German Ocean at Tonnmgen ; by which
Kiel has become one of the most com-
mercial places in Holstein. Kiel is 37
miles NW of Lubec, and 46 N by E of
Hamburg. Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 54 20 N. See
Holstein. See article JVavigation Inland,
Kiema, promontory of Swisserland, on
the W shore of the lake of Zug, of which
it is remarkable, that the ground belongs
to the canton of Lucern, the timber to
that of Zug, and the le. ves to that of
Schv\eifz.
Kien-ning-fou, city of Cliina, in the pro-
vince of Fo-kien. At thi" time of the con-
quest of Chma by the Mandshurs, it sus-
tained two sieges, and after some time it
was taken, and all the inhabitants were put
to the sword. Having been since re-estab-
lished, it is ranked among cities of the first
class, and has eight cities of the third class
under its jurisdiction. It is 260 miles SE
of Nun king.
•Kiernotu, town of Lithuania, seated on the
Villia, where the duke resides. Lon. ^5
21 E, lat. 54 50 N.
Kilbarchan, village in Renfrewshire ; it is
a manufacturing place, and has extensive
bleaching grounds. It is five miles SW of
Renfrew.
Kilbeggan, borough of Ireland, in West
Meath. It is seated on the Bosna, and is
44 miles W of Dublin.
KUburn, village in Middlesex, in the vi-
cinity ot London ; famous for a fine well of
mineral water.
Kilda, St. small island of Scotland, one of
the Hebrides, 18 leagues to the W of North
Uist. A great number of the poor people
in this island live chiefly by fishing and
catching wild fowls. St. Kilda is the most
westerly island of Great Britain.
Kildare, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Leinster, 37 miles long and 20
broad ; bounded on the E by Dublin and
Wicklow, on the W by King's CDXtntyj and
K I L
f". I L
Queen's Countv, on the N by K Mcath, and Killamey, town of Irelind 'm the county
oil tiie S by Catherloiigh. It is a fertile of Kerry and province ofMunster, on the
country, contains 100 parishes, ami sends si.l.- of a hke of the same name- Within
10 memoeis to parliament. naif a mile of this place are the ruin-i of the
Kildare, town of Ireland, Capital of a ciahcJral of A'^liadoe an ancient bibhopric
County of the same n^tne, witii a bishop's united to Ardfert. It is 14o nndes SW of
see. It is 27 miles SW of Dublin. L^n. 6 Dnbi;n.
37 W, lat. 53 9 N. KiUarneVy beautiful lake of Ireland, in
Kildriimmy, town of Scotland, in Aber- the county of Kerry, otherwise called
deenshire, seated on the Don. Lon 2 35 Lough Lean, from its being surrounded by
W, lat. 57 20 N. high mountains. It is divided into three
Kilgarren, town in Pembrokeshire, seat- parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Up-
ed on the river Tyvy ; near it is a rem rka- per Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is
ble salmon-leap, where the fish are ca-iglit six miles in length, and from three to four
in great abundance. Above this place, are in breadth. The upper lake is four miles
large works for fabricating tin plates. It inlength, and from two 'o three in breadth,
is 30 miles N of Pembroke, and 227 WN W It is almost surrounded by mountains, from
of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 52 4 N. which descend a number of beautiful cas-
Kilham, town in the E riding of York- cades. The islands in this lake are nu-
shire, with a market on Saturday. It is merous, and afford an am:izing variety of
seated on the Moulds, and is 36 miles NE picturesque views. The centre lake which
of York, and 200 N of London. Lon. 0 16 communicaUs with the upper, is small in
W, lat. 54 5 N. comparison \V\\.\i the other two, and cannot
Kilia, fortified town of Turkey in Eu- boast of equal Viriety; but the shores are,
rope, in the province of Bessarabia ; sated in many places, indented with beautiful
in an island at the mouth of the Danube. ba}s, surrounded by dark groves of trees.
It is 86 miles SW of Bialogorod, and 290 In the several moimtains adjacent to the
NE of Constantinople. Lon. 28 46 E, lat. lakes are st 11 to be seen ves iges of mines
45 22 N. of iron, lead and copper.
Kilkenny, county of Ireland, in the pro- Killevan, town of Ireland, and province
vince of Leinster, 40 miles long and 20 of Ulster in the county of Monnghan, eight
broad ; bounded on the E by Catherlough miles SW of Monaghan. Lon. 7 26 W, lat.
and Wexford, on the W by Tipperary, on 54 10 N.
the N by Queen's County, and on the S by Killicrankie, noted pa§s in Perth.shire,
Waterford. It is one of the most health- near the junction of the Tumel with the
ful, pleasant and populous counties in Ire- Garry. It is the grand entrance into the
land, contains 96 parishes, and sends 16 Highlands In those parts, and is formed by
members to parliament. the lofty mountains impending over the
Kilkenny, town of Ireland, capital of a Garry, which rushes through in a deep
county of the same name. It is one of the darksome, and rocky channel, overhung
most populous and commercial towns of w.ih trees. At present, a fine road gives
I-elund ; and consists of the Irish and an easy access to the remote Highlands ;
English Town, the last of which is the m^i the two sides sre joined by a fine
principal. It once had h bishop and the yrcli. Near the N end of this pass, in its
cadiedral is yet standing. It i; 26 miles open and unimproved state, king Wilham's
N of Waterford, and 54 SW of Dublin, anny under general M ckey, was defeated,
Lon. 6 55 W, lat. 52 36 N. ij, 16S9, by the Highlanders, commanded
Kilkenny, township of Lelnsler coun'y, by viscount Dundee, who was killed in the
Lower Canada, 35 miles NW from Mon- moment of victory. Here also a body of
treal. Hessians in 1746 made a full pause, refusing
Kilkenny, township of Coos county, New to march further, for it appeared to thera
H.impshire, 8 miles NE from Lancaster, as the «e/»/;/s 7(Z/ra of habitable country.
Population in 1820, 24 KiUikcuih, borough of Ireland, in the
Kilkeiiny, post town, St. Lawrence coun- ^^^^,^^^, ofDown.seated on an arm of Strang-
ty, New\ork. , , • . ford Lough, \\ here ships may be sheltered
Killala, seaport of Ireland, m the county ^..^^ ^,j Oj^j^_ ^.,,g celebrated Sir Hans
of Mayo, and province of Connaught, with ^^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ -^ ,,^ig ^^^^^^ ^^-^^-^^^^ -,3 gQ
a bishop's see It is 21 miles IN ot Castle- jj ^^ ^ ^ ^^- ^.^biin.
bar. Lon. 9 11 W, lat. 54 15 E. ^
Killaloe, city of Ireland, hi the county of
Clare, and province of Munster with a
bishop's see, seated on the Shannon, over
which is a bridge of 19 arches Here is a
considerable salmon and eel fishery. It is
10 miles NNE of Limerick. Lon. 8 27 W,
lat, 52 50 N.
ATI
Killinaule, town olTreland, in the county
of Tipperary and province of Connaught,
14 mdes N of Cloumel. Lon. 7 26 W, lat.
52 27 N,
KiUingly, township of Windham cotmty,
Connecticut, containing 2,512 inhabitants
in 1810. and in 1820, 2,80", It is situated
K 1 J<
K I N
between Quinaboag river and Rhode
Island, in the NE corner of the state.
Killington peak; mountain of Vermont,
10 miles E from UntlunJ. It is* upwards
of 4000 feet above the level of the Atlantic
Ocean.
Killing-.uorth, post town and township, in
Middlesex county, Connecticut ; situated
on Long' Island Sound, 20 miles SW of
New London, and about 25 NE of New
Haven. It contained in 1820, 3,963 in-
habitants,
Killony, town of Ireland, in the county of
Sligo, six miles S of Sligo. Lon. 8 25 'W,
lat. 54 11 N.
Killough, or Vort St. Jinn, seaport of
Ireland, in the cointy of Down, and pro-
vince of Ulster, sinuate ! on the N of St.
John's Point, in the Irish S a, and has a
good quay where ship^ lie very safe. Here
is a manufacture of salt. It is 76 miles N
by E of Dublin.
Killybeffs, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Donegal, ^-itli a spacious harbour
on the N side cf Donegal Bay. It is 12
miles NW of Ballvshamion. Lon. 8 6 W,
lat. 54 40 N. '
Kilmac-Thomas, town of Ireland, in the
county of Wateifor.l and province of Mun-
ster, 12 miles 8E of VVateriord. Lon. 7
10 W, lat. 52 14 N.
^ilmain/iam, town of Ireland, situated
about half a mile from Dublin. It has a
session-house and a jail ; and here the
quarter sesbions are held for the county of
Dublin, and the knights for the shire
elected. It was sometimes the seat of
government, before the castle at Dublin
was appropriated to Ihe purpose.
Kilmallock, borough of Ireland, in the
county of Limerick. Lon. 8 34 W, lat. 51
24 N.
Kilmarnock, populous town in Ayresi.ire,
with a manufacture of gloves, carpets,
stockings, niglitcaps, bonnets, and otiier
woollen goods. It is 15 miles SW of
Glasgow.
Kilmarnock, post village, Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania.
.^i7more, town of Ireland, in the county
of Cavan and province of Ulster, with a
bishop's see, three miles SW of Ca'.aii.
Lon. 7 11 W, lat. 54 2 N.
Kiltearn, town of Kossliire, in Scotland,
remarkable for being the burial pkce of
Donald Monro, who gave Buchanan the
account of the islands and Highlands of
Scotland, which he has inserted in his his-
tory.
Kit-worth, thriving town of Ireland, in
the county of Cork and province of Mun-
ster, at the foot of Kilworth mountains.
Below the town runs the river Funchcon,
oh which stands the castle of Cloughleagh,
which lias stood seven sieges, Kilworth
is 108 miles SW of Dublin.
Kimbolton, town in Huntingdonshire,
with a market on Friday, noted for the
castle of Kimbolton. It is eight miles N
W of St Noel's, and 64 N by W of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 18 W, lat 52 15 N.
Kimi, town of Sweden, capital of a pro-
vince of the same name, in East Bothnia,
seated on a rivrr of the same name, where
it falls into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles S
E of Tornea.
Kimi Lapmark, province of Swedish
Lapland, .situnted on the frontiers of Rus-
sian Lapland.
Kimsici, town of Tartary in Russia,
where there is a great number of martens
and sables.
Kill, town of Persia, 320 miles E of Is-
pahan.
Kinbiirn, fortress of the Russian empire,
situa'.ed at the mouth of the Dnieper,
opposite Oczukow. In the last war with
Kussa, the Turks made several attacks
upon it by land and sr^a, but were finally
repulsed
Kiiicardme-o neil, village in Aberdeen-
shire, seated on the river Dee, 23 miles W
of Aberdeen,
Kincardineshire, or JMearns, county of
Scotland, bounded on the N and NW by
Aberdeenshire, on the E by the German
Ocean, and on the S by Angusshire. Its
length along the coast is 30 miles ; its
greatest breadth 20. The only borough in
it is Inverbervie.
Knderhook, township and post village, in
Columbia county. New York, on the E side
of Hudson nver, 10 miles N of the city of
Huds:<n, and 20 S of Albany. I'opulation
in 1820,
Knderhook, creek of Columbia, and
Rensallaer counties, New York. It is
composed of two branches. 'I'lie South
branch r.ses near the SE angle of Colum-
bia county ; the north branch near the SE
angle of Rensallaer county, and each flow-
ing about 25 miles, unite about 2 miles
from Hudson river, into which the united
stream falls 5 miles N from the city of
Hudson.
Kineton, town in Warwickshire. It is
10 miles SSE of Warwick, and 88 N W of
London. Lon. 1 24 W^ lat. 52 11 N.
King George's Sound, name given by
captain Cook, in 1778, to the harbour
which he discovered on the W coast of
Quidra and ^'ancouvers Island. Lon. 126
48 W, frem London, 49, 48 W from W C.
and lut. 49 33 N. But the natives call it
.Vootka , the name now generally adopted
by the Englisi). Upon the sea coast, the
land is tolerably high and level ; but, with-
in the island, it rises into steep hills, which
have a uniform ;ippearawce. The trees,
of which the woods are composed, are the
475
KIN
K I 1\'
Canadian pine, white cypress, and two ov
three other sorts of pine. In general, the
trees grow here with great vigour, and are
of a large size. About the rocks and bor-
ders of the woods were seen some straw-
berry plants, and raspberry, corrent, goose-
berry bushes, all in a fl urishing state. In
1780, a small association of British mer-
chants, resident in the East Indies, formed
the project of opening a trade to this
place, for supplying China with furs, and
took measures, in 1788, to secure them-
selves a permanent set'lement ; but the
Spaniards being jealous of the intrusion of
the English into that part of -he world, sent
a frigate from Mexico to put an end to
this commerce. The frigate captured two
English vessels, and to'ik possession of the
settlement that liad been formed upon the
coast. The British ministry immediately
ordered a powerful armameni to give
weight to their demand of reparation ; but
the affair was amicably terminated by a
convention, in 1790.
King and Queen, county of Virginia,
bounded by Mattapony river or King Wd-
liam SW ; Caroline N\V ; Essex and Mid-
dlesex NE ; and Gloucester SE, Length
40 ; mean width 10 ; and area 400 square
miles. Surface waving rather than hilly.
Soil ofmiddUng quahty. Chief town, Dun-
kirk.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
river in a very fertile canton, abounding
with gold and silver.
Xing-creek, post village, Barnwell dis-
trict, South Carolina.
Aifig George, county of Virginia, bounded
by the Rappahannock river, or Caroline
county S ; Stafford W ; Potomac river N,
and Westmoreland E. Length 16 ; mean
width 10 ; and area 160 square miles. Sur-
face hilly. Soil of middhng quality. Chief
town, Hampstead.
Population in 1810.
Free white nnales ... 1,190
do. do. females - - 1,191
Total whites . . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - . . - .
Total population in 1810 -
2,267
2,451
4,718
267
6,003
10,988
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,192
do. do. females - - 2,268
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites
5,460
Free persons of colour, males .
140
do. do. females
157
Slaves, males ....
3,081
do. females
2 960
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
11,798
0
2,945
44
16
Population to the square mile, 29^ nearly.
King-an-fou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Riang-si, seated on the banks of a
476
Total whites - - - 2,381
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 197
Slaves . . - . - 3,876
Total population in 1810
6,454
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,175
do. do. females . - - 1,174
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
6,116
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,934 1
do. in Manufactures - 124
do. in Commerce - - 16
Population to the square mile, 38.
King George the Third's Islands, group
on the west coast of America, extending
from lat. 56 10, to 58 18 N.
Kinghorn, seaport in Fifeshire, on the
Frith of Forth, nine miles N of Leith, on
the opposite side of the Frith. Lon. 3 0
W, lat. 56 5 N.
King''s county of Ii'eland, in the province
of Leinster, which is 38 miles long and 30
broad, bounded on the N by West Meatb,
on the E by Kildare, on the S by Queen's
county and Tipperary, and on the W by
the Shannon, which divides it from Ros-
common, Galway, and another part of Tip-
perary. It contains 56 parishes, and sends
six members to parliament. It is not so
rich as some of the other counties, nor is it
so well inhabited. The capital is Philips-
town.
Kings, county of New Brimswick, on
both sides of St. John's river, bounded by
Charlotte county E ; by St. John S ; and
by Westmoreland and Northumberland W.
K I N
K I X
K'higs, county of New York, compiising
the western extremity of Long Island ;
bounded S by the Atlantic Ocean ; W by
the Narrows, New York harbour, and East
river ; NE by Queens county, and E by
Jamaica, or Rockaway bay. Length 8 ;
mean width 6 ; and area about 50 square
miles Surface most delightfully variega-
ted, and under complete cultivation, pre-
sents a very pleasing aspect. The soil in
its natural state was sterile, sandy and
rocky, but by manure has been rendered
generally highly productive in grain, fruits,
and garden vegetables. Chief towns,
Brooklyn and Flatbush.
Population in 1810.
Free white nnales - - - 3',406
do. do. females - - 3,044
Total whites . - - 6,450
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 735
Slaves 1,118
Total population in 1810 - 8,303
Population in 1820.
Free white males - • - 4,912
do. do. females . - - 3,514
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - 0
Total whites - - . . 9,426
Free persons of colour, males - 410
do. do. females - 472
Slaves, males - - - 519
do. females ... 360
Total population in 1820 . 11,187
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 308
Engaged in Agriculture - - 840
do. in Manufactures - 713
do, in Commerce - - 81
Population to the square mile, 223^ ; and
excluding the inhabitants of Brooklyn,
7175, 73|.
Kingsbridge, town in Devonshire. It is
seated at the head of a small inlet of the
English channel, 34 miles S by W of Exe-
ter, and 218 WSW of London. Lon. 3 48
W, lat. 50 20 N,
Kingsbridge, crossing place over Har-
lem river or strait, on the road from New
York up Hudsons river.
Kingsbury, village in Herts, to the N of
St. Alban's. Here the Saxon kings had a
palace.
Kingsbury, tov.mship of Washington
county. New York, with 2272 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820, 22a3. It is situated
on the E side of Hudson river, between
fort George and Argyle township, and 90
miles N of Albany.
Kingsclear, town in Hampshire, It was
he residence of some of the Saxon kings,
and is nine miles NW of Basingstoke, and
56 W by S of London. Lon. i 9 W, lat.
51 20 N.
Kingsclear, township of York county,
New Brunswick.
Kingsessivg, SE township of Philadel-
phia county, Pennsylvania, situated be-
tween Blockiy township, Schuylkill river,
Delaware river, and Darby creek. Popu-
lation 1820, 1188.
Kingsey, township of Buckingham coun-
ty, Lower Canada, on St. Francis, and the
west branch of Nicolet rivers, about 40
miles S by E from Three Rivers.
Kings-ferry, post office, Monongalia
county, Virginia, 25 miles by land above
Morgantown, and three miles below the
main fork of Monongahela river.
King's Langly, village in Herts, five
miles W of St. Alban's. Richard II, was
buried in its monastery, but removed, bj''
Henry Y. to Westminster.
Kings, mountain in Lincoln county.
North Carolina, 26 miles a little S of W
from Charlotte, and 35 SE by E from Ru-
therfordton. This mountain or hill, was
rendered remarkable by a battle fought
there, October 7th, 1780, between a party
of United States militia, and of British and
tories. The latter were defeated With the
loss of Col. P'ei'guson their commander,
and nearly the whole either killed or ta-
ken prisoners.
Kingstnn, strong fortress of Norway.
See Fredericstadt.
Kingston, post town and township in
Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 19
miles SW of Portsmouth, with 847 inha-
bitants.
Kingston, post town and township In
Plymouth county, Massachusetts, situated
on a small bay near Cape Cod, at the dis-
tance of 37 miles SE of Boston, Popula-
tion 1820, 1313.
Kitigston, township of Addison countv,
Vermont, 25 miles SW from Montpeli'a.
Population 350.
Kingston, post town and township, Ulster
county, New York, lying on the W side of
Hudson river, 32 miles S of the city of
Hudson ; which was burnt by the British
forces in 1777, being at that time one of
Gen. Washington's principal magazines.
Population 1820, 2956,
Kingston, village of Middlesex county.
New Jersey, on Millstone river, and on the
road from New Brunswick, to Trenton, 15
miles SW from the former place.
Kingston, village of Luzerne countv,
Pennsylvania, built on one street, opposite
Wilkesbarre, on the W side of the river
Susquehanpiah, and distant about one mile
from it. This village stands upon a plain,
about the same height as Wilkesbarre and
in view from each other.
Ki?igston, township of Luzerne county,
477 -
K I N
K I N
Pennsylvania, around and including the.
precedine;' village of tiie same name. Po-
pulation 1820, 1288,
Kingston, viibge of Talbot county, Ma-
ryknd, on the right bank of Choptank ri-
ver five miles NE from Easton.
A'nj^.tio?*, post vijlige, Somerset county,
Maryland, five miles N from tlie mouth of
Pocomoke river.
Kingston, township in Delaware county,
Ohio, on the head waters of Alum and Big
AValnut creeks, and immediately north of
Sunbury. Population in 1820, 407.
Kingston, small town situated on the line,
but within the county of Ross, Ohio, 10
miles north from Chillicotiie.
Kingston, post town and seat of justice,
Roane county, Tennessee, on the point
between Clirch and Holston rivers, 60
miles by water, and 40 by hnd, below
Knoxville.
Kingston, town of Jamaica, on the N
side of the bay of Port Royal, about a mile
in length and half a mile in breadth. It
v.-as built after the great earthquake in
1692, it is a place of good trade, and is
much resorted to by merchants and sea-
men, because most of the ships come to
load and unload their cargoes here. Lon. W
COSE, lat. 17 56 N. Papulation about
r>3,000, of which about 10,000 only are
whites
Kingston upon Hull. See Tlnll.
Kingston upon Thames, a corporate town
in Surry. Queen Elizabeth founded here
a free school ; and the Lent assizes are
cons*antly held at this place. The wooden
bridge, over the Thames, is the most an-
cient on that river, except London bridge.
It is 11 miles SW of London. Lon. 0 12
W, lat 51 27 N.
Kin^^ston, Upper Canada, occupies the
site of old fort Fronteriac, at the head of
St. Lawn nee river, opposite Wolf island.
This town was laid out in 1784, and is now
the most populous in the province. Its
situation as an entrepot between Lower
and Upper Canada, and between Canada
and the United States is very advantageous.
The harbour is excellent, and admits ves-
sels of the largest size. It contains a Pro-
testant and Catholic chuich ; a court house,
jaii, hospital and about 400 dwelling
houses, with 2000 inhabitants. Distant 35
miles, nearly NW from Sacket-'s Harbour,
in New York. Lon. W C 0 20 E, lat. 44
8 N.
King-te-ching, town of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiang-si and district of Jaotcheou-
fou.
King-tree, village of Williamsburg dis-
trict, South Carolina, on Black river, about
65 miles N from Charleston.
Kingsville, township of Ash*abu1a coun-
ty, Ohio, on lake Erie, 10 miles NE from
Jefferson. Population in 1820, 614.
478
King IVaiiam, county of Virginia ; situa-
ted between Mattapony and Pamunkev
rivers, and extends eastward to where those
rivers imite, and form York river, and
bounded NW by Caroline county. Length
40; mean width 12, and area 480 square
miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil
generally thin and in part sandy.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,612
do. do. females - - 1,682
9,697
1
3,159
47
21
Total whites .... 3,294
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 203
Slaves 5,788
•
Total population in 1810 , - 9,285
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,698
do. do. females - - 1,751
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. xlo. females,
Slaves, males
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
• do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 20.
King William CWr< 7/oHse, the principal .
seat of justice, in King William county,
Virginia ; situated 35 miles NE from Rich-
mond, about half way between Mattapony
and Pamunkey rivers. Here is a post of-
fice.
King William's Mills, post office. King
William county, Virginia.
King Wood, township of Hunterdon
county. New Jersey, containing 2,605 in-
habitants in 1810. It is situated on the E
side of the Delaware, between Amwell and
Flemington. Population in 1820, 2786.
Kingivood, post village, Preston county,
Virginia, near Cheat river, 20 miles SE
from IMorgantown.
Kinross, borough in Kinross-shire, seated
on a plain, near Loch-Leven, skreened on
the N by the Ochil Hills. Its manufactures
are linen, and some cutlery ware ; and it is
20 miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 22 W,
lat. 56 15 N.
^/jiross-s^/re, county of Scotland, between
the shires of Perth and Fife, and 30 miles
in circuit, and its length and breadth nearly
equal. It sends one member to parliament,
K I O
K 1 K
alternately with the county of Ciackirtan-
nan. Population in 1801, 6,725 ; in 1811,
7,245 ; and in IS20, 7762.
Kinsale, seaport and borou.2;li of Ivelaml,
in the county of Cork, ail province of
Munster. It is a very popiil .us trading
place, and has an excellent harbour, 14
miles S of Cork. Lon. 8 26 W, lat. 51
41 N.
Kinsale, post town in Westmoreland
county, Virginia; situated on the SW
side of the river Potomac, near Chesapeak
bay.
Kimman, NK township of Trumbull
county, Ohio- Population in 1820,472.
Kinnton, post town, Lenoir county, North
Carolina, on the left bank of Ncuse river,
40 miles by water above Newbern.
Kintail, peninsula in Itoss-shire, situa-
ted between Loci) Garron and Loch Duich.
Kin-tcheoufou, city of China, ni the pro-
vince of Ilau-quang, Its district contains
two cities of the second; and 11 of the
third class,
JCmt-ching, capital of the islands of Lieou-
kieou, in the Ciiina Sea, in Cheonli, the S
part of the island. Lon. 146 30 E, lat. 26
2 N.
Kintore, borough in Aberdeenshire, 10
miles W by I»l of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 5 W,
lat. 57 8 N.
Kiof, town of Polish Russia, and capital
of the Ukraine, in a palatinate of the same
name, with an archbishop's see, and a cas-
tle. It is the capital of the Ru-san go-
vernment of Kiof, and carries on a con-
siderable trade. It is divided into the Old
and New Town, and seated on ihe VV side
of the Dnieper, 180 miles NE of Kaminieck,
and 335 E by S of Warsaw. Lon 31 51
E, lat. 50 30 N.
Kiof, or Kio-,u, government of the Rus-
sian empire, being part of the Ukraine, or
little Russia. It lies on the E side of the
Dnieper, althous^h Kiof, the capital is on
the W side. This country was conquered
by the Tartars, and came a>r;ain into the
possession of the great dukes, but was
over-run and possessed by the Cos-^acks,
under the protection of Poland. In 1664,
the natives, discontented with John Gassi-
mer, king of Poland, submitted to Russia,
and have ever since remained subject to
the empire. This government contains
eleven districts ; and its principal rivers
are the Dnieper, Desna, Oster, Udai, Sula,
Psol and Trubesh.
Kiof, or Kioiv, palatinate of Poland, in
that part of the Ukraine which lies on the
W side of the Dnieper. It contains only
two districts, and several small towns
scarcely worthy of notice ; its capital,
Kiof, being subject to Russia.
Jf2o-/eo;/, ciiy of China in the province
of Chang-tong and district of Yencheou-
fou. It is celebrated as the birth olace of
Confucius, several monuments are still to
be s en here, erected in honour of this
eminent man.
Kioge, or Koge, seaport of Denmark,
in the isle of Zealand, with a good har-
bour, 10 miles S of Copenhagen. Lon.
12 40 E, lat. 59 31 N.
A7q/z/n^, town of Sweden, in Werme-
land, seated on a small stream, that falls
at a little distance into the lake Maeler.
Lon. 16 40E, lat. 59 38 N.
Kioumzeik, well built town of Pegue,
situated on the rivtr Irrawaddey. It
seems to be in a state of improvement,
and has a. manufacture of cotton cloth,
which is the source of its prosperity:
Kirby- Lonsdale, town on Westmore-
land. It is a large town with a manu-
factory of woollen cloth, seated on the
Lon, over which is a stone bridge, 10
miles SE of Kendal, and 253 NW of
London. Lon. 2 57 W, lat. 54 3 N.
Kirby Moorside, toAvn in the >J riding
of Yorkshire. It is seated on the edge
of the moors, near the rivf r Dow, 25
miles N of York, and 225 N by W of
London. Lon. 1 3 VV, lat. 54 20 N.
Kirby- Stefihcn, town in Westmore-
land, near the skirts of the hills, which
separate this country from Yorkshire,
and has a manufactory of stockings. It is
seated on the river Eden, and is nine
miles S of Appleby, and 281 NNW of
London Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 54 26 N,
Kirchberg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, capital of a territory of
the same name, subject to the house of
Austria. It is seated on the Danube,
nine miles S of Ulm. Lon. 10 12 E, lat.
48 16 N.
Kirchberg, territory of Germany, in
the circle of Suabia, belonging to the
house of Austria.
Kircheim, town r f Germany, in the
circje of Suabia, 25 miles from Ulm.
Kircheim Poland, town of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Rhine. Lon. 7
49 E, lat. 49 39 N.
Kirin, one of the three departments of
East Chinese Tartary, bounded on the
N by the rivtr Saghalien, on the E by
the Sea, and on the S by Corea, and on
the W by Leacong. It contains only-
two or three ill built cities, surrounded
by mud walls. The valuable plant gin-
seng grows here.
Kirin, capital of the province of the
same name in E Chinese Tartary, sit-
uated on the river Songari, which is
here called Kirin, is the residence of a
Mantchew general, who is invested
with the authority of a Viceroy.
Kirkhises, Tartar, or Tater, nation of
central Asia. They are divided into
three Hordes or clans ; the Little, Mi'!-
479
K 1 11
K 1 r
die and Great Horde. This widely ex-
tended people inhabit the Asiatic
steppes or prairies. According to Mr.
Tooke, they derive their name from
Kirghis-Kaisaki, and are a branch of the
Kozaks. In their manners they are pas-
toral, and extend from the Volgee far to
the east of the Aral sea.
Kirkcaldy, seaport in Fifeshire, on the
frith of Forth, with a dockyard for small
vessels, and a cotton manufacture. It is
a pretty populous, large, well built town,
10 miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 8 W,
lat. 56 8 N.
Kirkcudbright, seaport in Kirkcud-
brightshire, at the mouth of the river
Dee, which forms its harbour. It is a
small inconsiderable place, admirably
situated for the fishery, and other
branches of commerce. It is 60 miles
W of Carlisle, and 83 SW of Edinburgh.
Lon. 4 8 W, lat. 55 0 N.
Kirkcudbrightshire, county or stewar-
try of Scotland, which once formed, with
Wigtonshire, the ancient province of
Galloway. It is bounded on the NE by
Ayrshire and Dumfrieshire, on the S by
Solway Frith and the Irish Sea, and on
the W by Wigtonshire and Ayrshire.
Its extent from N to S is 30 miles, from
E to W 45. Population 1801, 29,211 ; in
1811, oc,,683 ; and in 1821, 38,966,
Kirkless, village in the W riding of
Yorkshire, in the vicinity of which is the
monument of the famous Robin Hood ;
and on the adjacent moor are likewise
two hills called Robin Hood's Butts.
Kirkoswaid, town in Cumberland, on
a hill near the river Eden, nine miles N
by E of Penrith, and 292 NVV of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 48 W, lat. 5448 N.
Kirk's-Mills, post village, Lancaster
county, Pennsylvania.
Kirkpatrick township in Dumbarton-
shire, lying E of Dambarton, said to be the
birthplace of the tutelary saint of Ireland.
The vestiges of the Koman wall, called
Graham's Dike, built by Antonius, extend
Irom the frith of Clyde at this place, to the
frith of Forth.
Kirkwall, borough of Scotland, capital of
Mainland, the principal of the Orkney
islands. It is built on an inlet of tiie sea
on the E side of the island, and has a tolera-
ble harbour, with a fortification, on which
some guns are mounted for its defence ; the
most striking object is the stately cathedral
of St. Magnus. It is 30 miles NE of
Thurso, in Caithnesshire. Lon. 2 57 W,
lat. 58 54 N.
Kirhiuood, township of Belmont county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1404.
Kirton, town in Lincolnshire, with a mag-
nificent church, and a market on Satui-day,
480
20 miles N of Lincoln, and 151 N by W of
London. Lon. 0 28 W, lat. 53 33 N.
Kismish, island of Asia, at the entrance
of the gulf of Persia, about 50 miles in
length and five in breadth, with a remarka-
ble pearl fishery. It is tertile, populous,
and 12 miles S of Gombroon.
Kishtac, island on the Pacific coast of
America, 100 miles long and about 30
mean width. Lon. WC 75 W; central
latitude 57 30 N,
Kisti, Asiatic nation, which extends
from the highest ridge of Caucasus, along
the Sundsha rivulets ; they are bounded to
the W by the little Cabarda; to the E by
the Tartars and Lesguis, and to the S by
the Lesguis and Georgians.
Kistiia, river of Hindoostan, which falls
into the bay of Bengal, S of Masulipatam.
It is upwards of 650 miles in length, rising
near the Malabar coast.
Justnagheri, town and strong fortress of
Hindoostan, in Mysore, 66 miles from Ar-
cot.
Kitliinning, clilef town and seat of jus-
tice, of Armstrong county, Pennsylvania ;
situated on the E side of Alleghany river,
40 miles NE of Pittsburgh. Lat. 40 30 N.
Population in 1820, 318.
Kittanning, township of Armstrong
county, Pennsylvania, includmg the prece-
ding town. Population in 1820, 976, ex-
clusive of the village.
Kittatitiny J\Ioimtains, this range passes
through Sussex county, New Jersey, crosses
Delaware river at the Delaware Water
Gap, passes through Northampton county,
Pennsylvania, and continuing SW, crosses
Susquehannah river, 5 miles above Harris-
burg; separates Perry from Cumberland,
and Franklin from Huntingdon and Bedford
counties, and merges into Maryland, west
from Connecocheague creek; crosses Po-
tomac river, between Back creek, and
Shenandoah rivers. It is finally merged
amongst the other mountain ridges of Vir-
ginia.
Kittatinny ■valley, is the valley be-
tween the Kittatinny range and Blue
Ridge. In Peniisylvania, this valley va-
ries from 8 to 15 miles wide, and is uni-
formly composed of a limestone base to-
wards the Blue Ridge, and of clay slate
on the side of Kittatinny mountain. The
line of separation, between those two
rock formations crosses Delaware ri-
ver about 20 miles above Easton; the
Lehigh at the Slates about five miles
above AUentown ; the Schuylkill above
the mouth of Maiden creek ; the Sus-
quehannah in the borough of Harris-
burg, and the Potomac near the month
of the Conecocheague. In Virginia, the
line of division nearly corresponds with
Opequan creek between Jefferson and
K N I
K N O
Berkeley counties. It is a common, bat
very erroneous opinion that the whole of
this valley is bassed on limestone ; that
rock, is, however, confined to the SE
side.
Kittsry, post village and tov/nship of
York county, Maine, at the moutli of Pis-
cataway river, opposite Portsmouth. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1886.
Kiun-tchc'jufou, capital of the island
of Hainan, stands on a promontory, and
ships often anchor at the bottom of its
walls. Its district contains three cities
of the second, and 10 of the third class.
Kiutaiah, ancient Cotyaeum. Lon. 29
52 E, lat. 39 25 N. It is situated on the
W side of the Sikaria, ancint Sangari-
us river, 150 miles SSE from Constanti-
nople. Present population alwut 50,000.
Kizislermak, ancient JIahjs, larj^est ri-
ver ^' Asia Minor, rises in Mount Tau-
ris, within 70 miles from the Meditena-
nean sea. Its general course nearly N,
about 400 miles to where it falls into the
Black sea, near the ancient Naustath-
mus promontory. v
Ki&lar, or JCkliar, considerable town
of Asiatic Russia, on the Terek, near its
entrance into the Caspian sea. Lat 43
51 N.
Klattaw, town of Bohemia, 46 miles
SW of Prague. Lon. 14 6 E, lat. 50 SO
N.
Kle(e?iberg, tov/n of Swisscrland, seat-
ed on the river Aar, three miles from
VValdschut. The bishop of Constance
exercises the spiritual jurisdiction ; but
the sovereignty behmgs to the cantons,
Lon. S 12 E, lat. 47 35 N.
Kliinderc, strong fortress of the United
Provinces, in Holland, near the arm of
the sea called Hollands Diep. It is nine
miles SE of Williamstadt.
Knajidale, mountainous district in
Argyleshire, Scotland, ailjoining to Ar-
gyle Proper, and connected on the S by
a narrow neck of land to the peninsula of
Cantyre.
Knaresborough, town in the N riding
of Yorkshire. It is delightfully seated
on the river Nid, famous for its medici-
nal springs, on a rugged rock where
there was a castle. Knaresborough
sends two members to parliament, and is
IS miles W by N of York, and 211 N by
VV of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 54 5
N.
Knighton, commercial town in Rad-
norshire. It is seated on the Tend, over
which there is abridge, and is 14 miles
W of Hereford, and 1.35 NW of London.
Lon. 2 46 VV, lat. 52 13 N.
A"n?^/;;s6nV/§-e, first village from Lon-
don, on the great Western road. Here
IS an infirmary for the sick and wounded,
3 P
called St. George's Hospital ; and a con-
siderable manufacture jof painted floor
cloths.
Knittelfeldt, town of Germany in the
duchy of Stiria. It is a small place, 78
miles from Vienna, seated on the river
Muchr. Lon. 14 57 E, lat 47 29 N.
Knotsfm-d, town In Cheshire. There ar«
two towns of this name pretty near to-
gether, called the Higher and Lower. It
is seven miles NE of Northwich, and 173
NNW of Loudon. Lon. 2 28 W, lat. 53
20 N.
Knowlton, township of Sussex county,
New Jersey, oo Delaware river, below the
month of Paulings kill, and about 5 miles
below the Delaware Wat.M* Gap. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2,701.
ICnox, township of Hiincock county,
Maine, 28 miles NW from Castine. Popu-
lation in 1820, 560,
Knox, county of Kentucky; bounded Sfi
by Hsrlan ; S\V by Whitely ; NVV by Rock-
castle, and NK by Clay. Length 43 ; mean
width 19^ ; and area 840 square miles.
This county is watered by Cumberland
river, and several -of its branches. The
37th degree of N lat. intersects it nearly
in the centre. The surface is very hilly in
general, and towards the SE mountainous.
Chie-f town, Barbougville, is about 125 SSE
from Frankfort.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,867
-do. do. females - - - 2,661
Total whites . - . . 5,528
All other persBus except Indians
not taxd§ .... 40
Slaves . - . . -
Total population in 1810
307
5,875
Population in 1820.
Free white males
1,688
do. do. females -
1,617
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
0
Total whites ....
3,305
Free persons of colour, males -
9
do. do. females,
10
Slaves, males . - . -
163
do. females
174
Total population in 1820 -
Of tiiesc ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Minufactures
do. in Commerce
3.661
1
1,096
32
5
Population to the square mile, 4^ nearly
Knox, countv o^East Tennessee ; bound*
ed by Sevier SB; Blount S; Roane W;
481
K N O
K N O
Anderson XW ; ami Grainger and Jen'er-
son NE. Length" 30 ; mean width 15 ; and
area 450 square miles. Ho'.ston and Clinch
rivers unite at Knoxvilk-, near the centre
of this county, and wiih tiie united stream
below their junction afford much excellent
land. Chii'ftown, Knoxvilie.
Population in 1810.
Free whitt males - - 4,557
do. do. females - - 4,319
Total whites ... - 8,876
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 24
Slaves 1,271
Total population in 1810
10,171
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 5,578
do. do. females - ,- 5,548
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites . - - 11,126
Free persons of colour,. males 48
do. do. females, 35
Slaves, males ... - 877
do. females - - - 948
Total population in 1820 - 13,034
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 51
Engaged in At^rirulture - 2,769
do. in Maimfactures . 280
do. in Commerce - . 35
Population to the square mile,^9 nearly.
Knox, county of Ohio ; bounded by
Richland N; Cooshocton E; Licking S;
Delaware W ; and Marion NW. Leng'th
30 ; breadlli 20 ; urea 600 square miles. It
is watered by Owl and Mohiccon creeks.
Surface rather level than hilly. Chief
town. Mount Vernon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 1,145
do. do. fem.ales - - - 992
Total whites - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . .
Slaves . . - - •
Total population in 1810
2,137
12
0
2,149
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,451
do. do. -emales - - 3,855
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ...
8,306
Free persons of colour, males -
10
do. do. females -
10
-182
Slaves, males
do, females
i'otal population in 1820
0
0
8,326
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 12
I'.ngaged in Agriculture - - 1,367
do. in Manufactures - 139
do. in Commerce • - 4
Population to the square mile, 14 nearly.
Knox, township of Columbiana county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 5o5.
A^'mox, NE township of Jefferson countv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1677.
Knox, county of Indiana, between
White and Wabash rivers; bounded by
Kaskaskia, or Pike and Gibson counties
S; Wabash river W; Sullivan N; and
Daviess E. Length 36 ; mean width 11 ;
and area about 410 square miles. Surface
level towards the Wabash, but becoming
hilly in the interior ; soil generally fertile.
Chief town, Viucennes.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males - • 4,011
do. do. females - - 3,550
Total whites .... 7,561 •
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 249
Slaves - - - - - 135
Total population in 1810
7.945
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
2,840
do. do. females - - -
2,313
All other persons except Indians
not t ixed . . - -
0
Total whites .... 5,153
Free persons of colour, males - 92
do. do. females 74
Slaves, males .... 65
do. females . - - - 5S
Total population in 1820 - - 5,437
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 46
Engaged in Agriculture - - 941
do. in Manufactures - 212
do. in Commerce - - 50
Population to the square mile, 13.
Knoxvilie, post town and seat of justice,
Knox county, Tennessee, on the right
bank of Holston river, 22 miles above its
junction witli Tennessee, about 200. miles
'E from Nashville. Lat. 35 50 N. Popu-
lation upwards of 2000. It is the seat of
an academj', and preparations are making
to put a college into operation. A very
liberal donation was made by the general
government in favour of the latter institu-
tion.
:K O N
K O N
Kiioxville, post town, Jefferson county,
Ohio, 12 miles N\V from Steubenville.
Population 200.
Koang-fiii-fmi, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiang-si, surroundsd by hifjii
iTiountains. Its district contains seven ci-
ties of the third class.
Kohl, called by the Chinese, Chanio, a
vast desert of Chinese Tartary, 100 leagues
from E to AV, and almost as much from N
toS.
KodiaJi, extensive group of islands on
the Pacific coast of North Araenca, be-
tween lat. 56 45 and 58 28 N, Ion. W C
fi'om 74 15 to 76 48 W.
Koei-tcheou, one of the smallest provin-
ces \n China, bounded on the S by Quang-
si, on the E by Hou-quang, on the N by
Se-tchuen, and on the W by Yun-nan
The whole country is almost a desert, and
covered with almost inaccessible moun-
tains, it may be justly cailed the Siberia of
China. Tiiis province pr^'duces the best
horses in China. liesides, Ko'ji-yang, the
capital, it contains nine cities of ihe first,
and 38 of the second and third class.
Koei-tcheoit-fou, city of great trade, in
the province of Se-tchuen. Its district
contains one city of the second class, and
nine of the third.
Koei-Yang, capital of the province of
Koei-tcheou, in Ch:na, said to have been
formerly the residtnce of the ancient kings.
Kokenhausen, strong town of Lithuania,
subject to Russia. It is seated on the riva*
Dwina, and is 42 miles E of Riga. Lon.
26 3 E, lat. 56 40 N.
Kola, town of the Russian government of
Archangel, capital of Russian Lapla'.id, with
a good harbour, on the river Kola, near a
bay of the same on the Frtzen Ocean.
Lon. 32 26 E, lat, 68 34 N.
Kollometiska, town of Russia, pleasantly
situated on an eminence near Moscow.
Lon. 38 16 E, lat. 55 40 N.
KoloktjUda, ancient Gytldiim, 25 S from
Misitia. Lon. 22 34 E,1at. 36 47 N. .
Kolyma, or Uovijina, large river of Asia-
tic Russia, rising north from the sea of
Ocliotsk, and flowing nearly parallel to the
Indigherka, falls into the frozen ocean.
Lat. 71 25 N, lon. 152 24 E.
Kolyvan, government of tlie Russian em-
pire, comprehending a part of Western
Siberia, and formerly included in the go-
vernment ofTobobk. Its capital, of the
same name, is seated on tiie Oby. This
country iias very productive silver mines,
which have been called the Potosi of Rus-
sia. They lie between the Oby and Irlysh,
near the mountains which form the fron-
tiers of Siberia, and separate tliat country
from Cliinese Tartary.
Kongaly town of Norway, belonging to
Sweden, seated on the river Gotelba.
Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 58 30 N.
Kongnherg; town of Southern Norway,
celebrated for its silver mines. It lies on
both sides of the river Lowe, and contains
including the miners, 6000 inhabitants.
Kongsberg is 45 miles SW of Christiania.
Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 59 40 N.
Kong swinge; fortress of Norway, On the
frontiers of Sweden. It is st-ated near the
river Glomine, at the foot of a sleep rock,
on which stands an impregnable citadel ;
at least, Charles XII, who reconnoitred it,
tliought it prudent to decline the attempt.
Kong-tchaiigfou, city of Cliina, in the
province of Chen-si. It is surrounded by
inaccessible mountains, wliere a tomb is
seen which the Cliinese jjretenJ to be that
of Fohi. Its distric' contains three cities
of the sicond, and seven of the third class.
It is 700 miles SW of Peking.
Koningsbcrg, town of Franconla, belong-
ing to the house of Saxe-Weimar, three
miles NE of Schweinfurt. Lon. 10 44 E,
lat. 52 5 N.
Koniiigsberg, town of Upper Saxony, in
the nr.arquisate of Brandenburg, 47 miles S
of Stettin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 52 50 N.
Koningsberg, capitaj of Prussia, with a
university and a magnificent palace, in
which is a hall 271 feet long, and 59 broad,
without iiillars to support it, and a hand-
some library. The town house, the ex-
change, and the cathedral, are fine struc-
tures. The tower cf the castle is very high
and has 284 steps to the top, whence there
is an extensive prospect. Here are 18
churc'.ies, of which 14 belong to the Luther-
ans, three to the Calvanists, aud one to the
Roman Catholics. The town is five miles in
circumference, and including the garrison
of 7000 men, contains 6U,000 inhabitants.
It stands on the Pregel, which here falls
into the Frische H;if, an inlet of the Baltic.
No ships drawing m'>re than seven feet
water can pass the bar, and come up to
the town ; so that the large vesseU anclior
at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic,
Avhicli is the pori of Koningsberg ; and
the merchandise is sent in smaller vessels
to this place The trade o: Koningsberg
is vetv considerable. It is 62 miles NE of
Elbing, and 135 N of Warsaw. Lon. 20 55
E, lat." 54 42 N.
Koningsgratz, town of Bohemia, seated
on the Elbe, With a bishop's see, 35 miles
SW of Giatz, and 115 N by W of Vienna.
Lon. 16 8B, lat. 50 6 N.
Koningshofen, strong town of Franconia,
with a bishop's see, 25 miles NNW of
Bamberg. Lon. 10 46 E, lat. 50 24 N.
Krming stein, town of Germany in the
circle of Upper Saxony, in the territory of
Misnia, with an impregnable fort. It is a
place of confinement frr sla'- ; 'isoners,
and is seated on the Elbe. 10 miles SE of
Pyrna, and 10 SW of Dresden. Lon. 13
43 E, lat. 51 2 N.
483
K I \,
Ao/ii'/i^o/e/zi, town o; Ijcijuu:.}, :.-i liie
fjircle of the Lower Hhine, which is strong-
ly fortified. It surreiulered to the French,
Julj^ 22, 1796. ].oii. 8 25 W , iat. 50 5 N.
KoiiingsluUer, town of Germany, seated
in the territory of Brm-swlck-Wolfenbut-
tle. l.on. 11 7E, kt.52 25 N.
Koniiz, town of Poland in Western Prus-
sia, 10 miles N\V of Culm, and 50 S\V of
Dantzic. Lon. 18 16 E, Iat. 53 o6 N.
Kopys, fortified town of Lithuani-i, sealed
on the Dnieper, 18 miles N of Mohilet.
Lon. 31 2 E, Iat. 54 32 N.
A'oc/rtcs, people of Tartary, subject to_
Russia, who inhabit the nortlieru coast of
the gulf Penschinskoi, and the most north-
ern part of Kanitschatka to the river Ana-
dir. Their country extent's westward
from the river Olomon (which runs into the
Kolyma) as f.tr as the Indian Ocean. Their
neighbours are the Ksmtschadales, the
Tongusians, the Lamouts, and the Tschou-
ktsches.
Korsa-:v, or Xosoa, town of Denmark, in
the isle of Zealand, with a fort, 45 miles W
byS of CouenhaceB. Lon. 11 10 E, Iat.
55 29 N. '
Kortrighi, township and post village,
Delaware counly, New York, 10 miles E
from Delhi. Population in 1820, 2548.
Koaol or Kosta, fortiiied town of Silesia,
near the river Oder, 17 miles N of liatis-
bon. Lon. 17 54 E, Iat. 50 26 N. _
Korsum, or Korsun, town of Russia in the
Ukraine, seated on the river Ross. Lon.
31 23 E, Iat. -49 3 N.
Kostroma, government of the Russian
empire, formerly included in thut of Mos-
cow. It is divided into the provinces of
Kustroraa and Unsha. The capital of tlie
former of Kostoma, sealed at the mouth
of the Volga ; the capital of t!ie second is
Makarief, situated on the Unsha,
Kouei-te-fou, city of China in the pro-
vince of Ho-nan, seated between two large
rivers. The inhabitants treat strangers
with uncommon hospitality.
Kovjno, town of Lithuania, seated on the
AVilna and Niemen, 40 milts W of Wilna.
Lon. 24 12 E. Iat. 54 56 N.
Kraanenberg, town of the duchy of
Cleves, seated.on the declivity of a hill, be-
tween Nimeguen and Cleyess. It is cele-
brated for an image of the Virgin, pretend-
ed to be miraculous.
Krainburg, town of Bavaria, seated on
the Inn, 35 miles E of Munich.
JCrainburgjiown of Germany, in the du-
chy of Carnioia, seated on the Save, 18
miles NW of Laubach.
Kvainoiuitz, town of Upper Silesia, be-
tween Ratibor and Troppaw. Lon. 17 49
E, Iat. 50 7 N.
Krainsla-w, town of Poland, in the pro-
vince of Red Russia and palatinate of
484
»;iiciiii, 120 miles SE of Warsaw. Lon. ~ •
0 E, Iat. 51 15 N.
Krapilz, town of Silesia, in the duchy of
Oppehm. Lon. 18 10 E, Iat. 50 39 N.
Kratiioyarsk, town of Asiatic Russia in the
government of Tomsk, on the Abakan a
branch of ihe Yeiiisey river. Lon. 109 E,
Iat 62 30 N. Here according to M. Chappe
D'Au eroche, quicksilver frequently con-
geals by the frost in winter.
Krcidet~ville, post village, Northampton
county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles W from
Ijcthlchem.
K'ekith, corporate town in Carnarvon-
s'lire, Vvith a market on Wednesday. It is
seated on the Irish Sea, near Traeth-Ama-
V. r.r Bay, v.'here a castle formerly stood,
now in ruins. It is 13 miles S by E of Car-
narvon, and 237 NV/ of London. Lon. 4
18 W. Iat. 52 57 N.
Krempsn, strong town of Denmark, in
Holsteii), with a cas>tle. It is five miles N
of Gluckstadt, and 30 NW of Hamburg.
Lon. 9 15 E, Iat. 53 58 N.
Kvemeo, town of Austria, seated on the
Danube, o5 miles W of Vienna. Lon. 15
40 E, hit. 48 IS N.
Kreuze7iaoh, town of the Lower Rhine,
with a castle, on an eminence. It is seated
on the Nahe, 20 miles SW of Jlentz.
Krumla-iu, town of Germany, in Moravia,
50 miles SW of Olmutz. Lon. 16 49 E,
Iat. 48 46 N.
Krutzo-.o, town of Lithuania, 30 miles SW
of MozciUaw. Lon. 32 4 E, Iat. 54 8 N.
Krylo-iv, strong town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Kiof, seated on the Dnieper,
140 miles SE of Kiof Lon, 33 50 E, Iat.
48 50 N.
Kubesha, large strong town situated on
a hill between high mountains. Its inha-
bitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a
name common in the east to call Europe-
ans,) and relate that their ancestors were
brouglit hither by some accident, the par-
. ticulars of which are now forgotten. The
common conjecture is, that they were ma-
riners cast away upon the coast; but they
who pretend to be better versed in their
history tell the story this way. Tlie Greeks
and Genoese, say they, carried on during
several centuries, a considerable trade, not
only on the Black Sea, but likewise on the
Caspian, and were certainly acquainted
with the mines contained in these moun-
tains, from which they drew by their
trade with the inhabitants great quantities
of silver, copper, and other me'als. In
order to work these \ipon the spot, they
.sent hither a number of workmen to estab-
lish manufactories, and instruct the inha-
bitants. 'I'heir town is considered as a
neutral spot, where the neighbouring
princes can deposit their treasures with
safety. They elect yearly twelve magis-
trates, to whom they pay the most unlimit-
i. A C
ed obedience ; and as all the inhabitants
are on a footing of perfect equality, each
individual is sure to have in hi j turn a .-.hare
in the government. la the year 1725,
their magistrates, as well as the Usmeri,
acknowledged the sovereignty of liussia,
but without paying any tribute. Lon. 67
59 E, lat. 42 30 N.
Kudach, strong fort of Poland in the
Ukraine, seated on the river Dneiper. Lon.
35 45 E, lat. 47 58 N.
Kufstein, strong town of Germany, in
the Tirol, with a castle on a rock. It is
seated on the Inn, 46 miles S by E of Mu-
nich. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 47 26 N.
Kunachir. See Jeso.
Kur, ancient Cyrus, river of Persia,
which rises in mount Caucasus, and passing
by TefHIs, fails into the Caspian Sea. It is
formed by two large branches, the Aras
and Kur proper.
Kiirab, town of Asia in Persia, two miles
from the Caspian Sea. Lon. 50 15 E, lat.
37 o6 N.
Kurgan, river of Asia, which rises in the
province of Corasan, and falls into the Cas-
pian Sea.
ITnriles, chain of islands extending from
lat. 45 to 51 N, ruaning from the so'Uthern
promontory of Kamtsdiatka to Japan, in a
SW direction. The* inhabitants of the
neighbourhood of Lopatka, who were
themselves called Kuriles, gavfi these
islands the same name, as soon as they
became acquainted with them. Spanbug
says they are 22 in number, exclusive of
the very small ones.
Kursk; government of the Russian em-
pire, formerly part of that of Bielgoiod.
Its capital of the same name, is seated on
the Tukor, which falls into the Seine or
Sem.
Kiisma Damianski, town of the Russian
empire, in Tarlary, 32 miles NE of Vasigo-
lorod from the river Volga. Lon. 51 30
E, lat. 56 2 N.
Kiisistcm, province of Persia, bounded
on the N and R by Irac-Agemi, on the S by
Farsistan, and on the W by Irac-Arabia.
Suster is the capital.
Kttttenburff, town of Bohemia, seated
near a mountain, remarkable for its silver
mines, 35 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 37
E, lat. 49 56 N.
KuUure, country of Asia, which contains
a great number of towns and villages, and
is exceedingly populous. Its principal
towns are Tonkul and Jourkul ; those Ijeing
the residence of its rulers. It abounds in
fruits, such as grapes, apples, plums, &c.
It likewise yields rice, wheal and other
grain.
Kuynder, fortress of the United Provin-
ces, 23 miles S of Lewarden. Lon. 5 24 E,
lat. 52 50 N.
Ktjlbiirg, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Treves, seated on the Kyll, 16
miles NW of Treves. Lon. 6 37 E, lat;
50 1 X.
Kyneton, town in Herefordshire, with a
good trade in narrow cloth, and a market
on Wednesday. It is 15 miles NW of
Hereford, and 149 WNW of London. Lon.
2 50 W, lat. 52 12 N.
Kijneton, village in Somersetshire, NE of
Somerton. It is naturally paved, for half a
mile, with one smooth rock, which looks
like ice.
Laa, Laab, or Lahab, town of Austria,
seated on the Teya, 27 miles NW of Vien-
na. Lon. 16 9 E, lat. 48 48 N.
Labadia, strong town of Italy, in Pole-
sino di Rovigo, subject to the Venetians.
It is seated on the Adige, 20 miles NW of
I'errara. Lon. 11 54 E, lat. 45 39 N.
Labia, town of Turkey in Europe, in
Servia, 62 miles SW of Nissa.
Labiait, town of Western Prussia, at
the moutii of the Dei.nne, near the Cu-
rischhaff, with a strong castle, 30 miles
NE of Koningsberg. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54
57 N.
Labourd, late territory of France, part
of that of Basques. It abounds in fruits,
and the inhabitants are said to be the hrst
that went to tish for whales. It is now in-
cluded in the department of the Lower
Pyrenees.
Lacan Sable. See Lake Sable.
Laccadives, an archipelago of small
islands, lying SW off' the Malabar coast.
Lac Des Deux Jloniagnes, seigniory,
York county. Lower Canada, on the left
bank of Ottawa river, 25 miles W from
Montreal.
Lachemiije, seigniory, Leinster county,
Lower Canada, on the St. John channel,
\o miles N from Montreal.
Laclievrotere, seignior)', Hampshire coun-
ty, Lower Canada, on the left side of St.
Lawrence river, 38 miles W from Quebec.
Lachine, village of Montreal island, 7
miles above tiie city of Montreal. From
the interposition of the rapids of St. Louis,
Lachine is the upper port of Montreal.
Active measures have been taken by the
provincial parliament to unite the two
places by a navigable canal.
Lackaiuaxen, river of Pennsylvania, a
branch of Delaware in Pike county.
Lackatvaxen, township of Pike county,
485
1. A 1-
L A H
Pennsylvania, oji the waters of Delaware
I'iver and Lackawaxen creek, 60 miles N
from Eas.ton. Population in 1820, 222.
Lac Metasiediach, seigniory, Cornwallis
county. Lower Canada.
Lac Jletis, seigniory, Cornwallis county.
Lower Canada.
La Dantre, seignioiy, Warwick county.
Lower Canada, on the left bank of St.
Lawrence river, a short distance above the
mouth of liichelieu river.
Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe. It
lies between the gulf of Finland and lake
Onega, receiving by the i-iver Svir the dis-
charge of the Onega, and is itself dischar-
ged by the river Neva into the gulf of Fin-
land. At the tov/n of Kcscliolm, lake La-
doga receives the united waters of the in-
tricate rivers and lakes of Careiia; and at
Kova Ladoga near its southern extremity,
enters the volk of a fine river flowing from
lake Kinen. The Ladoga is united to the
waters of the Volga by a canal, between
the sources of the Mista, falling into lake
llmen and the Tver, entering the Volga at
Mologda.
Ladoga, J\'e-ii), town of Russia, on lake
Ladoga, at the mouth of the Volkof river,
56 miles E from St. Petcrsburgh.
Ladogmi, or Lacedogna, town of Naples,
in Capitanata, with a bishop's see, 60 miles
E of Tsaples. Lon. 15 46 E, lat. 41 1 N.
Ladrone, or JMarianne, islands of tiie N
Pacific Ocean. They are 11 in number,
exclusive of the small islets and rocks, and
lie in about 140 E lon. and between 11 and
28 N lat. They were discovered by Ma-
gellan, in 1521, Beside the other fruits
natural to the soil and cUmate, here is the
bread-fruit tree in abundance. The names
of the principal islands are Saypan, Tinian,
Guam, and Kota.
Jjafourche, vhcr of Louisiana, one of the
mouths of the Mississippi river. It leaves
the main stream, at and above Donaldson-
ville, by a moutli of about 80 yards. Though
receiving no tributary waters by its banks,
in all its length the Lafourche gradually
increases in width and depth, and flowing
SE by S about 90 miles, falls into the gulf
of Mexico, between tlie island of Timbal-
lier and the Saut or Jump passage. Ves-
sels drawing 9 feet water can enter this
river, and ascend to the settlements 40
miles inland.
Lafotirche, interior of, parish of Louisiana,
bounded by the gulf of Mexico S ; Atcha-
falaya bay and St. Mary's parish V/ ; pari.sh
of Assumption NW ; St. Charles, and St.
Bernard NE, and Orleans E. Length 60 ;
breadth 50 ; and area about 3000 square
miles. Surface a uniform level. Soil
only arable near the water courses, as the
other parts are liable to submersion annu-
ally. Staples cotton, and sugar.
486
Population In 1810.
Free white males . - . 889
do. do. females - - - 802
Total whites . - . . 1,691
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 15
Slaves 289
Total population in 1810, - 1,995
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,414
do. do. females - - - 1,238
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... .7
Total whites .... 2,659
Free persons of colour, males - 74
do. do. females 54
Slaves, males .... 542
do. females - • • 426
Total population in 1820 . - 3,755
Of these ; .
Foreigners not naturalized - 60
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,325
do. in Manufactures - 61
do. in Commerce - 55
Population to the square mile 1|.
Lafourche, town of. See Donaldsonville.
Lagny, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Marne, and late pro-
vince of the Isle of France, with a late fa-
mous Benedictine Abbej-. It is seated on
the Marne, 15 miles E of Paris. Lon. 2 45
E, lat. 48 50 N.
Lagoon, one of the new discovered islands
in the S Sea, inhabited by a race of In-
dians, of a copper colour. This island was
discovered ))y Captain Cook. Lon. 139 28
W, lat. 18 47 S. i
Lagos, seaport of Portugal, in Algarva,
with a castle. Here fleets bound to the
Straits usually take in fresh water. It is
120 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 33 W,
lat. 27 2 N.
Laguna, capital of Teneriffe, principal
of the Canary Islands. It is elevated about
2000 feet above the level of the sea, and
situated on a romantic hill or mountain
near the sea, is one of the most attractive
places perhaps in the world. Lon. 16 20
W, lat. 28 28 N.
Lu/iH, river of Germany which rises in
Hesse Cassel, and falls into the Rhine
above Coblentz.
Lahoom, seaport of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Floliand, seated near the Baltic,
with the castle, 50 miles N of Copenhagen.
Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 56 31 N.
Lahore, province of Hindoostan Propei',
bounded on the W by Candahar, on the
N by Cashmere, on the E by Sirinagur and
Delhi, and on the S by Moultan. It "is often
L AM
LAN
called Panjab, or the country of Five Ri-
vers. It is very extensive and remarkably
fertile ; affording in addition to all the ne-
cessaries of life, wine, sngar, and cotton
wool. In the tract between the Indus and
the Chelum, are salt mines, wonderfully
productive, and aflTording fragments of
rock salt, hard enough to be formed into
vessels, &c. See Fanjab.
Lahore, city, capital of a province of the
same name, in Hindoostan Proper. It is a
place of high anliquity, and was one of the
most considerable cities in the Mogul do-
minions. Lahore is now the capital of the
Seiks, whose name was hardly known till
the rapid decline of the Mogul empire, in
the present century. Here they have
manufactures of cotton cloths and stufi's of
all kinds, and of very curious carpets. It
is 210 miles S of Cashmere, and 290 NW
of Delhi.^ Lon. 75 45 E, lat. 31 15 N.
ia/;jo,*tovvn of Naples, in Calabria Cite-
riore, near a river of the same name. Lon.
16 11 E, lat. 40 4 N.
Lai-tcheou-fou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Chang-tong, with a convenient
harbour on the Yellow Sea, containing two
cities of the first, and five of the third
class.
Lake, township in the N part of Stark
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 588.
Lake, SW township of Wayne, couuty,
Ohio. Population 1820, 311.
Lake, township of Logan, county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 470.
Lake JMaskinonge, seigniory, St. Mau-
rice, county, Lower Canada, on St. Law-
rence above Maskinonge river.
Lake of the Woods, lake, between lake
Superior and lake Winnipic, discharging
by Winnipic river into the lake of the same
name.
Lake Pleasant, township of Hamilton
county, New York. Population 1820, 312.
Lalatid, small island of Denmark, in the
Baltic, lying S of Zealand, from which it is
separated by a narrow channel. It is fer-
tile in corn, with which it supplies Copen-
hagen. Naxkow is the capital.
Lambale, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North Coast, and late province
of Bretagne. It is the chief town of the
late duchy of Penthievre. Lambale has a
good trade In cattle, linens and parchment,
and is 37 miles NW of Rennes. Lon. 2 21
W, lat. 48 27 N.
Lambese, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and the
province of Provence, nine miles N of Aix.
Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 43 40 N.
Lambeth, village in Surry, on the
Thames, opposite Westminster. Hy the
vast increase of buildings, Lambetli is now
joined to the metropolis, in a direction to
each of the three bridges. Here is a ma-
n'ufacture of artificial stone, which answer
every purpose of stone carv ing, and ex-
tends, not only to statues from the finest
models, but to every kind of architectural
ornaments.
I^amhorn, town in Berks, with a market
on Friday, seated on a river of the same
name, which falls into the Kennet, below
Newbury. It is seven miles N by W of
Hungertbrd, and 68 W of London. Lon.
1 26 W, lat. 51 ::Q N.
Lamego, town of Portugal in Beira, with
a bishop's see, and a strong citadel, con-
taining two churches, a hospital and four
convents. It is 50 miles SE of Bragua, and
150 N ofLisbon. Lon. 7 30 W, lat. 41 12 N.
Lammermmr, mountainous ridge in
Scotland, which divides the county of Ber-
wick from that of Haddington for above
20 miles. These mountains are, in general
very black and barren, affording but i-canty
pasture for the sheep that feed on them.
Spoutra Hill is the most elevated of this
ridge.
Lamo, island of Africa, on the coast of
MeVinda, between the island of Pate and
Cape Formosa.
Lamoille, river cf Vermont state, which
rises in Caledonia county, and runs in vari-
ous meanders nearly a W course through
the country, till it falls into Lake Cham-
plain near Milton, and opposite the S point
of South Hero.
Lampedosa, desert island on the coast of
Tunis, 12 miles in circumference. It is 50
miles from Tunis, and 112 from Malta, and
has a good harbour, where ships water,
Lon. 11 0 E, lat. S6 10 N.
Lampeter, township nf Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania, 2501 inhabitants in 1810,
and in 1820, 3278. It is situated on Mill
creek, five miles E of the borough of Lan-
caster.
J^ampsaco, ancient town of Natolia, with
a Greek archbishop's see. It is now an in-
considerable place, seated on the sea of
Marmora, six miles from the Dardanelles.
Lon. 27 20 E, lat. 40 12 N.
Lamspringe, town of Lower Saxony,
situated at the source of a river called
Laine.
Lanark, borougli of Scotland, and the
county-town of Lanarkshire. Since the
introduction of the cotton manufacture,
many new houses have been built. It is
seated on an eminence, near the river
Clyde, 22 miles SE of Glasgow, and 30 8
W of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 43 W, lat. 55
42 N.
iMiinrkshire, county of Scotland, 48 miles
long and 38 broad, bounded on the N by
Dunbartonshire, E by the counties of Ster-
ling, LinH'digow, Edinburgh and Peebles,
S by Dumfriesshire, and W by the shires of.
Ayr and Renfrew. It is divided into 41
parishes, and the number of inhabitants in
1801 was 146,689: in 1811, 191 .7.52, and
487 ' '
LAN
LAN
in 1821, 234,387. It sends one member to
parliament. The river Clyde runs through
the wliole extent of the county, dividing it
into two nearly ecjual parts ; the southern
part a mountainous district, generally call-
ed Clydesdale, It abounds in lead, iron,
and coal.
LancasJdre, county of England, bounded
on the N by Cumberland and Westmore-
land, E by Yorkshire, S by Cheshire, and
W by the h-ish Sea. It is 74 miles from N
to S (including a detached hundred on the
NW, called Furness, which is separated
from the rest by a creek, at the head of
Morecambe bay) and its greatest breadth
is 44 miles. It contains 1,155,140 acres
is divided into six liundreds, and 63 par-
ishes; has 27 market towns ; and sends 14
raerribers to parliiiment. The number of
inhabitarits in 1801 was 672,781 ; in 1811,
828,309; and in 1821, 1,052,859. It is a
county-palatine, under the title of the
duchy of Lancaster ; the only duchy of
England (that of Cornwall excepted)
which is not merely titular. Lancashire is
little adapted for a corn country, but is
singularly fitted for the growtli of pota-
toes. Among its products is a species of
coal, called cannel, far exceeding all other,
not only in making a clear fire, but for be-
ing capable of being manufactured into
candlesticks, cups, standishes, snuff-boxes,
&c. As a commercial and manufacturing
county, it is superier to any other in the
kingdom. Its principal manufactures are
linen, silk, and cotton goods ; fuslians and
counterpanes, shalloons, bays, serges,
tapes, hats, canvas, sacking, pins, iron
goods, plate-glass, &c. Of the commerce
of the couiity, it may suffice to observe,
that Liverpool is the second port in the
kingdom The principal rivers are the
Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern,
Wyre, Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winster,
and Ken ; and it has two considerable
lakes, Winander-mere and Coniston-mere.
It has also numerous canals, and the ho-
nour of exhibiting the first regular one in
the kingdom, which was begun by the
duke of Bndgewaterin 1758.
Lancaster, borougli and the capital of
Lancashire, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated on the
Loyne, or Lune, which forms a port for
vessels of moderate burden, and over it
are two stone bridges. Along the river
side is a fine quay, aUo yards for ship-
building ; and a canal, from Kandal, winds
round the E part of tlie town, which is
covered over tlie river by an aqueduct of
five arches, each of seventy feet span. It
is 68 miles S of C.nrlisle, and 235 NNW of
London. Lon. 2 56 W, lal. 54 3 N.
Lancaster, county of Pennsylvania,
liounded by Cecil county in ]Maryland S ;
nv the Susquehannali river SW ; Dauphin
488
and Lebanon counties NVV ; Berks NE ;
and Chester E. Length 33 ; width 28 ;
and area 928. Lancaster is a very diver-
sified coanty in respect both to soil and
surface. Several ranges of hills approach-
ing the elevation, and rugged aspect of
mountains intersect it from SW to NE.
The creeks flowing generally SW, mean-
der through the whole extent, and particu-
larly the Conos toga, have margins of excel-
lent soil. Th e staple productions are
grain, flour, fruit, whiskey, peach and ap-
ple brandy, &c. Chief town, Lancaster.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 26,699
do. do. females - - - 25,627
Total whites - - - 52,326
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 1 ,557
Slaves 44
Total population in 1810
53,927
' Population in 1S20.
Free white males - - , 33,112
do. do. females - - - 32,636
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . - 361
Total whites - - - 66,109
Feee persons of colour, males 1,117
do. do. females 1,089
Slaves, males ... - 5
do. females . . - 16
Total population in 1820
68,336
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 874
Engaged in Agriculture - 6,786
do. in Manufactures - 5,185
do. in Commerce - - 252
Population to the square mile 71.
Lancaster, ci^y of Pennsylvania, on the
great road from Philadelphia to Harris-
burg, 62 miles from the former, and 36
from the latter. Lon. W C 40 E, lat. 40 3
N. It is laid out in streets intersecting
each other at right angles. The site is
waving, about a mile W from Conestoga
creek. The adjacent country is very plea-
sant and well cultivated. This city con-
tains a county courthouse, jail, a number of
places of pnblic worship, and schools.
The hulk of tlie inhabitants are either Ger-
mans or descendants of that people. The
trade, commerce, and manufactures of Lan-
caster are flourishing. Population 1810,
5405 ; and in 1820, 6633.
Lancaster, county of A'irginia, bounded
Chesapeak bay SE ; by Rappahannoc ri-
ver S and SW ; Richmond NW, and North-
umberland NE. Length 23 ; width 10 ;
and area about 230 square miles. At the
courthouse is a post oilice.
LAN
I. A N
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,104
1,172
Total wiiites - . 2,276
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 204
Slaves - - . - - 3,112
Total population in 181Q, , ,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
5,592
1,176
1,212
Total whites .... 2,588
Free persons of colour, males . 84
do. do. females - 101
Slaves, males - . . . 1,446
do. females - - - 1,498
Total population in 1820 - 5,517
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,567
do. in Manufactures - 163
Engaged in Commerce - - 77
Population to the square m'le, 27^.
Lancaster, district of South Carolina,
bounded by North Carolina N ; Wateree
river W ; Kershaw SE ; and Chesterfield
E. Length 23 ; width 20 ; and area 460
square miles. Chief town, Lancaster C. H,
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 2,248
do. do. females - - 2,052
Total whites
4,300
All olher persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
372
Slaves . - . -
1,646
Total population in 18lG,
6,318
Population in 1320.
Free white males
2,989
do. do. females ...
2,d59
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . -
0
Total whites ....
5,878
Free persons of colour, males .
39
do. do. females
31
S hives, males . . -
1,401
do. females ...
1,397
Total population in 1820 - - 8,716
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,917
do. in Manufactures - 100
do. in Commerce . - 28
Population to the square mile, 19.
Lancaster, flourishing post town and
3 Q
scat of justice for Fairfield county, Ohio,
It is handsomely situated near the centre
of tiie county, in Hocking township, near
she source of Hockhocking river, on the
road leading from Zanesville to Chilicothe.
It contains above 200 houses, and a popu.
lation o? 1037 inhabitants It is situated 28
miles SPj from Columbus, 36 SW from
Zanesville, and 34 NE from Chihcothe.
Lon. Vi C 5 35 W, lat. 39 45 N.
Lancaster, post town, Gerrard county,
Kentucky, near Dicks river, about 30 miles
S frm' Lexington
Lancaster's Sound, on the W side of
Baffin's Bay. This great inlei has been
recently rendered peculiarly remarkable
by the expedition under Capt. Parry, who
in 1819, entei'ed it and wintered as far
west as km. Ill W from London. Lat. 74
47 N.
Lancaster, township, in the county of
G:engar}% Upp.r Canada, on the river St.
Lawrence, and the lowest in the provinces
adjoining to Lower Canada.
Lancaster, post town and seat of justice,
Coos count}'. New Hampshire, on Connec-
t'cut river, opposite Gujidiiall, in Vermont,
40 miles above Dartmouth college, 131 VV
from Portsmouth. Population in 1820,
844.
Lancaster, post town in Worcester
county, Massachusetts, 35 miles NW of
Boston, and 17 NE of Worcester, with
1694 inhabitants in 1810, and :n 1820,
1862.
Lancerota, one of tlie Canary [sles. It
is very high, and may be discovered at a
great distance. The goats and sheep are
prr-tty plenty, and the valleys produce a
lifle wheat and corn. It is about 15 miles
long and 10 broad. Lon. 13 26 W, lat.
29'l4N.
Lfivciano, town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ciieriore, with an arclibisiiop's see. It is
seated on the Feltrino, 87 miles NE of Na-
ples. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 18 N.
Landaff, small place in GUimorgan.shire,
but honoured witi) theappelUition ofa city,
on account of its being an episcopal see.
It is seated on an ascent, on tlie river
Taafe, near Cardifi"; but the cathedral, a
large stalely building, stands on low
r^n-ound. It is 30 miles^NW of Bristol, and
166 W of London. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 51
24 N.
Landajf, township of Grafton county.
New Hampshire, containing 650 inhabi-
tants in 1810. It is situated on the E side
o\' Connecticut river, between Bath and
Ilaverliili.
Landaw, strong town oF Germany, m
the palatinate of the Rhine. It was for-
merly imperial, but was ceded to the
Freoch in 1648. It is seated on the
Queich, nine miles S of Newstadt, and 270
E ol Paris. Lon. 8 12 K, lat, 49 12 N.
489
LAN
LAN
Landeii, town of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, on the Becke, 17 miles NW
of Hn-, and 18 NE :A Na nur. Lon. 5 5 E,
l&t 52 41 N. See JVeer-iohiden.
LanJer^au, town of France, In the de-
partir,ent of Finisterre and late pDvlncc'
of Brelagne, seited on ihe Elhoro, 16
miles NE of Brest. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 48
28 N.
Landes, department of France, including
the late territory of Marsan, on tlie bay of
Biscay. It is a barren sandy country,
covered with fern, pines, and tlie holm-
tree, of the bark of which corks are made.
Mont-de Mursan is the capital of this de-
partment, and Dox the episf opal see.
Landgrave, totmship of Bennington
county, Vermont, about 3.5 miles NE from
■Bennington. Population 300.
Landgiiard, or Poiiite aux Pins, N side
of Lake Erie, is in latitude about 42 de-
grees 7 minutes 15 seconds north. Lon.
W C 3 20 W; variation 2 degrees 48
minutes westerly. This point is about 20
miles east of the South Foreland, and bears
the only pine timber on this coast.
La.idisburg, post village, Cumberland
coun'.y, Pennsylvania,
Laiidrecy, town of France, department
of the Voi th on the Sambre, 50 miles .SE
from Douay,
Landsbeig, town of Upper Saxony, in the
manlie of Brandenbu!"gh, seated on the
Warta, 32 miles NE of Franc'ort on the
Ode.-. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 52 50 N.
Landsberg, town of Germany in the cir-
cle of Bavaria, near the river Leech, 23
miles S of Augsburg.
Laiulsclnit, town of Silesia, in the duchy
of Schweidnitz, it is seated on tlie Zelder,
which falls into the Bauber, and is 12 miles
W of Schweidnitz.
Landschut, town of Lower Bavaria, with
a strong castle on an adjacent hill. It is
seated on '.hr- Iser, 35 miles NE of Munich.
Since 180u, this town has been the seat of
the university of Louis Maximillian, for-
merly the university of Ingoldstadt. Lon.
12 10 E, lat. 48 30 N.
Landschut, town of Moravia, seated on
the Morava, on the confines of Hungary
and Austria.
Landscroon, fort of France in the depart
ment or Upper Rhine, and late province of
Alsace, Sc-ated pn an eminence three miles
N of Basil. Lon. 7 32 E, Int. 47 36 N.
Landscroon, or lAindscrona, seaport of
Sweden, in the province of Gothland, and
territory of Schonen, seated on the Baltic,
within the Sound, 22 miles N of Copenha-
gen. Lon. 12 52 E, lat. 55 52 N.
Land's End, die most westerly point of
Great Britain, and a vast aggregate of
moorstone. Lon. 5 40 W, lat. 50 6 N.
Lnndnford, post village, Chester district,
South Carolina.
490
Lanesborough, post village and township
of Berkshire, Massachusetts. It is situated
i.'i the NW pnrt of the state, joining to the
state of New York. Population in 1820,1319.
Lanesbnrg, town of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Longt :rd and province of Leinster,
situated on the banks of the Shannon, 62
mile from Dublin. Lon. 8 6 W, lat. 53
40 N.
Langdon, township of Cheshire county,
New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, 40
miles W from Concord. Population in
1820, 654.
Langeac, small town of France, in the
department of Cantal, and late province of
Ativergne, seated near the AUier, among
mountains, 35 miles S of Clermont. Lon. 3
35 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Langeais, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire, and late province
of Touraine, seated on the Loire, 12
miles \V of Tours. Lon. 0 31 E, lat. 47
26 N.
lAingeland, island of Denmark, in the
strait called the Great Belt. It is 33 miles
long, but scarcely five in breadth. It
produces plenty of corn, and the principal
town is Rutcoping. Lon. HOE, lat. 55
4 N.
Lanjan, or Lunching, the capital of the
kingdom of Laos, in the further India,
371 mdes N of Siam. Lon. 101 51 E, lat.
21 10 N.
Langon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, nnd late province of Gui-
enne. It is noted for excellent wine, and
seated on the Garonne, 15 miles N of Ba-
zas. Lon. 0 10 W, lat. 44 38 N.
Langport, town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is seated on a hill,
by the. river Parret, which is navigable for
barges to Bridgewater. It is ten miles SE
of Bridge water, and 128 W by S of London.
Lon. 3 b W, lat. 51 0 N.
Langres, ancient town of France, in the
ilepartment of Upper Marne, and late pro-
vince of Champagne, with a bishop's see.
It is seated on a mountain near the sources
of the Marne, and its cutlery wares are in
high esteem. This town is thought to
stand the highest of any in France ; and the
prospect from the towers of the principal
church is beautiful beyond conception. It
is 35 miles NE of Dijon, and 100 S by E of
Rheims. Lcn. 5 24 E, lat. 47 52 N.
Langslone, place in Hampshire, famous
for its harbour which is capacious enough
to contain the wliole navy of England, but
on account of a bar there is no entrance
for large ships at low water.
Laiig-uedoc, late province of France,
bounded on the N by i^uerci, Rouergue,
Auvergne, and Lyonois ; on the E by Dau-
phiny and Provence ; on the W by Gasco-
ny ; and on t!ie S by the Mediterranean ami
Eousillon. The clergy and inhabitants
LAP
LAP
vrere more vicli, numerous and more bigot-
ted than in any otlier place in France. It
now f»rms the departments of Aude, Gard,
Upper Garonne, and Herauit.
Lanier, township of Prebhle county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1096.
Lanion, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North Coast and late province
of Bretagne. Its trade consists in wine
and hemp, and it has some mineral wateis
The inhabitants of Lanion, Guingamp, and
the environs, speak the Welsh language,
■which was probably brought here by the
BritonSj who took refuge in these parts, in
the fifth century. Lanion is 15 miles W of
Treguier.
Lannoy, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North, and late province of
French Flanders, 5 miles SE of Lisle.
La J\''oratje, seigniory, Warnick county.
Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence river, 40
miles below Montreal.
LansdoTvn ToxunsJdp, in the county of
Leeds, Upper Canada, is the 11th township
in ascending the river St. Lawrence.
Lansinburg, post town in Rensellaer
county. New York ; situated on the E side
of Hudson river, near its junction with the
Mohock river, about four miles above Troy,
and nine above Albany. A fine bridge
over Hudson river unites Lansinburg and
Waterfbrd. Sloops of small draught ascend
thus high. Population in 1820, 2035.
Lansing, township of Tompkins county.
New York. Population in 1820, 3631.
Lanzo, town of Piedmont, on the river
Sture, 12 miles NW cf Turin. Lon. 7 28
E, lat. 45 9 N.
Lami, town of France in the department
of Aisne, and late province of Soissonnois,
with a castle, and lately a bishop's see. Its
principal trade consists in corn and wine ;
it is advantageously seated on a mountain,
77 miles NE of Paris. Lon 3 43 E, lat. 49
34 N.
Laos, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the
N by China, on the E by Touquin and Co-
chin China, on the S by Cambodia, and on
the W by Burmah. This country is full of
forests, and abounds in rice, fruits, and fish.
Lanciones is the capital.
La Petite JVation, York county, Lower
Canada, on the Ottawa river, about "0 miles
W from Montreal.
Lapland, or the extreme northern part
of Europe. It is divided into Russian and
Swedish Lapland.
Russian Lapland extends E from Tornea
and Tana rivers, to the White Sea, under
the name of the circle of Koia.
Swedish Lapland embraces the residue,
including the extreme North Cape of Eu-
rope, and is subdivided into Tornerv-Lap-
mark, Lulea-Lapmark, Pithea-Lapmark,
Umea-Lapmark, Jamptland-Lapmsrk, As-
sele-Lapmark, and Finmark.
The whole of Lapland stretches over
150,000 square miles, of which Sweden
possesses about 80,000, with 33,000 in-
habitants, and Russia 70,000 square miles,
and 27,000 inhabitants. Lapland may be
termed a huge congeries of frightful r^cks
and stupendous mountains; in'.crspersed,
however, with many pleasajit valleys,
watered by an infinite number of rivulets
that run into the rivers and lakes, which
discharge themselves into the gulf of Both-
nia. The names of the principal lakes in
Lapland are the Great Uma, the Great
Windel, the Oreavan, the Stor-avan, th.e
Great Lula ; the lakes of Kariom, Kali,
Torno, Enara, and Kimi. Some of these
extend 60 leagues in length, and contain a
great number of islands : Storavan is said lo
contain 365 ; and Enora contains an archi-
pelago of islands so large, that no Laplan-
der has lived long enough to visit eacii
particular island. The natives believe this
country to be the terrestrial paradise ; and
indeed notliing could be more enchanting
than such vast prospects of mountains,
hills, forests, lakes, rivers, Sec, if the coun-
try was in a moderate climate ; though
even here, in summer the roses are teen
blowing wild on the banks of lakes and
rivers, v/ith all the beautiful glow of col .ur
which apptav.s in those cultivated in our
gardens. But ail the intervals betv;een the
mountains are not engrossed by these
agreeable prospects ; great part (.f the flat
country is covered with brown dusky
forests of fir :md pine trees ; and these are
often skirted by wide extended morasses,
the stagnating waters of which in summer
produce myriads of mischievous insects,
that are more intolerable than even the cold
of v/inter. The cold in this country is
very intense during the winter, freezing
even brandy and the watery part of spir.t
of v'.'ine, if the latter is not highly rectified :
all the lakes and rivers are frozen to a pro-
dig'ous th:ckneKs; and the whole face of
the country covered with snow. The heat
of summer is almost as intolerable as the
cold of winter. At the northern extremity
of the country the sun never sets for three
months in summer, and in winter there is
an uninterrupted night of the same dura-
tion ; but this is qualified in such a man-
ner by a constant revolution of dawn and
twilight, by a serene sky, moon-light, and
aurora borealis, reflected from the white
surface of the earth covered with snov.',
that the inhabitants are enabled to hunt,
fish, and proceed with th.^ir ordinary occu-
pations. The country abounds with excel-
lent springs; and is remarkable for some
surprising cataracts, in which the water
rumbles ' over frightful precipices, arid
dashes among rocks with amazing impetu-
osity and noise. Its soil is generally so
chilled and barren that it produces little oi-
4S1
i. A :■>
1. A i.
no grain ov fruit-trees of any kind. 'litis
steriiity, however, is not so much owing to
the soil, which is in many places of a rich
mould, as <o want of industry aisd the rigor
of the climate.
In stature, appearance, atid manners,
the Laplanders are ev dentlv a branch of
the family so extensive, v;ithin and conti-
guous to the Arctic regions. The Sa-
moids, Laplanders, Greenlanders, and Eski-
maus, are the grtat divisions of this race.
Ija}\~ town ot Persia, irt the province of
Lari.-ton, with a castle. It carries on a
great trade in silk, oranges, lemons, and
tamarinds. Lon. 52 45 E, lat. 27 30 N.
Laracha, ancient and strong town in the
kingdom of Fez, seated at the mouth of a
river of the same name, with a good har-
bour. It was once in possession of the
Spaniards, but the Moors took it from them.
Lon. 5 59 W, lat. 35 40 N.
Laredo, seaport of Spain on tlie bay of
Biscay, with a large sufe harbour. It is 30
miles W of Bilboa. Lon. 3 5o W, lut. 43
23 N.
Largentiere, town of France, now in the
department of Ardeche, and late province
of Dauphiny.
Largo, tosvn of Scotland, county of Fife,
six miles S of Cupai', situated in a large bay
of the same name.
Largs, village on the W coast of Scot-
Ir^nd, mem>)rab!e for the defeat of the Nor-
wegians in their last invasion of tt>is conn-
try with a fleet of 160 sail and an army of
20,000 men, under the command of Haquin
king of Norway.
Larino, town of Naples, in the Molise,
with a bishop's see, 60 miles NE of Na-
ples. Lon. 15 0 E, lat. 41 48 N.
Larir.sa, ancient town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in the province of Janna, with a
Greek archbishop's see, a palace, and some
handsome mosques. It carries on a large
trade, and is pleasantly sea'ed on the river
Peneus, 50 miles S of Saloniclii, and 121 N
by W of Athens. Lon. 22 47 E, lat. 39
48 N.
Laristan, province of Persia, which lies
N of the gulf of Persia. It formerly be-
longed to the Guebres. Lar is the capital.
Larry bundur, seaport of Hindoostan
Proper, at the mouth of a branch of tlie
Indus called Larrybundar, witli a harbour
capable of receiving ships of 200 Ions bur-
den. Lon. 67 37 E, lat. 24 44 N.
Larta. See Arta.
Lavvigen, or Laurvigen, seaport town of
Norway, capital of a district of the same
name. Its iron works are among the most
valuable in Norway.
La Salic, seigniory, Huntingdon county,
Lower Canada, 15 miles S from Montreal.
Lassn, or Lahassa, city, the capital of
Great Thibet. It is not' large, but the
houses are of stone, spacious and lofty.
492
Seven miles on the E side of the city, is
tiie mountain of Putala, on the summit of
whicii is the palace of the great lama, the
high-priest and sovereign of Thibet. Las-
sa is 850 miles N by E of Calcutta. Lon.
91 40 E, lat. 30 34 N.
Lasselsville, post office, Montgomery
county, New York, 10 miles W from Johns-
town.
Latacunga, tawn of Peru. Lon. W C 1
16 W, lat. 0 55 S.
Latakia, formerly Laudicea, ancient and
considerable town of Syria, with a harbour,
a bishop's see, and beautiful remains of an-
tiquity. It is become the most flourishing
place on the coast, and carries on a con-
siderable trade, it is 75 miles S\V of Alep-
po, and 245 N of Jerusalem. Lon, 34 30
E, lat. S5 40 N.
Latessarie, fief, Hampshire county. Low-
er Can.ida, on St. Lawrence river, 40 miles
above Quebec.
Latimore, NE township of Adams coun-
ty, Pennsylania, on the waters, of Bei-mu-
dian crock, 15 miles NNE from Gettys-
burg. Population 1820, 856.
Laitoii, vilL-^ge of Essex, between Epping
and Harlow. It had once a priory of Au-
gustine monks, whose church is now used
for a barn.
Laval, considerable town of France, now
in the department of iNlaine, and late pro-
vince of the same name, with two castles.
The inhabitants are computed at 24,000.
Linen of all kinds and qualities is manufac-
tured here, and the neighbouring quarries
produce green marble, or black, veined
with white. It is seated on the Maine, 15
miles S of the town of that name, and 40
^Y of Mans. Lon. 0 42 AV, lat. 48 7 N.
Lavatmmd, or Lavant J^inde, town of
Carinihia, in Austria, with a castle and a
bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of
the Urave, and Lavamund, 40 miles E of
Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 18 E, lat. 46 44 N.
Lavaur, town (if France, now in the de-
partment of Tarn, and late province of
Languedoc. Before the revolution it was
a bishop's see ; and it is seated on the
Agout, 20 miles NE of Toulouse. Lon. 1
52 E, lat. 43 40 N.
Laiibach, strong town, capital of Carniola,
with a bishop's see, and a castle. It is
seated on a river of the same nnme, in
which are tlie largest crawfish in Europe,
32 miles S of Clagenfurt, and 155 S by
VV of Vienna. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 46 24 N.
Lauchingen, town of Suabia, situated on
the confines of the Black forest.
Lauda, town of Germany, in the bishop-
ric of Wurtzburg, 18 miles SW of Wurtz-
burg. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 49 28 N.
Lauder, borough in Berwickshire, with a
castle, 22 miles S of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5
W, lat. 55 36 N.
Lauderdale, small district in the county
1- A U
J. A i;
of Merse, through which a river of the
same name runs.
Lauderdale, county of Alabama ; bound-
ed by Tennessee river S and SW ; Ten-
nessee N ; and Limestone E, Length 54 ;
mean width 12 ; and area about 700 square
miles. Surface hilly. Soil productive.
Staple cotton. Cliief town, Florence.
Population in 1820.
Free wliite males - . . 1,856
do. do. females - 1,700
All other pei'sons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
3,556
14
15
828
550
4,963
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 19
Engaged in Agi'iculture - US
do. in Manufactures - - 2
do, in Commerce - - 34
Population to the square mile, 7.
Lavello, ancient town of Naples, in Ba-
silicata, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E
by N of Naples. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 41
5 N.
Lavelt, or Lafelt, village in the bishopric
of Liege, near .VIae-<tricht, remarkable for
a battle gained here by tlie French, com-
manded by Marshal Saxe, over the allies
under the duke of Cuvnberlund, in 1747.
Lavenham, town in Suftolk, v;ith a mar-
ket on Tuesday. Its church is a very
handsome Gothic structure ; and it has con-
siderable manufactures in serges, shalloons,
says, stuffs, and fine yarn. It is seated on
a branch of the Bret,' 12 miles S by E of St.
Edmund's Bury, and 61 NE of London.
Lon. 0 51 E, lat. 52 39 N.
Lanffcn, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Wirtemburg, seated on the Neckar, 10
miles S of Haiiborn. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 49
3 N.
Lauffen, small town of Swisserland, in
the canton of Basle, seated near the rivers
Birs.
Laiiffen, village of Swisserland, in the
canton of Zcric, three miles S by \V of
Schaff hausen. Here is a celebrated cata-
ract of the Rhine ; the river precipitates
itself in accumulated masses for 50 or 60
feet perpendicular, raging and foaming
with wonderful violence.
Laufenburg, strong town of Germany in
the circle of Suabia, and one of the four
Forest-Towns, with a ruined castle. It be-
longs to the house of Austcia, and is seated
on a rock on the Rhine, which divides it
in two parts. Here is a small cataract,
noted for tl^c beauty of the scenery. It is
17 miles E of Basil. Lon. 8 2 E, lat. 47
35 N.
Laughlinton, post town, AVestmoreland
county, Pennsylvania, on the road from
Bedford to Gi'eensburg, 23 miles E from
the latter.
Laughton, village of Yorkshire, on a high
hill, noted for its church, whose tower and
spire are not excelled by any Gothic piece
of the kind. It is seen in some places, at
the distance of 60 miles.
Lavig7ia, town of Italy ni the territory of
Genoa. It is seated at the mouth of a
river of the same name.
Lavington, town in Wilts, 20 miles NW
of Salisbury, and 88 W by S of London.
Lon. 2 3 W, lat. 13 51 N.
Launcesto7i, town in Cornwall, on a hill
near tlie river Tamar, 28 miles N of Ply-
mouth, and 214 W by S of London. Lon.
4 35 W, lat. 50 40 N.
Lazinu, town of Bohemia, on the road
from Leipsick to Prague, near the river
Eger, 27 miles NW of Prague. Lon. 14
20 E, lat. SO 21 N.
Laurel, post village, Sussex county,
Delaware, on the N side of Bro d cieek, a
branch of Nantikoke river, 35 miles SB
from Easton in Maryland.
Laurel Mountains. In general terms,
this range includes the extreme NW ridges
of the Appalachian chain, and reaches from
the central parts of Pennsylvania to Ala-
bama, under various loc^l names. It is
pierced by the esstern branches of Monon-
gahila, by the Great Kenhawa and Tennes-
see rivers.
Laurens, townsliip of -Otsego county.
New York, 15 miles SW from Coopers-
town. Population in 1820, 2074.
Laurens, district of South Carolina, be-
tween Eunore and Saluda rivers, and
bounded by Newberry SE ; SaUida river or
Abbeville SW ; Greenville N W ; and Enno-
ree river, or Spartenburg and Union NE.
Length 30 ; mean width 23 ; and area 690
squiire miles. Surface moderately hilly,
and soil productive. Staple cotton. Chief
town, I>aurensvilie.
Population in 1810
Free white males . . - 5,848
do. do. females ... 5,797
Total whites .... 11,645
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 29
Slaves 3,508
Total population in 1810 - - 14,982
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . - 6,327
do. do. females . - - 6,428
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - - . o
493
L A U
L A'W
Total whites ... - 12,755
Fi-ee persons of colour, males ' 37
do. do. females 12
Slaves, males .... 2,418
do. females ... 2,460
Total population in 1820 -
17,682
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,049
do. in Manufactures - - 238
do. in Commerce - - 47
Population to the square mile, 25.
Laurens, county of Georgia, on both
sides of Oconee river ; bounded SE by part
of Montgomery ; SW by Pulaski ; NW by
Wilkinson ; N by Washington ; and NE by
Emanuel, and part of Montgomery. Lengtli
35 ; mean width 25 ; and area about 875
square miles. Chief town, Dublin.
Populatisn in 1810.
Free whites, males - . 932
do. do. females - - 782
Total whites . . . - 1,714
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed .... 11
Slaves 485
Total population in 1810
2,210
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,787
do. do. females ... 1,663
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... o
Total v/hites .... 3,450
Free persons of colour, males . 8
do. do. females 3
Slaves, males - . - 982
do- females - . - 993
Total population in 1820 - . 5,436
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,249
do. in Manufactures - - 48
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile 6.
Lauricocha, river of South America, and
one of the great constituents of the Ama-
zon. It is formed by innumerable streams
flowing from the- Andes, beUve en lat. 2 and
10 S. At iat. 5 S, it unites with the Gua-
laga aid forms tl'.e Tuiigiiragua.
Lanrington, post office, Marlborough dis.
trict, S.)uih Carolina.
Lausanne, town of Swls-erland, cap't d
of the Pays de Vi-uH. with a fiimou? college
and a bishop's see. Its lofty situation af-
fords t' c most sublime views in nature,
commanding the lakt of Geneva, the Pays
de Vaud, and the rugged coast of Chablais.
494
It is seated between three hills, 50 miles
NE of Geneva, and 50 SW of Bern. Lon.
6 50 E, lat. 46 31 N.
Lausanne, township of N''orthampton
county, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river,
about 30 miles above Bethlehem. It in-
cludes the greatest mine of Anthracite
coal yet opened in the United States, See
Mauchchunk. Population 1820, 220.
Luuterburg, town of Poland in Western
Prussia, in the palatinate of Culm, 50 miles
NE of Thorn. Lon. 20 39 E, lat. 53 6 N.
Lauterburg, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of the Upper Rhine, but subject to the
French. It is 20 miles SE ot Weissem-
burg. Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 48 48 N.
Lautrec, town of France, late in the
province of Languedoc. It is seated on a
mountain and has an ancient castle.
imi^rec, town of Germany in the palati-
nate, seated at the confluence of the rivers
Sauterand Glaun.
Lauzov, seigniory, Dorchester county,
Lower Canada, on the right bank of St.
Lawrence river, opposite the city of Que-
bec.
Lavora, Terra di, province of Naples in
Italy, 63 miles in length, and 35 in breadth ;
bounded on tlie W by Campagna di Roma,
on the N by Abruzzo Ulteriore and Cite-
riore, on the E by the Molise and Princi-
pata Ulteriore, and on the S by Principato
Citeriore. It abounds in excellent wines,
and all sorts of fruits are found in great
plenty. The soil is excellent for tillage
from whence it takes its name, and there
are mineral springs and mines of sulphur.
Naples is ihe c;ipital.
La-ivahamiock, river of Pennsylvania,
rises in the NE angle of Luzerne countyi
and flowing SW falls into the Susquehan-
nah river, at Pittstown, 12 miles above
Wilkesbarre.
Laohateahanock, mountain, is a continua-
tion of the Shawnese range of Wyoming
mountains. This, near the Susquehannah
river, is very high and steep, but becomes
lower as it extends north-e>stwardly. It
terminates in Susquehannah county, where
it is called the Moose Mountain, and a
par! of it Mount Avrarat.
Lachaivahanock, valley, extends from tiie
mouth of the Lackawahanock creek, up
the same about 30 miles. The soil is of
second quality, the land uneven, forming
no level plan of any considerable extent.
This next to Wyoming Valley is the most
populous in Luzerne oanty.
Ija-aienburg , dnchy of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, subject to the
kingdom of Hariover. It is 35 miles in
length, and 20 ip breadth.
Lawenbtirg, considerable town of Lower
S.ixc)ny, capital of a duchy of the same
name, with a castle on an eminence. It is
L A VV
LAW
seated on the Elbe, 40 miles SE of Ham-
burg. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 53 26 N.
Lawenburg-ftown of I'russian Pomerania,
capital of a territory of tlie same name.
Lon. 17 39 li, lat. 54 33 N.
Lawrence, Sc. See Si. Lcnvreiice river,
and St. Lawrence county, J\'e\u York.
Lawrence, county of West Tennessee,
bounded by Alabama S ; Wayne W ;
Hickman N ; and Giles E ; length 26;
width 22 ; area 570 square miles. Chief
town, Lawrenceburgh.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 1,598
do. do. females - - 1,468
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites ... - 3,066
Free persons of colour, males - 1
do. do. females - 0
Slaves, males - - - - 96
do. females - - - 108
Total population in 1820. - 3,271
0
966
33
2
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in M.nufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 5|.
Lawrence, county of Ohio, bounded
on the N by Jackson; E by Gallia coun-
ties ; S by the Ohio rivei', and W by
Scioto county. It is generally a very hilly
and barren tract of couniry. Symmes' and
Indian Guyandot creeks, water the eastern
parts. It contains about 430 square miles.
Seat of justice, Burlington.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
1,819
1,657
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
3,499
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture - - 607
do. in Manufacuires - 34
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 8.
Lawrence, township in the west border
of Stark county, Ohio. Population 1820,
596.
Lawrence, township of Tuscarawas
county, Ohio, in which are situated the
towns of Lawrenceville and Zoar. Popu-
lation 1820, 393.
Lawrence, township of Washington
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 354.
Laxurence, county of Indiana, botmded
by Orange S ; Owen and Martin W ; Mon-
roe N ; Jackson E, and Washington SE.
Length 21 ; width 18 ;? and area 378.
This county is drained by the E branch of
White river, and its confluents. Chief
town, Palermo.
Population in 1820,
Free white males - - - 2,151
do. do. females - - 1,950
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - _ -
do. females - - _
Total population in 1820 - 4,116
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agricalture - - 997
do, in Manufactures - 15
do. in Commerce - 5
Population to the square mile, 1|.
Lawrence, county of Ai-kansaw, bounda-
ries and extent uncertain, but usually call-
ed the While river county.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,747
do. do. females - - 2,325
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Lawrence, county of Mississippi, bound-
ed NW and N by the Cateby ceded Choc-
taw territory ; E by Covington ; S by Ma-
rion and Pike, and W by Franklin. Length
60 ; mean width 21 ; and area 1260 square
miles. Pearl river flows through this
county, upon the banks of which, and on
some of its branches good land in small
quantities is found. The general surface
is covered with fine timber, and is hilly
and sterile, though well supplied with
good water. Chief staples, cotton,
495
5,602
12
1,345
77
28
LEA
I. E B
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
2,236
1,683
Total whites - - - 3,919
Free persons of colour, males 4
do. do. females 2
Slaves, males - - - 531
do. females _ - _ 460
Total population in 1820
4,916
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,518
do. in Manufactures - 47
do. in Commerce - 23
Population to the square mile 4 nearly.
La-Mrence, village and seat of justice,
Lawrence county, Arkansaw territory, on
the N side of Black river, about 50 miles
above its confluence with White river.
La-tvrencebnrg , post tcAvn, llutler county,
Pennsyh'ania, on Allegany river, 20 miles
NE from Butler. Population in 1820, 473.
La-tvrenceburg, post village, and seat of
justice. Dearborn county, Indiana, two
miles below Great Miami, and 24 miles
below Cincinnati. This village is seated
on an extensive bottom, liable to inunda-
tion at seasons of high flood.
Lawrence^ s post office, Southampton coun-
ty, Virginia, about 50 miles SE from Rich-
mond,
La-uirenceville, village on the left bank
of Allegany river, two miles above Pitts-
burg. At this place is an arsenal, and Uni-
ted States militarj- depot.
LaivrenceviUe, village laid out in the
year 1816, near the centre of Madison
county, Ohio, on the state road leading
from Columbus to Springfielfi.
Lawrenceville, post village, Nansemond
county, Virginia, 10 miles W from Suffolk,
and 30 S\V from Norfolk.
Laivsville, post village and township,
Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, on
<he New York line, 10 miles N ffom Mon-
trose.
Laxenburg, town of Austria, on a small
river 10 miles S of Vienna. Lon. 16 28
E, lat. 48 3 N,
Laytonstone. See Lotu Layton.
Laybo.ch, town and government of Aus-
trian lllyria. The town stands on a small
river a branch of the same, about 30 miles
NE from Trieste. I.ou. 14 46 E, lat. 46
02 N. Population 12,000.
Layton.i, post village, Essex county, Vir-
ginia, on the right bank of Kappahr.nnoc
river, opposite Leeds, in Westmoreland,
and 35 miles by laiul below Fredericks-
bm-g.
Lfu, river of England, rises near Luton,
in Bedfordshire, fiows to Hertford and
Ware, -ind dividing Essex from Hertford-
4^6
sliire and Middlesex, falls into the lliamcs
below Blackwall.
I^acoch, township of Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania. It is situated between
Pequea and Conestogoe creeks, nine miles
E of the city of Lancaster, and 56 W
of Philadelphia. Population 1320,2882.
Lead/nils, village in Lanarkshire, among
the mountains of Clydesdale, and said to
be the highest human habitation in Great
Britain. Here reside many hundred of
miners, with their families. These miners,
though in a great measure excluded from
society by their situation, pay great atten-
tion to the cultivation of the mind, and
have provided a circulating library for the
instruction and amusement of the litile
community belonging to the village, 44
miles S from Glasgow.
Leading creek, stream rising in the south-
ern part of Athens county, Ohio, which
after running 15 or 16 miles to the SE
through Meigs county, falls into the Ohio
river 17 miles above Gallipolis.
Leaf, river, south-western branch of Pas-
cagoula (which see.) Leaf river rises by
a number of branches, in the Choctaw
country, above N lat. 32. Its general
course is SE through Covington and Wayne
counties, joins the Chickisawhsy river in
Jackson, and forms Pascagoula river. The
entire length of the Leai river is about 100
miles, and though not so long as Chicki-
sawhay, the former is probably a larger
volume of water from its more numerous
branches. Both streams flow from a pine
forest, soil thin and sterile.
Leaf, river, post village, Green county,
Missouri.
LeaksviUe, post town, Rockingham coun-
ty. North Carolina.
Leamington Priors, village of Warwick-
shire, England, a celebrated watering place,
22 miles SW from Birmington, and 90 N
W from London.
Leao-tong, or Chen-yang, one of the
three departments of the Mnntshurs, who
hence entered and conquered China.
Chen-yang, or Mougden, is the capital.
Lectherhead, town in Surry, which has a
bridge of many arches over the river
Mole.
LeatJiestuatcr, called also TVythburn, or
Tkirhne-.'e-ivater, fine l?.ke of Cumberland,
whicii lies S by E of Keswick. Its outlet
joins the rapid river Greeta, at New
Bridge, and thus has a communication with
the lake of Derwentwater.
Lea-vava, seaport on th.e E coast of the
island of Ceylon, w hich yields a great deal
of salt. Lon. 83 15 E, lat. 6 40 N.
Lebanon, post town of York countj*,
Maine, situated on the E side of .Salmon-
fall river, about 20 miles NW of Ports-
mouth in New Hampshire.. In 1810 it
L E B
LED
contained 1938 inhabitants, and in 1820,
2223.
Lebanon, post town in Grafton connty,
New Hampshire, four miles SE of Durt-
mouth college.
Lebanon, post town in Windham county,
Connecticut, on the W side of Shetucket
river, nine miles NofNorwicli, and near
the same distance S of Windham. In
1810 it contained 2580 inhabitants, and in
1820, 2719.
Lebanon, township and post village, Ma-
dison county, New York, 35 miles SW from
Utica. Population 1820, 1940.
Lebanon, post town, Hunterdon county,
New Jersey, Population 1820, 2817.
Lebanon, county of Pennsylvania, bound-
ed by Lancaster SW ; Dauphin SW and N
W, and Berlcs NE. Lengtii 17 ; width
17 : and area 288 square miles. This fine
county is drained by the Swatara, Quitapa-
hilla and Tulpehocken creeks witii their
branches. Its NW boundary is the Blue
Mountain, or Kittatinny Ridge. The sur-
face exceedingly diversified. The sub-
stratum of rather more than one half its
surface is limestone, Tiiis formation lies
SE from the QuitapahiUa, on the opposite
side of that stream. Towards the Bhie
Mountain, the soil is based on c'ay slate.
The Union Canal, intended to unite the
Swatara to the Schuylkill by their respec
tive branches, the QuitapahiUa and Sulpe-
hocken, will pass through the centre of
this county. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey
and iron. Cliieftuwn, Lebanon.
Population in 1820.
Free' white males ... 8,527
do. do. females - - - 8,341
All other pers'jus except Indians
not taxed ... 13
Total whites .... 16,881
Free persons of colour, males . 52>
do. do. females 50
Slaves, males .... 2
do. females ... 2
Total population in 1820 - 16,988
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 273
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,989
do. in Manufactures - - 1,302
do. in Commerce - - 31
Population to the square mile, 55.
Lebanon, borough, and post town, Le-
banon county, Pennsylvania, situated on
the N side of QuitapahiUa creek, 28 miles
W of Heading, and 25 ENE of Harrisburg.
The streets are regular, and the houses
well built, principally with bricks and
stone. Population 1820, 1437.
Lebanon, post town and seat of justice,-
Warren county, Ohio, containing the usual
county buildings, with a bank, lirintinsr
office, two market houses, and library com-
pany ; 28 miles S from Dayton, and 30 N
E from Cincinnati. Lon. W C 7 05 W,
lat. 39 25 N,
Lebanon, township of Meigs county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 253.
Lebanon, one of the southern townships
of Ashtabula county, Oluo. Population
1820, 213.
Lebanon, post town and .seat of justice,
Wetson county, Tennessee, 25 miles E
from Nashville.
Lebanon, post town, Washington county,
Georgia.
Lebanon, post town, Washington county,
Kentucky, 60 miles SE from Louisville.
Lebeda, seaport of the kingdom of Tri"
poll, with a good harbour, and an old cas.
tie. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 85
miles E of Tripoli. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 32
50 N.
Lebrixa, town of Spain in Andalusia,
seated in a territory abounding in corn,
wine, and olive trees, which produce the
best oU in Spain. It is 12 miles NB of St.
Lucar. Lon. 5 44 W, lat. 2,7 8 N.
Lebiis, town of G.?rmany, in the c.rcle of
Upper Saxony, in the marquisate of Bran-
denburg, with a bishop's see, secularized
in favour of the house of Brandenburg. It
is seated on the Oder, 10 miles N of Franc-
fort, and 43 E of Berlin. Lon. 14 39 E,
lat. 52 31 N.
Leece, populous and most beautiful town
of Naples, in Otiaato, of which it is the
chief place, with a bishop's see, 10 miles
W of the gulf of Venice, and 195 ESE of
Naples. Lon. 18 20 E, lat 40 36 N.
Lccco, town of Italy in the Milanese,
seated on the E side of the lake Como, 26
mil-s N of Milan. Lon. 9 21 E, lat. 45
5Z N.
Lech, river of Germany, which rises
in Tirol, divides Suabia fi-om Bavaria, and
falls into the Danube, below Donawert.
Lecldade, town in Gloucestershire, at the
confluence of the Lech with the Thames,
28 miles E by S of Gloucester, and 77
W by N of London. Lon. 1 35 W, lat. 51
40 N.
I^echnich, town of Germany. It is situa-
ted in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and in
the electorate of Cologne, 10 miles SW of
Cologne. Lon. 7 8 E.'lat. 50 46 N.
Leek, river of the United Provinces,
which branches off the Rhine at Wyckby-
Deurstedr, and enters the Merve, 10 milea
E of Rotterdam.
Lectoure, town of France, in the depart-
ment ot Gers and late provi;vce of Armag.
nac, on a mountain at the foot of which
runs the river Gers, 12 miles E of Condom.
Lon. 0 42 E, lat. 43 56 N
• Ledbury, town in Herefordshire. It is
inhabited by many clothiers who carry on
a great trade. It is 13 miles K of HLersford,
497
LEE
LEE
and 116 WNW of London. Lon. 2 17 W,
lat. 52 3 N.
Ledesma, town of Spain, in Leon, seated
on the T'.me, 20 miles SW of Salamanca.
Lon. 5 31 W,-tat. 41 ON.
Xee> river of Ireland, wiiich rises on the
confines of Kerry, and flows E to Cork, be-
low which city it forms a fine harbour, and
enters St. Geoi-ije's Chan:iel.
\ Lee, village in Kent, in the church-
yard of which Dr. Halley, tlie great astro-
nomer, is interred. It is six miles SE of
London.
Lee, township of Hancock county, Maine,
about 27 miles NW from Castine. Popu-
lation in 1820, tmcertain.
Lee, township of Strafford county, New
Hampshire, 15 miles NW from Portsn^outh.
Population in 1820, 1224.
Lee, township of Berkshire, Massachu-
setts, containing 1305 inhabitants in 1810,
and in 1820, 1384. It is situated about
4 miles E of Stockbridge and 140 W of
Boston.
Lee, townsliip of Oneida county. New
York, 10 miles NW from lioaje. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2186.
Lee, Fort, Bergen county, New Jersej*,
on the right bank of the Hudson, 9 miles
above Bergen.
Lee, township of Athens county, Ohio.
Popuh^tion in 1820, 336.
Lee, SW county ofV rginia; bounded S
by Temnessee ; NW by Cumberland Moun-
tain or Kentucky ; and E by Scott county in
Virginia. This county is triangular; ex-
tending 45 miles along Tennessee, and o6
along Kentucky ; with an area of about 800
square rTiiles. V is intersected by Powell's
river a branch of Tennessee. The surface
is generally moimtainous, or hilly, and soil
rocky and sterile. Chief town, Jonesville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
2,248
2,089
4,337
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - _ - 21
Slaves ----- 336
Total population in 1810
4,694
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 1,962
do. do. females - . - 1,923
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - 0
Total whites
Free persons of
do.
Slaves, males
do. females
males -
females
3,885
169
197
Total papulation in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged m Agriculture
do. in Ma^iufactures
do. in Commerce
4,256
in.R
6
• 1,210
22
5
Population to the square mile, 5,
Leech Lake, lake of the NW territory of
the United States, discharging its waters
into the Mississippi river from the N, a
short distance above the falls of Pegagama.
It lies about 18 degrees W from Washing-
ton, lat. 48 N.
Leeds, town of the West Riding of
Yorkshire, England, in a vale, which trade
has rendered one of the most populous
spots in England, and is the principal of
the clothing towns in Yorkshire. It is
particularly the mart for the coloured and
white broadcloths, of which vast quantities
are sold in its cloth-halls. Leeds has a
manufacture of camlets, which has declined,
and a flourishing one of carpets resembling
those of Wilts and Scotland. Here are
also some mills for the cutting of tobacco,
and a great pottery. Within three miles
of the t»wn are numerous collieries. Leeds
has a magnificent stone bridge over the
Aire, which is navigable for boats, that
carry much coal from hence to York and
Hull It is 22 miles WSW of York, and
192 N by W of London. Lon. 1 29' W,
lat 53 48 N.
Leeds, tuwnship of Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, on Becancour river, and
between Broughton and Inverness, 40 miles
S from Quebec.
Leeds County, Upper Canada, is bounded
on the east by t'le county of Grenville ; on
tiie south by the river St. Lawrence, and
on the west by tiie boundary line of the
late town.diip of Pittsburgh, running north
until it iutersecis the Ottawa or Grand
river; thence descending that river, until
it meets the north-westernmost boundary
of the county of Grenville.
Leeds To-w7iship, in the county of Leeds,
Upper Canada, is the twelfth township in
ascending tlie river St Lawrence.
Leeds, township of Kennebec county,
Maine, on the Androscoggin, 20 miles SW
from Augusta. Population in 1820, 1309.
Leeds, villai e of Gloucester county, New
Jersey, on the Atlantic Ocean.
Leedston, post town in Westmoreland
county, Virginia, 17 miles NW of West-
moreland c<urt-house, and 105 S from.
Washington. '
Leefooga, one of the Friendly Islands, in
the South Pacific Ocean, visited by captain
Cook, in 1776. This island is stven miles
in length, and its breadth in some places,
not above three.
Leek, town in Staffordshire, seated in
some barren mcor lands. It is 154 miles
L E C.
L E II
NNW of London. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 53
16 N.
Leer, or Leltr, town of Westphalia, seat-
ed on a river of the same name, 11 miles
SE of Embden, and 24 WN W of Osnaburg.
Leerdam, town of the United Provinces,
in Holland, seated on the Lmghe, 17 miles
NE of Dort. Lon. 5 13 E, Lt 51 56 N.
Leerot, fortress of Germany, in the circle
of Westphalia, seated at the confluence of
the Lee with the Embs, 10 miles E by S of
Embden.
Leers, town of Germany in the circle of
Westphalia, and bishopric of Liege. It is
four miles N of Liege.
Leesburg, seat ot justice, and post town,
Loudon county, Virginia j lying four miles
SW of the Potomac river, and 43 NW of
Washington.
Leesburg, post town, Washington coun-
ty, Tennessee, about 80 miles NE by E
fi'om Knoxville.
Leesburg, post town, Harrison county,
Kentucky, 10 miles NW from Paris, and 22
NE from Frankfort.
Leesburg, village of Tuscarawas county,
Ohio.
Leesburg, village of Champaign county,
Ohio.
Leesburg, post town. Highland county,
Ohio, 31 miles W from Chillicothe,
Lee^s Mills, post office, Washington
county. North Carolina.
Leetakoo, recently discovered town of
South Africa, in the country of the Boshwa-
nas. It was d'scovered in 1801, and since
visited by Dr. Lechstensteln, and Mr.
Campbell. It is supposed to contain from
7 to 8000 inhabitants. Lon. 27 E, lat. 25
SOS.
Lee-ivard Islands, that part of the Carib-
bee Islands, in the West Indies, commenc
ing at Dominica, and extending to Porto
Rico.
Leeive, fortified town of Austrian Bra-
bant, seated in a morass, on the Geete, 12
miles E of Lovain. Lon. 5 7 E, lat. 50 53 N.
Leghorn, city of Tuscany, and a bishop's
see. It has one of the best hai hours in the
Mediterranean ; its commerce is prodigi-
ous. The Jews, wlio are numerous and
rich, have a handsome synagogue and
schools ; the Greeks and Armenians have
churches of their own ; and no religion is
disturbed. The inhabitants are computed
at 50,000. The streets are wide and
straight, and almost all the houses of the
same heigiit. There are so many canals,
that some have given it the title of New
Venice. Near the harbour is a ia.'-ge build-
ing, in which they shut up every niglit ihe
Turks and galley slaves. At a little dis-
t.ance is a ligiit-hojse, on a small island.
The trade consists of I'.sreign goods, as cot-
ton, sugar, cocoa, spices, sulphur, and
alum ; and in home productions, as essen-
ces, oils, wine, strawhats, cloth, juniper
berries, oranges, lambs' and goats' skins,
and coral. In 1741, this city suffered
greatly by an earthquake. It is li5 miles
N W of Rome, an^' ' "i W of Florence, l^on.
10 28 E, lat. 43 33 N.
Legnago, town of Italy, in the Veronese,
on the Adige. The town is populous,
and carries on a considerable trade, parti-
cularly in grain, which is -reatly facilitated
by means of a canal irom the Adige to the
Po. It is 24 miles SE of Verona.
Le Goupe, seigniory, Northumberland,
county, Lower Canada, on the left side of
St. Lawrence, 54 miles below Quebec.
Lehigh, river of Pennsylvania, the NW
branch of the Delaware. Its extreme north-
ern sources are in the soutliern part of
Wayne county, and in Luzerne county,
near Wilkesbarre. Augmented by many
mDuntain streams, it flows SW by compa-
rative courses 25 miles to the mouth of
AVrights mill creek ; it thence turns to
nearly S by a very serpeniine course, but
in a direct distance of about 20 miles to
Lehighton. Here it inflects to SE, and
continues in that direction, 25 miles to Al-
lentown or No.thamplon. At AUentown
it once more turns nearly at right angles,
and flows NE 15 miles to its entrance into
the Delaware at Easton. The entire com-
parative course of this stream is 85 miles.
From n'-ar its source to Trout creek it
separates Pike and Luzerne counties.
From Trout creek, to Rock Eddy falls it
separates Northampton from Luzerne
county. Below the Rock Eddy falls to its
passage through the Blue or K'ttatinny
mountain, its course is within Northamp-
ton county. Betv/een its passage through
the mountain, and the mouth of H -cken-
docque creek, it forms the limit between
Lehigh and Northampton county. Below
llockendocque creek to Bethlehem it flows
tiirough Lehigh and below Bethlehem to
Easton, in Northampton coui'^y.
The Lehigh is truly a mountain stream,
and meanders through a series of natural
scenes not excelled if equalled in the Ufii-
ted States. The following table will exhi-
bit its descent from Stoddartiville to its
mouth.
Stoddartsville to the mouth of
Nesquehoning creek about two
miles above the Laususane, and
3 miles above the village of
Mauchchunk ...
From Nesqueiioning" to tite Le-
high water gap - - -
From the gap to Easton -
Feet.
845
160
205
1,210
The Lehigh Coat and Navigation com-
pany have been for several years employ-
ed to render this stream nuvig;ible from
499
i- E 1
J, K I
the mouth of Mauchcliunk creek to Eas-
ton, in order to transport to Philadelphia
and other places, the immense treasures of
Anthracite coal imbedded in a mountain,
about nine miles from the mouth of the
creek. See Manchchimk, and J^'orthamp-
ton county.
Lefd^h, county of Pennsylvania, bounded
SE by Bucks ; SW by Montgomery and
Berks ; NWby Schuylkill and Northamp-
ton i and NE by Northampton. Length
25 ; breadth 13 ; and area 335. The
surface of this couniy is highly pictur-
esque and varied. Except tlie two south-
eastern townships Upper Milford and Up-
per Saucon, tlie residue of this country-
lies in the valley between South Mountain
and the Blue or Klttatinny Mountain. The
valley section is nearly equ<lly divided be-
tween the Limestone and Clay slate forma-
tions so frequently mentioned under vari-
ous articles in this Gazetteer. The soil,
particularly on the limestone tracts is ex-
cellent. The whole county with but par-
tial exci^ptions is well adapted lo the cul-
ture of grain, grass and fruits, though in
many places the surface is excessively
broken. Staples, gram, flour, whiskey,
fruit, salted meat, &c. Chief town, Allen-
town or Northampton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 9,616
do. do. females - - 9,230
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . O
Total whites .... 18,846
Free persons of colour, males 26
do do. females 23
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820,
18,895
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized • 103
Engaged in Agriculture - . 2,966
do. in Manufactures - 1,289
do. in Commerce - - 34
Population to ihe square mile, 56.
Leibnitz, town of Germany, in Stiria,
sealed on the Sulm, 16 miles S of Gratz.
Leicester^ town of Massachusetts, in Wor-
cester county, with a coi siderab-e nianu-
factuie of wool cards, six miles NNW of
Worcester.
Leicester, b'>roiigk and the capital of
Leicesterrh r-, crovcned by a muyor. The
combing an." ^j. n ijng ■ f wool, and ma-
king it into stoc'-iiigs and other articles, is
ihii chief bus:r.ess . .'" this town and neigh
bouihood A canai parses hence by Lough-
borough to the river Trent. At a parlia-
ment held here, in the reign of Henry V.
was made the first law for the burning of
heretics. In the meadows near the town,
500
are the ruins of an abbey, iii which 'cardi-
nal Wolsey died. In 1811, Leicester con-
tained 23,146 inhabitants. It is seated on
the Soar, 23 miles S bv E of Derby, and 98
NNW of London. lion. 1 8 W, lat. 52
38 N,
Leicester, township and post town of
Worcester county, Massachusetts, seven
miles SW of Worcester, and 54 in the
same direction from Boston. It contains
several places of public worship, an acade-
my, and extensive manufactory of wool
cards. It contamed 1181 inhabitants in
1810, and in 1820, 1252.
Leicester, township of Livingston coun-
ty. New York, on Genessee river, about
25 miles SE from Batavia. The villages of
Moscow and Mount Morris are in this
township. Population 1820, 1331.
Leicestershire, county of England, 38
miles long and 30 broad, bounded on the
N by Nottinghamshire, E by the counties
of Lincoln and Rutland, S by Northampton-
shire, SW by Warwickshire, and NW by
Derbyshire. It contains 522,240 acres is
divided into six hundreds, and 196 par-
ishes, has 12 market-towns ; and sends
four members to parliament. In 1811, the
number of inhabitants was 150,419. The
chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Wreke,
Anker and Welland; and it has several
canals. The sheep bred here, and in Lir»
colnsl)ire, are the laigest mutton with
which the London markets are supplied,
and have the greatest fleeces of wool of
any in England. Nor is the wool less fine
on account of its quantity ; it has the long-
est staple in the whole ibland, some few-
places excepted. The horses bred, or
rather fed here, are the largest in Eng-
land, being generally the great black dray
horses, of which great numbers are contin-
ually sent to London. The manufacture
of stockings is the principal one in the
county. Population 1801, 131,081 ; in
1811, 150,419; and in 1821, 174,571.
Leigh, seaport in Essex, on a creek at
the mouth of the Thames. It has a good
road for shipping, and is 18 miles SSE of
Chelmsford, and 40 E of London. Lon. 0
42 E, lat. 51 31 N.
Leigh, town in Lancashire, seven miles
NNE of Warrington, and 191 NW of Lon-
don.
Leighton-Buzzard, town in Bedfoi'dshire.
It is seated on a branch of the Ouse, 18
miles S of Bedford, and 41 NW of London.
Lon 0 o5 W, lat. 51 55 N.
Leinengen, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, seven miles SW of
Worms. Lon. 8 22 E, lat. 49 30 N.
Leiiia, river of Germany, which flowing
through Brunswick Lunenburgh, falls into
the Aller.
Leinsler, eastern province of Ii-eland,
bounded by Ulster on the N ; St. George's
L E I
i, E M
or the Irish Channel, on the E and S ; and
by the provinces of Connaught and Mun-
ster on the W. The capital city of this
province and of the kingdom is Dublin.
It contains 12 counties, viz. Carlow, Dub-
lin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's county,
Longford, Louth, Meath, Queen's county,
Westmeath, Wexford, and Wicklow. It
is the most level and best cultivated pro-
vince in the kingdom ; coniaining 2,642,258
Irish plantation acres; 858 parishes, 99
baronies, and 53 boroughs ; it is about 124
miles long and 74 broad, and extends from
51 45 to 55 45 N lat.
• Leiphaim, town of Suabia, in the territo-
ry of Ulm. Its vicinity produces good
hops, and it stands on the S bank of the
Danube, 10 miles NE of Ulm.
Leipnic, walled town of Moravia; near
the river Beczwa, 14 miles ESE of 01-
mutz.
Leipsic, city of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
with a famous universit}', and a strong cita-
del, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a
considerable trade ; and has three great
fairs every year, which last a fortnight
each. Its principal manufactures are silk,
gold and silver stuffs, linen and cotton
printing, leather and paper. The num-
ber of inhabitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the
houses, in general, are lofty buildings.
There are six handsome colleges belong-
ing to the university, beside the private
colleges ; and the exchange is a fine struc-
ture. Leipsic was taken by the Prussians
in 1745 and 1756. The Austrians, in 1756,
beseiged it in vain ; they took it two years
after, but were soon obliged to give it up.
Leipsic is celebrated for two of the great-
est battles recorded in history, having
been fought in its vicinity, between the
French and allied armies, on the 16lli and
18th of October, 1813, and which are fol-
lowed by the capture of the town, and the
vear-guard of the French army, on the fol-
lowing morning, and also the king of Saxo-
ny and his family, who were made prison-
ers. It is seated in a plain, on the river
Pleysse, 60 miles WNW of Dresden, Lon.
12 20E, lat. 51 19 N.
Ldria, town of Portugal, In Estramadu-
ra, and a bishop's see, with an ancient cas-
tle on an eminence. It is 80 miles NNE
of Lisbon. Lon. 8 34 VV, lat. 39 48 N.
Leiszniff, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
nia, with manufactures of cloth, lace, stock-
ings, &c. It is seated on the Mulda, 24
miles ESE of Leipsic, and 32 N W of Dres-
den.
Lcitenberg, town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a castle on a mountain
It is seated on the Sorbitz, 11 miles SSE
ofSaalfeld.
Leith, seaport of Scotland, on the frith
of Fortii, two miles NNE of Edinburg, of
which it is the port. \lt is situate at the
mouth of the river Leith, which forms the
harbour, and divides the town into N and
S Leith, which communicate by a draw-
bridge. The harbour is secured by a no-
ble stone pier at the mouth of a little river,
called the Water of Leith ; and is accomo-
dated with an elegant drawbridge and a
good quay. The commerce of Leith is
very considerable ; and the vessels em-
ployed in the London trade are, in gener-
al, of a large size, but the largest ships are
those employed in the Greenland whale
fishery. To Germany, Holland and the
Baltic, are exported lead, glass ware, linen,
woollen stuffs, and a variety of other
goods ; as also to the other countries of
Europe, the W. Indies and America. Ships
of great size are built at this port ; and
here are several extensive ropewalks.
There are also flourishing manufactures of
bottle-glass, window-glass, and crystal ; a
great carpet manufactory, a soap-Avork,
and some iron forges. There are three
churches in Leith, and an ancient hospital
for disabled seamen. Lon. 3 7 W, lat. 56
ON.
Leitrim, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Connaught, bounded on the N by
Donegal Bay, on the NE by Fermanah, on
the E by Cavan ; by Longford on the SE,
Roscommon on the SW, and Sligo on the
W. It is 42 miles long, and 17 broad ; is a
fertile country, and, though mountainous,
produces great herds ot black cattle, but
contains few places of note. It contains
21 parishes, and sends six members to par-
liament.
LeiCrim, county town of Leitrim, in Ire-
land; pleasantly situated on the river
Shannon, 80 miles from Dublin, and ap-
pears to have been formerly a place ot"
some note. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 53 57 N.
Ldxlip, town ot Ireland, in the county
of Kildare, seated on the Liffey. It has a
noble castle, with large gardens, on one
side of which is a fine waterfall, called the
salmon leap. Near it are the ruins of the
church and castle of Confy. Leixlip is
eight miles W of Dubhn.
Leman, real name of the fine lake on
which the city of Geneva stands. It is
commonly, though erroneously called from
the city, Lake of Geneva.
hemays cross roads, post office in Gran-
ville county. North Carolina.
Lembtirg, Austrian Poland, or Leopold,
large commercial city of Poland, capital of
the palatinate of Ked Russia, and now of
the Austrian kingdoms of G ilacia a'ld Lo-
domeria. It is well fortified, and defended
by two citadels, one of which is on an
eminence without the city. The square,
churches and public buildings, are magni-
ficent. It has a Roman Catholic arch-bishop
and an Armenian and Russian bisliop. It
is seated on the Peltu, 90 miles NW of
501
L E X
i. E N
Kamiiueck and 150 E of Cracow, Lon.
24 26 E, lat. 49 51 N.
Lembro, island of the Archipelago, on
the coast of Romania, 22 miles in circum-
ference, with a town of tlie same name,
and a harbour. Lon. 26 0 E, lat. 40 25
N.
Lemgotu, town of Westphalia, in the
county of Lippe, 17 miles N of Paderborn.
Lon. 9 0 E, lat. 52 5 N.
Lemington, post village and township,
Essex count)', Vermont, on Connecticut
river, 65 miles NE from Montpelier. Po-
pulation 150.
Lemnos, one of the principal islands of
the Archipelago, now called Stalimene. It
lies at the entrance of the Dardanelles, and
lias a town of the same name, which is ca-
pital of the island. It is about 25 miles in
length, and 15 in breadth, and belongs to
the Turks. The soil is pretty fertile, es-
pecially in corn and wine, and is famous for
an earth called Terra Sigiliata, formerly in
greater esteem among physicians than at
present. It contains about 75 villages,
whose inhabitants are almost all Greeks,
aa'i are very industrious. Lemnos or Stali-
mene is but a small town, standing on the
decliviiy of a hill, on the top of which there
is a castle, near the sea. It is the see of a
Greek archbishop, and is 20 miles SE of
mount Athos, whose shadow covers it a lit-
tle before sunset, and 55 NW of Metelin.
Lon. 25 28 E, iat. 40 3 N.
Lemon, one of the north eastern town-
ships of Butler county, Ohio. Population
in 1820, 2133.
Lempta, ancient Leptis Parva, or Little
Leptis, town and seaport of Africa, 60 miles
S from Tunis.
Lena^ large river of Siberia, which flow-
ing in a northerly direction, receives 16
other rivers, and falls into the Frozen
Octan, by several mouths.
Leiicicia, strong town of Poland, capital
of a palatinate of the same name, with a
fort, on a rock. The nobility of the pro-
vince hold their diet here. It stands in a
morass, on the river Blura, 27 miles SE of
Gnesni, and 110 N by W of Cracow. Lon.
1 , 2'J E, lat. 52 10 N.
Lenliam, town in Kent, with a market on
Tuesday, seated on an eminence, 10 miles
E Oi Maidstone, and 47 ESE of London.
Lon. 0 45E, lat. 51 18 N.
Lennep, town of Germany, in the circle
of Wtstpliaha, and in the duchy of Berg.
Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 51 11 N.
Lenoir, coi;nty of North Carolina ; bour'd-
ed by Jones SE ; Dublin SW ; Wayne W ;
Greene N ; and Craven NE. Lenj^th 20 ;
wi th 16; area 320. Surface level; soil
tolerably productive. Chief town Kings-
ton, stands on the north bank of Neuse
river, about 50 miies by water above New-
bern.
502
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - . -
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - . . - .
Total population in 1810 -
1,507
1,512
3,019
113
2,440
5,572
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
1,594
1,737
•
0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females
3,336
66
48
1,694
1,660
Total population in 1820
6,799
Ofthe.se ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,254
do. in Manufactures - 40
do. in Commerce - - H
Population to the square mile, 21.
Lenox counitj, Upper Canada, is bounded
on the east by the county of Addinglon ;
on the south and west by the bay of Quinte,
to the easternmost boundary of the Mo-
hawk village ; thence by a line running
along the westernmost boundary of the
township of Richmond, to the depxh of 12
miles, and thence running north, until it
meets the north-west boundary of the coun-
ty of Addington.
Lenox, post town and seat of justice,
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, half way
between Pitisfield, and Stockbridge, and
about 20 miles E of Hudson river. Besides
the ordinary county buildings and places of
public worship, this town contains an acade-
my, and foundry for casling hollow iron
ware. Population in 1820, 1315.
Lenox, township of Madi.on county.
New York, on Oneida lake, and Erie canal,
about 28 miies W from Utica. Population
in 1820, 3360.
Lenox-Castle, post town, Rockingham
county, North Carolina, 16 miles E from
Germantown, and 10 SW from Danville.
Lenoxville, town and seaport of Carteret
county, North Carolina, to the N from
Beaufort, and on a small creek or bay com-
municating with C'.-.re Sound; 3 miles W
from Beaufort.
Lens, town of France, in the department
of the Straits of Calais and late province of
Artois, whose fortifications are demolished.
It is eight miles NE of Arras, and 95 of
Paris.
LEO
L E K
Lentini, or Leontini, ancient town of Sici-
ly, in the valley of Noto. It was greatly
damaged by an eartliquake in 1693, and is
seated on a river of the same name, 17
miles SW of Catania, and 20 N\V of Syra-
cuse. . Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 50 28 N.
Lentzeu, town of Germany, in tlie circle
of Upper Saxony. It is 74 miles from
Berlin.
Lenzburg, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Bern, seated on a small river,
eight miles W of Baden.
Lenzo, small river of Italy, which rises in
the Appenines, and falls into the Po.
Leogane, town and fort of the West In-
dies, with a good harbour on the W side of
St. Domingo. It was taken by the English
and the French royalists in .Tanuary i791,
but re-taken by the republicans in October
following; and it was unsuccessfully at-
tacked by the English in March, 1796.
Lon. 72 37 VV, lat. 18 38 N.
Leominster, borough in Herefordshire.
It is famous for its fine wool, sends two
members to parliament, and is seated on
the Lug, 25 miles W by N of Worcester,
and 137 WN W of London. Lon. 2 35 W,
lat. 52 20 N.
Leominster, post town and township, in
Worcester county, Massachusetts, 25 miles
NW of Concord, and 43 from Boston,
nearly in the same direction. Population
in 1820, 1800.
Leo, St. small but strong town of Italy,
in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's
see. It is seated on a mountain, near the
river Miirrechia, eight miles SW of San
Marino, and 15 NW of Urbino. Lon. 12
25 E, lat. 43 55 N.
Leon, fertile province of Spain, formerly
a kingdom, bounded on the N by the Astti-
rias, on the W by Galicia and Portugal, on
the S by Estramadura, and on the E by
Old Castile. It is 125 miles in length, and
100 in breadth, and is divided into almost
two equal parts, by the river Douero.
Leon, ancient Legia, city of Spain, capi-
tal of the province of that name, built by
the Romans in the time of Galba. It is an
episcopal see, and has the finest cathedral
in all Spain. It was formerly richer and
more populous than at present ; and boasts
the honour of being the capital of the first
Christian kingdom in Spain. It is seated
between two sources of the river Esra, 50
miles SE of Oveiedo, and 165 N bv W of
Madrid. Lon. 5 13 W, lat. 42 45 lY.
Leon, small island belonging to Spain.
It is separated from the continent by a strait
about 10 miles long. The town of Cadiz is
built at its NW extremity.
Jjeon, JVew, kingdom of Nortii America,
which is very populous and there are silver
mines in it.
Leon de jVicarag7ia, town of New Spain,
in Nicaragua ; the residence of the gover-
nor, and a bishop's see. It was taken by
the buccaneers in 1685, in sight of a
Spanish army, who were six to one. It is
seated at the foot of a mountain, which is a
volcano, at the NW extremity of the lake
Nicaragua, 30 miles from the Pacific Ocean,
and 104 NWof Niagura. Lon. 88 10 W,
lat. 12 25 N.
Leonard le J\"oblet, St. ancient town of
France, in the department of Upper Vi-
enne, and late territory of Limosin, with a
considerable manufacture of paper, and
another of cloth for clothing the army. It
is seated on the Vienne, 12 miles NB of
Limoges, and 195 S of Paris. Lon. 1 32
E, lat. 45 54 N.
Leonardstorvn, post town in St. Mary's
county, Maryland ; situated on the N side
of Potomac river, So miles SE of Port To-
bacco, and 68 S by E of Wasiiington.
Leonhart, town of Germany, In the cir-
cle of Austria and duchy of Carinthia, 42
miles E of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 23 E, lat,
4:3 57 N.
Leontmi. See Lentini.
Leopold. See Lemburg.
Leopolstadt, small but very strong town
of Upper Hungary, built by the emperor
Leopold in 1665, seated on the Waag, o6
miles N W of Neuhausel, and 62 E of Vi-
enna. Lon. 18 6 E, lat. 48 o5 N.
Lepage, seigniory, Comwallis county,
Lower Canada.
Lepanto, strong and very considerable
town of Turkey, in Europe, and in Livadia,
with an archbishop's see, and a strong fort.
It is built on the top of a mountain, in form
of a sugar-loaf, and is divided into four
towns, surrounded by as many walls, and
commanded by a castle on the top of the
mountain. It was near this town thai Don
John of Austria, obtained the famous vic-
tory over the Turkish fleet in 1571. The
produce of the adjacent country is wine,
oil, corn, rice, Turkey-leather, and tobacco.
It is seated on the'gulf of Lep:into, 112
miles NW of Athens, and 350 SW of Con-
stantinople. Lon. 22 13 E, lat. 38 34 N.
Lepanto, Gulf of, ancient gulf of Corinth,
or sea of Crissa, or sea of Alcyon. This
deep bay separates the Morea from RoU'
melia.
Lepers, Isle of, one of the New Hebrides,
in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 0 E,
lat. 15 23 S.
VEpinay, seigniory, Devon county.
Lower Canada, on the south side of St.
Lawrence river, 30 miles E from Quebec.
Leray, townsliip, Jefierson county. New
York, on Indian river, 20 miles NE from
Sackett's Harbour. Population in 1820,
2944.
Leraysville, post town, Jefferson county.
New York, in Leray.
Lena, or Leiria, strong town of Portu-
gal, in Estramadura, with a castle, and a
503
L E S
LEU
bishop's see. It contains about 3000 in-
habitants, and was formerly the residence
of the kings of Portu.ajal ; and is 30 niilcs S
of Coimbra, and 60 N ot Lisbon. Lon. 8
46 W, lat. 39 37 N.
Lend, seaport of Italy, on the E coast of
the gulf of Specia, in the territory of Ge-
noa. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 ^f.
Lerida, ancient and strong- town of Spain,
in Catalonia, with a bishop's see, a univer-
sity and a castle. It is seated on a hill, on
the river Segra, 16 miles SW of Balaajuer,
and 200 NVV of Madrid. Lon. 0 45 E, lat.
41 44 N,
Lerins, the name of two islands in the
Mediterranean, on the coast of France, five
miles from Antibes. That nearest the
coast, called St. Margaret, was guarded by
invalids, state-prisoners having formerly
been sent here. It was taken hy the
English in 1746, but retaken in 1747. The
other is called St. Honorat, and had lately
a Benedictine abbey.
Lerma, town in Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on the Arlanza, with the title of a
duchy. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 42 16 N.
Lernica, town of Cyprus, formerly a
large city as appears from its ruins, situa-
ted on the S coast of the island, where
there is a good road, and a small fort for
its defence.
Lero, or Leros, anciently Leira, an island
of the Archipelago, on the coast of Nato-
lia. Lon. 27 0 E, lat. 37 0 N.
Leroy, township and post village, of
Genesee county. New York, 10 miles E
from Batavia. Population in 1820, 2,611.
Lerwick, chief town of the Shetland
Islands, situated on the E side of Mainland,
the principal island. It is the rendezvous
of the fishing busses from Britain, Holland,
Denmark, and other parts. Lon. 1 30 W,
lat. 60 20 N.
Les Ebotilemens, seigniory, Northumber-
land county. Lower Canada, about 60 miles
below Quebec.
Lescar, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Lower Pyrenees, and late pro-
vince of Gascony, on a hill, three miles NVV
of Pau, and 42 SE of Bayonne. Lon. 0 7
W, lat. 43 17 N.
Leskeard, borough in Cornwall, and one
of the coinage towns for tin. It sends two
members to parliament, and has a consider-
able manufacture of yarn, which is chiefly
disposed of at Exeter. It is 31 miles ENE
of Truro, and 221 W by S of London. L')n,
4 36 W, lat. 50 27 N.
Lespare, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, and late province of Gui-
enne. In the environs of which are found
transparent pebbles, resembling the false
diamonds of Alencon, and known by the
name of cailloux de medoc, medoc stones.
It is 30 miles N W of Bourdeaux.
Lessard, seigniory, Cornwallis countv,
504
Lower Canada, on the S side of the St.
Lawrence.
Lessard, seigniory, Devon county, Lower
Canada, 45 miles below Quebec.
Lessines, town of the Netherlands in
Hainault, on the Dender, famous for its
linen manufacture. It is six miles NE of
Ath, and 28 SW of Brussels. Lon, 3 46
W, lat. 51 40 N.
Lestoff, or Leostoff, town of Suffolk, the
coast is very dangerous to strangers. It is
seven miles S of Yarmouth, and 115 NE of
London. Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 27 N.
Lest'ivithiel, borough in Cornwall. It is
seated in a vale on the Fowey not far from
its fall into Fowey Haven. Formerly ships
came as far as the town ; but the channel is
now stopped up. Here is a woollen manu-
facture ; and it is one of the tin coinage
towns, Lestwithiel is 19 miles WNW of
Plymouth, and 230 W by S of London.
Lon. 4 48 W, lat. 50 27 N.
Letart, township of Meigs county Ohio,
containing 409 inhabitants.
Letterc, commercial town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples, in principato Citeriore,
with a bishop's see. It is seated at the
back of a mountain, 12 miles NW of Saler-
no, and 20 SE of Naples.
Letterkenni/, township of Franklin coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, containing 1549 inhabi-
tants in 1810 and in 1820, 1820. It is si-
tuated about five miles NW of Chambers-
burg, and three miles S of Strasburg.
Levana, small town on the northern bank
of the Ohio liver, in Brown county Ohio.
It lies two miles below Kipley, immediate-
ly above the mouth of Straight creek. It
contains a printing-office, one store, 15
houses, and 100 inhabitants. See Lavinia
in the Addenda.
Levant. This word properly signifies
the East; but is generally used, when
speaking of trade, for Turkey in Asia ;
comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine,
Egypt, the island of Candia, and the adja-
cent parts. The Levant Sea means the E
part of the Mediterranean Sea. •
Levant, post-village, and township, Pen-
obscot county Maine, 10 miles NW from
Bangor. Population 1820, 143.
Levantine Valley, valley of Swisserland,
on the confines of Italy, lying between
mount St. Gothard and the lake Maggiore.
The lower part is j^opulous, rich in pastur-
age, and produces much hemp and flax. It
is a bailiw ic, subject to the canton of Uri ;
and Ossogna, the residence of the bailiff",
consists only of a few houses.
'Leucate, town of Fiance, in the depart-
ment of Aude, and late province of Lan-
guedoc, seiied near a lake of the same
name, 18 m'les S. of Narbonne. Lon. 3 9
E, hit. 4:> 0 N.
Letichstenberg, town of Germany, in the
upper palatinate of Bavaiia, seated on a
L K W
L K W
uiountain, near the river Esreimpt, 50 miles
N \V of Ilatisbon. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 49 40 N.
Leiie, town oftlie Austrian Netliei-lands;
in Erabant, seated on tlie river tilieet, 10
miles E of Louvain. Lon. 0 5 E, lat. 50
55 N.
Levev, Loch, beautiful lake in Kinros-
shire Scotland, 12 miles in circumference,
and somewhat of a circular form,
I^ven, river in Dumbartonshire, which
issues from Loch Lomond ; and after a me-
andering course through a delightful vale,
enters the estuary of the Clyde belov/
Dumbarton.
Levemaorth, village of Crawford county,
Indiana, on the riglit bank of Ohio river,
68 miles below Louisville. In Cummings
Western Navigator, this place is spelled
Leaveivworth.
Leverett, township of Franklin county,
Massachusetts, 10 miles SE from Green-
field. Population in 1820, 857.
Levering-s, post village, Philadelphia
county, Pennsylvania, 8 miles NW from
Philadelphia, on the road to Norristov/n.
Levi, Isle ilu Fori, in the river St. Law-
rence, in front of the township of Edwards-
burgh, Upper Canada, it lies about 5 miles
below Ogdensburg. On this island are the
ruins of a French fortification.
Levistoii's, post office, Franklin county,
Indiana.
Levi, Point, south-east side of St. Law-
rence, 25 miles E from Quebec.
Leugne, village of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Saone, and late province
of Franche Comte, lying to the E of Ve-
soul.
Leak, town of Swisserland, in the Upper
Vallais, seated on an eminence, near the
Rhone. Lon. 7 39 E, lat 46 12 N".
Levronx, town of France, in tbe depart-
ment of Indre, and late province of Berr}^
with a castle, 33 miles SW of Bourges.
Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 47 ON.
Leuse, town of Austrian Ilainault, seated
on the Dendcr, 14 milts NW of Mons.
I..on. 3 45 E, lat. 50 35 N.
LcutJdrk, free imperial town of Germany
in Suabia, seated on a rivulet that falls into
the lUer, 42 miles NE of Lindau. Lon. 10
12 E, lat. 47 53 N.
Leutmevitz, town of Bohemia, capital of a
circle of the same n -me, vvith a bishop's
see; seated on the Elbe, 30 miles NW of
Prague, and 40 SE of Dresden. Lon. 14
30 E, lat. 50 31 N.
Lentmiild, iown o* Gcrra:iny, in Bohemia,
in the circle of Chrudim, 22 miles E of
Chrudim, and 72 from Prague.
Lenisch, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Carniola.
Letvarden, populous and strong town of
the king lorn of the Netherlands, 27 miles
W of Groningen, and 65 N by E of Am-
sterdam. Lon. 5 32 E, lat, 53 11 N.
3S
Lev.'en:ieiii, town of Germany in the 011'=
cle of Frar.conia, capital of a county of the
same name, witii a fortress, 10 miles E ot"
Hailborn. Lon. 9 38 E, !;.t. 49 18 N.
LcwjiKz, town of Upper Hungary, in the
county of Gran, and on a river of the same
name, where the Turks were defeated in
1644. It is ten miles Nof Gran. Lon. 18
31 E, lat. 48 21 N.
I^exves, borough in Sussex, 30 miles E of
Chichester, and 49 S of London. Lon. 0 5
£, lat. 50 55 N.
Jjewis, one of ihe largest of the Hebrides
or western islands of Scotland, extending
about 60 miles in length from Nto S, and
from 13 to 14 in breadtli, and parted by the
sea into two divisions, called Lewis and
Harries, the former lying to the westward
of the other. Area' 451,000 acres, lying
between lat. 57 54, and 58 28 N. The air
is temperately cold, moist and healthy,
great part ofliie low ground is flooded with
hkes : the rest is arable in many places,
and has been counted fruitful in oats, bar-
ley, rye, fla.x, and hemp.
Le-ivis, town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
ba:it, on a morass 10 miles from Louvain.
Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 50 50 N.
Levjis, township of Essex county, Ver-
mont, 60 miles NKfrcim Montpelier.
Leii'is, county of Nev/ York; bounded
by Oneida S ; Oswego SW ; Jefl'erson NW ;
St. Lawrence NE ; and Herkimer E.
Length 50 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1500
square miles. Surface hilly ; soil produc-
tive in grain and pasturyge. Chief town,
Martinsburg.
Population in 1810.
F-ee white males - - - 3,456
do. do. females - - - 2,948
Total whites . . _
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - .
Slaves
6,404
25
4
Total population in 1810 -
6,433
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. feifsales - . -
Ail otlier persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
4,820
4,364
0
Total whites
Fsee persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females - - -
9,184
22
21
0
0
Total population in 1820
9,227
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 124
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,753
do, in Manufactures - 312
505
LEW
LEW
En.qaged in Commerce . » 0
Population to the square mile 6.
Leviis, township of Essex county. New
York, 6 miles N from Elizabeth town.
Population in 1820, 779.
/y«ws, county of Virginia; bounded by
Nicholas S j Kenhawa SW ; Wood NW ;
Harrison N ; and Rantlolph E. Length 45 ;
mean width 32 ; and area about 1400 square
miles. Surface hilly, and soil generally
rather barren. Chief town, Westown.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,134
do. do. females - - - 1,988
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 0
Total whites . . - .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females,
Slaves, males - . - .
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 -
4,122
59
56
4,247
Of tiiese ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,160
do. in Manufacttires - 64
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to the square mile, 3.
Lewis, townsliip, situated on the Ohio
river, in Brown county. Population in
1820, 1605.
Lewis, county of Kentucky, on Ohio
river; bounded by Fleming SW ; Mason
W ; Ohio river N ; and Greene E and NE.
Length 28 ; mean width, and a.ea 380
square miles. Surface hilly, and soil pro-
ductive. Chief tow.T, see Clarksburg, in
the Addenda.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,197
do. do. females - - 875
Total whites ... 2,072
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1
Slaves 284
Total population in 1810 - - 2,357
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,809
do. do. females • - 1,696
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 0
Total whites .... 3,505
Free persons of colour, males 3
do. do. females 1
Slaves, males - . - ' 246
do. females ... 218
Total population in 1820 - 3,973
506
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,057
do. in Manufactures • 89
do. in Commerce . - 3
Population to the square mile, 10.
Leivis bay, harbour ot Yarmouth, Barnsta-
ble county, Massachusetts, on the south
shore of Cape Cod.
Lexuisburg, post village, of Union county,
Pennsylvania, on tlie right bank of Susque-
hannah river, 7 miles above Northumber-
land.
Le-.iisburg, post town and seat of justice,
Nicholas county, Virginia, 60 miles W
from Lexington, in Rockbridge county.
Lewisbtirg, post town, Muhlenburg coun.
ty, Kentucky, on Green river, 40 miles SE
from Russelville.
Le-Misburg, town of North America and
capital of the island of Cape Breton. It
was ceded to the English by the peace of
1763. The fortifications are now demolish-
ed. Lon. 61 30 W, lat. 46 50 N.
Lewisham, village in Kent, on the river
Ravensbourn, five miles SE of London, with
an elegant church.
Lexvis River, river of the Columbian val-
ley in the great western territory of the
United States. It is the main middle fork
of Columbia, rises about 30 degrees W
from Washington, lat. 40 N, and flowing N
W, by its various windings 900 miles, joins
Clarks' river and forms the Columbia.
Le-uns^ -Store, post office, Spotsylvania
county, Virginia.
Lewiston, townsliip, Lincoln county,
Maine, on the E side of Androscoggin, 13
miles above its junction with the Kennebec.
Population in 1820, 1312.
Leiviston, post village, Niagara county.
New York, on Niagara river opposite to
Queei ston, in Uppei- Canada. Lewiston
stands at the head of ship navigation from
lake Erie. A steam boat plies regularly
from that place to Sackett's Harbour.
Above Lewiston to navigable water, above
the falls of Niagara is about 8 miles. Popu-
lation in 1820, 869.
Lewistrnvn, post town, the capital of Sus-
sex county, Delaware, on Lewis creek,
about thne milts from the light house at
Cape Henl.)pen. It is inhabited principally
by pilots, and supports a small coasting
trade. It lies in the lat. of 38 25 N, and
lon. of 75 10 W, about 113 S of Philadel-
phia.
Lexuistowii, post town and capital of Mif-
flm county, Pennsylvania, on the N side of
Juniata rivpr, 55 miles NW of Harrisburg,
and 162 of Philadelphia ; containing about
600 inhabitants.
Lewisz'ille, post village, Brunswick coun-
ty, Virginia, about 70 miles S from Rich-
mond.
LEX
LEY
LeinsvlUe, post village, Cl ester district,
South Carolina.
Lexington, post town^ Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, 11 miles N\V from Boston.
In this town, April 19th, 1775, the first
blood was shed in that revolution w'r.ich
produced tlie United States. Population
in 1820, 1200.
Lexington, post town and township,
Green county, New York. Population in
1820, 1798.
Lexington, post town of Virginia, and
capital of Kockbridt^e county, Virginia,
about 150 miles W of Richmond. It stands
about iialf a mile S of the N branch of
James river, it has about 120 houses, many
of them handsomely built of brick, a
court house, jail, and Presbyterian and
Methodist houses of worship ; the popu-
lation is 766, and the town is impro-
ving, there is a public arsenal of the state,
in which a number of arms is deposi-
ted, say 20,000 stand. This town is also
noted for its seminaries of learning. W.ish-
ington college was endowed by the illus-
trious man whose name it bears, with 100
shares of the James' river company stock,
which produce an annual income of
§2,400. Its buildings are, two halls of
brick, capable of accommodating 50 or 60
students. Additional buildings are about
to be erected. It has a considerable libra-
ry and philosophical apparatus. The
faculty are, a president, two professor.s,
and a tutor. Andrew Smith's academy,
for the education of young ladies, has a
large and handsome edifice, and teuchers
in all the branches of education commonly
taught in such schools.
Lexington, post village, Rowan county,
North Carohna, on a branch of the Yadkin,
50 miles W from Raleigh .
Lexington, district of South Carolina;
bounded SE, S, and SW, by Orangeburgii ;
W by Edgefield ; NW by Newberry ; and
NE by Fail-field and Richland, or by Broad
and Congaree rivers. Length 38 ; mean
width 27 ; and area about 1000 square
miles. Chief town, Granby.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,385
do, do. females - - - 2,328
Total wb-ites - - - - 4,713
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 17
Slaves 1,911
Total population in 1810, - 6,641
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,615
do. do. females - - - 2,652
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites .... 5,267
Free persons of colour, males - 8
do. do. females 7
Slaves, males ... - 1,370
do. females . - • 1,431
Total population in 1820 - - 8,083
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,831
do, in Manufactures - 20
do. in Commerce - 16
Population to the square mile 8.
Lexington, post town and seat of justice,
Oglethorpe county, Georgia, on 0^-eche
river, 76 miles NW from Augus'a. It is
the seat of an academy.
Lexington, post town and seat of justice,
Fayette county, Kentucky, on Town-fork,
a brancli of Elkliorn river, 25 miles ESE
from Frankfort, and about 90 S from Cin-
cinn ai. Lat 38 06. It contains, besides
the ordinary couxty buildings and places of
public worship, a university, academy for
tlie education of young females, a public
library, and a masonic hail. Tlie progres-
sive population and improvement of this
town, has been extremely rapid Twenty-
five years ago, it contained about 50 ordi-
nary houses It is now a splendid town,
abounding with elegant bviildings, and in-
habited by a cultivated and polished peo-
ple. The manufacturing establishments
are on a large scale, and numerous, con-
sisting of nail f ictories ; those for copper
and tin ; fvr cotton and woolk!, goods, grist
mills, steam paper mil.'^, rope \v;dks», tan-
neries, breweries, and distil!er'^;s.
Transylvania university is located in this
town, and is now a flourisiiing insUtut'on.
In 1818, it received its present rnrm.. and'
in 1820, the number of studf ts nmo' iited
lo 235. Sc' Kfntncki).
Lexington, township in the northeastern
corner oV Stark rounty, Ohio, in which is
a village of the same name. Population in-
182U, 539,
Lexington, JVew, post town in the eastern
part of Preble county, on Twin creek, upon
the road from Dayton to Eaton. Distance,
6 miles east from Eaton, 19 west fro^r. Dav-
ton, and 85 west by south from Columbus.
Leijdcii, city of Routli Holland, seated on
the ancient bed of the Rhine, which here
almost expires in a number of small chan-
nels. It is surrounded by a brick wall,
with eight gales. A university was found-
ed in 1575, celebrated for its colleges,
medicinal garden, anatomical theaLr^% a;i-
tronomical cb.servatory, and valuable iibri-
ry. The principal church is a..ui)erb struc-
ture; and tlie old cas'le, townhouse, cus-
lomhou.iP, andh'iuse for orptians, des'.rve
notice, Vlcre: are excellent maiiufaciures
of cloth, serge and cambric; and the vi-
507 *
L 1 r,
cinlty produces Ihe best Dutch butter and
cheese. It stands on 30 islands, and has
145 bridges, the greatest part built of free-
stone. The inhabitants are es'.imuted at
50,000. In 1807, the university was almost
destroyed by the catastrophe of a vessel
loaded with gunp >wder blowing up. Ley-
den is four miles E of the German Ocean,
and 20 SW of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E,
lat. 52 8 N.
Let/den, post village and township, Lev.'is
county, New York, on Black river, 33 mdes
NfromUtica. Popiilaiion in 1820, 1203.
Liam po. See J\'iii{r-p,i,
Libmius, or Lebanon, the name of moun-
tains of Turkey in Asia, between Syria and
Palestine, extending fi-»m the MediteiTa-
nean sea as far as Arabia. Some of the
summits of these mountains are always
covered with snow ; but below are vei-y
fruitful valleys. Geogr,^pliers distinguish
them into Libanus and Anti-Libanus ; the
latter lies on the S side of the valley, rising
near the ruins of Sidon, and terminates at
others in Ar.Hbia, in lat. 54. They are
separated from each other at an equal dis-
tance throughout, and form a country
called by the ancients Ccclosyria.
Libaii, seaport of Courland, on the Baltic
■with a harbour. !t is 35 miles N of Memel,
Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 56 31 N,
Liberty, township of Sidlivan county.
New York, on Delaware river. Population
in 1820,851.
Liberty, SW township of Adams county,
Pennsylvania, ^n the waters of Middle and
Marsh creeks, commencing 4 miles SW
from Gettysburg. Population in 1820,
1027.
Liberty, post .own and seat of justice,
Bedford county, Virftinia, on one of the
higher branches of Otter river, 25 miles S
E from Fincasde
Liberty, cou;vcy of Georgia ; boundtd by
the Atlantic ocean SE . M'Intosh S ; Alta-
mahiih rivt;i- SW ; Tatnall NW ; ami Bryan
NPj ; length 50; mear. width 10; ui id area
500 square miles Chief town Riceboro.
Population m 1810.
Free white males - - - 693
do. do. females - - - 659
Total whites .... 1,358
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 68
Slaves 4,808
Total population in 1810 . - 6,228
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 867
do. do. females - - - 774
Total whites .... 1,641
}>ee persons of colour, males - 4
508
i> r c
l-ree persons of colour, females 13
Slaves, males .... 2,532
do. females .... 2,505
Total population in 1820 . - 6,695
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturaKzed - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,191
do. in Manufactures - 46
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 15^ nearly.
Liberty, post-village and seat of justice,
Amite county Mississippi, 45 miles SEfrom
Natch z.
Liberty, post town, Smith county Ten-
nessee, about 20 miles S from Carthage.
Liberty, post ton nship of Trumbull coun-
ty Ohio. Population 1820, 684.
Liberty, township in the south part of
Delaware county Ohio. Population 1820,
550.
Liberty, township on the northern limits
of Fairfield county Ohio. Population 1820,
998.
liberty, central township of Highland
county Ohio, in which is situated the
town of Hillsborough. Population 1820,
1689
Liberty, township in the northern limits
of Clinton county Ohio. Population 1820,
447.
IJberty, large township, in the .south,
cast quarter of Butler county Ohio, in which
is situated the town of Princeton. Popu-
lation 1820, 2814.
Liberty, village of Jefferson township, in
Montgomery county Ohio, nine miles west-
erly from D.iyton.
Liberty Corner, post village of Somerset
county New Jersey, oo miles E from Eas.
ton in Pennsylvania, and 26 W from New-
ark.
Liberty Hall, post v.llage Morgan county
Geor.gia, about 40 miles NNW from Mil-
ledgeviUe.
Liberty, post town, Frederick county
M.^ryland, 12 miles NE from Frederick.
Libourne, small well built town of France,
in the department of Gironde and Lite pro-
vince of Guienoe. It is one of the staples
of commerce of Bourdeaux, .and is seated
on the Dordogne 20 miles NE of Bour-
deaux, and 205 S by W of Paris. Lon. 0
12 W, lat. 44 58 N.
Lick, or Lichia, town of Germany, in the
landgr.ivate of Hesse, and county of Solms,
18 miles N of FrancfoEt. iLon. S 24 E. lat.
5015N.
Lichfield, city in Staffbrd.sh're, in a fine
champaign countrv, 14 miles SE of Staf.
ford, and 119 NW of London. Lon. 1 44
W. lat.' 52 54 N. Scb Litc/i/ield.
Licfi-^tcdl, handsome town of Germany
in the bishopric of Basle.
L I,C
Lichtallen, or Liesial, town of Swisserland
in the county of Basil. It is seated on the
Ergetz, eip^ht nriiles SE of Basil. Lon. 7 39
E, lat. 47 29 N.
Lichtenmi, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia, nine miles' from Fader-
born. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 51 52 N.
Lichtenau, town of Germany, in Hesse
Cassel. It is 24 miles from Naumburg.
Lon. 9 28 E, lat. 51 1 N.
Lichtenau, fortress of Franconia, seated
on the Revel. It is subject to the city of
Nuremburg', and is 17 miles from that city.
Lon. 11 12 E, lat 49 ION.
JAchtenh-argy town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, the vicinity of which
abounds witli quarries of marble and mines
of iron and other metals. Lon. 11 41 E,
lat. 50 16 N,
Lichtenberg, castle of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine and late province
of Alsace seated on a rock, near the Vos-
ges mountains, and looked upon as impreg-
nable. It is 12 miles NNW of Haguenau.
Lon. 7 45 E,lat.48 55 N.
Lichtenburg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, in the margravate of
Cullembach, 20 miles NE of CuUembach.
Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 50 25 N. _
Lichtenfels, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Franconia and bishoprics of Bamberg,
seated on the Maine, 15 miles NE of Bam-
berg. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 50 20 N.
idchtensteig, handsome town of Swisser-
land, the capital of the county of Tocken-
burg. It is seated on the Thur, 31 miles E
of Zuric. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 15 N.
Lichtenstein, principality of Germany, be-
tween the Tyrol, Voralberg, and Switzer-
land.
Lick, central township of Jackson coun-
ty Ohio, so called from the salt lick within
its limits.
Licking, interior county of Ohio, bound-
ed on the N by Knox, E by Muskingum,
S by Ferry and Fairfield, and on the W
by Franklin and Delaware counties. It
is 30 miles long from east to west, and
24 broad from north to south; confining
700 square miles. Surface pleasantly di-
versified by hill and dale. Soil highly fer-
tile. It is drained by Licking creek, af-
fording an extensive variety of sites where-
on to use \\\e advantage of water power.
It abomids also with iron ore ; which is al-
ready manufactured into hollow ware and
bar iron. Chief town, Newark.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,048
do. do. females - - 1,796
Total whites .... 3,844
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 8
Slaves - ... 0
1. r ]>
Total population in 1810 - - 3,852
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 6,236
do. do, females - - 55,87
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - - 11,823
Free persons of colour, males 21
do. do. females, 17
Slaves, males . . . ' 0
do. females - . - 0
Total population in 1820 - 11,861
2,188
449
9
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
Population to the square mile, 17.
Licking, township of Licking county
Ohio Population 1820, 723.
Licking, tov\'nship of Muskingum coun-
ty Oliio, 10 miles NW from Zanesville.
Population 1820, 710.
Licking-Station, post village Floyd coun-
ty Kentuck}'.
Licking, small river of Ohio, draining
Licking county, and flowing ESE falls into
the Muskingum, opposite Zanesville.
Licking, river of Kentucky, rising on
Floyd, Pike, and Montgomery counties,
and flowing NVV, between, or through
Bath, Fleming, Nicholas, Harrison, Brack-
en, Pendleton, and Campbell counties, falls
into the Ohio between Newport, and Co-
vington, opposite the city of Cincinatti,
Licola, lake in the kingdom of Naples,
the ancient Lucrine lake, formerly famous
for plenty of excellent fish ; but, in 1538,
an explosion of a volcano, changed one
part of it into a mountAm ». fashes, and the
other into a morass. It was anciently known
by the name of the Lucrine lake.
Liconia, post village, Harrison county In-
diana.
Lidd, town of Lithuania Proper, in the
palatinate of Wilna, situated on the Detta,
56 miles S oC Wilna. Lon. 25 34 E, lat.
53 50 N.
Lidii, town of Kent, with a market on
Thursday, one of the Cinque Ports. It is
26 miles from Canterburv, and 74 from
London. Lon. 0 58 E, lat.' 50 58 N.
Liddel, river in Roxburghshire, abound-
ing in fish. It is the only one in that
county that flows southward, and falls into
Solwa'y Frith, near the mouth of the Esk.
Liddisdale, district in Roxbinghshire,
comprehending the whole southei'u angle
(if that county. It' admits of little cultiva-
tion, and is chiefly employed in pasture,
Lidfoi-d, village of Devonsiiire, on theri"
ver Lid, seven miles N of Tavistock,
509
1. I F
I, 1 M
Upfhenstock, fortress of Dutch Flanders,
eight miles from Antwerp. Lon. 4 10 E,
lat. 51 30 N.
Liege, formerly a bishopric of Westpha-
lia, but now a province of ihe Netherlands ;
bounded on the N by Brabant and Guel-
derland, on the E by the duchies of Lim-
burg and Juliers, on the S by Luxemburg
and the Ardennes, and on the W by Bra-
bant and the country of Namur. It is fruit-
ful in corn and fruits, and contains mines
of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of
marble ; area, 2900 square miles. Popula-
tion 240,000.
Liege, large, ancient, and strong city,
capital of tiie territory of its name. Here
theriver Meuseisdivided into three branch-
es, and after passing through the city, un-
der several bridges unite again. Liege is
four miles in circumference, and has 16
gates : it has also ten large suburbs. It is
60 miles VVSW of Cologne. Lon. 5 35 E,
lat. 50 38 N. Population 50,000.
Lientchou, city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Quang-long. Its
territories border on the kingdom of Ton-
quin, from which it is separated by moun-
tains. It is seated on the Lien-kiang, wiiich
forms a convenient harbour for barks, 325
miles WSW of Canton. Lon. 108 40 E,
lat. 21 40 N.
Lieu-kieu, or Leoo-keoo, the general name
of 36 islands lying between Formosa and
Japan. They form a kingdom, the inhabi-
tants of which are civilized, and of a miid,
gay, affable and temperate disposition.
Each island has a particular name ; the
principal one, called Lieu-kieu, is 126 miles
long and 28 broad, but tiie others are in-
considerable. The chief prod4icts .ire sul-
phur, copper, tin, with shells, and mother
of pearl. The king is tributary to China.
Kintcbing, the capital, in the S E part of
Lieu-kieu, is in lon, 127 30 E, lat. 26 2 N.
Liere, town of the Netheilands, in Bra-
bant, which has a great trade in cattle ;
seated at the junction of tbe Great and
I-ittle Nethe, 10 miles SE of Antwerp.
Liesina, island oF Dalmatia, in the gulf
of Venice, about 58 miles long, and 12
broad, and abounds in corn, olives, saffron,
and wine.
Liesina, seaport of Dalmatia, capital of
an island of tiie same name, with a harbour
capable of containing vessels of all sorts.
Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 43 3C N.
Liesse, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, famous for an image of the
Virgin Mary, to wiiich a great number of
pilgrims used to resort. It is six miles E
of Laon.
Liffey, river of Ireland, which rises in
the county of Wicklow, runs W thence
into Kildare, where it lias a cataract near
Leixslip, and then turning N E passes
through the cotmty of Dublin, and by the
510
city of that name, below which it entev.s
the Irish sea.
Lijford, borough of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Donegal, situate on the Foyle, 28
miles NE of Donegal.
Ligne, town of the Netherlands, in Hai'
nault, on the river Dender, 12 miles NW
of Mons.
LigneroUes, town of France, in the de-
partment of AUier, four miles S of Mont-
luzon.
Lignieres, town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, with a collegiate church
and a castle, 24 miles SSW of Bourges.
Lignitz, fortified town of Silesia, capital
of a jirincipality of the same name. Here
is a spacious academy, founded by Jos?ph
I. for the instruction of young gentlemen.
Lignitz has a considerable trade in cloth
and madder, and stands at the conflux of
the Katzbach and Schwartzwasser, 32 miles
S of Glogau. Lon. 16 16 E, lat. 51 11 N.
LJgnit:, government of Prussian Sibsia,
enclosed by those of Breslaw, Schweimitz,
Jawer, Glogaw, and Wolaw.
LigTiy, town of the Netherlands, v/ith a
castle, and a collegiate church ; seated on
the Orney, eight miles SE of Bar le Due.
Ligonton, village of Amelia county Vir-
ginia.
Ligor, seaport of the peninsula of Malac-
ca, capital of a small territory of the same
name, with a magazine belonging to the
Dutch East India Company. It is seated on
the E coiist. Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 40 N.
Idgudl, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire and late province
of Touraine, seated on a brook, in a very
fertile countrv, 23 miles SSE of Tours.
Lon. 0 52 E, lat 47 3 N.
Lillers, town of France fn the department
of the Straits of Calais and late province of
Artois whose fortifications are demolished.
It is seated on the Navez, 17 miles NW of
Arras. Lon 2 35 E, lat 50 30 N.
Lillo, fort of Dtitch Brabant, on the E
side of the Scheldt, seven miles N of Ant-
werp. It was taken in 1793, by the French,
who soon after evacuated it, retaking it,
however, in 1794. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 50
30 N.
LirpMy city of and capital of Peru. It is
a corruption of the Indian word Rimac.
The Spanish name imposed by the founder
is, Cindad de los Reyes, or city of the kings.
It was foimded by Francis Pizzano in 1525,
about 6 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and
the port of Calas. The streets are laid out
in straight lines. The houses constructed
of wood on account of the frequent earth-
quakes ; and are generally low from a si-
milar cause, and the heat of the climate.
The centre square and the surrounding
buildings are very magnificent. Population
about 50,000, of whom about 20,000 are
L 1 M
L 1 xM
whites ; the residue mixed races, Indians,
negroes, &c.
Independent of the emolument derived
from being the capital of the province, Li-
ma derives incalculable advantages as a
mart of trade. It is indeed the emporium
of one of the riciiest sections oF South
America. Its exports are gold and silver ;
imports, silk, cloths of several kinds, lace,
linen, iron ware, &c. Longitude only 8
minutes W from Washington ; lat. 12 0
2 S.
Lima, province of Peru, extending 300
miles along the Pacific Ocean, and inland
to the Andes about 70 miles ; bounded by
the Pacific Ocean SW ; N by Truxillo;
NE by Guancavelica, and SE by Arequipo.
Lima, post village, and township, Liv-
ingston county New York, 16 miles Wfrom
Canandaigua. Population 1320, 1963.
Limnle, town of Austrian Brabant, seated
on the river Uyle, 13 miles SE of Brussels.
Lon 4 30 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Limavadij, town of Ireland. See J^'eiu-
ioioii Limavadij.
Limbourg, or Limpurg, town of Germany
in the electorate of Treves, seated on the
Lalin, 10 miles E of Nassau, and 20 N of
Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 50 24 N
Limburg, province of the Netherlands,
bounded on the N by the duchy of Juliers,
on the E by the duchy and the territory of
Aix-la-Chapelle, and oh the S and W by
the bishopric of Liege, from which it is se-
parated by the Maese. It is 42 miles long,
and 30 broad, a id contains some of the best
Iron mines in the Netherlands, and the soil
is good for corn.
Limbnrg. Here is a manufacture of wool-
len clotlis, and it is famous for excellent
cheese. It is seated on a mountain, almost
inaccessible, near the river Verse, 15 miles
SE of Liege. Lon 6 5 E, lat. 50 38 N.
Lime, town in Dorsetshire. See Lyme
Regis.
Lime, or Limen, village in Kent, three
miles VV of Hithe It was formerly a port,
till choked up by the sands.
Lime-creek, post village Monroe county
Alabama.
Limm^ick, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Munster, 48 miles long and 23
broad ; bounded on the N by Shannon, on
the W by Kerry ; on ihe S by Cork, and
on the E by Tipperary. It contains 130
parishes, and sent eight members to parlia-
ment before the Irish union. It is a fertile
country and well inhabited, though the W
parts are mountainous.
Limerick, or Lovgh MeatJi, city of Ire-
land, in the county of Limerick, smd the
metropolis of the province of Munster.
Within a century, it was reckoned the se-
cond city in the kingdom ; at present, the
linen, woollen, and paper manufactures
are carried on here to a great ex';ent -, and
the export of provisions are very consider-
able. Papulation 50,000. It is 40 miles S
of Gal way, and 94 SW of Dublin. Lon. 8
34 VV, lat. 52 42 N.
Limerick, post town in York county,
Maine, about 12 miles W of the river Saco .
Population 1820, 1377.
Limericioi township of Montgomery coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, with 1282 inhabitants in
1820. It is situated on the NE side of
Schuylkill, 5 mdes E from Pottsgrove, and
25 W from Philadelphia. Population 1820
1577.
Limestone, county of Alabama, bounded
by Tennessee river S W ; Lauderdale coun-
ty W ; Giles county in Tennesste N ; and
Madison in Alabama E ; length 30 ; width.
24 ; area 560 square miles. Elk river pass-
es obliquely through the NW angle of this
county, and beside being washed by Ten-
nesse river along i's SW bonier, it is
drained by Limestone, Muddy, Round Isl-
and, and several other fine creeks. The
surface is wavering rather than hilly ; and
much of the so:l is exctillent. Staple, cot-
ton. Chief town Cotton port.
Popub.tion in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,630
do. do. females - - 3,922
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - o
6,922
26
4
1,512
1,407
9,871
Total whites - - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820.
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 17
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,580
do. in Manufactures - - 63
do. in Commerce - - 34
Population to the .square mile, 17^.
Liminglon, township of York county,
Maine, containing 1774 inhabitants in 1810,
and in 1820, 2122. It is situated on the
W side of Saco river, 4 miles W of Stan-
dish, and 22 W of Portland.
Limmat, river of Swisserland, which is
formed by the junction of the Mat and the
Linth ; the former issuing from the NW
extremity of the lalce of Wallenstadt, and
the latter flowing from the S. The Lim-
mat, continuing its course NW, flows
through the lake of Zuric, and falls into the
Aar, loelow Baden.
Limoges, ancient and considerable town
cf France, capital of the department of
Upper Vienne and late .territory of Limo-
sin, on the Vienne, 5Q miles NE of Peri-
guex, and 110 E of Bourdeaux. ^.on. 1 20
E, lat. 45 50 N.
Limosin, late province of France, bound'
511
L I N
L I N
ed on the X by ^larche and tiie E by Au-
vergne, on the S by Querci, and on the W
by Perigord and Anguomols. It is covered
with forests of chesnut-trees, and contains
mines of lead, copper, tin, and iron ; but
the principal trade consists in cattle and
horses. It now forms the department of
Upper Vienne. »
Limoux, populous and commercial town
of France, in the department of Aude and
late province of Languedoc. It has a
manufacture of cloth ; and its environs pro-
duce excellent white wine. It is seated on
the Aude, 37 miles W by S of Narbonne,
and 50 SE of Toulouse. Lon. 2 16 E, !at.
43 4 N.
Limpur^. See IJmbourg:
Linares, town of Mexico, in New Leon,
between Bravo and St. Fernando rivers.
Lon. \V C 22 20, lat. 25 50,
Lmche, or Jdnkc, strong town of France,
in the department of the North and late
province of French Flanders, seated on a
river, 15 miles S\V of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 20
E, lat. 51 0 N.
Lincoln, capital of Lincolnshire, on the
side of a steep hill, on the Witham, which
here divides into three streams It is a
bishop's see whose diocess is the largest
in England. The chief trade is in coal
brought by the Trent and Fossdike ; and
oats and wool, which are sent by the With-
am, and there is also a small manufacture
of camlets. It is 32 miles NE of Notting-
ham, and 133 N of London. Lon. 0 25 W,
lat. 53 15 N.
Lincolnshire, county of England, 77 miles
long and 45 broad ; bounded on the N by
the number, which divides it from York-
sliire, E by ihe German Ocean, SE by the
Wash and Norfolk, S by Cambridgeshire
and Northamptonshire, SW by Rutland-
shire, and \V by the counties of Leicester
and Nottingham. It contains 1,783,680
acres ; is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630
parishes ; has one city and 31 market towns ;
and sends 12 members to parliament. The
principal rivers i:re the Humber, Trent,
Witham, Welland, and Ancholm. This
county is divided into three districts, called
Holland, Kesteven, and Lindsey. Popula-
tion in 1801, 208,.557 ; in 1811, 237,891 ;
an 1 in 1821, 283,058.
Lincoln County, Upper Canada, is a very
fine and populous settlement, consisting of
2j0 townships, containing about 6000 souls,
and furnishes five battalions of militia. It
occupies the peninsula between Lake Erie,
Niagara river, Luke Ontario, and the river
Ouse.
Lincoln, township of Sunbnry comity.
New Briniswick, on the west side of St.
John's river.
i/i7ico?j!, county of Maine, on both sides
of the Kennebec ; bounded by the Atlantic
Ocean S ; Kennebec bay and Androscoggin
512
river SW; Kennebec county NW ; Han-
cock NE ; and Penobscot bay E. Length
45 ; mean width 25 ; area, exclusive of
water, about 800 square miles. The sur-
face is extremely indented by bays and
rivers. The whole southern and south-
eastern part is composed of an intricacy of
islands and long peninsulas, extending be-
tween the rivers and bays towards the
Ocean. The north-western and northern
sections rise into a finely diversified coun-
try. Soil productive in grain and pastur-
age. Chief town, Wiscasset.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 21,967
do. do. females - - - 20,861
Total whites ... . 42,828
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - < 164
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 42,992
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 26,560
do. do. females - - 26,460
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ...
do. females - - .
Total population in 1820
53,189
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 120
Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,116
do. in Manufactures . 1,574
do. in Commerce - - 1,265
Population to the square mile, 66^.
Lincoln, NW township, Hancock county,
Maine, 27 miles NW from Castine. Popu-
lation in 1820, uncertain.
JJncoln, township of Grafton county.
New Hampshire, between the sources of
the Merrimac and Ammonoosuch rivers,
69 miles above Concord. Population in
1820, 32.
Lincoln, township of Addison county,
Vermont, 21 miles SW from Montpelier.
Population 250.
Lincoln, township of Middlesex county,
Massacliusetts. Population in 1820, 706.
JJncoln, county of North Cavnlina ;
hounded by South Carolina S ; Rutherford
W ; Burke' NW ; Iredell or Cataubc river
NE ; and Cataube river or Mecklenburg E.
Length 48 ; mean width 25 ; and area
1200 square miles. It is washed on its
northern, north-eastern, and eastern bord-
ers by Catauba, and drained by Little Ca-
tauba, and several branches of Broad river.
L t N
Surface moderately hilly, and soli on the
streams excellent. Chief staple cotton.
Chief town, Liscolnton.
Population in 1810.
Free whites, males
do. do. females
r.oro
6,792
Total whites .... 13,862
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ^
Slaves . . - - - 2,489
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Total whites . . . -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 -
16,359
LIN
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,310
do. in Manufactures - 32
do, in Commerce - - 24»
Poi)ulation to the square mile, 15,
Lincoln, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Pulaski SE; Casey SVV and W; Mer-
cer NW ; Ganard NE ; and Rockcastle E.
Length 27 ; mean width 17; and area 450
square miles It occupies the dividing
ground between Green and Dicks rivers ;
is hilly and broken. Chief towns, Stanford
and Craborchard.
7,576
7,215
0
14,791
17
10
1,719
1,610
18,147
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 23
Engaged in Agriculture - - •">^''^
do. in Manufactures - 445
do. in Commerce - - 29
Population to the squai-e mile, 15.
Lincoln, county of Georgia, on Savannah
river ; bounded by Columbia SE ; Wilkes
SW ; and Savannali river NE. Length 22 ;
mean widtli 10 ; and area 220 square miles.
Chief town, Lincolnton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,269
do. do. feniiiles - - 1,062
Total whites - . . - 2,331
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves . - . - .
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females - _ -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites _ _ _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females
Total population in 1820
3 T
12
2,212
4,555
3,296
.3,011
6,307
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not t^xed ... 28
Slaves 2,341
1,766
1,612
0
3,378
11
6
1,564
1,499
Total population in 1810 . 8,676
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,512
do. do. females - - - 3,350
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - - 6
Total whites - . - . 6,868
Free persons of colour, males - 18
do. do. females - 40
Slaves, males - - - 1,515
do. females . - - 1,538
Total population in 1820 - 9,979
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,991
do. in Manufactures - 281
do. in Commerce • 14
Population to the square mile, 22.
Lincoln, county of West Tennessee ;
bounded by Madison county in Alabama S ;
by Giles county in Tennessee W ; Bedford
N; a'd Franklin E. Length 25; breadth
23 ; and ar a 580 square miles. This coun-
ty is divided 'nto nearly two equal parts by
Elk river. Surface diversified, and soil
productive. Staple cotton. Chief town
Fayetteville.
Population in 1810.
Free wliite males - - ♦ 2,799
do. do. females . . - 2,583
Total whites - - - - 5,382
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed ... -
Slaves 720
6,458 Total population in 1810
" 515
6,104
L I K
L I N"
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females ■
6,355
6,151
Total whites .... 12,506
Free persons of colour, males . 4
do. do. females . 1
Slaves, males .... 1,095
do. females ...» 1,155
14,761
5
3,597
184
26
Total population in 1820 •
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Enc^aged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do, in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 26 nearly.
Lincoln, village of Mercer'Tcounty, Ken-
tucky, on Dick's river.
Lincoln, NF, county of Missouri ; bound-
ed NE by Des Moines and Mississippi
rivers ; south by Cuivre river ; W by Pike,
and N by the northern limit of the state.
Length '100; mean width 35; area 3500
square miles. Soil and surface much di-
versified.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - . 799
do. do. females ... 620
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites - . - - 1,419
Free persons of coloiir, males - 1
do. do. females . - - 0
Slaves, males .... 126
do. females • - - 117
Total population in 1820 - - 1,662
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in Agriculture - . 390
do. in Manufactures - 11
do. in Commerce - . 4
Population to the square mile, h
Lincolnton, post town and seat of justice,
Lincoln county. North Carolina, on Little
Catauba, 150 miles SW by W from Raleigh,
and 31 miles NV/ from Charlotte.
Lincolnton, post town and seat of justice,
Lincoln county, Georgia, 40 miles NW
from Augusta.
Lincolnville, or Duck-Trap, township of
Hancock county, Maine, on the west side
of Penobscot bay, 16 miles W from Castine.
Population in 1820, 1294.
LindMi, city of Suabia, with a castle and
wall, deemed to be Roman works. The
French 'Oiok pussession of this city in 1796 ;
and it became subject to Bavaria in 1805.
It is a tradin,^ place, seated on an island of
the lake of Constance, joined to the main-
land by a long bridge, 22 miles ESE of
5H
Constance, and 75 SW of Augsburg. Lon.
9 41 B, lat. 47 32 N.
Linclau, town and castle of Upper Saxo-
ny, in the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst,
five miles N of Zerbst.
Linclau, or Ltndoia, town of Bran -en-
burg, in the Middle mark, five miles NE of
Ruppin.
JJndeness. See JVhse,
Lindenfels, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, 14 miles NNB of
Manheim.
Lindisfame. See Holy Island,
Lindley's- Store, post office, Albemarle
county, Virginia.
Lindley's-Store, post office, Orange coun-
ty. North Carolina.
Lineal, town of Westphalia, in the prin-
cipality of Munster, capital of a county of
its name. It is seated on the Ems, 48
miles NNW of Munster. Lon. 7 25 E, lat.
52 32 N.
Lin-keang, city of China, in the province
of Kiang-si, on the Yu-ho, 410 miles N by
E of Canton. Lon. 115 0 E, lat. 27 58 N.
Linkoping, town of Sweden, in E Goth-
land, on the river Steng, near the lake
Roxen, 26 miles W of Nordkoping.
Linlithgov!, borough of Scotland, capital
of Linlithgowshire. The chief manufac-
ture is leather and shoes; the woollen
trade and bleaching business arc also car-
ried on. Linlithgow is 17 miles W of
Edinburg. Lon. 3 33 W, lat. 56 0 N.
Linlitfigoiv, or West Lothian, county of
Scotland, 20 miles long and 12 broad ;
bounded on the N by the frith of forth, SE
by Edinburgshire, SW by Lanarshire, and
NW by Stirlingshire. The surface is fine-
ly diversified with hill and dale ; and the
chief rivers are the Avon and Amond. It
is fertile in corn and pasture, and produces
coal, iron, limestone and lead. Population
in 1801, 17,844 ; in 1811, 19,451 ; and in
1821, 22,685.
Linnhe, Loch, arm of the sesi, on the W
coast of Scotland, which separates the
counties of Argyle and Inverness.
Linnich, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Juliers ; seated on the river Roer, five
miles NNW of Jiilicrs.
Linosa, island in the Mediterranean, on
the coast of Tunis, near that Lampedosa,
and 12 miles in circumference. Lon. 12 31
E, lat. 36 50 N.
Lin-tchean fou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiaiig-nan. It has nothing to dis-
tinguish it but the excellence of the fruit
with which it abounds.
Lintz, town of Germany, capital of Up-
per Austria. Here is a hall, in which the
states assemble, a bridge over the Danube,
and several manufactures. It is seated at
the confluence of the Danube and Traen,
42 miles E of Passau, and 100 W of Vienna.
Lon, 14 3 E, lat. 48 16 N,
L I S
L I S
Lintz, town of Germany, In the circle of
the lower Rhine and electorate of Cologne,
seated on the Rhine, 15 miles NW of Cob-
lentz, and 18 S of Cologne. Lon. 7 10 E,
lat. 50 37 N.
Linton, town in Cambridgeshire, with a
market on Thursday, 12 miles SE of Cam-
bridge, and 46 N by E of London. Lon. 0
22 E, lat. 52 8 N.
Lipari, the largest, most fertile, and
populous of the Lipari Islands, abo it 15
miles in circumference. It was celebrated
among the ancients ; and, by the descrip-
tion of Aristotle, it appears to have been
considered by the sailors in his time, what
Strombolo is in ouis, as a light-house, as
its fires were never extinguished. It
abounds with the currant grape ; cotton also
grows here ; and great quantities of pumice
are gathered.
Lipari, ancient town, capital of the island
of Lipari. This town has a garrison, and
stands on the S side of the island. Lon. 15
30 E, lat. 38 35 N.
Lipari Islands, group of islands lying in
the Mediterranean, to ihe N of Sicily, 12
in number; and nearly as follows, in t!ie
order of their size ; namely, Lipari, Strom-
bolo, Volcano, Salini, Felicudi, Alicudi,
Panari, Volcanello, Vaciieluse; Lisca, Dat-
tolo, and Tila Navi. They are subject to
the king of Naples, and bring in a good
revenue.
Lippa, town of Hungary, in the bannat
of Temeswar, on a mountain 22 miles NE
of Temeswar and 75 of Belgrade. Lon. 22
45 E, lat. 45 51 N.
Lippe, river of Westphalia, which washes
Paderborn, Lipstadt and Ham, and falls into
the Rhine, above Wesel.
Lipstadt, considerable town of Westpha-
lia, capital of the county of Lippe. It was
once free and imperial ; afterward subject
to its own counts, and now to the king of
Prussia. It carries on a good trade in pre-
paring timber for building vessels on the
Rhine, with which it has a communication
by the river Lippe. It is seated in a
morass, 17 miles WSW of Paderborn, and
30 SE of Munster. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 51
42 N.
Liquet, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the straits of Calais, and late pro-
vince of Artois, 12 miles W of St. Omer.
Lon. 2 0 E, lat. 50 43 X.
Liqueo, or Likeo Islands. See Lieou-
Kieou.
Lis, river of the Netherlands, which has
its source in Artois, and running NE into
Flanders, passes by Aaire, St. Venant, Ar-
mentiers, Menin, Courtray, and Deynse,
and then falls into the Scheldt, at Ghent.
Lisbon, considerable city, the capital of
Portugal, with an archbishop's see, a uni-
versity, a tribunal of the inquisition, and a
strong castle. It was almost totally de-
stroyed by an earthquake, November 1,
1755. The harbour will contain 10,000
sail of ships, which ride in the greatest
safety ; and the city being viewed from the
southern shore of the river, affords a beau-
tiful prospect, as the buildings gradually
rise above ©ac!) other. It contained before
the earthquake at most 150,000 inhabitants,
and is seated on the Tajo, 10 miles from
its mouth, 178 W by N o* SeviiK-, and 255
S bv W of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 W, lat. 38
42 N.
Lisbon, township and post village, Lin-
coln county, Maine, on the Androscoggin,
23 miles W from Wiscasset- Population
in 1820, 2240.
Lisbon, township. New London county,
Connecticut, 7 miles N from Norwich.
Population in 1820, 1160.
Linbon, township of St. Lawrence coun-
ty. New York, 3 miles below Ogdensburg.
Population in 1820, 930.
Lisbon, village of Lincoln county, Geor-
gia, on the rigl»t bank of the Savannah river
below the mouth of Broad river.
Lisbwn, borough of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Antrim. It has a large manufacture
of linen cloth, and is seated on the Laggan,
eight miles SW of Belfast. Lon. 6 O' W,
lat. 54 41 N.
Lisca, one of the Lipari islands, three
miles from Lipari. It is a desert spot.
Lisier, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege, and late province of
Couseran.s, on the Sitat, 50 m les SE of
Auch, and 390 S W of Paris, Lon. 1 15 E,
lat. 42 56 N.
Lisieu.v, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, and late province of
Normandy. It has a good trade, particu-
larly in linen cloth, and is seated at the
confluence of the Touque and Orbec, 12
miles from the sea, and 40 SW of lluen.
Lon. 0 20 E, lat. 49 11 N.
Lisle, large, handsome, and strong town
of France, in the department of the North,
and late province of French Fl.indcrs, of
which it was the capital. It is esteemed
one of the richest and mo^t commercial
towns in France; and the inhabitants are
computed to amount to 65,000. It is cilled
Lisle, (th.at is L'Isle, the island) because it
was formerly surrounded by marshes ; the
principal trade is in camlets. It is sealed
on the river Deule, 14 miles W of Tour-
nay, 32 SW of Ghent, 37 NW of Mons,
and 130 N of Paris. Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 50
38 N.
Lisle, post town and township, Broome
county, New York ; sittiated on the Tiou-
ghneoga river, near its junction with the
Chenango, and about 14 miles NE of Union.
Population in 1820, 3083.
Lismore, one of the Western islands of
Scotland, at the mouth of Loch Linhe, ca-
pacious lake in Argyleshire. It is a fertile
I, i I
island, seven miles long and one and a half
broad.
Lisonzo, river oflta^j', w»ich rises in Ca-
in.hia, and Tails JiVco tiu guli" oi' V'eaice,
; t the harbour of ti^e isme name.
Ztisa, islanu in tile pulF of Venice, on
the coasi: o; Dulm.-tia. It prodyc',.^ excel-
lent wine, and is 70 miles W of Kag-usa.
Lon. 17 0 E, lat. 43 52 N.
Lissa, town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Posnia, of which it is llie capital, 50
miles W of Kalisch. Lon. 16 50 E, lat 52
0 N.
Lissa, village of Silesia, 16 miles from
Breslaw. It is seated on the Weistritz,
and remarkable for a great victory gained
bv the Prussians over the Austrians in
175".
Litchfield, township and post village,
Lincoln •,ounty, JIaine. Population in
182U, 2120
Litchfiehl NW county of Connecticut;
bouiult i) by New York M' ■ Maysachunet'.s
N; Hartfo d covmty E; N^-w Haven SE ;
and Fuirfie.d S\'»;. Lengti. 38 ; r,.ean vidil)
22 ; and area 836 sqnare mdes. Surface
very liilly or m.ount;;inous. The Honsato-
nicic passes through, ;:nd the Naugatuck
and Fanii.ngton rivers rise in Litchfield.
Though brukon, it contains much excellent
spil, productive in grain, fVuits, and pastu-
rage. Chief town, Litchfield .
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 20,267
do. do. females - - 20,320
Total whites - • - 40,587
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 784
Slaves 4
Total population in 1810 . 41,375
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 19,957
do. do. females ... 20,331
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 94
Total whites . . - .
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
40,382
453
428
0
41,266
61
1,347
',682
251
Population to the square mile, 49^ nearly.
Litchfield, post village and township,
Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, 26
516
miles S from Concord. Population in 1820,
465.
Litchfield, township of Herkimer county.
New YorK 10 miles S from Utica. Popu-
lation in 182C, 1730.
Litchfield, post town, snd capital of
Litchfield county, Connecticut, 24 miles
VV of IIar;ford, and 44 NW of New Ha-
ven, Po;>uiation in 1810, 4630 ; and in
1820, 4610. The township is elevated, and
in purt mountainous, though well cultiva-
ted. Litchfield Great-pond a very curious
sheet of water, one of ihe sources of the
Shepang river, affords fine mill seats at its
outlet. There are in Litchfield 6 fulling
mills, 5 or 6 tanneries, 18 or 20 saw mills,
4 forges, one slitting mill, 1 or 2 nail fac-
tories, and 14 or 15 places of public wor-
ship. This towi) contains also, Morris*
acudcmy, a flourishing and very respectable
institution. \n Litchfield village, is a semi-
nary for the education of young ladies,
which has long, and continues to hold a
distinguished rank am:ingst simiLir institu-
tions in the United States. The Litchfield
Law schod, was established in 1784, by
the honourable Tapping Reeve, and has be-
come one of the most systematic Law
schools in the United States.
Litchfield, post village, Grayson county,
Kentucky, 70 miles SSW from Louisville.
Lithuania, former name of an exten-
sive country of Europe ; bounded on
the S by Volhlnia, and part of Red Rus-
sia ; on the AV by Upper Poland, Pola-
cia. Ducal Prussia, and Samogitia ; on
the N bv Livonia ; and on the E by Russia.
It is .about 300 miles in length, and 250 in
breadth, and is watered by several large
rivers, the principal of which are the Dnie-
per, the Lewina, the Niemen, the Pripecz,
and the Bogg. It is a flat country, like
Poland ; and tiie lands are very proper for
tillage. The soil is not oniy fertile in
corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch,
and vast quantities of v/ool. This perhaps,
is the only country in Europe, where Jews
cultivate the ground. The peasants are in
a state of the most abject vassalage. In
1772 the empress Catharine compelled the
Poles to cede to her all that part of Lithu-
ania, bordering upon Russia, and including
at least one third of the country. This she
erected into the two governments of Po-
losk and Mohilef. In 1793, in conjunction
with the king of Prussia, she afliected
another partition of Poland, in consequence
of which she extended her dominions over
tlie whole of Lithuania. It forms at pre-
sent the Russian governments of Wilna,
Grodno, and Minsk.
Litiz, town of the state of Pennsylvania.
Here is a flourishing settlement of the
Moravians, begun in 1757. It is eight
miles from Lancaster, and 70 W of Phila=
delphia-
1, i T
L 1 V
LitUe Britain, township of Lancaster
county, Pennsylvania ; with 1700 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 2169. It is
situated on the W side of Octorara creek,
in the SE corner of the county.
Little Compton, township of Newport
county, Rhode Island. It is a maritime
district, and famous for its dairies. Popu-
lation in 1820, 1530.
Little Creek, hundred of Kent county,
Delaware, containing 2039 inhabitants in
1810, and in 1820, 1963, It is on the N
side of Jone's river, about six miles from
Dover.
Little Beaver Bridge, post village, of
Columbiana county, Ohio.
Little Cape Capon, post village, Hamp-
shire county, Virginia.
Little Creek, township of Sussex county,
Delaware. Population in 1820, 2851.
Little Darby, considerable western branch
of Big Darby, rising in the northwestern
quarter of Madison county, Ohio, and run-
ning southeastwardly into the western side
of Big Darby, opposite Georgesville.
Along the borders, and westward of this
stream are extensive bodies of open prai-
rie land ; much of which is fertile and
valuable. _^
Little Egg' Harbour, township ofBurling-
ton county. New Jersey. Soil generally
sandy, though well cultivated near the
coast. The sandy land in the interior,
covered with pine and oak timber. Prin-
cipal town, Tuckerlon. Population in
1820, 1102.
Little Egg Harbour, or J\Iullican's River,
rises in Burlington and Gloucester counties,
Nev/ Jersey, by a number of creeks which
unite 11 or 12 miles from the sea, and sepa-
rating tlie two preceding counties, falls
into Little Egg Harbour inlet, 2h miles SE
from Tuckerton. It is navigable ibr shal-
lops as high as Basto furnace.
Little Egg Harbour, bay or inlet, a sheet
of salt water separated from the Ocean by
Tucker's Island and Long- Beach. It com-
municates with the Ocean by the Old and
New Inlet of Little Egg Harbour.
TJttle Egg Harbour, new inlet, lies 7h
miles due S from Tuckerton, admits ves-
sels of from 15 to 18 feet draft, many of
which during the late war, entered and dis-
charged valuable cargoes. The old inlet
to the N from Tucker's island, is now but
little used, except for very light vessels.
Little Hockhocking, an inconsiderable
stream in the south part of Washington
county, Ohio, running into the Ohio river,
five miles above the mouth of the Great
Hockhocking.
Little Indian creek, small stream of Cler-
mont couHty, Ohio, putting' into the Ohio
river, two miles below Big Indian creek.
Little JWiami, river rising in the south-
western corner of Madison county, and after
running southwest above 70 miles across
Clark, Green, Warren and Hamilton coun-
ties, joins the Ohio seven miles above Cin-
cinnati. It is one of the best mill streams
in tlie state; 30 or 40 mills, among which
two or three are paper mills, an; already
erected upon it. The principal streams
running into it are, East branch, Shawnee,
Obannon, Turtle, Todd's fork, Cxsar's and
Massie's creeks on the eastern side, and
Sugar and Beaver creeks on the west.
For navigation, it is of little consequence,
but for mills, is preferable to the Great
Miami.
Little Misaouri, the name of two rivers of
the United States ; one a branch of Missou-
ri, joining that stream from the SW, 90
miles above the Mandan villages ; and
the other, a branch of Washitau, in Arkan-
saw, rises with the Little river of the north,
flows E, and fulls into the Washitan from
the west.
Little River, is the name of several
small streams in the United States. Little
lied river, a branch of White river in Ar-
kansaw ; Little river one of the constitu-
ents of Pedee, rises in North Carolina, and
in part of its course separates North Caro-
lina from South Carolina. Little river,
branch of Savannah river, which it joins 30
miles above Augusta. Little river in Geor-
gia, falls into Oconee, 12 miles above Mil-
ledgeville. Little river, Christian county,
Kentucky, which falls into Cumberland.
Little river of Indiana, joining Wabasli
river above Vincennes. Little North river,
a branch of Red river, rises in Arkansas,
and falls into Red river a short distance
above the NW limit of Louisiana ; and
Little river south, another brand) of Red
river, rises in Texas, and flowing E, falls
into Red river in the NW angle of Loui-
siana.
lAttle Rock, village of Arkansaw, on
Arkansaw river, about 300 miles above the
post of Arkansaw.
Little Sandy Salt Works, post village,
Lawrence county, Kentucky.
Littleton, post town and township, in
Grafton county, New Hampshire ; situated
on the E side of Connecticut river, 45
miles NE of Haverhill, and about 40 NW of
Conway. Population in 1820, 1096.
Littleton, post village and township, of
Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 28 miles
WNW from Boston. Population in 1820,
955.
Littorate, now part of the Austrian king-
dom of lllyria ; formerly a district of Dal-
matia, containing tlie towns of Trieste,
Flume, Buccari, and Porto Re.
Livadia, province of Turkey in Europe ;
bounded on the N by .lanna; E by the Ar-
chipelago ; S by the Morea, and W by the
Mediterranean. It includes ancient Greece
properly so called, and its capital is Athens.
517
L I \
L I V
Livadia, town of European Turke_v, in
the province of its name, with a castle,
it has a trade in wool, corn, and rice, and
is seated on the gulf of Lepanto, 68
miles NW of Athens. Lon. 23 20 B, lat.
38 42 N.
Livundiere, seigniory, Hartford count)',
Lower Canada, 12 miles SE from Qaebec.
Livenza, river cf Italy, in the territory of
Venice, svhich runs on the confines of
Trevisano and Friuli, and enters the gulf of
Venice, between the mouth of the Piava
I and the town of Caorlo.
IJvermore, post village and township,
Oxford county, Maine, 18 miles NE from
Paris. Topulation in 1820, 2134.
Liverpool, borough and seaport of Eng-
land, in Lancashire, with a market on
Saturday. It had but one church, which
was a chapel of ease to Walton (a village
three miles off) till the year 1699, when an
act passed to make the tosvn a distinct
parish, and erect a new church ; since
which time it has been gradually advancing
in population and trade. The number of
the inhabitants in 1773 was 34 407, in
1790 it was 55,732, in 1801 77,653, and in
1811 no less than 94,376. Its rise and in-
crease was principally owing to the salt-
works ; and it is now become, with respect
to population and commerce, the second
port in the kingdom. It is seated on the
river Mersey, and has a harbour, formed
with great labour and expense, here being
eight wet docks, secured by large flood-
gates, bound by keys, a mile and a half in
Jength, where 1000 vessels, or 20,000 tons
of shipping, may lie in the greatest safety.
The trade of Liverpool is general ; but the
principal branch is the African and West
Indian trade. The American, Baltic, and
Portugal commerce is also very great, as
well as that of Ireland ; many ships are sent
to the Greenla!id whale-fishery; the coast-
ing trade employs a great number of ves-
sels ; and many good ships are built here.
By the late inland naviajation, Liverpool
has comminiication with the rivers Dee,
Ribble, Ouse, Trent, Humber, Severn, and
Thames. Its principal manufactures are
fine porcelain, earthen ware, watches, and
stockings, some gla-^s, iron, salt, and cop-
peras works, mr.ny roperies, and upwards
of fifty breweries. The exchange is a
handsome modern edifice of stone, with
piazzas for the merchants ; and over it is
the tov/n-hail. There is .al';© a handsome
exchange, a custom h^use, an assembly
room, an elegant thea're, a library, and a
boroug'. jail on Mr. Howard's plan. Be-
side the i-wo par'chial churches, there are
ten other churches for the established re-
ligion ; also Roman Catholic chapels, and
dissenting meeting-hoiises. To enumerate
the asylums for the wretched and unfortu-
nate of every description and denomination,
518
would far exceed our bounds. Liverpool
is 48 miles S of Lancaster, and 202 NW of
London. Lon. SOW, lat. 53 22 N.
Liverpool, township of Queens county.
Nova Scotia, on the bay of Fundy.
Liverpool, post village, in Salina, Onon-
dago county, New York, 3 miles from Sa-
lina^
Liverpool, post village, in the NE part of
Perry county, Pennsylvania, on the right
bank of Susquehannah river, about 30 miles
above Harrisburg.
Liverpool, post town, of York county,
Pennsylvania, 6 miles N from the borough
of York.
Livingsta?!, township of Columbia coun-
ty. New York, containing 1651 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820 1938. It is situated
40 miles S of Albany, on the river Hudson.
Livingston, county of New York, on
both sides of Genesee river ; bounded S by
Steuben and Allegany ; W by Genesee ; N
by Monroe ; and E by Ontario. Length
30 ; width 20 ; and area 600 square miles.
In respect to soil and surface, this is a very
diversified county. It is generally hilly
and fertile ; but exceptions to both these
features exist ; extensive flats skirt Gene-
see rivei and part of the upland is sterile.
This county was formed from part of On-
tario and Qenesee, in which it was included
in the census of 1820.
Livingston, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Tennessee river SW ; by Ohio river W
and NW ; by Trade Water river or Union
county NE ; and Caldwell county SE.
Length 47 ; mean width 15 ; and area about
720 square miles. Cumberland river passes
through and enters Ohio river in this coun-
ty. The surface is generally level, and
much of the soil highly fertile. Chief
town, Salem.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 1,597
do. do. females ... 1,335
Total whites .... 2,932
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ..... 24
Slaves ...... 718
Total population in 1810 - - 3,674
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . - 2,478
do. do. females - - - 2,292
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - - - 0
T6tal whites .... 4,770
Free persons of colour, males 15
do. do. females 19
Slaves, males .... 508
do. females ... 512
Total population in 1820 - - 5,824
L L A
LUC
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - i,270
do. in Manufactures - - 40
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 8.
Livonia, province of the Russian empire,
which, with that of Esthonia, has been re-
ciprocally claimed and possessed by Rus-
sia, Sweden, and Poland, and for more
than two centuries, has been a perpetual
scene of the most bloody wars. It was
finally wrested from the Swedes by Peter
the Great, and confirmed to the Russians
by the peace of Nystadt, in 1721. It now
forms the government of Riga, or Livonia,
of which Riga is the capital. It is bounded
on the N by the government of Esthonia,
on the E by that of Pskof, on the S by that
of Polotsk and part of Poland, and on the
W by the gulf of Livonia. It is 250 miles
from N to S, and 150 from E to W. The
land is so fertile in corn, that it is called
the granary of the North. Area 21,000
square miles. Population 600,000.
Livonia, post village and township, Li-
vingston county, New York, between Ge-
iiessee and Hemlock lakes, 20 miles SW
from Canandaigua. Population in 1820,
2427.
Lizard, the most southern promontory
of England, whence ships usually take
their departure, when bound to the west-
ward. Lon. 5 10 W, lat. 49 57 N.
Llanarth, town in Cardiganshire, 17
miles E by N of Cardigan, and 212 W by
N of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 52 13 N.
Llanbeder, town in Cardiganshire, on the
river Tyvy, over which is a bridge into
Carmarthenshire, 24 miles E of Cardigan,
and 197 W by N of London. Lon. 4 8 W,
lat. 52 9 N.
Llandilovaxsir, town in Carmarthenshire,
on the river Towy. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 51
55 N.
Llanelly, town in Carmarthenshire. It
trades much in coal, and is seated on a
creek of the Bristol channel. Lon. 4 10
W, lat. 51 43 N.
Llangadoc, town in Carmarthenshire,
185 miles W by N of London. Lon. 3 48
W, lat. 51 54 N.
Llangollen, town in Denbighshire, 184
miles from London.
Llangunner, village in Carmarthenshire.
Sir Richard Steele had u private seat here,
and here he died in 1729.
Llanrotst, town in Denbighshire, on the
Conwav, 15 miles SW of' Denbigh, and
222 NW of London. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 53
6 N.
Llantrissent, town in Glaiv.organsJMre, in
S Wales, 10 miles NVV of Landafi', and
166 W of London. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 51
28 N.
Llamtdllivg, town in Montgomei-yshire,
near tiie river Cane, 15 miles N by W of
Montgomery, and 179 NW of London.
Lon. "3 8 W, lat. 52 40 N.
Llanydlos, town in Montgomeryshu'e, 18
miles SW of Montgomerv,'and 157 WNW
of London. Lon. 3 28 W, lat. 52 19 N.
Llanymddovery, town in Carmarthenshire,
near the Towy, 26 miles ENE of Carmar-
then, and 181 W by N of London. Lon.
3 42 W, lat. 51 56 N.
Llaugharn, town of Carmarthenshire, in
S Wales, at the mouth of the Towy, 7 miles
SW of Carmarthen, and 233 W by N of
London. Lon. 4 28 W, lal. 51 48 N.
Llobregat, two rivers of Spain, in Cate-
lonia; the least considerable of which, falls
into the bay of Rosas, but the largest rises
in the Pyrenean mountains with the No-
guera, and enters the Mediterranean 15
miles SW fi'om Barcelona.
Lo, Si. town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Channel, and late province of
Normandy, with a good citadel. — It has
considerable manufactures of cloths, stuffs,
iron, and gold lace. It is seated on the
Vire, 12 miles E of Coutances, and 125 W
by N of Paris. Lon. 0 53 W, lat. 49 6 N.
Loanda, small island of Africa, on the
coast of Angola. It is 12 miles in length,
and three quarters of a mile in breadth.
It has a town of the same name, which is
the capital of the kingdom of Angola, in
South Guinea, with a very good harbour.
It belongs to the Portuguese. Lon. 12 25
E, lat. 8 45 S.
Loango, considerable kingdom of Africa,
in Congo, 250 miles in length, and 188 in
breadth; bounded on the N by Benin, on
the E by parts unknown, on the S by Congo
Proper, and on the W by the Atlantic
Ocean. The land is so fruitful, that they
have three crops of millet in a year ; and
there are a great number of trees, from
whence the}' draw tlieir palm-wine.
Loango, town of Congo, capital of a
kingdom of the same name, with a harbour,
at the mouth of the Quilla. Lon. 11 45 E,
lat. 4 15 S.
Loans, or Lavora, town of Genoa, near
the sea coast. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 9 N. •
Ijobaw, town of Polish Prussia, wilh a
castle, where the bishop of Culm resides.
It is 25 miles E of Culm. Lon. 19 0 E, lat.
53 25 N.
Loboa, town of Spain, in the province of
Estraniadura, seated on the Guadiana, 22
miles E of Badajoz. Lon. 6 22 W, lat.
38 32 N.
Lobos, islands of Peru, near the coast.
Lat. 6 25 S.
Locarno, town of Swisserland, capital of
a district of the same name, which is one
of the four transalpine bailiwics. It con-
tains 1500 inhabitants. Lacarno was once
situated on the lake, and had a port capa-
ble of receiving large barks ; at present it
519
L O D
LOG
stands at the distance of a quarter of a
mile, which is owing to the accumulation
of sand brought down by the torrent Mag-
gla. It is 46 miles N of Novara, and 55 N
by W of Milan. Lon. 8 31 E. lat. 46 10 N.
Locarno, Lake of. See JMaggiore.
Lochaber, bleak, barren, mountainous,
and rugged district, in the SAV part of In-
verness-shire.
Lochem, town of Dutch Guelderland, in
the county of Zutphen, on the Borrel, 10
miles E of Zutphen. Lon. 6 13 E, lat. 52
12 N.
Locher Moss, morass in Dumfriesshire,
Scotland, 10 miles in length, and three^in
breadth. Here vast oak trees, and also
canoes and anchors have been frequently
dug up.
Laches, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire, and late province
of Touraine, on the river Indre, 15 miles
S of Amboise, and 20 W of Tours. Lon.
51 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Lochmaben, royal borough in Dumfries-
shire. Lon. 3 19 W, lat. 55 19 N.
Lochrida, or Ocrida, town of Turkey in
Europe, in Albania. It is a pretty large
place and. well fortified; and is 62 miles
SE of Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Lochia, town of Sweden, in East Both-
nia, on the gulf of Bothnia, 90 miles S of
Tornea. Lon. 24 16 E, lat. 64 20 N.
Lochrmnnock, town of Renfrewshire, Scot-
land, on a lake of the same name, called
also Castle Semple Loch, near three miles
m length.
Lochy Loch, lake in the SW part of In-
verness-shire, 10 miles in length, and from
one to two in breadth. From the NW the
waters of Loch Arkek descend into this
lake. Out of it runs the river Lochy, which
falls into Loch Eil, at fort William.
Locke, post village and township, Cayu-
ga county New York, 23 miles SSE from
Auburne. Population 1820, 1559.
Lockwood, post village, Sussex county
New Jersey.
Loddon, town of Norfolk, eight miles SE
of Norfolk, and 113 NE of London. Lon.
1 18 E, lat. 52 36 N.
Lodesan, district of Italy, in the duchy of
Milan. It lies along the river Adda, and
is very fertile and populous. Lodi is the
capital.
Lodeve, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ilerault, and late province of Lan-
guedoc. Its manufactures of cloth render
it very rich, but it is seated in a dry barren
country, at the foot at the Cevennes, 27
miles NW of Montpellier. Lon. 3 30 E,
lat. 42 37 N.
Lodi, strong town of Italy in the duchy
of Milan, and c.ipital of the Lodesan. It is
seated in a pleasant county on the Adda,
15 miles NW of Placentia, and 20 SE of
Milan, In 1796 the French under Bona-
520
parte In attempting to force the passage of
a bridge at this place which was vigorous-
ly defended by the Austrians, after being
three times repulsed, at last carried it with
the loss of 6000 ; 1500 were said to have
been killed by the first discharge of the
Austrian artillery. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45
15 N.
Lodomsna. See Galicia.
Lodrone, town of Italy in the bisopric of
Trent, sealed on the small lake Idro, at the
place where it receives the river Chiese,
31 miles SW of Trent. Lon. 10 46 E, lat.
46 ON.
LofCus Heights, in Adams county, Missis-
sippi territory ; situated on the E bank of
the river Mississippi, 45 miles below the
town of Natches, there is a post-office in
this place.
Logan, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Tennessee ; Todd county in Kentucky W ;
Muhlenburg NW ; Butler N ; and Simpson
NE. Length 30; mean width 21 ; and area
630 square miles. It occupies the high
ground between Cumberland and Green
rivea". It is drained by Red river branch of
Cumberland, and by Bigbanner, and Mud-
dy river, branches of Green river. The
surface is waving rather than hilly, soil ex-
cellent. Chief town Russelville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 5,013
do. do. females - - 4,461
Total whites - - 9,474
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 169
Slaves 2,486
Total population in 1810, - 12,129
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5,047
do. do. females - - - 4,543
Total whites - - - - 9,590
Free persons of colour, males - 69
do. do. females - 6fi
Slaves, males - - . - 2,331
do. females - . . 2,267
Total population in 1820 - 14,423
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in .\griculture - - 3,769
do. in Manufactures - o56
Engaged in Commerce - - 21
Population to the square mile, 23.
Logan, county of Ohio ; bounded N by
Hardin ; E by Union ; S by Champaigne ;
SW by Miami ; W by Shelby ; and NW by
Alien. Length 26 ; breadth 21 ; and area
500 square miles. Miami river, Boques,
Mi!!, and Darley creeks, and Mad river, all
L O I
L O N
rise In tliis county. The land Is, however,
tolerably level and fertile. Chief town
Belleforitaine.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,649
do. do. females - - 1,464
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . - - 3^103
Free persons of colour, males 41
do. do. lemaies 37
Slaves, males . . _ y
do. females _ _ _ y
Total population in 1820 - 3,181
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,043
do. in Manufactures - 14
do. in Commerce - 2
Population to the square mile, 6.
Logan, post town, and s^at of justice for
Hoclving county Ohio, on the N bank of
Hocking river, 18 miles SE from Lancaster.
Lat. 39 06 N.
Log - Horse - Landing, post-office Hj'de
county North Carolina.
Logotuogorod, town of Poland, in Lower
Volhinia, seated on the W bank of the
Dnieper. Lon. 31 7 E, lat. 50 46.
Lngronno, town of Spain in Old Castile,
in a country abounding' with excellent
fruits and good wines, 'and all the necessa-
ries of life. It is seated on the Ebro, 115
miles N by E of Madrid. Lon. 2 20 W,
l..t. 42 29N.
Loire, the principal river of France,
which rises in the mountains of the Ce-
vennes in Languedoc. It begins to be
navigable at Roanne ; is joined to tlie Seine
by the canals of Bnare and Orleans, and
falls into the bay of Biscay, below Paira-
baeiif.
Loire, department of France, contiguous
to the departments of Rhone, and Isere.
Chief I own llontbrison.
Loire and Cher, department oi France,
including the late province of Blasois. It
takes its name from the rivers Loire and
Cher ; the first of which falls into the S:ii'te,
above Angers ; and the last empties itself
into the Loire, five miles above the conflu-
ence of the latter with the Indre. Blois is
the capital.
Loire, Loiver, department of I'ranct",
containing part of the late province of
Bretagne. It has Us name from the river
Loire, which iorms its S boundary, and
then falls into the Ba)' ot Biscay Nantes is
the capital.
Loire, Upjier, d<"partment of France, late
the province of Velay. It takes Its name
Irom the river Loire, which rises near its
south boundary, Puy is the capital.
3U
Loiret, department of France, late the
province of Orleanois. It takes its name
from a small river that falls into the Loire.
Orleans is the capital.
LombarJo, Vcnitian kingdom, name im-
posed on Austrian Italy by the congress of
Vienna, 1815.
Lomburdu, name formerly given to part
of Italy, an<l which comprehended almost
all tiie a-xient Cisalpine-Gaul. It lies to-
wards the North, and was divided into the
Upper and Lower ; U(iper Lombardy was
the- weste n pat, and compr.he: ded Pied-
mont, with its dependencies and the duch-
ies of Montferr.it and Milan. Lower
Lombanly, wliich was the eastern part,
compri-liended Parma, Modena, Maniua,
I'erara, th^- Bolognese, the territ ries of the
ci^urch, the PaJuan, Vicntin, the Vero-
nes •, the Bressan, the Cremase, and the
Bergamese.
Lombez, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gers, and late province of Gasco-
nv, lately u bishop's see. It is sealed on
the Save, 27 miles S\V of Toulouse. Lon.
1 0 E, lat. 43 39 N.
Lomond, Bf.i, mountain, in the North of
Sterhngnhire, about 3200 feet above the
levi'l of the lake, ;'t i's bottom. From this
lofty mountain are seen Loch Lomond, the
Clyde, the Forth, Edinburgh, the eastern
coast as far as the Cnevi it Fells, the isles
of Bute and Arran, the rock of Ailsa, Ire-
land, the mountain of Plynfimmon in Wales,
the Skiddaw in Cumberland, and the hills
far beyond it.
I^omond, Loch, beautiful lake in Dumbar-
tonshire.
Lon, or Lune, beautiful and romantic ri-
ver which rises in Was moreland, and flow-
ing by Kirby Lonsdale in that county, falls
into the Irish Sea, below Lancaster. Its
banks are beautiful.
London, metropolis of Great Britain, one
of the largest and most opident cities in
the world, mentioned by Tacitus, as a
considerable commercial place in the reign
of the Roman emperor Nero. In its most
extensive view, as the metropolis, it con-
sists of the City, properly so called, the
city of Westminster, which was once a mile
from Londo ', and the borough of South-
wark; be-ide the suburbs in Middlesex
and Surry, within what are called the bills
of mortality London and We iminster are
situated in Middlesex, on the N side of the
river Thames. Souihwark is situated on
the opposite bank, in Surry. Tiie extent
of tiie whole, from Lime-ho ise and D^pt-
ford to Milbank and Vnuxliall, is above se-
ven mil. s ; but the grea'e-t brendtii does
not exceed three. Among the public
buildings, St. Paul's caiiiedral is the most
conspicuous. It is 2292 fieet in circumfer-
521
L O N
L O N
eiice, and 365 in height to tlie top of tlie
cross. It is inferior to none in Europe, ex-
cept St. Peter's at Rome. It is now desti-
ned to be tlie reccpiacle of the monu-
mer.ts of such illustrious men, as may do
honour to their country by their talents
and their virtues ; several are already erect-
ed ; the first, for that great philanthropist,
Mr. John Howard. Westminster Abbey
is a grand sp8cimen of Gothic architec-
ture, said to have been founded by Sebert,
king of the East Saxons, in 610. Here
most of the English sovereigns have been
crowned, and many of them interred. It
contains also a great number of monuments
of kings, statesmen, heroes, poets, and
persons distinguished b)' genius, learning,
and science. The chapel of Henry VII.
adjoining, Leland calls The AVonder of the
World. St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is a
small church, of exquisite beauty, the mas-
ter-piece of Sir Christopher 'Wren. Bow
Church, in Cheapside, St. Bride's, in Fleet
Street, and St. Dunstan's in the East, and
St. Martin's in the Fields, are, with seve-
ral others, distinguished for fine architec-
ture. The parish churches, in the bills of
mortality, amounted to 14-3 ; namely, 97
within the walls, 16 without the walls, 23
out-parishes in Middlesex and Surry, and
10 in the city and liberties of AVestminster.
Besides these churches, is one belonging
to the Temple, a celebrated .<:eat ot law.
It was founded by the Kniglits Templars,
in the reign of Henry II upon the model
of that of the Holy Sepulchre, at Jerusa-
lem. There are likewise a great number
of chapels for the establisheil church, for-
eign prote;-tai;t churches, Roman catholic
chapels, meeting for dissenters of all per-
suasions, and three synagogues for the
Jews. The royal palace of St. Ji.mes is an
ancient building, and on the N side of a
small park : it is mean m external appear-
ance, but the apartments aiv said to be
the best calculated for regal parade of any
in Europe. The royal town residence is
a house on the W side of James' park,
built by the duke of Buckingham,* and
purchased by the king in 1761, when it
received the appellation of the Queen's
Palace, but is still frequently callt-d Buck-
ingham House. Carlton House, the re-
sidence of the prince of Wales, to ihe E
of St. James' palace, is a stately build-
ing, on which vast sums have been ex-
pended. The Banqueting House, at White-
hall, begun in 1619, is only a small part
of the vast plan of a palace, intended
to be worthy of the residence of the Bri-
tish monarchs, but left incomplete. Be-
side the royal palaces, there are many fine
houses of the princes of the blood, and of
the nobility and gentry. The Tower of
London is very ancient, but the founder is
uncertain. It is surrounded bva wall, and
partly by a deep ditch, which enclose se-
veral streets, besides the Tower, properly
so called : it contains the great artillery, a
magazine of small arms 'or 60,000 m.en,
and the large hor~e armoury, among which
are 15 figures of kings o •, horseback. Here
are the jev/els and ornaments of the crown,
as well as the regalia ; the mint for coin-
ing of money, and the menagerie for fo-
reign birds and beasts. It is under the
command of a constable and lieutenant.
The bridges are a great ornament to the
metropolis. The most ancient, London
bridge, was begun in 1176, and finished in
1209. The length of it is 915 feet. The
riumber of arclies was 19, of unequal di-
mensions, and deformed by houses en each
side, which overhung in a terrific manner.
These were removed in 17 56, when the
upper part of the bridge assumed a mo-
dern a]5pearance ; but the sterlings remain,
though they so contract the space between
the piers, a> to occasion, at the ebb of tide,
a fall of five feet, or a number of tempora-
ry cataracts which have occa- ioned the loss
of many lives. Westminster bridge, one
of the finest in the wo:ld, was built by
Labeyle, a n.«tive of Switzerland. The first
stone was laid in 1739, the last in 1747;
but on account ot the sinking of one of
the pier^, the opening of the bridge was
i-etarded till 1750 The whole is of Port-
land stone, except the spandrels of the
arches, which are of Purbeck. It is 1223
feet in length. It has 13 large, and two
small semicircuhir arches : the centre arch
is 76 feet wide ; the other arches, on each
side, decreasing in width four feet. Black-
friar's bridge, built by Myl!;e, was comple-
ted in 1768. Its length is 995 feet ; the
breadth of the carriage-way 28, and of the
loot-paths seven feet each. It consists of
nine elliptical arches, the centre one of
wliich is 100 feet wide ; and both this, and
the arch on each side, are wider than the
celebrated Rialto at Venice. This noble
structure is bwilt of P..rtland stone. Among
the other public buildings, which can mere-
ly be enumer.ated here, are Westminster
Hall, containing the supreme court of jus-
tice ; and adjoining to which are the hou-
ses of lords and commons ; the Guild-hall
of the city ; the Sessions House ; the Horse
Guards, the Treasury and the Admiral-
ity at Whitehall ; the noble collection of
public offices which form that magnificent
structure called Somerset Place ; the Bri-
tish Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the
Bank of England ; the Excise Oflfice ; the
East India House, the Soulh Sea House ;
the Mansion House, for the lord mayor ;
and the Monument, in commemoration of
the great fire in 1666. The inns of court
for the study of the law ; the colleges,
learned societies, and public seminaries ;
the halls cif the different tradin'- comna-
T. o N
I- O X
iiies ; tlie nobic hospitals and other chari-
table institutions; the public places of di-
version ; with its fine squares and streets,
are all too numerous to be here particular-
ly mentioned. The Adelplii Terrace is
the admiration of foreigners, for the noble
vievv which it affords of tlie river, the
bridges, and other public buildings, and of
the fine hills beyond Lambeth and South-
wark. Such, on a cursory view of it is the
metropolis of Great Britain, to the extent
and opulence of which »many causes have
contributed. The broad stream of the
Thames flowing between London and
Southwark, continually agitated by a brisk
current, or a rapid tide, brings constant
supplies of fresh air, which no buildings
can intercept. The country around, t spe-
cially on the London side, is nearly open to
some distance ; whence bj' t!ie action of
the sun and wind on a gravelly soil, it is
kept tolerably dry at all seasons, and af-
fords no lodgement for stagnant air or wa-
ter. The cleanliness of I,ondon, as well as
its supply of water, is greatly aided by its
situation on the banks of the Thames ; and
the New River, with many good springs
within tiie city itself, furtlier contributes
to the abundance of that necessary e'e-
ment. All these are advantages with re-
spect to health, in which this metropolis is
exceeded by few. Its situation, with re-
gard to the circumstance of navigation, is
equally well chosen ; had it been placed
lower on the Thames, it would have been
annoyed by the marshes ; had it been high-
er, it would not have been accessible, as at
present, to ships of large burden. It now
possesses every advantage that can be de-
rived from a sea-port, and, at the same
time, by means of its noblt' river, enjoys a
very extensive communication with the in-
ternal parts of the country, which supply
it widi necessaries, and in return receive
from it such commodities as they require.
It contains several large wet docks, parti-
cularly those called the West India and
East India, Wrapping, and Commercial
docks, dry docks for repairing, and slips
for building of ships, besides the king's
yards at Deptford, for building men of
war. London therefore unites in itself all
the benefits arising from navigation and
commerce, with those of a metropolis at
which all the public business of a great na-
tion is transacted ; anil is thus both the
mercantile and political head of the
kingdom. It is also the seat of many con-
siderable manufactures ; some almost pe-
culiar to itself as adminis'erlng to the de-
mands of studied splendour, and refined
luxury ; others in which it participates with
the manufacturing towrs in general, with
this difference, that only the finer and
more costly of their works are performed
here. The most impottant of its peculiar
mariuracturos is the silk weaving establish-
ed in Spitalfields by refugees from France.
A variety of works in gold, silver, and jew-
ellery, the engraving of prints, and making
of optical and matliematica' instruments,
are likewise principally executed here, and
some of tlieni in greater perfection than in
any other country. Tiie porter-brewery,
a business of vei7 great extent, is also clilef-
ly carried on in London. To its port (late-
ly much improved in various respects) are
likewise confined some branches of foreign
commerce, as the vast Easi India trade, and
those to Turkey and Hudson's bay. Tlius
London has risen to its present rank of the
first city in Europe with respect to opu-
lence and tiie number of inhibitants. By
the enumeration in 1811, the residents in
London, Westminster, and Southwark, ar.d
all the out parishes, were 1,009,546. Lon-
don is a bishop's see, and sends four mem-
bers to parliament. Tiie city is divided
into 26 wards, each governed by an alder-
man ; and from the aldermen the lord may-
or is annually chosen. Tlierc are likewise
2jG common-councilmen, a recorder, a
common-sergeant, two slierlffs (who are
also sheriffs of Middlesex) a chamberlain}
a to'.vn-clerk, a city remembrancer, a wa-
ter-baildf, and many inferior officers. West-
minster is governed by a high steward, who
is generally a nobleman, chosen by the dean
and chapter, and he has an under steward
who officiates fur him. Next to him is the
high bailiff, ch^'Sen also by the dean and
chapter, wiiose power resembles that of a
sheriff. The suburbs are under the juris-
diction of magistrates ; and those of Mid-
dlesex, beside the county-hall on darken-
well Green, have an office in Bow Street,
long distinguished for public spirit and ac-
tivity,and seven other public offices. South-
wark was long independent of London, but
Edward lU. granted it to the city. It was
tlien called the vihage of Southwark ; and
afterward named the bulliwic. In the reign
of Edward Y!. it was formed into a twenty
sixth ward, by the name of Bridge Ward
Without. Oil the death of the alderman
of this ward, he is succeeded by the next
in seniority, to whatever ward he may be-
long ; this ward bein,^ considered as a si-
necure, and consequently the most proper
for " the father of the city." The city has
likewise a high bailiff and steward here.
To enumerate all the events by which this
great cajjital iias been distinguislied, would
greatly exceerl our llmiis, we shall only
mention the great plague in 1665, which
cut off 68,596 people, and the dreadful
conflagration, in 1666, by which the ca-
thedral and many otiier churches, with
13,200 houses were destroyed. London is
210 miles XNVV of Paris, and 30tJ ESE oi
Dublin. Lon. 0 5 W, lat. 51 .U N.
London, JVl'ic See J\ew London.
523
J . O N"
London, dislrict, Upper (J:iiutcla, along-
lake Erie.
Loudon, town of Upper Cana'la, on the
Thames, fibou 100 miles NE by E Tom
Deiroit, a; hi 150 SW by W trom York.
I'he sunou cliii!( country is extremely well
adapted to agncolture. Lai. 42 55 N.
London, po-t town and scat of justicr Ma-
dison couity Ohio, 25 miles W by S from
Columbus. Fop ilation 1820, 200, but ra-
pidly increasing.
London-To-wn, post village of' Anne-Arun-
del county, Maryland, on the right bank of
South river, 5 miles SW from Anna])clis.
Lnndon ■ Britain, township of Chester
county Pennsylvania, adjacent to the NE
ansrle of Cecil county in Maryland. Popii-
]atK)n 1820, 425.
London-Harbour, a bay of the island of
St. .John, on its north side. I,on. W C. 13
52 E, lat. 46 56 N.
Londoiiderni, county of Ireland, in the
province of Ulster, 32 miles long, and 30
broad ; bounded on the W by Donegal, and
the N by the Ocean, on the S and SW by
Tyrone, and on *he E by Antrim. It is a
fruitful cliampaign country. The linen rt\\-
im'acture flourishes through evc-ryparl of it.
London tier r'j, handsime town of Ireland,
capital of a counly (f the same name.
It is a modern plice, built by a cmpany of
London adventurers in the reign of James
I. The principal con^imerce i^f Londonder-
ry is with America and the West In>lies It
contains 18,000 inhabita^us, and is seated
on the river Foyle, over which a wooden
bridge, 106S feet in length and of -ingular
and excellent construction, was erected in
1791 Londondcrrvisfoi;r miles S of Lough
Fo)le, and 194 NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 5
W, at. 55 4 N.
Londonderry, township of Halifax county
N'lva Scotio, on Colequid river, 30 mdes
above the bay of Mmas.
Londonderry, jost ti.wn in llockingl'am
county New Hampshire, 35 miles SW of
Portsmouth, and 37 NW or Newbury port,
Massachus fs. It s pcop'.t d m stly by
emigrants from Ir la .d, as the iiauie im-
plies, and ontained 2766 inhabi iints, in
1810, and in 1820, 3127.
Londonikriy, post village and towns''ip
of Windham county Vermont, 27 miles SW
from Windsor. Population 150.
Londonderry, township of Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the E side ct Octorara
creek, between Oxford and Nottingham.
Population. 1810, 1164, and in 1820, only
581
Londonderry, township of Dawphln coun-
ty Pennsylvania, between Conewago and
Swa'ara creeks, about 15 miles of Har s-
bure. Population 1810, 2411, and m 1820,
1100.
Londonderry, SW township of Lebanon
524
county Pennsylvania. Popvilution 1820,
1629. This, and the preceding, formed
one township in Dauphin county previous
to the fomatlon of Lebanon county.
Londondemj, SW township ol Bedford
county Pennsylvania, on Wills creek, be-
tween Wills, and Little Alleghany moun-
tains. Papulation 1820, 602.
Jjondonderry, town and township at
Guernsey county Ohio. Population 1820,
902.
London Grove, township of Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, between New Garden
and Oxford, about 40 miles SW from Phi-
ladelphia. Population 1810, 983, and in
1820, 1097.
Long Bay, that part of the Atlantic coast
of the United States, between the mouths
of the Pedee and Cape Fear rivers.
Long Beach, on tlie coast of Monmouth
county New Jersey, is a low sandy island
extending from liarnegat inlet, to Little
V'j^i^ Harbour.
Long Bottom, post office Athens county
Ohio.
Long Creek, post office Caldwell county
Kentucky.
Long Island, an island of the state of
New York, separatee! from Connecticut by
Long Island Sound, and divided into three
counties, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. It
extends from the Narrows E 140 miles,
but is not more than ten broad on a me-
dium. The produce of the middle and
western parts of the island is carried to
New York. This island, in 1810, contained
48,752 inhabitants, and in 1820. 56,978.
A ridge r f hills extends along the north
side of Long Island, with a declivity to-
wards-the sound. South of the hills, the
descent is more gradual, and terminates in
a flat border, sinking imperceptibly in ap-
proaching the Atlantic Ocean. See the re-
spective Connies for a more particular de-
scription of this island.
Long Island, a name given to sundry un-
important islands in different parts of the
world. One near the W coast of Bititon ;
one on the SE coast of iMadura ; one in
Queen Charlotte's Sound, on the coast of
New Ze: land, off the coast of New Guinea
in lat. 1 S : one on the African coast in the
Indian Ocean, lat 10 25 S : one in Penob-
scot bay, coast of Slaine. For the latter see
Isleborongh.
Long Island Sound, kind of inland sea,
25 miles broad and 140 long, extending the
whole length of Long Island, and dividing
it from Connecticut. It communicates with
tiiie Atlun'ic at both ends of ihe island.
Long AitadoTj. township of Hampden
r.nunty, Massachusetts, on the left side
of Connecticut river, 6 miles below Spring-
field. Population 1820, 1171,
Long Point, or JVorth Foreland, is a
long narrow peninsula of Walsingham
r. o N
1, O 11
township Upper Canada, stretching in a
direction nearly E. The American sea-
men on lake Erie, call it Point Abino. It
lies nearly opposite the town of Erie in
Pennsylvania.
Long Swamfi, township of Berks coun-
ty Pennsylvania, on the waters of Little
Lehigh creek 18 miles NE from Reading.
Population 1820, 1371.
Longanko, town of the Morea, an-
ciently called Oiympia, famous for be-
ing the place where the Olympic games
were celebrated, and for the temple of
Jupiter Olympius, about a mile distant.
It is now a small place, seated on the
Alpheus, 10 miles from its mouth, and
50 S of Lepanto. Lon. 22 0 E, lat. 2,7
SON.
Longavi, one of the Chilian peaks of
the Andes, supposed to be 20,000 feet
above tiie level of the Ocean,
Longford, county of Ireland, in the
province of Leinster, 25 miles long and
16 broad ; bounded on the E and S by
West Meath, on the NW by Lettirim ;
on the NE by Cavan, and on the W by
the Shannon which parts it from Ros-
common. It is a rich and pleasant coun-
try, contains 24 parishes, and sends ten
members to parliament.
Longford, borough of Ireland, capital
of a county of the same name, 70 miles
WNW of Dublin. Lon. 7 40 W, lat.
53 48 N.
Longmire's store, post ofEce Edgefield
district South Carolina.
Long reach, a remarkable long and
sti'aight portion of the Ohio river, stretch-
ing 17 miles along the NE borders of
Washington county Ohio.
Long Sunt, Isle mi, in the river St.
Lawrence, and in front of the township
of Osnabruck, contains fron 100 to 1500
acres ; the soil is good. It lies off the
NE angle of St. Lawrence county New
York.
Longtown, town in Cumberland, on
the Esk, 12 miles N of Carlisle, and 307
NW of London.
Lojigueville, town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine, 23 miles N
of Rouen.
Longidon, town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle. Here is a consi-
derable iron forge and cannon foundtrv.
It is 10 miles SW of Longwy, and 36
NW of Metz.
Longueil ToivnsMfi, in the county of
Glengary, is the second in ascending the
Ottawa River.
Lnngueil, seigniory, Kent county Lower
Canada, extencling from St. Lawrence, to
Richelieu river, and commencing immedi-
ately opposite M(;ntreal.
LotigueU barony, that part of the seignio-
ry on the Sorel.
Longrjy, town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle on an eminence, on
the River Chiers, 36 miles NW of Metz,
and 160 ENE of Paris. Lon. 5 44 E,
lat. 49 32 N.
Lons le Saimkr, town of France, ca-
pital of the department of Jura. It de-
rives its name from the salt springs in
its vicinity, and is seated on the Solvan,
30 miles SSW of Dole. Lon. 5 30 E, lat.
45 37 N.
Loo, town of Holland, in Gelderland,
18 miles N of Arnheim.
Loochoo Islaiids, called recently by
Mr. Macleod, Lewchew, and by some
others Liqueo, Lieikeou, See Lieikeou.
Great Loochoo is about 50 by 12 or 15
miles. The climate is represented as
most delicious, and the manners of the
people as highly civilized. The coasts
are dangerous coral banks.
Looe, Last and West, two decayed
boroughs in Cornwall, separated by a
creek, over which is a narrow stone-
bridge. They are supported chiefly by
the pilchard fishery, and send together
as many members to parliament as Lon-
don. They are 16 miles W of Plymouth,
and 231 W by S of London.
Lookout, Cafie, one of those remark-
able promontories of North Carolina. It
is the southwest point of Ocracock bar,
and the SW outlet of Core Sound. Lon.
W C. 0 23 E, lat. 34 22 N.
Lookout, Cafie, name of several capes,
of An5 erica : one south coast of Hud-
son's bay, lon. W C 7 W. lat. 56 N, one
in Hudson's bay, lon. W C. 12 W, lat.
55 30 N : one on the Atlantic coast of
South America, lat. 48 24 S : and one on
t'.ie Pacific coast of North America, 45
32 N.
Lookout, Mountain, one of the Appa-
lachian ridges in the NW parf of Geor-
gia, terminating near the Suck in Ten-
nessee river.
Looz, town of the Netheriands, in the
territory of Liege, 17 miles W by S of
Maestricht.
Lofiatka, Cape, the S extremity of
tlie Peninsula of Kamtschatka. See Ku-
rilcs.
Lora, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on
the river Guadalquiver, 28 miles NE of
Seville. Lon. 5 4 W, lat. 37 46 N.
Lora, town of Upper Saxony, in the
county of Hohenstein, 30 miles N of
Saxe-Gotha. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 N.
I,oram\e, townshio of Shelbie county
Ohio.
Zorf,,town of Spain, in Granada, 15
miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 W, lat.
36 SO N.
525
L O 11
I. O U
Lfjredo, town of Italy, in Polesino di
Rovigo, seated on the Adige, 20 miles E
of Rovigo, Lovurgana, Sai- Vincente de.
IjorettQ, fortified town of Italy, in the
marquisate of Anconia, and a bishop's
see. The cathedral contains the Casa
Santa, or Holy House, in which it is pre-
tended the Virgin Mary lived at Naza-
reth. According te the legend, it was
carried by angels fronn Galilee into Dal-
matia, and thence to the place where it
now stands. This house, or chapel, is
31 feet long, \5 broad, and IS high ; the
inner part very old, but cased with mar
hie on the outside. The famous lady of
Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in
her arms, stands upon the principal al-
tar, in a nich of silver : this statue is of
cedar wood, three feet high, but her face
can hardly be seen, on account of the
numerous gold and silver lamps around
her. She is clothed with cloth of gold,
set off with jewels; and the little Jesus
is covered with a shirt, holds a globe
in his hand, and is adorned .with rich
jewels. Great numbers frequently go
on pilgrimage to Loretto, and every pil-
grim, after having performed his devo-
tion, makes the Virgin a present, that
the treasury of the chapel is immensely
rich. The inhabitants of this town sub-
sist princijjally by agriculture and gar-
dening, and many of them are shoema-
kers, tailors, and sellers of chaplets. Lo-
retto was taken by the French in 1796,
who retained possession nf it till IT^SQ It
ir seat' d on a mountain, three miles from
the guif of Venice, 12 SE of Ancona, and
112 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 33 E, lat. 43
2r N.
JLorgucs, town of France, in the de-
partment of Var, seated on the Argens,
16 miles W of Frejus.
UOrient, fine seaport of France, in
Morbihan, on Pert Louis. The harbour
is deep sufficient for ships of the first
class. Population about 18,000, 340 miles
W by S from Paris. Lon 3 21 W from
London, lat j47 45 N.
Lorracli, town of Suabia, in the Bris-
gau, six miles NE of Basel, and 30 S of
Friburg.
Lorj-ain, late province of France, 100
miles long, and 75 broad ; bounded on
the N by Luxemburg and Treves, E by
Als.^ce and Deux Fonts, S by Franche
Compte, and W by Champagne and Bar.
It abounds iu all sorts of corn, wine,
hemp, flax, and rape seed. There are
fine meadows and large forests, with
mines of iron, silver, and copper, and
salt pits The ))rincipal rivers are the
Maese, Moselle, Seille, Meurte, and Sare.
This province now formsthe departments
of Meurte, Moselle, and Vosges.
526
I^orraine, post village, and townshij)
of Jefferson county New York, 20 miles
SSE from Sackett's harbour. Popula-
tion 1820, 1,112.
Lossiemouth^ town of Scotland, in
Murrayshire, at the mouth of the river
Lossie, five miles NE of Elgin, of which
it is the port. The harbour will receive
vessels of 80 tons, and hence much corn
is exported.
Lot, river of France, which rises in
the department of Lozere, passes by
Mende, Cahors, and Agen, and enters
the Garonne. It begins to be navigable
at Cahors.
Lot, department of France, including
the late province of Quercy. It takes its
name from the river Lot. Cahors is the
capital.
Lot and Garonne, department of
France, including part of the late pro-
vince of Guienne. It is so called from two
rivers. Agen is the capital.
Lotbiniere, seigniory, Buckingham
county Lower Canada, on the south side
of St. Lawrence, 40 miles above Quebec.
Lothian, district of Scotland, now di-
vided into East, Mid, and West Lothi-
an, or Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire,
and Linlithgowshire.
Lotzin, town of Prussia, with a castle,
situate on a canal which joins the An-
gerburg and Levantin lakes, 78 miles
SE of Krnigsberg.
Louans, small town of France, in the
department of Saune and Loire and late
province of Burgundy, situated in a kind
of Island between the rivers Seilles, Sal-
le, and Solnan, 18 miles SE of Chalons.
Loudeac, town of France, in the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, with an iron
forge, and a manufacture of thread, 20
miles S of St. Brieux.
Loudon, township of Roclilngliarn coun-
ty, New Hampshire, on tlie E side of Mer-
rimack river, 45 miles NW of Portsmouth
Population in 1810, 1472, and in 1810,
1691.
London, county of Virginia ; bounded SE
by Fairfax; SW by Prince William and
Fauquier ; NW by Frederick and Jeffer-
son ; and NE by the Potomac river. It is
about 20 miles square, with an area of 400
square miles. Surface delightfully varie-
gated by hill, dale and mountain. Soil
excellent. Staple grain and floiu'. Chief
town, Leesburg.
Populatisn in 1810.
Free whites, males - - 7,818
do. do. fenv.iles - - 7,759
Total whites . - . - 15,577
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed .... 6Q4
Slaves - - - - - •'',157
LOU
Total population in 1810 -
ropulation in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
LOU
21,338 Total whites - - - 5,967
Free persons of colour, males - 117
do. do. females 102
8,356 Slaves, males .... 3,925
7,788 do. females - - 3,635
0 Total population in 1820 - 13,746
Total whites - - - - 16,144
Free persons of colour, males - 406
do. do. females 423
Slaves, males - - . 2.964
do- females - - - 2,765
Total population in 1820
22,702
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 246
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,976
do. in Manufactures - - 1,394
do. in Commerce - - 89
Population to the square mile 55^.
Loudonville, post town, in the southeas-
tern quarter of Ricldand count}-, Ohio.
Loiulun, town of France, in the depart,
ment of Vienne, SO miles NW of Poitiers,
and 155 SW of Paris.
Loughborough, town in Leicestershire,
with a market on Thursday. It has a large
church, with a handsome tower, and four
meeting-houses. The chief manufactures
are wool-c.>mbing and hosiery ; and it has
a trade in coal, &c. by means of a canal
from the Trent. It ii seated near the
Soar, 18 miles N of Leicester, and 109 N
NW of London.
Lougliborough ToiumJiip, in the county of
Frontenac, Upper Canada, lies in the rear
and to the north of Kingston.
Loidsu, town of Swedish Finland, with a
fortress, on a bay of the gulf of Finland.
The houses are all of wood, two stories
high, and painted red.
Louisa, county of Virginia; bounded by
Hanover SE ; Goochland and Fluvanna S
W ; Albemarle NW ; and Orange and
Spottsylvania N. Length 28 ; mean width
20 ; and area 560 square miles. Surface
moderately hilly. Soil generally fertile.
Chief staples, flour and tobacco.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,696
do. do. females . . - 2,557
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,705
do. in Manufactures - 169
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 24^.
Louisburgh, capital of the i-land of Cape
Breton. It was taken by the Engli'^h in
1758, and ceded to them in 1763 : since
which the fortifications have been destroy-
ed. It has an excellent harbour, near four
leagues in circumference. Lon. 59 48 W,
lat. 45 54 N.
Louisbtirg, post town and seat of justic,
Franklin county, North Carolina, on the E
bank of Tar river, 23 miles NE of Raleigh,
the capital of the ^ta'e.
Louis De Ramsay, seigniory, Richelieu
county, Lower Canada, on the southeast
side of St. Lawrence, near the head of lake
St. Peters, 6 miles E from the mouth of
Richelieu river.
Louis, Fort, strongly fortified island in
the Rhine, 12 miles E from Haguenau.
Louisiana, state of the United States ;
bounded by the gulf of Mexico S and SE ;
Mississippi NE ; Arkansaw territory N, or
rather NW ; and by Texas W.
JCIec
Louisiana has an interior limit on the
Gulf of Ml xico, from the mouth
of Sabine to that of Peai-1 river.
Up Pearl river to North lat. 31,
Thence along North lat. 31 to the
right bank of the Mississippi,
Thence up tliat river to NortJi lat. o3,
Thence due west along North lat.
33 to the north-v/est angle of the
state, .....
Thence due south along 1 of lat.
from the 33 to the 32 of North
lat.
Thence down the Sabine to its
mouth, or to the south-west an-
gle of the state, ...
4C0
60
105
220
168
69.1
190
Total whites ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves .....
Total population in 1810 •
5,253 Having an entire outline of
1,212^
157
6,430
11,840
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . . 3,055
do. do. females - - 2,912
All other persons except ladiar.s
net taxed . - . . 0
Area about 48,220 square miles =
30,860,800 acres.
The longest line which can be drawn in
Louisiana, is from the mouth of Mississippi
to the north-west angle of the state, 380
miles. Its width is very difficult to esti-
mate ; one hundred and twenty miles is
not, however, ^r from an accurate meai'.
Extreme south, at North lat. 28 56.
?:xtreme north, at North lat. -"3 CO..
L U U
L O U
The state of Louisiana contains perhaps
as great diFersity and extremes of soil as
any coun'ry of the globe of equal extent.
It is no misrepresentation to say, that in
this state, eveiy kind of land exists, from
the most sterile to the most productive.
The very singular features of Louisiana,
and its importance in our topography, will
warrant a more widely extended range of
descriptive remark, than I have judged
necessary with other sections, more uni-
form in their interior, and more analogous
in their exterior features to the contiguous
countries.
The soil of Louisiana admits of five very
distinct varieties ; river alluvion, pine
forest, prairie, river inundated land, and
sea marshes. Of these the most extensive
is pine forest, but the most valuable, allu-
vion. In Louisiana, the sea sand alluvion
is so limited in extent, as not to merit a
distinctive classification.
Commencing from the south, the first
natural division which presents itself, is the
sea marsh. This tract is commensurate
with the entire extent of the state, reach-
ing from Pearl to Sabine rivers. It is al-
most destitute of timber. Its width inland
varies from 20 to 30 miles ; extending
highest into the interior between the
streams. All the rivers which communi-
cate with the Mississippi, in a lesser or
greater degree, protruding a narrow slip
of arable land along their shores, far be-
yond the interior limit of the sea marsh.
None, however, extending this elevated
border to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Atchafalaya has but very little ara-
ble land on its shores. Its left bank is
above ordinary inundation four or five
miles from its efflux, the right bank liable
to annual submersion from the Mississippi.
After flowing five miles, with the excep-
tion of a few spots of very limited extent,
tlie shores of this river is rendered unin-
habitable as far down as the mouth of the
Teche. The arable shores of the latter
river are continued about five miles down
the former below their junction ; the sea
marsii then commences, and all farther
habitable land ceases. Three or four miles
below the mouth of Teche, on the oppo-
site bank, the Atchafalaya receives Bayou
Bctuf. This bayou is the drain of the space
between the Fourche and Atchafalaya
rivers, and has a narrow border of high
land along its banks, over which the over-
flow of the Mississippi very seldom reach-
es ; consequcvitly all the water which is
brought down by the Atchafalaya, is here
confined to its own volume. This circum-
stance, though fact, is contrary to common
opinion in the country itself. All the
space between the Lower Teche and La-
fourche is usually considered subject to
annual Inui-idation- It is so in fact, with
528
the exception of the range we have noti-
ced. A cliain of lakes lies between the
Atchafalaya and Lafourche, through which,
by a ferry, is fbrrried the route of commu-
)iication between the setilements on the
Mississippi and Lafourche, and those in
Lower Attacapas. The sunken flooded
character of the shores of these lakes lead
to the error we have co; rected. In reality.
Bayou Bauf and its confluents separate in
that quarter the inundated tract from the
sea marsh.
In the angle between the bay of Atcha-
falaya and Lafourche river, a number of
minor streams nad near Bayou Bosuf, and
flow south into the Gulf of Mexico. These
small creeks have all arable banks towards
their sources, wliich gradually depress
into the sea marsh.
The Lnfeurche has arable banks about
90 miles from its efflux from Mississippi,
below which distance the sea marsh en-
croaches, and prevents settlement.
Uetween the higii banks of Lafourche,
and those of M.ssissippi river, with excep-
tion of a few small ipot^, the intermediate
space is occupied by the sea marsh.
The Mississippi proper differs in ordi-
nary phenomena, in rio essential respect,
except magnitude, from the Lafourche.
Tlie banks of both are the highest ground
near their beds. The former carries its
arable border v/ith varied width, to the.
lower end of Plaquemine bend, three
miles belovv Fort St. Philip, where the
naked unwiodetl sea marsh reaches the
river bank.
North east of the Mississippi, the sea
marsh borders the river to Plaquemine
bend, where the arable selvage commen-
ces which with a breadth of not more
than 700 or 800 yards, intervenes between
the river and marsii, to Terre aux Bceufs,
15 miles below New Orleans. Terre
aux Bocufs extends an arable border for
about 15 miles, where the sea marsh reach-
es both its banks, and terminates settle-
ment.
Above Terre aux Bceufs, t!ie arable
border is wider than below that stream ;
but is confined to the Mississippi banks, ss
far up that stream, as the higher part of
the parish of St. John Baptiste, opposite
Lake Maurepas. In the distance from
Terre aux Bceufs to St. John Baptiste, the
marsh is only interrupted in one place.
Ten miles above New Orleans, an ancient
outlt-t of the Mississippi pursues a north-
east direction, and singular as it may seem,
actually . crosses Bayou St. John, in the
suburb of that name, and continues
its original direction by the name of Bayou
Gentiily, and falls into the. pass of Chef
i\lenteur. Its entirt; length, about 20
niiks. On a small scale, this outlet in its
natural state, h;id an elevated arable wood-
ti o u
L o i;
oi. boruer in all its course. Wilh tills veay
partial exemption, the marsh reaches within
a mean of half a mile from the Mississippi
bank. The whole south, and south-west
borders of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maiire-
pss form one undivided marsh. This marsh,
towards New rivr r, imperceptibly changes
to river inundated land.
The g-eneral inferior boundary of tlie
sea marsh, from what we have seen, pro-
ceeding fn m west to east, extends from
the head ot the Sabine, Calcasiu, and Mer-
men'au lakes; from the latter to the wes-
tern bend of Vermilion ; the right shore
of '.he lattvr I'iver extending a narrow ara-
ble bordtr bi.ui twenty miles lower down.
A range of low hills or hgh banks ranges
along the left side of the Vermilion, but
sinks into the sea marsh len miles above the
soutiiern extension of the cultivateable op
posing margin.
Leavmg the Vermilion river, the marsh
winds round the inflections of the bays of
Vermilion, Cote Blanche, and Aichafalaja,
leaving those bays to the south west, and
the Teche river to the south-east, advan-
cing in many places to within one or two
miles of the latter. At the jimction of
Teche and Atchafalaya rivers, we have
shown the sea marsh to be bounded inland
by Bayou Bceuf, and Its constituent branch-
es, between the Atchafalaya and Lafourche
rivers. Between the latter and Mississip-
pi, more than nine-tenths of the entire
.space is marsh. The same observation is
applicable to all that part of the island of
Orleans, below the par.sh of St. John Bap-
tiste.
It would be an interesting operation to
determine the extent of the irreclaimable
sea marsh The solution of this problem
is impracticable, liowcver, to any great ex
actitude, without extraordinary and luine-
cessary expense of time and labour. The
following estimate will serve for every
requisite purpose
Between the Sabine and Lafourche
rivers, is a distance of 180 miles. In this
space, the sea marsh and bays will average
at least 30 miles in width, producing an
area of 5,400 square miles, 3,456,000 acres,
or near one-ninth part of the superficies of
the state.
North-east of the Lafourche, the sea
marsh extends over at least 3,000 square
miles, or 1,920,000 ■ cres, which addled to
3,456,000, yields 5,376,000 acres, or nearly
one-sixth part of all Louisiana.
The distinction between s. a marsh and
the contiguous soils, arises solely from rela-
tive height There is no par: of the mari-
time shore- of the Uniled States, which
rise so gradually from the surfice of the
sea as do those of Louisiana. This accli-
vity is in fact, so gentle, that the common
surface of the country at Opelousas court-
house, 7Q mUes iniand, is not mors than
twenty feet above the level of the Gulf of
Mexico The very near advance fif such a
country to the curve of a real sphere, will
be conceived, when it is considered that
TO miles contains 369,600 feet, or that in
round numbers, 400,000 feet has onl)' gain-
ed an elevation of 20 fett;th t is one of
elevation for 20,0U0 in distance. It is the
natural cons^•quence of so very gradual an
ascent, to render the gradations of soil al-
most imperceptible. Therefore, the posi-
tive line which separares the sea marsh
Jrom the prairies, or riv:r inundation, can-
not be drawn.
The tides in the Gulf of Mexico, do net
exceed three feet, and yet they are per-
ceptible in all the water courses of Loui-
siana, Mississippi excepted, as high as
North lat. 30 20. From this arises the sin-
gular plienomeron that the tides in Plaque-
mine and Iberville, approach to within ten
miles of contact, though upwards of 200
miles above the head of tide water in Mis-
sissippi.
The prairie soil partakes of the quality
of the adj; cent lands. On the waters of
Subine, Calcasiu, and Mermentau, the prai-
ries have generally a thin sterile soil ;
whilst on the Vermilion, Teche, and
Courlableau, the prairies. are almo t uni-
formly fertile. Wherever the wa evs of
Red or Mississippi have flowed, the sod is
pnductive ; and'that both those s reams
have contributed to form the deposit which
lines the Teche, Vermilion, and Conrta-
bleau, is evident from the texture and al-
ternation of the strata. The evidences of
the prevalence of tiiese waters in places far
remote from their present influence, are
seen in digging wells, where the paic blue
sediment of the Mi.ssissippi is found in
contact with the red ochreous earth,
brouglit down by lied river.
We have already alluded to the proba-
bility, that, at a ormer period, the Missis-
sippi and Red rivers did not unite. The
soundness oi this iiypothesis, is rendered
obvious by the genera! physiognomy of the
country at present. But to an eye which
has viewed with careful attention, the re-
gion between lower Red river, the prairies
of Opeloiisas, and the Atchafalaya river, it
must be demonstr.able, that the former
river once entered the latter through the
channel of the present Courtableau, and
that a long narrow peninsula extended
from the h ghlands north of Red river
towards the ancient junction. I iiave tra-
versed this tract in all its extent, and form-
ed the theory we are now reviewing from
actuil survey. The range of hills wh ch
now terminates at Red rivei , no doubt was
once united to the opposing high ground
of Avoyelles. The intermediate space
.529
L I ) L
L U U
is not at this time more than two miles
wiJe.
The elevation of the platform of Avoyel-
les is about 20 or 25 feet above the cir-
cumjacent low lantls ; lis length 15 or 16
miles. There exists a small wooded hill,
of similar heiglit arid structure, about five
miles south of Lake Pearl. The hill and
prairie of Bayou Rouge is the last remain
ing fragment of the ridge which anciently
I suppose contributed to turn Red river
soutli-e:.stwardly. What is at present
Lake Pearl, and the Bayou le Mourir, and
De Giaize, were once an outlet of Ked
river, according- to the indue ion we have
assumed. At high w.ater the overflow of
Hed river yet passes by that channel. I
have myself passed from Red river to Ope-
lousas, through an outlet 15 miles below
Alexandria into Bayou le Jlourir, and
thence up that stream into Bayou Bccuf,
nnd down tliat stream to its junction with
the Crocodile, or to the head of Couriahleau
river.
When Red river flowed in its .ancient
channel, the channel east of the Avoyelles
was then occupied by the Ouachitta and
Ocatahoola rivers ; consequently, the junc-
tion of Ked and Ouachitta did not then ex-
ist. The latter, it is probable, vmited with
the Mississippi as .at present, and the
higher parts of Atciiafaiaya was a counter
channel between Red and Mississippi
rivers.
Whatever may have been, however, the
natural revolutions of those streams, the
surplus water of Mississippi must, from the
superior elevation of that river at time of
high water, have found its way to the Gulf
of Mexico, as at present.
The river Teche is also one of the an-
cient outlets of Red river. The Teche is
a small, bui a singular and very interesting-
stream. Its sources are in the Opelousas
prairies, near their extreme north exten-
sion. Draining the prairies, the Upper
Teche, by tlie name of Bayou Grand Louis,
reaches within three miles of tlie court-
house of that parisi), where it forms the
port of the higher parts of Opelousas.
Three-fourths of a mile below tlie port, or
as it is there designated Carron's Landing,
the cliannel divides into two branches, one
passing north into Cotirtablea'i river by
the name of Bayou Carron, and t!ie other
continuing soutb-east forn^s the river
Teche. When the Mississippi is low,
most of the water of Bayou Gi'a"d Louis
flows into Courtableau, and by that stream
into Atchafalaya ; on the contrary, wlien
the Mississippi is even at moderate fl'od,
pait of the stream of Courtableau flo-.vs
through the Carron, and is turned into the
Teche. So that the water of Bayou G and
Louis, and in part that of Bayou Boeuf and
rrooodile. contribute to form the rivers
Coiutabieau and Teche, alternately, iv' ■
lowing tlie stage of the Mississippi tide of
flood.
Below its efflux from Bayou CaiTon, the
Teche flows twenty miles, following its
winding-*, receives Bayou l-'usillier from
Opelousas, and enters Attacapas, Below
this point, the 'I'eche receives no more
tributaiy water; like the Mississippi, its
banks are the higliest adjacent ground ; its
course in Attacapas is about 115 mdes, and
though not augmented by any confluent
stream, its volume increases in widthfrom
20 to 200 yards. The tide rises at all
times to New Iberia, N. lat. 30 2, and at
dry seasons it is perceptible at the mouth
of Bayou Fus.llier. Tlie comparative
iengtli of Teche in Attacapas is only 75
miles. Its banks are the most perfectly
uniibrm of any water-course I ever examin-
ed, f have been along its entire cliannel
from Bayou Carron to tlie mouth, and could
never perceive a single instance of aa ab-
rupt bend, thougli so very remarkable for
extensive curves, even comparatively more
so than the Mississippi. It may be also
noticed, amongst the peculiarities of the
Teche river, that all its widely sweeping
bends are turned towards the Mississippi,
or rather Atchafalaya.
But the circumstance which is most
worthy of attention in the natural history
of the Teche, is the structure of its bed.
Commencing with the junction of Bayou
Carron and Courtableau river, and follow-
ing the latter to the head of Teche, and
down the latter to its moutli, the immen-
sity of the channel, when compared with
the volume of water which enters and flows
through it, is every where striking. From
the apex of the b.anks to the surface of the
highest water, is at all places very con-
siderable, and the distance between the
opposing high banks four or Ave times
greater than tlie most expansive breadth
of tlie water It is, nevertheless, obvious
on inspection, that, at some former period,
the v/hole channel was filled to overflow-
ing. If tiic wa'ers of Red river was again
turned into its ancient course, the Teclie
would also again resume its former magni-
tude. It is strikingly obvious from actual
examinaiion, tliat tiie entire waters of
Courtableau, could be turned with a very
trifling expense down the Teciie. And it
could be also shown, that nature has af-
forded equal facilitj', to permit art to turn
the latter into Vermilion.
I have been thus particular, in describing
the rivers of this -.ection of Louisiana, in
order to enable the reader to comprehend
more clearly the causes of the varieties of
soil, and facility of navigation, so strikingly
existing between the prairies and alluvial
river lands, on the streams which have yet,
or which once had, communication with
L O I
L U
the Uca], Mississippi, aiul Atchatlila} a
I'ivei'S, and those water-courses, wiiicli
have not ever had connexion with those
controUing waters.
We now proceed to examine the prai-
ries of Louisiana in detail ; but, before enu-
merating the prairies, we ought to review
the rivers which drain or pass over their
surface.
The Teche we have already examined.
The next river west of tiie Teche, is the
Vermilion. We have mentioned Bayou
Fusillier as a branch of the Teche ; it is,
however, an outlet of the Vermilion, or
perhaps more correctly an interlocking
channel between the two rivers. The Ver-
milion rises at Opelousas court-house, and
by the name of Bayou Bourbee, flows south
ten miles, divides into two branches ; that
to the right, continuing south, forms Ver-
million that to the left, turns east into
Teciie, and is the stream we have noticed
as Bayou Fusillier. The Vermilion has a
comparative course of seventy miles, re-
ceiving several small, but no considerable
branches, and falls into the Bay of Vermil-
ion. The woods are scanty on this stream
in ail its course ; both its source and dis-
charge are totally void of timber. Its
banks are generally fertile, and, unlike
those of Tech?, are high, bold, broken,
and diversified, above the termination of
the timber and commencement of sea
marsh.
The Mermentau is a much more con-
siderable stream than either the Teche or
Vermilion, and may not unaptly be viewed
as the river of the prairies. It is formed
by a number of branches, the principal of
which are the Queue Tortue, Lacassine,
Flaquemine, Brule, Bayou Cane, and the
Nezpique. The entire length of the Mer-
mentau is about 100 miles; but the wide
space over which its branches extend,
give it a volume of more magnitude than
its length would indicate. The tide rises
in Mermentau, in a low sfate of its waters,
above the junction of its principal branches.
Below the mouth of Queue Tortue, the
Mermentau expands into a long, narrow
lake ; timber ceases, the sea marsh com-
mences. The river again contracts into a
confined cliannel, and again opens into a
lake of twenty miles long and ten miles
wide, connected with tlie gulf by two
channels. On the higher branches of
Mermentau, the first secondary rock in
Opelousas is found ; it is a sandstone, loose-
ly compacted.
I have already remarked that the soil of
the prairies, beyond the influence of the
interlocking waters of Mississippi, becomes
of very inferior quality. The correctness
of tliis observation is seen on eveiy branch
of the Jlermentau. A list of the prevalent
timber on the Teche and ^''ermiiionj ecu-
trastcd with that on the Mermentau, will
amply develop the respective quality of
the soil.
On tlie two former streams are found in
abundance, hackberry, sycamore, willow
laurel, magnolia, tlie black oak, upland
white oak, honey locust, mulberry, black
walnut, hickory several species, lirioden-
dron tulipifira, sweet gum, cotton wood,
dogwood, wild cheery, linden, ash, red
flowermg maple, sassafras two species, l.au-
rier flmoad, elm two species, &c. On the
hitter soil, sweet gum, linden, black wal-
nut, honey locust, and black oak, quercus
tinctoria, becomes i-are, tlie liriodendron
tulipifera entirely ceas.^s. The prevalent
timber trees are water oak, Spanish oak,
black jack, upland shellbark hickory, and
pine. On tiie former space, the under-
v.'ood is spice, Spanish mulberry, papaw
(morus scabra,) red elder, large reed cane,
and muscadine grape vine ; on the latter,
whorteleberry two specie?* (vaccinium sta-
mineum, and vaccinium arboreum,) 8;c.
The trees and shrubs common to botli, are
dogwood, persimon, holly (ilex opaca,)
iron wood, lorn beam, chincapin, laurier
almond, and blackberry briar. Some reeil
cane is found on the v.'aters of Merinentau,
but of humble growth, and of very limited
extent.
Tlie live oak is common to both sections,
but on the Teche this tree is found as high
as Bayou Fusillier, whilst on the Vermil-
lion, and Merinentau, it ceases ten or twelve
miles further south.
The prairies of Louisiana, have been over-
rated in extent, even including the sea
marsh which we have noticed. Their ir-
regular form renders an accurate estimate
of their extent difiicuU. On a former oc-
casion I carefuUj- calculated the propel"
prairie land in the state to amount to 3,000
square miles, equal to 1,920,000 acres. I
am confident that 2,000,000 of acres is a
more th.an suflicient estimate of all the
prairie ground in the 9\ate ; which, if
addrd to tiie extent allowed for sea marsh,
5,376,000 acres, yic'Lls 7,376,000 acres as
the naturally unwooded surface in tiie state
of Louisiana. Tiiis is, indeed, a fearful
expanse, amounting to almost onc-lburth
paitofth.' whole area ; and of this super-
ficies, not more than <Mie million and a haJf
of acrts can be reduced to culture without
enormous expense.
We now proceed to examine river in-
undated alluvion, another species of soil,
which, though often confounded with sea
marsli, under the term swamp, differs
in most respects from either marsh or
swamp.
The alluvial banks of the Louisiana rivers
are A], in their natural state, more or less
subject to inundation ; therefore, us used
in this place, some explanation is necessarv,
531
LOU
L e u
to sliovv the distinction between grounds
casually submerged, and those which are
so annually ; and between those which
admit being reclaimed, and those which
are irremediably liable to be laid under
water.
Tlie distinction between the reclaimable
and irreclaimable alluvion, does not consist
raerely in more or less ex^mpiion or expo-
sure to water ; the respective soils aie dif-
ferent in texture and composition. The
reclaimable alluvion is an inclined plane,
sloping in all cases from the rivers by a
very gentle descent ; the irreclaimable allu-
vion is generally a dead level, extending
indefinitely into the spaces between the
streams. The arable river border is usu-
ally connposed of a fine, loose, rich soil ;
the interior plains are composed of a very
hard, stiff, and less fertile soil than the
river borders ; what is vulgarly, and very
erroneously designated Mississippi swamp,
becomes in most places, wlien laid dry,
almost as solid as a stone. Except the sea
marsh I have surveyed, very little swamp,
in the true intent of the terra, exists in
Louisiana.
The natural vegetables found on the two
varieties of alluvion, are strilciegiy differ-
ent. The trees ordinarily found most pre-
valent on the reclaimable river borders
are : laurel magnioia, black oak, white oak,
red elm, mucilaginous elm, sycamore,
honey locust, sweet gum, ash, blackberry,
poplar, black walnut, white oak two varie-
ties, white bitter nut hickory two species,
cotton wood tree, linden, red maple, box
eldt-r, iron wood, horn beam, red bud, wild
cherry, sassafras, laurier almond. The
common undergrowth is the l.irge reed
cane, spice v/ood, many different kinds of
grape vine and smilax, and a species of
cornus called swamp dogwood, yet never
found in swampy places and very seldom
on overflowed land
Another very common, and yet very er-
roneous opinion, is current respecting the
large reed cane of the Mississippi basin.
This noble vegetable is supposed to flour-
ish on the annually inundated soil; so far
from this being the li.sbitude of that grass,
that few vegetables will more certainly or
more rapidly perish if its roots are laid
under water; it is, perhaps, of all grasses,
the one which would continue to vegetate
longest without rain. In all m.y range of
observation, 1 never once witnessed car.e
of any size or quantity, worthy notice, on
the annually flooded lands. I have also
uniformly observed, that when the ground
covered by a cane-brake became exposed
to submersion, the cane perished from the
casualty.
In the rear of the river border, and aftt^r
the* cane has ceased, its place is usually
supplied hv what is designated in the
535
country, by the English name. Palmetto ;
in French, latania ; a species of the chaeme-
rops of botanists.
The Palmetto is a true dwarf palm, and
will resist the effects of water continuing
over its roots tor some time ; but when the
depth ot the overflov/ exceeds eighteen
inches, or two feet, I have in all cases ob-
served the disappcirance of the palmetto.
The soil in which the palmetto predomi-
nates is fertile, but of harsher texture than
that commonly found covered with cane.
Much of the sugar lands of Louisiana have
been, in their natural state, covered by an
undcr-growth of latania. It is very remark-
able, thct though in contact, and" growing
on grounds in many respects analogous, yet
cane and palmetto very seldom admixes to
any corjsiderable extent, and in most cases
their line of contact is as distinct as if
drawn by art.
Tae poke, Phytolacca decandra, is also a
vegetable which obtains the full develope-
ment of its growth on the alluvial river
border soil of Luuisiana, and is very seldom
found on either low inundated ground, or
in pine woods.
The two trees of l^ouisiana, found on the
greatest variety of soil, is the sweet gunj
and pei-simon ; I have seen those two spe-
cies of tree on the lowest and highest parts
of the country, admixed with every other
kind of timber natural to the respective
sections.
The live oak, quercus virens, or quercus
sempervirens, may be considerea also as a
tree which grows only on border alluvion,
and never on annually inundated land. I
did not include 'he live oak in the general
list, from the conhned extent on which this
tree is found.
In the basin Mobile the live oak reaches
to North lat. 31, nearly West of Mobile
bay it is only found on the sea-coast, and a
few miles inland. This range is continued
nearly to the Mississippi ; here the live oak
line is inflected to the south, and is not
found on the Mississippi banks above North
lat. 30 10. It grows on the margin of At-
chafalaya, where any -pot of high alluvion
suits its habitudes. On Teche it reaches
to N lat. 30 23. 'J'his is the highest point
of latitude attained by th .t tret- west of the
Misbissipp'. On the Mermentau, under
tho shelter of tlie Flaquemme woods, it
reaches N lat. 30 20. On Lacasine a few
trees only are found; beyond the lattcp
bayou vve-stward, on the waters of Sabine
and Calcasiu, the live oak does not exist.
I could never perceive a single stem of this
tree on any branch of either of the two lat-
ter rivers, tliough in a situation to have
detected so remarkable an object in the
vegetable kingdom. When 1 made my
voyage down the S.-ibine and along the
Mexicim gulf 1 mistook an opening five
L 6 tr
L () (
miles west of Cakasiu, fov that river, aud
when I reached its real mouth I mistook it
for the Mermentau. At tliat tiffie I had
never bt-en down the latter stream, below
iis upper lake, and had been informed that
the live Oak continued long at'ier the dis-
apppirance of every other tree ; and had
also received infornnaiion thai the live oak
grew on i; e small ridg-es rui.iiing parallel
to the coast ; but finding myself in a nver
without timber ct any kind, thirty miles
inland, I distrusted the truth of report until
1 found my mistake by arriving at tht- set-
tlemen s on Calcasui lake. Subsequently
I ascei'tained the correctness of the state-
ment respecting the live oak of Mermen-
tau.
The causf 9 which have operated to limit
this valuable tree, and to so mi'ch inflect
its line of termination, are to oe sought
for in the comparatively severe winters ot
Louisiana.
The trees which prevail upon the inun-
dated grounds are: swamp overcup white
oak, red oak, willow oak, Spanish oak,
large chesnut leaved oak, tupeloo, cy press,
swamp hickory, bastard paccan, single seed
ed honey locust, ash two species, willow '
three species. Three or four non-descnpt
dwarf trees form the ordinary underwood,
admixed with vines of variou.s genera and
species.
Many other trees are naturally produced
on botli species of soil ; 1 have enumerated
the principal, and those which more parti-
cularly serve to designate the texture of
the land and vegetable association. Before
quitting ti is part of our subject, 1 may ob-
serve, that the timber trees of the river al-
luvion are in general the same genera and
species found on the blufFlands, noticed in
my survey of the state of Mississippi. It
is a subject of real philosophical attention
to behold tlie same vegetable families asso-
ciating together on two places in msmy re-
spects so different. To this statement the
cotton wood may, from its rarity on the
bluff land, be considered almost an excep-
tion.
No person can examine the timber trees
of Louisiana and Mississippi, without as-
tonishment at their enormous trunks. Ur.
Bartram, in his Travels in Florida, speaks
in rapture of the majestic stems of the lau-
rel magnolia. Where I have seen that tree
its column is humble, either in respect to
elevation or girth, when compared to that
of the quercus tinctoria, liriodendron tu-
lipifera, cupressus disticha, plantanus oc-
cidentalis, or populus angular a. Indeed
every tree on the alluvion is far above the
ordinary developement of its species ; not
one I have mentioned, but the largest indi-
viduals I have seen were on the soil in
question. The gigantic mass of the black
oa:k,pop!ar, sycamores, cypress, and cotton
wood ti-ees of Louisiana are beyond the
limits of easy credibilitj'.
To determine the quantity of inundated
land, in Louisiana, is attended with much
difficulty, from the intricaie involutions of
the otiier species of soil. An allowance of
one iialf as mucli jurface for inundated, as
we have given to sea marsh and priarie,
will not produce a result far removed from
C!)rrectness. The amount estimated for
those soils, was 7,376,000 acres, one-hulf of
which is 3,688,000 ; the entire surface of
sea marsh, prairie, and river inundated
land, will consequently anioun- to the ap-
pahng extent of 11,064,000 acres, or within
a trifle of 17,300 square miles, or nearly
three times the surface of New Jersey.
It ought not to be understood that all
this wide extent is equally useless 'o the
purposes ut i.ui.-.ai life. Tne i.'reclaimable
sea marsh, is indeed worse than useless, it
is pernicious ; but the prairie as pa>ture
grounds, and the wooded inundated land
as a resource foi timber, permits a greater
area of arable ground to be brought into
culture It is, huwever, a fact, tliat im-
mense spaces of the superficies of Louisi-
ana, must remain uncultivated wastes, until
the increase of population, and consequent
dearness of land, will superinduce recur-
rence to operations of melioration, far be-
yond either the means or necessity oi the
present age.
We now proceed to examine the largest
natural division of the soil of Louissai'S, the
pine forests. It ought not to be understood
that under liie general term pine forests, is
meant places where that tree prevails to
the exclusion of all others ; wKat is intend-
ed is places where the greatest mass of the
timber is pine.
The pine lands of Louisiana are divided
into four grand sections ; the first, and most
extensive, between Sabine river, Red river,
and the prairies of Opelousas ; this section
embraces more than one-half of the parishes
of Opelousas, Rapides, and Natchitoches,
and extends to the north-wesi extremity
of the state. The second section, lies be-
tween Tied and Otiachitta rivers, and sweeps
over more than sevcE-eighths of the whole
surface of that part of Louisiana included be-
tween th( se two streams. A third pine tract
stretches east of Oiiaciiitta, and near the
boundary between Louisiana and Arkansas,
reaches within eight or ten miles of the
banks of the Mississippi, and extends louth
to near the junction of the rivers Bceuf and
Ouachitta. The four parishes of Louisiana,
east of the Mississippi, wesi of Pearl, and
north of Lakes Pontcharlrain and Maure-
pas, and Amite river, contain upwards of
3,000,000 of acres, out of which at least
2,500,000 acres aic covered with pine.
With every due allowance, therefore, the
pine lands of the state, taken together, er-
533
L O L'
LOU
ceeds 16,000,000 acres, which abided to
11,064,000 acres esiimated for sea marsh,
wet prairie, and pine woods, gives a grand
total of 27',064,000, leaving only 3,804,000
for the sursaci' of tiie arable river alluvion
of the state. This limited surface does noi
indeed include all the productive farming
land; some of the intervals between the
alluvial bottoms and pine woods have good
second rate soil. About forty-five miles i:i
length from Bayou Iberville, to N lat. 31,
and twenty miles wide east from the Mis-
si.-sippi, and a part of the prairie lands of
Opeicusas, are very productive : but wc
will soon perceive that five millions and a
half are an ample allowance for all the soil
of this state, capable of advantageous culti-
ration. This s atement will no doubt ap-
pea-- incredible, when co-njiiired \^'ith the
c-mnion received opinion on that subject,
but the following '■ utnematically determin-
ed f^.cts put the question at rest. The
river lines in the state, measuring both
banks where necessary, are upon
The Mississippi, - - 946 miles.
Pearl river, one side, - 60
Bogue Ciiitto, both ban 's, 60
Chifuncte, both banks, - 50
Tangipao, Tickfoh;i, Amite,
and Comite united, - 200
Lafourche, - - - IBO
Teche, - - - 200
Vermilion, ... 150
Mermentau, and its branches, 250
Calcasiu, - - • 200
Gabuie, one bank, - - 150
Red river, and Bayous Bccuf
and Kobert, - . 640
Black Dodcau, Dacheet, and
Siiinie rivers, - 400
Ouachitta, and its confluents, 600
Amounting in all to 4086
This estimate embraces every stream of
anv consequence in the state, and includes
man) wil'iout any alluvial bar.ks worthy of
notice in a geographical point of view ;
and yet, if the widi h of half a mile is given
to the whole aggregate, the result is 2043
square miles, or 1 .307,520 acres. It to this
is added as much more for woodland, the
result v,'iil be 2,615,040 acres, and this
again doubled for all other grounds capable
ofproducive cultivation, the whole will
only amon t to 5,230,080 acres.
or this surface pi.'out cne-fift)'. will admit
the production o*' sugar; the residue re-
maiiiiiig for ail other objects of agriculture
suitable /o the clinriate, sich as coUon,
indigo, tcb:.r.c;i, and the ceral gram'na.
Ofth- latter, however. r',ce and maize, are
I he only sp.;<;ies which wii! Hourish on
st'ronf a'lMV ai boil, an 1 the former is re-
stiicted by a climate not much more se-
^ei'e than will a'-rest the advance of sugar
5-4
caise. One pre-eminent advantage of rice,
arises from the circumstance of its growth
on soils too moist for the beneficial cultiva-
tion of almost any other vegetable useful to
man. Consequently in the south of China,
al( ng the large rivers of the hither and
nether India, of an extensive surface in
both Americas, rice has become an impor-
tant aliment, and must continue to occupy
a great part of the labour of mankind : this
grain has added at least one-twentieth to
the habitable earth, and permitted tlie in-
crease of the human species in that ratio.
lt<» beneficent results are no where more
ample than on the Delta of the Missis-
sippi.
I have been more particular in the sur-
vey of the Delta, than would be requisite
with a CQunti'y Icos peculiar in its features,
or whose relative importance in our con-
federacy was less apparent.
It must be evident that in all counti'ies,
where the only arable land of consequence
is river alluvion, settlements must be form-
ed ;n lines corresponding to the curves of
the streams. With the exception of the
Mississippi bluff region, noticed in my re-
view of that state, most of the settlements
in the pine, sea sand, and sea marsh dis-
tricts of the United slates, conform to this
natural avrangpement ; of course, habitation
becomes dense along the river margins, di-
minishes receding from their banks, and in
a great number of instances, leaves wide
uninhabited intervals. These effects are,
however, more apparent and influential in
Louisiana, thnn in any other part of the
sou'hern or south-western states.
Tlie settlements in Attacapas, Opelousas,
Avoyells, on Red, Ouachitta, Boeuf, Black,
and Mississippi, are uniformly in lines upon
the streams, or stretching along the wood-
ed margin of the prairies. That part of
Louisiani formed from the Mississippi bluff
lands, is the only spot in the state where
human habit -tion assum-^s the scattered re.
lative position to which they conform in
the northern, eastern, and some of the
western states. It has been shown that
Arkansas and Missouri are in these re-
spects in a gi-eat degree similar to Louis-
iana.
The mere position of settlement would
in itself be a matter beneath statistical re-
view, but in the instance before us, the
mechanical arrangement of human location
is connected with one of the most interest-
ing subjects of inquiry that can occupy
philosophical research; that is, the number
f human beings which can be enabled to
sibs st on any given space. It may be as-
sume! a pnori, that a dense, or even mo-
de'ately compact population can never
exist upon any region where the asperities
ol nature, or moral causes, prevent the
production of tlie greatest part of their
L U L
J. O L
aliment on, ov near their place oF resi-
dence. If the triitli of these propositions
are acknowledged, the induction follows,
that nature has (ipposed tiie concentration
of as great numbers cf people upon given
space, of our southern, as upon an equal
area of northern territory Many other
natural causes might be adduced, in aid of
this assumption, but it would be needless
to C(;llect contingent causes, to account for
an effect whose production was so demon-
stratively, and omnipotently estabhstied
upon the durable, it might almost be said
unchanging laws of matter.
It may be enumerated as one of the pe-
cuharities of the soil of the southern, and
south-western states, to have but little nifan
between the best and the worst ; the latter
exceeding in extent even more than does
the former m quality.
Tiie principal staples of Louisiana, are
cotton, sugar, and rice. Cotton is general;
but sugar and rice confined, particularly
the former, to the lower, or southern parts
of the state. The quantity of sugar made
in Louisiani Is rapidlv increasing. In 1810
it was about 10,'OOO.OOOWs. in 1814,
1.5,000. 000/5s. and in 1817, upwards of
20,000,000. In Darby's Louisiana the re.
lative sugar, rice, and cotton lands are esti-
mated at 250,000 for sugar, 250,000 for
rice, and 2,500,000 for cotton.
Civil and political subdivisions of Louisi-
ana is into parishes. Counties do not exist
in the state, but are confined in their uses
to a few judicial purposes, and are un-
known in the ordinary municipal regula-
tions of the country.
Parisfies. Inhahitants,
Natchitoches. 7,486
Ouachitta, 2,609
Ocatahola, .2,287
Concordia, 2,620
Rapides, 6,065
Avoyelles, 2,245
St. Landre, or Opelousas, 10,085
StiM^y^'lAttacapas, 12,063
Point Coupee, . "."
West Baton Rouge,
Iberville,
Ascension,
1 1-2
2 1-2
Assomption,
Inteiior of La Fourche,
St. James,
St, John,
St. Charles,
St. Bernard,
City of New Orleans,
Orleans,
Plaqiiemine,
East Baton llouge.
New p'eliciana,
St, Helena,
St. Tammany,
Washington,
4,912
2,335
4,414
3,728
3,576
3,755
5,686
3,854
3,862
2,635
27,176
14,175
2,354
5,220
12,732
3,026
1,723
2,517
Sq. r,u!es. To sq. mile.
10,600 3-4
4,000 1-2 nearly.
2,0C0 1
2,100
2,300
700 3
7,600 1 1-3
5,100 2 I -2 nearly.
600 S
850 2 3-4
350 IS
350 10
SOO 7
2,500 1 1-2
170 33
150 25
300 13 nearly.
400 6 1-2
1,300 11 nearlv.
1,500 1 1-2
500 10
1,050 12
1,300 2 1-2
1,000 1 3-4
1,000 2 1-2
Total 153,407 48,220 3
In Louisiana, more than in any other
section of the United States, population is
extended in lines along the water-courses.
Vrom the above table it is seen that the
twelve parishes along the Mississippi rli'er,
below the efflux of Atchafalaya, includes
upwards of 93,000 inhabitan s, le:iv\ng only
a smjll fraction more th.in 60,000 tor the
residue of the state. The line of S'ttle-
ment along Miss s.s.ppi, below Atchat daya,
is about 200 mdes in le.'gth, and at the
utmost, ev^n embracing wood land, not
averaging, below Bayou Iberville, more
than il.rcc miles in width. Auove Iberville,
on the east side of the river, settlements
widen. The tv.'o parisiies of N vv Felicia-
na, and East Baton Rouge, between lat.
3], and B .you Iberv lie, extend ov r 1500
square mdes. If we alio"- for lau'.l actual-
ly employed in tiie purposes of ag-iculture,
iuciuding tillage and woodland, 600 square
miles below Ibervilk, and 1000 alon^ and
Co;it;guoijs to the Mississippi, above Iber-
ville and below Atch:,fal:tya, tlie aggregate
wi.i rather exceed than f 11 beio.v leaiity.
A!;d if we theii assume doubie that extent
frail the actually employed a:^ricultural
land of the s'ate, Vi'e have 3,200 square
m les, mhabiied by 153,407 persons, cqu:d
to 48 to th.e squc»re mile ; and leavirg an
uncultivated extent of 45,120 square miles.
By the census of 1820, 'h- p' pulation of
Louisinna were found c imposed of 73,867
wh les, 60,064 slaves, and 10,476 free co-
louretl persons.
Of ihese:
Foreigners not naturalized - 3,062
Engaged in Agri'.uUure - 50,145
do. in Manufactures - 5,797
do. in Cojnmeice - - 6,168
Louisiana v;as adimitted into the Union
as an independent state at tiie session of
Congress lSIl-12, and clianged its name
from that of Territory of Orleans, to
what it now hears. The iDajority of
tl>e white iish.ibitants are tli i.^CbCtndants
of the early French colonists , the next
liiost numerous class is Anglo-Ameri-
cans ; and the residue made up ot vari-
ous nations. Contrary to common belief,
tliere are very few Spaniaros in that
state. During 34 years that it was held
by Spain, it was occupied by the officers
of that nation, but never became an ob-
ject of colonization with the Spanish peo-
ple.
The variety in the shades of human
society, are perhaps, in no civilized
country more marked : between New
Orleans and Sabine river every vari-
ety can be seen from the hunter state,
to that of the highest refinement of the
mercantile, and aristocratical. In New
Orleans and its vicinity, the merchant
and planters vie v/itli the most lux-
urious countries in Europe, in their
agriculture, and manner of living. -As
the traveller advances westward, this
I, (•) V
L O U
glare graduaily vanishes, and in Attaca-
pas, Opel'iusas, Rapides, Ouachitta, and
Natchitoches, the features of society be-
speak substantial independence. Still
farther westward, and much intermin
gled with ttie latter settlements, the true
pastoral state is seen initssimplestfi-rms.
Many of those shepherds are truly weal-
thy. Beef cattle forms in fact one of the
principal interior staples .<f the SW part
of Louisiana.
Louisville, post town, and seat of jus
tice J fferson county Kentucky, stands
on the left bank of Ohio river belnw the
mouth of Beat grass creek, and at the
head of the Rapids In 1810 it contain-
ed only 1557 inhabitants ; its population
now no doubt exceeds 5w0y, and is ra-
pidly increasing. It contains a jail, court-
house, an;! other necessary buildings for
judicial purposes, v.'ith a theatre, three
bank-, one a branch of that of the Uni-
ted States ; a market-house ; several
places of public worship, and three print-
ing offices.
Many flourishing manufacturing esta-
blishments have been formed at this
place ; amongst which that erected by
the Hope vListillery Company is one of
the must stensive of its kind in the
United States, producing 1200 gallons
daily. Besides this vcvj enlarged dis
tillery, three or four large tobacco manu-
factories are in operation. Ujjv.'ards of
60 workm.en are daily employed in the
construction of steam-boats. A very pro-
ductive soap and candle fact(ii7, yield-
ing weekiy 12,0U0 lbs. of soap. 6,0U0 lbs.
of candles, is in operatiun. i'o the fore-
going may be added, a sugar refinery,
steam flour mill, and two steam saw
mills. From Lnnisville and Shij^pingpcrt
now pn ceed about thirty steam-boats,
the tonnage (jf which exceeds 7.200 tons
Canals have been long projected along
both banks of Ohio, to pass the Rapids,
thou;-;h no ostensive steps have yet been
adopted to carry into effect either plan.
The distance necessary to cut does not
exceed on either bank, more than four
miles, and the utility of the work when
done incalculable.
Louisville stands at N lat. 38 IS, and
5 42 W Ion. from W C.
LoiMviUe, post town and township,
St. Lawrence county New York, on the
right bank of St. Lawrence river, 30
miles below Ogdensburg. PDDulationl820,
831.
Louisville, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Ji fferson county Georgia, on the
Ogechee, 50 miles SVV from Augusta,
and about 50 miles SE by E from Mil-
ledgeville.
Louis tow7i, post village of Talbot
county Maryland, 10 miles NE from
Easton.
Loui-tcheou-fou, city of China in the
provmct of Quang tong> separated by a
narrow strait from the Isle of Hainan,
where pearls are said to have been for
merly fished up. It is 343 miles SW of
Cauton.
Louiiz, town of Great Pc.land, in the
palatinate of Rava. 55 miles E of Gnes-
na Lo.-. 19 0 E, lat 52 26 N.
Lou-nganfou, city of China, in the
province of Chan si, agreeably situated
near the source of the river Tsotsang-
ho. It is o75 miles SW of P^ king.
Loung Loch, great arm of the sea, in
Argylesiiire, which communicates on the
S, with tlie Frith of Clyde.
Loicdrc, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Upper Pyrenees and
late province of Bigorre, 15 miles S of
Tarbes. Lon. 0 5 W, lat. 43 8 N.
Louth, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince ot Leinster, 29 miles long and 13
broad ; bounded on the N by Armagh
and Carlinford Bay, on the E by the Irish
Sea, on the W by Monagham and E by
Meath, from which it is parted, by the
Boyne. It is a small but fruitful county,
and proper to feed cattle, contains 50
parishes, and sends ten members to par-
liament. Drogheda is the capital.
Louth, town of Ireland, in a county
of the same name, 19 miles N by W of
Drogheda.
Louth, corporate town of Lincolnshire,
with a market on Wednesday and Satur-
day. It is a large well built t'lv/n, the
market well frequented, here is a free-
school founded by Edward VI. It has a
new navigation, by means of its brook,
the Lud, to the German Ocean, at Tet-
ney Creek. It is 28 miles NE ot Lincoln,
and 148 N of London. Lun. 0 10 E, lat.
5S 25 N
Louth Townshifi, in the county of
Lincoln, Upper Canada, lies in the west
ot Graiitiiam, and fronts lake Ontario.
Laiitre, fiass a la, one of the outlets,
that to the extreme N of the Missis-
sippi.
Loutre, town of Montgomery county
Missouri
Louvain, large and pleasant city of
Austrian Brabant, with a celebrated uni-
veisity. Its walls are nearly seven miles
in circumference, but within them are
many gardens and vineyards The pub-
lic buildings are magnificent, and the
university consists of a great number of
colleges, they formerly made here large
quantities of cloth, but this trade is great-
ly decayed, and it is now chiefly remark-
L O Y
able for good beer, with which it serves
the neighbouring towns. It is seated on
the Dyle, 14 miles E by N frjm Brus-
sels, and 40 NE ot Mons. Lon. 4 31 E,
lat. 50 53 N.
Louvenstein, fortress of the U'lited
Provinces in Holland, seated at the con-
fluence of the rivers Waal nnd M aese,
on the W end of an Is and cnlled B m-
mel Waert. It i, 16 miles E of Dnrt.
Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 50 40 N
Louviers, handsome town of France,
in the department of Eure and latt- pro-
vince of Normandy, with a manufacture
of cloth, seated on the Eure, 10 miles N
of Evreux, and 55 NW ol Paris. Lon.
1 13 E, lat. 49 0 N
Lauvo town of the kingdom of Siam,
with a r;)yal palace. It is very populous,
50 miles N of the city of Siam. Lon.
100 50 E, lat. 15 8 N
Lovington, post village, Nelson county,
Virginia.
J^otvdore, fine cataract in Cunber-
land, on the E sifle of tho lake of Der-
went water, in the vale of Keswick.
Loivhill, township of Lehij^h county
of Pennsylvania, on Jordan crtek, 12
miles NVV from AUentown Population
182'i, 703.
Lower Marlborough, post town in
Calvert county, Maryland ; on the E
side of Patuxent river, 30 miles SSW
of Annapolis, and 24 NW of St. Leo-
nards.
Lower Saucon, extreme southern
township of Northampton county on Sau-
con creek, 4 miles S from Bethlehf-m.
Population 1820, 2208.
Loivicz, populous town of Poland, in
the palatinate of Rava, with a strong for-
tress, seated on the Bzura, 21 miles S
of Plocksko, and 30 N of Rava. Lon. 19
29 E, lat. 52 24 N.
Low-Laijton, village in Essex, which,
with that of Laytonstone, forms one pa-
rish. Here a great many Roman anti-
quities have been dug up. It is six miles
NEofL.nlnn.
Lowville, fine post village of Lewis
county New York, on a small creek, near
the west side of Black river, 57 miles N
fromCTtica
Loxa, considerable town of Spain, in
the kmgdom of Granada seated in a
fertile country, on the river Xenil, 18
miles W of Granada. Lon. 3 52 W, lat.
37 15 N.
Loxa, town of Peru, in the jjrovince
of Quito, 200 miles ENE of Paita. Lon .
VV C 0 10 W, lat. 4 50 S.
Loyalsocic, river of Lycoming county
Pennsylvania, rises on the southern bor-
ders of Bradford, and western of Lu-
cerne co'jntv, headitip -ivith the To^'ar.-
L L B
da, and Mahoopeny rivers, and flowing
SW between Muncy, and Lycoming
creeks, falls into the West Branch of Sus-
queha nah, 4 ntilrs below Wiliiamsport.
Loyahock, lownsliip of Lycoming
county Pennsylvania, pxt( nding from the
west tiranc'i of Susquehannah, between
Lycomiijg creek and Loyalsock river,
.^nd including VVil!iamsport. Population
1820, of tive township including the bo-
rough 2049 ; of which 624, was found in
Willi lAinsport.
Loydn, post town, in Essex county, Vir-
ipiii.i, 94 miles from Washington.
Loijtz, town of Poiiierani^, in the
County of Gutzkow, s.'aled on the Pene,
tf-n miles above the city of Gutzkow.
Lozere, department of France, inclu-
'ling the late province of Gevaudan. It
is a m< u-itainous, barren coui-try, and
rtceives its name from one of its princi-
p;.' moan;.ains. Mende is the capital.
Luban. t.nwn of the Russian govern-
mtnt f I/ivionia, 70 miles E of Rira
Lr, 26 3(. E, lat i6 55 N
Liibtnsken Sea or the J^ake of Lu-
ban, lak' of Livionia, toward the confines
of Courlatid and Lithuania. The river
Rnsitta falls into this lake.
Lubbai. town of Gt-rmany, in Lower
Lusatia, capital of a district of the same
name, with a handsome castle. It be-
longs to tiie duke of M rsenburg, and is
seated on tli'- Spree, hO miles SEof Ber-
lin. Lon. 14 25 E, lat 52 0 N.
Lubec city and seap' it of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Holslein, and lately
the see of a bisa> p, who was a prince
of the empire. It was the brad of the
famous Hanseatic league, fo; med here in
1164, and the nio.st commt rcial city of
the n( i-lli : but it now has lost great part
of its trade. The h.)iises are built in a
vcy ancierst st- li- ; th'^ doors being so
large as to admit carriag- s int')t!'e hali,
which tVequc-ntly serves for a coach-
house. The tovvTihouse is a superb struc-
ture, and lias several towe-rs. 'I here is
also a fine council- house and an ex-
change The inhabitants are Luther-
ans. Lubi-c is seat^-d at the confluence
of some rivers, the largest of which is
the 'I'rave, 14 miles SW of the Baltic,
and 35 NE of Hamburg. Lun. 10 49 E,
lat. 53 52 N
Lubec, island in "he Indian ocean,
near the i.sia-id of Madura. Lon. 112
22 E, lat. 5 5!J S.
Lubeck, post t wn and township,
Washinetou couiuy Mauie, between the
Atlantic (3iean, and Cobscook bay, con-
tiguous to East port. The village was
commenced in 1815, and vvith a : excel-
lent iiarbour, a custom house, and nume-
••:"'!?. other commercial ad'«ar.t3ges '.-
i. (■ c
L, I C
j;apidly incr,easing. Population 182@, 1439.
Luben, town of Germany, in the pro-
vince of Silesia, capital of a circle of
the same name, in the principality of
Lignitz, 22 miles NVV of Breslaw. Lon.
16 28 E, lat. 51 20 N.
Lublin, city of Poland, capital of a
palatinate of the same name, with a ci-
tadel, a bishop's see, an academy, and a
Jewish synagogue. It is seated on the
Weiprs, 75 miles SE of Warsaw. Lon.
22 45 E, lat 51 14N.
Lubow, town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, 50 miles SE of Cra-
cow. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 49 36 N.
Luc, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Var and late province of Pro-
vence, 25 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6
25 E, lat. 43 28 N.
Luc, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isere and late province of Dau-
phiny, seated on the river Drome, 32
miles S of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 E, lat
44 40 N.
Liicaiias, town and district of Gurancave-
lica, in Peru, remarkable for its silvey
mines. Lon. WC 3 K, kU. 15 S.
JLiicen^-de- Baramedci, iSi.Seaport of Spain,
in Andalusia, with a bishop's see. Ii has a
very large fine harbour, well defended; and
is seated at the mouth of the Guadalqutver,
44 miles S by W of Seville, and 270 of
Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W, lat. 36 58 -N.
Lucar-de-Guadicma, iSl. strong town of
Spain, in Andalusia, with a small harbom-
on the river Guadian i, 39 miles NE of Faro.
Lon. 8 15 W, lat. 37 18 N.
Lncar La Mayor, St. town of Spain in
Andalusia, seated on the Guadiana, 10
miles NW of Seville. Lon. 5 33 W, lat.
57 36 N.
Jbitcaijas. See JJahamai;.
Lucca, town of Italy, e:ipiUil of a duchy
of the same name. It. is about three miles
in circumference, and siir-ouiuled with a
wall and olher modern foniticadons. It is
an archbishop's see, and the churches ai-e
very handsome. They have also an acade-
mj', a university, ana an academy of arts
and sciences. The inhabitants have a con-
siderable manufactory of silk, and gold and
silver stuffs. It is seaied in the middle of
a fruitful plain, sutroi:nded with pleasant
hills, near the river Serchio, over which
there are two bridges. It is 10 miles NE
of Pisa, 37 W of Florence, and 155 N by W
of Rome. Lon. 10 35 B, lit. 45 50 N.
Lucca, formerly a republic of Italy, lying
on the Tuscan Sea; about 20 miles in
length, and 10 in breadth. The soil does
not produce much corn ; but there is plen-
ty of wine, oil, silk, wool, and chesnuls ;
their oil in particular is in high esteem,
and the common people usually eat ches-
nuts instead of bread. The usual revenues
smountto about 30,000'. ner rtnnum
Ljice, gjpeat bay in Wigtonslaire, lying to
the E of mull of Galloway.
Lucera, ancient town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples, in Capitanata, with a
bishop's see, oO miles SW of Manfredonia,
and 65 NE of Naples. Lon. 15 34 E, lat.
41 28 N.
Lucern, one of the cantons of Swisser-
land, and the most considerable, except
Zuric and Berne. It is 30 miles in length,
and 20 in breadth : boimded on the E by
the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and
Zug, and on all the other sides, by the can-
ton of Bern. The inhabitants of this can-
ton are reckoned about 100,000, and are
Roman catholics. The government was
formerly aristocratical, consisting of a se-
nate of 36, and a council of 64, in which
some plebeian burghers were admitted ev-
ery election ; but the Helvetic confederacy,
as well as the constitution of the several
cantons is now dissolved, the French hav-
ing cruelly and unjustly enslaved this brave
and virtuous people.
Lucern, capital of the canton of Lucero,
in Swisserland. It is divided into two by
a branch of the Reuss, which falls into the
lake, on the NW end of which the town is
seated, and commands an extensive pros-
pect. It scarcely contains 3,000 inhabi-
tants, has no manufactures of consequence,
and Utile commerce. The pope has al-
ways a nuncio resident here. In the cathe-
dral is an organ of a fine tone, and an extra-
ordinary size ; the centre pipe is 40 feet in
length, near three in breadth, and weighs
1,100 pounds. The bridges which skirt
the town, round the edge of the lake, are
the fashionable walk of the place, and re-
markable for their length. They are deco-
rated with coarse paintings, representing
the histories of the Old "Testament, the
battles of the Swiss, and the dance of death.
Lucern is 30 miles SW nf Zric, and 35 E
of Bern. Lon. 8 6 E, lat 47 5 N.
Lucern, Lake of. See fFaldsUUer Sea.
Lvcerna, town of Italy in Piedmont, 15
miles SW of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E, lat. AA
52 N.
Lxiclusxi, town of Spain, in the kingdotn
of Valencia, SO miles S of the city of that
name. Lon. 0 10 E, lat. 38 53 N.
Lucia, St. one of the Windward Carib-
bee Islands, ia the West Indies, 22 miles
in length and 21 in bi-eadth. It consists
of plains well watered with rivulets, and
hills furnished with timber, and has seve-
ral good bays, and commodious harbours.
It was taken hj tlie Bngli.-h in May, 1796.
There are two high mountains, by which
this island may be known at a considerable
distance. It is 21 miles S of Martlnico.
Lon. 60 45 W, lat. 13 25 N.
Lucie, St. one of the Cape de Verd Is-
lands, about 450 miles W of the continent
o? .VfrVn- Lon 24 32 W, lat. 16 4'J N.
1. 1 t
i. U L
ijhcii^iiuju), lewti of Italy in tUe duchy f-^'
Tuscany, 10 miles S of Sienna. Lon. 11
11 E, lat. 43 0 N.
hucketts, poit office, Orange county Vir-
giuia.
Luckiiow, ancient city of Hindoostan Pro-
per, capital of Oude It is an extensive
place, but mean'y built : the liouses are
chiefly mud walls covere with thatch : and
many consist entirely of mats and bamboos,
and are thatched witli leaves of the cocoa-
nut, palm-tree, and someiinjes with straw.
The palace of the Nabob is seated on a
high bank near the Goomtv, and commands
an exiensive view bo'.h of tliat river and
the country en the eastern side. Those of
the British resident, stands in the vicinity.
Lucknow is 650 miles NW of Calcutta.
Lon 81 25 E, lat. 26 .35 N.
Lucko, considerable town of Poland, ca-
pital of VoJhinia, with a citadel, and a bi-
shop's see, seated on the Ster, 75 miles NE
of Leraburg, and 175 SE of Warsaw*. Lon.
25 30 E, lat. 51 13 N.
_ Ljico, town of Naples, in Abruz^o Cite-
fiore, seated on the lake Celano.
Lucoii, or Liizou town of France, in the
department of Vendee and late province of
Poitou, and lately an episcopal see, seated
in an unwholesome morass, 17 miles N of
Rochelle, and 50 S of Nantes. Lon. 1 5 W,
lat. 46 27 N
Lucenia, or Mardlla, the chief of the
Philippine Islands, in the N Pacific Ocean,
400 miles in length and 100 m breadth. It
is not so Iiot as may be expected, because
it is well watered by large lakes and rivers,
and the periodical rains v/hich inundate all
the plains. There are several volcanoes in
the mountains, wliich occasion earthquakes;
and a varietj' of hot baths. The pi'oduce
of this island is wax, cotton, wild cinnamon,
sulphur, cocoanuts, rice, gold, horses, buf-
faloes, and game. Philip 11. of Spain,
formed a scheme of planting a colony in the
Philippine islands, which had been ne-
g-lected since tiie discovery of them by Ma-
gellan, in 1521. Manilla, in this island, was
the station chosen for the capital of the
new establishments. Hence an active com-
mercial intercourse began with the Chi-
nese, a considerable number of whom set-
tled in the Philippine Islands, under the
Spanish protection. These supplied the
colony so amply with all the valuable pro-
ductions and manufactures of Asia, as ena-
bled it to open a trade with America, by a
direct course of navigation, the longest
from land to land on our globe. This
trade, at first, was carried on with Calao,
on the coast of Peru ; but it vsras afterwards
removed to Acapulco on the coast of New
Spain. From this port annually sail one or
two ships, which are permitted to carry out
silver to the amount of 500,000 crowns, in
return for which flhey bring- back from
AUuiilla, slices, drugSj China anfl -Jajaaa
wares, calicoes, chintz, musUns, silks, &c.
The inhabitants are a mixture of several
nations, besides Spaniards; and they all
produce a mixed breed, distinct from any
of the vest. The blacks have long iiair
and good feaiures; and there is one tribe
who prick their skins, and draw figures oii
them, as they do in most other countries
where they go naked. See J\IaniUa.
Lucos, ancient Lixus, river of Morocco,
falls into the Atlantic ocean at Larache.
Ludatnar, region of central Africa,
bounded on the S by Isiiarta, and Bambasa,
and N by the great desert. Benown i^
the capiial.
Liidersbing, town of Germany in the cir-
cle ofLowtr Saxony, in the duchy of Law-
enburg, seated on the F.lbe, five miles
abcve the town of Lawenburg.
LudgershaU, borough in Wiltshire, IJ
miles N of Salisbury, and 72 N by W of
London. It sends two members to par-
liament, but has no market. Lon, 1 45 VT,
lat. 51 17 N.
Lndlo-cV, borough in Shropshire, with a
market on Monday. It sends two members
to parliament, and is seated on the Tame,
29 miles S of Shrewsbury, and 138 NW of
London. Lon. 2 42 W lat. 52 23 N.
Lud'.ots, township of Hampden county,
Massachasetts, on a branch of Chickapce
river, 12 miles NE from Springfield. Po-
pulation in 1810, 780, and in 1820, 1246.
Ludlo-v, township of Windsor county,
Vermont, 16 m.iles W from Windsor.
Lndlo-d^s line, a name given to the line
rutmwig from the head of Scioto, to the
source of Little Miami river, dividing the
United States' lands in Ohio on the west,
from the Virginia Military lands on the
east.
Ludloio-cille, post village of Tompkln's
county New York, on the east side of Cay-
uga lake, at the mouth of Salmon creek, 8
miles below Ithaca.
Lvgano, town of Swisserland, capital of a
baliwic of the same name, whicii is the
principal of the four transalpine baliwics.
It is pretty populous, containing 8,000 in-
habitants.' It is 17 niiles NVv' of Como.
Lon. 8 48 E, lat. '15 54 N.
JMgano, lake of Swisserland, on the Ita-
lian side of the Alps, 25 miles in length,
and from two to four in breadth. It lies
above 190 feet higher than the lakes Como
and Locarno.
Lugo, ancient city of Spain, in Galicia,
v.'itli a oi^op's see. Tliere are springs in
this city boiling hot. It is seated on the
Minho, 32 miles SE of Mondonnedo, and
60 SVV of Oviedo. Lon. 8 52 W. Lat 42
46 N.
Luke, Si. parish of South Carolina, situ-
ated in Beaufort district.
Isii'a, town of Swedish Lapland ; seated
."r>9
L L ^
at liie nioutli of the rlvei Luiu, on the W
side of the gulf o'' Botli.iJa, 43 m:lfcs SW of
Tornea. Lon. 21 0 E, kt. 64 30 N.
Lula Lapmark, province ■ t baedLii Lap-
land, bounded on the N b) 'I'o' nea, on the
E bv the B' 'hnia go if, on the b by Pilhiu,
and on the W bj Norway.
Liimetla, village in Italy, which gives
name to the Lumelli:), a small district lying
on tie liver Po, belonging tu the dukt- of
Savoy. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Lumberiand, township of Sullivan county
Tvei. York, on Delaware river. Population
in 1820,569.
Lumberton, post town in Robeson county,
North Carolina, on ti e E side ot Drowning
creek, 25 miles S of Fayettev lie i': Cum-
berland county.
Lianberton, village in Burlington county,
New Jersey, one mile SE of Moun'h':;lly.
Lund, considerable town in Gotldand and
capital of Sconen, with an arciib.shopric,
and a university. It is an incoiisiderable
place contaiiung little more tlian 800
houses, and carries on but little trade.
Charles XI. found, ci a university here
which is Its chief support. The cathedral
is an ancient iriegiilar buiidi "g. It is 20
miles i)E of Landscro^ia, »nd 225 SW of
Stockholm. Lr ;■;. \3 26 E, lat. 55 3o X.
//!/?K/<-i2, town of Germany in Uie dvicliy
of Ijohtein, seated .,ri\r tiie K)der, 26
rn=;.s '•NW of Gluckstadt. Lon 9 20 E,
lat. 54 26 N.
Limdif, islaid in the mcuth ot tlie Bristol
Channel, near the uiiddle, between Dev n-
shiie and Pemoroke.-hire. Lon. 4 13 W,
lat. 51 25 N.
Liindys-ianef scene of a battle between
the army of the United States a^id thai of
Great Britain, on the lluih of July, 1814.
This is commonly called the battle of
Bridgewater.
lAine. See Loync.
Lunel, town of P'rance, in the depart-*
mentofGaid, near the river Kidourle. It
has exceltent muscadine wine, ard is 16
miles E of Alontpelier
Limen, town of Wes phalia, in the coun-
ty of Marck, situated a \he coiiHux of the
Xezisk with the Lippt, 20 m.iles S by W of
Munsier.
Lunenburg, ducliy in Low t r Saxony,
which, including Zell, is iepar^ttd froiii
Holstein and Lauenburg, on the N, by the
Llbe. It i> about 100 milts in length, and
70 in breadth. It is watered by the rivers
AUer, Elbe, and Ilmenau ; and part of it
is full of healhs and forests; but*near the
rivers pretty fertile. It abounds with wild
boars, which the German nobility hunt
here at certain seasons. It belongs to the
elector of Hanover. Lunenburg is the
capital.
Lxmenburg, large fortified town of Ger-
many, capital of the duchy of its name,
540
The chief public edifices are the places foi'
public worship, the dutal palace, three
hospitals, the town house, tlie salt maga-
zine, the anatomical theatre, and ■he aca-
il. my. The salt springs near this place pro-
duce great quantities of salt, which bring
in a large revenue to the sovereign, and
form the chief employment of the inhabi-
tants. It is situated on the Ilmenau, 31
miles SE of Hamburg, and 60 N of Bruns-
Vk'ick.
Lunenburg, county of Nova Scotia, on
Mahone bay.
Lunenburg, township of Lunenburg
county of Nova Scoua.
Lunenburg, post village, and township
Essex county Vermont, on Connecticut
rivLr, nearly opposite Lancaster in New
H<»mp>hire.
Lunenburg, NE township, and a post
village, Worcester county Massachusetts,
on a branch of Nt-shua river 45 miles NW
from Boston. PopuLvion in 1820, 1209.
Lunenburg, cownty <f\"iiginia, between
N' ttaway, and Meherin rivers ; bounded by
Brunswick SE ; Mecklenburg SW ; Char-
lotte W ; Prince Edward NW ; and Notta-
v.ay NE. Lengh 22; mean wiuth 10;
arx, 220 .-quare I'liles. Surface pleasantly
diversihed ad soil productive. Staples
cotton, and tobacco. Chief town, Lewis-
Pup'ilation in 1810.
Free whites, males
do. do. females
2.488
2,445
Total whites - - - . • 4,933
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 17'7
Slaves . . - - - 7,153
Total population in 1810
12,265
Population in 1820.
Free white mules ... 1,962
do. do. temales . - - 1,911
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - -
Free persons of colour, males
(lo. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do feniales - - -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 48^ nearly.
Lunevitle, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meurte> Its castle, where the
10,662
2
3,366
195
0
L U i
L U Y
dukes of Lorain formerly kept their courj:,
as did at't. rward king Sanislaus, is now
converted into barrack'. The church of
the la'.e n.^jiilar canons is very handsome ;
and here btaaisiaiis founded a mihtary
school, a large librur}, and a fine hospital.
In 1801, a treaty -.A' peace was concluded
here between France and Geimany. Lti-
neville is seated in a plain between the
rivers Vtzouze and Meurte, 14 miles ESE
of Nancy, and 62 VV of Strasburg. Lon. 6
30 E, lat. 48 36 N.
Lungro, town of Naples in Calabria Ci-
teriore, cliiefly inhabited by Greeks, 35
miles NNW ot Cosenza.
iw/joTtf, town of Fur her Pomerania, on
a river of the same name, 15 miles E of
Stolpe.
Lure, town of France, in the department
of Upper Saone, celebrated for a late abbey
of Beiu.dictines, converted, in 1764, into a
chapter of noble canons It is seated near
the • Jugnoii, 30 miles NE of Besancon.
Luygan, lown of Ireland, in the county
of Armujjfh, with an extmsive linen manu-
factur*^, 14 miles NE of Armagh, and 67 N
of Dublin.
£ isatia, I. T-quisate of Germany, 90 miles
long and 60 broad; bounded on ilf- N by
Brandenburg, E by Sdosia, S by i- ■■ .;i ;>,
anil \\ u) .\lisaia and Saxony ri. per fi
is divided :nto Upper and Lower. Upper
Lusatia abounds more in mountains and
hills than the Lower, in which are many
boggy and moorish tracts, yet it is the most
fruitful. The breciing of cattle is very
considerable, and there is plenty ot game ;
but the products of the country do not sup-
ply the necessities of the inhabitants. This
want is compensated by its numerous man-
ufactures, particularly those of cloths and
linens. Bautzen and Luckau are the capi-
tals.
Liisignan, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vienne, seated on the Vonne, 15
miles SSW of Poitiers.
Luso, river of Italy, which rises in the
duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Romagno,
and enters the Venice, 10 miles W of Ki-
mini.
Lutange, town of France in the depart-
ment of Moselle, eight m^les SE of Thion-
ville, and 11 NNE of Metz.
Luton, town in Bedfordshire, with a
market on Monday, and a manuf »cture of
straw hats, Sic. It is situate on the river
Lea, 18 miles S of Bedford, and 31 N by W
of London.
Lnttenberg, town of Germany, in Stiria,
seated on the Stantz, 42 miles E by N of
Mi.rchburg.
Lutier, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick, 10 miles NW of
Goslar.
LuUerberg, town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, 20 miles S of
Goslar.
Lutterworth, town in L ice 'ershire, wiih
a market on Thursday. It na, a aige
church, witli a beautiiul steep e, of which
Wicklifi', liie first reformer, was rector, and
he uied here ip 1385. Lutterwort;! h s .ui
extensive cotton maauiacture, au'i many
hands are employed in tht- .stocking trade.
It IS ealed oii :he r ver Sw ift, 14 milts S of
Leicester, and 88 NW of Londo'i.
Lulzehtein, town of France, in the de-
p.rtmeiit of Lower Rhine, with a strong
castle, seated on a mountain, 30 miles NW
of Strasb.irg.
Lutzen, town ot Upper Saxony, in
Thunrigia, with a castle. Nt-ar this
place, in 163J, Gustavus Artoiphus, kmg
of Sweden, was kided in a battle, at the
moment of victory . Lutzeis is also cele-
brated for a great battle having been
foujLjht here on the Id of May, 1813, be-
tween the French army, command^ by-
Napoleon, and the Russian and Prussian
army, underGeneral Wittgenstein, which
terminated in the defeat of the latter.
It is seated on the Elster, seven miles
WSW (i LiepMC.
Luxeynburg, orovincp of the Nt ther-
land« • iJuuH' i-d on t' e £ by Treves, 6
byLorrain, \\ uy Chcimpnigne and Liege,
and N by Liege and liimburg. It lies
in the forest of Ardennes, and in t.'.nie
places is covered with mountains and
woods ; but, in general, is feniie in corn
and wine, and has a great number of
iron mines. The principal rivers are the
Moselle, Sour, Ourte, and Semoy.
Luxemburg, itrcng city of the Ne-
therlands, capital of the province of its
name. In 1713, it was given to the
Dutch, as a barrier town ; ceded to the
house of Austria, in 1715 ; and surren-
dered t(* the French, in 1795 It is di-
vided, by the Alsitz, into the upper and
lower towns ; the former almost sur-
rounded by rocks, but the lower seated
in a plain It is 22 miles WSW of Treves.
Lon. 6 12 E lat. 49 37 N.
Luxeuil town of France, in the de-
partment 01 Upper Saoiic. Near it are
some mirerai waters and warm baths ;
also an abbey, founded by St. Colum-
ban, an Irishman. It is seated at the
fool of tlie Vosges, 14 miles NE ot Ve-
soul.
Luxara, strong town of Italy, in the
Maiuuiii,, near the ctmftux of the Cros-
tolo wit- the Po. Here a battle was'
fought Detweeii the Austrians and the
French and Spaniards, in 1702. wlien
each side claimed the victory. It is 18
miles SSW ot Mantua.
Lmia, and Chilayon, province of Peru,
'Si L Z
E from the Tunguragua river, and near-
ly due S from VVC lat. 5 S.
J^uzerne, county of Pe nsyivania ;
bou-id SE by Pike and Northampton; S
by Schuylkil! ; SW by Columbia ; VV by
Lycoming ; NW by Bradford ; N by Sus-
qut hannah ; and E by Wayne. Length
45 ; bieadth 40 ; and area 1/84 sq, miles.
Luzerne county is in many respects a
very interesting region, and merits a
very particular notice in an elementary
work
Its soil and surface is perhaps more
varied than any county of Pennsylvania.
The soil of tiie valleys are in some parts
composed of the richest aliuvion, but
varies from that species to barren rock.
Tlie mountains are ruggtd, and barren,
and in general seem incapable of culture.
The Susquehannah river enters the coun-
ty at its NW angle, and flows to the SE,
by comparative courses, 35 miles to the
mouth of Lackawannock river ; here it
turns nearly at right angles, and flows
SW 35 miies by comparativt courses, to
a little below N; sccpeck, vrhere it enters
Columbia.
The following specific description was
compiled from the manuscript notes of
Isaac a Chapman, Esq.
The country is very mountainous, and
the mountains consist principally of ridg-
es running parallel to each other ; and
like the other mountains of Pennsyl-
vania, extending nearly parallel to the
sea-coast, in nearly a SW, and NE di-
rection. In the intervals between the
mountain ridges are the fertile valleys,
on which are placed the body of the
population of tlie county. The princi-
pal mountains of Luzej-ne are the fol-
lowing; Wyoming mountains on each
side of Sasquehannah river; and forming
tlie valley of Wyoming. The local names
of those two ridges are Bullock moun-
tain SE ; and Shawaney mountain NW.
The over-height oi Bullock mountain
1000, and that of Shawaney 850 feet
above the Susquehannah rivi-r. From the
summit of (.ne mountain to that of the
other opposite Wilke&barre, by the road
65, hut by an air line 5^ miles At the
toot of each mountain are the small hills,
consequently, the broken ground occu-
pies more space than the real bases
of the mountain. At Wilkesbarre, the
level plain on the W side extends
about 1} niile from the river, but on the
E side only about half a mile. Upon
the latter, the town of Wilkesbarre is
situated. The Ntscoptck mountain, on
the N side of the Nescopeck creek, is a
range nearly of simitar height, with those
of Wyoming, and parallel to them. The
Nescopeck forms a regular m\broken
54'?
ridge, nearly destitute of timber ou it^;
summit ; and reaches from the Susque-
hannah, nearly to the Lehigh. Hell Kitch-
en mountain, commences at the head of
Nfcscopeck valley, and extends NE to-
wards the Lehigh. It is a high rocky
and barren ridge, naked of timber on its
summit, where only sm«ll shrubbt ry find
support. From the NW slope of this
mountain flows Hell Kuchen creek, a
small branch of Nescopeck.
Sugar loaf mountain is an isolated py-
ramidal peak rising from Ni-scopt-ck
valley. Mahoopeny mountain is a mere
spur of Bowman's mountain. See Bow-
man's mountains, and Lackawannock.
mountain.
The Wyoming, Lackawannock, and
Buck mountains all produce mineral
coal of the Autheacite species. It forms
an important article of commerce from
Luzerne county.
The valleys of Luzerne, are the fol-
lowing Valley of Wyoming, about 20
miles long and 5 wide, lying on both
sides of the Susquehannah river, which
enters it at its NE extremity through
the precipitous gap in the Shawanese
range. The river traverses the valley
in a serpentine course, and leaves it by
a gap called Nantikoke falls. In this
valley stand the towns of Wilkesbarre
and Kingston opposite to each other.
This is the most populous valley in the
country, the soil is exuberantly fertile,
Nescopeck valley lies on both sides of
Nescopeck creek, and between Nesco-
peck, and Buck mountains. It is about
20 miles long and 5 miles wide, and does
not extend to the river. In point of soil
it stands next to Lackawannock valley,
but the soil ot Nescopeck is soi.ewhat
superior. See Lackawannock Valley.
Tunkhannock valley is very irregular
and crooked about a mile wide ; lessen-
ing in some places to halt a mile, and
about 25 miles long, and reaches from the
Susquehannah river into Susquehannah
county. In proportion to its width, it is
well cultivated and populous.
Mahoopeny valley, lies along Mahoo-
peny creek ; is narrow, irregular and
thinly peopled. Its length about 20 miles
from the river. Its opening to the river
is in Braintrim township in the NW part
of the county.
All the streams of Luzerne, are rapid
and supply in an indefinite number of
places excellent sites for water works.
About one fiftieth part of the whole
county is already cleared and cultiva-
ted ; and not more than one third will
admit of agriculture. For pastoral pur-
poses the proportion to the whole will
be larger.
L U /'
L. k C
Tbe mountain timber of Luzerue, is
various species of oak, thinly admixed
with yellow pitch, and white pine, of a
small growth. On the hills, timber be-
comes larger, and more numerous in
species ; the oak and pine being mixed
with hickory, wild cherry, beach, birch,
and hemlock. In the northern parts of
the country, 4 or 5 miles trom the Sus-
quehannah sugar maple is very abun-
dant, and mixed with an immense quan-
tity of beech, and hemlock, the latter
peculiarly abounding on the lowlands. In
the southern part of the country, the low
grounds or valleys, generally produce
yellow pine, white pine, oak, and hick-
ory, and occasionally buttonwood. Black
walnut is common to the dry rich soil of
the whole county.
The only minerals yet found in any
considerable quantity in Luzerne, are
iron and coal Two forges for the ma-
nufacture of iron have been erected,
one in Lackawannock, the other in Nan-
tikoke valley. Staples of Luzerne, grain
flour, whiskey, lumber, and coal. Chief
town, Wilkesbarre, Kingston, and Stcd-
dartsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
9,347
8,663
Total whites - - - 18,010
All o'.her persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 99
Slaves 0
Tetal population in 1810
18,109
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 16,670
do. do. females ... 9,244
All other persons except Indians
cot taxed ... O
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males .
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
20,027
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
!■■..; '-';,, lei's not nat •r.il!':<^d - 153
Engaged in Agriculture - ■ 2,9.R2
do. in .Manufactures •. 286
do. in Commerce - - 95
Population to the square mile, 11.
Luzerne, township of Fayette county
Pennsylvania, in the great bend of the
Monongahela, opposite Ten-mile creek,
12 miles NVV from Union. Population
1820, 1610.
ILUzeme, to'ifnship of Wart'eli eciUiaty
New Yoi-k, on the Hudson 10 miles W
from Sandyhill. Population 1820, 1430.
Luzzara, strong town of Italy, on the
confines of the duchii s of Mantua and
Gaustalla, near the conlluence of the
Crostola with the Po. Here a battle
was fought between the French and
Spaniards, in 1702, when each side
claimed the victory. It is 10 miles S of
M.mtua. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Luzzi, town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, near the river Crate, three
miles S of Bisignano.
I.ycham, town in Norfolk, wh se mar-
ket is disused. It is 24 miles W by N
of Norwick, and 92 NNE of London.
Lycoming; county of Pennsylvania, on
the west branch of the Susquehannah ;
bounded SE by Columbia; S by North-
umberland Union, and Centre ; W by
Clearfield and M'Kean ; N by Potter,
Tioga, and Bradford ; and E by Luzerne.
Length 92 ; width 25 ; and area 2290
square miles. In many respects, a strong
resemblance exists between Lycomirg
and Luzerne counties, though the for-
mer is less mountainous than the latti r.
Lycoming is traversed from VV to E by
the VV branch of Susquehannah and
drained by numerous large creeks or
small rivers flowing principally from the
N and NE, such as the Sinnamahoning,
Kettle creek, Pinecn ek, Loyalsock, and
Muney creeks. Soil timber productions
and staples nearly the same as those no-
ticed under the head of Luzerne. Chief
town VViiliamsport.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 5,740
do. do. females - - 5,200
Total whites - - - 10,940
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 64
Slaves . . - . . 2
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820,
Free white mules - . .
do. do. females - . -
All other persons except Indians
not tiixcfl
Total whites - . .
Free pcj— V: of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Fo>'pri?ners not naturalized •
Ti43
11,006
6,695
6,680
13,517
441
L V M
L YN
Engagifd in Agriculture - 2,010
do. in Maiuifac'ures - 543
do. in C inirnerce - - 22
Popalation to the sq's.ire mile, G nearly.
Lycoming, township of Lycorning
county Pennsvlvania, extending from the
W branch, up Lvcoming creek, and conn-
mencing at Nt wry. 2 nniirs above VVil-
liamsp rt. P^pulatii-n 1820. 1210.
Lycoming, small river of Lycoming
county Pennsylvania, rising in the south-
ern b rder of Bradfnrd, leading with the
Towanda, and flowing SW, falls into the
W branch, 2 miles abcive Williamsport.
Lydd, populous town in Kent, with a
mark'-t on Thursday. It is a member of
the cinque port of Romney, and seated
in R«mney Marsh, 26 miles S of Can-
terbury, and 71 SE of London. Lon. 1
4 E. lat. 50 i8 N.
Lydsing, village in Kent, near Grave-
send. In this village 600 youni; Nor-
mans, who came over with Alfred and
Edward, the sons of Ethelr<-d. :fter the
death of Canute, to take possession of
their father's throne, were massacred by
G'irlwin ear! of Kent.
Lyesse, town of France, in the de-
partmprit "f the Nurth, and late province
of Hainatilt 15 mi'es E of Landrecy.
Lon 4 lOE. !at. 50 6 N.
Lyman, tdaii hip of York comity, M^ine,
27 mil'-^ N from York. Population in
18 U 1387.
Lyme, t iwnship of Grafton county, New
Hampshire, containing 1670 i'haHitants in
1810. li is sitiiat- d on the K s de of Con-
necticut river, between Hanover and Ox-
ford, ahout 8 miles N of Dartmouth Col-
lege. Popn'ation in 1810, 1670 ; and in
1820. 1824.
Lyme, post village of Grafton county,
New Hampshire.
Lyme, post tuwn in New London cnunty»
Connecticut, on the E bank of Connecticut
river, and on Long Island Sound, 18 miles
SW of New London, in the lat. of 41 25 N,
and lon. 72 4C E. Population in 1820,
4069,
Lyme, township of Jefferson county.
New York, ^>n lake On'ario. Population in
1820, 1724.
I,yme. township in the western borders
of Ihiron county, Ohio, Population in
1820 235.
Lyme Req-is, borough and seaport of
Dorsetshire, with a market on Friday. It
is seated on thtr declivity of a craggy hi!!,
on the river Lyme, which runs through it,
at the head of a little inlet ; and from which
it takfs its name, and its harbour is formed
by a noble pier, called the Cobb. Lyme is
governed by a mayor, and sends tv.'o mem-
bers to parliament. It is 2« m;!e'' F. b" S
of Exeter, and 143 W by S of London
Lon. SOW, lat. 53 40 N.
Lymington, borough and seaport ir
Hants, with a market on Saturday. It i-
seated about a mile from the chann-il callec
the Needles, and the h;trbour will admit
vessels of considerable burden. It is seat-
ed on a hign hill, and sends two members
to parliimen*, and is governed by a mayor.
It is 12 miles SSW of Southampton, and
90 SW of London. Lon. 1 42 W, lat. 50
45 N,
Lynchburg; post town in Campbell coun-
ty, Virginia ; situated on the S side of
James' river, 118 miles W of Richmond,
and 128 W by N of Petersburg. Lon. W
C 2 16 W, lat. 57 18 N. This town has
advanced with great rapidity within the
last 20 years. It 'vas incorporated in 1805,
and it now contains, beside the nrdinary
county buildings and places of pubbc wor-
ship, 7 or 8 tobacco warehouses, in which
from 10 to 15,000 hogsheads of tobacco are
annually inspected, 3 or 4 flour mills, 1
paper mill, 1 carding machine, 3 or 4 cot-
ton and woollen manufactories, near 50 dry
good stores, and upwards of 20 grocery
stores, with 4 book stores. It is an empo-
nium for the trade of an extensive, fertile,
and well cultivated interior. James' river
being navigable for batteaux from here to
Richmond, the tobacco, wheat, floiir, hemp,
whiskey, »nd beef, are embarked and sent
down by water. Population about 6000.
A marble manufactory has been also estab-
lished, a circumstance very illustrative of
weahh and taste.
Lynches Creek, so called, river which
rises in Nor*b Carolina, a few miles west of
Sneadsborough, and flowing south, enters
South Carolina between Lancaster and
Chesterfield districts, and assuming a south-
east c'lurse, flows through South Carolina
falls into the Great Pedee. The entire
length of Lynch's creek by comparative
courses, exceeds 100 miles.
Lynch Lake, post village, Williamsburg
district. South Carolina.
Lyudeborough, township of Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire, 10 miles NW
from Amherst. Population in 1820, 1168.
Lyndhurst, village in Hants, in the New
Forest. 'Here is a seat, which belongs to
the ddke ot Gloucester, as^lord warden of
the New Forest. It is seven miles N of
Lymingtcn.
Lyndon, post village and tow^nship, Cale-
donia county, Vermont, 33 miles NE from
Montpelier, Population 1100.
Lynn, town in Essex county, Massachu-
setts, famous for the manufactory of wo-
men's shoes It has a post office, and is
situated 10 miles NE of Boston, and five
SW of Salem, in the lit, of 42 28 N, and
lon. of 70 52 W. Populatioa in 1820,
45 L'--,
M A C
M A C
Lynn, western township of Lehif^li coviti.
ty, Pennsylvania. It joins Berks and
Schuylkill counties, and is situated be-
tween West Penns and Weissenberg town-
ships. Population in 1810, 149r ; and in
1820, 1654.
Lynn Canal, or Strait, NW coast of
North America, winds in a northerly direc-
tion from the northern extremity of Cha-
tham strait, of which it is in reality a con-
tinuance. Lon. \V C 57 43 \V, lat. of its
entrance 58 12 N.
Lynn Creek, post office, Giles county,
Tennessee.
Ijynnfield, township of Essex county,
Massachusetts, 10 miles VV from Salem, and
11 miles N from Boston. PopuLtion in
1820, 596,
Lynn/inven Hay, is a curve of the CUesa-
peak at its southern extremity, between
Hampton Roads and Cape JTenry.
Lynn Jieg-is, or Jiang's Linn, borough
and seaport in Norfolk, 42 miles \\?^X\V of
Norwich, and 106 N by E of London. Lon.
0 24 E, lat. 52 48 N.
Lynn River, in the county of Norfolk,
Upper Canada, rises in the township of
Windham, and runnincj from thence south-
erly thro'icrh the township of Woodhouse,
empties itself into lake Erie, where it has
about three feet water on the bar; it is a
good harbour for hu'teaux.
Lyonois, late province of France, which,
with t 'at of Forez, forms the department
of Rhone and Loire.
Lyons, second city of France for beauty,
commerce, and opulence. It is the capital
of the department of Tliioneand Loire, and
is seated at the confluence of tiie Rhone
and Sitone. it was founded a!>out the
year 42 B. C. by the Romans, who mnde it
the centre of the commerce of ihe Gauls.
About the year 145, it was totally destroy-
ed by fire, but was re-built by the munifi-
cence of Nera. Many antiquities are still
observed, that evince its Roman origin.
Lyons is the see of an archbishop, and be-
fore its recent calamities contained 150,000
inhabitants, upwards of 30,000 of whom
were employed in various manufactures,
particularly of rich stuffs, of the most ex-
quisite workmanship, in silk, gold, sdver,
&c. The quays were adorned with mag-
nificent structures. The Hotel-de-ville
vied with that of .\msterdam ; and the
theatre was not surpassed by any in
France. The other principal public Ijuiid-
ings were the H^itel de Dieu, the Hospital
of Charity, the Exchange, the Cusiom-
House, the Palace of Justice, the Arsenal,
a public library, and two colleges. The
bridge, which unites tlie city with the
suburb de la Guillotierc, is 1560 feet long;
and there are three other principal suburbs,
six gates, and several fine churches. No
city of France suffered so much from the
revolution as Lyons ; its popidation was
reduced to less than 80,000. It is again
rapidly increasing, and contains it is proba-
ble 130,000 inhabitants. This city is 15
miles N of Vienne, and 220 SE of Pans.
Lon 4 55 E, lat. 45 46 N,
Lyons, township and po't village, Onta-
rio county. New York. The village is ele-
gantly situated on the Erie canal, 15 miles
N from Geneva. Population in 1820,
3972.
Lyon's Creek, in the county of Lincoln,
Upper Canada, discharges itself nto Chip-
pewa river, in the township of Willou^^hby,
no f,r above the mouth of that nvcr.
Lyons, Gulf of, that curve of the Medi-
terranean sea, betweeil Catalonia and the
gulf of Genoa.
Lysnnder, township of Onandago county.
New York, at the confluence of the Onon-
dago or Oswego and Seneca rivers, 20
miles N from Onondago.
M
3T(uitea, oneoftiie Society Isles in the
South Sea. See Society Isles.
Jlfdbra, tow n of the kingdom of Algiers,
seated on the gulf of Bona, W of the town
of B ;na.
JMac .Hli.':ter's- Cross Roads, post office,
Montgomery county, Tennessef.
Macao, town of China, in the province
of Canton, in an island at the entrance of
the bay of Canton. It is defended by
three forts. The Portuguese have been in
possession of the harbour since 1640.
They pay a tribute of 100,000 ducats for
the liberty of choosing their own magis
trati^-s, exercising their r<-ligion, and living
according to their own laws ; and here, ac-
cordinglv, is a Portugvicse govcrr.or, as
3 Z
well as a Chinese mandarin, to tike care of '
the town and the neighbouring country.
The British and ome other European na-
tions have factories in this place. Lon. 113
46 E, lat. 22 12 N.
Jllccarsca, seaport of Dalmatia, with a
pretty good harbour and a bishop's see,
seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles SE
of Snalatro. Lon. 18 7 E, lat. 43 49 N.
JStacas See ,l\fajas.
Macassar, kingdom of Celebes, whence
that island is called Macassar. See Ce/e-
bes
Macassar, large town of the island of
Celebes, capital of a kingdom of the same
nnme. The houses are all of wood, sup-
ported by thick posts, and the roofs cover-
515
M A C
M A G
eJ with veiy large leaves ; tliey liave lad-
ders to ascend mta them, which they draw
up as soon as they have entered. It is
seated near the mcuth of a 'arge river,
which runs through the kingdom from N
to S. Lon. 117 28 E, lat. 5 0 S.
Macassar, Straits of, between Borneo and
Celebes.
Macauleu's Store, post office, Montgome-
ry county. North Carolina.
Mac Callus Bridge, post office, York
county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles south from
Lancaster.
Mac Connekto-mi, post town, Bedford
county, Pennsylvania, 19 miles W from
Chanibersburg.
Macclesfield, corporate town in Cheshire,
with a market on Monday. It is seated at
the edge of a forest of the same name, near
the river Bolin, and governed by a mayor.
It has manufactures of mohair, twist hat-
bands, buttons, and tiiread ; and mills for
the winding of silk. It is 36 miles E of
Chester, and 171 NW of London. Lon. 2
17 W, lat. 53 15 N.
Mac Connellsville, See M} Connellsville.
Mac Culloch's Mills, post office, Albe-
marle county, Virginia.
Mac Cutchensville. See M'Cutchem-
ville.
Mac Danielsville, post village, Spartan-
burg district. South Carolina.
Macdonoiigh, township of Chenango
county, New York. Population in 1820,
789. "
Macedonia, province of Turkey in Eu-
rope ; bounded on the N by Servia and
Bulgaria, on the E by Romania and the
Archipelago, on the S by Livadia, and on
the W by that country and Albania. Salo-
nichi ancient Thessalonia, is the capital.
Present population 700,000.
Macerata, handsome populous town of
Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, with a
bishop's see and a university. It is sea'ed
near the mouniain Ciiiento, 12 miles SW
of Loretto. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 43 20 N.
Mac Farland's, post office, Lunenburg
county, Virginia, about 60 miles SW from
Richmond.
J\rac Gaheifs, post office, Rockingham
county, Virginia.
Machecou, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire and late province
of Bretagne, seated on tiie Tenu, 20
miles SW of Nantes. Lon. 1 11 W, lat.
47 2 N.
Macherry, town oF Ilindoostan proper,
situated in the province of Mewat, about
72 miles distant from Delhi.
Machian, one of the Molucca Islands, 20
miles in circumference, and the most fer-
tile of them all. It produces the best
cloves, and the Dutch have here three
jnaccessible forts. Lon. 126 55 E, lat.
0 2 S.
Mr.
Macluas, maritime township, Washings
ton county, Maine, on the W side of Ma-
chias river. Lat. 44 44 N, and lon. 67 34
W. The principal vinagc , post office and
seat of justice for the county, is at the
falls in iVIachias river. On the east branch,
there is, however, another fine village with
a post office. The principal exports from
this place is lumber. Population in 1810,
1570.
Machicaco, promontory of Spain, in the
bay of Biscay. Lon. 3 0 W, lat. 43 37 N.
Machynleih, town in Montgomeryshire,
with a market on Monday, seated on the
Douay, over which is a stone bridge lead-
ing into Merionethshire. It is 57 miles W
of Montgomery, and 198 NW of London.
Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 52 24 N.
Mackenzie's River, or Unjigah River, OP
Peace River, an immense stream of North
America, rising in the Chippewan moun-
tains, lon, W C 40 W, and lat. 52^ N. Thiij
is the Elk river, which flows XE to lat. 58,
enters the Athapescow lake, by which it
receives from the NE a very large accession
of water. A short distance below the At-
thapescow discharge, the proper Peace
enters from the SW. The united stieams
continue NNW to about lat. 61 30, where
the whole mass is lost in Great Slave lake,
a body of water extending nearly east and
west upwards of 300 miles. At the ex-
treme NW part of the lake Mackenzie's
river is discharged, which assuming a
course of a little W of NW, enters the
Arctic ocean at lat. 69 N, and 56 W from
Washington. The entire course of this
great river pas.^es through 172 degrees of
latitude, and with its difference of longi-
tude and windings, exceeds 2000 miles in
Ipng'.h.
Macintosh, county of Georgia ; bound-
ed by the Atlantic Ocean SE Alatema-
hah river, or Glynn, and Wayne SW ;
and Liberty NW, and NE. Length 40 ;
mean width 14; and area 560 square
miles. Surface level, and soil, in part
sandy Chief town Darien. Staples su-
gar, and cotton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 386
do. do. females - - - 375
Total whites . . -
AU oiher persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820,
Free white males - - .
do. do. females - . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... -
M A (;
M A r
Tetal whites
I'pee persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females ■
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in A.(:jriculture
do. in Manufactures
do in Commerce
Population to the square mile 9.
][Iac Kean, county of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by Cleartield S ; Jefferson SW ;
Wener W ; Cattarangus, and Alleghany
counties of New York N ; Potter E ;
and Lycoming SE. Length 42 ; width
25 ', and area 1442. Surface hilly, and
soil generally of middling quality. Chief
town Smith port.
Population in 1810
Free white males . - - 93
do. do. females ... 48
1,343 Population in 1820.
36 Free white males
35 do. do. females - - .
1,890 All other persons except Indians
1,825 not taxed
741
5,129
23
205
0
48
Total whites . - - -
1,452
Free persons of colour, males -
12
do. do. females
6
Slaves, males - . . -
68
do. females ...
85
Total population in 1820
1,62
Total whites
All other persons except Indians not
taxed
Slaves . . - - -
141
Total population in 1810 - - 142
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - .
Total whites .... 727
Free persons of colour, males 0
d® do. females 1
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. females . - . 0
Total population in 1820, - 728
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 380
do. in Manufactures - - 25
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to tiie square mile, Ij.
Mac Mimjille, post town and .seat of
justice, Warren county, Tennessee, 70
miles SE from Nashville.
Macomb, couity uf Michigan, bounded
E by St. Clair river and lake ; S by
Wayne county : SW by Oekland county ;
to the N uncertain. Extent in square
miles also uncertain. Surface moderate-
ly hiily. and soil excellent.
Population in 1820.
Free while males ... 465
do. do. females ... 431
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
415 Total whites - - - -
311 Free persons of cclour, males -
do. do. females,
0 Slaves,
89G
2
0
0
J Total populatioHyin 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do in M;»nufactures
do. in Commerce
869
22
241
2i
1
1
212
15
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, ^.
Mackey's vilk, post village Burke
county North Carolina.
Mac Minn, county of Tennessee ;
bounded SE by Monroe ; SW by High
Wassee river ; NW by Rhea ; and NE
by Roane and Blount. Length 30, mean
■width 20 ; and area 600 square miles.
Surface hilly, and soil varied. Chieitown
Calhoun.
Population to the square mile, uncer-
tain.
Macon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Saone, and Loire and late pro-
vince of Burgundy, lately a bishop's see.
It is remarkable for its t;ood wine ; and
is seated on the declivity of a hill, near
the Saone, 35 miles N of Lyons, and 188
SE of Paris.
Maconsville, post village Northam-
ton county North Carolina.
Macres, river of Africa, which runs
across the kingdom of Tripoli, and falls
into the Mediterranean, a little to the E
of Lebed.^.
MacrU ancient town of Samos, in the
Archipelago.
547
M A n
y
Macronissi, ancient Helen, small is-
iand ot" Greece S from Atiica.
Macungij, township nt Lvbi :h ccmty,
Pciinsyivhnia, on the LittU- Ltiugh nvtr,
between Upper Milforcl and Wi-.-ssen-
burg, 5 miles SW from Allentown, Po
pulatioji 1820, 2S02
Macziia, small island on the Red Sea,
near the cast of Abex.
Madagascar, large island of Africa,
dlscove'-ed by tiie Portuguese, in 1492.
It lies 40 leagues E of the continent of
Africa, from which it is separated by
the strait of Mosambique. It extends
900 miles from N to S, and is from 200
to 300 broad. The natives are common-
ly tall, well made, and of olive complex-
ion, and some of them pretty black.
They are civil and goijd natured peo-
ple but easily provoked, and apt to show
their resentment on the least provoca-
tion. Their hair is not wooly, like that
of the negroes of Guinea ; but it is al-
ways black, and for the most part curls
naturally : th ir nose is small though not
flat, and they have not thick lips. The
abundance and variety of pr visions of
every kind, which a fine climate and
fertile soil can produce are on no part of
the globe superior to those of Madagas-
car. The Fr.nch have attempted to
settle here, but have always been repel-
led. There are only some parts on the
coast yet known. Lat. from 12 to 26 S.
Madale7ia, river. See Magdalena.
Madbtrry, township of Stafft rd coun-
ty New Hampshire, ll'miles NW from
Portsmouth, Poj)ulation 1820, 559.
Madensborough, toxvnship of Bucking-
ham county Lower Canada 12 miles SE
from Three Rivers.
Maderia, island in the Atlantic Ocean,
120 miles in circumference, and 240 N
by E of Teneriffe In 1419, wien the Por-
tuguese, uncier the patronage of prince
Henry, had made their second voyage to
their recently >!iscovLred island of Por-
to Santo, they observed towards the S,
a fixed spot in the horizon, like a small
black cloud. By degrees, they were led
to conjecture that it might be land, and
steering toward it, they arrived at a con-
siderable island, uninhabited, and cover-
ed with wood, which on that account,
they called Maderia Prince Henry, the
next year, settled a col'Miy here, and not
only furnished it with the seeds and
plants, and domestic animals common in
Europe, but he procured slpj, of the
vine from (Cyprus, the rich wines of
which were then in gr^at request, and
plants of the sugar cane frf)m Sicily, into
which it had been i:4tr-ly introduced.
These throve so pr sp' musly. that the
sugar and wine of Maderia quickly be-
548
came articles of some consequence m the
commerce of Portugal ; but its wit^«, in
parti rui)i'.r, is ii t;,e hi:.;hP3t estimation,
especially sucii as had been a voyage to
the East or West Indies, tor it matures
best in the hottest climate. The scorch-
ing hc-at of summer, and the icy chill
of winter, are here equally unknown ;
spring and autumn reign continual-
ly, and produce Howers, and fruits
throughout the year. Many brooks and
small rivulets descend from the moun-
tains in deep chasms or glens, which se-
p.f ate the various parts of the island.
the beds of the brooks are in some
places covered with stones of all sizes,
carried down from the higher parts by
thf violence of winter rains or floods of
melted 'snow. The water is conducted
by weers and channels in the vineyards,
where each proprietor has the use of it
for a certain time ; some being allowed
to keep a constant supply of it, some to
use it thrice, others twice, and others
only once a week. As the heat of the
climate renders the supply of water to
the vineyards absolutely necessary, it is
not Without great expense that a new
vineyard can be planted : for the mainte-
nance of v/hich, the owners must pur-
chase water at a high price, from those
who are constantly supplied, and are
thus enabled to spare son?.e of it. The
cedar tree is found in great abundance,
and extremely beautiful ; most of the
ceilings and furniture at Maderia are
made of that wood, which yields a very
fragrant smell. The dragon tree is a
native of this island. Flowers nursed in
the English greenhouses grow wild here
in the iields ; the hedges are mostly
formed of the myrtle, rose, jassamine,
and honeysuckle ; while the larkspur,
fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c. spring up sponta-
neously in the meadows. There are very
few reptiles to be seen in the island ; the
lizard is the most common. Canary birds
and gddfinclies are found in the moun-
tains ; of the former numbers are sent
every year to England. This island is
well watered and populous. Funchal is
the capital.
Madera, river of South America, one
of the great southern confluents of the
Amazon, rises as far south as lat. 20 S.
interl* eking sources with the Pilcomays,
and Ucayale, flowing thence nearly due
N to S lat. 10 ; it thence turns to NE
and enters the Amazon at lat. 3 S. The
Madera is one of the largest secondary
rivers of the globe.
Madia or il/a§-§-/o, town, river, valley,
and bailiwick of Swisserland, in Upper
V,il!ais, The valley is long and nar-
row, between high, mountains, watered
>r A I J
M A IJ
throughout its whole length by tb.e river
and it is the fourth transalpine bailiwic.
The town is 10 miles NVV of Locarno.
Madison, township of Somerset county
Mair.e, on the Kennebec river 10 miles
above Norridgewock. Population 1820,
881,
JilJadison, county of New York ; bound-
ed by Onondago W, Oneida lake !NW;
Oneida county ISE; Otsego SE ; and
Chenango S. Length 28 ; mean width
20 ; and area 560 square miles. It occu-
pies the dividing ground between the
waters flowing into the Chenango, and
Unadilla branches of Susquehannah ; the
Chitinengo, Oneida, and Canaserago
creeks entering Oneida lake ; and some
creeks flowing into the Mohawk. The
surface is generally hilly, but the soil
highly fertile, and productive in grain,
pasturage, and fruits. Chieftowns Ha-
milton, Madison, and Cazenovia.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 12,796
do. do. females - - 12,136
Ridge, or Shanandoah, coni'ity ; and NE,
and E by Culpepper. It is about 28
miles square; and has an -area of 784
square miles. It is drained entirely by
various creeks of the Rapid Ann ; the sur-
face is moderately hilly and soil of mid-
dling qualitj'. Staples flour and tabacco.
Chieftown Madison.
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
24,932
177
35
Total population in 1810,
25,144
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
AH other persons except Indians
/ not taxed ....
16,280
15,736
0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ....
do. females
32,016
86
96
1
9
Total population In 1820
52,208
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 67
F.ngaged in Agriculture . . 5,884
do. in Manufa'-'jires - > 1,085
do. in Commerce - - 77
Population to the square mile, 57.
Madison, township of Madison county
New Y(irk, on the heads of Chenango
river and Oi-iskany creek, 22 miles S\V
from Utica. Population 1820, 2420.
Madison, township of Columbia county
Pennsylvania, between Greenwood and
Uerry, 5 miles N from Danville. Popu-
lation 1820, 1330.
Madisp?!, county of Virginia ; bounded
SE, S, and SW, by Orange county, or
the Rapid Ann river ; NW by the Blue
Population in 1810.
Free wiiite males
.
2,206
do. do. females •
;
2,117
Total vvliites
4,323
All other perions except Ind
ians
not taxed
.
88
Slaves ....
■
3,970
Total population in 1810 -
■
8,381
Population in 1820.
Free white males
.
1,904
do. do. females -
.
1,896
.\ll other persons except Indians
!iot taxed - . .
0
Total whites ...
3,800
Free persons of colour, males
.
36
do. do. fem-ales .
.
42
Slaves, males - . .
.
2,346
do, females
.
2,266
Total population in 1820 -
8,490
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,319
do. in Manufactures - 110
do. in Commerce - - 15
Population to the square mile, lOA,
Madiso?:, post village, Madison county,
Virginia, on Robertson's river branch of
Rapid Ann, 45 miles W from Fredericks-
burg.
Madison, post village of Amherst
county Virginia on the left bank of James
river, opposite Lynchburg.
Madison, county of Georgia on Broad
river ; bounded,S by OgU thorp ; SW by
Clark ; W by Jackson : NW, and N by
Franklin ; and NE by Elbert. Length
30 ; mean width 10 ; and area 300 square
miles. Surface hilly ; but soil produc*
tive. Chieftown Danielsville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,418
do. do. females - - 1,411
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - - 2,826
Free persons of colour, males 2
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males - - _ 433
do. females - - _ 471
549
M A i)
Al .\ J)
Total population in 1820
3,735
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,217
do. in Manufactures - 65
do. in Commerce - 7
Population to the square mile, 12.
Madison post town and seat of jus-
tice, Morgan county Georgia, 50 miles
NNW from .^lilledgviile.
Madison, county of Alabama, bound-
ed N by Tennessee ; E by Decatur ;
S by Tennessee river ; and W by Lime-
stone county in Alabama. Length 30 ;
mean width 20 ; and area 600 square
miles. Surface diversified by hill and
dale, and soil highly fertile. Staple cot-
ton. Chief town Huntsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,956
do. do. females - - 1,789
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . .
Slaves - ...
3,745
6
948
Total population in 1810 - - 4,699
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 4,805
do. do. females - - 4,008
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Total whites - - - 8,813
Free persons of colour, males 28
do. do. females, 18
Slaves, males ... 4,585
do. females - - - 4,037
Total population in 1820 ^ 17,481
Population to the squar6 mile, 29.
Madison, post village, Rhea county
Tennessee.
Madison, county of Kentucky ; bound-
ed by C!av SE ; Rockcastle S ; Garrand
VV ; Kentucky river or Jessamine NW ;
Kentucky river, or Fayette and Clark
N ; and Estili E. Length 38 ; mean
width 15 ; and area 570 square miles.
Chief town Richmond.
Population in 1810,
Free white nn.ales . . - 6,504
do. do. females - - - 5,977
Total whites - - . - - 12,481
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 22
Slaves 3,037
Total population in 1810 -
. 15,540
PoDul..t-.on in 1820.
Free white males
6,018
do. do. females -
5,720
550
Total whites .... 11,738
Free persons of colour, males - 35
do. do. females 27
Slaves, males .... 2,093
do. females .... 2,081
Total population in 1820 - - 15,954.
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 9
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,422
do. in Manufactures . 189
do. in Commerce - - 38
Population to the square mile, 28.
Madison, county, bounded on the N
by Union, E by Franklin, S by Fayette,
and W by Clark and Champaign coun-
ties. It is about 28 miles long from north
to south, by 19 broad from E to W ;
and contains 400 square miles. This
county contains extensive bodies of fine
land, well adapted to agriculture, and
grazing. One of the staples of the
county is neat cattle, which are sent to
Detroit, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, and
other places. Chief town, Loudon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 876
do. do. females, - - - 714
Total whites .... 1,590
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 13
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 1,603
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,530
do. do. females - - 2,247
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do. females - - .
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 12.
Madison, township of Columbiana coun-
ty Ohio, Population 1820, 1039.
Madison, township of Muskingum
county Ohio, east from Muskingum ri-
ver, and containing the villai;e of Hay-
market. Population 1820, 583..
Madison, township in the NE part of
Higland county. Population 1820, 1112.
4,777
12
10
0
0
4,799
5
826
90
10
M A D
M A D
Madison, post village, and NE town-
ship of GeangA county Ohio. Grand ri-
ver traverses through this township.
Population 1820, 9^1.'
Madison, township of Richland coun-
ty Ohio, in which is situated the village
of Mansfield. Population 18'J0, 552,
Madison, township of Licking county.
Population 1820, 524.
Madison, SE township of Franklin
county. Population 1120, 1097.
Madison, NE township of Pickaway
county Ohio. Population 1820, 871.
Madis'jn, township of Guernsey coun-
ty Ohio. Population 1820, 643.
Madison, township of Jackson county
Ohio. Population 1820, 515.
Madison, NE township of Sciota coun-
ty. Population 1820, 591.
Madison, township of Fairfield county
Ohio. Population 1820. 616.
Madison, SE township of Clark coun-
ty Ohio. Population 1820, 916.
Madison, township of Fayette county
Ohio. Population 1820, 1220.
Madison, township of Montgomery
county Ohio, west from Miami river,
and adjoining; to the county of Prebble.
Population 1820, 1000.
Madison, post village Hamilton coun-
ty Ohio.
Madison, township of Butler county.
Population 1820, 1826.
Madison, NE township of Perry coun-
ty. Population 1820, 8>6.
Madison, post town and seat of jus-
ticef, Jefiferson county Indiana, on the
Ohio river 75 miles above Louisville,
and 75 below Cincinatti. Population
about 1500. It has already one printing
office, a bank, and three or four places
of public worship.
Madison, county of Illinois, on the
Mississippi and Illinois rivers, opposite
the mouth of Missouri. Extent in square
miles uncertain. It is bounded S by St.
Clair and Washington ; and E by Bond.
Surface in most part level. Soil fertile.
Chief town Edwardsville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 7,554
do. do. females - - - 5,869
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
13,4:
13,550
CO
4,153
101
Engaged in Commerce - - 47
Popsiltion to the square m':le, uncertain.
Madison, county of Missouri, on Big
Black branch of White river ; bounded
S by Arkansaw territory ; W by Wayne
county in Missouri ; N by Washington,
and E by St. Francis rivers. Length 90 ;
breadth 50 ; and area 4500 square miles.
Surface varied, level towari.4s St. Fran-
cis; but becoming hilly in the central
and mountainous in the western parts.
Soil in many places highly fertile- It is
drained by Big-black, Little-black, Cur-
rent, Thomas'-fork, Eleven-point, and
Spring rivers. Most of its surface is yet
an uncultivated wilderness. Chief town
Fredericktown.
Popul.iiion in 1820.
Free white m.ales ... 901
do. do. females • - 771
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - _ Q
Total whites .... 1,672
Free perions of colour, males - 2
df). do. females . 2
Slaves, males - - - - 184
do. females . - - 187
Total population in 1820. - 2,047
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture . - 469
do-. in Manufactures - - 50
do. in Commerce . - 8
Population to the square mile, w.
Jfadison's rive?; branch of Missouri,
rises in the Chippewan mountains, be-
tween the Yellow Stone, and Jefferson's
river, and flowing NE joins Jefferson's
and Gallatin's rivers, and forms the Mis-
souri
JMadi&onville, post town and seaport
of Louisiana, on Chisunete river, parish
of St. Tammany, about 23 miles NNW
from New Orleans.
Madras, or Fort St. George, fort and
town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Coromandel. It is the prin-
cipal settlement of the English East In-
dia Company on the E side of the pe-
ninsula, and is a fortress of very great
extent, including within it a regular well
built city. It is close on the margin of
the Bay of Bengal, from which it has a
rich and beautiful appearance ; the hou-
ses being covered with a stucco called
chunam, which in itself is nearly as
compact as the finest marble, and, as it
bears as high a polish, is equally splen-
did. They consist of long colonnades,
with open porticos, and flat roofs ; and
the citv contains n)anv handsome and
551
M A i)
M A K
spacious streets. But the inner apart-
ments of the houses are not much de-
corated, presenting to the eye only white
wails ; which, however, from the mar-
ble-liice appearance of the stucco, give a
freshness, grateful in so hot a country.
Ceilings arc very unconnmon in the rooms.
Indeed it is impossible to find any which
•will resist the ravages of that destruc-
tive insect, the white ant. There is a
second city, called the Black Town,
nearly 4 miles in circuit, separated from
Madras by the breadth of a proper es-
planade only. Madras, in common with
all the European settlements on this
coast, has no port for shipping ; the coast
forming nearly a straight line ; and it is
incommoded also with a high and dan-
gerous surf. Madras was taken by the
French in iri6, but restored by the
peace of Aix la-Chapeile. It is 100 miles
N by E of Pondicherry, 1030 SW by W
of Calcutta, and 75S SE of Bombay.
Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 13 5 N.
Madre de Dios, island in the Pacific
Ocean, near the coast of Patagonia, 180
miles in circumference. Lon. 42 0 VV,
lat. 51 0 S. It is the Resolution of En-
glish sailors and geographers.
Madre de Po/ia, town of Nfew Grana-
da, on the Madelena, 50 miles E of Car-
thagena.
Madrid, capital of Spain, in New Cas-
tile. The houses are all built with brick,
and the streets are long, broad, and
straight, and adorned at proper distan-
ces with handsome fountains. Tliere are
above 100 towers or steeples, in different
places, which contribute greatly to the
embellishment of the city- It is seated
in a large plain, surrounded by high
mountains. Madrid is seated on tlie ri-
ver Manzanares, whicl\ th(;ugh small, is
adorned with two magnificent bridges.
It 265 miles NE of Lisbon, 790 S by W
of London and 625 SSW of Paris. Lon.
3 20 W, lat. 40 25 N. It is the most
elevated capital in Europe, standing
on ground about 2200 feet above the
level of the Atlantic Ocean ; consequent-
ly the air in winter is keen and pier-
cing. The atmosphere is, however, ge-
nerally pure and serene. Population
about '200 000. The learned institutions
of Madrid are numerous and highly re-
spectable. It is 650 miles SSW fi'ora
Paris. "850 VV by S from Rome, but up-
wards of 1000 by land, and about 800
miles SSW from London.
jV/adrid, township, a.nd post village
St Lawrence county New York, on St
Lawrence river, at Point Ircqoois, 3
miles above Hamilton, and 12 !:eiow
Ogdensburg. Population 1820, 19.^0.
Madjipal, town cf Spaiti, in Old Cas-
tile, seated in ajjlain, fertile in excellent
wine, 10 miles from Medina-del Campo,
Lon. 4 19 W, lat 41 25 N.
Madrigal, town of South America, in
the province of Popayan. Lon. 75 45 W,
lat. 0 50 N.
Madrmo, small town of Italy, in the
state of Venice, 32 miles from Venice.
Mad rlx'er, name of a township in
Clark county Ohio. Population 1S20,
734.
.V'ad river, large eastern branch of
the (Jreat Miami, rising in the northern
parts of Logan county Ohio; aci'oss
which, ani Clark, and the northwest-
wardly corner of Green county, it runs
in a south westwardly direction above 50
miles, into the eastern part of Montgo-
mery county, and falls into the Miami
above the town of Dayton.
.Ifadrogum, large town of Africa, ca-
pit.'d of Monomotapa, with a spacious
royal palace. The upper part of the
houses is in the shape of a bell. Lon. 31
40 E, Idt. 18 0 S.
Madura, large town and capital of an
island of the same name, in the Indian
Sea. Lon. 12 49 E, lat. 9 50 N. '
Madura, town of the Carnatic, capi-
tal of a province of the same name, on
the coast of Coromandel, 130 miles N by
E of Cape Comorin, and 303 SW of Ma-
dras. Lon. 78 12 E, lat. 9 55 N._
trader, lake of Sweden 80 miles long
and 20 broad, between the provinces of
Westmania and Sudermania.
Jilaelstroin, very extraordinary 'and
dangerous whirlpool, on the coast of Nor-
way, in 68 N lat. in the province of Nord-
land aiid district of Lofuden, near the isl-
land of Moskoe, whence it is also named
JMoskoestrom. The mountains of Hel-
seggen, in Lofoden, lies a league from
the island of Moskoe, and between these
two, runs this large and dreadful stream,
the depth of which is from 36 to 40 fa-
thoms When it is Hood, the sti-eam
runs up the country between Lofoden
and Moskoe with a boisterous rapi-
ditv ; but the roar of its impetuous ebb
to the sea is scarcely equalled by the
loudest cataract. The whirlpool is of
such an extent and depth, that if a ship
comes within its attraction! it is inevi-
tably absorbed and beat tn pieces against
the rocks b.low ; and when the water
relaxes, the fragments come up again.
The intervals of tranquillity ai-e only at
the turn of the ebb and flood, and calm
weather ; they last but a quarter of an
hour, its violence gradually returning.
When the stream is most boisterous,
and its fury heii^htened by a storm, ve.s-
sels have been reached by it at the dis-
tance cf five railcs.
M A ti
M A G
Maerna, town of Germany, in 'iY^'o'i
23 miles WSW of Trent.
Maeseyk, town of the Netherlands,
in the territory of Liege, on the river
Meuse, 10 miles SSW of Ruremonde.
JMaeslandsluijSt town of South Holland,
near the mouth of the Meuse, 10 miles
W of Rotterdam.
Jlaestrichl, city of the Netherlands,
about 4 miles in circumfertr'nce, seated
on the Meuse, opposite Wyck, with
which it communicates by a stone bridge.
The num!)er of inhabitants is estimated
at 18,000. It has a college formerly be-
longing to the Jesuits, a cnuacil house
with itslibrary, and manufactures of cloth,
and fire-arms. The fortification and situ-
ation of Maastricht are such, that it is
deemed one of the strongest places in Eu-
rope. It is 14 miles NNE oi Liege,
58 E of Brussels. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 50
49 N.
JLifra, town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, with a college founded in 1772.
The town is seated near the sea, 18 miles
NNW of Lisbon.
Magadi, or Maghery, town of Hin-
doostan, in Mysore, seated in a hilly
country abounding in timber- trees, stone,
and iron, 24 miles W of Bangalore.
Magadoxo, capital of a kingdom of
the same name, on the coast vi Ajan,
with a citadel, and good harbour. It
stands at the mouth of a river of its
name, which is supposed to have a long
course, having regular inundations that
fertilize the country to a great extent.
The king and his court are Mohamme-
dans ; his subjects, of v/hat extract so-
ever (for some of them are white, others
tawny and olive, and others quite black)
all speak the Arabic tongue ; they are
stout and warlike, and among other
weapons use poisoned arrows and lan-
ces. The city is a place of great com-
merce, receiving from Adel and otiur
parts, cotton, silk, spices, and dings, in
exchange for gold, ivory, wax, and other
commodities. Lon. 46 25 E, lat. 2 10 N.
JMagdcburg, duchy of Germany, in
Lower Saxony, bounded on the N and
E by Brandenburg, S by Anhalt, and
Haberstadt, and VV by Brunswick. It
is divided into four circles, Hob, Saal,
Jerich, and Ziesar. The cuuntry is in
general level, and the parts which are
not marshy and overgrown with wood
are very fertile. The salt springs are
of such richness, that they are able to
supply all Germany with salt. This
duchy belongs to the king of Prussia.
Magdeburg, fortified city, capital of
the duchy of the same name. It has a
haudsome palace, a citadel with a fine
arsenal, and a magnificent cathedral,
4 A
which contains the superb mauseclum of
Ocho the Great. This city is happily
situated for trade having an easy com-
munication with Hamburg by the Elbe,
tiierefore they carry on manufactures of
cotton, linen, &c. to a great extent, but
their piincipal merchandise is silk and
woollen. It is the strongest place be-
longing to the Prussian majesty, where
his principal magazines and founderies
are established. It is 40 miles VV of Bran-
denburg, and 125 SE of Hamburg. Lon;
1145E, lat. 52 UN.
Magellan, strait of South America,
between the continent, and island of Ter-
ra del Fu'go; discovered in 1520, by
Magellan, a Portuguese in the service
ot Spain, since which time it h ^s been
sailed through by several navigators ;
but the passage being dangerous and
trouMesonie, they now sail to the Pacific
Ocean round Cape Horn. The Spaniards
call the country to the N of this strait
Tierra Magallanica.
Magevitle, township of Sunbury county
New Brunswick, on the right side of St.
Jo'.n's river.
Maginda, island of the Pacific Ocean,
in Austral Asia ; it is the most southern
of the Phillippines, and is about 300
miles in length, but irregular and nar-
row.
MagiJidano, town and capital of the
foregoing island is situated at lon. 124, 40
E, and lat. 7 09 N.
.llaggia See Madia.
Jiaggiore, or Locarno, lake of Italy,
partly in the duchy of Milan, and partly
in the country of the Grisons, being
about 35 in length, and 6 in breadth.
.Magliano, suiall but populous town of
Italy, in the territory of the pope, and
district of Sabino, seated on a mountain
near the river Tiber, 30 miles SVV of
Spoletto, and 30 N of Rome. Lon. 12
M E, lat 42 25 N,
MagnavaccOy town of Italy, in the
Ferrarese, witli a fort seated at the
mouth of the lake of Comachio, in the
gulf of Venice, 18 miles N of Ravenna.
Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 44 52 N
Magnesia. See Manachia.
Magnissa, town of Asia Minor, ancient
Jlagne&ia. It is still a large, fine, and
populous city. Lon. 27 18 E, lat. 38 44 N.
Jllagmj, town of France, in the de-
partment i:f Seine and Ooise and late
province of the Isle of France, 32 miles
ISVV of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E, lat. 49 10 N.
Jilagra, river of Italy, which rises in
the Appcnines, in the valley of Magra.
washes Pont-Remoli and Sarzana, below
which it falls into the Mediterranean.
MQgra, valley in the duchy of Tus-
553
M A H
cany, 21 miles in length, and 15 in
breadth.
Maguider's post office, Prince George's
county Maryland.
Maguelone, lake of France, in the de-
partment cf Herault and late province
of Languedoc, near a town of the same
name, which is seated on the coast o£ the
Mediterranean, into which the lake en-
ters by a canal, the beginninng of the fa-
mous capital of Languedoc.
Mahadia. See Elmadia.
Mahalen, town of Egypt, capital of
Garbia. It carries on a considerable
trade in linen, cotten, and sal-ammoni-
ac ; and the inhabitants have ovens to
hatch chickens. Loq. 30 31 E, lat. 31
SON.
Muhanoy, river of Pennsylvania, rises
in the northern part of Schuylkill county,
in the township of Rush, and flowing
WSW about 50 miles falls into the Sus-
quehannah, ll miles belov/ Sunbury.
About one half of its course tov/ards its
mouth, is in Northumberland county.
Mahanoy Mountains, are one ridge
between Mahanoy, and Catawissy ri-
vers ; and another between M;»hanoy ri-
ver, and Shamokin creeks.
JMahanoy, Little, township of North-
umberland county Pennsylvania, between
Line, and Mahanoy mountains. Popu-
lation 1820, 447.
Mahanoy, Loxver, township of Nortluim-
befland county, Pennsylvania, along the
Sasquehannah between ;Mahanoy and Ma-
hantango rivers. Population in 1820,
1214.
JIahanoii, Upper, township of Northum-
berland county, Pennsylvania, enclosed by
the Scire mountain, the NW limit of
Schuylkill county, Mahantango creek, and
the township of Lower Mahanoy. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1639.
Mahantango Creek, stream of Pennsylva-
nia, rises in the NVV angle of Schuylkill
county, and flows WSW, and falls into the
Susquehannah 35 miles above Harrisburg.
For about 12 miles above its mouth, it se-
parates Dauphin and Northumberland coun-
ties.
Mahantango, Loivcr, township in the NW
angle of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania,
on Long Pine creek, or main branch of
Mahantango. Population in 1820, 9c)7.
Mahantango, Upper, township in tlie N
W angle of Schaylkill county, on Little
Mahantango. Population in 1820, 863.
Mahanuddy, or Muhanady, river of Hln-
doostan, which takes its rise in t!ie NW
part of Berar. It falls by several mouths
into the bay of Bengal, at Cattack ; these
mouths form an assemblage of low woody
islands. At the mouth of the principal
554
]M A I
channel, near False Point, is a forlifieil
island, named Cajung or Codjung.
Mahoning, river of Pennsylvania, rises by
one large brancli in the western part of
.JtfFeison, and by another in the western
part of Indiana. These branches interlock
witii the extreme western sources of the
Susquehannah, and flowing westward, unite
at Nicholsburg in the NW angle of Indiana,
and the united stream continuing a little
north of west about 20 miles, falls into the
Allegany river, 20 miles above Kittanning.
The entire length of the Mahoning is about ,
50 miles.
Mahoning, northern township of Indiana
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1106.
Mahoning, NW township of Mercer
county, Pennsylvania, traversed by the
Shenango and Mahoning creeks. Popula-
tion in 'l 820, 1647.
Mahoning, large creek, or small river,
"ising in Columbiana, Stark, Portage, and
Trumbull counties, Ohio, enters Pennsylva-
nia at the SE angle of the latter, and joins
the Shenango, to form Big Beaver in Beth-
leliem county, Pennsylvania.
Mahoning, township of Columbia county,
Pennsylvania, on the right side of Susque-
hannah river, including the village of Dan-
ville. Population in 1820, 1478.
3Iahrattas,X.\\o large and powerful states
of India, which derive their name from
Mahrat, an ancient province of the Deccan.
They are called the Poonah, or Western
Mahrattas ; and the Berav, or Eastern.
Collectively they occupy all the S part of
Ilindoostan Proper, with a large proportion
of tlie Deccan. Malvva, Orissa, Candeish,
and VisiapoLir; the principal parts of Be-
rar, Guzerat, and Agimere ; and a small
part of Dowlatabad, Agra, and Allahabad,
are comprised within their empire, which
extends from sea to sea, across the widest
part of the peninsula ; and from the con-
iiies of Agra northward to the river Kishna
soutlnv'urd : forming a tract of 1000 miles
long and 700 broad. The western state,
tlie capital of which is Poonali, is divided
among a number of chiefs or princes, whose
obedience to tl.c paiswah, or head, like
tliat of the German princes to the emperor,
is merely nominal at any time ; and, in
some cases, an opposition of interests be-
gets wars, not only between the members
of the empire themselves, but also between
the members and the head. Nagpour is
the capi'.al of the Eastern Mahrattas. Their
armies are principally composed of light
horse.
Maiden Creek, large brancIi of Schuyl-
kill river, rising in the NW angle of Le-
high county, flows nearly south through
Leliigh and Heading, and falls into Schuyl-
kill, 6 miles above Heading.
Maiden Creek, township of Berks county.
M A I
-M A I
Pennsylvania, along the ScluiylkjU on both
sides of Maiden creek. Population in
1820, 1192.
JMaidaihead, corporate town in Berk-
shire. It carries on a pretty considjfrable
trade in malt, meal, and timber. It is on
the Thames, over wiiich is a bridge, 12
miles E bv N of Reading, and 26 W by N
of London. Lon. 0 40 W, lat. 51 32 N.
JMaidenliead, township of Hunterdon
county. New Jersey. It is situated on the
post road, about 6 miles NE of Trenton.
Population in 1820, 1354. See Laivrencc
in the .Iddenda.
.Maidstone, borough, and the county
town of Kent. It is seated on the Mecl-
way, a branch of which runs through the
town over which there is a bridge, and en-
joys a brisk trade in exporting the commo-
dities of the county, particularly its hops,
of which there are numerous plantations
around it. Here arc likewise paper mills,
and a manufacture of linen thread. It is
20 miles W of Canterbury, and 35 ESE of
London. Lon. 0 38 B, lat. 31 16 N.
JUaidstone ToymsMp, Essex county, Up-
per Canada, lies between Sandwich and
Rochester, upon lake Erie.
Maidstone, post town, Essex coun'.y,
Vermont, 53 miles N from Montpellier.
Population 200.
Maina, district of the Morea, ancient
Peloponnesus, which answers in part to
the ancient Laconia. It is mountainous
and barren, and inhabited by a poor, bold,
and hardy race, who have never entirely
submitted to tiie Turkish yoke.
Jllaine, north-eastern state of the United
States ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S
E ; New Hampsliire SW ; Lower Canada
NW and N ; and New Brunswick E.
Miles.
Maine has an external limit on the
Atlantic Ocean of - - - 200
On Passamaquoddy bay and St.
Croix river ... - 100
A frontier curved limit on New
Brunswick and Lower Canada 400
A limit in common with New Hamp-
shire of 150
Having an entire outline of 850
Its area 35,000 square miles, or 22,400,000
acres.
Extreme south, N lat. 43 04, extreme
north, N lat. 48.
The greatest length of Maine is by a line
drawn from its SW to NE angle, 350 miles.
Greatest width, nearly on lat. 45 N, 200
miles.
Extending through 5 degrees of latitude,
very serious difference of climate is expe-
rienced at the two extremities of Maine.
The inhabited Atlantic border has a com-
paratively mild climate. The surface of
the state, though not mountainous, may bff
viewed as rough and hilly. The soil, liow.
ever, is generally well adapted to the pur-
poses of agriculture, though varying very
much in quality. The Atlantic border is
indented and chequered more by peninsu-
las and islands than any other part of the
coast of the United States. This highly
diversified zone is followed by anotiier
more elevated; the falls of ihe rivers
marking the line of separation. The in-
habited part of the state extends about 100
miles inland, and is followed by a region
abounding vv^ith lakes, and but imperfectly
known.
Beside many of the lesser note, Maine is
drained by the three fine rivers, Andros-
coggin, Kennebec, and Penobscot. The
two former, are however in strictness, only
one river. See the articles Kennehec and
Penobscot. The sea border of this state,
is in a peculiar manner remarkable for the
number and excellence of its harbours ;
and the excessive rise and ebb of the tide«;,
tends to break the ice, and preserve tlie
harbours of this and all the other parts of
the coast of the United States, NE from
Cape Cod more open in winter than could
be expected in ordinary cases, from relative
latitude.
The principal productions of Maine, are
grain, such as wheat, rye, oats, maize, and
barley, meadow grasses, and flax. The
immense interior forests, supply large
quantities of lumber. Tlie latter may in-
deed be viewed as the primary staple of
the st.ate. Its principal ports are, Portland,
Hallowell, Penobscot, Bangor, and East-
port.
This state, has like other sections of
New England, paid early and steady atten-
tion to the interests of education. Amongst
its principal literary institutions, may be
enumerated, Bo.vdoin college in Bruns-
wick. The Maine Charity School at Ban-
goi-, and the Literary and Theological
school or institution at Waterville. Maine
was admitted a state of the United States,
March 3d, 1820.
Politically Maine is subdivided into the
counties of
Population, 1820.
Cumberland, . - . - 49,339
Hancock, - . , - 31,071
Kennebeck, - - - - 42,632
Lincoln, 52,953
Oxford, .... 27,185
Penobscot, ... - 13,931
Somerset, , - ^ - 21,698
Wasliington, - - - - 12,746
York, ' 46,284
297,839
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized.
1,680
555
M A I
VI A K"
Engaged iu Agriculture - - o5,Gol
(lb. in Manufactures - - 7,643
do. in Commerce - - 4,297
Maine, river of Germany, which rises in
the circle of Francoiiia, runs by Batnberg,
Wurtzburg-, Aschaflfenburg, Hu-^au, arid
Francfort, and falls in;o the Khine, at
Mentz.
JWiwrae, Upper, and Lower, two circ es
of Bavaria. The former incKuling the
principalities of Upper Bamberg, Bareuth,
■with the northern part of the Upper Pala-
tinate. Lower Maine contains, 'the grand
duchy of Wurtzburg, principdity of Fulda,
with part of the ductiies of Hesse and Ful-
da. The two circles were in great part
annexations made by the congress of Vi-
enna in 1815, and extend over about 6,700
square miles, and peopled by 860,000 in-
habitants.
Mcme, or Maysiuie, department of
France, which includes the late province
of the same name. It takes its name from
the river Maine, which, soon after its
junction with the Sarte, falls into the Loire.
Laval is the capital.
Maine and Loire, department of France,
V'hich Includes the late province of Anjou.
It has its name from two rivers cf the s^me
name. Angers is the capital.
Maneville, town of France in the depart-
ment of Eure, and lute province of Nor-
mandy. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 49 2 N.
Mainland, the principal of the Shetland
isles, 60 miles long, fiom N to S, but its
breadth seldom exceeds six. The face of
the country exhibits a prospect of black
craggy moun'ains, and marshy plains, m-
terspersed with some verdant spots, which
appear smooth and fertile. Neither tree
nor shrub is to be seen, except the juniper
and the heath. The inhabitants are a siout,
well-made, comely people ; the lower sort
of a swarthy complexion The gentry are
allowed, by all who have conversed with
them, to be most of them polite, shrewd,
sensible, lively, active and intelligent per-
sons ; they manufacture a strong coarse
cloth for their own use, as also linen.
They make: likewise of their own wool very
fine stockings. They export, besides the
different kinds of fi.'-h already mentioned,
some herrings, a considerable quantity of
butter and train-oil, otter and seal skins,
and no iaconsiderable quantity of the fine
stockings just mentioned. Their chief trade
IS to Lcitli, London, Hamburgh, Spain, asd
to the straits. Kirkwall is the capital.
Maintenon, town of Frnnce, in the de-
partment of Eurt and Loire and late pro-
vince of Beauce, sealed on the Eure be-
tween two mountains. It is five miles N
by E of Chartres. Lon. 1 36 E, lat. 48
31 N.
Maire, Le, strait of South America, be-
^56
\WQC\\ Staten Island and Tierra del Fuegu,
in lat. 55 S. Tlirough this strait %hips
sometimes sail in their passage to Cape
Horn.
Maitsjf, town of France in the depart-
ment of Calvados, and late province of Nor-
mandy. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 49 24 N.
A fai.vant, St. iinc\^nt town of France, ia
the department of the two Sevres and late
province of P>Mtou- It carries on a trade
in corn, stockings, and woollen stuffs; and
is seated on the Sevre, 26 miles SW of
Poitiers Lon. 0 7 W lat 46 24 N.
Majas, pronrjunced and written but im-
properly Maca<i, a district of the province
of Majas, and Quijos in Peru, now part of
C.)lombia. It lies E from the Andes, on
the sources of the Napo, nearly on the me-
ridian of Washln^n, and from the Equa-
tor to lat. 2 30S.
Majorca, island of Spain, 60 miles long
and 45 broad, situate in the Mediterranean
sea, between Ivica and Minorca. The
whole coast is lined with strong towers.
The NW part is mountainous ; the rest
produces good corn, olive-trees, fine honey,
and dehcate wine. It has no rivers, though-
there are a great many fine fountains and
wells. The iMJiabitants are robust and
lively, and make good sailors.
Majorca, stror.g city, capital of the island
of the same name, and a bishop's see. The
public squares, the cathedral, and the royal
palace, are magnificent. It contains 4,000
houses, built after the antique manner ; a
university, more ancient than celebrated;
and 22 churches, beside the cathedral.
The harbour is extremely good. It is
seated on the SW side of the island. Lon.
2 30 E, lat. 39 35 N.
Makcfield, Lotoer, township of Bucks
county Pennsylvania, on the delaware, com-
mencing opposite Trenton in New Jersev.
Population in 1820, 1204.
Makefield, Upper, township of Bucks
county Pennsylvania, along the Delaware,
above Lower Makefield. Population in
1820, 1367.
Macarev, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Niznei Novogorod, situate on
the Volga, 24 miles ENE of Niznei Novo-
gorod
Makunef, or Makaren, town of Russia,
in the government of Kostroma. It is the
capital of the prvince of Unza, and situatfe
on the river Unza, 80 miles E of Kostroma.
Lon, 44 14 E, lat. 58 50 N.
Maker, vilLige in Cornwall, seven miles
SE of St. Germains, on an eminence, form-
ing the W point of the Hamoaze, at Ply-
mouth. The steeple of the chiirch, called
Maker Tower, is a noted seamark. Lon.
4 10 W, lat. 50 21 N.
Makoonda, town of Hindoostan, in the
cotmtry of Allahabad, 66 miles S of AHa-
M A I.
M A L
iiabad, and 110 XXE of Gurrali. J>on, 84
37 E, lat. 24 33 N.
.Mahran. See Mecran.
J][a!abar, western coast of tlie peninsula
of Hindoostan, lying between 9 and 14 deg.
N lat. It is divided among several petty
princes and states. The customs and man-
ners of the inhabitants are very different,
as well as the productions. The people
are, generally, of a dark, olive complexion,
with long black hair, and good features.
In some places they are distinguished into
tribes, or casts, all of which are brought
up to the same employments as their pa-
rents. These are the Gentoos, of whom
see an account under the article Hindoo-
stan.
Malacca, or 3[alaya, peninsula of Asia,
containing several petty kingdoms, bound-
ed on the K by Siam, E by the ocean, and
SW by the strait of Malacca, which sepa-
rates it from Sumatra. It is 560 miles in
length, and 150 in breadth. It produces few
commodities for trade, except tin and ele-
phant teeth ; but there are a great many
excellent fruits and roots, pepper and other
spices, with some precious gums and
woods. The pine-apples are the best in the
world ; and tiie cocoa-nuts have shells that
will hold an English quart. The inhabi-
tants are fond of navigation, war, plun-
der, emigration, adventures, and gallantry.
They talk incessantly of their honour and
bravery, and speak the softest language of
Asia ; yet they are deemed the most
treacherous, ferocious people on the face
of the globe. Their religion is a mixture
of Mahometanism.
Malacca, seaport, and the capital of a
kingdom of the same name, in the penin-
sula of Malaya, seated on the strait of its
name, 480 miles SE of Acheen. Lon. 102
5 E, lat. 2 12 N.
Malaga, seaport and episcopal town of
Spain, in Grenada, with two castles, and a
good harbour. Its commerce is principally
in raisins and excellent wines ; and it has
6 manufacture of cards. The inhabitants
are about 40,000. It is seated on tlie
Mediterranean, surrounded by hills, 70
miles WSVV of Grenada. Lon. 4 10 AV,
lut. 36 35 N.
Malatia. town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Aladulia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the
W side of the Ephrates, 90 miles AVNW
of Diarbekar. Lon. o7 50 E, lat. 37 30
N.
J\[alaiuuUij, town of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, with a large mud fort, separated into
two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a
fruit-garden, of great extent, planted by
the late sultans. It is 27 miles E of Serin-
gapatam.
Malchin. town of Lower Saxony, in the
tluchy of Mecklenburg, seated on the river
Peene, where it forms the lake Camrow,
22 miles ESE of Gustrovv.
Malcho, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, between the lakes
Calpin and Piau, 23 miles ESE of Glustrow.
MaUleghina, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lys, 10 miles B of Bruges.
Maiden, borough in Essex, with a mar-
ket on Saturday ; seated on an eminence,
on the river IJlackwater. It has two parish
churches ; and a third, which it had for-
merly, has been long converted into a free-
school. Vessels of a moderate burden
come up to the town, but large ships
are obliged to unload at a distance below,
in Blackwater ba}'. The custom of Bo-
rough-English is kept up here, by which
the youngest son, and net the eldest, suc-
ceeds to the burgage tenure, on the death
of his father. This town carries on a con-
siderable trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal,
iron, deals, and wine. It is 10 miles E of
Chelmsford, and 37 NE of London.
Maiden, village in Surry, two miles SE
of Kingston, with some gunpowder mills,
on a stream that flows from Ewel to Kings-
ton.
Maiden, Fort, now in ruins, was situated
on the river Detroit, Essex county, Upper
Canada, opposite Isle au Bois Blanc ; it is
a post of considerable importance. The
village now Amherstsburg contains about
one hundred houses. The anchorage be-
tween the Island au Bois Blanc and Am-
herstsburg is perfectly safe, and the shore
of the main convenient for the erection of
wharves and other naval and commercial
purposes. See Amlierstsburg.
Maiden Townsldf), in the county of Essex,
Upper Canada, is situated at the mouth
of Detroit river, on the east side of the
strait having Colchester lo the east, and
Huron to the north, and includes the vil-
lage of Amherstsburg.
Maiden, township of Middlesex count}',
Massachusetts. It is situated between
Medford and Lynn, 5 miles NE of Boston.
It is united to Charlestown by Mystic bridge.
Population 1810, 1384 ; and in 1820, 1731.
Maiden, town of the United States, in
Massachusetts, four miles N of Boston, It
is connected with Charlestown, by a bridge
over Mystic river, built in 1787.
JlFaldives, a cluster of small islands, in
the Indian ocean, lying SW of Cipe Como-
rin. The northernmost, called Head of the
Isles, or Kelly, is in Ion. 73 04 E, lat. 7 05
N ; and Maldiva in whicii the king resides,
is in lon. 75 35 E, lat, 4 15 N. They
are innumerable ; but all low and sandy,
and most of them uninliablted. They are
divided into 13 anto'.ons, or provinces, each
having its separate governor, who rules
with great oppression. '1 he subjects are
miserably poor, and appear to be a mix-
ture of Arabs and Hindoos from Mala-
557
M A L
M A I,
bar. Tliey supply ships with sails and
cordage, cocoa-nuts, oil and honey, dry fish,
tortoisi -shell, and especialiy couries. The
king assumes the title of Sultan of the
Maldives, king of thirteen provinces, and
twelve thousand isles.
Malesherhes, town of France of the de-
partment of Loiret. Lon. 26 E. lat 48
20 N,
JIalestroit, town of France, in the de-
partment of Morbihan and late province of
Bretagne, seated on the Oust, 37 miles E
of Port I'Ohent. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 47 45 N.
Maligne, Grande Pointe, Upper Canada,
on the river St. Lawrence, is opposite to
the Grand Island of St. Regis.
Jtlaligne, la Petit Pointe, upper Canada,
on the north shore of the river St. Law-
rence, not far above the lower end of Grand
Isle St. Regis.
Malio, Cape of, or St. AiigeIo,c&'p& of the
Morea at the S entrance of the Gulph of
Napoli, 15 miles E of Malvasia.
Malicollo, one of the largest of the New
Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, lying in
16 15 S lat. and 167 45 E lon. It extends
20 leagues from N to S. Its inland moun-
tains are very high, and clad witli forests.
JMalling, West, town in Kent, six miles
W of Maidstone, and 30 E by S of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 33 E, lat. 51 20 N.
Mallory's store, post ofiice, Wilkes coun-
ty, Georgia.
Mallow, small town of Ireland, in the
county of Cork, and province of Munster,
seated on the Blackwater, 17 miles N of
Cork. Lon, 8 32 W, lat. 52 10 N.
Malmedtj, town of the Netherlands, in
the bishopric of Liege, with an abbey. It
was taken by the French in 1794, seated
on the Recht, nine miles S of Limburg,
and 40 N of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 2 E,
lat. 50 18 N.
Mabnistra, town of Asia in Natolia, seat-
ed at the mouth of a river of the same
name, which divides it into tlie Old and
New Town. It is 30 miles SE of Terasso,
Lon. 36 15 E, lat. 36 50 N.
Malmoe, seaport of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of (iothland, seated on the Sound,
with a large harbour and a strong citadel.
It is 15 miles SE of Copewhagen. Lon. 13
r E, lat, 53 38 N.
Mabnsbury, borough in Wiltshire. It is
pleasantly seated on a hill, on the river
Avon which almost surrounds it, over wiiich
it has six bridges. It drives a trade in the
woollen manufacture. It is 26 miles E by
N of Erlstol, and 95 W of London. Lon.
2 0 W, lat. 51 34 N,
Malui'Jarasloivitz, town of Russia, in Ka-
luga, rciidered remarkable by a sanguinary
battle between the French and Russians,
October 1812; 100 miles S W from Moscow.
^^^alo, St. seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Morbihan, and lately an epis-
553
copal see of the province of Bretagne. It
has a .pacious harbour, but difficult of ac-
cess, on account of the rocks that surround
it ; it is a trading place, of great impor-
tance, defended by a strong castle. St.
j\Ialo is seated on an island, united to the
mainland by a causeway. It is chiefly in-
habited by seafaring men who in the time
of war fit out a great many privateers to
cruise upon the English coast, 17 miles NW
of Dol, and 505 w'of Paris. Lon. 1 57 W,
lat. 48 39 N.
JMalo'iia, small island of Italy, on the
coast of Tuscanny, 10 miles W of Leghorn.
Lon. 10 4, lat. 43 43 N.
JVIalpartido, town of Spain, in Estrama-
dura, 14 miles S of Placentia. Lon. 5 30
W, lat. 39 36 N,
JMalpas, town in Cheshire, with a market
on Monday. It is seated on a high emi-
nence, near the river Dee, 15 miles SE of
Chester, 166 NW of London. Lon. 2 45
W, lat. 53 2 N.
Malplaquet, village of Austrian Hainault.
It is famous for a victory gained over the
French, by the duke of Marlborough, in
1809, and sometimes called the battle of
Blaregnies, from an adjacent village, and is
seven miles from Mons.
Malta, an island in the Mediterranean,
between Africa and Sicily, 20 miles long,
and 12 broad. It was formerly reckoned
a part of Africa, but now belongs to Eu-
rope. It was anciently little else than a
barren rock ; but such quantities of soil
have been brought from Africa, that it is
now become a fertile island. They sow,
however, but little corn, because tliey can
purchase it cheap in Sicily ; but they cul-
tivate large quantities of lemon, cotton-
trees, and vines, which produce excellent
wine. — The number of inhabitants is said
to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and
Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the
emperor, Charles V. gave this island to the
grand master of the order of St. John of
Jerusalem. It was attacked by the Turks
in 1566, who were obliged to abandon the
enterprise with the loss of 3di000 men.
The knights of Malta formerly consisted of
eight nations ; but now they are only seven,
the English having forsaken them. They
were obliged to suppress all pirates, and
were at perpetual war with the Turks and
other Mahometans, and all under a vow of
celibacy and chastity. Malta is extremely
well fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size,
are all cut out of the solid rock, and ex-
tend many miles. The island ^as taken
by General Bonaparte in the outset of his
expedition to' Egypt, on the 12th June
1798, when he found in it 1200 cannons,
200,000 lb. of powder, 2 .ships of the line,
a frigate, 4 galleys, and 40,000 muskets ;
besides an immense treasure collected by
superstition ; and 5400 Turkish prisoners)
M A M
whom he set at liberty. It u as soon after-
wards taken by the British, but at the peace
of Amieiii it was stipulated that it sliould
be restored to tlie knights The British,
however, retained possess. on, and tiie war
recommenced between the two nations ;
but, by the treaty of Paris, in 1814, this is-
land has been guaranteed to Great Britain.
Valette is the capital. It is about 60 miles
S of Sicily, and 200 E of Tunis in Africa.
JMalta, township of Kennebec county,
Maine, 8 miles E from Augusta. Popula-
tion 1820, 1054.
Malta, township of Sarotoga county,
New York, the principal village ; 7 miles
W from Saratoga, and 5 miles SE from
Ballston Spa. Population 1820, 1518.
^Mcillon, borough in the N riding of York-
shire, on the Dervvent, over which is a
stone bridge, and is composed of two towns,
the New and the Old, containing three
churches. It is a populous place, 20 miles
NE of York, and 216 N bv W of London.
Lon. 0 40 W, lat. 54 9 N. '
Jlfulvasia, small island of Turkey in Eu-
rope, on the E coast of the Morea, remark-
able for its excellent wines that are called
Malms^fy, being brought hence. The capi-
tal is Napoli-di-Malvasia.
JMalvtrn, Great, village in Worcesterihlre,
eight miles W by S of Worcester. It had
once an abbey, and here are two noted
chalybeate springs, recommended as ex-
cellent in scrofulous complaints.
J)Icdveni, Little, village in Worcester-
shire, seated in a cavity of Malvern Hills,
three miles from Great Malvern.
JMalx'ern Chase, an extensive chase in
Worcestershire, containing 7356 acres in
that cou:ity, 619 in Hertfordshire, awd 103
ill Gloucestershire.
.Malvern Ilills, lofty mountains in the SW
of Worcestershire, dividing this part of the
county from Herefordshire. They rise one
above another for about seven miles, and
run from N to S ; the highest point is 1313
feet above the surface of the Severn, and
they appear to be of limestone and quartz.
Mailing; a town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Dalecarlia. Lon. 15 20 E, lat.
60 30 N.
Mal-wa, province of Hindoostan Proper,
bounded on the W by Guzerat, on the N
by Agimere, on the E by Allahabad and
Onssa, and on the S by Candeish. It is
one of the moit extensive, elevated, and
highly diversified tracts in ll;ndoostan, and
is divided among the chiefs of the Poonah
Mahrattas. Ougein and Indore are the
principal towns.
Mamars, an ancient town of France, in
the department of Sarte, and late province
ol Maine, seated on the Dive.
Mamokating, post village, and township,
bullivan county, New York, contaiiiijng the
-M A N
village of Bloomingburg, 23 miles W from
Newburgh Population 1820, 2702.
JSlamuroneck, post village and townshio.
West Chi-ster county New \''ork, on Long
Island Sound 23 miles NE from Nev/ \''ork.
Population 1820, 878.
Mamars, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Sarte, seated on the Dive, 14 miles
W of Bellesme.
Mmi, island in the Irish sea, SO miles
long and 12 broad. It contains 17 parish-
es; and the chief towns are Castletown,
Douglas, Peel, and Ramsay. The air is
healthy, and the soil produces more corn
than is sufficient to maintain the inhabitants,
who are a mixture of English, Scots, and
Irish. They have a bishop called the bishop
of Sodor aiid Man ; but he has no seat in the
British parliament. The commodities of
this island are wool, hides, butter, tallow
black marble, slate, limestone, lead and iron!
Some manufacture-s of coarse hats, cotton
goods, and linen cloth, are carried on in dif-
ferent parts ; but its principal tr.ade arises
frona the herring fishery. It is 12 miles S
of Scotland, 30 N of Anglesey in Wales
35 W of Cumberland, and 40 E of Ireland!
Manachia, town of Natolia Proper, an!
ciently called Magnesia, with a bishop's
see, and a castle. It was formerly the capi.
tal of the Ottoman Empire, and is seated
in a fertile country, at the foot of a moun-
tain, on the river Sarabat, 22 miles N of
Smyrna. Lon. 27 25 E, lat, 38 45 N,
JManallan, township of P'ayette county
Pennsylvania, between the townships of
lledstone and Union, and between Red-
stone and Dunlap's creeks. Population
1820 1376.
Maimr, island of the East Indies, on the
E coasi of the island of Ceylon. The En-
glish took it from the Dutch in 1795. Lon
80 45 E, lat. 9 0 N.
Maimnsij-ga^i, post office Lcudon coun-
ty Virginia.
ManaCou, or Manatoulin Islands, are
a nunobev of Islands toward the liorthern
shore of Lake Huron, stretching from the
vicinity of Cabot's Head, northwesterly
across the lake, to lake George, below
the falls of St. Mary.
JIandcd, Small town of Persia, 160
miles from Ispahan.
Manbojie, city of Africa, and c.ipital
of the kingdom of Slam, seated at the
mouth of the channel of Mosambique
Lon. 32 19 E, lat. 20 55 N.
Mancester, village in Warwickshire,
near Atherstone and the river Anker.
Mancha, a territory of Spain, in New
Castile, between the river (iuadiana and
Andalusia. It is a mountainous country ;
and it was here that Cervantes made
Don Quixote, perform his chief exploits,
Manchac, Sec Iberville.
559
.M A .\
M A X
Blanche, or Channel, department of
France, including part of the great pro-
vince of Normandy. It is mostly sur-
rounded by the English Channel, and
Coutances is the capital.
JStanchester, large and populous town
of Lancashire, between the rivers Irk
and Irwell, and is a place of great anti-
quity. It has been long noted for vari-
ous branches of the linen, silk, and cot-
ton manufactures, and is now principally
conspicuous as the centre of the cotton
trade, which has been much improved
by the invention of dying and printing.
The labours of a very populous neigh-
bourhood are collected at Manchester,
whence they are sent to London, Liver-
pool, Hull, &c. These consist of a great
variety of cotton and mixed goods, of
which they export vast quantities, par-
ticularly to the West Indies, and the
coast of Guinea. The manufactures of
tapes and other small wares, of silk
goods, and of hats, are also carried on at
Manchester ; from which various sources
of wealth it has attained greater opu-
lence than almost any of the trading
towns in England. Its chief ornaments
are the college, the exchange, the colle-
giate church, another large church, and
a spacious market place. By the Irwell,
over which is an ancient and lofty stone
bridge, it has a communication with the
Mersey, and all the late various exten-
sions of inland navigation, particularly
the duke of Bridge water's canal which
is seven miles from it. It is 67 miles
WSW of York, and 182 NNW of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 SO W, lat. 53 30 N.
Manchester, township of Nova Scotia,
30 milf s NW from Cape Canso
Manchester, township, and post village
in Benningtoa county, Vermont, 22 miles
N of Bennington, and 44 NE of Troy in
New York, with 1502 inhabitants,
Manchester, post town in Essex coun-
ty, Massachusetts, a few miles NE of
Beverly, with 113? Inhabitants in 1810,
and in 1820 1201.
Manchesiter, post village, Niagara,
county New York, at the cataract of
Niagara. A bridge now connects this
pli'.ce with Goat island.
Manchester, post village Oneida coun-
ty New York, 8 miles SW by W from
Utica.
Manchester, post village, Ontario coun-
ty New York, 10 miles N from Canan-
daigua.
Manchester, East, township of York
county Pennsylvania, between the Codo-
nes, and Conewago creeks, and Susque-
hannah river. Population 1820, 1914.
.^^nchestcr. West, township of York
Cijunty Pennsylvania, between Codorus
560
and Conewago creeks, and immediately
W from the borough of York. Popula-
tion 1820, 1073.
jilanchester, post town, Baltimore
county Maryland, on the road from Bal-
timore to Carlisle, 33 miles from the
former, and 42 from the latter.
Manchester, post town in Chesterfield
county, Virginia, on the S side of James
river, opposite to Richmond, and 33
miles NVV of Williamsburg.
Manchester, post town Sumpter dis-
trict South Carolina, on Wateree river,
about 5 miles above the mouth of the
Congaree.
Manchester, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Clay county Kentucky, about 120
miles SE from Frankfort.
.Manchester, post town, pleasantly si-
tuated on the bank of the Ohio, in Adams
county Ohio; about 25 houses 100 miles
S by W from Columbus, and 73 in the
same direction from Chillicothe.
j\ra7ichester,X.o\^n%h\p of Morgan coun-
ty Ohio. Population, 1820, 298.
Manciet, town of France, in the de-
partment of Gers, and late province of
Gascony. Lon. 0 5 W, lat. 43 38 N.
Mandal, seaport town of Christian-
sand in Norway. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 58
2N.
Mandan, Indian villages on Missouri
river. Lat. 47 20 N ; and by the esti-
mate made by Lewis and Clarke 1600
miles above the junction of Missouri> and
Mississippi.
Manderscheit, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Rhine, and electorate of
Treves, capital of a county of the same
name. It is 24 miles N of Treves. Lon. 6
50 E, lat. 50 10 N.
Mandna, small desert island, in the Ar-
chipelago, between Sanios and Langos. It
gives name to the sea near it.
Mandshwiti. See Mantshuria.
Manebach, small village of Suabia, plea-
santly seated on the lake of Constance.
Manfredonia, town of Naples, in Capi-
tanata, with a caslle, a good harbour, and
an .vclibishop's see. It was burnt by the
Turks in 1620 ; und is seated on a gulf of
the same naine, 50 miles >f of Cirenza,
and 100 NE of Naples. Lon. 16 12 E, lat.
41 35 N.
Mangaiore, seaport of Canara, on the
coast of .Malnbar, with an excellent road
for ships to anchor in while the rainy sea-
son lasts. It is inhabited by Gentoos and
Mahometans. It is the most trading place
in the kingdom, and the Portuguese have
a factory here for rice, and a lai-ge church
frequented by black converts. The ad-
joining iields bear two crops of corn in a
vear ; ar.d the higher grounds produce pep-
per, b£'.cl-auts, sandid wcodj iron, and
MAN
M A N
steel. It is seated on a rising ground, 100
miles N by W of Tellicherry. Lon. 75 24
E, lat. 13 8 N.
Maiigeca, island in the S Pacific Ocean,
about 5 leagues in circumference. In the
interior parts it rises into small hills, and
captain Cook represents it as a fine inland,
and the interior of the country is diversi-
fied by hills and valleys. The hostile ap-
pearance of its inhabitants obliged him
to leave it soon. Lon. 158 16 W, lat. 21
27 S.
•Mangushlak, town of Tiircominia, on the
E coast of the Caspian Sea. Its commerce
is considerable ; the neighbouring Tartars
bringing hither the productions of their
own country, and even of Bokharia ; such
as cotton, yarn, stuffs, furs, skins, and rhu-
barb. It is37 miles SW of Astracan. Lon.
48 29 E, lat. 44 45 N.
JVTanhartzberg, the northern part of Low-
er Austria, sepai-ated from the southern by
the rivr Danube, and bounded on the W
by Upper Austria, on the N by Bohemia
and Moravia, and on the YL by Hungary.
Manheim, strong and beautiful city of
Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine.
It is a very regularly built, handsome city,
containing about 25,000 inhabitants, the
streets being all straight, intersecting eac'.i
other at right angles. The fortifications
are good ; and the town is almost surround-
ed by the Keeker and the Uhine. It is six
miles NE of Spire, and 10 W of Heidelberg.
Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 49 26 N.
JManheim, post village and township, of
Herkimer county. New Yo'k, on the east
side of Moh-iwk river, above tiie mouth of
liast Canada creek. Population in 1820,
1777.
Jiinnheim, lovv-nslt'p of York county,
Pennsylvania. It is situated in the SW cor-
ner of the county, iidjoining to ihe state of
Maryland. The chief town is Hanover.
Population in 1810, 2207; and in 1S20,
1306.
Manheim, township of Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania, on the W side of Conestogoe
creek, between Moravia and Little Conos-
togoe creeks, immediately N from the city
of Lancaster. Popidation in 1810, 1282;
and in 1820, 1600.
JTmikeim, township of Schuylkill coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, along both sides of the
SW branch of Sc'.uiylkill, immediately
south from Onwicksb nr. Population in
1820, 2164.
Jtlanicn, inland kingdom of Africa. It
has on the N Monomatapa, on the E S ir(;la,
and on the S and W unknown regions.
Tills country is little known to Europeans,
but it is said to abound with mines of
gold, and to have a great number of ele-
phants.
4B
Manickdurg, small town of the Dcccan,
in the county of Berar.
.Winick/witr, town of Hindoostan Proper,
68 miles dist;mt from Lucknow. Lon. 81
45 E, lat. 37 26 N.
JManicougan, river of Lower Canada,
rises in the recesses of Labrador, flows
into, and again out of Manicougan lake
and assuming a course of SSW, enters St.
Lawrence river nearly opposite the paps of
Matane 200 miles below Quebec. Its en-
tire comparative course exceeds 300 miles.
jyianiel, moimtain of St. Domingo, 20
miles in circumference, and so high and
cragg)-, that it is almost inaccessible.
JllamUa. See Litconia.
Manilla, large and populous city, capi-
tal of Luconia and the other Phillippine
Islands, ilost of the public .structures are
built of wpod, on account of the frequent
earthquakes, by one of which in 1617, a
mountain was levelled ; in 1625 a third part
of the city was overthrown by another,
when 3000 persons perished in the ruins;
and, the next year, tliere was another less
violent. This city is seated on the SE
side of ihe island, where a large river fall3
into the sea, and forms a noble bay 30
leagues in c<.mpass to which the Spaniards
have given the name of Bahia, because the
river runs out of the great lake Baiii, which
lies at tlie distance of six leagues behilid it.
On the S it is washed by the sea, and on
the N and E by the river; being also
strongly fortified with wall-, bastions, forts,
and batteries. Manilla contains about
30,000 souls, who are a very motley race.
Here stands the arsenal where the galleons
aie built, for which there are from 300 to
600 or 800 men constantly employed, who
are relieved every mor.th, and while upon
duty, arc maintained at the king's expense.
Thr royal revtnne Is computed at about
hdfamiliion pieces (f eight exclusive of
casualties. Lon. 120 53 E, lat. 14 36 N.
Manli-is, p )St town nf Onondago coun-
ty, New York, between the sah lake and
lake Oneida, 42 miles \V of VVhitestown on
Mohock river. Population in 1320, 5372.
Mannahawkin, j)ost town in Stafford
township, .Monmouth county. New Jersey,
upon the Atlantic coast, contuning about
30 dweding l.ouses, and a Baptist and
Methodist meeting house. It lies 8 miles
from Tiickerlon.
Manniiigtree, town in Essex, on the river
Stoiu', which is here callerl Manning-tree
water. It is 11 miles \V of Harwich, and
60 KNE of London. Lon. 1 12 E, lat. 52
0 N.
Manor, townsViip of Lmcas'er county,
Peu'isylvanla, containing 2642 inhabitants
in 1810. It is situated on the NE side of
Susquehannah river, about 10 miles from
the borough of Lancaster, and occupies the
peninsula between the Susquehannah river
561
yi A X
M A S
and Gonestogoe ereek, above the latter.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Manosqiie, populous town of France, in
the department of the Lower Alps, and
late province of Provence, with a castle.
It had lately a commandery of the order of
Malta, and "is seated on t!ie Durance, 10
miles S of Foroalquier, and 350 S by E of
Paris. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 43 51 N.
Manresa, town of Spain, in CUalonia,
seated at the confluence of the drdonera
and Lobbregat, 15 miles SK of Cardena,
and 20 NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 56 E,
lat. 41 36 N.
Mans, town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Maine. It is seated on a high
hill, on the Sarte, near its confluence with
the Huisne, 20 miles S of Alencon, and 75
W by N of Orleans. Lon. 0 14 E, lat. 41
58 N.
Mansaroar, lake of Thibet, from which,
(according to major Kennel) issues the
southernmost head of the Ganges. It is
115 miles in circumference, and lies in
about 79 E lon. and 34 N lat.
Mimsfeld, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony, capital of a county of
the same name, 35 miles 3W of Magde-
burg. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 51 41 N.
Mansfield, town in Nottinghamshire. It
has a great trade, and is famous for corn
and •malt, and participates in the stocking
manufacture. It is a pretty large place,
and is seated on the edge of the forest of
Sherwood, 12 miles N of Nottingham, and
140 N by VV of London. Lon 1 9 W, lat.
53 10 N.
JUans/teld, post town and township, Bris-
tol county, Massachusetts, 30 miles SSW
from Boston. Population in 1820, 1222.
Mansfehl, townsliip and post village, of
Windham county, Connecticut, between
Willamaiitic and Mount Hope rivers, about
18 miles E of the cisy of Hartford. Popu-
lation in 1810, 2570; and in 1820, 2993.
Mamfield, township of Burlington county.
New Jersey, which contained 1810 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1957. It is 8
miles NE of Burlington.
JMawifield, township of Sussex county,
New .Jersey, on the Musconecunk river, 10
miles SE from Oxfortl.
Mansfield, post town and seat of justice,
for Richland county, Ohio, containing about
thirty houses, 300 inhabitants. It stands
73 miles NE from Columbus. North lat. 40
47 W, lon. 5 33.
Mansfield, post village, Amelia county,
Virginia, 20 miles by land above Peters-
burg.
Mansilla, town of Spain, in Leon, 15
miles SW of the city of Leon. Lcn. 4
55 W, lat. 42 30 N.
Mantaca See Mataca.
Mantshures, conquered China in the
17 century. Their country lies N from
562
China, and with the utmost absurdity,
gencraly called Eastern Chinese Tartary,
in our geographical works The Tartars,
Mona;ols, and Mantshures, are essential-
ly diffiTent nations, more so, even, than
are the French, Germans, and Russians.
It would be as correct to call the people
of the United States, northern Spaniards,
as to designate the Mantshures, Mongols,
or Tartars.
Mantshiiria, vast region in Asia,
having China proper S ; Mongolia W ;
the Russian Asiatic territories NW
and N ; and the sea of Japan, and the
Channel of Tartary or La Peyrouse
straits E. It is in a great part occupied
by the basin of the Amur, and separated
from Asiatic Russia by the vast chain of
Yablonoy mountains, stretching from
Kiachta, to the sea of Ochotsk, between
the basins of the Amur, and Lena rivers.
It was one cf the native chieftains of this
country who in 1644, took advantage of
the revolution in China, which terminat-
ed the dynasty of Ming, in the person cf
the emperor Zunt-chin, or Tong-tching.
and placed himself on the throne of
China, and established the now reigning
dynasty of Dyn-Tsing. Of the Mant-
shur family there have been five mo-
narchs : Thunti, Cang-hi, Kong-tching,
Kieulong, and Kai-king. It is very re-
markable that two of the Manshur-Chi-
nese sovereigns have jointly reigned
124 years; Cang-hi from 1661, to 1721,
60 years ; and Kien-long from 1735, to
1799, 64 years.
Mantes, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise, and late pro-
vince of the I'-ie of France. It is fa-
mous for its wines, and is seated on the
Seine, and over it is a bridge, the great
arch of which, althoiigh elliptic, is 120
feet wide. It is 31 miles NW of Paris.
Lon. 1 51 E, lat. 49 1 N.
Man (271 aa. See Tri/iotizza.
Mantua, or Mantuan, duchy of Italy,
lying along the river Po, which divides
it into two parts. It is bounded on the N
by the Veronese, on the S by the duchies
of Reggio, Modena, and Mirandola ; on
the E by the Ferrarese ; and on the Vv
by the Cremonese. It is 50 miles long
and 27 broad, and fruitful in corn, pas-
tures, flax, fruits, and excellent wine.
The Mantuan comprehends the duchies
of Mantua and Sa'vcneta; the principa-
lities of Castiglione Solfi-rina, and Bosnlo;
likewise the county of Novellara. The
principal rivers of this country are the
Po, the Oglio, and the Minchio.
Mantua, capital of a duchy of the
same name, in Italy, with an archbishop's
see, and a university, seated on an is-
land in the middle of a lake. The
M A R
AI A R
Streets are broad and straight, and it has
eight gates, 21 parishes, 40 convents and
nunneries, a quarter for* the Jews to live
in, and above lejOOOlnhabitants It was
greatly noted tor its siliis, and silk ma-
nufactures, which are now mucli decay-
ed. The air in the summer is very un-
wholesome; and the lake is formed by
the inundations of the Mincio. Virgil
was born at a villac^e near this city. It
is 35 miles NE of Parma, 22 S\V of Ve-
rona, and 220 N bv VV of Rome. Lon. 10
50 E lat. 45 10 N.
.Mantua, village on the Schuylkill, op-
posite the Philadelphia upper bridge and
in Blockly township It is strictly a su-
burb of Philadelphia ; its situation is pe-
culiarly eligible for a summer residence
to the wealthy inhabitants of the city.
The site swells gradually from the
Schuylkill and g'ves a rich variety to
the various buildings, and gardens by
which it is decorattd.
Mantua, flourishing post township, si-
tuated in the northern borders Portage
county Ohio, and through the southeast-
em quarter of which runs the Cuyahoga
river. Beside several common schools,
here is, a tolerably respectable grammar
school. It contains about 93 families,
and 541 inhabitants,
Manungen, town of Franconia, capital
of a small district belonging to the house
of Saxe-Goiha. It is eight miles N of
Henneberg Lon. 10 39 E, lat. 50 46 N.
Maracaibo, considerable town of South
America, capital of the province of
Maricaibo, in Colombia. It carries on a
great trade in skins and chocolate, which
is the best in America ; and it has very
fine tobacco. It is seated VV of the lake of
the same name. Lon. W.C. 5 40 E,
lat. 10 0 N
Maracaibo, province of South America
jn Colombia, it lies around the gulph of
Maracaybo, and contains 48,700 inhabi-
tants, sends two representatives, and in
conjunction with Coro, Truscilla, and
Merida elects, 4 senators, to the Colom-
bian legislature.
Maracaibo, inland sea of Colombia ;
opens from the Caribbean Sea, between
Sword Point, and cape Roman, and ex-
terdiag S about 100 miles in form of an
ellipse, narrows to a strait opposite to
the city of Maracaibo, and again, widens
to an extensive sleet of water, of 100
miles long and 70 or 80 wide. The
gulf reaches from lat S 30 N to 12 N,
and is the most extensive indenting of
the coast of South America, except the
rivers.
Maragal, town of Persia, 42 miles from
Tauris. Lon. 47 52 E, lat. 37 36 N.
Maranda, fief of Buckingham county
Lower Canada, or the right side of St.
Lawrence, 20 miles above Quebec, and
opposite Pointe aux Trembles.
Mai'anham, Captain generalship of
Brasil ; bounded NE by the Atlantic
Ocean ; E and SE by Seera, or the river
Parnaiba ; SVV by Goias ; and W by Pa-
ra. It lies between lat 1 and 9 S, and is
watered by the various branches of the
Parnaiba, Pinare, and other streams.
Cotton, rice, and sugar, are its primary
staples.
Maranham, a fine and fertile island,
from the name of which that of the Cap-
tain generalship is derived, lies at the
mouth of the Pinare, and is of an oval
form 30 miles in Length.
Maranham, town of Maranham, on the
island of the same name with a good
harbour. Lon. \V C 32 56 E.
Mara7io, town of Italy, in Venetian
Friuli, with a strong citadel. It is seated
in a marsh, which renders it difficult of
access, and at the bottom of th- gulf of
Venice, 27 miles S by E of Udina. Lon.
13 5 E, lat, 42 51 N.
Marans, rich town of France in the
department of Lower Charente, and late
province of Angoumois, seated among
salt marshes near the river Sevre. It
carries on a great trade in corn and is 12
miles NE of Rochelle. Lon. 0 55 W,
46 20 N.
Marasch, populous town of Natolia,
encompassed by the mountains of Tau-
rus and Anti-taurus, and the river Eu-
phrates. Lon. 38 25 E. lat. 38 15 N.
Marathon, village of Greece in Attica,
20 miles NE from Athens Remarka-
ble for a battle fought between the
Athenians and Platsans, and the Per-
sians, on the 17th of August 494 years.
Ante Christ, in which the Persians were
utterly defeated.
Marathon, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Lawrence county Alabama, on the
left bank of Tennessee river, 35 miles W
from Huntsville.
Marawina, river of Guiana, which se-
parates Surinam from the French colony
of Cayenne. A curious pebble, known by
the name of thf^ Marawina diamond, is
found here, which when polished, is often
set in rings, &c. It runs into the Atlan-
tic in lon 53 48 W, lat. 5 38 N.
Marbach, town of (iermany in the cir-
cle of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtem-
burg seated on the Neckar. It was burnt
by the French in 1^'93. It is 12 miles S
of Hailbron, and 13 N of Stutgard. Lon.
9 25 E. lat. 48 59 N.
Marbella, town of Spain in Andalusia,
seated at the mouth of the Rio Verde,
24 miles SW of Malaga. Lon. 5 55 W,
lat. 36 29 N.
563
n A R
U A R
Marblehead, considerable seaport and
post town andtownslup of Essex county,
Massacliusetts, 4 miles SE ot" Salem, and
19 NE of Boston, in the lal. of 42 o5 N,
and In. 69 50. The town contained 6900
inhabitants, in 1810, and in 1820, 5630.
Marbletoivn, township of Ulster coun-
tj'. New York. It is situated on the S
side cf Esopus creek, about 70 miles S
SW of Albany. Population 1810, 3660,
and in 1820, 3809.
Marca, small island in the gulf of Ve-
nice, five miles from Ragusu, on which it
depends. It had formerly a bishop's see ;
but the town is now in ruins.
Marcellin, St. town of France, in the
department of Isere, and late province of
Dauphiny. It is five miles from St. An-
toine, and 253 S by E of Paris. Lon. 5
32 E. lat. 45 14 N.
Marcellino, small river of Sicily, in
the Val di-N(.to, which falls into the sea,
two miles from Augusta.
•Marcello, small iown ct Italy, in Naples,
in the pr jvince of Bari.
Marceltus, post town and township
Oncindago county, New York ; 4 miles
NE from Skeneatels lake. Population
1820, 6503.
Marche, late province of France,
bounded on the N by Beiry, E by Au-
vergne, W by Angoumois, and S by Li-
mosin. It is 55 miles in length, and 25
in breadth, and is pretty fertile in corn
and wine. It now forms the department
of Cre'use.
Marche, town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, situate near the
source of the Mouzon, 20 miles S of
Neufchateau, and 40 S by W of Toul.
Marcheck, town of Austria with an
old castle, seated on the March, on the
frontiers of Hungary, 23 miles E by N cf
Vienna.
Marchiennes, town of the Nether-
lands, in the territory of Liege, seated
on the Sambre, four miks W of Charle-
roy.
Marchiennes, town of France, in tlie
department of Nord, seated in a morass,
on the river Scarpe, seven miles ENE of
Douay.
Marciannisi, town of Naples, in Ter-
ra di Lavoro, 13 miles NNE of Najjles.
Marcignj/, town of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, near the
river Loire, 32 miles W of Macon, and
43 S by W of Autun.
Marckolsfieim, town of France, in the
departmtrnt of Lower Rhine, 25 miles S
of Strasburg.
Jidbrco, Si seaport of E. Florida, on a
river of the same name, at its entrance
into Apalache bay, 180 miles WNW of
.564
St. Augustin. Lon. 84 38 W, lat. 30
IS N.
Marco, S(. town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, seattd on" the Senito, 22 miles
N of Cosenza.
MurcoUy at. two small islands in the
English channel, near the coast of
Fraiice, seven miles SE of Cape la
Hogue
Marcus Hook, ancient village of De-
laware county, Pennsylvania, on the NW
side of the river Delaware, five miles
below Chester, and 20 below Philadel-
phia.
Mardike, village of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, seated on a canal, to
which it gives name, four miles W by S
of Dunkirk.
Mareb, town of Arabia, capital of a
district, in the province of Yemen. It
is 100 miles SE of Sanaa. Lon. 47 30
E, lat 15 44 N.
Maree, Loch, lake of Scotland, in
Ros^-shire, 18 miles 'ong, and, in some
parts, four bread. It contains many small
islands, and abounds with salmon, char,
and trout.
Marengo, village of Italy, in the Mi-
lanese, three miles SE of Alexandria.
It is famous for a decisive victory gained
over the Au.strians, June 14, 18u0, by
which the French again became con-
querors of Italy.
Marengo, county of Alabama ; bound-
ed W by Fombigbee, and Black-Warrior
rivers ; N ; by Tuscalooso county E, and
SE, by Dallas, and S by Clarke. Length
60 ; mean width 2o ; and area 1200
square miles. Surface hiily, and soil ex-
cept near the streams barren and cover-
ed generally with pine timber. Staple
cotton. ChiT-fiown Eagleville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,117"
do. do. females - • 935
All other peraons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 0
Total whites . - . . 2,052
Free persons of colour, males - 8
d ;. do. females - 7
Slaves, males .... 450
do. females - - - 416
Total population in 1820 - 2,933
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 29
Ens^aged in Agriculture - 347
no. ill Manufactures - 20
do. in Commerce - - 9
PopuUtion to the square mile 2^.
Marennes, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, remarka-
MAR
M A R
ble for the green-finned oysters found
near the coast, and the salt it sends to
other places. It is 32 miles NW of
Saintes, and 270 SW of Paris.
Marelimo, island in the Mediterra-
nean, on the W coast of Sicily, 12 miles
in circumference. It has a castle, with
a few farm-houses, and produces much
honey. Lon, 12 35 E, lat. 38 5 N.
jyiargaretta, tovvnsliip of Huron county,
Ohio. "Popuktion in 1820, 192.
jyiargaret's Islands, in the North Pacific
Ocean, were discovered by captain James
Magee, in the ship Margaret, of Boston, in
his voyage from Kamtschatka, in 1/80.
Lon. 141* 12 E, lat. 24 40 N.
Margarettsville, or Boonsborough, post
village, Washington county, Maryland, 11
miles SE from Hagerstown. See Boons-
borough.
Margarita, island near the coast of Co-
lombia, 40 miles long and 15 broad, dis-
covered by Columbus in 1498. The con-
tinual verdure renders it pleasant ; but it
has no fresh water. It was taken in 1626
by the Dutch, who demolished the castle ;
since which time it has been in a manner
abandoned by the Spaniards. Lon. 64 10
W, lat. 11 10 N.
Margate, tov-n in Kent, in the isle of
Thanet. It stands on the side of a hill, has
a stone pier, and is a member of the port of
Dover. It has a great resort of company
for sea-bathing, and the buildings for their
accommodation are numerous and Itand-
some. Great quantities of corn are export-
ed hence, and there are regular passage
boats to and from London. It is 17 miles
ENE of Canterbury, and 71 E by S of Lon-
don Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 51 24 N.
J\fargozza, town of Italy, m the l^lilanese,
near a small lake of its name, 40 miles NW
of Milan
Maria, St. island in the Indian Ocean,
near tlie E side of MaJag scar It is 45
miles long and seven bro^d, well watered,
and surrounded by rocks. It produces
rice, sugar canes, legumes, pine-apples, to-
bacco, &c. and on tiie coasts are found
white coral and ambergrise. The inhabi-
tants call it Ibrahim. Lon. 50 20 E, lat. 17
0 S.
Maria, St. the most southern island of
the Azores, which produces plenty of
wheat, and has about 5000 inhabitants. It
has a town of the same name, Lon. 25 9
W, lat. 36 57 N.
Maria, St. considerable town of Spain, in
Andalusia, with a small castle. It was taken
by the English and Dutch in 1702 ; and is
seated on the Guadaleta, at the mouth of
which is a tower, and a battery, 18 miles
N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 6 W, lat. 36 39 N.
Maria, St. town of Terra Firma Proper.
It is seated at the bottom of the gulf of
St. Michael, at the mouth of a navigable
river of the same name. Lon. 78 12 W,
lat. 7 43 N.
Mariagnlantc, one of the Leeward Ca-
ribbee Llands, in the West Indies, suliject
to t!ie Frenrh, extending 16 miles from N
to S, and four from E to W It is full of
hills, and along the E shore are lofty per-
pendicular rocks, that shelter vast num-
bers of tropical birds It has several large
caverns, with many little streams, and ponds
of fresh water. It is covered with trees,
and particularly abounds with tobacco and
the wild cinnamon-tree. It is 30 miles N
of Dominica, and 40 E of Guadaloupe. Lon.
61 11 W, lat 15 52 N.
Mai-ia's River, brancli of Missouri, which
rises in the Rocky mountains at lon. W C
35 W, and near lat. ,50 N. Its general
course is SE into the Missouri, which it
joins about 50 miles below the Great Falls.
Mariaville, township of Hancock coun-
ty, Maine, 40 miles NE from Castine.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Marie-aiix-Mines, town of France, in the
department of the A'^osges, and la'e pro-
vince of Lorrain, divided in two by the
river Leber. It is famous for its silver
mines, and is 25 miles NW of New Brisach.
Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 48 16 N.
Marie, Cape Dame, west point of St. Do-
mingo.
Marienburg, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in Misnia, remarkable for its rich
silver mines. It is seated among the
mountains, on the confines of Bohemia, 28
miles SS W of Dresden. Lon. 13 35 E, laf.
50 49 N.
Marienburg, town of Poland, in Western
Prussia, capital of a pala'inite of tlie same
name. It is seated on the Njget, a branch
of tlie Vistula, 30 miles SW of Elbing,
and 30 SE of Dantzic. Lon. 19 15 E, lat.
5i9N.
Marienburg, town of France, in the de-
partment of the North, and late P'rtnch
HdiiKtult, formeriy a strong pLce, but dis-
mantled by the French, aiter it was ceded
to them by the treaty of the Pyrenees. It
is ten m les SW of Charlemont. Lon. 4
28 E. lat 50 2 N.
Marienstadt, town of Sweden, in West
Gothland, seated on the lake Wenner, 35
miles SE of Carlstadt, and 162 SW of
Stockholm. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 58 28 N.
Marieniuerder , town of \Vesterii Prussia,
in Pomerania, with a castle, seated on the
Vistula, 20 miles SSW of Marienburg.
Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 53 49 N.
Marietta, post village, Onondago coun
ty, New York.
Marietta, borough and post town, Lan-
caster county, Pennsylvania, on the left
bank of the Susquehannah river, above the
mouth of Little Chiques creek, 13 miles W
from the city of Lancaster. Population in
1820, 1545.
565
M A K
M A U
^Marietta, post town and seat of justice,
Washington county, Ohio, occapying the
peninsuli between the Ohio and Muskin-
gum rivers at their junction. It contains u
large Pi-esbyterian meeiing house, an
academy, the common county buildings, a
printing office, bank, about 20 mercantile
stores, and I'jOdaeUing houses. It is dis-
tant 315 miles W by N from Washington,
and 109 SE from Columbus. Lon. W C 4
2 J W, lat. 39 25 N. Population of the
whole township in 1820, 2036.
Marietta, land district, in Ohio, is a dis-
trict of country, the lands in which are,
and are yet to be sold at the land office in
Marietta. It is a small disti'ict including
only the southern part of Belmont and all
Monroe counties, excepting the two wes-
ternmost townsliips, and an inconsiderable
part of the north-eastern corner of Wash-
ington county.
JSIarimaiw, town of Italy, in the duchy
of Milan, remarkable for the defe.-jt of the
Swiss, by the French, in 1515. It is seat-
ed on the I.ambro, 10 m.ilts S of Milan.
Marino, St. sirong town of Iialy, capital
of a small republic, surrounded by the
duchy of Urbino, under the protection of
the pope, with three castles. It chooses its
own magistrates and offici-rs, and is seated
on a mourn ain, 10 miles SW of Rimini, and
14 NW of Ufbmo, Lon. 12 33 E, lat. 43
54 N.
Marino, St. town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, with a castle, 10 miles E of Rome.
Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 51 34 N.
Marion, district of South Carolina ;
bounded NE by North Carolina ; E by
Lit'le Pedec or Horry district; SW by
Great Pedee and Lynch's creek; and NW
by Darlington and Marlborough. Length
40; mean width 28; and arei 1120 square
miles. S>irface rather level than hilly.
Soil sandy, tliough in many places highly
productive. Chief town, Springville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,027
do. do. f>imales - - - 2,992
Tot.il whiles
All other persons except Indians
6,019
not taxed
Slaves . . . -
Total population in 1810 -
dians
94
2,771
8,884
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except ii-
not taxed . - .
3,383
3,269
0
Total whiles , - . . 6,652
Free persons of colour, males - 45
do. do. females - 41
Slaves, males . - - . 1,690
566
Slaves, females .... 1,77>
Total population in 1820 - - 10,201
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,107
do. in Manufactures - • 0
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 9.
Marion, post village of Twiggs county,
Georgia, 35 miles SW from Milledgevilie.
JJ/a«'o7j, county of Ohio; bounded on the
north by Crawford, east by Richland, south
by Delaware and Union counties, and on
the west by Hardin county. It is 33 miles
long from east to west, and 18 broad from
north to south, containing about 530 square
miles. This county comprises the height
of land between the Sandusky and Scioto
rivers. Much of it is open plain, or table
land, composing the southernmost of what
are called the Sandusky plains. Much of
it is however, heavily timbered, and of a
very rich and fertde quality of soil. It is
well watered by the Scioto, Little Scioto,
and Whetstone rivers ; beside numerous
smaller streams. Marion county was con-
stituted in January, 1820. In the census of
1320, this county was included in Dela-
ware.
Marion, county of Tennessee ; bounded
S by Alabama and Georgia ; W and NW
by Franklin ; N by Bledsoe ; and E by
Hamilton and the Cherokee lands. Length
32 ; mean width 18 ; and area 756 square
miles. Surface hilly and in part moun-
tainous. This comity is drained by Se-
quatchie river, and occupies the valley be-
tween two ridges ot the Cumberland moun-
tains. Tennessee river traverses its SE
angle. Chief town, Jasper.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,877
do. do. females - - - 1,842
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . 0
3,719
1
1
72
95
Total whites - - • -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, niales . . . -
do, females ...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Comnii Tce
Population to the square mile 2^ nearly.
Marion, county of Alabama; bounded W
by Monroe county, in Missis.sippi and the
Chickisaw lands ; N by Franklin county in
Alabama ; NB by jLawrence ; and E by
:i,i
2
1,468
49
9
:>i A R
M A K
Blount and Jefferson. Length 50; mean
widlh 30; and area 1500 square miles. It
is chiefly drained by the Buttahattchee
branch of" Tombighee. Similar to most
sections of the Unied States, souih of Ten-
nessee, and east from the Mis-,issippi, the
productive soil of this county is confined
to the blinks of streams. It was laid out
since the census of 1820.
JMarion, county of Mississippi ; bounded
by Hancock county in Mississippi SK ;
Washington Parish in Louisiana S ; Pike
\V ; Lawrence N ; and Perry E. Length
36 ; mean width 24 ; and area 864 square
miles. Surface moderately hilly. Soil
barren, except near the streams, the pre-
vailing timber pine. Staples cotton. Ciiief
town, New Columbia.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,059
do. do. females - - - 825
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 0
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do- females - - .
Total population in 1820 -
1,884
0
0
621
611
3,116
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,040
do. in Manufactures - 38
do. in Commerce - . 17
Population to the square mile, 3J.
Mark, St. seaport in the VV side of St.
Domingo, 45 miles NNW of Port-au-
Prince. Lon. 72 40 W, lat. 19 20 N.
JMarkham Totcmship, in the East Riding
of the county of York, Upper Canada,
fronts Yonge-street, and lies to the north-
ward of York and Scai borough; here are
good mills, and a thriving settlement of
Germ;ms.
Marlborong-h, borough in Wilts, on a
chulky soil, on the Kennet, 43 miles E of
Bristol, and 74 W of London. Lon. 1 26
W, lat. 51 28 N.
JMaiiboroiigh, Fort, Englisli factory, on
the W coast of the island of Sumatra, three
miles E of flencoolen, and 300 NW of Ba-
tavia. Lon 102 9 E, lat. 3 49 N.
■Marlborough Toivnship, in tiie county of
Grenville, Upper Canada, lies to the north-
ward of Oxford, and is watered by the Ri-
deau,
Marlborough, township of Middlesex
cotmtv, Upper Canada.
Marlborough, township of Cheshire
county, New Hampshire, 11 miles E from
Connecticut river, and 36 E from Bennmg-
ton, in Vermont. Population in 1320 766.
Marlbm-oitgh, township and post village,
Windham county, Vermont, 9 miles SW
off Brattleboro'. Population \3\j\j.
Marlboro', township in Middlesex coun-
ty, Massachusetts, 28 miles VV of Boston,
containing 1735 inhabitants in 1810, and in
182!J, 1952
Marll)orough,\.o\vns\\\\) of Ulster county.
New York, on the W side of Hudson river,
90 miles S of Albany. Population in 1810,
1964; and in 1820, 2248.
Marlborough, post village, and SE town-
ship of Hartford county Connecticut, 17
miles SK from Hartford. Population in
1820, 839.
JMarlboroiigh, township of Montgomery
county Pennsylvania, on the SVV limit of
Bucks, and in tlie forks of the Perkiomen,
between Upper Salford and Hanover, S5
miics NW from Philadelphia. Population
in 1820, 839.
J\tarlboroiigh, East, township of Chester
county Pennsylvania, on the head of Red
Clay creek, and enclosed by the townships
of Newlin, Pennsbury, Newgarden, 30
miles SW by W from Philadelphi:i, and 8
SSW from Downingstown. Population in
1820, 993.
Marlborough, West, township of Chester
county Pennsylvania, VV from East Marl-
borough, and 10 miles SVV from Down-
ingstown. Population in 1820, 852.
Marlborough, post village, at the NW
angle of Calvert county Maryland on the
Patuxent, 45 miles S from Baltimore.
Marlborough, Upper, post town and seat
of justice. Prince George^s county Mary-
land, on the western branch of Patuxent,
12 miles SE by E from Washington, and
15 miles a little W of N from Lower Marl-
borough.
Marlborough, district of South Carolina,
bounded N and NE by North Carolina, SE
by Marion district; and SVV by the Great
Vcdee, or Darlington, and Chesterfield
districts. Length 30 ; mean width 15 ; and
area 450. It is washed along its entire SW
border, by the Great Pedee, and drained
by the various confluents of that river.
Staples cotton, and tobacco. The soil is
sandy, but in m.any places very produc
tive. Chief town Bennetsville.
PopuUtion in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,553
do. do. females - - 1,620
Total whites .... 3,17.1
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 34
Slaves 1,709
Total population in 1810
P..pulationinl820.
Free white males
do. do. females
567
4,966
1,600
1,650
:\f A R
MAR
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites _ - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males - - - .
do. females
Total population in 1820
6,425
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,597
do. in Manufactures - 129
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, 14,
Marlborough, township '\\\ the northern
border-, of Delaware county, Ohio, which
is situated in the village of Norton. Popu-
lation 1820, 300.
J^Iurlo-ii), borough in Buckinghamshire,
with a ma^ ket on Saturday. It is sealed on
the Thames, over which is a bridge into
Berkshire. It sends two members to par-
liament, has a manufacture of bonelace, and
is 17 miles S of Ailesbury, and 31 W of
London. Lon. 0 45 W, lat 51 35 N.
JMarli, village of France, between Ver-
sailes and St. Germain. Here was a royal
palace noted for its fine gardens and water-
works, there being a curious machine on
the Seine, which not only supplied them
with water, but also those of Versailes. It
is ten miles NW of Paris.
jyfaniiande, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne and late pro-
vince of Guienne. It curries on a great
trade in corn, wine, and Brandy, and is
seated on the Garonne, 40 miles SK of
Bourdeaux, and 320 S by W of FaHs. Lon.
0 15 E, lat. 44 20 N.
J^Iarmora, sea between Europe and .\si8,
which communicates wiili the Archipelago,
by the sirait of Gallipoli on tlie SW, and
with the RlackSea, by the strait of Constan-
tinople oil tiie NE. It lias two castles, one
on the Asian, and one on the European
side. It is 120 miles in length, and 50 in
breadth, and was anc ently called the Pro-
pontis.
Marmora,\.\\t name of four islands in the
sea of the same name. The largest is
about 30 miles in ciicumferrncc, and they
all produce corn, wine, and fruits.
Jifarmora, ce'ebrated cascade of Italy,
in the duchy of Spoletto, three miles from
Terni.
J\farne, town of Persi.n, in the province
of Corazin.
Jlfarne, department of France, including
part of the late province of Champagne.
It takes its name from a river which r ses
near Langres and flowing NW joins the
Seine, a little above Paris. Rheims is the
568
archiepiscopal see, but Chalons is the ca-
pital.
Marne, Upper, department of France,
including part of the late province of Cam-
paigne. Chaumont is the capital.
JVIarnlntU, vidage in Dorsetshire, on the
Stour. The church is an ancient lofty
building; the tower of which fell down in
1710, in the time of divine service, but was
handsomely rebuilt.
Maro, town of Italy, on the coast of
Genoa, in a valley of the same name, 8
miles NW of Oneiglia, and 48 WSW of
Genoa. Lon. 7 41 'e, lat. 44 55 N.
J\[arogna town of R .mania, with a
Greek archbishop's see, seated near the
^lediterranean, 150 miles SW of Constan-
tinople Lon 25 41 E, iat 40 59 N.
jilarotier, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine, and late province of
Alsace, wit a late Benedictine abbey, 18
miles NW o Strasburg. Lon. 7 33 E, lat.
48 38 N.
JMarples, ownship of Delaware county
Pennsylvania, between Darby and Crum
creeks 14 miles W from Philadelphia.
Population in 1820, 700.
Jlfarpurg, strong town of Germany, in
the landgravate of Hesse Cassel, with a
university, a palace, a handsome square,
and a magnificent town-house. It is seated
on the river Lahn, 15 miles S of Waldeck,
and 47 SW of Cassel. Lon. 9 0 E, lat. 50
351^.
Marquesas, group of islands in the S
Pacific Ocean, of which the most consider-
able are, St. Christiana and St. Pedro.
Captain Cook, in his second voyage, lay
some time at the first of these, which is
situated in lon. 139 9 W% and lat. 9 55 S.
Mr. Foster says he never saw a single de-
formed or even ill-proportioned man among
the natives; all were strong, tall, well
limbed, and active in the highest degree.
The inhabitants of the Marquesas, Society,
and Friendly Islands, Easter Island, and
New Zealand, seem to liave all the same
origin, their language, manners, customs,
&c. bearing a great affinity in many re-
spects.
Marsal, town of France, in Meurthe, 17
miles NEfroni Nancy.
Marsala, town of Sicily, in the Val di
Mazzara, at the W part of the island, on
the promontory of Lilybxum, 45 miles SW
from Palermo.
Marsch. See Moran>.
Mursilen, village in West Yorkshire,
near the source of the Colne, 7 miles SW
of Huddersfield. Herr are some extensive
cotton mills, and the Huddersfield canal
passes this place.
Marseilles, flourishing seaport of France,
in the department of the Mouths of the
Rhor.e. The inhabitants are computed at
90,000. It was so celebrated in the time
M A R
M A 11
of the Komans, that Cicero styled it the
Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny culled it
the Mistress of Education. It is situated
on the Medlierraneun, at the upper end of
a gulf in which are many small islands ;
and is partly on the declivity of a hill, and
partly in a plain. It is div ded into the
Old Town and the New. The first ap-
pears like an amphitheatre to the vessels '"
which enter the port; but the hi uses are
mean, and the streets dirty, narrow, and
steep. In this part is the principal church
built by the Goths, on the ruins of the
temple of Diana. The New town is, in
every respect, a perfect contrast to ihs
city, with which it has a communication by
one of the finest streets iniiginable. The
other streets and squares, as well as the
public buildings in general, are very ele-
gant. • With respect to commerce, Mar-
seilles has been eminent since th' days of
nntiquit}' ; and is now sorrietinfies called
Europe in miniature, on account- of the
variety of dresses and langua;;es. The
.port is a basin of an oval form, 34S0 feet
lonf^, 960 broad at it widest part, with 18
Oi" 20 feet depth of water. In the environs
of Marseilles are near 5000 liUle country
boxes of the citizens, called Bastides^. In
1640 the plsgue raged with great violence
in Marseilles, and with still greater in 1?20,
when it carried off 50,000 of tlie inhabi-
tants. The late Lord Gadenstone men-
tions, that Marseilles was a little republic
within itself, that tiie citizens eiecied their
own magistrates, an that tiie expense of a
law-suit never exceeded twopence-halfpenni/y
which sum was lodged by each party with
the clerks of court, at the commencement
of every process ; after which no farther
expense was incurred. .Marseilles is 15
miles S of Aix, 13 NW of Toul n It 5
362 S by E of Paris.. Lon. 5 27 E, iat. 43
13 N.
JMarsluiH^s-Ji^Uj^ost office in Hunting-
don county PenHgWfeni^
JMarshaUsvii' ■, post village, Mecklenb'irg
county Virginia. G5 miles SW of Peters-
burg.
^lavshfield, town in Gloucestershire, on
the Coteswold hills, 11 miles E of Bristol,
and 103 W of London
•JMarslifieh',, post town and township,
AVasliington county V^ermont, 12 miles E
from Montpelier. Population 520.
Jlarshjielcl, post town in Plyni'mth coun-
ty, Massachusetts ; situated near Marslifield
point, 36 miles SE of Boston. It had 1364
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1532.
Murshpee, township of Barnstable coun-
ty Massachusetts, on the sea cr ast 17 miles
SVVfrom Barnstable. Population in 1820,
150.
Marcio J\'novo, town of Naples, in Prin-
c;pato Citeriore, 21 miles NNIi of Poli-
castro,
.']larscio Vccchio, town of Naples, in Ba-
silicata, near the river Acre, 23 miles NE
of Policustro.
J\IarsiUy, town of France in the depart-
ment of Vlarne, 10 mdes S of Suzanne.
JIarstraiid, rocky island of Sweden, in
the Categat, lying NW of the moutti of
the Gotha. It is two miles in circumfer-
ence; and, o:i account of its strength, is
called the Gbralter of Sweden. The town
stands o:i -the E side, and the harbour is
secure and commodious but of difficult
entrance. The inhabitants subsist chiefly
by the herring fisliery, by the number of
ships wh'.ch in bad weather take reftuje in
the harboiir, and by a coniraband trade.
It is 23 miles NV/ of Gotheborg. Lon. 11
30 E, Iat. 57 59 N.
Marta. town of Italy, in the patrimony
of St. Peter ; seated on a river of the same
name, where it issues from the lake Bolfe-
na, 10 m Its E ofCastro.
JIuriabcm, city of Pegu, capital of a pro-
vince of tlie suTie name, fertile in rice,
fruits, and svines of all kinds It was a rich
trading place before the king of Birmali
conquered the country, who caused a num-
ber of V -ssels to be suiilc at t!ie mouth of
the harbour, so that it is now only to be
entered by small ve sels. T;;e chief trade
is i' e r.rthen-vare and fish. Ii is seated on
the bay of Tiengd, at the mouth of the
Thaltian, 120 mil-s SE of Pegu. Lon. 97
.56 E, Iat. 16 30 N.
.Marlago, town of Spain, in Leon, 10 miles
SSE oi Ciudad Ilodrigo.
JYIariapnra. See JSIetapura.
JMartel, town of France', in the depart-
ment of L >t, seated near the Dordogne, 18
miles E of Surlat.
Martha. St. province of Terra Firma,
bou'ded on the N by the Caribbean s^a, E
bv Vene/.iicia, S by New Granada, and W
by Carthagena. It is a miuintainous cnun-
trv, and t!ie l.'>nd very high. It abound.'?
witii fruits prfiper to the clima'e, and there
are mines of gold and precious s'ones, and
salt-works. Here t!;e famous ridge of
mountains begin, called the Andes, which
runs S tlie whole length cf South'Ame-
rica.
Martha, St. capital of a province of the
same name in Terr Firma, with a bishop's
see, : nd a liariiour surrounded by high
mountains. It was once flourishing and
populous, when the Spanish galieons were
sent thither, but is now .almost come to
notlting. The air about tl e town is whole-
some and the liouses are' built of canes,
and covered mostly with palmetto leaves.
It is sea'ed on one of the mouths of the
H'>o Grande, 1000 mles W by S of the
llio-de-la ilacha. Lon. 73 56 W, Iat. 11
24 N.
Martha s Vinciard, island near tlie coast,
569
M A i;
U A E
and forming: part of Dukes county, Massa-
chusetts, 80 miles S of Boston. It is 21
miles long, with a mean width of 6. Popu-
lation 3000. Tlie island produces grain
sufficient for the inhabitants, with abun-
dance of cattle and sheep. The harbour
of Holmes' Hole, o:i the north side is the
only port of consequence. Chief town,
Edgartown. The inhabitants apply them-
selves chiefly to their fisheries, in which
they have great success. Lon. 70 22 W,
lat. 41 16 N.
.'Marthakii, considerable town of Swis-
serland, in that part of the county of Ky-
burg, subject to Zuric. It is seated near
the Rhine, six miles S of Sliaff hausen.
JMartic, township of Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania. It is situated on the NK side
of Susquehannah and the SE side of Pique
creek. Population 1810 1623, and in 1820
1701.
JMartigues, seaport of France, in the de-
partment of the mouths of the Kiione and
late province of Provence, near a lake, 12
miles long and five broad, which is naviga-
ble throughout, and wlience they get very
fine fish and excellent salt. Martigues is
20 miles NW of Marseilles. Lon. 5 2 E,
lat. 43 19 N.
Martin, county of Halifax district. North
Carolina, containing 5987 inhabitants in
1810. The chief town Williamstown.
■ jyiartin, Cape, promontory of Valencia,
in Spain, which separates the gulf of Va-
lencia from that of Ahcant. Lon, 0 36 E,
lat. 38 54 N.
Martin, St. town of France in the isle of
Rhe, with a harbour and strong citadel, 15
miles W of Rochelle. Lon. 1 17 W, b.t.
46 13 N.
Martin, St. one of the Leeward Carib-
bean Islands, in the West indies, lying to
the X\V of St. Bartholomew, and to the
S\V of Ang:iilla. It is 42 miles in circum-
ference, has neither harbour nor river, but
several salt-pits. It was long jointly pos-
sessed by the French and Dutch ; but at
the commencement of tlie present war, the
former were expelled by the latter. Lon.
63 0 W, lat. 8 14 N.
Martiri, county of North Carolina; bound-
ed by Beauford SE, Hitt, S\V, Edgecombe
W, Halifax NW ; Roanoke liver or Bertie
N ; and VVasiiington E. Length 35 : mean
width about 14 miles ; and area 490 square
miles. Surface level an^i soil either marshy
or sandy. Its chief town Williamston, is
on the lloanoke-25 miles N from Washing-
ton. Staple cotton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
Total whites
1,713
1,732
3,515
not taxed
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
115
2,357
5,987
1,593
1,785
0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females ...
3,378
55
37
1,577
1,273
6,320
0
412
65
13
570
Total population in 1820
.1.
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 1 1-3.
Martin, county of Indiana ; bounded by
Owen and Davies S ; Sullivan and Vigo W ;
Wabash and Dekware NW ; and Monroe
and Lawrence E. Length, 47 ; width 24 ;
and area 920 square miles. The main west
branch of White river, traverses this coun.
ty from NW to SE, entering at the NE,
and leaving it at the SW angle. The 39th
degree of north latitude passes through the
southern extremity. The surface is hilly
contiguous to the screams, but level in the
interior. Much good soil.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 606
.dp. do. fenaales - - 422
All other persons except Indians
not taxed -~ - - 0
Total whites - . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves,
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - "6
Engaged in Agriculture - 215
do. in Manufactures - 72
do. in Commerce - ^
Population to the square mile, 1.
Martinico, one of the Windward Carrib-
bee Islands, in the West Indies, 40 miles
in length, and 100 in circumference. There
are many high mountains covered with
trees, as well as several rivers and fertile
valleys, but they will not bear either wheat
or vines ; however, the former is not much
wanted, for the natives prefer cassava to
wheat bread. It produces sugar, cotton,
1,032
M A R
ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pimento,
plantains, and other ti-opical I'ruits ; and is
extremely populous, some ol khe ancient
inhabitants still remain. It has several safe
and commodious harbours, well fortified.
Fort St. Pierre, the principal place, is in
Ion. 61 20 W, lat. 14 14 N.
Murtinsborough, now Jonesville, post
village Surry county North Carolina, on the
right bank' of Tar river 20 miles above
Washington. See Jonesville.
Jllartins, post town and seat of justice,
Lewis county, New York, near the west
side of Black river 50 miles a little west of
north from ITtica.
JMurtinsburg, post town and seat of jus-
tice ill Berkley county, Virginia, 19 miles
SW of Hagerstovvn in Maryland, and about
18 NW of Harper's ferry on the Potomac.
Martin»burg, post village, Hopkins coun-
ty, Kentucky.
Martins creek, post village, Northampton
county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N from
Easton.
Martinsville, post town, Henry county,
Virginia, on Irvine river, 65 miles S from
Fincastle, and about 150 miles SW by W
ftom Petersburg,
Martinsville, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Guilford county North Carolina, on
Buffalo creek, branch of Haw river This
town was rendered remark ible by a battle
foughtbetween the United States array com-
manded by General Green, and th British,
March 15th, 1781. Ii sta-ads 45 miles NW
from Raleigh.
Martinsville. See St. Martinsxiille, Louis-
iana. **
Martorano, town in Naples, in Calabria
Ceteriore, with a bishop's see, eight mil;'S
from the sea, and 15 S of Cosenza. Lon.
16 20 E, lat. 39 6 I^
Martorel, town C$' Spain, in Catalonia,
seated at the confluiehc^ of the Noya and
Lobrag^l, 18 miles NV.' of Barcelona. Lon.
1 56 E, lat. 41 36 N.
Martos, town of Spain, in Andelusia, witli
/
M A R
Maryland, one of the states of the Uni-
ted States; having the Atlantic Ocean,
Chesapeak bay, and part of Virginia SE ;
other pai'ts of Virginia, south, SW, and W ;
Pennsylvania N ; and Delaware E.
Miles.
Maryland has an ocean exterior limit,
from the SE angle of Delaware,
to the SE angle of Maryland - 35
The southern limit of the Kastein
Shore, between the Atlantic Ocean
and Ciiesapeak, or Pokomoke
bay, . . - . - 15
Along Pokomoke bay from Redcrifl"'s
Point, to Watkins' Point - - 20
Across Chesapeak bay from V/at-
kins' Point U, Cape Lookout, the
noith side of tiie entrance of Po-
toinac river, - - - - 20
Up Potomac river to Washington
City, 120
Up the residue of the Potomac river
to its extreme source, - - 200
Thence due N to the southern boun-
dary of Pennsylvania, - - 36
Thence E alor.g the southern boun-
dary of Pennsylvania, - - 200
Thence nearly south along the west-
ern limit of Delaw.<)re, - - 88
Thence Vj to the Atlantic Ocean and
place of beginning, - - 36
Hiving an entire outline of 760
Area, exclusive of water, about 11,000
square miles ; 7,040,000 aci-es.
Mtan length 150 ; and mean breadth
about 75 miles.
Between lat. 2,'d, 0 and 39 43 N. -
Maryland is the mcst irregular in its
form of any s ate of the United States, and
contains tlie least surface wiien compared
With its Outline. It is also, in point of sur-
face, soil, and climate very mucii diversi-
fied. All those parts of Maryland lying
east from Chesapeak bay, raid west of tiiat
stream to the Ivead of tide water, may be
considered as alluvial in their formation, and
a fortress seated on a rock, eight miles S of comparatively level and sandy. Above
Anduxar.
Marvejols, commercial town of France,
in the department oi Lozere and late pro-
vince ef Gevaudan, seated in a valley on the
river Colange, 10 rades NW of Mende, and
.300 S of Paris. Lon. 2 23 E, lat. 44 36 X.
Marville, town of I'rancc, in the depart-
ment of Meuse and late duchy of Bar,
seated on the Osheim, three miles N of
Jametz.
Maryanna Forge, post village, Somerset
county, Pennsylvania, at the junction of
the Quenemahoning and Shade creeks,
2 0 miles NNB from the borough of So-
merset.
Maryborough, borough of Ireland, c tpital
of Queen's countv, 17 miles S of Philips-
town. Lon. 7 0 W, lat. 53 2 N.
tide water the surface rises, thor.gh not
^•ery rapidly, into hilts which reacii the
foot of the mountains. The soil of this
middle zone is the be.st in the state. The
mountainous region includes the residue
and presents the common features of the
Appalacliian system.
Maryland is the first state of the Uni-
ted States SW from Delaware river,
which embraces the three great zones
of soil ; that of alluvion, hilly, and moun-
tainous. In the annexed table, the coun-
ties are distinguished which occujiy each
zone rfspectively.
The alluvial soil is generally level
and sandy, but where due attention has
been paid to agriculture, produces good
crops of grain, tobacco and even cotton
571
M A li
-\J A J?
towards the south. The middle, ov hilly
section, and some of the mountain val-
leys are amongst the best paits of tl^e
United States for the production cf grain,
grass, and orchard fruit, tobacco, flax,
and tiemp. The flour and tobacco, of
some places on the higher waters of the
Potomac, are justly estimated for their
excellence.
Commercial'y, Maryland is naturally
connected with some of the best uncul-
tivated, most pnpiijoiis, and wealthy
counties of Pennsylvania, good roads ex-
tend from Baltimore, to Washington
city, Fredericsktown, and Hagestown.
That to the latter extends up the Po-
tomac to Cmi-berland, and from thence
to Brov/nsville. in Pennsylvania Part of
this road has been constructed by the
United States, and is toll free. The dis-
tance from Baltimore to Brownsville, by
Frederickstown, Hagerstown, Hancocks
town, and Cumberand is 212 miles be-
ing the shortest line of connexion, be-
tween the Atlantic ports, and the navi-
gable waters of Ohio.
Other roads intersect the state of Ma-
ryland, and connect it with the neigh-
bouring states, particu'arly Pi iinsylvania,
and facilitate intercommunication witli
Baltimore. The trade of the Susque-
hannah, is, however^ that which enters
roost at Baltimore, and has contributed
greatly to the rapid increase of that city.
vSee Baltimore. Tlie legislature, and
people of Maryland, seem recently to
have awakened to a full sense cf the
immense advantages naturally flowing
down with the stream of the Susquehan-
nah. and also to those to be derived from
openins? a water conimuni cation between
Chesapeak and Delaware bays. It has
been supposed that the produce already
(October 1822.) brought down in the cur-
rent year, frcm t!ie SuJ-quehannah, ex-
ceeds in value 1,000' 00 dol.ars, and must
annually increase. It is only necessary
to examine the position of Baltimore on
a general map of the United States, to
perceive its admirable situation as a com-
mercial mart.
Maryland produces in itself. Iron ore,
and mineral coal, with inexhaustible
masses of limestone, and other buildng
stone. Furnaces and for<res havebi en long
established in this state. Flour and to-
bacco are its most abundant, and valua-
ble staples. Its manufactures are nu-
merous, and increasing. In the value of
its shipping, it ranks as the third state
of the United Stat. s. In 1815, the ton-
nage exceeded 156,000. For the inter-
ests of education in Maryland, see Balti-
more,
572
PoUtically, Maryland Is subdivided into
the counties of:
Population.
Mountainous 8,654
Hills & alluvion 27,165
Hills 8c alluvion 62,738
Counties
Alleghaisy
Anne Arundel
Baltimore city
Baltimore
county
Calvert
Carolina
Cecil
Charles
Dorchester
Frederick
Harford
Kent
Montgomery
Prince George's Alluvion
Queen Ann Alluvion
St Mary's
Somerset
Talbot
Washington
Worcester
Hills & alluvion 33,463
Alluvion 8,073
Alluvion 10.041
Alluvion 16,048
Alluvion 16,500
Alluvion 17755
40,459
C Hilly & moun- ";
\ tainous I
Hills & alluvion 15,924
Alluvion 11,453
Hills 8c alluvion 16,400
20,216
14,952
Alluvion 12,974
Alluvion
Alluvion
Mountainous
Alluvion
19,579
14,389
23,075
17,421
40r,350
Of this mass, in 1820, there were found
whites 260,222; free blacks, 39,730;
slaves 107,398.
In re>pect to pursuit or employment, the
pnpvdation of Maryland in 1820, were thus
classed :
Engaged in Agriculture - - 79,1j5
Do. in Manufactures - 18,640
Do. in Commerce - - 4,771
There were in the state, 3776 un-natu-
ralizf d foreigners.
Populutinn to the square mile, 37.
Progressive population since 1790, in-
clusive. In 1790, 319,728; in 1800, 349,692 ;
in 1810, 380,546 ; and.in 1820, 407,350.
JIaryport, town in Cumberland, with a
good harbour. * Ii\,17'50, it v.as only a poor
h hing town ; but it has nov/ upw;atds of
3000 "inhabitants, v/ho employ many ves-
sels, from 50 to 250 tons burden, in the coal
cr coasting trade. Here are two ship-
yarils and a cotton manufacture, and close
by is the Roman station, Yiro.sidum, where
several altars and stauies have been dug
up. Marv port is situate at the mouth of
the Elien, in the Irish sea, 27 miles SV of
Caili.sle, and 297 NNW of London. Lon.
3 22 VV, lat, 54 35 N.
MariKsbvrg- To~mship, in the county of
Prince Edward, Upper Canada, is situated
at tiie eastern end of the peninsula, which
forms th.e bay of Quinte, and hes open to
lake Ontario on the south.
Jvlariirille, post town and seat of justice,
Charlotte county, Virginia, on Wards-fork
of Little Roanoke, 35 miles SE from Lynch-
burg ; and 60 SSW from Richmond.
Marysvi/le, post village, Campbell coun-
tv. Virjrinia.
M A S
.M A S
JMari'sfitle, small town and seat of jus-
tice for Union county, Ohio, on Mill creek,
15 miles SW from Delaware, and 27 NW
from Col'imbus.
J^fart/sville, post town and seat of justice,
Blount co:inty, East Tennessee, 12 miles a
little west of south from Knoxville.
j\IarysvUle, post town, Harrison county,
Kentucky, on the main norJi-east fork of
Licking river, about 45 miles by land above
Newport, opposite Cincinnati.
Mai'za Siroco, sjulf on the SE side of the
isle of Malta. The Turks landed here in
1565, when they went to besieg-e Valetta.
It is now defended by ihree forts, two at
the entrance of the gulf, and one at the
point of land that advances into the middle
of it.
Marzilla, town of Spain, in the province
of Navarre, near tiie river Arragon, oO
miles S of Pamplona.
^ILis d'Agenois, town of France, in the
department of Lot .-.nd Garonne, on the
river Garonne, 24 miles NVV of Agen, and
50 SE of B urdeaux.
Mas d'Jlsil, town of France, in the de-
partment Of Arrifge, with a benedictine
abbey : seated on the rivulet Kise, eight
miles SW of Patmiers.
JMasafuero, island in the Pacific Ocean,
80 miles W of Juan Fernandez. It is hi^^h
and mountainous, but lowest to the N, ;;nd
at a distance appears like one hill or rock.
It is of a triangular form, about 25 miles in
circumference, and uninhabited, except by
numerous seals and g' ats. 'I'here is also
plenty of wood, but difricull to be got ofl",
as the heavy surf allows of no good landing
place. Loii. 81 40 W, 1st. 33 40 S.
JMasbatey one of the Philippine islands,
almost in the centre of them. It is 80
miles in circumference, and the natives are
tributary to the Spaniards. Lon. 122 25 E,
lat. 11 36 N.
^Ma&brough, village in West Yorkshire,
on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of
Eotherham. Here are considerable iron
works, where all sor!s of hammered and
cast iron goods are made, from the most
trifling article to a large cannon, of which
great quantities are exported.
JMiiscaiu, the western province of the
kingdom of Algiers, 370 miles long and 130
broad. It is dry, barren, and mountyinoiis,
except on the N side, where there are
plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pas-
tures. The S parts are inhabited by inde-
pendent wandering tribes, particularly the
Angad tribe.
Mascara, capital of tlie province of the
same name, in the kingdom of Algiers,
with a strong castle, in which the bey re-
sides, In 1732 it was an inconsiderable
place ; b\it is now the only one in the king-
dom, which, under the domination of the
Turks, perceptibly increases in prosperity
and extent. It is not so large as Tretne-
san, but surpasses it in beauty, having a
great number of good houses and newly
erected mosques. It stands in the centre
of a fertile and populous district, 45 miles
ESE of Oran, and 190 SW of Algiers.—
Lon. 0 40 E, lat. 35 54 N.
Muscat, seaport of Arabia Feli.'^, and the
chief town in the province of Oman, with
an excellent harbour. It has a castle on a
rock, and \s very strong both by nature and
art, though the buildings are mean. It was
taken, in 1508, by the Portuguese, who
retained it for a century and a half. The
cathedral, built by the Portuguese, is now
the king's palace. There is no vegetation
to be seen on the seacoast near it, and only
a few date-trees in a valley at the back of
the town, though the inhabitants have all
things in plenty. The weather is so hot
from May to September, that no people are
to be seen in the streets from ten in the
morning till four in the afttrnoon- The
bazars or market places are covered with
the leaves of date-trees, laid on beams
which reach from the house tops on one
side to those on the other. The products
of the country are horses, dales, fine
brimstone, coftee, and ruinoss, a root that
dies red. Lon. 57 26 E, lat. 24 0 N.
Mascoomy, river of New Hampshire,
which rises between Dorchester and Lyme,
flows into, and carries the water of Mas-
coomy Pond into Connecticut river, 5 miles
below Hanover.
Mas IfAsil, town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege and late county of
Foix, with a late rich Benedictine abbey.
It is seated on the rivulet Kise, 8 miles S
W of Pamiers.
Maskelijues Isles, group of small but
beautiful islands, in the South Pacific
Ocean, lying off the SE point of Malicollo,
one of the New Hebrides.
Maskhiovge, river of Lower Canada,
flows from a Fond of the same name, on
the line between Warwick and St. Maurice
counties, Lower Canada, flows SE, and
falls into the head of lake St. Peters.
Maskinonge, SW seigniory of St. Mau-
rice county. Lower Canada, on lake St.
Peters, on both sides of Maskinonge river.
Mason, township of Hillsborough county.
New Hampshire, 36 miles H from Concord.
Population in 1S20, 1313.
Mason, county of Virginia ; bounded by
Ohio river W and NW ; by Wood NE ; Ken-
hawa SE; and Cabell SW. Length 40;
mean width 20 ; and area SOO square
miles. This county is washed in its intire
length by Ohio, aiid traversed by Great
Kenhawa river. Surface very broken and
hilly, though much of the soil near the
streams is excellent. Considerable quanti-
ties of salt is made on Kenhawa river from
sail water procured by deep digging. Sta-
573
M A S
M AS
pies of this county, grain and flour,
town, Mount Pleasant.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females ...
Total whites . . . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white'males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - .
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . _ _
do. females . . -
Total population in 1820
Chief Total population in 1820
13,588
915
827
1,742
0
249
1,991
2,189
2,056
0
4,245
14
16
291
302
4,868
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - ~
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,288
do. in Manufactures - m
do. in Commerce - H
Population to the square mile, 6.
Mason, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
the Ohio river NE ; Lewis E, and Fleming
SE and S ; Nicholas SW and Bracken W.
Length 18 ; mean, width 14 ; area 250
square miles. Surface hilly, though very
considerable tracts of excellent soil skirt
the streams, particularly the Ohio. Sta-
ples, grain, flour, whiskey, &c. Chief
towns. Washington, and the seat of justice,
Marysville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 5,184
do. do. females - - 4,808
Total whites - - - 9,992
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 45
Slaves . . - . - 2,422
Total populatioa in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . .
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males .
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females - - -
574
12,459
5,328
4,832
10,160
33
29
1,803
1,563
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,302
do. in Manufactures . 129
do. in Commerce - . 0
Population to the square mile, 54.
Jilason, village of Pike county, Mis-
souri.
JMason, or Magon, river of Louisiana,
issues from Grand Lake immediately north
of ttie north boundary of Louisiana, and
flowing a little south of west through the
annually overflown alluvion of the Missis-
sippi, in a direct line 80 miles, but by the
windings of the stream more than 150
miles, joinsthe Tensaw about30 milesabove
the junction of the latter with Onachitta.
Mason-Hally post village. Orange county.
North Carolina.
Maso7wille, township and post village,
Delaware county. New York, adjacent to
the SE angle of Chenango county, 26 miles
W from Delhi. Population in 1820, 719.
J\Iassa, populous town of Italy, in Tus-
cany, capital of a small territory of the
same name. It is seated on a plain, three
miles from the sea, and 55 .W by N of Flo-
rence. Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 44 0 N.
J\Iassa, town of Naples, in Terra-di-Lavo-
ra, with a bishop's see, seated near the
sea, 20 miles S of Naples. Lon. 14 18 E,
lat. 40 31 N.
Jllassa, town of Italy, in the Siennese,
with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain
near the sea, 25 miles SW of Sitnna. Lon.
10 48 E, lat. 42 40 N.
Massa, or Mazzi, town of the Veronese,
in Italy, situated on the N side of the Po,
40 miles E of Maiitau. Lon. 11 50 E, lat.
45 :'0 N.
JIassachisetts, state of the United States,
having the Atlantic Ocean E and SE;
Rhode Island and Connecticut south ; New
York W ; and Vermont and New Hamp-
sliire N.
Miles.
Massachusetts has an exterior boun-
dary on the Atlantic Ocean - 200
Along Rhode Island ... 70
Along Connecticut . . - 85
Along New York ... 50
Along Vermont and New Hampshire 135
540
Area 7250 square miles, or 4,640,000
acres.
Length 190 ; breadth 94. Lying between
lat. 41 31 and 42 52 N.
Massachusetts, in point of soil, is divisi-
ble into three distinct zones ; mountainous
in the west, hilly in the central ; and low
and sandy in the eastern, or rather soutii-
eastern sections. The state is traversed
M A S
M A S
by three ranges of mountains ; one along
its western border, separating the basins of
the Housatonnick from the creeks flowing;
into the Hudson ; a second sej)arating the
basins of the Housatonnick and Connecti-
cut ; and a third between the Connecticut
basin, and the streams discharging east and
south-east into the Atlantic Ocean. The
last range is not, it is true, a compact ridge,
but is nevertheless intitled to the distinc-
tion of a mountain, and produces on the
geographical features of the state all the
effect arising from mountain scenery.
East and south-east of this latter ridge,
the soil of Massachusetts is coiupara-
tively of an inferior quality, and rece-
ding from the mountains towards the
sea imperceptibly sinks from hills to
plains, flat sandy and sterile. This level
and sandy character, is, however, in a
great degree confined to the southeast
counties. In Norfolk, Middlesex, and
Essex counties, the hills approach the
ocean and the tide, from the rapid ac-
clivity of the country, ascends but a very
short distance inland. Beyond the east-
ern range of mountains, the valleys of
Massachusetts, possess a fine, deep,
strong, and in many places, an exube-
rantly fertile soil. The counties of Berk-
shire, Franklin, Hambden, and Hamp-
shire, are amongst the most diversified,
and best cultivated tracts in the United
States ; producing grain, pasturage, and
orchard fruits, in abundance.
Of mineral productions, iron and mar-
ble are the only substances of great va-
lue found plentifully in this state. Iron
is found in Plymouth, and in several
other parts of the state ; marble is quar-
ried and wrous^ht to considerable ex-
tent near Stockbridge. The fine granite
of Chelmsford, and Teignmouth, is
brought to Boston by the Middlesex ca-
nal.
In a commercial point of view, Mas-
sachusetts is well situated. Its coast is
indented by a number of fine bays, of
which the harbours of Boston, Salem,
and Plymouth, are the principal. Con-
necticut river traverses the state ; and
Merrimac enters the ocean in its NE an-
gle. From the latter stream to Boston
harbour, a fine navigable canal conveys
the lumber, stone, and other products of
its shores to a profitable market The
obstructions in Connecticut river, iiave
been so far removed, or remedied by
short canals, as to open that stream to
boat navigation, above the northern limit
of Massachusetts.
From the epoch of the first settlement
of the colonies of Plymouth, and Massa-
chusetts bay, from which were formed
the present Massachusetts, its inhabi-
tants have been distinguished for their
steady attention to the interests of edu-
cation. Harvard university at Cam-
bridge holds the first rank in the litera-
ry institutions of the United States. The
theological seminary in Andover, Wil-
liams college in VVilUamstown, and Phil-
lips academy in Andover, are all highly
respectable institutions. Academies have
been established throughout the state, in
all the principal towns ; and common
schools are universal. According to Mr.
Morse, there were in 1817, 4.01 religious
congregations ; of these, 366 were con-
gregationalists ; 91 were baptists ; 32
were friends ; 14 were Episcopalians and
8 presbyterians.
The manufactures of Massachusetts
are extensive and valuable. As early
as 1810, their value amounted to near
22,000,000 of dollars. With the politi-
cal changes, since that epoch the ma-
nufacture of Massachusetts, like those of
the other states of the United have fluc-
tuated, but still remain flourishing and
respectable. Boston in respect to ton-
nage is the first port, and Massachusetts
the first state in the confederacy. With
Maine in 1815, the joint tonnage amount-
ed to upwards of 452,000 tons. The ci-
tizens in the seaj)ort towns of this state,
are very generally engaged in the fishe-
ries.
The staple exports, are, lumber, whale
oil, various manufactures, salted provisions
and ardent spirits. In 1820, the domestic
produce exported amounted to g3,861,435.
Pi>litically Massachusetts is subdivided
into the following counties.
Counties. Pop. in 1820.
Essex 74,580
Middlesex, including Charlestown, 61,677
Worcester . . - - 73,603
Suffolk, including the city of Boston 43,925
Norfolk 36,462
Bristol 39,998
Plymouth . . - - 38,112
Barnstable ... - 24,029
Dukes 3,295
Nantucket .... 7,286
Franklin 29,289
Hampshire ... - 26,487
Hampden ... - 28,073
Berkshire - - - - - 35,727
521,725
Of this mass : were.
Foreigners not naturalized, - 3,425
Persons engaged in Agriculture, 63,460
do. do. Manufactures, 33,464
do. do. Commerce, 13,301
Progressive population of Massachusetts.
la 1790 - 378,787
1800 - 422,845
iTS
M A S
M A T
1810 - 4r2,040
1820 - 521,725
The amount at the latter epoch was sub-
divided into :
Free Whites. Males. Females.
Under 10 years old 70.993 69,260
10 and under 16 38,573 33,303
Between 16 and 18 10,922
18 and under 26 49,506 52,805
26 and under 45 54,414 57,721
45 and upwards 38,668 46,171
Total 252,154 264,265
Total of blacks 3,308 3,560
Massachusetts bay, is that part of the
Atlantic ocean E from Massachusetts, be-
tween cape Cod, cape Ann, and the coast.
Massacre Isle, island of Alabama, to the
west from Dauphin island.
Masseme Mountams. This chain has but
recently been introduced to public notice,
though a very distinct system, and thougii
unequal, in mass or in elevation to the Al-
leganies or Appalachian, is very little, if
any less extensive as to range. The Mas-
seme rises first into regular mountain
ridges in Missouri, about 70 miles SW from
St. Louis, and preserving a SW direction
through Missouri, Arkansaw, and Texas,
is lost towards the Kio Grand del Norte.
It is pierced by the Arkafisaw, Red, Bras-
sos a Dios and Colonado rivers. Its geolo-
gical structure has never been scientifically
examined, and the result published. There
is a very remarkable parallelism, between
the Appalachian and JJasserne systems,
and the very singular curvature produced
on its rivers by the former, is also produced
by the latter.
Massafra, strong town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples, in Lerra d'Otr.into,
with a bishop's see, seated i.t the foot of
the Appennines, 16 miles N\V of Tarento.
Lou. 17 20 E, lat. 40 50 N.
Massena, post town, of St. Lawrence
county. New York, on the river St. Law-
rence. Population, 1820, 944.
Masserano, town of Italy in Piedmont,
capital of a small principality of the same
name, held by its prince as a fief of the
church. It is seated on a mountain, 40
iTiiles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 45
38 N.
Masfico or Capo Mastico, a cape on the S
side of Scio, one of tlie islands of the
Archipelago.
Masuah, tov.-n of Abyssinin, on an island
on the coast of the Red Sea. The houses,
in general, are built of poles and bent
grass, as in the towns in Arabia ; and a few
are of stone, some of tliem two stones
higl). Lon. 39 36 E, lut. 15 35 N.
J fasulipatam, seaport of Ilindonstan,
seated near the mouth of the Kirtn:i, on
the coast of Coromandel. It is 200 miles
N of Madras. T.on. 81 12 K,'lat. 16 8 N.
576
Malaca or Mantaca, commodious bay
on the N coat of the island of Cuba, 35
miles E of Havanna. Lon. 89 16 W, lat.
23 12 N.
Matagorda, fortress of Spain, seated
near the entrance of the harbour of Cadiz.
Matalona, town of Italy in Naples and in
Terra di Lavori, 8 miles N-W of Capua,
and 19 W by S of Benevento. Lon. 14 14
E, lat. 41 12 N.
Matainan, county of Africa, bounded on
the N by Benguela, on the E by parts un-
known on the S by the country of the
Hottentots, and on the W by the Atlantic
Ocean. There is no town in it, and the
inhabitants live in miserable huts, it being
a desert country, httle visited by. the Eu-
ropeans.
Maiamiishett, post village, Hyde county.
North Carolina.
Matan or Mactan, one of the Philippine
Islands, where Magellan w^s killed in 1521.
Mataouaschie River, upper Canada, runs
into the Ottowa river, above the river du
Rideaa.
Matapan, Cape, the most southern pro-
montory of the Morea, ancient Tenacrium,
between the gulf of Coron and that of Col-
okythia. Lon. 22 40 E, lat, 36 25 N.
Maiarm, large town of Asia, formerly
the capital of an empire of that name, in
the island of Java. It is strong by situa-
tion, and seated in a fertile and populous
country, stin-ounded by mountains. Lon,
111 55 E, lat. 7 15 S.
JMaCaro, to'.vn of Spain in Catalonia, re-
markalile ibr its glass-works, seated on the
Mediterranean, 15 miles NE of Barcelona.
Lon. 2 23 E, lat. 41 36 N.
Matchcdash, bay in the eastern part of
lake Huron, into which the river Severn
empties, and forms a communication wi,th
lake Simcoe, Upper Canada.
Maicoivil:, strong town of Upper Hun-
gary, ill llie county of Scepus, seated on a
mountain, 185 miles NE of Aresburg.
MuteUca, town of Italy, in the marquis-
ate of Ancona, 15 miles S of Jesi.
Matera, considerable town of Italy, in
Naples, and in the Terra d'Otranto, on the
Canapro. 35 miles NW of Tarento. Lon.
16 54 E, iat. 40 59 N.
Matilda Township, in the county of Bun-
das, Upper Canatia, is the sixth township
in ascending the river St. Lawrence. It is
opposite tlie Gallop islands, between Og-
densburg, and Hamilton.
MatildariHe, village of Fairfax county,
Virginia, at the mouth of Difficult creek,
17 miles above Washington city.
Mfitlock, village in Derbyshire, situated
on the DerWent, four miles N of Wirkt-
wortlw
.'yratmai. See Jeso.
Mhto Grosso. See Matto Grosso.
.^fatiaponv, rives of Virginin, rises in
M A T
M A U
Spotsylvania, crosses Carolina, thence sepa-
rates Kinp William from Kinj; and Queen,
and joins the Parntinky at Delaware and
forms York river.
Mattkeo, St. town of Spuin, in Arragon,
10 miles from the Mediterranean, and 55
N of Valencia. Lon. 0 36 W, lat. 40 12 N.
Matthew, St. island of Africa, 420 miles
S bv VV of Cape Palmas on the cou.st of
Guinea. It was planted by tlie Portuguese,
but is now deserted. Lon. 6 10 W, lat. 1
24 S.
Matlhexv, St. small island in the Indian
Ocean. L©n. 123 51 E, lai. 5 23 S.
.Wa^/'jews, county of Virginia, commencing
eight miles S from the mouth if the Poto-
mac. It occupies an ellip'ical peninsula,
between Pianhatank, and North rivers, hav-
ing Gloucester county to the wesi, area
about 80 square miles. There is a post of-
fice at the court house.
Population in 1810.
Free whiles, males - • 1,079
do. do. females - - 1,039
Total whites - - - - 2,118
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 41
Slaves - ... - 2,068
Total population in 1810 •
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females .
Total whites . - - ■
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females -
4,227
6.920
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in .Xgrcultu'e - - 2,262
<lo. in Manufactures - 200
do. ill Commerce - - HO
Population to the .square mile, 86|.
■ Matto Grosso, captain-generalship of Bra-
zil, bounded by the territories of the Uni-
ted Provinces of La Plata S ar.d SW ; Pe-
ru W; Amzonia, or Paia N; the river
Araguav, or Province of Goias E ; and the
river P.arana, or province of St. Paul's SE.
It is an immense central province, occupy-
ing the country drained i)y the sources of
Parana, Paraguay, Madeira, Xingua, and
Araguay, extending from lat. 8 30 to 24 0
S or upwards of IIGO mi^es ; and eastand
Wfst from the Araguay to Madeira river,
nearly 1000 miles.
Matnmaii, seaport in the island of Jeso,
capitalof a province of the same name, tribu-
ary to J.npan. Lon. 138 55 E, Ht 42 0 N,
4 I>
JMattira, seaport of Ceylon, with a small
fort. The coimtry round is exceeding
wild, and abounds in elephants, which are
liere principally caught for exportation. It
is -ituate on a river, nearly at the sou'h-
most point of the island, 25 mUes ESE of
Galle. Lon. 80 28 E, lat. 5 53 N.
.Matiira, town of Hindoostan, in the pro.
vince of Agra, 22 miles NE of Agra, and
70 SSE of Delhi.
JMaitba!, town of the country of Cauda-
har, 70 NNE of Candahar.
Maubenge, fortified town of France, in
the department of the Nord. In 1793, the
Austrians formed the blockade of this
place, but were soon driven from their po-
sition. It is seated on the Sambre, 15 miles
S of Mons, and 22 ESE of Valenciennes.
MangerviUe, itnvn of New Brunswick in
Sanbury county, on St. John's river.
Mauldah, town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
situate on a rive r that comnumicates with
the Ganges. It arose out of th.e ruins of
Gour, which are in its neighbourhood;
and is a place of trade, particularly in
silk, 170 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88
16 E, lat. 25 3 N.
JMatdeon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees, 20 miles WNW
of Pan.
Maulenn, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Pyrenees, 28 miles SE of
Tarbes.
Mavleon, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vendee, with an ancient castle on
a rock. It is seated near the river Omt, 52
miles NE of Roche.le, and 52 NW of Poi-
tiers.
Mavmee, river, rises in Indiana, flows
NE into the NW angle of Ohio, through
which it contir.ues NE, and falls into the
ex reme SW exten'Mon of lake Erie. About
18 miles above its mou'h it is impeded by
shoals, occasioned by a series of ledges of
rock, which cross -^he river for a distance
of 18 miles. It is a fine navigable stream
above and below these shoals. Its princi-
pal branche?, which all unite above the
shoals, are St. Mary's, St. Joseph's, and
Great and Little AugLize.
JMawnce bav, is an oval sheet of water,
5 miles long and i^^out 2 wide, and at the
mouth of the Maiimee river; it is united
to lake Erie bv two channels, formed by
a small island" in tlie form of a crescent.
The western channel has a depth of about
seven feet.
Maumee, post village, and seat of justice
for Wood couniy Oho, on the left bank
of Maumee river, nearly opposite Fort
Meigs.
Jfaiiru, St. island of the Mediterranean,
about 50 miles in circuit, which forms p.;>rt
of the republic of Se' » n Islands. It lies
near the coast of Albania, 15 miles N cf
Jl A U
M A \
the island of Cephalonia
lat. 38 40 N.
Maurepas, lake of Louisiana. It is formed
by a dilation of the Amite river, and commu-
nicates with lake Ponchartrain by a strait 7
miles in length called tlie pass of Manchac,
It is of an oval figure 12 miles by 7. It re-
ceives from the soutii, the Acadian creek ;
from the west New river, and Amite river;
and from the north the Tickoshah. Its
depth about 12 feet, but the pass of Man-
chac admits of vessels of six feet draft only.
Jllauriac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cantal, famous for excellent
horses ; seated near the Dordogne, 29
miles E of Tulle, and 38 WNW of St.
Flour.
Maurice, St. river of Lower Canada,
which enters the St Lawrence from the
north, at the town of Three Rivers.
Maurice, St. town ot Switzerland, in the
Valais. It guards the entrance into the
Lower Valais, from Bern ; and is situate
on the Rhone, between two high moun-
tains, 16 miles N\V of Marligny.
Maurice, St. county of Lower Canada,
on both sides of St M lurice river, and ex-
tends along the NE shore of St Lawrence
river from three miles above St. Anne
river, to six miles above the Majkinonge,
or about 58 miles. Us capiial is the town
< of Three Rivers, the third in size in Ca-
nada.
Maurice, river of New Jersey, rising in
Gloucester, and Salem, and falling into
Delaware bay in Cumberland county. It is
navigable 18 or 20 miles for vessels of 100
tons.
Maurice, township of Cumberland coim-
ty New Jersey, on Maur.ce r.ver. Popula-
tion In 1320,2411.
Mauritius. See France, Isle of.
Manrna, one of the S )ciety islands, in
the Pacific ocean, 14 miles W of Bolabola.
Lon. 152 32 W,lat. 16 25 S.
A'lautern, town of Austria, on the S side
of the Danube, opposite Stein, with which
it is connected by a long v/ooden bridge.
It is 11 miles N by VV of St. Polten.
Mauri/, county of West Tennessee ;
bounded by Giles S ; Hickman W ; Duck
liver or Williamson N; Bedford E. Length
35 ; mean width 20 ; and area 700 square
miles. Surface hilly. Soil excellent. Staple
cotton. Chief town Columbia, 40 miles
SSW from Nashville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 4,041
do. do. females - - - 3,681
Total whites .... 7,722
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 11
Slaves .._-.. 2,626
Total population in 1810 - - 10,359
578
Lon. 20 46 E, Population in 1820. -
Free white mules . - . 8,037
do. do. females - - 7,583
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 52
Total
whites
• - .
15,672
Free persons of colour, males -
25
do.
do,
. females -
24
Slaves
I, males
-
3,1*8
do.
females
-
3,272
Total
population
in
1820
22,141
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,852
do. in .Manufactures - 489
do. in Commerce - - 63
Population to the square mile, 31.
Ma-u's, St. borough in Cornwall, on the
E side of 1'a.lmouth haven, 12 miles SSW
of Grampound, and 262 W by S of Lon-
don.
Maxatau77y, township of Berks county
Pennsylvania"^ on tiie border of Lehigh
county, .and on the Sacony, branch of
Maiden creek, 20 miles NNE from Read-
ing. Population in 1S20, 1847.
.May Cape. See Cape May.
Maxell, town of Upper Saxony, in
Misnia, celebrated for a victory obtained
by the Austi'ians over the Prussians, in
1759, wh^n 20,000 Prussians surrendered
themselves prisoners of war. It is 10 miles
S of Dresden.
Marimln, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of Var, seated on the .\rgens, 21
miles N of Toulon.
May, small island of Scotland, at the
moutii of the frith of Forth, with a light-
house, six miles SE of Anstruther, which is
the nearest part of the coist.
May, Cape, cape of North America, on
the N side of the mouth of the Delaware.
Lon. 75 4 W, lat. 59 0 N.
.iifayambn, or Majumba, town of the
kingdom of Loango, capital of a district of
the same name. The chief trade is in
logwo d. It stands at the moutli of the
Banna, 110 miles NW of Loango. Lon. 9
50 E, lat. 3 20 S.
Maybole, town of Scotland, in Ayreshire,
with a manufacture of blankets ; seated on
an eminence, surrounded by hills, eight
miles S of Ayr.
Mayrn,\ov;\\ of Germany, in "the terri-
tory of Treves, with a castle and a collegi-
ate church ; seated on the Nettle, 20 miles
W ofCoblentz.
Mayence. See Maitz.
Mayenne, department of France, inclu-
ding part of the late province of JMaine.
It takes its name from a river, which flows
S, by the cities of Mayenne and Laval, to
that of Angers, where it receives the Sarte,
M A \
M E A
iinii soon after joias the Loire. Laval is
the capital.
Mayemie, city of France, in the depart-
ment of the same name, with a castle on a
rock. It is sealed on the river Muyenne,
44 miles WNVV of Mans. Lon. 0 43 W,
lat. 48 18N.
J^Iayenne and Loire, department of
France, which includes the late province
of Anjou. It has i's name from two rivers.
Ani^ers is the capital,
Jfiwfielil, townsliip of Montgomery coun-
ty New York, 18 miles NE from .Johnstown.
Popidation in 1820, 2025.
.Mayjiekl, eastern townsliip of Cuyahoga
county Ohio. Population in 1820, 160.
JMailhev}, new village or Missionary sta-
tion in the Choctaw country Alabama, on
a western branch of Tom'oigbe.-, about 60
miles SSW from Cotton ginport.
JMaynesborongh, tovvnsliip of Coos coun-
ty New Il.m|jshire, 16 miles E from Lan-
caster. Population in 1820, unceriain.
Jifayiiool/t, town of Ireland, m the county
of Kildare. Here is a royal colle ge for stu-
dents intended for the R "mish church ;
and a college for lay students of the
same persuasion. It is 12 miles W oi'
Dublin.
Mayo, county of Ireland, in the province
of Connaught, 62 miles long and 52 broad;
bounded on the E by Roscommon, on the
S by Galway, on the W .^nd N by the At-
lantic, and on the NE by Sligo. It is a
fertile country, and abounds in cattle, deer,
hawks, and honey. It contains 75 pa-
rishes, and sends foux- members to par-
liament. The principal town, of the same
name, is much decayed. Lon. 9 39 W. lat.
53 40 N.
Mayo, or the Jsle of May, one of the
Cape de Verd Islands, in the Atlantic
Ocean, 300 miles from Cape de Verd in
Africa, about 17 miles in circumference.
The soil in general is very barren, and
water scarce. The inhabitants are ne-
groes, who speak the Portuguese lan-
guage, and many of them go naked. Lon.
23 0 W, lat. 15 10 N.
Mays' -Landi7ig, post village Gloucester
county New .Jersey, on the south side of
Great Eggharbour river, 40 miles SE from
Philadelphia.
Mayslick, village of Mason county Ken-
tucky, on a branch of the north fork of
Licking river nine miles S from Wash-
ington.
Maysville, post town, and seat of justice.
Mason county Kentucky, 63 miles NE from
Lexington, and 74 SVV from Chilicothe.
It contams the ordinary county buildings,
one printing office, glass factory, and seve-
ral mercantile stoi-es.
Mayville, post village, and seat of justice
Chatauque county. New York, at tlie head
of Chatauque lake; eight miles from Port-
land on lake Erie, and 60 SW from Buf-
falo.
Mazagan, strong town of Africa in the
kingdom of Morocco seated near the
Atlantic, eight miles W of Azamor, and
120 N of xMorocco. Lon. 8 15 W, lat. Zo
12 N.
J\fa:ara, town of Sicily, capital of a fer-
tile valley of the same narme, with a good
harbour, 25 mils SW of Trapani. Lon. 12
30 E, I-.t. 37 52 E.
Jli'eaco, city of the island of Niphon, in
Japan, of which it was formerly the capital.
It is the great magazine ot all the manufac-
tures in Japan, and the principal place for
trade. The inhabitants are said to be
600,000. Lon. 134 25 E, lat. 35 30 N.
Media, town of llinigary, in the bannat
ofTemeswar, seated on the N side of the
Danube, 15 miles E of Belgrade. It was
dismantled by the Turks in 1738. Lcn. 12
0 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Meadsville, post t'lwn and seat of justice
Crawford comity, Pennsylvania, situated on
the E side of French creek, 25 miles NW
from Franklin. It contains beside county
buildings, an arsenal, printing office, a col-
lege, and about 150 dwelling houses. Po-
pulation in 1820, 649. Allegany college in
this town is a very prosperous institution,
and under the active agency of the Rev.
Timothy Aldew its president, has one of
the best libiariesof any literary institution ia
the interior of the United States. By grants
from the state of Pennsylvania, and other
sources the college funds are ample.
Mead, township of Crawford county
Pennsylvania, contiguous to Meadville. Po-
puktion 1820,1311.
Mead, township of Belmont county,
Ohio, on the Ohio river. Population in
1820, 1072.
Meadville, post town and seat of justice,
Bradford county Pennsylvania, on the right
bank of the eastern branch of Susquehannah
rivt'r, 60 miles above Wilkesbarre. See
Towanda.
Meao, small island, one of the Moluccas,
in the Indian Oce.ui, with a good harbour.
Lon, 127 5 E, lat. 1 12 N.
Meanifi. See Kincardineshire.
Meath, or East Mealh, county of Ireland
in the province of Leinster, 36 miles long,
and 35 broad ; bounded on the N by Cavan
and Jjouth, on the E by the Irish Sea and
DubHn, on the S by that county and
Kildare, and on the W by "West Meath.
It contains 139 parishes, and sends 14
members to parliament. Trim is the ca-
pital.
Meath, West, county of Ireland, in the
province of Lcnster; bounded on the N
by Cavan, on the NE a id E by Meath, on
the S by King's county, on the W by Ros-
common, from which it is separated by the
Shannop, and on the N W by Longford. It
579
.M i: c
M K (.
is one of the most populous and ferlile
coiiiities in Ireland, contuins 62 pari.shes,
and sends 10 members to parliament. Mul-
lenger is tiie county town.
Meaux, ancient and lately an episco-
pal towii of France, in the department
of Seine and Mirne, and late province of
the Isle of France, with a bishop's see,
seated on the Marne v.'hich divid'-s it
into two parts. It is 10 nniles NW of
Colomiers, and 25 NEi" Paris. Lon. 2
53 E, lat 48 58 N.
Mecan large river of Thibet. It rises
in that country and fl owinij SE through
Laos and CamboJia, fnils by two mouths
into the Eastern Ocean, and forms an
island below tiie city of Camb xlia, v^hlch
here gives name to the eastern branch.
Mecca, ancient and very famous town
of Asia, in Arabia the Happy ; seated on
a barren spot, in a valley, surrounded
■with little hills, about a day's journey
from the Red Sea. Itiscommonly, though
erroneously supposed, that Mecca be-
came an object of religious veneration to
the Arabians, from being the birth place,
and seat of Mahomets mission. It was
considered a holy city by that people
many ages before the birth of Mahomet
Two miles from the town is the hill
where they say Abraham went to ofTer
up his son Isaac. Mecca is governed by
sheref, who is a temijoral prince, and his
revenue is increased by the donations of
Mahometan sovereigns. It is 34 miles
ENE of Jidda, these;.port of M-cca, and
220 S by E of Medina. Lnn. 40 55 E,
lat. 21 40 N. Its present p ipulation
about 18, or 20,000.
Mechoachan, ancient province of Mexi-
co, in the audience of Mexico. It was
200 miles in circumference, and very
rich abounding in all the necessaries of
life. It has also mines of silver and cop-
Ser, great plenty of cocoa, much silk,
lechoachan root, and several odorifer-
ous gums and balsams. See Vallaclolid.
Mfichoachan, or Vallaclolid, city of
Mexico, capital of the province of Me-
choachan, arid a bishop's see. It is
seated near the source of a river, 110
miles W of Mexico. Lon. 103 28 VV,
lat. 20 8 N. See Valladolid.
J^f Connells-ville, post town, and seat
of justice for Morgan county, Ohio. It
■was located for the county seat, in May,
1818, on the eastern bank of Muskin-
gum river, 25 miles SB from Zanesville,
and about 80 in nearly a similar direc-
tion from Columbus. N lat. 39 43, VV
lon. 4 53.
M^Cutchensville, post office near the
southeastern corner of Pickaway county,
Ohio.
Mechanic/:, village of Duchess county
580
Ne'vV York l.ij miles NE by E from
Poiighkeepsie. In this village is a friends
boarding School, capable of accommo-
dating 100 stud^'nts.
Mec/ianicsburff, post village Cumber-
land county Pennsylvania on the south-
ern or lower road from Carlisle to Hav-
risbiirg 8 m^l.-s from the latter.
Mechanksburg, post t<iwn of Cham-
paign county Ohio, in Goshen township,
head of Little Darby, containing 21
houses, t-.vo stires-. a grist and saw mill.
Distance, 11 milts E from Urbanna, and
32 NW fi-om Columbus. It is a valuable
situation for water works.
Jiec/ianksburg, small town or village
in Liberty township, on the southeast
quarter of Butler county Ohio, the road
from Hamilton to Cincinnati.
Mechaiiickstoivn, posi village, Frederick
coimty Maryland, 15 miles N from Fre-
dericictown.
Mechanicsville, post village, SaratOgO
county Nevv York,
Mechanicksville, post village, Darlington
district South Carolina.
Mechlin, called by the French Ma-
lines, town of the Netherlands on the
Dyle, It is a place of very extensive
manufactures, producing, fine lace, linen,
silk and woollen stuiFs, also leather and
hats ; 13 miles S by E from Antwerp and
13 NE from Brussels.
Meckenheim, town of Germany, in the
territoi-y of Cologne ; situate on the Erfft,
eight miles SW of Bone.
Mecklenburg, duchy of Germany, in
the circle, of Lower Saxony ; bounded on
the N by the Baltic, E by Pomerania, S
by Brandenburg, and W by Holstein and
Lunenburg. It extends 135 miles in
length, and 90 where broadest, and
abounds in corn, pastures, and game.
The country was, for many centuries,
under the government of one prince ;
but on the death of the sovereign in
1592, it was divided between his two
sons : the eldest retaining the duchy of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which is consi-
derably the largest share, and the youngs
er obtained the duchy of Mecklenburg-
Strelitz. Schwerin is the capital of the
former, and new Strelitz of the latter.
Mecklenburg, county of Virginia ;
bounded by North Carolina S ; by Hali-
fax W ; Charlotte NVV ; Lunenburg
NE ; and Brunswick E. Length 33 ;
mean width 20 ; and area about 600
square miles. This country is traversed
from NW to SE by the Roanoke. The
surface is undulating rather than hilly.
The soil productive. Staples cotton and
tobacco. The chieftown Boydtown is
about 60 miles SW from Petersburg.
M K C
Vopulalion in 1810
Free wliite males
do. do. females
M i: 11
5,400
5,344
Total whites .... 10,744
All other persons except Indians not
tuxed ..... 34
Slaves 3,494
laves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Total population in 1810
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
. do. in Miinutucrures
14,272 do. in ComTierce
5,957
5,445
19,786
7
6,202
425
27
Population*in 1820.
Free white males - - 5,872
do. do. females - - 5,813
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - . 0
Total whites ....
11,685
Free persons of colour, males
22
de do. females
7
Slaves, males ....
2,4o8
do. females . • ,
2,713
Total population in 1820,
16.895
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 36
Engaged in A.qTiculture - - 2,968
do. in Manufactures • 635
do. in Commerce - - 40
Population to the square mile, 28.
Mecklenburg, county of North Caro-
lina ; bounded by South Carolina S, and
SW ; by Catawba river or Liiicoin coun-
ty North Carolina NW ; IredtU N ; Ca-
barras NE ; and Anson SE. Length 45 ;
mean width 18 ; and area about 800
square miles. Surface rather roiling
than hilly. Snil near the streams excel-
lent, Ijut in the intervals sterile. It is
drained by innumerable creeks flowing
SW into Catawba river. Staples, grain,
cotton, and tobacco. Chieftown Char-
lotte, 130 miles SW by W from Ra-
leigh.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
3,822
3,874
7,696
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 493
Slaves 10,264
Total population in 1810
18,453
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . . 3,821
do. do. females ... 3,889
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
7,710
340
334
Population to the square mile, 24^.
Meek-ley. See (.'assay.
Mecon, river, which rises in the NE
part of Tibet, and fl;)ws SSE thnmgh the
province of Yunan in China, and the
kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia, into
the China sea. At the city of Cambodia
it divides into two branches, whicti run
nearly parallel to each other for above
200 miles to tlic sea ; the eastern of
which is called Cambodia, and the west-
ern, Oubequeme.
Mecran, Makran, province of Persia,
bounded on the N by Segestan and Can-
dahar, E uy Hindoostan, S by the Indian
Ocean, and W by Kv rman. The south-
ern part is dry, and little more than a
desert ; the northern is less so, but ani-
mals are rare, and the soil far from fer-
tile. Kidge is the capital.
Mecrinos, town of Portugal, in Tra-
los Montes, 15 miles NNE of Torre de
Moncove, and 24 SE of Mirandela.
Medea, town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Titri, seated in a country abound-
ing in corn, fruit, anrl sheep, 35 miles
SW of Algiers.
Medea, or Mahdia, town of Tunis,
formerly a place of importance, seated
on a peninsula on the gulf of Cabea, 100
miles S by E of Tunis.
Medebach, town of the duchy of West-
phalia, 9 miles W of Corbach.
Medelin, small town of Spain, in Es-
tramadura, seated in a fertile country,
on the river Guadiana, 22 miles E of
iVIerida Lnn, 5 38 W, lat. 34 41 N.
Medelfiadia, maritime province of
Sweden in Norland, and on the gulf of
Bothnia. It.is mountainous and woody
with fruitful valleys and fine pastures.
Sundswall is the capital.
Media, now the province of Ghilan
in Persia, once the seat of a powerful
empire.
Medemblick, town of the United Pro-
vinces, in New Holland, seated on the
Zuider-Zec, with a good harbour. It is
nine miles N.of Honrn, and 22 NE of
Amsterdam. ' Lon. 3 0 E, lat. 52 47 N.
Medford, post town in Middlesex coun-
ty, Massachusetts, on the Mystic river,
five miles NW of Boston, 1443 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1474.
Medina, town of Arabia Deserta, ce-
581
M E 1)
M K (t
lebrated for being the burial place of
Mahomet. It is a small, poor place, but
walled round, and has a large mosque,
but nothing like the temple at Mecca. In
one corner is a place 14 paces square,
with great windows, and brass gates ;
and in the middle, the tomb of Mahomet.
It is s-ated on a plain, abounding in palm-
trees, 200 miK-s NvV of Mecca. Lon,
39 33 E, lat. 24 20 N.
Medina, county of Ohio, lying in the
northern parts of the state, bounded on
the N by Cayahoga. E by Portage, S by
Wayne, and W by Huron counties. It
is 38 miles long from east to west, by 20
broad from north to south, containing
760 square miles. County seat, Medina.
The head waters of Black and Rocky-
rivers are the principal streams.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,723
do. do. females ... 1,345
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 0
3,068
3,082
0
885
, 28
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820 .
Of these j
^Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce . - 2
Population to the square mile, 4.
Medina, township with a post town ;
the seat of justice for Medina county
Ohio, on the sources of Rocky river, 26
miles SW from Cleaveland. Population
1820, 320.
Medina- Celi, ancient Arcobriga, town
of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a
duchy of the same naiiie ; seated near
the Xalong, ten miles SE of Siguenza,
and 75 SW of Saragossa. Lon. 2 24 W,
41 42 N ^ * _
Medina- de- las -Torres, ancient but
small town of Spain, in Estramadura,
with an old castle seated at the foot of a
mountain near Badajoz.
Medina-del Compo, ancient Methyni-
na-Cum-Irestris, rich and commercial
town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon.
It has great privileges, and is seated in
a country abounding with (forn and wine,
37 miles SE of Zamora, and 75 NW of
Madrid. Loni 4 24 W, lat. 41 20 N.
Medina delRio Secco, ancient town of
Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, seated on
a fertile plain, 55 miles NW of Vallado-
582
lid, and 50 SE of Leon. Lon. 4 33 E. lat
42 6 N.
Medina Sidonia, ancient town of Spain,
in Anda'usia, with a castle, 36 mdes N
NVV of Gibraltar, and 20 NE of Cadiz.
Lon. 5 36 E, lat. 36 40 N.
Mediterranean, sea between Asia, Af-
rica, and Europe, extending from tlie
straits of Gibraltar to the coasts of Sy-
ria and Palestine above 2000 miles, but
~of unequal breadth. It communicates
with the Atlantic Ocean by the straits of
Gibraltar ; and with the Black Sea by
the strait of Gallipoli, the Sea of Mar-
mora, and the strait of Constantinople.
There is no tide in this sea, and a con-
stant current sets in from the Atlantic
through the straits of Gibraltar. It con-
tains many islands, several of them large,
as Majorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily,
Candia, and Cyprus. The eastern part
of it, bordering upon Asia, is sometimes
called the Levant Sea. Lon. 6 W to 37
E, lat. 31 to 44 N.
Medniki, town of Po'and, in the pro-
vince of Samogitia, with a bishop's see ;
seated on the Warwitz, 40 miles E of
Memel. Lon. 22 49 E,. lat. 55 42 N.
Medua, town in the kingdom of Al-
giers, seated in a country abounding in
corn, fruits, and flocks of sheep. It is
175 miles SW of Algiers. Lon. 0 13 E,
lat. 34 45 N.
Medway, river which rises in Ash-
down Forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent,
it passes by Tunbridge and Maidstone.
It is navigable to Rtichester ; below which
it divides itself into two branches, the
western one enters the Thames, between
the isl'.'S of Grain and Shepey, and is
defended by the fort at Sheerness ; in
this branch at Chatham, is a station for
the royal navy. The eastern branch cal-
led the East Swale, runs to Milton, and
Fevershamj below which it falls into the
German Ocean.
Medivay., post town and townsip, in
Norfolk county Massachusetts, about 25
miles SW of Boston, and about the same
distance NE of Providence, Rhode Isl-
and. Population 1820, 1523.
Medivi, town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of E Gothland, called the Swedish
Spa, on account of its waters, which are
vitriolic and sulphureous. The lodging
houses form one street of uniform wooden
buildings painted red. The walks and
rides are delightful, particularly on the
banks of the Wetter. It is three miles
from Wadstena.
Medziboz, town of Poland in the pala-
tinate of Volhinia, seated on the river
Bog, 20 miles S of Constantinow.
Megara, ancient town of Greece, for-
merly very large, but novr inconsiderable*
M E I
MEL
Here are some fine remains of antiquity,
20 miles W of Athens. Lon. 23 30 E,
lat. 38 6 N.
Jlegen, town of Dutch Brabant, seat-
ed on the Maese, 15 miles SW of Nime-
guen. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 51 49 N.
Me^eiUheim, town of VVirlember,^, in
Franconia, 19 miles S by W from Wurtz-
berg-. It appertains to, and is tlie residence
of the Grand Master of the Teutonic
Knights.
' Megesvar, town of Transylvania, ca-
pital of a county of the same name, re-
markable for its good wines. It is seated
on the river Kotel. Lon. 25 20 E, lat. 46
50 N.
Megiere, town of Transylvania, sub-
ject to Austria, 28 miles N of Herman-
stadt. Lon. 24 41 E, lat. 46 52 N.
Meheren, river of Virginia, rises in
Lunenburg and Mecklenburg counties,
and flowing SE through Brunswick, and
Greensville, enters Hertford county
North Carolina, and 7 miles below the
line contributes to form the Chowan by
its junction with Nottaway.
Mehran, principal of the channels into
which the river Indus divides itself,
near Tatta, in Hindoostan Proper.
Mehun-Snr-Yevre, ancient town of
France in the department of Cher and
late province ot Berry, Here are the
ruins of a castle built by Charles VH as
a place of retirement. It is seated in a
fertile p^ain, on the river Ytvre, 10 miles
NW of Bourges, and 105 S of Paris, Lon.
2 17 E, lat 47 19 N.
Mehim sur-Loiie, town of France, in
the depar ment of Loiret, and late pro-
vince of Orleannis, stated on the Loire,
10 miles SW of Orleans, Lon. 1 48 E,
lat 47 50 N.
Meigs, County of Ohio ; bounded E
and SE by Ohio river; S by Gallia and
Athens ; and N by Athens. Length 30;
breadth very unequal, from 12 to 22 ;
and area 400 square miles. Surface
broken, though some of the soil, parti-
cularly near the streams is excellent.
Chief town Salisbury.
Population in 1820.
Free while males - - . 2,340
do. do. females - - 2,137
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females - 3
Slaves, males . - - - 0
do. females ... 0
Tc'al population in 1820. - 4,48o
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in M-inufactiires
do. in Commerce
19
980
90
4
Population to the square mile, 11.
Meigs, SE township of Muskingum
county Ohio. Population 1820, 284.
Meigs, township of Adams county
Ohio. Population 1820, 2001.
Meigsville, post village and township,
Morgan county Ohio. Population 1820,
211.
Meillerie, village of the duchy of Cha-
blais. It is seated on the S side of the
lake of Geneva, in the recess of a small
bay, at the foot of impending mountains
in Savoy. This place is an interesting
scene in the Eloisa of Rosseau.
Menau, island in the bay cf the Bod-
mer Sea, cr middle lake of Constance,
one mile in circumference. It belongs to
the knights of the Teutonic order, and
produces excellent wine, which forms
the chief revenije of the commander. It
is five miles N of Constance.
Meissen, or Mi&nia, margravate of
Germany, in Saxony ; bounded on the
N by the duchy of Saxony, on the E by
Lusatia, on the S by Bohemia, and on
the W by Thuringia It is 100 miles jj^
in length, and 80 in bn adUi ; and is a
very fine country, producing corn, wine,
metals, and all things that contribute to
the pleasure of life. The capital is Dres-
den,
Meissen, considerable town in the
electorate of Saxony Proper, and in the
margravate of M issen, with a castle,
and a famous manufacture of porcei;iin.
It is seatid on the E'be. 10 miles NNW
of Dresden, and 37 ESE of Liepsick.
Lon. 13 33 E, lat. 51 15 N.
Melazzo, ancient town cf Natolia. It
has a bishop's see, and here are also
seme curious monuments of antiquity. It
is seated on a bay cf the Archipelago, 60
miles S of Smyrna. Lon. 27 25 E, lat.
57 28 N.
Melbourne, township of Buckingham
county Lower Canada, betvv'ten Bromp-
ton and Durham, 50 miles SE from
Three Rivers.
Melck, small fortified town of Germa-
ny, in the circle of Lower Austria Here
is a celebrated Benedictine abbey, seated
on a hill, 47 miles W of Vienna. Lon.
15 20E, lat. 48 UN.
Mekomb Regis, town in Dorsetshire,
united to Weymouth as a port, as a cor-
poration, and iis a market-town, but is
a distinct borough. It is seated on the
N side of an arm of the sea, and joined
to Weymouth by a timber bridged, which
has a drawbridge in the middle, to ad-
583
M E L
M E N
tnit the passage of ships into the west-
ern part of the harbour. Mclcoinb has
good streets and yards for merchandise,
and is 127 miles WSW of London. See
Weymout/i.
Meldela, town of Italy, in Romagna,
eight miles SW of Ravenna.
Meldcrt, town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, 10 miles SE of Lorrain.
Meldorf, town of Lower Saxony, in
Holstein, seated near the mouth of the
Myla, 22 miles NNW of Gluckstaldt.
Meldrum, town of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, 17 nrtilesNNW of Aberdeen.
Melji, town of Naples, in Basilicata,
with a castle on a rock, 20 miles NNW
of Acerenza.
Melgazs., town of Portugal, in Entre
Douero e Minho. with a strong castle ;
seated on the Minho, 27 miles N by E
of Braga.
Melida, island of Dalmatia, in the
gulf of Venice, and in the republic of
Ragusa. It is 30 miles in length, and
abounds in oranges, citrons, wine, and
fish. It has a Benedictine abbey, six
villages, and several harbours.
Melilla, town of the kingdom of Fez,
on the coast of the Mediterranean. It
was taken in 1496, by the Spaniards,
who built a citadel ; but it was restored
to the Moors. It is 115 miles NE of
Fez. Lon. 2 57 VV, lat. 34 58 N.
Melinda, kingdom of Africa, on the
coast of Zanguebar. It produces gold,
slaves, elephants teeth, ostriches, fea-
thers, wax, aloes, sena, and other drugs ;
also plenty of rice, sugar, cocoa-nuts, and
other tropical fruits.
Melinda, capital of a kingdom of the
same nanse, on the east of Zanguebar.
Here the Portuguese have 17 cliurchcs,
nine convents, and warehouses well pro-
vided witli European goods. It is sur-
rounded by line [gardens, and has a good
harbour defended by a fort ; but the en-
trance, is dangerous, on account of the
great number of shoals and rocks under
water. The inhabitants are Christians
and Negroes, which last have their own
king and religion, and the number of
both is said to amount to above 200,000.
It is 470 miles SW of Magadoxa. Lon.
11 48 E, lat. 2 15 S.
Melipilla, tov.'n of Chili, in a juris-
diction of the same name, 200 miles N
of Conception. Lon. 71 39 W, lat. 33
28 S.
MelUa. See Mall a.
Mclitello, town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, eight miles W of Leoniti.
MeUtofwl, town of Russia, in the pro-
vince di Tauris, h.ituate on a lake, 12
miles from the sea of Asoph, and 108 S
584
of Catharineslaf. Lon. 83 10 E, lat. 46
2-2 N.
Melksham, town of Wiltshire, with
a market every other Thursday for cat-
tle, and a manufacture of broad cloths,
1 1 miles E of Bath, and 96 W of Lon-
don.
Melk, town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Osnaburg, 15 miles E by
S of Osnaburg.
Meller. See M&kr.
Mellingen, town of Swisserland, in
the bailiwic of Baden, which before their
late subjugation ; depended on the can-
tons of Zuric and Bern. It is seated in
a fertile country, on the river Reuss,
five miles S by W of Baden.
Mellville, township of Cumberland
county New Jersey. Population 1820,
1010.
Memel, strong town of Eastern Prus-
sia, with a castle. It has the finest har-
bour in the Baltic, and an extensive com-
merce. It is seated on the N extremity
of the Curische Haf, an inlet of the Bal-
tic, 70 miles in length, which is here
joined to the sea by a narrow strait. On
the NE side of the entrance into the
harbour is a light-house, erected in 1796.
It is 76 miles NNE of Koningsberg, and
140 NE of Dantzic, Lon. 21 40 E, lat.
55 46 N.
Memmingen, strong town of Suabia,
near which the emigrants under the
prince of Conde, were in August 1795,
defeated by the French republicans. It
is seated in a fertile plain, 24 miles SE of
Ulm, and 35 SW of Augsburg. Lon. 10
16 E, lat. 48 3 N.
Memfiliremagog, lake of North Ame-
rica ; situated partly in the state of Ver-
mont, and partly in Canada. It commu-
nicates with the river St. Lawrence by
the river St. Francis.
Memphis, village of Shelby county
Tennessee, on the Mississippi river. It is
situated on the site of Old Fort Pick-
ering.
Menan, large river in the kingdom of
Siam, which runs through it from N to
S, passes by the city of Siam, and falls
into the gulf of Siam, below Bancock.
There are several singular fishes in it,
besides crocodiles, which are common
in these parts.
Menancabo, town in the island of Su-
matra. It is the capital of a small king-
dom of the same name, and seated on the
S coast, opposite the isle of Nassau, 250
miles from the strait of Sunda.
Menat, town of France, in Auvergne,
and in the late diocess of Clermont.
Mende, town of France, capital ot
the department of Lozere, and late pro-
vince of Gervasidan. It is very popu-
M E N
M E Q
lous ; has manufactures of serges and
other woollen stuff's ; and is seated on the
Lot. 35 miles SW of Puy. and 210 S
by E of Paris. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 44 31
N.
Mendham, post town, Morris county
New Jersey, 7 miles VV from Morris-
town. Population 1820, 1326.
Mendifi-HUls, mountainous tract in
the NE of Somersetshire, famous for its
coal, calamine, and lead ; the latter said
to be of a harder quality than that of
other counties. Copper, manganese, bole,
and red ochre, are also found in these
hills. On their summits are large swampy
flats, dangerous to cross,
Mendlesham, small town in Suffolk,
with a market on Friday, 18 miles E of
Bury St. Edmunds, and 82 NE of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 12 E, lat. 52 24 N.
Mendocino, Cafie, cape of North
America, on the Pacific coast. Lon.
W C 48 W, lat. 40 N.
Mendon, jjost town in Worcester
county, Massachusetts, 37 miles SVV of
Boston, and 12 N of Providence, Rhode
Island, with 1819 inhabitants, 1810, and
2254 in 1820.
Mendon, township of Monroe county
New York, 12 miles S from Rochester.
Population 1820, 2012.
Mendoza, city of Cordova, in the
United Provinces of La Plata, at the
foot of the Andes, on one of the sources
of the Colorado, about 120 miles SSE
Santias;o in Chili. Lon. W C 9 E, lat.
33 50 S.
Mendrah, province of the kingdom of
Fezzan, with a town of the same name,
60 miles S of Mourzook. Although much
of the land in this province is a continu-
ed level of hard and barren soil, the
quantity of trona, a species of fossil al-
kali, that floats on the surface, or settles
on the banks of its numerous smoking
lakes, has given it a higher importance
than that of the most fertile districts.
Menehouid, St. ancient and conside-
rable town of France, in the department
of Marne, and late province of Cham-
pagne. St Menehouid is 20 miles NE of
Chalons, and 110 E of Paris. Lon. 4 59
E, lat. 2 N.
Menia. See Munia.
Menin, strongly fortified town of Aus-
trian Flanders, seated on the Lis. In
1585, it was almost entirely destroyed by
fire. It was taken by the French in April,
1794, when the garrison (in order to save
the unhappy emigrants) bravely forced
their way through the enemy It is eight
miles SE of Ypres, and 10 N of Lisle.
Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 50 48 N.
M€no7nomie, river of Michigan, en-
tering Green bay, 50 miles NNE from
4E
Fort Brown. It is navigable for schoon=
ers to a considerable distance. Its en-
tire comparative course about 120 miles.
Mentor, township of Geauga county,
Ohio, on lake Erie, west from Grand river,
and opposite Painsville. Population in
1820, 452. ^
Mentz, late archbishopric and electorate
of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine ;
bounded on the N by Hesse and Wettera-
via, E by Franconia; S by the palatinate
of the Rhine; and W by the electorate of
Troves. It produces much corn, fine gar-
den fruits, and abundance of excellent
wines. In 1798, this archbishnjM-ic and
electorate, then the first state of the em-
pire, was moved to llatisbon, and all other
bishoprics were secularized.
Mentz, or Maiievce, city of Germany,
capital of the late electorate of Mentz, and
an archbishop's see. It is well fortified,
and deemed to be a barrier fovtre's. The
palace, called Martinsburg, is a considera-
ble building, partly ancient and partly
modern ; and opposite the mouth of the
Maine is a castle, called Favorita, with its
fine gardens and waterworks. The univer-
sity, founded in 1477, has lately received
considerable improvements. Of the hospi-
tals, that of St. lloch is worthy of notice for
its printing-office and manufactures of stuffs
and stockings. The city is built in an ir-
regular manner, and plentifully provided
with churches. In the cathedral, which is
a gloomy fabric, is what they call a treasu-
ry, containing a number of clumsy jewels,
some relics, and a rich wardrobe of sacer-
dotal vestments. Mtntz is one of the towns
which chVim the invention of printing; and
the growth of the best rhenish wine is
limiled to a circle of about five miles round
it. It is se:.ted on the Rhine, just below
the influx of the Maine, and on the oppo-
site .side is the town of Cassel, connected
with it bv a bridge of boats, h is 22 miles
WSW of Frinkiort, and 70 E by N of
Treves. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 49 58 N.
Mentz, township and post village, Cnyu-
ga cnunty. New York, on the Great Wes-
tern canal . The post village is called Mon-
tezuma, 12 miles NW from Auburn. Popu-
lation in 1820,3010.
Menu/, town oi Egypt, situate in a well-
cuUivated countrv near that branch of Nile
which flows to Rosetta, 40 miles NNW of
Cairo.
Mevzala, town of Egypt, situate near a
lake of the same name, 60 miles long, sepa-
rated from the Mediterranean by a narrow
slip of land. It is 20 mdes SSE of Dami-
etta, and 73 NNE of Cairo. Lon. 32 2 E,
lat. 31 3 N.
Mecininenza, town of Spain, in Arragon,
with a csstle j s'^iied at the conflux of the
Segra with tiie Ebro, 58 miles ESE of Sara-
gossa, and 180 ENE of Madrid.
585
M E R
Jlsqidne:, city of the kingdom of Fez,
and a capital of the empire of Morocco. It
13 seated in a delightful plain, having a se-
rene and clear air ; for which reason the
emperor resides in this place in preference
to Fez. Mequinez is 58 miles \V of Fez.
Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 33 40 N.
Mer, town of France, in the department
ot Loir and Cher, 11 miles NNVV of Blois.
J\Teran, handsome trading town of Ger-
many, in the Tirol, capital of Erschland,
sealed on the Adige, 12 miles W of Salis-
bury, and 100 W by S of Longon. Lon.
2 25 W, lat. 51 6 N.
Mercer, county of Pennsylvania ; bound-
ed by Trumbull county in Ohio W ; Craw-
ford county in Pennsylvania N ; Venango
E ; Butler SE ; and Beaver S. Length
32 ; breadth 26 ; area 830 square miles.
This county is drained by the Shenango
and Neshanoc branches of Big Beaver.
Surface moderately hilly, and soil produc-
tive in grain, meadow grass, and orchard
fruits. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, &c.
Chief town Mercer, 57 miles, a little west
of north from Pittsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 4,228
do. do. females - - 4,002
MER
by Lincoln SE ; Casey S ; Washington W ;
FranVliii N : Kentucky rver, or Woodford
and Jessamine NE ; and Garrard or Dick's
river E. Length 26; mean width 14; and
area about 350 square miles. Chief town,
Harodsburg.
I'opuluiion in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,767
do. do. females . - - 4,523
Total whites - - - 9,290
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - S&
Slaves 3,284
Total population in 1810 - - 12,630
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5,981
do. do. females - . - 5,549
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... lOO
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - . -
do. females
Total whites - - 8,230
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 44
Slaves 3
Total population in 1810, - 8,277
Population in 1820.
Free whita males - - - 5,928
do. do. females - 5,662
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
11,590
49
40
0
1
11,681
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 186
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,951
do. in Manufactures - - 283
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to the square mile, 13 J.
Mercer, post town, borough, and seat of
justice, Mercer county, Pennsylvania, on
the west side of Neshanoc creek, 57 miles
a little west of north from Pittsburg. Popu-
lation in 1820, 506.
Mercer, NW township of Butler county,
Pennsylvania, on the waters of Slippery-
rock creek. Population in 1820, 641.
Mircer, county of Kentucky ; bounded
586
Total population in 1820
15,587
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,493
do. in Manufactures - ^57
do. in Commerce - - 53
Population to the square mile, 44.
Mercer, county of Ohio ; bounded W by
Indiana; N by Vauwert; E by Allen and
Shelby; and S by Darke. Length 25;
breadth 24 ; and area 560 square miles.
The surface of this county \i generally level,
and in part marshy. An extensive inunda-
ted tract in its centre gives source to the
Wabash and Miami rivers. The soil,
where sufficiently dry for agricultural^pur-
poses, is excellent. It was formed from
the new purchase, and therefore not inclu-
ded in the census of 1820.
Mercersburg, post town, Franklin county,
Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Cone-
gocheaque, 16 miles SW from Chambers-
berg.
Merdin, town of Turkey, in Diarbeck,
with a c?.stle which passes for impregnable.
Tiie country about it produces cotton. It
is 45 miles SE of Diarbekar. Lon. 39 59
E, lat. 36 50 N.
Merecz, town of Poland in Lithuania,
seated at the confluence of the Berezino
and Merecz, 30 nules N of Grodno. Lon.
24 10 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Meredith, township of Strafford county.
New Hampshire, containing 1940 inhabi-
tants in 1810. It is about 72 miles NW of
Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 2416.
M E R
M E R
Meredith, post village and township, of
Delaware county, New York, 8 miles N
from Delhi. Population in 1820, 1375.
Jlergui, seaport town of the Birman
empire, on Tannaserim river, 6 miles above
its miuth. Lon 98 23 E, lai. 12 12 N.
Mergui Islands, a group lying off the
western coast of Malacca; they extend
from N to S about 140 miles along the
Malay coast, with a strait intervening of
from 12 to 20 miles wide.
Merida, town of Spain in Estramadura,
said to have been built by the Romans, be-
fore the birth of Christ. Here are fine re-
mains of a'ltiquity, particularly a triumpiial
arch. It is seated in an extensive and fer-
tile plain, 45 miles S by E of Alcantara.
Lon. 6 4 W, lat. 38 42 N.
JSIevida, intendancy nf Mexico, embra-
cing most of the peninsula of Yucatan.
Area 46,000 square miles. Population
466,000.
Merida, city of Mexico, in Mfrida, of
which intendancy ii is the capital ; about
70 miles NE from Campeachy. Population
10,000.
Meriden, township and post village,
New Haven county Connecticut, 17 miles
N from New Haven. Population in 1820,
1309.
Meridien, post village Madison county,
Missouri.
Merion, Lower, township of Montgomery
county Pennsylvania, the lowest of the two
townships of that county SVV from the
Schuvlkill lis E angle is five miles above
rh ladelphia. Population 1820, 2,256.
jyferion, Upper, township of Montgomery
county Pennsylvania, above the preceding.
Population in 1820, 1285.
Merionethshire, county of North Wales,
bounded on the N by Caniarvonshiie and
Denbighshire, on the E by the county of
Montgomery, on the S by Cardiganshire,
and on the W by the Irish Sea. It is 36
miles long and 34 broad. The principal
rivers are tlie Dee and Dovy ; and it has a
great mountain, the Cader Idris, one of the
highest in Wales. The air of this country
is sharp but it feeds great herds of cattle.
Merionethshire contains six hundreds, four
market-towns, 37 parishes, and sends one
member to parliament. Harlech is the ca-
pital. Population in 1801, 29,506; in 1811,
30,924 ; and in 1821, 33,911.
Merit:, Meritch, or Mernch, an impor-
tant fortress and ci>y of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, situated near the N bank of
the river Kistna, 70 miles SW of Visia-
pour.
Merk, river of the Netherlands, which
running N by Beda, afierward turns W,
and fulls into tiie Maese, opposite the island
of Overflackee, in Holland.
Mermentau river, rises in the prairies of
Opelousas, interlocking with the sources of
the Calcasiu and Teche. The Mermentau
is formed by the Nezpique, Cane, Plaque-
mine Brule, and Queue Tortue. This stream
may indeed be strictly called the river
of Oujjelousas, as it drains the central
parts of that district, and all the inter-
mediate ground between the water courses
except a very narrow strip of wood on
their immediate banks is prairie. The
whole country watered by this river is flat
and totally without stone, not even a peb-
ble is to be seen. The timber in the
woods is oak, hickory, ash, sweet gum, in
the swa.nps cypress, and many other kind
of trees ; pine is also found in more or less
quantity on all the confluents of Mermen-
tau, but towards the northwest sources of
tlie Nezpique this tree is found in great
abundance : oak is however the principal
timber. Below the junction of the Plaque-
mine Brule, Caue and Nezpique, live oak
begins to appear, and towards the sea coast
is found in considerable quantity growing
upon low ridges which run parallel, to and
appear to have been at some past time isles
in the gulf The tide rises in the Mer-
mentau above the junction ^f Nezpique,
Cane, and the Plaquemine Bul^ : however,
when tlie waters of the Sabine Calcasiu
and Mermentau, are swelled by rain, and
the wind NW, N, or NE winds prevail, no
tide passes their respective outlets. The
soil on Mermentau is generally sterile,
though superior in fertility to those on the
Calcasiu and Sabine.
Mermentau Lake, is in every respect si-
milar to those of the Sabine and Calcasiu,
except in point of extent, being considera-
bly less extensive than either of the two
latter. Mermentau lake is less destitute of
timber along its border than the other
lakes westward, though the greatest part
of the extent in its vicinity is a grassy mo-
rass. The outlet from the lake to the sea,
is about one fourth of a mile wide, very
winding, and in many parts dilated into
small lakes. A bar at the mouth prevents
the entrance of vessels drawing more than
four feet water.
Merom, post town and seat of justice, Sul-
livan county, Indiana. See Miriam.
Mero, strong town of Asia, in the penin-
sula beyond the Ganges, and in the king-
dom of Pegu, 140 miles SW of the town of
Pegu. Lon. 98 36 B, lat. 16 0 N.
Meron, town of Persia, in Korasan, seat-
ed in a fertile country, which produces salt,
112 miles SW of Bockhara. Long. 64 25
E, lat. 37 40 N.
MeiTtmack, river of the United States,
which rises in Grafton county. New Hamp-
shire, and after running in a SE direction
througli the state, enters Massachusetts,
near Dunstable. It then makes a sudden
turn to the NE and empties into the At-
lantic Ocean at Newburyport. Its coarse
5Sr
M E U
M E S
is very crooked, and the navigation inter-
rupted by frequent falls and cataracts. The
Merrimack basin is about 130 miles in
length, with a mean width of 36; and em-
braces an area of 4350 square miles. The
navigation of this stream has been more
improved by art ihan any other stream of
the United States. Newbury port stands
on the south side of the bay at its mouth;
vessels of 100 tons ascend to Haverhill, 12
miles to the head of tide water. From
Haverhill to Concord the navigation of the
Jlerriraack is artificially improved. The
Middlesex canal v;as cut from Boston Har-
bour, to the banks of the Merrimack at the
fails above Chelmsford. The great feeder
of this canal is Concord river, flowing north
out of Massachusetts, and precipitated from
the table land of Middlesex, into the valley
of the Merrimack below Chelmsford. The
canal commences above Patucket falls. It
is carried over, and on the level of Con-
cord river 11 miles, and thence down the
sloping intervening ground to Boston har-
bour. The whole length of this fine canal is
29| miles, an entire fall 1007 feet, by 13
locks. The canal is 24 feet wide, with
a depth of 4((fcet. The locks are 90 feet
by 12 feet, and of excellent masonry.
Another fall has been cut around Patucket
falls in order to connect the navigable water
above, and the Middlesex canal with the
tide water below. The Patucket canal
does not reach tide water, but, below the
falls the stream though rapid is navigable,
and in 45 miles falls 36 feet, and reaches
the tide at Haverhill. Above the outlet of
tlie Middlesex canal, three other short cuts
at several places. The Bow canal occurs
first below Concord; is followed 6 miles
still lower down by Hookset canal ; Amos-
keag canal was made eight miles below
Hookset; and in nine miles below the latter
six short cuts have been made round as
many rapids or falls. Cr&mv/ell's falls
have also been passed by a canal 14 miles
below Amoskeag ; and 15 miles still lower
is the Wicasc canal, the last above that of
Middlesex. See Mas^achiiseits and J\'ew
■Humps/lire.
.Merrimack townsliip of Hillsborough
county. New Hampshire, containing 1592
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1162.
Merriinack, river of Missouri rises in
Franklin county, flows NE through Frank-
lin, and separating .Tefferson, from St.
Louis, falls into the Mississippi, five miles
below the town of St. Louis.
jyferritstown, post village, Fayette county
Pennsylvania, on Dunlap's creek, five miles
S from Brownsville.
JHerryhill, post village, Bertie county
North Carolina.
Meii^meeting 6«i/, junction of the Kene-
bec and Androscoggin rivers, in Maine.
Mersbur^, town of the circle of Saxony,
588
in Misnia, with a bishop's see. It has a
Lutheran bishopric, and is seated on the
Sala, 10 miles S of Halle, and 56 NW of
Dresden. Lon. 12 6 E. lat. 51 28 N. It
now gives name to a government of Prus-
sia.
J\[ersea, town of Essex county, Upper
Canada, on Lake Erie.
JMersey, river vv'liich vises in the N ex-
tremity of the Peak in Derbyshire, jiasses
by Warrington, and receives the Weaver
at Frodsham, where it forms a broad estua-
ry, below Liverpool, and enters the Irish
Sea. This river not oi.ly affords salmon,
but is visited by annual shoals of smelts,
here called sparlmgs. of a remarkable size
and flavour. It is connected by the Staf-
fordshire canal with the Trent and in
course with the Irish Sea and the German
Ocean.
Mersey Island, island in Essex, between
the mouth of the Coin and the entrance of
Blackwater Bay. It has two parishes called
E and W Mersey.
.'Meripurg, town of C4ermany in the circle
of Suabia, and bishopric of Constance,
seated on the N tide of the lake of Con-
stance. It is the bishop's usual place of
residence, and is 11 miles from the town
of that name. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 47 45
N.
Jlertola, strong town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, seated near the Gaudians, 60
miles S of Evora, and 100 SE of Lisbon.
Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 37 30 N.
.Wcrton, village ne.ir Oxford, situated
near two military ways. There were en-
trenchments in the neighbouring woods,
supposed to be thrown up by king Ethel-
red or the Danes, whom he defeated in
871.
Merton, village in Surry, seated on the
Wandel, seven miles SW of London. No-
thing remains of its once famous abbey, but
the E window of a chapel, and the walls that
surrounded tlie premises, which are built
of flint, are nearly entire, and include about
60 acres. \]\v)\\ the site of this abbey are
two calico manufactures, and a copper
mill ; and about 1000 persons are now em-
ployed on a spot once the abode ©f monas-
tic indolence. Merton is seven miles SW
of London.
Alerve, tlie N branch of the river Maese,
on which the city of IJotierdam, in Hol-
land is seated.
Jilert'iHe, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North, and late province of
French Flanders, seated on the Lis, 10
miles SE of Cassel. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 50
57 N.
JMesched, considerable town of Persia,
in Korasan, fortified with several toweis,
and famous for the magnificent sepulchre
of Iman Risa, of the family of Ali, to which
tl'.e Persians pay great devotion. It is
M E T
-M E U
seated on a mountain, in which are found
fine Turcois stones, 180 miles SE of the
Caspian sea. Lon. 57 45 E, lat. 37 0 N.
JMdseUf small seaport of Russia, in the
government of Aixhangel, capital of a dis-
trict of t!ie same name. Ii is seated on the
river Mesen, on the E coast of the White
Sea, 160 miles N of Archatigel. Lon. 44
25 E, lat. 65 50 N.
iMeskirk, handsome town of Germany
in the Circle of Sual;ia, in the country
of Furstenburg, 15 miles N of Uberlin-
gen.
Messa, town of Africa, in the king-
dom of Morocco. It is composed of three
fortified towns, at a small distance from
each other, and a temple, built, (as the
inhabitants suppose) with the bones of
the whale which swallowed Jonah. It is
seated at the foot of Mount Atlas, 168
miles SW of Morocco.
Messene, ancient city of peninsular
Greece ; on the SW coast of the Pelepo-
nesus. Its site is occupied by the mo-
dern village of Maurmati, 25 miles NE
from Navarin.
Mesopolamia, post village and NW
township of Trumbull county Ohio. Po-
pulation 1220, 273.
Messina, city and seaport of Sicily, in
Val di Demcna, with a citadel and seve-
ral forts. It is five miles in circumference,
and the see of an archbishop. — The pub-
lic buildings and monasteries are nume-
rous and magnificient, and it has four
large suburbs. The harbour is one of the
safest in the Mediterranean, and has a
quay above a mile in length. It has a
great trade in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and
excellent wine. In 1780, it suffered much
by an earthquake ; and in 1783, was half
destroyed by the same calamity ; since
which it has been I'ebuilt, with elegant
houses, only two stories high. The in-
habitants are estimated at 60,000. It is
seated on the strait of Messina, which
separates Sicily from Calabria, 110 miles
E of Palermo. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 38
ION.
Messing, town of Franconia, in the
principality of Aichstat, 14 miles NNE
of Aichstat.
Mestre, town of Italy, in the Dogado,
eight miles NVV of Venice.
Mesurata, seaport of Tripoli, and the
residence of a governor. Caravans travel
hence to Fezzan and other interior parts
of Africa, by which they carry on a
great trade. It is 100 miles ESE of
Tripoli. Lor. 15 10 E, lat. 32 lU N.
Meta, large river of Colombia in Nt w
Grenada. It rises near Sta Fe de Bogo-
ta, and flows NE by comparative courses
500 miles, fails into the Orinoco at loii.
W C, 9 E, and lat. 6 N.
Metafiura, town of the isle of Berneo,
in the kingdom of Benjarmissin, 72
miles NE of Benjarmissin, and 100 SE
of Negara.
Metcalfborough, post town Franklin
county Tennessee.
Mecelc7i, town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, 19 miles NW of
Munster.
Metclin, or Mijtilene, island of the
Archipelago, ancient Lesbos, to the N of
Scio, and almost at the entrance of the
gulf of Adramytti. It is 40 miles long
and 54 broad, somewhat mountainous,
and has many hot springs, The soil is
very good, and the mountains are cool,
being covered with wood in many places
It produces good wheat, wine, oil, and
the best figs in the Archipelago. It is
subject to the Turks, capital Castro. See
Mytelene.
Methuen, post town Essex county
Massachusetts, on the W side of Merri-
mack river 20 miles NW from Boston.
Population 1810, 1181, and in 1820,
1371.
Methivold, town in Norfolk, with a
market on Tuesday, 15 miles NW of
Thetford, and 86 NNE of London. Lon.
0 40 E, lat. 52 34 N.
Metling, strong town and castle of
Germany, in the circle of Austria, and
duchy of Carniola, seated on the Kulp,
40 miles SE of Lubach. Lon. 15 10 E,
lat. 46 2 N.
Metro, river of Italy, which rises in
the territory of the Church, runs into the
duchy of Urbino, and falls into the gulf
of Venice, near Fano.
Metz, ancient, large, and strong town
of France, in the department of Moselle,
and late province of Lorrain, at the con-
fluence of the Moselle and Seille, 25
miles N W of Nanci, 37 S of Luxemburg,
and 190 NE of Paris. Lon. 6 16 E, lat.
49 7 N.
Mndan, ancient town of France, in
the department of Siene and Oise, and
late province of the Isle of France, built
in the form of an amphitheatre, on the
banks of the river Siene, over which arc-
two bridges, 20 miles NVV of Paris. Lon.
1 57 E, lat. 49 1 N.
Meurs, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia, seated on the Rhine,
15 miles NW of Dusseldorf. Lon. 6 41
E. lat. 51 25 N.
Meurthe, department in France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Lor-
rain. It is so called from a river that
rises in the dv))artment of th<- Vosges,
arid watering Luneville and Nanci, talis
into the Moselle. Nanci is the episcopal
see of this department.
589
M E X
INI E X
Meuse, department in France, in-
cluding the late duchy ol Bar. It takes
its name from the river Mtuse, or Maese.
Bar-le-Diic is the capital. See Mtese.
Meivari, conbidtifible town of Japan,
in the island of Niphon, with a royal pa-
lace, where the king somitimes resides.
It is seated on a hill at the foot of which
are vast fields of wheat and rice, with
fine orchards, full of excellent plums.
Meivat, hilly aisd woody tract of Hin-
do'istan Proper, lying on the S\V of
Delhi, and on the W of Agra, confining
the low country, along the W bank of
the Jumna, to a comparatively narrow
slip, and extending westward about 130
miles in length. From N to S it is 90
miles.
.Mexico. Empire of an immense region
of North America.
The country out of which this empire
has been formed, is peculiar as respects
the features of its geography. It extends
from lat. 15 50, to 42 N. The interme-
diate space embracing every variety of
soil, from the most recent alluvion to
mountain valleys, or rather plains of near
8000 feet above the contiguous oceans.
These elevated plains are again broken
and decorated by colossal summits,
rising from 12 to upwards of 1~>000 feet.
In one of those aerial valleys, stands
the city of M-.xico, 7,400 feet above the
level of the Gulf if Mexico. From this
difference of elevation, and from em-
bracing such an extensive range within
and without the tropics, Mexico, may
be considered as possessing every cli-
mate of the earth, and capable of pro-
ducing every vegetable, necessary to the
wants, or the luxuries of human life. Its
metallic wealth is no less abundant than
its vegetables. From its bowels are ex-
tracted many of the most useful, and all
the ijrecious metals.
Mexico is jierhaps better calculated
than any other part of tlie earth, to form
a political con'imu\iity capable of produ-
cing within its own limits, all that the
necessities, the tirts, or elegancies of so-
ciety can demand.
This empire is subdivided into inten-
dancies or civil governments, consisting
of—
iSV/. ms. Iiihab. To sq. vis.
Merida. or 7 ^^ ,,^0 466,000 10
Yucatan, 3
Vera Cruz, 32.000 156,000 5
Oaxaca, 34,000 535,000 13 3-4
Puehia, 21,0J0 813,000 38 3-4
M-. xico, 45.4:)0 1.512,000 33 1-3
Vallad.>lid, 26.400 376,000 14
Guadalaxara, 74,000 630,000 8 1-2
Guanaxuato, 6,900 517,000 74
Zacatexas, 18,000 153,009 8 1-2
590
San Louis ? 263,000 335,000 1 1-3
Potosi, 5
Duraneo, 130,000 160,000 12-10
Sonora"; 147,000 122.000 8-10
New Mexico, 44.000 40,000 9-10
Old Caiifon.'ia, 56,000 10,000 17-100
New California, 16,000 16,000 1
960,000 5,841,000 6
The above table v/as constructed from
the data afforded by Humboldt, in his
Political Essay on New Spain, Black's
Translation, vol. ii. I'ejecting fractions.
There is some confusion and contradic-
tion in the statements of this author,
which diminish the authority of his
statements ; but we may suppose that
in the aggregate he was nearly correct.
Humboldt's estimate is for' 1803, or
nearly 20 years past. If the ratio of in-
crease given by this author is adopted,
Mexico must now contain 8,481,000 in-
habitants If we compare the two coun-
tries of the United States and Mexico,
and allow for the former the advantage
of better political institutions, and to the
latter superior mildness of climate, we
may ri^asonably concede that their res-
pective rates of increase cannot be very
widely different. In the middle of 1803.
the population of the United States did
not materially differ from 6,000 000;
now, August, 1822, it amounts, it is pro-
bable, to veryjneavly 11,000.000, but with a
small excess above that number. There-
fore, if we comi)are the two masses to-
gether by a simple statement of the rules
of proportion, Mexico ought now to pos-
sess upwards of 10,700,000 inhabitants,
and making every allowance for the
ravages of war, it is evident, that if the
basis of the calculation given by Hum-
boldt is admitted, Mexico must now con-
tain at least, eight and a half million of
inhabitants.
About one half the extent and popula-
tion of Mexico is within the great river
system of the Gulf of Mexico. It is in
vain to attempt any specification of the
Mexican population, as our data is too
vague to admit^deci-sive estimates. One
circumstance is too striking, however, to
be omitted. Mexico lias no slaves worth
notice in a general statistical survey ;
that class of its population not amounting,
at the utmost, to more than 10,000 ; or
as 1 to 584 uf the entire body of the
people. The civilized Indians form
more than tv.o-fifths of the whole, and
ate the labouring, productive, arid effi-
cient, though not the ruling people.
Few civilized regions of the earth is less
known than Mexico. The following ac-
count of the manufactures of Mexico is an
M E X
-M E X
extract from an English work, an J desei-ves
very serious attention.
The two first of the Mexican manuntc-
tiires are those of cotton and wool, which
are e.->tablisiie(l upon a very large so 'le in
the cities of Queictaro, Peublo, an;l Si Mi-
chael, in the immediate neighbourhood of
Mexico. The coumry itself furnishes the
cotton and wool in great ab'.isdance, it being
a mistake of English writers that no part of
America can afford tlie ordinary and staple
wool of manufactures. This wool is as
easily raised in Mexico as in Lancashire or
Lanarkshire. We are now translating from
a French author who visited Queretaro, the
Manchester of Mexico, sixteen years ago,
" I visited Queretaro," he adds " with the
greatest incerest, that I miglit inform my-
self of the extent of the wool and cotton
manufactures, and I am therefore enabled
to say that, except the principal towns in
France and England, Queretaro is a manu-
facturing town of the first rate and magni-
tude. The establishments at tliis period
(1803) were divided into factories und work-
shops, in the latter of which the workmen
worked at home at the cost of their mas-
ters.—There were co' ton factories, as large
as any cotton factories in France, and
more than 300 workshops. They ha;l work-
ed up that year about two millions worih
(in dollars) of woollen cloths, bay, drug-
gets, serges, and cotton stufTs,"
The next fabric is that of leather, cliiefly
in tanning, which is carried to great per-
fection. It is unnecessary to add that the
vast plains aiFord liides in abundance, and
that the bark is equally pleiitifui. The
Mexicans thus produce all the leatlier for
their own consumption, and under general
commerce might export much.
Linen and silk factories they have not as
yet attained to any extent, but from no
other reasou than because Spain, whilst
they were dependent upon her, discour.aged
all linen fabrics, and clandestinely destroyed
a most flourishing silk growth. Will it be
credited by the people in England that
about tinrty years ago silk was nearly as
plentiful in Mexico as in Asia and Italy ;
but that the Mexicans, on rising one morn-
ing, found all the mulberry trees in tlie em-
pire cut down, and of course the silk uni-
versal!) destroyed. It seems that the Ca-
diz merchants, finding their commerce af-
fected, had procured this secret order of
the Viceroy, who had contrived to execute
it with ;he sa^ne secrecy. Tlie history of
the world does not furnish a m' re atrocious
example of the true spirit of monopoly.
The manufactory nex! in order is tliat of
tobacco, which is made into segars and sup-
plies all Europe. This produce is very
great amounting to nearly tea million of
dollars annually. An article of the first
importance, when we consider the quanti-
ty consumed in England, and for the sup-
ply of which we now depend upon the
Americans.
The next manufacture is that of gun-
powder, which is equally as considerable
as th.at of tobacco an l which, by the way,
proves the nugatory nature of the recent
proclamations in Europe against s>ipplying
the Independents witli stores of War-
Gunpowder is as plentiful in Mexico as in
England and all America may hereafter be
supplied from that quarter.
Soap and soda are the ma'Uifactures next
in order, both as to quantity and value ; soda
being particularly abimdant, and so cheap-
ly raised and worked as to become an ar-
ticle of vast future export. This soda very
far exceeds in quality, any that can be pro-
cured from any other quarter, and the
French chemists and dyrrs most sanguinely
anticipate that Europe may hereafter draw
nearly the whole of her soda from South
America, as she imports her potash from
the United States. — Oi', tallow, spermiceti,
honey and wax, abound likewise in every
Intendancy, and must greatly add to the
future vahie of this immense empire to
the general commerce of Europe. " In no
part'of the worid," says the French author
from whom we are translating, " is there
sucli a variety and abundance of every
thing necessary to every want of man as in
this kingdom of Mexico ; in no country is
every thing raised so cheaply."
Besides the manufacture above enii-
merated, every town almost through this
vast empire has its own manufacture, and
particularly the large towns in the im-
mediate vici. ity cf the capital We have
before had occasion to say tiiat the coun-
try is in shape like a hat — the high main
and table land of Mexico being the crown,
and the narrow line of the coast being
the rim In the middle of this crown, or
table land, in the city of Mexico half
way, or three hundred miles from Vera
Cruz the Atlantic port, and the saiyie
distance from Acapulco. in the chief
port of the Mexican empire on the Pa-
cific Ocean.
The country as we have before said, is
divided into fiftten Inttndancies, each of
which has a subordinate GovprnT and a
Bishop's see and Cathedral of its own.
Iri all these great cities are seattd some
manufacture peculiar to the places:
some of them are celebrated for their
pottery, some for their hats, sotrie for
their works In jewellery. Indeed, in thi.s
latter work the Mexicans so particular-
ly excel, as to rival any manufactory in
Europe, not even excepting the esta-
blishments in Switzerland, and the work-
men of the Palais Royale.
In these interesting particulars the
591
-U E, \
.M E X
reader, we doubt not, wiil be strongly
impressed with the same conclusion
with ourselves : namely, how infinitely
various and important is the produce,
and must be the future exports, of
Spanish America, in comparison with
those of the Unitt d States ; and thence,
by a necessary consequence what a for-
midable rival the former will be to the
latter. And Jet it not escape our atten-
tion, that in the rivalry Great Britain
must be the gainer, as her magazine and
market are proportionably extended.
See the different Intendancies under
their respective heads.
From lis position, Mexico has a natural
connexion with Asia, Europe, and with
every part of North and South America.
It is rather deficient in both oceans in good
harbours, and from the elevation of the in-
terior country it can never derive much be-
nefit from tile few rivers wiiich flow from
its mountain valleys. The interior and
transport corr.merce is carried on with
mules of burden. Goods to the value of
upwards of 18,000.000 of dollars are thus
annually transported from the Atlantic coast
over tlie interior tabic land, whilst the
flour, hides and metals descend from the
the central table land to Vera Cruz. Hum-
boldt has shown, that through the city of
Mexico, if a canal was otherwise practica-
ble, it would demand from 330 to 340 locks
to unite the two oceans, and concludes ra-
tionally that land carnage is alone practica-
ble, for useful commercial purj)oses, be-
tween that great city, a!id the opposite
oceans. Tiie following condensed view of
the rivers of the Mexican empire flowing in-
to the Mexican gulph will close this article.
The following are the principal rivers of
the Mexican empire which are discharged
into the Gulf of Mexico. No stream of
any consequence exists on the western
coast o( Yucatan ; and, it is otily when
reaching the infliience of tlie mountains of
Guatimala, and Mexico, that rivers of much
magnitude are fcunil flowing from the in-
terior country.
Tiie Sumasinta is discharged into the
Bay OP Gulf Termlnos, which is, indeed,
ratlier an estuary of a number of rivers
than A mere bay.
The St, Pedro fails into the Bay of Cam-
peachy, to the west of the Sumainta.
Both of these streams rise in the moun-
tainous table land of Gutimala, and are of
considerable magnitude, but the interior
country, or even the coast, are very iin-
perfectly known.
The (imssacualco is a short but very
important slream, failing into the Gulf of
Mexico at its extreme southern extension.
This stream rises in Oaxaca, interlocking
with the source of tiie Chimalapa, within
fifty direct miles from its mnutb. This is
592
one of the channels of communication men-
tioned by Humboldt, as suitable to unite
the waters of the two American oceans.
The entire distance fiom the Gulf of Mex-
ico to the Pacific ocean, by the valleys of
the two rivers CliiiTialapa, and Guassacual-
co, does not exceed 120 miles, but the na-
ture of the intermediate country is too
little known to admit the formation of any
rational conclusion upon the practicability
of an artificial connexion of the sources of
these rivers.
The Alvarado follows the Guassacualco,
and, like the Sumasinta, is poured into
a spacious bay, the recipient of many
streams, precipitated from the high table
land of Oxjica. The Alvarado interlocks
with the sources of the Chicometepec, and
both roil down steeps forming an entire
descent of upwards of seven thousand feet.
We are now arrived upon the extensive
mountain plains of Anahuac, and tliough
within the tropics, in a very temperate
climate. The elevations are, however, such
as to preclude not only much natural, but
extensive improvements of the artificial
navigation by water into the interior. In
summer the rivers are nearly exhausted by
evaporation, and in winter swelled to tor-
rents. The mam spine of the chain of
Anahuac also approaching so much nearer
to the Gulf of Mexico than to the Pacific
Ocean, renders the rivers in this region
much more abridged in their length, which
enter the former, than those falling into
the latter recipient.
The Rio IJlanco, the north-western
branch of the Alvarado, rises at the base
of the enormous volcanic summit of Oriza-
ba, the Citlaltepetl of the Aztccas, It is, I
believe, from the Rio Bianco, that the im-
mense quantities of the pumice stone, scat-
tered along the shores of the Mexican gulf,
have been floated, 1 have seen this sub-
stance in great abundance upon the coasts
of Louisiana, and Texas,
From the Alvarado to the bay of Tampi-
co, in a distance of 300 miles, not one deep
indenting of the coast, except Tamiagua,
exists. The city of Vera Cruz intervenes,
but that entrepot of Mexican commerce,
and rendezvous of the Spanish navy, is
buiit upon a low sandy beach, without
either a harbour or fresh water. The coast,
indeed, entirely round the Gulf Mexico,
with very partial exceptions, is low, sandy,
or marshy, and in most places very unheal-
thy in summer and autumn.
The mouth of the Tampico b-iy is at N
lat. 22 20 W, Ion. W C 21 15. The Tam-
pico receives the united waters of Rio Al-
'amira, from the intendancy of St. Louis
Potosi, and the Tula, or Moctczuema, from
the valley of Tenochtitlan, in which the
city of Mexico is situated. The Tula, as it
is called, in the higher part of its course on
M E X
lil E S
the Moctezuema, is in many respects one
of the most remarkable streams of the
earth. The valley of Tenochtithui, from
which Jt flows, cannot be better represented
than by a saucer turned bottom upwards;
the rim representing- the spines of tjje
mountains out of the intervening valley of
which it flows. This valley known by its
Aztec name of Tenochtitlan, comprises
about irOO square miles, of which one-tenth
part is covered by lakes. In its natural state,
only one narrow brook, between very high
and precipitous banks, issued from this ex-
traordinary vallev, and carried its waters
into the Tula.
There are beside some smaller, five prin-
cipal lakes, Zumpango, San Christobal,
Chalco, Xochimilco, and Tezcuco. They
do not lie upon a level, Zumpar.go is nearly
thirty English feet above that of Tezcuco ;
and Xochimilco forms a mean between the
two former.
The higher lakes are composed of fresh
water, but the lowest, that of Tezcuco, is
salt. Their propositions and extent, as
given by Humboldt, by whom they were
surveyed, are Xochimilco and Ghalco, fifty
square miles; the lake of Tezcuco, eighty
square miles ; San Christobal, twenty.eight,
and Zumpango, ten square miles.
These lakes are supplied by a fev; small
rivers, and innumerable torrents poured
down from the adjacent mountain slopes.
The Tezcuco receives the rivers of Papo-
lotla, Tezcuco, Teotihuacan, and Tepeyac-
ac (Guadaloupe ;) and the Znmpango is
supplied by the streams of the Paclitica,
and Guatitlan, tlie latter is tlie largest river
of the Mexican valley.
It may be noted as a curious fact, that
the two cities of the great river s\stem of
the Atlantic, in North Anierica, which oc-
cupy the extremes of elevation, New Or-
leans and Mexico, tliat both are subject to
partial inundation, and botli stand indebted
to artificial defence ihr preservatinn against
the encroachments of water. M-rxico btua.ls
7,468 feet above New Orleans, and is, ne
vertheless, of the two cities, most liaole to
submer ion.
In ordinary seasons the quantity of rain
which falls at Mexico, according to Hum-
boldt, is nearly five feet in perpendicular
depth. This enormous mass of fluid falls
also in a short period of time, and before
any other outlet existed, except tb.e inade-
quate chaimelof the brook (aroyo) Tequis-
quiac, the lower part g(f this elevated basin
was liable to complete submersion.
The Aztec ann.ils have noticed many in-
stances of those destructive inundations,
and some remains still are sliown of very
extensive works erected during the exist-
ence of the Aztec monarchy to obviate their
effects. One of the Aztec kings, Ahuitzotl,
l.05t his life in attempting' to escape from a
■i F
flood of water, he had himself contributed
to augment, by some injudicious embank-
ments thrown up to prevent such a ca-
tastrophe.
Beside many of lesser magnitude, the
Spanish historians mention five ruinous
floods, which mtervened in a little more
than a century after the conquest of Mexico
by Cortez. The first in 155.3, under the
viceroyalty of Don Louis de Velasco, the
elder; the second in 158U, during the vice-
royalty of Don Martin Enrequez de Ala-
manza; the third in 1604, under the viceroy
Montesclaros; the fourth in 1607, under the
viceroy Don Louis Velasco the second ; and
fifthly, in 1629, whilst the Marquis de Ce-
ralvo was viceroy.
The peculiar structure of the valley, and
such alarming accidents, aroused the at-
tention (;f tlie Spaniards, and as early as
1580, galleries or canals of evacuation were
Siiggested, in order to carry the surplus
floods through the gorges of the mountains
near Nochistongo into the Tula ; but no ac-
tual operation of that kind was affected
until 1007, wiien the viceroy, the Marquis
Salinas, employed an able engineer, Enrico
Martinez, supposed to be a Dutchman, to
make, iu conjunction %vith some other ma-
thematicians, an exact survey of the valley.
This survey led to the commencement of
the truly stupendous hydraulic work, the
Desague (drain) of Hufchuetoca.
Like all great national undertakings the
advance of the Desague was slow and in-
terrupted. It was commenced on the 28th
of November, 1607, by the hand of the
viceroy in presence oftiie Audiencia. It
was in the first in.'slance only a deep gallery
upwards of four miles in length, nearly
fourteen feet in depth, and eleven and a
half feet wide. The water first entered it
on tlie 17th of September, 1608, in less
than ten months from the original under-
taking. Could we abstract our minds from
the melancholy fact that tiiis stupendous
execution was efTected by tlie forced labour
of the Indians, we must admire a work,
which even now, in t!ie most populous na-
tions, could not be considered other than
cxtraordin.ary. Our admiration is enhanced
also, by the additional labowr performed in
the same lime, to carry tlie waters from the
northern opening of the Desague to the
Rio Tula. A dike upwards of five miles
in length wa< cut to eiiirctthe latter object,
and led t!ie superabundant waters of the
valley of Tenochtitlan towaras the Gulf of
Mexico,
A regular and det.'iled history of this
singular work, is given by Humboldt in his
description of the Intendancy of Mexico,
and forms one of the most instructive parts
of his Pohtical Essay on New Spain. From
this account we find that the Desague,
though still unfinished, has eventuated in aa
.M E X
M E X
enormous open cut (tajo abierto) through
the mountains. "The Desague," says
Humboldt, "in its actual state, is undoubt-
edly one of the most g'igantic h\draulical
operations ever executed by man (from
262, to 328 feet wide, and from 161, to 196
feet deep.) We look upon it with a spe-
cies of admiration, particularly when we
consider the nature of the ground, and the
enormous length, breadth, and depth of the
aperture. If th.s cut was filled with water
ten metres (32.8 English feet.) the largest
vessels of war could pass through the range
of mountains which bound the plain of
Mexico to the northeast."
From its commencement within the val-
ley to its discharge (salto,) the Dcsague is
67,535 feet (12.8 miles) in length, and in one
point 196 feet deep, with a mean width at
top of abrjut 320 feet. The head of tlie
Desague, in the channel of the Rio Gratit-
lan, is 10^ varas, or 29^ feet above, and
below the SL\lto rtel Rio, or disch.arge, it is
107i varas, or 295 feet below the level of
the lake of Tezauco ; h.'iving un entire fall
of324|feet. The expense at various pe-
riods, nearly six million of ilollurs. To
those who wish information m'lre in detail
than is in my power to give in this place,
upon the topography of this remarkable re-
gion, will do well to read the third book of
the Political Essny: the reading of tiiis valu-
able document will explain the cause of the
unnavigable nature of the Mexican rivers.
The Altamira, or northern branch of the
river of Tampico, ris.-.s on the arid elevated
plains of Zacatecas, and of San Louis Po-
tosi, more than two degrees of latitude
north of the valley of Tenochtitlan. Near
the sources of the latter river commences
the North American desert, which will be
more amply noticed in the sequel.
At the bar oCTamigua, fify or sixty miles
south-east from the mouth of the Tam|jico
river, comir.ences a range of long sandy
islands, which extend parallel to the con-
tinent as far as the mouth of the Trinity.
The general range of the coast from the
Guasacualco to the Tannpico, distant from
each other upwards of 400 miles, is from
south-east to north-west; but at the latter
place turns to nearly north, and maintains
that direction through nearly seven de-
grees of latitude, or between four and five
hundred miles.
Having the parched surface of Zscatecas
in the rear, the space of 250 miles from
the Tampico to Rio Grande, uffords no
rivers of any particular consequence. St.
Ander, and San Fernando, are two moun-
tain streams, which rise in Zacatecas and
New Biscay, and flowing e.-istward carry
comparatively little water into the Gulf of
Mexico. The different structure of the
two countries may be conceived from the
fact, that those two rivers have as great
.594
length of course as have most of those of
tiie Atlantic slope.
At North lat. 25 55 West, Ion. W C 20
30, the Ri'o Grande del Norte falls ino the
Gulf of Mexico. This is the first great
river flowing from the Spanish provinces
into the Gulf of Mex'co, The Rio Grande,
according to most of our maps of that part
of America, rises at North lat- 41 30, thirty-
four degrees west from Washington city;
its mouth, as determined by Humboldt, is
at North lat. 25 55, West Ion. ot Paris 99
51 ; it flows through m r ■ than fifteen de-
grees of latitude, and th.rteen degrees and
thirty minutes of longitude, having a com-
parative course of upwards of fourteen hun-
dred miles, with a general course of nearly
south-east.
The extent of surface drained by this
river; or the q\i.intity of water it yields at
its mouth, bears very inadequate propor-
tions to its great length, which, on a com-
parative scale, would be only exceeded in
North America by the Miss'niri and lower
Missis.s!ppi unitecl, by the S'. Lawrence,
Saikashawin, and Unjiga ; it exceeds the
length of both the Coloroda and Columbia,
though it is probable that either of the
two hitter s'reams carries to their respec-
tive recipients more than ten times the
mass of water discharged by Rio Grande.
From its source North lat. 41 30, to the
mouth of its first considerable branch, the
Rio Conchos, from New Biscay, Norih lat.
30 20, or above ten degrees of latitude, it
flows in a very narrow valley, not avera-
ging one hundred miles wide. Below the
mouth of the Conchos, the river gradually
turns to the e:sst and north-east ; here the
bisin is the wlde^-t, being from north east to
south-west above four hundred miles.
Within this sweep the lirgest tributary of
the Rio Grande, the Rio Puerco, enters
from the north, and some distance below
i's junction the main stream again resumes
its south-east couise, which it pursues to
its final discharge into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Rio Grande driiins an area of about
150,000 square miles.
As we are now approaching the United
States, and as the phenomena of the cli-
mate, of the regions watered by the Rio
Grande, are necessary elements to deter-
mine many problems in the meteorological
analysis of the seasons of the f)rmer, I
here b 'g leave to quote the observations
of Humboldt upon this river and the coim-
try it drams. %
" It is sufficiently remarkable," says
thnt author, " to see that after the lapse of
two centuries of colonization, the province
of New Mexico does not yet join the inten-
dancy of New Biscay. 'Fhe two provinces
are separated by a desert ; this desert ex-
tends from the Pssso del Norte towards
the town of Albuquerque, North Iat..35 40.
•VI E X
^1 a X
Before 1660, in which year there was a
general revolt among the Indians of New
Mexico, this extent of uncultivated and un-
inhabited country was much less considera-
ble than it is now. There were tlien 3 vil-
lages, S.in Pascual, Semiilette, and Socorro,
which were siitsated between the marsh of
Muerto, and the tovvn of Santa Fe ; Bishop
Tamaron perceived their ruins in 1760, and
he found apricots growing wild in the fields,
an indication of the former cultivation of
the cauntry.
" The desert of the Muerto, is a plain
thirty leagues (near 90 miles) in length,
<iestitute of water. Tiie whole of this
country is, in general, of an alarming de-
gree of aridity ; for tiie mountains de los
•Mhnsos, situated to the ea->t of the road
from Durango to Santa Fe, do not give
rise to a single brook. Notwithstanding
the mildness of t!ie climate, and the progress
of industry, a great part of this covmtry, as
well as Old California, and several districts
of New Biscay, and of the intendancy of
Guadalaxara, will never admit of any con-
siderable population.
*' New Mexico, though under the same
latitude with Syria und central Persia, lias
a remarkable cold climate. It freezes
there in the middle of May. Near Santa
Fe, and a little further north, under the
parallel of the Morea, the Rio del Norte is
sometimes covered, for a succession of
several years, with ice thick enough to ad-
mit the passage of horses and carriages.
We are ignorant of the elevation of the
soil of the province of New Mexico; but I
do not believe, that under the 37 of lati-
tude, the bed of the river is aore than
seven or eight Jundred metres (-?296 or
2624 teet) of elevation, above the elevation
of the Ocean. The mountairs which
bound the valley of the Rio del Norte, and
even those, at the foot of which the village
of Taos is situated, lose their snow towards
the beginning of June.
" The great river of the north, rises in
the Sierra Verd, which is the point of S2pa-
ration between the streams wliich flow into
the Gulf of Mexico, and those which flow
into the South sea. It has its periodical
rises, like the Orinoco, the Jfiss.s.sippi, and
a great number of rivers of both continents.
The waters of the Rio del Norte begin to
swell in the month of April, tliey are at
their height in the beginning of .May, and
they fall towards tlie end of .June. The
inhabitants can only ford the river on horses
of an extraordinary size, during the drought
of summer, wiien the strength of the cur-
rent is greatly diminished. *
" The water of the Rio del Norte, like
tha*- of the Orinoco, and all the great rivers
of South America, is extremely muddy. In
New Biscay they consider a small river
called Rio Puerco, the mouth of wliich
lies south from the town of Albuquerque,
near Valentla, as the cause of this phe-
nomenon; but M. Tamaron observed that
its waters were muddy far above Santa Fe,
and the town of Taos. The inhabitants^of
the Passo del Norte, have preserved the re-
collection of a very extraordinary event
which took place in 1752. The wliole bed
of the river became dry all of a sudden for
more than thirty leagues above, and twenty
leagues below the Passo ; and the water of
the river precipitated itself into a newly
formed chasm, and only made it= reappear-
ance near the Presidio de San Eleazario;
this loss of the Rio del Norte remained for
a considerable time. The fine plains which
surround the Passo, and which are inter-
sected with small canals of irrigation, re-
mained without water ; and the inhabitants
dug we'is in the smd, vvitli which the bed
of the river was filled. At length, after
the lapse of several weeks, the water resu-
med its ancient course, no doubt because
the chasm, and subterraneous conductors
were filled up."
The Rio Grande del Norte is the triie
American Nile, and except flowing in an
opposite direction, the two rivers have
very strong traits df resemblance.
Ill the angle betv.'een the Rio Grande and
Red river, rises a series of streaitis flowing
into the Gulf of Mexico. The first of these
from the Rio Grande is the Rio Nueces, or
Walnut river, rising in the pla ns of Texas,
at North lat. 31, West Ion. W C 2.3 30,
flowing parallel to the Rio Grande 250
miles it frills into the Laguna Madre, North
lat. 27 20, Vv'est Ion. W G 21, draining
about 15 000 square miles.
The shores of the Gulf of Mexico, north-
east from the Rio Gri.nde, is as remarka-
ble for tlie abundance, as is that souti; from
tliat stre':m f .r the scarcitj' of its rivers.
Tiie Nueces is followed by the united
streams of tlie St^ Marco and Guadaloupe.
It is pr i>hable from tlie phenomena of the
rivers of these regions that the substrata
are calcareous. The circumstance quoted
from Humboldt, of the sinking of the waters
of the Rio Grande, almost superinduces
the supposition of a calcareous base. The
St. Marks (San Marco) rises in the moun-
tains of St. Saba, and is remarkable for the
number of excessively large fountains,
another almost unerring mark of a calca-
reous formation. It may seem incrediblCj
but it is nevertheless true, that few parts
of this continent are more imperfectly
knnv.n, than the angle between Rio Grande
and Red river west and north-west from the
Sabine. The names of the rivers, as they
follow in succession, v/ere communicated
to me bv a number of persons who had
liaveiled the country, and particularly by
Mr. Davenport, who resided many years
at Nacogdoches, and by a Frcnc|^cntlie-
:sj li X
M E X
man of the name of Lafbrest, who uiso re-
sided a considerable time in Texas. Neither
the shores or interior have ever been sur-
veyed, or even viiiteu, by any scientific
traveller The sources a id courses of the
rivers are very imperfectly knawn ; their
mere relative names was all I coidd pro-
cure beyond the extent of my own sphere
of obseivation, which was limited by the
waters of the Sabme, which I intersected
at North lat. 32.
It is well known, however, that the
rivers from the R;0 Grande >o Missouri in-
clusive, have gained from the config-uration
of the intermediate country a very singular
corresponding- curve. These curves give
to a map of the rivers of Texas, Arkansas,
and Missouri, a regularity which appears
ai'tificial. It is from such a structure that
the Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico pre-
sents so singular an aspect. With a com-
parative length of 700 miles, tlie basin of
that river does not exceed sixty miles in
mean width. The basins of most rivers
make more or less approach to the form of
an ellipse, and the difFi-rence between the
greatest length and greatest breadth sel-
dom amount to so great a disproportion as
three to one ; in the case of ihe Colorado,
the difference is double the ordinary scale
of comparison.
That river rises at North lat 34, West
Ion. W C 23, and flowing south east by
east 500 miles, turns 150 to the south-east,
and about a similar distance to the south
falls into the Gulf of Mexico, at North lat.
p9, West Ion. W C 19 40. This stream has
its regular spring and summer inundations
similar to the Rio Grande, and about the
same period. The parched and open na-
ture of the country from which they both
flow, causes an excessive depres.sion in the
latter end of summer and in autumn. In-
deed the overwhelming rains that some-
times deltige, and the long droughts which
jjccasionally parch the interior of Texas,
and which extend their effects into Loui-
siana, Arkansas, and Missouri, are amongst
the most singular phenomena of physical
geography. Whilst I was in Louisiana
there intervened near three years, I be-
lieve, 1800, 1801, and 1802, without rain at
St. Antonio de Behar, and over an immense
extent of the interior regions. Duraig the
two first years of that series the Mississippi
did not overflow its ba.ks.
The basin of the Brassos a Dios, follows
that of the Colorado, and partakes of a
similar structure. The sources of the lat-
ter are, however, in the mountains of San
Saba, upwards of 300 miles east of those of
the former. The Brassos rises a". North
lat. 33, W^est Ion. W C 23, and flowing
nearly parallel to the Colorado falls into
the Gulf of Mexico after a comparative
course of 400 miles, with also a very nar-
596
vow basin of less than fifty miles mean
width.
The Trinity is the last river of Texas
beyond the Sabine. These two streams
rise in tiie .same plain south of Red river,
at about North lat. 32 30, and both flow
nearl ■ parallel to each other, with a general
course to the south, curving to the east-
wanl by a semi-ellfptica! sweep ; each
having a comparative course of about 300
miles.
We may turn and cast a cursory retro-
spective glance upon the rivers of Texas.
I may observe that by the name of Texas,
is designated all the country between Loui-
siana and New Mexico, and between the
boundary of the United States, the Rio
Grande, and Gulf of Mexico. '
Though the coast of Texas is amply in-
dented with bays, many of which are of
extent and depth to admit vessels of any
draught, the rivers are extremely shallow,
and, except during floods, unnavigable.
No I rge falls, or even cataracts, are known
to exist. The very slight tides in the Gulf
of Mexico, gives little aid to the commer-
cial facilities in the confluent rivers.
Similar to the Atlantic-coast, south-west
from New York, that of the Gulf of Mexico
is every where low, and either sandy or
marshy. This gives a peculiar character to
the rivers o! both, which distinguish them
from such as flow from a rocky or bold
shore. Bars of sand or mud interrupt the
navigation, more or less, of all the rivers
of the world, but in a high degree those
v/hose egress to their recipients are made
through shores having but little declination
above the water level.
Mexico, iniendancy of the empire of
Mexico; bounded SW by the Pacific
Ocean ; W by Valladolid and Guanax-
uato ; N by Potosi ; NE by Vera Cruz ;
and SE, and E by Puebla. Length 350 ;
mean v/idth about 130 miles; area
45,400 square miles, :It extends from
lat. 16 34 to 21 57, N." More than two
thirds of the intendancy of Mexico are
mour.tainous, in which there are im-
mense plains elevated from 6,560, to
7,55[j feet above the level of the ocean.
From Chalco, to Queretaro, are almost
uninterrupted plains of 150 miles in
length, and from 25 to 30 iniles wide.
on the low Pacific border the climate is
sultry and unhealthy. Near the gigan-
tic summits of Popccatapetl, and Iztac-
cihuatl, the highest peak of the inten-
dancy of Mexico, the Nevado de Tolu-
ca, is 15,156 feet above the level of the
ocean. The particular valley of Mexi-
co, or Tenochtitlan, surrounded by the
mountains of Anahuac, is one of the most
singular features of our globe. Its form
is oval ; length about 55, and breadth
M E X
M E X
58 ; area about 1,700 square miles of the Mexican god of war. The valley was
•which one tenth is covered by water, called Te.'!ochtillan from Tenochques a na-
Its circumference 200 miles. The sur- tional appellative of tiie Aztecs, It was
rounding Cordillera, or pnrphyrticalrim founded according to the Aztec historians,
has a mean height of 9,840 feet. In this in 1321, precisely two centuries before the
extraordinary vale or basin are five Spanish conquest. The ancient csty, was
lakes, near one of which the city of divided into four quarters, Teopan or Xo-
Mexico is situated. See article Mexican chimilco, Atzacualco, Moyotla, and Cree-
e7n/iire, and city of Mexico. popa" : ^"d the old limits are preserved in
L ' . ^ /. , ,- ,, ,.„ .!,„ St. P.-iul, St. Sebastian, St. John, and St.
FronQ the outside ot the basin the ^ ^^^^,^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^,^ ,.„^ the
water flows m every direction towards ^ > ^^^ l ^^^^ ^.^^^^.^^ ^,.^^ ^^^ ^^^
the Atlanticand Pacific Oceans, but from „„, Running from north to south, and
the basin itself, only one outlet exists, from^ast to west. But what gives the new
carrj uig the water into the 1 ula or . ^ ,.^^ ^^^ distinctive character,
Moctezuema river. And what is pecu- ig/ti.^tVt is situated entirely on the conti-
harly remarkable, this outlet is m a ^ent. between the extremities of the two
great degree artihcial. For the rivers ot ,^^^^ ^^ xezcuco, and Xochimilco, and that
this mtendancy, and for those ot the ;^ ^^, receives by navigable canals the
Mexican empire in general, which enter ^^^g,^ \^^^^^, ^^ ^^^ Xochimilco. The an-
the gulf of Mexico. See Emtii^'e oj ^lent city was placed on an alluvial plain,
Mexico. The sources of the Rio Gran- ■• •' '^ ■•• ._- 1--— u.. .u_
de de Santiago rise on the western slopes
of the mountains of Anahuac, and can-
not be considered a stream of the inten-
dancy of Mexico. The river of Xaca-
or rather morass, which lias been by the
mere operations of nature in five centuries,
raised to a considerable elevation, and the
shores of the lakes restricted. The sur-
face of lake Tezcuco is 7468 feet above the
lutla rises near Cuernavaca, and drams igy^,} ^f ^^g o^ean, and its waters are salt ;
the SW part of the intendancy. It is a ]ate Xochimilco is higher, and composed
region which, though exposed to exces- ^f fi-ggh water. Before, and for more than
sive annual rains, the rivers are few in ^ century after the Spanish conquest, no
number and comparatively small. city of the world was so subject to de-
In a region of such difference of level, structive inundations as Mexico. This ca-
and such excessive difference of mois- sualty has been diminished in its effects
ture the seasons niiust also offer almost a„fi occurrence by increased evaporation
every change of temperature. The high arising from the destruction of the adjacent
plains of Anahuac are as remarkable for forests, and more efficaciously by the great
the purity of the air, as are those of the drain Besag^te. See Mexican Empire.
Pacific coast, for their insalubrity. The <« Mexico is undoubtedly one of the finest
two climates are clearly distinguished by cities ever built by Europeans in either
the inhabitants. The cities on the ele- liemisphere. With the exception of Pe-
vated table land are called, ciudades, de tersburg, Berlin, Philadelphia, and some
tierra fria, or cities of the cold region, quarter's of Westminster, there does not
whilst those near the coast, are designa- exist a city of the same extent, which can
ted, ciudades de tierra caliente, or cities be compared to the capital of New Spain,
of the hot region. Its most important for the uniform level of the ground on
mines are. La VetaBiscainode Rt aide! which it stands, for the regularity and
Monte, Zimopan^and Tehulilotepec. breadth of the streets, and the extent of
The cities of the intendancy of Mexi- the public places. The architecture is
CO, are Mexico, Tezcuco, Cuyoscan, generally of a very pure style, and there
Tacubaya, Tucuba, ('uemavaca, Chil. are even edifices of very beautiful struc
panzinco, Tasco, Acapulco, Zacatula, ture. The exterior of the houses is not
Lerma, Toluca, Pachuca, Caderieta, San loaded with ornaments. Two sorts of hewn
Juan del Rio, and Querataro. stone, the p irons amygdoloid, called tet-
Mexico, city of, capital of the Intendan- zoutli, and especially a porphyry of vit-
cv of the same name and of the whole em- reous feldspath, without quartz, give to
pire, is -sitated at lat. 19 26 N, Lon. W C the Mexican buildings an air of solidity,
22 5 W, on or near the west shore of the and sometimes even magnificence. There
lake Tezcuco, and in the central part of are none of those wooden balconies, and
the valley of Tenochtillan, aid also nearly galleries to be seen, which so much disfi-
raid-distance between Vera Cruz and Aca- gure all other cities built by Europeans in
pulco. The site o! Mexico is elevated 7470 both ladies. The balustrades and gates
feet above the ocean level. The name of are all of Biscay iron, ornamented with
this city, and of the country is a subject of bronze, and the houses insteadof roofs, have
some doubtful speculation, there is good terraces, like those in Italy and other south,
reason to believe the name, however, lobe ern countries."
derived from ^lezitli, or Iluitzilopochtli, The edifice,, destined to the school of
M E X
M B X
mines for which the richest individuals of most beautiful lakes of the mountains of
the country furnished a sum of more than Switzerland. Large avenues of elms and
three millions of francs, 554,112 dollars, poplars, lead in every direction to the ca-
wo«ld adorn the principal places of Paris, pital ; and two aqueducts, constructed
or London Two great palaces, or hotels over arches of very great elevation, cross
have been constructed by Mexican artists, the plain, and exhibit an appearance
pupils of the Academy of Fine Aits of the
capital. One of tliese palaces in the Quar-
ter della Traspana, exhibits in the interi ir
of the court a very beautitu! oval peristyle
of coupled columns. The traveller justly
admires a vast circumference paved with
porphyry flags, and enclosed with an iron
equally agreeable and interesting. The
magnificient convent of Nuestra Signora
de Guadaloupe appears joined to the
mountains of Tepeyacac, among ravines,
which shelter a tew dates, and young
Yucca trees. Towards the south, the
whole tract between St. Angel, Taca-
roy's palace. It is much less, however,
from the grandeur and beauty of the monu-
ments, than from the breadth and straight-
ness of the streets ; and much less from
ra.l.ng,rtchly ornamented v. ith bronze con- baya, and San Augustine de ils Cuevas.
taming an equestrian statue of kmg Charles appears an immense garden ot orange
ly. placed on a pedestal of Mexican mar- peach, apple, cherry and other European
ble. in the midst of he Plazo Mayor of f^uit trees. This beautiful vegetation
Mexico, opposite the cathedral and theVice- forms a singular contrast .vith the wild
appearance of the naked mountains which
enclose the valley, among which, the
famous volcanoes of La Puebla, Popoca-
Uo = T£ 4.\ r ■,. c 1 tepetl, and Iztaccihuatl, are the most
^^ifn % \ T A r 'TY'j'y distinguished. The firs of these forms
r^tt f M H "I position that the ^„ .^^.^us cone, of which the crater.
city of Mexico attracts the admiration of „ „»• ,, . „ ' j . tu„„„,: J
Europeans. » From a singular coincidence ^2"^^""^^'^ 'f^"^'"^ ^''Vl^^JL^f
of circumstances," says Humboldt, « I have S"i°ke and ashe.s, opens m the midst of
seen successively, within a very short space ^/now.
oftime, Lima, Mexico, Philadelphia, Wash- I'l^^ police of Mexico is good, th^
ington, Paris, Rome, Naples, and the largest Streets are wide, clean and well lighted.
cities of Germany. By conapairing to- The city is supplied with fresh water
gether impressions which follow in rapid ^om two sources, one on Chapoltepec
succession, we are enabled to rectify any hill, and the other near the mountain
opinion, which we may have too easily which separates the valley of Tencchtit-
adopted. Notwithstanding such unavoida- 'an from that of Lerma, and Toluca. To
ble comparisor.s, of which several, one convey this water, two great aqueducts
would think, must have proved disadvan- have been constructed. The water of
tageoua for the capital of Mexico, it has Chepoltepec, enters the city at the
left in me a recollection of grandeur, which Salto del Agua, by an aqueduct of 10,826
I principally attribute to the majestic char- feet ; and that of Santa Fe, is brought
acter of its situation, and to the surround- along Alameda, and terminates near la
ing scenery. Traspana, at the bridge de la Marescala
In fact, nothing can present a more by an aqueduct of 33,464 feet, or up-
rich and varied appearance than the wards of six and one third miles. The
valley, when, in a fine summer morning, latter stream is most pure. What is
the sky without a cloud, and of that deep very remarkable, the ancient city was
azure, which is peculiar to the dry and supplied in the same* manner, and by
raritied air of high mountains, we trans- aqueducts not less massive or lengthy,
port ourselves to the top of one of the than those erected by the Spaniards,
towers of the cathedral of Mexico, or In its actual state Mexico is no doubt
ascend the liill of Chapoltepec. A beau- considerably the most extensive, and best
tiful vegetation surrounds this hill. Old populated city of either America. Its
cypress trunks of more than from 49 to existing population, is, however, difficult
52 feet in circumference raise thtir naked to fix with any precision, but must from
heads above those of the schinus, which all concurrent testimony exceed 1.50,000.
resemble in their appearance, the weep- Mexico, gulf of, inland sea of North
ing willows of the East. From the ccn- America; having the Mexican provinces
tre of this sclitude, the summit of the SE, SVV, and NW, the United States
porpr.yritical rock of Chapoltepec, the N; andNE; and Cuba E. It extends
eye sweeps over a vast plain of carefully from lat. 18 to 31 20 N ; and from Ion.
cultivated fields, which extend to the W C 4 to 21 W. From the mouth of the
very foot of the colossal mountains cover- Alvarado, to that of the Apalachicola, in
ed with eternal snow. The city appears a NE and SW direction upwards of 1.000
as if washed by the waters of the lake miles; its mean width from SE to NW,
Tezcuco, whose basin, surrounded with about 600 miles ; superficial area ex-
villages and hamlets, brings to mind the ceeding 600,000 sqtiare miles. The gulf
598
M I A
M I A
of Mexico is connected with the Carib-
bean sea by the channel of Cuba, and
with the Atlantic Ocean by the Florida
stream The current generated by the
trade winds, and by the rotation of the
eartli on its axis, is carried into the
Mexican gulf by the Cuba Channel and
discharged by the Florida stream ; the
gulf being an immense reservoir.
Mexico, township of Oxford county
Maine. Population 1820, 148.
Mexico, township of Oswego county
New York, on Mexico bay of lake Onta-
rio, 15 mil's E from Oswego. Population
1820, 1590.
Mexico, post town of Mifflin county
Pennsylvania, on the left side of the
West bra:.ch of Susquehannah, 12 miles
above Mellerstown, and 15 below Lewis-
town.
Meyenberg, town of Upper Saxony, in
the marche of Pregnitz, 60 miles NNW
of Berlin.
Meyenfeldt, town in the country of
the Grisons, seated on the Rhine, in a
pleasant country, fertile in excellent
wine, 15 miles NE of Coire. Lon. 9 36
E, lat, 47 2 N.
Mezicres, town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardennes and late province
of Champagne, with a citadel, seated on
the Mouse, 12 miles NW of Sedan, and
127 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 49
46 N;
Mezen, river of European Russia,
rising between the Vyezegda, and the
Petchora and flowing, parallel to the
Dwina into the White Sea.
Mezhi, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot and Garonne, and late pro-
vince of Guienne ; seated in a country that
abounds in wlieat ; with vines, from which
they principally make brandy; and with the
cork-tree, whicii they sell both in its natu-
ral state, and in corks. It is 9 miles NW
of Condom.
Mia, or Mijah, large town of Japan,
seated on the S coast of the Isle of Niphon,
with a fortified palace. Lon. 135 40 E,
lat. 35 50 N.
Miami river, river of Ohio, rising in Har-
din county, interlocking with the head-
waters of the Scioto. It runs in a SW di-
rection, above 100 miles across the western
borders of Logan, and through Shelby,
Miami, Montgomery, Butler and Hamilton
counties, into the Ohio river, exactly in the
SW corner of the state, by a moutl) 200
yards wide. Bordering upon this river,
are some of the finest arable lands in the
state. But its navigation is not easy, on
account of the rapidity of its current ; it is,
however, navigated to a limited extent, 75
miles, and some of its waters approacli so
near those of the Au Glaize, a southern
branch of tlie Maumee, that a communica-
tion is e'l'ected between them by a portage
of five miles. Its mouth is in N lat. 39 4,
and W lon. W C 70 50.
Miami, of the Lake. See Maumee.
Miami, county of Ohio, bounded on the N
by Shelby, E by the counties of Champaign
and Claric, S by Montgomery, and W by
Dark county. It is 21 miles in extent from
N 'o S, by 20 irom E to W, ai'.d contains
about 410 square miles. Troy the county
seat, and Piqua are the principal towns.
The principal waters are the Miami river,
which runs across it from N to S. the
Southwest branch, and Spring, Honey, and
Lost creeks. Soil fertile. Staples grain
and flour.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. ft^mattjli • - -
Total whites ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . .
Slaves .....
2,047
1,873
3,920
21
0
3,941
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,573
do. do. females - - 4,218
All other persons except Isdians
not taxed - - - - 0
Total whites . - . . 8,791
Free persons of colour, males - 39"
do. do. females - 21
Slaves, males - - - • j; 0
do. females .... 0
8,851
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 20
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,904
do. in Manufactures - - 325
do. in Commerce - - 19
Population to the square mile, 21.
Miami, township of Hamilton county,
Ohio, containing 1426 inhabitants in 1820.
Miami, post town of Hamilton county,
Ohio, 15 miles above the moutli of Great
Miami river, and 16 W from Cincinnati.
Miami, township of Champaign county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, uncertain.
Miami, township of Green county Ohio.
Population in 1820, 550.
Miami, NW township of Clermont coun-
ty. Population in 1820, 1607.
Miami's berg, post village of Ohio, in
Montgomery county, 12 miles S from Day-
ton.
Miami Uriiversity, Oxford township,
Butkr countv Ohio.
599
M 1 G
MIC
Mia'ni, western township of Logan coun*
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 359.
Miami, township of Cooper county Mis-
souri.
Michaels, town, and seat of justice ISIadi-
son county Missouri, on Little Black river,
80 miles SWfrom Cape Girardeau.
Michael, St. the most fertile and populous
of the Azores or Western Islands, contain-
ing about 25,000 inhabitants, and producing
wheat and flax. Its two principal harbours
are Ponta Delgada, and Villa Franca: the
former is the capital of the island. Lon.
25 42 W, lat. 37 47 N.
Michael, St. borough in Cornwall, eight
miles SW of St. Columb, and 249 W by S
of London. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 50 23 N.
Michael, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of Meuse, and late duchy of Bar.
It is remarkable for its hospital, and the
rich library of a late Attiedictine abbey.
It is seated on the Mei^, 20 miles NE of
Bar-le-Duc, and 165 E of Paris. Lon. 5 38
E, lat. 48 51 N.
Michael, St, seaport of the province of
Guatimala, seated on a small river, 130
miles SE of New Guatimala. Lon. 87 45
W, lat. 12 25 N.
Michael, St. town of Peru in the province
of Quito. It was the first Spanish colony
in Peru, and is seated near the mouth of
the Piura, 225 miles S by W of Quito. Lon.
80 50 W, lat. 5 0 8.
Michael ele Ibarra, St. town of Peru,
in the province of Quito, 60 miles NE of
Quito.
Michael, Gulf of, St. that part] of the Pa-
cific Ocean, which lies to the E of Panama.
It was first discovered by the Spaniards,
after their march across the isthmus of Da-
rien.
Michelonia, country of Prussia, wliich is
part of the circle of Culm, >nd separated
from the other part by the river Dribents.
It takes its name from the castle of Mi-
chelow.
Michigan, large lake of North America,
whose NE extremity communicates with
the NW end of Lake Huron, by the strait
of Michilimackinack. It is situated u holly
within the limits of tlie United States. It
is about 340 miles in length, including the
straits of Michilimackinack. Its width va-
ries from 20 to 70 miles. The area co-
vered by this lake amounts to about 15,000
square miles, Green Bay is connected with
it to the NW, and lake Huron NE. It is
navigable for vessels drawing 12 feet water
through the straits of Miclrlimackinack,
and within the body of the lake for those of
the largest class.
Michigan Territory, — This expanse is
composed of two parts naturally divided
or separated. The first is formed by the
peninsula between the Lakes Erie,
Huron, and Michigan ; the second from
600
the immense former northwest territcrf
between the river Mississippi, North lat.
49, the river Rain, the Lakes Superior,
Huron, Michigan, and the northern
limits of the state of Illinois, on N lat.
42 30,
The second part is merely annexed to
the first for temporary purposes of civil
government.
miles.
The peninsula of Michigan is bound-
ed on Lake Michigan, -
On Lake Huron. . . _
River St. Clair. Lake St. Clair, De-
troit river, aiid Lake Erie to the
north boundary of Ohio,
Along the N l)oundary?<if Ohio to
the east boundary of Indiana,
Thence due N along east boundary
of Indiana, to the northeast angle
of that state, . - -
Thence due W along the north boun-
dary of Indiana to Lake Michi-
gan
260
250
136
80
10
110
Having an outline of 846
Area, 34,000 square miles = 21,760,000
acres.
Extreme south. North lat. 41 ^5.
Extreme north, North lat. 45 20.
Its greatest length is from north to south,
260 miles ; its mean breadth, 130
miles.
miles.
The Trans-Michigan parjt of the
territory has an interior limit on the
state of Illinois, along North lat. 42
30, 210
Up the Mississippi to its source,
and to the head of Red river, - 700
Down Red river to North lat. 49, 300
A frontier bimndary along North
lat. 49 to the river Rain, - - ].50
Along Rain jiver to its source, 150
Down Fox river to Lake Supe-
rior, 100
Along the north-west, west, and
south shores of Lake Superior, and
St. Mary's river, to the straits of Mi-
chilitiiackinack, - _ . 650
Along Green bay and Lake Mi-
chigan, 350
Having an outline of 2610
Area, 140 000 square miles, =
89,600,000 acres ; which if added to the
superficial contents of the peninsular
part quotes 174,000 square miles, or
111,360,000 acres.
Extreme south of the trans-peninsular
section. North lat. 42 30.
Extreme north. North lat. 49.
It is about 650 miles from the north-
east angle of the state of Illinois, to the
M I C
M I C
north-west angle of the Michigan terri-
tory on Red river. Its breadth is very
irregular, but averages about 200 miles.
Of this immense region much remains
unknown ; and of those parts which have
been explored, our information is gene-
rally imperfect. The peninsular section,
though much more correctly delineated
on our maps, than the more remote, and
more inaccessible parts to the north-
west, remains still extremely defective
in its representation, It may seem
strange, but it is nevertheless a fact that,
I was myself the first to publish the
names and positions of several of the
most important rivers in the very envi-
rons of the city of Detroit.
In general description little will suf-
fice on the whole of this region. It is
less variegated than any section of tiie
United States of equal extent. The sur-
face is in a great measure flat, or gently
rolling or waving. The peninsula con-
tains some prairie, but is in much the
greater part covered with a dense forest.
On the trans-peninsular division, the
prairies are more expansive, and the fo-
rests, where they do occur, composed of
more humble and less numerous speci-
fic material. The s'il of the peninsula
is, perhaps, in proportion to extent, equal
if not superior, to any equal continuous
area in the United States, the state of
Illinois excepted.
In point of climate, it mu->t be obvious
that very setisible extremes must be felt
in a country stretching over 6^ degrees
to latitude, but these extremes are very
little aiftcted in Michigan by inequality
of surface. On some maps mountains
are drawn near tlie sources of Ouiscon-
sin and Fox rivers, where no such ele-
vations exist, The country is there hilly,
but by no means mouniait^ous, and
towards either the lakes or Mississippi
river becomes comparatively level. It
is needless, however, to amplify on objects
of remote importance, and concerning
which our information is at once vague
and of doubtful autliority ; we will there-
fore coiitine our observations respecting
Michigan more particularly to the part
contained in the jieninsula.
I may merely observe, that this point
of land is generally level in its interior,
with a sloping border towards the cir-
cumscribing lakes and river. Its super-
structure is in every respect analogous
to the northern pans of Ohio, and In-
diana. A prolongation uf the table land
mentioned in my general view of those
states, passes through Michigan, and
reaches to the straits of Michilimacki-
nack. This plain is no dnubt underlaid
with the same secondarv base, reaching
'1 <r
from Ohio river, and a similar superstra-
tum is found in Michigan, which spreads
over the schist of Ohio, Indiana, and Il-
linois.
Almost all the rivers of Michigan are
precipitated over ledges of either lime-
stone or sandstone rock, a few miles be-
fore joining their respective recipients.
Above these falls the country gradually
becomes flat and marshy ; below, it is
dry, sloping, and very productive. In
one respect, the features cf Michigan
very essentially diftVr from those of Ohio
and Indiana. In the two latter sections,
the mouths of the confluents of Ohio
river surrounded by hills, whose true
character I have drawn ; whilst in the
former, the approach to the discharge
nf its streams is made down a very gra-
dual and but httle broken plain. In one
instance the original inclined plain was
gradually cut into ravines by the Ohio
and other streams: in the second in-
stance, the (;riginal plain was simply
rcfrc-icted, by the formation of a sloping
border, whose inclination was greater
than the interior and remaining fragment
of the primitive level.
It has been seen that Lake Michigan
was only elevated above the Atlantic tides
about 600 feet. From any data yet pro-
cured no part of the peninsula can be ele-
vated abov^e that lake, two hundred feet,
or eight hundred feet above the ocean.
The straits of St. Mary, uniting Lake
Huron with Lake Superior, has but lit-
tle current except at the rapid of St.
Mary, a olistance of two or three miles.
Fifty fett is as much as can be allowed
for all tlie depression from Lake Superior
to Huron, giving to the former an eleva-
tion above the Atlantic tides of 650 feet.
It will at once be seen from the ele-
ments given, that a Canadian sea, is a
species of valley, reaching far into the
interior of the continent, with an eleva-
tion at its utmorst extremity not so great
by 150 feet as the ground on which stands
tiie city cf Pittsburg.
I mention these striking facts in this
place, as they present, in a striking
manner, the peculiar structure of the
, widely extended connexion between the
two great basins of Mississippi and St.
Lawrence ; and in order to introduce
S'^me brief observations on a phenomenon
which has excited considerably surprise
and oljservation. It has been found, that
in u ceding from the central parts, of
New York, and even Pennsylvania, that
though adviincing into a higher latitude,
when proceeding to the margins of Lakes
Erie and Ontario, that the seasons be-
came more mild. The quantum of the
change, as in all similar cases, has been
001
M 1 C
-M I C
DO doubt very much exaggerated ; but
that such an efiect is actually percepti-
ble admits of no ssrious doubt. The
cause remains to be explained. We
have already repeatedly adverted to the
elevated region which protrudes from
New York and Pennsylvania, into Ohio,
and which gradually depresses advancing
south-west, until it finally subsides into
a level table land, in the north-west part
of Ohio, and north-east part of Indiana.
In the region skirting the southeastern
side of Lake Erie, we have found the
summit level of the ridge in question
about 1200 feet in height, whilst that of
Lake Erie was not halt so much.
Pittsburgh is upwards of 200 feet above
Detroit, and about on a level with the
table land of Michigan. It ought not
therefore to excite surprise, that places
elevated from 500 to 800 feet above
others, should be more exposed to the
action of frost.
The peach tree flourishes on the south
shore of Ontario, whilst it languishes a
degree of latitude more southwardly for
the very reasons I have assigned, in
1818, in September, travelled from Buf-
falo to Albany, and found indications of
approaching winter, in proportion to my
recession from the level shores of Erie,
an entrance on the hilly and broken
tracts contained in Seneca, Cayuga,
Onondago, Cortland, Madison, Chenan-
go, Otsego, Schoharie, and Green counties.
In my previous route from Buffalo to De-
troit, the contrary aspect was very visi-
ble, though at a less advanced season.
The time of harvest is more than a
week earlier at Detroit than at Buffalo,
though the difference of latitude is only
about 30 . In the central and elevated
parts of New York , due east from De-
troit, the seasons differ in length near a
month. Not as has been supposed, from
relative east and west position, but from
relative height, and proximity to water.
It may not be irrelevant, to observe,
that causes remote and doubtful, ought
never to be resorted to, when those near
and obvious, will satisfactorily account
for the phenomena under examination.
The effects of the trade winds have been
by Volney and some others, stated to
exist far beyond their passible actual
sphere of influence. It demands but a
very limited knowledge of the physical
and chemical properties of air, to enable
the mind to conceive, that every thing
else equal, the cold mass of atmnspheric
air in the higher parts of the Mississip-
pi basin, was more liable from its supe-
rior weight, to extend its effects towards
the lower parts of the basin, than for the
heated and buovant mass at that lower
part to not only resist, but actually folce
a heavier body to recede to the higher
and superior section.
Civil and political subdivisions of Mi-
chigan, with the result of the census of
1820, annexed.
Counties
Inhabitants
Wayne,
3,574
Maycomb,
898
Oakland,
330
Michilimackinack, 819
Brown, 952
Crawford, 492
Monroe, 1,831
8,896
The extent of the counties of Michigan
is too vague to admit any relative estimate.
The inhabited parts of this territory are ;
a strip along the south-eastern side of
the peninsula, extending from the mouth
of the jMaumee, to tlie discharge of St.
Clair river, from Lake Huron about 140
miles, and reaching Inland about 30 miles ;
with an area 4,200 square miles, and with
7125 inhabitants, not quite an average of
1;^ to the square mile. At an interval of
250 miles, we find 819 inhabitants at and
around MichiUmackinack ; and 150 miles
still farther, 952 in Grown county, embra-
cing the region adjacent'to Green Bay, and
Fox river. The whole inhabited and culti-
vated extent of the Michigan territory may
be estimated at about 5000 square miles.
The progressive population of this fine,
and naturally favoured country, has been,
from various causes, extremely slow. It is
within the range of reasonable anticipation,
that the completion of the New York west-
ern canal will produce a flood of emigra-
tion to Michigan, and to the north-west
part of the state of Ohio. It is hardly
within the powers of imagination to con-
ceive a place better adapted for inland
commerce than is the city of Detroit ; nor
a finer country for all the purposes of agri-
culture suitable to its climate, than is the
peninsula cf Michigan.
Detroit stands at lat. 42 25 north,
and Ion. W C 5 50 west. The site is a
gently sloping bank, rising 30 or 40 feet,
into the centre of the city, and thence
spreading into an extensive plain in its
rear. The town is yet small, but has an
active and prosperous aspect. It contain-
ed in 1820, 1422 inhabitants.
jMiclMimackmaxv, straits and island of,
between lakes INfichigan and Huron. The
straits extend about 40 miles in length, but
with very uneqtiai breadth. A gentle cur-
rent sets through it from Michigan into
Huron, whicli at the narrows near the
island where the strait is restricted to
about 4 miles wide, is most sensibly felt.
The island is about 7 miles in circumfer-
ence. See ,lIicJiiUmackinaic Count;'.
MID
M I D
Michiliinuckiim-w, county of Michigan
territory, embracing the foregoing' island
and adjacent shores. The principal set-
tlement is on the island, which contains a
court-house, jail and about 100 houses.
The island rises to some considerable
height in many places, one of wiiich hills
is elevated 300 feet above the level of the
lake. The name of this island is said to
be derived from Michi. Mackinaw, or
Great Turtle from its form. The town is
during summer a place of very considera-
ble resort, being a complete thoroughfare
between the lower and higher parts of the
Canadian sea. It has a regular custom
house, and is a port of entry.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 513
do. do. females - - 86
Total whites .... 599
All otlier persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 15
Slaves 1
Total population in 1810
615
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
660
154
0
Total whites . . _
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females
Total population in 1820
814
4
1
0
0
819
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
324
34
11
244
Po})ulation to the square mile, uncertain.
Michi-picoten, river of Upper Canada,
falls into a bay of the same name in the N
E part of lake Superior. From the head
of this river, short portages lead to the
navigable waters of Severn and Moose
rivers of James bay.
Middleborough, township, Plymouth
county, Massachusetts ; situated at the head
of Buzzard's bay, in the lat. of 41 48, and
ion. of 70 40 W, at the distance of 16 miles
NE of New Bedford, and 40 S of Boston,
fjreat quantities of nails are made here.
Smith iron made from ore found in the
township. Population in 1820, 4687.
J\fiddlef)oro'-four.cor Iters, post office, Ply-
mouth county, MassaohuscttK.
j\TiddIebrook; post village, Augusta coun-
ty, Virginia, 10 miles SW from Staunton,
MidxPehronk, post office, Montgomery
county, Maryland, on Seneca creek, 35
miles NW from Washington City,
Middleburg, strong city of Holland,
capital of the island of Walcheren, and of
all Zealand. The squares, streets, and
public buildings are magnificent ; particu-
larly the townhouse (formerly a celebrated
abbey) which is decorated with tlie statues
of the ancient counts and countesses of
Holland. The inhabitants are computed
at 30,000. The harbour is commodious,
and has a communication with Flushing by
a canal, which will bear the largest vessels.
It is 30 miles NNW of Ghent, and 72 SW
of Amsterdam. Lon. 3 o7 E, lat, 51 29 N.
JMiddlebnrg, town of the Netlierlands, in
Flanders, five miles SE of Sluys.
JMiddleburg, township and post village,
Schoharie county, New York, 10 miles S
from Schoharie. Population in 1820, 3782.
Middleburg, Somerset county, New Jer-
sey. See Millstone.
Jlfiddlebiirg, post village, Frederick coun-
ty, Maryland, 20 miles NE from Frederick,
Middleburg, township of Cuyahoga coun-
ty, Ohio, containing 157 inhabitants in
1820.
Middleburg, \)05i village, Loudon county,
Virginia, on Goose creek, 12 miles SSW
from Lecsburg, and 45 NW by W from
Alexandria.
Middleburg, post village. Nelson county,
Kentucky.
Middleburg, post town and seat of jus-
tice, in Addison county, Vermont, 33 miles
NNW from Rutland, and 35 SSE from Bur-
lington. It stands on the right bank of
Otter creek, near the tails, 13 miles above
Yergennes. It is a very manufacturing
town, the operations of which are facilita-
ted by the water power afforded by the
falls of Otter. There are 2 cotton factories,
one for nails, a number of grist and saw
mills, and a machine for sawing marble ;
a fine quarry of which exists in the village.
It is cut extensively into tlie various ob-
jects to which that fine stone is commonly
applied- Beside the common county
buildings, this town contains an academy,
two priming offices, and a number of places
of public worship.
Middleburg college has been incorpora-
ted since 1800, and though entirely sup-
ported by private bounty, has entensive
and elegant buildings. It has a president;
5 professors, 2 tutors, a respectable library
of 1200 volumes, and a philoso[)1iical appa-
ratus. Students about 100. Population of
the village in 1800, 2138, ind in 1820,
about 2500.
Middleburg, i^ost village and township*
New Haven county, Connecticut, on a
branch of Naugatuck river, 22 miles NW
from New Haven. Population in 1820,
836.
. 603
-M 1 1)
jSI 1 D
.Wddii'hurg, township of Gennessee
county, Xew York, between Aliens and
Tonnevvanto creeks, 12 miles S from Bata-
via. Population in 1820, 1782.
Middlefidd, post village and township,
Hampshire county, Masiachu.setts, 25 miles
V/ fro'Ti Northampton. Population in
1820, 755.
jMiddiffehly township of Otsego county.
New York, between Cherry "Valley
an 1 Otsego lake. Population in 1820,
2579.
Middle Granville, post village, Hamp-
shire county, Massachusetts.
Middle Haddutn, post village, Middlesex
couniy, Connecticut, on the left side of
Connecticut river, 10 miles SE from Mid-
dletown.
Middleham, town in North \''orkshire,
with a market on Monday, and a woollen
manufacture. Here was a stately castle,
now in ruins, in which Richard HI. was
born. It is seated on the Eure, 11 miles
S by W of Richmond, and 255 NNW of
London.
Jliddlesex, county of England, 22 miles
long and 17 broad ; bounded on the N by
Hertfordshire, E by F.ssex, S by Surry and
Kent, and W by Uuckinghamshire. It
contains 179,200 acres ; is divided into 6
hundreds, and 98 parishes, beside those in
London and Westminster ; and has those
two cities and six market towns. Beside
the Thames, Lea, and Coin, which are its
boundaries to the SE and VV, Middlesex is
watered by several small streams ; one of
which, called the New river, is artificially
brouglit from near Hertford, for the pur-
pose of supplying London with water.
Population in 1801, 818,129; in 1811,
953,276; and in 1821, 1,144,531.
Middlesex, county of Massachusetts ;
bounded N by Hillsborough county in
New Hampshire; NE by Essex county in
Massachusetts ; SE by Suffolk, Norfolk,
and Boston harbour ; and SW and VV by
Worcester. Length 40 ; mean width 20 ;
and arsa 890 square miles. Sarface de-
lightfully variegated. Soil though varied
and rather sterile generally, yields never-
tiieless, grain, pasturage, and orchard
fruits in considerable abundance. The
body of the country is drained by Concord
river ; the Nashua passes over its NW, and
Charles river over its SE angle. Chief
towns, Cambridge and Charlestown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 26,259
do. do. females - - 26,156
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 30,340
do. do. females - - - 30,721
AH other persons, except Indians
not taxed .... Q
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
61,476
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 302
Engaged in Agriculture - - 9,004
do. in Manufactures - 4,851
do. in Commerce - - 626
Population to the square mile, 75^.
Middlesex canal. See Jilerrimaclc river.
Middlesex, county of Connecticut ; bound-
ed by Long Island Sound SE ; by New
Haven SW ; Hartford NW and N; and
New London E. Length 28 ; mean width
12 ; and area 356. Surface generally hilly,
soil like the surface varied, but generally
productive in grain, p.iSiurage and orchard
fruit. Connecticut river intersects it, and
separates it into two unequal sections,
leaving about 2 3 SW from Connecticut
river. Chief town, Middletown;
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - - 9,942
do. do. females - - 10,411
Total whites - • - 52,415
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 374
Slaves 0
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - ...
20,353
313
57
Total population in 1810 -
20,723
Populniion in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
10,590
11,308
1
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males
do. females ...
21,899
232
268
2
Total population in 1820
22,408
Total population in 1810
604
52,789
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 84
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,457
do. in Manufactures - 1,582
do. in Commerce - 424
Population to the square mile, 66^.
.Middlesex, township and post village,
Ontario county. New York, on the E side
M I U
M 1 I)
of Canandaigua lake, and W from Flint
creek, 17 miles SAV from Geneva. Popu-
lation in 1820, 2718.
Middlesex, county of New Jersey ;
bounded E by Stafen Island Ki'ls and Rari-
ton bay, SE by M;)nmouth county ; SW by
Huntingdon and Burlington ; W by Somer-
set ; and N by Essex Lengtti 32 ; mean
widtii 11 , and area 322 square m\les. The
south-we-tern purt of this county near
Delaware river, is drained by the Assam-
pink creek, all the residue is watered by
the liariton and its confluents. Surface is
generally uneven, rather than hiiiy. Soil
va^i^d, but generally productive in grain,
fruits and pasturage. Chief town, New
Brunswick.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 9,403
do. do. females ... 9,015
Total whites .... 18,418
All other persons except Indians
665
1,298
not taxed
Slaves
Total population in 1810,
20,381
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 9,675
do. do. fennales - - 9,750
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - - 19,425
Free persons of colour, males 5u5
do. do. females 528
Slaves, males - - - 493
do. females - - - 519
Total population in 1820
21,470
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 109
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,049
do. in Manufactures - 890
. do. in Commerce - 137
Population to the square mile, 61,
Middlesex, county of Virginia, bounded
SE by Chesapeak bay; SW by Piankatank
river, or Gloucester and King and Queen
counties ; NW by Essex, and NE by Rhap-
pahannoc river. Length 35, mean width
6 ; and area 210 square miles. Soil sandy
and barren. Chief town Urbana.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 855
do. do. females - - 956
Total whites - - - 1,811
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . .* 127
Slaves 2,476
Total population in 1810
4,414
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 825
do. do. females . . - 931
All other persons except Indians
not t.'.xed ... 0
Total whites .... 1,756
Free persons of colour, males - 55
do. do. females 80
SLives, males . - . 1,136
do. females - - - 1,030
Total population in 1820 - 4,057
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged \n Agriculture - 1,037
do. in Manufactures - 2
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to the square mile, 19.
Middle Lister, small island in lake Eric,
lying NVV t"rom the B ss islands. It is one
of the three, called '.he Middle, East, and
West sister, though bearing from each
other NE and SW.
Middleton, town in Lmcashire, with a
market on Friday. It has the cotton trade
in all its branches, a large twist manufac-
ture, and considerable bleaching works.
It stands on the Rochdale canal, 6 miles
N by E of Manchester, and NNW of Lon-
don.
Middleton, post village and township.
New Hampshire, 28 miles NE from Con-
cord. Population in 182u, 482.
Middleton, township of Rutland county
Vermont, 36 miles W from W'indsor.
Population, 1250.
Middleton, tovv^nsliip of Essex county
Massachusetts, 9 miles NW from Sah-m.
Population in 1810, 541 ; and in 1820,
596.
Middleton, township of Delaware county
New York, on Popachton branch of Dela-
ware river. Population in 1820, 1949.
Middleton, ^'orth ; township of Cumber-
land county Pennsylvania, including one
half of the borough of Carlisle, and extend-
ing on both sides of Connedogwinet from
Carlisle to the Blue Mountain. Population
in 1820, 1514.
Middleton, South; township of Cuml)er.
land county, including one half of the bo-
rough of Carlisle, and extending to the
South mountain. Population in 1820,
1500.
Middleton, township of Columbiana coun-
ty Ohio. Population in 1820, 1168.
Middletoivn, township of Rutland county
Vermont, on Po'dtney river, 52 miles N
from Bennington, and 12 miles SW from
Rutland.
Middletown, township of Rhode Island,
between Newport and Portsmouth. Po-
pulation in 1820, 949.
605
M I D
INI I F
J^lkhUetoiun, city, port of entry and seat
of justice Middlesex county Connecticut,
on the right bank of Connecticut river, 31
miles by water above its mouth, 15 by land
below Hartford, and 25 NE from New Ha-
ven. Beside the ordinary county buildings,
and places of public worship, it contains
an almshouse, 2 printing offices, 2 banki,
one of which a branch of that of the United
States, and 2 ensurance companies. Some
very important and flourishing manufacto-
ries exist in this city and vicinity. One a
sword factory, producing annually about
5,000 swords. A pistol factory making annu-
ally.from 7 to 10,000 pistols. One for ivory
combs; a pewter factory; 2 woollen; and
2 cotton factories, with one paper, and one
powder mill. Population in 1810, including
the 'io\vnship, 5382 ; and in 1820, exclusive
of the township, 2618 ; the township 3861 ;
and together, 6631.
JMiddletovjii Upper Houses, post office,
Middlesex county, Connecticut.
.Middlelo-wn, post town, and township
Delaware county. New York. See 3Iidd!eton.
AEddleiOiVii, post town, and township,
Monmouth county, New Jersey, on a small
creek near Rariton bay, 20 miles SE by E
from New Brunswick. The township con-
tains an academy, and includes Sandy
Hook, Middletown point and the Navesink
hills. Population, in 1820, 4369.
MiddleCorjii, post town, Daupliin county,
Pennsylvania, on the point above the junc-
tion of Swartara creek with the Susque-
hannah river, 9 miles below Harrisburg,
and 27 NW from Lancaster. It is an an-
cient village chiefly inhabited by Germans.
Population in 1820, 567.
. Jliddletowii, post village of Washington
county Pennsylvania, on a branch of Cross
creek, 12 miles NW from Washington.
JMiddleto-vn, township of Delaware coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, between Ridley and Ches-
ter creeks, 15 miles SW by W from Phi-
ladelphia. Population in 1820, 994.
J\liddleto~vn, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1S20, 1891.
AIiddleto~.im, post village. New Castle
county, Delaware, on Apoquniimink creek,
21 miles SSW from Wilmington.
Aliddletnvju, post town, Frederick coun-
ty, Maryland, 9 miles NW by W from
Frederick.
Middleto-un, village of Dorchester coun-
t}', Maryland, between Blackwater and
Fearsquaking creeks, 9 miles SW from
Cambridge.
J\liddleto~un, post town, Frederick county
A irginia, on Cedar creek, 14 miles SW
from Winchester.
MiddletoTvji, post town, Sullivan county
Tennessee,
Middleto~Mn, post town, Jefferson county,
Kentucky, 11 miles a little north from E
Louisville. Population 250,
Middletoiiin, Ohio, post town and town-
ship of considerable importance, in Butler
county, on the east side of the Miami river,
six miles below Franklin, and 14 above
Hamilton. Population in 1820, 314.
Jlliddletoivn, small town of Hamilton
county, Ohio.
Middleto-w7i-point, village of Monmouth
county. New Jersey, 14 miles NW from
Shrewsbury.
Middlev)ich, town in Cheshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It is seated on the
Croke, and noted for its salt pits, and ma-
king fine salt. It is 24 miles E of Chester,'
167 NW of London. Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 53
13 W.
Midhurst, town of Sussex, on a small
river which almost surounds it, 11 miles N
by E of Chichester, and 50 W by S of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 46 W, lat. 51 0 N.
JMid-ivav, Liberty county, Georgia, a set-
tlement formed by emigrants from Dor-
chester, in Massachusetts.
Jfiechau, or Miezava, handsome town of
Poland, in Cujavia, seated on the Vistula
river, ten miles S by E of Thorn. Lon. 18
46 E, lat, 52 58 N.
JMiffiu, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded
by Perry SE ; Huntingdon SW and W ;
Centre NW, and Union NE. Length 39 ;
width 21; and area 826. The county is
traversed from SW to NE by several of
the Appalachian ridges ; it is drained by
the Juniata and its branches. The surface
is generally mountainous, rocky, and soil
sterile ; the banks of the Juniata, and those
of its branches are in many places very
favourable exceptions. Staples are grain,
flour, whiskej', lumber, cattle Sic. Chief
town Lewistown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves . . - . -
Total population in 1810
6,151
5,865
12,016
107
9
12,132
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - -
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed
8,429
8,012
0
Total whites - . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
16,441
97
75
3
2
16,618
iM I L
M I L
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 77
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,606
do. in Manufactures - 636
do, in Comnnerce - 24
Population to the square mile, 20.
AliJIin, township of Allegany county,
Pennsylvania, W from Monongahela river,
and E of the township of St. Clair, 7 miles
SE from Pittsburg. Population, in 1820,
2221,
Mifflin, township of Cumberland county,
Pennsylvania; between the Conedogwinit
and Blue mountain, 14 iniles VV from Car-
lisle. Population in 1820, 1461.
Miff in, township of Lycoming county,
Pennsylvania, on the north side of the west
branch of Susquehannah, below the mouth
of Pine creek, and 14 miles above Wil-
liamsport. Population in 1820, 1038.
Mifflin, townsliip of Dauphin county,
Pennsylvania, on Wiconisco creek, 25 miles
N from Harrisburg. Population in 1820,
1195,
Mifflin, township of Richland county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 467.
Jlifflin, township of Franklin county,
containing 241 inhabitants in 1810,
Mifflin, the westernmost township of
Pike county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
669.
Mifflinbnrg, post village and township,
of Union county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles N
W from New Berlin. Population in 1820,
620,
Mifflin to-uin, post town, Mifflin county,
Pennsylvania, on the le^-t bank of Juniata
river, 44 miles above Harrisburg.
Jininn, city of Italy, capital of the duchy
of the same name, and the see of an arch-
bishop. It was the ancient capital of Lom-
bardy, and also of the late kingdom of Italy,
Napoleon Bonaparte being here crowned
king of Italy on May 26, 1805. The city
is 10 miles in circumference ; but the gar-
den grounds are so extensive, that it does
not contain above 140,000 inhabitants. It
stands in a delightful plain, between the
rivers Adda and Tesin, which communicate
with the city, by means of two canals.
The town itself has no other fortifications
than a hig'i wall and ramparts; but tiie
citadel, called Castello di Porta Zobia, is a
place of great strength. Here are 22
gates, a university, several colleges, many
fine palaces, 230 churches, of which 96 are
parochial, 90 convents, 100 religious fra-
ternities, and a great nun~.ber of hospitals.
The cathedral is in the centre of the city,
and next to St. Peters at Rome, is the
most considerable in Italy. This vast fab-
ric is built of white marble, supported by
50 columns, and adorned, within and with-
out, by a prodigious number of marble
statues ; and its treasury is reckoned the
richest in Italy, next to that of L.oreto.
The college of St. Ambrose has a librar}",
which, beside a prodigious number of
manuscripts, contains 60,000 printed
books ; and its superb gallery is adorned
with rich paintings. Milan has considera-
ble commerce in grain, especially rice,
cattle, and cheese ; and has manufactures
of silk and velvet stuffs, stockings, handker-
chiefs, ribbons, gold and silver lace, and
embroideries, woollen and linen cloths,
glass, porcelain, and curious works in steel,
crystal, agate, hyacinths, and other gems.
It has been many times taken in the wars
that have desolated Italy. It is now the
seat of ai Austrian Viceroy, and capital of
the Lombardo-Venetia.i kingdom, or Aus-
trian Italy. It is lo5 mdes NW of Flo-
rence. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 45 28 N.
Milan, or the Milanese, late duchy and
considerable country of Italy, included in
the late Italian republic. It was bounded
on the N by Switzerland antl the country
of the Grisons ; on the E by the republic
of Venice, and the duchies of Parma and
Mantua ; on the S by the duchy of Parma
and tlie territory of Genoa ; and on the W
by Piedmont and Montferrat ; being 150
miles in length, and 78 in breadth. The
soil is every where fertile in corn, wine,
fruits, rice, and olives ; and there are also
plenty of cattle. The rivei's are, the Sec-
chia, Tesin, Adda, and Oglio. There are
likewise several lakes, the three principal
of which are, those of Maggiore, Como,
Lugano. Milan has considerable commerce
in grain, especially rice, cattle, and cheese ;
and lias manufactures of silk, and velvet
stufts, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribands,
gold and silver lace, and embroideries,
woollen and linen cloths, glass, and earthen-
ware in imitation of China. It is a pecu-
liarly fertile and productive region, and
cultivated with the utmost skill and care.
It is now divided between Austria and Sar-
dinia. Austrian Milan, contains abcut 8000
square miles, and 2,000,000 of inhabitants.
Sardinian Milanese, extends over 3300
square miles, and peopled by 556,000 in-
habitants,
Milan, post village, in the NE part of
Dutchess county, New York.
Milazzo, or Melazzo, seaport of Sicily,
in Val di Demona. It is divided into the
upper .and lower town ; tlie upper is very
strong, and the lower has a fine square,
with a superb fountain. It stands on a
rock on the W side of a bay of the same
name, 13 miles W of Messina. Lon. 15 34
E, lat. 38 12 X.
Milborn-pmt, borough in Somersetshire.
It has manufactures of woollen cloth, linen,
and hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of
the Parret, 2 miles E by N of Sherborn,
and 114 W by S of London.
Mildenhall, town in Suffolk, 12 miles N
\y of Burv, and 70 NNE of London.
607
M I L
M I L
CMilesburg, or JElesboro', post village,
Centre county, Pennsylvania, on Bald Ea-
gle creek, 2 miles N from Bellefont,
through the Mountain Gap.
Mi'leto, town of Naples, In Calabria Ulte-
riore, 5 miles from Nicotera.
Milford, township of Hillsborough coun-
ty, New Hampshire, 27 miles S from Con-
cord. Population in 1820, 1243.
JMUford, post village and township, Wor-
cester county, Massachusetts, 18 miles SE
from Worcester. Population in 1820,
1160.
JMilford, post town and townshij), of
New ilaven county, Connecticut, on Long
Island Sound, 9 miles SW from New Ha-
ven. The village stands on an excellent
harbour for vessels of 200 tons, and the
amount of shipping owned there, amounts
to about 1509 tons, chiefly engaged in
co;isUng trade. A fine quarry of marble
exists wltliin this township. Population
In 1802, 2785.
Jli/fonl, po=;t village and township, Ot-
sego county, New York, on Otsego creek,
10 miles below, or S from Cooperstown.
Population in 1820, 2505.
Miljurd, post village, Hunterdon county,
New Jersey.
Milford,'\)osi village and seat of justice,
in U,jper SmiihfieM township, PJk° coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 55 miles
above Easton.
,^l////b7(/, NW township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1195.
Jlilford, township of Mifflin county,
Pennsylvania, on the Juniata opposite Mif-
flintown, and on Tuscarora and Licking
creeks. Population in 1820, 1554.
Milford, tfppei; SE township of Lehigh
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
2416.
Milford, township of Somerset county,
Pennsylvania, on Castleman's river and
Laui e! H 11 creek, 5 miles SW from Somer-
set. Population in 1820, 1394.
Milford, post town, Kent county, Dela-
ware, on the left bank of Mesplllion creek,
19 miles S by E from Dover.
Milford, post vil!a;je, Grenville district,
South Carolina.
Milford, the name of a township In Ash-
tabula coun'y, Ohio, adjoining the township
of Jefferson on the southeast. Population
in 1820, uncertain.
Milford, small town near the south-wes-
tern corner of Union county, in Union
township, Ohio, on the western bank of
Darby creek.
Milford, township of Butler county, Ohio,
Population in 1820, 1501.
Milford, post town of Hamilton county,
Ohio.
Milford, post town of Miami township,
Clermont countv-, Ohio, on the east bank of
60S
Little Miami river, 12 miles from its mouth,
and 15 north-westerly from Williamsburg,
Milford Haven, deep inlet of the Irish
Sea, on the coast of Pembrokeshire, gene-
rally allowed to be the safest and most ca-
pacious harbour in Great Britain. It
branches off into 16 deep and safe creeks,
5 bays and 13 roads, in which it Is said 1000
ships may ride in perfect security and at a
sufficient distance from one another. At
the entrance, on the W point, called St.
Ann's, is an old lighthouse and a block-
house. Here the earl of Richmond, after-
ward Henry VII. landed, on his enterprise
against Richard III. A packet-boat sails
from hence every day, except Tuesday, for
Waterford, In Ireland.
Milfordville, Milford township, Otsego
county, New York.
Milhaud, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aveiron, and late province of Rou-
ergue, seated on the Tarn, 50 miles NW of
Montpeller, and 142 S of Paris. Lon. 3
HE, lat. 44 3 N.
Miliborough^ post village, Bath county,
Virginia.
Millborough, post village, Sussex county,
Virginia, about 30 miles SE from Petei-s-
burg.
Millburg, post town and township, of
Worcester county, Massac!. usetts, 6 miles
S from Worcester, on Blackstone river. It
is one of the most eligible manufacturing
establishments In the county, and manufac-
tories have been established for paper,
nails, black lead, woollen cloth, leather,
fire arms, mill saws, scythes, &.c. Popu-
lation in 1820, 926.
J\rill Creek, hundred New Castle county,
Delaware. Population in 1820, 3046.
Mill Creek, post village, Berkley county,
Virginia.
.Mill Creek, large and valuable mill
.stream, rising in the northern part of Logan
county, Ohio, and running from thence in
an east by south direction Into tlie west
side of Scioto river, six miles belov/ Ful-
ton's creek, in Delaware county.
Mill Creek, large mill stream of Butler
and Hamilton counties, Ohio, running sou'.h
by west into the Ohio river, Immediately
below Cincinnati.
JVrdl Creek, likewise the name of a town-
ship of Hamilton county, Ohio, situated
immediately north of Cincinnati : and con-
taining 2198 inhabitants in 1810.
Mill Creek, towiiship, situated on a creek
of the same name, in the eastern part of
Union county, Ohio. Much of t!)e soil is
rich and fertile. Population in 1820, 195.
Milledgeville, post town, Baldwin county,
Georgia. It is the seat of justice for the
county and capital of the state, on the right
bank of Oconee river, about 300 miles
above Darien and 312 above the rnouth of
the Alatamahab, and on very uneven bro-
M 1 L
-M 1 L
ken giouiKl. Lon. W C 6 12 W, lat, 38
05 N. It contains tlie county and state
buildings, a state penitentiary, 2 or 3 print-
ing offices, 2 or 3 places of public worship.
Boats of 25 or 30 tons are navigated from
vthis town to Darien.
Jltl'e Isles, seigniory, York and Effing-
ham counties, Lower Canada, on the N
side of St. John's channel, 20 miles NW
from Montreal.
MiUer, couatj' of Arkansaw. Situation
and extent uncertain. See .Addenda, arti-
cle Arkaiisa-z^.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
518
do. do. females
399
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
0
Total whites
9ir
Free persons of colour, males -
0
do. do. females -
0
Slaves, males
40
do. females
42
Total population in 1820
999
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
0
Engaged in Agriculture -
i9r
do. in Manufactures
11
do. in Commerce
4
Millersburg, Bourbon county, Kentucky,
on Hinkston's river, 10 miles NE from
Paris.
Jliller's-Ferry, post office, llundolph
county, Illinois.
Jililler^s River, branch of Connecticut
river, rises in Worcester county, flowsf W
and enters Connecticut in Franklin counV} ,
Massachusetts.
JMillerstov.'ii, post vjllage, Lebanon coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, 5 miles \V from Lebanon.
Alilleslmo, town of the Sardinian states,
30 miles W from Genoa.
J\Iille Vaches, seigniory, Nortiuimberland
county, Lower Canada, 130 miles below
Quebec.
MiUfarm, post office, Caroline county,
Virginia.
Jfillgrove, po>t office, Cabirras countv.
North Carolina, about 100 miles S\V by W
from Italeigh.
,MiJ!/ieim, post office, Centre cosinly,
Pennsylvania, 18 miles E from Beilefoiste.
•Millsboro, post village of Susst-x county,
Delaware, on Indian river, 10 miles SE
from Georgetown.
Millfifitid, townsliip of Coes county
New Hampshire, about niidwav be-
tween Connecticut river, and Umbagog
lake, 120 miles N from Concord. Po-
pulation 1820 uncertain.
Millstone, river of New Jersey, SE
branch of the Rariton, rises in Mon-
i n
mouth flows NW across Middlesex and
enters Rariton river in Somerset county.
This stream is peculiarly remarkable,
as being the only one in the United
States which rises on the sea sand allu-
vial formation and flows from it over
the primitive, in an inverted order.
Millstone, or Middteburg, post village
of Somerset county New Jersey on Mill-
stone river 14 miles NNE from Prince-
ton, and 10 VV from New Brunswick.
MUthorJi, town in Westmoreland, on the
Betha. near the mouth of the Ken. As
the navigation of the Ktn, is obstructed
by a cataract near its mouth, Milthorp
is the only port in the county, arid hence
the fine Westmoreland i^lates and other
commoditii'S are exported. It is eight
miles S of Kendal, and 255 NNW of Lon-
don.
Millville, pest village of Cumberland
county New Jersey on Maurice river, 13
miles E from Bridecetowa.
Millville, post office, King Georges
county Virginia.
Milo, ancient Melos, island of the Archi-
pcl:go, 50 miles in circumference, with one
of the best and largest harbours in the Me-
diterranean. It produces excellent fruits,
and delicate wiae ; abounds in very good
cattle, especially in goats t and lias mines
of iron and sulphur. It is 60 miles N of
Camliu. Lon. 26 6 E, lat 36 41 N.
Miltenberg, t-swn of Franconia, in the
electorate of Mentz, seated on the Maine,
20 m.iles SE of Aschaffcnbursr. Lon. 9 19
P:, lat 49 46 N.
Milton, town in Kent, on the E branch
of th^ Aledway, and noted for excellent
oysters. It is 14 miles NE of Maidstone,
and 42 10 of London. Lon, 0 52 E, lat. 51
22 N.
Milton, town in Kent, incorporated with
Gravesend, from which it is 1 mile distant.
Mdtun Mbey, town in Dorsetshire, 14
miles NE "f D rchester, and 112 W bv S
London Lon 2 32 W, lat. 50 50 N.
Milton, town of Richelieu county Lovvei*
Canida ; in the great bend of ilie riviere
a !a Tortue 35, miles E from Montreal.
Milton, to'.vnsiiip of StafTbrd county, New
Hampshire, on the Pisc.vtaqua, 27 miles
above Portsmouth. Population in 1820,
1232.
Milton, post village, Chittenden county
Ve.mont, on lake Champiain at the mouth
oi Lamoil river, l2 miles N from Burling,
ton. Population in 1820, 1600.
Milton, po^t town, Norfolk county Mas-
.saciiusetts. oppo-^ite Dorchester, or Nepon-
set river, 7 mles S from Boston. Vessels
of 150 tons ascend thus far. It contains
sc-veral manufactories, and an academy.
p..,pulatioii in 1820. 1502.
^Milton, "own -hip of Saratoga county.
New Yorkj containing the village and
6C9
M I N
M I N
springs of Ballston Spa. ropulalloii in
1820, 2796.
Alilloii, or Xing'' s-f err I', pest village Cay-
ug-a county New York, on Cayuga lake, 20
miles N from Utica.
Milton, post town of Non'mmberland
county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of
the west branch of the Susquehannah river,
12 miles above Northumberland.
JMilton, or Broadkill, village of Sussex
county, Delaware, on Broadkiil creek, 15
miles "SE by E from Milford.
J^'Elton, post village, Albermarle county,
Virginia, on the Kivannu river, 5 miles be-
low Charlotteviile.
jyElton, post village, Rockingham county
North Carolina.
Milton, post village, Trumbull county,
Ohio.
Milton, township of Wayne county, Ohio,
12 miles NE from Wooster. Population
in 1820, 208.
Milton, township of Richland countv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 544.
Milton, post town of Miami county,
Ohio, 8 miles SW from Troy.
Milton, township of Jackson county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 434.
Milton's Bluff. See Marathon Alabama.
J\£llville, post town, Ross township But-
ler county, Ohio^ on Indian creek, 7 miles
W from Hamilton.
JiJS7ms -Bay, is a small gulf extending
fi'om the head of the bay of Fundy east-
wards into the peninsula of Nova Scotia.
Minas Gesaes, captain generalship of
Brasil ; bounded bv the Atlantic Ocean E,
Rio Janeiro SE, St. Pauls SW ; Goias W ;
and Bahia, or St. Salvador N„ Length 600,
and breadth 300. It is drained by the Pa-
rana, St. Francisco, and Doce rivers, and
traversed from N to S by a chain of moun-
tains. It produces gold, diamonds, and
other minerals, with an immense variety of
the most precious vegetables. Between
lat. 14 30, and 22 30 S. Population
360,000.
Minch, great sound, or channel, on the
W coast of Scotland. It is bounded on the
W by the islands of Lewis and Harris, N
and S Uist, and Bara, on the W ; and on
the E by the isle of Skye.
Mincio, river of Italy, flowing from the
lake of Garda by Mantua, into the Po, 8
miles below that fortr-jss.
Mmdanoa, the largest of the Philippine
islands, next to Lucon>.a. It is 180 miles
long and 120 broad, and is gove)ned by a
siUtan, who is absolute. It is a mountain-
ous country, full of hills and valleys ; and
the mould is generally deep bLfck, and
fruitful. The principal town of the same
name is pretty large, and is situated on the
eastern coast.
Mindelheim, town of Suabia, with a castle
on a mountain. It is the capital of a lord-
610
s!vp between the rivers lUer and Lech, and
23 miles SW of Augsburg.
Minden, fortified town of Westphalia,
capital of a principality of the same name.
Its convenient situation for trade and navi-
gation, its breweries, sugar-houses, and
wax manufacture, are great advantages to
the inhabitants. Near this town prince
Ferdinand, of Brunswick, defeated the
French, in 1759. It is seated on the
Weser, 43 miles E of Osnaburg. Lon. 8
56 E lat. 52 19 N.
Minden, Western township of Montgo-
mery county, New York, on the right bank
of the Alohawk. Population in 1820, un-
certain.
Minden, township and post village of
Monroe county, New Yoik, in the NE part
of the county. Population in 1820, 2012.
See Mendow.
Mindoro, one of the Philippine islands,
50 miles in circumference, separated from
Luconia by a narrow cbannel. It is full of
mountains, which abound in palm-trees,
and all sorts of fruits. The inhabitants are
pagans, and pay tribute to the Spaniards.
Minehead, borough and seaport in So-
mersetshire. It is a good harbour on the
Bristol channel, for ships of large burden ;
and carries en a trade in wool, coal, and
herrirtgs. It is 31 miles N of Exeter, and
163 W by S of London. Lon. 3 34 W, lat.
51 12 N.
^Fingrelia, province of Asia, which makes
part of Georgia ; bounded on the W by the
Black sea, E by Imeritia, S by a part of
Georgia, and N by Circassia. It is govern-
ed by a prince, who was tributary to the
sovereign of Imeritia, but in 1783, he put
himself under tlie protection of Russia.
The face of this country, its products, and
tlie customs and manners of the inhabi-
tants, are similar to tho-se of Georgia.
Mmevva, township of Essex county New
York, near the centre of the county. Po-
pulation in 1820, 271.
3Enerva, post town. Mason county,
Kentucky.
JiEngan. group of islands along the
northern shore of the gulf of St. Law-
rence.
Minhn, river of Spnin, which has its
source in Galicia, near Castro del Rey, and
passing by Lugo, Ortense, and Tey, it then
divides Galicia from Portugal, and falls into
the Atlantic Ocean, at Caminl^a.
Miniato, St. epi.scopal town of Tuscany,
sea'.ed on the Arno, 20 miles SW of Flo-
rence. Lon. 10 45 E, lat- 43 40 N.
jVEnisink, township of Orange county.
New York, containing 4005 inhabitants in
1810, and in 1820, 5053. It is situated on
the NE side of the river Delaware, and
joining to the st.ate of New Jersey.
Minerbino, small town of Naples in Italy,
in Terra di Bari, with a bishop's see, 26
M 1 H
M I S
miles N of C!renza.Lon. 16 19 E, lat 41
8 N.
J\Ii7iorca, one of the Balearic groupe,
an island of the Mediterranean, lying 50
miles to the NE of Majorca. It is 30
miles in length, and 12 in breadth ; and
is a mountainous country, with some
fruitful valleys, where there are excel-
lent mules. Cittadella is the capital :
but greater consequence is attached to
the town cf Mahon on account of its ex-
cellent harbour, which is defended by
Fort St, Philip, one of the strongest for-
tresses in Europe, and on the fate of
which the v/hole island depends. Lon.
3 48 E, lat. 39 50 N.
Minori, town of Naples, in Principato
Citeriore, with a bishop's see, seated on
the gulf cf Salerno, bttween the town of
that nanfie and Amalsi.
J\Snot, township of Cumberland county
Maine 35 miles from Portland. Popula-
tion 1820, 2524.
Minsingen, town of Suabia, in the
duchy of Wirtemberg, with a handsome
castle. Lon. 9 35 E, lat. 48 32 N.
JMi7iski, town of Lithuania, capital of
a palatinate of the sane name, witli two
citadels, one of which is seated in a mo-
rass. The country is pretty fertile, and
,.J* has forests containing vast numbers of
bees, whose honey, makes part of its
riches. Minski is &5 miles N of Siuczk,
and 100 SE of Wilna. Lon, 26 48, E,
lat. 54. 11 N.
J\Tmsk, government of European Rus-
sia, between the Dwina, and Volhynia.
Area 37,000 square miles, v;ith a popu-
lation of 950,000.
Miolans, fortress of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Alps and late
province of Provence, seated on a craggy
rock, in the valley of Barcelonetta, liOn.
6 20 E, lat. 45 35 N.
Mioss, lake of Norway, in the province
of Hedemarke, 80 miles in circumfer-
ence. It is divided by a large peninsula,
and is from 12 to 18 miles broad. It
contains one island about 10 miles in cir-
cumference, fertile in corn, pastures, and
wood, and sprinkled with several farm
houses.
Miquelon, small desert island, SW of
Cape May in Newfoundland, ceded to
the French by the peace of 1763, for
drying and curing their fish. It was
taken by the English in 1793, Lon VV C
20 50 E, lat 46 42 N.
Miramichi, bay and river, of the E
coast of New Brunswick, 60 miles S,
from Chaleur bay. The river I'ises about
120 miies inland interlocking witii the
sources of the Shicatahoch branch of St.
John's river.
Miranda-de-douero, fortified town of
Portugal, capital of the province of Tra-
los-Montes, with a bishop's see. It is
seated on a rock, near the confluence of
the Douero and Fresna, 208 miles N bv
E of Lisbon. Lon. 6 0 W, lat, 41 40 I^.
Mira7idade-Ebro, town of Spain, in
Old Castile, with a strong castle, seated
in a country that produces excellent Avine,
on the river Ebro, over which is a hand-
some bridge. It is 34 miles. S of Bilboa,
and 160 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 W,
lat. 42 49 N.
Mirandey town of France, in the de-
partmt-nf of Gvrs, and late province of
Gascony, seated on a mountain near the
river Baise. Its principal articles of com-
merce, are wool, down, and geese fea-
thers. It is 15 miles SW of Auch, and
340 SW of Paris. Lon. 0 26 E, lat. 43
30 N.
Mirandola, town of Italy, capital of a
duchy (.f the same name. It is a well
forcififd place, subject to the house of
Austria, and 20 miles NE of Modena,
Lon. 11 19 E, lat 44 52 N,
Mirebeau, town of France, in the de-
psrtmentof Vienne. Its asses have long
been famous for their beauty and strength.
It is 16 miles N of Poitiers, and 175 SW
of Paris
Mirecourt, town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, famous for its vio-
lins and fine laces. It is seated on the
river Modon, 27 miles S of Nanci, and
30 SE of Toul. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 48 15 N.
.Mircniont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne. Near it is a re-
markable cavern, called Ciuseau. It is
seated near the river Vizere, 15 miles E
of Btrrgt-rac
.Mirr/ioix, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Upper Pyrenees. It was
lately an episcopal town, and is seated on
the Cers, 15 iniies N of Foix.
Jifi&eno, cape of Italy, in the Terre di
Lav(;i'i, between Puzzoli and Cuma. Oh
it are the ruins of the ancient Misenum.
Miserde-ti, village in Gloucestershire,
six miles NW of Cirencester, famous for
a jjark, in a valley of which is a mount
of a circular form, now overgrown with
trees. This was the site of an ancient
castle, built in the reign cf king John ; and
part of the mrat, which encompassed
the building, is still to be seen.
Misitra, town of Greece in the Morea.
It is seated on the Vasilipotamo, ancient
Euestas, iavo miles from the ruins of
Sparta, 28 miles SE frojn Tripollizza,
100 miles SW of Athens, and 90 N by E
of Lepanto. Lon. 22 30 E, lat. 37 6 N.
Mmsassaga River, of Upper Canada
runs into Lake Huron, between le Ser-
pent and Tlie'.;5alon River, on the north
5;bore.
'cn
M i !*
M J S
JHssassaga Point, oi Upper Canada,
in the towasliip of Newark, Hes on the
west side of the entrance of the river
Niagara, and opposite the fortress of
Niagara.
Jlissassaga Island, Upper Canada,
lies opposite the niouih (if the Trent, and
about the sanif di;.tance fif nn the portage
at the head of the bay of Quinte.
Jlissiscoui, or Jfiasisski, river rising
in Canada, enters Vermont in Franklin
county ; whence it flows nearly in a
western course to Michiscou or Missis-
coui bay, a branch (if hike Chanipkiin.
JMississippi River. Frrnj the magni
tudeand importaiict. of tl !sp;reat stream,
the following c-^mprehert^ive view, is
taken, not alone of its ci'nflnents pro-
perly so called, but also, those m th- vi^
cinity of its Dalta, w'.^ich ent^-r the
gulf of Mexico in the Ui ited States.
The most south-western btream of
the United States is that of the babine.
This river has its source in the province
of Texas, North lat. 32 30 It flows in
a general course nearly south, but
curves to the eastward about mid-dis-
tance between its source and mouth.
At North lat. 30, it expands into a large
lake, of thirty. miles in Unglh, and from
five to eight wide ; which at its lower
extremity, again contracts into a river,
and dischartrcs into the guU of Mexico,
at North lat. 29 28. VVest Icn.' from
Washington city, 15 45.
The Sabine affurds no navigation of
consequence, having only three tVet wa-
ter on the bar at its mouth ; the Sabine
lake is also shallow, net having more
than four or five.
The Cakassiu is the next stream east
of the Sabine. The former rises in the
angle between the latter and Red river ;
flows nearly south about 120 miits and
falls into the Gu^f of Mt xico, thirty
miles east of the mouth of the Sabine.
The Calcassiu, similar to the Sabine,
expands into a lake, and again cmtracts
into a river channel, before its final dis-
charge- The former is also similar to
the latter in its I'avigation being impe-
ded by a bar, and by the s'nallown< ss of
its large lake. The mouth of the Cal-
cassiu river is at North lat. 29 20.
Following the coast of the Gulf of
Mexico, twelve miles east from the dis-
charge of the Calcassiu, is found t!ie en-
trance of the Mermentau. This latter
stream is formed by a number of
branches, having their sources in tb.e
prairies of Opelousas. The general
course of the Mermentau is from nortl -
east to south-west about 100 miles. It is
remarkable as possessing similar features
to the Calcassiu ^nd Sabine rivers, and
61?
similar also in a defective navigation,
arising from a bar at the entrance, and
by the shailowiiess of its large- lake, nei-
ther affording more than three or four
feet water.
An interval of near sixty miles
stretches east of the mouth of the Mer-
mentau to that of the Vermilion, a fine
but small stream, rising in Opelousas,
but flowing through Attacapas into the
Gulf (f Mexico, after an entire course
of about eighty miles. The lands along
the Vermilion river are of the first
quality, producing cotton, and towards
the mouth some piantati(ins of sugar-
cane have been successfully attempted ;
but vessels .'rawing more than five feet
watir cannot enter The Vermilion eli-
te rs t;-.e Gulf of Mexico at North lat.29 45.
'i'he united streams (f Atchafalaya,
Teche, and Courtableau, fi^rm a river of
much greater importance and magnitude
than any other in the United States,
west of the Mississippi.
The Atchafalaya is the upper mouth
ot the Mississippi, and leaves the latter
at North lat. 31, and West Ion. from
Washington city 14 47, by a stream 110
yards wide ; its course is a little east of
south, and by its windings forty-eight
miles to where it receives the (Jourta-
bleau from the north-west. Below the
Courtableau, the Atchafalaya flows eigh-
ty miles, and is again augmented by the
Teche, also from the north-west. After
receiving the Teche the Atchafalaya
flnws twenty miles, where it is lost in a
large buy, known by ihe same name.
The Atchafalaya bay is about twenty-
three miles long, and thirteen miles
wide, It is eoclosed on the south-west
by two long narrow points of land, Point
Chevreuil, and Point au Fer. Between
those two points extends a bar, over
which there is nine ftet water, and
within the bay and river sufficient depth
to permit the passage ot any vessel to
the mouth of the Teche, which can pass
the bar. The mouth of Atchafalaya is
at N lat. 29 21, W Ion. from W C 14 22.
The Teche rises in Opelousas, and
floAving thirty miles, enters Attacapas,
where it receives a creek from the west,
and assumes the form of a river. After
entering Attacapas, the Teche continues,
by a very winding course of eighty miles,
a little east of south, to New Iberia,
North lat. 30 2. The town of New Ibe-
ria stands upon the right bank of the
Teche, at the head of schooner or sloop
navigation. Vesst Is, however, drawing
five feet water, can ascend to this place
at all seasons. The Teche, below New
Iberia, gradually widens from about 30
:s[ 1 s
M I s
to lOU yards, and deepens from five to 30
or 40 feet. Its stream now turns ESE
and continues 90 miles, where it mingles
its waters with the Atchafalaya.
The Teche is a small, but very singular
and important stream. In all its lengtli,
of about 130 miles, it drains one of the
most fertile tracts in the United States,
On its upper waters cotton, and towards
its mouth sugar and molasses, are the staples
produced for market.
New Iberia is a port of entry, and ves-
sels are frequently cleared out from that
place, but the general commercial com-
munication is with the city of New Orlean-,~
through the Atchafalaya, Plaquem.ne, and
Mississippi, or by the lakes Palourde and
Verret, and the Lafourche and Mississippi
rivers.
The riaquemine is an outlet of the Mis-
sissippi, 117 miles above New Orleans. It
is only during the seasons of flood that wa-
ter is discharged into the Plaquemine,
which, after a very circuitous course of fif-
teen miles, joins the Atchafalaya. Through
the Plaquemine is, however, transported
most of the merchandise for the supply of
the very flourishing settlements of Attaca-
pas and Opelousas ; and by this route is
also sent to market the valuable staples of
those places.
Boats from fifteen or twenty, to fifty or
sixty tons, ascend from New Orleans, and
entering the Plaquemine, pass into the At-
chafalaya. Those destined to the lower
parts of Attacapas descend the latter river,
and enter by the mouth of Teche. Those
bound to the central part of Attacapas as-
cend the Atchafalaya about tvvfenly miles,
and thence, by an outlet and Lake Che-
timaches, proceed to the Pause Point
landing. Here is a portage of ten or
twelve miles to St. Marlinsville, the chief
town of Attacapas. Another outlet, and a
chain of small lakes and bayous (creeks,)
enable vessels to be conveyed to the up-
per part of Attacapas, and the lower part
of Opelousas. Vessels destined for the
higher and central parts of Opelousas,
ascend the Atchafalaya to the mouth of
Courtableau, and thence up the latter river
to Lemell's landing, six miles, or into Ba-
you Carron, within four miles from St.
Landre, seat of justice and chief town of
Opelousas.
The Courtableau is a fine little river,
formed by the united streams of Crocodile
and Roeuf. The two latter creeks unite at
N lat. 30 34. The general course of the
Courtableau is south-east, about thirty miles
in length. It affords, dtiring higl/water,
part of a very eligible channel of cominvi-
nication between the settlements of Opolou-
sas, and the lower part of Rapides, with
^e banks of the Mississippi,
The navigation of the Atchafalaya is en^
tirely obstructed by rafts of timber, above
the mouth of the Courtableau. These ex-
traordinary masses of trees commence
twenty-six miles below the efiilux of the
Atchafalaya from the Mississippi, and ex-
tend by intervals to within five miles of its
junction with the Courtableau.
Advancing along the Gulf of Mexico,
eastward from the mouth of Atchafalaya,
the Lafourche is the first inlet of conse-
quence, in a commcrciul point of view.
In the intermediate distance of sixty miles,
sevend small cretks enter the Gulf, but
from iheir very abridged length of course
are unimportant.
The Lafourche, (the Fork,) as its name
imports, is an outlet of the Mississippi, and
the second from the right in descending
from the Atchafalaja, the Fhicfuemine be-
ing the first. The outlet of the Lafourche
is^at N lat. 30 6, W Ion. from W C 14 1.
After leaving the Mississippi, the general
course of the Lafourche is south-east by
south, ninety miles. It enters the Gidf of
Mexico at N lat. 28 57. W Ion. from W C
13 30.
The Lafourche is one of the most im-
portant inlets of Louisiana, having 9
feet water on its bar, and admitting ves-
sels drawing 4 or 5 feet to within 30
miles of its efflux. An arable border of
extremely productive soil, skirts both
banks of the Lafourche for 60 or 70 miles
from the Mississippi. Cotton and sugar
are the principal staples. Most of the
produce and merchandise of the settle-
ments along its banks, arc transported
by the Mississippi, tb and from New Or-
leans. ^
P>etween the mouth of the Lafourche
and tliat of the Mississippi, several inlets
admit a boat navigation to New Orleans.
The principal of these bays is that of
Barataria, by which, and a number of
lakes and interlt.cking streams, a direct
communication exists from the Gulf of
Mt'xicotoihe Mississippi atNev/Oricans,
1 he Misbiksippi itself has three main
and three lesser passes or outlets. The
most frequented of which is that of the
South-east, upon the bar of which there
are 12 feet water at low tides. Next to
that of the South-east that of the South-
west is the best entrance. The latter
has indeed as grreat a depth of water as
tlie I'orjr.er. Upon the South Pass there
are S feet water. These three are the
chief outlets of tliis great stream. The
West, North, and pass a la Loutre, have
from 5 to 8 feet water on their respective
bars.
Between New Orleans and Mobile bay,
a verv interestinf^' inland navigation ex-
61 .S
M I S
ists, through Lake Pontchartrain, the
Rigolets, Lake Borgne, Pass au Chris-
tian, and Pass au Heron I'his channel
is formed by a chain of iblands, the low
marshy expanse north-east of the Mis-
sissippi river, and the main shore of
Louisiana and Mississippi. Vessels above
five feet draught cannot make tliis pas-
sage, as over either the shoals of the
Pass au Christian, or Heron, that is the
ordinary depth.
This interior channel is continued, to
the north-west of New Orleans, by Lake
Pontchartrain, Pass au Manchac, Lake
Maurepas, Amite river, and Bayou Iber-
ville, to the Mississippi river, 125 miles, by
water, above that city. Schooners draw-
ing five feet water, go up as far as Galvez-
town, at the confluence ol Bayou Iberville
ii-'.d Amite rivers. From the efflux of the
Iberville to the Pass of Heron is about 200
miles, 80 of which are to the north-west,
and 120 to the north-east by east of New
Orleans. Into this extensive channel arc
discharged, exclusive of the Amite and
Mobile rivers, the Tickfoha, into Lake
Maurepas; the Tangipao and Chifuncte,
into Lake Pontchartrain ; Pearl river into
the Kigolds; and the Pascagoula, opposite
Horn island. Each of those minor streams
afford less or more facilities to navigation,
but do not admit vessels of more than five
feet draught but a very short distance from
the sea. Schooners are most commonly
used in the commerce of these inlets
and shallov^' rivers. A steam-boat plies,
however, between New Orleans, and Mo-
bile and Blakley.
Mobile bay is a fine sheet of water, of
30 miles in length, with a mean width of
11 miles. Dauphin island, and Mobile
Point, land-locivs Mobile bay. The main
entrance, with 18 feet of water, lies be-
tween the islantl and point. Pass au He-
ron, with 5 feet, lies between Dauphin
island and the main shore of Alabama. A
bar, with only 10 feet of water, crosses
Mobile bay, about fire miles below the
town of Mobile.
Above Mobile tovv-n the bay gradually
ceases, and is succeeded by a low sunken
tract of 30 miles in length, and from 3 to
live miles wide. Through this occasion-
ally in\indated tract, beside many minor
streams, meanders the Mobile and Tensau
rivers ; the former being the continuation
of the Tombigbee, and the latter of the
Alabama river. Vessels drawing five feet
water are taken as high in the Tombigbee
as Port St. Stephens, and in the Alabama
to Fort Claiborne. At each of those two
latter places, shoals impede the farther na-
vigation of the rivers respectively, with
vessels propelled by sails, though boats as-
pend and descend, in the Tombigbee, to
614
Cotton Gin port, and in the Alabama, to
its head at the junction of Coosa and Tal-
lapoosa.
East of Mobile, Pensacola is the first
harbour of any consequence. The Perdi-
do intervenes, but having but little water,
and terminating in a barren uninteresting
country, merits no particular notice. Pen-
sacola, to its depth of water, is one of the
finest havens of the worid. Its entrance is
at North lat. SO 23, West Ion. from Wash-
ington city 10 20. The entrance between
llose island and Barancas point is over a
bar having twenty -two feet water, upon a
fine sandy bottom. The bay is about twen-
ty miles in length, with a mean width of
about three miles. The anchorage is, in
every part, a soft mud or sand. No rocky
banks or dangerous shoals environ this
noble sheet of water. Tlie bay, above the
town of Pensacola, is divided into two
arms ; one, stretching north, receives the
Escambia, and the other, to the north-east,
the Yellow Water river.
The basin of the Appalachicola is re-
markable as forming the connecting link
between the waters which flow into the
Gulf of Mexico, from those which enter
the Atlantic Ocean. The Appalachicola
is formed by two streams, the Ctiatahooche
and Flint rivers. The former rises in the
Appalachian mountains, at North lat. 35,
interlocking with the sources of Tennessee,
Oakmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah rivers ;
and flowing southwest by soudi, through
two degrees of latitude, turns thence nearly
due south, to North lat. 30 45, where it
receives the Flint. The latter, an inferior
stream to the former, has its soiu'ces in the
angle between the Oakmulgee -and Cbata-
hooche rivers, at North lat. 33 40, and flow-
ing south-v/est by south, 200 miles, unites
with the Ciiatahooche, and forms the Ap-
palachicola.
This latter fine river flows a little west
of south, to North lat. 29 50, having an
entire course of about seventy miles ; its
mouth is into St. George's sound.
The basin of the Appalachicola affords
an inland navigable expanse of 400 miles
in length, with a mean width of 150, and
having an area of about 20,000 square
miles. Though interrupted by some falls,
and many shoal.s, the rivers of Chatahooche
and Flint are navigable almost to their
sources ; and schooners of considerable
size ascend tiie Appalachicola to its head.
Cotton, tobacco, grain, tar, and lumber,
are the common staples of this basin.
In all the immense di.stance from Pensa-
cola to t'le bay of Esplritu Santo, except
the mouth of the Appalachicola, there is
no inlet of any commercial consequence in
a general view.
The fine bay of Espiritu Santo is situated
upon the west coast of the peninsula of
.M I S
M I S
East Florida, at North ht. 27 40, West Ion. their size, or the density o f the earth over
from Washington city 6 20. There is which they flow. So that our hills, with
about two feet more water on the bar of, some few exceptions, are nothing more or
t:spiritu Santo than upon that of Pensaco- less than clifFs or banks made by the ac-
la, but tiie country around the litter re- tion of the streams; and althoug!\ tiiese
mains so imperfectly known, that its com- cliHs or banks, on the rivers and larger
mercial value c.uiHot be estimated with any creeks, approach the size of momuains,
certainty at present. yet their tops are generally level, being the
Having followed in regular order the remains of the ancient plain. In the eas-
tern pai t of the stale, some few hills are
found in sharp ridges similar to those in
the eastern states. The base of the hills
is generally composed of limesto.ne, free,
or sandstone, slate, and gravel, admixed
with mineral coal, ochre, Sec." — Bourne.
The author of this article surveyed, in
1815, Pittsburgh and its environs, and
minor streams flowing into the Gulf of
Mexico, we now turn to a review of the
basin of the Mississippi.
This great stream, forming a river of
the first order, deserves particular notice in
an elementary work. Under the general
term Mississippi, we include not only that
river properly so called, but every secon- . , , , - , - ,
dary or confluent body of water which en- found the rocks there, as m every other
ters into, or contributes to augment the P^^t of the Op.io valley perfectly parallel
mass of the main recipient. to the horizon, of course speaking teclim-
FoUowing this plan, the basin of the Mis- caHy. Aoetz formation Fhe circumstance
sissippi may be naturally divided into four most, conclusive of the fact, that the hilis
grand sections ; first, advancing from east and valleys of this region were formed by
to west, the valley of Ohio and its tributa- abrasion, is the uniformity ot elevation and
ry waters; that of Mississippi and its similar material of corresponding strata on
branches ; that of Missouri and its branch- the opposing banks of the streams ; phe-
es i and that of the lower Mississippi, below nomena every where visible, where the na-
the mouth of Missouri. Of these sections ture of the country will admit accurate ob-
• order. servation. The coal strata near P.ttsburgh
0/«o^)Wv.— This very important region ^^f^ in every place found about 340 feet
embraces about 200,000 square miles of 'i??^'? '«* water level in the rivers of that
area, equal to 128.000,000 of United States vicinity.
acres. Its greatest length is from the Embracing the whole Oliio valley in one
north-east sources of the Allegheny river perspective, it is found divided into two
to the head of Bear creek, a branch of very unequal portions by that river ;
Tennessee river, 750 miles. Its greatest leaving 120,000 square miles to the south-
breadth, from the sources of the French east, and 80,000 on the north-west. The
Broad, to those of the Wabash river, 500 Ohio, forming a common recipient for the
miles. In point of climate, it extends water of the minor streams of both slopes,
from North lat. 34 to 42 30, or through flows in a very deep ravine, south 64*^ west.
seven and a half degrees of latitude, af- 478 geographical, or 548 miles, in a direct
fording a very considerable difi'erence of line from Pittsburgh to the jiuiction of this
seasons and temperature. river with the Mississippi. The entire
It has been long the opinion of the au- length of Ohio by its meanders, is by actual
thor of this article, an opinion formed from admeasurement 948 miles,
the fruits of many years observation, that The peculiar features of this river, and
the Ohio region once formed an immense its immediate banks, have led to mos-.t of
inclined plane ; and that the beds of all the t!ie gross misrepresen'.ations respecting,
rivers have been formed by abrasion of the valley in general. The low water sur-
water. Thistheory is supported by Mr A. face of the Monongahela at Brownsville,
Boui'ne, author of a large and vslunble map has been found to amount to 850 feet above
of the stale of Ohio. The following is a high tide in the Chesapeak bay. Estima-
quotation from a manuscript letter I'romtliat ting the fall in the M-nongahela to be
gentle man on the subject. '' Tiie hills are twenty feet from the borough of Browns-
generally found near the rivers or large ville to the city of Pittsburgh, would pro-
creeks, and parallel to them on each side ; duce 830 feet as the elevation of the latter
having between them the alluvial va'ley, place above the Atlantic Ocean. The
through which the stream meanders ; apex of the hills in the vicinity of Pitts-
usually near the middle ; but sometimes burgli, are within a small fraction of 460
washes the foot of either hill alternately, above the low water level of the Mononga-
Perhaps the best idea of th; topography of hela, Allegheny, and Ohio i-ivers. By
this state may be obtained, by conceiving these elements we have 460 added to 830,
the state to be one vast elevated plain, or 1290 feet as the extreme elev^Uion of the
near the c'jnl re of which the stre.^ms rise, hills ntar Pittsburgh above the Atlantic
and in their course wearing down a bed or tides. We may, therefore, if the correct-
valley, whose depth is in proportion to ness of our previous theory is admitted,
615
M I S
M I S
suppose tliat the latter elevation was that
of this part of the original plain from which
the valley has been formed. This eleva-
tion evidently declined towards the now
mouth of the Ohio, leaving a descent for
the waters.
The actual elevation of the present sur-
face of the country, adjacent to the great
central junction of the Mississippi wi'.h its
confluents, is not determined with the same
precision with that of Pittsburgh : but,
from the length of the* Mississippi below
the mouth of Ohio, a near approximation
may be obtained. From the mouth of
Ohio to that of the Mississippi, the distance
is within a small fraction of 1100 miles,
which, at three and a half inches to the
mile, yields 3850 inches, or 320.8 feet, as
the entire depression of the Mississippi
river from the mouth of Ohio to the Gulf of
Mexico.
The fall in the Ohio river exceeds that of
the Mississippi, and has been estimated at
about five inches to the mile, consequently,
if we multiply 948 miles, the entire lengtii
of Ohio, by 5, we have 4740 inches, or 395
feet, as the amount of descent in that
stream ; and, 'adding 395 to 320.8 feet, we
find 715.8 feet as the declivity of the waters
from the confluence of the Monongahela
and Allegheny rivers at the city of Pitts-
burgh, to the Gulf of Mexico.
A very remarkable difference is percep-
tible between the different elevations of
Pittsburgh above the Chesapeak bay and
Gulf of Mexico, amounting to more tiLin
125 feet, in favour of the former sheet of
water. This apparent phenomenon is ex-
plicable on the simplest laws of liydrosta-
lics. The Gulf stream flows from \'ne Gulf
of Mexico towards tiiat part of tiie Atlantic
Ocean adjacent to the Chesapeak bay, de-
monstrating tliat a difference of level mtist
exist between the extremes, sufficiently
great to atlmit a current of considerable ve-
locity. That velocity has never been very
iiccu'rately determined ; but, if we allow
only one and a half inch per mile, would
yield in 900 mihs 112§ feet. That the ac-
tual fall from Florida channel to the mouth
of the Chesapeak bay, connider;ibly exceeds
100 feet, there can be no rational doubt,
when the necessary geographical phenome-
na are duly examined.
Wc mav, from the data given, consider
the valley" of Ohio composed of an inclined
plane, chequered by tlie deep channels of
the rivers, hills, and extensive flats, the
v;hole resting upon a base of secondary
formation. In many parts of this interest-
ing reglo:;, as in the state of ICentucky, the
beds of the rivers art- vast chasms, rather
than valleys, in tlie true acceptation of the
latter term. Tlie two opposmg slopes ex-
iiibii some very curious contrasts. Though
considerablv most extensive, the south-eas-
616
tern slope has no extensive remains of the
ancient plane ; the north-western slope, on
the contrary, contains immense remains of
the former plane. The rivers which enter
the main recipient from the former, rising
in or near the north-western ridge of the
Appalachian mountains, are precipitous
from their sources, flowing, as already ob-
served, in very deep channels : whilst
tho.se streams which enter from the north-
western slope, rise out of a level continuous
plain, in many places morass, as in part of
the states of Ohio and Indiana. The latter
rivers are sluggish towards their sources,
gaining velocity in their advance towards
the Ohio river.
The secondary rivers of the south-eastern
slope are, the Monongahela, Little Kenha-
wa. Great Kenhawa, Sandy, Licking, Ken-
tucky, Greene, Cumberland, and Tennes-
see. Those flowing from the north-wes-
tern slope are, the Allegheny, Beaver,
Muskmgum, Hockhocking, Sciota, Miami,
and Wabash. Of these streams, the Alle-
gheny rises in Pennsylvania, flows into
New York, and winding from north-west
to west, and south-west, again enters Penn-
sylvania, forming the north-western, or
rather northern constituent of Ohio. Na
branch of the Allegheny flows from the
high table land ; the region it waters is in
some parts mountainous, and every where
hilly ; the sources of the Allegheny flow,
however, from the highest point of the val-
ley of Ohio. Advancing westward from
the region watered by the Allegheny, the
sources of the Beaver exhibit the com-
mencement of tlie great central plain, which
separates the two great basins o the Mis-
sissippi and St. Law!-ence. This plain
s'retches westward, and, wider-.ing in ex.
lent through the states of Ohi(.,''lndiana,
and Illinois, reaches the Mississippi river.
In its natural state, the valley of Ohio was,
in the greatest part of its extent, covered
by a dense forest : but the central plain pre-
sented a very remarkable exception. As
far east as the sources of Muskingum, com-
menced open Savannaiis, covered with
grass, ;tnd devoid of timber. Similar to
the plain itself, those Savannahs expanded
to the v.estward, and on the waters of Illi-
nois river opened into immense natural
meadows, generally known under the de-
nomination of prairies.
We have dwelt with more minuteness on
this central plain than we would otherwise
have done, from a conviction that it aflbrds
phenomena highly illustrative of the pecu-
liar structure of that part of North America.
It has been shown in this article, that the
surface of Ohio, at the city of Pittsburgh,
was 830 feet above the U-arest tide water
of the Atlantic Ocean, and 715.8 feet above
the surface of the (Julf of Mexico. Lake
Erie has been found by actual admeasure-
M L b
M J S
Tnent, 565 feet above the tide water of the
Hudson at Albany ; consequently, the Ohio
at Pittsburgh is 265 feel above the surface
of Lake Erie ; t!ie integjiediate distance,
in a direct line, 105 miles. Tiierefore, if
a channel was open fnim the Ohio r.ver at
Pittsburg-li to Luke Erie, as deep as the
bottom of the river, and sloping towards
the lake by gradual descent to its surface,
the waters of Allepliany and Monongahela
would, in place of tiowingdovvn Ohio, rush
into Lake Erie with tiie en.)rmous velocity
arising from a tall of 265 feet in 105 miles ;
or upwards of two and a iialf feet ])er mile.
When these mathematically ■established
facts are contrasted with llie c rcumstasice,
tliat the extreme north-w estern waters of
Alleghany, thoe of Lake Chataughque,
rise' within three miles from Lake Erie,
the singular but real construction of the
country jjecomes apparf-nt. Nothing but
actual measurement could render ci-edible,
tha^ Pittsburgh, situated at the confluence
of two streams, eac'ii of which, following
their meanders, Iiave flown above 200
miles, and one of whicli, (Alleghany,) hav-
ing part of its source so near the very mar-
gin of Lake Erie; and yet, that the city of
Pittsburgh should b? elevated 265 feet
above the surf\ice of the lake.
But by far tiie most remarkable feature
of the Ohio valley is, that its real slope
does not correspond to the courses of its
rivers. It is a fact not well known, that
loaded boats at liigh water can pass from
Lake Michigan into Illinois river, and vice
versa. AVe have seen that Lake Erie was
565 feet above the level of the Atlantic
tides. The elevation of Lake Michigan
above Lake Erie cannot, from the shortness
and gentle currents of Detroit river, St.
Clair river, and the straiis of Michili-
mackinack, exceed 35 feet. We may,
therefore, assume 600 feet as the level
of Lake Michigan. This would corres-
pond very nearly with that of the Ohio
river, between the mouths of Miami and
Kentucky rivers. Illinois river, we will
see, presents much more the aspect of a
, canal than that of a river, whilst the central
tableland we liave reviewed,"is so elevated,
as to produce water courses, whose de-
scent is rapid, and those flowing into Lake
Erie all precipitated ovrr falls before
reaching their recipient. During the con-
tinuance of spring floods, loaded boats of
large tonnage may be navigated from the
rapids of Oliio, by "that river, the MisslbS-ippi
and Illinois rivers, and tiirough the Canadi-
an sea to the cataract of Niagara, without
meeting a single rapid '; whilst the direct
iine between the extremes of this naviga-
»* tion, would pass over an elevated ridge.
When due attention is pr-id to the real
, phenomena of the cotmected basins of Mis-
l ssssippi and St. l/twvence, the true*ca<.ises
of the apparent anomalies we have noticed
are developed. It is at once rendered appa-
rent, that the true slope of the Ohio valley
is nearly at right angles to the range of the
Appalachian mountains, and that its lowest
line of depression, is the channels of the
Illinois and Mis.sissippi rivers.
SgH, climate, and produclions. — The soil
of this interesting section of the earth, it
by no means so uniform as is generally sup-
posed, though, taken as a whole, may be
considered tertile. The alluvial bottoms
of the st' cams, great and small, are gene-
rally u deep loam, exuberantly productive.
Tills rich vegetable earth, in many places
reaches the apex of the highest hills.
I'hcse hills present, however, gt-eat varie-
ty of soil ; always clothed with timber,
though often precipitous, rocky, and ste-
rile. The extreme south-eastern part,
from the sources of Alleghany to the most
southern part of the valley in the state of
Alabama, presents a mountainous or very
broken hilly tract of countrj^, upwards of
700 miles in length, with a mean width of
about 100. The soil is on this region ex-
trem'dy varied, and as it contains at its ex-
tremities nearly the greatest contrast of
latitude of the valley of which it forms a
part, the vegetable productions, natural
and artificial, are hei-e also most varied.
Very few timber trees, known on this con-
tinent between N. lat. 34 and 42 degrees,
but which are here found. - The most pro-
minent and valuable species of which, are
ten or twelve species of oak ; hemlock,
pine, the Liriodendron tulipifera; five or
six species of liickory and v, alnut ; three
species of maple, one of which, the Acer
Saccharinum, is amongst the most singular
and valuable trees known on this globe ;
three or four species of ash, v/ith an im-
mense variety of useful trees and shrubs
not enumerated. The Flora is also highly
varied andelegaiit. Medicinal plants abound.
Spring water is abundant and excellent.
Of naturalized plants, trees, and shrubs,
the number «nd variety preclude a com-
plete specification. Extending through
eight degrc-es of latitude, and presenting
considerable diflerence of level, the cli-
mates admit the cultivation of plants whose
powers of resii'ting the inclemencies, or of
profiting by the changes of seasons, are
very different. The cereal gramina — wheat,
rye, oats, barley, and Indian corn or maize,
is every where cultivated. Meadow grasses
flourish best in an advance to the north.
In the southern part, even where extensive
settlements have been.made, meadows are
rare ; but towards the norshv;ard, forin a
large part of rural economy. This obser-
vation, though in a mure iiarated extent,
may be applied to orchards, afid evei. gar-
dens. Where the crops become very valu-
;,'-)lc, horiicuiture i? everv where neglect-
Si I
M I S
cd, as are orcliai-ds, except in the vicinity
of cities or large towns. In the region be*
iore us, belo\v N lat. 36 30, cotton commen-
ces to be cultivated as a valuable crop.
Some culture of this vegetable extends
north of the assumed limit, but rather for
domestic use lh:*n as an article of com-
merce. The quantity and quality of this
vegetable is enh;inced, soil and exposure
being equal, in a very near ratio, with ad-
vance to the south. As we will have more
occasion to dilate on this vegetable in the
sequel of this article, it would, be irre-
levant to touch farther on the subject in
this place.
The orchard trees generally cultivated in
the region before us, are the apple, pear,
peach, plum, nectarine, &c.
The mineral treasures of this region com-
pose a large share of its most valuable pro-
ductions. Iron, salt, and mineral coal, are
the most valuable and abundant. Iron ore
is found in almo.st every section of this ex-
tensive line. The immense masses of
mineral coal is very extensive : those near
Pittsburgh are only the most abundant and
best known. It is amongst the most re-
markable features in the natural history of
the United States, tliat from Onondago in
the st.ite of New York, to the south-west
angle of Virginia, the earth appears in
every place, at a certain depth, to afford
water saturated with muriate of soda (com-
mon salt.) This indispensable mineral is
found where, if wanting, it could not be
obtained without very great expense. Salt
is now made at Onondago in New York,
Conemaugh in Pennsylvania, and on tiie
Kenhawa and other places in Virginia ; —
all in ihe same range.
The Ohio river bounds the tract we
have reviewed as far southward as the
mouth of the Great Sandy. Here the
former turns almost at right angles, and
pursuing a course something north of
west to the mouth of the Great Miami,
again inflects about south-west by west
to its junction with the Mississippi.
This wide curve, in conjunction with a
part of the Mississippi, bounds the great
limestone expanse of Kentucky and West
Tennessee. This latter region, though
adjoining the former, presents features
essentially different. The base of the
Kentucky section appears to be in great
part floetz or secondary limestone, the
face of the earth becomes more monoto-
nous ; the rivers flow in many places in
chasms, walled on both banks by preci-
pices of linnestone. Fresh water in ijiany
places, scarce. Minerals rare, if lime
st.ome is excepted. In point of climate
and vei^fetable production, no veiy mate-
rial difference appears between the con-
tiguous parts of the two sections under
review, except that which arises from
618
soil. In respect to extent and fertility,
the soil of Kentucky and West Tennes-
see is generally productive, and in a va-
riety of places highly fertile. Vegetables
either indigenous or exotic, are very
nearly similar, on both sections, on the
same line of latitude, and of equal expo-
sure and elevation. From a lower sufr
face, cotton, and other tender vegetables,
are cultivated farther north, near the
Ohio, than towards the north-western
ridges of the Appalachian mountains.
The climate of both will be more amply
noticed in the sequel of this article.
Respecting the north-western section
of the Ohio valley, a few observations
will suffice, after what has preceded re-
specting that of the southeast, and on
the rt-view of the whole valley in gene-
ral. Similar latitudes present in great
part similar climate, phenomena, and ve-
getable products. From the peculiar
structure of the north-western section
already delineated, it must be evident
that mineral products are rare ; and
such is the fact. Iron ore is found, though
not abundantly, in the north-west part of
Pennsylvania, and north-east part of
Ohio. Mineral coal abounds along the
Ohio, and on some other streams, as far
down the valley as Cincinnati, and might,
it is probable, be obtained in other
places, if the earth was perforated to
suflicient depth. Indications of muriate
of soda, and some trifling fragments of
sulphate of lime (gypsum,) have been dis-
covered, but neither to any considerable
extent. In the far geater part, how-
ever, of this section of the Ohio valley,
few or no indications of minerals appear.
The flatness and peculiar structure of
the two-thirds of the states of Ohio, In-
dian!, and Illinois, preclude the expo-
sure of mineral bodies, if such existed.
It has been by the action of water in wear-
ing deep channels in the earth's surface,
that mineral bodies have in most cases,
been exposed to human view and use.
In point of soil, climate, and vegeta-
ble production, the south-western section
of the Ohio valley has been too highly
coloured, though favourable in many re-
spects to human residence. The range
of country within one hundred miles of
the Ohio river being broken into hill and
dale, good wholesome water is abundant,
but receding to the central table land, is
in many places wanting. In most essen-
tial circumstances, as respects natural
phenomena and human economy, strong,
analogies exist between the contiguous
parts of the two great sections of Ohio
valley, whilst their extremes present a
total contrast. It would be mere repe-
ition to dilate further, after what liai .
M I S
:\i 1
been given on this subject ; the foregoing
observation was made in order to draw
the reader's attention to features so
strongly traced, and illustrative of the
subject on which we are treating. It
has been too s;enerally prevalent with
authors, as well as travellers, to repre-
sent the Ohio valley as a monotonous
surface, uniform in aspect, climate, and
fertility ; whilst, in ail these respects,
perhaps no equal region of the earth pre-
sents, in all these points, more marked
or more abrupt contrasts, if some very
mountainous tracts are excepted.
Valleij of the Mississi/i/ii Proper. —
Before entering upon the physical sur-
vey of the particular valley of th?. Mis-
sissippi, above its junction with Missouri,
it is necessary to take a view of the en-
tire stream whicli now designates the
whole basin.
In our defective state of information,
}t is impracticable to determine which
is the most remote branch of the Mis-
sissipppi, nor is it perhaps an object of
much consequence. The latitude and
longitude of its source are also undefined.
Authorities on that subject differ so
much, that no great confidence is due to
any. It is probable, that, like other ri-
vers, no real certainty of the main source
or latituile is attainable without extraor-
dinary pains and skill. We may, how-
ever, assume N lat. 48 0, and W Ion.
W C 18 0, as the source of that great
river. Its t^eneral course is about south-
west 300 miles, to the mouth of the Cor-
beau, which comes in from the right..
Below the Corbeau, the Mississippi as-
sumes a south-eastern course of 200 miles
to St. Anthony's falls, at the foot of which
it;receives the St. Peter's, a large tributa-
ry stream from the north-west. Below the
mouth of St. Peter's, the Mississippi con-
tinues south-east 80 miles, and in that
distance receives from the left of the
St. Croix, Chippaway, and Black rivers.
Between the two former occurs Lake
Pepin, a mere dilatation of the river.
After receiving Black river, the Missis-
sippi curves more to the south, and 80
miles below the former receives from
the left a large branch, the Ouisconsin.
Thence again turning to south-east 100
miles, is joined by Rock river, a stream
of considerable size, flowing from north-
east to south-west, and rising near Lake
Michigan. Below Rock river, the Mis-'
sissippi turns to a little west of south,
100 miles, to its junction with the Le-
moine river, a very considerable tribu-
tary stream from the north-west. One
hundred and twenty miles in a south-
eastern course, below the Lemoine,
the Illinois unites with the Mississippi,
and IS miles lower, the latter and
Missouri form their junction. The
entire length of I'ne Mississippi above
the mouth of Missouri, is by compara-
tive estimates 995 miles. The country
drained by this river is generally ra-
ther level than hilly, much of its sur-
face prairie. Except towards its source,
no lakes of any considerable consequence
are found on any of its confluents. Its
waters is tolerably limpid, and its cur-
rent gentle. Though, from accidental
circumstances, the Mississippi has gain-
ed the pre-eminence in giving name
to the general recipient, it is never-
theless, a mere branch, and by no means
the principal one, of Jlissouri. Be-
low their junction, the united stream
flows 198 miles south-east, where it re-
ceives an immense accession of water
through the channel of Ohio ; below
which, the congregated mass turns a lit-
tle west of south, and flows in that di-
rection 316 mi!es» receives the White ,
river, and 14 miles lower the Arkansaw ;
both from the right. The Yozoo enters
from the left, 1S7 miles below the mouth
of Arkansaw ; and 211 miles below the
mouth of Yazoo, the Mississippi receives
its last tributary stream of consequence,
the Red river, from the right. Two
miles below Red river, the Atchafalaya
flows out to the south. From the mouth
of Arkansaw to the efflux of Atchafa-
laya, the general course of the Missis-
sippi is nearly from north to south. Be-
low the former, the latter assumes a
south-east course, which it pursues 347
miles, to its final exit into the Gulf of
Mexico. The entire length of the Mis-
sissippi, below the mouth of Missouri, is
1273 miles, by the windings of the stream.
If one-third is added to its comparative
length above Missouri, for its particular
meanders, the result will give 1327 miles,
which added to 1273, yields 2500 miles
as the entire length of the Mississippi,
following the bends.
Like all rivers of great length, the
Mississippi is subject to an annual rise
and fall. The periods of those floods
itre tolerably regular, but the quantity
and elevation ff the water diflfers con-
tinually, and often to many feet in two
succeeding seasons. The river com-
mences its swell generally in March, or
the beginning of April. The increase of
the water, at first rapid, gradually be-
couies more slow, until the supply be-
ginning to exhaust, the volume com-
mences its fall or decrease, which at
Natchez, is in a long series of years,
from the 15th to the 20th of Juive, arid
at New Orleans, in the first week in
Julv. There is, however, in most years,
619
M 1 b
M I S
a lesser and earlier flood, wiiich varies
in time, much more than that of the
spring and summer. In October, No-
vember, or December, this lesser flood
intervenes generally, in the la^t days of
December, and first of January. This
lesser flood seldom rises so high as to
overflow the banks, and it has been ob -
served, that when the earlier flood is
more than commonly hij^h, that the later
flood is in proportion, lower than com-
mon. The efflux of Plaquemine, is the
common scale in th-e Delta of the excess
and period of both floods.
The velocity of the current of the
■Mississippi has been greatly mistaken.
Taking the motion of its swells, the only
safe criterion, it is found that, below
Ohio, the entire mass does not move as
much as one mile per hour. The line
of lipper current moves more rapidly
than the mass, but even the former does
not move by any means with the rapidi-
ty usually supposed.
' The depth of water in the Mississippi
varies of coui'se with the increase and
decrease of its floods, but this difference
of elevation is more perceptible above,
than in the Delta. At .Natchez, it is
from 30 to 40 feet, at Lafourche about
23 feet, and at New Orleans about 9
feet. There is usually about 12 feet wa-
ter on the bars of the North-east and
South-west Passes, In the South and
West Passes 9 feet, and in those of the
North and Pass a la Loutre 8 feet.
Above the passes, the river deepens to
upwards of 100 feet. At New Orleans "
it is upwards of 120, and at the La-
faurche 153 feet at high water. There
is no place below the mouth of Ohio,
where the channel is ever less that 13
feet in depth.
Valley of the .Mississi/i/ii jirolier ;
above the mouth of the Missouri. — In
point of area, the valley of the Missis-
sippi propcT is not so extensive as that
of Ohio, the former only extending over
a surface of 180,000 square miles. Its
greatest length is from tlie sources of
Mississippi river to the junction of that
stream with the Missouri, 650 miles, and
its greatest breadth from the sources of
the Ouisconsin to those of Lemoine river,
350 miles.
Before proceeding farther, however,
■with the descriptive geographical detail,
it may not be considered irrelevant, to
review one of those great natural fea-
tures of North America ; without atten-
tion to wliich, no correct conception of
its peculiar topography can be obtained.
This feature is tlie great natural mea-
dows, known by the name of Prairie,
f" a state of nature; with but verv par-
620
lial exceptions, a dense forest covered
all those parts of the continent of North
America contained in the Atlantic slope ;
the lower part of the basin of St. Law-
rence, belcMv the head of Lake Erie, and
two-thirds of that basin to its extreme
north-western point ; north of the St.
Lawrence basin to the 55th degree of
North lat, ; four-fifths of the valley of
Ohio ; the residue of the continent east
of the Mississippi river to the Gulf of
Mexico ; and west of that stream from
50 to 100 miles. This enormous forest,
one of the largest on the globe, remains
yet nineteen parts in twenty ; — the eflbrts
of man having made but partial inroads
on either its mass or extent. This great
forest is bounded on its western limit by
another region of much" greater area,
but with a vrry different character. Tlie
second may be strictly called the grassy
section of the continent of North Ame-
rica, which, from all th^t is correctly
known, stretches. from the forest region
indefinitely Westward, and from the Gulf
of Mexico, to the farthest Arctic limits
of the continent. The two regions are
not divided by a determinate limit. In
passing from one to the other, the fea-
tui'es respectively are so blended, that
the change is in most places impercepti-
ble ; though in some instances extremely
abrupt.
In general, the prairie region is less
hilly, mountainous, or rocky, than that
of the forest ; but exceptions in both
cases are frequent. Plains of great ex-
^tent exist in the latter, and mountains of te
no trifling elevattqn and mass chequer
the former section. We are now to ap-
proach the survey of regions in which
prairie forms no small part of the en-
tire surface, and will in the sequel
reach others, where those seas of grass
extend over almost the whole superficies.
The extreme northern source of the
Mississippi, strange as it may appear,
continues unknown. In Melish's map, it
is laid down at Turtle lake, 47 45, North
lat. whilst in Schoolci-aft's map, lately
published, the sources of that great river
are ext-nded to the I^akes Labeish and
Turtle, both extending above North lat.
49 : a discrepancy between these two
authorities of course exists of 1 14 of lat.
The nature of the country, indeed, ren-
ders ])recision on this point difficult,
v.'ithout extreme expense of labour and
t;-ue. We v/ill assume North lat. 48 as
the source of this great river ; its junc-
tion with Missouri bein^'at North lat. 38
56, it flows consequently through nine
degrees of latitude, within a trifling frac-
tion. The length of the Mississippi above
the mouth of the Missouri, is still less ac-
M 1 S
M I S
cufately known than the position of its
source, every authority differing from
each other on the former subject. That
nearly all estimates of its length are
overrated, there arc many weighty rea-
sons to believe. Compared with the
Ohio, on most maps, no essential differ-
ence appears, when the Alleghany is
added to the latter. The actual length
of the Ohio, by its meanders, we have
shown to be 948 miles, that of the Alle-
ghany is about 250; the two distances
united amount to 1)98, say 1200 miles.
For a long period, the Ohio itself was
estimated at 1188 : more correct infor-
mation corrected the error. On all
maps, and from every information we
have seen, the sinuosities of the Ohio
are at least as great as that of the Mis-
sissippi ; we may, therefore, v;ithout
much risk of material error, give 1327
miles as the maximum length of the lat-
ter stream.
The confluent rivers of tlie Missis^
slppi, advancing from its source along its
right bank, are, Leech Lake river, Ver-
million, Pine river, Riviere de Corbeau,
Elk, Sac, and Crow rivers : these enter
above the Falls of St, Anthony;* below
that point are, St. Peter's Upper Jowa,
Turkey, Little Maquauquetois, Galena,
Great Maquauquetois, Lower Jowa, Le-
moine, and a few other streams of little
note between the mouth of Lemoine and
that of Missouri. From the left the
Mississippi receives advancing from its
source, Thornbery river, Round Lake
river, Turtle, Portage river, Chevreuil,
Prairie, Trout, Sandy Lake river, St.
Francis, and Rum rivers. These streams
enter above the falls of St. Anthony.
Below that point are, St! Croix, Chip-
peway, Biack, Prairie le Crosse, Ouiscon-
sin,' Sissinawa, Riviere au Fevre, Rock,
Henderson's, and the Illinois. These
streams are given, in most part, from
the authority of Mr. Schoolcraft, and are
also more minutely detailed, from the
circumstances that the valley of the Mis-
sissippi proper is j'et imperfectly known,
of'great importance in the geography of
the United States, and that the source
of intelligence is recent and respecta-
ble.
Mr. Schoolcraft estimates the eleva-
tion of the sources of the Mississippi at
1330 feet above the Atlantic. From
comparison v/ith our calculations re-
specting the descent of the Oliio, a
very remark.able coincidence appears,
though founded upon totally independent
data.
The valley of the Mississippi, though
contiguous to that of Ohio, exhibits an as-
pect essentially different. The sources
of the latter we have found issuing fiom
an elevated, mountainous, hilly, and bro-
ken country ; those of the former, on the
contrary, flow from an immense marshy
plain, in great part devoid of tinriber.
The humble elevation of the region from
which the sources of the Mississippi are
drawn, accounts for the adjacent country
remaining in its primitive state, and
fully corroborates the correctness of the
theory assumed respecting the valley of
Ohio.
One of the first observations which
strikes the mind on a survey of this ex-
tensive tract, is, its general monotony.
No chains of n^ountains of note; or even
lofty hills, rise to vary the perspective.
Some elevations there are towards the
sources of the largest confluents, and a
few solitary hills, dignified, for want of
contrast, by the title of mountains. The
Mississippi is traversed by several falls,
such as those of Pecagama, about mid-
way between Sandy and VVinnepec lakes,
at North lat. 47 .30 ; the Little Falls,
at North lat. 45 ; the Big Falls,, below
the mouth of the Sac river ; and those
of St. Anthony, at North lat. 44, imme-
diately above the mouth of St. Peter's
river. The view of extensive prairies,
when first seen, have an awful and im-
posing effect on the mind, but that im-
pression is soon lost, and a dreary void
obtrudes in its place. Many parts of
the Mississippi banks are high, broken,
and precipitous ; but taken as a whole,
this great valley presents fevv objects
upon which those can dwtil with interest
who pass from the rich ever varying
scenery of Ohio ; particularly that of its
banks 'and south-eastern slope.
Had the head waters of the Missis-
sippi descended from a mountainous, or
even a very high table land, similar to
that from which fiows the Ohio, v/ith a
slope of sufticient inclination, the gene-
ral face of the country, drained by the
former river, would have now assumed
an aspect, similar to that from which
flow the head waters of the latter. But
in reality, though on a much larger scale,
the Mississippi resembles those of the
north-wt'tt slope of the Ohio valley, in
the cii'cun^stance of flowing from a flat,
table land, and in gaining ascent and
depth of channel in their progress to-
wards their respective recipients. It is a
feature peculiar perhaps to the Missis-
sippi, tha-t the country adjacent to its
source and that near its final discharge",
are in so great a degree similar in their
genera 1 pii - sicgnomy. A difference of lat.
of 19 decrees precludes much resem-
f'2l
M 1 S
-M I S
Jiancr in vegetable stationary animal pro- been first discovered, has by prescripi,ioa
duction. But according to Mr School- jjiven name to tlie wliole basin ; but the
cratt who visited }ts sources i • the month -Missouri, above their junction, is a stream
ot July, the nnigratory water fowl found which has drained a country of more than
there at that time ot the year, are very 2^ times the extent of the valley of the &r-
iiearly specmcally the same found at its mer. The error is now without remedy;
mouth in \he months of Decembe, Ja- therefore, though of so much greater mag-
nuary, February, and March. " It is nitude, must, in a geographical point of
also deserving of remark," says that view, be considered a tributary stream to
writer, "that its sources lie in a region the Mississippi.
of almost continual v/inter, while it enters Missouri river rises in the Chippevvan, or,
t'^e ocean under the latitude of perpetual as they are absurdly calltd, Kocky Moun-
'"^"•■° " tains. What is by pre-eminence called
.erduri
CUumte, Soil, and Production. — Extend-
ins,^ through nine degress of latitude, the
change of cli-T.ate in the valley of the Mis-
sissippi proper, is grei'ter than found in
any other valley in the basin of •vvhic'-. it
forms a part, e-xcept the more northcrii
parts of that of Missouri. So defective is
our information respecting the larger tribu
Missouri, is not the main stream, if our
maps are gven tolerably correct. The
Yellow Stone river is longer than it'; rival
above their junction, and receives larger
and longer trib;it:iry streams, -Assuming,
ho\ve\ er, Jeficrjon's iiver as the extreme
source of Missouri, the latter will rise at
-Vorth lat. 44 20, West Ion. from Washing.
tanes which enter the -Mississippi above ton City 35. The general course for
Missouri, that. l,tt!e more need be added about ISO miles is north-cast, receiving in
respecting the -Miss-sippi valley in general. th"t distance several tributary streams. It
Suffice to sa3% that in point of soil, vegeta- thence turns north 120 miles, and about
ble and mineral productions, lead except- N'^rth lat. 46 20, is augmented by Dear-
ed: this valley is in every respect inferior bu.ne's river from the north-west. It
to thbt* of Ohio. Tlie ordinary timber- in thence curves to the north-east 80 miles, to
similar latitudes are nearly the same in the entrance of -Marias river from the north-
both valleys ; but towards the sources of vvest. • Belaw its junction with the Marias
the Jfississippi, pine, spruce, cedar, maple, river, the Missouri pursues an eastern
and white birch are the prevalent timber course 150 miles, and tlience a north-eas-
trees. In fact, the far greater part of the tern course of 150 miles to the mouth of
upper, and much of the lower pa:'t of the "'ellow Stone river. Estimating the dis-
valley, is composed of prairie, lov.' swam,'?, tance fram its source, by either branch,
or lakes. Much good alluvial land, par- along the streams the Missouri has flowed,
ticularly on the Illinois, borders the streams, at i.s junction with Yellow Stone river,
but in no moderate proportion to what is more t'ha'i 1000 miles, and has drained
foiindintlse valley of Ohio. above 150,000 square miles of surface.
In the lower part of the Mississippi val- mostly prairie. Its volume is here, per-
ley the exotic vegetables cultivated are, in haps, as wide and deep as at its junction
most part, the s^me found in our middle with the Mississippi. After receiving the
slates generally. The climate bein.q; rather Yellow Stor.e; the Missouri curves first
more severe in a given latitude in the Mis- north-e.nst, and thence south-east, 200 miles,
sissippi basin than on the south-east side of to the Mandan villages, at North lat. 47 25.
the Appalachian mountains, some small dif- Between the mouth of Yellow Stone river
ferencc of vegetable location may exiii, but and the Mandan villages, the volume of
not to any very great amount. Missouri has gained its extreme north bend
Towards the sources of the Mississippi, at North lat 48 20, and has, besides many
the v.-ild rice (zizania aquatica) abounds in lesser tributaries, received the Little Mis-
the swamps, and along the low margins of souri from the right, flowing from south-
tbe rivers and lakes, and conptitutes no- west to nopth-east -.Nearly opposite to
small part of the food of the natives. Per- the mouth of the latter, the Moose river
haps in an advanced state of society, this branch of Assiniboin rises within less than
species of cerealia, v.^liich can be cultivated one mile from the bank of the Missouri,
in places unsuitable to any other vegetable, At the "Mandan villages, the Missouri turns
ir;;iy hecome the resource of civilized man, directly south, and flows in that course
and under skilful culture afain adeveli.pe- through four degrees and tv/enty miniites
ment similar to what has taken place with of latitude, or near 300 miles. In this dis-
other grains, such as wheat, rye, oats, bar- tance it has received a few unimportant
ley, and maize. In fine, in the valley of tributaries from the left, and from the
the MiSMSoippi, we find every object deno- right the large streams of Cannon Ball,
ting our approach to the wide spreading Wetarhoo, Sawarcarna, Chayenne, Teton,
waste on which we are now to enter. and White rivers. Below the mouth of
Valley of Missouri, above its junction ivith the latter, the Missouri turns to the south-
the .Wssissippi.—TliQ Mississippi having east, east, and south, 300 miles, to its iunc-
6?2 ♦ ■
M I S
M 1 S
lion with the La Platte, an immense body
cf water flowing' from the west, and head-
ing with the Arkansaw, Lewis's, and Yel-
low Stone rivers. In 'he latter course, the
Missouri has also received from the left the
Jacques, and Great and Little Sioux rivers.
Below its junction with the Platte, the Mis-
souri flows 200 miles soutli-east to the
mouth of the Kanses river, a large tributa-
ry iiowing from tlie west, and heading be-
tween the Arkansaw and Platte rive's.
The Missouri has now gained nearly the
thirty-ninth degree of north latitude, and
turning to a Uttie south of east 250 rniles,
joins its vast volume to that of the Missis-
sippi, after an entire compara,live course of
1870 miles, and particular course of about
3000 miles. Between the mou'.hs of the
Kanses and Mississippi rivers, the Osage,
a large branch, enters Missouri from the
south-west. Tlie Osage is a considera-
ble stream, rising in the angle between the
Kanses, White, and Arkansaw rivers.
Our geographical knowledge of the va-
rious branches of Missouri, is still more
limited than respecting the Mississippi.
Of the mainstream, as high as the Mandm
villages, our nstices are tolerably ample.
Lewis and Clarke, Stoddard, B."ackenridge,
Bradbury, and others, have enlarged the
public stock of information on this inter-
esting topic : but with all that has yet been
published, a feeble light has been thrown
upon those immense regions.
The greatest length of the basin of Mis-
souri is from the mouth of that stream to
the head of Marias river, 1200 miles; its
greates: breadth fiom the sources of the
Platte to a few miles south-east of llie Man-
dan villages, 700 miles. The outline is too
vaguely known to admit precision, as to the
area of this vast extent ; it miist, however,
equal if not exceed 500,000 square miles,
equal to 320,000,000 United States acres.
General FeaUires. — Engrasping the whole
valley of Missouri in one view, two remark-
able features must command pre eminence;
the turbid muddy appearance of tlie water,
.and the very great diffisrence in length and
volume of the confluent streams from the
right bank, when compared with those
from the left bank of the main recipient.
Whilst from the right, the Missouri receives
such vast branches as the Yellow Stone,
Chayeune, Quicourre, Platte, Kanses, and
Osage ; from the left, all the branches are
of minor importance. This characteristic
continues to distinguish the valley of the
lower Mississippi below the mouth of Ohio ;
where, to the great volumes of the White,
Arkansaw, and Red rivers, are opposed the
very inferior streams of the Yazoo, Big
Black, and Homochitto.
It would appear that the Mississippi basin
is divided into two immense inclined planes,
falling from the two opposing chains of
mountains, that of the Chippcwan, and the
Appalachian ; and that the two planes are
in a very near ratio to tlie respective mag-
nitude and elevation of the chains from
wliich tliey dechne. The line of contact
between those planes is formed by ti^e Il-
linois, and thence by the Mississippi, below
the mouth of the for.mer ; and if we extend
our views beyond the Mississippi basin,
Lake INlichigan is evidently the continua-
tion of ihis ime of depression to the north ;
whilst to the south-east, the rivers entering
the Gulf of Mexico, as far as the Appala-
chicola inclusive, belong to the Appalachian
plan ; and to the south-west, all streams
flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, as far as
the Rio Grande del Norte, or even to the
Sumasiiita, appertain to the plane of Chip-
pewan.
But to return to our particular subject,
that of the Missouri valley. It would be
useless to give a lis; of the smaller rivers of
this tract, t!ie names of wliich are hardly
known. A genera) outline is all that ought
to be attempted. The Missouri valley is
bounded on the west by the enormous
chain of the Chippewan or Rocky moun-
tains, from which flow the sources of the
Missouri and most of its largest branches.
The exact elevation of the Chippewan, or
indeed any of its peaks within the domain
of the United States, have never been de-
termined, and the result made public.
The general table land upon which those
ridges rest must from the great length of
the Missouri exceed 3000 feet ; perhaps
about 5000 feet would be a s.ife estimate
fir the general elevation of the whole
chain, particular peaks excepted.
The Chippewan partakes with the adja-
cent country the character of nakedness,
timber being rare and of stunted growth.
Like the Appalachian, and most other
American mountains, the Chippewan is
formed in collateral ridges, with deep in-
tervening valley's. The rivers rise in these
valleys and pierce the ridges in their
course. The sources of Missouri extend
along the chain tlirough near eight degrees
of latitude, or upwards of 500 miles. In
tliis region the main stream and most of
iis tributaries flow to northeast. The
sources of Big Horn, a branch ofthcYel-
l)w Stone river, rise at North lat. 41 30,
whilst Marias river has its most northern
source above North lat. 48 30. Some of
the northern confluents of Missouri proba-
bly he as f .r as North lat 50".
Missouri leaves the Chippewan by falling
over continued ledges ot rocks, in a dis-
tance of eighteen miles ; after which, this
overwhelming mass of waier is augmented
every few miles by large tributary waters,
withoHt falls or even shoals to its mouth.
The channel is deep, and bon ided by enor-
mous precipices of rock. The immediate
623
:m i s
M 1 S
margin of the streams only excepted, tl»is
almost intermii-iable expanse is prairie, de-
void of timbe • ; and except llie deserts of
Arabia, no part of the earih presents an
equal surface, less inviting to civilized man,
than tlie far greater part of the valle)- of
Missouri. Its asperities become more ap-
parent as infoTraatioii respecting its real
features expand. The general character of
this extensive valley may be completed in
few words ; tliat, with some very partial
exceptions, it is a wide and arid waste in
.Slimmer, and over which, in winter, the
piercing winds of the north sweep without
impediment, and on which a dense civilized
population can never exist.
Climate, SoU, and Prodnclions. — In so
wide v.n extent a very great diversity of
climate must necessarily exi-.t. From the
considerable elevation of some parts, north-
ern position of other.s, and the open expo-
sure of nearly the whole exient, the win-
ters are extremely severe. The whole of
the vallev, a smali part of thesouth-cistern
extremity excepted, has an aspect and
chmate with a striking resemblance to
the steppes ' of central Asia ; and like
those steppes, must for ever be thinly
peopled.
With the exception of the alluvial banks
of the streams, the soil is, as far as correct
information has been obtained, dry, and
sterile, which, added to the want of tim-
ber, and in many places, of great extent,
water, settlement of an agricultural peo-
ple is rendered not only dlflicult but im-
possible.
The state of Missouri, embracing about
f)3,000 square miles, it is probable, if
the advantages of climate are superadded
to soil, possesses one-fourth part of tiie
productive smface of tliis entire valley.
Of the indigenous veget.'\b!es of the
7>lissouri valley little can be said. Mr.
Bradbury was' the only naturalist of suf-
ficient !.killto investigate the subject of
its botany, who ever reached the interior
of the valley, as far as the Mandan vil-
lages, and his opportunities of observation
were so limited as to preclude extensive
research.
It is probable that the mineral treasures
of Ihis extensive valley may in some mea-
sure compensate for its many other disad-
vantages. Of the quantity of iron ore and
mineral coal laid open to the day along the
banks of Missouri, Mv. Bradbury expres-
ses himself in raptHres. So stnall a part
has been examined, and that so hastily,
even by INIr. Bradbury himself, that no
conclusive deductions can be made on any
branch of the natural history of the valley
of Missouri at present.
Vulk;/ of the JMinsissippi, beloio the mouth
of the SjissotlrL—Vin now approach v^liat
mav be Mrictlv designated ;!=; '•
' 6'M ■ ■'
region of the United States, though the
entire surface of the section under re^view
is not included under that government.
The common recipient, the Mississippi,
has been noticed under the head of that
river in general ; v/e may therefore observe,
that the section under review extends in
its greatest length from the mouth of the
Mississi])pi to the sources of the Arkansaw,
1400 mdes : the greatest width of the
valley is, from the junction of the Missis-'
sippi and Missouri to the mouth of the
Atchafalay.T, 600 miles. The area of no
section of the Mississippi basin can be de-
termined with more diihcu'.ty than that
under review. The sources and lengtii of
tlie two most considerable confluents re-
main uncertain to a very serious extent.
In this article we have assumed 330,000
square miles, equal to 211,000,200 acres.
In respect to climate, the lower valley
of the Mississippi extends from N lat. 29,
tliat of the mouth of tiie Mississippi, to N
lat. 42, the sources of the Arkansaw river,
or through 13 degrees of latitude, with a
difference of elevation from the level of
the Gulf of Mexico to at least 5000 feet.
These extremes, when due allowance is
made for the difference of elevation,
amount to 28 degrees of latitude.
The principal confluents of this valley,
which enter the main recipient from the
right, are, commencing below the mouth
of Missouri, Merrimack, St. Francis, White,
Arkansav/, and Red river ; those from the
left are, commencing below the mouth of
Oliio, Kaskampa, lledfoot, Obian, Chicki-
saw, Forked Deer, Yazoo, Big Black, Ho-
mochitto, and Buffalo rivers.
Features.— T\iQ lower valley of the Mis-
sissippi is the most diversified section of
the United States. Every variety of land-
scape, every trait of natural physiognomy,
and an exiiaustless source of metallic and
vegetable production is here found. Thl.s
expanse is limited on the east by a dense
forest, and. on the west by the lofty but
naked spines of the Chippewan mountains.
After receding .",bcut 100 miles from the
banks of the Mississippi to the west, and
in many places a less distance, prairies
commence, which, gradually encroaching
on the forests, finally spread one wide
waste of grass, as on the higher branches
of the general basin. The open plains of
Arkansaw and Red rivers, are merely a
continuation of those of the valley of Mis-
sour':, and with similar features. Those
immeasurable plains of grass seem destined
to be, in all future, as they have been in
all former ?-ges, t.he enr.pire of ruminant
animils, sncl- as the buffalo, deer, wild
goat, or ante'ope, and wild sheep. Fol'ow-
ii..^ 'his apparent law of nature, if those,
l^raiiies sl'D^ila cwv hocome tlie ri^sidencc
.M I S
MIS
must be herdsmen, and not cultivators of ssquenlly the valle)' is divided into two
the earth. As tar as settlements have been sections, the proportions of which exceed
made on one side of this grassy desert by 16 to 1.
the Spanish Americans, and on llie other Next to the Mississippi itself, the Arkan-
by the people of the Uniled,States, in west- saw river would appe>ir the most prominent
ern Louisiana and elsewhere, efi'ec's have object on this almost interminable land-
foUowed natural causes, and the traveller scape. When the Missouri is assumed as
finds a rude hablta'.ion on the banks of a the principal stream, the Arkansaw, in point
brook or river, with a small field or two, oi length, ranks as its second confluent, be-
in which a little maize and sweet potatoes ing- longer than either the Plate, Mississip-
are cultivated; and from thence the eye pi Proper, or Ohio, which follow in order,
ranges over a shoreless sea of grass, on The sources of the Arkanssw remain vin-
which cattle and hoi ses arc seen grazing known, to any precision, but are generally
in all directions. This is not tlie f.ction of supposed to extend to north lat. 42, and
11 sportive imagination ; it is a reality which west Ion. from W C 34 ; the position of its
the eye that directs the pen that records mouth has long been sufficiently well
the fact hatii seen innumerable times, known ; it enters the Mis'ouri at north lat.
And it is here noted as illustrati'se of how 33 56, and west Ion. from W C 14 10. This
much man is influenced in iiis modes of stream, therelbre, winds through upwards
existence, his manners, and political condi- of eight degrees of latitude and twenty de-
tion, by the soil, climate, and other naturul grees of longitude. Its lengtli, by corapa-
phenomena around him ; and to tiie opera- rative course, is about 1400 miles ; but, by
tions of which, as lie cannot control, must its meanders, must exceed 2000 miles,
submit. And such is the flexibility of hu- The geography of the Arkansaw has now
man nature, that what was necessity be- become an object ot the first irr.portance,
comes by habit pleasure, and the mounted as its channel forms, from the 100th degree
herdsmen of New' Jlcsico, Texas, Louisi- of longiUule west of London, to its source,
ana, and Arkansaw, would not change con- if those sources are south of north lat. 42,
dition with any other people on earth, part of tiie limit between the United States
Free as the plains on which they rove are and the Spanish dominions in .Vmerica.
wide, these horsemen know no luxury be- From the discoveries recently made by
yond their herd?, sigh for no distinction captain Long, the magnitude of the Arkan-
but that of managing their steeds with saw has been hitherto underrated. A large
most adroitness. body of water formerly made to enter Red
Such is tlie germ of a people, which, in river, is now found to flow into the Arkan-
the short lapse of two centuries, wdl in- saw by the Canadian Fork. The Arkansaw
habit a surface more than equal to two- is more impeded by fulls and cataracts, than
thirds of all Europe. Tlie mind cannot any river of the great inclined plane we
detach itself from this truly interesting have noticed. Issuing from an elevated and
subject without reflecting, that, to the mountainous region, the bed of this stream
physical similitude between the deserts of is unnavigable with large boats, except
Arabia and the steppes of central Asia, about 600 miles above its inouth. From
with the interminable plains of interior thence it flows in a deep rapid channej^of
North America, a strong moral resem- about six hundred yards wide, to its junc-
blance does, and ever must continue *.o ex- tion v.ith tiic Mississippi. The particular
ist between the respective inhabitants of tributary streams of the Arkansaw remain
those distant regions. in great part irrperfectly known. This ri-
To the many other features in common ver now gives name to a territory of the
between the prairies of Red and Arkan- United Statts, and in the lapse of a few
saw rivers, and the steppes of central Asia, years, will no doulit designate a state of the
is the prevalence of muriate of soda, (com- confederacy, similar to the Illinois, MiSS0u»
mon salt) which, as has been observed, ri, and Mississippi.
renders the water of those rivers brackish. Next in magnitude of volume, and length
When we turn our eye to the entire sur- of course to Arkansiiw, is Red rirer. Like
face of the valley under review, we find it its rival, Red river flows from that spine of
divided into two very unequal portions, mcuntaias, which, ranging from ^lexico
The grand recipient, the Mississippi, is northward, assuines local appellations in
seen rolling almost at one extremity; a different places; in Mexico this chain rc-
narrow strip of land, with rivers of very tains the native Atzec name of Anahuac ;
small comparative magnitude, skirt its left near the sources of Red and Arkansaw ri-
bank. This confined border of about 500 vers, it is known as the mountains of New
miles in length, by a mean width of 50 Mexico ; acd farther north as the Rocky
miles, amounting to 25,000 square miles, is mountains, or the Chippewan.
opposed by an extent of 305,000 square Great uncertainty reigns over the sources
miles, watered by the great volumes of of Red river ; but, if the infoimation given
White, Arkansaw, and Red rivers. Con- bv captain Long be correct, and it is enti-
4 K ■ fi25
M 1 S
M I
tied to great credit, those waters which
originate from north lat. 32 to 35 degrees,
and west Ion. from W C from 25 to 28 de-
grees, which in all our maps are represent-
ed as flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, by
the Colorado, and other streams, on the
contrary, are the sources of Red river. By
comparative courses, this stream is about
1000 miles in lenglh ; but following it by
its meanders, is probably I50ij miles.
Both the Arkansaw and lied river have
their regular periodical inundations, simi-
lar to the Mississippi, and enter their reci-
pient at the season of flood respectively,
with an immense body of water, which in
no small degree continues to supply that
enormous mass of fluid which annually rolls
over Louisiana into the GuU of Mexico.
Arising from the salitie and ochreous earths
through which they flow, the waters of
tliese two great rivers are in a considerable
degree brackish; that of Red river so much
so, that at Natichitoches, and from thence
to its entrance into the Mississippi, cannot
be used for either for drinking or for culi-
nary purposes.
Red river enters the Mississippi at north
lat. 31 1, and west Ion. from \V C 14 40.
The next confluent of the Jlississippl, in
point of magnitude, which enters from the
right bank below the mouth of the Ohio, is
White river. This latter river, though of
greatly inferior length or volume to the two
former, is of great nnportance from the ex-
tent of excellent land it drain -. While ri-
ver rises in the angle between Arkansaw
and Osage rivers, and has its source min-
gled with those of both the latter, also with
those of Merrimack and St. Francis. White
river, after a comparative course of about
400 miles, falls into the Mississippi, a few
miles above the mouth of the Arkansaw.
^. Francis and Merrimack wovdd neither
de* rve particular notice amid the descrip-
tion of rivers such as we have been survey,
ing, except as flowing from one of the most
interesting metaUic regions of this globe.
St. Francis rises in the counties of Wash-
ington and St. Genevieve, in the state of
Missouri, and flowing south by comparative
course 250 miles, enters the Mississippi on
about hundred miles by water above the
White river.
The Merrimack rises in the highlands
between the sources of the St. Francis and
tliose of the Gasconade, a branch of Mis-
souri, flows east by comparative course one
hundred miles, enters the Mississippi 18
miles below St. Louis.
It is unnecessary in this to notice the
soil, climate, or productions of the lower
Mississippi valley, as these subjects will
come more appropriately under the respec-
tive heads of the states of Mississippi and
Missouri. A reference is also made to the
article of Mississippi state, as respects the
626
confluents of the Mississippi river, from its
left bank, below the mouth of Ohio.
Summarij.
Square Mile*.
Valley of Ohio - - 200.000
Do.' Mlsssissippi proper, 180,000
Do. Missouri, - 500,000
Do. Lower Mississippi, 330,000
Total area of the Mississipi
Basin, - - - 1,310,000
We may here remark, that including
the basin of Columbia, the Trans-Mis-
sissippian Territory of the United States
amounts to 1,144,843 square miles, equal
to 732,699,520 United States acres.
To close the survey of the Mississippi
basin, it only remains to examine the
general laws by which the annual floods
of the Mississippi are regulated and de-
teimined. In order to elucidate this
subject, it is necessary to combine under
one view the entire surface of the basin.
This investigation embraces one of the
most important questions in physical geo-
graphy ; it is to examine one of the most
stupendous operations of nature, per-
formed on a scale commensurate with
the magnitude of the eifect.
In our review of the valley of Ohio,
320.8 feet was given as the elevation of
the waters at the junction of Ohio and
Mississippi rivers. From want of cor-
rect data as to the real length or gene-
ral fall of its waters, no satisfactoiy cal-
culation can be made as to the absolute
elevation of the sources of Missouri. We
have assumed in this article 3,000 feet
as the probable height, above the re-
spective oceans, of the sources of that
stream. In an analysis similar to that on
which we are engaged, relative eleva-
tion is one of the elements most neces-
rary to a correct result. We may re-
mark in this place, with sincere regret,
that during all the time in which cur
citizens have visited the sources of Mis-
souri, that the elevation of not one peak
or pass has been determined and pub-
lished. We have, however, some facts
which enable us, by analogy, to approach
an accurate estimate of the height of
the sources of the Missouri. From the
extreme cold, and from the late contin-
uance of snow at North lat. 45 or 46°,
we cannot suppose the base of the Chip-
pewan mountains to be in that region
less than 2,800 or 3,000 feet. At the
first glance, when it is known the great
length of the stream, from its discharge
into the Gulf of Mexico to its remotest
sources, so moderate an elevation of the
latter may appear too limited ; but 3,000
feet would demand very nearly a foot
per mile, an enormous descent, much
M 1 S
M 1 b
more than double that ordinarily found
in rivers. In the foregoing estimate, the
absolute height of peaks, or even ridges,
are not taiien into account.
It has often excited astonishment in
those who knew the extent, without duly
attending to the structure of the Missis-
sippi basin, that the entire Dalta is not
annually submerged. VVe now proceed
to investigate the causes of the long con-
tinuance, and in common years, the mo-
derate elevation of the Mississippi floods.
Recurrence to a good map will render
intelligible what is to follow, and obvious,
that the peculiar structure and relative
position of the respective valleys which
compose this great basin, are the true
causes which prolong the duration, and
mitigate the height of the annual inunda-
tion.
In conducting this review, we may
consider the basin subdivided into the
four valleys already noticed ; that of
Ohio, Mississippi proper, Missouri, and
Lower Mississippi. The relative extent
of each has been determined, and the
principal streams noticed. If we were
to turn an attentive eye to a map of
those four sections, and unaided by a
single fact drav.'n from actual observa-
tion, it would follow from theory, from
its more southern position, and from its
length extending east and west, that the
valley of the Lower Mississippi must first
discharge its waters ; the Ohio valley
would follow ; Upper Mississippi would
succeed to Ohio ; and lastly, would issue
the discharge of Missouri, or largest
subdivisior^of the basin ; such are indeed
the facts.
It would also be evident from inspec-
tion, that of every valley taken separate-
ly, nature opposes insurmountable ob-
stacles to a simultaneous discharge. Red
and Arkansa^y rivers ttviw nearly paral-
lel through 14 degress of longitude, and
yet in every year the discharge of the
former precedes that of the latter nearly
a month. Red river is the true North
American Nile, though on a smaller
scale. That title has been bestowed -m
the Mississippi with unparalleled absur-
dity. Except in the sitigle circumstance
of each protruding a Delta at their re-
spective mouths, no two rivers could
)5ossibly present more contrasted features
than does the Mississippi and Nile. In
fact, except in one circumstance, very
little resemblance exists even between
the Nile and Red river : the Nile in
common years has only one flood, Red
river, has often two ; but the floods of
the Nile are discharged by regular rise
and as regular depression, which is emi-
nently the case with Red river ; a cir-
cumstance which, in a very striking man-
ner, distinguishes both from the Missis-
sippi, which rises and falls by pulsation,
if such a term is admissible.
Near the north-west angle of Lou-
isiana, a chain of lakes commences on
both shores of Red river, which continue
to skirt that stream upwards of 100 miles.
The writer of this article examined
these lakes, and found them to be evi-
dently formed in the ancient channels
and adjacent low grounds of considera-
ble water- courses, the discharge of which
into Red river, has been gradually im-
peded by a natural embankment, formed
Ijy the sediment brought down by that
river. These lakes as they now exist,
are from four or five, to thirty miles in
length, and from one quarter to three
miles wide, and are filled and emptied
alternately, as the floods of Red river
rise and fall : they are in fact real reser-
voirs, ■ 'hich in the rise uf Red river re-
ceives great part of its surplus water,
and as the river depresses discharge that
surplus slowly, tending very greatly to
mitigate the rapid emission of the Red
river flood on the Delta. As far as the
writer is informed, this feature is pecu-
liar to Red river, and distinguislics'that
stream from every other.
Red ri\'er, iike'the Mississippi, has a
flood in autumn ; but what may be de-
nominated the annual inundation of that
river, reaches the Delta in Februarj',
and continues through March and April.
The efflux ^f Arkansaw uniformly
succeeds that of Red river ; but from the
greater lengdi of course, extent it drains,
and also from the mere northerly and
mountainous country from which its re-
mote sources are drawn, the volume of
the former very greatly exceeds that of
the latter ; tbougii froni different causes,
both rivers are alike in yielding their
waters by a slow and regular discharge.
The great mass of the flood of Arkansaw
reacnes the Delta in March and April,
and is thtref'ire simuitaneou. with the
latter part of that of Red river. White
river, in strictness, forms part cf the Ar-
kansaw tide, and flows out with the first
flux of the latter stream.
VVe may here observe, that all the
rivers of the Mississippi basin, above.
North lat. 37, are liable to be annually
frozen. The Mississippi, at St. Louis,
is three years in five passable on the ice
with loaded carriages, by the first week
in January. The Ohio, in an equal lati-
tude, is not so soon frozen, though the
cold is equally intense on the latter, as
on the former river. The causes are
obvious which produce this apparent
anomal v. The v/aters of the Mississippi,
627
-M 1 S
-M I S
flowing from high latitude, are cooled al-
most to ti'ie point of congelation, when
ihtv arrive at the junction of the Mis-
sissippi and Missouri; whilst those of
Ohio, in the latitude of St. L' uis, flowing
nearly from cast to west, demand a
longer exposure to frost to become fro-
zen. The gradual melting of the ice and
snow above th.e latitude assumed, that of
ST, is another very controlling cause of
the slow enriission of the general flood.
The Ohio valley, from its compact
form, greater comparative descent, and
from the medium climate in which it is
situated, emits its waters with more
irregularity than any stream in the Mis-
sissippi basin. The Ohio tide of Hood
occurs from Kov. mber uniil March, in-
clusive, though perhaps four years in Hve,
this river yields the principal discharge
in the latter month. The floods of this
valley are more sudden in their rise, and
more impetuous in their discharge, than
that of any section of the Mississipin
basin. The main tide of Ohio reaches
the Delta in May. The various streams
are, however, so relatively, placed, as to
render a simultaneous discharge impos-
sible. The effect, therefore, of this river,
in producing an augumentation of the
floods which irmndate the Delta, is much
lessened in its operation.
The Mississippi proper is still mere
disadvantageously situated, to admit a
rapid emission of its waters than the
Ohio. Flowing nearly in a north and
south direction, and through so great a
range as nine degrees of latitutle, the
more southern conHuents must be very
inuch exhausted before those towards
the source arc relieved from fetters of
ice. The great body of the Mississipj^i
tide is, however, co eval with that of
Ohio.
It is the accumulation of the waters
of the three valleys we have surveyed,
and those of the Kanses and Osage
branches of the Missouri, which produce
what is known as the annual Mississippi
inundation. This flood, nine years in ten,
reaches the highest point of its elevation
at Natchez, between tlie lOdi and 20th
of June. Few instances occur in a long
succession of years, in which the waters
at that city have not commenced their
depression by the first week of July.
And yet, tlie heaviest mass afforded by
the largest natural section, lias not yet
reached the Delta.
Powerful as are the causes which
combine to prolong the discharge of
the enormous body of waters contained
in the three sections of the Mississippi
basin we have examined, none contain
such controlling impediments to an ag-
628
gregated and sudden emission, as does
the Missouri valley above the Platte in-
clusive.
The Yellow Stone and Missouri spread
their sources through seven degrees of
latitude, and, assuming a general course
of north east, unite their waters above
North lat. 48'', turn to the east and south-
east, and finally assume, at the Mandan
villages, a southern course, after having
flown through eleven degrees of longitude.
The Platte pursues a general course from
west to east, above North lat. 40°, and
flows through 14 degrees of longitude. It
must be obvious, from what has been
shown in this article, or by inspection of
a good map, that tiie higher branches of
Missouri must remain frozen, long after
those more southward have commenced
their rise, and nearly as late as the pe-
riod uf high tide on the Delta. The
mean motion of the entire mass of water,
in any of the confluents of the Mississippi,
does not much, if any, exceed one mile
per hour ; therefore, between three and
four months are necessary for the pas-
sage of water from the extreme sources
of the Missouri to the Delta of the Mis-
sissippi; consequently, though those
waters commence their rise in May,
they do not frequently reach the Delta
until late in July, or early in August,
of course at a period when the main
spring and summer inundation is very
greatly abated, and the water retired
within the banks of the Mississippi river.
Though the period of flood is well
known to the inhabitants of the Delta,
and in common years can be calculated
within a few days, such is the'inequality
of the seasons over the whole basin, that
no length of experience gives much aid
in estimating the probable elevation or
quantity. In 1800, and in 1801, the waters
of the Mississippi at Natchez did not
attain the height of the banks.
The Delta commences at the mouth
of Red River, or, more correctly, at the
efflux of the At( hafalaya. At this place
is a gorge, through which the over-
whelming mass of surplus water is con-
fined to within three miles ; but by the
channel of Atchafalaya, a very large
quantity flows out to the right from the
main stream, never again to return. One
hundred and twenty miles lower, flows
from the left, the Manchac or Iberville.
Those two streams, the Atchafalaya and
Iberville, bound the Delta, and below
their efflux respectively, no water which
Hows from the Mississippi ever returns;
nor hre there any bodies of arable land,
except upon the immediate banks of the
water courses ; all beyond, is either lia-
ble to annual overflow, or morass.
M I s
-M 1 S
We have now included as much of
general olBcrvation upon the Mississippi
basin, as is compatible with the neces-
sary brevity of this treatise, and will
therefore conclude our review of that
subject with a few reflections upon the
Delta.
It is evident from either actual view
or insjiection on a map, that all the
space I have designated as within the
Delta must have been formed by allu-
vial deposit ; but from that physical
fact many conclusions have been drawn,
unsupported by the laws of nature or the
geographical physingomy of the country.
It is a common belief that the Missis-
sippi frequently changes its bed, and that
it flows upon a comparative ridge. Nei-
ther of those opinions are correct; the
bed of the Mississippi, like that of all
rivers, is the deepest valley of the coun-
try through which it flows' As high up
as the efflux of La Fourche it is 130 feet
deep at low water, and 75 or 80 at
Natchez. At New Orleans the depth
exceeds one hundred feet. The deepest
lakes, in the whole adjacent country, do
not exceed 18 or 20 feet, and the very
small depression of their surface below
that of the Mississippi, shown by the
tides, will leave the bottom of the river
upwards of one hundred feet below that
of any other water course or lake in the
Delta. When the Mississippi is redu-
ced to its lowest point of depression, wa-
ter ceases to flow irto the Atchafalaya,
Iberville, and Plaquemine ; and instances
have occurred when the same circum-
stances took place with the Fourche ;
and yet, as I before remarked, at the
very lowest stage of its depression the
Mississippi water, even as high as La
Fourche, is 120 feel deep ; therefore to
desert its channel, that great river must
quit a bed of upwards of two thousand
six hundred feet wide, and one hundred
and twenty feet in depth below the low-
est of its outlets, and about one hundred
and forty feet below the general level of
the Delta.
It remains for me to show the causes
of the ordinary misconception, that the
Mississippi does desert its channel. A
glance of an eye upon a good map, will
exhibit the sweeping bends of that great
river. In an alluvial soil the cu.-rent,
where it strikes against one side of the
river, wears away a portion of the bank,
and deposits it upon the opposite shore.
This enlarged section shows the nature
of those currents, which are thrown by
the points into the bends, or more cor-
rectly from the convex to the concave
side of the stream. The consequence
is that the decrement of the banks is
from the bends, and the increment to the
points, or rather a little below. If by a
large curve of the river tv/o bends ap-
proach each other, the intervening isth-
mus or neck may be worn through by
the current, and the river tiu'own into
the new channel. This was tlie case in
three places, since Louisiana was settled
by the French ; at the mouth of the
Yazoo, at that of the Homochitto, and at
Point Coupee. The latter name is de-
rived from the circumstance. The for-
mer bed of the river, now lakes, have in
every other respect except current, a
perfect resemblance to the curves of the
Mississippi. Besides those lakes, thus
formed within the reach of history, seve-
ral others exist near the Miss\.9sippi to
attest the still more ancient revolutions
of that stream. Such are. Lake Con-
cordia, opposite Natchez ; Lake St. John,
a few miles above ; Lake St. Joseph, op-
posite the mouth of the Big Black I'ivcr ;
Lake Providence, opposite Stack Island ;
and Grand Lake, immediately above
the north line of Louisiana, upon N lat.
33 0.
Of tlicse eiglit lakes, all are on the right
side, except one at the mouth of Yazoo,
and one at that of the Homochitto, and all
have, as I before observed, the most exact
resemblance to sections of the Mississippi.
Receding from that stream beyond Uie
limits of these, the other lakes, within or
above the Delta, assume a totally different
appearance, and have the iiTcguJar (onn of
similar bodies of walar in other places.
Those near the present bed of the Missis-
sippi, are monuments attesting ti'.e anti-
quity of that bed. Combining therefore,
the depth ol" the main river, with the gen-
eral features of the Delta, and other allu-
vial tracts above, the conclusion is inevita.
ble, that this great river flows in a channel,
Irom whicli, with t!\e excep' ions stated, its
waters cannot find ano' her outlet to their
general recipient, more easily than »ny
otiier given river, the Hudson, Delaware,
or Susquehannah, for instance.
We must close these already lengthened
observations on the Delta of the Missis-
sijjpi, by a few general lerr.arks upon tliat
stream.
1 have already expressed my opinion,
that the velocity of the water of that river
and of its confluents was overrated. 1 have
formed that conclusion from acUial obser-
vation, but it may be supponed by colla-
teral facts. If any vessel is pat in motion,
say a steam-boat, in stagnant water, and its
rate of going ascertained, that rate must,
as a matter of course, exactly counterba-
lance a current of equal rapidity. There-
fore, if a steam-boat could move six miles
per hour in still water, it would move one
629
M I S
M I S
iTiile per hour in a current l;aving a velo-
city of five miles per hour. It is very
commonly and very confidently asserted,
tliut the IVlississippi moves four or five
miles per hour during the time of high
water, and yet stearo-boa'.s are known to
be propelled against its current three or
four miles per hour. If these two motions
are added together, we have nine, ten, or
t^velve miles per hour in still water for
these vessels. I have been much in steam-
boats in the most favourable situations, and
\vlien aided by wind, tide and steam, ten
jTiiles was the greatest dista;ice I ever knew
jjerformed in one hour by any of these
vessels. Six is I believe, in calm weutlier,
and stagnant water, very nearly their mean
rate of motion.
If thi^latter supposition is correct, and
steam-boats are propelled up tlie Missis-
sippi at the rate of four miles per hour, it
will leave two miles per hour for the mean
motion of the upper current or surface of
the Mississippi river, coinciding very near-
ly with what I have before stated. This
two miles per hour, must however, be cor-
sidered as the velocity of the upper part
of the volume of water, and is, 1 have no
doubt, more than double that of the entire
mass.
JiTiMtssippi, state of the United States,
having the Mississippi and Fearl rivers on
the west; tlie 35th degree of North lat. or
the state of Tennessee, north ; the state of
Alabama on the east ; and the Gulf of
Mexico, and North lat.Sl", or Louisiana, on
the south. Tiie outlines of this state are :
MJes.
From the mouth of Pearl river along
the Gulf of Mexico, to the south-
west angle of Alabama, - - SO
Along the western boundary of Ala-
bama, to the north-west angle of
that state, on the southern bounda-
ry of Tennessee, ... 320
Thence west along the southern
boundary of Tennessee, to the
Kuutli-west angle of that state on
tlie left bank of the Mississippi
river, 90
Thence down that stream to North
lat. 31 0, 530
Thence due east along North lat. CI
0, ajid the state of Louisiana, to
the right bank of Pearl river, 105
Tlieiicc down Puarl river, to the place
of beginning, . . - - 60
Having an entire outline of 1185
Area 45,760 square ritiles, equal to
29,286,400 acres. Extreme south, North
lat. 30 8 ; extreme north, N. lai. 35 0.
Length from south to nortl', 338 miles ;
mean width, about 135 miles.
The remarkable resemblance in form and
630
geographical position, between the states
of Alabama and Mississippi, is obvious on
a first glance on their connected maps. In
addition to every other point of similitude,
both have a prolongation towards the
Gulf of Mexico, below North lat, 31 0, of
nearly equal area and extent on that gulf.
Of the rivers of the state of Mississippi,
iliat stream from which the name of the
state is derived, claims the first rank.
I'he Mississippi washes the state from
North lat. 31" to 35°, a distance, following
the stream, of 530 miles. The; features
of the Mississippi l)ave been so amply no-
ticed under the preceding head, that no
farther notice respecting it is necessary in
this place.
Next in magnitude and importance
amongst the rivers of this state, is the
Pearl, This stream rises in the state,
about North lat. 33 0, and flowing in a
general cou.rse nearly soutli, flows inio the
Jtigolets between Lakes Borgne and Pont-
chartrain, at North lat. 30 10, after an en-
tire comparative course of about 200 miles.
From Nortli lat. 31 0 1o its mouth, the
Pearl forms part of t!ie boundary between
the states of Louisi;ina and Mississippi.
The Pascagoula vises in the state of Mis-
sissippi, about North lat. 32 40, fiov.s in a
southern course to North lat. 30 20, fulls
into Itie Gulf of Mexico after a compara-
tive course of about 150 miles. The main
branch of Pascagoula is known by the
name of Cliickisav hay, as far down as five
miles south of North lat. 31 0, where it
ibrms a junction with tlie north-west
branch, the Leaf rivti, and from thence to
tlie final discharge takes tjie name of Pas-
cagoula.
Some streams, but of small note, enter
the bay of St. Louis between the Pearl and
Pascagoula rivers.
Tiie sources of the Amite, Tickfoha,
Tangipao, and Bogue Chito rivers are in
the state of Mississippi.
Flowing into the Mississippi, are the
B\iffalo, Homochitto, Big Black, and Y.azoo
rivers. Of these latter streams, in point of
magnitude, the first rank is due to the lat-
ter. This river has its source near the
southern boundary of Tennessee, inter-
locking with the head waters of Tombig-
bee. The Yazoo enters the Mississippi at
North lat. 32 30, after a comparative course
of about 200 miles.
Big Black rises about North lat, 33 0,,
between tiie sources of the Pearl and the
Yazoo, flows south-west 150 miles, and falls
into the Mississippi at the Gr. d Gulf,
North lat. 32 5,
Between the Big Rue v and Homochitto;
the Mississippi river receives the water of
B:., < Pierre, Coles creek, and St, Cathe-
1- iie creek ; these creeks are comparatively
small, but important from their position.
M I S
M 1 S
and the excellence of the land they drain,
The city of Natchez, though so near the
bank of the Mississippi, is situated on a
branch of St. Catherine creek, which has
its discharge 15 niiles below.
The Homochitto river rises about 50
miles north-east from Natchez ; flows south-
west about 100 miles ; enters the Mississip-
pi at North lat. 31 12.
The Buffalo is ratlier a creek than a river,
not having a course of nnore than 25 or 30
miles. This stream rises in Amite, and
flows west through Wilkinson county, and
falls into the Mississippi two miles above
Loftus Heights.
The Tennessee river forms a part of tbe
boundary of the state of Mississippi, from
the mouth of Bear creek to the Tennessee
line, at North lat. 35 0- about 20 miles, and
ought consequently to be classed as one
of the rivers of the state.
We have already observed, that the
sources of the Tombigbee were in the state
of Mississippi. Tiie sources of Tombigbee
rise near the Tennessee line, flow to the
south-east, and enter the state of Alabama
at about North lat. 33 30.
The state of Mississippi has a very con-
fined and incommodious sea coast, of 80
m'les in extent. In this distance, the Pas-
cagoula is the only inlet by which vessels
of the smallest size can enter, and in tliat
only schooners of small draught, ;'.t higli
water, can reach the junction of Cliicki-
sawhay and Leaf rivers. The Pearl ad-
mits no navigation worth mention ; and the
bay of St. Louis is a mere indentation of
the coast, of no practical use in a commer-
cial point of view.
The Mississippi river is the great harbour
and outlet of the state.
The state of Mississippi Is naturally di-
vided into four grand divisions of soil.
The islands in Lake Borgne, and the Gulf
of Mexico ; Pine Forest ; Mississippi, and
other river alluvion ; and the Mississippi
Bluffs.
Advancing from south to north, first oc-
curs a chain of low sandy islands, lying
about six^or seven miles from the main
shore ; their names are, ranging from west
to east, the group of the Malheureux (un-
fortunate) Islands ; Mary Anne, Cat, Ship,
Dog, Horn, and Petite Bois islands.
The opposing shore, once apart of West
Florida, is a level pine forest to the water
edge ; constituting the second, and by far
most extensive superficies of scil in the
state. Receding from the shores of the
gulf, inland, the face of the country imper-
ceptibly swells into hills; and though no
part of the stale rises into elevations that
can be designated mouniains. much of its
surface is extremely broken.
Next in extent to the Pine Forest land,
is the range called the Mississippi Bluffs ;
and lastly, the more confined, but greatly
most valuable landj where found above an-
nual overflow, river alluvion. Of these
three latter divisions of soil in order.
As we have already observed, the Pine
Forests reaches the waters of the Gulf of
Mexico ; and we may add, extend in the
intervals between the streams, to the north-
ern extremity of the state. This species
of soil, deriving its title from tlie principai
timber it produces, in most places gradu-
ally mingles with the river alluvion, or Mi>5-
sissippi Blufl's, and produces an intermedi-
ate soil partaking of the qualities of both ;
and on which oak, ash, hickory, dogwood,
sweet gum, and other trees, intermingle
with tlie pine. This mixed soil and tim-
bf r is known in t.ie country by the name of
interval land, and is often found very pro-
ductive. The pine lands have hitherto
been considered extremely slerll ; liow far
future modes of culture, or artifici.d means,
may tend to meliorate this species of soil,
remains an undecided problem.
In the northern parts of the state of Mis-
sissippi, towards Tennet-r^e, the ])ine
woods are frequently interrupted by a spe-
cies of prairie, or rather b.irrens, on which
grow, shrub oak, and other dwarf bushes ;
but the soil continues to exhibit the un-
productive character of that of the pine
woods.
It would not be hazarding much, to esti-
mate the extent of these barren tracts at
two-thirds of the entire area of the^t^-.te.
In all the length of the state of Jaississip-
pi, from North lat. 31° to 35°, a range of
bluffs extend. These bluffis reach, and are
washed by the Mississippi in a few places
only. Immediately above North lat. 31 0,
rises the highest of these bluffs, known by
the name of Loftus Heights, ivhich skirt
the river four or five miles. A very large
curve of the Mississippi, to the vv^st, leaves
an extensive overflown tract along the
right bank, as high as Ellis's Cliffs, where,
by an eastern curve of the river, the blufis
are again washed by the stream ; which is
also the case at the city of Natchez.
Above the latter place, the bluffs and river
do not again come in contact below the
Grand Gulf at the mouth of the Big Black
river. The Blufis again reach the stream
at Walnut Hills, below the mouth of the
Yazoo, and at the Chickisaw Bluffs, imme-
diately at the north-west angle of the
state.
These bluffs are the mere extension of
the comparatively elevated surface of the
state of Mississippi over the low grounds of
the river of the same name.
When the watprs are low, it is found that
the bluffs are underlaid by a crude con-
crete of sand and pebbles, held in mass by
an oxide of iron ; the whole, no doubt, rest-
ing on a secondary base.
631
>I I s
M I S
, 'i'he elevation of the bluffs vary, but
about 100 feet mean height woulrl not
be a serious departure from fact. They
are cut into liills by the abrasion of water
of the numerous streams which flow from
the pine woods in the interior.
What renders these bluffs and hills ob-
jects of peculiar interest, is the quality of
the soil, which is in almost all places good,
and in many exuberantly fertile. Receding
from the bluffs, the pine forests impercep-
tibly encroacli, and in some places, at a
more or less distance from the river, say in
a direct line from lifteen to tvveniy miles,
clo.ses the productive border.
The foregoing limit is taken in general ;
man_y of the water-courses have fertile
tracts on their banks, farther into the inte-
rior of the stale ; but the latter description
of land belongs more particularly to river
alluvion, than to the soil of the bluffs or
hills.
The soil of the bluffs . and hills is a
rich .loam, resting on clay ; and digging
wells has disclosed the fact, that the ge-
rai substratum to the clay is loose sand.
The whole of this fine border of soil, in
a state of nature, is covered with a very
dense forest, with an underwood of reed
cane, the Arundo gigantea, many species of
vitis, smilax, and other climbers, and an
infinite variety of more humble vegeta-
ble.
A mere list of the most prevalent timber
trees will serve to demonstrate tiie fertility
of this tract ; these are,
Black oak, white oak, Spanish oak, black
jack oak, willow oak, wild cherry, sweet
gum, poplar, large laurel, beech, fagus
pumila, here a tree often forty feet in
height, and eight or ten inches in diame-
ter ; black locust, mulberry, periimon,
honey locust, black gum, cotton wood,
linden, mucilaginous elm, sassafras, syca-
more, ash, black walnut, bittcrnut hickoiy,
nutmeg hickory, and red flowering n-aple.
Of more humble trees and slu'il-r and
otlier vegetables, the following are most
indicative of fertility of soil ; papaw, dog.
wood, spicewood, Spanish mulberry, buck-
eye, poke, blackberry, muscadine, and reed
cane.
It would swell this article to too great
lengt!), to give a mere list of the most
initresting vegetable productions of the
fine tract under review ; the foregoing
are inserted as illustrative of its natural
fertility.
When compared with the entire area of
the state, the productive tract before us
is confined in extent ; but when we turn
our attention to the exotic vegetables
which arc, or can be produced within its
limits, the intrinsic value of the land is
rendered apparent.
Indigo, tobacco, and cotton, have in turn
633
been cultivated as staples, and produced
in great abundance : the latter has for
more than twenty-five years past superse-
ded the two former, and will, in all human
probability, continue the great staple ot"
this part of the United States.
Much speculation has been made upon
the quantity of cotton which is, or can be
produced per acre, upon the bluff lands.
The writer of this article, from some per-
sonal experience, will undertake to as-
svime 250 pounds of clean cotton as about
an average crop.
To cotton, indigo, and tobacco, may be
added, as the exotic plants cwltivated in
the state (;f Mississippi, Indian corn, (zea
maize.) oats ; and, where the inhabitants
choose, wheat may be produced ; but the
culture of that grain is seldom attempted.
Most garden plants grow luxuriantly,
though good gardess are rare. That spe-
cies of potato, the tuberous rooted solanum,
commonly called Irish potato, is cultivated,
but does not succeed so well, either as
to quantity or quality, as the same vegeta-
ble does farther northward. The sweet
potato (convolvus batatas of Muhlenberg)
is produced in the utmost abundance.
Of cultivated fruits, the principal are the
apple, peach, and fig ; the latter, below N
ht. 32°, seems to flourish as if natural to the
climate. The plum, nectarine, apricot,
&c. are cultivated, but not extensively.
Like all the southern states of the
United States, meadows cannot be cor-
rectly said to exist in the state of Missis-
sippi;
Though the winters are in general mild,
the seasons are extremely variable. Fre-
quently frosts occur of sufficient severity
to destroy cotton, indigo, tobacco, and
other tender j)lanls, as early as the first
week in October ; whilst, perhaps in the
next season, the flowers of the same vege-
tables will be found blooming in Decem-
ber, and even in January, as was the case
in 1305.
No winter, however, passes without
frost, and very few without snow, at Nat-
chez. In December, 1800, the ihermome-
fer of Fahrenheit fell to 12, five miles S of
Natchez ; and often since that period, the
cold has been nearly, if not altogether, as
intense. This casual severity prevents, to
the utmost southern extremity of the state,
the cultivation of either sugar cane or the
orange tree ; vegetables which are, in fact,
confined in the Delta of the Mississippi to a
latitude S of most parts of the state of Mis-
sissippi.
The blufflands are followed by the river
alluvion, which, though less in quantity, is
still more productive, where above annual
or casual overflow. From the bluffs con-
fining, and of consequence causing the ac-
cumulation of the surplus water of the Mis.
M i S
SlI^
s'issippi in the spring' and summer, there
exists less arable soil on the left bank of
the Mississippi river, in the state ol' that
name, than on the right bank in Arkansas
territory, and in Louisiana. Some very
wealthy settlements on the left bank do,
however exist, with a soil possessing the
usual fertility of the Mississippi banks.
The arable border varies from half a mile
to 200 yards, and is every where termi-
nated in the rear by overilown grounds,
submerged annually from one to ten or
twelve feet.
The natural growth on the river arable
border is, in general, sweet gum, different
species of o.ik, ash, and hickory, hackberiy,
sycamore, &c. v;ith an under-growlh of
reed cane, and below N lat. 31 30, the pal-
metto. In tile overgrown swamps, the
principal timber is cypress, tupelo, dffer-
ent species of oak and hickory, maple,
sweet gum, and ash. On all other water-
courses in the state, more or less alluvion
occurs ; but in all places is confined in ex-
tent, and on the streams in the interior,
often merges into the interval land or pine
forest.
Taken together, the bluff lands and
river alluvion amount to about 5560 square
miles, equal to 3,558,400 acres. The bluff
lands extend from N lat. 31 to 35°, with
more or less width, as the rivers inter-
vene.
Confined as the two foregoing tracts of
land are, when compared to the area of
the state, of which they form a part, they
nevertheless form, in the aggregate, the
most extensive continuous tract of produc-
tive soil in the United States, S of N lat.
35°; and when its fertility and local advan-
tages are taken into view, it is hazarding
no violence to truth, to estimate this re-
gion as one of the most valuable iu the
United States.
The country near Natchez was settled
bythe French in 1718, and Fort Rosalie
built on the bhifl', within the now incorpo-
rated limits of that city. The first French
colony v/as massacred by the savages, in
1729, and the country remained uninhabit-
ed by the whites many years afterwards.
In 1763, Natchez, then considered a part
of West Florida, was ceded by Spain to
Great Britain, who retained possession until
1781, when that place and all West Florida
was conquered by tlie Spaniards under Go-
vernor Bernardo Galvcz ; and, by the treaty
of Paris, West Florida was confirmed to
Spain. As the limits of the British and
French colonies, and afterwards those be-
tween the British and Spanish colonies,
had never been fixed, the Spanish authori-
ties held Natchez and the adjacent country
as an appendageof Florida until 1798, when
the city and country were evacuated by
the officers and troops of Spaiit, and the
4!.
United States' commissioners took full pos-
session. In 1799, the line of demarkatioa
was completed, and the boundary fixed,
which now separates the states of Louisiana
and Mississippi, between the Mississippi
and Pearl rivers.
April 7tii, 1798, an act of Congress was
passed, authorizing the President of the
United States to appoint commissioners to
adjust the limits of the territory W of the
Chatahooche river.
May lOtii, an act was passed for the
organization of a government, and the ter-
ritory named " The Mississippi TeiTito-
ry."
June 9th, 1808, an act passed, admitting
a delegate from the Mississippi Territory
in Congress.
June 17lh, the assent of Georgia de-
manded, for the formation of two states
out of the Mississippi Territory. This
demand was subsequently acceded to by
Georgia.
January 21st, 1815, a petition from the
legislature of the Mississippi Territory
laid before Congress, praying admission
into the Union on the same footing with
the original states. A committee of Con-
gress reported on this petition favourably,
December, 1816.
A law was passed in consequence, !March
1st, 1817, authorizing the call of a Conven-
tion, which was called, and met July, 1817,
accepted the terms proposed by Congress,
framed a constitution, August 15th, which
was accepted by Congress in December
following ; and the state of Mississippi
assumed her station as a member of the
United States. Since the period of ad-
misssion, no event of consequence, in a
general view, has taken place iu this
state.
Tile appropriated and inhabited part of
Mississippi, at the epoch of taking the last
census, (1820) was subdivided into the fol-
lowing counties :
Counties. Inliabitants. Sg. miles.
To sq, mile.
Adams,
12,073
480
26
Amite,
6,853
960
7
Claiborne,
5,963
380
12
Covington,
2,230
750
3
Franklin,
3,821
720
5
Greene,
1,445
1080
n
Hancock,
1,594
900
u
Jackson,
1,682
1250
1
Jt-ff>*rsoii,
6,822
560
12
Lawrence,
4,916
600
8
Marion,
3,116
830
H
Monroe,
2,721
600
u
Perry,
2,037
900
2
Pike,
4,438
800
5i
Warren,
2,693
360
8 nearly.
Wilkinson,
9,718
609
10
Wayne,
3,323
950
3^
Total 75,448 12,720
633i
SI 1 s
M I S
The only parts of Mississippi on v.liich
an adequate comparative population has
yet been formed, is confined to a strip of
about 100 miles along the margin of the
Mississippi river, and extending to about a
mean of thirty miles wide inland. This
will embrace all the five river counties,
Wai-ren, Claiborne, Jefierson, Adams, and
Wilkinson, and the best peopled parts of
Amite, and Franklin couniies ; and will m-
clude about 42,600 inhabitants, on this
river section of the state, or about 14 to
the square mile. Deducting 42,600, from
75,448, will leave 32,848, for the residue of
that part of Mississippi included in the fore-
going estimate. This exhibits a space of
9,720 square miles, inhabited by 32,848 per-
sons, or a small excess above three to the
square mile. The inhabited Mississippiriver
section of this state, lies between lat. 31
and 32 30 N. The inland, or more cor-
rectly south-eastern section, lies between
lat. 30 10, and 31 52 N.
Cotton is the general staple.
By the census of 1820, the population of
Mississippi was found composed of 42,176
whites, 32,814 slaves, and 458 coloured
persons, and classed thus :
Engaged in Agriculture - 22,033
do. In Manufactures - 650
do. in Commerce - 294
Mississippi was admitted into the Union,
as a stae, pecember, 1817.
Jllissonri River. See article Missfs-
si/ipi River ; section. Valley of Missouri
above its junction with the Mississippi.
Missouri State of, one of the United
States, bounded north-east and south-
east by tht Mississippi river ; south by
the territory of Arkansaw ; and west and
north by the western unappropriated
territory of the United States, formerly a
part of Louisiana.
The limits of Missouri are :
Miles.
Beginning on the left bank of the
Mississippi river at the mouth of
Ltmoine river, and tht-nce down
the former stream to where it is
intersected by North lat 36^*, 550
Thence due west, along North lat.
36<>, to the right bank of St. Francis
river, - - - - ■ 50
Thence up St. Francis to a point
where that river is intersected by
North lat. 36 30, - - 50
Thence due west, along the terri-
tory of Arkansaw, to a point Avhere
a meridian line, drawn from the
junction of the Missouri and Kan-
ses rivers, will intersect North lat.
36 30, . . . _ 200
Thence due north to a point, where
a line extended due west from
the Sac Village, on Lemoine river
634
Mile^.
will intersect the west bound-
ary, _ - - - . 273
Thence due east to the Lemoine
river, ----- 130
Thence down the Lemoine river to
the place of beginning, - - 20
1,272
Area within a trifling fraction of
63,000 square miles, equal to 40,320,000
acres. Mean length from north to
south, 280 miles ; mean breadth from
east to west, 220 miJes. Extreme south.
North lat. 36 ^\ Extreme north. North
lat. 40 36.
Missouri, in point of extent, is the
third state of the United States, and
only falls below Virginia and Georgia.
Though part of this state is hilly, and
some of the hills approach in elevation
the dignity of mountains, yet strictly
speaking, no mountains, either in de-
tached grounds or chains, exist within
the limits of the state.
For every object of humsn affairs,
rivers are the most important features of
an inland country, and few regions of the
earth, of equal extent, can compare with
Missouri in the magnitude, number,
and navigable facilities of its rivers.
Of these, the first in order is the Mis-
sissippi and Missouri, both of which have
been already to amply noticed in our
description of the Mississippi basin, that
no furthi r account of them is necessary
in this place.
The Lemi ine river, though for a few
mil s forming part of the boundary, can
scarcely be called a liver of Missouri.
Tht- Osage, rising in the territory of
Arkansaw, and flowing north east into
the Missouri, is the most important con-
fiutnt of that river in the state of Alis-
S';uri. The Osage has its mouth near
the centre of the state, where the fu-
ture seat of government is intended to
be placi d. The Osa-:e is a large navi-
gable stream in all its length in tt.e stated
a: d wat(-rs soon excellent, and much
good land.
Bi sides the fo egoing large stream, the
Missouri receives from the right below
the mouth of the Kansis, B!u< Water,
Gasconade, and some smaller streams;
and from the left, Grande. Charlaton,
Good W- man's, Great Manitou, Otter,
and Charettf rivers. Th.e Merrimack
enters the Mississippi 18 miles below St.
Louis, but l.as be< n noiired, as have been
White and St. Francis rivers, which
closes the list of the stream of the state
of Missouri.
The position of Missouri is in a high
degree favottrable to commerce, popula-
M I S
:m I s
tion, and wealth. Extending four and a
half degrees of latitude, its temperature
must vary considerably, if uninfluenced
by any other cause than mere geographic
extent. This is not, however, the case,
as will soon appear.
In conducting this general survey, I
have endeavoured, in a particular man-
ner, to delineate those features which
influence the meteorological phenomena,
and the temperature of the s asons, and
also to point out the great outlines of
soil. In respect to Missouri, it will be
necessary to deviate from the strict ob-
servance of the plan pursued in descri-
bing the state of Mississippi Instead,
therefore, of dividing the former state
into its natural sections, in relation to
soil, we will take each of its river dis-
tricts by itself.
We have seen that the river Missis-
sippi washes Missouri on its norih-eas*
and south-east frontier, 550 miles, fc;l-
lowing the meanders, though, by couipa
rative course, the distance along the
Mississippi would not exceed 350 milf .;>.
Though the mere banks of the Missis-
sippi preserve a nearly uniform charac-
ter in all their extent along the front of
Missouri, yet, from difference of climate,
the vegetable productions are very dif-
ferent at the two extremes. So much
has already been said on the features
and quality of the aUuvial margins of
the Mississippi, that it is needless to
amplify on the subject.
Ascending the Mississippi from its
mouth, no eminence is to be found on its
western bank in a distance of upwards
of 1000 miles. Twenty-eight miles
above the junction of Mississippi and
Ohio, occurs the first rocky bluff on the
right bank. It is composed of an enor-
mous projecting precipice of limestone,
whose real height above the water, has
never been very satisfactorily deter-
mined. This ledge is, no doubt, a con-
tinuation of the great limestone formation
of the Ohio valley. In Missouri, it is a
part of a ridge of hills which continues
from this point westward, through the
state, and ranges between the waters of
Arkansaw, and those of Osage and
Kanses rivers, perhaps to the Cht-ppe-
wan mountains. This ridge divides
Missouri into two very distinct climates.
In the south-eastern part of the state,
along the Mississippi river, the cotton
plant is cultivated, though only fur fami-
ly use; as an object 'f commerce, it
offers no great advantage : but, above
the ridge in question, that plant ceases,
and a region commencifs favourable to
the production of the cereal grainina.
Near the Mississippi, below the lime-
stone ridge, the banks are in every re-
spect similar to what they have been
described in Louisiana. The rear lands,
as far as the St. Francis, are analogous
to grounds similarly placed, in all the
distance from the limestone range to the
sea marsh.
The St. Francis rises partly in the
hills of the limestone ridge, and in part
from the drain of the Mississippi. The
north eastern branch of that stream ap-
pears to have b 'en formed from an an-
cient outlet of the Mississippi, and to
have contained a volume of water much
larger than passts by its channel at pre-
sent. The or'iinary dist.uice between the
two rivers is about 50 milts, flowing
nearly parallel from North lat. 37" to
Nortli lat. 34 30, where the St. Francis,
by a gradual curve towards the lower
part of its course, joins the Mississippi.
The nonh-western branch rises near
North lat. 38°, in a very hilly, broken,
rocky, and barren tract of country.
There are some good lands, but in no
quantity commensurate with the extent
drained by this river, whose whole
length, by comparative course, is 250
miles, one half in Missouri, and the other
in Arkansav/. Extensive settlements
have been made on the sources of the
St, Francis and its tributaries. Accord-
ing to the very respectable testimony of
Mr. Schoolcraft, frr.m ptrs'-nal observa-
tion, the country from which the wes-
tern, or rather north-western sources of
St. Francis flows, is primitive composed
of granite gneiss, and other congenerate
rocks ; amoi.gst which are situated one
of the richest iron, and the most abun-
dant lead mines on the globe. The geo-
logical notices of Mr. Schoolcraft de-
serve the utmost attention ; because
made by a professed mineralogist, and a
man who vis ted the region to collect
facts, and not to support any ])reconceiv-
ed theoiy. This gentleman has been^ it
must be acknov/ledged, much too gene-
ral oti a fact so important as the exis-
tence of a primitive region v^est of the
Mississippi, and so near that stream.
He has, iiowever, enriched our literature
with by far the best account extant of
the mineral resources of Missi uri, and
very correct, though brief notices of its
soil and vegetable pi'oductions.
Black river, the north fork of White
river, rises in the south-western part of
Missouri, by a number of branches, of
which Strawberry river. Spring river,
and Cxurri nts river, are the principal.
The sources of Black river are in the
ridge of hills, or rather mountains, which
has been already noticed. The base of
countrv drained by Black river is caica-
6." 5
MIS
M I S
reous, consequently the soil is very pvf)-
ductive. The climate, as to temperature,
is in no respect essentially different from
that of St. Francis. The former, from
superior elevation and more exemption
from stagnant water, is no doubt much
more salubrious than the latter. Like
all calcareous regions, that of Black
river affords some very large fountains
of water, from one of which Spring river
takes its name. The surface watered
by Black river is about 8C00 square
miles. The timber is extremely large
and varied. On the streams, cotton
wood, different species of liickory, oak,
and elm, prevail. The sugar maple is
found, but the climate is rather too far
south for the profitable extraction of its
sap. The liriodendron tulipifera is also
found in this section nf country of an
enormous growth Oak is, howi-ver, the
prevailing tree on the waters of Black
river. Like Tennessee, and the south-
ern parts of Kentucky the vegetation of
the southern section of Missouri partakes
of the sf>ecific variety of the northern
and southern extremity of the United
States. Cotton is cultivated, but rather
for domestic use than as a commercial,
staple. The cereal gramina produce
abundantly : though, on the verge of the
prairie country, Black river drains a
very dense forest. In fine, that part of
Missouri, south of the ridge we have al-
ludec^ to, and watered by St. Francis.
Black, and Mississippi rivers, may be
with propriety considered as naturally
connected with the Arkansaw basin,
though politically iocluded in Missouri.
The ridge is generally clothed with pine,
the soil sandy, and extremely steril. It
in fact divides the state into two unequal
zones, of very different temperature.
The Merrimack rises near the centre
of the state ; has its source in the di-
viding ridge, though its course is nearly
east along its northern slope. The length
of the Merrimack is not above 120 miles,
comparative course. Its sources are in
a steril pine forest, and most of its banks
partake the character of the soil from
■which it flows. It is an unimportant
stream in either a geographical or agri-
cultural point of view, though in respect
to mineral wealth, one of the most re-
markable in the United States.
The mine ti-act, according to Mr. School.
craft, the best authority on the subject,
extends in length from the head waters of
St. Francis, in a north-west direction, to
the Merrimack, a distance of seventy miles,
and from the Mississippi in a snuth-wt-st
direction, to the Fourche a Courtois, a
distance of about foiiy-five mMes, and cov-
ering an area of 3150 square miles. The
same author remarks, that it is not in
every section of it that lead is to be traced,
and he describes the mineral character of
the soil, rocks, and other fossil bodies of
this tract, as subject to so much variety, as
to render indications of ore difficult to re-
duce to any safe result The aspect of the
country is steril, hilly, and in many places
precipitous. Many highland barrens, level
but steril, chequer the mine district. The
soil in general is a reddish coloured, hard,
stifl' clay, admixed with much siliceous
gravel. Nodules of iron-ore and pyrites
are frequent. The mineral hills are cover-
ed in most places by a stunted growth of
oaks, principall)'^ the post oak, the quercus
oblusiloba of Michaux. A line of pine
separates the sources of St. Francis from
those of Merrimack, and passes through
the mine tract in a direction from north-
west to south-east. Though in general the
soil of this tract is unproductive, the banks
of some of its streams are very favourable
exceptions This fact is elucidated by the
forest trees found on this alluvial soil;
which are, sycamore, elm, cotton-wood,
walnut, maple, buckeye, liackberry, ash,
papaw, spicewood, and other trees and
shrubberry, indicative of fertile land. Mr.
Schoolcraft mentions a fact, of which, from
the accompany remarks, lie seems not to
have understood the cause. He observes,
that around many of the mines, the earth,
thrown out and raised from great depths,
produces trees and shrubs which ai'e not
peculiar to the surface, and instances the
cotton-wood, or poplar, and beech-grapes,
the vitis riparia, 1 presume. He states,
(hat he frequently saw those vegetables
growing near old diggings, where the earth
had been raised thirty or forty feet, and
where, previous to those diggings, no such
trees or vines existed. It is well known to
botanists, that the seeds of many, perhaps
most plants, if buried ?.t great depths in
the earth, will retain their vegetable or-
ganization for countless ages. The indes-
tructibility of the seeds of plants is, indeed,
one of the most curious subjects of philo-
so[)hical reflection and research. Mr.
Schoolcraft ascribes (he cause of the phe-
nomenon to tliat opprobrium of science,
equivocal generation : a supposition at va-
riance with aU the laws of analogy, as ap-
plied to organized beings. The fact proves
unequivocally, that the country has under-
went great changes in its external crust,
since the vegetables cited deposited their
seeds in the soil, now covered by extrane-
ous and very different bodies.
Here, as in every other place where
silica forms a large part of the soil, the
spr ng water is clear, cool, and of course
wholesome ; and being exempt from the
causes that produce disease, stagnant water
and decaying vegetables, the mine country
M I S
M I S
is possessed of an atmosphere of the utmost
salubrity.
The change of climate between the re-
gion watered by Black and St. Francis
rivers, and that by Merrimack, is apparent
in the vegetables cultivated by the inhabi-
tants of each. On the Merrimack, wheat
succeeds extremely well, a fact no where
perceptible south of the dividing ridge.
Wheat, and indeed all the cerelia, may be,
it is true, cultivated even in Louisiana ;
but below the 38th degree of north latitude,
wheat, rye, and barley, evince that they are
removed from their congenial climates ;
and in no part of North America, except
some of the table land of the great spine of
Analinac, or Chippewan, where elevation
compensates advance towards or into the
tropics, does the cereal gramina, except
maize, attain the full development of their
growth. And even maize, in Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Alabama, does not by any
means attain the rich and abundant pro-
duce of that grain, as in the Mississippi
basin, above North lat. 35 0. The same
remark applies in a striking manner to the
apple. This most valuable of all tree fruits
deteriorates about the same latitude with
wheat. The apple, west of the Mississippi,
first grows to advantage above the mine
district. The peach-tree finds its most
congenial air about North lat. 38 0, though
it is a fruit possessing in the United States
a much wider range than the apple.
The Osage rises about North lat. 37 0,
West long, from W C 21 0, and flows east
a little north, having a comparative course
of 400 miles, one-lhird of which is in Mis-
souri. This river rises in the great wes-
tern prairies, and, like every stream of that
region, exhibits some very productive, and
a large proportion of steril land. Its mean-
ders are in ilie lower part of its course
very winding, consequently it contains
much alluvial soil in proportion to its
length, estimated comparatively.
The banks of the Jlissouri and Missis-
sippi are uniformly in a higli degree pro-
ductive, and contain perhaps one-third of
all the valuable arable land of the state.
The right sliore of the Mississippi is,
from Tewapat)'^ bottom to the mouth of the
Missouri, in most places, an enormous
limestone wall. This distance is about 170
miles. This limestone is merely the but-
tress of the underlaying strala of the inte-
rior coimtry. The Mi.ssissippi flows in a
deep channel, whose sides are elevated
near 200 feet above its highest surface.
Those precipitous banks are continued in
the Missouri. Tiie rich alluvial bottoms
are at the base of this limestone precipice,
and no doubt derive much of their fertility
from the calcareous delm's that the abrasion
of the waters, in past ages, have worn away
and deposited below.
About one-third part of Missouri lies
north of Missouri river, and west of Mis-
sissippi river. This, in point of soil, is
much the best part of the state. It is
more uniformly fertile, though less diversi-
fied in surface, than the section south of
Missouri, and south-west of the Mississippi
river. Tlie northern seciion is also much
chequered by small rivers, which generally
flow south into Missouri, and thougli
mostly forest land, some extensive and
very productive prairies occur. South of
Missouri, there exists no medium between
the best and worst lands, and similar to all
those parts of the United States below the
Missouri, and west of the Mississippi, the
good soil extends in hues mostly upon the
alluvial banks of rivers, or along the mar-
gin of prairies, and, consequentlj', clin
never admit a dense and scattered popu-
lation. This is not so much the case with
the northern section ; the farms will assume
in that quarter something of the promiscu-
ous extension over the face of the country,
which is characteristic of settlements in the
northern and eastern states.
Taken as a whole, Missouri, like most
new countries in the United States, has-
been, as a body of arable land, greatly
overrated. As a commercial position, if
due allowance is made for its internal situa-
tion, the value of this section of our coun-
try has never yet been duly appreciated.
The truly astonishing assemblage of rivers,
which seem to have sought a common cen-
tre of union, would indicate St. Louis, or
some other place in its vicinity, as the fu-
ture entrepot between widely extended, and
far distant portions of our empire. If the
pursuits of mankind, and their individual
means of subsistence, were exclusively
agricultural, Missouri could never, in pro-
pQ||ion to territorial extent, possess a
p^rolation e([ually dense with New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois ;
but in the complex admixture of employ-
ment, and the illimitabit transmission of
the products of human labour, arising from
the improvement of modern manners and
arts, population docs not depend for its
entire subsistence upon the quality of tiie
soil inhabited by any portion of mankind.
Commerce and the plastic arts demand,
perhaps, as many hands as agriculture.
There is, indeed, no employment of hu-
man labour, where so great a surplus is
produced as that of agriculture ; and none,
in which the industry of a few will so ef-
fectually supply t!ie wants of many. It is
for this reason that the density of popula-
tion must, particularly in such places as
Missouri, depend as much, if not more,
upon commercial, mining, and manufactu-
ring pursuits, as upon the operations or
resources of agriculture. In addition to
the apparentlv inexhaustible stores of lead
jM I S
; M I s
ore, some of the most abundant Iron mines
in the world exist on 1;he Missouri river,
and in, the interior of the state. In Wash-
ington county, Belvue settlement, in addi-
tion to lead, says Mr. Sclioolcrait, " in the
richness ot the ore, and extent of the beds
or mines, it is no where paralleled. The
most noted plane is the iron mountain,
where the ore is piled in such enormous
masses, as to constitute the entire southern
extremity of a loft}' ridije, which is eleva
ted 500 or 600 feet above the plain."
Water power to wurk this mass abounds in
all directions. It is, however, only one of
a number of mines of this really most
precious of ail metallic bodies, which lie
scattered over the sources of St. Francis
and Merrimack rivers.
In the same vicinity, and in fact over the
entire lead tract, ores of zinc abound, avery
interestinj^ fact in the mineralofry of Mis-
souri. Zinc is, when it can be cheaply pro-
cured, one of the most useful metals,answer-
mg nearly all the purposes, without the
destructive qualities of copper. Zinc has
been hitherto considered a scarce ore, and
should it be fiund in large bodies in the
Mississippi basin, will add a very important
article to the resources of that fine region.
The most singular circumstance in the
mineralogical history of the interior of
North America, is the abundance and ex-
tent of the stores of muriate of soda, com-
mon Sill. Amongst t!ie revolutions effect-
ed in the l^st forty years on the condition
of society, (there is none more salutary to
private convenience than the change in the
price of salt in the interior of this conti-
nent. I remember when the supply for
West Pennsylvania and West Virginia was
procured by transportation from the Atlan-
tic slope. At a period when money was at
least 100 per cent, above its present v^H^
salt cost in those places five dollars^lr
bushel, at a minimum price. It is now ma-
nufactured in it great variety of places,
where the face of the earth gave few indi-
cations of its existence.
There is good reason to believe, that at
certain depths, the whole basin of the
Mississippi is saturated with salt water; a
fact which combined with the abundant
existence of limpid fresh water at the sur-
face, is highly consolatory.
Where muriate of soda prevails! to such
excess, as in some parts of the Spanish
internal provinces, the earth becomes un-
inhabitable, cold, and sterile. This is also
the case wiUi part of central Asia. In Eu-
rope, salt is procured generally from the
sea, or found in substance in mines, as at
Guadaloupe in Spain, and more particularly
Wicliizka, near Cracow, in Austrian Po-
land. In North America, this mineral has
not been found in solid imbedded masses,
though no reasonable doubt can he enter-
638
tained, but that the bowels of the eartk
must contain prodigious bodies of that fossil
in its crystallized state, in places where it
is so very extensively held m solution by
water. It may be safely expected, that in
some future day, muriate of Soda will be
quarried in the Mississippi basin, as in
Spam and Poland.
Coal has been mentioned amongst the
mineral products of Missouri ; but I am
unacquainted with any extensive body of
that fossil yet brought into use in that state.
.Mr. Bradbury speaks with enthusiasm of
the enormous strata of both coals and iron,
which lines muny parts of the banks of
Missouri ; but the coal sp.iken of by this
author is generally above the limits of Mis-
souri.
Many other mineral substances of less
value have been discovered in Missouri ;
but so much of the area of the state re-
mains unsettled, thai its mineral and vege-
table wealth have only commenced their
developement. From what is known much
may be expected ; few sections of the
earth, of equal superficies, and of so re-
cent civilized colonization, have exhibited
so rich a variety of mineral resources as
southern Missouri.
This stale is in a peculiar degree remark-
able, as forming the connectmg link be-
tween the forest and meadow or prairie
sections of North America. That enor-
mous fore^^t, v/hich may be remarked as
covering the entire Atlantic slope, nine-
tenths of St. Lawrence basin, all the basins
of Appalachicola and Mobile, and the Del-
ta of the Mississippi, and most parts of the
left side of its basin, reaches into Missouri,
and covers nearly all its southern and
south-eastern sections. This great body
of woods is indented in Ohio, Indiana, and
Illinois, by a protrusion of the prairies,
which expand, advancing south-west, and
range through Missouri south ot Missouri
river. On the west border of that state,
on the Osage, and near the junction of the
Missouri and Kanses rivers, the prairies
usurp much the greater share of the sur-
face of the whole country. Lines of wood-
land follow the streams, leaving the inter-
mediate spaces open plains. Those lines
of timbered ground gradually become more
attenuated westward, until nearly one un-
broken waste spreads over hundreds of
miles. Tiie peninsula between Missouri
and Mississippi rivers, though not so naked
of timber as are the sources of Arkansas,
Kansas, and Platte rivers, yet immense prai-
ries occur on the former region also. Over
an extent much more than equal to the in-
habited parts of the United States and
Canada, the winds of the North, west, and
south-west breathe over Missouri, without
much impediment from mountains, hills, or
forest. It will be seen in the sequel, that
M 1 S
AI i S
from this exposure arises tlie peculiarly,
variable and cold climate, which prevails
near the junction of the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers. If due attention is paid
to the physioj^iiomy of the adjacent regions,
it will at once be seen, that die surface of
Missouri is in a peculiar manner liable to
extraneous influence. To the south-west,
for upwards of twelve hundred miles, ex-
pands an open desert. To the west, as
known, the extension of the same desert
leaves the earth a void. To the north-
west, a two-fold cause superinduces a flux
of cold air over Missouri. The openness
of the immense regions in that dir clion,
and the constant volumes of cold, and often
frozen vva'er, brougiit down by the Missis-
sippi ind Missouri rivers. It is from tliese
combined causes that such excessive
changes are felt, and inequalities of seasons
experienced, to extremes scarcely known
in any other spot on this planet. It is from
this complicated climate, that in N lat.
38 30, the rivers are frozen, four years in
in five, before" the end o\ December. An-
other phenomenon has been observed in
Missouri, which in a striking manner dis-
tinguishes its seasons from those ot Louis-
iana or the Atlantic slope ; that is, the
much less moisture in the atmosphere of
the former. Thougli frosts are so rigorous
at St. Louis as to render the Mississippi
passable on the ice before the beginning of
January in ordinary seasons, yei deep snow
or drenching rain.s are uncommon. The
air is commonly dry, cold, and elastic In
reality the position of Missouri, Arkansaw,
and Louisiana, are singularly worthy of
philosopliic attention. A dense forest co-
vers ail the alluvial boUoms of the Missis-
sippi, and those of its confluents. On the
east side of ttiat vast recipient, we have
seen this forest only terminated by the
Atlantic ocean. On the west, it is fol-
lowed by the prairies or desert we have
noticed. Moisture is as remarkably abun-
dant in the forest tracts, as it is wanting in
that of the prairies. The natural conse-
quence of the position of places, on the
confluence of two regions whose meteorolo-
gical constitutions are so essentially difter-
ent, is an exposure to the extremes of
both, foUiwing tiie current of air. This is,
in an extraordinary degTee, the case with
Louisiana, where two successive seasons
may differ so much as one lo present an
almost constant deluge of ruin, and the
other scarcely aflTording a single sJiowcr.
Ascending the Mississippi, the quantity of
rain becomes less in a given time, at least
as far north as 42'\
A remark may be made in place, that
what may be designated the rainy and dry
seasons, are not confined to the tropics.
Rain and snow are mere relative terms ;
therefore, in the United States, the rainy
and dry seasons are nearly as regular in
tl.eir succession and periods, as simihir sea-
sons are within tlie tropics. The difference
ia-ralher in the quantity, than in the ti.r.es
of rain and fair weather. To this theory,
Louisiana is the most remarkable excep-
tion ; and when viewed in connexion with
the adjaceni and distant regions, the causes
of the aberrations of the seasons of that
state, are at once to be conceived, and
clearly understood. It ought, however, to
be recollected, that we are now making a
natural and not a political survey ; there-
fore, in specifying Louisiana, the Delta of
Mississippi and contiguous places are meant.
It is when making such expensive surveys,
and elucidating the phenomena of nature
on so large a scale, that the full value of
maps can be fully appreciated. Without
maps, no enlarged views of tha laws of
meteorology could ever be formed by any
exertion of the human intellects ; and it is
from neglect of such comprehensive com-
binations, that so many crude notions on
particular climates pa,ss curr^t.
The climate of Miss.iuri is consequently
liable to great extremes of heat and cold.
The winters ot St. Louis are severe ; the
Mi-sissippi, in ordinary seasons, being
frozen before the end of December. Tlie
illimitable plains to the south west and
west of the state, leave an open vent to the
winds, and superinduce a much greater se-
verity of cold in a given latitude than on
the Atlantic coast.
The seasons of Missouri partake of the
unsteady character of the climate of the
Mississippi basin, and indeed • f the conti-
nent of Nortii America in general. No
two seasons in succession have much resem-
blance to each other. The occurrence of
first frost in autumn, the last in spring, or
the quantity and times of rain and snow, in
winter, are equally unceitain.
In one respect, the climate of Mi'^souri
difl^t^rs essentially from that on the Atlantic
slope in simdar latitudes : as we beiore ob-
served, less moisture falls on the former
than on the latter, either as rain or snow.
This circumstance has misled many as to
the real nature of the climate of Missouri,
and has given to it a character of mildness,
the reverse of the fact.
The productions of Missouri have been
noticed, both vegetable and metallic. We
may merely add, that the vegetables usu-
ally cultivated, are those found in the mid-
dle states generally.
In metallic and other fossil substances,
Missouri is perhaps the richest region in
the United States. The following cata-
logue, given by Air. Schoolcraft, yields a
result, which strongly illustrates the mine-
ral wealth of that state, where most of
these substances are found.
639
Al I S
M I l5
^letailic Substances. — Native iron, red
oxyd of iron, iron sand, native magnit, ar-
gillaceous oxyd of iron, micaceous oxyd of
iron, iron pyrites, brown hematite, sulphu-
ret of zinc, sulphate of zinc, sulphuret of
lead, granular sulphuret of lead, earthy
oxyd of lead, carbonate of lead, sulpharet
of antimony, black oxyd of manganese, na-
tive copper, sulphate of copper.
Saline Substances.— '^''ArsXe of potash,
muriate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, na-
tive alum.
Injhumnable and J\Iiscella7ieuus Substan-
ces.— Sulphur, stone-coal, pumice, madre-
pore, graphite.
Earthy Substances. — Chalk, flint, home-
stone, rock-crystal, novaculite, common
quartz, citrine, i-adiated quartz, red ferru-
ginous quartz, granular quartz, tabular
quartz, hoary quartz, steatite, mica, chal-
cedony, reddle, yellow earth, opalized
wood, agaric mineral, plastic white clay,
fuller's earth, stalactite, stalagmite, pud-
ding stone, opal, jasper, agatlzed wood,
carnelian, sulphate of lime, feldspar, cal-
careous spar, basanite, buhrstone, onyx
agate, greenstone porphyry, schorl, ochre,
shale.
To the above may be added carbonate
of lime, in form of limestone, and marble.
The lead mines of Missouri are princi-
pally in the county of Washington, but there
are also diggings in St. Genevieve, Madison
and Jefferson counties.
The ore is that species called galena, by
mineralogists ; the sulphuret of lead, of
chemistry. The ore yields about 80 per
cent, pure lead. The mass seems inex-
haustible, but very irregularly disposed,
the veins having no stratification, but
branch through the other substances in
every direction, and of an indefinite thick-
ness. Taken as a whole, the lead district
of the state of Missouri is the richest in the
production of that metal of any ever dis-
covered.
The lead mines of the state of 'Missouri
deserve some historical notice, from their
immensity and national importance.
The West Company was formed by let-
ters patent under the regency of the Duke
of Orleans, during the minority of the
King of France, Louis XV. ; dated the 23d
of August, 1717, and enregislered the 6th
of September following.
Under this company, came out to Loui-
siana in 1719, Philip Francis Renault, son
of Philip Renault, a noted ironfounder at
Consobre, near Manberge, in France.
In 1720, Renault and one of his associ-
ates, a M. LamoUe, discovered the respec-
tive mines A'hich bear their names.
Renault worked the mines exlcnsiveh',
but was in the end obliged to abandon the
vmdertaking, from some fiscal arrangements
in France, and returned to his native coun-
640
try in 1742. From that period until 1797,
or during the long period of 55 years, no
attempts of any consequence were made to
smelt lead in these neglected mines.
In 1797, a Moses Austin, Esq. from
Wythe county in Virginia, made a journey
to the lead mines in Louisiana, and obtain-
ed a patent from the Spanish authorities
for one league square, in consideration of
erecting a reverberatory furnace. This
work was commenced in 1798. Mr. Aus-
tin sunk the first regular shaft for raising
the ore.
In 1799, this gentleman erected -a shot
tower, and made shot of approved quality.
The latter work was erected under the su-
perintendance of Elias Bates. Since tiie
foregoing period, the lead mines have con-
tinued to attract public attention, and have
been extensively worked. When Mr.
Scheolcraft visited this tract in 1818, he
enumerated forty-five diggings.
What is now the state of Missouri form-
ed a part of Louisiana, and has underwent
the political revolutions of that country,
and was amongst the first parts that the
French discovered. In 1674, two mission-
aries, by the names of Jolliet and Mar-
quette, entered the Mississippi by the
route of Ouisconsin, descended the former
stream to the Arkansas, and returned to
Canada by the Illinois. The country was
visited by M. de la Salle in 1683. Some
settlements were made soon after in the
respective regions now comprised in the
state of Illinois and territory of Arkansas,
but none in any part now within the state
of Missouri.
In 1762, all Louisiana was ceded by
France to Spain, and possession taken in
1769.
Upper Louisiana, now state of Missouri,
began to be peopled about 1760. The at-
tempt of settlement at the mines by Re-
nault, and its failure, we have seen. In
1762, the present town of St. Louis was
commenced, since which period settle-
ments have gradually, but during tlie ex-
istence of tlie Spanish government, slowly
advanced. In 1803, this country, with all
Louisiana, was ceded to the United Slates ;_
and, early in 1804, was taken possession of
by Major Amus Stoddard.
Louisiana was divided into two territo-
ries, that of Orleans below N lat. 31°, and
Louisiana, coivaining the residue of that
country. New Orleans continued the ca-
pital of Orleans, and St. Louis of Louisiana.
In 1810, the then territory of Louisiana
contained 20,485 inhabitants, of which
3011 were slaves.
In 1812, when the territory of Orleans
became tlie state of Louisiana, Louisiana
territory was changed to the territory of
Missouri ; and, on the fourth of Janua-
ry, ISIS, Mr, Edward Hemstead took his
M I. S
U 1 S
seat in Cong'ress, as delegate. Apiil 3d,
1818, the bill for the admission of Missouri
into the Union as a state received the se-
cond reading-, and was committed.
On the bill being brouglit up for a third
reading', its passage vvas opposed, unless
under condition of prohibiting the intro-
duction ot" negro slaves. This opposition
defeated the bill in the session of 1818-19,
and in the session of 1819-20, both of
which, particularly the latter, was in great
part consumed in debates on tlie subject.
In the former session, March 5th, 1820,
an act was passsed permitting the people
of Missouri to elect a convention, which
was empowered to frame a constitution,
and adopt such name as they should
choose ; and under such constitution, when
approved by Congress, such a state to be-
come one of the United States, with all tlie
rights and immunities appertaining to the
original states.
Tiie convention of Missouri met at St.
Louis, 1820, and formed a constitution,
which was presented to Congress for ap-
proval, at the opening of -the session of
1820-21. A clause in the constitution, ex-
cluding from the state free negroes and
people of colour, gave rise to a long and
violent debate in both houses, which even-
tuated in a resolution of Congress, dated
March 3d, 1821, in the following terms :
'* Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of Ame-
rica ill Congress assembkd. That ^lissouri
shail be admitted into this U.iion on an
equal footing with the original states, in all
respects whatever, upon the fundamental
condition, that the fourth clause of the
twenty-sixth section of the third article of
th^ constitution submitted on the part of
said state to Congress, shall never be con-
strued to authorize the passage of any law,
and that no law shall be passed in conibrm-
ity thereto, by wliich any citizen of either
of the states in this Union, shall be exclu-
ded from the enjoyment of any of the pri-
vileges and immunities to which such citi-
zen is entitled under the constitution of
the United States ; Provided, That the le-
gislature of the said state, by a solemn
public act, shall declare the assent of the
said state to the said fundamental condi-
tion, and shall transmit to the President of
the United States, on or before the fourth
Monday in November next, an authentic
copy of the said act ; upon the receipt
whereof, the President, by proclamation,
shall announce the fact ; whereupon, and
without any further proceeding on the part
of Congress, the admission of the said state
into this Union, shall be considered as com-
plete."
The legislature of Missouri, on the 26th
of June, 1821, passed an act of accession to
the conditions contained in the foregoing
4 M
resolution of Congress, and transmitted the
act to the President of the United States,
who, on the lOlh day of August, 1821, is-
sued liis proclamation pursuant to the te-
nor of the resolution of Congress, and tlie
accession of the legislature of Missouri to
its provisions, and Missouri became a state
of I he United States.
It may not be uninteresting to trace the
line, which, by the act of admission of Mis-
souri, bounds the slave holding from the
non-slave holding states and territories that
have been, or may be formed beyond the
Mississippi. Beginning on the right bank
of that stream, at the mouth of Ohio, and
following the boundaries of the state of
Missouri up the Mississippi and Lemoine
rivers, and thence to the SW angle of Mis-
souri, on the N boundary of the Arkansaw
territory, at N lat. 36 30 ; and thence due
west to the frontier line between tlie United
States and Spain.
Civil and political subdivisions of Mis-
souri, with the result of the census of 1820,
annexed.
Counties. Inhabilants. Sq. miles. To sq.mile.
Cape Girardeau
1, 5,968
1200
5
Coopfr,
6,959
17000
1-3
Franklin,
2,379
1170
2
Jefferson,
1,835
650
o
Howard,
13,426
11450
11-2
Madison,
2,047
4940
4-10
ilontgomery.
4.075
1800
1 3-4.
New 3Madrid,
2,296
1800
11-3
Lincoln,
1,662
2100
3-4
Pike,
3,747
5000
3-4
St. Charles,
3,970
400
10 nearly
St. Genevieve,
4,962
1050
5 nearly
St. Lewis,
10,049
600
16 3-4
Washington,
2,769
2960
1 nearlj'
Wayne,
1,443
10750
1-10
66,586 62870 1 1-2
The extent and relative population of
Missouri, can be only vaguely calculated,
as the outlines and respective area of the
counties I'emain unascertained to any ap-
proach to accuracy. The foregoing table
will exhibit, houever, the general extent,
it is presumed, sufficiently correct for or-
dinary purposes.
The lines ofseltlement in Missouri run
chiefly along or near the water courses,
and if the one-tenth part of the entire area
is assumed for the surface actually under
culture, I am led to believe, will be an
ample estimate. This would yield 6287,
or in round numbers, 6300 square miles,
and with a population a little exceeding
10 to tlie square mile.
By the census of 1820, the people of
Missouri were found to be composed of
55,988 whites ; 376 free coloured persons ;
and 10,222 slaves; and classed thus :
Foreigners not naturalized - 495
641
M U B
31 O B
Engaged in Agriculture - 13,559
do. in Manufactures - 1,887
do. in CornmtTce - 480
In the numbei- employed in manufuc-
tures, it is probable are included about
1100 persons employed in the lead mines.
Mitcham, village in Surry, seated on
the Wandle, on which are some snuff-
mills, and two calico printing manutac-
tures. It is 8 miles SW of London.
Mittau, strong town of Poland, the ca-
pital of Courland, remarkable for its
large ducal palace. It is seated on the
Bolderau, 45 miles E of Goldingen, and
270 NNE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 50 E
lat. 56 40 N.
Mobile, river of the United states m
the State of Alabama, is formed by the
united streams of Tombigbee and Ala-
bama rivers. The extreme north-west
sources of Tombigbee are in the state of
Mississippi, near the south line of Ten-
nessee, from whence the different
branches flow south-east into Alabama,
where, uniting, they form the Tombig-
bee, which flows nearly due south to its
junction with the Alabama, at N lat. 31
05. The Tombigbee receives, besides
many lesser confluents, the Tuscaloosa,
or Black Warrior, a large stream from
the north-east. The entire length of the
Tombigbee is about 300 miles, by com-
parative course.
The Alabama is formed by the united
streams of the Coosa and Tallapoosa,
which both rise in Georgia, and flowing
to the south-west, unite at N lat. 32 23,
and from thence to the junction with
Tombigbee assumes the name of Ala-
bama. The entire length of the Alaba-
ma, from the sources of the Coosa to
the head of Mobile river, is, by compa-
rative course, about 400 miles. A con-
siderable branch from the north, called
the Cahaba, enters the Alabama about
100 miles, by the windings of the stream,
below the junction of the Coosa and Tal-
lapoosa. Cahaba, the seat of govern-
ment for the state of Alabama, is situa-
ted at the mouth of the Cahaba river.
The river Mobile is about 40 miles in
length, from the head of Mobile bay to
the junction of the Tombigbee and Ala-
bama rivers. Within a very short dis-
tance of its head, the Mobile divides into
two branches, that of Mobile proper to
the west, and Tensaw to the east.
These never again reunite, but fiow se-
parately into Mobile bay, with several
inlets from one to tiie other. The is-
lands enclosed between the main branches
and the inlets are, in general, liable to
inundation.
The Mobile river admits vessels of 12
feet draught in all its length ; the Tom-
642
bigbee, those of five feet to Fort Stod-
dart ; and Mobile, these of about six feet
to Fort Claiborne.
Mobile Bay, opens below the mouth of
the Mobile and 'I'ensaw rivers, and gra-
dually widens from four to ten or twelve
miles, and, extending 30 miles nearly
south , again contracts to about five miles,
having Dauphin Island in nearly the
middle of its entrance into the gulf of
Mexico. The main channel, between
Dauphin Island and the Point of Mobile,
has a depth of 18 test. The channel be-
tween the main shore and Dauphin Is-
land, known by the name of the Pass au
Heron, has only six feet. A bar of 13
feet water crosses Mobile bay three
miles below the town of that name.
Mobile Point, is a long, low, sandy and
narrow peninsula, which bounds Mobile
bay on the snuth, extending from the bay
of Bon Secours, the south-eastern extre-
mity of the former, towards Dauphin
Island, towards which it approaches to
within three miles. This point has been
rendered remarkable, by the erection of
a military post on its extreme west ex-
tension called Fort Bower.
This fort was attacked, September
15th, 1814, by a British squadron, con-
sisting of two vessels of 28 guns each,
and one of 18 guns, with a land force of
200 Indians, and 110 marines. The
British were repulsed, with the loss of
the Hermes, and about 100 men killed
and wounded.
After their defeat at, and retreat from
New Orleans, the British attacked and
took Fort Bower, on the 15th of Feb-
riiary, 1815.
Mobile Town, is situated on the west
or right shore of Mobile bay, near the
mouth of Mobile river, upon a bank ele-
vated 18 or 20 feet above the surface of
the water in the bay. Mobile contains
about 200 houses and 1000 inhabitants.
It is a place of considerable trade, though
the entrance to the harbour is inconve-
nient for vessels drawing more than eight
feet water. A long, narrow, and low
island lies before the town, and extends^
about five miles above, round Avhich large
vessels are obliged to pass in order to
reach the harbour, in which any vessel
can enter in safety which can pass the
bar, three miles below the island.
Mobile is situated at N lat. 30 44, and
W lon. from W C, 10 55, and from
Greenwich, 87 55.
Mobile, county of Alabama ! bounded
by the Gulf of INIexico S, Mississippi W ;
Baldwin and Monroe counties in Alabama
N ; and West Florida E. Length 58, mean
widtii 45, area 2600 square miles. It oc-
M O 1)
M O H
ciiples that pait of Alabama, south from
the 31 0 N lat. and between the state of
Mississippi, and territory of West Florida,
surface generally level or moderately hilly.
Soil wllh but very partial exceptions bar-
ren, and covered witli pine timber. Chief
towns Mobile and Blakeley.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 1,105
do. do. females - - 548
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . _ 0
Total whites .... 1,653
Free persons of colour, males - 83
do. do. lemales - 100
Slaves, males ... - 449
do. females ... 387
Total population in 1!V20. - 2,672
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 53
Eng-aged in AgTicuUure - - 145
do. in Manufactures - - 518
do. in Commerce . • - 96
Population to tiie square mile, 1.
Mocha, small island off the coast of Chila.
Lat. 38 30 S, Ion. \V C 3 10,
JMocha, or JMoka, town of Arabia, in
Yemen, seated on a small bay of the Red
sea, near the strait of Babelmandel. On
each of the points of land, which enclose
the road, is a fort ; but they are wretch-
ed structures. The town is of a circular
form, surrounded by a wail, in which are
six gates. It carries on a great trade,
especially in coffee ; and the inhabitants are
estimated at 18,000, v/ithout including the
Jews, who inhabit the suburbs. The En-
glish, from Hindoostan, at present engross
almost exclusively the trade of this place.
It stands in a barren plain, 140 miles SSW
of Sane, and 630 SSli of Mecca. Lou. 44
25 E, lat. 13 10 N.
J^Iocavpoiir, town of the country of Na-
paul, capital of a district of the same name.
It is situate on the E side of the Xapaul,
48 miles SSE of Catmandu, and 130 N of
Patna. Lon. 85 37 E, lat. 27 35 N.
Motlbury, town of Devonshire, with a
market on Thursday, and a manufacture of
• plush ; seated between two hills, 36 miles
SSW of Exeter, and 208 WSW of London.
jyfodena, or JModense, a duchy of Italy,
65 miles long and 35 broad , bounded on
the W by Parma, N by Mantua, E by the
Ferrarese, Bolognese, and Tuscany, and S
by the republic of Lucca. It includes the
duchies of Mirandola and lleggio. The
soil is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits of
different kinds. It also feeds a great num-
ber of cattle.
Modena, fortified city of Italy, capital of
the Modenese, with a magnificent college.
The iiucal palace is richly furnished, ami,
contains fine paintings. The inhabitants
estirt^.ated at 30,000. It is seated between
rivers Secchia and Panaro, 34 miles S bj*
E of Mantua, and 60 NNW of Florence.
Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 44 34 N. _
J/odica, town of Sicily, in Yal di Noto,
on the river Accellaro, 10 miles W of Note.
Jfodon, strong town of European Turkey,
in the Morea, and a bishop's see, with a
safe harbour. It is seated on a promontory
projecting ir.to the sea of Sapienza, 15
miles W of Coron. Lon. 21 31 E, lat.
36 53 N.
Jfoers, See Jleurs.
Moeskifch, town of Suabia, in the prin-
cipality of Fursteiiburg, 18 miles N of Con-
stance.
Mnffat, town of Scotland, in Dumfries-
shire, near, the river Annan, encompassed
on all sides, except the S, by hills of dif-
ferent heights. Its delgluful situation and
Its mineral springs attract much company.
It is 20 mil'es N by E of Dumfries.
Moffat TIUls, tiie highest mountains of
the S of Scotland, on the N border of Dum-
friesshire. Hartfel, the most elevated, is
23000 feet above the level of the sea. They
feed numerous flocks of sheep ; and from
them descend, in different directions, the
Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sources
are but little distant from each to other.
Mogador, town of the kingdom of Mo-
rocco, with a harbour for vessels of a mid-
dling size. It is surrounded by walls, with
batteries, and at high tides is almost en-
compassed by the sea. The streets are all
in straight lines, and contain a great num-
ber of handsome houses. The port is
formed by a channel, between the main-
land and an island above a mile in kngth.
It is 180 miles WNW of Morocco. Lon.
9 33 W, lat. 31 28 N.
Mohacs, town \s\ Lower Hungary, in the
county of Buraniwar. Here Louis the last
king of Hungary, in 1526, was defeated by
the Turks under Soliman 11. with the loss
of 22,000 men, and after the battle suffo-
cated by the fall of his horse in a muddy
brook. In 1687, another battle was fought
here, between the Christians commanded
by prince Charles of Lorrain, and the
Turks, v^^lio were defeated with the loss of ,
10,000 men, their cannon and baggage. It
is seated at the conflux of the Corasse witii
the Danube, 23 miles N by E of Esseck;
Mahaffei/s-store, post office, Lincoln
county. North Carolina.
Mohaxuk, river of New York, the great
western branch of the Hudson. The ex-
treme north-western source of the Mohawk
is in Lewis county. It thence enters Onei-
da county, flows south 20 miles to Rome,
where it turns to SE about 28 miles by-
comparative courses, to its first northern
confluent AVest Canada. Here it assumes
643
M o n
M O 1.
yjearly an eastern course of 5 miles to its
passaere throuj^h the Katsbergs at the Lit-
tle falls. It is precipitated at this place over
a ledge of rocks Sec article JNety Vovk ,-
section, Grand Western Canal. Below the
Little Fails, the Mohtiwic flows by com-
parative courses TO miles SE by E to its
junction with the Hudson at Waterford.
Two miles above Waterford it is ag-ain pre-
cipitated over the Caiiocs rocks by a single
pitch of 70 feet. The Mohawk, besides
West Canada, receives from the north. East
Canada, Chucktananda, and some others of
lesser note; and from the south, Oriskany
creek, and Schoharie river. Its entire
comparative course 123 miles. It passes,
the villages or towns of Rome, Utica, Her-
kimer, Little Falls, Oppenheim, Palatine,
Ganajoharie, Caughnawago, Amsierdam,
and Schenectad}". Its banks generally rise
by an acclivity of more or less inclination,
but in some places as at Schenectady,
Herkimer, Uiica, and Rome, meanders
through extensive alluvial flats. The soil
in most places, particularly the flats highly
fertile, and well cultivated. It is designed
to carry the Great Western Canal along its
right shore from opposlie Waterford to Rome.
JMohaivk Bay, in Frederlcksburgh, Up-
per Canada, bay of Qninte, lies opposite to
the Mohawk seitlemeni, and close to the
mouth of the river Appannee.
.Mohavjk Settlement, bayofQuintv% Up-
per Canada, is west of Richmond, and
comprehended between the river Shannon
and Bowen's Creek.
Mohaivk, village on the Grand River, or
Ouse, Upper Canada, is the principal vil-
lage of the Six Nations. This is the
residence of their prinripal Chief, Captain
Joseph Brant. The village is beautifully
situated, has a neat church with a steeple,
a school house and a council hovse ; and
not far from it is a grist and saw-mill.
JMohegan, village on the right bank of
the Thames, 5 miles below Norwich. Here
reside the remnant of the Mohegans,
Mohlccon, largf creek of Ohio, rises in
AVayne and Richland counties, flows south
about 50 miles, joins AVhite Womans river
in Coshocton, near the E boi-der of Knox
county.
JMoIiiccon, township of Wayne countv,
©hio. Population in 1820, 633.
JVlohila, one of the Comora islands, be-
tween the N end of Madagascar and the
continent of Africa. It has a good road
for ships. Lon. 43 50 E, lat. 12 25 S.
jMohilef, or Mogilev, government of the
Russian empii-e, comprising a part of Li-
thuania, dismembered irom Poland in
1772.
JVFohilef, or Mogilev, town of Lithuania,
capital of a Russian government of the same
name. By the division of Poland in 1773,
it was ceded to Russia, with its territory,
6-14
and erecterl into an archbishopric of the
Roman churcli, with an assistant bishop.
In .luly, 1812, a severe battle was fought in
the neighbourhood of this place, between
the French under Davoust, and the Rus-
sians, under the late prince Bagrathion. It
has a considerable trade, and is situated on
the Dnieper, 340 miles ENE of Warsaw,
and 364 S of Petersburg!!. Lon. 30 14 E,
lat. 5c> 32 N.
Jllohrin, town of Brandenburg, in the
New Mark, 18 NNW of Custrin.
Jr'fo/inmg-en, town of Prussia, in the pro-
vince of Oberland, situate on a lake of the
same name, which almost surrounds it.
Here is an old castle, formerly a convent,
belonging to the knights of the Teutonic
order, in consequence of whose wars the
town has frequently suffered. It is 56
miles SSW of Konigsberg, and 55 SE of
Dantzic.
Moilah, town and fort of Arabia Petrea,
on the coast of the Red sea, 130 miles S
of Acaba, and 180 NW of Medina. Lon.
33 50 E, lat. 27 30 N.
Jlloira River, runs into the bay of Quinte,
Upper Canada, near the southwest angle
oJ ihe township of Thurlow.
Jlloira, township of Franklin county.
New York. Population in 1820, uncertain.
Mojaisk, town of Russia, 63 miles W
from Moscow. Between Mojaisk and
Ghiatsk, on the 7th day of September,
1821, was fought the battle of Borodino.
JMaircuis, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isrre, on the river Isere, 25 miles
SE of Vienne.
Moissac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot,, with a trade in corn and
flour; seated on the Tarn, near its conflux
with the Garonne, 13 miles NW of Mon-
tauban.
Jllola (li Bari, town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 17
miles E of Bari.
Mola di Gaeta, town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavoro, seated near the sea, 3 miles NE
of Gaeta
Mold, town of Wales, in Flintshire, with
a market on Saturday. The assizes are
held here. It is 5 miles S of Flint, and 201
NW of London.
Molduu, river of Europe, in Bohemia, it
rises in the Winterberg hills near Ravens-
burg, within less than 20 miles from the
Danube at the mouth of the Inn, flowing
nearly north about 100 miles, it unites
with the Beraun from the SW at lat. 50 N.
About 5 miles below the mouth of the
Beraun it passes the city of Prague, and
joins the Elbe above Melnick, 20 miles
below Prague. The Moldau drains more
than half of all Bohemia.
Moldau, or Sereth river, rises in the Car-
pathian mountains in the Austrian province
of Bukovvine, and flowing SE falls into the
M O L
M O N
Danube, above tlie mouth of the Pruth.
Tlie Moldan gives name to Moldavia.
JMoldaviu, province ofturkey in Europe,
2r0 miles long, and from 30 to 120 broad ;
bounded on the N by Poland, from which
it is also divided on the NE by the Dnies-
ter, E by New Jlussia and Bessarabia, SE
by Bulgaria, from which last it is parted by
the Danube, SVV by Walachia, and W by
Transylvania. The other principal rivers
are the Pruth and Sereth. Tlie W part is
mountainous, and there are some unculti-
A'ated deserts ; but it abounds in good pas-
tures, which feed a great number of horses,
oxen, and sheep ; it also produces corn,
pulse, honey, wax, fruits, with plenty of
game and fowls. The sovereign, who is
styled hospodar, is tributary to the grand
seignior. The inhabitants are Christians
of the Greek church. Jassy is the princi-
pal town.
C\[ole, river of Surry, which rises on the
borders of Susses, flows X to Dorking, and
passing beneath Box Hill, is said to disap-
pear in its vicinity, and to rise again near
Leatherhead. Hence it is supposed to
derive its name ; but the fact is, that a
trjct of soft ground, tv/o miles in length,
called the Swallows, in very dry seasons
absorbs the waste water in caverns on the
sides of the banks ; but not so as to pre-
vent a constant stream from flowing in an
open channel above ground. The Mole,
proceeding from Leatherhead to Cobham,
enters the Thames, opposite Hampton
Court.
Mole, port of St. Domingo. See J\'icho-
las, St.
Molfetta, town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles
W by N of Bari.
JMolieres, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot, 11 miles N of Montauban, and
16 S of Cahors.
Jl'ilina, strong town of Spain, in New
Castile, seated on the river Gallo, in a ter-
ritory abounding in pastures, 35 miles SE
of Siguenza, and 88 ENE of Madrid. Lon.
1 53 W, lat. 40 50 N.
Molise, territory of Naples, lying between
Terra-di-Lavora, Abruzzo Citeriore, Capi-
ta nata, and Principato Ulteriore. It is in tiie
form of a triangle, whose sides are 39 miles
in length, and is a mountainous country,
but fe1H;ile,in corn, wine, saffron, and silk.
JMolise, town of Naples, capital of a ter-
ritory of the same name, but not populous.
It is 30 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 43 E,
lat. 4136N. .■ .
Molsheim, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine, and late province of
Alsace, seated on the Brusch. It is 10
miles AV by S of Strasburg, and 228 E of
Paris. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 48 32 N.
Moluccas, or Spice Islands, cluster of
Islands in the Indian Ocean, lying E of Ce-
lebes. The principal are Ternat, Amboyna,
Tydore, Machian, Motyr, and Bachian, the
largest of which is hardly 30 miles in cir-
cumference. They produce neither corn,
rice, nor cattle, except goats ; but they
have oranges, lemons, and other fruits ;
and are most remarkable for spices, espe-
cially cloves. They have large snakes,
which are not venomous ; but very danger-
ous land crocodiles. The natives are
idolatrous; but there are many Mahome-
tans. They were discovered in 1511, by
the Portuguese, who formed some settle-
ments ; but the Dutch drove them away.
See Jianila.
Mohuitz, town of Slltsia, in the province
of Grotska, remarkable for a battle which
the Prussians gained over the Austrians in
1741. It is 40 miles S of Breslaw. Lon.
17 14 E, lat. 50 23 N.
Mombaza, town of Africa, with a citadel,
seated in an island of the sume name, on
the eastern coast opposite to Zanguebar, 75
miies SSW of Melinda, and subject to Por-
tugal. Lon. 48 0 E, lat. 44 0 N.
Afombaza, country of Africa, subject to
the Portuguese ; hence they export slaves,
gold, ivory, rice, fiesii, and other provi-
sions, with which they supply the settle-
ments in Brasil. The king of Melinda,
being a Christian, had a quarrel with the
Portuguese governor, took the castle of
Mombaza by assault, turned Mahometan,
and murdered all the Christians, in 1631 ;
but in 1729, the Portuguese became mas-
ters of this territory again.
Mompox, town of Colombia, in New
Granada, on the left bank of the Magda-
lena, about 20 miles above the mouth of
the Canca.
Mona, and Moneta, small group of
islands between Hispaniola and Porto Kico,
Mona, island of Denmark, in the Baltic,
seated on the SW of the isle of Zealand,
from which it is separated by a narrow
channel. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 55 20 N.
Movuco, small but handsome and strong
town of Italy, capital of a territory of the
same name, in the Sardinian states, with a
castle, a citadel, and a good harbour. It
is naturally very strong, being seated on a
craggy rock that projects into the sea. It
is in tlie form of a triangle, whose sides are
39 miles in length, and is a mountainous
country, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron,
and silk.
Monadnoch, lofty peak of New Hamp-
shire, in Coos county, rising to an elevation
of 3254 feet above the Ocean level.
Monaghan, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Ulster, 32 miles in length and 22
in breadth ; bounded on the N by Tyrone,
on the E by Armagh, on the SE by Louth,
and on the W by Fermanagh. It is full
of woods and bogs, and a third part of
it taken up bv Lough Earne. It contains
645
M O Jv
M O X
24 parishes, and sends four members to
parliament.
Monaghan, borough in Ireland, and capi-
tal of the county of the same name, 40
miles SW of IJelf'ast, and 60 NNW of Dub-
lin.
Monaghan, township of York county,
Pennsylvania, on the S side of Yellow
Breeches creek, joining Cumberland
county. Populalion in 1820, 1158.
JMoimster, ancient town of Africa, in the
kingdom of Tunis, pleasant!)' seated near
the sea, 70 miles SE of Tunis. Lon. 116
E, lat. 35 50 N.
Montcallier, town of Italy, In Piedmont,
subject to the king of Sardinia, and seated
on the Po, five miles SE of Turin. Lon.
r 48 E, lat. 45 2 N.
JMoncalvo, small but strong town of
Italy, in Montferr.'it, sca'.ed on a mountain,
12 miles SW cf Casal. Lon. 7 19 E, lat.
45 10 N.
,^fo7icaoiif or .Ifonzon, very strongly for-
tified town of Portugal, in Entre-Douero-e-
Minbo, wilh a castle. The Spaniards have
often attempted to take it but in vain. It
is 8 miles SE of Tuj', and 26 N of Braga.
Lon. 8 28 W, lat. 42 8 N.
.Monchabo7i, city of Asia in the kingdom
of Burman, v.'hich in 1755, was the resi-
dence of the king, before the court remo-
ved to Ava the present capital from which
it is distant 39 mile.";.
JPloiicoii, or ^^Tonzori, strongly fortified
town of Spain, in Arragon, seated at the
confluence of the Sofa and Cinca, six miles
S of Balbastro, and 50 NE of Saragossa.
Lon. 0 28 E, lat. 42 2 N.
JMoncontonr, town of France, in the de-
partment of Isle and Vilaine, and late pro-
vince of Bretagne, 59 miles SW of St.
Malo. Lon. 2 36 E, lat. 48 15 N.
Mo7ictov; po.st tovv'n in Addison county,
Vermont, 26 miles S by E of Burlington on
lake Cliamploin, and 13 >i of Yergennes,
with 1500 inliabitants.
JMondego, river of Portugal, which has
its source near Gvurda, and crossing the
province of Beiru, passes by Coimbra, and
falls Into tiie Atlantic Ocean, near a cape of
the same name.
JMonclidier, small town of France, in the
department of Somine, and late province
of Picardy, where there was formerly a
palace. It is seated on a mountain, 24
miles SE of Amiens, and 57 N of Paris.
Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 49 39 N.
.Mondonnedo, town of Spain, in Gallcia,
with a bishop's see, seated in a fertile
country, on a small river, 60 miles NE of
Compostella. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 43 30 N.
Mondoidtlecm, town of France, in the de-
partment of Loir and Ciier, and late pro-
vince of Blapsois. It has a castle, and is 13
miles N of Vendorne.
Mo7}dovi, town of Piedmont, Avith a cita-
645
del, a university, and a bishop's see. It
was taken by the French in April, 1766.
It is the largest arifl most populous town of
Piedmont, and is seated on a mountain
near the river Elero, eight miles NW of
Ceva, and 35 SE of Turin. Lon. 8 6 E,lat.
44 38 N.
Monforte, town of Portugal, in the
province of Beira, 30 miles N by E of
Portalegra. Lon. 7 21 W, lat. 39 32 N.
Monforte, town of Portugal, in the pro-
vince of Alentejo, 20 miles S of Portale-
gra. Lon. 7 31 W, lat. 38 47 N.
Monghii\\QViX\ of Hindoostan,in Bahar,
vi^ith a fort, seated on the right bank of
the Ganges, 80 miles E by S of Patna,
and 230 NNW of Calcutta. Lon. 86 36
E, lat. 25 24 N.
Monguls, Countrij of the, or Westerji
Chinese Tartary, is bounded on the N
by Siberia, E by" Eastern Tartary, S by
the Great Wall of China and Lea-tong,
and VV by Independent Tartary I'he
Mongul Tartars have neither towns,
villages, nor houses ; they wander in
hordes, and live under tents, which they
remove from one place to another, ac-
cording as the temperature of the diffe-
rent seasons, or the wants of their flocks
require; they pass the summer on the
banks of rivers, and the winter at the
foot of some mountain or liill which
shelters them from the piercing N wind.
The Monguls are nominally subject to
China, but in reality are a free nomadic
race. They have been very improperly
by European writers confounded with
the Mandshurs. See Mands/mria.
Monheim, town of Bavaria, in the
principality of Neuburg, 8 miles N of
Donawert.
Monikendam, seaport of North Hol-
land, which has manufactures of soap
and silk. It is seated on a gut or frith
of the Zuider Zee, 8 miles NE of Am-
sterdam Lon. 4 38 E, lat. 52 28 N.
Monistrol, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Loire, 14 miles SW
of St. Etienne.
Monk^s corner, post village Charleston
district South Carolina, on Cooper river,
30 miles above Charleston.
Monklon, township of Anapolis county.
Nova Scotia. , •
Monkton, township of Westmoreland
county New Brunswick.
Monkton, post village and township cf
Adison county Vermont, 23 miles S from
Burlington. Population 1250.
Monmouthshire, county of England,
24 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on
the N by Herefordshire, E by Glouces-
tershire,' SE by the mouth of the Severn,
and W and SW by the counties of
Brecknock and Glamorgan. It contains
M O N
-M O N
340,000 acres ; is divided into six iiun-
dreds and 127 parishes ; has seven mar-
ket towns ; and sends three members to
parliament. The number ofinhabitants
in 1811 was 62,127. Beside the Wye,
which parts it from Gloucestershire, the
Minnow, which separates it from Here-
fordshire, and the Rhyney, or Rumney,
which divides it from Glamorganshire,
this county has almost peculiar to itself
the river Usk. which divides it into two
unequal portions. Population 1801, 45,582;
in 1811, 62,137 ; and in 1S21, 71,835.
Monmouth, borough of England capi-
tal of Monmouthshire, with a market on
Saturday. It is governed by a mayor,
and seated at the mouth of the Minnow,
which here joins the Wye. Over the
former is a very ancient bridge and
gateway, once a barrier against the
Welsh. It is 18 miles S of Hereford, and
120 W by N of London. Lon. 2 46 W,
lat. 51 49 N.
Monmouth, post village and township
Kennebec county Maine 17 miles W
from Augusta. Population 1820, 1590.
Monmouth, county of New Jersey ;
bounded E by the Atlantic Ocean ; SW
by Burlington ; and NW by Middlesex :
and N by Raritan bay. Length 60 j^
mean width about 18, and exclusive of
water about 1000 square miles in sur-
face. Its form triangular and in one
part, from Wreck Pond to Allentown it
is 30 miles wide. Surface, in the west-
ern, and northern part undulating, but
towards the ocean level. Soil of mid-
dling quality, 'ough in places extreme-
ly product; V? A very remarkable marl
zone, crossf:^ this county in a direction
from NNE to SSW. Chieftown Free-
hold.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 10,142
do. do. females - - - 9,872
Total whites - - - 20,014
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 - - 22,150
Population in 1820.
Total population in 1820
25,038
Free white males
.
11,524
do. do. females
.
11,284
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
-
0
Total whites
,
22,808
Free persons of colour,
males -
523
do. do.
females
459
Slaves, males
.
735
do. females
„
513
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 51
Enjraged in Agriculture - 5,740
do. in Manufactures - 997
do. in Commerce - - 290
Population to the square mile, 25.
Monmouth. See Freehold.
Monocacy, small but fine river of Penn-
sylvania, and Maryland. It rises in
Adams county of the former state and
enters Potomac in Frederick county of
the latter. It drains near one half of
Adams, and almost the entire surface of
Frederick county ; comparative length
about 50 miles.
Monomotajia, Kingdom on the E coast
of Africa, bounded on the N by Mono-
mugi, on the E by the Mosambique, on
the S by Sofata and Manica, and on the
W by unknown regions. It is watered
by several rivers, of which Zambera is
chief. It lies between 23 and 33 E lon.
and 14 and 19 S lat.
Monomugi, kingdom of Africa, lying
near the equator, between Abyssinia on
the N, Zanguebar, on the E, Monomo-
tapa, on the S, and Congo on the W.
This country is very little known to the
Europeans. '
Monongahela, river of the United
States, rises in Randolph county, Virgi-
nia, interlocking with the sources of the
Great Kenhawa, at N lat. 38 30. Its
cfturse is nearly S 80 miles, to where it
receives the west branch, from Lewis and
Harrison counties. Below their junctions
the united stream flows SE 30 miles to
the South boundary of Pennsylvania,
which it passes, and two miles lower re-
ceives from the SE, Cheat river, little, if
any, inferior in column or lenj^th to the
Monongahela itself. Cheat river rises in
Randolph county, and flows through that
and Monongahela county, enters Penn-
sylvania, and unites with the main stream
as before noticed. The sources of the
Monongahela, and Cheat are in the west-
ern spurs of the Appalachian mountains.
Below the mouth of Cheat, the Mononga-
hela flows nearly S SO milea, to its junc-
tion witii the Youghiogheny. The latter
rises in the Appalachian mountains, in
Alleghany county, in Maryland, inter-
locking with the sources of the North
branch of the Potomac, flows north into
Pennsylvania, passing through Fayette,
Westmoreland, and entering Alleghany
county, unites with the Monongahela at
M'Keesport, after a comparative course
of about 100 miles. Twelve miles below
itsjunction with Youghioghany, the Mo-
nongahela unites with the Alleghanv, and
647
M
M O K
forms the Ohio at the city of Pittsburg,
The entire length of the Monongahela
river, by comparative courses, is about
170 miles, but following the meanders of
the streams, either long in the mam or
Cheat branch, the length exceeds 20J
The country drained by Monongahela
is in some parts mountainous and in all
hilly- . . , iv/r
For down stream navigation, the Mo-
nongahela, at high water, is passable
with large boats as high as the mouth ot
the West Branch, and by lighter vessels
much higher. Cheat river is navigable
into Randolph county, about 50 miles
comparative course above its mouth, and
the Youghioghany to the Ohiopyle falls,
in Fayette county. 60 miles above its
junction with the" Monongahela.
Mojiongalia, county of Virginia;
bounded N by Pennsylvania ; E by Pres-
ton county Virginia ; S by Sandy creek
or Randolph county ; SW by Mononga-
hela river or Harrison ; and W by ryler.
Length 33; mean width 20; area 660
square miles. Surface generally ex-
tremely hilly, and in part mountainous.
The river alluvion and some of the soil
of the hills highly fertile. The Monon-
eahela and Cheat unite in the lower part
of the county, and both streams traverse
it obliquely. Chief town Morgantown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 6,220
do. do. females - - 6,1*85
M o ]sr
12,405
37
351
12,793
5,419
5,149
0
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free wltile males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Total whites . . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females - - "
Total population in 1820 ■ 11,060
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized • -
Engaged in Agriculture - -,283
do." in Manufactures - - 344
do. in Commerce - - ~1
Population to the square mile, 16.
>Monoholi, town of Naples, in Terra
618
di Bari, on the coast of the gulf of Ve-
nice, 28 miles ESE of Bari.
Mon/iazier, a town of France, in the
department of Dordogne, 18 miles SVV of
Sarlat.
Moncjuegna, or Moiiqueqaa, to%vn of
Peru, in the bishopric of Arequipa, and
capital of a territory of its name adorned
with large vineyards. Its whole com-
merce is in wine and brandy, which are
greatly valued. It is 100 miles SE of
Arequipa. Lon. 71 40 E. lat. 17 34 S,
Monroe, township of Hancock county
Maine. Population 1820, 732.
Monroe, or Southjield, township and
post village Orange county New York
19 miles S from Newbure. In this town-
ship are some verv extensive iron works.
Population 1820, 2969.
Monroe, county of New York, bounded
by Lake Ontario' N ; Ontario county E ;
Livingston S ; and Gennesee W. Length
32 ; mean width 17 ; and area 540 square
miles. Washed by Lake Ontario on its
northern side, crossed nearly in the mid-
dle by Gennesee river ; and at right
angles to that" stream by the Grand
canal, and drained by a number of large
creeks, this county occupies a very eli-
gible position; The surface is generally
hilly, with a good soil. Some alluvial
flats extend along Lake Ontario and
Gennesee river. It was in the census of
1820, included in Genesee, and Ontario
counties. Chief town, Rochester.
Monroe, post village Sussex county
New Jersey.
JMonr-oe, county of Virginia ; bounded
SE by Bottetourt and Giles; SW by
Kenhawa river or Giles ; NW by Green -
briar, N, by Nicholas ; and NE by Bath
and Bottetourt. Length 35 ; mean
width 13 ; and area about 450 square
miles. Surface mountainous or very
hilly The body of the county lying be-
tween Green briar and Kenhawa river,
some very good alluvial soil skirts the
streams though generally rocky and
sterile. Chief town, Uniontown.
10,568
61
56
191
184
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 2,583
do. do. females - - 2,415
Total whites - - - 4,99S
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 70
Slaves - - - - - 376.
Total population in 1810 - 5,444
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,014
do. do. females - - - 2,995
All other persons except In-
dians not taxed - 40
!^I 0 N
li O N
Total vvlutes - . . .
6,049
Free persons of colour, males
39
do. do. females -
31
Slaves, males - - - -
234
do. females
267
Total population in 1820
6,620
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
6
Engaged in Agriculture
1,811
do. in Manufactures
161
do. in Commerce
10
Population to the square mile, 13.
Monroe, county of Ohio; bounded E
by Ohio river ; S by Washington ; W by
Morgan, NW by Guernsey ; and N by
Belmont. Length 38; breadth 18; and
area 516 square miles. It is almost en-
tirely very hilly and broken, though the
soil is generally productive. Chief town,
Woodsfield.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,436
do. do. females - - - 2.1S9
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
.Monroe, small post town in Clark coun-
ty Ohio, about 10 miles N from Fairfield,
in Green county.
J\[onroc, township of Prebble county
Ohia Population 1820, 303.
Jlouroe, township of Miami county
Ohio, west (if the river Miami. Popu-
lation 1«20, 839.
Jtlonroc, county of Indiana, bounded
by Lawrence S ; Martin W ; Delaware
NE; and Jackson E. Lengdi 24 ; breadth
18 ; and area 324 square miles. Chief
town Blnomington.
Populalion in 1820.
Free white males
do. dn. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites
Free pers:)ns of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males _ . .
do, females - - .
Total wliites - . - .
Free persons of colour, males .
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . .
do. females
Total population in 1820
4,641
79
585
98
11
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do in Commerce
Population to the square mile 9.
Monroe, township in the eastern bor-
ders of Ashtabula county Ohio, it is
seven miles long from N to S, by five
broad from E to W. Population 1820. 384.
Monroe, the NE township in Musk-
ingum county Ohio, through which pas-
ses the road leading from Zanesville to
Coshocton. Population 1820, 377.
Monroe, township of Guernsey county
Ohio, adjoining the north line of the
county, Population 1820, 544.
Monroe, township of Richland county
Ohio. Population 1820, 389.
Monroe, post town of Highland coun-
ty, Ohio. Populatioti 1820, uncertiiin.
Monroe, township of Licking county
Ohio. PopHlation 1820, 591.
Monroe, small post town, in the eas-
tern borders of Butler county Ohio, 12
miles NE from Hamilton. It contains
one store, and some mechanic's shops.
Monroe, western township of Picka-
way county Ohio. Population 1820, 653.
4N
I'otal population in 1820
2,679
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture - - 496
do. in Manufactures - 98
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to the square mile, 8.
Monroe, county of Kentucky, bounded
by Tennessee S ; Allen county of Ken-
tucky W ; Barren N ; Adair NE ; and
Cumberland E. It occupies the divi-
ding ground between Cumberland and
Big Barren rivers. Length 28 ; breadth
25, and area 700 square miles. Its chief
town Tnmkinsville, is 120 miles S from
Louisville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 2,263'
do. do. females - - 2,190
All olh'ii" persons except Indians
not taxed . - . - Q
Total wliites - - - 4,453
Free persons of colour, males 4
do. do. females, 1
Slaves, males ... - 264
do. females - • - 234
Total population in 1820 - 4,956
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce -
Population to ^he square mile, 7,
Monroe, county of Illinois, bounded
by the Mississippi river VV ; S Clair
NE, and E ; and Randolph SE. Length
649
2
779
120
17
M O .S
M O N
'27; mean width, and area 324 square
miles. Chief town Hendersonville.
Population in 1820.
Tree white males . . - 828
do. do. females . . - 665
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - . 21
Total whites - - - - 1,514
Free persons of colour, males 8
do. do. females 2
Slaves, males .... 5
do. females ... S
Total population in 1820 - - 1,537
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Enfjaged in Agriculture - - 410
do. in ^Manufactures - - 66
do. in Commerce- - - 11
Population to the square mile 5 nearly.
Jifonroe, SE county of Michigan ter-
ritory, bounded by lake Erie E ; Ohio
S ; the unsettled Indian country W ; and
Wayne county N. Length,' breadth,
and area, uncertain. Surface generally
level, and soil productive. It is traver-
sed from the NE to SE by the rivers
Raisin, Huron of Erie, and some lesser
streams. Chief town Monroe.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,013
do. do. females - - 810
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . _ -
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, .....
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
Do. in Manvifactures
Do. in Commerce
1,831
90
499
40
9
Monroe, post village and seat of jus-
tice, Monroe county Michigan, on the
right bank of the river Raisin, 40 miles
SW from Detroit.
Monroe, county of East Tennessee,
bounded by North Carolina E ; the Che-
rokee lands S ; M'Minn W ; and Ten-
nessee river, or Blount and Sevier N.
Length 43 ; mean width 25 ; and area
1050 square miles. Surface rough, hilly,
broken, and in part mountainous. It is
bounded on one side by the Tennessee
and drained by the Tellico river.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - ' 1,220
650
Free wiiite fema'es -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total v/hites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do- females
1,128
0
2,348
9
13
85
84
Total population in 1820 -
2,539
Monroe, county of Mississippi, bounded
E by Alabama; W by Tombigbee river ;
and NW by the road from Natchez to
Nashville. Length 50 ; mean width 8 ;
and area 450 square miles. Staple, cot-
ton. Chief town Cotton Gin Port.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,209
do. do. females ... 988
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . -
Total whites . - - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females . - -
Total population in 1820 -
0
2,192
7
0
259
263
2,721
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized ► 0
Engaged in AgricultiU'c - - 804-
do. in Manufactures - 27
do. in Commerce - - 18
Population to the square mile, 6.
Monroe, county of Alabama, bounded
by Clarke W ; Wilcox N ; Butler NE ;
Connecuh SE ; and south uncertain.
Length 48 ; mean width 28 ; and area
1340 square miles. Surface except near
the streams, sterile and covered gene-
rally with pine timber. The Alabama,
however, meandering through from NE
to SW, gives a considerable superficies
of very rich alluvion. Staple cotton. Chief
town, Claiborne.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,694
do. do. females . - - 2,320
All otlier persons, except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners nOt naturalized
Engaged i-n Agriculture
5,114
16
14
1,942
1,852
8,838
3,245
M O N
M () N
Engaged la Manufactures ■ 98 Arragon, with a citadel, seated on ttit;
do. in Commerce - - 49 Rio-Martin, 44 miles S of Sarragossa,
Population to tlie Square mile, 6}. and 92 N by W of Valencia. Lon. 0 30
Monroe, town of Lincoln county Mis- VV, lat. 41 9 N.
souri. Monlalciiio, small town of Tuscany, in
.^/o«s, ancient J arge and strong city of the Siennese, on a mountain, 17 miles
the Netherlands, with a considerable ma- SSE of Sienna, and 45 SE of Florence,
nufacture of woollen stuffs, and a good Lon. 11 30 E, lat- 43 7 N.
trade. It stands partly on a hill, and Jfontalto, town of Italy, in the mar-
partly on a plain, at the confluence of the quisite of Ancona, on the river Monacio,
Haisne and Trcuille, by which the coun- 10 miles N of Ascoli, and 45 S of Anco-
try around it may be overflowed at plea- na. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 42 54 N.
sure. It is 17 miles NE of Tournay, 37 Mantadras, frontier town of Portugal,
Lon.
in Akntejo, about 31 miles distant from
Lisbon. Lon. 6 24 W, lat. 39 30 N.
Mont a Peine fief, Hertford county
of Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence, 8
miles below Quebec.
Montari'il, small town of Portugal, on
" " • Lon. 8 11
W of Namur, and 143 N of Paris.
4 3 E, lat. 50 27 N.
Monsanto, strongly fortified frontier
town of Spain, in Estramadura. Lon. 5
50 W, lat. 39 40 N.
Mo7isaraz, town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, seated on th.e Gaudiana, 25 miles the provin'ce of Estramadura.
S\V of Eivas. Lon. 7 32 W, lat. 38 26 N. W, lat. 39 33 N,
Monson, township of Hamden county Jis72?arg-/5, considerable town of France,
Massachusetts, containing 1674 inhabitants in the department of Loiret, and late
in 1810, and in 1820, 2126. province of Orleannois, famous for its ex-
Mon&terberg, or Munsterberg, town celient mustard and cutlery. It is seated
of Germany in Silesia, in a province of on the river Loire, fi'om which it has a
the same name, 20 miles NE of Glats, navis'.able canal to the Seine, near a fine
and 27 S of Breslaw. Lon. 17 16 E, lat. forest, 15 miles S of Nemours, and 62 S
50 o7 N. by E of Paris.
Monstier. See Moutier. Montarville, seigniory, Kent county
Montabour, small fortified town of Lower Canada, between Boucherville
Germany, in the electorate of Treves, and Chambly, 12 miles E from Mon-
between Coblentz and Limburg. Lon. 7 treal
50 E, lat. 50 30 N. Montauban, considerable commercial
Montacniac, considerable town of Na- town of France, in the department of
tolia, on the sea of Marmora. It carries Lot, lately the episcopal see of the pro-
on a great trade, especially in fruits, and vince of Querci. The inhabitants amount
is seated on a bay of the same name, 70 to 200,000 : and have manufactures of
miles SSE of Constantinople. Lon. 29 10 silk stockings and stuffs, serges, shal-
E, lat 40 0 N. loons, Sec. It is seated on an eminence,
Montague Island, one of the New He- on the river Tarn, 20 miles N of Tou-
brides, in the S
Sandwich Island.
17 26 S.
Pacific Ocean, near
Lon. 168 31 E, lat.
louse, and 30 S of Cahors.
MofUaJi/c Point, E end of Long Isl-
and, in Southampton. The light house
Montuigu, town of France, in the de- is at lon. WG 5 06 E, lat. 41 04 N.
partmcnt of Vendee, and late province of Mmtbazon, town of France, in tiie de.
Poitcu, 24 miles W of Mauleon. Lon. 1 partment of Indre and Loire, and late pro-
30 W, lat. 47 0 N. vince of Touraine, agreeably sealed at the
Montague Towiishifi, partly in the foot of a hill, on which is an ancient castle,
county of Grenviile, and partly in Leeds, 135 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 0 45 V., lat.
Upper Canada, lies to the northward of 47 1 n.
Wolford, and is washed by the river Ra- MontbelUard, handsome strong town of
deau France, capital of a principality of the Ger-
Montagiie, post village and township man empire of the same name, between
of Franklin county Massachusetts, on the department of the Doubs, and that of
the left bank of Connecticut river, oppo- Upper Rhine. It is seated ai the foot of a
site Greenfield. It is 18 miles above rock, on which is a citadel. It was taken
Northampton. Population 1820, 1074. in 1674, by the French, v.ho demolished
Montague, post village Essex county the fortifications ; but it was restored to
Virginia. the prince. It is seated near the Alaine
Montague, island on the Pacific coast .-ind D.aub.s, 3 J miles W of Ba>.le, and 45
of North America, at the entrance of NB oi Besancon. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 47 31
Prince Williams Sound. Lat. 60*^ N Ion. N.
W C 77° W. JTont Blanc, the highest mountain of the
Montalban, strong town of Spain, in Alps, in Suvov, being 15,66^ feet above the
651
M O N
M 0 N
level of the sea. It is called Mont Blanc,
Irom its unc'-mmonly white appearance.
The sumnnit was deemed inaccessible till
1786, when Dr. Paccard ascended it.
JMontblanc, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
15 miles N of Tarragona. Lon. 1 5 E, lat.
41 ION.
JMonthrison, town of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone and Loire, and late pro-
vince of Forez, seated on the Velize, 40
miles W of Vienne, and 250 by E of Paris,
l.on. 2 27 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Monldauphin, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Alps, and late province
of Dauphiny, seated on a craggy mountain,
almost surrounded by the Durance, eight
miles NE of Embrun. Lon. 6 45 E, lat!^44
40 N.
J\Iontde-JMarson, town of France, and
capital of the department of Landes, and
late province of Gascony. It is seated on
the Midouse, 30 miles KE of Dax. Lon. 0
30 W, lat, 43 55 N.
JMoiite-Cassino, mountain of Naples, on
tl;e top of which is a celebrated benedic-
tine abbey. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 41 39 N.
Alo?itccehio, considerable town of Italy,
in the duchy of Reggio. The French de-
feated the Austrians near this place, August
.3, 1796. It is eight miles NVV of Reggio.
Lon. 15 54 E, lat. 42 8 N.
J\foiitc Christo, town, bay, and cape on
the N side of St. Dommgo. The cape is a
high hill, in the form of a tent, called by
the French Cape la Grange. Lon. 71 50
W, lat. 19 54 N.
Jrlrmte Falco, town of Italy, in the duchy
of Spoletto, near the river Clitunno, 12
miles W of Spoletto. '^■
Monte Falcone, town of Italy, in Fruiii,
with a castle, near the river Fouzano, IS
miles WNW of Triest.
Jilonte Fia^coTie, town of Italy in the pa-
trimony of St. Peter, near the lake Bolsena,
12 miles NNW of Viterbo.
Monte Fossoli, town of Tuscany, in the
Pisano, 18 miles E by N of Leghorn.
Movtelimar, town of France in Drome,
at the junction of the Jabron, and Roubion,
on the Fi side of the Rhone 100 miles S
from Lyons.
Monte Leone, \owr\ of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, 12 niiles NNE ofNicotera.
Monte Leone, town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ulteriore, nine miles N of Bene-
vento.
Monte Marano, town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ulteriore, near the river Galore, 18
miles S of Benevenlo.
Moaie-Mor'o- Velho, town of Portugal, in
Beira, with a very large castle. It is seated
in a very fertile country, and is 83 miles N
of Lisbon. Lon. 8 9 W, lat. 40 5 N.
Montenegio, mountainous district of Eu-
ropean Turkey in Albania.
Monterei). See St. Corlos de Monterey,
65
Monte-Pelosa, cspiscopal town of Naples
in Basilicata, seated on a mountain, near the
river Basiento, 14 miles E of Cirenza. Lon.
16 18 E, lat. 40 47 N.
Monte-Pidsiano, episcopal town of Tus-
cany, seated on a mountain near the river
Chiana, in a country noted for excellent
v/ine, 50 miles S by E of Florence. Lon.
11 49 E, lat. 43 10 N.
Montesa, very strong town of Spain, in
Valencia. It is the seat of an order of
knighthood of the same name; and is five
miles NW of Xativa. Lon. 0 10 \V, lat. 39
ON.
Monte sancto, formerly called Mount-
Athos, a mountain of Turkey in Europe,
on the gulf of Contessa. It is called
Monte-Sancto, or the Holy Mount, be-
cause there are 22 monasteries thereon,
in which are 4000 monks, who never suf-
fer a woman to come near them. It is 17
miles S of Salonichi. Lon. 24 39 E, lat. 40
27 N.
Monte Velino, mountain of Italy, suppo-
sed to be the most lofty part of the Apen-
nines, and 8400 feet above the level of
the Mediterranean. It is 46 miles NE of
Rome.
Monte Verde, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ulteriore, 10 Miles NE of Conza.
Monte Video, town of South America,
near and to the E of the mouth of the Plate
river. It is a defective open sea port,
claimed by the Portuguese, and by the
United Provinces of La Plata. The for-
mer, have been in possession since 1817.
I's supposed population 20,000. Lon.W 0
20 45 E. lat. 34 55 N.
Montezuma, village of Cayuga county.
New York, on the Erie canal, 12 miles W
from Auburn.
Mont-Fervand. See Clen^nont,
Montferrat, duchy of Italy ; bounded on
the E by the Milanes and Genoa, on the N
and W by PiedmotU, and on the S by the
territory of Genoa, iVoiTi which it is sepa-
rated by the Appennines. It contains 200
towns and castles, is very fertile and well
cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil,
and silk ; and is subject to the king of Sar-
dinia. Casal is the capital.
Montfort, town of France in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise and late province
of the Isle of France, 16 miles AV of Ver-
sailles. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 48 45 N.
Monffort, town of France in the depart-
ment of Isle and Vilaine and late province
of Bretagne. It is seated on the river
Men, and is 12 miles W of Rennes. Lon.
1 58 W, lat. 48 8 N.
Montfort, strong town of the United
Province;;, in Utrecht, with an ancient
castle. It is seated on the Yssel, seven
miles S by E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 0-E, lat.
52 4 N.
Montfort, town of Germany, in the cir=
\M 0 N
M O X
cle of Suabia, capital of a countiy of the from the highly fertile banks of the Mo-
same name, subject to the house of Aus- hawk, Schoharie, and other streams to
tria. It is 16 miles S of Lindau and the eminences, rocky, and ot course sterile,
lake of Constance. Lon. 9 54 E, lat.47 22 N. Staples, grain, flour, live stock, &c. Ch let
.Moni^-omerij, borough of Wales, capital town, Jolmstown.
of Montgomeryshire, with a market on _ Population in 1810
Free white males
do. do. females
20,646
19,491
Total whites . - • -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
40,137
365
712
41,214
Tuesday. It had a tower and castle, which
were demolished in the civil wars. It
stands on the side of a hill, 24 miles SW
of Slirewsbury, and 168 NW of London.
Lon. 3 5 W.lat. 52 26 N.
Montgomeryshire, county of Wales, 36
miles long and 34 broad ; bounded on the Slaves ....
N by Merionethshire and Denbighshire, NE
and E by Shropshire, S by Radmorshire, Total population in 1810
SW by Cardiganshire, and W by Merioneth-
shire. It contains 500,000 acres-, is divi- Population in 1820.
ded into nine hundseJs, and 47 parishes ; Free white males - - .
and has five market towns. The number do. do. females - - -
of inhabitants in 1811 was 51,931 ; and it All otlier persons except Indians
sends two members to parliament. Though not taxed . . - -
barren and mountainous in many parts, it
has a greater mi.'itare of fertile vale and Total whites ....
jiluin than several of the Welsli counties. Free pei'sons of colour, males -
Its riches proceed from its sheep and wool, do. do. females
the hilly tracts being almost entirely sheep Slaves, males - - -
walks ; and tiie flocks, like those of Spain, do. females - - -
are driven from distant parts to feed on
them during the summer. This county Total population in 1320
also aflbrd's mineral treasures, particularly
lead; and it abounds with slate and lime; Of these ;
but there is no coal. Its principal rivers Foreigners not naturalized
are the Severn, Vyrnew, and Tannat. Engaged in Agriculture
Population in 1801, 47,978; in 1811, 51,931; do. in Manufactures -
and in 1821, 59,889. do. in Commerce
J\Iavtgomevtj, post town, and township of Population to the square mile, 42 nearly.
Franklin county, Vermont, 40 miles NE Montgomer'j, township, and post village
from Burlington. of Orange cotint}'. New York, IS miles W
Montgomery, township, Hampden county from N^wbcry, at the vilbge there is an
18,496
18,145
36,649
287
284
167
182
37,569
93
7,047
1,668
125
Massaciuisetis, 12 miles NW from Spring
field. Population in 1820, 604.
Montgomevi), county of New York ;
bounded by Schenectady SE ; Schoharie S;
Ots'-goSW; Herkimer \\ \ Hamilton N ;
academj'. Population 1820, 5541.
Montgomery, township of Somerset coun-
ty New Jersey. Population 1820, 2405.
MoHigotnery, county of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by' Philadelphia and Delaware
and Saratoga E. Length and breadth counties SE ; Chester SW; Berks NW ;
would averKge about 30 miles each ; and Lehigh N ; and Ijucks NE. Length 30;
area 900 square miles. This is a very widtli 15 ; and area 450 square miles. The
richly diveisificd county. The Mohawk surface of this country is delightfully vavie-
meanders through it, dividing it into two gated by !»/ill and dale. It is washed by
unequal sections, leaving about one third the Sclinylkill, from its extreme western
part S from the river. East Canada creek angle to the bounrjary of Upper Merion
enters tiie Mohawk from the N, and for a township ; and is drained by Perkiomen,
distance of nearly 15 miles, forms the and Wissahicon creeks flowing into the
boundary between Montgomery and Her- Schuylkill ; and by the Pennipack, and
kimercouniiis. The Schoharie ri%-er enters Tocony creeks entering Delaware. The
at the SE angle, and flowing nearly N, falls west and Lexington branches of the Ne-
iMto the Mohawk, opposite Tripes Hill, .shaminy, also rise in Montgomery and Ilat-
The NE angle of this county is watered by field townships in this county. The soil
the Sacondago branch of the Hudson, is generally productive in grain, fruits, and
Except the alluvial plains near the Mo- meadow grasses, and also in garden vege-
hawk, this county is generally hilly, but tables. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit,
rising in most instances, particularly S garden productions, beef, pork, mutton,
from the Mohawk, by a not very abrupt and various other articles. It is peculiarly
acclivity, the slopes are arable to the sum- remarkable for the production of fine mar-
mits. The soil partakes of the variety of ble. See JVhite MarsL Chief town, Nor»
the surface, presenting every transition ristown.
>^
65.-;
M 0 N
M 0 N
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
14,858
14,171
Total whites .... 29,029
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 671
Slaves - ... 3
Total population in 1810
29,703
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . 17,757
do. do. females . . 17,159
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... q
Total whites - - - 34,916
Free persons of colour, males 481
do. do. females, 393
Slaves, males ... i
do. females - - . 2
Total population in 1820
35,793
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - '299
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,646
do. in Manufactures - 2,473
do. in Commerce - 200
Population to the square mile, 80 nearly.
Jtlonlgomert), township and post village of
Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on the
north-eastern boundary of the county, and
on the dividing ground between the sources
of the Perklomen, Wissihicon, and Ne.
shaminy creeks. Tlie village, called
Montgomery square in this township is 20
miles nearly N from Philadelphia. Popu-
lation 1820, 751.
.Montgomery, township of Franklin coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the S boundary of tlie
county between Warren, and Antrim. Po-
pulation 1820, 3398.
Monigomeri', county oPMaryland ; bound-
ed by Potomac river, or by Fairfax, and
Loudon counties in Virginia SW; Frede-
rick comity in Maryland NW ; Patuxent
river, or Anne Arundel NE ; and Prince
George, and the District of Columbia SE.
Length 28, mean width 18, and area 500
square miles. Surface hilly, and soil va-
rious. The county occupies a part of the
valley between the first and second Appa.
lachian ridge, and contains some excellent
tracts of land ; but in general the soil of
this county is thin, and rather sterile.
Staples grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief
town Rockville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
654
4,947
4,784
9,731
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - - - . .
Total population in 1810,
677
7,572
17,980
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 4,585
do. do. females - - 4,497
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - . - 9,082
Free persons of colour, males 446
do. do. females 476
Slaves, males - - - 3,388
do. females _ - - 3,008
Total population in 1820
16,400
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 104
Engaged in Agriculture . 4,805
do. in Manufactures - 396
do. in Commerce - 46
Population to the squai-e mile, 33 nearly.
Montgomery, county of Virginia ; bound-
ed by the Blue Ridge, or Franklin and
Patrick SE ; Gr.ayson, and Wythe SW;
Walker's mountain, or Giles county NW ;
and Bottetourt NE. Length 42, mean width
22| and area 950 square miles. It is tra-
versed in its western angle by the Great
Kenhawa, and drained about two thirds by
that stream, and its confluents. The di-
viding ridge between the Kenhawa, and
James, and Roanoke rivers traverses this
county, Craig's creek and, Catawba creek,
branches of the former ; and Staunton
river, branch of the Latter rise in the NE
of Montgomery. The surface is in part
mountainous, and every where very hilly
and broken. The proportion of good soil
but small when compared to the general
area. Chief tov/n, Christiansburg.
Population in 1810
Free white males ... 3,659
do. do. females ... 3,594
Total whites .... 7,253
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 57
Slaves 1,099
Total population in 1810
8,409
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 3,741
do. do. females . - 3,706
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
7,447
16
15
M O X
M O N
Slaves, nvales
do. females
Total population in 1820,
639
616
8,733
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,155
1,035
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,205
do. in Manufactures - 146
do. in Commerce - - 21
Population to the square mile, 9.
Montgomery, county of North Carolina,
bounded by Richmond, and Anson S ; Ca-
barrass W ; llowan, and Randolph N ; and
Moore E. Length 42 ; mean width 18 ;
and area 756 square miles. The Yadkin
winds across this county from N to S, which
is drained by that stream and its confluents.
Surface ratlier uneven than hilly. Soil near
the streams fertile, but merging into pine
barrens, in the intervals. Staples, cotton,
grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town,
Tindalsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
3,416
3,284
6,700
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 34
Slaves 1,696
Total population in 1810 - - 8,430
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,469
do. do. females - - - 3,391
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites .... 6,860
Free persons of colour, males - 13
do. do. females ... 5
Slaves, males ... - 941
do. females ... 874
Total population in 1820 - - 8,693
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized » 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,580
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, II3.
JVtontgomery, county of Georgia, bound-
ed by Oakmulgee river S ; by Little Oco-
nee river, or Telfair county SW ; Laurens
W, and N\V; and Emanuel or Great
Ohoope river NE. Length 40, and mean
width 24, and area 960 square miles. The
Oconee, and Oakmulgee, form the Alata-
maha, at the S extremity of this county.
Surface generally level, and soil sterile.
Chief town "Vernon,
Total whites - - - 2,190
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - \j
Slaves . . - . _ 747
Total population in 1810 - 2,954
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5^5
do. do. females - . 590
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . - 0
Total whites . - . . l,i65
Free persons of colour, males - 1
do. do. females - 0
Slaves, males .... 354
do. females ... 349
Total population in 1820 . 1,869
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 523
do. In Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 5
Population to the square mile 2 nearly.
Montgomeryy county of Alabama ; bound-
ed by Pike SE ; Butler S ; Wilcox and
Dallas W ; Alabama river, or Autaga NW
and N ; and the Muscogee or Creek Lands
NE. Length 50 ; mean width 30 ; and
area 1500 square miles. Surface generally
hilly, and except near the streams, soil
sterile. The junction of the Coosa, and
Tallapoosa, and of course the head of Ala-
bama river is near the northern border of
this county, which leaves the Coosa at
VVetumka falls, 5 miles above its mouth.
Staple cotton. Chief town, Montgomery.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,094
do. do. females ... 1,847
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites - - - - 3,941
Free persons of colour, males - 6
do. do. females 2
Slaves, males ... 1,417
do. females - - - 1,238
Total population in 1820 - • 6,604
Of these ;
Foreigners sot naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,400
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 4J.
Montgomery, post village and seat of jus-
655
M O N
51 O N
lice, Montgomery county, A.labama, on the
rig-ht bank of Alabama river, about 15
miles by land below the junction of Coosa
and Tallapoos.1.
Mo7itgomeriu county of Tennessee ;
bounded by Christian and Todd counties,
in Kentucky N ; by Roberston count}', in
Tennessee SE ; Dickson S ; and Stewart
SW. Length 40; mean width 17^; and
area 700 squares miles. Tennessee river
traverses the southern part of this county,
and at Clarkbville receives from the NE
Red river. Soil is not generally very pro-
ductive, though in part highly so. Surface is
uneven rather than hilly. Staples, cotton,
grain, flour, &c. Chief town, Clarksville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,823
do. do. females - - - 2,563
Total whites . . - . 5,386
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - . 6
Slaves - - - - - 2,629
Total population in 1810 - - 8,021
Total popuiatioivin 1810
12,975
Population in 1820.
Free whites, males - - 3,867
do. do. females - - 3,624
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 0
Total whites . - - . 7,491
Free persons of colour, males 36
do. do. females 29
Slaves, males - - - 2,231
do. females _ - - 2,432
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,781
do. do. females - - 3,723
All otiier persons except Iwdians
not taxed ... - y
Total whites .... 7,504
Free persons of colour, males - 19
do. do. females - 10
Slaves, males - - . . 1,040
do. females .... 1,014
Total population in 1820 - - 9,587
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture . - 2,063
do. in Manufactures - - 236
do. in Commerce . - 20
Population to the square mile, 22.
Jilontg-omeri/, county of Ohio ; bounded
by Warren and Butler S ; Prebble W ;
Miami N ; Clarke NE, and Green E.
Length 24 ; width 23 ; and area 480 square
miles. Surface v/aving, generally, but in
part level. Soil very productive. The
main, and west forks of Miami river, and
Mad river, all unite in this county, lie-
low their junction the main stream turns
SSW, and enters the NE corner of Butler
county, near the village of Franklin.
Chief town, Dayton.
Population in 1"10.
Free white males ... 4,031
do. do. females ... 3,637
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,539
do. in Manufactures - 314
do. in Commerce - - 44
Population to the square mile, 17.
jMontfomeriit county of Kentucky ; bound-
ed SE and S by Estill ; W by Clark ; NW
by Bourbon ; NE by Bath, and E by Pike.
Length 38 ; near width 12 ; and area about
420 square miles. It is di-ained by tiie
sources of the S fork of Licking, those of
the Red river branch of Kentucky river,
and by some creeks of the main fork of
Licking. Surface rather uneven than hilly ;
soil productive. Chief town, Mountster-
ling.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 5,632
do. do. females . . - 5,539
Total whites ....
4,227 All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
SLavcs .....
7,668
54
0
Total population in 1810 .
Population in 1820,
Free white males
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . -
do, females - . - -
Total population in 1820 -
7,722
8,279
7,647
15,999
Total whiles - - - 11,171
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... . 37
Slaves . . . - . 1,767
656
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 63
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,650
do. in Manufactures - 612
do. in Commerce - - 37
Population to the square mile, 33.
Mottt^omeni, township near the eastern
31 O K
M O N
border of Richland county, Ohio. Popula-
tion in 1820, 70-i:
JMontgomery, central township of Frank-
lin county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
1631.
JHontgomery, post villag'e, Franklin
county, Ohio, 14 miles NE from Cincin-
nati.
^Montgomery, county of Missouri ; bound-
ed by Missouri river S ; Howard county
W ; Cuivore river, or Lincoln N, and Sf,
Charles B. Length 50 ; mean width 35 ;
and area 1850 square miles. Surface hilly
in general though with some exceptions.
Soil varied.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,425
do. do. females - - 1,122
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . - - 2,547
Free pei'sons of colour, males - 1
do. do. females, 0
Slaves, males .... 268
do. females .... 258
Total population in 1820
3,074
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 8
Engaged in Agriculture - - 994
do. in Manufactures - - 11
do. in Commerce - . 1
Population to tlie sqviare mile, li.
JVIoiitgomeryville, post village, Gibson
county, Indiana.
M-mlicello, post village, Sullivan county.
New York, 4 miles W from Nevesink river,
and about 40 miles a little north of west
from New burg.
JMonticello, seat of the venerable Thomas
Jefferson, Albermarle county, Virginia, 2
miles E irom Ciurlotteville. Lon. W C 1
48 W, iat. 38 08 N.
Muniicello, post village, Fairfield district.
South Carolina.
Jilonticel'o, post town and seat of justice,
.Tasper county, Georgia, 32 miles NW i^om
Milledgeville.
JMonticello. post village and seat of jus-
tice, Lawrence cnuniy, Mississippi, on
Pearl river, 90 mles E fro^t' Natchez.
JMonticello, post town and seat of justice,
Wayne count}^, Kentucky, 100 miles S
from Frankfort and abnut 4 miles south-
east from Cumberland river.
JMonticello, post village, Lawrence coun-
ty, Arkansaw territory.
JMontid, formerly an episcopal town of
Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles from Me-
tarza.
Moniilla, town of Spain, in the province
of Cordova, 51 miles N of Granada.
JMontivilliers, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine and late province
4 O
of Normandy, 95 miles N\V of Paris. Lon.
0 20 W, Iat. 49 oS X.
JVIontlouis, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Eastern Pyrenees and late
province of Rousilion, with a strong citadel
at the foot of a rock, built by Lewis XIV.
It is 430 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, Iat.
42 30 N.
JMoniluet, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ain and late province of Bres.se,
seated in a fertile country, on the Seraine,
12 miles NE of L>on3, and 205 SE of Paris.
Lon. 5 8 E, Iat 45 49 N.
JMoittlnzon, or JMontlucon, town of France,
in the department of AUier and late pro-
vince of liourbonnois, seated on the river
Cher, 150 ri.iles S of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E,
Iat. 46 22 N.
JMontmsdi, small but strong town of
France, in the department of Meuse and
late duchy of Bar, seated on the river
Chier, which divides it into the upper and
lower town. It is 170 miles NE of Paris.
Lon. 5 23 E, Iat. 49 32 N.
JMovtmelian, formerly strong town of
Savoy, but the French in 1705, demolished
the fortifications. It is eight miles SE of
Chamberry, and 27 NE of Grenoble. Lon.
6 15 E. Iat. 45 30 N.
JVIontmoreiici, town of France, remarka-
ble for the tombs of the ancient dukes of
Mon*flnorenci. It is seated on a hill, near
a large valley, famous for its cherr es, and
is seven miles from St. Dennis, and 10 from
Paris.
JMontmorillon, town of France, in the de-
partment of Vien^ie, and late province of
Poitou. It is seated on the river Gar-
tempe, over which it has a handsome
bridge, 24 miles SE of Poitiers.
.HlonipeUier, city of the department of
Hi-rault and late province of Languedoc.
It is one of the largest and most beautiful
cities in France, and has a citadel ; a bish-
op's see ; a university, and a botanic gar-
den, tiie first e'itablished in Europe, The
number of inhabitantsis computed at 30,000,
is chiefly famous for its drugs and cordials,
p; rfumed waters, hair-powder, and verdi-
gris. This city contains 200 apotht-caries,
the air is extremely healthy, and many in-
valids resort hither from all parts, to re-
cover their heslih. Muatpellier is seated
on a hill, five miles fr m the MeJitcr^'uean,
near the Lez. a ^mai! r>avigab!e river, and
on the rivulet Merdanson, whicli is con-
veyed into liffereni pars of the city by
siiljterraneous canals. It is 27 ni'les S W of
Nismes, 47 NE of Narbon e, and 380 S by
W of Paris, i.^n. 3 58 E, Iat. 43 37 N.
JMontpelirr, post town in C:dedonia coun-
ty, Vermont ; situated on the NE side of
Onion river, 34 miles SE of Burlington on
lake Champlain, and 13 miles N of Wil-
liamston, in Orange county. It contained
1877 inhabitants 'in 1810.
.\1 O N
Ai U N
Montpeuer, seat of the Hon. James Madi-
son, late President of the United States,
in Orange county, Virginia, 20 miles NE
from Montecelio.
Montpelier, post» village, Richmond coun-
ty, Nortii Carolina.
Monipensiei; town of France, in the de-
partment of Pay de Dome and late pro-
vince of Auvergne, seated on a hill, 210
miles SE of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 46
4 isr,
J\Toiic Pulcian'). See Alonte Pulciano.
.Montreal, town of Sieiiy, m V&l di Ma-
zara, and an archbishop's -see ; seated on a
rivulet, five miles W of Palermo, and 50
NE of Mazara.
Montreal, town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves ; seated on the Elz, 20
miles W by N of Coblentz.
Montreal, town of Spam, in the province
of Arragon, with a castle, seated on the
Xiloca, 25 miles NNW of Terruel, and 40
5 by E of Caiatajud. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 40
53 N.
Montreal, island in St. Lawrence river,
at the confluence of that stream and the
Ottawa. It forms a county of the same
naiHe, 32 miles long, but very irregular in
width. The soil is veiy productive, and
the surface pleasantly diversified by hill
and dale.
Montreal, city of Lower Canada, on the
eastern side of t!ie island of the same name.
Montreal is a place of considerable extent,
and great commercial importance. The
houses are generally built in a modern
style, in brick, or stone, roofed with sheet
tin, iron or copper, and many finished with
taste and elegance. The public buildings
are n\imerous. The seminary of St. Sul-
pice, dates its origin to the aera of the
French government over Canada, and is a
flourishing institution. The Hotel IJien, a
charitable institution, founded by the
French in 1644, for the purpose of re-
lieving indigent sick, is still suppor ed and
conducted by a superior and 36 nuns. The
Conveni of Jsotrs Darne, also a French es-
tablishment, conducted by a superior snd
60 sisters, for the instruction of females in
all the useful and ornamental parts of their
education. The Convent of the Grey
Sisters, is' a gener .1 hospital for the recep-
tion of invalid-, and agtd poor.
This city is the grand depot for the
trade of C;u-.aaa, and re eives the inlanl
freights from the St. Lawre ice and Ottawa
rivers. Its harbour is safe, v.ith from 13
to 26 feet water. The rapid of St. Ma:y
two miles below, is a very serious impedi-
ment to the entrance of vessels, demanding
a strong wind to stem it. Kapids again
occur about 4 m-Ies above the harbour,
whicii entirely pr"''en.s any water com-
munication between the city and La Chine.
See La Chine.
6.58 '
Montreal is 120 miles above Quebec, and
220 N by W from Boston. Population
upwards of 25,000. Lon. W C 4 25 E, lat.
45 31 1^^
Alotilreal Isle, in the east end of lake
Superior, is small, and situated between
t!ie mouths of the rivers Montreal and
Charron, and near the shore.
Montreal, River de. Upper Canada,
empties itself into the east end of lake
Superior, a little to the northward of the
copper mines, and south of the river
Charron.
Montreal, river of the NW territory
of the United States, which falls into
the SW part of iakr Superior, about 60
miles from W the Ontanagon. It inter-
locks sources with the Chippeway, and
Ouisconsin.
Montreidl, strong town of France, in the
department of Pas de Calais, seated on a
hill, near the mouth of the Canche, 36
miles S of Calais, and 42 VVNW of Arras.
Montreuil Bellay, town of France, in
the department of Mayenne and Loire,
seated on the Touet, 10 miles SSW of
Saumur.
Montrkhard, town of France, in the
department of Loir and Cher, with a
castle, seated near the Cher, 12 miles
SE of Amboise.
Montrose, borough and seaport in An-
gus-shire, near the estuary of the South
Esk. The buildings are neat ; and the
most remarkable are the town house, the
church, an elegant episcopal chapel, a
hospital for lunatics, and its parish church
is the largest in Scotland except the pa-
rish church of Glasgow. A great num-
ber of trading vessels belong to this
town, and a considerable trade is carried
(in to the Baltic, Hamburg, Rica, Arch-
angel, Sec The salmon fisheries on the N
and S Esk, form a valuable branch of
commerce. The inhabitants of Montrose
are said to be about 10,000, and it is 48
miles NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 32 W,
lat. 56 40 N.
Montrose, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Susquehannah county Pennsylva-
nia, on the high ground from which flow
the ^^ yahessing, and Trunkhanncc into
the Sushquehannah southwest, and also
numerous creeks to the northward into
the same stream near the south line of
New York.
Montrose, village of Cumberland coun-
ty North Carolina. /
Montrouis, town of St. Domingo, at
the head of the Bight of Leoganc, 5
leagues E from St. Mark-
Mon, St. Michael, strong town of
France, in the dep^artment of ti:e Chan-
nel and late province of Normandy, built
on a rock in the sea, which is ascended
M <) 0
AI o o
at low water. It is 10 miles SW of Av-
ranches, and IHO W of Paris. Loir 1 30
W, lat. 48 37 N.
Montsujeon, town of France, in the
department of Upptr Marne» and late
province of C'hampaign , 145 mites SE of
Paris Lon. 5 16 E, iat, A7 36 N.
Moni8tcrrat, mountain of Spain, in
Catalonia, on which is a famous monas-
tei'y and chapel, dedicated to tlie Virgin,
resorted to by numbers of pil j;rims. It is
inhabited by monks of several nations,
who entertain al! that come out of devo
tion or curiosity, for three days gratis.
This mountain is said to be 10 miles in
circumference, and 5 high, and the coun-
try around it is seen 150 miles. It is 25
miles NW of Barcelona.
Montsterrat, one of the Leeward Ca-'
ribbee Islands, in the West Indies, disco-
vered in 1493 by Columbus, and so named
by him from its resemblance to the moun-
tain mentioned in the preceding article.
It is about nine miles in length and
breadth ; and supposed to contain 50,000
acres, and the hilis cire covered with ce-
dar and other trees. Jt carries on a great
trade to England and Ireland in rum, &c.
belongs to the English, and oO miles S'V
of Antigua. Lon. 62 34 W, lat. 16 54 N.
Montville, township of New London
county, Connecticut It is situated about
9 miles NW of N w London. Population
1820, 218r, and in 1820, 1951.
Montville, post town Litico'n county
Maine, 30 miles NE from Wiscassett.
Population 1820, 1266.
Mo?iza> town of Italy, in the Milanese,
seated on the Lambro, 8 miUs NE of
Milan. Lon. 9 20 E, lat 45 33 N
Monzingen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, 12 miles W of
Creutznach, and 42 E of Treves. Lon.
7 14 E, lat. 49 50 N.
Mooers, township of Clinton county
New York. Population 1820, 567.
jMoon, Mountains of the, mountains of
Africa, extending between Abyssinia and
Monomotapa. They are his/her than
those of Atias.
Moon, township of Alleghany county
of Pennsylvania, on the county line, and
left bank of Oiio, 10 miles below Pitts-
burg. Population 1820, 2014.
Moore, township of Northampton
county Pennsylvania, on the head branch-
es of the Hockendogne and Monoocacy
creeks, commencing 8 miles \'W from
Easton, and 2 miles NW from Nazareth.
Pot)ulation 1820, 1645.
Moore, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by Cumberland SE ; Richmond
SW ; Montgomery Y/ ; Randolph NV/;
and Chatham N ; length 38 ; width 28 ;
and area about 530 square miles. Its form
triangular, extending from the Haw ri-
ver, about half way to the Yadkin. Sur-
face hilly, and soil generally thin and
sterile, though much good land skirts
the streams. Staples, cotton, grain, Hour,
&c. Chief town Alfordstown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - ■ . - 2,692
do. do. females - - 2,675
Total whites - • - 5,367
All odier persons except 1' .lans
not tiixed ... - 56
Slaves . - - . - 944
Total population in 1810 . 6,367
Populat on in 1820.
Free wliite males ... 2,873
do. do. females - - - 2,905
All othei* persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites .... 5,778
Free persons of colour, males - 30
do. ■ do. fem.".les, 24
Slaves, mal^s ... - 665
do. females ... 631
Total popvdation in 1820 - - 7,128
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged iti Agriculture - • 1,809
do. in M.anufactures - 82
do. in Commerce - - 15
Popul.ti'in 'o the square mile, 13.
Mooreaborough, post village Ruther-
ford county Nirt.'i Carolina.
Moorenjield. See Monvfstonun,
MoorfiekU post village Nicholas county
Kentucky, about 45 miies NE by E from
Frankfort.
Moorjield, village of Harrison county
Ohio, 12 miles SW from Cadiz.
Moorfidd, township of Clai-k county
Ohio. Population 1820 783.
Moorjields, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Hardy county Virginia, on the right
bank of the south' branch of Potomac 53
miles SW bv W from Winchester.
Mooreatown, pleasant village in Bur-
lington county New Jersey, 9 miles E by
N of Philadelphia, and the same distance
W by S of Mountholly.
Moorsbury, village of Hawkins county
Tennessee, 70 miles NE from Knox-
vilie.
Moorshedabad, city of Hindoostan Pro-
per, the capital of Bengal before the es-
tablishment of the English power- It is
seated en the western arm of the Gan-
ges, 120 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88
28 E, lat. 24 15N.
Moosehead Lake, Somerset county
659
M O li
M O K
Maine, the main source of Kennebec ri-
ver, 25 miles long antl from 3 to 1 5 wide.
Moosehillock mountaiii, Grafion county
New Hampshire, 10 nniles E from Ha-
verhill, and very near the 44th oi N lat.
By admeasurement made by Captain
Partridge, it is 4636 feet above the ocean
level.
Mootapilley town in the peninsula of
Hindoostan. in the Guntoor Circnr, at the
inouth of the Gonde^ama, Lon. 8U 10 E,
lat. 15 45 N.
Moquehua, town and small province of
Peru at the foot of the Andes. I..on \VC
6 E, lat. 17 13 S.
Mora, town of Spain, in New Castile,
18 miles SE of Toledo. Lon. 3 4 W, lat.
39 36 N.
Morant, Point, the most easterly pro-
montory of Jamaica. Lon. 75 56 VV, lat.
1756N.
Moral, commercial town of Swisser-
land, capital of a baiUwic of the same
name, belonging to the cantons of Rern
and Friburg;, with a castle. It is cele-
brated for the seige it sustained against
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy,
■which was followed by the battle of Mo-
rat in 1476, in which the duke was total-
ly routed. It is 10 miles W of Bern, and
10 miles NE of Friburg. Lon. 6 53 E,
lat. 46 52 N.
Morat, lake of Swisserland, in a bai-
liwic of the same name. It is six miles
long and two broad, lying parallel with
the lake of Neutchatel, into which it emp-
ties itself by the river Broye.
JMorataletz, town of Spain, in New-
Castile, 22 miles E of Ciudad Keal Lon.
3 4 W, lat. 40 32 N.
Moratalia, town of Spain, in Murcia.
34 miles SSVV of Chinchilla Lon 1 50
E, lat. 38 31 N.
Moravian Village, Upper Canada, on
the river Thames, is in the 4th township
from its mouth ; it is a regular built vil-
lage, of one street, with indifFvrent wood-
en huts, and a small chapel ; inhabited
by Indians converted to the Moravian
faith, and their pastors. Respecting this
village and its inhabitants, an intelligent
friend writes thus.
" 1 crossed the Thames at the Mora-
vian town, 75 miles from Detroit, and
spent the night there with two Moravi-
an missionaries from Bethlehem and Na-
zareth. I think they are governed by
very diiFerent motives from the se whicli
influence mercenary preachers. They
tell me they have more hopes of C'hrist-
tianizing, than of civilizing the Indians.
One of these men teach the males, the
other the females. There are about 160
of both sexes, and all ages at this place.
They express no desire to exchange the
660
native habits of savages, for tnose of ci-
vilized life ; nor do they inspire a hope
in any place where 1 travel, that the la-
bours tVr their civihz-ition and reforrna.
lion will avail any thing, but to accelerate
their deitruction '' Aug. 22d> 1822.
jrorava, nr Jitoratv. river of Germa-
ny, which has its s urce or, the confines
of Bohemia and Silesia. It crosses Mo-
ravia, where it waters Olmutz andHra-
d'sch, and receiving the Teya, from the
confiiies of Low r Hunijary, and Upper
Austria, separates these two countries
as far a> the Danube, into which it falls.
JMorave, river of Turkey in Europe,
which rises in Bulgaria, and running
throiigli Servia, by Nissa, falls into the
Danube, at Semendriah.
Moravia, marquisate annexed to Bo-
hemia, by which it is bounded on the W,
by that kingdom and Silesia on tlie N, by
Silesia and Hungary on the E, and by
Austria on the W. It takes its name
from the river Morava, which runs
ihrongh it ; and h* S'Ce the sect of Christ-
nms, called M ira\'ian-, take their name,
their doctrines having been first taught
here. Olmutz was the capital, but now
Brum claims that honour.
J\forbach, ov Murbach-, town of France,
in the department of Lower Rhine, 42
ini'u s SE of Strasb-.irg. Lon. 8 25 E, lat.
48 0 N.
Morbegno, town of the country of the
Grisons, in the Yalteline, where the go-
vernor and the regency resi c . It is the
handsomest and most commercial town
in the Valteline, and seated oi^ the Adda,
12 miles SE of Chiavcnna, and 20 NE of
Lecro Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 46 10 N.
jSTorbihan, department of France, in-
cludi.)g part of the late province of Bre-
tagne. Vannes is the capital of this de-
partment, which takes its name from a
small bay between that town and the isl-
and of Belleisle. Its entrance is narrow ;
but it expands within, :u.d contains about
30 little islands.
Mnrcone, town of Naples, in the Mo-
lise, 19 miles SSK of Molise. Lon. 14 54
E, lat. 41 24 N.
Morea, ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsu-
la in the S part of Greece, to which it is
joined by the isthmus of Corinth, lying be-
tween the gulf's of Lcpanto and Engia. It
is 180 miles long, and 130 broad, and di-
vided into three large provinces. The air
is temperate and the soil fertile, except the
midcjle, Vkhere there are many mountains.
It is watered by the severalnvers,. of which
the Alpheus, the Vasil Poiamo, and the
Stromio are tho chief. The extent of this
tine peninsula is about 13,000 square miles,
and inhabited by about 400,000 persons, of
which perhaps four-fifths are Greeks, and
M O R
M O 11
Popwialion in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
do. females
Toral population in 1820
Of tliese ;
Foreigners not nafuralii:ed
2
2,418
8.369
3,960
3,503
the residue Turks, Albanians, Jews, &.c. All other persons except Indians]
No part of Europe presents a more richly not taxed ....
variegdted aspect. One scene of river or Slaves .....
mountain grandeur ^ULceeds aiiother, un-
der a serene and beni-nant sky. Though Total population in 1810 .
mountainous, its valleys are generally com.
posed of a most'iproductivc soil. But tliis
beautiful country is blasted by the despot-
ism of the Turkish government. Between
lat. 36 34 and 38 0 N.
Jloreau, post village, and tov/nsiiip, Sara-
toga county, New York, on Hudson river
in the great bend opposite Glen's falls, 20 Total whites ....
miles NNE from Ballstoa Spa. Population Free persons of colour, males
1820, 1549. do. do. females
Jforeland, NE township of Montgomery Slaves, males
county, Pennsylvania, between Berks coun-
ty and Pennipack creek, 13 miles NNE
from Philadelphia. Population 1820, 1890.
jyioreland, NE tov/iiship of Philadelphia
county Pennsylvania 13 miles NNE from
Philadelpliia. ' Population 1820, 443.
Jlorclaiid, SE tov.nship of Lycoming Engaged in Agriculture
county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, do. iu Manufactures
12r6. do. in Commerce
.Morella, town of Spain, in Valencia, Population to the square mile, 30-^-.
which was^almost destroyed,; in"^ 1705, by Morgan, county of Virginia, bounded by
the army of Philip V. U is seated among Berkshire SE , Hampshire SW, and on all
high mountains, 80 miles N of Valencia. other sides by the Potomac river or Mary-
Moresby, harbour, a little N of White- land. Length 30, mean width 15, and area
haven, in Cumberland ; in and about which 450 square miles. The extent of this
many remains of antiquity have been dug county was by mistake included in Hamp-
up, such as altars and stones, with inscrip- shire county. See Hampshire coiinty, Vir-
tions on them ; and several caverns have ginia. Surface very broken ; part moun-
been found called Piet's Holes. tainous, and all hilly. The only good soil
Morel, ancient town of France, in the on the streams. Staples, grain and flour,
department of Seine and Marne, with a Chief town, I"rankfort.
castle, seated on the Loii-c, 35 miles SE of Population in 1820.
Paris. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 48 26 N. Free white males - - - 1^236
Moreton, township, and post village of do. do. fenriales - - 1,131
Tv'ashington c >unty, Vermont, on Onion All other persons except Indians
river, 7 miles W from Montpelier. Popu- not taxed - - - - 0
lation 1820, 430.
Moretla, town of Piedmont, situated on i"'^' ^^^'^^^
a small river, whicii runs^into the Po, 16 Fiee persons of colour, males
13,520
16
4,378
232
51
Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 44 48
do.
Slaves, males
do, females
do. females
miles S of Turin,
N.
Morgan, township of Greene countj'
Pennsylvania, between the main stream
of Ten Mile creek, Ruff's creek and the 'i'otal population in 1820
boundary between Greene and Washington
counties, 8 miles NE from Waynesboro. ^^ these ;
Population 1820, 1622. Foreigners not naturalized
M'jrgan, county of Georgia ; ^bounded Ef'gaged in Agriculture
by i'utnam SE ; Jasper SW ; Walton NW ;
and the Oconee river, or Clark and Greene
NE. Length 22 ; mean width 20 ; and
area 440 square miles. Its southern limit
on Oconee river is about 30 miles above
Milledgeville. Cliief town, Madison.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . . 3,085
do. do. females
2,367
14
21
- 57
41
2,500
5
525
119
4
Total whites
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 5^.
Morgan, county of East Tennessee ;
bounded by Cumberland and Wayne coun.
ties, Kentucky N ; Campbell E ; Anderson
SE ; Roane and Bledsoe S : and Overton
W. Length 40 ; mean width 19 ; and
2,864 area about 750 square miles. Surface hilly,
and soil generally sterile. It occupies the
5,949 height of land from which flow New river
661
M O R
M O R
ami Obeds river into CiimberlanJ, and Morgansville, post village Nottaway
Emerj's river into I'er.nessec. Tiie body county Virginia, 18 miles SW by W
of this county lies about 100 miles NE by from Petersburg.
E from Nashville. Chief town, Montgo-
mery.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 833
do. do. females - - 797
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ - -
do. females
Total population in 1820 ,
1,630
0
0
20
26
1.676
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 475
do. in Maiiufactures - 20
do. in Commerce - . 0
Population to the square mile 2.
Morgan, county of Ohio ; bounded N by
aiuskingum, and Guernsey ; E by Monroe ;
and S by Washington, and Athens. Length
32 ; breadth 18; and .^rea 500 square miles.
Surface very broken and hilly in general,
though much of the soil excellent. Staples,
grain, and flour. Chief town, M'Gonnels-
ville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,740
do. do. females - - - 2,542
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... Q
Total whites
Free pei-sons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do- females -
Total population in 1820 -
5,28
5,297
Jlorgantow7i, post village Berkeiy
county Virginia.
Mor.^antGwn, post village and seat of
justice Monongalia county Virginia, on
the right bank of Monongahela river,
20 miles SSW from Unicntown, and 30
by land above Brownsville, in Pennsyl-
vania.
Morgantown, post village, and seat of
justice Burke county Virginia, on the
riglit bank of Catawba river 30 miles,
NW from Lincolnton.
Morgantown, post village Blount coun-
ty Tennessee, or Tennessee river oO
miles SW from Knoxville.
Morgantoivn, post village Butler coun-
ty, Kentucky, on the left bank of Greene
river, 30 miles NNE from Russelville.
Morgantoivn, village of Clinton coun-
ty Ohio.
Morgarten, mountain of Switzerland
between the cantons of Schwcitz and
Zug. Remarkable for a splendid victory
gained by the Swiss over the Austrians,
1 ;15, which secured the stable founda-
tion of the Helvetic Union.
■Marges, commercial town of Swisser-
iand, in the Canton of Bern, and capital
of a bailiwic, seated in a beautiful bay
of the lake of Geneva. By its canal
merchandise is transported from Geneva
to other parts And it is five miles WSW
of Lausanne. Lon. 6 42 E, lat. 46 27 N.
Morhange, town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle and late province
of Lorrain, 200 miles E of Paris. Lon. 6
42 E, lat 48 51 N.
Q MorlacMa, mountainous country in
0 Hungarian Dalmatia, the inhabitants of
0 which are called Morlacks, or Morlac.
_ chi. They inhabit the pleasant valleys
of Kcter, along the rivers Kerha, Cetina,
Narenta, and among the inland moun-
tains of Dalmatia. They are said by
some, to be of Walachian extraction ;
but otiiers think their origin involved in
the darkness of barbarous ages. The
Morlacchi are so different from the in-
habitants of the sea-coasts in dialect,
dress, disposition ajid customs, that they
seem clearly to be of a different original.
Morlaix, considerable seaport of
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 84
Engaged in Agriculture ' - - 1,435
do. in Manufactures - -. 35
do. in C.MTimerce - - 7
■Population to the square mile, 10§.
Morgan, townsliip of Morgan county,
Ohio, including M'Connelsville the county
ceat. Populaiion 1820, 333.
Morgan, SW township of Butler county, France, in the department of Finisterre,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1546. and late province of Bretagne, with a
Morgan, township of Knox county Ohio, castle and a tide harbour- The church
Population 1820, 1087. of Notre-Dame is a singular structure,
Morgan, township of Gallia county and the hospital very handsome. The
Ohio. Population, 1820, 163. ' inhabitants carry on a considerable trade
Morgmijield, post town, and seat of in linen, hemp, and tobacco. It is seat-
justice. Union county Kentuckv 12 miles ed on a river of the same name, 30 miles
SE from the mouth of Wabash, and 15 NE of Brest. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 48 33 N.
miles SW from Henderson on Ohio. Morocco, empire of Africa, corapre-
662
M U R
St i) R
hending u considerable part of the an-
cient Mauritania, lying between 28 and
36 N lat. It is bounded on the W by the
Atlantic ; on the E by the river Muivia,
which separates it fyom Algiers ; on the
N by the Mediterranean ; and on the S
by mount Atlas. Its greatest length,
from NE to SVV, is above 590 miles, and
■where widest, not more than 260 broad.
This empire contains the kingdoms of
Sus, Tarudan, Morocco Proper, Tasilet,
Sugelmessa, Fez, and Mequinez. The
air of this country is pretty pure and
temperate, especially near mount Atlas.
The soil though sandy and dry in some
places, is so fertile in others, and the
fruits, as well as the pastures, so good,
that it would be a delightful countr}' if
it was v/ell cultivated. The inhabitants
are Mahometans, of a tawny complex-
ion, robust, and very skilful in managing
a horse, and wielding a lance : but diey
are jealous, deceitful, superstitious, and
- cruel. The population of this extensive
region has been variously stated, but
cannot exceed, if it amounts to, 10,000,000.
Mogador, is the only port in Morocco
which maintains any extensive connex-
ions with Europe. It has three capital
cities, Morocco, Mequinez, and Fez.
.Morocco, one of the capital cities of
the kingdom of Morocco, seated in a
beautiful valley formed by a chain of
mountains on the N, and those of the
Atlas on the S and E. It has nothing to
recommend it but its great extent, and
the royal palace, which takes up so much
ground that it resembles a small city. It
is enclosed by strong walls, the circum-
ference of which is eight miles : they are
flanked by square towers, and s\irround-
ed by a wide and deep ditch. The Jews
have a market of their own, and live in a
separate town, v; ailed in, and slnit up
every evening at nine, after which no
person can -nter or depart, till next
morning, Morocco is 90 miles E of Mo-
gador, and 400 S of Gibraltar. Lon, 6
45 W. lat. 31 12 N.
Jloron, town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated in a pleasant, fertile plain. In its
neighbourhood is a mine of precious
stones. It is 30 miles SE of Seville. Lon.
5 10 W, lat. 37 10 N.
Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles,
seven miles WNW of Mowee. Yams
are its principal produce ; but it has lit-
tle wood. The coast, on the S and W
sides, form several bays, which are to-
lerably sheltered from the trade- winds.
Lon 117 14 W, lat. 21 10 N.
Morpeth, borough in N'-rthumberland,
with a market on Wednesday. It is an
ill built, straggling place, seated on the
N bank of the Wentsbeck, and on ti'.e
opposite side is the church, and a castle
in ruins. It sends two members to par-
liament, has a free-school, founded by
Edward VI. and is 15 miles N of New-
castle, and 287 N by W of London. Lon.
1 28 W, lat. 55 15 N.
Moiric/ies, post village Bronkhaven,
Suffolk county, New York on the S side
of Long Island 72 miles E from New
York.
Morris, county of New Jersey ; bound-
ed by Essex SK ; Somerset S; Hunterdon
SW ; Sussex NVV ; and Bergen NE.
Length 26 ; mean width 19 ; and area,
about 500 square miles. The sux-face of
this county is very pleasantly variegated
by hill and dale. It is drained by Rock-
away, and other continents of Passaic
river, and also by some streams flowing
S into Rariton river. The NVV part is
mountainous, but the features of nature
become less rugged, advancing to the
Eastward. The Pompton, and Rock-
away rivei'S unite and form the Passaic,
on the eastern border of this county, six
miles above the celebrated Passaic falls
at the village of i Patterson. Soil pro-
ductive in fruits, grain, and pasturage.
Chief town, Morristown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 10,705
do. do. females • - - 10,063
Total whites - - - . 20,763
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 204
Slaves 856
Total population in 1810 - - 21,828
PopulaUon in 1820.
Free white males - - - 10,091
do. do. females ... 10,163
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... Q
Total whites - - - 20,254
Free persons of colour, males 246
do. do. females 211
Slaves, males . - - . 344
do. females - - - 313
Total population in 1820
21,368
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,867
do. in Manufactures - 1,3 13
do. in Commerce - 58
Population to ihe square mile, 42 ;i.
Jlovris, township ofHunlingdon county,
Penn.sylvania, on ttie left side ot Franks-
town biancli, 12 miles W from Huntingdon.
Poi>..iationin 1820, 802.
Jforri.'i, townsliip of Greene countv,
66?
M O R
M O S
Pennsylvania, on Bates', and Brown's forks
of Ten Mile Creek, between the S boun-
darj'- of Washington county, and Morgan,
and Greene townships in Wayne county,
6 miles N\V from Waynesburg. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1259.
Morris, township of Washington county,
Pennsylvania, lying N from the preceding.
Population in 1820, 1713.
Morrisflats, post village of Madison
county, New York, between Madison and
Cazenova.
Morrison, the northwesternmost town-
ship of Jackson county, Ohio.
Morristo-MH, township of Orleans county,
Vermont, 20 miles N from Montpelier.
Population, 600.
Morrinto-MU, post village and township of
St. Lawrence county. New York, nearly
opposite to Brockville in Upper Canada.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Morristown, post town and seat of justice,
Morris county, Nev/ Jersey. 19 miles NW
from Newark. Beside the common county
buildings it contains an academy, and two
churches. Pop dation in 1820, 3524.
Morristoivn, pleasant post town Belmont
county, Ohio, on the great road leading
from Wheeling in Virginia to Zanesville,
10 miles W from St. Clairsville, and 120
easterly from Columbus.
Morrisville, post village Madison county.
New York, between Madison and Caze-
nova.
Morrisville, post village, Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, opposite Trenton. Popula-
tion in 1820, 391.
Morrisville, post village Fauquier county,
Virginia.
Morsona, town of Naples, in the Molise,
14 miles NE of Molise.
Mortag?ie, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Orne, famous for its serges and
tanneries. It is 19 miles ESE of Seez, and
70 WSW of Paris.
Mortange, town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Nord, seated at the conflux of
the Scarpe and Scheldt, eight miles SE of
Tournay.
Murlagne, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, seated on
the Gironde, 24 miles SSW of Saiiites.
Mortagne, town of France, in tlie depart-
ment of Vendee, where a battle was fought
in 1793, between the royalists and repub-
lican:, in which the former are said to liave
lost 20,000 men. It is 36 miles NofFon-
tenay le Compte.
Mortain, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Manclie, on tne rivulet Lances,
almost surrounded by craggy rocks, 20
miles E of Avranches.
Mortara, town of Italy, in the Milanese,
and in the district of Lumello, 23 riiiles
SW of Milan.
66it
Mortal/, island, tlie most northern of the
Moluccas, subject to tive sultan of Ternate.
It is 80 miles in circumference, and thinly
inhabited, but full of sago trees, which are
cut by the people of Gj^olo. Lon. 128 0 E,
lat. 3 0 N. «
Mortlich, village of Scotland, in Banff-
shire, six miles SW or Keith. Here Mal-
colm n. in memory of a victory gained over
the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was
translated to Aberdeen by David I.
Morviedo, town of Spain, it» Valencia,
on the site of the ancient Saguntum, with
the ruins of a lioman amphitiieatre, &c. It
is seated on a river of the same name, 15
miles N of Valencia.
Mosa, town of Arabia, in Yemen, 25 miles
N by E of Mocha.
Mosambique, strait or channel of the In-
dian ocean, between the E coast of Africa
and the island of Madaga^■ci^r. — It is nar-
rowest in the middle, where it is 240 miles
over ; and in this part, on the continent is
a kingdom, island, and city of the same
name.
Mosambique, kingdom of Africa, on the E
const, and in that part of the Indian sea
which passes between the continent and
the Island of Madagascar. The capital is
of the same name, situate on an island,
chief of three islands that form part of tiie
kingdom. Tlie largest, called Mosambique,
is not more than three miles in length, and
half as much in breadth, and is about two
miles from the continent. Tlie other two,
called St. George and St. James, lie each
side of it, facing the continent. The islands
are in g-^neral sandy, but in some parts
produce citrons, oranges, and other fruits.
The soil oti the contin.ent is luxuriant and
fertile in ric^, millet, fruits, pulse, roots,
and otl^er esculents ; and it feeds vast quan-
tities of catJe, large and small, particular-
ly sheep with large tails. Here are wild
beasts of various kinds, as stags, boars, and
elephants, which last are so fierce and de-
structive, that the inhabitants are obliged
to kii;dle large fires round their sown
fields, to prevent their being devoured by
them. The country is also rich in gold,
which is washed down by the rivers in
great quantities, and makes a chief part of
its cimimerce. Ivory, ebony, slaves, and
cattle, are likewise changed for European
goods. 'L'he natives stand in awe of the
Portuguese, who are tlie only Europeans
admitted into some of their ports, whence
they export tiie commodities already men-
tioned, also silver, copper, and wax. Tlie
city of Mobambique is said to be very hand-
some, and-lhe buildings well constructed,
especially the churches and convents ; and
the fort, or cattle, is about a musket shot
from the city. The fort belongs to the
Portuguese, who have generally a good
garrison here, a well stored magazinCj. and
ai o s
M o s
a large hospital for sick sailors. Tlieir ships
always call here in going to the East Indies;
and the harbour is so commodious, that
whole fleets may anchor and provide them-
selves with all necessaries. Lon. 41 8 E,
lat. 15 5 S.
Jfosbach, town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, with an elegant castle,
seated on the Neckar, 25 miles ENE of
Heidleberg. Lon. 9 21 E, lat. 49 28 N.
JMosburg, town of Germany, in Carifithia,
six miles NW of Clagenfurt.
Mosburg, town of Bavaria, seated at the
cipnflux of the Amber with the Iser, nine
imles VV of Landshut.
JHoscovy, See Bussia.
JMoscotv, formerly a duchy, but now a
government of Russia ; bounded o:i the N
by the goverfiment of Tver, E by that of
Great Volodimir, S b}' the governments of
Kalugo and Resan, and W by those of
Tver and Smolensko. It is a fruitful coun-
try, and produces abundance of excellent
asparagus.
Mosco-w, city of Russia, capital of the go-
vernment of Moscow,- and formerly of the
wiiole empire. Previous to the entry of
the French, it was the largest city in Eu-
rope ; the circumference within the ram-
pait that enclosed the suburbs, being 20
miles; but its population did not correspond
with its extent. It contained within the
ramparts 300,000 souls, and was the most
populous city in the empire, notwithstand-
ing the residence of the court was at Pe-
tersburg. As Moscow is justly rendered
memorable in the annals of history, for one
of the most extraordinary events that ever
took place, we must not here pas:i it over
in silence. The French having entered
Russia in the month of June, 1812, with
such an immense army, that they threa-
tened, by their rapid progress, to sweep
every thins before them like a torrent ;
and it was generally expected, that if
they once reached this city, which abound-
ed in such vast resources for their army,
as well as by affording them comfoitabie
quartei's for the winter, their object of
the war would have been completfd.
The Russian army which had retired as
the French advanc d, at length halted
at Mojaisk, a distance of about 60 miles,
and concentrated their forces for the
defence of Moscow. Accordingly a most
dreadful battle took place on the 7th of
September, which continued with unu-
sual obstinacy on both sides ; but victory
at length decided in favour of tl>f French,
and the Russians retreated off the field,
leaving Moscow to its fate. The road
being thus left cper, the French ent'^red
this city on thp 14th of the same moi th,
•with little opposition. But a sad reverse
of fortune now took place, which pre-
4P
served the Russian empire from ruin,
and paved the way to the downfall of
the French military power over Europe.
The houses of Moscow being constructed
almost entirely of wood, the governor of
the town, Rostopchin, formed the despe-
rate resolution of setting the city on fire,
which was so completely carried into ef-
fect at t'ne time the French had taken
possession, that they were foiled in their
last resource, and compelled to attempt
their retreat, at the moment they thought
themselves securely entrenched for the
winter. In this posture of their affairs,
nothing now remained but to offer terms
of peace to the Russians, v/hich were
rejected : they next proposed an armi-
stice, which was also refused ; and. on
the 19th of October following, they com-
menced their calamitous retreat from
Moscow. The conflagration destroyed
upwards of three parts of the town ;
and shocking to relate, more than 30,000
sick and wounded soldiers who were in
the hospital peiished in the fiames. Be-
fore this calamity Moscow was distribu-
ted into the following divisions : 1. The
Kremlin, which was in the central and
highest part of the city, surrounded by
high walls of stone and brick, two miles
in circumference. This division contained
the ancient palace of the czars, w^here
Peter the Great was born ; also the ca-
thedral with seven towers, beside other
churches ; the patriarchal palace ; and
the arsenal. 2. The Khitaigcrod, which
was much larger th .n the Kremlin: it
contained the university, the printing-
house, and many other public buildings,
with all the tradesmen's shops. The
houses were mostly stuccoed or white-
washed ; and was the only street in Mos-
cow in which the houses stood close to
each other. 3 The Bielgorod, or White
Town, which ran round the two prece-
ding divisions, tiiok its name from a
white wall, by which it was formerly
surrounded. 4 Semlainogorod, which
environed all the other three quarters;
and was so denominated from a circular
rampart of earth by which it was en-
compassed. The last two divisions ex-
hibited a grotesque group of churches,
convents, palaces, brick and wooden
houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Slo-
boda, or suburbs, which formed a vast
exterior circle round all the parts al-
ready described, were invested by a low
rampart and ditch. These suburbs con-
tami'd, beside buildings of all kinds, or-
char.ls, gardens, corn-fields, much open
pasture, and some small lakes, which
gi ve rise t o the Neglina. The Moskwa,
from which the city takes its name,
flows thrnngh it in a winding channel ;
M O S
M O S
but, excepting in spring, is only naviga-
ble for rafts. It receives the Yausa in
the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina and
the western extremity of the Kremlin ;
but the beds of both these rivulets are
nearly dry in summer. Moscow exhi-
bited an astonishing degree of extent.
and \'ariety, irregularity, and contrast ;
some parts had the appearance of a se-
questered desert ; others, of a populous
town ; some, of a contemptible village ;
others, of a great capital. The streets,
in general, were very long and broad ;
some of them paved ; others, particular-
ly in the suburbs, were formed with
trunks of trees, or boarded with planks
like the floor of a moon. The places of
divine worship, including chapels amount-
ed to above 1500 ; of these, 484 were
public churches, som^e built of brick, stuc-
coed or white- washed, but the greater
part were of wood, painted red ; some
had domes of copper, others of tin, gilt
or painted green, and many were roofed
with wood. They were richly ornament-
ed within ; and the picture of the saints
were decorated with gold, silver, and
precious stones. Some of their bells were
of a stupendous size : they hung in bel-
fries detached from the church, were
fixed immoveably to the beams, and rung
by a rope fixed to the clapper. It has
always been esteemed a meritorious act
of religions to present a church with
bells ; and the piety of the donor has
been measured by their magnitude. Ac-
cordingly, Boris Godunuf, who gave a
bell of 336,000 pounds to the cathedral of
Moscow, was the most pious sovereign of
Russia, till he was surpassed by empress
Ann, who presented a bell that weighed
432,000 pounds, and was the largest in
the known world. In the cathedral of
St. Michael, the sovereigns of Russia
were formerly interred : their bodies are
deposited in raised sepulchres, mostly of
brick, in the shape of a coffin, above the
pavement. Each tomb has, at its low-
er extremity, a small silver plate, upon
which is engraved the name of the de-
ceased prince, and the time of his death.
Upon great festivals, all these sepulchres
are covered with rich palls of gold or
silver brocade, studded with pearls and
jewels. The cathedral of the Assump-
tion of the Virgin Mary was the most
magnificent in the city, and had been long
appropriated to the coronation of the
Russian sovereigns. The foundling hos-
pital, founded by Catharine II. was an
immense pile of building, of a quadran-
gular shape, and capable of containing
8000 foundlings. Moscow was the centre
of the inland commerce of Russia, par-
ticularly that river communicates with
666
the Volga ; and also by a canal to the
Don, which river communicates with the
sea of Asoph. This city is 425 miles
SE fif Petersburg- Lon. 37 53 E, lat. 55
46 N.
Moscow, township of Somerset county
Maine 28 miles N from Norridgewock.
Population 1820, 286.
Moscow, post village of Livingston
county New York, near the west side
of Genesee river, 30 miles above Ro-
chester.
Moscow, small town containing about
100 inhabitants, in the southern limits of
Clermont county Ohio. It is situated on
the north bank of the Ohio river, 22
miles southerly from Williamsburg and
120 southwesterly from Columbus.
Moselle, department of France, inclu-
ding part of the late province of Lorrain.
It takes its name from a river which
rises in the Vosges, waters Epinal and
Toul, receives the Meurte below Nancy,
and passing by Metz, Thionville, and
Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz.
Metz is the capital.
Mosenia, town of Persia, in the pro-
vince of Chuistan, 22 miles SW of Suster.
Moskoe. See Malestroom.
Mosquito Shore, country of New Spain,
on the Atlantic Ocean, containing the
eastern part of the provinces of Hondu-
ras and Nicaragua. In magnitude it
exceeds Portugal ; is well watered by
navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in
fibh, game, and provisions of all sorts ;
furnishes every necessary for raising cat-
tle and stock ; and clothed with woods
producing timber for every purpose at
land or sea. The soil is superior to that
of the W India islands ; the climate is
more salubrious ; and the destructive ra-
vages of hurricanes and earthquakes
have never been known here. The Mos-
quito Indians are so situate between mo-
rasses and inaccessible mountains, and a
coast full of rocks and shoals, that no at-
tempts against them by the Spaniards,
whom they mortally hate, could ever
succeed. By a convention with Spain,
in 1786, the English, in consideration of
certain cessions on the coast of Jucaian,
agreed to evacuate this country.
Moss, seaport of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Aggerhuys, at the mouth of a
river of its name, on the E side of Christ-
tiana bay. Here are many saw-mills,
and a large iron-foundery. It is 28 miles
S of Christiana. Lon. 10 48 E, lat, 58
38 N.
Mossers, post office Tuscaroras county
Ohio.
Mostagan, ancient and strong town of
the kingdom of Algiers, with a castle
u o u
-M 0 U
and a good harbour, 50 miles NE of Oran.
Lon. d 30 E, lat. 36 20 N.
bottom of the mountahis of Morvan, and
is 5 miles S\V of Chateau-Chinon.
i,r , -1 „Ki„ *^«,., ,^f TmvV J/o?^//an, province of Hindoostan Pro-
• >,*^S^1'*^ .° wlTrrpSTrchW per. bounded on the N by Lahore, on the
ish Dalmat.a. with a Greek archbishop s w ^^ ^^^^. ^^^ j^^-^^{,^^ on the S by
see. It belongs to the Turks, 20 miles
NE of Narenta. Lon. 18 37 E, lat. 43
48 N.
Mosul. See MousuL
Motala, town of Naples, in Terra
Guzerat, and on the W by Persia and
Candahar. Its products are cotton, su-
gar, opium, galls, brimstone, 8cc. It was
subject to the Selks ; but its capital,
Moulsan, has been garrisoned by the
d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles king of Candahar, ever since 1779.
NW of Taranto. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 40
46 N.
Motherkill, hundred of Kent county
Delaware state, containing 7415 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 7558. It is wa-
tered by Motherkill creek. The chief
town Fredericka.
Mottle Isle, island of Vermont Qrande
Isle county. It is to the NW from Grand
Isle, and is 8 miles long and 2 wide.
Jllotijr, island of Asia, one of the Mo-
luccas, of great value to the Dutch on
account of its spices. Lon. 128 20 E, lat.
OlOS.
Motril, seaport town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, with a good harbour, seated on the
Mediterranean, 37 miles SE of Granada.
Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 36 32 N.
Mouab, seaport town of Arabia Felix,
Moultan, one of the most ancient cities
of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a pro-
vince of the same name. It is of small
extent for a capital, but strongly fortified,
and has a Hindoo temple of great celebri-
ty. The trade of Moultan has been
greatly lessened on account of the river
having been choked up. Here is a parti-
cular sect of Hindoos, called Catry ; a
tribe of warriors supposed to be the Ca-
theri or Cathei, with whom Alexander
warred on the banks of the Malli. Moul-
tan is seated en one of the branches of
the Indus, 210 miles SW of Lahore, and
310 SE of Candahar. Lon. 70 40 E, lat.
29 51 N.
Monhati, South, corporate town in De-
vonshire. In the reign of Edward I. N
and S Moulton had the privilege of send-
capital of Yemen, seated in a fertile coun- jng members to parliament, and was a
try, 80 miles S of Sanaa. Lon. 46 35 E,
lat. 16 20 N.
Moudon, one of the most ancient towns
of Swisserland, capital of a bailiwic of
the same name, in the Pays de Vaud, and
formerly of all that part of the country
which belonged to the duke of Savoy
royal demesne. It is governed by a
mayor, and has a manufacture of serges,
shalloons, and felt. It is seated on the
Moul, 12 miles SE of Barnstable, and
177 W by S of London. Lon. 3 53 W, lat.
51 5 N.
Moultonborough, post town and town-
The bailiff appointed in the canton of ship Stafford county New Hampshire, N
Born, resides in the castle of Lucens, from lake Winnipissiogee. Population
built on the summit of a mountain. It 1820, 1279.
was formerly called Minodumum. It is Mount Airy, post village Suny county
12 miles N by E of Lausanne. Lon. 6 58 North Carolina.
E, lat. 46 41 N. Mountain Island, post village Scott
Moug-den, or Chen-yan, capital of the county Kentucky,
country of the Mantchew Tartars, in Mountain- shoals, post village Laurens
East Chinese Tartary. It is built on an district South Carolina
eminence, and walled in by walls three
leagues in circumference. It is 440 miles
NE of Peking. Lon. 122 45 E, lat. 41
55 N.
Moulins, episcopal town of France, in
the department of AUier and late pro-
vince of Bourbonnois- It has a bridge
over the AUier on which it is seated,
and takes its name from the great num-
ber of mills (moulins) that were former-
ly in its nei.ghbourhood ; and contains
above 16,000 inhabitants. Its manufac-
ture of cutlery is in great esteem It is
30 miles S of Nevers. Lon. 3 25 E, lat.
46 34 N.
Moulins-Engilbert, town of France, in
the department of Nievre and late pro-
vince of Nivernois. It is seated at the
Mount Bethel, town of Somerset coun-
ty New Jersey.
Mount Bethel, Lower ; town.ship of
Northampton county Pennsylvania, be-
tween Delaware river, Plainfield town-
ship, the Blue Mountain, and Upper
Mount Bethel, 8 miles N from Easton.
Population 1820, 2442.
Mount Bethel, Ufifier ; township of
Northampton countv Pennsylvania, above
the preceding. Poi)ulation 1820, 2182.
Mount Carmel, post town of Edwards
county Illinois, on the right bank of the
Wabash opposite the mouih of the White
river.
Momit Clemens, village and seatof jus-
tica Macomb countv Michigan, on the
left bank of Huron of lake St, Clair, four
6fi7
M O U
miles above its mouth, and NNE from
Detroit. _
Mount Desert, island of Hancock coun-
ty Maine, constituting a township about
40 miles E from Castine. Population
1820, 1349.
•Mount Edgecumbe, prodigious peak, on
the west side of the entrance of Cook's
Strait, in New Zealand. Its height is
supposed to be very little inferior to that
of the peak of Teneriffe.
Mount Holly, post town and township
Rutland county Vermont, 20 miles W
from Windsor.
Mount Holly, post town, the capital of
Burlington county, New Jersey ; situated
on the north side of A ncocus creek, about
12 miles E by S of Burlington.
Mount Hofie, post village Orange
county New York.
Mount Hofic, post village Shenandoah
county Virginia.
Alount Hofie bay, the NE extension
of Narragansett bay. it communicates
with the E and W channels of Rhode
Island setting up from the northern ex-
tremity of the island between Bristol and
Newport counties, into Bristol county
Massachusetts, on the borders of which it
receives Taunton river.
Mount Hojie hill, west shore of Mount
Hope bay, on the point SE from the vil-
lage of Bristol. It is remarkable as be-
ing the residence of the celebrated Indian
king Philip.
JMount Horeb, post village Nelson coun-
ty Virginia.
Mount Joy, township of Lancaster coun-
ty Pennsylvania, bounded by Little Chi-
ques creek E ; the SE limit of Dauphin
county, or Conewago creek NVV ; and
Donegal township S. Population 1820,
1835.
Mount Joy, township of Adams county
Pennsylvania, .5 miles SE from Gettes-
burg, on the north boundary of Maryland,
and between Willalaways and Rock
creeks. Population 1820, 935.
Mount Murray, seigniory, Northum-
berland county Lower Canada, on the
left sid# of St. Lawrence 75 miles below
Quebec.
Mount Pilot, post office. Summer
county Tennessee.
Mount Pisgah, post office Iredell
county North Carolina.
Mount Pleasant, post town, and town-
ship West Chester county New York on
Hudson river, 33 miles above the city of
New York. It is the seat of an acade-
my, and contains the village of Sing-
sing. Population 1820, 3684.
Mount Pleasant, post village of Lan-
caster county Penusylvauia, six miles W
from Lancaster.
668
M O U
Mount Pleasant, post village, and
township of Westmoreland county Penn-
sylvania. The village is on Jacobs creek
16 wiies S from Greensburg. Population
1820, 2060.
Mount Pleasant, post village, and
township of Wayne county Pennsylvania,
on the head waters of Lackawaxen
creek, commencing five miles NVV from
Bathany. Bopulation 1820, 874.
Mount Pleasant, post village of Marj--
land, on the line between Queen Ann
and Caroline counties, and within one
mile of the west boundary of Delaware,
about 12 miles \N from Dover.
Mount Pleasant, post village Shenan-
doah county Virginia.
Mount Pleasant, village of Jefferson
county, Kentucky.
Mount Pleasarit, post town in the S
part (if Jefferson county Ohio, containing
1:0 dwelling houses, 1,468 inhabitants, a
printing office, a bank, several stores, a
school and market houses of brick, and
a brick meeting house, 92 by 62 feet area,
two stories bigh, belonging to the friends,
beside two others, likewise of brick, for
seceders and methodists ; and within six
miles around, are 11 flouring mills, 12
saw mills, a paper mill with two vats,
and a woollen cloth factory, beside two
common fulling mills.
Mount sbmj, bay on the S coast of Corn-
wall, between the Lands End, and the
Lizard Point. It is so named from the
lofty mountains of Mount St. Michael,
which rises within it. Among the rocks,
on this part of the ccast, breeds the Cor-
nish chough, or red legged crow, noted
for stealing and earning away whatevert
it finds. Ill Mountsbay is a considerable
pilchard fishery.
Mountsorrel, town in Liecestershire, so
named from a high mount or rock, of a
sorrel-coloured stone, extremely hard.
Of rough stones, hewn out of this rock,
the town is built. It has a market on
Monday, and is seated on the Stour, 53
miles SSE of Derby, and 105 NNW of
London. Lcn. 1 9 W, lat. 52 45 N.
Mount Sterling, post village, Mont-
gomery county Kentucky, 35 miles E
from Lexington.
Motint Vernon, seat of the late General
Washington, and his favourite restreat
from the fatigues of public employment ;
pleasantly situated on the W bank of
Potomac river, 18 miles below the city
of Washington, and nine miles below
Alexandria.
Mount Vernon, post town and township
in Kennebec county, Maine, 14 miles
NW of Augusta, or Kennebec river.
Population 1820, 1293.
Mount Vernon, township, Hillsborough
>I 0 L
M O 2
county New Hampshire, 92 miles § from
Concord. Population 1820, 729.
Moimt Vernon, post town Boone county
Kentucky.
Mount Vernon, post town and seat of
justice for Knox county Oliio, on the N
bank of Owl creek, 20 miles from its
mouth. This "town contains about 80
dwelling houses, 403 inhabitants, a print-
ing office, a brick court house and jail,
eight stores, a merchant mill and a saw
mill, and within six miles there are nine
grist and saw mills, three ccirding ma-
chines, one of which is for cotton.''
Distance, 40 miles W from Coshocton,
54: NW from Zanesvilie, and 44 NE
from Columbus. N lat. 40 24, W Ion. 5
32.
Moimtvilie, post village Lcudon county
Virginia.
Moimt Washington, the highest of the
peaks of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire. Its elevation above the
ocean 6634 feet as ascertained by Captain
Partridge.
Mount Washington, township of Berk-
shire county Massachusetts, 25 miles
SSE from Lenox. Population 1120, 467.
Mount Zion, post office Union county
Kentucky.
Moura, town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
•with an old castle ; seated at the con-
fluence of the rivers Ardita and Gaudi-
ana, 87 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon 5 59
W, lat. 38 0 N.
Mourzook, the capital of Fezzan, in
Africa, situated on a small river, and
supplied with water from a multitude of
springs and wells. Being formerly built
of stone, it still retains the appellation of
a Christian town ; and the medley which
it presents to the eye, of the vast ruins
of ancient buildings, and the humble
cottagf s of earth, and sand that form the
dwellings of its present Arab inhabitants,
is singularly grotesque and strange. It
is surrounded by a high wall, which not
only affords the means of defence, but
enables the government to collect, at its
three gates, a tax on all goods (provi-
sions excepted) that are brought for the
supply of its people. A caravan sets out
annually from Mesurata to this place ;
and hence the Fezzanners themselves
despatch, every year, a caravan to Cash-
na, and another to Bornou. Mourzook
is 262 miles S of Mesurata, 650 NW of
Bornou, and 710 N by E of Cashna. Lat.
27 20 N, lon. 15 5 E.
Mnssij, river of Hindoostan, which
crossing the country of Golconda, runs
into the Kistna on the confines of the
circar of Palnaud.
Moustiers, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Alps and late
province of Provence. It is noted for a
manufacture of fine porcelain, and for a
once famous pilgrimage, called our Lady
of Beauvezer, seated between two very-
lofty and craggy mountains. Moustiers
is five miles N£ of Riez, and 47 WNW
of Nice.
Moutier, or Monstier, town of .Savoy,
capital of Torentesia, with an archiepis-
copal palace. It is seated on the Isere,
62 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 6 23 E, lat.
45 30 N.
Mouson, ancient town of France, in the
department of the Ardennes and lul.e pro-
vince of Champagne, wsth a la'.e rich Bene-
dictine abbey. It is seated on the Meuse,
eight miles "SE of Sedan, and 110 NK of
Par:s. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 49 33 N.
Motvee, one of the Sandwich Islands, dis-
covered by Captain Cook, is 162 miles in
circumference. A low isthmus divides it
into two circular peninsulas, of which \he
Eastern is double the size of the Western.
The mountains in botli rise to a very great
height, and may be seen at more than the
distince of 30 leagues. The N shores af-
ford no soundings, but the coumry pre-
sents an appearance of verdure ar.d fertili-
t}'. Near the W point of the smaller pe-
ninsula is a spacious bay, with a sandy
beach shaded with cocoa-nut trr.es : the
country behind has a mo.st romantic appear-
ance, the hills i-ising in a great variety
of peaked forms : and their steep sides,
and the deep chasms between them, are
covered with trees. The inhabitants are
computed al 65,000. Lon. 175 56 W, lat.
20 53 N.
Moxahala, or Jonathatis creek, rising in
the northern part of Perry county, Ohio,
flows east across Mi.'skingum county into
Muskingum river, which it enters three
miles below Zanesvilie.
Moxos, the northern province of the
United provinces of Buenos Ayrcs ; bound-
ed by the Portuguese territories NE ; Peru
N and NW ; La Paz W ; Cochabamba S ;
and Chiquitos SE. Lying between kt. 12
0 and 18 0 S, ana between lon. 9° and 16*^
E from W C. It is drained by the Gua-
pare, Branco, Mamore, and other streams,
confluents of the JIadeir.^.
Moyamensing, tovvnship of Philadelphia
coiuity, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, be-
tween Southwark, and the mouth of the
Schuylkill, having Pas?yunk \Y. Popula-
tion 1810, 2887: and 1820, 3963.
Moyenvic, town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Meurthe and late province of
Lorrain, remarkable for its salt pits. It is
thi-ee miles from Vic, and 10 SSE of Nanci.
Mozcislo-u!, strong town of Lithuania,
capital of a palatinate of the same name.
It was almost ruined by the Russians ia
^69
JI U H
M U L
1660, but is rebuilt. It is seated on the
Sofz, 22 miles S of Smolensko. Lon. 32
32 E, lat. 54 23 N.
Jlfsta, river of European Russia, rising in
the government of Tver, and flowing NW
into lake Umen, nearly opposite Novogorod.
It forms a part of the great inland commu-
nication between the waters of the Baltic
sea and those of the Volga river. It is
united to the Tver, at Nischnei-Volokshok
by a canal, which has been formed through
the valleys of the Valday hills.
Mucheln, town of Upi)er Saxony, in Thu-
ringia, six miles N of Freyburg, and eight
SW of Mersburg. This town was burned
in 1621, by the imperialists under the com-
mand of Count Tilly. Lon. 11 39 E, lat.
51 15 N.
JVIuchelncy, village in Somersetshire,
where are the remains of a rich and ancient
abbey, part of which is now changed to a
iarm house. It is two miles S by E of
L;.ngport.
jytuddan, town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne and late province
<'f Perigord, seated on the river Isle, 18
miles S\V of Periguex.
Mud creek, a stream of Ontario county.
New York, joining the outlet of Ontario
lake, near Lyons. The Erie canal follows
the valley of this creek, about 16 miles.
Muddy river, stream of Illinois rising in
Randolph, Washington, Jefferson, and
Franklin counties. Tlie various branches
flow SE, and uniting in Jackson, enter the
Mississippi on the limit between the latter
and Union county. It is navigable for
boats 30 or 40 miles.
Muddy nver, small river of Kentucky,
rising in Logan and Todd, and flowing N
between Butler and Muhlenburg counties,
falls into the S side of Green river.
Mtieher, river of Germany, which rises
in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, crosses
Stiria, passing by Judenburgh, Luben,
Muehr, and Gtatzj and falls into thcDrave,
near Kfinisea, :n Hungary.
Muehr or Muera-w, considerable town of
Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, on the
river Muehr, 25 miles NW of Gratz, and
40 SW of Neustadt. Lon. 15 4 E, lat, 47
16 N.
Muggia or Muglia, town of Italy, In
Venetian Istria, with a castle, seated on a
gulf of the same name, five miles, SE of
Trieste. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 45 52 N.
Muhlburg, town of Upper Saxony, in the
margravate of Meissen. It is situa'ed en the
Elbe, has a castle and is 19 miles NW of
Meissen and 32 NW of Dresden. Lon. 13
9 E, lat. 51 25 N.
Miihl-Kreis, or Viertel, Quarter of Muhl,
that part of Lowe** Austria, between the
Danube, and Bohemia.
Mtihlenburg, county of Kentucky, bound-
ed by Muddy river or Butler county SE ;
670
Todd S; Christian SW ; Pond river, or
Hopkins W ; Deer creek, or Henderson
NW ; and Green river, or Daviess N.
Length 22 ; mean width 17 ; and area
about 540 square miles. Chief town,
Greenville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,926
do. do. females - - 1,772
Total whites - • 3,698
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 3
Slaves 480
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
4,181
Free white males
.
2,225
do. do. females
.
2,077
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
;
0
Total whites
4,302
Free persons of colour, males
.
2
do. do. females
.
0
Slaves, males ...
.
295
do. females
-
380
Total population in 1820
4,979
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
.
9
Engaged in Agriculture
.
1,292
do. in Manufactures -
.
53
do. in Commerce
.
22
Population to the square mile, 9.
Muhlrose, town of Upper Saxony, in the
middle marche of Brandenburg. It is con-
veniently situated nine miles SW of Franc-
fort on the Oder, on a canal which forms
navigable communication from Hamburg to
Breslaw.
Muirkirk, town in Ayreshire, seated on
the river Ayr, and noted for a considerable
iron work.
Mulbery, village of Arkansaw territory,
on Arkansaw river.
Muldaxo, river of Bohemia, which rises
on the confines of Moravia, and rimning by
Budweis and Prague, falls into the Elbe,
at Me! nick.
Muldorf, town of Germany, in the arch-
bishopric of Saltzburg, and 40 E of Mu-
nich. Lon, 12 25 E, lat. 48 10 N.
Mulhmisen, imperial and hanseatic town
of Germsny in Shuringia, under the pro-
tection of the elector of Saxony. It is
seated in a fertile country, on the Unstnitht,
15 miles NE ot Eisenach, and 45 E by S of
Cassel. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 51 13 N.
Mulhausen, considerable town of France,
in Alsace, formerly the capital of a repub-
lic in alliance with the Swiss, and entitled
to all the privileges of the Helvetic con-
federacy. The walls of the town enclose
M U L
M U N
a circumference of not move tlian two
miles ; and its whole territory is confined
within a precinct of eight miles. The
town contains 6000 inhabitants, who are
protestants ; and there are 2000 subjects
in its adjacent villages. It owes its pre-
sent flourishing state to its manufactures,
which are chiefly of printed linens and
cottons. It is well built, adorned with
handsome structures and seated in a plea-
sant fertile country on an island formed by
the river III. It is 15 miles NVV of Basle,
and 20 E of Befort. Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 47
48 N.
Mulliiefn, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine
three miles from Cologne. Here the few
protestants in Cologne are obliged to go to
perform divine worship.
Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland,
an island of considerable size, beiii^ 25
miles in length, and in some places of
equal breadth. There are many good na-
tural harbours ; but there is only one vil-
lage, called Tobermorey, where a fishing
station has been lately established by the
British society. The soil is, for the most
part, rocky and barren ; it is fertile in corn
and grass but has no wood ; the hills
abound with springs, and are covered with
cattle ; these, with the fishery, and a con-
siderable quantity of kelp, are the only
articles of commerce. The ruins of seve-
ral ancient castles are seen on this island.
J\Iiill of Cantyre, See Cantyre.
Mull of Galloway, rocky promontory,
the most southerly point of Scotland, in
the county of Wigton.
Mulleras, town of Germany, in the mid-
dle marche of Brandenburgh, seated on a
canal cut between the Spree and Oder, 40
miles SE of Berlin. Lon. 14 31 E, lat, 52
14 N.
Mullicohill, post village of Gloucester
county, New Jersey, on Raccoon creek, 17
miles SSW from PhUadelphia.
Mullicus, or Little Egs^ Harbour, river of
New Jersey, rising in Burlington and Glou-
cester counties, and flowing SE, falls into
I/ittle Egg Harbour, two miles S from Tuck-
erton. It is navigable for sloops of con-
siderable burthen as far as the mouth of
Wading river. For a distance of 20 miles
in a direct route, it for;ns the line between
Burlinf^ton and GloHcester counties
Midlingav, county town of West Meath,
in Ireland. It holds a great wool mart, is
a place of good trade, and formerly sent
two members to the Irish parliament. It is
seated on the Foyle, 38 miles W of Dublin.
Lon, 7 50 W, lat. S:i 30 N.
Mullrose, canal of, in German Prussia.
It connects the Elbe and Oder, and extends
from Newbr'jck on the Spree, to the lake,
or reservoir of Briesson near the Oder, It
is about 14 miles in length, with 10 locks.
Multnomah, river of the United States, in
the basin of Columbia ; of which latter
river the Multnomah is the great SW
branch. It joins the main stream 100 miles
from the Pacific Ocean, but is above its
mouth, too little known to admit specific
description.
Mulvia, large river of Africa, which has
its source in Mount Alias, and dividing the
empire of Morocco from the kingdom of
Algiers, falls into the Mediterranean Sea,
to the W of Marsalqusver.
Muncy creek-, stream of Pennsylvania, in
the south-eastern part of Lycoming county,
flows by comparative courses 25 miles S\V,
and falls into the west branch of Susque-
hannah, about one mile NW from Penns-
borough.
Muncy creek, township of Lycoming
county, Pennsylvania, on the west branch
of Susquehannah, on both sides of Muncy
creek ; including Pennsborough. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1255.
Munda, ancient town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, 30 miles WNW from Malaga. Here
the sons of Pompey were utterly defeated
by Julius C2esar.
Munden, town of Hanover, at the junc-
tion of the Tulda and Werra rivers, and
where tliese streams form the Weser. It
is situated 9 miles NE from Cassel, and 15
WSW from Gottingen.
Munderkingen, town of the kingdom of
Wirtemberg, in Suabia, 20 miles WSW
from Ulen.
Mundu, town of Hindoostan, in Malwa,
of which it was formerly the capital. It
was then 22 miles in circuit, and contained
many monuments of ancient magnificence,
but it is fallen much to decay. It occupies
the top of a large and lofty mountain, 46
miles S of Ougein, and 110 NNW of Bur-
hanpour. Lon. 75 47 E, lat. 22 50 N.
Munfordville, post village of Hart count}',
Kentucky, on the right bank of Greene
river, opposite Woodsonville, 75 miles S
from Louisville.
Munglore, tosvn of Candahar, in the
county of Cabul, 125 miles W of Cashmere,
and 135 E of Cabul. Lon. 71 15 E, lat. 34
15 N.
Miingidhaut, town of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal, with a manufacture of coarse cotton
cloths, situate on the Durlah, 20 miles NN
E of Rungpour.
Munich, fortified city, capital of Bavaria,
and one of the finest towns in Germany It
containsnear60,000inhabitants. The houses
are high, and tne streets spacious, with ca-
nals in many of them. The palace of the
king is a stupendous structure, magnifi-
cenily adorned. The cabinet of curiosities,
the museum, tliC library, and the arsenal,
merit attention. The cathedral contains
the tomb of one of the emperors, in black
marble, adorned with statues of bronze,
671
M U N
M U R
Among the numerous convents, the col-
lege formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and
the convent of the Theatlnes, are most
worthy of notice. The large market-
place, in which is the town-house, is
very beautiful. Here are manufactures of
silk, velvet, woollen cloth, and tapestry.
Near the city are two other palaces, Nym-
phenburg and Schlesheim. It is seated on
the Iser, 33 miles ESE of A.ugsburg', ands
62 S by W of Ilatisbon. Lon. 11 30 E,
lat. 48 10 N.
Jllimkats. Sec Montgatz.
Munnerstadt, town of Franconia, in the
principality of VVurtzburg, situate on the
Lauer, 13 miles N of Schweinfurt.
Jf'fimnypour, capital of the country of
Cassay. It was taken atid pillaged by the
Birmans in 1774. It is 210 miles NNW of
Ummerapoora, and 410 E by N of Calcut-
ta. Lon. 94 40 E, lat. 24 30 N.
Munsingen, town of Suabia, in the king-
dom of Wirtemberg, with a castle, 20
miles W of Ulm.
Mwistcr, province of Ireland, 135 miles
long and 120 broad ; bounded on the N by
Connaught, E by Leinster, and S and W
by the Atlantic. It contains the counties
of Clare, Tipperary, Waterford, Cork,
Liimerick, and Kerry. The principal place
is Cork.
Munsier, government of Prussia, in the
NW part of Germany, in the circle of
Westphalia. Tiie chief rivers are the Ems,
I.ippe, Vecht, and Berkel. The country
is level, with some agreeable heights, but
no mountains ; and it has fruitful plains,
fine woods, extensive heights that feed
much cattle, and good quarries of stone.
It is subdivided into tlie circle of Munster,
Tecklenburg, Walirendorf, Beckurp, Lu-
dinghausen, Koesfeldt, Recklingliausen,
Borken, Ahaus, and Steinfurt, Population
320,000, and area 2800 square miles.
JMimster, considerable city, capital of
llie government of the same name. Tt is
environed wiiii double ditches and ram-
parts, and had also a sirong citadel, which
was demolished in 1765, and replaced by a
magnificent palace. The famous treaty,
called the treaty of Westphalia, was con-
cluded here in 1648, wliich ended the re-
ligious wars of 30 years continuance. It is
seated on the Aa, 50 miles ENE of Wesel,
and 52 WNW of Paderborn. Lon. 7 49
E, lat. 51 55 N.
J\hinster, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Lucerne, 12 miles NNW of Lu-
cerne.
Munster, town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisons, 15 miles N of B^rnio.
jMunsieT, town of France, in ti^.e depart-
ment of Upper Rhine, 9 miles WSW of
Colmar.
Mtinster Eyffel, town of Germany, in the
duchy of .Tuliers, 16 SSW of Cologne.
672
Afimster Meinfeld, town of Germany, iu
the late electorate of Treves, 12 miles SW
of Coblentz.
Munster, post village, Cambria county,
Pennsylvania, 5 miles E from Ebensburg.
Mimsterberg, town of Silesia, capital of a
principality of the same name, rich in
grain, flax, hemp, and hops. It is seated
on the Ohlau, 13 miles NW of Neisse.
Lon. 17 3 E, lat. 50 31 N.
Munzenberg, town of Germany, in Wet-
teravia, with an ancient castle, 8 miles S of
Giessen.
Mnranoy town of Austrian Italy, on an
island near Venice. Here the famous ve-
nitian mirrors are made. It stands 3 miles
N from that city.
Murat, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cartal, on the Alaignon, 12 miles
NW from St. Flour.
JMiircia, province, formerly a kingdom
of Spain ; bounded on the N by New Cas-
tile, on the E by Valencia, on the W by
Andalusia, and Granada, and on the S by
the Mediterranean. It is 62 miles long and
58 broad ; and tlie principal river is Se-
gura. The soil is dry, and it produces lit-
tle corn or wine ; but there are plenty of
oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds,
mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar. It has
also a great deal of silk. The air of this
province is very healthful, and the princi-
pal town is of the same name.
Mvrcia, populous city of Spain, capital
of a province of the same name, with a
bishop's see. It has a superb cathedral,
the stairs of whose steeple are so contrived,
that a man may ride up to the top either on
horseback or in a coach. There are fine
gardens about the city, in which are the
best fruits in Spain. It is seated on the
Segura, 27 miles N of Carthagena, and 212
SE of Madrid. Lon. 0 36 W, lat. 38 2 N.
Mnr de Barrez, town of France, in the
department of Aveiron, 32 miles N by E
from Rhodez.
Muret, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne, and late province
of Gascony, seated on the Garonne, 10
miles S of Toulouse. Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 43
26 N.
Murfreesborough, post town, Hertford
county. North Carolina, on the right bank
of Mehenen river, about 75 miles SE from
Petersburg, and an equal distance NW
from Norfolk in Virginia.
Murfreesborough, post town, seat of jus-
tice for Rutherford county, and capital of
Tennessee, between the E and W fork of
Stone's river, 32 miles SE 'rom Nashville.
Lat. 35 52 N. The adjacent country is
fertile, and productive in grain, cotton and
tobacco Population about 1000.
Mtiro, episcopal town of Niiples, in Ba-
silicata, seated at the foot of the Appenine?,
12 miles SE of Conza, Lon. 15 45 E, lat.
40 46 N".
Murray-Frith, considerable inlet of the
sea, on the E coast of Scotland, between
Tarbetness, in Rossshire, on the N, and
Borough Head, in Murrayshire, on the S.
Murrayshire, or ElgiiiBldre, is sub-divj-
ded into Murray and Strathspey, and is
bounded on the E and SE by tiie river
Spey, which divides it from Bamffsliire ; on
tiieS byAbei'deenshire andlnvernessshire ;
on the W by Invernessshire and Nairnshire ;
and on the N by Nairnshire, and the Frith
of Murray, being 30 miles from E to W,
and nearly the same from N to S. Its air
is salutary, and the winter milder than any
other part in the N of tlie kingdom. The
S side is mountainous, but abounds with
pasture, as the low country does with corn.
Here are several woods of firs and oaics.
The sod is generally fruitful, and produces
the fruits ripe soon. Tts principal rivers
are the Spey, the Lossie, Nairn, and Find-
horn ; all of which produce vast quantities
of salmon. The chief towns are Elgin and
Forres. Population in 1801, 26,705} in
1811, 28,108 ; and in 1821, 31,162.
MurrJiart, town of Suabia, in the duchy
of Wirtemberg, with a Benedictine abbey.
It is seated on the river Mur, eight miles S
of Hallo. Lon. 9 51 E, lat. 49 14 N.
•Musician, town of France, in Upper Pe-
rigord, which sustained a famous siege in
1579. Lon. 0 20 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Musa, populous town of Arabia, in the
province of Yemen. It is fortified and sur-
rounded with walls, 18 miles E of Mocha.
Muskingum, river of the United States,
in the .state of Ohio. This stream is form-
ed by two branches. Whitewoman's and
Tuscarawas rivers. The ibrmer nses by a
number of sources in Richland, Knox, and
Wayne counties, interlocking with the
head waters of Sciota and Sandusky, en-
tering Ohio, and Vermillion and Black
rivers, flowing into L:)ke Erie, passing
through Coshocton county, join tlie Tusca-
rawas river at the town of Cosliocton. The
entire comparative length of Whitewoman's
river, from its mouth to the extreme source
of Armstrong's creek in Richland county,
is about seventy miles, draining one of the
most fertile tracts of land in ihs United
States.
The Tuscarawas river has its sources In
Harrison, Columbiana, Stark, Portage, Me-
dina, and Wayne coniities, interlocking
■with those of Rocky river and Cayahoga,
flowing into Lake Erie, and Great Beaver
entering Ohio. Tiie Tuscarawas river is
about ninety miles in length from the town
of Coshocton, to its extreme source in
Medina county.
Below the junction of Whitewoman's
and Tuscarawas rivers, the united waters
take the name of Muskingiun, whicT^ flow-
ing south, eight miIes,through Coshocton,
receives from the east Hill's creek on tlie
border of Muskingum county, and con-
tinuing south a little west, twenty-three
miles to Zanesvdle, receives Licking creek
from the west. After being precipitated
over a fall of about seven feet, at Zanes-
ville, the Muskingum turns south-east by
south, and flowing sixty miies, enters the
Ohio river at Marietta. Between Zanes-
ville and its efflux into Ohio, the Muskin-
gum river passes through Musknigum,
Morgan, and Washington counties. This
river is navigable with large batteaux to
the falls below Zanesville ; for boats of
considerable size to Cosliocton ; and for
small craft nearly to the source of the Tus-
carawas. A canal has been projected to
unite the latter stream to the liead waters
of Cuyahogi river, and by this channel
unite the Oiiio river to Lake Erie. A canal,
with locks, is already cut arouud the falls
at Zanesville, opening a navigation in'o the
centre of the state of Ohio.
The country drained by the sources of
the Muskingum is generally level, but be-
comes more hilly approaching the Ohio
river. In po'nt of climate this river Hows
from North lat. 41 07 to North lat. 39 28.<
The area it drains nearly cii'cular, about
7850 square miles.
Muskingum, populous county of Ohio;
bou;idcd on the N by Coshocton ; E by
Guernsey ; S by Morgan, and W by Perry
and Licking counties. It is 28 by 27 miles
in extent, and contains about 660 square
miles. Its principal waters are the Mus-
kingum and Licking rivers; Salt, Jona-
than's or Moxahala, and Wakatomika
creeks. In numerous places adjacent to
and in the bed and valley oi the Muskin-
gum river, are extensive and almost inex-
haustible beds of ston" coal, which the
people in (he vicinity of Zanesville use as
fuel. Surface of the county generally hilly,
and soil sterile.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 5,305
do. do. females ... 4,656
Total whites - - - 9,961
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - YS
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 10,036
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 9,470
do. do. fe'T::ales - - . 8,161
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
A(y. do. females
67:1
M i o
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
17,824
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - l-i4
I^ij^aged in AgricviUure - 2,7^5
do. in M:tniifactures ■ 454
do. in Commerce - - 59
Population to tlie square mile, 29J.
Mitsqueto Creek, post office, Trumbull
county, Ohio.
Mimelburg, seaport in Edinburghshire,
on the Frith of Forth, at the mou'h of the
river Esk. Here a victory was obtained
by the English over tlie Scots, in the reign
of Edward VI. It is six miles E of Edin-
burgh. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 55 0 N.
Mussei-''s JMs, post office, Columbiana
county, Ohio.
Mustagam, seaport of the kingdom of
Algiers, with a castle, 140 miles W of the
city of Algiers. Lon. 0 3 W, lat. 36 30 N.
Musacra, seaport of Spain, in Granada,
with a strong castle, seated on a mountain,
27 miles NE of Almeria, and 62 SW of
Carthagena. Lon 1 36 \V, lat. 37 11 N.
Mumela, town of Spain, in the province
of Andalusia, seated on tiie banks of the
Guadalqulver, 50 miles N of Gramida.
Musxuell Bill, village in Middlesex, five
miles N of London. It takes its name from
a famous well on the h;il, which beloi\ged
to the fraternity of St. John of J-msalem,
in Clerkenwall. Th^s well still belongs to
the parish of Clerkenwell.
Mutschen,tovi<L\. of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, and territory of Leipsic,
in the vicinity of which, they find a species
of ci-ystal called Mutschen diamonds. It is
20 miles ENE of Leipsic. Lon. 12 50 E,
lat. 51 40 N.
Miiyden, trwn oF Holland, seated on the
Vecht, on the S coast of the Zuider-Zee,
seven miles E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 1 E,
lat. 52 22 N.
Mijcene, formerly the capital of a Icng-
dom in the Peloponnesus, now Morea,
which is now reduced to a small village,
in which the rviins of the former city re-
main as described by Pau>>anius,
Jilycojie, ancient jMycomis, island of tlie
Archipelag:>, 30 mdes m circumferencr-.
Tbe liarbou.- is very open, a:\d deep eno jgh
for the largest ships, where they may ride
secure-, from the N wind. The soil is dry,
and the mountnins are of great height.
Water is very scarce in su-nmer ; but in
the town is a large well the only one in
the island. Here are plenty of partridges,
quails, wood cccks, turtle-doves, rabbits,
and wheat-ears ; also excellent grapes and
figs. Almost all tiie inhabitants are Greeks,
who have 50 churches in all ; but manv are
-571
chapels ; and some monasteries. Lon. 2i>
51 E, lat. 37 23 N.
Jilionnessus, or Clazomenian Promontory,
ancient names of the long peninsula of
Asia Minor, stretching NW between
Smyrna, and. the island of Chics. It is
terminated towards My^eltne the an-
cient Lesbos, by the ancient promontory
of Melaena, the Kara bouroun of the
Turks See (Jhisme, both in the text
and Addenda
Mysol, island, the mr.st eastern of the
Moluccas, of a triangaiur form, with a
bold shore. The villages are built in the
\vater upon posts ; and there are forests
visited by the birds of paradise, which
are caught in great mimbers. Lon. 130
3 E. :at. 2 0 S
Mysore, country in the peninsula of
HindoDStan, lyins between the VV and E
ridges of the CJauts. It extends from
11 30 to 15 0 N lat. and in the N part
from 74 55 to 78 35 W lon but diminish-
ing thence as it approaches the S till it
ends in a point. The N side is extremely
irregular and indented, and the middle
part branches out above a degree beyond
that to the E. The country is in gene-
ral dry, rugged, mountainous, and bar-
ren ; but there are several rivers and
mountain torrents, which by artificial
means serve to water rice grounds, gar-
dens, &c. In the forests are many ele-
phants, and tigers are common. Oxen,
buffaloes, and goats are numerous, and
in the NE part many sheep are bred ;
but horses and asses are few. The chief
products are rice, cotton, pepper, cocoa
and betel-nut, sugar cane, butter, and
oil. The whole of this country, with
some other territories to the N and E, and
the provinces of Coimbetcre, Malabar,
and Canara, w^-re subdued by Hyder
Ally, a Mussulman, who usurped the
throne of Mysore, in 1759. and made
S.ringapatam his capital. He was suc-
cetded by Tippoo Sultan, who conti-
nued his father's state of warfare. On
the termination of a war in 1792, Tip-
poo agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees,
and to cede cue half of' his dominions to
the English and their allies, the Mah-
rattas, ar.d the nizam of the Deccan.
In 1799, a new war taking place, his
capital'vvas taken by tl:e English, on the
4th of May, and himself killed in the as-
sault. A partiti n of his remaining ter-
ritories took place ; and on the SOth of
June followi^.g, Kistna Rajah was placed
by the English on the musnud rf his fa-
tlsers. at Mysore, ar.d that town remade
the capital ' f his present country He
being only five years old, colonel Close
was appointed to be resident with the
rajah cf Mysore ; and the northern for-
:\ A t
Jv^ A G
tresses of Nagara, Chitteldroog, Sera, and
Nandidrooii; were garrisoned by the Eng-
lish, for which the rajah is to pay seven
lacks of star pagodas yearly. The is-
land of Seringapatam was retained by
the English for provision of the families
of Hyder and 'i'ippoo. The dominions
of the rajah of Mysore are now divided
into three great districts, Patana to the
S, Nagara to the N W, and Chatrakal to
the NE, so called from the tliref- places
where the chief officers are situate. The
Patana district is by far the largest, and
of itself a much greater extent of terri-
tory than ever before was subject to the
Mysore family.
Mysore, foitifi d city of Hindoostan,
capital of the country of the same name.
It was ruined by the late tv/o sultans;
but since the English restored the an-
cient family in ir99, and made it the
jaj all's seat of government, a palace has
been built, and its renovation will fol-
low in course. Mysore is 10 miles S of
Serinsjapataoj- L!;n, 76 50 E, lat. 12
15 N.
Mystic, small river, or rather creek of
Massachusetts, falling into Boston har-
bour. It is navigated with sloops to
Medford four miles.
Mystic, post village New London coun«
ty Connecticut.
Mytilene, or Mttelin, aiicient Lesbos, is-
ia-nd on the W c.uist of Asia Minor be-
• tween the gulfs of Smyrna, and Adramy-
tium. It is 36 miK s long and from two
to twelve broad. It is nrie of the most
pr ductiv; islands in the Turkish empire.
Populfition atjout 50,000 Between lat.
38 25 and 39 :0 N.
J^JytileneyUly oi. See Cas/ro in the Ad-
denda.
Myzensh, tov;n of European Russia in
Orel, on the Oko, 52 miles below Orel.
N
Naas, borough of Ireland in the coun-
ty of Kildare, where the assizes are held
alternately with Athy. It was formerly
the residence of tlie kings of Leinster.
It is 17 miles SW of Dublin, and 26 NVV
of Leinster Lon, 6 42 W, lat. 53 13 N.
jSTab, river of Germany, which issues
from iVIount Fichtelberg, in the princi-
pality of Bayreuth, flows S through the
palatinate of Bavaria, and enters the Da-
nube a little above Ratisbon.
JVabal. town of the kingdom of Tunis,
celebrated for .ts potteries. Near it are
several remains of antiquity, it is seat-
ed near the s^a, 32 miles SSFi of Tunis.
Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 53 13 N.
A'abburg, town of the palatinatp, ov
Bavaria, on the river Nab, 10 miles ESE
of Amljerg.
Kablous town of Asiatic Turkey ca-
pital of a country winch was the ancient
kingdom of Samaria. It is the residence
of a schiek, who farms th-, tribu'e to the
pacha of Damascus. The soil of the
country is fertile, and produces a great
deal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk.
The inhabitants are such jealous Maho
metans, that they will not suffer any
Christains to remain among them, Na-
blous is 24 miles N of Jerusalem, and 90
SSW of Damascus Lon. 35 24 E, lat.
32 20 N.
Jiaco, town of N America, in the pro-
vince of Honduras. Lon. W C 10 40
W, lat 15 0 N.
JVacogdoches, village of Texas, about
120 miles W from Natchitoches in Lou-
isiana. It is an inconsiderable place.
Lon. W C 17 17 W, hit. 31 27 N.
J^\ideegsda. ?ee KuriUs.
Macfds, town cf Swisserland, in the
cantons of Glaris. It is remarkable for
a celebrated victory gamed by the inha-
bitants over the Austriatisin memory of
which a chapel was built on the spot,
which was rebuilt in 1799.
Afrurdai, strong town of Holland, at
the head of the ca.'ials of iht province. It
was taken by Fern:indo d- Toledo, son
of tlie c'.uke of Aha in 1572, when all the
inhabitants vvithout distinction of age or
sex, wc re niassacrtd. U is sealed on the
Zuider Z-e, 14 aides E of Amsrerdam,
and 15 N of Utrecht. L'.m, 5 9 E, lat.
52 20 N \ ,
Nagcra, town of Spain, in Old Castile,
widi a f rt, three miies NVV of Cala-
ho'.ra, and 138 N of Madrid. Lon 2 10
W, lat. 42 14 N,
A'agold.. town of Suabia, in the duchy
of VVirtembcrg, vvit!i a strong castle ten
miles W of Tubirig.. n.
A/agore, town of Hindoostan Proper
in the country of Agi mere. 40 miles NW
of Agimere. Lon. 74 10 E, lat 27 8 N.
Mig/iGur, city of the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, capital of that part of Berar
which is subject to a chief of the East-
ern Mahrattas. ijlt is a city of modern
date ; but though extensive and popu-
lou.s. is but mtanly budt; and, ey.cept-
ing a small cicadef, is open and defence-
less- It is 560 miles W by S of Ca'cutta.
Lon. 79 46 E, lat. 21 8 N.
Mi^ubanja, town of Hnngary celebra-
ted for its gold and silver mine-works
which are of great produce. It is a metal
town and one of the royal free towns, and
is 30 miles NE of Tamar. Lon 22 54
E, lat. 48 10.
Maliant, peninsula of Massachusets in
the SW part of E^sex county, united to
the main shore by Lynn Beach. It is a
delicious and much frequented summer
retreat, from the neighbouring cities, and
towns ; 14 miles NE from Boston.
JVahe, rivtr of the paiaUnate of the
Jlhine, which running' by Birkenfdd, Ober-
steiU; Kreuzenach, and Bingen, fall into the
Khine
A^airn, boro'.'.gh and seaport, the c unty-
town of Nairnshire ; seated at the entrance
of the Frith of Murray, 10 miles E of In-
vernesB, and 104 N of Edinburgh. Lon.
3 51 W, lat. 35 o3 N.
JViimisIiirs, snnall county of Scotland,
bounded on the N by Murray Frith ; on
the E and S by Murrayshire ;" and on t!.';
W by Inverness-shire. Its greatest length is
not above 12 miles, nor its breadth above
10. It is fruitful, and its corn soon ripens,
has several woods of firs, and several lakes
and moantains, yet is well peopled. Its
chief town is Nairn. Population in 1801,
825r; 1811, 8251 ; and in 1821, 9006.
A'Wcsii'ati, city of Armenia, capital of a
province of the same nume, with an arch-
bishop's see. It is seated between the
towns of Erivan and Tauris. Lon. 45
30 E, lat. 33 40 N.
JS'amari, mountain of Sicll}-, in the Yal-
di-Demona, between JMessina, Taormina,
and Alelazzo.
Aanifio, island of the Archip^lagf, the
ancient yhiaphe, a little to ihe E of that of
Santorini. It is 16 miles in circumference,
but has no harbour, nor springs sulBcient
to water the fields. The inhabitants are
all Greeks and their trade is m onions,
wax, and honey. The ruins of the temple
of Apollo are yet to be seen, and consist
chiefly of marble columns. Lon. 26 10 E,
lat. 36 15 N.
JVamptvdch, town of Cheshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is well built, and
has a large church, in the form of a cross,
with the tower in the middle. Here are
salt springs, on the banks of a fresh water
stream, from which are made great quanti-
ties of white salt, in which article and
cheese th;s town carries on a considerable
trade. _ The principal dairies of Cheshire
are in its neighbourhood. It is seated on
the Weaver, 26 miles SE of Chester, and
162 NW of London. l»n. 2 25 W, lat. 53
6N.
JVamui', county of the ffetherlands, di-
vided by the river Sambre and .Maese into
three equal parts, bounded on the N by
Brabant, on the E and S by the bishopric
of Liege, and on the W by Hainault. This
676
:^* A N
province is pretty fertile ; has several
forests, marble quaries, and mines of iron,
ledd, and coal.
N'amur, city of the Netherlands, capital
of the county of Namur, between two moun-
tains, at the confiuer.ce of the Maese and
Sambre, 24 miles WSW of Liege, and
32 SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50
29 N.
JSTancy, city of Fiance, capital of the de-
partmt-nt of Meurte, and a bishop's see. It
is divided by a canal, into the old and new
town. The first, though irregularly built,
is rich and populous, and contains the
palace of ihe ancient dukes of Lorrain ; and
tl.eir tombs are in a rich saloon, whicli ad-
joins the church of the late Cordeliers.
The new tov/n, whose streets are perfectly
straigiit, was already one of the finest in
Europe, before the magnificent w'orks with
which Stanislius I, titular king of Poland,
and duke of Lorrain, enriched it. The
catiiedral is a superb structure. It was
aken by the Allies in 1814. Nancy is seat-
ed in a delightful plain, near the river
ileurte, 93 miles NW of Basel, and 175 E of
Paris. Lnn. 6 10 E, lat. 48 42 N.
J\''ander, town of Flindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Dowlatabad, 132 miles NNW of
Hydrabad.
JVandidroog, strong fortress of Hindoo-
stan, in Mysore. Since the restoration of
the rajah, in 1799, it has been garrisoned
by English troops. It is 25 miles N by E
of Banga'.ore, and 64 ESE of Sera.
A'Miffasaki, city of Japan, in the island
ot Ximo, with a good harbour, and the only
one in the empire in which foreign ships
are permitted to anciior. — The inhabitants
carry on a great trade with the Chinese and
Dutch. The latter are never suffered to
come into the city, unless when their ships
arrive, and then they deliver up their guns
and sails, as pledges of their good beha-
viour. Lon. 128 46 E, lat. 32 32 N.
J\a?iffira, river. See Yttngar.
JVangis, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Merne, 12 miles W of
Provins, and 14 E of Mekm.
JVanjemoy, post town and port of entry,
on Nanjemoy creek, Charles countj-, Mary-
land; 45 miles S from Washington.
j\^an-kanff, city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the
lake Po-yang, 6Z7 miles S of Peking. Lon.
113 58 E, lat. 29 2,o N.
JWinking, city of China, capital of the
province of Kiangan. It is the largest in
China, being 17 miles distant from the great
river Yang-tse-Chiang, from which canals
are cut, so large, that vessels may enter
the town. It was formerly the imperial
city, whence it is called Nanking, which
signifies southern court; but since six grand
tribunals have been removed to Peking, it
is called Kiang-nan, in all public acts. Thp
-\ A >«
N A A
place is greatly fallen from its ancient
splendour ; for it had a magnificent palace
whicii is quite destroyed, as well as many
ancient monuments ; and a third part of the
city itself is desolate. The streets are nar-
row, but handsome and well paved, and on
each side are shops neatly furnished. The
public buildings are mean, except a few
temples, the &Ay gates, and a tower of por-
celain 200 feet high. They have several
manufactures in silk and wool. The num-
ber of inhabitants is said to be 1,000,000,
without comprehending the garrison o!
40,000 men. Here the physicians have
tiieir principal academy. The inhabitants
were formerly estimated at 2,000,000, the
city being above 30 miles in circumference.
It is situated on the Kiam, 500 miles SSE
of Peking. Lon. 119 25 E, lat. 32 46 N.
J\'an-ngoji, city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiang-si. It stands
among plantaf ions of sugar-cane, near the
source of the Kan-Kiang, and the foot of
the mountain Mt-lin, 200 miles NK of Can-
ton, and 9000 SSW of Peking. Lon. 113
38 E, lat. 24 48 N.
jVan-ngan-fou, beautiful and populous
city of China in the most southern part of
the province of Kiangsi ; it is a beautiful,
populous and commercial city, and much
frequented. It contains in its district, four
cities of the third class. It is 200 miles N
by E of Canton.
J^'ansemond, county of Virginia; bounded
by Norfolk E ; Gates county. North Caroli-
na S ; Blackwater river, or Southampton
SW, Isle of Wight NW; and Hampton
Roads NE Length 33 ; mean v^idth 20 ;
and area 660 square miles. Surface gene-
rally level, and in part marshy. Drumonds
pond, one of the feeders of the Dismal
swamp canal, is in the SE angle of this
county. Staples, cotton, and tobacco.
Chief town, Suffolk.
Population in 1810
Free white males - - - 2,333
do. do. females - - 2,260
Total whites ... 4,593
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 1,269
Slaves 1,262
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, male,? . - . -
10,324
2,261
2,314
0
4,575
684
ro9
3,387
Slaves, females - - - 2,139
Total population in 1820 - 10,494
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 17
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,267
do. in Manufactures - 192
do. in Coinmerce - - 66
Population to the square mile, 16 nearly.
JWinseincnd, river of Virginia, rising in
the cent, al pan of Nansemond county ;
flowing NNE about 25 miles, opens by a
wide bay into James river, and Hampton
Roads. It IS navigable to Suffolk for ves-
sels of 100 tons.
J\i'antasket road, the southern entrance
into Boston harbour. It affords good an-
cliorage in from five to seven fathoms
water.
J^an-tchnng-fou, city of China, capital of
the province of Kiang-sl. It is the resi-
dence of a Viceroy, and comprehends eight
cities in its district.
JVtmtes, ancient rich and very considera-
ble town of France, in the department of
Lower Loire, and late province of Bre-
tagne. The bridges over the Loire, in
which are seme islands, are almost a league
in length. The suburbs are , so large that
they exceed the city. The inhabitants are
computed at 60,000. Since the peace in
1783, Nantes has h.ad a considerable share
in ihe commerce with the United States.
Large vessels cr,n come no higher than
port Luntiai, where they arc unloaded into
smaller vessels which go up to Nantes,
being a distance of 12 miles. In 1796, the
theatre here took fire, during a time of per-
formance, and several persons lost their
lives. Nantes is 58 miles S by E of Ren-
nes, and 217 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 45 W,
lat, 47 13 N.
JVanticoke, river of Maryland, on the
eastern side of Chesapeak bay. It rises
in the state of Delaware, and runs nearly
in a SW course through Dorchester county
(Maryland) and enters the Chesapeak on
the S side of Philips' point.
JVanticoke, hundred of Sussex county,
Delaware, containing 2,843 inhabitants in
1810, It is watered by the Nanticoke ri-
ver, from which it derives its name, and on
the W and S it joins the state of Maryland.
Population in 1820, 2335.
JK'antmiU, East, one of the northern
townsliips of Chester county Pennsylvania,
on the head waters of French creek o3
miles NW from Thiladelphia. Po])ulation
1820, 1873.
jWmimill, West, township of Chester
county, Pennsylvania, adjoining the pre-
ceding, and the SB angle of Berks, and
NE angle of Lancaster county, on the head
waters of the east branch of Brandy wine.
Population 1820, 1443.
b77
2i A N
N A P
JWintim, town of France, in tlie dqiarU
ment of" Ain and late province of B:esse,
situated at the extiemiy 0( a great ialce of
the same name, 18 miles SE of Bourg.
Here Cliarles the Bold w;is inferred.
JVaniitcket, island of Xorth America, in
Massachusetts. The inhabitants of which
have a considerable whale fishing- on the
coast, and even in Greenland. It lies to
the S of Cape Cod, and is a low, sandy,
barren island, the inhabitants depend al-
most entirely on the sea for their subsis-
tence It contains about 50 square miles,
and forms a county, wiih some small islands.
The employment of capital marks tlie pur-
suits of the people, §600,000 are employed
in upwards of SO Spermaceti works. It
contains also two banks, and two insurance
companies.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,193
do. do. females - - 3,314
Total whites ... - 6,507
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 300
Slaves ' 0
Total population in 1810 . 6,807
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - .
3,346
do. do. females - - .
3,646
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . _
sr
Total whites ....
7.019
Free persons of colour, males
132
do. do. females -
115
Slaves, males -
0
do. females
0
7,266
48
64
399
809
Total population in 1820.
Of these ;
Foreigners not natur.tHzed
Eng-aged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 145.
A'^andcckel, post town and capital of the
island of Nar.tucket, situated on a basin,
the north side of the island, in the lat. of
41 18 N, and Ion. of 70 10 W, at the dis-
tance of 120 miles SE of Boston. It is a
port of entry. It has one fine harbour,
completely safe from all winds, being so
well lund locked. It has only, however, at
low water 7^ feet water on its bar.
JSiantivicfi, town in Cheshire, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. Here are sali springs,
from which are made great quantities of
white salt ; also a manufacture of cotton
and shoes. The principal dairies of Che-
shire are about this town, and it has a con-
siderable trade in cheese. It is seated on
678
tiie Weaver, and by the Chester canal,
which here forms a" broad basin, 26 miles
SE of Chester, and 164 NVV of London.
J^Tan-yang, city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Ho-nan, seated on
a small river, and surrounded by mountains,
100 miies S of Ho-nan.
jYan-yong, city of China, of the first
rank in tlie pi-ovince of Quantong, seated
on the Pei-kiang, near its source, 170 m Jes
NNE of Ciinton.
J\apatil, country of Asia, bounded on the
S by Bahar, W by Oude and Rohilcund,
NW by Sirinagur, NE by the mountains
of Himmaleh, which separate it from Tibet,
and B by Bootan. It is tributary to Tibet;
and Catmandu is the capital.
A'aples, kingdom comprehending the S
part of Italy, bounded on the NVV by the
Ecclesiastical State, NE by the gulf of Ve-
nice, and every where else by the Mediter-
ranean. It is 300 miles in length, by 100
in breadth, and divided into twelve pro-
vinces ; namely, Terri di Lavaro (the an-
cient Campania Felix) Principato Citeriore
and Ulteriore, Molise, Basihcata, Calabria
Citeriore and Ulteriore, Abruzzo Citeriore
and Ulteriore, Capitanata, Terra di Bari,
and Terra d'Otranto ; the last three form-
ing the ancient Apulia, now called Puglla
on tfie E side of the kingdom. After
many revolutions, the Norman^ became
masters of this country, in the eleventh
century ; and the sovereigns were called
counts, then dukes, and afterward kings of
Puglia. 1282, Peter III. king of Arragon,
caused all the Normans in the island of
Sicily to be massacred ; and this massacre
was called the Sicilian Vespers. After
this, I'uglia v.^as joined to Sicily ; and
hence the sovereigns took the title of King
of the Two Sicilies. It has also been cal.
led the kingdom of Naples, from its capi-
tal, France and Spain contended for the
sovereignty in the sequel, and bloody wars
and revolutions were the consequence.
The French being defeated by the Span-
iards in 1504, Louis XII, formally renoun-
ced all pretentions to the ci own, and the
country was governed by Spanish Viceroys.
In 1647 happened the dreadful insurrec-
tion of Massaniello, in the city of Naples,
by which the Spaniards were nearly expel-
led.— The people, however, re'urning to
their allegiance, on the assassination of
Massanieilo, the Spaniards continued in
peaceable possession of the kingdom till
1707, when it was conquered by prince
Eugene, and ceded to the emperor by the
trea'y of Rastadt in 171-i It was recover-
ed, however, by the Spaniards in 1734;
and third son of the king of Spain became
king of Naples and Sicily. The king of
Naples joined the coalition which vi-as
formed against the French repubhc ; but
the rapid and unparalleled successes of
X A P
.\ A V
the latter, reduced him first to request an
armistice, and on the 25th of October, 1797
to enter into a disgraceful ireaty of peace,
But after tlic celebrated batle of the Nile,
the enmity of this court to the French,
again began to revive ; their warlike mea-
sures were, however, ill conceited ; their
forces were completely routed, and the
king exiled from his kingdom. By the
successes of Suwarrow, the king was
restored ; but in 1805, on account of his
receiving some Russian and English troops
into his dominions, the French again took
possesson of the country ; and bestowed
the crown on Joseph Bonaparte, on whose
head it remained till 1808, when he was
made king of Spain, and the kingdom was
given to prince Murat, the brother-in-law
of Napoleon Boniparte. The island of
Sicily, however, is at .present detached
from Naples, and retained by king Ferdi-
nand, who is to have an indemnity for Na-
ples, on the continent. The climate is ex-
tremely hot, especially in July, August,
and September; and is said to be one of
the most inconstant and unfavourable to
valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains
every day for six or seven weeks together ;
but the most di^agrepuble part of the cli-
mate is the sireoc or SE vvind, which is
very common in May, and extremely re-
laxing. In winter there is seldom any ice
or snow, except on the mountains. The
country abounds with grain, the hnest fruits
and vegetables, rice, flnx, oil, v.'ine, s;fFron,
and manna ; and affords alum, vitriol, sul-
phur, rock chrystal, marble, minerals, and
fine wool and silk. Beside the manufac-
tures noticed in the account of the city of
Naplfs, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and
gloves are also made of the liair or fila-
ments of a shellfish, whicii are warmer
than those of wool, and of a beautiful
glossy green. The principal mountains are
the Appennines, which traverse this coun-
try from N to S, branching out to the two
extremities; and the celebrated volcano,
mount Vesuvius. The rivers are numer-
ous, but inconsiderable ; the chief are the
Garigliano and Volturiio. One of the
greatest inconveniences to which the king-
dom is exposed is earthquakes. Th^^ es-
tablished religion is the Ronian catholic,
and the clergy and convents, under the old
government, possessed two-thirds of the
whole kingdom ; but protestants and Jews
are allowed to settle here. The inhabi-
tants of this country have, at ali times
borne but an iiviifferent character among
other nations ; gluttony is here a jiredomi-
nant vice, while ins^iances of ebriety are
comparatively rare. In the female sex, the
passion for finery is almost sirperior to
any other ; and though ciiastity is not the
characteristic virtue of the country, yet a
Neapolitan woman would for the most part,
prefer a present to a lover. Tliat furious
jealousy, for which the nation was once so
rem.irkable, is now greatly abated. The
breach of the conjugal vow som;;times oc-
casions quarrels and a-sassination among
people of inferior rank ; and in the me-
tropolis, assassinations are often perpetra-
ted from mvich less cogent m itives.
JVa/ilea, ancient large, I'ich, and tra-
ding city of Italy, one of the finest in the
world, capital of the kingdom of the
same name, with a university. It is si-
tuated at the bottom of a bay ; and is
built in the form of a vast amphitheatre,
sloping from the hills to the sea. Al-
though the style of architecture is infe-
rior to what prevails at Rome, and it
cannot vie with that city in the number
of palaces, or in the magnificence of the
public buildings, the private houses, in
general, are better built, and the streets
are broader and better paved. No street
in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di
Toltdo at Naples ; nor can any of them
be compared with the beau.iful streets
which lie open to the bay, and here the
excessive heat of the sun is often tem-
pered with the sea-breezes and gales
wafting the perumes of the Campagna
Felice. The houses in general, are five
or six stories high, and Hat on the top, on
which are placed numbers of flower
vases, or fruit trees in boxes of earth,
producing a very gay and agreeable ef-
fect. On the mountain of St. Elmo, in a
most pleasant situation, is a convent of
Carthusians, on which much expense
has been lavished, to render the build-
ing, the apartmenis, and the gardens,
equal to the situation. Naples is admi-
rably suited for commerce, and has all
the necessaries and luxurits of life in
great profusion ; and yet tradf? is but in
a languishing condition. The chief ar-
ticles manufactured here are silk stock-
ings, soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise-shell,
or of the lava of Mount Vesuvius ; tables,
and ornamental furiiiture, of marble.
They are thought to embroider here
better than in France ; and their niacca-
roni is preferred to that of any y^art; of
Italy. They excel also in liquors and
confections ; particularly in one kind of
confection, called diabolonis, of a veiy
hot and stimlating nature, and which
is sold at a very high price. The num-
ber of inhabitants is computed at 350,000,
which is very probable ; for though Na-
ples is not one-third of the size of Lon-
don, yet many of the streets here are
more crowded tlian the Strand ; and a
great jjroportion of the poorest sort are
obliged to spend the night in them, as
well as the day, for want of habitations.
Theve is not a citv in the world, per-
679
X A F
A K
haps, with the same number of inhabi-
tants, in which so few contribute to the
wealth of the community, by useful and
productive labour ; the number of priests,
monks, fidlers, lawyers, nobility, foot-
men, and lazzaronis or vagabonds, is
immense ; and the last alone are compu-
ted at 30,000. The nobility are exces-
sively fond of splendour and show, as ap-
pears by the brilliancy of their equipages,
the number of their attendants, the rich-
ness of their dress, and the grandeur of
their titles. The king, it is said, counts
100 persons with the title of prince, and
still a greater number with that of duke,
among his subjects. Six or seven of these
have estates fron 10 to 13,000/. a year ;
and a considerable number have posses-
sions to about half that amount ; while
the annual revenue of many is not above
1000;. or 2000/. The inferior nobility
are much poorer ; many counts and
marquisses not having above 300/. or
400/. a year, of a paternal estate, many
still less, and not a few enjoy the title,
without any estate whatever. Although
the churches and convents of Naples are
not to be compared with those of Rome
in point of architecture, they surpass
them in rich jewels, and in the quantity
of silver and golden crucifixes, vessels,
and other ornaments. The cathedral is
a grand Gothic edifice ; and of all the
palaces, that of the king is not only the
most magnificent, but in the best style
of architecture. The harbour, which is
spacious, is protected by a mole. The
bay of Naples is one of the finest in the
world, being almost of a circular figure,
about 30 miles in diameter, shut out
from the Mediterranean by the island
c.f Caprea, and three parts of it shelter-
ed by the circuit of woods and mountains.
Naples was taken by the French in Ja-
nuary 1790, but retaken by the British
fleet under Lord Nelson, in June follow-
ing. In 1806, it was again taken pos-
session of by the French, under Massena,
and soon afterwards Joseph Bonaparte
was here crowned king of Naples. In
1803, the city suffered much damage by
an earthquake. Naples is 110 miles SE
of Rome, 104 NE of Palermo, 217 SE of
Florence, and 300 S by E of Venice.
Lon. 14 20E, lat. 14 55N.
jYaples, township and post village of
Ontario county. New York, 18 miles S
from Canandaigua. Population 1820,
1038.
JVafiloosc, or A'a/iolose. See A^hd-
lous.
A'afio, river of South America, rising
in Quito, and flowing SE falls into the
Amazon. Lon. W C 4 50 E, lat. 3 45 S.
-Yafioli di Malvasia, seaport of Eu-
ropean Turkey, and capital of the isl-
and of Malvasia. It has a fine har-
bour defended by a good citadel ; and
a long wooden bridge, which joins it
to the mainland. It gives name to
tiiat excellent wine, called Malmsey ;
and was the ancient Epidaurus, famed
for the temple of jEsculapius. It is
seated on a rock, at the entrance of the
bay of Napoli de Romania, 38 miles
SE of Misitra. Lon. 22 58 E, lat. 36
53 N.
JVafioli di Romania, seaport of Euro-
pean Turkey, in the Morea, and an
archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula,
at the head of a bay of the same name.
It is inhabited by 60,000 Greeks, beside
people of different nations ; and has a
large harbour, with a narrow entrance
defended by a citadel. This town was
taken by the Turks, in 1715. It is 20
miles SSW of Corinth. Lon. 22 44 E,
lat. 37 44 N.
JVara, town of Japan, in the island of
Niphon, with a magnificent castle, 25
miles NVV of Meacovv^.
A'arasinghapiira, town of Hindoostan,
in Mysore, with two considerable tem-
ples. It is well built, and stands in a
fertile country, on the Cavery, immedi-
ately below the influx of the Kapini, 20
miles ESE of Mysore.
J^ar berth, town of Wales, in Pem-
brokeshire, with a market on Wednes-
day, seated on a hill, 12 miles NE of
Pembroke, and 242 W by N of London.
Karbonne, city of France, in the de-
partment of Aude. Before the I'evolu-
tion of 1789, it was an archiepiscopal
see. In the time of the Romans, it was
the capital of that part of Gaul called
Gallia Narbonensis ; and here emperor
Marcus Aurelius was born. Some Ro-
man inscriptions, in different parts of the
city, are still visible ; and the canal from
the river Aude, through the city, to the
Mediterranean, was cut by the Romans.
Narbonne is famous for its honey, and
the cathedral is rematkabie for its noble
choir. It is five miles from the Medi-
terranean, and 80 ESE of Toulouse. Lon.
3 OE, lat. 43 UN.
A''arborough, island of South America,
on the coast of Chili, so called because
Sir John Narborough refreshed his men
here, when sent to the Soutli Sea in the
reign of Cliarles II. Lon. 74 ZH W, lat.
45 () N.
j\arconda:u, barren rock rising ab-
ruptly out of the Indian Ocean, uninha-
bited, and seemingly destitute of vegeta-
tion. It is about 20 leagues E of the An-
damans.
A''ardr>, episcopal town of Naples, in
Terra d'Otranto, In this little towr.
'N A U
N A S
♦.here are 8Q0O inhabitants ; it is CO miies
NW of Otranto. Lon. 18 16. E, lat. 40
18 N.
A'urcnta, town of Turkey in Dalma-
tia, Avith a bishop's see, seated on a gulf
of the same name, 46 miles NE of Ra-
gusa. Lon. 1 3 27 E, lat 43 .35 N.
A'arnaila, town of the Dfccan, in the
province of Berar, 72 miles E of Burnam
pour Lon. 77 34 E, lat. 21 25 N.
J^'arni, ancient episcopal town of Italy,
in Sabina. Here are the ruins of a mar-
ble bridge, built by Auc;ustus, one of
whose arches was 150 feet high, and
200 br.ad ; as also of an aqueduct that
broui^ht water from a spring at the dis-
tance of 15 miles. It contains a great
many noble families, and is seated on the
Nera, 20 miles SW of Spoletco, and 40
NE of Rome
A''Qrova, river of the Russian empire,
which issues from the lat^e Pcipus, and
watering N'arva, flows into the gulf of
Finland, eight miles below that town.
It is noted for two picturesque water-
falls, pompously described by travellers,
but far inferior to that of tlie Rhine, at
Schaffhausen. The breadth of the river
is about 200 feet, and the perpendicu-
lar height of the falL^ scarcely exceeds
20 feet.'
Alirraganscii, beautiful bay of the
United States in Rhode Island. It opens
between Poir.t Judith on the W, and
Seaconet to the E, and extending from
S to N 30 miles to the city of Providence,
where it terminates, and receives Paw-
tucket and some smaller rivers. It varies
in width from one to fifteen miles ; and
is chequered by Rhode Island, Prudence,
and Connanicut. One of its minor bays,
Mount Hope, receives Taunton river
from Massachusetts. The shores are
bold.witiiout being very elevated, and the
adjacent country picturesque, and well
peopled. It was the opini<n in 1817, of
the United States Navy Cnmmi,ssioners,
that this bay ;;ff(Tded the most eliigible
site for a naval depot NE from the Che-
sapeak.
JVarraguagus, bay of Washington
county, Maine, receiving a small river of
the same name, from the NW part of the
county.
Alirraguagiis, post town, Washington
county, Maine, on the Narraguagus, 37
miles W from Machias. Population 1820,
imcertap-
.Yarrows, The, strait that separates
Long Island from Staten Island, aiul
unites the Atlantic Ocean with the bay
of New York.
JSTarsingafiatan, a town of the penin
sula of Hindoostan, in the territory of
Eisnagur. It was the residence former-
4 T?
iy of a kin?, and is situated 400 miles SE
of Bombay. Lon. 76 10 E, lat. 15 30 N.
A^arva, a strong town of the Russian
empire, in Ingria, or the government of
Petersburgh. The houses are built of
brick, stuccoed white ; and it has more
the appearance of a German than of a
Russian town In the suburbs, called
Ivangorod, or John's town, the colossal
remains of an ancient fortress, built by
Ivan Vassilievitch the Great, impend in
a picturesque manner over the steep
banks of the Narova. Near Narvy is the
spot celebrated for the victory which
Charles XII. in the 19th year of his age
gained over the Russian army in 1700.
Tlie town was taken by the czar about
five years after, who traversed the streets
on horseback with his drawn sword in
his hand, restrained his troops from pil-
lage, and placed guards at the doors of
the principal houses, and before the
churches The principal exports from
Narva are hemp, flax, timber, and corn ;
the imports, salt, tobacco, wine, salted
herrings, spices, tea, sugar, and other
grocery wares. It is situated on the Na-
rova, eight miles from its mouth, arid
100 W of Petersburgh. Lon. 27 52 E,
lat 59 18 N,
jVarwah, or JVarwha, a town of Hin-
doostan Prnper, in the province of Agra,
seated a little above the confluence of
the Sinde with the Jumna. It is 127
miles S of Agra. Lon 79 17 E, lat. 25
40 N.
A^asebi/, village in Northamptonshire,
famous for the descisive victory gained by
the ormy of the parliament over that of
Charles I. in 1645. It is 12 miles N of
Northampton.
Alish, county of North Carolina;
bounded by Edgecomb E and SE ;
Wavne S; Johnson SW ; Franklin NW ;
and Halifax NE. Lengh 30; mean
Avidth 18 ; and area 540 square miles.
Surf ice mooerateiy hilly, and soil near
the streams productive. Staples cotton,
and tobacco. Tar river flows through
nearly the middle of the county. The
court-house, at which there is a post of-
fice, is about 40 miles NE by E from Ra-
leigh.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - . 2,030
do do. females - - - 3,214
To'al whites ....
All oMin- persons except indian.s
no* tayed ....
Slaves, . . . .
Total population in lolO -
681
4,244
127"
2,197
7,268
N A b
X A i
Population in ISiO.
rtee white males ... 2,258
do. do. females ... 2,264
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... o
Total wliites
.
4,';22
Free persons of colour, mal
es -
303
do, do. {"em
ales
H5
Slaves, males -
1,718
do. females
.
1,727
Total population in 1820 -
8,185
Of these;
Foreigners oot natural>zed
-
4
Engaged in Agriculture
-
2,527
do. in Manufactures
-
102
do. in Commerce
.
12
Population to the square mile, 15.
JVashiian, one of the Elizabeth islands,
Massachusetts, near the mouth of Buz-
zard's bay.
JVas/iua river, rises in Worcester coun-
ty, Massachusetts, Hous NE across the
north west angle of Middlesex; enters
New Hannpshire. and falls into the Mer-
rimack in Hillsborough county.
JVashville, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Davidson county Tennessee, on the
left bank of Tennesse river; 200 miles
W from Knoxvilie, 430 NE from Nat-
chez ; and 180 NNE from New Orleans
by General Jackson's road. Lon. VV C
9 40 W, lat. 38 4 N It is the central
point of a very fertile, v/ell cultivated,
and populous country. Cumberland river
is navigable, except at very low water
for steam boats to this town ; one or more
of these vessels ply between there and
New Orleans. It contains beside the or-
dinary county buildings, two printing of-
fices ; two barks, an academy for young
ladies, and several manufactories. Po-
pulation about 40C0.
A'assau, country of Germany in the
circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded on
the N by Westphalia, on the E by the
county of Solmes, on the S by the terri-
tory of Mentz, and on thu W by Treves
It is very fertile, and contains mines of
iron, copper, and lead. This small ter-
ritory v/as form' rly known by various
names, but now united into a duchy,
with an independent sovereign duke.
Area about 2200 square miles, and
300,000 inhabitants.
Missau. town of Germany, in the
duchy of the same name, on the river
Lahn, 12 miles SE of Ct bleiitz Lon 7
42 E, lat. 50 18 N. It is held in common,
between the prince of Nassau and king
of the Netherlands,
JVassau, river of Florida, rising be-
tween St. John's and St. Mary's rivers,
GS2
and flowing parallel to each, falls into the
Atlantic Ocean between I'albot, and
Amelia islands, after a comparative
course of ab lUt 70 miles. Nassau capital
of the island of New Providence. Lon.
W C 0 .50 W, lat. 24 55 N.
J\/assau, post town, and township Ren-
salaer county. New York, 15 miles SE
from Albany. Population 1820, 2873.
JVaici, or Santiago de los Caberellos,
city of North America, in Veragua.
Lon, W C 3 17 VV, lat. 8 22 N.
Mitchez. principal town in the state of
Mississippi, and the seat of justice for
Adams county, lies upon the left bank of
the Mississippi river, at lat. 31 33 N, and
lon. W C 14 30 W. The site is a beauti-
ful and commanding bluff, rising from
one to tvv^o hundred feet above the Mis-
sissippi river ; and by its peculiar location
is protected from the noisome exhala-
tions of the adjacent low grounds. The
edge of the Bluff rises into a long narrow
ridge, which renders the Mississippi river
invisible from the streets of the town.
It contains 280 dwelling houses, four
places of public worship, one for Roman
Catholics, one for Presbyterians, one for
Methodists.and one for Baptists ; six large
Avarehouses ; an elegant court-house, and
jail : 25 dry good stores, two steam saw
mills, and a steam aqueduct. A state
bank, with a cajntal of 900,000 dollars ;
having offices in Woodville and Port Gib-
son. This is the only banking institution
in the state, and by its charter the faith
of the state is pledged not to grant any
other basking charter until 1840.
The sessions of the Supreme court, and
of the District court of the United States,
are held at present at this place.
During about nine months of the year,
from October to the ensuing June, Natchez
is a very lively scene of commercial acti-
vity. Immense quantities of produce from
the regions on Ohio, Mississippi, Sec. find
here a ready and profitable market. The
cotton shipped from this port in ordinary
seasons, exceeds 35,000 bales. The entire
cott'in shipped from the whole stale in
1820—21, was estimated at 80,000 bales ;
and that for 1821—2, supposed will be at
least equal to that of the preceding year.
The bills of mortality reponed under the
superiiitendance of the board of health,
justify ;he opinion that Natchez is healthy
for residents. In sultry summers, the
greatest number of deaths are amc^gst per-
sons engaged on the navigation of the Mis-
sissippi river.
The f llowing table exhibits the actua
and progressive population of this city.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 62(>
Is A 1
N A \
Free white females - - - 395
Total whites - - - 1,021
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 31
Slaves . - . _ . 459
Total population in 1810 - - 1,511
Population in 1820.
Free white males
900
do. do. females
548
All other persons except iRdians
not taxed . - . -
0
Total whites ....
1,448
Free persons of colour, males
40
do. do. females -
42
Slaves, males - •
298
do. females - - . .
356
All oihcr persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 181
Slaves 1.476
Total population in 1810 • - 2,870
Population in 1820.
Free whites, males - - 2,6^3
do. do. females - - 2,112
All other persons except Indians not
taxed
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do, fe Hi ale 3
Slaves, males . - -
do. females _ _ -
Total population in 1820
7,486.
42
1
130
97
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufaciures -
do. in Commerce
Natchez is governed by a mayor, alder-
man, and city council, with the ordinarj'
county justices of the peace, who have m
ordinary, civil and criminal jurisdiction
concurrent power with the aldermen. It
is 322 miles by water, and 156 by land
above New Orleans, 1613 below Pittsburg,
846 below St. Louis, and 670 below tlie
mouth of Ohio.
JVatchitoches, NW parish of Louisiana ;
bounded by Texas SVV and W ; Arkansaw
territory N ; Wasiitai.i parish E ; Rapides
SE, and Opelousas S. Le igth 140 ; mean
width 75 ; and area 10,500 square miles.
Surface generally hilly, particularly be-
tween Ked and Sabine rivers. Except
near the margin of Red river, the sod is
generally sterile, and cov. red with pine
timber. Some other, though compa^'p.tively
small tracts of productive sol skirt the
streams. An extensive body of low ground,
subject to annual submersion, extends
along Red river, and runs through this
parish obliquely. The greatest part of the
inhabitants are settled on the alluvial
banks of Red river. The soi'i upon the
margin of the Sabine is in very few places
fit for culture. Beside Red and Sabine,
the rivers of Natchitoches are Bodcan,
Dacheet, Black river, and Saline. Chief
staples, cotton, lumber, and peltry. Chief
town, Natchitoches.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Of these ;
2,184 Foreigners not naturalized
— Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Total whites
681
5.32
1,213
945
2,701
157
37
Population to the square mile, |.
JWiicldtoches, post town and seat of jus-
tice, fci'r the pari-sli oTNatchitoches, Louisi-
ana, on the right bank of Red viver, at
hit. 31 16 N, ion. W C 16 10 W. The
houses are chi'-fly contained in one street,
running parallel to the river. Population
about 600. It is 356 miles NW from New
Orleans by land, ihrough Attacapas and
Oijeioiisas, £.nd 407 by w:iter.
J^'ntick, post t(!wn and township, Mid-
dlesex coun y, Massachusetts, 18 miles SW
from Boston. Population in 1820, 849.
JWuividad, staport of Mexico, in the pro-
vince of (iua>!a!ajara, on a bay of the Pa-
cific Ocean, 100 miles W of Guadalajara.
Lon. \y C 27 0 W, lat. 20 42 N.
JVut'jlia, country formerly a part of Asia
Min.jr. It is the most western part of
Turkey in Asia, bounded on the N by the
Black sea; E by Caraoiania ; S by the
Mediterranean, and W by the Archipelago
and tile sea of Marmora. The sod is gene-
rally fertile, prod\icing fruits of various
kinds, corn, tobacco, cotton, and .silk. It
is crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly
called Taurus, from W to E, and watered
by a great number of r vers. Kiutaia is the
capital. Papulation about 5,000,000, com-
posed of Turks, Greeks, Ar.menians, Jews,
and other nations.
A"a(tam, town and fortress of Ilindoostan,
in the countr) of Madura, 18 miles N of
Madura, a"d 45 SSW of Trichinopoly.
A'nttore, 'own of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
47 miles ENE of Moorshedabad.
Mivan, vown of Ireland, in the county of
M^ath, seated at the c.mfiux of the Black-
water wi'.h the Boyne, 25 mUes NW of
Dublin.
A'avarin, seaport of European Ttirkey,
683
N A V
I!> A /
an the W coast of the Morea, with a large
harbour defended by two forts. In 1770,
it was taken by tiie Russians^ It is seated
on a liill, 10 miles N by E of Moclon, and
17 WNW of Coron. Lon. 21 34 R, kit. 3/
2 N.
J\ravarre, kingdom of Europe, lyin^ be-
tween France and Spain, and dl\'idecl into
the Upper and Lower. The Upper bel ngs
to Spain, and is 75 mdes ioiig and (30
broad. Though a mountainous counuy,
abounding in game and iron mines, some
valleys produce good corn and excellent
wine. It is divided into five disti'icts,
whose chief towns are Pamplona, Estella,
Tudela, Olita, and St. Guesca. Lower
Navarre belongs to Fiance, and is now the
department of Lower Pyrenees. It is sepa-
rated from Spanish Navarre by the Pyre-
nees, and is a mountainous, barren country,
20 miles long and 12 broad. From tliis
country the king of France takes his title
of king of Navarre. See Palais, St.
J\''avarrf, J\i'ew, province of New Mexico,
bounded on the N by a country unknown ;
E by New Slexico Proper and New Biscay ;
S by Cuhacan, and W by the gulf of Cali-
fornia. This country was discovered by
the Spaniards in 1552. The natives are
robust and warlike, and were with difficul-
ty brought to submission : they make vise
of bows with poisoned arrows, clubs of red
wood, and bucklers. The chief Spanish
town is Cinaloa.
JVavarreins, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Pyrenees, seated on the
Gave d'Oleron, 26 miles SE of Bayonne.
J^'auen, town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, 18 miles WNW of'Berlin.
JK'anmberg; town of Germany, in Lovrer
Hesse, situate on the Eider, 11 miles WSW
of Cassel.
JK'atnnlmrg, town of Germsny, in the
electorate of Mentz, 14 miles WSW of
Cassel, and 36 SW of Gottingen. It is
situated on the Eder.
J\''amnb%t,rg, town of tapper Saxony, capi-
tal of the duchy of Saxe Naumbirg, seated
on the Sala, 37 miles NR of Erfort, and
60 W of Dresden. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 51
12 N,
Jifavesink, See J\'eversink-HiUs.
JVaviffator's Islands, a cluster of ten
islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by
Bougainville, and explored by Perouse in
1787. They are called by the natives
Opoun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maouna, Oyalava,
Calinasse, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and Ouero
Opoun, the most southerly and easterly of
these islands, lies in lon. 169 7 W, lat 14
7 S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be
numbered among the largest and most
beautiful islands of the South Pacific Ocean
They combine the advantages of a soil
fruitful without culture, and a climate that
renders clothing unnecessary. The inhiibi.
6R4
tants are a strong and lusty race ; scarcely
a man to be seen among them less than
six feet liigh, and the women are in pro-
portion. See J\fao2iiia.
JK'axkoTu, town of Denmark, in the isle
of F^aland, with a harbour commodious for
trade, and a plentiful fishery here It is
60 miles SW of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 31
E, lat. 54 52 N.
JK'axos, or J\'axia, considerable island of
the Archipelago, 25 miles iu length and 88
in cu'cumference. It abounds with orange,
olive, lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate,
fig, and mulberry-trees ; and though it has
no harbour, carries on a considerable trade
in barley, wine, oil, cheese, figs, cotton,
si:]c, flax, salt, oxen, sheep, and raules. It
is inhribited both by Greeks and Latins, has
four archiepiscopal sees, and a great many
villages ; but the whole island does not
contain abuve 8000 mhabitants, the highest
mountain is Zia, which signifies the moun-
t.in of Jupiter. This islund was anciently
famous for a tort of marble called ophitus,
from its being spotted like the skin of a
serpent, with green and white spots. On
the mountains near the coasts of the Medi-
terranean is found the best emery, whence
the neighbouring promontory is by the
Italians called Cape Smeriglio. On the
S side of the island is a town defended by
a castle. About a gunshot from hence is a
fine marble tower on a rock, in the mid-
dle of a heap of stately ruins of marble and
granite, prohably the remains of Bacchus's
temple. Lon 26 10 E, lat. 36 41 N,
J^'axos, or JSl'axia, capital of the isle of
Naxos, with a castle and two archiepisco-
pal sees, the one Greek and the other
Latin. The greatest part of the inhabi-
tants are Greeks. Lon. 25 59 E, iat. 37
8 N.
JVazarelh, town of P;destine, famous for
being the residence of Jesus Christ, in the
early part of his fife. It is now nothing
but a village, where the monks of St. Fran-
cis have a convent. Lon. 35 20 E, lat. 32
30 N.
J^'azareth, Lower, township of Nortliamp-
ton county, Pennsylvania, on the Monocacy
creek, seven miles NW from Easton.
Population, in 1820, 1084.
JWizaretli, C//)/>er, township of Northamp-
ton county, Pennsylvania, on the Bush-kil!
and Monocacy creeks, eight miles NW from
Easton. Population in 1320,663.
.Yazareth, post town in Northampton
county, Pennsylvania, belonging to the
Unitas Fratrum, or society of Moravians ;
it is situated 10 miles N of Bethlehem,
eight W by N of Easton on the river
Delaware, and 53 N of Philadelphia. In
1800 it contained 311 inhabitants, distin-
guished for theip industry and regularity
of manners,
.\ E E
N K G
A'azc, or Cape IJndenas, tlie most south-
ern prom;>ntory of Norway, [.on. 7 20 E,
lat. 57 oO X
JW'iijh, Lough, lake of Ireland, stuated
ill the CDiintiesof Armagli, Down, Antrim,
Landondfrry, and Tyr.ine. It Is the largest
in Europe, tlinse of Ladoga, and Oatga in
Kussia, and that of Geneva in Swisser-
land, excepted, being 20 miles long and 15
iji'oad.
JS'eath, corporate town in GlamorgaR-
sliire, with a market on Saturday. It is
situated on the Neatii, over which is a
ondgc, where sm;dl vessels come to load
coal. On the oiher side of the river are
the ruins of a fina monastery, and in the
neighbourhood are iron forges, smelling
works for copper, and coal mines. It is
governed by a portreeve, who is sworn
Ja by the deputy constable of the ca-tle.of
Neatb, and seated ne.'»r tlie Bristol Chan-
nel, 32 miles NW of I.jndaff, and 200 W
by N of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 51
43 N.'
J<teath, river in Glamorganshire, which
falls into the Bristol Channel, below the
town of Neath.
JK'eb, river in the isle of Man, wliicli runs
into tiie Irish Sea at Peel Castle.
J\'el)io, or J\'ebbio, ruined city on tiie W
side of the island of Corsica, with a bishop's
see, whose bishop resides at St. Fiorenzo,
a mile distant.
J^'ebra, town in the circle of Upper
Saxony, in Thuringia. It is 12 miles NW
of Na'umburg. Lon. 11 26 E, lat. 51
13 N.
K\'echar, river of Germany, which rises
in the black Forest, crosst-s the duchy of
Wirtemburg, and the palatinate of the
Khine, .and fiills into the Rhine, at Man-
heim.
J','cckur3-Gemund, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, seated on the
Neckar. Lon. 9 55, E, lat. 49 26 N.
JS'eckara-Uim, town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, seated on the Neckar.
It belongs to tlie grand muster of tlie
Teutonic order. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 49
22 N.
JW'droma, city of Algiers, renr.arkablo for
its magnilicent ruins. Lon. 0 38 W, lat. u5
40 N.
J^'i'cdham, tovv'n in Suffolk, with a market
on Wednesday. It is seated on the Orwell,
and has some tracie in Suffolk-blues, and
cloths ; and women are em])]oyed in spin-
ning and weaving bonelace. It is 10 miles
NW of Ipswich, and 7o NE of London.
Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 52 l5 N.
.Vced/iam, township of Norfolk county,
Massachusetts. It is situated between
Newton and Naticit, 12 miles SW of Eos-
ion. Population in 1820, 1227.
A'eedles, two voc'^s in Hampshire, N of
tile isle of Wight so called from their sharp
extremities.
A''ee'ieeheoi(>, one of the Sandwich islands,
five leagues W of Atooi. The E CD^st is
iiigi!, and ris.-s abruptly from the sea ; the
rest of it consists of low ground, except a
round bluff head on the SB point. It pro-
duce.-> plenty of yams, and contains about
10,000 inhabitants.
j\'ee>~ui)iden, village of the Netherlands,
a little N by W of Landen. See Landeii.
J\eJ'iu, town in the kingdom of Tunis,
250 miles S by W of Tunis. Lon. 9 25 E,
lat. 33 ON.
j\'e§-apatam, city of the peninsula of Hin-
doostan, oa the coast olCoromandel. It
was first a colony of the Portuguese, but
was taken by the Dutch who were dispos-
sessed of it by the English in 1782; but, by
the peace of 1783, it was agreed to be re-
stored to the Dutch, whenever they should
give an equivalent for it. Negajjatam is
183 miles S of Madras. Lon. 79 56 E, lat.
10 4G N.
jYagambOy seaport on the W coast of the
isle of Ceylon. It has a fort built by the
Portuguese, which was taken in 1640, by
the Dutcli, who v/ere forced to give it up
to the English in February 1796. Lon. 83
46 E, iat. 7 30 N.
J^'eg-rais, seaport on the E side of the bay
of Bengal, 240 miles WSW of Pegu. Lon.
94 4 E, lat. 15 50 N.
J\'egril point, most westerly promontory
of the island of Jamaica.
A'^s^ro, Cape, promontory of Africa, on
the W coast of Angola, being the most
southerly country to which the Europeans
usually resort to purchase slaves. Lon. 10
40 E, lat. 15 54 N.
J\egro, Rio, large river of South Ameri-
ca, rises in the Andes. Lon. W C 3^ E, lat.
2*^ N. It flows SE by E by comparative
courses 1000 miie.^, and falls into the Ama-
zon at lon. V'l C 17" E, lat. 3*^ S. By one of
i*s branches, the Cassiquiari, it has a com-
munication with tiie Orinoco.
J^i'egro, Rio, river of South A:nerica>
rising in the Andes of Chili. Lon. W C 7°
E, and lat. 33° S. It flows SE and falls into
the Atlantic Ocean, after a comparative
course of 500 miles.
J^'egro's Island, one of the Piiilippine
Islands^ between Pannay and Zebu.
A'egroland, ov A'igfitia, couiitry of Africa,
through which the river Niger is suppo-
sed to run. ft has the great desert of
Zahara on the N, and stretches far to the
S, but the inland parl^ are very little
known. The Europeans have many set-
tlements on the coast, where they bar'er
European goods for slaves, gold dust, and
elephant's teeth.
J^'egropont, island of Turkey in Etirope,
the largest n\ the Archipelago. It was an-
6S5
N E L
i\ E I.
cienlly called Eubosa, and is near the N
coast of Lavadia, separated from it by the
strait of Negrop./nt, over u hich is a bridge.
It is 90 miles in lengtli, and 25 in breadth,
thougli in si'me places much narrower, it
abounds in corn, wine, and fruits.
J^'egropoiu, strong city, capital of the
island of the same name, and a Greek
archbishop's see. It has a good harbour,
which is commonly the station of the
Turkish sliips. The walls of the city in
■which the Turks and Jews reside, are two
miles and a half in circumference ; but
the suburbs, where the Cliristians live, are
mucli larger. It was taken in 1469, from
the Venetians, who attempted to retake it
in 1688, without effect. It is seated on a
strait of the same name, 30 miles NE of
Athens, and 260 SW of Constantinople.
Lon. 24 8 E, lat. 38 30 N.
JVevGhand, ancient town of Persia, in Irac
Agemi, famous for a battle fought near it,
between the califf Omar and Yez Degerd,
king of Persia, in 1638, when he lost that
kingdom. It is 170 miles NVV of Ispahan.
Lon. 47 10 E, lat. 32 20 N.
J\''eidenc.u, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Meniz, situat; d on the Jaxt. It is
33 miles ESE of Heidelberg.
JVddenbei'g; town of Prussia, with a castle
on a mountain, 75 miles E of Culm.
J^^eilstoji, village in Renfrewshire, to
the S of Paisley. It is noted for a cotton
manufactory. Lon. 4 20 V/, lat. 53 22
N.
J^eisoe, tov/n of Silesia, surrounded by
thick walls and deep ditches. The bishop
of Breslaw generally resides here, and has
a magnificent palace. The inhabitants carry
on a considerable trade in linens and wine.
It is seated on a river of the same name,
27 miles NE of Glatz,and 35 SE of Breslaw.
Lon. 17 o5 E, lat. 50 31 N.
J\'eiva, province of Columbia in New
Granada, with a town of the same name.
The province lies on both sides of the Mag-
dalena. Neiva the city is about midway
between Popayan and Santa Fe de Bo-
gota.
JVellenbxirg, town of Suabia, capital of a
landgravate of the same name, 20 miles N
of Constance, and 20 NE of Schaff hausen.
Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 59 N.
JVtihon, English settlement in North
.\merica, on the W side of Hudson's Bay,
at the mouth of the river Nelson, 250 miles
SE of Churchill Fort. It belongs to the
Hudson's Bay Company, who carry on a
great trade in beaver and other skins. Lon.
92 35 W, lat. 57 t N.
JYelson, township of Buckingham county.
Lower Canada, 35 miles SW from Quebec.
j\elsBn, township of York county, Upper
Canada, on lake Ontario.
JYelson, post town and township Cheshire
686
county, New Hampshire, 33 miles SW from
Concord. Population in 1820, 907.
JSTelsott, post town, and township, Madi-
son county, New York, Population in 1820,
2329.
J\'elson, county of Virginia ; bounded by
James River or Buckingham SE ; Amherst
SW ; the Blue Ridge or Rockbridge and
Augusta N W ; and Albemarle NE. Length
23 ; mean width 15 ; and area 345 square
miles. Besides being washed by James
river it is drained by Rock Fish, and Tye
rivers. Surface pleasantly diversified by
hill and dale. Warminster the chief town
is about 60 miles a little N of W from
Richmond.
Population in 1810,
Free white males ... 2,453
do. do. females - - - 2,444
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - .
Slaves - . . . .
4,897
108
4,679
Total population in 1810 -
9,684
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . .
2,179
2,216
0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do, do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do, females - - - .
4,395
44
38
2,915
2,745
Total population in 1820
10,137
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,174
do. in Manufactures - 162
do. in Commerce - - 47
Population to the square mile, 30.
JVelson, county of Kentucky ; bounded
E and SE by Washington ; S and SW by
the Rolling fork of Salt river, or Hardin ;
NW by Bullitt ; and N by Salt river or
Shelby. Length 30 ; Mean width 17 ; and
.'srea 510 square miles. It extends from the
Kolhng to the main fork, and is traversed
by the Beech fork of Salt river. Chief
town, Bairdstown. Soil productive.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 5,615
do. do, females - - 5,325
Total whites - - - 10,940
All other persons except Indians
— ' - - - 28
- 3,110
not taxed
Slaves
Total population in 1810
14,078
S E N
X E K.
Population in 1820.
Free '{vhite males ... 6,672
do. do. females - - 5,668
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites . - - . 12,340
Free persons of colour, males - 39
do. do. females - 19
Slaves, males .... 1,849
do. females - - - 2,026
Total population in 1820 - 16,273
Of these ;
Foreig-ners not naturalized - 26
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,160
do. in Manufiictures - 347
do. in Commerce - - 142
Population to the square mile, 32.
A'elson, post village and NE township of
Portage county, Ohio. Population 1820,
444.
JVelsori's ferry, post office, 50 miles N
from Charleston, South Carolina.
JYelson's Fori, a British factory at the
mouth of Nelson's river. Lon. W G 15
42 V/.lat. 57 12 N
JVelson's river, large river of North Ame-
rica in Cabotia, or British America. Ac-
cording to all our maps it is very difficult
to determine either the length or real
source of either the Nelson or Severn ri-
vers; both are made to be outlets of lake
Winnipic ; and consequently the Assini-
boin, and Saskatchiwaine, are the common
sources of both the former streams. Ta-
ken as a whole, these united waters form
the third largest river system of North
America, draining an area, of upwards of
1000, by 400 miles, or 400,000 square
miles.
j^'elsonviUe, village of Athens county,
Ohio, on Hockhocking river, 14 miles \y
from Athens.
JVetneha, name of two small rivers of the
United States, falling into the Missouri,
between the Platte and Kanzas rivers.
JVeitKea, village of the Morea, famous for
the Nemsean games anciently celebrated
here.
J^emours, town of France in the depart-
ment of Seine and Marne and late province
of the Isle of France, with an old castle,
between two hills. It is seated on the
Loing, 10 miles S of Fountainbleau, and
15 SE of Paris. Lon. 2 37 E, l.,t. 48 16 N.
JVen, the principal river of Northampton-
shire, which rises in the W part of the
county. It is made navigable at North-
ampton, leaves the County at Petersbo-
rough, and crossing the isle of Ely, forms
part of the W boundary of Norfolk, and
falls into the Lincolnshire Wash. It like-
wise communicates by several channels,
with the Great Ouse.
^Veii, river of Upper Canada, empties it-
self into lake Ontario, in the township of
Pickering ; it runs for a considerable dis-
tance in the cotmtr}' thro'.igh Pickering,
Markham, &c, crossing the Yonge-street,
and aijparently rising in the vicinity of one
of the brances of Holland's river, with
which it Will probabl}^ at some future pe-
riod, be connected by a canal. This river
abounds vvith fish ; at its embouche are
good intervals for meadow ground, and it
is the back communication from the Ger-
man settlement in Markham to lake On-
tario,
j\''eocastro, fort of Turkey in Europe, in
Romania, where the Turks always keep a
good garrison It is seated in the middle
of the strait of Constantinople, 12 miles
from that city, Lon. 29 4 E, lat. 41 10 N.
JWo/'s St. town in Huntingdonshire, vvith
a market on Thursdity. It is a well built
town, has a considerable church, with a
fine steeple, and a considerable trade in
coal. It is seated on the Ouse, over which
is a fine stone bridge, 20 miles WSW of
Cambridge, and 56 NNW of London. Lon.
0 30 W, lat. 52 7 N.
J\^epanoss, Lycoming county Pennsylva-
nia. See A^ippeiiose.
JVepaiil, long narrow kingdom of north-
ern Hindoostan, bounded on the N by the
Himaleh mountains; S by Bahar Oude and
Delei ; and E by Bootan. Capital, see
J\''apant.
JVepean Island, island of the South Paci-
fic Ocean, opposite Pon Hunter, on the S
coast of Norfolk Island, consisting entirely
of one mass of sand, held together by the
surrounding cliffs, which are a border of
hard rocks. The surface was covered with
a kind of coarse grass, and upwards of 200
fine pines were growing on it.
JVepean, township in the eastern district,
is the eighth township in ascending the
Ottawa river, and the first township on the
west side of the river Rideau, Upper Can-
ada.
JSl'epissingu. See J\'ipissing lake.
jVeponset, crtek of Boston harbour na-
vigable 4 miles to Milton, for vessels of 150
tons.
J\'eponsel, village on both sides of Ne-
ponset river, sis miles S from Boston. Po-
pulation, 500.
J\'epi, ancient town of Italy, in the pfitri-
mony of St. Peter, with a bishop's see,
seated on the Triglia, 20 miles N of Rome.
Lon. 1134E, lat. 42 14 N.
J>l'erac, town of Prance in the depart-
ment of Lot and Garonne, and late pro-
vmce of Gviienne. It is situated on the ri-
ver Ba'se, which is navigable here, and is
divided by that river into great .ind little
Nerac. In the 16'.h century, the greatest
pyrt of its inhabitants embraced the re-
formed religion, but were obliged to stir-
6S7
::i E .8
X t: 1'
sender to Louis XIII. in 1621. Iserac is
20 miles SW of A^en, ana 380 S by Wof
Paris. Lon. 0 13 E, lat. 44 2 N.
J^erbudda, r.ver of India, whicii issues
fiom a lake on the sou: hern confines
of the province of \ilahabad, forms the
boundary between Hindoostan Proper and
the Deccan, and falls into the guU of
Cambay, below Baroach.
.A'ericin, a subdivision of Sweden Pro-
per, bounded on liie N by Westinania, on
the E by Sudermania, on the S by East
Gothland, and on the W by West Goth-
land. Orebo is the capital, and the most
considerable place in it.
JVero, island in the East Indies, the se-
cond oi the Baida Islands, where the Dutch
have a fort called Fort Nassau. Here are
large serpents, but not venomous, and the
mountains are covered with trr-es, in whicli
are birds of a very singular kind. Lon,
129 45 E, lat. 4 40 N.
A''erc!unsk, one of the four provinces of
the Russian government of Irkutzk. Its
capital, of the same name, is seated on the
Ner;cha, which falls into the .Schilka.
J^hicopeck, river of Luzerne county,
Pennsylvtinia, which rises in the southern
part of the county and flows nearly W into
the S'usquehannah, opposite tl.e town of
Berwick.
J\escopeck mountain, on the north side
of Nescopeck creek, is a range nearlj' of
the same heiirht with those of Wyoming,
and parallel to them. It forms a regular
and almost unbroken ridge, nearly destitute
of timber on its summit, it extends from
the Susqaeiiannah nearly to the Lehigh
JVescopeck, township of Lvizerne county,
Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Susque-
hannah river, above and be'ow Nescopeck
creek. Population 1820, 1034.
JVescopecfc, post tov/n of Luzerne coun-
ty, Pennsvlvania, on the left bank of Sus-
quehannah river above the mouth of Nesco-
peck creek, and opposite Berw:ck.
A'eshaminy, river, of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, rising with the Tohicon and
Perkiomen, and flowing SE falls into the
Delaware in the SE angle of the county
four miles below Bristol,
A'eshanock, large creek rising in the cen-
tral part of Mercer county, Pennsylvania,
and flowing S\V, falls into Big Beaver,
below the village of Newcastle, on the bor-
der of Beaver count3\
.A'eshanock, township of Mercer coun-
ty, Penusylvania, above the mouth of
Neshanock creek. Population 1820, 1S28.
JVeslc, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Snmme, and late province of
Picardy. It is seated on the Lingon,
eight miles NE of Royes, and 65 N by
E of Paris. Lon, 2 59 E, lat. 49 51 N.
.A ess. Loch, beautiful lake in Inver-
f^8S
ness-shire, 22 miles in length, and for the
most part, one in breadth, though some-
times two. It is she'ten^d on the NW
by the high mountains of Urquehart and
M' alfourvnney, and edged with coppices
of birch and oak.
J^A'rshinsk, town of Siberia, capital
of a province of the same name, but
sometimes called Daourta, in the go-
vernment of Irkutsk, with a fort The
adjacent country is mountainous, but
yields excellent pasture for cattle ; and
there are some considerable lead and
silver mines. It is seated at the conflux
of the Nercha with the Shilka. 440 miles
E of Irkutsk. Lon. llr 34 E, lat. 51
52 N.
JVetchez, river of Texas, rises at lat.
32 N, and lon. W C \7 30 VV. It is form-
ed by srveral branches, the principal cf
which are ttie Ayeish, Attoyeaque, At-
t'lscocito, Cariso, Nana, and Angelina.
It flows a little E of S, and falls into Sa-
bine lake, after a comparative course of
about 170 miles The country drained by
the Netchez though generally sterile is
yet superior to that watered by the Sa-
bine. This river is often called, though
erroneously, Rio Nieves, or Snow Ri-
ver. Its name is derived from a tribe
of Indians,"
JVetherlands, or Low Coimtries, coun-
try of Europe, anciently called Gallia
Beli^ica, 26 ; miles in length, and from
100 to 200 in breadth ; bounded on the
W and N by the German Ocean, E by
Germany, and S by France. In the
ninth century, the sons of emperor Lew-
is the pii'.us, having divided the doir.in-
ions of tht-ir father, who possessed Ger-
many, France, and Italy, a new king-
dom was formed, comprehending Ger-
many and France, and a part of the
Netherlands. It was called Lothario,
but did not long subsist; for it was soon
divided into two ; and that seated rieav
the Mediterranean was called the king-
dom of Burgundy ; wh.ile the other to
the N, had the name of Austrasia. Nei-
ther did this last continue long, it being
divided into 17 provinces, under difF'e-
renit names, exclusive of the territories
of Liege and Upper Guelderland ; but
they .'-till depended on the empire cf
Geriniiny, and were called Lower Ger-
many. li\ process of time, the house cf
Burgundy purcliased many of them, and
was llbout to form tliem, with Burgun-
dy, into a kingdom ; but Charles the
bold, the last duke of Bur^und}', being
killed by the Swiss in 1477, his part r.i
the Netherlands devolved on Mary, his
o.'ly child ; by whose marriage with
emperor iViaximilian, the Nctherlandv:
were an acquisition to the house of Aus-
N E i'
tria. Emperor Charles V. king of Spain,
in 1555, abdicated the sovereignty of the
Netherlands, and soon after, the Spa-
nish crown, in favour of his son Philip,
The tyranny of this cruel bigot, Philip
II. who endeavoured to introduce the in-
quisition into the Low Countries, with the
barbarities exercised by the duke of Al-
va, exasperated the people to such a
degree, that they threw off the Spanish
yoke, and under the conduct of William
i. pi'ince of Orange, formed the famous
league of Utrecht, in 1579, which prov-
ed the foundation of the Republic of the
Seven United Provinces. After a long
war (with the interval of a truce of
twelve years) Philip IV. expressly ac-
knowledged the independence of these
provinces, by the treaty of Westphalia,
in 1648. The other ten provinces, name-
ly, Brabant, Antwerp. Malines. Namur,
Liraburg, Luxemburg, Hainault, Flan-
ders, Artois, and Cambresis, returned
under the dominion of Spain, but with
very favourable stipulations with respect
to their ancient liberties. On the acces-
sion of a branch of the house of Bour-
bon to the Spanish monarchy, it was sti-
pulated, in 1714, that the Spanish Ne-
therlands should return to the German
branch of the house of Austria ; but
some considerable parts were obtained,
by conquest or cession, by the French
and Dutch. The Dutch had part of
Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders : the
French had Artois and Cambresis ; with
part of Hainault, Flanders, and Luxem-
burg. Austria held the rest ; and the
the provinces of Antwerp and Malines
were included under the name of Aus-
trian Brabant. In 1788, emperor Joseph
II. having projected many innovations,
and enforcing them with violence, a uni-
versal spirit of revolt broke out ; an army
of 40,000 men rose as if by magic, to
support the renunciation of all allegi-
ance, which several of the provinces
openly made ; a congress was formed
from the different states, in whom the
supreme government was vested ; and by
the end of 1789 the Austrians v/ere ex-
pelled. The new government, however,
■was not of long duration ; for Leopold II;
(the successor of Joseph) was enabled,
partly by conciliatory measures, and part-
ly by the mediation of Great Britain,
Prussia, and Holland, to recover the en-
tire possession of his authority ; the me-
diating courts having guaranteed the re-
storation of the ancient Belgic constitu-
tion. In 1792 the French over-ran the
Austrian Netherlands : they were driven
out of the country in 1793 ; but they re-
turned in 1794, and subdued every part
of it ; and in 1795 decreed it, with the
4 S
territories of Liege and Upper Guelder-
land, an integral part of the French re-
public. To this country they gave the
name of Helgium, and divided it into
nine departments ; but in 1814, agreea-
bly to the treaty of Paris, they evacuated
all that part which formerly belonged to
Austria and Holland. The Netherlands,
or Belgium, is 170 miles long and 90
broad ; bounded on the N by Holland, E
by Germany, S\V by France, and NW by
the German Ocean. The principal rivers
are the Scheldt, Meuse, Dyle, Sambre,
and Lis ; and there are many fine navi-
gable canals. The air is temperate,
and the soil extremely fertile ; but the
mouths of the rivers and harbours are
frozen in winter. Brussels is the chief
town. See Holland, or Dutch Kether-
lands
Js'ethe7~lands, kingdom of Europe, form-
ed in 1814, and containing 17 provinces,
or 18, if the grand dutchy of Luxemburg
is included. It lies between lat. 49 30,
and 53 34 N. and between Ion. 2*^ 30, and
7° E from London. It is bounded NVV
by the German Sea, SW by France, and
E by Germany. Area 24,400 square
miles, inhabited by an aggregate popula-
tion 5,270,000 or 215 to the square mile.
Its provinces are :
Holland - - - 750,000
East Flanders - - 600,000
West Flanders - - 520,000
Hainault - - - 431,000
South Brabant - - 366,000
Liege - - . 355,000
Limburg - - . 293,000
North Brabant - - 252,000
Antwerp - . 250,000
Guelderland - - 244,000
Luxemburg - - 226,000
Friesland - - - 177,000
Namur - - - 157,000
Overy^el - - - 148,000
Groningen - - 136,000
Zealand - - - 112,000
Utrecht - - - 108,000
Drentho - - - 47,000
5,270,000
The government of the Netherlands is
a limited monarchy, with great resem-
blance to that of England ; but the prin-
ciples of civil Hberty much more respect-
ed in the latter than in the former. In
one very important particular the go-
vernment of the Netherlands approxi-
mates more to that of the United States,
than any other in Europe. Each pro-
vince has its own assembly where mu-
nicipal concerns are regulated independ-
ent in an extensive degree of the general
government. With all this specious ap-
pearance, however, the people of the Nc-
689
N E A
:s" E U
therlands have but little influence over
the acts of the crown. The person of
the king is inviolable ; and all bills must
emanate from liis cabinet. The members
of the upper house are nomiiiaied by the
king and hold their offices for life, though
their titles and office are not hereditary.
The freedom of the press is tolerably se-
cured, and no religious test required for
office.
The succession to the crown fixed in
the family of Nassau Orange, and title
of the monarch "king of tlie Nether-
lands ; prince of Orange ;" and as a mem-
ber of the Germanic confederacy," grand
duke of Luxemburg."
The kingdom of the Netherlands has
six universities, which are Leyden,
Utrecht, Groningen, Louvain, Ghent,
and Liege. The four former were an-
cient, the two latter instituted by the
present government. There exists also,
a naval school at Helvoetsluys, and a mi-
litary school at Dort.
The annual revenue and expenditure
of this kingdom amountbtoabout7,000,000
pounds sterling or about 30,000,000 of dol-
lars. The colonies of the Netherlands
ai-e extensive and highly important ;
they consist of 1st, in Asia, Java, Am-
boyna, Ternate, Banda, Malacca, and Ma-
eassar; with factories on the Coroman-
del coast and in Persia. In Africa, 12
or 13 small forts on the coast of Guinea.
In South America, Surinam. In the
West Indies, the islands of Curracoa, St.
Eustatius, and St. Martin.
JVetschkau, town of Upper Saxony, in
Voigtland, situated on the Golsch, 12
miles SW of Zwickau.
Xettiino, town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, near the ruins of the ancient
Antium, at the mouth of the Loracina,
24 miles S by E of Rome.
J^^eva, river of Russia, which issues
from the lake Ladoga, and flows to Pe-
tersburg, where it divides into several
branches, and enters the gulf of Finland
at Cronstadt. It is formed by the drain
of the vast low country NE from St. Pe-
tersburg, and conveys to the gulf of Fin-
land the waters of lakes Ladoga, Onega,
and many others. It is only called the
Neva between lake Ladoga, and the gulf
of Finland.
A'evada, Sierra de, chain of mountains
iu the south of Spain; Wherever the ad
jective Nevada, is annexed to Spanish
mountains, it signifies that they are co-
vered with perpetual snow. The Sierra
de Nevada, of Granada rises in one peak,
the Muley Hassen, to 11,250 feet, and in
another the Veleta, to 10,985 feet above
the Ocean level. The Mulev Hassau is
690
the highest mountain in Europe wesi
from iVIount Blanc.
jVeuburg, fortified town of Bavaria,
capit il of the principality of the same
name. It stands on a hill, on the Da-
nube, and has two gates, but the fortifi-
cations are chiefly gone to decay. The
castle is a large building, and contains
a hall of extraordinary size, embellished
with portraits. It is 32 miles NNE of
Augsburg, and 60 SW of Amberg. Lon.
11 13 E, lat. 48 43 N.
JYeubtirtf, town of Bavaria, seated
on the Schwarza, 17 miles ESE of Am-
berg.
Aleuburg, town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
seated near the Rhine, 12 miles S of
Brisach.
Keuburg, town of Suabia, in the king-
dom of Wirtemberg, seated on the Entz,
25 miles W of Stutgard.
Miuchaleaii, town of France in the de-
partment of Vosges ; seated in a soil fer-
tile in corn and good wine, on the river
Meuse, 25 miles'SW of Nancy.
NtiLchately territory of Swisserland,
which, with thatof Vallengin, forms one
principality, between the lake of Ncu-
chatel, and the borders of France ; ex-
tending 36 miles from N to S, and 18 in
its gi-eatest breadtli. By the death of the
duchess of Nemours, in 1707, the sove-
reignty of Neuchatel and Vallengin was
claimed by Frederick I. of Prussia, as
heir to the prince of Orange ; and his
right was acknowledged by the states of
the country.
JVeuchatel, town of Swisserland, ca-
pital of a principality of the same name.
It contains not more than 3,000 souls, and
is situated partly on the plain between
the lake of Neuchatel and the Jura, and
partly on the declivity of that mountain.
The chief article of exportation is wine,
which is much esteemed, and produced
from the vineyards in its vicinity; and
there are here manufactures of printed
linens and cottons. Among the many
public works which have been lately exe-
cuted here, are the new town-house, and
a superb causeway leading towards the
valley of St. Imier Neuchatel is govern-
ed by a great andfittle council ; the first
is composed of 40 persons ; the second
consists of 24 members, comprehending
the mayor, who is president. It is 25
miles NE of Lausanne, and 25 W of Bern.
Lon. 7 0 E, lat. 47 5 N.
JVeuchatel, or Yverduii, lake of Swis-
serland, which takes its name from a
town of the same name, stretches about
20 miles in Length from the town of
Yverdun to that of Neuchatel, in a di-
rection from SW to NE, at which ex-
tremitv it has a communication with the
X E \
N E U
lake of Bienne by a narrow outlet, and is Islands, in the West Indies, divided from
17 miles long, and 5 broad. the E end of St. Christophers by a nar-
A''evern, village in Pembrokeshire, row channel. It has but one mountain,
near a river of the same name, one mile which is in the middle, very high, and
NE of Newport. There are several mo- covered with large trees up to the top.
numents oi antiquity in this parish, and Here are springs of fresh water and a
among the rest a single stone, of a square hot bath, much of the same nature as
form, 13 feet high and two broad, with a those of Bith, in England. It is a small
circular top, charged with a cross, and island, but veiy fruitful, and subject to
all the sides are neatly carved with knot the English. Charleston is the capital,
work of Various patterns. J\'eiunark-, town of Transylvania on the
A'evers, considerable episcopal town river M.-risch, 56 miles N of Clausen-
of France, in the department of Nievre, burg, Lon. 23 35 E, lat. 47 19 N.
and late province of Nivernois, seated on A'euinark, town of Germany in the
the Loire, over which it has a handsome circle uf Bavaria, 30 miles NNW of Rat-
bridge. The town is bui!t in the form of isbon. I..on. 12 25 E, lat. 49 18 N.
anamphitheatre, containing many elegant J\'c;/.i, river of North CaroUn a, which
buildings, among which is the ancient enters Pamiico Sound, bslow Newbern
palace, in which John Casim.er, king of where it is a mile and a half broad. It
Poland, expired in 1672. It is 145 miles rises in Person county, interlocking
SE of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E, lat 46 39 N. sources v/ith DdU river branch of Roa-
.Yeufchatel, town of France, in the noke, and lowing 100 miles SSE, through
department of Lower Seine, and late pro- Granville, Orange, Wake, and Johnson,
vince of Normandy, noted for excellent enters Wayne county. Here itturnsSE
cheese, commodiously seated on the river by E 8U through Wayne, Lenoir, and
Arques, 20 miles SE of Dieppe, and 75 Craven counties, opens by a wide estuary
NVVofParis. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 49 46 N. into Pamlico Sound. The tides ascend.
J\''cu/c/m(eaii, town of Austrian Lux- 10 or 12 miles above Newbern, and for
emburg, 27 miles WN W of Luxemburg, boats this I'iver is navigable to Raleigh.
Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 49 53 N. A''eusaltz, town of Silesia, in the princi-
JVeufchatemu commercial town of pality of Glogau, 12 miles NW of Glogau.
France, in the department of the Vosges, j\''€usidle, town of Hungary, 24 miles SW
and late province of Lorrain. It is seat- of Piesburg, situated on a lake of the same
ed in a soil fertile in corn, wine, and all name.
the necessaries of life, on the river Mou- A^eusidler, lake of Hungary, 25 miles
zon, 25 miles SW of Nanci, and 150 Eby long and six broad. It is 16 miles SSW of
S. of Paris. Lon. 5 47 E, lat 48 24 N. Presburg, almost surrounded by fens, and
JVeuhaus, strong town of Bohemia, in has in its vicinity the castle of Esterhazy,
the circle of Bechin, with a castle. Lon. which is said to rival the palace of Ver-
15 30 E, lat. 48 9 N. saiiies in pomp.
jYeuhaus, town of Germany, in the jVeiisol, town of Uoper Hungary, and a
circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of bishop's see, with a 'large castl -, in which
Bremt^n. It was once a place of great ig p dvcircli, covered with copper. In the
trade, and had a commodious harbour at adjacent mountains are the greatest copper
the mouth of the Oste, but a sand bank
accumulating, in it, at the issue of the
Oste, into the Elbe, its trade was almost
annihilated, and it is row of much less
consequence than formerly. It is 19
miles NNW of Slade. L<r.i. 8 27 E,
lat- 53 52 N.
J^'eu/iause! . strong town of Upper Hun-
mines in Hungary. It is ocated on the
Gran, 22 miles N by E of Schemnitz.
J\rc7!stadt, town of Austria, with a castle,
and an ar.senal. It has the staple right over
all goods coming from Italy, and stands on
the frontiers of Hungary, 28 miles S by W
of Vienna. Lon. 16 18 E, lat. 47 50>'.
JVdiisiadt, town of Franconia, capital of
gary, seated in a marshy plain, on the the lower part of the principahty of Bay-
river Neytracht, 15 miles NW of Como- rcuth, with a castle. The library belong-
ra, and 40 SE of Presburg. Lon. 18 10 iug to the chvu-ch contains many curiosi-
E, lat. 4S 1 N- ties. 1' stands on the river Aisch, 32 miles
JVevin, or j^l'etvin, town in Carnarvon- ESE of Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 Ao E, lat. 49
shire, with a market on Saturday. It is 38 N.
seated on the Irish Sea, 20 miles S by W
of Carnarvon, and 249 WNW of London.
Lon. 4 25 W, lat. 52 52 N.
JKl'villxvilld, post village, Clermont
county, Ohio, containing about 200 inha-
bitants 30 miles above Cincinnati.
JYevis, one of the Leeward Caribbee
JVeusfadt, town of Franconia,inthe prin-
cipality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Sale,
16 7nile.s N by E of Schweinfurt.
jYeutstadt, town of Suabia, in the king-
dom of Wirtemburg, seated on the Kocher,
12 miles NNE of Hailbron.
A^t^nstadt.toyfn of Upper Saxonv, in Mis-
691
-\ E ^^
X E "\V
iiin, capital of a circle of the same name.
It has a castle, two cliurches, and a mine
office ; and on a mountain near it is another
castle, called Arnshaug. It is seated on
the Orla, 46 miles SSW of Leipsic. Lon.
11 49E, lat. 50 45 N.
JK'eustailt, town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark. Here are extensive brewe-
ries, and manufactures of cloth and cutlery.
It stands on the Finow canal, 31 miles NE
of Berlin.
JKeustadt, town of Rrandenburji^, in tlie
mark of Fregnitz, celebrated for its manu-
facture of plate-glass ; seated on the Dosse,
eight miles ENE of Havelberg.
JKeustadt, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and a spa-
cious harbour on the Baltic, 20 miles N
by E of Lubec. Lon. 10 57 E, lat. 54
10 N.
JVeustadt, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, 17
miles S of Schwerin.
J^'eustadt, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick Lunenburg, with a
castle, seated on the Leina, 15 miles NNW
of Hanover,
•N'eustadt, town ofBavaria, at the conflux
of the Abenst with the Danube, 16 miles
E by Noflngolstadt.
JS'eiistadt, town of Bavaria, with a castle,
on the river Nab, 27 miles NNE of Am-
berg.
JSi'eustadt, town of Moravia, in the cirole
of Olmutz, 10 miles NW of Olmutz.
JVeustadt, town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Oppeln, 14 miles SE of Neis-se.
A'htsCadt, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Pilsen, 35 miles W by S of Pilsen.
JVeuatadty town of Bohemia, 13 miles NE
of Konigingratz.
JK''eustadt, town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, 50 miles ESE of Dussel-
dorf.
JVeustadt, town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine ; seated on the Spire-
bach, 14 miles W of Spire.
JVeustadiel, town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Glogau, 14 miles W of Glogau,
and 17 E by N of Sagan.
JVeuville, town of France, in the de-
partment of Loiret, 11 miles NNE of Or-
leans.
J\'euii)ied, flourishing commercial city of
Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine,
capital of the principahty of Weid. It
contains between 6 and 7000 inhabitants.
Neuwied is 10 miles NNW of Coblentz.
Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 50 32 N.
JVetv Albany, handsomely situated town,
and seat of justice for Floyd county, Indi-
ana. It is situated on the right bank of Ohio
river, four miles below Louisville and two
below Shippingport in Kentucky. It con-
tains about 200 houses, 1000 inhabitants, a
fitcam, saw and grist mill, 5nd a ship vard.
692
^\e-iy Alexandria, post village of West-
moreland county, Pennsylvania, on Loyal-
hanna river, 11 miles NE from Greens-
burg.
JVe^» Alexandria, small town of Colum-
biana county, Ohio.
JVrttf Amsterdam, town and capital of
Berbice, in South America, on Berbice
river near its mouth.
JVeiu Antrim, post town in Orange coun-
ty. New York ; situated on the post and
stage road, from New York to Albany, 34
miles N by W of the former, and 33 SE of
Goshen.
J^eivark upon Trent, borough in Notting-
hamshire, with a market on Wednesday.
It is seated on the Trent, over which is a
bridge, and once had a handsome caStle,
now in ruins. Newark has a good trade,
is governed by a mayor, and sends two
members to parliament. It is 17 miles NE
of Nottingham, and 124 N by W of London.
Lon. 0 45 W, lat. 53 6 N.
JVexvark, Upper Canada, is situated on
the west side, at the entrance of Niagara
river opposite to the fortress at Niagara, on
lake Ontario. This town was laid out in
the year 1794. It now contains about one
hundred and fifty persons, two churches,
a jail and academy. The first provincial
parliament met at this place, and the pub-
lic offices of government have been held
pro tempore, here.
J\'e-ivark, post town and seat of justice,
Essex county. New Jersey ; situated on the
W side of Passaic river. It has a college,
instituted in 1792, and carries on the manu-
facture of shoes in an extensive manner.
Newark stands on a plain. The streets
are wide, and laid generally in strait lines ;
the houses are many of them spacious and
elegant. It contains two banks, and exten->
sive tanneries, and other manufacturing es-
tablishments. Very fine stone quarries
exist in the vicinity ; it is distant nine miles
W from New York, and sis NNE from Eli-
zabethtown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 12,212
do. do. females ... 11,885
Total whites
All other persons except Ind
not taxed
Slaves - . - .
Total population in 1810,
ians
ans
24,097
758
1,129
25,984
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indi
not taxed
2,989
2,916
0
Total whites
5,905
i
X E W
N E W
Free persons of colour, males -25
do. do. females 279
Slaves, males . _ _ 44
do. females _ _ _ 54
Total population in 1820 - 6,507
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 108
Engaged in Agriculture - 229
do. in Manui'actui-es - 1,177
do. in Commerce - 104
J\''ewark bay, sheet of water extending
from Slaten Island Sound to the mouth of
Passaic and Hackinsuck rivers, in a direction
of NNE, two miles wide and six miles long.
J\^ev>ark, post town. New Castie county,
Delaware, 14 miles SW from *.Vilming.>m.
A'e-ii'm-k; post \own and seat of justice
for Licking county, Ohio. It is situated near
the confluence of the principal branches of
I.icking river, 26 miles west by north from
Zanesville, 26 north by east from Lancas-
ter, and 33 east by north from Columbus.
It contains a presbyterian meeting house
and a court house of brick, eight stores, 70
dwelling houses, and 410 inhabitants. Lat.
40 4 N, Ion. 5 26 W.
JVew Ashford, township of Berkshire
county, Massachusetts, 25 miles N from
Lenox. Population in 1820, 358.
JVexv Athens, small town in the southern
part of Harrison county, Ohio, six miles
southfrom Cadiz, Itissituated on both sides
of the township line, dividing Cadiz trom
Short creek ; lying, therefore, partly in
both of those two town^-hips.
JVety Athens, or Tyogatoivn, post town in
Bradford countj^, Pennsylvania. It is situa-
ted near the confluence of the Tyoga
river and the East branch of the Susque-
hannah. A situation very convenient to
intercept the trade of both rivers.
JVew Baltimore, village and township of
Green county. New York, on the Hudson,
18 miles btlow Albany. Population in
1820, 2036.
JV«y Baltimore, post village, Fauquier
county, Virginia.
JVeiv Bnrlmdoes, township of Bergen
county. New Jersey. Population in 1820,
2592.
JVe-u) Bedford, Bristol county, Massachu-
setts.
J\''ey> Bedford, post village, in Mahoning
township, Mercer county, Pennsylvania, 16
miles SVV from Mercer.
JVVvt) Berlin, post village and township,
of Chenango county. New York. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2366.
J\'ew Berlin, post village and seat of jus-
tice. Union county, Pennsylvania, on Penns
creek, 11 miles W from Simbury.
JVeiubern, post village, Montgomery
county, Virginia.
A^nrhem, capital of Craven coiintv.
North Carolina ; situated on the S bank of
the river Neuse, at its jiuiction with the
Trent, in the lat. of 35 20 N, and Ion. of
T7 5 W, 35 miles S of Washington, on
Pamlico river, and 81 S by VV of Edenton,
on Albermarle sound. This is a post town
and port of entry, the most populous in
the state, and was the seat of government
before the revolution. The quantity of
lumber, Indian corn, tar, pitch and turpen.
tine, exported annually from this town, is
very considerable. The inhabitants are
esiimatea at 2467, one moiety at least being
blacks and mulattoes.
A''e-ivberry, post village of Burlington
county. New Jersey.
JVe-rjjberry, village of Lycoming county,
Peiivisylvania, on the west bank of Lyco-
ming river, opposite Willianisp .rt-
JX'ewberry, district of South Carolina ;
bounded by Lexington SE ; Saluda river
or Edgefield SW ; Laurens NW ; Ennoree
river, or Union N ; and Broad river, or
Fairfield NE. Length 25 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 500 square miles. Surface rather
waving than hilly. Soil productive. Prin-
cipal staple cDtton Chief town, Newberry.
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - 5,123
do. do. females - - 4,725
Total whites .... 9,848
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - no
Slaves 4,006
Total population in 1810
13,964
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5,163
do. do. females . . - 5,014
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... q
Total whites - . . . 10,177
Free persons of colour, males - 85
do. do. females 93
Slaves, males - - - 2,881
do. females - - - 2,868
Total population In 1820
16,104
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 14
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,^76
do. in Manufactures - - 274
do. in Commerce - . 76
Population to the square mile, 32.
JVexL'berry, post town and seat of justice,
Newberry district. South Carolina, 40
miles NW from Columbia.
JVexvberry, post village of Christian coun-
ty, Kentucky.
JVeivbills, post office, Campbell county,
Virginia.
JYa'-'bigmn, fishing town of Northum-
693
:\ E ^^
berland, seven miles E of Morpetli. It is
situated on the N side of tlie bay ('f Xew-
biggin.
JVew Boston, township of Hillsborougli
countv, New Hampshire, contai'iing 1619
inhabitants in 1810, snd in 1-820, 1686. It
is situated on a branch of tlie Merrimack
river, 50 miles westward from Portsmouth.
J\nu Boston, inconsiderable post town in
Clark county, Bethel township, (Jhi.>, on
the western side of Mad river, four miles
SW from Springfield.
JVew Bourbon, village of Si. Genevieve
county, Missouri, containing about 70
houses, and 350 Inhabitants. It stands two
miles beluv.' St. Genevieve.
JWw Braintrec, post town and township,
Worces'.er county, Massachusetts, 18 miles
WNW from Worcester. Population in
1820, 888.
A'ev! Brilain, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, cont-uninsr 1474 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820, lOSO. It is situated
on Nesbaminy creek, between liiittown and
Doylestovvn.
./Vew Bror^'mrille, new town in Wayne
county, Ohio, on .Terome's fork.
JVew Bru7isrdck, post town and city in
Middlesex county, New Jersey, on the S
bank of the river Rariton, 30 milts NE of
Trenton, and 36 SW of the city of New
York.
By some inadvertance, the original arti-
cle New Brunswick, in Brook's Gszetteer,
was inserted in this edition. This article
is very defective, and I wish the reader to
consider it cancelled, and this used in its
place.
This city, beside the ordinary county
buildings, has five places of public worship
for Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Metlio-
dists, Buplists, and Dutch reformed, each
one.
Queen's college, was formed by the
Dutch reformed church, and intended for
tfee education of their clergy. It was in-
corporated in 1770, and since 1810, has
been in some respects connected with a
Theological school, founded in the same
city.
The site of New Brunswick, rises gradu-
ally from the bank of Rariton river. The
adjacent country is pleasantly diversified
and well cultivated. The tide rises some
little distance above the town, and steam
boats, when not prevented by ice, ply
regularly between that place and New
York.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 2,865
do. do. females - - - 2,808
.\ E W
'I'otal population In 1810 .
6,;">
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,981
do. do. females ... 2,973
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... Q
Total whites . . . -
5,954
Free persons of colour, males -
165
do, do. females ...
195
S! ives, males .
213
do. females
237
Total population in 1820 -
6,764
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
30
Engaged in Agriculture -
659
do. in ]\Ta)iut"acturss
323
do. in Commerce
60
Total whites - - - - 5,673
.A.11 other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 206
Slaves . - . - . 433
694
jVe~vbvrg, corporate town in the isle of
Anglesey, with a market on Tuesd;ty. It
is governed by a mayor, and seated on the
river Brant, 15 miles SW of Beaumari.s,
and 257 NW of London. Lou. 4 27 W,
kt. 53 10 N.
J\^ewburg^ post town and township of
Orange countv. New York, containing 4627
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 5812. It
is situated on the W side of Hudson river,
five ikules N of West Point, and 95 S of
Albany. This is one of the most pleasantlj'
situated towns on the Hudson. The bank
rises by a rather bold acclivity, giving a
fine view of the river, opposite shore, and
adjacent mountains. Any vessel that can
pass the bar at Sandy Hook, can reach
Newburg. Its trade is active and increas-
ing.
JVeivbwg, populous and wealthy post
township in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, immc-
dia'ely S from Cleveland, containing 756
inhabitants in 1820.
JYe^vburn, petty village in Northumber-
land, on the W side of Newcastle, inhabited
by Colliers, Here a part of the army of
Charles I under lord Conway, were defeat-
ed by the Scotch in 1540.
J^ewbitry, corporate town in Berkshire,
with a market on Thursday, its poor .ire
chiefly employed in spinning. Two battles
were fought near this town with dubious
success, between the forces of Charles I.
and the parliament, in 1643, and 1644.
Newbury is commodiouslj'^ seated on the
river Kennet, 26 miles S of Oxford, and 56
W of London. Lon. 1 12 W. lat. 51 25
N.
.Tfeiubjiry, post town, the capital of Or-
ange county, Vermont ; situated on the W
side < \ Conieclicut river, 40 mites N of
Dartmouth college, and five NW of Haver-
hill, in New Hampshire ; it contains 1363
inhabitants, in 1810.
JVi'xvbnry, township of Essex county.
X E ^^
N E ^v
Massachusetts, opposite Salisbury. Popu-
lation in 1820. 3671.
Aew6«)'(/, township and post villa.^e of
York county, Pennsylvania. The township
is on the point between Susqiielianniih
river and Conewago crec-k, and the viliag-e
five miles N\V Croni York Haven. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1794
J^l'wbnrij, township of Geauga county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1^37.
j\'ewbw-ij, NW township of Miami coun-
ty, Oliio. Population in 1820, 542.
J\'c2vbiirii-p'jrt, considerable port of entry
and post town, in Essex county, Massachu-
setts ; situated at the moutli of the river
Merrimack, in lat. 42 47 N, Ion. 70 47 W,
40 miles N from Boston, and 22 SW from
Portsmouth, in New H.-mpshire. Tiie site
of Newberry-port is a gentle acclivity giv-
ing a pleasing aspect to the place, v/hich
is heightened by the regularity of the buil-
dings and streets. It cor.iains two banks,
two ensurance offices, and six or seven
phtces of public worship. In point of foreign
commerce it is the third in the state. In
1815 its shipping amounted to near 25,000
tons.
J^'exobifa cross roads, post office, Cul-
pepper county Virginia.
J\'tiv: Canaan, post town, Fairfield coun-
ty, Connecticut, about 30 miles WSW
from New Haven. Population in 1810,
1600, and in 1820, 1682. It contains an
academy.
JVVw Canton, post village, Buckingham
county, Virguiia; on the right bank of
James river, 55 miles by land above Rich-
mond.
vA'Vyw Carlisle, town and capital of Gaspe
county, Lower Canada, on Chaleur bay.
J\'ewcastle, county of Delaware ; bounded
by Delaware river E ; Kent county in Dela-
ware S; Kent and Cecil counties in Mary-
land SW ; Chester county in Pennsylvania
NW ; and Delaware county in Pennsylvania
NE. Length 36 ; mean width 12 ; and area
432 square miles. The surface of this
county is generally decorated with hill and
dale, though the northern section is mi/re
broken than that of the south. The pro-
jected canal to unite the Delaware and
Chesapeak bays is to pass across this coun-
ty. The line of separation between the
primitive and the sea sand alluvial forma-
tions, enters the NE angle of New Castle
near Delaware river, and ranging SW,
merges into Maryland between Glasgow
and Frenchtown. Brandywine river, and
Red, and White Clay creeks, rise in Ches-
ter county Pennsylvania, and flow, nearly S,
fall over the primitive ledge into Chris-
tiana. The latter rises also in Pennsylva-
nia, and crossing the NE angle of Maryland,
flows nearly S, between Elk river, and
Whiteclay creek, falls also over the ledge,
and thence, turns to NE along its outer
verge to Wilmington. Tliis range of falls
reader the water facility found in New
Caslie county for the propulsion of ma-
chinery, equal to any other of equal ex-
cent in the United States. This natural ad-
vantage has been extensively improved on
the Brandywine in particular. The prin-
cipal sttiple of New Castle is flour. Chief
town Wilmington. See Brandywine.
Population in 1810
Free wliite males
do. do. females
Total whites ' - ...
All other persons except Indians
. not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
9,945
9,518
19,463
3,919
1,047
24,429
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - H 288
do. do. females - . n qj2
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . q
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
22,360
2,215
2,129
654
541
27,899
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 304
Engaged in Agriculture - . 4,099
do. in Manufactures - 1,861
do. in Commerce . ■ 191
I'opulation to the square mile, 64.
J\'dwcastle, town in Carmarthenshire,
with a market on Friday. It is a poor town,
and its once fine castle is now in ruins. It
is seated on the Tyvy, 17 miles NW of Car-
marthen, and 219 WNW of London. Lon.
4 30 W lat. 52 4 N.
JVexucastle under Line, borough in Staf-
fordshire, with a miirket on Monday. It
had four churches, now reduced to one j
and the castle, whence it took its name, is
quite demolished. It has a manufacture of
hats, is governed by a mayor, and sends
two members to parliament. It is a large
place with broad paved streets, and is fa-
mous for more stone-ware being made
near it than at any place in England. It is
on a rivulet, 15 miles from Stafford, and
149 NNW of London. Lon. 2 2 W, lat. 5o
12 N.
A'ervcastle, or JX'ewcastle upon Tyne, large
borough and seaport in Northumberland,
situated between the Picts Wall and the
Tyne. The river is so deep, that ships of
600 tons burthen may come up to the town
695
N E W
NEW
in ballast, l)ut the colliers wait at Shields
for their lading which is brought down the
river in lighters, the great coUieries which
have for centviries supplied London and
most of the soiUhern parts of the kingdom
with coal. This is the staple trade of, and
has been the source of great wealth to
Newcastle, the coals carried thence annu-
ally are computed to amount to IjlSr.OOO
tons ; it also manufactures steel, iron, glass,
woollen cloth, earthen ware, white lead,
milled lead, he. to a great extent, and here
is a round tower for the manufactory of
patent shot ; it exports large quantities of
lead, salt, salmon, butter, tallow, and is
particularly famous for its grindstones, that
scarce a vessel goes from thence wiithout
some of them. Newcastle was made a
borough by William I. and t!ie first charter
for digging cnal was granted by Henry III.
in 1239. It is 34 miles S of Almwick, 94
N of York, and 271 N by VV of London.
Lon. 127 W, lat. 55 3 N.
J\'e-,vcastle, post town and the capital of
Newcastle county, Delaware, situated on
the W bank of Delaware river, six miles S
of Wilmington, and 34 SW cf Philadelphia.
Although one of the oldest towns on the
river, being planted by the Swedes in
1627, it has long been on the decline ; the
hundred containing in 1810, 2438 inhabi-
tants, and in 1820, 2671. It lies in lat. 39
30 N, and lon. 75 18 W.
J\'e-ivcastle, post town and township, in
Lincoln county, Maine, 45 miles NE of
Portland, and 12of Wiscasset, in nearly the
same direction Population in 1820, 1243.
jYcivcastlf:, or Great Island, island and
town cf Rockingham county. New Hamp-
shire, two miles E from Portsmouth, at the
mouth of Piscataqua river. Population in
1810, 592, and in 1820,932.
J\'(rwcastle, township of Wcst Chester
county. New York, about 40 miles NNE
from New York. Population 1810, 1291,
and in 1820, 1368.
A'exvcastle, village on the southern bor-
der of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, on the
point above the junction of Shenango, and
Neshanoc creeks, 16 miles SS W from Mer-
cer.
J\''exi>castle, post town of Hanover county,
Virginia, on the right bank of Pamunkey
river, 24 miles NE trom Richmond.
J\''ev!castle, post town, and seat of justice,
Henry county, Kentucky. It contains the
ordinary county buildings and near 200
houses. Population about 1000 ; 25 miles
NW from Frankfort.
Newcastle, Priace Edward county. Up-
per Canada. This township is situated on
the Presqu'isle de Quinte, extending into
lake Ont?ario, from the easterly part of the
township of Cramahe ; is a situation well
suited for commerce and protection, and
sheltered from all winds.
696
J\'ew Charleston, township of Penobscot
countv, Maine ; 22 miles NW from Bangor.
Population 1810, 210 ; and in 1820, 344.
JVetw Chester, township of Grafton coun-
ty, New Hampshire, on the Merrimack.
Population 1810, 895 ; and in 1820, 971.
jYewco7nersto-wn, settlement, in the SW
quarter of Tuscarawas county. Ohio, 18
miles SW by W from New Philadelphia,
and four east from Coshocton.
J\'e-ivdigate, village in Surry, with a me-
dicinal spring of the same nature as that of
Epsom.
.A dw Durham, township of Strafford coun-
ty. New Hampshire, 40 miles NW from
Portsmouth. Population 1810, 888, and
in 1820, 1168.
.A'tw Egypt, post village of Monmouth
county. New Jersey, 55 miles NE by E
from Philadelphia.
J\'eio England, name given at an early
period to all the country that lies between
Canada and New York, and which at pre-
sent comprises New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont,
and Maine.
JK'eivenham, Cape, rocky point of con-
siderable height, on the W coast of North
America. It was discovered by captain
Cook in 1778. Lon. 162 24 W, lat. 58 42
N.
J^'e-Ment, town in Gloucestershire, near
a branch of the Severn, 114 miles WNW
of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 51 56 N.
vVew Fairfeld, township of Fairfield
countv, Connecticut, containing 772 inhabi-
tants 'in 1810, and in 1820, 788. It is situ-
ated between Brookfield and the State of
New^ York.
A'ew Fane, township of Windham coun-
tv Vermont, containing 1275 inhabitants in
I'SIO, and in 1820, 1400. It is situated on
E side of West river, eight miles NW of
Fulham.
^'eiv Feliciana, parish of Louisiana, boun-
ded N by Mississippi ; E by Amnite river,
or parish St. Helena; S by East Baton
Rouge ; and SW by the Mississippi river.
Area 650 square miles, or 672,000 acres.
New Feliciana is one of the most agreea-
ble parts of Louisiana, being finely diver-
sified by hill and dale. Some parts are
level towards the Mississippi, but the sur-
face is generally hilly and well watered.
Natural timber, laurel magnolia; pine, va-
rious species of oak, ash, elm, and hickory ;
liriodendron, sassafras, lynden, dogwood,
and many other trees. Soil of various
qualities from river alluvion to poor pine
woods. Staples cotton, maize, provisions,
lumber, common productions for family
use, garden vegetables of great variety,
peaches, figs, and plums. St. Francisville
is the only town worthy of notice.
Population in 1820.
Free w-hite males - - - 3,074
]N E W
Free wiiite females - - - 1!,360
All other persons, except Irfd'rans
not taxed - - - . 65
Total whites - . - . 5,499
Free persons of colour, males - 37
do. do. females - 32
Slaves, mdes .... 3,619
do. temales - - - 3,545
Total population in 1820 - 12,732
Of these;
Fo^eigne^•s not naturalized - 20
Engaged'in Aj^riculture - - 5,802
do. in Manufactures - 16
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 20 nearl)'.
JVewfield, town of York county, Maine,
40 miles NW from York. Population 1810,
815; and in 1820, 1147.
^Vew Forest, forest in Hampshire, siuiated
in that part of thecounty which is, bound-
ed on the E by Southampton Water, and
on the S by the English Channel.
JVeivfoundland, island on the E coast of
North America, between 47 and 52° N lat.
It was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in
1496 ; and after many disputes with tlie
French it was ceded to the Engllh in
1713. Its form is triangular ; the N point
is separated from Labrador by the strait of
Belleiale, and from this apex it is 350
miles in length to the base, which is 3D0
in breadth. It is a mountainous, woody
country, and very cold, being covered with
snow five months in the year. It seems to
have no inhabitants of its own, but in the
summer time is visited by the Esquimaux
Indians. It has several hays and liarbours,
and t^ere are about 500 English f;>.milies
who continue here all the year, beside the
garrison of St. John, Placentia aiul other
forts. In the fishing season wiiich begins
in May and ends in September, it is re-
sorted to by ai least 10,000 people, on ac-
count of the great fishing-banks to ihe SE
of the island ; -for here they cure the cod,
which is carried not only to England, but
to the Mediterranean and W. Indies. In
winter the chief einploynemt of the inhabi-
tants is to "Ut wood ; and tiie smallest kiiul,
used for fuel, is drawn by their large dogs,
trained op and liurnessed for thai purpose.
Theic is great plenty of game, fish and
fowl, but very little corn, fruit or cattle.
St. John is the principal settlement.
J^'eivfoti)^d mills, post-office, Hunover
county, "V^h'ginia.
S.Vew Garf/e?j,. township in Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvariia ; where tliere is a post
office, 12 miles W by N of Wilmington,
Delaware, and 125 from the city of Yv'asi)-
ington. It contained in 1810, 1,038 inhabi-
tants, and in 1820, 1199.
4T
,\ E W
A'cio Garden, post village, Robinson
county, Koith Carolina.
/vl'j^ Garden, townsSiip of Columbia
countvj . Ohio. Population 1820, uncer-
tain.
AVw Geneva, post village, Fayette
county Pennsyjvania, on the right bank
of Munongahela river, belovr the mouth
of George's creek, 20 miles by landjabove
Brownsville.
JVeiv Georgia, group of islands in the
Frozen Otean, discovered in 1819 by
Capt Parry. Lon. W C from 20 to 40
W, lat, from 74 to 76 N. See Polar
Regions,
.Yew Gerhinntoion, post village, Hunter-
don county, !Nevir Jersey, 35 miles N from
Trenton.
JV^w Glasgotv, post village, Amherst
county, Virginia. It is the seat of an aca-
demy for young ladies.
Aevu Glouceaier, post town in Cumber-
land county, Maine ; SO rniles N by W
of Portland, containing 1648 inhabitants,
in 1810; and in 1820,' 1653.
vVdviJ Granada, formerly a captain ge-
neralship r.f Spain, in South America,
now an integral part of the Reptihlic of
Columbia. It is b( unded N by the Ca-
ribbean Sea ; NE by the former captain
generalship of Caracas SE by Brazil, S
by Peru, and W by the Pacific Ocean ;
extending from 12 north to 6 degrees of
S lat and from 10 E to 2 W Ion. from
Washingion. The features of nature are
on a scale commensurate v;ith the ex-
pansive area of. this country. It contains
the higliest mountains yet measured on
t!;e wesiirrn continent, and the alluvial
j)lains near the mouth of the Magda-
lena.
The Andes of Peru, gradually separa--
ting into diffv'rent ridges traverse New
Gr..nada from SSVV t;o NNE. A little
to the north of the Ecjuator three very
distinct mountain chains extend ; one
following the Pacific coast reaches, and
is continued in the Isthmus of Darlen ;
the second or middle range runs nearly^~
N and S separating the basins of Mag-
dakna and Atrato, merges into the Ca-
ribbe.ni Sea. The third or eastern chain
rcViges NXE towards the head of the
gulf of ?vfanc;ii '■ md separates the con-
fluents of t!ie Magdalena fsjid Orinoco.
At about 8 N lat. the latter chain again
divides ; one iiranch tums N and merges
into the Caribbean Sea, at Cape Vela;
ttie other gradually curves to the E, and
constitutes the mountains of Caracas.
_ The rivers of New Granada, are nu-
rtiercus and important. Tho§p flowing
into the Pacific Ocean are generally
short, and from the great inclination of
ih?;ir planes of descent rapid in ther?
697
X E ^\"
:. E w
course. See didaqml in the .Addenda. .Vera Hagerstoton, small town in Tus-
A communication between the Atlantic carawas county, Ohio,
aud Pacific Occan has been pioposed ^^Vw Hamfishire, one of the states of
through the St Juan of the Paciiic, and the United Slates, bounded by the At-
Atrato flowing into the Caribbean Sea. lantic Ocean SE ; by Massachusetts S ;
See Atruto in the Addenda. Btr-tween the by Vermont W , Lower Canada N; and
great northern ridges of the Andes which Maine E. /
we have noticed, rises and fl^ws tliK Miles,
Magdalena. This is truly the river of It touches, and is washed by the At-
New Granada, havins^ its source at 2°, lantic Ocean - - , - ,20
and entering the Caribbean Sea at 11 N It thence has a boundary of Maine
lat. It is formed by two great branches, of _ - _ _ _ \sq
the Magdalena Proper, and the Caaca. The boundary between New Hamp-
It is rendered in a great degree unnavi- sbiie, and Lower Canada re-
gable from the rapid descent of its plane. mains uncertain, but is about
East from the Andes, in all the length Down Connecticut river, in common
50
iro
setts -
Having an entire outline of
80
470
i^ai , ... _ 3...
of lSc;w Granada, in Cundinimarca, and with v ermont
Quito, spreads an immense plain across Along north boundary ot Massacha
which meanders the innumerable branch-
es of the Amazon and Orinoco. The
principal confluents of the former in
New Granada, are, the Tungaragua,
Napo, lea, Japura, and Negro. Those
of the Orinoco, are the Yninita, Ua,
Vichada, Meta, and Apure. These
rivers, though mere branches of the two
mighty rivers, Amazon, and Orinoco, , . ... , , ,
flow by comparative course from 300 to eleyat)onotits parts than any section of the
700 miles, and are generally navigable. Ln.ted States ; and of consequence its cli-
Length from SW to NE, 160 miles.
Breadth 90 miles. Area, 8,030 square
miles ; or 5,139,200 acres.
Extending from lat. 42 41 to 45 11 N.
Tliis state differs more in the relative
generally navig
The country over which they flow is
however, yet a wilderness, or extensive
waste inhabited only by savages.
mate and seasons have a corresponding
excess in their extremes. The Atlan-
tic border, is a sandy beach, followed by
hills which increase rather rapidly in
The chmate of New Granada par- ^x^^^^,^^_ The country- rises indeed, by
takes of alt the -Jiversity of its surface ^^ ,. jj ^^ acclivity, (hat the tides do
The elev:it.-d taole land of tne valleys of ^^^^ ^\^^ j„ ^^^ ,.^,^/j. ^^^.^ ^j^^^ ^^^^ ^3
the Aiiflfs lias be'rn celebrated for salu-
brity, whilst the inhabitants of the low
to 15 mi!es inland. The hilly region is
,, . , ^ , , .. , , . quickly fiUowed by the mountainous,
alluvial coasts have been found sul^ject g.tween the Connecticut and Merrimac
to the ordinary mahgnant diseases inci- ^■,^„^^ ^,^^ „g^,. ^^^ j^^y ^^ ,g ^f ^^is
dent to such situations An tropical ch- .^^^^ f-,.^^^ Monadnoc rises amongst
'"^ ^^" inferior sir^niaits to 3254 feet above the
New Granada has been justly cele- ocean level Farther north, Sunapee is
brated for its vegetable and mineral foilowed by Mooseiiillock, the latter at-
wealth. Ill a country of sucli 'variety of taining an elevation of 4636 feet. Be-
elevation within the tropics, the range of tween tht sources of Connecticut, Andro-
vegetabte life must embrace nearly all scoggin. and Merrimac, rise however,
the most valuable fruits an i plants use- the' highest inountain summits yet mea-
ful to man. Gold, silver, platina, iron, ured In the Uv.ited States. Some of the
and emerrdds are enumerated amongst peaks of the White mountains rise above
its minei-al productions . Sqoo feet above the Atlantic Ocean.
In the animal kingdom, the condor. 'I'ak^n as a whole, the natural features
the largest carniv.rous bird yet knowji, of N^ w Hampshire are bold, prominent,
is in a great degree" peculiar to this and in ma y places subli-ne. If we turn
country. our view to the rugged aspect of its sce-
Population according to recent esti- "^^»"y^ we would be led to expect much
mates 1,875.700. See Columbia. ^^^^ fertility of sml ; but in fact few sec-
JVeio GrQ72/liam, township of Cheshir-
Coiinty, New FIamj>s!;ire, 36 miles NW
tions of th.' United States of equal extent
have more productive land than is inclu-
ded in New Hampshire. The most im-
from^Concord. Population 1810,^864, and portant vegetable productions are grass,
in 18^0, IO08. wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, &:c.
JVeio Guinea, or Pa/ma, large and im- The manufacturing establishments of
perfectly known island, lying to the N New Hampshire, are numerous and in-
from New Holland, from which it is se- creasing. More than 30 cotton and wool-
parated by Torres' straits. len manufactures are in operation in that
698
N B W
N E W
state, and many of them on a very en-
largedyscale.
Staples, 'iron, lumber, pot, and pearl
ashes, fish, beet, live stock, pork, and
flax-seed.
For civil and political purposes New
Hampshire is subdivided into the six fol-
lowing counties.
Counties. Sq. miles. Pol). 1820.
Coos - - 1,680 5,349
Grafton - - 1,540 32,989
Chtshire - 1,200 45,276
Hillsborough - 1,150 ' 53,884
Rochingham - 1=0;J0 55,246
Strafford - - 1,460 51,156
25 ; and ar^a 1350 square mil^s. Surface
mostly flat, and part marshy. Beside
Cape Fear river, which washes the S\V
border of the cou!)ty, New Hanover is
drained by Blacik river and tht NE fork
of Cape Fear river. Stai)les, cotton, and
tobacco. Chief town, "Wilmington.
Pop'ilatlon in 1810.
Free wUite males
do. do. females
8,030
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - , -
244,155
105,782
107,608
Tofvl whites
i^ll other persons except Indians
not taxed • -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 * -
213,390
970
0
214,360^
i
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females - - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Total whites - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females.
Slaves, males - . . -
do. females
119,210
124,026
139
243,375
372
414
0
0
Total population in 1820 -
244,161
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture - - 52,3B4
do. in Manufactures - 8,699
do. in Commerce - - . 1,068
Population to tlie square mile, 30.
JV'i?TO Hampton, post town and town-
ship of Strafford county, Ntw Hamp-
shii'e, on the Merrimac 30 miles above
Concord. Population 1810, 1293, and in
1820,
J\'ew Hamfiton, post town of Hunter-
don county, New Jersey, 21 miks'N by
W of Flemmington, and 40 NW of New
Brunswick. \
JVeiv Hanover. . See Hano-ver JVeiv,
township of Montgomery county, Penn-
sylvania. ^
Meiv Hanover, county of North Caro-
lina, bounded by the Atlantc Ocean
SE ; Cape Fear river or Brunwick SVV ;
Bladen W ; Sampson NW ; Dauphin N ;
and Orslon E; length 50; mean width
:,328
2,563
Total whites .... 4,891
All other ptrsons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 132
Slaves - - - - - 6,442
Total popidation in 1810
Foptilation in 1820.
11,465
Free white ncales ...
2,634
do. do. females . - -
2,452
All othir persons except Indians
not ta.\c-d , - -
0
Total whites.' - - . -
5,086
Free persons of color.r, males -
• 102
* do. do. females
117
Slaves, males ....
2,708
do. females . . - -
2,853
Total population in 1820 -
10,866
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 25
Engaged in Agricnlture - - 2,853
do. in Manufactures - 387
do. in Commerce • - 159
Population to the square mile, 8|.
.Yeiv Hartford, post town and town-
ship in Litchfield county Connecticut, 22
miles W by N of the city of Hartford,
and 12 miles NEcf Litchfield, the shire
tr.wn. Population 1810, 1510, and in 1320,
1685. ,
A'eiv Har'ford, post village in Oneida
county. New York, four miles W from
Utica.
JVetv Haven, town of Sussex near the
mouth of the Ouse, with a small harbour.
The entrance of the river is defended by
a battery ; and the haven is generally
made the station of a slonp of war, to
ii'.tercept the smuggling trade. It is
seven miles S by E of Lewis, and 57 of
London.
JVew Havcnt post town Addison coun-
ty, Vermont on Otter creek.
J\'e%v Haven, county of Connecticut,
bounded by l..ong Island Sound S ; Housa-
tonick river or Fairfield SW ; Litchfield
NW ; Hartford N ; and Middlesex NE.
Length 27; mean width 22; and area about
COO square miles. This is one of the
most pleasantly diversified counties \v>
699
]V E \V .
X E W
the United Sjates. It is traversed from
SSW to NNE by a chain of mountains
of no considerable e'evation, which rises
in the vicinity of New Haven city,- and
is intersected by Connecticut river at
MiddletowA in Middlesex county. Be-
su'e the Housp.tonick, Nev/ Haven is
drained by the Naugatuck and Quinipi-
ack rivers With the e>xeption of sttme
tfracts of^smali extent near the snnnd,
the surface is hilly or undulating The
soil productive in grain, fruits, ancl pas-
turage. Staples, grain. Hour, salted pro-
visions, live stock, and manv other minor
articles sent to. the New York market.
Chief town New Haven,
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 18,141
do. do. females - - - 18,022
Total whites .... 36,163
All other p^^rsons except Indians
not taxed ..... 850
Slaves 51
Total population in 1810
-.064
Populalion-in 1320, ,
Free white males - - - 13,667
do. do. femsles - - . 19,711
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -^ '0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
^ do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
38,3ro
585
637
8
8
39,616
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized 82
Engaged in Agriculture - j 6 673
do. in Manufactures - ' 2,648
do. in Commerce - 617
Population to the square mile, 66.
JVew Haven, city, seaport, and seat of
justice, New Haven county, Connecticut,
situated on the east side of a bay formed
by the mouth of the Quinipiack river, and
about four miles N from Long Island
Sound.
The old town was laid out in a large
square subdivided into nine lesser squares,
each 858 feet each side, separated by
50 feet streets. In the centre are two
large squares; SE of which stands Yale
college.
The general aspect of New H.iven, is
peculiarly pleasing. The site is very
nearly a plain ; and the streets extend-
ing at right angles, with the general
neatness of the buildings, and intermix-
700
ture of trees, affords a picture which
every traveller must view with interest.
Of all the public, edifices of this city,
Yale college decidedly claims the first
notice. It was founded in 1701. Its of.
ficers are now, a president, nine profes-
sors and five tutors. It is under the go-
vernment of a board of trustees, com-
posed of the governor of the state, the
lieutenant governor, and six senior as-
sistants ; together with the president and
10 clerical fellows. The college build-
ings, consist of three large and spacious
finisiied, and one unfinisheJ^edifice ; a
chapel and philosophical chamber: a
lycaeum containing the library and recita-
tion rooms : a laboratory, of brick, and
a stone dining hall. Connected with the
college is the medical institution, found-
ed in 1813, with four professors, an ex-
cellent anatomical museum and a medi-
cal library. The college library amounts
to between 7000, and 8000 volumes The
cabinet of minerals was the munificent
deposit of Col. George Gibbs, and does
honour to the doner, and to the college.
Its original Spst amounted to above 17,000
dollars.
The whole number of students in
1820, was 412 ; and according to Mr.
Morse the entire number educated in
this institution vfrom. its foundation was
3,47s, of v.'hom in 1820, there were stil!
living 1,884, more than one half.
An Episcopal seminary was establish-
ed in 1820, under the government of the
general convention of the Episcopal
church.
Besides the literary edifices, and the
ordinary county buildings. New Haven
contains ; two bank.s, a cu^toni iiouse,
almsiiouse, three ensurance offices, a
grammar sciiool, an academy, six print-
ing offices, issuing four weekly newspa-
pers, a relis^ious monthly magazine, and
Mr. Silliman's journal of Science and
Arts.
The commercial connexions of this city
are numerous and important particular-
ly i!i the coasting trade. The harbour is
good though only admitting vessels of 10
or 12 Icct draft. Before the erection of
a long wharf of nearly a rnile, which
stretches so far directly across the bay,
the harbour was gradually filling up.
The amount of shipping owned in the
town is about 12,<500 tons.
Amongst the burial grounds of New
Haven one deserves particular notice.
It is on an entirely novel plan, laid out in
parallelograms, which are again subdi-
vided into family burying places. It is a
field lying N from the town, and being
planted with trees, has a very"" solemn,
K E W
NEW
and even awful effect wh^ seen either
;i^/jtliin or without. The monuments re
gtnerallyjof marble. In 1810. New Haven
contained 5,772, and m 1820, 7 147.
.Al'vv Haven, township of New Haven
county, Connecticut, and containing New
Haven city. Pojiulation 1820, 8.326.
AVzf Haven, township of Oswego coun-
ty New York, on Mexico bay of Lake
Ontario. Population 1820, 898. .
J\''ew Haven, post township, in the south-
ern borders of Huron county, Ohio. Po-
pulation 1820, 481.
.M'erv Holland See Holland J^Tenu.
J\''exD H'llkind, post villisge of Lancaster
county, Pennsylvania, 13 miles NE from
Lancaster,
A'dv Hope, post town of Sclebury town-
ship Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the
right bank of Delaware river opposite
Lsmbertsviile in New Jersey, 16 miles
above Trenton. At this place a very
fine bridge has been constructed over
Delaware.
JVew Hope, post town, Wayne county,
North Carolina.
JN'Vjw Hope, post village, Spartinsburgh
district South Carolina.
JVe-iu Iberia, post town of Louisiana
parish of St. Martin's on the right bank
of Teche 48 miles above its mouth ; con
sisting of one street along the river, or
rather road, containing .-ibout 40 houses,
200 inhabitants. The bank is here some-
thing higher than either above or below ;
schooners drawing four or five feet water
come up to New Iberia at all seasons.
lat. 30 0 N, Jon. VV C 14 56 W.
jYetvington, post village and township
of Rockingham county, New Hampshire,
on t!ie East side of Great bay, five miles
NW from Portsmouth: Population 1820,
541.
Aexif Inlet, coa^of New Jersey. Sec
Little Eg-g HarboiiW j
JVe-w Inlet, one of the mouths of Cape
Fear river, North Carolina.
J\''eru) Tpsu'ich, post village and township,
Hillsboroug-h co'inty, New Hampshire, 52
miles N from Boston, and containing an
academy and a nnanber of mills. 'Popula-
tion in 1820, 1278.
JVeiv Jerse;/, i-ne of the states of the
United States; bounded by New York N
E ; by Hudson river, S;aten Isiand Sound,
Itarilon bay, and the Ailantic Ocean E;
Atlantic Ocean SE ; Delaware Bay SW ;
and Delaware river, or Pennsylvania W.
[Miles.
New Jersey h.as an exterior li.mit on
the Atlantic Ocean from Cape May
to Sandy Hook, of - - - 120
An interior boundary opposite New
York, along Rariton bay, Staten
Island SounJ, New York bay, and
Hudson river .... 60
In coivuTion with New York, between
Hudson an-1 Ddauare rivers - 45
Tl\eiice down Delaware river and bay
to Cape May - -. - , - ' 220
445
Extreme length, by a line almost due
north from Cap-.- May, to tlie northern an-
gle on the Delware, 160 miles; with a
mean widtii of aijout 43 miles. Between
lat. 38 58, and 41 21 N.
Area 6851 sqmjre miles, and 4.384,640
acres
The natural geography of New Jersey,
presents three very marked subdivisions ;
ist, .sea sand alluvion ; 2dlv, -the hilly or
middle section ; and 3d]y, tne mountainous
or northern section.
Tiie sea sand alluvion, embraces near
one half the state. A line drawn from the
mouth of Shrewsbury river to Bordentown,
will nearly separate the hilly from the sea
sand region. Between this natural limit
and ♦he Sussex mountains, t!ie s'ate is
delightfully variegated by hill and dale, and
well watered. Some of the north-west.
parts of Hunterdon, Morris, and Bergen
counties, are broken into mountain ridge.=,
but the real mountain section of New Jer-
sey is comprised in Sussex county. It
'must be understood, that in this state, as
in Pennsylvania, the intervening distance
between ihe respective mountains is gene-
rally an arable valley.
By reference to the annexed table of th^
counties, it will be seen, that nearly on^
half the state is occupied by. the sea sand
alluvion. This litter region, declines
gradually from tlie hills, and before reach-
ing the Atlrintic Ocean, spreads into an al-
most unbroken plain The soil is nearly
divisible by similar limits with the great
subdivisions we have noticed. On the sea
sand all' vion, it is generally thin and sandy,
and in many places nsar^hy. Above the
se.i sand alluvion where not mountainous,
tlie soil is generally arable and productive,
in grain, fruits, and pasturage.
Compared with its latitude, extending
two degrees and 23 minutes ; no state of
the United States, possesses such wide ex-
tremes of climate. The level sandy plains
of its southern extension approximate to
the clim.ate of South Virginia, whilst the"
seasons in Sussex county, present a severity
approaching those of Vermont and New
Hampshire. The structure of the state,
renders the causes of these meteorologi-
cal phenomena obvious.
The staples of New Jersey, are grain,
flour, live stock, salted provision, iron ;
and near New York and Philadelphia, an
701
X E ^Y
indefinite variety of articles to supply the
markets of those cities.
Iron ore is plentifully found and exten-
sively wrought, particularly in Morris
county. Iron in bars, and hollow wase are
produced m great quar.tilies, and of excel-
lent quality.
Leather and boots, shoes, and saddles,
may be considered as forming a lai-ge share
of the manufactured staples of this state.
Newark is emphatically a city remarkable
for the quantity and excellence of its
shoes. The estimated value of exports in
1810, was upwards of 7,000,000 of dollars.
;No fair view, however, can be given of
either the exports or imports of this state,
as its two great marts are Philadelpliia and
New Yo;k. The amount of shipping, is
abouto5,000 tons.
Surveys and levels have been taken with
so much accuracy, as to ascertain the prac-
ticability of executing a navigable canal
over New Jersey, and a company lias long
since been incorporated fur that purpose.
The points intended to be united, are
Trenton on the Uelaware, and New Bruns-
ivick on the Rariton. The route was tra-
ced by following the Assampink to near its
source, and thence by a short cut into
Stoney brook, a braitch of Millstone river,
and down the latter and Kariton to tide
water. The very erroneous principle
ndopted of following the natural channels,
has tended to discredit the operations of
the New Jersey canal company.
The distance from Brunswick to Tren-
ton is about 26 miles, and the highest in-
termediate summit level 50 feet, between
the AssiiTlpink and Stoney brook. It is
supposed, however, that a summit, level but
little exceeding 40 feet can be obtained, by
cutting between the confluence of Assam-
pink and Shippetankiu creeks, and Row-
ley's mill, near the c.^nfiuence of Stoney
brook and Milistone river.
An adequate supply of v/ater can be
drawn by short feeders from Phillip's
springs, Trenton creek, Sto ''y brook, and
Millstoae river, all of which are more ele-
vated than the route of the canal, some
intermediate sand hills excepted. Suffi-
cient depth of water for a sloop navigation
i exists at the two intended extremities of
the intended cafial.
Estimated expenses :
Digging 28 miles, at 20,000 dol-
lars per mile - - ' 8^60,000
Lockage, 100 feet, probablv less,
at 1,250 dollars per foot' - 125,000
Feeders, purchase of land, and
water rights - - - 115,000
^800,000*
Gallatin's Report.
702
N E W
Upon the iqjportance of the New Jersey
canal but one opinion can exist, but as
respects the expenses, it may be doubted
whether less th.;n one million of dollars
could suffice to effect such an object.
If such an inland communication did
exist, it is probable, however, tiiat if the
intended transmission of coal from the Le.
high and Delaware rivers succeeds, and
there is no rational doubt of such success,
that such a coal trade alone would, besides
tlie incidental expenses of repairs and su-
peiintendance, produce a revenue of more
than tiie interest of §1.000,000.
For political aad otb.er purposes, New
Jersey is sul)divided ini6 13 counties. The
following table exhibits tlie relative popu-
lation with the respective area.
Counties.
Area Sq
<.M. Pop. 1S20. to ■
Sg. M'
Cape May,
Alluvion,
310
4,265
14
Cumberland, Alluvion,
450
12,668
28
Salem,
Alluvion,
312
14,022
45
Gloucester^
, Alluvion,
800
23,089
28|
Burlington,
, Alluvion,
500
28,822
58
Monmouth;
, Alluvion,
875
25,038
28^
Middlesex,
C Hills and
1 Alluvion,
^362
21,470
60
Hunterdon,
, Hilly,
540
28,604
5:i
Somerset,
Hilly,
360
16,506
45|
Essex,
Hilly,
252
30,793
122
Morris,
Hilly,
460
21,.368
46
Bergen,
Hilly,
480
18,178
38
Sussex,,
5 Moun- 7
i tainoUs. $
1160
32,/^2
20;f
6851
277,575
40
Progressive population. In 1790, New
Jersey contained 184,139; in 1800, 211,149;
in ISIO, 245,560 ; and in 1820, as above.,'
The aggregate and classified population
is seen in the follov/ing table.
\ , ■
Population in lfl|0.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . j
Slaves - - . -
Total population in 1810 -
Populntion in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . -
115,357
111,509
226,866
7,843
10,851
245,560
129,619
127,790
149
Total whites - - - 257,558
Free persons of colour, males 6,416
do. do. fema)es, 6,044
Slaves, males - - - 3,988
N E W
.\ E \\
Slaves, females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
5,569
277.575
1,529
40,812
15,941
1,830
^Aew Kent, county of Virginia ; bounded
by James city SE ; Chickaliomina river, or
Charles city and Henrico SW ; Hanover
NW ; and Pamunkey river or King William
NE ; length 23 ; mean width 10 ; and area
230. Surface moderately liiily, and soil of
middling quahty. Chief town, Cumber-
land.
Population in 1810.
Free white males -
do. do. females
1,225
1,220
Total whites - ... - 2,445
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 308
Slaves, - - - - - 3,725
Total population in 1810
6,478
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,263
do. do. females - - 1,274
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . . 0
Total whites _ . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. ' females,
Slaves, males - -
do. females -
Total populatioh in 1820 - 6,630
( ■
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 5
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,980
do. in IManufactures 36
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to the square mile, 29 nearly.
./Vew Lancaster, See Lancaster, Fairfield
County, Ohio.
J\ ew Lebanon, post town, in Canaan town-
ship, ColuTihia coftnty, New York, on the
road from Pittsfield to Albany, 24 miles
from the latter place. This town is re-
markable for a tepid sprif.g wliicli has be-
come a watering place of mucii resort.
The water except its temperatin-e 7C:>° of
Fahrenheit, differs in no oihur respect from
pure mountain water; it is tasteless and
inodorous, and used for ail common pur-
poses of cooking and washing.
The Shalsers own 3000 apres of land in
tills township, and hare a very flourishing
settl mcnt near Lebanon village. Thti
scenery arcund Lebano;; is peculiarly pleas-
ing, and even subhme.
vAew Lebanon, post village of Camden
county, North Carolma.
,\e-io Lexington, town in Richland coun-
ty, Ohio ; on the west bank of Mohiccan
creek, 10 miles from Bellville.
./^ety Lexington, inconsiderable town of
Knox county, Ohio, thirteen miles E from
Mount Vernon.
J\'etu Lexington,\\\\9ige of Jefferson coun-
ty^ Indiana, 17 miles VV from Madison. Salt
wells have been dug here to the great
depth of 700 feet. It contains about 4Q
houses, 200 inhabitants, and one news-pa-
per printing office.
J^'eiulin, township of Chester county,!
Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Bran-
dywine creek six miles SSW from Down-
ingtown. Population in 1820, 914.
J\'cw Lisbon, township of Otsego county.
New York; 10 miles SW from Cooper's
town. Population in 1820, 2221.
»Vew Lisbon, flourishing post town and
seat of Justice, Columbiana county, Ohio ;
35 miles S from Warren in Trumbull coun-
ty ; 56 NE from Pittsburg, and 160 NE
from Columbus. It now contains an ele-
Infant suit of county buildings, a bank, two
brick meeting houses, nine or ten mercan^
tile stores. In 1820 the number of inhabi-
tants were 746. In the vicinity are a fur-
nace, four merchant, and four saw mills, a
l^aper mill, an extensive woollen factory, .t
fulling mill, carding machine, and glass fac-
tory.
jYe~M London, post town, Hillsborough
county New Hampshire, 30 miles NW from
Concord. Population in 1810, 692 ; and in
1820.924.
jYew London, SE county of Connecticut,
bounded by Rhode Island E ; by Long
Island sound S ; by Middlesex county in
Connecticut W ; Hartford and Tolland
NW ; and Windham N. Length 30 ;
mean width 20 ; and area 600 square
miles. C'onnccticut river forms part of
its west boundary ; but beside this stream
Nfew London county is in a remarkable
manner indented with bays and rivers; .
Quintbaug and Shetucket unite in this
C(;urty and form the Thames, which at
Chelsea landing below Norwich re-
ceives the Yantic, and forms a very fine
and spacious entrance for vessels. Be-
tween the Connecticut and Thames be-
side many of mjnor importance the Ni-
antic bay opens to Waterford. Bet\yeen
the Thames and Pacatuck, the coast is
indented by Pequonock, Mistick, Qui-
amboc, Stonington, and Wickatequack,
Pacatuck bnu.ids the county and state to
the E. The western, or rather the
northwestern part of New London is
703
X E W
N E W
mountainous, and except some marshes
near the sea-coast, the genera! surface is
hilly, but presents a very pleasing aspect.
The soil is productive in fruits, grain,
and pasturage. Staples, grain, flour, live
stock, lumber, fish,'&c. Chief town New
London.
Population in 1810.
Free wliile males - - - - 15 963
do. do. females - - 17,088
Total whites . . - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - .
Slaves - f, . - -
33,051
1,579
17
Total population in 1810 -
34,707
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All ovher persons except ludians
not taxed ....
16,397
17,852
0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males ..
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - - . -
do. females ....
34,249
796
887
3
8
Total population in 1820
35,94;
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 84
Engaged in Agriculture-' - . 7,681
do. in Manufactures - - 1,847
do i^i Commerce - - 975
Population to the square mile, 60 nearly.
■^ttiv. London, city, seaport, and alter-
nately with Norwich, seat of justice for
New London county Connecticut ; is si-
tuated on the west side of the Thames,
three miles above its mouth, 14 miles be-
low Norwich, and 42 SE from Hartford,
Ion. W C 4 0 48 E, iat. 41 0 25 N. Beside
the ordinary county buildings it contains
two banks, a marine ensurance office,
two newspaper printing offices, and five
w six places of public woi'ship. The
shipping in 1818, amounted to near 16000
tons. Having a depth of five fathom's
water, the harbour is the best between
New York, and Newport ; and is very
seldom obstructed by ice. It "is defended
by forts Trurnbuil and Griswold, the
former on the New London, and latter at
Groton on the opposite side of the river
The narrowness of the entrance renders
its blockade easy, which was efficted
during lasit war. On a point on the
west side of the harbour is a light house.
J\'ew London, post town Campbell
county, Virginia, 18 miles 3VV ?fom
Lynchburg.
704
JVf w London^ township in the SE quar-
ter of Huron county, Ohio. Population '
1820. 172.
J^'etv Lo7idon, post town and seat of
justice Madison county, Ohio. See Lon-
don, Madison county, Ohio.
j\'eiv Longueil, seigniory Y(jrk county.
Lower Canada, 40 miles W from Mon-
treal.
.Ve-7f Madrid, post town and seat cf
justice New Madrid county, Missouri, 70
miles below the mouth of Ohio. It is
built on an alluvial bank somethnig
above the ordinary height of the Missis-
ippi banks, contains about 50 houses and
from 250 to 300 inhabitants.
.AV-w ^[adrid, county of Missouri ;
bounded by Mississippi river SE; Ar«
kansaw territory S ; St Francis river
NW ; and C'ape Girardeau N. Length
60 ; mean width 25-; and area 1500 square
miles. Surface one general alluvial plain,
arable only near the bank of the Mis-
sisippi and the other streams; the resi-
due being liable to annual submersion;
Staples, Indian corn, pork, and cotton.
Chief town New Madrid.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 937
do. do. females . . • 874
Total whites ^ ... 1,811
Ail odier persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 5
Slaves 287
Total population in 1810 - - 2,103
r
Population in 1820.
Free white males ^r^, - . - 1,068
do. do. fe rales ... 933
All other^ persons except Indians j.
not taxed .... '0
Total whites - - - 2,001
Fiee persons of colour, males - 1
do. do. fenlales 3
Slaves, males .... 148
do. females - - 143
Total population in 1820 - 3,296
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engagfil in Agriculture - 538
do. in Mj.mifactures - 43
do. in Commerce - - 28
Populitlon to the square mile, li.
jYewinarkc'C, town in Suffolk. It is the
most celebrated place In England for
horse-races ; and here Charles II. built
a house- for the sake of this diversion. It
is 13 miles W of Bur_v, and 61 N by E of
London.
J^Teivmarkct, post village and township
A E \\-
N E VV
Rockingham county New Hampshire, 15
miles VV from Portsmouth. The village
is at the mouth of Lamprey river into
Great Bay. Population 1810, 1061, and
in 1820, 1083.
J^ewmarkct, post village of York coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, near the raoutli of Co-
newag'i creek.
JVeivmarket, post town Dorchester
county, Maryland, near the left bank of
Choptank river, 12 miles SSE from Eas-
ton.
JVe%vmarkety post village, Spottsylva-
nia county, Virginia.
J\l'eiumarket, post town in Frederick
county, Maryland, 11 miles eastward of
Frederickstown.
JSFeivmarket, post town in Shenandoah
county, Virginia, situated on the E side
of Robinson river, 132 miles W by S of
Washington and 50 SSW from Winches-
ter.
jM'exvmarket, post town.II gliland county,
Ohio, 42 miles Vv, from Chilicothe.
JK'eiu market, township of Hig')i::nd coun-
ty. Ohio, inciudini^ the foregoing; village.
Populaiion 1820, 747.
j\i'e-:v J\Iarlboro7(g}i, post village; and
township, Berkshire county, Massachu-
setts, 23 miles SSE from Lenox, Population
1820, 1668.
Mtr.u Mexico, province of New Spain, or
Mexico in the internal provinces. This is
the most nor;!iern of the Spanis'i settle-
ments in the interior of North America ;
its length, from sonth it) nor'Ji, about 500
nniles bVcadlii about 200 miles. Area 44,000
square miles. Population 40,000. Bound-
ed S by N'-\v Biscay or Unrango, E by
Texas, and on ail other sides by regions
little known, inhabited by native Indians.
New Mexico, is an ancient Spanish con-
quest, as early as 1559, um'.er the Viceroy
Velasco el Primcro, Durango was a mili-
tary post. Tov.ai'ds the end of the 16th
centuiy, t!ie then Viceroy, count de Mon-
terey, sent Juan de Onate, to New Mexico ;
tliis general drove away the Indians and
peopled tiie banks of Itio del Norte, Con-
sequently the establishment of that nation,
in New Mexico hx.ve. existed more than
t'.vo hundred years.
The two provinces of New Biscay, and
New Mexico, are separated by a desart.
This desart crosses the Rio Grande ')e-
tween ilie Pass del Norte and Albuquer-
que. The ('e?art of the Muerto, is up-
wards of 100 miles wide and destitute of
water. " Tl.e whole of this country," .says
Humboldt,;" is in general of an alarming
state of aridity, for the moun'.ains Delos
Mansos, situated to the east of tiie road
from Durango, to Santa Fe, do not give
rise to a single brook. Notwit';standing
the mildness of the climate, and the pvo-
4r
gress .jI" industry, a great part of tliis coun-
liy as well as Old California, and several
districts of New Risca}-, and the Intendan-
cy, of Giiadalnxara, will never admit of any
consi;le:ab!e population." This desart lies
in a N Band NW direction, and extends
from lu Pacific Ocean to within 200 miles
SW of St Louis in Missouri. It is cover-
ed in Autumn with muriate of soda, com-
mon salt, and is every where extremely
cold (or the climate ; see the article Rio
Grande.
The inhabitants of New Mexico, are
exposed to the hostile Indians, and live
cliiefly in towns. Tiiey are like those of
New Biscay, a bold and daring race of men,
continually on horseback. The arid ster-
ility of their soil, and the almost inimitable
extent of their savannas, compel them to
a pastoral ii:e.
New Mexico, is however with all its de-
lects a delightrul residence. Tlie purity
of the uir and the rich scenery of the fer-
tile banks of the rivers, have a fine effect.
European g-rain and fruits grow luxuriantly
whsre the soil is fertile. The dryness of
the seasons is favourable to the grape,
which is peculiarly delicious in that coun-
try. Perhaps in the advance of civilization
the borders of the North American desart
m sy from its exemption from rain, become
remarkable for its rich wines.
See' .Mexican Empire; section Rio Grande
del Norte.
J\Vw Jlli/ford, post town in Lincoln coun-
ty, Maine, at the head of Sheepsgut river,
15 miles N by VV of Wiscasset.
.A''-v Jlitfuvd, post town in Litchfield
county, Connfctictit, 16 miles N of Dan-
bury.'and 18 SW of Litchfield, on tite NE
s.de of lloti-jalonick river, containing
jbout 3537 in 1810, and in 1820, 4610.
.Vtfw JMilford, post village, Susquehannah
county, Fennsylvan'a.
.W.i' Mills, tliriving village, with a post
office, in B;n-l'n,u:toM cotuity, New Jersey,
about five miles E of Mount Holly.
.\\:\L'nham, corporate town in Gloucester-
shire, with a market on Friday. It is seat-
ed on tiie S ?vern, eight miles S Vr of Glou-
cester, and 1J2 WNW of London. Lon,
2 23 W, lat. 51 46 N.
J^A'~x Orlecms, capital, and chief town of
the stale of Louisiana, stands upon the left
h.ank of the Mississippi river, ai N lat, 30*
ai.d W lon. W C 12 5.
It h compr .sed of the city properly so
calicn, and several F.iuxbourgs, (suburbs,)
the principal of which .are, St. Mary's, An-
ininciatinn, and La Course, above the city ;
Marign>'s ,and Erqniers, below ; and
Trenie, and St. John's in the rear of the
city, towards Bayou St. John's.
The city Itself is laid out wilh the streets
inlcrsccling each other at right angk-;.
T05
X E W
N E W
The Faiixbourgs, though in general aibo
regiikr, deviate in some places. L'ke all
other places along- the banks of the Mis-
sissippi, the groaiitl tipori which New Or-
leans stanJs falls, by a gentle declivity,
from t!K- mai-i;iu of the livc-r, -.intii de-
pressed in'i) a swamp, or overflown fl.<t, in
the rear of the town. The city.-and its
Fauxbaurgs, except th >se of th Treme
and St. John's, staiid upon the solid borde.T
of land between tVie river and swamp, tiie
medium width of which,is about 4U0 yards.
The extreme length of New Orleans along
the Mississippi is nearly three miles. Tlie
rivers running opposi.e in the form of an
S. It contaii s a State-house, Prison, Mar-
ket-house, Ho-pital, Princip.d, or Town-
house. A Cathedral, or tlie Church of St.
John's, Ursuline C^ivent, an Episcopalian,
and a Calvanistic church, two Theatres, a
Court-house, three Ensurance otfices, four
Banks authorized by the stale, a braBch of
that of the United States, a Custom iiouse.
Navy \ard. Arsenal, Barracks, and one
Fort, that of St. Charles, sit-.ia ed between
the city proper and Fauxbourg Marigny.
New Ork ins is sitnaterl 105 miles above
the mouth of the Mississippi, 322 by water,
and 156 by land, below Natchez ; 1189 be-
low St. Louis; 991 below the mouth of
Ohio, and 1933 below the city of Pittsburg.
It is ruled by a mayor and city council,
elected by the freeholders.
This city is admirably situated for a com-
mercial depot, h;iving equal facility of in-
tercourse, foreign and domestic. Its mar-
kets are excellent, particularly for garden
vegetables, .md for fruits, both tropical,
and from the numerous settleniftnts on the
various confiueuTS of the Mississippi. The
houses, and population are both rapidly on
the increase, as may be seen by t e ibllovv-
ing comparative view of its census in 1810
and 1820. At tiie Former period, the c^liy
and parish contained 24,553, of whom,
above 17,000 were found in tlie city. In
1820, the number of inhabitants stood
thus :
Free white males - - - 11,675
do. do. feniales ... 7,512
Foreigners not naturalized - 1,542
of Orleans, then Regent of France, during"
the minority of Louis the XIV. It remain-
ed in the h.Mids of the French until 1769,
when togetiier witii all Louisiana it was
taken (jossession of by the Spanish gener-
.1', O'li' illy r was again given up by
Spain to France in 18U5, and on the 20th
of December of that year dehvered to the
Unite ) States, by the French colonel Pre-
fect, Laussatt.
In the utonth of November, 1814 a
Bnlish fl et and arnny appeared off Cat
Island, and on t!ie 16th of November,
the United States flotilla of gun boats
were captured in the Pass, between
the JVIalheureux islands and Florida
shore. On the morning of the 23rd De-
cember, part of the British army reach-
ed the bank of the Mississippi, at Gene-
ral Villaret's plantation, eight miles below
New Orluans- On the evening of the
same day, General Jackson attacked
them in their encampment, when a sharp
but indecisive engagement took place ;
both armies claiming the victory. On
the ensuing morning, the United States
army took positir.n on Rodriguez's canal,
three miles below the city, and that of
thr- British formed its lines one mile still
lower down. Partial engage, mentsenter-
vined, on the SiSth day of I)ecember, and
on the 1st of January 1815. On Sunday
morning, January 8th General Packeh-
ham quit his lines and attacked the
United Statirs army in its entrenchments.
The former were defeated with great
siaughitr, but with very trifling loss on
the part of the latttr. The British lost
aI)out 2000 men, the United States had
only fivv kiUed, and s:-ven wounded.
On the night of the 18th the British
army ci mmenced its retreat, and a few
davs afterwards evacuated all Louisiana.
Total . . . -
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
20,793
7,331
7,615
2,835
4,326
Total of Slaves and Free coloured
persons - - - - 22,p7
Entire population
42,900
New Orle.ins was laid out in the spring
of 1717. and named in honour of the Buke
ro.6
Population in 1810.
Free whiie males . . - 3,586
do. do. females - - - 2,745
Total whites .... 6,341
All other persons except Indians
not t ixed - - - 4,950
Slaves 5,961
Total population in 1810, • 17,242
Population in 1820
Free white males ... 8,268
do. do. females - - 5,318
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites .... 13,584
Free persons of colour, males - 2,432
do. do. females 3,805
Slaves, males ... - 2,709
do. females , - - - 4.646
X E W
Total population in 1820
27.176
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1,500
Engaged in Agr:cultu!e - • 0
do. in Manufactures - 2,704
do. in Commerce - - 4,574
J\\iv Orleans, parish of Louisiana, in-
cluding the city of New Orleans ; bound-
ed by the gulf of Mexico S ; the interior
of Lafourche, and German c>;ast or B r-
nard W ; Lake Pontchartrain N ; the
Rigol'jts, and Lake Borgne NE ; and
Paquemine E. Length SO ; mean width
16 ; and area 1.300 square miles. Lving
between lat. 29 14 atid 30 12 N. The
surface an almost undeviating plain, and
mostly, an unwooded grassy morass The
only arable part the margins of the
streams, and a few spots on the sea
coast. Vegetable productions, cotton,
sugar, rice, tobacco, indign, maize, fii^s
oranges, peaches, &c. Chief town Nt w
Orleans.
Fopulation in 1810.
Free white males - - - 9i9
do. do. females - - - 721
Total whites .... 1,67
All other persons except Indians 777
not taxed • . - . 21
Slaves . - - - ' 4,863
Total population in 1810 - - 7,310
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,409
do. do. females - - - 2,251
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites . - - -
7''"ree persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 - 14,175
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized * - 49
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,438
do. in Manufactures - 1,777
do in Commerce . - 0
Population to the squars mile 11.
J\'ew Paltz, post village and township
Ulster county. New York, 15 miles
below Kingston landing. Population 1810,
4,612.
JVVzw Philadelphia, post village Harden
county, Kentucky, 35 miles below Louis-
ville
JVew Philadelphia, poft town and seat
of justice, Tuscarawas county, Ohio. It
is situated on the left bank of Mukingum,-
N E W
river, on an extensive and beautiful
plain, opposite the mouth of Sugar creek.
it contains the county buildings, several
stores and about 300 inhabitants. It is
50 miles NE from Zanesville.
A'e7vpori, borougli of Hampshire, and
tiie chief town in the isle of Wiglit, with a
mu'uifacture of starch. It is seated on the
river Cowes, which is navigable for small
vessels, 17 miles S by lu of Soutiiamptun,
and 91 SW of London. L-n. 1 l6 W, lat.
50 42 N.
JK'ewport, borough in Cornwall, three
miles N ot Launceston, and 214 W by S of
London,
JKewporl, town in Shropshire, with a
handsome freeschool, 17 m.les Eof Shrews-
bury, and 139 XW of London.
ji'eiuport, town in Monmouthshire, on
the river U^k, 19 miles SS W of Monmouth,
arid 118 W by N ol London.
J\'ewport, town of Wal'S, in Pembroke-
shire, at the foot oi'a high hill, on a bay of
the same nam , 18 miles NE of St. David,
and 250 WNW of London.
.\'<?tcj:;oi7, township of Buckingham coun-
ty. Lower Canada
A'ewport, post village and township, Pe-
nobscot county, McUie, 25 miles W from
B .ngor. Po,)ulat!on in 1820, 510.
jVewpori, tov/nship of'Chesliire county,
New Hampshire, 42 miles NW from Con-
cord ; containing 1427 inhabitants m 1810;
and in 1820, 1679.
JK'eivpori, SE county, Uhode Island;
bounded by Bristol county in Massachu-
setts E ; the Atlantic Ocean S ; the south-
ern entrance of Narrat^ansett bay W ; and
tlie northern arm of N^rragansett bay, and
Mount Hope bay NVV. Lenth 16; width
12 ; and area about 100 square miles. It
is composed of Uie islands of Prudence,
Connaiiicut, Rhode Island, and a portion
of the m.ai'i siiore E from Narragansett bav.
Surface generally waving, and soil, parti-
cularly on the i'sland highly productive.
Staples grain, flour, fish, live stock, &c.
Chief town Newport.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 7,'o77
do. do. females - - 7,969
Totil whites - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - . - - -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - .
do. do. females - - -
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed
707
15,346
904
44
16,294
7,126
7,764
IJ E W
N E W
40
2.311
778
177
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males , - -
do. females
Total popub.llon in 1820.
Of these ;
Foreigners not natiir:ilizcd
Engageil in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 157.
J\'ev)port, pnst town, and alternately witli
Providence, capital of Khocle Island, iive
miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and ou a
small but very co.Tsmodious b;iy formed by
a projection of Illiude Island proper, ar.d
Connecticut Island. Lon. W h-om Greeii-
wich, 71 17 ; and E from Washington, 5 43,
].at. 41 29 N.
The harbour Is one of the best on all the
Atlantic coast of the United States, opens
before the town into a noble circular basin,
easy of access, land-locked on all sides, and
commanded by the adjacent heiglrs. Goat
Island, a small spot of ground at its outer
entrance, contauis Fort Woicott and a
United States' navy hospital. The harbour
is also defended by two other forts — Fort
Green, and Fort Adams.
Thongh much declined from its former
comparative importance, Newport is still
a flourishing town. The site rises by an
elegant acclivity from the harbour, and
again declines gradually in t!ie rear, giving
the aspect of a deiigkti'ul swell to the
whole place.
Newport contains a state-house, market-
house, theatre, publick library, alms-house,
five banks, two ensurance companies, ele-
ven places of public worship, four Baptists,
two Congregationdists, one Episcopalean,
one Friends, one Moravian, one Methodist,
and one Jewish Synagogue.
In 1819, the amount of shipping owned
in this town, was near 1 1,000 tons.
The population of the town, and that
part of its vicinity included in the townsiiip,
as it stood in 1810, and in 1820, aie exhibit-
ed in the annexed table.
Population in 1810
Free white males - - - 3,440
do. do. females - - 3,837
Total whites - - - 7,277
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 630
Slaves 0
14,891 Population in 1820.
354 Free white males ...
498 do. do. females . - -
11 All other persons except Indians
17 not taxed ...
15,771 Totid whites -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
Slaves, females
Total population in 1820
3,157
3,606
0
6,763
197
342
7
10
7,319
Total population in 1810
708
7,907
Of these ;
P'oreigners not naturalized - 38
Engaged in Agriculture - 174
do. in Manufactures - 630
d.). in Commerce - - 107
The manufacturing establishments in
this town and vicinity are numerous and
important, consisting of five or six Hum
dstilleries, one Gin distillery, one Duck
factory, and numerous grain mills.
JSi'nvport, post town Herkimer county,
New York, 20 miles N from Herkimer.
Population in 1810, 1605, and in 1820,
1746.
JW'-iuport, post town Cumberland county.
New Jersey.
jyewport, townsiiip ofLuzerne county,
Pennsylvania, extending from Susquehan.
nah river to Nescopec Moimtain, between
Nescopec and Hanover. Population in
1820, 764.
JVeuport, village of Indiana county, Penn-
sylvania, on the right bank of Conemaugh
river, 18 miles NE from Greensburg.
JVcivport, post town in New Castle
county, Delaware, three miles SVV of
Wilmington, and about the same dis-
tance NW cf New Castle. It h.is about
300 inhabitants, and carries on a consi-
derable trade in wheat and flour, between
the adjacent counties and Philadelphia.
jVewfiorl, post town, Charles county,
Maryland, 40 miles SSE from Wash-
ington, and 10 miles SE from Port To-
bacco.
Aew/iort, small river, Liberty county,
Georgia, opening from the sea by two
mouths, St. Catharines, and Sapelo Sound.
It is navigable for sloops to Riceborough.
jYeiv/iort, post town of Cocke county,
Tennes.see, on the left bank of French
Broad river, 45 miles E from Knox-
ville.
JVenv/wrts post village in Washington
county, Ohio, in a township of the same
name. I'he village is 11 miles E by N
from Marietta.
A''fjwfiort, post town and seat of jus-
tice. Licking county, Kentucky, on Ohio
and Licking rivers above their junction,
and opposite Ciucinatti. The site is an
A E W
N E W
elevated plain. This town coiilain5 the
common county buildings, a United States
arsenal and an academy. The latter
endowed by the legislature of Kentucky,
with 6000 acres of land. Present popu-
lation about 1000.
jYe'iv/ior(iu7id, township and post vil-
lage, Somerset county, Maine.
JVejv/iori-Pagnel, town in Bucking-
hamshire. It has a manufacture of bop.e-
l.ice, and is seated on the Ouse, over
which it has two bridges, 14 miles ENE
of Buckingham and 51 NXW of London.
Lon. 0 43'VV, lat, 52 4N.
JVew Providence, post town and town-
ship, Essex county, New Jersey, 12 miles
W from Newark. Population 182U, 768.
JVew Ric/nnoiid, post town in Ohio
township, Clermont county, Ohio, con-
taining 50 houses, and ouO inhabitants.
It slands on Ohio river, 15 miles S\V from
Williamsburg.
A''eiv river, for supplying London with
water This river has its rise at Am-
well, near Ware, in Herts, and was
formed by the great Sir Hugh Middle-
ton, who was obliged, in order to avoid
the eminences and valleys in the way, to
make it run a course of about .39 milts,
and to carry it over two va!U ys, in long
wooden troughs lined with lead ; that at
Bushili, being 660 feet in length, and .30
in height ; under which is an arch, capa-
cious enough to admit the largest wagon
loaded with hay or straw. In short, over
and under this river, which sometimes
rises thus high, and at others is convey-
ed under ground, runs several consider-
able currents of land waters, and both
above and below it a great number r.f
brooks, rills, and water-courses have their
passage.
JVew river, river of Virginia, the for-
mer name of Kenhawa. See Kenhawa.
vV<?w river, small stream of Onslow
county. North Carolina, entering the At-
lantic Ocean by New Inlet, 45 miles
\VSW from Cape Lookout.
J^'eiu river, small river of Beaufort dis-
trict South Carolina, falling into the es-
tuary of Savannah river, 18 miles E
from Savannah.
.Ycio river, river of Louisiana drain-
ing the angle between the Mississippi,
and Amite rivers, flows E, and falls
into the western extremity of lake Maii-
rcpas.
JVew Pochelte, post town in West-
Chester county. New York, planted ori-
ginally by French Hugennts. It hi s 20
miles NE of the city of New York It
contained 996 inhabitants in 1810, and in
1820, 1135,
.A Vw Rumley, post town in North town-
ship, Harrison county, Ohio. Distance,
11 miles northerly from Cadiz, and 130
northeasterly from Columbus.
J\'etvry. borough of Ireland, in the
cqunty of Down, situated on the side of
a iteep hill, at the foot of which is New-
ry-water, having over it two stone
bridges; and there is a third bridge over
a navigai)le canal, by which it has a
communication with Lough Neath and
Carlingfrrd bay. It is 49 iniies N of
Dubrui" Lon. 6 20 W, lat 54 15 N.
A'ewry, township of Oxford county,
Maine, 25 miles NW from Paris. Pop-
ulation 1810, 202, and in 1820, 304.
JVewry-wafer, inver of Ireland, which
separates the counties of Armagh and
Down, and watering Newry, enters Car-
lingford bay.
A'ew Salem., post town of Franklin
county, Massachusetts, 34 miles NW of
Worcester, and 81 in the same course
from Boston.
A'ew Salejn, post village, Xew London
county, Connecticut, 15 miles NW from
New London.
.Yew Salem, post village, Ontario coun-
ty. New York.
.V(?w Salem, post town near the west-
ern limit of Jefferson county, Ohio, on
the head waters of Indian cross creek,
and 14 miles W by N from Steubenville.
It contains about 100 houses and 700 in-
habit ants.
JVewshaJn, village in Durham situated
on the Tees, five miles from Darlington.
A''ew Sharon, pnst town in Kennebec
county, Maine, on the N side of Sandy
river, 34 miles NW of Augusta on the
river Kennebec.
J\i''t:w Shoreham. See Block Island.
Al'w South WatcH, name given to
the E coast of New Holland. It was
first explored by captain C^ ok, in ITTO ;
and a design was formed in consequence
of his recommendation, to settle a colony
of Convicts at Botany Bay. Captain Phil-
lip being appointed governor of the in-
tended settlement, sailed from Ports-
mouth, in May 1787, with a dftachrr.ent
of marines, ami 77S convicts, of which
220 were women. He arrived at Botany
Bay in January, 1788 ; but finding this
bay very ineiligiljle for a colony, he fix-
ed upon Port J.ickson, about 13 miles
further to the N ; and here a settlement
was begun, to which he gave the name
of Sidney Cove. With re.^pect to the
country, a vast chain of lofty mountains,
about 60 miles inland, runs nearly in a
N and S direction further than the eye
can reach. The general face of the
country is diversified with gentle risings
and small winding valleys, covered, for
the most part, with large spreading
trees, which afford a succession of leaves
709
NEW
X E W
in all seasons ; and a variety of flower-
ing shrubs, almost all new to a Europe-
an, but of little fragrance, abound in
those places which are free from t?ees.
The cHmate appears not to be disagree-
able ; the heal is never excessive in
summer, nor the cold intolerable in win-
ter ; storms of thunder and hghtning are
frequent. The quadrapeds are princi-
pally of the oppossum kind, of which
the most remarkable is the kangaroo.
The native dogs are extremely lierce,
and cannot be brought to the same de-
gree of familiarity as those we are ac-
quainted with. There are also weasels
and ant-eaters ; with that singular ani-
mal the duck billf^d platypus, in wliich
the jaws of a quadruped are e!ont;ated
into the complete bill cf a bird. There
are many beautiful birds of various kinds;
among which the principal is a black
swan,' its wings edged with white, its
bill tinged with i-ed ; and the ostrich or
cassowary, which frequently reaches the
height of seven feet or more. Several
kinds of serpents, large spiders, and sco-
lopendras, have also been met with ; and
three or four species of ants, particular-
ly green ants, which build tlieir nests
upon trees in a very singular manner.
There are likewise many curious fishes ;
though the finny tribe seem not to be so
plentiful liere as they generally are in
higher latitudes. Some sharks have been
seen in Port Jackson, and in the rivers
and salt creeks there are alligators The
natives of New South Wales are i-epre-
sented as perhaps, the most miserable
and savage race r;f men existing. Th^y
go entirely naked ; and, though pleased
at first, with some ornaments that were
given them, they soon threw them away
as useless. It does not appear, however,
that they are insensible of the benefits
of clothing, or of some of the conveni
ences of which their new ntighbmirs ar^
possessed. Some of them, whom the
colonists partly clothed, seemed to be
pleased with the comfortable warmth
they derived from it ; and they all ex-
pressed a desire for iron tools. The co-
lour of the natives is rather a deep cho-
colate than a full black ; but the filth
with which their skin is covered, pre-
vents its true colour from appearing
Notwithstanding their disregard for Eu-
ropean finery, they are fond of adorning'
their bodies v/ith scars, so that some of
them make a very hideous figure. Some-
times the skin is raised several inches
from the flesh, and appears as if filled
with wind ; and all these seem to be
reckoned marks of honour. Some of
them perforate the cartilage of the nose,
and thrust a bone through it, as a kind
730
of ornament. Their hair is generally
clotted with a red gum ; and they paint
themsL-ves with various colours: tliey
will also sometimes ornament themselves
with beads and shells, but make no use
of the beautiful feathers of their birds.
Most of the men want one of the fore-
t eth in th.'- upper jaw, which appears
to be a badge of honour among them ;
and it is common for the women to cut
off two joints of the little finger The
Ne\v Hijllanders appear extremely defi-
cient in the useful arts. Of the cultiva-
tion of the ground they have no notion ;
nor can they bt: prevailed upon to eat cur
bread or dressed meat. Hence they de-
pend entirely for subsistence on the fruits
and roots they can gather, and the ani-
mals and fish they catch.
The British colony in 1818, amounted
to about 25,000 inhabitants.
J\''e'u> store, post office, Buckingham
county, Virginia.
A'cw Switzerland, town of Sv/itzer-
land county, Ohio, on the right bank of
Ohio river, 65 ij;iles below Cincinatti.
The inhabitants are mostly Swiss emi-
grants, who have made some not unsuc-
cessful attempts to cultivate the vine.
A'etuton, town of Montgomeryshire, on
the Severn, seven miles SW of Montgo-
mery, and 169 VVNW of London. I..on.
3 12W, lat 52 21N.
jVavton, town of England in Lanca-
shire.
A'ewton. town of England in Cheshire.
A'ewton Btishel, town of England in
Devonshire.
J\"eivton, borough of England in the
Isieof Wight.
./Veiv/on, township of York county.
Lower Canada, 40 miles W from Mon-
treal.
A^eiuton, post town, Middlesex county,
Ma-sacinisetts, on Charles' river, nine miles
west from Boston, and on Charles' river.
Population in 1810, 1709; and in 1820,
1850
J\'wtQ7i, post town, and the capital of
Backs county, Pennsylvania, 22 mili-sN of"
Philadelphia. It is in the township of
Newtown.
A''ewlon, populous township of Trumbull
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 438.
J\''ewto7i, township oi' Muskiagum county,
Oiiio. Population in 1820, 1723 ; in which
is situated the village cf Uniontown.
jYeivton, village of Hamilton county, Ohio,
in Anderson township, on the east side of
Little Miami, six miles from its entrance
into the Ohio river. Population in 1820,
100. . .
J\'e-.vtoii, western township of Miami
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 506.
JVewton-Bushel, town in Devonshire, on
N E W
N E W
the Teign, 15 miles S bv W of Exeter, and
188 WSVV of London. 'Lon. 3 38 W, lat.
50 32 N,
, ^''ewtoti, township in Fairfield count}',
Connecticut, eiglit miles NE of Danbury,
and 25 NW of New Haven : the township
contained 3000 inhabitants in 1810; and in
1820, 2879.
A'eivto?istexmrl, town in Wicftonshire,
situated on the navigable river Cree, over
■which there is a handsome bridge, and
whose mouth, in Wigton bay, ailbrds a
valuable salmon-fishery. Several manu-
factures have been commenced witii suc-
cess in this town. It is 26 miles E by N
of Port-Patrick.
•AewZowH, township of Rockingham
county, Nev/ Hampshire, 10 miles NW
from Newburyport. Population in 1810,
454 ; and in 1820, 477.
A<eri'(o-u)?i, township of Queen's county,
Long Island, eight miles E from New York.
Population in 'l810, 2437; and in 1820,
near 3000.
J\/e7vt07V7i, village of Queen's county,
Long Island, in the foregoing townsiiip,
eight miles E from New York on East river.
The celebrated species of apple. New' own
pippin, derives its name from this village.
JVeTotown, post town, Tioga county. New
York, on the left bank of Tioga river, and
at the mouth of Newtown creek. The
contemplated canal to unite tlie Susque-
hannah river with Seneca lake, is intended
to have one of its extremities at Nesvtown.
It is 22 miles S from Salubria, at the head
of Seneca lake. See Elmira.
j\iewt07vn, township of Gloi:cester county,
in New Jersev, five miles S from Camden.
Population in 1810, 1951, and in 1820,
2497.
JV*ew«ow7j, post village and township, of
Sussex county, New .Jersey, 37 miles NE
from Easton in Pennsylvania. Population
in 1810, 2082 ; and in 1820, 2743.
J\le7uto-u!7i, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, including the borough of
Newton. Population in 1810, 982 ; and in
1820,1060. ^ •
JSTexvtoiim, pest town, Frederick county,
Maryland.
JVewtown, post town, Hamilton county,
Ohio, on Little Miami, six miles above its
mouth.
JYervto-wn, post town and township, Lick-
ing county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 518.
JWvrfown, township of Cumberland coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
1144.
JK^ewtoion Limavady, borough of Ireland,
in the county of Londonderry, seated near
the E coast of Lough Foyle, 15 miles ENE
of Londonderry,
JVew Trenton, post town, Franklin coun-
ty, Indiana.
J\''e-iv Vernrm, post village, Morris county,
New Jersey.
J^'tnuville, post village, Cumberland coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, 12 miles nearly W from
Carlisle.
JWw JVasldngton, post village, Clark
county, Indiana.
Aew Windsor, township of Orange coun-
ty. New York, containing 2331 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2425. Situated on
the W side of Hudson river, 60 miles N of
New York, and 95 S of Albany.
J\'e~M-Year^s-Harbour, part of Staten
Land, in South America. Lon. 64 11 W,
lat. 54 48 S.
jVew-Year''s-Islands, small islands of
South Amtrica, on the N side of Staten
Land. Great numbers of sea lions, seals,
&c. resort to these islands.
.'Vety York, one ot the states of the Uni-
ted States; bounded SE by the Atlantic
Ocean ; S by New Jersey and Pennsylva-
nia ; W by Pennsylvania, lake Erie, and
Niagara river ; NVV by lake Ontario, and
St. Lawrence river ; N by Lower Canada ;
and E by Vermont, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut.
Tins state, from the peculiar position
and form of Staten and Long Islands, has a
very extended boundary :
Miles>
Commencing at the SW point of Staten
Island, thence up Sta'en Island
Sound, New York Harbour, and
Hudson river to the NE angle of
New Jersey . . . _ 45
Along tlie NE limit of New Jersey, to
the Delaware river, at the mouth of
Nevisiidc river ... 45
Up Delav/are river opposite Pennsyl-
vania QS
Thence W, along N boundary of Penn-
sylvania - - - ' . . 225
Thence due N to lake Erie - - 19
Down lake Erie to the head of Niagara
river 66
Down Niagara river to lake Ontario 35
Along south shore of lake Ontario, to
the head of St. Lawrence river 200
Down St. Lawrence river to lat. 45 N 100
Upon lat. 45 N, to take Champiain 65
Up lake Ch:implain to Whitehall, at
the junction of Wood creek and
Poultney river - - . . 105
U[) Poultney river, along Vermont 10
Thence along W boundary of Vermont 54
Thence E along S boundary of Ver-
mont . - . . . 3
Thence along W boundary of Massa-
chusetts 50
Thence E, along S boundary of Mas-
sachusetts - - . . 2
Tnence along W boundary of Connec-
ticut to the mouth of Eryan river,
on Longlsland Sound - - 81
From Malinicock pomt on Long Island,
7U
X E W
K E W
opposite the mouth of Byram river
to Montauk point, the eastern ex-
tremity of Long- Inland - - 100
Along the southern shores of Long
and Staten Island, to the SW point
of the latter - - - - 130
Having an entire outline of 1400
This great state extends over 46,000
square miles, or 29,440,0^0 acres.
Length from Sta'.en Island, south point,
to N lat. 45° 340. Breadth from south west
angle of Massachusetts, to the western
boundary 340 miles Lat. 40 30 to 45° N.
This state extending over four and a iialf
degrees of latitude, and intersected by
several mountain ridges, presents a great
diversity of soil and climate. Though the
western parts are less broken than those of
the east and north, yet, the whole state
with very partial exceptions, is either hilly
or mountainous.
The Hudson river flows from a moun-
tainous rei>ion, and is precipitated into a
deep valley, at or near its junction with
the Mohawk. The Hudson valley is one
of the most remarkable phenomena in the
hydrography of the United States. From
the junction of the Hudson, and Mohawk
to Sandy Hook, is a long narrow bay rather
than a river of 150 miles in length. In this
distance, two cha'ns of mountains are
passed. The banks are for the most part
abrupt, rising to two or three hundred
feet ; in many places pr> cipitous, as the
Basaltic rocks along tiie right bank above
the city of New York, and in many other
places above and below the High lands.
The pass known by the :erm Higli lands,
is indeed a very remarkable feature in the
geography of the state. E.iormous walls
of pi^rpendicular rock rises ^n both banks,
to the app-ihog elevation of more than 1000
feet. Broken in'o great variety of form,
rude, and deep valleys, entervening be-
tween the gigantic jjrominencic's, avid the
whole covered by a hick ftn-est, affords one
of the most impressive landscapes, to be
found in North America. Here tlie great
primitive ranges paises the Hudson, and
here the Ocean tides find tlie only passage
over this boundary into the interior, wiiich
exists in the United States.
The Higli lands, are in fact the elonga-
tion of the same range whicli passes
through Penn.sylvania, by a very Iiumble
ridge dividing Lancaster and Ciiester
counties, in part ; the north-west part of
Chester from Berks ; the north -we^t part
of Montgomery from Berks; and Bucks
from Lehigh ; and crossing Delaware be-
low Easton, passes through New Jersey,
dividing Susst:; county from t!ie other
parts of the state, enters New York, form-
ing the north-western parts of llockland,
7ia
and the south-eastern parts of Orange
counties, crossing the Hudson above \Ve"st
point, at tlie noted place we have review-
ed. Tiiis chain continues into Connecti-
cut, M:;ssachu.-etts, and Verrriont, forming
in Connecticut the rugged hills of Litch-
fi- Id, in Massachusetts, the alpine, but fer-
tile county of Berkshire ; and in Vermont
the elevaied chain which gives name to
that s-ate.
What is known in Virginia, Maryland,
and Pennsylvania by the name of Blue
Ridge, or South Mountain, which crosses
the Potomac below the mouth of the She-
nandoah, the Susquehaniiah below Harris-
burg, and the Delav.ure below tlie extreme
south point of Wayne county, at what is
called the Water Gap, and following the
course of the Delaware river, forms the
north-western border of New Jersey, enters
New York, \t the mouth of the Nevisink
river, or at the north-west angle of New
Jersey. The Shawangunk is the termina-
tion of this range, west of the Hudson.
The Kittatinny range, is one of the most
remarkable of all those v.'hich constitute
the Allegany or Appalachian system. The
Kittatinny, though of so much importance,
has not been hitherto correctly drawn
upon .iny of our maps. It is the same
range, which by several local names crosses
Virginia and Maryland, from the sources
of Tennessee and Great Keniiaw^a, cro.sses
the Potomac below Hancock's town,
enters Pennsylvasiia, crosses the Susquc-
hannah five mdes above Hanisburg, runs
north-east, and finally enters New York, in
the nort!)-west part of Sullivan county.
The Kruatsbergs is a part and the most ele-
vated and proniiricnt of the Kittatinny
range.
An observation upon the very singular
bend in the course of our mountains, ought
to be made in this place, as this change of
direction takes place in New York.
If we glance upon tlie map Ijcfore us,
we find the range which forms the High ..
lands, after passing the Hudson, clunge its
north east to a north cour.ie, in Duchess
county, aifil winding through Mas.sachu-
setts and Vermont, enters Lower Canada.
Tlie Shawangunk, is most probably con-
tinued in tlie ridges found in the central
parts of Duchess and Colum.bia counties.
Ti'e Kitatinr.y forming the north-west
limits oC Siillivan and Ulster counties, in
New York, pres?rves tlie north-east direc-
tion in'o Greene coutity, where the range
turns rather abruptly to the north and
north-w-est, attains its greatest elevation in
the town of Wyndham. Thence it ranges
along tlie south-west part of Schoharrie,
the soutii-ea.st of Otsego, along the soutii-
^.vn pails of Herkimer and Montgomery,
crosses the Mohawk by the Little Fails,
ranges through Herkimer, where 'i ■
TSr E w
N E \\
known by the local name of the Sacondago
mountain. It thence ranges between the
Osvvegatche and Black rivers, crosses tlie
St. Lawrence by tlie Thousand Islands.
It has been from ignorance of, or
inattention to this fact, of their true
organization, which has introduced so
much confusion in the delineation of our
mountains. All the minor chains, east of
the Hudson, pursue a course very nearly
north and s-outh. It has been from erro-
neously projecting the mountains of New
Hampshire, in a north east direction, which
has placed mountains between Maine
and Lower Canada, where none exist. I
am inclined to consider the mountains of
New Hampshire, extended in a direction
very nearly north from where they leave
that state, to be identified with tlie preci-
pices of Quebec, Montmorency, and the
Chandiere.
I have introduced these remarks in this
place, in order to explain the strong fea-
tures of New York, and the connexion be-
tween its natural Geography and that of
the adjacent places. We now proceed
with the local physi'-gnomy of that state.
We have examined the principal moun-
tains which chequer the face of New York,
and we have shown that the greate.-t part
of its surface is uneven. The only level
tracts are, the eastern margin of Long
Island, a narrow strip along the souli) ^ide
of Lake Ontario, and a few confined allu-
vial bottoms along some of the smaller
rivers and creeks. The most m:<rshy part
of New York, lies in the angle between
Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence
river.
It must be obvious that the climate phe-
nomena of New York, must be very strongly
marked.
Sec Long Island, and for detailed desci-ip-
tion, the respecli\e counties.
In a; general view of New York, after its
natural Geography is surveyed, the next
most prominent object it presents, is its
two great canals. The following descrip-
tions of that uniting Hudson river with
lake Erie, was Iransmitted to the editor of
this Gazetteer by Governor Chnton, and
Benjamin Wright, F^sq Though they in-
volve some little repetition, I a.r. induced
to give them insertion from the authenti-
city of their contents, and from the prima-
ry importance of the object.
No. I.— Gives a view in the narr.itive
form of the canal, as it stood in June,
1822.
No. II. — Presents a topographical de-
scription of the canal, as if completed ;
and
No. III. — Contains a more detailed de-
scription, combined with a comprehensive
perspective of the route, and the imnrove-
4X
ma.nts, superintended by the completion of
i\v qunal.
No. I. — The whole distance from New
York to Buifalo, by the route of the
Canal, is at least 500 miles. After leav-
ing the steam bnatat Albany, I took the
stage for Little Falls, where I arrived in
seas n to take a canal packet for Utica.
I employed half an hour's leisure in look-
ing at the locks and comparing the new
with the old Canal at the little Falls.
What a fiiscrepance ! Weston, who was
so much extoih d as an English engineer,
sinks into ii.signihcance when compared
v/itii the native engineers now in the
full tide of successful experiment. Fronti
what 1 can see, and have heard of his
operations, I imagine that he was quite
a subordinate engineer — of little experi"
ence — less celebrity — and that his ob-
ject was more to acquire money than
fame. With ths view he adopted a
system of procrastination, enveloped his
proceedings with the cloak of mystery,
and infected all that were within the
reaci) cf his influence with chimerical and
unfounded notions of the difficulties,
which surround the walks of the civil
engineer. From below the Little Falls
to within seven miles of Utica, there are
13 locks of the most solid materials, and
of the most admirable workmanship. I
enabarked on board of an elegant packet
boat, called the Magnet, of six tons, and
in six liours airivcd at Utica — the dis-
tance by land is upwards, and by the
canal less, than 22 miles — and by the
river 28. Our way was through a
charming, well settled, fertile country,
and a considerable distance through the
German Flatts, which contain several
thousand acres of excfUent land, com-
posed of the alluvia of the West Canada
Creek and the Mohawk river. Nearly
opposite to the beautiful village: of Her-
kimer, the Erie ("anai foUo'.vs for a short
distance the track of the old canal, and
in one place an old and a new lock ap-
proach closely to each other. This af-
fords an excellent opportunity for coti-
trast, and the result is sn greatly in fa-
vour of the latter, that it is perfectly
idle to attempt a comparison. The pro-
perty lying at this place, ready for
conveyance to market, is composed of
thousands of barrels of flour, pork, pot-
ash, and whiskey — and staves, lumber,
glass. -Ahr-at, 8cc. to the value of a quar-
ter of a million cf dollars, and a great
deal of it unhfused.
The ntxt morning we took boat at
Utica for Montezun.a, and at 10 o'clock
A. M. the next day we reached the
place of destination 96 miles. We im-
mediatelv embarked on board of a sma'l
ri.'^
.N K \V
x\ E \v
boat — entered the Seneca River by a
lock— passed into one of its inlets, called
the Clyde River, formed from the con-
fluence of the Canandaigua outlet and
Mud Creek at Lyons, and navigated it
until ive arrived at Clyde— distant 15
miles by this route from Montezuma, and
12 miles by the canal when completed.
The Cayuga marshes lie between these
places, and present a formidable obstacle
to the progress of the canal — last season
2000 men were employed in forcing this
work through them, one half of whom
took sick, and many died, but in a few
weeks this difficult undertaking will be
accomplished. At Clyde we entered the
Canal oy a temporary wooden lock, and
took passage in the canal boat. At
Lyons, nine miles, we changed to the
Myron Holley, a boat of 40 tons, drawing
eight inches water, and replete with ele
gant accomodations. We lodged that
night at Palmyra, and the next morning
we arrived at Heartwell's Basin in Pitts-
ford, (eight miles from Rochester,) where
the present navigation of the canal ter-
minates. I have thus travelled 174 miles
by boat—
159 on the canal,
15 on the river Clyde,
174
In the course of the season the canal
■will be navigable from Rochester to
Schenectady— that is to say, 59 miles east
of Utica, and 20 miles between the Ge-
nesee and Seneca rivers, making an un-
interrupted navigation of 238 miles.
There will then remain to be finished
about 122 miles, lo wit, 28 from Sche-
nectady to Hudson River, and 94 from
Genesse River to Buffalo ; and of this
a great portion is already done. In the
vicinity of Albany, great excavations are
carrying on at the Cohoes ; the founda-
tion of the locks are laying at two dif-
ferent points ; the aqueducts across the
Mohawk are in a state of preparation,
and excavations are proceeding in the
heart of Shenectady. From Rochester
to Lock Port, 63 miles, there are no in-
tervening locks, and here as well as be-
tween i\^ontezuma and the first lock
east of Utica, there is an uninterrupted
level of near 70 miles, making only in
two distances near 140 miles without the
incumbrances of locks ; a fact without a
parallel in the annals of the world. —
There would be no difficulty in finishing
the canal to Lock Port this season, but
at this place it passes a mural precipice
of 60 feet, and 260 feet above the level
of Lake Ontario, which is about 15 miles
to the north. Lock Port is a prosperous
Village of nearly 100 buildings, which
7\-h
iias sprung up with mushroom rapidity,
but whose fl' urlshin^; existence will be
as enduring as that of the canal. Here
are a double set of locks, five for as-
cending and five for descending boats, of
12 feet lift each, and from the heights of
the village you look down to the foot of
the canal, on a great natural basin capa-
ble of containing a vast number of boats,
and affording; the most secure as well as
the most spacious accomodations. When
the forests which obstruct the view of
Ldke Ontario and Lake Erie are cut
down, you will have from this altitude
the most picturesque and sublime pros-
pects which the world can afford. To
the north you will see the canal wind-
ing its way to the waters of the east,
lost in the distance, and crowded with
boats bearing the weahh of the western
world; 100 "feet below this height, and
on an average two miles north of the
canal, you s«e the celebr.'^ted Ridge
Road, covered with habitations, and its
borders lined with fruit trees, green with
vegetation and teeming with abundance.
Farther still you behold the Lake Onta-
rio, a great inland sea, stretching itself
to the north and the east ; and to the
west you will behold the immense basin
of Lake Erie, and hear the roaring of
the catar.-ict : and to Avhatever point of
the compass you direct yonr view, you
will perceive the most fertile regions in
the world. The embankment at Iron-
dequat is a mile long, greatly elevated,
and a part of the way is composed of a
narrow neck, which appears as if it were
arranged by nature for the express pur-
pose of maintaining the level of the
canal. Fi'om it you will enjoy a prospect
when passing in the boats on the canal
only to be exceeded by that of Lock
Port. From Lock Port to Buffalo, via
the canal, is about 30 miles ; for one-
third of this distance Tonewanta Creek,
will occupy the place of the canal ; and
to Gentsee River, a distance of 94 miles,
its principal supply will be derived from
Lake Erie, which will be let in at Buffalo,
and after a passage of about 12 miks, will
enter Tonewanta Creek, near its mouth,
the waters of which will be forced back
by a daiii. To maintain a sufficient de-
scent for this feeder, several miles of
very deep cutting will be required from
Lock Port, which will consume much
money and much time, as a considerable
part of it will be through calcareous
rocks.
The completion of the canal east from
Lock Port as far as the Genesee River,
will be useless until this great aperture
for the waters of the lake to feed the
lower level is made. The canal will
have, with a view to the attainment of
this important object, a descent of an inch
a mile from BufTalo to Genesee river,
which it is calculated will produce a
current of half a mile an hour — the dis-
tance being 94 miles, it will take on his
hypothesis, seven <lays before the waters
of Lake Erie can mingle with the Ge-
nesee river. You wil! readily perceive
that much will be lost on this long voy-
age by evaporation, leakage, and wastage
in general Ther« are no intermediate
streams upon which great reliance can
be placed ; but, thank heaven, there are
no intervening locks to produce con-
sumption of wat;-r and tc create constant
demands for supply. Many small streams
which gush from the foot of the Moun-
tain Ridge can be put in requisition.
The Genesee river can be used for a
western as well as an eastern feeder.
Sandy Creek and Eighteen Mile Creek
can be pressed into the service of the
canal — the best artificial reservoirs and
basins can be made and filled in seasons
cf abundance so as to meet seasons of
scarcity. And what is of more impor-
tance, Tonewanta Creek, above the
place were the canal enters it, can he
forced into the channel of Oak Orchard
Creek, which will serve the doul)le pur-
pose of facilitating the transit of the
waters of Lake Erie, and of affording a
copious supply at a point where at will
be wanted. It is impossible to form an
estimate of the quantity or of the value
of the commodities ascending and de-
scending the canal — perhaps two or three
millions of dollars before the termination
of the season ; and 400 boats will be cer-
tainly employed, if not already, before
that time. Some boats or scows convey
400 barrels at a time, and the revenue
on the first of June amounted to §20,000.
One man owns 40 boats, another 16 ; and
I saw on my voyage 16 barges vvhich had
come from Ogdensburgh, via Oswego and
Montezuma, for tlie purpose of carrying
freight on the canal.
'The progress of a loaded boat carry-
ing from 20 to 40 tons, with two horses,
will be at the rate of .30 miles a day —
while that of a wagon, witii from four to
six horses, and from two to four tons,
will not average more than 20 miles a
day. The tolls paid at the locks will
not exceed the tolls required at turnpike
gates ; and the ordinary expense of a
boat with its equipmeiits and horses will
not exceed that of a land conveyance.
And the difference of expense in the
carriage of commodities will be obvious
from the following statement. The
transportation of a hundred weight of
commodities from \h\ca to Montezuma,
can be had for five cents, by the canal-
while the transportation of the same
quantity by land from Utica to Albany,
the sarne ditance, at least 96 miles, will
cost 75 cents. A tOii of goods can now
be transported from New Ywrk to Ge-
neva, or to the head of the Seneca Lake,
for 20 dollars. Before the establishment
of the canal, it cost 50 dollars. The
wear and tear, or, in other words, the
ensurance against damage by land con-
veyance from Albany to Buffalo is 5 per
cent. — by the canal alnrost literally no-
tliing. By a proper arrangement at the
locks, by which one vessel will ascend a
lock and the other descend immediately
after, before the lock is <:mptied, it will
not take more than six minutes for a
passage of a vessel through a lock ; of
course 240 can pass through in 24 hours.
As the canal will he navigable for eight
months and a half in a year, supposing
30 or 40 tons conveyed in each boat, the
aggregate of production in the course of
a season may approximate two millions
of tons, which will produce a revenue
equal to ten millions of dollars — a sum
exceeding credibility and almost tran-
scending reasonable calculations.
The animating influence and vivifying
spirit of this great work is felt in all di-
rections. One hundred liouses are now
building at Rochester. New villages are
springing up on the turnpike, on the ca-
nal, and at intermediate points. Buffalo,
like a phcenix has risen from its ashes
with renovated beauty and increased
prosperity. When I cast my eyes over
this delightful village, ai;d saw its pharos,
its spires, its public buildings, its piers
stretching out into the lake, and braving
the fury of the billows, a crowd of sea
vessels on the watery expanse, and an in-
land sea extending beyond tbe reach of
view, and bearing on its bosom the ac-
cumulated and accumulating riches of
the western world. 1 must confess that
I felt an enthusiasm which I rarely in-
dulge. I'he energies of freedom and
intelligence enlisted on the side of great
public improvements, furnish a spectacle
on which, to borrow the expression of a
heathen philosopher, " The gods may
look down with admiration."
P. S. Since writing the above, the fol-
lowing interesting facts have been pub-
lished in a i>aper at Utica
" Very little transportation was done
upon the canal this seasoi> before the
20th of April, owing to the deep pene-
tration of tlie frost last winter, which
rendered it uns-afe to let in the water be-
fore the banks had perfectly settled. On
the section east of this, which is navi-
7)5
N E \y
,.Js E \V
g&')le 22 miles, there have been repeat-
ed interruption to the navigation for a
week or ten days at a time, since Apiil,
and one of four or five days on what is
called the middle section, \w- st nf this
village. These interruptions have been
caused by the enibani'iments giving away
where they were high, or at places where
the canal passed through the !)eQS of
quicksand. Difficulties of this kind must
be exptcted to occur until the earth has
fully settled
" Toll has been collected on 160 rniles
of canal, viz : from Little Falls to M-^n-
tezuma, 118 miles ; at which place there
is an interruption of six miles, the b-ats
pass up Clyde river, and re-enter the
canal at Blockhouse ; from which place,
to Hartwell's basin, tliere is 42 miles un-
interrupted navigation. Allowing the
toll on the Northern Canal to have in-
creased since last year the same ratio it
has on this, and the amount of toll on
both canals, uj) to the first day of July,
will not vary from §25,000. During
which time, there has been at this place,
712 arrivals, 24 of which were rafts,
with the following articles, viz ; — 71,037
barrels of flour, — 519 bbls. provisions —
5,000 bbls. salt— 3,508 bbls. ashes— 190
bbls- oil —232 bbls. beer— 34,050 bushels
wheat — 38,610 do. water lime — 404 do.
rye— 2,458 do. corn— 2,668 do. oats— 29
do. grass seed — 10 tons bar soap — 10 tons
meal— 275 tons gypsum — 14 tons mill-
stones and clay — 905,827 feet boards —
37,206 cubic feet timber— 604,000 shin-
gles—19,250 staves and heading— 32,700
brick— 3,777 boxes glass— 61,09o'lb. hams.
— 114,671 lb. lard 6,706 lb wool —
24,960 lb. butter— 98,782 galls, whiskey.
Cleared during same time,'2, 018 tons mer-
chandize— 43 tons household goods, &c.
" There has been 307 boats res^istered
at the collector's office, the aggregate
tonage being 7,675 tons.
No. II. — This canal extends from lake
Erie at the mouth of BjjflTalo creek, to the
Hudson at Albany, a distance of 360 miles.
It is 40 feet wide on the surface of the
water, 28 feet at bottom, and four feet
deep ; commencing at Bafl^lo creek near
its mouth, it passes along near the shore ef
the lake and Niagara river to Black liock,
a distance of two miles, where it comes
close to the shore of the river, and passing
along that shore for 10 miles; it then inter-
sects the Tonewanta creek a short di.s-
tance above its confluence with the Niagara
river. In this distance it ^>as a descent of
six inches, or half an inch to the mile. To
raise the creek to the level of the canal, a
dam four feet six inches high is thiown
across the creek a little distance below the
point of junction with the canal. The chan-
716
no! of the creek is then used as the canal,
and a towing path constructed alons; its
bank for 12 miles, (the creek in its natural
state having but one foot fail ii; that dis-
tance.) From tliis point a cut across what
is called the Mountain Rloge, north eas'er-
ly of seven miles avd a half is made ; and
oiie part 30 feet deej), and including three
milrs of Rock : — In this deep cut a descent
of one inch to the mile is given to the canal
to the brow of the mountain (so called)
joining the great basin of Lake Ontario,
and which is the range of highlands, called
the Lnvistown or Qiieenston Heights, on
the Niiigara river. Here it descends 60
fe>-'t by me-.ins of Jive combined and double
locks of 12 feet each ; after descending it
passes on easterly, witli a descent of half
an inch to the mile for 63 miles to the Ge-
nesee river, over which it passes by a stone
acqiieduct of 600 feet in length, consisting
of nine arches of 50 feet span each, and
two of 40 feet each to convey water to mills;
the arches being a segment of a circle
of 11 feet rise; after passing the Genesee
ancf cimtintiing easterly about two miles,
descent by a lock of seven feet forty one-
huiidredth's ; then a level of 70 chains, and
another lock of same descent — then a pound
of 15 chains and another lock of the same
descent — then a pound of 18 chains and
another lock of the same descent— then a
pound of 57 chains and another lock of the
same descent — a level or pound then com-
mences, which extends eight and a half
miles, to one mile E ofPiilsFord — then a
lock of eight feet descent ; thence over the
high embankments about the Irondequ^it,
and the same level continued for 14 miles to
the west part of the town of Palmyra — then
a lock of 10 feet descent — thence level half
a mile, then a lock descent 10 feet — then
easterly over Mud creek, and passing the
town or village of Palmyra a level of 12
miles — then a descent of 24 feet by three
locks separated so as to form pounds of
200 yards between each, thence a level of
six miles to Mud creek, over which it
passes by a stone acqueduct of three arches
of oO feet each, and then descends by a
lock oflOl'eet — then leveloneniileaiulahalf
to the village of Lyons, passing the same,
and having a descent by a lock of six feet ;
thence level four miles and a half and a
lock of seven feet descent — thence level
lour miles to the village of Clyde, a lock
of five feel descent — thence level five miles
to the western edge of the Great Cayuga
Marshes, and then a lock of rine feet de-
scent to the level of the surface of Se-
nt ca river — this level continues six and a
lialf miles, passing through the Seneca ri-
ver on its natural level to the E side there-
ot — here a lock of seven feet rise to the
village of Montezuma— thence level one
mile and a half to a lock of nine feet rise
N E W N K -W
—thence level four miles, and crossing tlie a quarter to two locks of eight feet descent
Ovvasco outlet by an acqueduct of four — thtnce 'evel four miles to a lock of eight
arclies of 20 f-et ecch, to a lock of nine feet feet descent — thence level three miles to
rise — thence level 11^ miles to a lock of 11 a lock of eight, feet descent — thence a far-
feet rise (at Jordan) which is connected ther distance of three miles to a lock of
with an acqueduct uf three arches of 20 eight feet de-cer.t — theiice level half a mile
feet each— the Jordan summit extends 12 to a lock of eight feet desceni— tiiencelevd
miles and the canal then descends by a three miles to Sclienecfady, and continuing-
lock of 11 feet and wliich is connected with the same level four mds s below the last
an acqueduct of two arches of 30-feet each mentinned place lo an acquediict SoU feet
— tlience a level seven miles and a lock ot long and 21 feet ab-ve iow vvaler of the
six feet descent which brings you to the river, an i immediately after crcssi ii the
Salina Level [here a branch of one mile river it descends 12 feet by three locks of
and a half connects tlie canal with the sait seven feet each, with short pounds bctveen
works on the Oaandaga lake] which crosses —thence level two miles to a lock of seven
the Onandaga creek by an acqueduct of feel descent —thence a level of one- nuie
four arches of 30 feet each — Uience level and a half to a lock of seven feet descent-*—
one mile and a half to a lock of six feet rise thence level three miles and a iialf to a lock
— thence level one mile to two locks of 10 of seven feel descent — thence level ei^ht
feet rise each with a small po!jnd berween — miles, and passing the Mohawk by i.n ac-
thence level 69 miles, passing through the queduct 1150 feet long and 16 fe t above
town of Munlius in Onandaga county — tiie the river to f .ur locks descent '32 feet wiui
towns of Sullivan and Lennox in Madison short pounds between — tnence itivnl one
county, the towns of Verona, Rome, Whites- mile and a quarter (say a quarter of ii miie
town and Utica in One:du county, and below Cnhoes falls) to two locks descent 18
through the greater part of the town of feet— thence a quarter of a mile levei and
Frinkitort in Herkimer county to a lock of Ihrse locks descent 26 teet — thence level
eight feet descent nine miles E of Utica — half a mile und seven locKs with short
then a level one mile to a lock ot eight pounds between descent 56 feel— here a
feet descent — thence level hah' a mile to a feeder or branch oi the Northern canal
lock of eight feet descent — thence level connects with tlie Western cauiJ, which
two and a half miles to a lock of eight feet soon descends 22 feet by two locks thence
descent — thence level a quarter of a mile le^el seven miles to a lock of 11 feet de-
to a lock of eight feet descent— thence scent — thence one mile and a half level to a
level one mile and a half to a lock at (ier- point nearly east of tne State arsenal in the
man Flats, nine feet descent into the old "orih part of the city of Albany— here a
canal (constructed by tne Western Inland lock of 11 feet descent connects the canal
Lock Navigation Company in 1798,) and with the Hudson river. Opposite the city
following the old canal half a mile, and then of Troy a branch connects with tiie Hudson
leaving it and continuing the same level for by two locks of 11 feet descent each also
three miles to a lock of eight feet descent at Little Falls on the Mohawk, a large ac-
—thence level three miles and a half to the queduct over the Mohawk with three
head of the Little falls (town of German arches, one 70 feet chord, and two of 50
Flats) thence descending the declivity at each lo connect the old and new canal, and
Little Falls by five locks of eight feet de- to operate as a feeder, this is a most per-
scent each, and placed so as to form pounds manent, solid and durable work which can
between, of sufficient length for boats to be conceived.and built of the best materials,
pass each other — thence level five miles to and the best workmanship.
a lock of eight feet descent — thence level No. III. — Those magnificent plans of in-
four miles to a lock of eight feet descent — ternal improvement which have been pro-
thence level three miles and a quarter to a jfcted, and are now rapidly executing by
lock of eight feet descent — thence level the State of New York, whose extensive
four miles and three quarters to a lock of physical resources they have contributed
seven feet descent, near Esquago creek, to deveiope, are deslmed to form the corn-
town of Canajoharie — thence three miles mencement of a new era m the history of
and a quarter (to Canajoharie village) a this country' — an era which will be distin-
lock of six feet descent — thence level 12 guished as the period when the genius and
miles to a lock of seven feet descent — enterprse of a free and powerhil people
thence level to the west bank of Schoharie are directed to splendid works of public
creek four miles and a half, then a lock of utility, the efiects of winch will be felt to
six feet descent — thence across the creek remotest posterity. For grandeur of de-
in a pond formed by a dam (a grand lock sign, celerity of execution, importance, and
on E Bank) thence level three quarters of extent, the canals of New York, will admit
a mile to a lock of four feet descent — of a comparison with the most celebrated
thence level three miles to a lock of eight artificial works of the old world. Inde-
feet descent— thence level four miles and pendent of the immense advantages which
717
N E \V
NEW
New York will derive from them, in the
new and energetic impulse which will be
given to her agncul'.ure, manufactures and
commerce, and as a coiistantl) increasing
source of revenue, the j have a still strong-
er claim to our admiiatiou from ihe iiTipor-
tant effects which they are calculated to
havt' upon our internal policy hs a nation.
The political benefits, which they are des-
tined t'l confer., begin lilready to exhibit
themselves and aflurd conclusive evidence
that the Union, cemented by tucli bonds,
will be indissoluble. Viewed in this light
the subjec. becomes peculiarly mtercsting
and a brief descrijition of the Erie canil,
embracirig its prominent outlines, by ebta-
blishingthe fact that there are no (;bstactes
which industry and enterprise canno'i over-
come, may have an influence m exciting
to similar undertakings.
This canal extends fi oni Buffalo at the
norlh eastern ex'remity of lake Er.e to
the Hudson at Albany a distance of 360
miles. Its dimensions are 40 feet on the
surface of the water, 28 feet at bottom,
and four feet deep. Boats of 50 tons can
navigate its waters. The expense was ex-
tenuated at five millions ot dollars, and
will not much exceed tliat amount. At
Buffalo a safe and commodious harbour has
already been constructed at an expense of
about 15,000 dollars. [This place is here-
after destined to' become the great com-
mercial metropolis or mart of exchange of
all that extensive tract of fertile country
which is here washed by our northern in-
land seas, aod their numerous tributaries.
These advantages of location are duly ap-
preciated, and in anticipation of its future
importance it has already received the ap-
pellation of the • New York of the lakes,'
At the distance of two mdes from Buff^^lo,
and on the Niagara River is situated the
village of Black Rock, through which the
Can.it passes and where it is contemplated
to construct a still more spacious and ex-
tensive harbour, corresponding with the
magnificence of the work witii which it is
intended to be connected.] Leaving Buf-
falo, the Cannl runs along the shore of the
Niagara river for 12 miles when it inter-
sects the Tonewanta creek, across which
a dam is thrown and a towing path con-
structed along its bank and the creek is
there used as the canal for a distance of 12
miles. There it diverges and pursues u
north-easterly course for seven miles and
a half across the mountain ridge, as it is
called, [a chain of highland w'lich origi-
nates in Uppe; Canad.i, and running easter-
ly parallel with lake Ontario, form in their
course tiie Niagara, Genesee anfl Oswego
Falls, and terminates in Cswego county.]
The passage of the oonal throug.h tlii-.
ridge presented one of the most serious
obsticles on the whole route and one which
~]8
from the geographical formation of the
country was unavoidable. The expense of
this seven miles and a half, (which will
average a depth of from 20 to 30 feet and
includes three miles of rock) was original-
ly estimated at §500,000, but will no doubt
require an expenditure of nearly double
the amount. At this point tiie Canal is
about 12 miles south of lake Ontario, [and
here it passes through the vill.ge of Lock-
port, wiiich, s its name implie.-;, has risen
under its auspices, and though a year only
has elap.-ed, now contains 180 buildings and
500 mhabitants, such are the important ef-
f ct.s of the Canal in promoting settlement
upon its borders] The Canal here has a
descent of 60 feet by means of five com-
bined and double locks of 12 feet each, to
what is termed the Genesee level, which
from the favourable declivity of the coun-
try to the north, is extended easterly a dis-
tance of 65 miles without the incumbrance
of a lock ; passing through in its course
the fertile and populous counties of Niaga-
ra, Geaesee, and Monroe, and crossing the
Genesee river at Rochester by a stone
aqaeduct 600 feet long, consisting of nine
arches of 50 fieet span each, and two of
forty feet each, to convey water to mills, —
the arches being a sigment of a circle of
eleven feet :rise. From Buffalo to Ro-
chester, a distance of 94 miles the Canal
is supplied pri- c;pal!y with water from the
great reservoir lake riiie, and to facilitate
the passage of the water and secure a con-
stant supply a descent of lialf an inch to
the mile is given to the Canal throughout
that distance. And as the supply for the
extended lower level, must be much great-
er than the lockage alone would require, a
waste basin is constructed above the locks
at the Mountain ridge over which the sur-
plus can discharge itself and in its passage
to the level below, to be applied to hydrau-
lic purposes. Near Rochester the Canal
approaches within four miles of the lake.^
[This place affords a striking instance of
the astonishing increase of population and
the rapid progress of improvement in the
M'estern parts of this state. It first began
to assume consequence at the conclusion
of the late war, since which time it has ad-
vanced with astonishing rapidity and now
contains a population of 3500 souls. Situa-
ted in the heart of an extensive tract of
rich and fertile country which already con-
tains a dense and industrious population---
enjoying from ils position on lake Ontario
and on the Canal a choice of markets for
its products, with the capacity afforded by
the Genesee of increasing its h\draulic
machinery to an indefinite extent, added to
the facility for the transportation of the
raw material ot manufacture produced by
the Canal. Nature and art appear to have
combined to contribute to its prosperity
N E W
N E W
and Rochester possessed of these advanta-
ges is unq'ieslionably destined to become
one of the greasest inland manufactuiing
and commercial sites iii the United States.]
On Uic B side of tlie river a lateral canal,
or navisrable feeder connects the Caii.d with
the Genesee, at a point above \vliic!\ there
is 40 miles of good navigation through an
extremely fertile rnd p -.pulous district.
The extended level of 65 miles terminates
about two miles E of Rochester, wiien the
Canal descends 27 feet by five locks in
about two mdes and continues that level
eight miles and a half (passing through the
village of Plttfurd) when it again descends
eight fret by one lock. It then crosses
the heavy embarkments in the valley of
Irondoquoit, which consists of several stu-
pendous mounds of eartli, the principal
about 10 chains long and 70 feet high and
under which there is a semicircular stone
culvert of 24 feet chord and 250 feet long
for the passage of the Irondoquoit creek,
and continuing the same level about 14
miles reaches the valley of Mud creek a
tributsry of the Canandaigua outlet — It
thence follows down the valley of t!ie creek
and outlet, descending with the country
and in its route crossing Mud creek by a
stone aqueduct of three arches of 30 feet
each and passing the flourishing villages of
Palmyra and Lyons in Ontario county and
throiig'h the village of Clyde and the Ca-
yuga marshes in Seneca county, to the
Seneca river. This embraces a distance
of ab ut 39 miles and a descent of 81 feet
by nine locks which brings the Canal to the
level of the Seneca river, thr'jugh which
it passes and over which a towing path
bridge three fourths of a mile long has
been constructed. By means of the Sene-
ca river a communication is opened with
Seneca and Cayuga lakes which stretch off
at I'ight angles to the Canal, about 40 miles
into the interior and embrace a district of
country which will compare for productive-
ness with any in the United States. On
the E side of the river, there is a lock of
seven feet rise to the village of Montezu-
ma, when the Canal continues its course
througii Cayuga county a distance of 17
miles to Jordan in Onandago county, cross-
ing in its course the Owasco outlet by an
aqueduct of four arches of 20 feet each,
and attaining by four locks an elevation of
36 feet above, the Seneca river, to the
summit at Jordan — connected with the
lock at Jordan, there is an aqueduct over
the Skeneateles outlet of three arches o!'
20 feet each. The length of the Jordan
summit is 12 miles, when the canal again as-
cends by a lock of 11 feet (and wliich is
connected with an aqueduct of two arches
of 30 feet each) and in a further distance
of seven miles by another lock of six feet,
to the Salina level and crosses the Ononda-
go creek, by an aqueduct of lour arches of'
30 leet eacli. Here a branch of one mile
and a lialf extends to the salt works on the
Onandago lake with wMch it is contenipla-
ted to open a communication by means of
locks, and thus connect the canal with
hike Ontario, tlirough the Seneca and Oswe-
go rivers In a fartiier distance of tivo -.niles
and a half a rise of 26 feet by three locks
elevates tlie canul >othe Home su.mmit, an
extended level of 69 miles and which passes
through the imp<)rt;!nt agriculmral ctjunties
of Onondaga, Mav'i.son, O'lcida, (through
the villages of Home and Uilca,) and ex-
tends nine miles E . Utica into the town
of Frankfort, in Herkimer county. At
Home 15 miles NW of Utica, the canal
crosses the ridi^e which divides the waters
wh'ch flow into lake Ontario, from those
which empty themselves into the Hudson.
From Rome westerly, as will be seen by
an inspection of the map, the general de-
clivity of the country is to the north and of
oursc extremely favourable for the loca-
tion of a canal. The only difliculty there-
fore which presented itself was tiie selec-
tion of such a level as would enable the
canal to cross the dividing ridge and gain
the valley of the Mohawk. At the dis-
tance of nine miles E of Utica, the canal
commences descending the valley of the
Mohawk. In the distance of about 13
miles it has a descent of 57 feet by seven
locks to the head of the declivity at the ^
Little Falls which it descends by five locks ^
of eight feet each with short intervening
pounds and in the distance oi about twen- "
ty miles and a quarter a still further de-
scent of 37 feet by five locks with inter-
vening levels of from three and a half to
five miles to Canejoharie in Montgomery
county. This level extends 12 miles where
it has a descent in four miles and a half of
13 feet by two locks to the Schoharie creek
which is crossed by a dam and the creek
introduced as a feeder. From this point
to wititin three miles of Schenectady, a
distance oi about eighteen miles and a half
the canal has a descent of 52 feet by six
locks of eight, and one of four feet with
intervening pounds of from a half to four
miles and a half. Foia' miles E of Schenec-
tady the canal crosses the Mohawk by an
aqueduct 850 feet long and 21 feel above
low water of the river. Tiiis uqueduct
consists of stone abutments and piers sup-
porting a wooden trunk. 'I'here are seve-
ral others of a similar construction, but
of a minor character at diff"erent pouits
along the lino where the distance between
the bottom of the canal and the surface of
the water in the stream crossed, was not
sufiicient to admit of the turning of an
arch ; but they are considered as tempo-
rary structures and were preferred from a
wish to diminish the immediate expendi-
719
N E W
NEW
ture as far as practicable, and when they
decay will be supplanted by permanent
trunks o!' cast iron. Immediately after
crossing the river ihe canal hj.s a descent
of 21 feet by three, locks of seven feet
each, and in about seven miles has a still
further descent or" 21 f'*et by three locks
with intervening pounus of from one mile
and a iialf to three miles and a haif. It
])ur.^ues the last level eight miles and
crosses the Mohawk from the N to the S
side by an aqueduct 1150 feet long and 16
feet above the river, when it ascends 32
feet by four locks of tight feet each with
short intervening pounds It now rapidly
descends the declivity nf the Cohoes Falls,
halving m about two miles a descent of 100
feet by 12 locks with 'short intervening
pounds. Here a branch 'Vom the northern
Canal intersects the Western Canal which
soon descends 22 feet by two locks and
then has a level of seven mile?, when itagain
descends 11 feet by one lock, and in about
one mile and a half by another lock of the
same descent which connects it with the
Hudson at Albany and opposite to the city
of Troy a branch connects it with the Hud-
son by two locks of 11 feet each.
This statement exhibits a descent from
the Rome summit to the Hudson, a dis-
tance of about 100 mdes, of 417 feet by 52
locks. In the construction of the canal,
through the valley of the Mohawk, nu-
merous difiicuUies, exclusive of the great
descent, and a judicious arrangement of the
lockage presented themselves — and {)oints
of hills, elevated far above the level of the
canal, frequently projecting into the river,
and requiring the canal to be m.'.de for
many miles in the bed of the stream. Con-
sequently, great additional expense was
necessarily incurred, in guarding it from
the injuries to which it was liable, from the
floods ;)f the river. This was particuLirly
the case in the \icinity of the Little Falls,
and at the Cohoes, where also heavy exca-
vations of rock were encotmtered. The
expense of this section, was originally esti-
mated at 2,200^000 dollars.
The dimensions of liie locks are 90 feet,
between the gates, and 15 feet \u the clear ;
they are all constructed of the most solid
.and pcr:nane!U mason woik; the front of
the walls, consisting of regular courses of
i* at least a foot thick, united by liie best hy-
draulic cement, and with the chamber of
the lock, handsomely faced.
The Chan:ip'ain canal is 22 miles long
from Whitehall at the !i<?ad ot lake Cham-
plain, to Fort Edward on the Hudson.
The valley of the Hudson rises by a
more gradual acclivity than does that of
the Mohawk. From the level of low
tide in the Hudson river to a point on
that stream one mile and a quarter
above Waterford, the bed of the river ri.
7':o
ses about 35 feet, to render which passa-
ble, five locks are designed. Ascending
eight miles and three quarters higher to
a point between the mouth of Anthony's
kill and Hosack river, another rise of
nearly 53 feet takes place, in which dis-
tance, the construction of seven locks are
contemplated.
These 12 locks and 88 feet attain a sum-
mit, upon which the canal will be carried
18 miles on one level to the falls, at fort
Miller. Here a rise of 16 feet is overcome
by two locks. A dam above these locks
and falls again produces a slack water o£
16 miles to another fall at fort Edward,
By four locks, and 36 feet ascent, the ele-
vation of 140 feet, on the summit level
between lake Champlain and Hudson's
river, is att.tincd. Along this summit le-
vel, the canal is cut 12 miles, to cape
Anne upon Wood creek branch a of Paw-
let river, flowing into lake Champlain.
At Cape Anne, the slope commences
towards lake Champlain, and by a rapid
depression of 26^ feet, and three locks,
reaches another level 12 miles in length,
reaching Whitehall at the mouth of Paw-
let river. At the latter place three more
locks descend 26 feet into lake Cham<
plain.
The Champlain canal is nearly com-
pleted ; it is indeed already navigable,
but, contrary to the opinion of the com-
missioners in their report of January 31st
1818,* it is now found necessary to in-
trodu-ce a feeder from the Hudson, above
Glen's falls, and as this source will be
above the summit level, every section of
the canal will be amply supplied.-
By a resolution of the boai'd of com-
missioners in 181^, the Erie canal was
extended to 40 feet width at the surface,
28 at the bottom, and four deep of water.
The locks were to be made 14 feet wide
and 90 long in the clear. By a subse-
quent order of the board similar dimen-
sions were given to the canal and locks,
between Albany and lake Champlain. f
It is now confidently calculated that a
complete inland navigation in the entire
of both canals will be efiFected befoi'e the
close of 1823.
In some instances, from the nature of
the document, round numbers have been
necessarily usf:d, but, we believe, not to
any extent which can very seriously af-
fect the general correctness of the state-
ment. The importance of the subject
has rendered some amplification neces-
sary.
Table of the area of those parts of
the United States and Canada, which
will most certainly be opened to the
* Haipes, p. 288. t Haines, p. 364
N E W
N E W
commerce ot" the Hudson by the comple-
tion of the two New York canals.
S(|. miles.
Basin of Champlain - - 5,000
United basins ot Oswego and Sene-
ca river - - . . 7 500
Basin of Erie - - - 27,000
Basin of Michigan - . 60,000
Basin of St. Clair - - - ?',100
Basin of Huron and Nipising 40,0^0
Basin of Sunerior - - • 90,000
236,300
From wliich deduct for water.
Lake Champlain - - - 1,100
Small lakes in the basins of Gene-
see and Oswego - • 240
Lake Erie . - . . 15,750
Lake St. Clair - - - 75iJ
Lake Huron . - - - - 13,000
Lake Michigan - - - 13,500
Lake Nipising - - - 500
Lake Superior - - - So.ODO
Smaller lakes and rivers - 2,000
70,140
Remains for land - - ■ - 166,160
Amounting to 111,129,600 acres.
This expanse nearly equals four tinus
the superficies of the state of New York,
Thou.t;h more than one-third of the space
we are surveying is in Canada it may be
here coructly incindcxh as the course of
commerce ^viil be but little influenced by
national bnundarits.
The following tables exhibit the gen-
eral, detailed, and progressive popislation
of New Yf.i'k
For political and civil j)urprscs, New
York is subdivided into counties, as foU
lows :
Cuitnties,
P'i/>. 1810,
IS20,
Albanv
34,661
38,116
Alleghany
S.942
9,330
Broome
8,130
14,394
Cattaraugus
4,090
Cayuga
29,843
38,897
Chataque
12,568
Chenango
21,704
31,215
Clinton
8,002
12.070
Columbia
31.390
38 330
Cortland
8,868
16.507
Delaware
20 303
26,587
Duchess
51.431
46,615
Erie, erected sir
ice 1820.
Essex
9,477
12,811
Franklin
2,717
4,159
Genesee
12,588
58,093
Green
19,536
22,996
Hamilton
1,251
Herkimer
22,046
31,017
Jefferson
15,140
32,952
King's
8,303
11,187
Lewis
6,433
9,227
Li\ ingstou, erected since 1820.
Madison - 25,141 32,208
Monroe, erected since 1820-
Montgomery
New York
Niagara
Oneida
Oiiondaro
Ontario
Orange
Oswego
Otsego
Putnam
Queen's
Rensallaer
Richmond
Rockland
S .ratoga
Schenectady
Schoharie
Seneca
St. Lawrence
Steuben
Suilblk
Sullivan
Tioga
Tompkins
Ulster
Washington
\Varren
\^'est Chester
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
'|-of:a whites - - : 918,699
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - ^^''l^t
Slaves ... - - 15,0ir
41,214
37,569
96,573
123,706
8,971
22,990
33,792
50,997
25,987
41,467
42.032
88,267
34,347
41,213
12,374
38,803
44,8.i6
11,268
19,336
21,519
36,309
40,153
7,758
8,837
5,347
6,135
33.147
36,052
10,201
13,081
18,945
23,164
16,609
26,619
7,885
16,037
7,246
21,189
21,113
24,272
6,103
8,900
7,899
16,971
20,681
26,576
30,934
44,289
38,831
9,453
30,272
32,638
959,219
1,372,812
474,281
-
444,418
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free whilG males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
nut taxed . - - -
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
959,049
679,551
653,193
701
1,333,445
13,458
15,821
5,088
5,000
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
- 1,372,812
4T
15,101
247,648
60,038
9,113
Population to the square mile, 30 nearly.
Summary of the census taken undev
721
\ E W
N E W
the act of the legislature of New York,
passed March 26, 1821, as reported bj'-
the secretary of state to the legislature.
Freeholders, owning freeholds
to the amount of 8-50 and up-
wards, - - - 100,490
Freeholders, owning freeholds
to the value of ^50 and upwards, 8,9S5
Persons not owning freeholds,
but renting tenements to the year-
ly value of g5, - - 9,3,035
Persons ni;t owning freeholds
nor renting tenements, but who
pay taxes or serve in the militia,
or work on the highways, or are
exempt from militia duty or from
taxation ... 56,877
Grand Tntal,
258,387
Number of acres of improved
land, occupied in this state, 5,717,494
Number of neat cattle, 1,215,049
hoi'ses, - - 262,623
sheep, - . 2,147,351
Yards of fulled cloth, manufac-
tured in the domestic way, in the
year immediately preceding 1,958,712
Yards of flannel and other v/ool-
len cloths not fu'led, manufactur-
ed in thedomestic way during the
same year, - - 2,451,107
Yards of hnen, cotton, or other
thin clotii, manufactured in the
domestic way, during the same
year, ... 5,635 895
Grist mills, - - 2,132
Saw nrii'ls, - - 4,304
Oil mills, - - 159
Fulling mills, - - 991
Carding machines, - 1,233
Cotton and woollen factories, 184
Iron works, - - 107
Triphammers, - 172
Distilleries, - - 1,057
Asheries, - - 1,226
A'eiu York, city and county of New
York, situated on Manhattan island, be-
tween Hudson river. East rivor. New
York bay, and Haerlem river. Lat. 40
42 N, and Ion. 74° W from London, and
3 0 E from Washington, 143 miles below
Albany, 90 NE from Philadelphia, and
210 SW from Boston.
The city and county of New York are
commensiirate, and occupy the whole of
Manhattan island, which is about 12 miles
long, and averages one and a half wide,
v/ith an area of 18 square miles
The city of New York, is composed of
the city proper and Grernwicb. The com-
pactly built part commences at the battery,
or point of confluence between the Hudson
and East rivers, and gradually becoming
more scattered, the buildings extend bc=
''22
tween three and four miles up each river.
Ti>e streets in the lower, or ancient part
are generally irregular ; but the more mo-
dern streets are generally straight, and in-
tersecting each other at right angles. The
boast of New Yiirk, and perhaps the United
States is Broadway, extending eighty feet
wide, upwards of three milts. No style of
building can be noticed as charactei-istical
of New Y,)rk. The private buildings vary,
from the old, heavy Dutch mode, to the
utmost rehnement, and convenience of
modern taste.
The city Hall claims the first notice
amoiig-st the public edifices of this city. 5t
. is 216 t; et by 105 ; and 65 feet high. The
frmt and ends are constructed of white
marble, as are 'he columns in the inside and
front. The expense of the entire structure
upwards of §500,000. It is occupied by
tlie courts of law, and the city council.
The governor of the state for the time be-
ing, has also, a room of audience in the se-
cond story. This room is decorated with
portraits of distinguished Americans.
The New York, general Hospiial, com-
prises a hospital for sick and disabled per-
sons ; as also a lunatic, and lyinir in Hospi^
tal. A medical library, contaming between
three and four thousand volumes is attached
to this institution. The alms-house is situ-
ated on East river, above C'-rlaers Hook.
It is a spacious but plain edifice, three sto-
ries high, 320 by 50 feet. It comprises a
work-house, penitentiary &c. and cost
about g420,000. The state prison, is on
the Hud>on, in Greenwich.
In the rear oi the city hall stands the in-
stitu'.ion, a long range of brick buildings
containing the Museum, Lyceum of Natu-
ral History ; halls of the Philosophical, and
Historical Societies ; t'^e Deaf and Dumb
Asylum ; and the American Academy of
tlie Fine Arts. The H stor cal Society has
<ds() a room for its truly valuable library, of
upwards of" 5000 volumes. The Museum is
in the end room fronting Broadway.
Columbia college. King's college before
the revolution, wa- founded in 1754 ; it has
a president, five professors, and at present,
1822, about 130 students.
The college of Physicians and Surgeons,
was founded in 1807 ; and in 1814, the Fa-
culty of Medicine, was detached from Co-
lumbia college, and annexed to it. Thus
united, the college of Physicians and Sur-
geons has become one of the most respec-
table foundations in the United States, with
seven professors. The Elgin Botanic gar-
den has been attached also to this institu-
tion.
The Theological Seminary formed in
1805, in this city, by the general Synod of
the Associate K< formed church, has been
rsmoyed to Princston, and connected vvitlfe
N E W
N G A
the Tiieologlcal Seminary at the latter
place.
New York possesses a theatre, custom-
house, eight or nine market-houses, 11
banks, and 11 ensurance companies. A so-
ciety library containing upwards of 15,000
volumes. The nuniber of daily, semi-
weekly, and weekly newspapers, literarj'
journals, magazines &c are very consider-
able 'I'he places of public wtrsiiip amount
to near 60. Many of the ch.irches are spa-
cious and elegant structures.
In its exterior New York has tlie most
imposing appearance of any city in tlie
United States The view from the Buttery
of the harbour, Sta'en Island, and the ad-
jacent shores of Long Island and New Jer-
sey has been very justly admired by almost
every visitant. The harbour, or more cor-
rectl}' harbours of New York, are suffi-
ciently extensive to admit the most n.ime-
rous assemblage ofshippi g, and of suffi-
cient depth to admit vessels of nearly the
largest class. Being open to tlie tides it is
only in very severe winters rendsred inac-
cessible by ice. The principi/l mercantile
harbour is that of Kast river ; but ihe whole
shore around from Corkers Hook to Green-
wich is generally accoiTimodatcd witii docks,
for vessels of various ctescripM. ns. Beside
packe's, numerous 'earn, And S'eain b' als,
ply across the resp.^ctive ferries from New
York, to Long Island, Sta'e i Island and
New Jersey. Regular lines of steam pack-
ets, run from tliat city to New IJiunswick,
the various towns on the Hudson, as liigh
•IS Albany, and to Providence in Riicde
Island.
It is in fine a city combining perhnps as
many natural advantages as any other on
the Globe. Its position is admirably adapt-
ed to connect the forei.s^n commerce and
inland trade of the United States. The
two great canals uniting llic basin of tlie
Hutlsun to that of St. Lwrence, by two
very important points of contact, will add
incalculably to tlie already vast advantages
of this great emporium. It is an astonish-
ing fact that New Y'ork is now tiie second
city in the world in point of shipping, ton-
nage, possessing more th:in one haif as
much as the city of London. In 1816, it
amounted to near 300,000 tons. The an-
nual custom-house receipts of this citj'
amount to about one fourth part of the
entire revenue of the United States. Tlic
revenue of the city itself, amounts to near
S500,000 aniiiially.
The following tables present tlie aggre-
c;ate and progressive population of New
York.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 43,448
do. do. female's - - - 43,103
Total whites - - - ■
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . .
Slaves . . _ . .
Total population in 1810 -
86,550
8,137
1,686
— ^V
96,^73
Population in 1820.
Free wliites, males - - 55,312
do. do. females - - 57,508
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 0
Total whites - - _ - - 112,82a
Free persons of colour, males 4,194
do. do, females 6,174
Slav^es, males .... 177
do. females - . - 341
Total population in 1820
123,706
Of these ;
Foreigners -not naturalized - 5,390
I'.ngaged in Agriculture - - '86
do. in Vlanufactures - 9,523
do. in Commerce - - 3,142
Pojjulation to the square mile, 6872,
III 1697 the population was - 4,302
1756 - - - 13,040
179'j - - - 33,131
1800 - - - f 60,489
1805 - - - ' 75,770
vVfw Yoi-k, small post town of Albe-
marle cointy, Virgmia, 23 miles W from
Charlotte.
A'eu) Fork, small post town of Cham-
paif^si county, Oiiio
Srew Zealand., t-vo large islands, in ne
South Pacific Ocean, divided from each
other by a strait of about 12 miles wde.
They are each about 600 miles long, and
with a mean width of 100. Lon. from 181
to 194, lat. 34 to 38 S. The Aborigines
are Savages. The British government
lias formed one or two settlements, , in
which attempts are makmg to introduce
the arts of civdized life among the nat ves.
JW'yUmd, town in Suffolk, with a market
on Fnday, and a manufacture of aays, and
b;^ys. It is seated on the Srt>ur, over
which is a brirlge, 16 miles SW of Ipswich,
and 57 NE of London. Lon, 1 5 E, iat, 52
1 N.
JYei/tracht, town of Upper Hungary, capi-
tal of a county of the same name, with a
bishop's see. It is seated on the Neytra,
40 miles NE of Presburj. Lon. 17 49 E,
lat. 48 28 N.
J\'ezpigue, river of Louisiana, the west
branch of the .Mermentau. It rises about
40 miles NW from ihe town of St. Land; c,
in Opek-usas, flows S and joias the Pla-
quemme Brule, to form the Mermentau.
JVgan-King-Jmt, the capital of the wes-
tern nart of tlic, pronnce of lsia:5g-nan In
3^" I A
X 1 A
eliina ; Its sUualion is delig'iUuil. All the
countr}' belonging^ to it is level, pleasant,
and fertile. It has under its jurisdiction
o:ily six cities of the third class. Lou. 116
4i E, lat. 30 S3 N.
J^'ganlo-fou, rich and populous citj' of
China, in the province of Hou-qunng, con
taining in its district, two cities oFihe se-
cond, and five of the tliird class. It is 425
miles W by S of Nanlcing-.
Niagara, river of North America, be-
tween lakes Erie and Ontario. It is, strict-
ly speaking, a strait uniting the two lakes.
It commences by a rapid, two miles NN
"\V from the town of Buffalo. The raj^id
terminates at or a little below Black Kock,
and assuming a placid current, witli a
width from half to one and a half mile
•wide, the river flows from Black Rock to
tiie head of Grand Isle, seven miles, witli a
course nearly NW. Here it divides i-^to
two large branches, which, encircling
Grand Isle, again re-unite three miles abo^ e
the falls. Now upwards ot a mile wide,
and gradually contracting in breadth, and
increasing in velocity, the whole m iss ap-
proaches the great ledge, which farms tiie
tremendous cataract of Niagara.
This ledge is itself a part of the vas?
floe'z strata, which stretches along the
southern shores of lake OUario, crosses
Niagara river, and reaches to an imknowu
distance into Canada.
Below Grand Isle, the river turns to a
course of nearly west, which it conunues
to the falls, where it abruptly curves t) N
E, which it continues about a mile, from
whence it assumes a northern direction,
which with some par'ial bends it continues
to lake Ontario. See the succeeding arti-
cle, J^'iagaru Falls.
JViagara Falls, is a cataract in Niagara
river, formed by the intersection wi;h that
stream of the great ledge, noticed in the
article Niagara river.
The following table exhibits the entire
length of Niagara river, and the respective
fall from Erie to Ontario.
.JFdes. Fall.
Trom lake Erie to the head of
the rapids, - - - 20 15 ft.
From the rapids to the head of
the fall, . - - . U 51
Great fall, .... * i(V2
Prom Falls to Lewlstown, - 7 104
From Lewistown to lake Onta-
rio, - - . -7 2
Entire distance and fall, - oSh 3.34
Standing on either side of Niagara river
above the Falls, the aspect of the adjacent
country is that of a general level. Nothing
announces an approach to the cataract,
except the spray and cloud of vapour,
which rises from the surge below.
724
The wafer is precipitated over an im-
men'-e mass of limestone rock, which forms
the bed of ti.e river. The widtli of the
river in a straight line, at tlie falls, is three-
fourths of a mile. But as its principal
force is exerted in the centre, the brow of
the precipice l:as b.^en worn in the shape
of a horse-shne, and its whole winding
width is not less than a mile and a half.
This distance is divided by a smdl woody
islaul, called Goat island, near the Ameri-
can side, which divides the cataract into
two. The cleva'ion of this island abuve
the surface o.'the s'ream is not very great,
but it pr scnts towards the nordi-west, a
bold perpendicular front ot bae solid rock,
the whole height of the cataract. The
width of the fail between Goat Island and
the America i side is aboi;t one-fifih of the
whole, and that of the island itself another
fiftii ; aithougli the quantity of water on
tile British side is probably ten times as
great .is on fiie other. A bridge now con-
nects the New York shore to Goat Island.
The Table Rock is a part of the Canada
bank, which is on the margin of the great
sheet ot failing water. It furnishes alto-
gether the most mteresling view of the
<all<. The eye, looking up the river, be-
holds it tumbling with wild magnificence
over llie ledges of rocks, which, seen from
tiiis place, seem close together, and ap-
pear to constitute a single broken cataract.
The immense mass oi waters, greatly in-
creased in i;s rapidity by this descent, and
perhaps still more by the contraction of
tlie nver, rolls with an apjiarcntly instan-
taneous motion to the brow of the preci-
pice, a:id shoots over it into the abjss be-
low. The depth of the precipice, tlie roar
of the I ataract, the mass of the waters, and,
above all, the inconceivable exertion of
power, "verwhelm the mind with emotions
of sublimity and grandeur ; and fill it with
new and clearer views of the weakness and
littleness of man.
From tlic surface of the stream beneath,
on the Car.ada side, there arises a thick
and constant cloud of vapour, which mounts
a!iove the jirecijiice to the height of morc^
tlian 100 feet. In clear we.ither, three
primary rainbows are frequently visible at
once in various par's of thiscloud. These,
when the sun is near the horizon, appear
c mplete semicircles, and are often of sin-
gular lustre and beauty. Beneath the fall
lies a thick mass of foam, which, for a
great extent, covers the surfcce of the
water. The banks of the river below are
on both sides perpentlicidar, of solid rock,
and of the same height with tiiose above the
fall. They continue of th s height seven
miles to Queen.stowii. Here the cataract
is Mipposed to have commenced after the
deluge, and from this place to have worn
its way backward to its-present spot. No
NIC
NIC
one wlio examines the ground will doubt
for a moment that this has been the case ;
and those who have lived i'ov 20 \ears on
tlie bank nil attest this retrograde motion.
These falls are in lat. 43 05 N.
.Yi(t£-ara, county of New York ; bounded
by Niagara river \V ; lake Ontario N ; Ge-
nesee county E ; and T'.mewa'Ua or Erie S.
Length 33 ; mean widiii 20; and area 660
square miles. Surface generally hilly,
llwugh some tracts of ivvel, and even
marshy bnd skirt lake Ontario and Tone-
wanta river. The ndgp, whicii forms the
cataract of Niagara, occupies liie middle
part of this county from west to ea-^t. Soil
jM'oductive in grain and pasuirage. The
Erie canal ])asses through its SE angle.
Chief town, Lewistown. In the census of
1820, vviiat is now Erie, was included in
Niagara county, consequently the annexed
table embraces both, or an area of 1610
square miles.
Population in ISIO.
Free white males ... 5,049
do. do. females - - - 3,883
Total whites ... - 8^32
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 31
Slaves - . . . . 8
1'otal population in 1810
8,971
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 12,199
do. do. females - - - 10,709
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites .... 22,908
Free persons of colour, males - 36
do. ' do. females 31
Slaves, mules .... 3
do, females - ... - 12
Total population in 1820 - - 22,990
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 63
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,015
do. in ]\Iaiu:factures - 340
do. in Commerce - - 90
Population to tlie square mile, 14, inclu-
ding Erie. See F.rie couuii;. New York.
' A'ta^arn, town and iovx, Niagara county.
Mew York, at the disciiarge nf Niagara
river into lake Ontario. Lo'n. W C 2 6 W ,
lat. 43 14 N. Population in 182U, 484.
J\'ias, small island, in the East Indies, at
the VV end of Sumatra. Lon. 97 0 E, lat.
1 10 N.
.yibano, town of Italy, in the ducliv of
Parma, 57 miles W nf Parma. Lon. i0»0
E, lat. 45 5 N.
A'caftvr-r^ city of Persia, and the largest
•and richest in Korasun, himnus fur a mine
of turquois-stones in its neighbourhood.
It IS 37 miles S of Mesched. Lon. 57 48
E, lai. 36 SON.
J\''icarus;^na, province of North America,
in Guatimala; boimded on the N by Hon-
duras ; on the E by the Atlantic Ocean ; on
ihe SE by Ccsta Kica ; and on the SVV by
the South Pacific Ocean, being about 400
milcj from E to W, and 120 from N to S.
It IS one of the most fruittul provinces of
Mexico, and is well watered by lakes and
nvers. The air is lemptrate and whole-
some ; and the country produces plenty of
sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. Leon
de Nicaragua is the capital.
A''tTaragiia, lake of North America, be-
tween a province of the same name and
Costa Rica. It is 200 miles in circumfer-
ence, has some islands in it, and stretching
from the city ( f Leon NW to SE, commu-
mciites with the Atlantic Ocean by the
river St. Juan.
j\'icaria, island of tlie Archipelago, be-
tween Samos and Tina, anciently called
Icaria, 50 miles in circumference. The in-
habitants are of the Gr-ek religion, about
3000 in number, and apply themselves to
swimming and divmg for sponges, and for
goods lost bv shipwreck. Lon. 26 30 E,
iat. 37 40 N.'
A'icastro, episcopal town of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, 17 miles S of Cosenza.
Lon. 16 21 E, lat. .39 3N
J\''tce, county of Italy, bounded on the W
by the river Y-dv and the Maritime Alps,
which divide it from France ; on the N by
Pit- dmont ; on the E by the territories of
Genoa ; and on the S by the Mediterranean.
It was anciently an appendage of Pi'ovence,
in France, but iiiis fir many years, belong-
ed to the king of Sardinia Th.e inhabi-
tants supply Genoa with timber for ship
building, and carry on a tr.ule in paper and
other articles. It is 80 mdes long and 30
l)road, and contains about 125,000 inhabi-
tants. •
jyfice, ancient and considerable city of
Italy, capital of a county of the same name.
It is of a trianguhir form, and confined in
its situation, having a high rock on the E,
the river Paglio'^. on the \V, and the Medi-
terranean on tlie S ; fiom vvliich last it is
separated by a beautiful and extensive ter-
race, used as a p'lhlic waik. The harbour
is o.) the E side oi the rock, and called
Limpia, i'rom a small river that falls into it.
The exports are silk, sweet oil, wine, cor-
dials, nee, oranges, demons, and all sorts of
dried frtiits. It is four mils E of the mouth
of the Var, and 83 S by W of Turin. Lon.
7 23 E, lat. 43 42 N.
JVice, city nf Asia. See Isiiic.
J\'iC'>Uir., St. town of France, in the de-
p;a*tment of Meurthc, and l;;te province of
Lorrain, with a handsome church, dedica-
ed to St. Nicholas, to whirh nilgrims for-
N I Q
N I C
merly resorted, from all quarters. It is
seated on the Meurthe, five miles SE of
Nanci, and 265 E of Paris.
JVicholas, St. seaport in Russia, in the
government of Archangel, seated at the
inouth of the Dwina, on the White Sea, six
miles S of Arcliangel.
JVicholas, St. or Mole St, J^icholas, town,
harbour, and cape of the West Indii s, at
the NW extremity of St. Domingo, com-
manding the strait called the Windward
Passage. The harbour is very capacious
at the entrance ; and ships of any burden
may ride at anchor in the b;isiii, during the
greatest storm. It was taken by the En-
glish, aided by the French royalists, in
1793. Lon. 73 20 W, lat. 19 15 N.
JVicholas, county of Virginia; bounded
by Bath NE and E ; Monr.* SE and S ; and
by GreenDriar W and NW. Greenbriar
river passes through this -coun'y from NE
to SW, dividing it into two nearly equal
sections. Surface very hilly and moun-
tainous. Chief town, Lewisburg. Length
40 ; mean width 20 ; and area 800 square
miles.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 923
do, do. females - - 882
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . - 0
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - -
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . - . .
do. females - - - .
Total population in 1820
1,805
25
23
0
0
1.853
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 0
Engaged in Agriculture • - 407
do. in Manufactures - - 4
do. in Commerce - - 6
Population to the square mile, 2.
JVicholas, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Bath SE ; Bourbon SW; Harrist.n W;
Bracken NW; Mason NE; and Fleming
E. Length 30 ; mean width 12 ; and area
360 square miles. Chief towns, Ellisvide,
Millersbuig and Carlisle.
Population m 1810,
Free white males • - - 2,257
do do. females - - - 2,111
Total whites - - - - 4,368
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ..... 21
Slaves, ' .... 509
Total population in 1810 - . 4,898
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,492
do. dn. females - - 3,529
Total whites ....
7,021
Free persons of colour, males
21
do. do. females -
12
Slaves, males . . . .
457
do. females ...
462
Total population in 1820
7,973
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged m Agriculture - 2,041
do. in Manufactures - 188
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 26.
JVicholasville, post town and capital, Jes-
simine county, Kentucky, 15 miles SSW
from Lexington, and 30 SSE from Frank-
fort
J\'ichol's Inn, post office. Dearborn coun-
ty, Indiana.
JVicholson's House, post office, Warren
couniy, North Carolina.
JVicklesburg, town of Germany, in
Moravia, with a castle, 27 miles N of
Vienna.
Micobar Islands, several islands at the
entrance of the guU of Bmgal. They
arc almost entirely uncultivate(; ; but the
cocoa nut, the meliori or Kruni (a kind
of bread-fnnt) and other tropical fruits,
gi'ow spontaneously to the greatest per-
fection The largest of these islands is
abi'Ut 40 miles long, 15 broad, and the
inhabitants are said to be a harmless sort
of people, low in stature, but very well
made, and surprisingly active and strong,
'i'hey are naturally gf;od humoured and
gay, and are very fond of sitting at table
with Europeans, and eat most enormous-
ly. There subsists among them a per-
fect equality, A few aged people, iiave
a little more respect paid them, but there
is no appearance of authority ovtr one
another. These islands extend north-
ward, from the N point of Sumatra. The
largest of them, which gives name to the
rest, is 10 miles in length, and 15 in
breadth Its S extremity in lon. 94 23
E, lat. SON.
JVicojacfc, remarkable cave, or cav-
ern of the Lor.kout mountain in the Che-
rokee country, out of which flows an
immense stream of water. It is about
one mile and a half from Tennessee
river, and near where the boundaries of
Georgia and Alabama reach that stream.
A''icolaytf, city of Russia, in the go-
vernment (if Catherinenslaf, founded by
CathariBe II. on the S side of the Ingul,
at its conflux with the Bog. Tha,pub-
lic buildings and a number of private
houses are constructed of a white caica-
X I I
.N 1 E
reous stone, but the rest of the houses
are of wood. This place being of easier
access by water for vessels than Chtrson,
it is now the capital of the naval esta-
blishment of the Black Sea. The admi-
ralty, with a long line of magazines,
workshops, wet and dry docks, and
every necessary department for shipping,
are placed along the bank of the Ir.gul.
It is 30 miles NNE of Oczakow, and 45
NW of Cherson. Lon. 30 46 E, lat. 46
58 N.
JVicolas, St. one of the largest of the
Cape de Verd Islands, between St Lu-
cia and St. Jago. It is 75 miles in
length ; and the land is stony, mountain-
ous, and barren. Lon. 14 10 W, lat, 16
32 N
JsTicolet, river of Lower Canaria, risf s
in Buckingham county, by two sources,
which flow NW bttween Becancour
and St. Francis rivers, unite about 6u
miles, unite and fall into the lower end
of Lake St. Peter, 10 miles above Three
Rivers.
JVicolet, seignidry, Buckingham coun-
ty. Lower Canada, on Lake St. Peter
and on both sides of Nicolet river.
A''icoio, St. the most considerable and
most populous town of the isle of Tre-
meti, in the guif of Venice. It has a har-
bour, defended by a fortress, in which is
an abbey and a church. Lon. 15 37 E,
lat. 42 10 N.
J^icomedia, town of Turkey in Asia,
in Natolia, now called Ischmich, or
Schmit. It was formerly a large place,
as appears by the fine ruins ; and now
contains 30,000 inhabitants, who consist
of Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. It is
still a place of consequence, and carries
on a trade in silk, cotton, glass and
earthen ware. It is the s^e of a Greek
archbishop, and is 50 miles SW of Con-
stantinople. Lon. 29 30 E, lat. 40 30 N.
Mkofioli, town of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, famous for a battle fought
between the Tui'ks and the Christians
in 1396, when emperor Sigismund was
defeated, and had 20,000 men killed. It
is seated on the Danube, at the influx of
^theOsma, 60 miles SSW of Buchorest,
and 150 NNW of Adrianople- Lon. 25
43 E, lat. 44 16 N.
Micofioliy ancient town of Armenia,
built by Pompey the Great, in memory
of a victory gained over Milhridates. It
is seated on the Cerauna, 165 iviiles SW
of Erzerum. Lon. 37 55 E, lat. 38 15 N.
JVicosia, strong town, capital of the
island of Cyprus, and the residence of a
Turkish bashaw, delightfully seated be-
tween the mountain Olympus and a chain
of other mountains. It was formerly well
fortified by the Venetians, bi?t notv the
works are in ruins. It is three miles in
circumference ; and there are planta-
tions of olives, almonds, lemons, oranges,
mulberries, and cyprus-trees, interspersed
among the houses, which give the town
a delightful appeai-ance. The church of
St. Sophia is an old Gothic structure,
which, the Turks have turned into a
mosque, and destroyed the ornaments. It
is luO miles W of Tripoli, and 160 SW
of Aleppo. Lon. 54 45 E, lat. 34 54 N.
Alcosia, town of Sicily, in Val di De-
mona, 12 miles S of Cefaln.
J\'ico(era, town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, near the coast of the Medi-
terranean, 35 miles NNE of Reggio, and,
185 SE of Naples. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 38
34 N.
JYlcoya, town of Mexico, in Costa,
Rica, situate on the Dispensa, which
runs into the bay of Salinas, where there
is a pearl fishery. It is 98 miles WN W
of Cartago. Lon. 85 40 W, lat. 10
40N
Mcsara, town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, and an archbishop's see, 10
miles N of Tocat. Lon. 36 9 E, lat. 39
25 N.
JVidau, town of Switzerland, capital of
a bailiwic in the canton of Bern with a
castle ; situate on the lake of Biel, 15
miles NW of Bern.
Xidda^ town of Germany, in Wettera-
via, seated on a river of the same name,
20 miles NE of Frankfort.
jV:deckan, town of (iermany, in the
circle of Westphalia and dutchy of Ju-
liers. It is situated on, and surrounded
by rocks, and is 13 miles SSE of Juliers.
Lon. 616 E, lat. 50 46 N.
.N'ijibubad, small town of Hindoostan,
Proper, 80 miles NNE of Delhi. Lon.
78 41 E, lat. 29 25 N.
N'u'bla^ town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated on the Rio Tinto, 40 miles W
of Seville. Lon. 5 56 W, lat. 37 26 N.
Jifiederbieber, village of Germany, in
the principality of Wied, three miles
from Neuwied. Many valuable antiqui-
ties, and tile traces of a Roman city,
were discovered here in 1791.
JViemecz, strong town of Moldavia,
between Soczoway and Brassaw, being
25 miles from each. Lon. 26 16 E, lat.
48 58 N.
Alemen, large river cf Poland, which
rises in Lithuania, and passes by Bielica,
and Gndna ; it afterward runs through
part of Samogitia, and Eastern Prussia,
v^here it falls into the arm of the sea,
called theCurisch-haff by several mouths,
of which the most northern is called the
Russ, being the name of the town it pas-
ses by. It is united to the Dnieper by
the canal of Qginski. See Osrinsku Be-
X 1 K
X I .M
low the junction of the Niemen, and \ i-
lia, the united stream is generally known
astheMemel.
Nitnburg, town of Germany in the
circle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of
Brunswick-Lunenburg, with a strong cas-
tle. It carries on a considerable trade
in corn and wood, and is a rich andstrong
town, is seated on the Weser, 30 miles
NW of Hanover, and 37 SE of Bremen.
Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 52 45 N.
Xien Closter, town of Lower Saxony,
in the bishopric of Schwerin, three miles
Eof Wismar.
J\'ie?ihuis, town of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia and bishopric of
Paderborn, seated ontheLippc-, 20 miles
E of Liepstadt. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 51
50 N.
JViefier. See Dniefier.
• J^iestadt, town of Germany, in Lower
Saxony^ in the dutchy of Mecklf-nburg,
15 miles S of Schwfrin. Lon. 11 46 E,
lat. 52, 59 N.
jXiestadt, town of Germany, in the
Middle Marche of Brandenburg, seated
on the Fuyhre, 25 mil-s NE of Berlin.
Lon. 14 1 E, lat 52 49 N
A'iester. See Dniester.
JVeufwrty seaport of Austrian Flan-
ders, seated on the German Octan, at
the mouth of the Yperlee. It has been
taken and retaken in various wars, the
last time by the French in 1794 It is
nine miles SW of Ostend, and 16 NE of
Dunkirk. Lon. 2 45 E. lat 51 7 N.
.Viger, large river of Africa, foriner-
ly very little ku'iwn. In ordt-r to ascer-
tain the rise, course, and termination of
the Niger, Mr Parke was sent out by
the African association, in 1795. The
course of the river which was ft rmt rly
supposed to be from E to W, but has
been determined by Mr. Parke to flow N
through the country of Man. lingo, and then
take an easterly course through the king-
doms of Bambara, Tombuctoo, Tmcur.
and Ghana, to Wangara, where it di-
vides into several branches. The Moors
and Arabs call it Neel il Abced, or Ri-
ver of Slaves, and Nel Kibeer, nr Great
River. In the rainy season it swells above
its banks, and floods the adjacent lands.
Since the expeditions of Mr. Park" se-
veral subsequent ones have been fitted
out by the British government t" exjjlore
this stream, and to determine its course
and point of discharge. All those ex-
peditions have proved unfortunate and
abortive, as the to main cbjectr.f n search.
It is, however, a subject of no reasonable
doubt, but that it flows into th^- Atlantic
Ocean. Its connexion with the Nile is
rejected by the best geographers.
-yigrittia. See Aegrola?id.
728
A'ikophig, town of Denmark, capita;
of the island of Falster, or Hulster, in
the Baltic, with a strong fort, 55 miles
SW of Copenhagen. L n. 12 7 E, lat. 54
50 N
^V/ko/iinff town of Sweden in Suder-
mania. 60 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon.
16 40 E, 1st. 53 40 N.
J^'He, great river of Africa, wliich.,
according to Mr. Bruce, rises in Abys-
sinia, near the village of Geesh, in lon.
36 55 E, lat, 1059 N.' It runs first througli
the lake D mbea, tiien makes a circuit
towards its source, which it leaves 25
miles to the E, and enters into Nubia,
through which country it makes a cir-
cuitous course, and forms some conside-
rable cataracts- It then fl.ows almost di-
rectly S through Egypt, till it arrives at
Cairo; and a httle below that city it di-
vides into two great branches, which,
with the Mediterranean sea form the
island called Delta. The ancients reck-
or-ed eleven mouths of the Nile, of which
seven were considerable ; but now there
are only two that are navigable at all
times ; and these ar at Rosetta and
Damietta. In the middle of this river,
between Old Cairo and Gizeh. is seated
the island of Rodda, which is almost
as long as Old Cairo, and 500 paces in
breadth in the middle ; and the front of
the Mekias t-kes up all the breadth of
tlie southern part This is the work of
the Saracins, and derives its name from
its use. for it sigi.ifies measure. In real-
ity they observe there every day, by
means of a graduated column, the in-
crease or decrease of the waters of the
Nile. This rive;- overflows regularly
every year, from the 15tli of June to the
17lh of Septemi)er, when it begins to de-
crease The fertility of Egypt depends
upon the overflowing of the Nile ; and
thev reckon it will be a bad year when
it is less than 14 cubits or above 18 ; but
16 cubits is the proper height. During
the iimndation, the little towns, standing
upon eminences, look like so many isl-
ands, and they go from one to the other
by boats. In Cain^ there is a canal cal-
led Khalis, which is opened when the
water is high enough ; thence it is con-
veyed into veservdrs and cisterns, and
is afterwards, distributed into the fields
and gardcp.s, as occasion requires. This
inundation of the Nile is caused by the
periodical rains which fall every year
between the tropics, and more particu-
larly in Abyssinia, which is full of high
mountains,
.Vile, SW township of Sciota county,
Ohio Population 1820, 524.
JVimeguen, city of Holland, capital of
Geldcrhnd, with a citadel, an ancient na-
NIP
lace, and several forts. It is also tlie capi-
tal of a country of its name, or of tlie is-
land of Bettiwe, the ancient Batavia. It is
seated on the Waal, 35 miles SE of Utrecht,
and 70 NE of Antwerp. Lon. 5 45 E.
lat. 51 55 N.
J\'imes. See J^'ismes.
JVimishillen creek, considerable stream,
rising in the northern part of Stark county,
Ohio, and runwhig- from thence a S direc-
tion above 40 mites into the NE quarter
of Tuscarawas county, where it unites with
Sandy creek, when tlie joint stream flows
W five miles into the east side of Tuscara-
was river.
JVimishillen, township of Stark county,
Ohio, situated on the abovb described creek
north-easterly from Canton. Population
1820, 630.
j\'ing-Koue-fou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufac-
tures of paper, made of a species of reed ;
and containing in its district six cities of
the third class.
JVing-fo-fou. called by the Europeans
Liampo, an excellent seaport of China, on
the E coast, opposite to Japan, in the pro-
vince' of Tche-kiang. This city has four
others under its jurisdiction, besides a
great number of fortresses. It is 850 miles
SE of Peking. Lon. 120 18 E, lat. 29 57 E.
Mingouta, city of Eastern Chinese Tar-
tary, in the department of Kirin. It is sur-
rounded by a wooden wall, composed of
plain stakes driven into the earlh. With-
out this palisado, tliere is another of the
saiqe kind, a league in circumference,
which has four gates, corresponding to the
four cardinal points.
JVinove, town of the Netherlands on
the river Dander, with an abbey, 13 miles
W of Brussels. Lnn. 4 5 E, lat. 50 52 N.
.-V/o, island of the Archipelago, to the
S of Naxia, anciently called los. It is 55
miles in circumference, and fertile in corn,
but lias very little wood or oil. It has
sev;?ral commodious harbours, and is re-
markable for nothing but Homer's tomb,
who is said to be buried here. Lon. 25
35 W, lat 36 43 N.
JViort, town of France, in the department
of the Two Sevres, and late province of
Poitou. Its dry sweetmeats arc much es-
teemed, and it is noted for manufactures of
coarse woollen goods. It is 28 miles NE
of Rochelle. Lon. 0 33 W, lat. 46 20 N.
JVipeffoii ia^e, Upper Canada, lies to the
northward of lake Superior, about half
way between it and Albany river, James'
bay.
JViphon, largest island of Japan, 600
miles long, and 150 broad, containing 55
provinces. It was discovered, ui 1542, by
the Portuguese, who were cast on siiore bv
4Z
N I V
a tempest. The chief town is Jetlo. It
is 134 miles E of China.
J\i'epissi7i£; Lake, lies NE of lake Huron,
and is connected with it by the river Fran-
cois.
Mshnei-J\'ovogorod^ town of Russia-, in a
government of the same name. See JVovo-
gorod JViznei.
' JWsiben, or J\'lsbi)i, ancient JVisibis, very
ancient and celebrated town of Diarbeck,
now only tlie shadovv of what is was, and
seated in a vast plain, 70 miles SW of
Diarbekar. Lon. 38 26 E, lat, 36 10 N.
J\'isita, small island on the coast of Na-
ples, very fertile, and would be more so,
but for "the great number of rabbits. It
has a harbour, called Porto Pavone.
.Yismes flourishing city of France, In
the department of Gard, and late province
of L^.nguedoc, with a bishop's see._ Here
are several monuments of antiquity, of
which the amphitheatre built by the Ro-
mans, is the principal. The Maison Quaree,
or the square house, is a piece of archi.
tecture of the Corinthian order, and one
of the finest in the v/orld. The temple
of Diana is, in part, gone to ruin. Nis-
mes was taken by the English in 1417,
The population of Nismes is composed at
near 50,000, It is seated in a plain., abound-
ing in wine and oil, 12 miles N W of Aries,
and 75 NE of Narbonne, Lon, 4 26 E,
lat. 43 51 N.
jViskayima, village and township of
Schnectady county. New York. The vil-
lage is owned and inhabited principidly by
the sect called Shakers. It is 12 miles NW
from Albany. Population 1820, 516.
A^tssa, or JVessava, town of Turkey in
Europe, in Servia, seated on the Moravia.
It was burnt by the Imperialists in 1689,
and is 20 miles E of Precop, and 120 SE
of Belgrade. Lon. 22 32 E, lat. 43 32 N.
jYith, river in Dumfriesshire,^ which is-
sues from a lake in the mountains to the
NW, and passing the towns of Sanquhar,
Morton, and Drumlanrig, joins the Cairn,
a little above Dumiries, and their united
streams form a fine eslu.ory in Soiway
Frith.
J\7shsdale, divlsicm of Dumfriesshire,
Scotland, lying to tlie W of Annandale.
It is a large aiid mountainous country and
derives its name fiom the river Nith. It
was formerly shaded with noble forests,
which are now ahnnst destroyed. It yields
lead, and the mountains are covered with
sheep and black cattle.
A'itria, famous desert of Egypt, 37 miles
in length, on the coast of the Mediterrean
Sea. ''it had formerly a great number of
monasteries, which are now reduced to
four : and it takes its name from a salt
lake, out of wliich is got the natrum of
the ancients.
XivrUa, town of Austrian r.vab.ant5 re-
729 )
IV 0 G
N 0 N
mai'kable foi* its abbey of noble canon-
seses, whose abbess is st)!ecl princess of
Nivelle. Here also is Jolin of Nivelle, so
much admired by the common people ;
which is the figure of a man in iron, stand-
ing oil the top of a tower near tlie clock,
wiio strikes the hours with a hsm'Tier.
The place enjoys great privileges, and las
a manufacture of cambrics. It is 15 miles
SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 36 E, lat. 50 35
N.
A'tvernois, late province of France, be-
tween Burgundy, I3ourbonno)s, and Berry.
It now forms the department of Nievre.
AYxndonr, town of Persia, in Korasan,
§0 miles SE of Mesched. Lon. 61 32 E,
lat. 35 40 N.
JS'ixapa, considerable town of New
Spain, with a rich Dominican convent.
The country near it produces a great deal
of indigo, cochineal, and sug-ar. It is 30
miles SE of Antequiera. Lon. 97 15 W,
lat. 16 42 N.
J\''ixon's, post office, Marion county, Jlis-
sissippi.
J^'ixonton, viliaf^'e of Pasquotank county,
Korth Carolina, 28 miles N from Edonton.
..Alxowiort, post town in Pasquotank coun-
ty, North Carolina; situated on the E side
of Little river, 35 miles NE of Edonvon,
and 13 SW of Jonesbure^ on Pasquotank
river. This is the capital of the county,
and principal seat of justice.
J\'izza-della-PagUa, town of Italy, in
Montferrat seated on the Belbo, 15 miles
SW of- Alessandria. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 45
15 N.
JVbanagur, town of Hindoostan Proper,
situated on the S coast of the gulf of
Cutch. It is capital of a district inha-
bited by a piratical tribe, called Sanga-
rians. It is 300 miles NW of Bombay.
JVoble, NE township of Morgan coun-
ty, Ohio. Populavion 1820, 368.
A^'ohleborough, township of Lincoln
county, Maine, containing 1,206 inhabi-
taots in 1810, and in 1820, 1,513. Situa-
ted on the E side of Kennebec river.
J\''ock-a?nixon, township of Bucks coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, containing 1,207 inha-
bitants in 1810, Population 1820, 1,650,
It is situated on the SW side of the river
Delaware, between Tinicutn and Dur-
ham, and opposite Alexandria in New
Jersey.
jYocera, ancient town of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoletto, witli a bishop's see ;
seated at the foot of the Appennines, 18
miles NE of Spoletto. Lon. 12 49 E,
lat. 43 1 N.
JVacera-di-Pagani, town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, 15 miles S cf Naples.
Lon, 14 20 E, lat. 40 36 N.
jVogarcoi, loyvn of Hindoostan, Proper,
noted for a celebrated pagoda. It lies in
730
the province of Napoul, and is 50 milea
NE of Catmandu. Lon. 85 12 E, lat.
28 40 N.
JVogayans, name of a Tartar nation
which occupy the deserts on the north-
ern side of the Euxine and the Caspian
Sea, and on the northern side of Mount
Caucasus ; besides several settlements to
the VV and NW of the Euxine ; in such
a manner that they occupy the lower
part of Volga, the rivers Terek, Kouma,
and Koub.m, the environs of the Palus
Moeotis, the borders of the Tanais in the
penin.sula of the Crimea, and the banks
of the Borysthcnes and the Dniester, to
the other side of the Danube.
JS/'ogent- sicr- Seine, town of France, in
the department of Aude, and late pro-
vince of Champagne, seated on the Seine,
25 miles NW of Troyes, Lon. 3 40 E,
lat. 48 30 N.
Mogentle-Rotrou, pretty populous
town of France, in the department of
Eure and Loire, and late province of
Beauce, seated on the Huisne, 35 miles
NE of, Mans. Lon. 0 50 E, lat. 48
26 N.
JStoir^ Cafie, promontory of South
America, at the S extremity of Terra
del Fuego. Lon. 73 3 W, lat 54 32 S.
JVoirmotier, island of France, near the
mouth of the river Loire. It is 17 miles
in length, and eight in breadth, full of
bogs, and yet there are good pastures.
The English attacked it without success
in 1795. The principal town is of the
same name. Lon. 2 10 W, lat 47 0 N.
J\''ola, ancient town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, with a bishop's see, 10
miles NE of Naples. Lon. 14 28 E, lat.
40 56 N.
JVolachucky , river of Tennessee, and
North Carolina, rises in the northern part
of Bunccmb county of the latter, and
flowing W, enters Carter county in the
former, and crossing Carter, Washington,
and Greene joins the French Broad, 40
miles above its junction with the Hol-
ston at Knoxville.
J\^oli, town of Italy, in the territory of
Genoa, with a bishop's see, and a good
harbour. It is five miles NE of Final
and 30 SW cf Genoa, Lon. 8 41 E, lat.
44 18 N.
J\''9vibr£.-ds- Dios, town cf Terra Fir-
ma, in the province of Darien, a little E
of Porto Beilo, to which its once flour-
jshini; trade is now transferred. Lon. 7&
35 W, lat. 9 40 N.
JVomeny, town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurthe, and late province
of Lorrain, seated on the Selle, 15 miles
N of Nanci. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 48 56 N.
A'on, Cc/?e, promontory of Africa, op-
N O II
X O It
posite the Canary Islands. It was long
considered by the Portuguese, in their
attempts to explore Africa, as an inapas-
sable boundary, denoted by its name. But
they doubled it at last, in 1412. Lon. 10
3o VV, lat. 28 30 N.
J\''ona, small but strong town of Hun-
garian Dalmatia, with a bishop's see. It
is seated near the sea, seven miles N by
Wof Zara. Lon. 16 10 E. lat. 44 35 N.
JVontron, town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne, and late province
of Perigord, 21 miles N of Perigneux,
and 30 SSW of Limoges. Lon. 0 33 E,
lat. 45 32 N
J^Toofiour, town of Hindoostan Proper,
in the province of Guzerat, 55 miles E
of Surar, and 142 W of Burhampour.
Lon. 73 50 E, lat. 21 11 N
J\'oorden, considerable town of West-
phalia, 12 miles N of Embdcn, Lon. 7
5 E. lat. 53 38 N.
A'ootfca. Ste King Gecrge's Sound.
J^oquet^s, bay of Michigan territory,
on its SW coast. It . sets inland, 45
miles
jVorberg, town of Sweden, in West-
manland, 34 miles N of Stroemsholm.
In its vicinity are the best iron mines
in the province. Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 62
2 N.
J^Torcia, town of Italy, in the duchy
of Spoleto, seated among the mountains,
on the river Fredara, 20 miles SE of
Spoleto
J\o7-d. department of France, so named
from being the most northern in situation.
It includes the late French provinces of
Hainault, Flanders, and Chambresis.
Douay is the capital.
JVordbwg, town of Denmark, at the
N extremity of the isle of Alsen, with
a castle, nine miles NNW of Sunder-
burg.
A'orden, seaport of Westphalia, in
East Friesland, and a considerable place
of trade, with a good harbour. It is
four miles from the German Ocean, and
14. N of Emden. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 53
32 N.
JVordgau. See Bavaria, Palatiriate of.
JVordfiausen, town of LFpper Saxony,
in Thuringia, with seven Lutheran
churches, and a well-built orphan-hcuse.
It has a considerable trade in corn,
brandy, and rape, and linseed oil, with
manufactures of marble and alabaster.
It is seated on the Zorge, 35 miles
NNE of Erfurt. Lon. lo'56 E, lat. 51
SON.
Kordheim, town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the
Rhurne, at its conflux with the Leina
10 mites N of Gottingen.
JVordkofiing, seaport of Sweden, ca-
pital of East Gothland. It is 10 miles ia
circumference, but the houses are scat-
tered, and the inhabitants do not exceed
12,00. The river Motala flows through
the town, forms a scries of cataracts,
and is divided into four principal streams,
which encircle several rocky islands, co-
vered with buildings ; but at the extre-
mity of the town it is navigable for large
vessels Here are manufactures of wool-
len cloth, paper, and fire arms ; some
sugar-houses, and a brass foundery.
corn is exported hence in great quan-
tities ; and a salmon fishery gives em-
ployment ai d riches to many of the in-
habitants. It is 110 miles SW of Stock-
holm. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 58 35 N.
A'ordland, one of the five gi'and divisions
of Swe'en, bounded on the X by L^ipland,
E by the gulf of Bothnia, S by Sweden
Proper, and W by the same and Norway.
It contains six provinces.
J^ordlijigeTi, town of Suabia, fortified in
the ancient manner. Here the league of
the five western circles of the empire was
concluded in 1702. In 1796, it was taken
by the French. It is a commei'cial place,
seated on the Eger, 38 miles NNW of
Augsburg. Lon 10 34 E, lat. 48 50 N.
J\''ordmulingy town of Sweden, in Anger-
mania, nciT a bay of the gulf of Bothnia,
24 miles SW of Uma, r.nd 70 NE of Her-
mosand.
JK'ordslrand, island of Denmark, on the
W coast of S Jutland, 12 miles long and
five broad. It has a town called Hams
28 miles W of Sle^v.-ick. Lon. 9 0 R, lat.
5440 N.
JSTorfolh, county of *',ngland, 77 miles
long ;»nd 45 broail ; bounded on the N and
E by tlie German Ocean, SE and S by Suf-
folk, and W by C imbridgeshire and Lia-
cohisliire. It contains 1,694,400 acres ; is
divided into 32 hundreds, and 660 parislies ;
has one city and 32 market lowns; and
sends 12 members to parliament. Popula-
tion in 1801, 273,371; in 1811, 29L999 ;
and in 1821, 344,368. The products vary
according to the soil and situation. The
lighter arable innds produce barley in great
p^nty ; wheat is cultivated in the strongest
soils ; and turnips are grown here in great
quantities : much buck-wheat is also grown
in tlie light soils, and used for feeding
swine and poultry. The fenny parts yield
great quantities of butter ; which is sent to
London under the name of Cambridge but-
ter. The sheep are a hardy small breed,
much valued for their mutton. Turkeys
are reared here to a larger size than else-
where ; rabbits are extremely numerous on
the sandy heaths ; and there is abundance
of game especially of pheasants. The man-
ufactures of Norfolk are worsted, woollen,
and .jilks. Its principal rivers are the
731
:\ u n
N O 11
Great Ouse, Nen, Litile Ouse, Waveiiey,
Yare, and Bure. Norwich is the capi-
tal.
JVorfolk Island, island in the Pacific
Ocean, lying E of New South Wales, and
settled-by a colony of convicts, subordinate
to thai government. It was discovered in
1774:, by cap ain Cook, who found it unin-
habited, except by birds. It is very hilly,
but some of the valleys are tolerably large,
ilount Pitt, the only remarkable hill 12,000
feet high. The whole island is covered by
a thick forest, but has not much under-
wood ; and the principal timber tree is the
pine, which is very useful in building, and
seems to be durable. The soil, when clear-
ed, may be I'endered very productive. The
spring is perceptible in August; but tlie
trees are \n a constant succession of flower-
ing and fruiting the year round. In sum-
mer the heat is excessive; and from Febru-
ary to August may be called the rainy sea-
son ; and the winter, from April to July, is
very pleasant. The island is supplied with
many streams of good water, which abound
with very fine eels. The clifis round the
coast are 240 feet high, quite perpendicu-
lar ; and anchorage is safe all round the
island, on taking tlie lee side ; but there is
no harbour. The settlement was made by
a detachment from Port .Tackson, 1788, in
Sydney bay, on the S side of the island.
Lon. 168 12 E, lat. 29 4 S.
JVorfolk, county of Massachusetts, bound-
ed by Rhode Island SW; Worcester in
Massachusetts W ; Middlesex NW and N ;
and Suffolk county, Boston harbour, and
Hull bay, NE. Lengtli 30, mean widlii 13,
and area about 400 square miles. Surface
uneven rather than hilly. Soil productive
in grain; fruits, and pasturage. Chief town,
Dedham.
Population in 1810,
Free white males
do. do. females
Total population in 1820 - 36,459
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 340
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,039
do. in Manufactures - 5,415
do. in Commerce - 47 7
Population to the square mile, 91.
J^'orfolk, county of Virginia; bounded by
Hampton Roads and Lynhaven bay N ; by
Nansemond county of Virginia W, by Pas-
quotank and Currituck counties, in North
Carolina S, and by Princess Anne county
of Virginia E„ Length 30, mean width 20,
and area 600 square miles. Sui-face level,
and in part marshy. Soil generally thin,
sandy, or wet and sterile.
Population in ISIO.
Free white males
do. do. females -
15.177
15,812
30,989
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 256
Slaves - ... 0
Total population In 1810
31,245
Population in 1820.
Free white males v . 17,451
do. do. females - - 18,754
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females.
Slaves, males . . -
do. females ...
733
Total whites . . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . .
Slaves . - - - .
Total population in 1810 -
3,680
3,765
7,445
587
5,647
13,679
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,550
do. do. females - - 4,092
All other persons except ladians
not taxed .... 7
Total whites .... 8,649
Free persons of colour, males - 417
do. do. females - 475
Slaves, males .... 3,227
do. females .... 2,697
Total population in 1820 - - 15,465
Of these ;
Foreigners not Naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,807
do. in Manufactures - - 261
do. in Commerce - « 61
Population to the square mile, 25^.
JVorfolk, post town, borough, and port of
entry, Norfolk county, Virginia, on the
right bank of Elizabeth river, immediately
below the junction of its two branches, and
eight miles above Hampton roads. Lon.
from the Royal Observatory at Greenwich,
76 23 W, and from W C, 0 37 E.
It is the most commercial town of Virgi-
nia ; and in 1815, the tonnage exceeded
34,700, and stood next to Charleston of
any of the United States, south from Balti-
more. It is defended by several forts, the
most important of which is on Craney isl-
and, near the mouth of Elizabeth river,
about five miles below the town. The
United states Commissioners, who were ap-
^" O R
N O R
pointed in 1818 to survey the lower part of Gestrikeland, Ilelsingland, Medelpadia,
of the Cliesapeak bay, reported, that Uamp- Hiemtland, Herjedalia, Ongermanla, and
ton Roads, though extensive, were capable West Bothnia.
of adr-quate defence, so as to prevent the jYorman, Mais, Upper Canada, in the
entrance of an enemy's fleet. township of Newark, empties its waters
Norfolk is connected with the commerce into lake Ontario, about the centre of the
of North Carohna by the Dismal Swamp township W of Niagara Fort, called the
canal. This inland communication opens Four M le Pond.
from Elizabeth river, nine miles above Nor J^Tormandy, late province of France,
folk, and extends through the Dismal bounded on the W by the Atlantic, N by
Swamp, inio Albemarl sound. By means the English channel, E by Ficardy and the
of this canal the produce of an extensive isle of France, and S by Perche, Maine, and
section of North Carolina finds a market at Bretagne. The Normans, a people of Den-
Norfolk, mark and Norway, having entered France
This town contains a theatre, two state under RoUo, Charles the Simple ceded this
banks, a branch of the bank of the United country to them in 912, which from that
Siates, a marine hospital, orphan asyhim, time, was called NttJ-mandy. Rollo was tlie
an academy, Lancasteiian school, Athenx- first duke, and held it as a fief o: the crown
um, and six or seven places of public wor- of France, and several of his successors
ship. The site is level, and so low in some after him, till William, the seventh duke,
places as to be marshy; but the streets are conquered England, in 1066, from which
commodious, being well paved.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves - . - . -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820. ,
Free white males
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - »
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturali-zed
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
2,501
2.275
time it became a province of England, till
it was lost in the reign of king John, and
re-united to the crown of France. The
English, however, still keep possession ot
the islands on the coast, of which Jersey
and Guernsey are the principal. It is one
ot the most fertile provinces m France, and
abounds in all things exc^^pt wine, but that
defect is supplied by cider and perry. It
contains iron, copper, and a great number
of rivers and harb , urs. This province now
forms the departments of Calvados, Eure,
Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine.
jYori'idgciuock, post town and township,
Somerset county, Maine, lying on the S side
of Kennebec river, 35 miles NW of Augus-
ta, wiih 880 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820, 1454.
JVorridgewock, town and seat of justice,
Somerset county, Maine, in the foregouig
township, 35 miles W by N from Hallo-
well.
J^orristo-wiif capital of Montgomery coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, situated on the NE side
of the Schuylkill river, 17 miles above Phi-
ladelphia. It contains, the county build-
ings, a bank, and an academy. Population
in 1820, 827.
JVorriston, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, around the borough
of Norristown. Population, in 1820, 1098.
JM'orfolk County, Upper Canada, is boicnd- JK'orielga, or j\'ov Telge, maritime town
ed on the N and E by the county of Lincoln of Sweden, in the p'ovince o* Upland, near
and the river Thames; on the S by lake which is a forge for makini^ fire aims. It
Erie, until it meets the Orwell rivei-; thence was much injured by the Russians in 1719,
by a line running N 16 degrees W, until it who ravaged the town. It is 30 miles NE
4,776
592
.3,825
9,193
2,187
2.431
0
4,618
229
370
1,453
1,808
8,478
23
0
5
147
intersects the river Tname?, and tiience up
the said river, until it meets the NW boun-
dary of the county of York. It sends, in
conjunction witti the fnu'tb riding; <;f the
CO :nty of LiRroln, one representative to the
provincial parliament.
JVorland, one of trie five general div-s-ons
of Sweden, comprehending the provinces
of Stockholm. Lon. 10 32 E, lat 50 44 N.
JVorth^ township of rfarrison county,
Ohio, in wliich i- situated the village or
*ovv -. ot New Rumley. Population in 1820,
1118. '*
Mrth Adams post village of Berkshire
county, Massjicltusetts.
JVo'rth America, post village of Duchess
733
ZSI O R
NOR
county, New York, 25 miles E from Rhi-
nebeck.
A'orth, or J^'ord, department of France,
which comprehends tlie late French Pro-
vinces of Hainault, Flanders, and the Cam-
bresis.
JK'orth Cape, most northern promontory
of Europe, on the coast of Norway. Lon.
25 57 E, !at. 71 20 N.
JK'orth Coas;, department of France. See
Cotes ilu jVbrd.
JVorlh Ferry, small town at tlie N side of
the Frith of Forth, at the Queen's ferry
passage. It formerly had a chapel endow-
ed by Robert I.
JK'orthallerton, borough in the N riding of
Yorksltire, with a market on Wednesday.
It sends two members to parliament, and
IS seated on a small brook, which, a mile
below, runs into the river Wisk. It is a
well built trading place, 30 miles NNW of
York, and 223 N bv W of London. Lon.
1 20 W, hit. 54 23'N.
JVorihampion, borough and the capital of
Northamptonshire, governed by a mayor,
with a market on Saturday. It is seated
on the Nen, which is navigable to Lynn,
and was formerly surrounded by a wall,
and had a castle. It was almost entirely
destroyed by fire in 1675, but was soon re-
built. It has four churches, a spacious
market-place, a good free-school, and a
county infirmary and jail. The principal
manufacture is boots and shoes, of which
many are made for exportation. In the
meadows below the town, a battle was
fought in 1460, between Henry YI. and the
Yorkists, in whicli the former was defeated
and made prisonei-. Two miles to the S is
an ancient structure, called Queen's Cross,
erected by Edward I. in memory of his
queen Eleanor. This town is 30 miles SE
of Coventry, and 66 NW of London. Lon.
1 11 W; la't. 52 11 N.
JVorthampton, county of England, 60 miles
long and 22 where broadest ; bounded on
the S by Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire,
W by the latter county and Warwickshire,
NW by Leicestershire and Rutlandsliire, N
by Lincolnshire, and E by the counties of
Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford. It
coritains 617,000 acres ; is divided into 20
hundreds, and 336 parishes ; has one city
and 11 market towns ; and send? nine mem-
bers to parliament. In the north-east
part, near Pelerborough, commences a
fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire
Wash. With this single exception, North-
amptonshire is said to contain less waste
ground, and more seats of the nobility and
gentry, than any other county. Its great-
est defect is a scarcity of fuel, which is but
scantily supplied by its woods ; and though
coal is brought by the river Nen, it is at a
very dear rate. This countv, however,
?34
possesses some considerable i-emains of its
old forests, particularly those of Rocking-
ham on the NW, and of Salcey and Whit-
tlebury on the S. Its products are, in
general, the same with those of other
farming counties ; but it is peculiarly cele-
brated for grazing land. Horned cattle,
and other animals, are fed to extraordinary
size ; and many horses of the large black
breed are reared. Woad for the dyers is
cultivated here ; but the county is not dv-
tinguished for manufactures. The princi-
pal rivers are the Nen and Welland ; be-
side which it is partly watered by the
Ouse, Learn, Chorvvell, and Avon. Popu-
lation in 1801, 131.757; in 1811, 241,353 ;
and in 1821, 163,433.
J\"orthampion, town of York county, New
Brunswick.
JWrthampton, township of Rockingham
county. New Hampshire, on the Allaniic
Ocean, seven miles SW from Portsmouth.
Population in 1820, 764.
J\'orlhampto7i, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on
the right bank of Connecticut river, in a
delightful country, 18 miles above Spring-
field, and 42 above Hartford. The aspect
of the adjacent country is not only pleasant,
but highly romantic. The neighbouring
mountains, particularly Mount Uolyoke,
afford sorre of the finest landscapes in
New England. It contains the county
buildings, one bank, one ensurance office,
a weekly news-paper, and several manu-
factories. Population in 1810, in the town-
ship 2631 ; and in 1820, 2854.
A'ortfiampton, township of Montgomery
countv. New York, containing 1474 inhabi-
tants m 1810; and in 1820, 1291. About
60 miles NW of Albany.
JVorthampton, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, containing 1176 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1411. It is situated
on the SW of Neshaminy creek, eight
miles SE from Doylestown.
JVorthampton, township of Burlington
county, New Jersey, seven miles SE from
Burhngton. Population in 1810, 4171;
and in 1820, 4833, including Mount Holly.
jVorthampton, or JlUentoim, post town
and seat of justice, Lehigh county, Penn-
sylvania, on the point above the conflu-
ence, between Lehigh river and Little Le-
high creek above their junction, si.x miles
SSW from Bethlehem, 18 miles SW from
Easton, and .55 NNW from Philadelphia.
It is situated in a wqII cultivated and fertile
settlement. The site is elevated and plea-
sant. It contains, beside the county build-
ings, a bank; printing office, several dry
good stores, and a number of merchant
mills. The principle staple, flour. An
elegant wooden bridge, resting on stone
arches, has been erected over the Lehigh,
on the road to Easton and Bethlehem. A
N 0 li
NOR
direct
The.
South
substantial bridge also crosses Little Le- passes through the coimty ,n a diiec
high, on the. Philadelphia road. The Le- line. Those in the north-west are scat
hifh'is here turned at' nearly righ^ angles tered. disunited, and lie rather m groups
by tl,e South Mountain. than extend to collate.^', ''dges^ A 1,
Xonhamhton, county of Pennsylva- however, have a general noith east and
nia, bounded by the Delaware river, or south-west arrangennent. and leave inter
c? ■'. •t.T -w T-. T» 1 ■.,t.-.\-^„ <7oiic}<rc .^f ninvf. nr ipss width anc
bussex coi
county SE
ties, SW; ^^,^^..,^ ^...^..., . ^... , — , • - ,rr- .. i ^
Pike county, N; length 37; mean width, local names m different places.
3Q; and area l.Oao square miles. principal ones are, beside the
This is one of the most diversified Mountain, or Lehigh hills, and Kittatin-
counties. not alone of Pennsylvania, but ny, the Pokono, or second Mountain, Broaa
of the United States. It is traversed Mountain, Mauchchunk mountain, and
from NE to SW by the Kittatinny moun- some others. The soil m the valleys
tains, or, as it is locally called in the above Kittatinny, even where arable, is
country, Blue Ridge. This chain divides much inferior to that ot the lower sec-
it into two very unequal sections. That tions already noticed. The genera^ cha-
SE from the Kittatinnv lies in the form racter of the latter is warm andproduc-
of a triangle, the base along the moun- tive. Above the kittatinny the soil is
tains, and perpendicular on Lehigh coun- principally composed of gravel and clay,
ty, and contains within a trifle of 400 and still farther above the Pokono, par-
ty
square miles. It contains also the town
ships of Lower Saucon, Williams, Beth-
lehem, Forks, borough of Easton, Han-
over, Nazareth, upper and lower, Allen,
Lehigh, Moore, Bushkill, Plainfield, and
takes so much of the clay as to become
very cold and unproductive. The tim-
ber, hemlock, and small pines. The rude
character of this part of Northampton
is seen by reference to its comparative
upper and lower Mount Bethel ; with'an population. Though embracing above
aggregate population of 22,030. This 8U0 square miles, the aggregate number
part of Northampton county, with the
exception of the townsh-ips of lower Sau
con and Williams, lies between the Kit-
tatinny and South Mountain. The sur-
face, though generally hilly, is as gene-
rally arable The very remarkable slate
f inhabitants is only 9735, or within a
trifling fraction of 10 to the square mile,
whilst, as vre have seen, the south-east
section contains a condensed population
of near 57 to the square mile.
The rivers of Northampton, are the
and lime-stone formation which extends Lehigh and Delaware Creeks below
so distinctively from the Delaware to Kittatinny, and advancing south-west from
the Susquehannah, in the Kittatinny val- the Delaware Water Gap, are Cosby s,
ley, is peculiarly striking in the lower Kichmond, Martin s, Muddy creek^ Bush-
part of Northampton, the lime stone ki'*' Monocacy, Calesoque. and Hocken-
tracts skirts the south mountain, and the docque ; the three latter tab ing into the
argiiaceous slate the Kittatinny, each ex- Lehigh, the residue into the Del ware,
tending from its respective base about Above the Kitattinny, the Delaware re-
half way across the valley. Though both ceives, immediately above the Water
are highly productive, in grain, fruits, Gap, Broadhead's creek, partly from Pike
and pasturage, the limestone soil is ra- and partly from Northampton. Toemoun-
ther stronger than that of the slate, and tain section ot this county is, hc^wever,
the features of nature less bold on the "^^re particularly drained by the conilu-
former than on the latter formation. ents ef the Lehigh ; these are, from the
The townships of lower Saucon and left, Tobyhanna, Dreek, Muddy, Big
Williams are separated from the other creek, and Aquanshicola ; from the right,
parts of the county by Lehigh, and tra- Quacake, Nesquehoning, Mahoning, and
versed by a ridge pa-ssing by Bethlehem, Lizard creeks.
and interrupted by the Delaware, two Delaware Avashes the eastern border
miles beiow Easton. From many of the of Northampton, following its windings
highest eminences of this range, tile highly about 25, but in a direct line 20 miles ;
cultivated section we have been review its course generally nearly north and
ing spreads before the eye like a vast south. Though obstructed with some
garden, terminated by the distant Kita- shoals below that place, the Delaware is
tinny mountains. navir,able for large boats to Easton, and
That part of Northampton north-west for smaller vi'ssels, and with more diffi-
from thy Kittatinny mountains, extends culty to above that borough beyond the
over 810 square miles, and is remarka- limits of Pennsylvania,
bly broken into mountain ridges Of The Lehigh is emphatically the river
these the Kittatinnv is the only one which of Northampton, having most of the sour-
"^5
NOR
NOR
ces, and the greatest part of its course,
in that county. This stream demands
particular notice, as it has now become
the channel of transportation for the im-
mense masses of anthracite coal found in
the Mauchchiink mountain. The Le-
high, in fact, rises in Wayne, Pike, and
Luzerne counties; but its various conflu-
ents unite near Stoddartsville, on the
north-west border of Northampton, and
again augmented by many mountain
creeks, flows by comparative courses 25
miies to the mouth of Wright's mill creek.
It thence turns to nearly south, and by a
very serpentine course, but in a direct
line of about 20 miies, passes Mauch-
chunk, and reaches Lehighton. Here it
inflects to south-east, and continues in that
direction 25 miles to AUentown, or town
of Northampton. At AUentown the Le-
high is again turned to the South Moun-
tain at nearly right angles, and assuming
a north-east course down the foot of the
mountain, flows past Bethlehem, and
reaches the Delaware at Easton, 25 miles
below AUentown. The entire compara-
tive course of this stream is 85 miles.
From near its extreme course to Trout
creek, it separates Pike and Luzerne coun-
ties. From Trout creek to Rock Eddy
falls it separates Northumberland from
Luzerne. Below Rock Eddy falls to its
passage through the Blue or Kittatinny
mountain, its course is within Northamp-
ton county Between its passage through
the mountain and the mouth of the Hock-
endocque creek, its course forms the li-
mit betwee.i Northampton and Lehigh
counties Below Hockendoque to Bethle-
hc m, it flows througii Lehigh, and below
Bethlehem to Easton through Northamp.
ton.
The Lehigh is truly a mountain tor-
rent, and mt^anders through a series of
natural scenes, not excelled, if equalled
in the United States. The following ta-
ble will exhibit its descent from Stod-
dartsviSie to Easton
Stoddartsville- to the mouth of the
N'rquetioning creek about two Fallin
miles above Lausanne, and tc^vi-e. feet.
abive the village of Mauch-
chunk. - - - 845
From Nesquehoning, to the Le-
high Water Gap, - - 260
From the Gap to Easton, - 205
1,210
From Easton, to tide -water in Dela-
ware riv r, at Trenton, according to the
last informati'm, that stream falls about
100 feet. The Lehigh at Stoddartsville
is, therefore, elevated 1310 feet, and at
Mauchchunk, within a trifle of 460 feet,
736
above the level of the Atlantic Oceatr,
According to the manuscript notes of
Isaac A. Chapman, Esq. the average
height of Kittatinny mountains, in North-
ampton, is 1186 feet above the Lehigh,
and Delaware rivers, at its base, conse-
quently, 1491 feet above the Atlantic le-
vel. Mr. Chapman estimates the height
of Pokono mountain above its base, at
850 feet ; which, when compared with
the foregoing elements, yield 1305 feet,
for the elevation of that ridge, above the
ocean.
Mauchchunk mountain, at the coal-
mine, is 1006 feet above the Lehigh at
Mauchchunk village. We have seen,
that the village stands 460 feet above the
Atlantic level ; therefore the justly cele-
brated coal mine is 1456 feet above the
surface of the Atlantic. I may, how-
ever, remark, that some of the peaks of
Mauchchunk mountain, between the
mine and the village, must rise several
hundrsd feet higher than the coal mine,
and higher than the general elevation of
the Kittatinny. as I have myself stood on
two eminences of the Mauchchunk, and
saw distinctly, the South mountain over
the intervening Kittatinny.
We may safely assume, the general
elevation of the cultivated part of North-
ampton, in the Kittatinny valley, from
250 to 350 feet ; and for that section
above the Kittatinny, a general elevation
of from 500 to 600 feet. Mr. Chapman
observes, that there is a difference in
the seasons and vegetation of two weeks
between the respective sections. The
difference of elevation and exposure, ex-
hibits the cause of this rapid change of
temperature.
We will close this rather lengthy view
of Northampton with a notice of its prin-
cipal roads and towns.
A main turnpike road leaves Philadel-
phia, passes through Philadelphia. Mont-
gomery, Bucks, and part of Lehigh coun-
ties ; enters Northampton in the township
of Lower Saucon, and cresses the Lehigh
at Bethlehem H*^re it branches into two
routes One turns NW up the Lehigh,
and passing by Kreiderviile, through the
Lehigh Water Gap, by Lehighton,
Mauchchunk, and Lausanne, continues
on to the banks of the :- usquehannah, at
Nf scopec From Bethlehem, the other,
or northern branch, proceed towards
Easton, but breaks into numerous coun-
try roads, one of which leads on to Naza-
reth, and to the Delaware Wind Gap.
The lower Philadelphia road reaches
Easton, between the foregoing and Dela-
ware river. Above Easton, a main road
extends a little W -if N, to the Wind
Gap. Here it branches into two routes r,
N O It
one ebntinuing NW* to \VilkesbaTre, ar.d
the other N, into Pike county. From
Easton, another road leads up the Dela-
ware to the Water Gap. Beside these,
numerous cross roads chequer the lower
part of Northampton county, and ren-
der coinmunication easy and convenient.
Northampton contains the Ijorough of
Easton : and the villages of Bethlehem,
Hellerstcwn, Stroudsburg, Burlinville,
Mauchchunk, and Lehighton. See thtse
articles under their respective heads,
either in the Text, or Addenda. Staples
of Northampton county, grain, flour,
cyder, whiskey, salted provision, live
stock, lumber, and mineral coal.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
NOR
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
^o- do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ....
Total population in 1820 .
.■>'•
3,350
r,4r4
1,629
1,740
0
3,369
MO
573
1,695
1,628
7,705
Total whiles - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do, do. females . :■ -
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do, females -
Shaves, miiles . . - -
do. females - - - .
Total population in 1320 -
19,475
18,481
37,956
189
1,579
0
38,145
13
1,876
103
121
16,245
15^320
0
31,565
109
91
0
0
31,765
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 32.
JVorthamfiton, county of North Caro-
hna, bounded by Virginia, N ; Hartford
county, in North Carolina. E; Bertie,
S ; and Roanoke river, or Halifax, SW ;
length 40 ; mean width 12 ; and area^^SO
square miles. There is a post office at
the court-house.
Population in 1810.
Free white males -
do. do. females
Of these ;
Foreigners not nainraiized - 198
Engaged in Agricultiu'e - - 5,787
do. in Manuf act 1 ires . - 2,398
do. in C.nunercu - - 0
Population to the square mile 29 nearly
Xorthamfuon, county of the Eastern
Shore nl Virginia ; bounded by the At-
lantic Ocean E ; Chesapeak bay, S and
W ; and Accomack, N ; length 30,
mean v/idth o; and area 240 square
mile.s. Surface level, and soil sxndy. It
occupies the extreme part of the penin-
sula, on the E side of Chesapeak bay,
from Cape Charles to the mouth of Po-
comoke river. There is a post office at
the court-house.
Pop-ilation in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,615
do. do. females - - 1,601
Total Whites - . . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - • -
Slaves, . . - - .
Total population in ISlO
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
2,600
2,644
5,244
580
7,258
13,082
2,558
2,716
Total whites - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females - . .
Total population in 1820
5,254
363
362
3,766
3,497
13,242
Total whites . . - -
All other persons except Indians
rsot taxed - -
6 A
3,216
908
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,444
do. in Maimfactures 111
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 27|.
Xorthamfiton, post town in the west=
ern borders of Portage cpuntv, Ohio, 15
737 ■
X O R
milei; VV from Ravenn-i, containing 2S7
inhabhanls. in 1820.
•A'dr?/; bend, nanne of a settlement on
the nortmrn bfnd of Oi:in river, 15
milr- below Cincinnati, and four north-
eriBU-r!y from the SVV corner of the state
of Ohio.
Jy'orth borough, township and post
town, Worcester county, Massachusetts,
11 miles from Worcester. P -/pulation
1810, 71:5 ; and in 1820, 905.
Xorlh brookfield, township of Worces-
ter county, Massachusetts. Pcpuldtion
1820 109.5.
jVortfi Castle, township of West Ches-
ter county. New York, containing 1,366
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1,480.
It is a post town, situated on the E side
of Hudson river, about 16 miles from
King's bridge.
jVorth Channel, Bay of Quinte, Upper
Canada, leads from John's Island, south-
erly, between the townships of Soy)hias-
burgh, Fredericksburgh, and Adi^lphus
town.
JVorthcurry, town in Somersetshire,
with a market on Tutsday and Saturday
It is seated on the Tone, 20 miles SW of
Wells, and 13 1 W by S of London. Lon.
3 0 W, lat. 51 0 N.
JVorth Mast, township of Duchess coun-
ty. New York, containing 3 441 inhabi-
tants ill 1810, and in. 1820, 2,037. Situa-
ted on the E side of Hudson river, about
90 miles N of N<-w York,
JVorJificld, township in Staten Island,
New Yoi-k state, containin?? 1,595 inha-
bitants in 181U, and in 1820, 1,980.
J\'orihfield, post town of Franklin county,
MassachuseUs, on the E bank of Connecti-
cut river, nearly opposite to (Greenfield,
and 80 miles W by N of Boston. It con-
tained 1213 inhabitants, in 1810; and in
1820, 1584.
JVorthJidd, township ofWashing'ton coun-
ty, Verm nt. Population 450.
j\'oithfteld,\.oyii\i\n\> of Rockingham coun-
ty, New ll.unpshire, on the Merrimac, 14
miles above Concord. Population 1820,
1304.
J\i'o'-thJiHd, town of Essex county, New
Jer-i^ey, NW from Newark. Population
1820, uncertain.
A''orthfifld% NW township of Portage
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 178.
JVort'ifieet, village i" Kent, seated on the
Thames, one mile W of Giavesend, and
21 from London. The church is very
large, and contains fragments of monu-
men'.s, as anci;nt as the foirieenth cen-
tury. Vast qtiaiitlties ol' lime are made,
and great numb -rs of extraneous fossils
have been liug up here.
JVorthford, post town, New Haven, coun-
tv, Connecticiib
s G n
Xortk Hasen, township of New Haven
county, Connecticut; seven miles N from
New i\■xv^n^. Population 1820, 1298.
J\''orth Hemps:ead. post town, and scat oi
ju-tice, Queen's county. New York, on
Lohg Is.and, 20 mdes E from New York.
Harboiirhili in thi t> vvn is the highest
la.id on Lon? Island. Population, 3000_.
JVortA Hero, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Grand Isle county, Vermont, on Grand
Isle. P.pulaiion, 600.
Morth Kiilingivorth, post village, Middle-
sex county, Connecticut, 15 miles SSE
from Middletown, and 20 miles NE by E
from New Haven.
J\rorth Kingston, township of Washing-
ton county, Rhode Island, containing 2,957
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3007. It
is situated on tiie W side of Narraganselt
bay, between East Greenwich and South
Kingston.
JVorthUch, corporate town in Gloucester-
shire, With a market on Wednesday, several
almshouses, and a tree grammar-school. It
is seated on the Lech, 25 miles E of Glou-
cester, and 80 W by N of London. Lon.
1 43 W, lat. 51 46 N.
JK'orth jyiouniain, local name for that
part of the Kittatinny range which passes
between Cumberland and Perry counties,
and through Franklin county, Pennsylvania.
J\'orth Portland, township of Somerset
county, Maine, 25 miles NW from Nor-
ridgewock. Population 1820, uncertain.
A'orth Providence, township of Provi-
dence county, Rhode Island, commencing
four miles N from Providence. It includes
the manufacturing village of Patucket, three
churches, two academies, and a bank. Po-
pulation 1820, 2420.
J\'orthri7igton, post village, Hartford coun-
ty, Connei licut, on Farmington, river,
seven miles NW by W from Hartford.
jVorth River, of Massachusetts rising in
Pembroke, Plymouth county and falls into
the Atlantic Ocean between Marchfield and
Scituate. It is navigable for vessels of 300
tons 18 miles to Pembroke.
JVorth Salem, township of West Chester
county. New York. Population 1810, 1204,
and in 1820, 1165. It contains an aca-
demy.
Jv'ovth Stoniiig-ton, township. New Lon-
don county, Connecticut, nine miles E
from New London. Population 1810,
2524 ; in 1320, 2624.
JVorth Vineyard, township, Somerset
county, Mainii, 15 miles W from Norridge.
wock.
JVorthumberlavd, county of England,
which received its name from being situated
N of the Humber, In thefSaxon Heptarchy
it was a part of the Kingdom of the North-
umbrians, which contained also the coun-
ties of York, Lancaster, Durham, Cumber-
land, and Westmoreland. It forms the N
X O R
extremity of Enj^land, and is bounded on
the R hy the German Ocean, and on the
S by the bishopric of Durham, on tlie SW
and W by Cumberland, and on the N\V
and X by Scotland, fi'om v\hich it is separa-
ted by the Tweed, [t extent's 70 miles
from N to S, and 50 from E to VV. It
lies in the diocess of Durham ; contains
12 market-towns, and 460 parishes; and
sends eight members to parliament. Po.
pulation 1801, 157, 101; in 1811, 172,161;
and in 1821, 198,965. The air of this
county is not so cold as might be ima-
gined from the lat. in which it lies ; for its
situation between two sr-as, in th.e nar-
rowest part of England, gives it the ad-
vantage of having the cold moderated by
the vapours of e.icli ; and, for this reason,
the snow seldom lies long in this county,
except on the tops of high hills. The air
is very healthful, and the people wiio ge-
nerally live to a great age, are seldom af-
flicted with sickness. The soil is various,
the eastern part, wiiich is fruiiful, having
very goud wheat, and most sorts of corn,
and has rich meadows on the banks of liie
rivers ; but the western part is generally
barren, it being mosily heathy and mnun-
tainous. The SF, part abounds with pit
coal, of which 658,858 chaldrons are com-
puted to be annu.dly shipped from tlience
to London. There are also large quanti-
ties of lead and timber. The principal
rivers are the Tyne, the Tweed, and the
Cocket. Alnwick is tlie county town, but
the largest is ^fewcastle.
jyorthumberlnnd, NE county of Lower
Canada, on the left side of St Lawrence
river, extending from Hampshire indefi-
nitely towards l.,abrador.
JVorthumberhmd, county of Upper Cana-
da, W from Prince I'dvvard and Hastings
counties ; and extending from lake Onta-
rio to Rice lake.
JSi'ortJnimberland, post village, and town-
ship, of Saratoga county. New, York, on
the right side of Hudson river, 15 miles
NE from Ballston Spa. Population 1810,
2041 ; and in 1820, 1279. Wilton was out
oft" from Northumberland since 1810.
JVovtfiumberland, county of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by Schuylkill, "SE ; Dauphin, S ;
Susquehannah river, or Union, W ; Ly-
coming N ; and Columbia NE. Len;^th
35 i mean width 13 ; and area 455 square
miles. This is one of the mountain coun-
ties of Pennsylvania, and very much di-
versified in surface. Having so nfiuch ri-
ver, it possesses, notwithstanding its gen-
eral mountainous aspect, a large propor-
tion of good, and considerable first-rate
soil. Washed by the main Susqiiehsnnah,
20 miles below and by the W branch, 20
miles above Sunbury and Northumber-
land, produces a range of river soil of 40
NOR
miles in length. To this may be added
10 miles of the E branch, between Sun-
bury and Dinville ; the whole, including
both banks of the latter section, yielding
a river hue of 60 miles. This alluvial
range contains the mass of the population.
Contrary to tlie ordinary cours:- of the Ap-
palachian r;dges, tlie moun ains of North-
umberland extend nearly east and west.
The principal ridges are, advancing from
south to north. Line Mountdn, Little Ma-
hanoy.Mahanoy, and Shaniokin, below the
junction of the two great branches of Sus-
quehannah : above their confluence, Mon-
tours Mountain, and ibe Limestone Ridge.
Beside the two fine rivers we hi»ve no-
ticed. Northumberland is drained by some
large creeks, the principal of which, are,
Mahantango, Mahanoy, and Shamokin, en-
■ering Susquehannah, below Sunbury ;
and Chilisquaqu^-, Limestone, and Warrior
creeks, above Northumberland, Some oC
those creeks meander througli narrow val-
leys, with much ^ood soil.
The staple productions of Northum-
berland, are grain, flour, salted provisions,
lumber, whi-key, and many other articles.
Its principal towns are, Sunbury, North-
umberland, Mdton, and Watsonburg.
Sunbury, a nost town, borough and seat of
Jtistice, stands on the left bank of Susque-
hannah river, immediately below the main
fork, and above the mouth of Shamokin
creek
Northumberland, post town, stands on
the point above, the junction of the two
main branches of Susquehannah, and op-
posite to Sunbury.
Milton, post town and borough, is situa-
ted on the west branch of S\isquehannah,
12 miles above Northumberland.
There are some other villages in the
county, bu' undeserving particular notice.
The two follow'.ng tables exhibit the ag-
gregate, and relative population of tliis
county.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 18,673
do. do. females ... 17,457
Total whites - - - 36,130
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 194
Slaves 3
Total population in 1810 - - 36,327
Popid.ation in 1820.
Free white males . - . 7,773
do. do. females - - - 7,537
Ad other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites - - - 15,310
Free persons of colour, males - 59
do. do. females 5A
739
N o n
\ O K
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
1
15,424
52
1,350
29
665
Population to the square mile, 34 nearly.
J^Torthumberland, county of Virginia ;
bounded by Potomac river NE ; Chesapeak
bay SE ; Lancaster and Richmond SW;
and Westmoreland NW. Length 30 ;
mean width 8 ; and are.a 240 square miles.
Surface rather waving than hilly. Soil of
middling quality. Chief town, Bridge-
town.
Peculation in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,005
do. do. females - - 2,157
Total whites - . - 4,162
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 299
Slaves 3,84r
Total population in 1810 . 8,308
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,087
do. do. females ... 2,047
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ....
4,134
Free persons of colour, males -
320
do. do. females.
294
Slaves, males - . - -
1,651
do. females
1,617
Total population in 1820 -
8,016
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
2
Engaged in Agriculture
2,426
do. in Manufactures
108
do. in Commerce
18
Population to the square mile, 33.
JVorthiimbevland, post town, in Point
township, Northumberland county, Penn-
sylvania. This village is situated on the
point above the confluence of the two
great branches of Susquehannah river, and
opposite Sunbury. Population of the
township in 1820, 1373.
JVorth-west River Bridge, post office,
Norfolk county, Virginia.
JVorthivest Territory. See jyticMgan
territory.
JSTorthvood, township of Rockingham
740
county, New Hampshire, 20 miles E ftom
Concord. Population in 1810, 1095 ; and
in 1820, 1260.
A'orth Yarmouch, post village and town-
ship, Cumberland county, Maine, on Casco
Buy, 12 miles N fnjm Portland. Popula-
lion in 1810, 3295 ; and in 1820, 3679.
j\i'orthivicli., town in Cheshire, with a
market on Friday. It is seated on the
Weaver, near its conflux with the Dane,
and is noted for its salt-works. The stra-
ttmi of salt lies about 40 yards deep, and
some of them are hollowed i.-.to the form
of a temple. Vast jiits of solid rock salt
have been dug here to a great depth, from
whicli immense quani.iiies are raised ; and
mucii of it, in its crude state, goes to Liv-
erpool by the river Wearer, to be export-
ed. Northwich is 20 miles NE of Chester,
and 173 NW of London. Lon. 2 36 W,
lat. 5o 16 N.
J^y''orto7i, village of Essex county, Ver-
mont.
JK'orton, township of Bristol coimty, Mas-
sachusetts, containing 1598 inhabitants in
181Q ; and in 1820, 1600 Situated on the
W side of Wading river, seven miles NW
of Tau:.ton.
J\'orio7i, post village, Delaware county,
Ohio, nine miles N from Delaware, and 34
in the same direction from Columbus.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
JYorton, SE township of Medina countv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 344.
JVortnii, or Chipping J\rorton, corporate
town in Oxfordshire, with a market on
Wednesday. Roman coins have been fre-
quently found here. It is 12 miles SW' of
Banbury, and 74 NW of London, Lon. 1
17 W iat. 51 55 N.
JVorton Sound, inlet of the sea.on the W
coast of North America, discovered by
Captain Cook in his last voyage. There
is no good harbour in all the sound, nor
even a tolerable stafion for ships. Lon.
162 47 W, lat. 64 55 N.
jVoi~walk, post town in Fairfield county,
Connecticut, situated on Long Island
Sound, 12 miles SW of Fairfield, and 50
NE of the city of New York. It contained
2983 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
3004. It contains a news-paper printing
office, an academy, and three churches.
jVortBulk, post town and seat of justice,
Huron county, Ohio, 14 miles from Lake
Erie, and 100 NE from Columbus. Lon.
W C 5 33 E, lat. 41 16 N. Population in
1820, 579.
JVorway, kingdom in the N of Europe,
the most westerly part of the ancient
Scandinavia. It is bounded on the W and
N by the Northern Ocean ; E by Swedish
Lapland and Sweden ; and S by the Cate-
gat ; extending from the Naze in lat. 57
30, to the North Gape in lat. 71 10. Its
X O K
:ir 0 K
breadth, which is very unequal, is from 40
to 280 miles. It is naturally-, formed into
two divisions, na'tiely, Northern, and
Southern, or proper Norway, separated
from each other by the sni dl Swedish pro-
vince of Herndahl. It is divided into the
governments of Aggerhuys, Christiana, or
Christiansand, Beighen, Drontheim, and
Finmark The whole embracing' an area
of 161,000 square miles ; and witli an ag-
gregate population of 930,000.
By the in!quito:isand infamous treaty of
Kiel, January 1814, Norway, agamst tlie
free opniion of i^s people, was tr.insferred
from Denmark to Sweden. Denmark re-
ceiving in return, Swedish Pomerania, und
the island of Rugen. From ils rockv soil,
and northern position, Norway is not
populous in proportion to its extent. The
inliabitants like the Swiss mountaineers,
are exceedingly attached to their country.
In Norway, they have a particular code,
called the Norway Law, compiled by
Grieftelfeld, at the command of Christian
V. the great legislator ot this country. By
this law, the palladium of Norway, the pea-
sants are free, except in some aristocratic
estates near Frederickstadt ; and the bene-
fi'sof this code were visible in the great
difference in their appe;(rance, between the
free peasants in Norway and the enslaved
vassals of Denmark, though both were
living under the same government. The
inviolability of their laws, and the integrity
of the kingdom were stipulated in the treaty
of Kiel. The Norwegian peas;ints possess
much spirit and fire in tlieir manner; are
frank, open, and undaunted, yet not inso-
lent ; never fawning, yet paying proper r:--
spect. Their principal mode of salute h
by offering their hand ; and when they are
given or paid any trifle, the peasants, in-
stead of returning thanks by words, or by
a bow, shake iiands vvitii great frankness
and cordiality. The same causes which
affect the population of Norway, operate
likewise on the state of tillage ; for, al-
though in some places veget.'ition is so
quick, that the corn is sown and cut in six
or seven weeks, yet the country does not
produce sufiicient corn for its own con-
sumption. It is, however, exceedingly
rich in pasture, and consequently produ-
ces much cattle. The horses are small,
but strong, very active, and hardy. The
fisheries, particularly on the W coast, find
employment and wealth for the natives,
and supphed the finest sailors for the Da-
nish fleet. The princip.il fish are salmon,
cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers also
yield train-oil ; and the smallest are given
as winter fodder to the cattle. — The ex-
tensive forests of oak and pine produce
timber, spars, beams, and planks, beside
charco:il, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even
manure ; and the bircii (the bark of which
is used as a covering for ihe roofs of
houses) not only supplies fuel, hut also a
kmd of wu\e. The general exports are
tallow, bntter, sail, dried fish, timbe-.,
plvinks, horses, horned cattle, sdver, cobalt,
alum, Prussian blue, copper and iron. It
abounds in lakes and rivers ; Uie former so
large that they appear like inlets of the
sea ; bui the riveis are in general of a
short course, except the Glommen. The
mountains are numerous, and generally
clothed v.'ith pints and firs ; the grand
Scandinavian chain, which runs from S to
N, dividing this kingdom from Sweden, is
known by distinct appellations ; the chief
are <iie ridges of Eangfial, Dofrafial, Kolen,
and Severnoi. The wild animais are the
bear, lynx, wolf, fox, and hare ; but the
most singular creature is the lemming, or
Norwes^ian mouse, of a reddish colour, and
about five inches long. These animals
proceed in vast numbers from the ridge of
Kolen to the sea, devouring eve ry product
of the sod in tlieir course, and at last seem
to devour each other.
The inhabitants carry on a considerable
ti'ade with foreign nations. Their exports
are copper, wrought and unwrought ; iron
cast into cannon, stoves, and pots, or
forged into bars ; masts, timber, deal-
boards, planks, marble, mill-stones, herring,
codling, flounders, cow-hides, goat-skins,
seal-skins, the furs of bears, &c. down,
feathers, butter, tallow, train-oil, tar, juni-
per and other sorts of berries and nuts.
They have inexhaustible quarries of excel-
lent marble, black, white, blue, grey and
variegated. Gold lias likewise been found
in a small quantity, and a considerable sil-
ver mine is at present wrought at Konings-
berg at the risk of his Danish majesty.
These were visited by Mr. Coxe, who
says tliat they formerly produced 70,0001. ;
but they now produce only 50,000^. The
mines of cobalt and the preparation of
Prussian blue is much more productive. It
abounds in lakes and rivers ; the former so
large, that they appear like inlets of the
sea.
JK'or-vich, ancient and populous ci ty, the
capital of Norfolk, with a market on Wed-
nesday, Friday, and Saturday. It is sur-
rounded by a wall, now much decayed, and
seated on the Yare, wdiich runs througii it,
and is navigable to Yarmouth without
locks. Though, as it has been said, it is a
populous city, yet there is void enough in
it for another colony ; and, from the inter-
mixture of its houses with trees, it is called
a city in an oi'chard. Its manufactures are
generally sent to London, though con-
siderable (juantities are exported from
Yarmouth to Holland, Germany, Sweden,
and Norwav, Sec. By a late cn.lcnlation
741
NOT
NOT
frftm the number of looms at work in the
city only, it appeared there were no less
tlian 120,000 people employed in their
nianufaclures of wool, s.ik, &c. in a'.id
about the :o\vn, including those employed
in spinning the y;irn used for such goods
as are all made in thi.^ city. There is a
stocking manufactory also here, which hus
been c. imputed at 60,000/. a year. It is 43
miles N of Ipswich, and 109 NE of Lon-
don. Lon 1 20 E, lat. 52 40 N. Popula-
tion in 1811, 37,256.
JVor~Mch, township of Upper Canada, in
Oxford county, on ihe river Thames.
Js'ondch, post town and township, Wind-
sor county, Vermont, opposite Hanover, on
Connecticut river, 21 miles above Windsor.
It is the seat of a military academy. Po-
pulation 2000.
JVor-zvich, township of Hampshire county,
Massachusetts, 15 miles W from North-
ampton. Population in 1820, 849.
JVonvich, city of New London county,
Connecticut.
JVovwich, township of Chenango county,
New York, containing 2550 inhabitants in
1810; and in 1820, 3257. It lies about
100 miles W of Albany,
JVoitvicIi, township of Franklin county,
Ohio, on Sciota river, eight miles above
Columbus. Population in 1820 257.
JVossen, town ot Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, situated on the Muldau,
18 miles W of Dresden. Lon. 13 0 E, lat.
51 2 N.
A'otchengong, town of the Deccan in the
province of Berar, 75 miles SSW of Ellich-
pour. Lon. 79 17 E, lat 20 32 N.
J\i'oieburg, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Petersburg, seated on an island in
the lake Ladoga, at the place v.here the
river Neva proceeds from this lake. It !ias
a good citadel, and was capital of Ingria,
before Petersburg was built. It is 25 miles
E of Petersburg. Lon. 31 9 E, lat. 59
56 N.
J\''oio, ancient, large and handsome town
of Sicily, and capital of Val-di-Noto. It
was ruined l)y an earthquake in 1693, but
another town was built at some distance
from it, called Nota Nuovo. It is 22 miles
SW of Syracuse. Lon. 15 19 E, 1st. 36
50 N.
J^Totre Dame cles Anges, signiory, Que-
bec county. Lower Canada, opposite Que-
bec.
j\i'oUav)aii, river, rises in Prince Edward,
Nottaway, and Lunenburg, counties Virgi-
nia, and flowing nearly E, between Dinwid-
dle, and Brunswick, and Greenville into
Sussex ; there turns to SE through Sussex
and Southampton, joins Blackwater just
within the limits of North Carolina. En-
tire comparative course /20 miles. Below
the iunf tion of the Nottawr.v and Black-
742
water, the united streams flows S about IS
miles, and uniting with the Meh6rin, forms
tlie Cliijwa'.v river.
.Xottaivay, coimty of Virginia ; bounded
by D:nwiddit SE ; Brrnswick S; Lunen-
burg SW ; Prince Edward NW ; and Ame-
lia NE. Leng'h 22 ; mean width 12 ; and
area, 264 square miles. It is washed in all
the SW borders by the Nottaway.and About
h-dfthe cooiity drained by the creeks of
tiiat river. Its NE moiety is drained by Flat
creek, Deep creek, Winticomock, and
otliers flowing into Appomattox river.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,380
do. do. females - - 1,350
Total whites - - - - 2,730
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 180
Slaves 6,368
Total population in 1810 - 9,278
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1.396
do. do. females - - - 1,419
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 2
To'sl whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females ...
Total population in 1820. - 9,658
Of these ;
F>ireigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,170
do. in Manufactures - - 238
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 062.
J\''ottelen, town of Germany, in the circle
of Westphalia, in the bishoprick ot Mun-
ster, seven miles W of Munster.
JN'ottinghum, East and West, the two SW
and contiguous townships of Chester coun-
ty, Pc-nnsylv.'-nia, containing together, 2051
inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1960.
They are situated on the E side of Oc-
torara creek, and joiit the state of Mary-
land.
J\'ottingham, county town of Nottingham-
shire, with a market on Wednesday and
Saturday. It is situated on a rocky emi-
nence, crowned by its custle ; a magnificent
modern structure, belonging to the duke
of Newcastle, and bud' on the site of an
ancient fortress, celebrated in English his-
tory. It is a populous and handsome tov.n,
distinguished by its spacious marketplace,
.\ o \
N O \
and noted tor its excellent aie. It is one of
tlie pri!!cipal seats "t'the stocking manufac-
tiire, [>-i-i ciiiariv ot'llie finer kinds as iliose
of silk a id coitoii, and iias also a inanufac-
ture of c-arre eart'^^en svar . It lias three
parish c'luiches, and scv ral meetings for
the d'.Siien'.ers. It is rtiDnrkabie foi its
vaults, or ceU^rs cut into the rock ; and in
the neifflibuurh- od are many coal pits,
which afford plenty of fuel, ac liitle ex-
pense. Not'ingham is governed by a
mayor, sends two members to parliament,
and is seated on a river which communi-
cates \vitl» the Trent, oRe mile \.o tlie S.
It is IG miles E of D^rbv, and 123 N by VV
of London. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 52 58 N.
J\'uttingham, post town in Rockingiiam
county, New Mampshire, 24 n^des \W of
Portsmoutii. witii 964 iniiabitants in 1810;
andinlS20, 1120.
JWumgluim, West, town of Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire, on the E side -'f
Merrimack river, 45 miles N by W of Bos-
ton. It has a post office and 1267 inhabi-
tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1227.
JVotting/iain, township of Burling:! on coun-
ty. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 3633.
JVottingham, NE townsidp of Washing-
ton county, PennsyWana, on Mononguhela
river, 18 miles from Washington. Popula-
tion in 1820, 2100.
Nottingham, post town in Prince George
county, Maryland, on the W side of Patux-
ent river, 27 miles SE of Wasliington.
JK'oitlngham, a hilly township of Harrison
county, Ohio, seven miles W from Cadiz.
This township contains the viiLige of Moor-
field. Population in 1820, uncertain.
JVotiiiig/uunsIiire, county of England, 48
miles long, and 20 broad ; bounded on the
N by Ycrk-.hire and Lincolnslnre, on the E
by the latter county, on the S by Leices-
tershire, and on the W by Derbyshire. It
lies in tiiC diocess of York : contains 95,000
inhabitants, and s'jnds eight members to
parliament. No county in England enjoys
a pleasanter and healthier air. As for tlie
soil, it differs widely in various parts of the
county. Towards the W where lies the
forest of Sherwood, v/hich takes up the
greatest part of it, it is sandy, but the S
and E parts, watered by the Trent, and
rivers tlrat fall into it, are fruitful botli in
corn and pasture ; but the former produces
little, except, wood, coal, and some lead.
The principal rivers are the Trent, and
Idle ; the former inferior only to the Se-
vern, Thames, and Humber. Population
in 1801,140,350; m 1811, 162,000; and in
1821, 186,873.
A'ovalle, small, but populous town of
Italy, 10 miles NE of Padua, and 12 SW of
Treviso. Lon. 12 10 E, Int. 45 29 N.
.A'ovarn, ancient and strong town of
itaiy, \n the duchy of Milan, capital of tiie
Novarese, with a bisiiop's see. It is sei-
ed on afi emin'-nce, 12 miles NE of VerceJ,
and 25 W by S of Milan. Lon. 8 35 E, laf.
45 25 N. ' 1
jYova Scotia, or JxaiUa, province of Bil-
tish North America, bounded on the W hf
the United States, on the N by the river S .
Lawrence, on tlie E by tlie gulf of tb^t
name, and on the S by the Atlantic and ba^'
of Fundy ; being so indented by the latter,
tiiat its eastern part forms a peninsula. It
extends irom cape Subie, its most southeiji
poini, in lat. 43 23 to 49 30 N, and from fiO
15 to 67 0 W lon. In 1784, part of ths
country was formed into a new province.
Sec J\''ew Brvnsxvich. The most part of tlje
country is one continued tract of forest, aiil
the soil, except on the rivers' banks, is thin
and barren. Halifax is the capital. \
JSi'uva Zemlia, or J^ova Zembla, large an^
dr-solate island, lying off tlie northern coast
of Asia, and NE of Europe, extending front
lat. 69 to 76 N. It. is about 500 by 24(]
miles. It is uninhabited, and only visited
by fishermen in .summer. j
J\,'o7Jelluru, town of Italy, capital of a smalj
district of the same name, vvith a castlei
where the sovereign resides. It is 17 mile?
E by N of Farma,'and 20 S by W of ManJ
tua. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 44 48 N. [
jYovi, town of Italy, in the territory of
Genoa, 22 miles N W of Genoa. Lon^ 8 2S
E, lat. 44 45 N.
,\ovi Bazar, town of European Turkey,
in Servia, seated near the Oresco, 72 miles
W of Nissn, and 103 S of Belgrade. Lon.
21 1 E, iat. 43 35 N.
J\'ovigrad, town of Upper Hungary, ca-
pital ot a county of the same name, with a
castle ; seated on a mountain, near the Da-
nube, 25 miles N o.^ Buda.
JVovigrad, town of Dilmatia, with a cas-
tle ; seated on a lake of the same name,
near the gulf of Venice, 17 miles E of No-
na, .and 25 N W of Zara.
A''ovlgrail, strong place of Eviropean Tur-
key, in Servia, seated near the Danube, 35
miles N of Nissa.
jK'ovogorod, city of Russia, capital of a
government of the same name, and formerly
called Great Novogorod, to distinguish it
from other towns of tlie same appellation.
It was for a long time, governed by its own
dukes ; and Vv'as in fact, a republic, under
tlie jurisdiction fflf a nominal sovereign. Its
territory extended to the N as far as the
Irontiers of Livonia and Finland; compo-
sing great part of the province of Archan-
gel, and a large district beyond the NW
limits of Siberia. It was the great mart of
trade between Ku.ssia and the hanseatic
c tie.<:, and made the most r.apid advances
in mtilence, and population. Its powtr
743
-\ U i
vas 30 great, and its sliiiaUon so impregna-
He, as to give rise to a proverb, Who can
lesist the gods and great Novogorod r But
ii tile 15Ui century, ihis independent re-
public was obliged to submit to Ivan Busi-
bwitz 1. grand duke ot Russia. It cotitin-
led, nevertheless, the largest and most
iommercial city in Russia, and contained at
feast 400,000 souls. It v.as lirst desolated,
in a manner, by the cruelties of" Ivan Basi-
bwitz il ; but its splendour was not totally
(clipsed until Peter the great built Peters-
lurg, to which he transferred all the com-
nerce of the Baltic that had before center-
«d here. It now contains scarcely 7000
souls ; and a vast number of churches and
convents stand melancholy monuments of
its former magnificence. The town stretch-
«s on both sides of the VoikofF, a river o:
considerable depth and rapidity, which se-
parates it into two divisions ; namely, tiie
Trading Part and the quarter of St. So-
phia : in the latter is a cathe<lral of the
same name, in which several princes of the
ducal family of Russia are interred. Novo-
gorod is situate near the N end of the lalce
llmen, 125 miles SSE of Petersburg. Lon.
31 45 E, lat. 58 25 N.
J\rovogorod, JViznei, city of Russia, capitrd
of a government of the same name, and an
archbishop's see. It has a castle, surround-
ed by stone walls ; also tv.'o cathedrals, 28
parish churches, and five convents. Tiie
trade is considerable, and the shops richly
fui'nished with all kinds of foreign ana
home goods. It is seated at the conflux of
the Occa witli the Volga, 280 miles E by N
of Moscow. Lon. 46 30 E, lat. 56 34 N.
J^'ovogorod, Sevefskoi, town of Rus-
sia, capital of a governnrient of the same
nanae, seated on the Desna, 340 niiles
SW of Moscow. Lon. 32 40 E, lat- 52
20 N.
A'ovogrodek, town of Lithuania, ca-
pital of a palatinate of the same name,
seated on a hill in a vast plain, 80 miles
S by E of Wilna. Lon. 26 8 E, lat. 53
25 N.
JS'ovomirgorod, town of Russia, in the
government of Catherinenslaf, 136 miles
WNVV of Catherinenslaf. IjOH. 31 44
E, lat. 48 40 N.
j\i'outra, town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, near which are mines
of gold and silver. It is 30 miles S of
Cracow.
A'oxonton, post village Nev.-castle
county, Delaware, 22 miles SSW from
Wilmington.
A''oya, town of Spain, in Galicia The
chief trade is in shipbuilding. It stands at
the mouth of the Tambro, 15 miles VV of
Compostella.
.Xouers, town of France, in the depart-
~M
ment of Yonr.:', seated on the Serin, \9
miles ESE of Auxerre.
A^oyoii, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Oise. It gave birth to tli% fa-
mous Calvin ; and was lately an episco-
pal see. It is seated near the Oise 22
miles NVV of Soissons, and 60 N by Eof
I'aris.
J\'ozeroy, town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, with a castle, seated en
a mountain, 20 miles SE of Sahns.
.A iibia, country of Africa, bounded on
the N by Egypt, E by the Red Sea, S
by Abyssinia and Darfoor, and V/ by
Bornou. It is about 600 miles in length,
and 450 in breadth. The Nile runs
through it ; on the banks of \yhich it is
fruitful, but in other places barren, sandy,
and destitute of water. The productions
of the country are gold, e'ephants' teeth,
civet, and sandal -wood ; and a great
many slaves are sent into Egypt. The
principal towns known to the Europeans
are Dangola, and Sennar.
.Veustra Seiioka- de-la- Paz ^ town of
South America, in Peru, and in the au-
dience of Los Ciiarcas, with a bishop's
see. It is seated at the foot of a moun-
tain, in a valley abounding with vines
and fruits, which begin to be ripe in Ja-
nuary. Lon. 64 5 VV, lat. 16 50 S.
JK'eustra SeJioradela Vittoria, town of
North America, in the province of Mex-
ico, on the coast of the bay of Campeachy,
and in the province of Tobasco. Lon. 92
o5 W, lat. 18 0 N.
J\'eu-ua iSi'govia, town of the East In-
dies, in the Isle of Luzon, and one of the
Philippines, with a bishop's see. The
Portuguese alcaied, major of the pro-
vince, resides at this place. It is seated
near the mouth of the river Cagayan.
Lon. 120 30 E, lat. 18 59 N.
j\'uilz, town ( f France, in the depart-
ment of the Cote d'Or, and late province
of Burgundy, famous for its excellent
wines. It is seated at the foot of a moun-
tain, 15 miles SW of Dijon, and 130 SE
of Paris. Lon. 5 0 E, lat. 47 10 N.
.N'umancia. anciently a considerable
town of Spain, in Old Castile, celebrated
for a siege of 14 years maintained against
the Romans, who finally subdued and de-
stroyed it, in the year 133 B C. The
ruins of it are still to be seen, near the
head of the river Dnuero. four miles
above the town of Soria.
jYun, or .Xedde A''un, province of Af-
rica, separated on the S from the king-
dom of Sus, by a sandy desert. The em-
peror i.i Morocco pretends to be sove-
reign of this country, but his authority
is only nominal. This vast, but desert
pro'.iace, is inhabited bv different tribes
N U R
of Arabs, who are scattered over every
part capable of cultivation,
A^'undydi'oog; town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, capital of a district, in the
Mysore country. Its fortress is built on
the summit of an almost inaccessible
mountain, ITOO feet in height, but was
besieged and taken by the LnRlish under
lord Cornwallis, in 1792. It is 70 miles
N of Seringapatam.
Nuneaton, town in Warwickshire,
■svith a market on Saturday, and a manu-
facture of woollen cloth. It was formerly
noted for its nunnery, and is seated on
the river Anker, eight miles N by E of
Coventry, and 99 NNW of London. Lon.
1 25 w; lat. 52 36 N.
Xuneham^ village, live miles E by S
of Oxford ; remarkable for its Spinning
Feast, an annual festival, instituted by
loid and lady Harcourt, for the encour-
agement of virtue and industry.
JVunny, village in Somersetshire, two
miles S\V of Frome, with a fair in No-
vember. It is remarkable for an old cas-
tle taken by the parliament's forces in
1645, the shell of which is still entire,
and a fine piece of antiquity.
Nuremburg, or A'uremh^rg, free im-
perial city of Germany, caiJ.taV of the cir-
cle of Franconia, with a university. It
is six miles in circumference, surround-
ed by high walls, flanked with 365 tow-
ers ; and the river Pegnitz, over which
are 12 stone bridges, runs through the
middle, and divides it into two parts.
The government is aristocratical ; and
the townsmen are divided into eight
quarters, each of which has a captain.
I'he burgesses are very industrious, and
the best workmen in arts ; their maps
and prints are in high esteem, as well as
their musical and mathematical instru-
ments; nor are they less curious in clock
work, and in the several manufactures
of iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster.
The best toys are made here, which are
commonly known in England by the name
of Dutch toys. Here is a famous acade-
my for painting, an anatomical theatre,
and a public library. The ancient and
supurb castle or palace, which the inha-
bitants bought of the burgaves, is still
standing at the extremity of the city ;
and the arsenal is one of the best in Ger-
many. The houses are built of free-stone,
and are four or five stories high. No
Jews are suffered to lodge a single night
here ; nor can they enter the city at all
without paying a certain tax. Nurem-
burg, in process of time, has obtained a
considerable territory, 100 miles in cir-
cumference, in which are two lar^e fo-
rests. It is 55 miles NW of RaUshoD,
5B
N' V S
62 N of AOgsburg, and 250 W by N of*
Vienna. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 27 l^'.
Nurtingen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtem-
berg. It is situated on the Neckar, 14
miles SE of Stutgard, and 60 E of Stras-
barg. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 48 33 N.
JSFusserfiour, town of Hindoostan, ca-
pital of a district of the same name, 80
miles NE of Tatta. Lon. 68 20 E, lat.
2 20 N.
JWiys, town of Germany, in the elec^
torate of Cologne. It was taken by the
French in 1794: and is seated on the
ErfTt, five miles SW of Dusseldorf, and
20 N\V of Cologne. Lon. 6 52 E, lat.
51 11 N:
A'yborg, town of Denmark, in the isle
of Funen, seated in a commodious bay«
It has the remains of an old palace, in
which Christian II. was born, and is 10
miles E of Odensee. Lon. 10 40 E, lat.
55 30 N.
Nyland, province of Sweden, in Fin-
land, lying on the gulf of Finland, to the
W of Carelia.
J\'y77iburg, strong town of Bohemia^
seated on the river Elbe. The Saxons
took i'c by assault in 1634. Lon. 13 2&
E. lat. 50 8 N,
jVyon, commercial town of Swisser-
land in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a
bailiwic of the same name, with a castle.
Here are a great many Roman inscrip-
tions, and it is a trading place. It is
seated near the lake of Geneva, 10 miles
NNE of that city. Lon. 6 12 E, lat. 46
21 N.
A^yiins, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drcome, Rnd late jirovince of
Daupliiny, seated on the river Aigufes,
over which it has a lofty bridge of one
arch, the work of the Romans, and a mi-
neral spring named Pcntias, and some
manufactures of soap and woollen stuffs.
It is eight miles NW of Bliis. Lon. 5 15
E, lat. 44 26 N.
A'yslot, strong town of Russia, in the
goveniment of Livonia, with a castle. It
is seated on the Narova, among large
marshes, 20 miles SW of Narva, and 69
N of Wiburg. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 61
56 N.
JWj&tadt, tewn of Sweden, in Finland,
noted for a peace concluded here, in
1721, betv»reen the emperor of Russia,
and the king of Sweden, and it is seated
on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 55 miles
NW of Abo. Lon. 31 1 E, lat. 61 10 N.
Jyysttdy or JVyested, town of Denmark,
in the island of Jjaland, with a conside-
rable trade to the duchy of Mecklenburg
and other places of Germany. Lpn» 11
4' E, lat. 54 43 R
745
O A K
o
Oakfuskee, river of the United States,
sometimes called the Tallapoose. It rises
in the mountains of Georgia, and after
running through the state in a SW course,
it enters Alabama. Thence it passes
nearly due S, till it joins the Coosa, and
forms the Alabama. The united streams
are afterwards joined by the Tombigbee,
and falls into the bay of Mexico, near
Mobile.
Oak Grove, post office Lunenburg
county, Virginia.
Oak Hall, post office Greenville dis-
trict South Carolina.
Oakham, or Okeliam, county town of
Rutlandshire, with a market on Satur-
day. Near the church remain the decay-
ing walls of an old castle ; and four sil-
ver pennies of the later Mercian kings
were found here in 1749. It is seated in
the centi'e of a fertile valley, called the
Vale of Catmose, 28 miles S by E of Not-
tingham, and 98 N by W of London. Lon.
0 46 W, lat. 52 42 N.
Oakham, post village and township,
Worcester county, Massachusetts, 19
miles NVV from Worcester. Population
1810, 848, and in 1820, 986.
Oakhampton, or Ockhamfiton, borough
in Devonshire, with a market on Satur-
day. It sends two members to parlia-
ment, is governed by a mayor, and has
large remains of a castle, dismantled by
Henry VIII. It is seated on the river
Ock, 24 miles W of Exeter, and 195 W
by S of London. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. 50
48 N.
Oakhill, post office Green county. New
YoFk.
Oakhill, post office Fauquier county,
Virginia.
Oakhill, post office, Mecklenburg coun-
ty, Virginia,
Oakhill, post office, Laurens district,
South Carolina.
Oakland, county of Michigan territory,
on Huron of lake St Clair, lying N\V
from Wayne and W from Macomb coun-
ty, and about 40 miles N W from Deti'oi't.
The land of this county is excellent,' and
since 1818, when the United States lands
were sold, settlements have very rapidly
progressed.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 199
do. do. females - - 122
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
^46
Total whites
Fiee persons of colour, males
do. do, females
Slaves, males
do, females
Total population in 1820
321
6
o
0
0
330
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 117
do. in Manufactures - 2
do. in Commerce - - f27
Oakmulgee, river of Georgia. It is a
considerable stream which rises in the
Creek country, and when joined by the
Oconee, forms the Altamaha; the latter
falling into the Atlantic Ocean, between
M'Intosh and Glynn counties,
Oakor chard, creek of New York, in
Gennessee county, rises near the Tonne-
wanto, and flows north into lake Ontario.
It is one of the intended feeders of the
Erie canal.
Oak, post . ffice, Hanover county, Vir-
ginia.
Oarom, river of South America, in
Guiana, the SE branch of the Paraguay
of Orinoco.
Oaxaca, intendancy of Mexico, bound-
ed by the Atlantic Ocean S ; the intend-
ancy of Puebla W and NW ; Vera Cruz
N and NE ; and Guatimala E. Length
from E to W 240 ; mean width 180 ; and
area about 34,000 square miles. Between
lat. 15 40, and 18^* N.
This intendancy is one of the most de-
lightful countries on this part of the globe.
The beauty and salubrity of the climate,
the fertility of the soil, and the richness
and variety of its productions, all com-
bine to minister to the prosperity of its
inhabitants ; therefore, this province has
accordingly from the remotest periods,
been the centre of an advanced civiliza-
tion. In Puebla, Mexico, and Valladolid,
the substrata are composed of basaltes,
amygdaloid, and porphyry ; but in the
Mixtecan and Zapotecan ranges of Oaxa-
ca, granite and kneiss are the prevaihng
rocks. The mountain summits of Oaxaca
have not been scientifically determined,
but from the circumstance, that from
some of the peaks, the Gulf of Mexico,
and Pacific Ocean are visible, the eleva-
tion must exceed 7000 feet.
The surface of this region though
mountainous, may be considered in gene-
ral as an inclined plane, sloping from
O li E
ii U C
rooo feet to the level of the Pacific Ocean.
Some very remarkable Aztec ruins are
found in Oaxaca. See Pijramids, Ame-
rican.
The list of vegetable productions of
Oaxaca, are commensurate with nearly
all plants cultivated by civilized man in
the temperate zones, and tropical regions.
Its principal rivers are, the Chimalapa,
falling into the Gulf of Tehuantepec,
and the CUicometepec entering the Pa-
cific Ocean, in the SW part of the in-
tend an cy.
Its most productive mines are, those
of Villalta, Zolaga, Yxtepexi, and Tc-
tomostla.
The cities of Oaxaca, are Oaxaca, San
Antonio de los Cues, and Tehuantepec
The family of Hernando Cortez, are
styled Marquises of the valley of Oaxaca.
Their property is composed of the four
villas del Marquesado, and 49 villages,
which contain 18,000 inhabitants.
Oaxaca, city of Mexico, and capital of
the intendancy, by the same name stands
on one of the confluents of the Chicomete-
pec rivers, 240 miles SSE from the citv
of Mexico. Lon. W C 20 2 W, lat. 16 55
N. It is the ancient Huaxyacac, called
by the early Spanish writers on Mexico,
Antequera. It enjoys an atmosphere of
peculiar serenity, but the country is sub-
ject to eai-thquakes. Population 25,000.
Oban, village iri Argyleshire, seated
on the seaccast, where there is an ex-
cellent fishing station and a custom-
house.
Obdach, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Stiria, seated at the confluence
of tlie rivers Achza and Traun, three
miles below the lake Chienzee, and 35 VV
of Gratz. Lon. 14 43 E, lat. 47 3 N.
Oberkirch, town and castle of France,
in the department of Lower Rhine, and
late province of Alsace, lately belonging
to the archbishop of Scrasburg, from
which place it is three miles distant. Lon.
7 SO E, lat. 48 35 N.
Oberndorf, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, in the Black Forest,
subject to the house of Austria. It is di-
vided into the Upper and Lower Town,
and seated on the Neckar, 14 miles N
of Roth well. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 48 22 N,
Ober7ifierg, town of Bavaria, with a
castle, seated on the Inn, 15 miles S of
Passau, to whose bishop it belongs. Lon.
13 36 E, lat. 48 15 N.
Oberstein, town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a
county of the same name, seated on the
inver Nahe, 30 miles E by S of Treves.
Lon. 7 26 E, lat. 49 42 N.
Oberivesel, formerly an imperial town
uf (iermany, in the electorate of Treves
taken by the French in 1794, and seated
on the Rhine, 40 miles ENE of Treves.
L n. 7 48 E, lat. 50 1 N.
Obi. See Oby.
Obian, NW river of Tentiessee, rises
in Henry and CaroU counties, flows SW
by W, and falls into the Mississippi at N
lat. 35 56.
Obidos, town of Portugal, in Estremadu-
ra, with r. strong castle on a rock, 13 miles
E of Peniche, and 38 NNE of Lisbon.
Obollah, strong town of Persia, in Irac
Agemi, seated on a branch of the Tigris,
near Bassora.
Obskaia, gulf or bay of Siberia, in the
Frozen Ocean, about 360 miles from N to
S, and from 45 to 60 in breadth. Near the
nr.iddle of its E side brandies out the gulf
of Tazov/skaia, about 140 miles long and
30 broad. The SW extremity of the gidf
of Obskaia, where the river Oby enters it,
is in lon. 69 15 E, lat. 66 55 X.
Gbvinsk, town of Russia, in the govern-
irent of Perm, .siUlate on the Kama, 60
miles N of Perm. Lon. 56 0 E, lat. 58
41 N.
Obij, or Ob, largest river of Siberia, and
of the Russian empire. It issues from the
lake Altyn, in the desert of Iscliimska, and
runs NW and ^\^ by Kolivan, Narim, and
Surgut, till it receives the Iriysh from To-
bolsk, when i„ flows N andNE till it enters
the gulf of Obskaia, after a course of 1900
miles. It is navigable almost to its source,
and is a large smooth stream, abounding in
fish. Ill its course, especially after the
influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great num-
ber of islands.
Ocarfa, town of Colombia, in New Gra-
nada, on an eastern branch of the Magda-
lenu. Lon. VV C 3 56 E, lat. 8 10 N.
Ocano, tov/n of Spain, in New Castile,
seated on a plain, abounding in all the ne-
cessaries of life, 18 iniles E of Toledo.
Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 39 52 N.
Ocntahoola, parish of Louisiana ; bounded
by Concordia E and SE; Rapides S and
SW; and Wasliitiin NW .ind N. Length
70 ; mean widt.i 29 ; and area 2000 .square
miles. See Catukoola.
Ocatahoola river. See Catalioola rivei^
Ocatahoo'.a lake. See Catcihoola lake.
Occa, large river of Russia, which falls
Into the Vcilga, near Nishnei Novogorod,
See Olca.
Occoqiilian, river of Virginia, rises in
Fauquier, and flowing E, across that coun-
ty, and thence between Prince William
and Fairfax, f^lls into tlie Potomac about
20 miles heloiur Washinglon City._ It is
navigable for small vessels 15 miles to
Colchester.
Occoqulian, post office. Prince William
county, Virginia, 20 miles SSW from
Washinsrton Citv.
74T
O D E
O E D
Qchrida, town of Eiiropenn Turkey, in
Albania, 100 miles N from Joanina, on Like
Ochrida, from which issues the river Diuro.
See Locrida.
Ochseiifurt, town of Germany in the cir-
cle of Franconia, and in the bishopric of
Wurtzbii :•£!;•, on the Maine, 10 miles SE of
Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 10 E, lat. 49 35 N.
Ochsenhausen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, 14 miles S of Ulmi, and 40
WSW of Augsburg-. Lon. 10 11 E, lat. 48
ION.
Ocker, river of Eower Saxony, which
rises in the S part of the dncliy of Bruns-
wick, runs by Goslar, Woifenbuttle, and
Brunswick, and falls into the Aller, W of
Gythorn.
Oconee, river of Georgia, NE branch of
the Alatamaha. It rises in Hall county,
Georgia, and flowing SSE about 170 miles,
by comparative, courses joins the (!)akmul-
^e to form the Alatamaha. It is naviga-
ble for boats of considerable size to Mil-
ledgevilie.
Ocrncoke Inlet, unites Albemarle to
Pamlico Sound, on the coast of Tyrrell
county. North Carolina. It has a depth of
14 feet upon its most shallow bar.
Ocrida. See I,oochnda.
Octarnro, creek of Pennsylvania, rises
in Lancaster and Chester counties, and
flowing SSW, enters Cecil county, Mary-
land, and falls into Susquehannah river,
about 10 miles above Havre de Grace.
Prom about three miles S of tlie Gap
tavern on the Lancaster mad, to the line
between Pennsylvania and Maryland, it
separates Lancaster and Cliestcr counties.
Octtmara, bay of Colombia, in Venezuela,
about 15 miles E from Porto Cavaflo.
Oczakow, OP Otchalwf, seaport and fop-
tress of Russia, in the governnunt of Catha-
sinenslaf. It war. taken by storm by the
Russians, in 1788, and was confirmed to
Russia by the sub.seqiient peace. This
important place is the bey to both the Mog
and the Dnieper, rivers of great conse-
quence to tliis part of the empire. It is
Seated near the Black Sea, on the K side
of the estuary of the Dneiper, opposite
Kinburn, 50 miles W of Cherson, and 190
N by E of Constantinople. Lon. 30 30 E,
lat. 46 35 N.
Oddena, town of Guinea. See George
dd JUina.
Odenbach, town of Germany, in the
duchy of DeiiK Ponts, on the Glan, 34
miles SWofMentz.
Odmis-ee, town of Denmark, capital of the
isle of Funen. It supplies the greatest
part of the army with ail "Iheir leather ac-
coutrements, and is particularly famous for
gloves. Here are also m&nufactures of
cloth, sugar, and soap. It is situated on a
riverj six miles from the bay erf Stegestrand,
T4fi "
and 90 W bv S of Copenhagen. Lon. 10
17 E, lat. 55 30 X.
Oder, river of Germany, which has its
source in the moimtains of Moravia, and
flows N to Oderberg ; then passes by Rati-
bor, Oppeln, Breslau, and Glogau, in Sile-
sia ; Crossen, Frankfort, Lebus, Custrin,
and FrJnwalt, in Brandenburg ; and Gartz,
Stettin, Camin, Wollin, Usedom, and Wol-
gast, in Pomerania. Below Ste'.tin it forms
a large lake or bay, called Gross Haff", and
then enters the Baltic Sea by three chan-
nels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwenow ;
between which lie the islands of Usedom
and Wollin.
Oderberg, town of Moravia, on the con-
fines of Silesia, with a castle, seated on the
Oder, at the influx of the Elsa, 18 miles N
NW of Teschen.
Oderberg, town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle Mark, situate on the Oder, 25 miles
NW of Custrin.
Odernheim, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine ; seated on the Seltz,
14 miles S of Mentz.
Odernheim, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Ponts ; seated on the Glao,
near its conflux with the Nahe, 28 miles S
W of Mentz.
Odessa, fortified seaport of Russia, in the
government of Catherlnenslaf, seated on a
gulf of the Black Ses, 44 miles W by S of
Oczakow. Lon. 30 24 E, lat. 46 28 N.
This place, formerly an obscure village,
wa"5 chosen by Catherine II, in 1792, as a
suitable place to form a Russian emporium
on the Black sea. The bay is spacious,
deep, and bottomed with fine sand or
gravel. The adjacent regions on the
Dnieper, Bog, and Dniester, are in a high
degree productive. Its advance has been
extremely rapid in 1804, it contained
15,000 ; "in 1820, 36,0U0, and at present,
(November 1822,) it is probable above
40,rK)0 inhabitants. Its chirf export staple
is grain. Tallow, Ivdes, &c. are also ex-
ported in small quantities. The prospect
is fair, that Odessa will become one of the
greatest marts of the eastern continent.
Odeypour, town of Hindoostan, capital of
Jushpour, in the province of Orissa. It is
60 miles NE of liuttenpour, and 220 NW
of Cattack. Lon. 83 22 E, lat. 22 37 N.
Odihani, town in Hampshire, on the Ba-
singstoke canal, 24 miles NE of Winches-
ter, and 42 W by S of London.
Oebifeld, town of Lower Saxony, in the
<luc!iy of Magdeburg, seated on the Aller,
22 miles NE of Brunswick.
Oedenburg, or Soprony-JVorivegye, pa-
latinate of West Hungary, commencing
about 40 miles SSE from "Vienna.
Oederan, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
nia, sitiiate near the Flobe, nine miles ENE
of Chemnir?:.
O (i ])
O G I,
OeUziul, island of Sweden, in Uie BaUlc, town is high, bold, and pleasing; and the
separaced froiT» tl-.e coast of Gothland, by mouth of the Oswegatclie affords an ex-
a strait 12 miles broad v\ the narrowest cellent harbour. It is the lowest point of
part. It is 80 miles long-, but not more ship navigation, on St. Lawrence from lake
than nine broad. Tiie N part has fine fo- Ontario. The Gallop rapid s commence
rests, quarries of excellent freestone ; but abf)ut five miles below. Ii is the seat of
the S part is more level ; and very fertile, some mdls, and manufactures , and stands
Both parts abound in alum mines. Bork- opposite to I'rescott, in Upper Canada, 65
holm is the chief town, seated on the strait, miles by land NE from Sackett's Harbour,
22 miles ENE of Calmar. Lon. 16 50 E, and about 120 miles above Montreal. Po-
lat. 56 48 N. pulation about 300.
Oelfeltytown of Lower Saxony, in the Ogeechee, river of Georgia, rising in
duchy of Magdeburg, on the Alier, 25 Greene coimty, and flowing SE, between
miles E of Brunswick. Lon. 11 20 E, lat the confluents of the Alatamaha, and Savan-
52 27 N. nah rivers, falls into the Atlantic Ocean by
Dels, town of Silesia, capital of a pvinci- Ossabow Sound, 20 miles S from Savannah,
pality of tile same name. It passes by Georgetown in Warren, and
Oels, principality of Silesia, forming part Louisville in .Jefferson county,
of the goverment of Breslau. Oginski canal, between the governments
Oelsnitz, town of Upper Saxony in the of Bielsk, and Minsk, in Bussian Poland,
territory of Voiglland, seated on the El- It commences in the lasiolda, which falls
ster. Lon. 12 10 E, lat- 50 19 N. into the Prypiez, and thence into tiie Dnie-
Oesel, island of the Baltic, on the coast per, and terminates near Slonim, in the
of Livonia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Schara, a branch of the Niemen. It was
Riga. It is 74 miles long and 50 broad made navigable in 1784, and completed in
and defended by two forts. It formerly be- 1802. By this canal, and by the Dnieper,
~ ' " and Niemen, a water communicalion is
open between tlie Baltic and Black seas.
Oglethorpe, county, Georgia ; bounded by
Washington E ; Greene S ; Ciark VV ; Ma-
longed to Denmark, bat now to Russia. Its
capital is Arensburg.
Oeting, town of Upper Bavaria. It is
divided into the Upper and Lower Town
and is seated on the Inn, eight miles NW dis&n NW ; and Broad river, or Elbert NE
of Burkhausen. Lon. 1244 E, lat. 48 14 N. Length 22 ; mean width 20 ; and area 440
Oeting, or Oetingen, town of Suabia, cap- square miles. It lies between Oconee. and
ital of a county of the same name. It is Broad river and is drained by their con»
sea'ed on the river Wivnitz, 12 mdes NNW fluen's. The .surface moderately hilly,
of Don.iwert, and 35 WNW of Ingolstadt. and sod productive. Staples, cotton, grain,
Lon. 10 40 E, l.at. 48 58 N. &c. Chief town, Lexington.
Offa's Dike, entrenchment cast up by Population in 1810.
Offa, a Saxon king, to defend England Free white males - - . 3,506
against the incursions of the Welsh. It do. do. females - . - 3,351
runs through Herefordshire, Shropshire,
Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire, and Flint- Total whites .... 6,857
shire. All other persons except Indians
OffaiUo, river of the kingdom of Naples, not taxed .... 5
which rises in the Appennincs ; passes by Slaves
Conza and Monte Verde ; separates Capi
tanta from Bassilicata and Terra-di-Bari ;
and falls into the gulf of Venice, near Bar-
letta. It is the ancient Aufidius.
Offenbach, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Franconia, on tlie Maine, five miles
E of Francfort. Lon. 8 45 E, lat, 49 54 N.
Offeiiburgi town of Suabia, on the Kint-
zig, 12 miles SE of Strasburg, and 28 S of
Baden. Lon. 8 1 E, lat. 48 31 N.
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
K\\ other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites
5,435
12,297
Offida, town of Italy, in tlie marquisate Free persons of colour, males
Lon.
do.
Slaves, males
do. females
do. females
of Ancona, 26 miles S of Loretto.
13 46 E, lat. 42 5Z N.
Offutt's, post oflice, Hampshire county.
Virginia.
Ogclen, township of Genesee county,
New York. Population 1820, 1435.
Ogdenshurg, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, St. Lawrence county, New York, on Foreigners not naturalized
St. Lawrence river, on the point below the Engaged in Agriculture
month of Oswegatche, The site of this do. in Manufactures
749
Total population in 1820
Of these :
14,046
10
5,989
19?
O 11 I
O H I
Engaged in Commerce - ^0
Population to the square mile, 32 nearly.
0/do, NW township of Alleghany coun-
ty, Pennylvania, on Ohio river. Population
1820, 1477.
Ohio, one of the western townships of
Beaver county, Pennsylvania, on, and N
from Ohio river. Population 1820, 1075.
Ohio, county, of Virginia, bounded by
Washinjjton and Greene couniies in Penn-
sylvania" K ; Tyler county in Virginia S ;
the Ohio river W ; and Brooke county in
Virginia N. Length 32 ; mean width 10;
and area 320 square miles. The SDrface of
tliis county is excessively broken by hills,
and yet the soil is almost uniformly pro-
ductive. Baside the 0!iio river, which
washes its western border, it is watered by
Short creek, Wheel ng creek. Grave creek,
Fish creek, and Fishing creek. The allu-
vial bottoms of the Ohio, and the above
creeks are exuberantly fertile. Staples,
grain, flour, pork, beef, live stock, 5cc.
Chief town, AVheeling,
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,957
do. do. females - - 3,724
Total whites .... 7,681
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . 54
Slaves 440
Total population in 1810 - 8,175
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . . 4,525
do. do. females . . - 4,195
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . o
Total whites .... 8,720
Free persons of colour, males - 30
do. do. females 13
•Slaves, males . - - 221
do, females - - - 198
9.182
93
1,494
463
93
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 28A.
0/no, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Butler SB ; Green river, or Muhlenburg
S; andSW; Davies NW; Brackenridg'e
N ; and Grayson NE. Length 32 ; mean
•width 20 ; and area 640 square miles.
Chief town, Hartford.
Population in 1810
Free white males - - . 1,722
do. do. females - . 1,523
"50
Total whites • - - 3,245
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 14
Slaves 533
Total population in 1810 - 3,792
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,789
do. do. females - - - 1,603
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites - . . . 3,392
Free persons of colour, males - 11
do. do. females - 8
Slaves, males .... 246
do. females - - . 222
Total population in 1820 - 3,879
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 695
do. in Manufactures - 45
do. in Commerce - . 9
Population to the square mile, 6.
Ohio, state of the United States ;
bounded by Ohio river or Virgmia, south-
east ; Ohio river or Kentucky, south ;
Indiana west ; Michigan territory and
Lake Erie, N ; and Pennsylvania, NE.
miles.
Ohio has an interior boundary, on
Ohio river, from the mouth of
Little Beaver, to that of the Great
Miama, 440
Due north from the mouth of Great
Miama, north latitude 59 07, to
north latitude 41 35, . - 170
Thence due east to Lake Erie, - SO
Thence along tiie southeast shore
of Erie, ... - 150
Thence aiong the western boundary
of Pennsylvania, - - - 93
Having an outline of 953
Area 40,000 = 25,600,000 acres. N
latitude 38 29 41 59.
The longest line in the State of Ohio,
north-east and south-west, is 300 miles.
Its width between Pensacola ai^.d Indiana
227 miles.
Though not marked by any of those
bold and sublime features which are pe-
culiar only to mountainous countries,
Ohio presents some very remarkable
traits, which call forth the utmost atten-
tion of the statist and philosopher.
For the general features of Ohio. See
article Mississippi basin, section Ohio
river.
When it is known that the vale in
O H I
O II L
which the Ohio flows is from SOU to 409
feet below the common level of the ad-
jacent country, and when it is also known,
that an immense table land extends
through the state in nearly a north-east,
and south-west direction, the origin of
the phenomena, which serve to form
its physiognomy, is easily traced. The
rugged appearance of the Ohio banks in
all their extent give an idea of uneven-
ness to the state, which an examination
of its interior must correct.
Like all other sections of the United
States, Ohio cannot be designated by any
general character ; and similar to every
newly settled part of our country, from
the attention of early emigrants being
naturally turned towards the bestsoil, the
river alluvion and rich prairie margins
have contributed to give too high colour-
ing to descriptions of its lands.
As far as a general view can be adopt-
ed, the toUowing may exhibit the great
out'ines of the state.
Fifty or sixty miies from the Ohio
river hilly, and in part very rugged ;
formed by abrasion of water.
The region in the rear of the hilly is
not level, though not rising into hills of
any considerable elevation ; it is rolling
land, and presents features in exact ac-
cordance with what must rise from the
theory we have adopted. The country
becoming more level approaching the in-
terior land ; until finally smoothing into
the elevated plain from which the rivers
flow into Lake Erie, or into Ohio river.
The third variety is that of the plains,
or table land. This natural section con-
tains very various species of soil, from
rich river alluvion and prairie to sterile
oak barrens and marshes : the latter to
considerable extent.
Another remarkable natural section
of Ohio lies along Lake Erie. The slops
of the country rises gradually from Ohio
river towards the sources of Muskingum,
and Cuyahoga. On the latter, a sudden
and much more incHned depression falls
towards the lake. This dividing line, for
ridge it cannot be called, does not con-
form to the bearings of Erie. At the
north-east angle of the state its appex is
within three miles, whilst towards the
sources of Maumee, it has receded
above 100 miles from the lake.
A series of falls interrupts every river
of Ohio, flowing into Erie. Those' which
flow into Ohio river, except Muskingum,
though all are rapid in their descent,
none have falls. The small cataract at
Muskingum, at Zanesville, is the last
water-fall in any stream of magnitude
worthy notice, on the north-western slope
nf the Ohio basin. It mav not be irrele-
vant to remark, that on all the vast ex-
tent west from Zanesville to the sources
of the Plate and Kansas rivers, and
north-west to the sources of Yellow
Stone and Missouri rivers, no cataract
worthy notice has been discovered. Be-
low the Great Kenhawa, on the south-
eastern slope, their occurrence is equally
rare. The rapids of Ohio and Muscle
shoals, in Tennessee, are only approaches
to falls, and br>lh are merely strong ra-
pids, th. 'h.t ' only obstructing up; trcm,
both admitting down-stream navigation.
Indeed exemption from impediments to
commercial interccurse maybe constantly
kept in view, as one of the most feici
tous features of the whole Mi>L,'^.^sippi
basin. An ; xempiion touiid to -in qual
extent no where else on the g!' be, ex-
cept in the basins of the Plate, Amazon,
and Oroiioco rivers, m South Anicvica
It would be a very interesting s' luticn
to determine the relative extent of the
various liatur^il sections of Ohio. Such
an estimate v/ouid be so vague, upo'i the
uncertain data we possess, that p.o satis-
factory result can be obtained. It may
be observed thar. the three sectiohs, hiliy.
rolling, and level, are neai'ly of equal ex-
tent, or about 13,300 square miles each ;
and that the whole state is, though une-
qually so, habitable. The result of the
settlement of this state proves its general
productiveness.
1 have been myself over a large part
of the southern and northern frontiers of
Ohio, and have every where found the
soil favourable to the purpose of agricul-
ture. No part of what is called barrens,
or swamp in Ohio, are so irreclaimable
as the sandy shores of the Carolinas and
Florida, the sea marshes of Louisiana and
Texas ; or so unproductive as the inter-
minable pine tracts which reach from
the Roanoice to Red river.
In point of position, its local is in many
respects favourable ; but its advantages
are more appropriate to an interior than
exterior communication. The quantity
of its arable soil will, no doubt, combi-
ned as it is by many moral causes, su-
perinduce a very dense population in
Ohio ; circumstances, however, coromon
to all will produce in Ohio, Indiana, Il-
linois, and Michigan, a mass of popula-
tion by fav exceeding that of any other
equal continuous extent in the United
States.
The most common mineral productions
of Ohio are, c al and iron Coal is found
along the Ohio and Muskingum rivers,
and iron ore in various parts of the
state. Water impregnated with muriate
of soda, common salt, has been found, but
not in anv quantity to render the manu-
O H I
O H I
facture of salt an object of any considera-
ble value.
The staples of this state are numerous
and important, consisting of wheat, rye,
oats, Indian corn, whiskey, apples, cider,
live stock, and salted provisions. The
most frequented commercial outlets are,
by the (3hio, and Mississippi rivei", to
New Orleans ; by lake Erie and Detroit
river, to Detroit ; by lakes Erie and On-
tario, and St. Lawrence river to Mon-
treal ; and by land, to Pittsburg, New
York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
The seat of government is at Colum-
bus, but by far the largest town in che
state, is the city of Cincinatti, contain-
ing, at present, above 10,000 inhabitants.
Steubenville, Zanesville, Cleaveland, and
several others, are flourishing places,
containing a population of from 500 to
3000.
The civil and political subdivisions of
Ohio are the following, with the result
of the census of 1820 annexed.
Counties.
Adams
Allen
Ashtabula
Athens
B-lmont
Brown
Butler
Cliampaign
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Columbiana
Coshockton
Crawford
Cuyahoga
Darke
Delaware
Fairfield
Fayette
Franklin
Gallia
Geauga
Greene
Guernsey
Hatnilton
Hancock
Harrison
Henry
Highland
Hardin
Hocking
Huron
Jackson
JfiFerson
Knox
Lawrence
Licking
Logan
Madison
Marion
Inhabitants^
10,406
7,382
6.338
20,329
13,356
21,746
8,479
9,533
15.820
8,085
22,033
7,086
6,328
3,717
7,639
16,633
6,616
10.292
7,098
7,791
10,529
9,292
31,764
14,345
12,308
2,130
6,675
3,746
18,531
8,326
3,499
11,861
3,181
4,799
752
Sij, miles. To Sq. mile.
400
700
750
500
470
480
460
400
416
360
864
900
540
468
672
650
540
450
520
500
600
400
470
400
578
450
630
420
570
432
900
490
500
600
430
700
500
400
530
26
10
8
40
60
45
18
24
38
22
25
6
9
5i
12
30
14
m
14
13
26
19
79
31
30
5
7
7J,-
37^
14
8
19
6
12
Medina
Meigs
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Muskingum
Paulding
Perry
Pickaway
Pike
Portage
Preble
Putnam
Richland
Ross
Sandusky
Sciota
Seneca
Shelby
Starke
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Vanwert
Union
Warren
Washington
Wayne,
Williams
Wood
3,082
4,480
8,851
4,645
15,999
5,297
17,824
8,429
13,149
4,253
10,095
10,237
9,169
20,619
852
S,750
2,106
12,406
15,546
8,328
1,996
17,837
10,425
11,933
760
400
410
518
480
500
660
432
400
470
4^0
750
430
575
?00
650
600
575
540
418
800
870
680
432
500
400
600
720
600
750
581,434 38,260
4
11
21
9
33
lOh
27
21
30
10
13
23^
10
31
6^
10
5
151
m
12
34
44i
17"
16|
15
Ohio is calculated by Mr. Kilbourn, in
his Gazetteer, to contain 40,000 square
miles That calculation is, no doubt,
nearly correct : therefore, allowing for
surface, irreclaimable swamps, and other
uncultivated tracts, the aggregate of the
counties will approach very closely to the
real arable land of Ohio.
The counties of Crawford, Hancock,
Harden, Heniy, Marion, Paulding, Put-
nam, Seneca, Vanwert, and Williams,
have been formed subsequent to the last
census, and, being mostly in the new pur-
chase, remain in great part uninhabited.
These counties, taken together, amount
to 5427 square miles. The aggregate of
the census of 1820 was but little influen-
ced in its amount by the few inhabitants
then upon this surface ; an area approach-
ing one- seventh part of the superficies of
the state. Deducting 5427 square miles
from 38,260, leaves 32,833, as the really
inhabited surface of Ohio. The latter
area has, therefore, at present, if we
make but a moderate allowance for the
augmentation since the census was closed,
upwards of eighteen to the square mile.
I'he uninhabited, or thinly peopled coun-
ties, more than equal, in point of fertility
of soil, the general aggregate surface of
the state, and will consequently admit, at
least, an equal density of population, or
OKA
9 h U
permit the addition of nearly 100,000 in- SW bmnch of tiie Volga. It rises ia the
habitants to the state. governments of Smolensk, Kalouga, and
Tlie progressive population of Ohio is Orel, flows NE by E and falls into the Vol-
an unmatched phenomenon in the history ga at Nishnei-Novogorod, after acompara-
of colonization. In 1783, the ground now live course of 600 miles. It passes by
embraced within its limits, was one wide
waste. In 1790, 3000 civilized inhabitants
were only found on its surface. In 1800,
they had increased to 42,156. In 1810,
the census presented an abstract contain
Orel, Kalonga, Kolomna, lliazane, Spaak,
Kissiiiov, and Murom. Mosqua, on which
stands Moscow, is one of its northern
branches. It is one of the best navigable
secondary rivers in Europe, being passable
iag 227,843. In 1820, the state possessed ^^'''h boats to Orel near its source
581,434 inhabitants. It demands a very
limited knowledge of the relation of Ohio,
its admirable position, its exuberant soil,
and above all, the effects which must en-
sue from opening the western canal of
New York, to foresee an augmentation of
people on Ohio more rapid in the next
ten years than in any equal antecedent
period.
Ohio, in 1820, contained 576,572 white
inhabitants, and 4723 free coloured per-
sons. In point of classification, the inha-
bitants were comf)osed of :
Foreigners not naturalized - 3495
Engaged in agriculture • 110,921
Do in manufactures, - 18,956
Do in commerce - - 1,459
Ohio became a state of the United
States in 1803.
Ohio, river of the United States, the
great NE branch of Mississippi. See
Mississippi, section Ohio.
0/do, southern township of Gallia coun-
ty Ohio. Poi)ulation 1820, 483.
Ohio, SW township of Clermont coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 2791
Ok-lock-one, river of the United States,
rises in Georgia, and flowing SSW falls
into St. George's Saund 40 miles K from
the mouth of die Apj)alachicola river.
Okeham. See Oakham.
Okin^ham, or IVokingham, town In Berk-
shire, v.ith a market on Tuesday, eight
miles SE of Reading, and 32 W of Lon-
don. I.on. 0 59 W, lat. 51 25 N.
Okotzk, province of the government of
Irkutzk, in Russia. Its capital, of the
same name, is seated at the mouth of the
Okota, in a bay of the Eastern Ocean.
Oliktiburq^, town of Westphalia, capital
of a countpy of the same name, The
church of St. Lambert contains the tombs
of the last counts of Oldenburg, which
are very curious. It is noted for its horses ;
and is seated on llie Hunta, 22 miles W of
Bremen, and 45 SE of Embdem. Lon.
8 8 E, lat. 5'o 7 N.
Oldenburg, Grand duchy of NW Ger-
many ; consisting of, Oldenburg, Delmen-
horst, Vasel, Jever, and Kniphausgn, 2250
square miles, and 180,000 inhabitants ;
principality of Eutin or Lubec ; 200 square
miles, and 20,000 inhabitants ; and Birken-
Ohiofiyk falls, in Youghiogheny river, field 170 square miles, and 20,000 inhabi-
They are in Fayette county, 11 or 12 tants. Oldenburg was created a grand
miles NE from Uniontown. duchy, and its duke received into the Ger-
Oil creek, creek of Pennsylvania, ri- monic confederation, 1815.
sing in the NE part of Crawford, and OUlenburg, town of Lower Saxony, Irt
SVV of Warren county, flows S, and falls the duchy of Ilolstein, seated near the Bal-
into the Alleghany river, 10 miles above tic, 30 mdes N of Lubec. Lon. 10 47 E,
Franklin. On it is a remarkable spring, lat, 54 22 N.
on the waters of which, a mineral oil is Oldendnrf, town of Ldwer Saxony, in the
found to float. duchy of Lunenburg, seated on the We-
Oil creek, SE townsbJp of Crawford
county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820,
495.
naw
N.
and Esca. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 53 16
Oldendorf, town of Westphalia, in the
Oil spring, post office, Catharaugus cQua- territory of Schavenburg, seated on tl;e
ty. New York. Weser, 28 miles SW of Hanover] Lon,
Oisans, town of France in the depart- 9 31 E, lat 52 16 N.
ment of Isere and late province of Dau- Oldenzecl, town id the United Provinces
phiny, 28 miles SE of Grenoble. Beau- of Overyssel, 30 miles E of Deventer. Lon,
vais is the capital Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 45 0 6 57 E, lat 52 .20 N.
N. OUkrh, town of Lower Saxony, in the
Oise, department of France, including ditcby of Ilolstein, seated on the Trave, 17"
part of the late province of the Isle of miles W of Lubec, and 25 NE of Ham<>
France. _ burg. Lon. 10 18 E, lat. s:i 52 N.
Oise, river which has its source in tire OW i/amwV/e, town of Rockcastle county,
Ardennes, and falls into the Seine, near Kentucky, on Rockcastle river.
Pontoise. It gives name to the above de- Old head of Kinsale, cape on the south
partment. coast of Ireland, about six miles S from
Oka, river of European Kussla. gjc^it Kinsale, It is a higli rocky promontory ;
5C ' TSj
i} L I
O L \
which has been vecently rftndered distress-
fully remarkable by the wreck of the Al-
bion, 1822.
Oilman's creek, small stream of New Jer-
sey, separating Salem and Gloucester coun-
ties, and falling into the Delaware about
three miles below Marcus Hook.
Old Town, or Indian Old Toivn, island in
Penobscot river, Penobscot county Maine.
It is an Indian settlement, containing about
200 acres ; and 300 persons.
Old Town, post town in Allegany coun-
ty, Maryland; situated on the N side of
Potomac river, near the mouth of the SW
branch, 14 miles SE of Cumberland, and
134 NW of Washington,
Olean, township of Cattaraugus county,
New York, on Allegany river, at the mouth
of Olean creek, containing Hamilton, which
see. Population in 1820, 1047.
Olean, creek, of Cattaraugus county. New
York, flows S. and falls into Allegany river
at Hamilton.
OleroTt, isle of France, five miles from
tlie coasts of Aunis and Saintonge. It is 12
miles long and five broad ; is populous and
fertile, producing corn and wine, and is
defended by a castle. It contains about 10
or 12,000 inhabitants, and on a headland is
a light-house, and on its E side stands a
strong castle. In the reign of Richard I.
this island was part of the possession of the
crown of England ; and here that monarch
compiled the code of maritime laws, called
the Laws of Oleron, which are received by
all nations in Europe, as the ground of all
their marine constitutions. Lon. 1 20 W,
lat. 46 3 N.
Oleron, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees and late province
of Beam, with a bishop's see. It is seated
on the Gave, 10 miles SW of Pau. Lon. 0
14 W, lat. 43 7 N.
Olesko, town of Poland, in Red Russia,
36 miles ENE of Lemburg. Lon. 25 10 E,
lat. 50 23 N.
Oley, township of Berks county, Pennsyl-
vania, containing 1284 inhabitants in 1810,
and in 1820, 1400. It is situated eight
miles E of Beading and 12 NW of Potts-
grove ; and is watered by Mannatawny
creek.
Olika, town of Poland in Volhinia, with
a citadel, 20 miles E of Lucko. Lon. 26 8
E, lat. 51 15 N.
Olinda, town of Brasll, seated on the
Atlantic with a very good harbour. It was
faken by the Dutch in 163C, but the Por-
tuguese have since retaken it. Lon. o5 0
W, lat. 8 13 S.
OlitOt town of Spain, in Navarre, where
their^ings formerly resided. It is seated
in a fertile country, 20 miles N of Tudela.
Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 42 22 N.
Oliva, celebrated monastery of Western
Prossfe, three miles W of Dantzjc. It con-
tains several tombs of the dukes ot Po-
merania, and is remarkable for the peace
concluded in 1660, between the emperor
of Germany and the kings of Sweden and
Poland.
Olivenza, strong town of Portugal in
Alentejo, seated near the Guadiana, 13
miles S of Elvas, and 40 E of Evora. Lon.
7 4 W, lat. 38 30 N.
Olive, township of Morgan county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 520.
Olive, township of Meigs county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 485.
Olive Gree«, township of Morgan county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 300.
Olmedo, town of Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on the Adaja, 30 miles S of Vallado-
lid. Lon. 4 29 W, lat. 41 20 N.
Olmutz, commercial town of Moravia, on
the Morava, 80 miles N by E of Vienna,
and 97 S of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat.
49 26 N.
Olneij, town in Bucks, with a market on
Monday, and a considerable manufacture
of bonelace. It is seated on the Ouse,
12 miles SE of Northampton, and 56
NNW of London. Lon. 0 54 W, lat. 52
5 N.
Olone, island, town, castle, and harboa?-
of France, in the department of Vendee and
late province of Poitou 30 miles NW of
Rochelle, and 258 S W of Paris. Lon. 1 43
W, lat. 46 30 N.
Olonetz, government of Russia, included
formerly in the government of Novogorod.
In this district are some considerable iron
works.
Olonetz, town of Russia, in a govern-
ment of the same name, famous for its
mines of iron, and its mineral water. It is
situated on the river Olonza, which falls
into the lake Ladoga. Lon. 34 20 E, lat.
61 26 N.
Olse, or Oehe, strong and considerable
town of Silesia, with a castle, where the
duke generally resides. It is 17 miles
NE of Breslaw. Lon. 17 26 E, lat. 51
19 N.
Olsonitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the
territory of Voigtland, seated on the Elster,
60 miles SW of Dresden. Lon. 12 27 E,
lat. 50 40 N.
Oltsn, town of Swisserland, capital of a
baliwic, in the canton of Soleure. It is
dependent on the bishop of Basle, and is
seated a little to the N of the Aar, between
Arberg and Araw. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 47
16 N.
Olympus, mountain of Natolla, one of
the highest and most considerable in all
Asia. The ancients supposed its top reach-
ed the heavens : and, from that circum-
stance, placed the residence of the pods
there, and made it the court of Jupiter.
There are several mountains of the same
name.
0 N K
N tr
Omhrone, river of Italy vvhicii rises in
the Siennese, and falls into the Mediterra-
nean.
Ombrone, town of Italy in the Sien-
nese, between t!ie river Ombrone and the
lake Castigliano, three miles S of Gros-
setto.
Omeffna, town of the duchy of Milan, in
the Novarese, with a castle, five miles N of
Orta.
Omer St. fortified, large, and populons
town of France, in the department rtf tlie
straits of Calais and late province of Artois,
on the Aa, on the side of a lull, eight miles
NW of Aire, and 135 N of Paris. Lon. 2
20 E, lat. 54 45N.
Ommen, town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 17 miles
NE of Deventer. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 52
32 N.
Ommenburg, strong town of Germany in
the electorate of Mentz, seated on the
Dthern, nine miles SE of Marpurg, and
45 NE and francfort. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 50
SON.
Omndrabih, river of Africa, which rises
in mount Atlas, separates the kingdom of
M)rocco from that of Fez, .and entering the
Atlantic, forms a capacious bay on the E
side of Azamor.
Omova, sea port of Mexico in Honduras,
near the bottom of the bay of Honduras,
Lon. W C 10 40 W, lat. 15 53 N.
Omrapoora. See Ummerapoora.
Omsk, town and fortress of Russia, in the
government of Tobolsk, situate at the
conflux of the Om v/ith the Irtysh, 350
miles SE of Tobolsk. Lon. 74 54 E, lat.
54 14 N.
Onecote, village in StaflTordshire, eight
miles N by E of Cheadle, noted for the rich
copper mines in its vicinity.
Oneeheoiy, one of the Sandwich islands
in the Pacific ocean, five leagues W of
Atooi. JLts eastern coast is high, and rises
abruptly from the sea, but the other parts
consist of low ground, except a round bluff'
hea,d on the SE point. It produces plenty
of yams, and of a sweet root called Tee.
Lon. 161 0 W, lat. 21 54 N.
Onej, town of Russia, in the government
of Archangel, on the river Onega, near the
White sea, 80 miles SSW of Archangel.
Lon. 37 24 E, lot. 63 35 N.
Onega, lake of Russia, in the government
of Olnnetz. The lake is 100 miles long,
and 40 broad, and has a communication
with the lake Lodoga, by the Svir river.
Onega, r.ver of Russia, rising in the
government of Olonetz, and flowing NNE
into the SW extremity of the Wiiite Sea.
Onega, town of Russia, at the mouth of
the Onega river.
Oneglia, principality of Italy, surrounded
by the tereitory of Genoa, but subject to
the king of Sardinia. It abounds in tjive-
trees, fruits and wine.
Oneglia, sea port of Italy, in a principali-
ty of the same name, on a small river, 30
miles SE of Cogni, and 50 W by S of Ge-
noa. Lon. 7 31 E, lat. 45 58 N.
Oneida, county of New York ; bounded
by Lewis county N ; Herkimer E, Madison
SW ; and Oswego W. Length 40 ; mean
width 30 ; and area 1200 square miles.
Surface much diversified by hill and dale.
Soil generally productive. The local posi-
tion of this county is very remarkable ; as it
occupies the summit level between the
waters of Hudson, and St. Lawrence basins.
The ISIohawk rises in its centre; the sources
of Black river flow from its NE angle into
lake Erie at Sacket's Harbour ; its western
sections are drained by Fish creek, AVood
creek, and Oneida creek flowing into lake
Oneida; and from its extensive southern
limit flows the UnudlUa branch of Susque-
hannn.h. Chief tovtns Utica, Rome, and
Wliitesborough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 17,421
do. do. females • - - 16,160
Total whites - - . . 33,581
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 130
Slaves - fil
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females - - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . .
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females - - .
Total population in 1820
33,792
25,711
24,909
50,997
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized 945
Engaged in Agriculture - 10,111
do. in Manu/acturcs - 2,575
do. in Commerce - 184
Population to tiie square mile, 42J.
Oneida, or Onondaga, lake of New York.
It is 20 miles W of Rome, and extends
westward about 25 miles, where its outlet,
the Oswego river, runs into Lake Ontario,
at Oswego. The grand Erie canal, passes
through Oneida, to the SE, and Madison,
and dnondago to the S of the Oneidi lake.
One Leg, a ridiculous name of an eastern
township of Tuscarawas county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 823.
bit^ar, ov Chipping Onfiar, \pvin ia F-»-
O N O
O N T
s£X, vvith a markeJt on Saturday, X2 miles
W of Chelnraford, and 21 EXE of London.
Lon. 0 16 E, lat. 51 43 N.
Ongole, town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, seated on a river which fells into the
15ay of Bengal, not far from its mouth, and
is 829 miles SW of Calcutta. Lon. 80 5
E, lat. 15 30 N.
Onion, river of Vermont, which Rises in
Galedonia county, and running nearly in a
NW course, fiovvs into lake Champlain,
near Colchester.
Onondaga, lake and river^ in the state of
New York. The river flows W from the
lake, till it meets the Senecu, when its
course turns N to Osyyego, where it enters
Lake Ontario. It is bo.ituble from its mouth
to the head cf the hJce, except one faH
•which causes a portage of 20 yards. To-
wards the head waters of tliis river, salmon
are eaught in great qiiantities.
Onondaga, county ; f New Ycrk ; bound-
ed by Madison E ; Ct)uriland S ; Cayuga
SW; Oswego N; and Oneida lake NE.
It is about 30 miles square, and with an
area of 900 square miles. It i-ncludes Ske-
neatales, Owasco, ani Salt lakes, and is wa-
tered by Seneca, and Oswego rivers, and
some of their conflaents. The soil rs gen-
erally fertile. Staples grain, flour, Salt,
and gypsum. Chief town, Oiiondago.
■population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 13,653
do. do. females - - - 12,170
'f otal whites . - . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . .
Slaves . - - . .
Total population in 1810
25,823
114
50
grcAteit salt work in the United Slates. It
abounds also in gypsum. See Salina. Po-
pulation of the township 1810, 3745 ; and
in 1820, 5552.
Onondaga, small lake of Onondago coun-
ty, New York, above six miles long by one
wide. The Saline is on its borders.
Onslonu, township, Halifax county, Nova
Scotia.
Onslavx, county of North Carolina; bound-
ed by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; New Han-
over and Duplin counties W ; Jones N,
and NE ; and Carteret E. Length o5 ;
mean width 20 ; and area 700 square miles.
It is drained by New river, and is general-
ly tiat, wi'.h a sterile soil. Chief town,
Swansborough. There is a post office at
the court house.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,143
do. do. females - - - 2,186
Total whites .... 4,329
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 41
Slaves 2,299
Total popuktiou in 1810 - - 6,669
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,095
do. do. females ... 2,084
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total Whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females . . - -
25,987 ^0^^] population in 1820
7,018
Population in 1820.
Free whites, males - . 21,107
do. do. females - - 20,106
All other persons except Indians not
taxed ...... 0
Total whites
_
41,213
Free
persons of tolour.
males
96
do. do. 1
females
99
Slaves, males
_
25
do.
females
-
34
Total
population ift 1820
-
41,467
Of these: ;
foreigners not naturalized - 99
Engaged in Agriculture - . 6,968
do. in Manufactures • 1,640
io. in Commerce . - 120
Population to the square mile, 46.
Ono7idago, post t6wn, and seat of justice,
Onondago county, New York, 50 miles \V
from Utica. The to\vrish"p 0001,1103 ihe
75^
Of these ;
t'oreigners not naturalized • 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,217
do. in Manufactures . 1,365
do. in Commerce - - 22
Population to the square mile, 10.
Oatanagun, river of the territory of Mich-
igan, rising with the Onisconsin, and Ulack
fiver branches of the Mississippi. It flows
N, and falls into the hke Superior, about
90 miles SW from Point Keeweena. A
large mass of native copper, has been
found imbedded in a rock near the bank of
this strear» ; estimated lecenily, from ac-
tual inspection by Mr. II. Schoolcraft at
2200 pouiids.
Ontario Lake, one of that grand chain of
lakes which divide the United States from
tpper Canada. It is situated between lat.
43 15 and 44 0 N, and lon. 76 0 and 79 0
W. Its form is nearly elliptical ; its great-
est length is from SW to NE, .and its cir-
curoftrence about 600 miles. The division
o :si 1
O F E
iine between the state of New York And
Canada, on the north passes through this
lake, and leaves within the United States,
2,390,000 acres of the water of lake On-
tario, according to the calculation of Mr.
llutchins. It abounds with fish of an ex-
cellent flavour, among which are the Os-
wego bass, weighing three or four pounds.
Its banks in many places are steep, and the
southern shore is covered prnicipally with
beach trees, and the lands appear good.
It communicates with lake Erie by the ri-
ver Niagara. It receives the waters of
Genesee river from t!ie south ; and of
Onondago, at I'ort Oswego, from the south-
east, by v/hich it communicates, tiirough
Oneida Lake and Wood Creek, with the
Mohawk River. On the north-east this
lake discharges itself into the river Cata-
raqtii, which at Montreal takes the name
of St. Lawrence, which empties into the
Atlantic ocean. The islands are all at the
eastern end, the chief of which, are Wolfe,
Amherst, Gage, and Howe Islands.
Ontario, county in Upper Canada, con-
sists of the following islands ; Amherst
Island, Wolfe Isbnd, Gage Island, and all
the islands between the mouth of the Ga-
nanoqui, to the easternmost extremity of
the late township of Marysburg, called
Point Pleasant.
Ontario, county of New York ; bounded
by lake Ontario, N ; Seneca county E ;
Seneca lake SB ; Steuben S ; and Livings-
ton and Monroe W, Length 50 ; mean
widtli 24 ; and area 1200 square miles.
Soil fertile. It is in great part drained by
the sources of Seneca river, and contains
all Canandaigua, and some smaller lakes
with part of Crooked lake ; and is bounded
by Seneca lake on the SE. Though gen-
erally hilly, some extensive flats exist in
tiiis county, near lake Ontario, and in the
valley of the Seneca river. The grand
Erie canal crosses its northern section fol-
lowing the valley of Seneca. In the cen-
sus of 1820 this county contained all those
parts of Livingston and Monroe ; E from
Genesee river, and then contained about
1750 square miles ; and upon the latter
area the annexed tabular aggregate is foun-
ded. Chief towns, Canandaigua, Geneva,
and Lyons.
Population in 1810.
Free wiiite males - - - 21,838
do. do. females ... 19,683
Total wiiltes .... 41,521
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 299
Slaves 212
Total population in 1810 - - 42,032
Population in 1820,
'Free whito males - - 44,936
Free white females - . 42,604
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - . o
Total whites .... 87,540
Free persons of colour, males 353
do do. females 374
Slaves, males ... Q
,do. females - . . 0
Total population in 1820 - . 88,267
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 214
Engaged in Agriculture . . 19,703
do. in Manufactures - 2,117
do. in Commerce - - 169
I'opulation to the square mile, 50A, for
1750 square miles in the former county.
Ontario, township of Ontario county, on
lake Ontario, 20 miles N from Canandai-
gua. Population in 1820, 2233.
OodooarmHahf Xown of Hindoostan Proper,
in Bengal, seated on the W bank of the
Ganges, at the foot of a chain of hills.
Here is an elegant bridge over the Ganges,
buiit by the Sultan Sujah. Oodooanullah is
82 miles N by W of Moorshedabad. Lou.
87 35 E, lat. 24 58 N.
Oonalaska, one of the islands of the Nor-
thern Archipelago, visited by captain Cook
in his last voyage. It is the largest of the
Aleutian or Fox islands. Lon. 165 0 W,
lat. 53 5N.
Oonemak, or Uniak, one of the Aleutian
or Fox islands, between Oonelaska and
Alaska.
Oostenalak, river of Georgia, which
joins the Etowah and forms the Coosa.
Ooronp and Oosheshaer. See Kiirilcs.
Oostborch, town and fort of Flanders,
in tlie isle of Cadsand, four miles NE
of Sluys. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 51 22 N.
Ooatenlni, town of Sweden, in the isle of
Oeland, 27 miles S of Borkholm.
Opclousas, county of Louisiana ; bounded
by the gulf of Mexico SW; Sabine river,
or the province of Texas W ; the parishes
of Natchitoches, and Rapides N ; parish of
Avoyells ami Atchafalaya river NE ; anil
Altacapas SE. Length 110 miles; mean
width 70; and area 7700 square miles.
All the southern, south-eastern, and eas-
tern part of Opelousas is one vast plain.
The north-west and northern sections,
swells into hills of moderate size. In point
of soil, it is divisible into three distinct
regions. Towards the gulf of Mexico it
is marshy, but rising gradually into arable
prairies witli a thin sterile soil. This cha-
racter of country is followed, advancing*
north, by an immense pine forest, out of
which flow numerous creeks falling into
Sabine ; the Calcassiu river, and the Nez-
pique river, or north-western brancli of
Merimentai!. The soil of the nine tract is
757
0 P o
Q R A
also sterile. Advancint? to the eastern part
of the county watered by the Teche, Boeuf,
and Coiirtablean, a total change takes
place, the soil is exuberantly productive,
and in part excessively heavy timbered.
The northern and eastern parts of Opelou-
sas are covered by a dense forest ; the resi-
due open prairies. It is emphatically the
pastoral section of Louisiana, and conta'ms
the most numerous individual flocks of cat-
tic in the United States. Farming is, how-
ever, extensively pursued in the eastern
part of the county. Staples, cotton, beef,
tallow, hides, live stock, such as horses,
mules, horned cattle, and some sheep. It
is watered by the Siibine, Calcassiu, and
Upper Teche, flowing into the gulf of
Mexico. A low uninhabitable, and annu-
ally overflown tract, indeed extends from
the arable boi-der of the Teche to the At-
chafalaya. See Cowtablean, Louisiana,
Jlississippi, &c. For the ordinarj' munici-
pal regulations of that part of Louisiana,
it is designated the parish of St, Landre.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 1,696
do. do. females - - - 1,293
Total whites - - - - 2,989
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 389
Slaves 1,670
Total population in 1810 - - 5.048
PopuLation in 1820.
Free white males • - - 2,929
do. do. females ... 2,4-39
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
10,085
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 83
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,796
do. in Manufactures • 244
do. in Commerce - - 83
Population to the square mile, 1 1-3.
Oporto, or Porto, city and seaport of
Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, and a
bishop's see. It is by nature almost im-
pregnable ; and is noted for its strong
wines, of which large quantities are ex-
ported to England ; whence all red wines
from Spain or Portugal are called Port
wines. The other chief exports are oran-
ges, lemons, &c. and linen cloth to Brasil.
Its commerce greatly increased after the
earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755 ; before that
75«
time the population was estimated at 20,000,
and it is now said to be 60,000, It is seat-
ed on the side of a mountain, near the river
Douero, which forms an excellent harbour,
147 miles N by E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 22
W, lat. 41 10 N.
Oppeln, strong town of Silesia, capital of
a principality of the same name, with a
catholic collegiate church. It has a great
trade of wool, and stands on the Oder, 150
miles SE of Breslau. Lon. 18 0 E, lat. 50
39 N.
Oppenheiin, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine. The vicinity produ-
ces excellent wine. It is seated on the
side of a hill, 12 miles SSE of Mcntz.
Oppenheim, west township of Montgome-
ry county, Pennsylvania, in the N .side of
the Mohawk. Population in 1810, 2693 ;
and in 1820, 3045.
Oppido, town of Naples, in Calabria Ul-
teriore, at the foot of the Appenines, 25
miles NE of lieggio.
Oppido, town of Naples, in Basilicata,
five miies SSE of Acerenza.
Oppur^, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
nia, with a castle, lour miles WSW of
Neustad t.
Orach, town of European Turkey, in
Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 miles SW
of Belgrade.
Ornn, city and seaport of Algiers, in the
province of Mascara, with an excellent liar,
hour, almost opposite Carthagena, in
Spain. It was taken by the Spaniards in
1509, and re-taken in 1703. In 1732, the
Spaniards became masters of it again, and
have kept it ever since.
Oran, post village, Onondago county,
New York.
Orange, city of France, in the depart-
ment of Vaucluse, lately a bishop's see. It
was an important place in the time of the
Romans. A triumphal arch 200 paces
from the town, was formerly within its
limits ; and here are also the remains of a
fine amphitheatre, some aqueducts. The
city is sc-ited in a fine plain, on the river
Aigues, 12 miles N of Avignon, and 57 S
of Valence. Lon, 4 49 E, lat. 44 9 N.
Orange, formerly Cardigan, township of
Grafton county. New Hampshire, 14 miles
SW from Plymouth. Population in 1810,
230 ; and in 1820, 298.
Orange, county of Vermont ; bounded by
Connecticut river E ; Windham county in
Vermont SW ; Rutland SW ; Washington
NW ; and Caledonia N. Length 33 ; mean
width 18 ; and area about 600 square miles.
Its western part is mountainous, but the
surface becomes less rugged approiiching
the Connecticut river. The soil is produc-
tive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns,
Newberry and Randolph.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 12,75!i
O U A
<> it A
Free white females - - - 12,444 Shves
Total whites . . . •
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed - -
Slaves . . _ , .
Total population in 1810,
25,196 Total population in 1810 -
51 Population in 1820.
0 Free white males - . -
do. do. females
25,247 All other persons except Indians
— — — not taxed . - . -
Population in 1820
Free wliite males - - - 12,267
do. do. females - - 12,366
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females . - -
Total whites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . . . -
do. females - - - .
Total population in 1820
966
34,347
19,952
19,167
Q
39,119
480
489
507
618
41,213
Total population in 1820 - ■ 24.681
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture • - 5,830
do. in Manufactures - 741
do. in Commerce - - 82
Population to the square mile, 41 .
Orange, township of Orange county, Ver-
mont, 15 miles SE from Montpelier. Popu-
lation 700.
Orange, county of New York ; bounded
by Hudson river E; llockland county in
New York SE ; Bergen and Sussex coun-
ties in New Jersey SW ; Delaware river
W ; Sullivan county in New York NW ;
and Ulster N. Length 40 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 800 square miles. This is a very
greatly diversified county. Towards the
Hudson, it is either mountainous or hilly,
in th& centre flat, and again, mountainous
or excessively hilly. The Walkill river
rises in Sussex county, New Jerse}', and
flowing NE, crosses Orange into Ulster.
Near this stream is a high but swampy sec-
tion, called the Drowned Lands. Inter-
locking with the VValkiil, but flowing to
the SE are the sources of Passaic river, also
in Orange ; and at the western extremity
the Nevesink crosses this county in its pas-
sage into the Delaware Notwithstanding
the rugged features of Orange, the soil is
generally productive in grain, fruits, and
particularly pasturage. Staples, grain,
flour, whiskey, beef, butter, cheese, ap-
ples, cider, hay, and live stock. Chief
towns, Newburg, Goshen, and West point.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . . -
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 175
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,689
do. in Manufactures - - 2,362
do. in Commerce - - 294
Population to the square mile, olh.
Orange. See Half Moon township, Sara-
toga county, New York, in the Addenda,
Oraiige, post village and township, Es-
sex county. New Jersey, near Newark. It
is the seat of an academy. Population in
1810, 2266 ; and in 1820, 2830.
Orange, eastern township, Cuyahoga
county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 143.
Orange, NE township of Richland coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 440.
Orange, also a township, the north-eas-
ternmost in liichland county.
Orange, township of Shelby county.
Orange, post township on Shade river,
in Meigs county.
Orange, pleasant township in the southern
borders of Delaware county, Ohio. Along
the borders of Alum creek, wkich passes
through the eastern parts of the township,
the land is peculiarly fertile and handsotne=
ly situated.
Orange, county of Virginia ; bounded by
Spotsylvania SE ; by North Anna river or
Louisa S ; Albemarle SVV ; Blue Ridge or
Rockingham NW ; Rapid Ann river, or
Madison and Culpepper counties N,
Length from west to east, 60 miles ; mean
width 10 ; and area 600 square miles. This
county is drained by the Rivanna, North
Anna, and Rapid Ann rivers. The surface
is generally hilly, and in part mountainous.
Soil various ; but much really excellent soil
skirts the various streams, and several
other places. Staples, grain, flour, and to-
bacco. Chief towns, Cordoiisville, and Sta-
nardsville. The court-house, with a post-
16,734 office is near the head of the North Anna
15,720 river, 45 miles S W by W from Fredericks-
burg.
32,454 Popuhation in 1810.
Free white males - - = 2,869
927 do do. females - < - 2,842
759
OKA
O 11 A
Total whites .... 6,711
All otlier persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 96
Slaves, .... 6,516
Total population in 1810 . . 12,323
Population in 1820.
Tree r.hite males ... 2,637
do. do. females - - 2,582
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . . - 32
Orange, county of Indiana; bounded
by Crawford S ; Dubois SW ; Owen W ;
Lawrence N ; and Washington E. Length
22 : mean width 18 ; and area about 400
square miles. It is drained by the SE
branches of East Fork of White river.
Chief town Paoli.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . 2,733
do. do. femalesr - - 2,539
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ .
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 57
Engaged in Agriculture . 4,267
do. in Manufactures - 278
do. in Commerce - - 13
Population to the square mile, 21^.
Orange, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by Chatham S ; Guilford W ; Cas-
well and Person N ; and Granville and
Wake E. Length 36 ; mean width 25 ; and
area 900 square miles. It is drained by
the head branches of tiie Neuse and Haw
rivers. Chief town, Hillsborough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 7^707
do. do. females ... 7,39S
5,252 Total whites . . . .
^ Free persons of colour, males
" 091 ^°' ^°' females
" or ^^*^^8, males ...
^)^9' do. females
^-'^^^ Total population in 1820
5,368
15,102
Total whites . . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . . - 332
Slaves .... 4,701
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females - - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Total whites . . - .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do in Commerce
Population to the square mile 26..
r6Q
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,438
Do. in Manufactures - 76
Do. in Commerce • - 6
Population to the square mile, 9 nearly.
Orange, largest river of Southern Af-
rica, rises in the district of Graaf lieynet ;
and flowing first to the NW, winds to
the W and falls into the Atlantic Ocean
lat. 28 30 S, after a comparative course
of 600 miles.
Orange, or Gum Sprmgs. See Gwn
S firings.
Orangcbiirgh, district of South Caro-
lina ; bounded by Charleston, and Col-
leton SE; South Edisto river, or Barn-
well SVV ; Edgefield NW ; Lexington
district, and Congaree river N ; and
Santee river, or Sumpter district NE.
Length 70 ; mean width 25 ; and 1,750
square miles. Surface generally level,
and soil rather sterile. Staples cotton,
and tobacco. Chief town Orangeburgh.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - 3,416
do. do. females - - 3,223
Total wliites - - • 6,639
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 26
Slaves - . - - - 6,564
TotalpopulationinlSlO, . 13,229
Population in 1820.
23,492 Free white males - . . 4,551
do. do. females - - 3,209
All other persons except Indians
8 not taxed .... Q
20,135
8,483
8,294
7,353
483
43
Total whites .... 7,762
Free persons of colour, males ■> 30
do. do, fenniles ■?4
ORB
Slaves, males -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in A.griculture
do. m Manufactures
do. in Commerce
■3.6§5
4,144
15,653
0
7,046
16
30
Population to the square mile, 9.
Orangeburg, post town of South Ca-
rolina, capital of the district of its name.
It stands on the N branch of the Edisto,
75 miles NW of Charleston. Lon. 80
42 w, lat. 33 23 N. It is the seat of an
academy.
Orangetoiun, township of Washington
County, Maine, 20 miles E from Machias.
Orangetown, township Rockland coun-
ty, New York, on the W side of Hudson,
28 miles N of New York. Population
1820,2257. It is remarkable for a number
of mills, and contains an academy, and
two churches.
Oranienbaum, town of Upper Saxony,
in the duchy of Anhalt- Dessau, six miles
SE of Dessau.
Oranienbaum, town of Russia, in In-
gria. It is seated on the gulf of Finland,
20 miles W nf Petersburg. The unfor-
tunate Peter III. emperor of Russia, was
residing at this village, when his wife,
afterwards Catharine II. excited that
revolt, which placed in her hands the
sceptre of Russia, and hurled her wretch-
ed husband from his throne to the grave,
May, 1762.
Oranienburg, town of Brandenbur?, in
the middle mark, ancieatly called Kret-
zow. It is situate on the Havel, 18 miles
K of Berlin.
Orarava, town on the W side of the
island of TenerifF, and the diief place of
trade. It is seated at the bottom of an
amphitheatre of mountains, outcf which
rises the Pike of TenerifF. Its port is at
three miles distance. Lon. 16 24 W, lat.
28 23 N.
Orbas.ian, to-.vn of Piedmont, six miles
SW of Tin-:n.
Or be, town of Switzerland, in the Pays
de Vaud, 32 miles WSW of Bern.
Orbe, town of Germany, in the late
electorate of Mentz, celebrated for its
extensive salt works. It now belongs to
Bavaria : 96 miles E from Frankfort on
the Maine.
Orbitello, strong seaport of Tuscany,
in the Siennese, defended by several forts,
and seated near the Atbegna, 5^ miles S
by VV of Sienne, and 85 S of Florence.
Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 42 18 N.
'Orbrc, river of Frrujce, which rises in
5 1)
() R P
the CevenneS;^ and after v-atering Baziers,
falls into the gulf of Lyons, five miles
below that town,
Orcades. See Orkneys.
Ore/lies, ancient town of France in
the department of the North, and late
province of French Flanders, 14 miles
SE of Lisle. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 50
28 N.
Orchilla. island of the Caribbean Sea,
80 milts N of the coast of Terra Firma,
and 160 E by S of Curracao. Lon. 65 20
W, lat. 12 0 N.
Orcheviont, tovnj of Germany, in the
duchy of Luxemburg, situated on the
river Semio, 18 miles N of Sedan.
Ordingen, or Urdingeit, town of the
electorate of Cologne, in Germany, H
miles N of Dusseldorf, and 32 NNVV ot
Cologne.
Ordxnnta, seaport of Spain, in Biscay ,
seated in a valley surrounded by high
mountains, 20 miles SW of Bilboa. Lon.
3 26 VV. lat. 43 11.
Orebro, capital of the province of
Nericia, in Sweden Proper, well known
in history, and is seated near the W ex-
tremity of the Lake Hielmar. Here are
manufactures of fire arms, cloths, and
tapestry ; and it has a considerable trade
with Stockholm, across the lakes Hiel-
mar and Maeler, by means of the canal
of Arboga ; sending iron, vitriol, and red
paint in particular. Orebro is 95 miles
SW of Stockholm. Lon. 15 12 E» lat.
59 12 N.
Oregnmd, seaport of Sweden, on the
coast of Upland, in the gulf of Bothnia,
Opposite the small island of Ginson, 60
miles N of Stockholm. Lon. 18 15 E, lat*
60 20 N.
Orel, government of Russia, once a
province of the government of Bielgo-
rod.
Orel, capital of the above government,
is seated on the Occa and Orel, 207
mi'es SSW of Moscow. Lon. j5 20 E^
lat. 53 0 N.
Orellana. See Amazon.
Orenburgh, one of the two provinces of
the government of Ufa, in Russia. The
inhabitants carry on commerce, and ex-
ercise stveral trades, and have even
some manufactories. Its capital of the
same name, is seated on the Urel for-
merly called the Yaik. 480 miles NE of
Astracan. I>on 55 0 E, lat. 51 46 N.
Orense, ancient town of Spain, in Ga-
lacia, with a bishop's see, and famous
for its hots baths. It is seated at the foot
of a mountain, on the river Minho, over
whicii is a bridge of one arch, 47 miles
SE of Compostella. Lon. 7 36 W, lat.
42 19 N.
Orfa, considerable town of Asia, m
761
O 11 1
O K I
Diarbeck. It formerly belonged to Per-
sia, but is now in the Turkish dominions,
and has a good trade, particularly in car-
pets of several sorts, some of v/hich art-
made here. Is has a stately castle on a
hill, and is seated on the Euphrates. 83
miles NE of Aleppo, and 100 SW of
Diarbekar. L^n. 38 20 E. lat. 36 50 N.
Orford, seaport and borough in buf-
folk, on the Gerreian Ocean, between
two channels, 18 miles E by N of Ips-
wich, and 88 NE of London. Lon. 1 40
E, lat. 52 11 N.
Orjord, post town on the E bank of
Connecticut river, in Grafton county.
New Hampshire, at the distance of 18
miles N by E of Dartmouth college, and
17 S of Haverhill. In 1810 the township
contained 1265 inhabitants, and in 1820,
1568.
Orford, township of Kent county, Up-
per Canada,
Orford To-L-mhip, in the county of Suf-
folk, Upper Canada, distmj^uished some-
times by Orford North and S^mth, is the
residence of the Moravians ; it is bounded
on the S by lake Erie, and watered by the
Tham s to the northward,
Oxford ^^"685, cape of England, on the
SE coa?t of Sussex, vhich is a shelter for
seamen when a NB wind blows hard upon
the shore. Here is a lightliouse erected
for the direction of ships. Lon. 1 6 E,
lat. 52 4 N.
Organford, village near Poule, in Dorset-
shire, noted for the quantity of pennyroyal
produced in the neighbourhood.
Orgaz, town of Spain, in New Castile,
with a castle, 15 miles S of Toledo. Lon.
3 22 W, lat. 39 36 N.
Orgelet, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Jura, and late province of Franche-
Compte, seated at the foot of ihe Valoiise,
30 miks N by E of Bourg. Lon. 5 39 E,
lat. 46 36 N.
Orgivah, ioww of Spain, in the province
of Granada, 25 miles S of Granada. Lon.
3 50 W, lat. 36 43 N.
Ona, decayed town of Nsples, in Terra
d'Otranto, with a citadel, and a bishop's see.
It is seated at the foot of the Appenines, 40
miles NW of Oiranto. Lon. 17 48 E, lat.
40 39 N.
Orient, or Port V Orient, regular and
handsome town of France, in the depart-
ment of Morbiiian, .and late province of
Bretagne, built in 1720, by the French
East In'iia Company, who made it the ex-
clusi\ e mprt of their conimerce. It is five
miles S W of' Hennebon. Lon. 3 20 W, lat.
47 46 NT.
Origitela, town of Spain, in Valencia, with
a bishop's se ■, a univcrsii.y, and a citadel
built on a rock. It is sea'ed on the Segu-
iM, 33 miles N of Carthygena. Lon. 1 3
W, lat. 38 10 N.
Orinoco, river of the first rank in South
America. It risRS in the mountains of Gui-
ana, and flows, about 300 miles to the S ;
it thence turns W 150 miles, and receives
the Cassiquiari from the SW, The latter
commuiiicates with the Rio Negro, branch
of the Am zen. Below the mouth of the
Cassiquiari, the Orinoco, turns to NW to St.
Fernand.o, where it unites with Guaviari,
an immense stream, little if any inferior to
the Orinoco. The united streams assume
a N course to 'he mouth of the Vichada,
another large vkfestet n tributary. Immedi-
ately below its junction with the Vichada,
the Orinoco, pours its waters down the ca-
taract of Atures 760 miles below its source,
and 740 above its discharge into the Atlan-
tic Ocean. The cataracts are in lon. W C
8 55 E, and lat. 5 15 N. About 100 miles
below the cataracts the volume of the Ori-
noco is enlarged by the Meta, a large river
flowing from the Andes 500 by compara-
tive courses Below its junction with the
Meta 150 miles, the Orinoco, is again swel-
led by the Apure, a very considerable
branch flowing from the NW, and W about
500 miles, and drawing its sources from
the mountains of Varinas, and Venezuela.
From the cataracts, the Orinoco gradually
turns more to the E, and below the dis-
charge of the Apure, assumes a course a
little N of E, and falls into the Atlantic
Ocean by a wide delta, between 14° and 17°
E from Washington, and from lat. 8 30 to
10° N. The entire comparative course of
the Orinoco is about 1500 miles ; and the
area of the basin it drains 400,000 square
miles, .\bout 100 miles above its mouth
it receives the Paraguay, or Oarom, the
only large tributary which augments its vo-
lume from the S. See Oar-om, and Para-
gvai/, of Orinoco.
Only the S, or main channel of Orinoco
is navigable for large vessels. For boats
few rivers of the world afford a more ex-
tended and less interrupted navigation.
The entire basin of this great river is in
the republic of Colombia.
Oriskany, post village of Whitestown,
Oneida county. New York, at the mouth of
Oniskany creek. It contains extensive
manufactories of cotioti and woollen cloth;
seven miles above Utica.
Orio, town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, at the
month of the Orio, eight mles SW of St.
Sebastian. Lon. 2 19 W, lat. 43 23 N,
Ormfl, province of the peninsula ofHin-
doostan, bounded on the N by Bahar and
Bengal, on the W by Berar, on the S by
Golconda, and on the E by the bay of Ben-
gal. In Orissa, the district of Midniupour
only, is subject to the English ; the rest
being entirely in the hands of the Mabrat-
tas, and thfir tributaries.
Oristngni, ancient town of Sardinia, with
a good harbour, and an archbishop's see.
O R I.
0 R I.
It is large, and well fortified, but thinly in-
habited, on account of the unhealthy air.
It is seated on tiie W coast, on a ba> of the
same name, 42 nules NW ofCaghari. Lon.
8 51 E, lat. 40 2 N.
Orizaba, volcanic mountain of Mexico,
Or'e<inois, late province of France, divi.
ded by the river Loire into the Upper and
Lower. It is a very plentiful coup.try, and
n^iw forms the department of Loiret.
Orleans, city of Fi-ance, capital of the de-
partment of Loiret, and a bisiiop's see. It
rismg 17,371 feet above the Ica el of the is seated on the Loire, avid has a canal
gull of Mexico. Lon. W C 20 13 W, lat. thence to the Lomg, near Monlargis. Under
19 2 N. It is in the intendancy of Vera the sons of Clovis, it v. as the capital of a
Cruz, and distant about 70 miles from the kingdom. In 1428, it stood a memorable
city of Vera Cruz. This colossal peak is siege against the Enghsh, which was raised
the land mark first seen when approaching by the celebrated Jf>an of Arc, called the
that part of the Mexican coast from the Maid of Orleans. It is now considered as
gulf of Mexico. It is the Citlaltepetl of one of the largest and most pleasant cities
the Aztecs. in France ; and its cr>mmerce consists in
Orkened, town of Schonen, in Sweden, stockings, sheep-skins, wine, braiuly, corn,
24 miles N of Christianstadt. Lon. 14 9 groceries, and particularly sugar, v/hich is
E, lat. 56 48 N. brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle.
Orkney Islands, or Orkneys, ancient Or- The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious
cades, a cluster of islands to the N of Scot- length, and that of Olivet, on the left side
land, from which they are separated by of the Loire, has a communication with the
Pentland F'ith. They lie between 57 35 ciiy by a bridge of nine arches. Near the
and 49 16 N lat. and are 26 in number, of city is a forest, containing 94,000 acr&s,
which one greatly exceeds the otht-r in planted with ouk and otlier valuable trees.
extent. This, like the principal one of Orleans is 30 miles NE of Blois, and 60 SSW
Shetland, is sometimes dignified with the
appellation of Mainland, but is more fre-
quently called Pomona. Beyond this isl-
and, to the NE are seen, among oiliers,
Rowsa, Eglisha, and Westra, Shappinsha,
and Eda, Stronsa, Sanda, and N. Ronaldsha;
and to the S appear Hoy, and S Ronaldsha,
of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E, lat. 47 54 N.
Orleans, island and town of Lower Cana-
da, in the river St. Lawrence, a little to
the E ot Quebec. Lon. 69 50 W, lat. 47
0 N.
Orleans, island of, that p^^rt of Louisiana,
enclosed by the Mississippi ri\er, beyond
with others of inferior note The currents Iberville, Amite river, lake Maurt-pas, Pass
and tides which flow between these islands of Mauchac, lake Pontchartrain, the Rigo-
are rapid and da-^gerous; and near the small Jets, lake Borgue, Pass of Marianne, Chan-
isle of Swinna are two whirlpools, very deleiir bay, and gulf of Mexico. It is about
dangerous to mariners especially m cidm* 170 miles long, with a width of from 10 to
Springs of pure water are found in all the 25 miles; and contains part of the parishes
mountainous parts of these islands;and there of Ibervdle, Ascension, St. .Tames, St. John
are numerous lakes and rivulets aboundmg Buptiste, St Charles, St Bernard, Orleans,
in fish. The climate of the. e islards in sum- and Plaquemine. The surface an unbro-
mer is moist and cold ; but in winter there ken plain, and except near the Misiissippi,
is never much snow, and that lies only a and a tew of the other streams, morass ; or
short time. Preceding ti,e autumnal equi- ^^ igjs' liable to annual submersion.
nox, they are visited by dreadful storms of Orleans, middlemost of the three north-
wind, rain, and thunder. The coast afford gp^ countiis of Vermont, bounded N
numerous bays and harbours for the fishe- \^y Lower Canada ; E by Essex county,
ries. The chief exports are linen and wool- -,„ Vermont; SE by Caledonia; SW
len yarn, stockings, butter, dried fish, her- ^^ Washington ; and W by Franklin,
rings, oil, feathers, and skins of various Length 40 • mean width 20; and area
kinds, and kelp. The English language gQQ square miles. Surface mountainous
prevails in all these islands, althougli tliere ^^ ^^j.y broken by hills. Soil rocky,^ and
are many words in the Norse, or Norwe- gxcept in a few places sterile. Chief
gian, still in use. The inhabitants have the ^Q^yjjs, Craftsburv and Brownington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Toial whites
general character of being frugal, sagacious,
circumspect, rehgiou<^, and hospitable.
Orlamunda, town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, seated on the Saale, opposite
the influx of the Orla, 40 miles WSW of
Altenbuig. - . , ,•
Orland, township, Hancock county. All other persons except Indians
Maine, 20 miles N from Castine. Popula- not taxed ....
tion in 1820, 610. _ Slaves - . . .
Orlando, cape on the N coast of Sicily,
15 miles W by N of Patti. Lon. 15 4 E, Total population m 1810 -
iat. 38 14N.
/ 63
3,088
2,715
5,803
27
0
5,830
O U M
O R S
Populatisn in 1820.
Eree white laales - - o,,'>9o
do. do. females - - 3,oi7
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 0
Total whites - - - 6,940
Free persons of eolour, jnales IS
do. do. females, 18
Slaves, males ... 0
do. females _ . - o
Tofalpopalation ill 1820 - 6,976
©; these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agricalture - - 1,536
do, in Manufactures - 101
do. in Commerce - H
37opulation to the square ralle, ?:}.
Qrleanst post village and tnwnsliip,
Barnstable county, Massachusetts, 20
^i!es "E from Barnstable. Population
1820, 13i3.
Orleans, parish of Louisiaoa. See Fa-
visli ofNcai Orlean/>.
Orleans, Canal of, which is about 48
miles long, commences at the river Loire,
two miles above the city, crosses the fo-
rest of Orleans, and terminates in the
Ijoing, which falls into the Seine. It was
linished in 1682, and has 30 locks in its
course.
Orleiiga, small town of Russia. It is
situated in the government of Irkutsk, on
the Lena, 232 miles N of Irkutsk. Lon.
105 40 E, lat?. 56 0 N.
Ormea, town of Italy, in the county
of Asti, taken by the French in 1794. It
is situatifd on the Tanaro, 10 miles S of
Cevar. Lon. 8 9 E, lat. 44 16 N.
Ormond, northern division of the coun-
ty of Tipperary in Ireland.
Ormskirk, town of Lancashire, with a
markeb on Tuseday, seated near the ri-
vep Douglas, 30 miles S of Lancaster,
and 206 NNW of London. Lon. 3 3 W,
lat, 53 37 K.
Ormus, small island of Asia, in a
strait of the same name, at the entrance
of the gulf of Persia, nine railes S of
Gorabreon. It was taken in 1507 by the
Portuguese, who fortified it ; and it was
afterv/ard frequented by a number of rich
mepehants. In 1622, the Persians, by
the assistance of the English, conquered
this place, and demolished the houses,
■which were 4000 in number, containing
40,000 inhabitants. Some time after, the
Persians rebuilt the fort, and placed a
garrison in it ; but they could never
bring it to be a place of trade as before ;
however, it is the key of the gulf of Per-
sia, on account of the eommodiousness
of the harboyr. It is almost dfserled ;
764-
for it pcoduces nothing but salt, which
sometimes is two inches deep upon the
surface of the earth. Lon. 26 25 E, lat.
27 20 N.
Ormyah, town of the kingdom of Per-
sia, seated in the province of Tauris, 120
miles SW of Tauris.
Ornans, town of France io the de-
partment of Doubs and late province of
Franche Compte. In its vicinity is a well,
the same as that of Vesoul, which, du-
ring the time of great rains, overHows
in such a tuanner as to inundate the ad-
jacent country ; and fishes that it dis-
gorges are called umbres. Ornans is Bead-
ed on the Louvre, eight miles SE of Be-
sancon.
Orne, river of France, in the late
province of Normandy, which has its
source at the village Aunon, and falls into
the sea eight miles below Caen.
Or7ie, department of France, which,
includes the late province of Percl^e and
part ef that of Normandy. It takes il^
name from a river, which falls into the
English channel eight miles below Caen^
The capital is Alengon.
Oronolfo, river of South America.
See Orinoco.
Oronsa, small fertile island of Scot-
land, one of the Hebrides, seven miles
W of Jura. Here are the ruins of an ab-
bey, with many sepulchral statues, and
some curious ancient sculpture.
07-0, Ca/ie d', ancient Caphareum, SE
cape of Negropont, ancient Euboea.
Oro7ttes, river of Syria, rising in mount
Libanus, near Damascus, heading with
the Jordan, flowing N, falls into the Me-
diterranean, lat. 36 N.
Orofiesa, town of Spain in New Cas-
tile, 22 miles E of Placenlia, and 50 W
of Toledo. Lon. 4 36 W, lat. 39 50 N.
Orofiesa, town of Peru, seated at the
foot of the mountains, 150 miles NE of
Potosi. Lon. 63 30 VV, lat. 18 0 S.
Orr, river in Kircudbrightshire, Scot-
land, which rises near New Galloway,
waters the town of Orr, and enters the
Solway Frith.
Orrijigton^ town situated on the E side
of Penobscot river, in Hancock county,
Maine. It had 1341 inhabitants in 1810,
and in 1820, 2000, 30 miles N of Castine.
Orrsville, post village, Pendleton dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Orsova, town of Upper Hungary, in
the bannat of Tameswar. It is seated on
the N side of the Danube, almost oppo-
site Belgrade, and is subject to the
Turks. Lon. 22 3 E, lat. 45 30 N.
Orsova, J^ew, fortress of European
Turkey, on an island in the Danube,
about 100 miles below Belgrade.
Ovaoi/, town pf Germany, in the circle
O II w
OSS
of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleves,
belonging to the king of Prussia. It is
9.0 mi'les SE of Cleves. Lon. 6 43 E, lat.
51 28 N.
Orta, episcopal town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, seated on the Ti-
ber, 10 miles E of Viterbo, and 30 N of
Rome. Lon. 12 57 W, lat. 42 22 N.
Orta, town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and in the province of Capita-
nata, 11 miles NNE of Ascoli.
Orte^al, cape and castle on the N
coast of (iailicia, in Spain, 30 miles NNE
of Ferrol. Lon. 7 39 W, lat. 43 46 N.
Orcenburg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Austria, seated on the S bank
of the Drave, opposite its confluence with
the Liser. Lon. 13 38 E, lat. 46 52 N.
Orthez, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late
province of Beam, seated on the declivi-
ty of a hill, near the river Gave de Pau,
17 miles SVV of Pau. Lon. 0 24 W, lat.
43 5 l<i.
Orton, town of Westmoreland, with a
market on Wednesday, 12 miles SW of
Appleby, and 271 NNW of London. Lon.
2 40 W, lat. 54 28 N.
Ortza, town of Poland in Lithuania,
in the palatinate of Witepsk. It is de-
fefided by a castle, and is seated at the
confluence of the Oresa and Dnieper, 50
(niles W of Smolensko. Lon. 31 5 E, lat.
54 45 N.
Orvieto, episcopal town of Italy, in
the patrimony of St. Peter, with a mag-
nificent palace, capital of a territory of
the same name. In this place is a deep
well^ into which mules descend, by one
pair of stairs, to fetch up water, and as-
cend by another. It is seated on a crag-
gy rock, near the confluence of the ri-
vers Paglia and Chiuna, 20 miles NW of
Viterbo, and 50 N by W of Rome. Lon.
12 20 E, lat. 42 42 N.
Orville, post village of Onondago coun-
ty. New York.
Onveil, river of Suffolk, which runs
SE by Ipswichi and uniting with ihe
Stour, forms the fine harbour of Har-
wich. Abo\'e Ipswich it is called the
Gipping.
Orwell, small river of Upper Canada,
falling into Lake Erie, between Land-
guard, and North Foreland.
Orwell, post tov/n in Rutland county,
Vermont, lying on the E side of lake
Champlain, 35 miles NW of Rutland.
Orwell, township of Oswego county.
New York. Population 1820, 488,
Or\uiclcsburg, post town, borough, and
seat of justice, Schuylkill county, Pennsyl-
vania. It stands on a rising ground, near a
small creek flowing into the south branch
of Schuylkill, seven miles above the Schuyl-
kill water gap, and 10 miles E fi-om the
coal mines, 26 miles NW from Reading.
It contained about 120 houses and 600 in-
habitanis in 1820, with a court-house, jail,
several dry good stores, and an academy.
Though broken by mountain and hill, the
adjacent country is ver}' pleasant and well
cultivated.
Osacn, large, populous, and commercial
town of the island of Niphon, in Japan,
with a magnificent castle, and a fine popu-
lous harbour. Tiie hours of the night are
proclaimed by the sound of different in-
struments of music. Lon. 133 45 E, lat.
35 20 N.
Osage, river of the United Stales, rising
in the Great Western territory, between
Arkansaw and Kanses rivers, and flowing
NE, enters Missouri and falls into the Mis-
souri river, a short distance below Jeffer-
son, and 133 miles above St. Louis. The
Osage is a very winding stream, but its
comparative course does not exceed '300
miles. The Osage Indians reside upon its
banks west of the limits of Missouri.
OserOf or Osoro, island in the gulf of Ve-
nice, having that of Cherso to the N, to
whicli it is joined by a bridge. The capi-
tal is of the same name. Lon. 15 30 E, lat.
45 ON.
Osetj, Island in Blackwater Bay, near
Maiden, in Essex ; where the coal ships
for Maiden unload their cargoes.
Osimo, town of Italy, in the marquisate
of Ancona, with a rich bishop's see, and a
magnificent episcopal palace. It is seated
on the Miisone, 10 miles S of Ancona, and
110 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 34 E, lat. 43
29 N.
Osma, episcopal town of Spain in Old
Castile, with a university. It is almost
gone to ruin, and is seated on the Douero,
80 miles N by E of Madrid. Lon. 2 12 W,
lat. 41 30 N.
Osnaburg, bishopric of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, 40 miles long and 30
broad. It is remarkable that this bishopric
is possessed by Roman Catholics, and protes-
tants alternately, ."iccording to the treaty of
Westphalia. The protestant bishop is al-
ways chosen by the house of Brunswick
Lunenburg. The present bishop is Frede-
ric duke of York, brother of the kiag of
Great Britain.
Osnaburg; rich city of Germany, capital
of a bishopric of the same name, with a
university and a castle. It is remarkable
for a treaty of peace, concluded between
Germany and Sweden, in 1648, in favour of
the prote.stant religion.
Osnaburg, sm.iU post town, situated in a
township of the same name, in Stark coun-
ty, five miles east from Canton, on the
road leading to New Lisbon.
Ossa, mountain of Greece In Thessaly.
It is the SE> part of a chain extending from
^P!5
O S T
o s w
Macedonia SE, nearly parallel to the Ac-
geaii sea, and terminstins^ oppnsite the N
part of the island oS Ne.£;rop!}nt. It is
separated from m^'Wiit Olympus by the wall
of Tempe. See Tempe.
Ossabmv Sound, on the coast of Georgia,
between Great Warsaw and Ossaban
islands, is in reality the mouth • f Ogeecliee
river.
Ossetia, country of the Ossia, or Os-
seti, one of the seven Caucasan na-
tions, between the Black sea and the Cas-
pisn ; bounded on the N by Great Cabarda,
E by the Lesguis Tartars, and S and W by
Itneritia. It contains 19 districts, of which
one is subject to Imeritia, and the others
to Georgia. These districts are of very
unequal size ; some con'ainln,^ only five,
and others 50, villages, eacli of which com-
prise from 20 to 100 families. Their lan-
guage has some analogy with that of the
Persian. Their history is entirely un-
known. The Circassians and Tartars call
them K'isha.
Ossipee gore, township of New Hamp-
shire, Strafford county. Population in
1820. 195.
Ossippee, township of Strafford county.
New Hampshire, containing 1205 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1793.
Ostend, Ibrtified seaport of the 'Nether
lands, in Flanders, seated amouij a number
of canals, and almost surrounded by two of
the largest of them, into which ships of
great burden may enter with the tide. It
is 10 miles W of Bruges, 22 NK of Dun-
kirk, and 60 NW of Brussels. Lou. 3 1 E,
lat. 51 14 N.
OsiV'-ot/c, town of Lowep Saxony, in the
principality of Grubenhagen, noted for a
manufiicture of woollen stuffs. It has like-
wise a magazine of corn for the miners of
Hartz forest, to whom it is delivered at a
fixed price. It is 16 miles SW of Goslar.
Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 51 50 N.
Osterrode., town of Prussia, in the pro-
vince of Oberland, situated on the Dri-
bentz. It has an ancient castle, and is 65
miles SE of Dantzic, and 70 SSW of Ko-
ningsberg.
Osterwieck, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Lower Saxony, and principality of
Halberstadt. It carries on considerable
manufactures in woollen sUiffs, and is situa-
ted on the Use, 13 miles W of Halberstadt,
and 15 miles NE of Goslar. Lon. 10 52 E,
lat. 52 10 N.
OsUa, once celebrated but decayed sea-
port of Italy, in Cliampagna di Roma, seat-
ed at the mouti) of the Tiber, with a bish-
op's see : the harbour is choaked up. It is
12 miles SW of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, lat.
41 44 N.
Ostiglio, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Mantua, seated on the Po, 15 miles E of
Mantua. Lon. 11 8 E, lat. 45 7 N.
7r>6
Osihi^hausen, town of Germany in the
circle of Wesphalia, situated on the Alst,
eight miles W of I-ipstadt.
Ostrogothia, eastern part of Gothland, in
Sweden.
Ostunt, town of Naples, in Terra d'Otran-
to, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a
mountain, near the gulf of Venice, 16 miles
NW of Brindici, and 24 NE of Tarento.
Lon. 17 59 E. lat. 40 51 N.
Osiuald, St. village in Northumberland,
on the Pic -i' Wail N of Hexham. Here
Oswald, who was afterwards sainted, set
up the first cross in the kingdom of North-
umberland.
Osioegaichie, river of St. Lawrence coun-
ty, New York, risps in the southern parts
of the county, and flows NW into St. Law-
rence it Ogdensburg. It communicates
witl) Grass river by a natural channel. Its
comparative course about 60 miles.
Oswegatchie, township of St. Lawrence
county, New York, on the Sn Lawrence,
and including the village of Ogdensburg.
Population in 1820, 1661.
Oswego, river of New York, formed by
the outlet of Oneida lake and Seneca river.
Its comparative length about 30 miles, it
falls into lake Ontario about 80 miles NW
from Utica, and has been made navigable
from Oneida lake to its mouth, by locks and
side cuts.
Oswego, post town and post of entry?
Oswego county, New York, on both banks
of Oswego river at its mouth. It is an in-
creasing town, and place of considerable
comm rce. In time of war, it is also a mili-
tary post of much consequence. It is partly
in the township of Scriba and partly in
Hanibal.
Oswego, county of New York j bounded
by lake Ontario NW ; by Jefferson N ;
Lewis and Oneida E ; Oneida lake and Os-
wego river or Onondago county S ; and
Cayuga SW. Length 45 ; mean width 22;
and area about 1000 square miles. Surface
generally broken, and soil of middling,
quality. Besides the Oswego, it^B drained
by Salmon river and some of lesser note
ail falling into lake Ontario. Chief towns
Oswego.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,535
do. do. females - - - 5,837
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total v/hites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - /.
do. females
Total population in 1820
12,342
17
15
0
0
12,374
O T O
O T S
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 131
Engajjed in Agriculture - - 3,402
do. in Manufactures - 488
do. in Commerce - - 227
Population to the square mile, 12.
Opnhtt, one of the Society islands, in the
S Pacific Ocean. It lies N of Ulitea; and
is divided from it by a strait, which in the
narrowest part, is not more than Uvo miles
broad. This island is smaller and more
barren than Ulitea. but has two very good
harbours.
OsTveiczsn, town of Poland, in tiie palati-
nate of C.-acovia. It has a great trade in
salt, and is seated on the Vistula, 15 miles
SW of Cracow. Lon. 19 44 E, lat. 59 ON.
Os^uestry, corporate town in Shropshire
with a market on Wednesday. It had a
wall, and a castle long ago demoHshed ;
and has some trade with Wal s in flannels-
It is 18 mil'js NVV of Shrewsb».rv, and 174
of London. Lon. 3 3 W, lat. 52 52 N.
Osyth, St. village in Essex ; here are the
remains of an ancient monastery, now the
seat of the earl ofRochford. It is situated
near the sea, nine miles SE of Colchester.
Otaheite, one of the Society Islands, in
the South Pacific Ocean, lying in 18 deg,
S lat. and 150 deg. W lon. and first disco-
vered by captain Wallis in 1767, who call-
ed it George the Third's Island. M. di
Bougainville next arrived at in April 1763,
and staid ten days. Captain Cook came
hither in 1769, to observe the transit of
Venus : sailed round the whole island in a
boat, and staid three months. It has since
been visited twice by that celebrated navi-
gator. It consists of two peninsulas, great
part of which is coveied with woods, con-
sisting partly of bread-fruit trees, palms,
cocoa nut trees, plantains, bananas, mul-
berries, sugar canps and others peculiar to
the climate, particularly a kind of pine ap-
ple and the dragon tree. The people have
mild features, and a pleasing countenance.
They are about the ordinary size of Eu-
ropeansj^^f a pale mahogany brown, with
fine bla^Riair and eyes.
Otis, post village and township, Berk-
shire county, Massachusetts. 20 miles SE
from Lenox. Population 1820, 981.
Otisco, small lake, and township, in the
SW part of Onondago county, N/w York.
Population of the township 1820, 1726.
Otisjtehl, township of Cumberland coun-
ty, Maine, 43 miles N from Portland. Po-
pulation 1820, 1107.
Otletf, town in the West Riding of York-
shire, with a market on Friday. It is seat-
ed on the Wharf, under a high craggy
cliff, 25 miles W of York, and 302 NNW
of London, Lon. 1 48 W, lat. 53 54 X.
Otoque, island of South America, in the
bay of Panama. Lon. 81 10 W, lat. 7 50
N.
Otranto, or Terra D'Otranio, province of
Naples, bounded on the N by Terra-di-
Bari and the gulf of Venice, on the E by
the same gulf, and on the S and W by a
great bay, between that and Basihcata. It
is a mountainous country, abounding in
olives, figs, and wine. Here is a kind of
spider, called a tara-itula, whose bite is ve-
nomous ; and the country is oflen visited
by locusts.
Otranto, city of Naples, capital of Terra
d'Oirauto, with a commodious harbour, an
archbishop's see, and a strong citadel, where
the archbishops reside. It was taken, in
1480 by the Turks, who did a great deal
of mischief, but it has since been restored.
It has also suffered greatly by the Algerine
pirates. It is seated on the gulf of Ve-
nice, 37 miles SE of Brindici, and 60 SE
of Tarento. Lon. 18 35 E, lat. 40 20 N.
Oiricoli, town of Italy, in the duohy of
Spoletto, seated on a hill, two miles fronri
the Tiber, nd 32 N of Rome. Lon. 12 23
E. lai. 42 26 N.
Otsego, narrow lake of North America,
ill the state of New York, in Otsego coun-
ty. It is nine miles long, and lies at the
head of the river Susquehannah.
Otsego, county of New York ; bounded
by Schoharie E; De,iwareSE; Unadilla
river or Chenango county W ; Madson and
Oneida NW ; Herkimer N; and Montgo-
mery NE. Length 40 ; mean width 25 ;
and area 1000 square mdes. Surface gen-
erally hilly ; but soil generally produc-
tive. Staples, grain, flovr, live stock, and
salted provision. Cliief towns. Cooper's
town, and Ciieriy Valley.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Tot.il whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves . . - - -
Total population in ISIO -
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females
All other persons except ladians
not taxed - - - "
Total whites - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . . - -
do."^ females . . - -
Total population injl820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
767
19,718
18,877
38,595
133
74
38,802
22.303
22,302
0
44,605
119
116
4
12
44,856
f
331
O U D
O V E
Engaged in Agriculture - - 12,588
do. in Manufactures - - 2,466
do. in Commerce - - 126
Population to the square mile, 44J.
OtseUc, small river of New York in Cha-
nango county, falling into the Tioughioga
branch of Susquehannah.
Otselic, township of Chenango county,
New York. Population 1820, 526.
Oeia-wa, large river of British America,
rises north from lake Huron, and flowing
SE falls into St. Lawrence, 25 miles NW
from Montreal, after an entire comparative
course of 500 miles. It forms part of the
boundary between Upper and Lower Ca-
nada. Its volume of water is very large
for its length of course. Settlements are
scattered along its banks about 150 miles
from its mouth. Though much obstructed
by rapids, it is one of the channels of in-
land trade from Montreal to the NW.
Ottentlorf, town of German}', in the cir-
cle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Saxe
Lauenberg. It is seated on the Meden, 24
miles N of Stade. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 53 53 N.
Ottensheim, town of Germany, in the
archduchy of Austria. It lies on the N
side of the Danube, 16 miles SW of Frey.
stadt.
Otter, river of Vermont, which rises in
the Green Mountains, Bennington county,
and after running a NW course through the
country for 70 miles, flows into lake Cham-
plaine, about 15 miles above Crown Point.
Ottet'-bridge, post office, Bedford county,
Virginia.
Otterberg. town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, five miles N of Kay-
serslautern,
Otterbwn, village in Northumberland, on
the river Reed, 22 miles W by N Morpeth.
It is celebrated for a battle in 1388, on
which is founded the ballad of Chevy ChaCe,
Ottersberg, town cf Westphalia, in the
duchy of Bremen, with a fort, 17 miles
NE of Bremen.
Ottery, St. Mainj, town in Devonshire.
It has a large church with two square tow-
ers, and manufactures of flannels, serges,
8sc. It is seated on the rivulet Otter, 10
miles E of Exeter, and 161 W by S of
London.
Ottmuchau, town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Niesse, with a castle ; seated on
the river Niesse, seven miles W by S of
Niesse.
Oltona, or Ortona, town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Venice,
10 miles N of Lanciano, and 43 E of
Aquilcia. Lon. 14 59 E, lat. 42 28 N. /
Ott-aeiler, fortified town of Germany, in
the circle of Upper Rhine, with a castle,
40 miles SE of Treves.
Ouachitau. See JFnshitau.
Oude, province of Hindoostan Proper,
■Bubiect to a nabob, whose dominions lie on
768 '
both sides of the Ganges, occupying (with
the exception of the district of Rompour)
all the flat country between that river and
the northern mountains, as well as the prin-
cipal part of that fertile tract, lying be-
tween the Ganges and Jumna, known by
the name of Dooab, to witliin 40 miles of
the city of Delhi. Oude and Its dependen-
cies are estimated at 360 miles in length
from E to W, and in breadth from 150 to
180.
Oude, ancient city of Hindoostan Proper,
in the province of Oude, the remains of
which are seated on the Gogra. nearly ad-
joining Fitabad. It is said to have been
the first imperial city of Hindoostan, and
to have been the capital of a kingdom,
1200 years before the Christian era ; and
it is frequently mentioned in the Mchabe-
ret, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit,
under the name of Adjudiah, But what-
ever may have been its former magnifi-
cence, no traces of it are left. It is con-
sidered as a place of sanctity ; and the
Hindoos frequently come hither, on pil-
grimage, from all parts of India.
Oudenaed, town of the Netherlands, in
the middle of which is a fort ; it is 12 miles
S of Ghent, 15 NE of Tournay. and 27 W
of Brussels. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 50 51 N.
Oudenbjtrg, town of Flanders, eight
miles SE of Ostend, and 10 W of Bruges.
Lon. 3 0 E, lat 51 9 N.
Oudipovr. See Cheitore.
Overflackee, island of Holland between
the mouths of the Maese. Melisand is tlie
principal town.
Overton, county of Tennessee ; bound-
ed by Cumberland county in Kentucky
N ; Morgan county in Tennessee E ;
Bledsoe S ; White SW ; and Jackson W.
Length 40 ; mean v/idth 15 ; and area
600 square miles. It is drained by
Obed's ?.nd Roaring river, branches of
Teimessee. Chief town Monroe.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - ^ 2,634
do. do. females - tB 2,648
Total whites - - - 5,282
All other persons except Indians
--- -' - - - 6
S55
not taxed
Slaves
Total population in 1810
5,64S
Popidation in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,255
do. do. females ... 3,176
All other persons except Indians
nottuxed ... o
Total whites ....
Free persons of coIo\ir, males -
dp. do. females
U l: S
O L S
Siaves, mules
do. females
Total population in 1820
342
7,128
Of these ;
Foreigneis cot na*ural/zecl - 0
Eii;;asjcd in Agriculture - - 1,950
do. in Manufactures - 40
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to t!ie square ir.ile, 12 nearlj'.
Overijsclic, town of Austrian Brabant,
seared oti the Ysche, six miles NE of
Brussels, and nin? SW of Louvain. Lon.
4 30 E, lat. 50 53 N.
Overysnel, province of the Nether-
lands ; biiunded on the E by the bishop-
ric of Munster, on the N Ijy Friesland
and Gro'iinj^en, on the VV by die Yssel,
and on the S by the country of Zutphen
and bishopric of Monster. It is divided
into three districts, called Drcnte, TweMt,
and Saliand. There are many morasses
in this province, and but few inhabitants,
in comparison with the rest. It i^reattst
riches consist in turf, which is dug up
here, and sent to the neighbouring pro-
vinces, particularly Holiand.
Ougien, town of Hn.doostan Proper, in
the province of Malwa, capital of one of
the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is a
place •■■•f great antiquitv, 452 miles SW of
Poonah. Lon. 75 56 E, lat 23 26 N.
Oviedo, town of Spain, cajjital of As-
turia d'Oiicdn, with a bishop's see, and
a university. It is seated at the conflu-
encf of the Ove and Devn, wiiich forms
the Astra, 50 miles NW of Leon, and
208 of Madrid. Lon. 5 44 W, lat. 43
25 N.
Ouia(G7i, or Ouitanon, village of In-
diana, on the Wabash, 150 miles above
Vinciennes. ^
Ovid, township and post vlHag^eiieca
county, New York, between Seneca, and
Cayuga iake.s.^ The principal village is
near the former 22 miles above Geneva.
Population 1810,4535. and in 1820, 2654.
Oulsconsin, river of the United States
the NW territory rises at lat. 46° N, and
between 12 and "lo"^- W from Was'.iington,
interlocking witii the *Menomonie of
Green bny and with the southern rivers
of Lake Superior. It thence flows S to
about lat. 4v 45, where it approaches so
very near Fox river of Green bay, as to
leave only a p'l'tatce of one mile and a
half, Sf.e Fosc rivr of Michigan. Be-
low the portage the Oa;scnnsin. turns to
SW by W, and falls into Mississippi
about fivf: miles below Prairie du Clii n
at lat. 43^ N. Tliis streams forms one
of the great natural cliannelsof commu-
nicaticn between the St Lawrence and
Mississippi basins. Though generallv
A K
rapid in its current, it is unimpeded Ijy
cataracts, or, even dangerous shoals.
The entire length by comparative courses
350 miles, nearly one half of which dis-
tance is below the portage.
Ou'.z, town of Piedmont, seated in a
valley, 12 miles SW of Susa.
Oundk; town in Northamptonshire,
with a market on Saturday, seated on
the N.-'u, over which are two bridges, 26
miles NE of Northampton, and 78 N by
W of London.
Oural. See Und inountains.
Oiirem, town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, seated on a mountain, 12 miles W
of Tomar.
Otirfa. See C'rfa.
Ourifjue, townof PortUijal, in Alente-
jo, celebrated for a victory, obtained by
Alphons;), king of Portugal, over five
Moorish kings, in 1139. The heads of
these five kings are the arms of Portugal.
It is £6 miles SW of Beja.
0?.i5c, river in Yorkshi;'e, formed of
th-.' Ureand Swale, which rises near each
other in the romantic tract called Kich-
mondshire, and unite at AUlbtirough. It
thence takes the name of Ouse, and
flows through York, where it is naviga-
ble for consi'ierable vessels; and after-
ward receiving the Wiiarf, Derwent,
Aire, and D -n, it meets the 'I'rent on
the borders of Lincolnshire, where tlieii'
united streans form the Humbcr.
Ouse, river in Sussex, formed of two
branches, one of v/hicli rises in St. Leo-
nard forest, the ether in the forest of
V.'cirth, and they unite above Lewes. It
flows by that town to N- w Haven, below
which it forms a consider ible haven, and
enters the E'lg'ish chani;el.
Ouse. (ivcat. river which rises in
Norihamptt)n.>,hire, near Brackley, aiid
flows to Buo.k;ngham, Stoney, Sratf jrd,
Newport Pagnel, Obuy, and Bedford,
where it is nav gable. Thence it pro-'
ceeds to St. Nei.t, Huntingdon. St. Ives,
Ely, raid Lynn, btlovv which it enters
the Lincoliis lire wash.
Oufie, Little, river which rises in the
S part of x\;jrf>!k. and dividing that
county from Suffolk, as it flows west-
ward, becomes navigable at Thetfcrd;
and afterwards joins :he Great Ouse.
OuHC, or Grand river, .stream of Up-
p r Canada, rising in the interior coun-
try, which sources interlocking with
those of the Thames. It thence flows a
little E of vS into Lake Erie, which it
enters about half way from Fort Erie to
the North Foreland The bar at it*
month, has about seven feetw^iecr.
Oussore. town and fort of Hi:>doostan,
in Mvsore. taken bv the English in 17'^'!.
' 76<'
O W £
O X 1
It is 19 miles SE of Bangalore, and 60
ENE of Seringapatam.
Outeiro, town and fortress of Portugal,
in Tra los Monies, seated on a mountain,
nine miles SE of Braganza, and 21 NW
of Miranda
(hoasco, lake of Cayuga county, New-
York ; its waters is discharged into Se-
neca river.
Owasco, township and post village
Cayuga county, New York, at the bot-
tom of Owasco lake three miles SE from
Auburn. Population 1810, 496; and in
1820, 1290.
Onvego, town of New York, in Broome
comity on the E branch of the Susque-
hannah, 20 miles W of Union, and 30
miles SSE from Ithaca. It is a place of
much trade in salt and Gypsum from
Ofliondaga county. Population 1820, 1741.
Otvego, small river of Xew York rising
in Courtland and Tompkins, and flowing
S between Broome, and Tioga counties
falls into the Susquehannah river at the
village of Owego.
Owen, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Kentucky river or Henry county W ;
Gallatin NW; Garret N ; Harrison E ;
and Scott, and Franklin S. Length 20 ;
mean width 12 ; and area 240 square
miles. Chief town Owentown.
Population in 1820.
Free white males, - - - 944
do. do. females . - - 879
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - - 0
Total whites .... 1,823
Free persons of colour, males - ^1
do. do. females - 0
Slaves, males .... 96
do. females _ - . m
Total population in 1820 - - 2,031
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 528
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 1
Population to the square mile, 8^.
Owen, county of Indiana ; bounded by
Dubois S ; Daviess W ; Martin N ; and
Lawrence and Orange E. Length 24 ;
width 18 ; and area 432 square miles.
The East branch of White river ira-
versss this county obliquelv from NE, to
SW. Chief town Greenwich.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 457
do. do. ft^males - - 370
-VJl other persons except Indians
"t-t taxed .... 0
838
1
170
0
2
Total wh'itfcs
827
Tro
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females - . .
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalize^
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Ma!.\ifactures
do, in Commerce -
Population to the square mile, 2.
Owen's, tavern, post office, Middlesex
county, ^ irginia.
Otventon, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Ov.'en county, Kentucky, on a branch
of Eagle creek, 20 miles NNE from Frank-
fort.
Oioyhee, largest and most eastern of
the Sandwich islands, in the Pacific
Ocean. Its length from N to S is 84
miles, and its breadih 70. It is divided
into six districts, two of which, on the
NE side, are separated by a mountain,
that rises in three peaks, perpetually co-
vered with snow, and may be seen at 40
leagues distance. To the N of this
mountain, the coast consists of high and
ybrupt cliff's, down which fall many
beautiful cascades ; and the whole coun-
try is covered with cocoa-nut and bread-
fruit trees. The peaks of this moun-
tain on the NE bide appear to be about
half a mile high. To the S of this moun-
tain, the ground is covei'ed with cinders,
and in many places has black streaks,
which seem to mark the course of a la-
va, that has flowed from the mountain
to the shore. The southern promonto-
ry looks like the mere dregs of a volca-
no. The projecting headland is com-
posed of broken and craggy rocks piled
irregularly on one another, and termi-
nating in sharp points ; yet, amid these
ruins, are many patches of rich soil,
carefully laid out in plantations. The
fields are enclosed by stone fences, and
are interspersed with groves of cocoa-
nut trees. Here captain Cook, in 1779,
fell a victim to the sudden resentment of
the natives, with whom he unfortunate-
ly had a dispute*. Lon. 156 0 W, lat. 19
28 N.
Oxford, capital of Oxfordshire, and a
bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux
of tlie CherwcU with the Thames, and
has a canal to Brunston, in Northamp-
tonshire. The citj'-, with the suburbs, is
of a circular form, three miles in cir-
cumference, and was anciently surround-
ed by walls, of which con.siderable re-
mains are yet to be seen ; as also of its
extensive castle, the tower of which now
serves for a country jail. In 1811, the
number of inhabitants was 12,931. It has.
O X F
O X F
beside tlie cathedral, 13 parish-church-
es, a famous university, a noble market
place, and a mat^nificent bridge. The
university is gfneral'y supposed to have
bttn a Seminary for learning before the
time of Alfred, although it owed its re-
vival and consi quence to his liberal pa-
tronage. Here are 20 coleges, and five
halls, several of which, stand in the
streets, and givK tht- city an air of mag
niticence. The colleges are provided
with sufficient revenues for the mainte-
nance of a master, fellow, and students.
In the halls the students live, either
wiiolly, or in part at their own expense.
The colleges are, Uidversity, Baliol,
Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Qu-en's. New,
Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazirn
Nose, Clorpus Chrifeli, Christ Church,
Trinity, St, Juhn Baptist's. Jesus, Wad
ham, P -mbroke, Worcester, and Hert-
ford. Of these the most ancient is Uni-
versity College, founded before the year
872 ; and to Christ Church College, be-
gun by cardinal Wolsey, and finished
by Henry VIII. belongs the cathedral.
The halfs are Alban, Edmur.d, St. Ma-
ry's, New Ifin, and St. Mary Magdalene.
Among the libraries in the uni' ersity,
the most distinguished is the Bodleian,
founded by Sir Thomas Bodley ; those
of All Souls College, Christ Church,
Queen's, New, St. John's, Exeter, and
Corpus Christi. Among other pubUc
buildings are the Ashmolean Museum,
the Clarendon Printing-house, Radcliff
Infirmary, and an Observatory. Magda-
len Bridge, besides the beauty of its ar-
chitecture, has this singularity that more
than half of it is on dry ground, and the
rest covers two small stripes of the Cher-
wel ; this bridge is 526 feet long. The
Theatre, more magnificent of any thing
of the kind hi the world. The physic-
garden of above five acres, walled rouinl
with fine gates one of which cost 600/.
Oxfordshire, county of England, bound-
ed on the E by Buckinghamshire, W
by Gloucestershire, S by Berkshire, and
N by Warwickshire and Northampton-
shire. The extreme length is 48 miles,
and breadth 26, but its form is very irre-
gular. It contains 450,000 acres ; is di-
vided into 14 hundreds, and 207 parisii-
es ; has one city and 12 market towns ;
and sends nine members to parliament.
The soil, though various, is fertile in
corn and grass. The S part, especially
on the borders of Buckinghamshire, is
hilly and woody, having a continuation of
Chiltern hills running through it. The
NW part is also elevated and stony. The
middle is, in general, a rich country, wa-
tered by numerous streams running from
i? to S, and terminating in the Thames.
Of these, the most considerable are the
Windrush, Evenlode, Cherwell, and
Thames ; the latter, although an inconsi-
derable rivulet, has obtained some im-
portance from having been supposed to
give name to the Thames. The pro-
ducts of Oxfordshire are chiefly those
common to the midland farming coun-
ties Its hills yield ochre, pipe -clay, and
other earths, useful for various purpo-
ses. Corn and malt are conveyed from
it, by the Thames, to the metrcpolis.
Population 1801, 109,620, in 1811, 119,191,
and in 1821, 134,327.
Oxford, township of Granville coQnty,
Upper Canada, on the Rideau.
Oxjord county of Upper Canada, wa-
tered by the sources of the Thames, and
Grand rivers.
Oxford, county of Maine, bounded
NW by Lower Canada ; W by New
Hampshire ; S by Cumberland, and York,
?ind E by Kennebec and Somerset coun-
ties. It extends indefinitely along the
western side of the state from York and
Cumberland counties. Area of the set-
tled parts, about 2000 square miles. The
Androscoggin, has its principal sources
in, and flows obliquely across this county.
Chief town Paris.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
9,028
8,589
17,617
Total whites ...
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 13
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 17,630
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 13,714
do. do. females - - - 13,37^
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... o
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
27,104
SO
6,809
571
13
Population to the square mile, 2%\.
Oxford, township of Worcester coun-
ty, Massachusetts, containing 1277 inha-
bitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1562, situa-
ted on the E side of French river, about
14 miles to the S of Worcester.
Oxford, township of New Haven coun-.
, 771
V A
i» A (;
ty, Connecticut, containing 14j3 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1683, situated
on the VV of the Naiigaheck river, 12
miles NW of New Haven,
Oxford, township of Chenango coun-
ty. New York, containing 2988 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 231", situated
on the W side of Chenango river, 110
miles W of Albany. In this town an
academy has been incorporated.
Oxford, township c.f Sussex cnunty,
Nevy'jersey, containing 2470 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820, 3039, situated on the
E side o£ the river Delaware, between
Hardwick and Mansfiekl
Oxford, township of Philadelphia ccun-
tv, Pennsylvatiia, containing 97.1 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820. 1315, situated
on the NW side of Delaware river, abnut
tight miles N of Philadelphia.
Oxford, Lower, township of Chester
crunty, Pennsylvania, between Elk, and
Octcrara creeks, 25 miles SW from Ches-
ter. Population 1820, 914.
Oxford, Ujifier, townslnp of Chester
county, Pennsylvania, adjoining the pre-
ceding to the N. Population 1820, 710.
Oxfork, post village of Adams county,
Pc nnsylvania, nine miles NE by E from
Gettysburg.
Oxford, post town and port of entry,
on the E side of Tread Haven bay, Tal-
bot county, Maryland, 50 miles SE from
Baltimore. It is one of the most trading
places E of Chesapeak bay. The shipping
owned here in 1816, exceeded 13,000 tons.
Oxford, post village, Car(;lina county,
Virginia.
Oxford, post town, Granviiie county.
North Carolina, 30 miles N by W frorn
Raleigh. It is the scat of two academies.
Oxford, one of the western townsliips of
Huron connty, Ohio, containing the village
of Bloomfieid. Population in 1820, 422,
Oxford, northern township of Delaware
county, Ohio. Population, in 1820, 205.
Oxford, NW township of Uutler county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1658. Distant
35 miles NW from Cincinnati. Miami
University, a literary institution, located in
this township in 1809, is on the land granted
for that purpose by congress. The neces-
sary bullflings have been commenced, and
the revenues already amount to more than
400 dollars annually. Greek, and Latin are
already tauglit, and the funds and prospects
of the college augmenting.
Oxford, township of Tuscarawas county,
Ohio, containing the village of Wilmington.
Population in 1820, 193. '
Oxford, post village, of Coshocton coun-
ty, Ohio.
Oxford, township of Guernsey countv,
Ohio. Popula-,ioninl820,915.
Oijster Bav, or more correctly Oester,
{West Bay,) township of Queen's county.
Long Island and slate of New York, con-
taining 4725 inhabitants in 1810. It ex-
tends quite across the island from the ocean
to Long Isl.and Sound.
Oz7oie:i/i, town of Little Poland; seated
on the AVeitchssfl. The houses are built
of wood; and the town is covered on one
side by a great morass, and on the other
defended by a castle, whose walls are of
wood. It is 34 miles W of Cracow. Lon.
19 10 E, hit. 50 ION.
Pacem, town in the N part rf Stunatra, in
the East Indies, Lon. 97 15 E, hit. 5 0 N.
Pacham(}e,\Ci\\ey in Peru, celebrated for
its pleasantness and fertility, but more for
u magnificent temple, budi by the Incas to
ti-e honourof their god. The Spaniards,
when they conquered Peru, found immense
richea in it. ll is 10 miles S of Lin^a.
Pachica, town of Mexico, famous for its
silver mines. Some .tuthors say, that in the
space of six leagues there fire not less ihwu
fi thousand. One cf which called Trinity,
is supposed '.o be as rich as any in the Spa-
n'sh dominions. F* rly millions of .silver
having been taken from it in 10 years. It
is 45 miles NNE of Me.xico. Lon. 100 4
W, lat. 20 32 N.
Pachsu, small Island in the Mediterrane-
an, near the coast ot Epirus, S of Corfu,
and W ot the gulf of Arta. It is subject
to Venice.
Pacific Ocean, that vast ocean which se-
772
paratcs Asia from America. It is called
Pacific, from the moderate weather the
first mariners who sailed in it met with
between tlie tropics: and it was called
South Sea, because the Spaniards crossed
the isthmus of Darien from N to S when
they first discovered it ; though it is pro-
perly the Western Ocean with regaid to
America. Geographers call the South Sea
Marc Pacificum, "• The Pacific Ocean," as
being less infested with storms than the
Atlantic; but M. Frezicr affirms it does
rot deserve that appellation, and that he
has seen as violent storms therein as in any
other sea : but Magellan happened to have
a very favoiirabl.f; wind, and not meeting
with any thing to ruffle him when he first
traversed this vast ocean in 1520, gave it
the name which it has retained ever since.
Maty, however, adds, that the wind is so
regular there, that the vessels would fre-
quently g« from Acapuico to the Philippine;
]> A i)
P A 1
Islands without shifting a sail. All tiie pre-
ceding characters of the Pacil'ic Ocean are
correct wiien iipplied to dilierent parts ot"
that immense basin. Within and lor some,
distancii above t!ie tropics, it is truly Paci-
fie, whilst in high latitudes, and particular-
ly near land, it is liable to all the meteoro-
logical changes arisir.g from difference of
t.'.nperature.
I'ackersfieUlf now J\'clson, township of
Cheshire county, New Hampshire, contain-
ing 1076 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820,
907. Situated on the head branches of
the Ashuelot river, about 20 miles E of
Connecticut river.
Pacoiet river, rises in liutheiford county
North Carolina, and flowing S enters Spar-
tanbury district South Cai-olina, and con-
tinuing SE, crosses Spartanburg, ;.nd Uriion,
and falls into Broad river, opposite the S\V
angle of York district.
Pcicij, ancient town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and late province of Nor-
mandy, seated on the Eure, eight miles
S by E of Vernon. Lon. 1 41 E, lat. 43 58 N.
Padung,st&\iort on the W coast of Su-
matra, in the East Indies, in the posses-
sion of ihe Dutch. Lon. 99 46 E, lat. 0
50 S.
Paddington^ village in Middlesex, W by
N of London, wiih a handsome new church,
erected in 1790, in a singularly pleasing
style.
Paderboni, blshoprick of Germany, in
the circle of Westphaii.a, 32 miles long and
20 broad. In the middle of it are high
mountains, andiron rnmes; but the rest
of the country is fertile in corn and pas-
tures. However it is most remarkable for
its bacon and venison. It was secularized
in 1802, and now belongs to Prussia. Po-
pulation in 1820, 120,000.
Paderboru, ancient and populous town of
Germany in Westphalia, cap'tal of the pro-
vince of the same name. It takers its name
from the rivulet I'adtr, which rises under
the high altar of the cathedral. It has a
celebrated university, and is 37 mdes SW
of Minden, and 43 ESE of Munster. Lon.
8 55E, lat. 51 46N.
Padron, town of Spain, in Galicia, seated
on the river Ulia, 12 miles S of Compostel-
la. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 42 40 N.
Padstow, town in Cornwall, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated on ti.e P)ris-
tol Channel, and has some trade to Ireland,
from which place it is dislant 240 miles.
It is 30 miles W of Lauceston, and 243
W by S of London. Lon. 4 45 W, iat. 50
42 N.
Padjia, ancient, large, and celebrated city
of Italy, capital of the Paduano, with a
university and a bi.shop's see. It is seven
miles in circumference, and much less con-
siderable than formerly ; for it now contains
^jnly 30,000, whereas ft formerly contained
100,000 inhabitants. The university was
new modeled in 1814, and consists of the
faculties of mathematics and philosophy,
medicine and law. Students about 300. It
is seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione,
in a fire plain, 20 miles SE of Vicenza, and
225 N of Home. Lon. 12 1 E, lat. 45 22 N.
Paihunio, formerly a prcvince of Italy, in
the territory cf Venice, :iow part of Aus-
trian Itrtiy, 40 mdes long, and 25 broad ;
bounded on tlie K by the i)ogado, on tlie S
by Polesino di llovigo, on the W by the
Veronese, and on ;he N by the Vincenluio.
Iti soil is well watered, and is one or' the
most fertile in Italy. Padua is the capital.
PaduJa, town of Italy, m the kingdom of
Naples, in Principato Citeriore. Lon. 15
41 E, lat. 40 29 N.
Paefenhoffen, town oiVvaxxce, in ll'e de-
partment of Lov\er Rhine and late province
of Alsace, seated on the declivity of a
mountain, near the river MoUeir,eigl"it miles
W ofH:ig>;enaii. Um. 7 38 K, lat. 48 48 N.
Pugliano, town of Italy, in Ahbruzzo Ul-
teriore. Lon. 13 4G K, lat. 42 28 N.
Pagn, island in the gulf of Venice, sepa-
rated from Venetian Daiamatia by a narrow
strait. The air is cold, and the soil barren;
but it is well peopled, and contains salt-
works.
Pahang. See Pan.
Paimbccvfi seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire and late province
ofBretagne, at the mouth of the Loire.
Wliat makes it of consequence is, that all
s'lips belonging to Nantes, take their de-
parture hence, and here they anchor on
their arrivrd. It is 20 miles W of Nantes.
Lon. 1 5o W, lat. 47 15 N.
Pahisville, fine commercial post village
of Geauga county, Ohio, on Grand river,
about three miles above its mouth, at Fair-
port. A bridge constructed of wiiod of 400
feet has been erected over Grand river at
this^ place, and toll free. Population in
1820, 1257.
I'aiiiesvil/e, post village, Amelia county,
Virginia, 45 miles W horn Petersburg.
Paint, SE township of Wayne county,
Ohio. Population in' 18:20, o90.
Paint, township in the western i)orders
of Ross county, Ohio. Population m 1820,
946. It is watered, on the W and 8 by
Paint creek, and near the middle, by Buck-
skin creek, which runs across It from NW
to SE.
Paint, township in the northern borders
of Fayette county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 767.,
Paint, township in the eastern part of
Highland county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
1895.
Paint c)'eeA-,western branch of tlu- Sclota
river, rising in the SW corner ot Madison
county, Ohio ; near the source of Little Mi-
ami, from whence it runs 35 miles SW
P A L
P A L
across Fayeltc co inl\ by VVnshington, and
along the SW borders ofKoss county, wlien
it turns and runs i:; a somewhat NE direc-
tion, in'.o Ro;^s county 15 mdes, thence E
1:; miles tanner, wliere it joins the Scicta
river five miles below Chilico'.he.
Painsivick; town in Gloucestershire. It
has a manutacmre of white cloths for the
army, and for ihe India and Turkey trade ;
and henc:^ is br >ught a stone remarkable
for its beauty and neatness, for the pave-
ment of fl')0rs. It iS seven n^.iles SE of
Gloucest r, and 101 W by N of London.
Lon. 2 11 W, lat. 51 46 N.
Painted Post, post town in Stuben coun-
ty, New Y'jrk; situated on the NVV bank
of Tioga river, near the mouth of Cochoc-
ton creek, 43 mi'es N\V of Athenf, and
about 60 miles S of Jerusalem. Population
in 1801, 954; and in 1820, 2088.
Painter Creek, western brook of Still-
water rivulet, emptying into said rivulet in
Miami county. It r>ses in Dark county.
Painter's Cross Roads, post office, Dela-
ware county, Pennsylvania, 22 miles SSW
from Phdadelphia.
Paintville, recently laid off town, in
Wayne county, Oliio, 15 mile.-, from W oos
ter, on the road leading from that town to
New Philadelpliia. Population in 1820,
uncertain,
Paishaivur, city of Candahar, capital of a
district in the country of Cabul. It is
situated on the Kameh, 125 miles SE of
Cabul, and 170 N of Moultan. - Lon. 70 36
E, lat. 33 18 N.
Paisley, town of Scotland, the largest in
Reiifrewshire. It h.as considerable manu-
factures of .silk and linen gauze, lawn, mus-
lin, cambric, thread, he. also e.xtensivc
soap, candle, and cotton works ; and is
deemed the first manufacturing town in
Scotland. The river While Cart divides it
into the old and new town, which commu-
nicate by three bridges. The latter stands
on the E side of the river, and consists of
many handsome buildings. By means of
the rivt-r, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can
.come up and unload at the qyay. In 1811
tile number of inhabitaiats was 32,000 in
the old town, and 14,153 in the abbey
parish. It is 10 miles W of Glasgow.
Lon. 4 26 W, lat. 55 52 N.
Paita, seaport of Peru, in the audience
of Quito, with an excellent harbour. It
has frequently been plundered by the buc-
caneers ; and, in 1741, it was plundered
and burnt, by commodore Anson, because
the governor refused to ransom it. The
bay is defended by a fort. Lon. 80 94 W,
lat. 5 12 S.
Palachy, town of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Coimbetore. Lon. 77 08 E, lat. 11
47 N.
Palacios, town of Spain in Andalusia, %2
774
miles S of Seville. Lon. 5 24 W, lat. 57
20 N.
Palais, town of France, capital of the
island of Beileisle, off the coast of Bretag-
ne. It has a strong citadel, which stood a
long siege against the English, in 1761,
and then -unvndered on lionourablettrms.
Lon. 3 2 W, lat. 47 18 N.
Palais, iSV. town and d. strict fPranc",
in the department of the Lower Pyrenees,
which. With the town and district of St.
John Pied-de-Po!t, ibrms nearly the whole
of the late province of Lower Navarre, a
mountainous country, which produces
scarcely any thing but millet, oats, and
fruits of which they make cider. St. Pa-
lais is seated on the river Hibouse, 15 miles
SE of Bavonne. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 43
21 N.
Palambang, town, river, and district of
Sumatra, on the NE co.^st of the island.
The town is situated at lon. 104 54 E, and
lat. 2 59 N.
Palamcotta, or Tinevelly, town of the
peninsula of HindoO',taii, in the Carnatic,
410 miies SW of Madras. Lon. 77 54 E,
lat. 8 43 N.
Palamos, strong seaport of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, witli a good harbour, seated on the
Mediterranean, 47 miles NE of Barcelona.
Lon. 2 58 E, lat. 41 58 N.
Palamo'tv, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Bahar, 210 miles SSW of
Patna. Lon. 84 10 E. lat. 23 40 N.
Pa'.anka, town of Upper Hungary, in
the county of Novigrad, seated on the
Ibola, 37 miles N of Buda, Lon. 18 23 E,
lat. 48 9 N.
Palaos Tshmds. See Philippines, J\'e7ir.
Palatinate Lower, formerly a province of
Germany W of the Rhine. It is now divi-
ded between Bavaria and Hesse Homberg.
Palatinate Upper, province of Bavaria,
bordering on Bohemia, and subdivided into
the circles of Regen and Upper Maine.
Palatine, Lower, post village of Mont-
gomery county, New York, o-n the Mo-
hawk, 41 miles above Schenectady.
Palatine, Middle, village of Montgomery
county. New York, on the Mohawk, four
miles above the preceding.
Palatine, Upper, or Palatine Church,
post village of Montgomery county. New
York, six miles above Middle Palatine.
Palatine, township of New York, in
Montgomery county, on the Mohawk, from
41 to 57 miles above Schenectady. Popu-
lation in 1820, .3936.
Palembang. See Palambang.
Palencia, town of Spain, in Leon, with
an archbishop's see. It is seated on the
Carion, 40 miles SW of Burgos, and 110
N by W of Madrid. Lon. 4 42 W, lat. 42
10 N.
Paleno, town of Naples, in Abbruzzo Ci-
teriore, nine miles £ of Solmona.
PAL
PAL
Palenzuela, town of Spain, in Old Castile,
25 miles SW of Burgos. Lon. 3 15 W,
lat. 42 5 N.
Palermo, fortifietl city of Sicily, in Val
di Mazara, ci'pital of the island, and an
archbishop's see. It stands on a bay of
the same name, on the N coast, near the
extremity of a kind of natural amphitheatre,
formed by high and rocky mountains. The
country between the city and the moun-
tains is one of the richest plains in the
world ; the whole appear'ng a maj^nificent
garden, filled with frui'ful trees, and water
ed by founvains and rivuleJs. Tiie inhabi-
tants of Palermo are estimated at 130,000.
Two great streets intersect each other in
the centre of the city, where they form a
handsome square, called the Otlaigolo^
frim the ceiitre of which is seen the whole
of these noble street;;, and llie four elegant
gates which terminate them, eacli at the
distance of half a mile. The Porto Felice
opens to (he Marino, a delitriitful walk,
whicli has on one s:de the. wall of ;he city,
and on the other the sea ; and '.n the centre
is an elegant kind oT ten'ple, frtquently
made use of as an orchestra The churches
of Palermo are upwards of 300, and many
of them very ncli and magnificent. This
city has suffered greatly at differerit peri-
ods, by earthquakes or inundations. The
harbour, ciefeuded by two c sties, is dan-
gerously open to the sea from the NE ;
and, even at the anchoring place, sliips are
in danger when a westerly wind rushes
through tiie valley of Colli between the
mountains It stands in a pleasant fruitful
country, on the NE end of the island, and
at the bottom of a gulf of the same name.
Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 38 15 N.
Palermo, town of Naples in Calabria Ci-
teriore, six miles SSW of Cosenza.
Palicandcherry, town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, in the country of Calicut, 20
miles S of Coimbeltore, and 66 SE of Cali-
cut.
Palestine, part of Turkey in Asia, so
called from the Phili.stines who inhabited
its sea coasts ; it is called also Judaea, from
the patriarch Judah, and the Holy L';nd,
from its having been the residence and
scene of our Saviour's passion, and in
Scripture Canaan, and the Promised L.'nd.
It is bounded by Mount Libanus, which
divides it from Syria on the N, by Mount
Hermon, which separates it from .-Arabia
Deserta on the E, by '.he mountains of Seir
and the deserts of Arabia Peir?ea on the S,
and by the Mediterranean on the W It
is in general a fruitful country, abounding
in corn, wine, and oil, where cultivated,
and might supply the neighbouring coun-
tries with all these, as it anciently did,
were its present inhabitants equally indus-
trious. The parts about .Jerusalem, its
once famous capital, are the most moun^
tainous and rocky, but they feed numerous
herds and flocks, andyiehl plenty of honey^
excellent wine ai>d od ; and the valleys
larj^e crops of corn.
Palestine i& formed by a ridge of lime-
stone hilis, or low mouniams, extending
nearly N ai.n S, and two slopes ; one tow-
ards the Meilitei lanean, and tiie otlicr de-
clining towards the i/ivtr Jordan and IJcad
Sea. Like ail limeatone regions, its aspect
when uncultiv^ited is m:;re des iiate, and
the soil in a[ipearance more sterile than it
is in fact.
Palestine, post town Lawrence county,
Indiana.
Faiestrina, episcopal town of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma, cipitai of a prin-
cipality of thf same name. It was fa-
mous for the Temple of Fortune, being
then called Prensste, the rums of »vi,ich
may yet bi- seen. It is 36 rniles E of
Rome. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 41 52 N.
Palestrina, one of the largest of the
islands called thi Lagunes, n< ar Venice,
where the most considi-rabit of the no-
bility have couiitry ticusss. The princi-
pal harbour has the same name
Palicata, seaport of the Eist Indies,
on the coast ot Coromandel, where the
Dutch have a factory. It is 25 miles N
of Madras, Lon. 81 33 E, lat. 13 30 N.
Palimbum, capital of a kingdom of
the same name, in the island tl Suma-
tra seated on the E coast, 120 miles NE
of Bencoolen, and subject to the Dutch,
Lcn. 103 31 E, lat. 3 0 S.
Pallisner's Islands, group of Islands in
the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 146 30 VV,
lat. 15 30 S.
Pabna, town of Portugal, in the pro-
vince of Aientejo, seated on the river
Cadoan, 20 milcs E of St. Ubes. Lon. 8
40 W", lat. 38 27 N.
Pabna, town of South America, in
Terra Firma, in New Granada, 50 miles
NW of St Fe-de Bogota Lon. "3 40
W, lat. 4 30 N
Pabna, one of the Canary Islands,
lying to the N of Ferro. Lon. \7 50 W,
lat. 28 37 N.
Palma, or Pabna iN'uova, strong town
of Italy, in Friuli, seated in a most agree-
able vallev, on the gulf of Venice, 10
miles SE of Udina. and 5^ NE of Venice^
Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 46 2 N,
Palmaria, small island lying in the
Mediterranean, 15 leagues from the
coast of Italy. Lon. 12 45 E, lat. 40
58 N.
Palmaria, small island, seated in the
Mediterranean, near the coast of Italy ;
at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia.
Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 41 1 N.
775
V A L
1' A L
Palmas, capital of the island of Cana-
naria. See Canary.
Palmas, one <f the Philippine Islands
in the East Indies, 16 leagues SE of Min-
danao. Lon. 127 0 E, lat. 5 33 N.
Palmas, Cape, promontory of Africa,
on the Ivory Cnasl cf Guinea. Lon. 5 54
W, lat. 4 26 N.
Falmela, town of Portugal in Estra-
madura, with a cabtle on a rock, seated
on the river Gadaon, 19 miles SE vt
Lisbon. Lon. 8 56 VV, lat. 38 29 N.
Falmcrston's Inland, situated in tlie
South Seas, and visited by captain Cook
in his second and Ust voyages. It con-
sists of a group of small islands, about
nine or ten in number, connected by a
reef of coral rocks, and lying in a circu-
lar direction. This jih-ice adniils of no
anchorage, nov are there any inhabitants
on it, thuugli it abounds witn cocou-nuts,
scurvy-grass, and the whaira tree. Tins
island does not exceed a mile in circum-
ference, and is not elevated above t'.ree
feet beyond the level of the sea. Lon.
102 57 \V, lat. 18 0 S.
Palme}', post village Hampden county,
Massaclmsetts, 14 miles E from Spring-
field. Population 1820, 1,197.
Palmyra, formerly a magnificent city
of Asia, in tlie deserts of Arabia, of
■which Zennbia was que'-n, who held it
out a long time against the Romans, but
was at lenf^th taken captive, and led in
triumph through the streets of Rome.
The stupendous ruins of this city were
visittd by Messieurs Wood andDawkins,
in 1754; and Mr. Wood published a
splendid account of them, illustrated by
plates, in 1755. This place is likewise
called Tednior in the Desert. The pre-
sent inhabitants, consisting of oO or 40
families, have erected their mud cot-
tages within the spacious court of a mag-
nihcent temple of the sun. Palmvra is
200 miles SE of Aleppo. Lon. 38 50 E.
lat. 33 20 N.
Palmyra, port of entiy and post town
in Montgomery county, Tennessee, si-
tUktied on the S s'dc of CuTiberlan(
river, o5 miles NW -l Nasrivilie, along
the post road, bui about 35 in a direct
line.
Palmyra, post town, and township,
Somei s.'t c nnty, Maine, 28 miles E irom
Norndgewock. P-ipulation 1820/366.
Palmyra, populous and fioanshing
post towi.ship in the eastern borders of
Portage county, Ohio, containing 531 in-
habitants in 1820,
Palmyra, post village of Ontario coun- '
tyj New York, near Mud creek, and ou
776
the Erie canal, 12 miles nearly N from
Canandaij',ua, Population 1820. 3,724
Palmyra, tov^nship of Wayne county,
Pennsylvania, six miles SE from Betha-
ny. Population 1810, 336 ; and in 1820,
215.
Palmyra, post village of Lebanon
cuuuiy, Pt:!nsylivania, 15 miles E from
Hairistjurg.
Palmyra, post town Martin county,
Nona Carolina.
Palmyra, post village at Palmyra
bend, VVarren county, Mississippi, 25
miles below Walnut-hili.
Palmyra, post town Montgomery coun-
ty, Tennessee, on the Cumberland 40
miles below Nashville, and 10 miles below
Clarksville.
Palmyra, post town and seat of jus-
tice Edwards county, Illinois, on the
Wabash 4L» miles by water beloA Vin-
cennts.
Paios, town of Spai;; in Andalusia,
witii a pretty good harb. ur; remarkable
for bemg the palace whence Christopher
Coiumbus sailed to discuver the New
World, ill 14y2. It is seated at the
mouth of the Rio Tinto, 4o miies NW of
Sevillt. Lon. 6 39 SM, iat. o7 34 N.
Paios, Cape, promontory of Spain, in
Murcia, to J.ie S of a t>wn of the same
name, ■whicli separates the bay of Car-
thagena from that of Alicaiit. Lon. 6 39
W, lat. 37 i7 N.
Palourde, Grassy, Jean, and Verret
form a chain of small lakes between
Teche and the Fourche river Lousiana.
It is through this chain of lakes that a fer-
ry has been established from the mouth of
'ieche to the Fourche, and Mississippi
rivers. The intermediate ground is so
low and marshy, as to render the forma-
tion of a road at any season impractica-
I)ie. A small canal and creek unites the
Fourche 16 miles from its efflux from
the Mississippi with Lake Veret, from
which the lakes mentioned in this arti-
cle, and their connecting channels com-
plete the communication between the
easterji and w --stern parts of the state.
See Verret.
Palota, town of Luwer Hungary, in the
count) of Alba Rcgalis, taken from ilie
Tuivs in 1687. It is 40 miies SW of Buda.
L:n. 18 0 B, lat. 47 ON.
Palotza, small low;: of Hungary, seated
on the river Poprai, 54 milf's N of Casso-
via. Lon. 21 20 E, lat. 47 12 N.
Pake, faiiiovis iake of" Thibet, lying to
the S ';f Lassi, about three days journey,
and 12 mdes S uf ihc r.ve; Sar.poo or Bur-
rampooter It is 150 mile? in crcumfer-
enr.e ; and in the middle of it is one large
island. Ou the W sliore of this island, or
congeries of islands, is a monastery, and
P A N
the seat of the Lamissa Turccpamo, or the
Great Uegenerate, ia whom the Thibetians
think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as
it is ill the Great Lama. 'I'lie word Liunu
signifies a priest or minister of rejig on,
and Lamissa is tlie feminine of Lama.
Paltz, J^'eiv, tmvnsiiip of Ulster county,
New York, containing 3999 inliabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 4612. Situated on the
W side of Hudson river, 40 miles S of
Hudson and 83 S of Albany.
Palmelia, township of JefFerson county,
New York. Population hi 1820, 1342.
Pamiers, town of France, in tlie depart-
ment of Arriege and late territory of Foix,
with a bishop's see. It is not so considera-
ble as formerly, nor peopled in proportion
to its extent. Near it is a mineral spring,
said to cure the gout and obstructions.
Pamiers is seated t)n the Arriege, eight
miles N of Foix, and 30 S of Toulouse.
Lon. 1 32 E, Lit. 43 8 N.
Pamlico Sound, inland sea of yovth Caro-
lina, 100 miles long and from 10 to 20
broad. It is separated in iti, whole length
from the sea, by a beach of sand, hardly a
mile wide, generally covered by small
trees or bushes. Througli this bank it has
several inlets ; but tiiut of Ocrecock is the
onlv one that will admit vessels of burden.
Th'is inlet is in lon. 76 20 W, lat. 35 10 N.
Pampas, name given in South America
to extensive grassy plains. The Pampas
extend over an immense surface southward
of the Plate river, and even stretch into
Patagonia
The Pampas del Sacramento, spread be-
tween the Amazon and Ucayale from 5 to 6
S lat.
Pampeloiine, town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn and late province of
I^anguedoc, 15 miles N by E of Alby.
Lon. 2 17 E, lat. 44 10 N.
Pampeluna, town of Spain, capital of Up-
per Navarie, witli a very strong citadel,
and a rich bishopric. Its squares are
handsome, and adorned with shops full of
rich merchandise. It is seated in a very
fertile plain, on the Arga, 42 miles S of
l?ft\onne, and 167 NE of ZVladrid. Lon. 1
35 W, lat. 42 47 X.
Pumpehina town of South America, in
New Gr j'lada, famous for its mines of gohl,
and numerous flocks of sheep. It is 150
miles N bv E of St. Fe-de-Bagota. Lon. 71
30 W, hit. 6 30 N.
Pamplie^n, town of Spain in the province
of Old C;istile, 12 miles £ of Burgos. Lon.
3 37 W, lat. 42 14 N.
Paimtnhy, navigable river of Virginia,
which is formed by the junction of North
and South Anna, and other lesser streams,
and falls into York river near Delaware.
Pa7}, or Pahaug, town of Asia, on the E
coast of the peninsula of Malacca. It is
the capital of a kingdom of the same namp.
PAN
remarkable for the great number of ele-
pliants, and for tiie plenty of pepper it
produces. Pan is 140 miles NE of Malac-
ca. Lon. 103 20 E, kt. 3 55 N.
Panagia, handsome town of Turkey in
Europe, in the province of Romania. Lon.
27 2 E, lit. 40 40 N.
Panama, city of South America, the
capital of Terra Firma Proper. It was
built in J517, and was sacked and burnt by
the English buccaneers in 1670. The
Spaniards of ChiU and Peru, used to bring
the products and manufactures of Europe
to Panama ; but the commercial intercourse
is now carried on by register ships which
sail around Cape Horn, and convey directly
to the ports of Chili and Peru, the mer-
cliandise, v;hich was formerly conveyed
across the isthmus of Darien to Panama,
In the harbour of Panama, is a fine pearly
fishery. This city is seated on a bay of
the same name, 70 miles S of Porto Bello.
Lon. 80 35 W, lat. 8 48 N.
Panaii, one of tlic Lipari islands, in the
Mediterranean, between Lipari and Strom-
bolo. . It is a barren inconsiderable island,
and only five miles in circumference. Lon.
15 41 E, lat. 38 38 N.
Panay, one of the Philippine islands, be-
tween those of Paragoa and Negro. It is
250 miles in circumference, and the most
populous and fertile of them all. It is
watered by a great number of rivers and
brooks, and produces a great quantity of
rice. Uoila is the capital.
Paneras, St. village in Middlesex, a little
to the NW of London, At a public house
near the church is a medicinal spring.
Here is a hospital for inoculation, and the
Veterinary College, estabhshed in 1791,
under the putronagc of people of the first
rank and fortune, for tb.e improvement of
farriery, and the treatment of cattle in
general.
Panga, town of Africa, in the kingdom
of Congo, capital of the province of Bamba.
Lon. 14- 25 E, lat. 6 30 S.
Parisian^, town of Pegu, in the Birman
empire, situated on the river Rangoon. .^
Lon. 17 4 E, lat. 95 54 S. M
Pnniput, town of Hindoostan in Delhi, "
remarkable for a sanguinary battle fought
in 1761, between the combined armies of
tlie Seiks and Mahometans of Hindoostan,
and the Mahrattas, in which the latter were
defeated, with, it is said, a loss of 150,000
men. Lon. 76 80 E, lat. 29 23 N, 72 mile3
NW from Delhi.
Panjab, country of Hindoostan Proper,
being' that watered by the five eastern
branches of the Indus. It was the scene of
Alexander's last campaign, and the ne plus
ultra of his conquests. It forms n. square of
250 miles, and includes the whole of La-
hore, and a great part of Moultaii Proper.
To the l<?wer part of Moulton it is flat an3
-77
P A 1'
PAR
marshy, and inundated by the periodical
rains which fall between May and Octo-
ber.
Pannanach TVells, \illage in Aberdeen,
shire, noted for the miner^il waters discov-
ered in 1756 ; and a lodge has been erected
for the accommodation of the company that
frequent them ui sunimsr.
Pa?inipnf, town of Hindoostan Proper,
situated on an extensive plain between the
cities of Delhi and Sirhind. This plain is
celebrated for an obs inate battle f night in
1761, between an army o: 200,000 .Mahrat-
tas, and Abdallah, king of Caridahar, at the
head of 150,000 Mp.hometa:is, when the
former were totally dettated. Panniput is
72 miles NW of Delhi. Lon. 76 45 E, lat.
29 15 N.
Paiioini, village of Turkey in the pro-
vince of Macedonia, 16 miles S ofSaloni.hi.
Lon. 23 10 E, lat. 40 25 N.
Pcmormo, small town of Turkey in Eu-
rope. It is situated in the province of
Albania, on a gulf of the Mediierraiiean,
opposite the island of Corfu, 45 miles SSE
of Valona. Lon. 20 2 E, lar, 40 0 N.
Pantalaria, island in the Mediterranean,
between Sicily and the coast of Tunis,
about 17 miles in circumference. It
abounds in cotton, fruits, wine, and corn,
and is subject to the king of Naples. Lon.
12 31 E, Lit. 36 55 N.
Paiitika, town of Turkey in the Asiatic
province of Natolia, situated on the NH
coast of the sea of Marmora, 12 miles SE of
Constantinople.
Paniico, province of Mexico, The capi-
tal of the same name, is a bishop's see,
and is situated on the river Panuco, near
the gtilf of Mexico, and 170 miles N by
E of the eity of Mexico, Lon. 9S 5 E,
lat. 23 0 N.
Pa-oom, one of the New Hebrides, in
the South Pacific Ocean, to the S of Mali-
coUo. Lon. 168 28 W, lat. 16 30 S.
Pao-tingfou, town of Ciiina, in the pro-
vince of Pe-tcheli, where the viceroy re-
sides, and the most considerable city in
the province, next to Peking. It has
twenty others under its jurisdiction ; three of
the second, and 17 of the third class. The
country around it is pleasant, and inferior
in fertility to no part of China.
Papa, small but strong town of Lower
Hungary, in the county of Esperin. It was
taken from the Turks in 1683, after the
raising of the siege of Vienna. It is seated
on a mountain, near the river Marchaltz,
45 miles VV of Buda. Lon 18 20 E, lat. 47
26 N.
Papagayo, gulf of, on the Pacific coast
of North America, and between Costa Kica,
and Nicaragua. Lon. W C 8 30 W, lat 11
ION. The distance from the eastern extre-
mity of Papagayo gulf to lake Nicaragua, is
only about 22 miles.
77??
Papantia, town of Mexico, in the mteu.'
dancy of Puebla, about 130 miles NE from
the city of Mexico. Lon. W C 20 40 W,
lat. 20 30 N. This place is very remarka-
ble for the magnitude and extent of an-
tiquities found within its vicinity. See
Pyramids of America.
Papoui, St. late episcopal town of France,
in the depart sent of Aude and late pro-
vince of Lang edoc, seated on the Lembe,
eight miles E of Castlenaudary, and 35 SE
of Toulouse. Lon. 2 10 E, lat, 43 21 N.
Pappenheim, town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, capital of a county of
the same name, with a castle, where the
count resides. It is seated near the Alt-
m:il, 17 miles NW of Neuburg, and 32 S
of Nuremburg. Lon. 10 51 E, lat 48 58 N.
Para, r.ver, or rather straight, separa-
ting the island of Joannes from the conti-
nent of South America. It extends from
the mouth of the Amazon, to that of To-
cantinas.
Para, Gran, one of the Captain-general-
ships of the I5razils, bounded N by the
Amazon river ; NE by the Atlantic Ocean ;
SE by Maranham, and Goias •. S by Matta-
grosso ; SW by Peru ; and NW by Colom-
bia. It is an immense country, extending
from E to W 1600 miles, with a mean width
of about 400; with an area of 640,000
squ:ire miles. Lying between the Equator
and lat. 12 0 S It is perhaps that extent
of the whole habitable world, which in a
continuous body presents the greatest fa-
cility of inland navigation. Washed, for
nearly 200 miies by the Amazon, and tra-
versed by innumerable other streams of
great magnitiidF, the principal of which
are, Jutay Madeira, Tapajcz, Xingu, and
Tocaniinas Chief t;iwn, Gran Para.
Para Gran, city of Hrazil, and capital of
the captain-generalship of Gran Para, si-
tuated on the Tocantin.iS, 60 miles above
its m- uth Lon. W C 28 27 E, lat. 1 30 S.
Population about 10,000.
Paradise, p; st village, and township of
York county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles SSW
from York. Population 1820, 1837.
Paracels, vast number of small islands
and rocks, lying in the China Sea, and
forming a Icinsz cluster, near 400 miles in
length, off the coast rf Cochin China.
Paradella, town of Portugal, in the pro-
vince of Beira. Lon. 7 23 W, lat, 41 4 N.
Parogoaiia, peninsula of Colombia, m
Venezuela, containing the city of Boro.
It forms the eastern side of the entrance
into the gulf of Maracaibo, and is termi-
nated by a cape of the same name, lat.
11 52 N.
Parago, or Palawan, large island in the
Indian Ocean, between the Philippine and
Bornea, v/hich has a king, tributary to
Borneo. The Spaniards have a fort here.
Paragjta, the most westerly of the phf-
P A R
V A M
iipplne Islands, extending about 180 miles In 1767, the court expelled the iTesuits,
in length and 20 in breadth. Lon. 117 44 and the natives were put upon the same
E, lat. 10 0 N. footing with the other Indians ot the Spa-
Paragxwy river, large branch of Oiinoco, nish part of South America,
rises in the mountains of Guiana, its source Paraguay, river of South America, rises
interlocking with those ot" Esseqiiibo, the in Mattagrosso in Bri.zi!, and flowing near-
Rio Branco, branch ot Rio Negro, and ly South, enters the United Provinces of
those of the Orinoco. The entire course La Plava, receives the Pitcomayo, and Ven-
of the Paraguay is about 300 miles from nejo from the W, and atter a compai-alive
south to north. It falls into the Orinoco course of 1000 miles joins the Parana. It
about 80 miies below St. Toni6, and An- is navigable for vessels of large size to the
gostura. See Oaroni m the Addenda. city of Assumption.
Parag-iiay, large country of South Ame- Paramaribo, the capit.il of Surinam, in
rica, bounded on the N by Amazonia, on Gtiiana, and the cisief place of tlic Dutch
the E by Brasil, on the N by Paiagonia, and colonies in South America. It has a strong
on the W by Chili and Peru. It contains citadel ; and a noble road for shipping,
six provinces; namely, Paraguay Piopei*, where there are seldom less than 80 ves-
Parana; Guaria, Uraguay, Tucaman, and sels loading coffee, sugar, cotton, and indi-
La Plata, from which the whole country is go for Europe. The streets are perfectly
also cahed La Plata. It has numerous .straight, and lined with orange, shaddock,
lakes and rivers ; of the latter, the three tamarind, and lemon trees in everlasting
principal are the Paraguay, Uiagua, and bloom. It is situated on the E side of the
Parana; the united streams of which form river Surinam, 16 miles from its mouth,
the celebrated K o-de-!a-Plaia. These n- Lon. 55 25 VV, lat. 5 48 N.
vers ann'.ially overflow their banks, and, on Parana, which rises in Minas Gerses and
their recess, leave them enriched by a slime,
that renders the soil extremely fertile.
This vast country is far from being wholly
Goias in Brazil, and flowing W upwards of
500 miles, turns SW, and continuing in that
direction about 500 miles enters the Uni-
subdued or planted by the Spaniards; m^uiy ted Provmces of l.;i Plat;i, and receiving
parts being siill unknown. The principal the Far.iguay, turns to SSW, and flows in
province of which we have any knowledge that direction again about 500 'niles, curves
is that called La Plata towards the m uth to SE, 100 miles unites with the Uruguay,
of the Rio-de-la-Plata. This province, with and iocs its name in that of Plata river,
all the adjacent parts, is one continued Parana, p-.ovince of Paraguay, so called
plain for several liundred miles ; extreme-
ly fertile, and producing cotton in great
abundance, tobacco, and the valuable herb
called Paraguay, which is peculiar to this
from a large river, which uniting with the
Paraguay, and afterward v.'ith tiie Uruguay,
ibrms the Rio-de-la-Plata.
Parachim, tov/n of Lower Saxony, in
country, and the infusion of which is drank the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated on a
in all the Spanish provinces of Souih Ame small river which f.,l!s into the Eibc It
rica, instead of tea. They have also a va- is 20 miles SE of Schwerin. Lon. 12 0
riety of iruits, and very rich pastures ; but E, lat. 53 34 N.
the country is destitute of woods. The Paramovsic, one of the Kurile Islands,
air is remarkably sweet and serene. The lying S of tlnit of Slioomska. See Kuriles.
Spaniards discovered this country, by sail- Parclnvitz, town «f Germany in Sdesia,
up the Kio-de-la-Piata, in 1515, an;' \i\ the principality of Lignitz, subject to
founded the town of Buenos Ayres. In
1580, the Jesuits were admitted into ihc-e
fertile regions, and in the next century
the king of Prussia. It has a considerable
manufacture of cloth. It is 12 miles W of
Wohlau, and 10 NE of I-ignitz. Lon. 16
founded the famous missions of Paraguay ; 42 E, lat. 51 17 N
which were a number of colonies, each go- Pardiba^ town of South America in Bra-
verned by two Jesuits, one of wiiom was sil, at the m.outh of a river of the sarne
rector, and the other his curate. They name. The Dutch got pos.session of it in
had long resisted the Spaniards and Portu- 1635, and fortified it with a slight rampart ;
^uesc ; but the Jesuits by learning tlieir but the Portuguese retook it soon after
language. Conforming to their manners, &c.
soon acquired great authority among them ;
till at last, by steadily pursuing the same
artful measures, they arrived at the highest
degree of power and influence, beine:
rhe i;oii is pretty fertile, and produces su-
rar canes, and a great number of trees of
Brasil wood. Lon. 49 53 V/, lat. 6 50 S.
Pardobliz, town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Clirudim, subject to the house of
a manner the absolute sovereigns of a great Austria, with a manufacture of knives and
part of this extensive country ; fir above swo"d blades. It ii a fortified town, and
350,000 families are said to have been is 55 miles E of Prague. Lon. 15 45 E,
subject to them, living in obedience and lat. 49 55 N.
awe bordering on adoration, yet produced Parelbi, town of Italy in Piedmont in tho
without the least -"iolence or constraint, cotintv of Canavez, 20 .miles N of Ttirin,
779
y A R
V A K
Parenio, strong town of Jstria, witlj
a bishop's see, and a good harbour, on
the gulf of Venice, 65 miles E of \e-
nice." Lon. 13 56 E, lat. 45 24 N.
Parga, seaport of Albania, opposite the
northern extremity of the isK<nd of Corfu.
In 1819, i' was most shame'ully abandoned
to Ali Pacha, whose sanguinary Character
caused the .nhabitants to abandon their
homes to save their lives.
Paria, or JVew Andalusia, province of
Terra Firma, on the banks of the Orinoco,
near its mouth.
Paria, gulf of, in South America, be-
tween the province of Cumana, the is-
land of Trinidad and the estuury of the
Orinoco. It is about 75 miles long and 45
wide with a depth of from eight to thirty
fathoms, with good anchorag-e over its en-
tire extent.
Paria, Cape, eastern extremity of the
province of Cumana. Lon. W C 15 0 E,
lat. 9 12 N.
Parilla, or ^S';. Parilla, town of Peru, in
the audience of Lima, seated at the montli
of the river Santa, 50 miles SE of Trwxilla,
and 230 NW of Lima. Lon. 77 50 W,
lat. 8 36 S.
Parimn, or Branco, river of South Ame-
rica, a branch of the Rio Negro, rises in the
mountains of Guiana, its sources interlock-
ing with those of Essequebo, and Paraguay
of Orinoco. It flows nearly S, and enters
the Rio Negro.
Parina Cochas, province of Peru, hing
N from Arequipo.
Parima, lake of South America, near
the borders of Amazonia, and Guiana, of a
square form, 80 miles long and 40 broad.
It seems to be a kind of inundation
formed by the Orinoco ; for that river
enters on the N and issues on the W side
of the lake, near its NW angle. From
the SE of this lake issues the White
river, called also the Parima, which
flows S to the Black River, and thence
S to the Rio Negro. To the W of this
lake, before the main stream of the Ori-
noco turns to the N, there are two other
branches that flow from it to the Black
River. Hence there are three commu-
nications between those two great rivers,
the Orinoco and the Amazon.
Paris, capital of France, one of the
largest, finest, and most populous cities
in Europe. The river Seine, which cros-
ses it, forms two small isl.-^nds, called
Isle du Palais, and Isle Notre Dame ;
the first is the ancient city of Paris, and
had its name from a building which was
formerly the residence of the kings, and
afterward resigned to the parliament,
Paris has 16 gates, and is 15 miles in
circumference, including the suburbs.
That part of it which is culled the ville
780
is situate to the north, the univeisity to
the south, and the city in the centre. —
The streets are narrow, and generally
without good accommodations for foot
passengers. The houses are built of free-
ston;% many of them seven stories high,
and often contain a different family on
every floor. The number of inhabitants,
by a late officiai statement, is 715,000.
There are nine principal bridges in
Paris, but only three of them occupy
the whole breadth of the Stine. There
are a great i-.umber of public foun-
tains, and some triumphal arches. Of
the squares, the finest is the Place de
Louis Quinze, of an octagon form, in
which was an equestrian statue, in
bronze, of that monarch. This square
was the fatal scene of the execution of
Louis XVI. of his consort Marie Antoi-
nette, and his sister the princess Elisa-
beth. Beside the cathedral of Notre
Dame, one of the largest in Europe,
and Avhich contains 15 chaples, Paris
has many fine churches. The abbey of St.
Genevieve, was founded by king Clovis,
whose monument is still to be seen in the
church ; it has a library of 24,000 print-
ed books, and 2000 manuscripts, also a
valuable cabinet of antiquities and natu-
curiosities. The new church of St. Ge-
nevieve (now called the Pantheon) was
destined by the national assembly, in
1791, to receive the remains of such
great men as had merited well their
country. The university, founded by
Charles the fat, consists of four fa ul-
ties ; namely, divinity, civd and canon
law, physic, and the sciences: its head
is the rectnr, who is always chosen from
the faculty of the sciences. The finest
college in Paris it that of the Four Na-
tions, called also Mazarin, from the car-
dinal, its founder. Among the public
libraries, that called the Royal, holds
the first rank, in respect both to the ex-
tent of the buildings, and the number of
volumes. The royal observatory is built
of freestone, and neither iron nor wood
has betn employed in the erection. The
botanical garden is v/orthy of its appel-
lation of royal. The four principal pa-
laces are the Louvre, the Tuilleries, the
Palais Royal, and the Luxemburg. In
the Louvre is deposited the finest col-
lection of paintings and statues in the
world ; the principal of them lately
brought from various parts of Italy. —
The gard-^n of the Tuilleries, in front of
the palace and on the banks of the
Seine, is the finest public walk in Paris.
The Luxemburg is famous for its galle-
ry, in which are twenty exquisite paint-
ings by Reubens. The Hospital-general,
which also goes by the name of la Salpa-
J' A li
P A li
treria (saltpetre being formerly made
here) is a most noble foundation for the
female sex ; near 7000 of whom are
here provided for, and live under the
inspection of sixty sist< rs. To this in-
comparable foundation bflongs the castle
of Bicestre, defended on all sides by a
wall, of considerable circuit, wiiirh con-
tains within it many large buildings and
several open places ; and here near 4000
persons of the otiier sex are maintained.
The Hospital de la Pie tie, where poor
children are brougiit up, constitutes also
a part of the Hospital-general These
three foundations, with the Hotel Dieu,
have one common fund, amounting to full
two millions of livres a year. The Hotel
des Invalides, for the wounded and su-
pernatural soldiery, built by Louis XVI.
is a magnificent structure ; as is the mi-
litary school in the Champ de Mars,
founded by Louis XV. The two prin-
cipal theatres are the Theatre de la Na-
tion and the Italian theatre ; which, in
point of elegance and convenience are
worthy the capital of a gn-at nation.
The Monni, or mint, is also a noble
building, situate on that side of the S^ine,
opposite the Louvre. The Samaritan is
a beautiful edifice at the end of the
bridge leading to the Louvre, and con-
tains an engine for conveying the v/ater
of the Seine to all parts of the villa.
The Hotel de Viile is an ancient struc-
ture ; this tribunal stands in the Place
de Greve, where all public rejoicings
ate celebrated, and common malefactors
executed. The most interesting of the
manufactures of Paris is plate-glass, and
tapestries made after the pictures of the
greatest masters. In the enviicns are
excellent freestone and abundance of
gypsum. Paris now forms, with a small
district round it, one of the departments
of France. It is 210 miles SSE of Lon-
don, 265 W of Vienna, and 630 NNE of
Madrid. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Paris, post town and seat of justice,
Oxford county, Maine, 46 miles NW
from Portland. Population 1810, 1330,
and in 1820, 1-344.
Paris, post village and township of
Oneida countv, New York. Population
1810, 5418, and in 1820, 6707. It lies on
both sides of Oriskany creek, nine miles
SW from Utica. This township contains
the village of Clinton, and Hamilton col-
lege. It is one of the best bodies of pro-
ductive soil in the state of New York.
Paris, post town, Fauquier county,
Virginia.
Paris, or Bourbo?ito?i, post town and
seat of justice, Bourbon county, Ken-
tucky, on a small branch of Licking ri-
ver. It is a place of very considerable
trade, and contains the county buildings,
two churches, a printing office, and a
considerable number of mercantile stores,
25 miles NE from Lexington. Pijpulation
about lUJO.
Palis : central township of Union coun-
ty, Ohio. Pojjulation 1820, uncertain.
Paris, small villajje f Jefferson town-
ship, Prebble cou!;ty, Or.io.
Paris, township of Portage county,
Ohio R.puiation 1820, 88.
Paris eastf-rn township of Stark coun-
ty, Ohio Popu ation 1820, 553.
Paris, post village of Jefferson county,
Indiana, about 60 miles W from Cinci-
natti.
Parker, one of the eastern townships
of Butler county, Pennsylvania, 11 miles
NNE from Butler. Population 1820, 659.
Purktrsburg, post town and seat of
justice. Wood county, Ohio, on the Ohio
river, at the mouth of Little Kenhawa
river, 12 miles below Marietta.
Parkcrstoivn, township of Rutland
county, Vermont, 25 miles VVNW from
Windsor. Population 120.
Parkinsori's ferry. See Williams}iort,
Washington county, Pennsylvania-
Parkgate, village in Cheshire, 12
miles NW of Chester, situated on the
NE coast of the river Dee It is a station
for packet boats that frequently sail to
Ireland.
Parkman, township of Somerset coun-
ty, Maine, 38 miles NE from Norridge-
wock. Population 1820, 255.
Parkman, post village and SE town-
ship of Geauga county, Ohio, on the head
brandies of Grand river. The village
is 17 miles SE from Chardcn the seat of
justice for the county. Population 1820,
512.
Parkstein, town of Germany, in the
circle of Bavaria, and psincipality of
Saltzbach, 16 miles N of Naburg. Lon.
12 14 E, lat. 49 40 N.
Parjiia, duchy of Italy, bounded en
the N by the river Po, on tlie NEby the
Manluan, on the E by tlie duchy of Mo-
dena, on the S by Tuscany, and on the
W by Placentia.
Parma, ancient, rich, and po])ulous
city of Italy, capital of the duchy of the
same name, 40 miles NW of IVIndena,
and 60 SE of Milan. Lon. 10 30 E, lat.
44 50 N. By the treaty of Paris this
city, and the duchy, consisting of Parma,
Placenza, Gnastala, and Borgo San
Domino, was given to Maria Louisa,
wife of Napoleon ; and at her death to
devolve to Austria, and Sardinia; but
subsequent conventions 1818, vested its
reverson in Spain.
Parma, post village, and township of
INlonroe countv. New York, 22 miles
781
PAR
P k S
NE from Batavia, and 12 miles N from
Rochester. Population 1820, 1.342.
Parnassus, now called Pai-nasso, a
mountain of Turkey, in Livadia It is
the highest in Greece, and from the top
is a prospect as far as Corinth ; the
Turks call it Licaoura.
Paros, island of the Archipelago, one
of the Cyclades, about ten miles long and
eight broad The soil is well cultivated,
and the pastures feed a great number
of cattle. The trade consists in wheat,
barley, wine, pulse, and calicoes. Those
excellent statuaries, Phidias and Praxi-
teles, were natives of this island ; and the
famous Arundelian marbles, at Oxford,
were brought from this place. It lies to
the W of Naxia.
Paros, town of the Archipelago, capi-
tal of the isle of Paros, which was an-
ciently the largest and most powerful
town of the Cyclades. Paros is a bish
op's see, and situated on the VV coast of
the island. Lon. 25 44 E, lat. 37 8 N.
Parrei, small river in Somersetshire,
whose source is in the S part of the coun-
ty. It receives the Ivel and Thone, and
falls into the Bristol channel, at Bridge-
water bay
Parramatta, town or settlement of
English convicts, in New South Wales.
It is seated at the head of the harbour of
Port Jackson, 11 miles VV of Sydney
Cove, between Rose Hill and the landing
place in the creek which forms the head.
In 1791, near 1000 acres of land were
either in cultivation, or cleared for that
purpose. The soil in most places, is re-
markably good, and only wants i ultiva-
tion to be fit for any use. Lon. 151 39
E, lat. 23 50 S,
Parrishville, post village St. Lawrence
county. New York, 35 miles SE by E
from Ogdensburgh. Population 1820,
594,
Parsberg, town of Germany, in Bava-
ria, and principality of Newburg, 18
miles NW of Ratisbon. Lon. 11 55 E,
lat. 49 8 N.
Parschvjilz, town of Germany, in the
province of Silesia, and principality of
Lignitz. It is subject to the king of
Prussia, and is eight miles NE of Lig-
nitz.
Parson's, township of Essex county,
Massachusetts. Population 1820, uncer-
tain
Parson, or Parsonjield, post town
and township in York county, Maine, 45
miles W by N of Portland, containing
1763 inhabitants, in 1810 ; and in 1820,
2355.
Parthenaij, town of France, in the de-
partment of Two Sevres, and late pro-
vince of Poitru. It carries on a eonside-
78'}
rable trade in cattle and corn, and is-
seated on the Thoue. 17 miles S of
Thouars. Lon. 0 19 W, lat. 46 44 N.
Partenkirk, town of France, in Bava-
ria, 40 miles SW of Munich. Lon 11 0
E, lat. 47 36 N.
Parthia, ancieiit name of that part of
Asia SE from the Caspian Sea, lying be-
tween the Caspian, Ariana, Hyrcania,
Caramania, and Media.
Parys, mountain in the isle of An-
glesey, famous for a copper mine, pro-
bably the largest bed of ore of that me-
tal hitherto discovered in the world. " It
is not wrought (says Dr. Aikin) in the
common manner of subterraneous mines,
but, like a stone quarry, open to day ; and
the quantities of ore raised are prodi-
gious. The ore is poor in quality, and
very abutidant in sulpher. The purest
part is exported raw to the smelting
works at Swansea and other places, the
more impure is first calcined and depri-
ved of most of its sulphur on the spot.
Quantities of nearly pure copper are ob-
tained from the waters lodged beneath
the bed of ore, by the intervention of
iron. A lead ore, rich in silver, is also
found in this mountain. The wealth and
population of Anglesey have received a
great increase from the discovery of this
copper mine.
Pascagoula, river of Mississippi about
N lat. 32 40, and flowing nearly S falls
into the Sound between Horn Island, and
the main shore at N lat. 30 20, conse-
quently this stream fitnvs through 2 20
of lat. or upwards of 130 miles. A bar
at the mouth prevents the entrance of
vessels drawing more than five feet wa-
ter, but any vessel which can enter, can
go as high as the mouth of Leaf river.
The name of Pascagoula is more correct-
ly applied to the united streams of Leaf
and Chickasaw hay, which see.
The barren pine forests out of which
t!ie Chickasaw hay and Leaf river flow,
is continued down the Pascagoula to the
mouth, and reaches on both sides of the
()ay to the very margin of the Sound
Puscuaro, city of Mexico, in Vallodo-
lid, on Lake Pascuuro It is elevated
7217 feet above the level of the Pacific
Ocean, 135 miles W from Mexico. Lon.
W C 24 21 W, lat. 19 30 N.
Pas, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Straits of Calais, and late
province of Artois, 12 miles SAV of Ar-
ras. Lon. 2 40 E, lat. 50 9 N.
Pas de Calais, or Straits of Calais, a
department of France, containing the late
province of Artois and Boulonnois. Ar-
ris is the capital.
Paseivalk, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, in Anterior Po-
I'' A S
P A T
merania. It is situated near some iron
works, on the Ucker, 21 miles W of Stet-
tin, and 66 SSE of Stralsur.d, Lon. 13
57 E, lat. 53 27 N.
Paso, del J\'orte, town of Mexico, in
New Mexico, on the Roi Grande de-
Norte. Lon. W C 26 3 W, lat. 30 40 N.
Pasquiaro, town of Mexico in Duran-
go, near the Rio Nasos.
Pasquotank, county of North Carolina,
having Nansemond county in Virginia
NW ; Gates and Rutherford counties in
North Carolina SW ; Albemarle Sound
SE ; and Pasquotank river, Camden
county and the Dismal swamp canal
NE. Length 36 ; mean width eight ;
and area 288 square miles, Surface
level and soil of middling quality. Chief
town, Elizabeth city.
Population in 1810.
Free while males
do. do. females
2,377
2,452
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
4,829
550
2,295
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females . - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . . .
7,674
2,444
2,416
0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -.
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ....
do. females - .
4,860
305
227
1,445
1,171
8,008
12
1,940
72
31
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile 26.
Passaicky river of New Jersey, which
rises in the state of New York, and after
running in the SE direction, through
Bergen and Essex counties, falls into the
bay of Newark, a little eastward of the
town of Newark.
Passamaquody Bay, It is in reality,
the estuary of St. Croix river, and forms
the NE boundary of the United States on
the Atlantic Ocean. It is 12 miles long
and six wide, and contains a number of
small islands, the principal of which are.
Deer, iVloose, Dudley, &c.
Passaroivitz, tpwn of Turkev, in Ser-
via. Here tiie emperor Charles VI. and
Achmet II. concluded a peace in 1694.
It is situated near the rivtr Morava, 33
miles ESE of Belgrade, and 44 W of
Orsnva Lon. 21 16 E, lat. 45 6 N.
Passo, cape of Peru, lying under the
equator, in lon. 78 58 W.
Passage, seaport in Spain, in Biscay,
60 miles E of Bilboa. It is a station for
the Spanish men of war. Lon. 2 4 W,
lat. 43 21 N.
Passaro, cape on the coast of Janna,
in Greece, between the gulfs of Armiro
and Zieton.
Passarvan, town in the island of Ja-
va, in the East Indies. Lon. 114 15 E,
lat. 7 0S.
Passau, city of Germany, in Lower
Bavaria, capital of a bishopric of the
same name. It is divided into fom* partS;,
namely the town of Passau, Instadt, Iltz-
stadt, and the quarter in which the epis-
copal palace is built. It is seated at the
confluence of the Inn and Iltz, 62 miles
E of Ratisbon, and 135 W of Vienna.
Lon. 13 3r E, lat 48 28 N.
Passenheim, town of Prussia, in Ober-
land, 70 miles S of Koningberg. Lon. 20
50 E, lat. 53 40 N.
Passaro Cafie, ancient Pachynum, re-
markable cape of the island of Sicily, in
the Val-di-Noto, to the E of the town of
that name, and joins the eastern coast of
this island to the southern. It has a fort
to protect the country from the incursions
of the Barbary corsairs, who are often
very troublesome on the coast. Lon. 15
22 N, lat. 36 35 N".
Passigniaiio, town of Italy, lately in
the territory of the church, en the lake
Perugia. 17 miles NW of Perugia. Lon.
12 5 E, lat. 43 16 N.
Passyunk, township of Philadelphia
county, Pennsylvania, containing 992 in-
habitants in 1810, and in 1820, i638. It
joins the southern boundary of the city
of Philadelphia ; extending thence to the
river Schuylkill on the W, and Delaware
on the S.
Passy, village of France, in the de-
partment of Paris, near the town of St.
Dcnys. Here is a considerable manu-
facture for speedily bleaching cotton and
linen cloth.
Pasto, or St, Juan de Pasto, town of
New Granada, in Popayan, seated in a
valley, 120 miles N by E of Quito. Lon.
76 55 VV, lat. 1 50 N.
Pastrana, town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 32 miles E of Madrid.
Patagonia, country in the most south-
ern part of S America, bounded on the
N by Paraguay and Chili, and extending
1100 miles on the eastern coast, from
Rio-de-la-Plata to the straits of Ma?el
rB3
P A T
I' A r
Ian. This country has no tinnber in the
S parts, though the N conlains an im-
mense quantity, and numerous flocks of
cattle. The E coast is generally low.
The principal harbour is that of port St.
Julian.
Patak, town of Hungary, on the La-
toreza, 25 miles SSE of Cassovia.
Patana, city and district of Mysore.
See Seringafiatam.
Patani, town on the NE coast of the
peninsula of Maylaya, capital of a king-
dom of the same name, with a well de-
fended harbour. The inhabitants have
some trade with the Chinese. It is 300
miles N by W of Malacca. Lon. 100 50
E, lat. 7 5 N.
Patafisco, river of Maryland, rising in
the NW part of Baltimore county, and
flowing SE, the various creeks unite ab'mt
15 miles west from Baltimore ; and
thence separating Anne- Arundel from
Baltimore county, continues 15 miles to
the bridge on the Baltimore and Wash-
ington road. Htre it turi^s to NE and
flowing in that direction about six miles
joins the lower part of Baltimore har-
bour, below the lazzaretto, where spread-
ing into a wide bay, and turning SE 10
or 12 miles, opens into Chesapeak bay
between North Point, and Bodkin Point.
It is navigable to its junction with Balti-
more harbour for the largest class of
merchant vessels.
Patay, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret, and late prr.vince of ()r-
leanois. It is '25 miles NW of Orleans.
liOn. 1 49 E, lat 48 5 N.
Patehucut or Paiioca, town of Mexico.
Near which is a silver mine. It is 70
miles N of Mexico. Lon. 99 S5 W, lat.
21 ON.
Pateli See Putala.
Paterno, town of Sicily, in Val di De-
mona, built on the site of Hybla, once so
famous for its delicious honey, and is 15
miles W of Catania. Lon. 15 14 E, lat.
37 35 N.
PatheacU village of vScotland, in Fife-
shire, two miles W of Dysart ; long fa-
mous for its manufacture of nails, and now
including diiftrent branches of weaving
woollen and linen.
Patmos, or Patino, island of the Ar-
chipelago, lying 26 miles S of the isle of
Samos. It is 20 miles in circumference,
and one of the most barren in tlie Archi-
pelago. Ttie inhabitants are chiefly
Greek Christians, sailors or ship build-
ers ; and have some trade in cotton and
stockings of their own manufacture.
The woman are generally pretty, but
they disfigure themselves by the exces-
sive use of paint. Lcn, 26 24 E, lat. 57
24 X.
rS4
Pa(?2a, city of Hindoostan, capital of
Bahar, seated on the right bank of the
Ganges, opposite the influx of the Gun-
duck. The buildings are high, but the
arrets are narrov.-. It is a place of con-
sir-erable trade, 400 miles NW from Cal-
cutta Lcn. 85" E, lat. 25 25 N.
Potomac. See Pocowmac.
Patrana- See Pastrana.
Patras, ancient and flourishing town in
the Morea. The Jews, who are one
third of the inhabitants, have four syna-
gogues, and there are several handsome
mosques and Greek churches The Jews
carry on a great trade in silk, leather,
honey, wax, and clieese. It is seated on
the declivity of a hill, near the sea, 20
miles SW of Lepanto. Lon. 21 45 E,
lat. 38 17 N.
Patria, town of the kingdom of Na-
ples, in Terri di Lavoro, so named from
a lake near which it is situated, 13 miles
NW of Najjles.
Patrica, town of Italy, in the territory
of the church and Campagna, di Roma,
eight miles E of Ostia. About a mile
from this place is a hill, called Monte
di Livano, which some have thought to
be the ancient Lavinum,
Patrick, county of Virginia, bounded
by North Carolina S ; the Blue Ridge, or
Grayson and Montgomery S ; Franklin
N ; and Henry E. Length along North
Carolina 48; mean width 15; and area
600 square miles. It is drained by Irwin,
Mayo, and Dan rivers. The surface plea-
santly diversified, and soil of middling
quality.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 1,866
do. do. females - - 1,830
Total whites - - - - 3,696
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 275
Slaves 724
Total population in 1810
4.695
Population in 1820.
Free white ni.ilcs - - - 1,800
do. do. females - - - 1,976
All oth>^r persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total uiiiles .... 3,776
Free persons of cnloisr, males - 51
do. do. females 49
Slaves, males .... 593
do. females ... - 620
Total population in 1820 - - 5,089
Of these ;
Foreig-ners iiot nafuwiHzed - 0
PAT
P A U
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,382
do. in Manufactures - 60
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to tlie square mile, 8^ nearly.
Patricks -mills, post office, Craven coun-
ty, North Carolina.
Patricksville, post village, Craven
county, North Carolina, near Newbern.
Patrimony of St. Peter, province of
Italy, in the Ecclesiastical State. It is
o5 nniles in length, and 50 in breadth ;
bounded on the N by Orvieto, on the E
by Umbria and Sabina, on the S by Cam-
pagna-di-Roma, and on the SW by the
sea. Viterbo is the capital.
Patringlon, town in the E riding of
Yorkshire, at the mouth of the Humber,
50 miles SE of York, and 191 N of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 8 E, lat. 53 49 N.
Pattensen, town of Germany in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and principality
of Caleniberg, formerly a fortified town.
It is six miles S of Hanover.
Patterson, post village and township,
Putnam county. New York. Population
1820, 1578.
Patterson, post town, Essex county,
New Jersey, on the Passaic river, at its
lowest and greatest falls, 15 miles N
from Newark, and 18 miles NW from
New York. It is one of the most advan-
tageously situated places in the United
States for manufacturing establishments
several of which are in operation. It
contains also a bank, and a printing
office.
Patti, episcopal town of Sicily, in the
Val-di-Deroona, 28 miles W of Messina.
Lon. 15 22 B, kt. 38 11 N.
Palucket falls, in Merrimack river, be-
tween Clielmsford and Dracut, a short dis-
tance above the mouth of Concoi^ river.
The descent of these fails is 28 fee^^ich
is obviated by a side canal of one nffllRwid
a half. The village of Patucket contains
several manufacturing establishments, and
a post office. The Middlesex canal leaves
Merrimack river about two miles above
Patucket.
Pattwi, or Puttan, town of Hindoostan
Proper, in the country of Guzerat, and ca-
pital of a circar of the same name, 132 miles
SW of Oudipour. Lon. 72 30 E, lat. 23
45 N.
Patuxent, river of Maryland rising in t-He
northern part of Montgomery, imd the NW
of Baltimore counties, and flowing SE by
comparative courses 40 miles, separates
Anne Arundel, from Montgomery, and
Prince Georges counties. It has now
reached within 10 miles of the Chesapeak
at Anapolis, and turning to nearly H fol-
lows very nearly the geupral curve of the
Chesapeak, about 60 miles falls into 'hat
bav bv a wide estuary, about 20 miles N
5G
from that of the Potomac. It admits vessels
of 250 tons to Nottingham, 46 miles, fol-
lowing tlie inflexions of the river above its
mouth.
Pan, town of France, in the department
of the Lower Pyi-enees and late province
of Beam, with a castle where Henry IV.
was boTn, It is seattd on an eminence,
at the foot of v,hich runs the river Gave,
97 miles S of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 4 W, lat.
43 15 N.
Pavia, ancient and fortified town of
Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a cele-
brated university, on theTesino over which
is a bridge, 15 miles S of Milan. Lon, 9
15 E, lat. 45 13 N.
Paul, St. parish of Charleston district.
South Caroluia.
Paul, St. town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Straits of Calais, and late pro-
vince of Artois, 16 miles WNW of Airas.
Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 50 24 N.
Paul, St. town of South America in Bra-
sil, and province of St. Vincent, it is sur-
rounded by mountains and thick forests.
Lon. 45 52 W, lat. 23 25 S.
Puul-cle-FemioidUedes, town of France, in
the department ofGurd and lace province
of Languedoc, seated on the river Egli,
among mountains, 30 miles N of J.iontpel-
Ifer. Lon. 3 58 E, lat. 44 7 N.
Paul-les-Vence, St. town of France, in the
department of Var and late province of
Provence, five miles W of Nice, and 450
SE of Paris. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 42 N.
Paul-trois- Chatemtx, St. town of France,
in the department of Drome and late pro-
vince of Dauphiny, seated on the declivity
of ft hill, 16 miles S of Monlelimar. Lon.
4 57 E, lat. 44 21 N. *
Paula, town of Naples, in Calabria Clte-
riore, seated near the sea, in a fertile and
well cvdtivated country, 12 miles W of Co-
senza. Lon. 16 9 E, lat. 39 24 N".
Paulding, coun'y of Ohio? bounded by
Indiana W; Wiili:»ms N; Henry and Put-
nam E ; and VanwertS. Length 24 ; mean
width 18; and are;* 432 square miles. This
county was forn^^d in 1820 out of the New
purchase. M^-^iniee river crosses its north-
ern side.
Pauli^^ kill, river of Sussex county. New
Jersp/j rises near Frankford, and flowing
S^» , falls into the Delaware between the
villages of Columbia, and Knowltott) 18
miles by land above Ea.ton.
Paulograd, small town of Russia, in the
government of Cartharinensl&f, 32 miles B
of that place. Lon. 03 54 E, lat. 47 10
N
Pavoasan, episcopal seaport of Africa in
the isle of St. Thomas, with a fort and a
good harbour. It belongs to P:,rtuga1, and
liey under the eq-iator, in lon. 8 30 W.
PausiUppo, mo\in;ain of Italy, five miles
from Puzzoli, celebrated for a grotto, which
785
P A X
is a subterraneous passage through the
mountain, near a mile in length, about 20
feet in breadth, and 30 to 40 in height.
Patukey town of Western Prussia, in Po-
merellia, 25 miles NVV of Dantzic. Lon.
18 41 E, lat. 54 44 N.
FauUngs, township of Duchess county.
New York, containing 1756 inhabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 1804. It is on the Hud-
son.
Paxvcatuck, small river of Connecticut,
and Rhode Island, forming for about 10
miles, the limit between the two states. It
falls into the Atlantic Ocean 13 miles E
from the mouth of the Thames.
Paivtucket, river, rather creek, rising in
the NW part of Bristol county, Massachu-
setts, and flowing nearly S, falls into Seek-
honk rirer four miles NE from Providence.
This stream gains its only consequence by
its falls at Pawtucket.
Pawtuckety post village, at the falls of
Pawtucket river, four miles NE from Provi-
dfince. It is partly in the township of North
Providence, and partly in that pare of Seek-
honk in Massachusetts. The fall of water
here is about 50 feet ; presenting one of
the finest manufacturing establishments in
the United States. The natural advantages
have been extensively improven. There
are in Pawtucket, and vicinity, besides a
number of other manufactories; 10 cotton
mills, two casting furnaces ; six shops for
constructing machinery, two anchor shops,
a nail factory, two slitting mills, two screw
factories, three or four grain mills, and
blacksmith shops, taylors, &;c. Population
of the township in 1820, 2420.
Pawtjixet, river of Rhode Island, risiug
in Providence and Kent counties, and flow-
ing E, enters Narragansett bay, five miles
below Providence. From its numerous falls,
this stream affords great facility of water
power. Upwards of 40 cotton factories
are on it and its branches.
Pawliixet, post village and port of entry
on both sides of Paw^uxet river at its
mouth, and partly in ProvVience and partly
in Kent counties. It eontaJns numerous
factories, a bank, and aa acadei^y with usu-
ally 70 students. Population abojt 1000.
Paxton, township, Worcester ojunty,
Massachusetts, nin« miles NW from Vr^r-
cester. Population in 1810, 619; and ih.
1820, 613.
Paxton, Lower, township of Dauphin
county, Pennsylvania, five miles E from
Harrisburg. Population in 1820, 1283.
Paxton, Middle, township of Dauphin
county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehan-
nah river, 10 miles above Harrisbui^. Po-
pulation 1820, 973.
Paxton, Upper, NW township of Dauphin
county, Pennsylvania, on the Susqiiehao-
nab, 25 miles above Harrisburg. Population
?-n 1S20. 1097.
786
P E D
Paxton, SW township of Ross county^
Ohio. Population in 1820, 388. It con-
tains the village of Bainbridge.
Paz, La, city of the united provinces of
Buenos Ayres, in Peru, near the SE part of
lake Titiaca. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 17 15 S.
Pojjulation 20,000
Peace River. See .Miakenzies' River.
Peacham, post village and township,
Caledonia county, Vermont, 19 miles SE
from Montpelier. It is the seat of an
academy. Population 1350.
Peach bottom, post village, in the SE part
of York county, Pennsylvania, 30 miles SE
from Y^ork.
Peach bottom, SE township of York
county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,
928.
Peach to-wn, village of Tompkins county.
New York.
Peaki of Otter, part of the Blue ridge In
Bedford county, Virginia, rising to upwards
of 4000 feet. They are the most elevated
ground in the United States, SW from the
Catskill mountains.
Pearl Islands, islands lying in the bay of
Panama, in South America.
Peai'l river, of Louisiana and Mississippi,
rises in the latter as high as N lat. 33 0,
from whence it flows SW about 80 miles
and soutli 80, where it turns to SSE, flow-
ing in that direction 40 miles, crosses the
31° N lat. and enters Louisiana, having an
entire course in Mississippi of 200 miles.
In Louisiana, it continues SSE 70 miles, to
its junction with the Rigolets, after an en-
tire comparative course of 270 miles. Be-
low N lat. 31 0. Pearl river is part of the
boundary between Mississippi and Louisi-
ana. The general character of the country,
watered by the Pearl river, is unfavourable
to agriculture or navigation. With partial
exceptjAs, pine covers the surface, with as
usu^^ifnin sterile soil. Schooners cannot
enter tbe Pearl in consequence of a raft of
timber.
Pease, NE township of Belmont county,
Ohio, Population in 1820, 2019.
Pecquencour, town of France, in the de-
partment of the North and late province of
Hainault, seated on the Scarpe, five miles
E of Douay, Lon. 3 16 E, lat. 50 23 N.
Pedee, river which rises in North Caro-
lina, and is here called the Yadkin river,
i-nd entering South Carolina, it takes the
nartue of Pedee, and flow.s into the Atlantic
Ocean, 12 miles below George Town. The
naouth "« called Winyaw bay. The Pedee
is navigable for vessels of 60 or 70 tons,
upwards of 200 miles.
Pedena, town of Italy, in Istria, 25 miles
SE of Capo d'Istria. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 45
34 N.
Pederneira, seaport town of Portugal, in
the province of Estramadura, 18 miles NE
of Peniche. Lon. 8 6 W, lat, 39 51 N.
r E G
V E L
Peciic, town of Sumatra, 40 miles E of
Achen. Lon. 96 36 E, lat, 5 22 N.
Pedro, Point, the most northern point of
the island of Ceylon, opposite Point Caly-
jmere, on tlie continent of India. Lon. 80
27 E, lat. 9 52 N.
Pedro, St. one of the islands in the South
Pacific Ocean, called Marquesas. Lon.
138 51 W, lat. 9 58 S
Pee Pee, township of Pike county, Ohio,
20 miles below Chilicothe. Population in
1820. 654.
Peebles, capital of Peebleshire, on the
Tweed, over which is a bridge. It has
manulactures of carpets and serges. It is
22 miles S of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 7 W,
lat. 55 36 N.
Peebleshire T-ioeeddale, county of Scot-
land ; bounded on the E by Selkirkshire ;
on the N by Edinbnrgshire ; W by Lanerk-
shire j and S by Dumfriesshire ; and con-
tains 308 square miles, is 28 miles lon.^,
and 18 where broadest. The climate is
temperate and the air clear. This county
.yields limestone, &c. witii every necessary
of life. The chief manufactures are shoes
an.l thread. Popuialion in 1801, 8735;
in 1811, 9935; and in 1821, 10,046.
Peekskill, post town in West Chester
county, New; York; lying on the E side of
Hudson river, 50 miles N of the city of
New York, and about 10 below the fort at
West Point.
Peel, town of the Isle oi" Man. It is
situated on a spacious bay, at the S extre-
mity of which is Peel Isle, a rock of great
magnitude and height. Lon. 4 40 W, lat.
54 13 N.
Peeling, township of Grafton county,
New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 224.
Peer, town of the Netherlands, in the
bisliopric of Lieg^, 24 miles NNW of Ma-
estricht. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 51 8 N.
Pesee. See Peaths.
Pegau, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, on the river Ulster, 58 miles W of
Dresden. Lon. 12 22 E, lat. 51 13 N.
Pegnajiel, town of Spain, in Old Castile,
on the Deuero, 20 miles SE of Valiadolid.
Lon. 4 0 W, lat. 41 41 N.
Pegna-Macor, town of Portugal, in tiie
province of Beira, with a castle, 40 miles
NW of Alcantara. Lon. 6 32 W, lat. 39
SON.
Pegnaranda, town of Spain, in Old
Castile, capital of a duchy of the Sime
name, 30 miles SW of Olmedo. Loii. 4 8
W, lat. 40 59 N.
Pegu, kmgdom of Asia, now a part of
the Birman empire, lying to the SE oi'
Bengal. It is bounded on the N by Rur-
mah, on the W and S by the Ocean, and on
the E by Laos and Slam. Its products
are timber for building, elephants, ele-
phants' teeth, bees' wax, lac, s.altpetre,
iron, lead, tin, petroleum, very fine rubies,
small diamonds, and plenty of lead, oi
which they make their money. It is very
fruitful in corn, roots, pulse, and fruits.
Pegu was an independent kingdom, till
1751, when it was reduced, by the king of
Burmah, to the state of a dependant pro«
vince.
Pegii, town in a kingdom of the same
name, in Asia, on a river of the same name,
520 miles S of Ava. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. 18
10 N.
Pegunnock, small river of New Jersey.
See Pegnaiioc.
Pejepscot, township and post village, af
Cumberland county, Maine, 30 miles N
from Portland. Population in 1810, 805;
and in 1820, uncertain.
Peine, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick. It is 17 miles W of
Brunswick. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 52 25 N.
Peipus, large lake of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Livonia. From which issues
the river Narova, by which it has a com-
munication at Narva, with the gulf of Fin-
land.
Poishore, or Pishour, city of Hindoostan
Proper, in the province of Cabul. It is
subject to the king of Candahar, and is 50
miles NW of Attock. Lon. 69 54 E, lat.
32 44 N.
Peitz, town of Germany, in Upper Saxo-
ny, and marche of Brandenburg. In the
vicinity of which iron mines are wrought to
advantage, and manufactures of pitch and
turpentine are carried on to great extent.
It is 30 miles SSW of Franckfort on the
Oder. Lon. 8 c,5 E, lat. 52 5 N.
Peking, the capital of the empire of
China, in the province of Pe-tche-li. Its
name signifies the Northern Court, to dis-
tinguish it from Nanking, the Southern
Court, where the emperor formerly resided.
This capital forms an oblong square, and
is divided into two cities ; one inhabited by
Chinese, the other by Tartars. These two
cities, exclusive of the suburbs are nearly
11 miles in circumference. A Russian
churcli is established here with a seminary
in which the students are permitted to re-
side for the purpose of learning the chi-
nese language. Since this establishment,
many interesting publications have appear-
ed at Petersburg, relative to the laws, his-
tory, and geography of China, translated
from the original ; published at Peking. This
city is 500 miles N by W of Nanking,
Lon. 116 14 E, lat. 39 54 N.
Pelagiiisi, island of the Archipelago in
the Mediterranean sea, eight miles in cir-
cumference. Lon. 24 12 E, hit. 39 30 N.
Pelegrino, J)fount, promontory on the
N coast of the island of Sicily, nearly two
miles W of Palermo The prospect from
this mount is beautiful and extensive : most
of the Lipari Islands are discovered in a
clcsur day, aud also a large portion of Mount
7i?r
P E M
i* E N
Etna, although at tlie distance oF almost
the wliole length of Sicil;'.
Felet!} Islands, were in all probability,
first discovered by tlie Spaniards of the
Philippines, and by them called the Paloo
Islands from the t3» pslm trees that grow
there in great numbers, and whicii at a
distance have the appearance of masts of
ships ; the word palos, in the Spanish lan-
gusge, sometimes sitfiiifying a mast.
Felham, township in the county of Lin-
coln, Upper Canada, lies to the south of
Louth, and is watered by the Chippawa,
or Wellaiid.
Felham, township of West Chester coun-
ty, New York, on the East river, 20 miles
from New York. Population 1820, 283.
Pelham, township c f Hampshire county,
Massachusetts, containing 1185 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820, 1278, situuled on the
E side of Coniiecticu'. river, about 80 miles
W of Boston.
Fe'ham, small township, with a post of-
fice, in Rockingham county. New Hamp-
shire, 35 miles W by S of Ncwburyport,
and 36 NW of Boston. Population 1820,
1040.
Pelissa, town of Lower Hungarj^, capi-
tal of a country of the samt name, seated
near the Danube, 15 miles north of Buda.
Lon. IS 20 E, lat. 47 40 N.
Pelissane, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, 15 miles
%VNW of Aix. Lon. 5 21 E, lat. 43 26 N.
Pel'a, town of Turkey in Europe, in
Janna, 50 miles W of Salonichi. Lon. 21
53 E, lat, 40 41 N.
Pellerin, town of France, in the depart,
ment of Lower Loire, situated on the Loire,
with a harbour for sniali vessels, ten miles
N of Nantes, and 13 SE of Painbanif. Lon.
1 44 W, lat. 47 23 N.
Pcloso, town of Naples, in Basilicata, 35
miles W of Bari. Lon. 16 20 E, lal. 41 26
N.
Pemaquid bay and jioint, Lincoln count)",
IVlaine. The point is at lo:i. W C 7 30 E,
!at. 43 37 N.
Pemby, town of Congo, capital of a pro-
vince of the same name, Lon. IS 25 E,
lat. 7.30 S.
Peinba, or Penda, island in the East In-
dian Ocean, lying near the coast of Africa,
and extending about 100 miles in circum-
ference. It is governed by a king tribu-
taiy to the Portuguese. Lon. 40 0 E, lat.
5 20 S.
Pembridge, town in Herefords!;lre, on the
Arrow, 12 miles NW of Hereford, and 145
WNW of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 52
14 N.
Pembroke, capital of Pembrokeshire. It
is seated on the innermost creek of Mil-
ford Haven, over which are two bridges,
but the navigation to it is become mjured
by the rubbish of the limestone quarries
788
near it, 237 miles W by N of London. Lon.
4 55 W, lat. 5145 N.
Petnbruke cormty, SW extremity of Wales,
derives its name from Pembroke, the coun-
ty town, and is bounded on the east by
Carmarthenshire, on the NK by Cardigan-
shire, and on all other sides by the Irish
Sea. It extends in length from N to S 35
miles, and frc.m E to W 29, and is about
140 in circumference. Population in 1801,
56,280 ; in 1811, 60,615, and in 1821,
74,009.
Pembroke, township of Rockingham coun-
ty, New Hampshire; containing 1153 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, ; si-
tuated on the E side of Merrimack river, ,
about 40 miles W of Portsmouth.
Pembroke, township of Plymouth county,
Massachusetts, containing 2051 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, ; situated about
four miles E of Hanover, and 10 NW of
Plymouth.
'Pembroke, post village and township of
Genessee county New Y'ork, in Ellicott's
25 miles E from Buffalo. Population 1820,
2576.
Pemis^eraasset, river of New Hampshire,
the main source or branch of Merrimac
river It joins tke Winnipisseogee, at San-
bornton. *
Peua Garcia, town of Portugal, in Beira,
with a castle. It is six miles E of Idanha
Velha, Lon. 6 6 W, lat. 59 40 N,
Penalva, town of Poitugal, in Beira,
seated on a hill with a castle, eight miles
5 of Coimbra. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 40 4 N.
Penajitier, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, and late province of
Languedoc, four miies N of Carcassone.
Lon*. 2 25 E, lat. 43 18 N.
Pendennis, castle in Cornwall, on a hill
of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It
lies a little to the SE of Falmouth. Lon.
5 30 W, lat. 50 10 N.
Pendleton, county of Virginia, bounded
by Rockingham and Augusta SE ; Bath
SW ; Randolph NW ; and Hardy NE.
Length 50; mean width 22; and area 1100
square miles. Its surface is very moun-
tainous. From the NW angle Green Briar
river flows SW into the Great Kenhawa ;
in its SW angle rise Jackson's and Cow-
pasture branches of James river. The far
greater jiart however, of its superfices is
drained by the head branches of the south
branch of Potomac. Soil generally rocky
and l)arren. Chief town, Fincastle.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,017
do. do. females ... 1,735
Total whites - - . . 3,752
All other ])ersons except Indians
not taxed .... 25
Slaves 262
PEN
PEN
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ - -
do. females _ _ -
Total population in 1820
4,039 South Carolina, on a branch of the Savati-
dah river, lOU miles NW from Columbia.
PendletGU, county of Kentucky ; boand-
2,258 ed by Harrison S ; Grant W ; Campbell
2,186 N ; Ohio river NE ; and Bracken E.
LeuKih 20 ; and mean width 17 ; and
0 area 340 square miles. Surface very
— — much broken, and soil sterile. The two
4,444 main forks of Licking river unite in this
5 county at Falmouth the seat of justice.
6 Population in 1810.
177 Free white males - - • 1,399
204 do. do. females - - 1 .275
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 9
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,080
do. in Manufactures - 88
do. in Commerce - 10
Population to the square mile, 4 1-3,
Pendleton, NW district of Soith Caro-
lina ; bounded by Tiigaloo river or Geor-
gia SW ; by Cliatuga river or Geortria
NW ; by North Carolina N ; Saliiia river
or Greenfield district NE; and Abbeville
SE. Length 55 ; mean vvidtii 39 ; and
area 1630 square miles. Surface very
mountainous ; but. soil generally ])roduc-
tive. It is principally drained oy the Sene-
ca branch of Saluda river. Chief towns,
Pendleton, and Anderson's ville.
4,836 Total whites . . . -
■ All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - . . - .
2,674
1
386
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free while males - - .
do. do. females - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites ...
Free per-sons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - - .
do. females
Total population in 1820.
3,061
1.417
1,341
2,758
237
91
0
0
3,086
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - .
Slaves - - . _ .
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . .
do. do. females . . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - .
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do in Manufactures -
do. m Commerce
Population to the square mi e, 16^.
Pendleton, town of Pendleton" district
789
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 517
do. in Manufactures - - 0
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, 9.
Pennjield, post town and township of
Monroe county, New York, on Genunde-
22 897^^"^ ^^y ^"^ miles E from Rochester.
' Population 1820, 3^44
Pejinfield, township of New Bruns-
wick on the bay of Fundy, Charlotte
county.
Pentmunder, fortress of Germany, in
Prussian Pomerania, seated "m the isle of
Usedom, at the mouths of the Pene and
Oder, in the Baltic Sea. Lon. 14 16 E,
lat. 54 16 N.
Penguin Island, and Bay, lie on the
coast of Patagonia, 182 mil^s N of Port
St. Julian. Lat. 47 48 S.
Peniche, strong town of Portugal, in
Estramadura. with a good harbour and a
citadel, 34 mii^s N of Lisbon. Lon. 9 5
E, lat. 39 16 N.
Penick, town of Upper Saxony, in
Misnia. It is seated on the Muite, eight
miles E of Altenberg. Lon. 12 44 E,
lat. 50 .5y N.
Peniscola, to\r^jfoi Spain, in Valen-
cia, seated on a high point of land, on
10,002
9,362
19,364
48
3;485
11,031
11,109
0
22,140
94
73
2,375
2,340
27,022
12
8,216
466
85
P E N
P E N
£he Mediterranean, 60 miles N of Valen- Pennsboroiigh West, township of Cum =
cia. Lon. 1 0 E, lat. 40 29 N. berland county, Pennsylvania, lying on
Feni&hehr, town of Hindoostan Pro- the Connedogwinet creek, commencing
per, and capital of a district, in the coun- three miles VV from Carlisle, and extend-
try of Cabul, 46 miles N of Cabul. Lon. ing 10 miles up the creek. Pouulation
«s ^A -p io» Qc lA XT 1820, 1553.
68 14 E. lat. 2,5 16 N,
Penkridge- town in Staffordshire, prin-
Pennsboroueh, village of Lycoming
cipally noted for its horse fairs. It is six rniintv pVnn«XJ,,ia ^^ fhl « c .Xl^
w,;i=o « ^f v;»off„^^ ^^A 100 \!.\-Ki s ^'Ounty, rennsvlvania, on the Susquehan-
miles S of Stafford, and 129 NW of ^^h river below the mouth of Muncy
creek.
London. Lon. 2 0 W, lat. 32 54 N.
PenkuTtiy town of Germany in Upper
Saxony, in Anterior Pomerania, 15 miles
SW of Stetin
Pennaburg, township of Chester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the VV side of Bran-
Penmaenmhar, once tremendous pre- ,^yw'"«^ ^reek, adjoining the state of De-
cipice in Carnarvonshire, overhanging 1090'" 70^"^ Delaware county. Population
the sea ; but now safely crossed by a '
good road. It is four miles SW of Aber- Pennon, fort of Africa, seated on a
conway. small island before the harbour of Al-
Peunaflor, town of Spain, in Asturias, gi^rs.
seated on the Astra, 14 miles SW of Pennon de Velez, very important sea-
Oviedo. Lon. 5 56 VV. lat. 43 15 N. Port of Barbary, seated on a rock in the
Pennqflor, town of Spain, in Andalu- Mediterranean, near the town of Velez.
sia, seatf d near the Xenil 10 miles N of I^ was built by the Spaniards, in 1508,
Ecjia. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 37 44 N taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken
Penn, township of Philadelphia county, i" 1^64. It is 75 miles E of Ceuta. Lon.
Pennsylvania, adjoining the city of Phi- ^ 'J W. lat. S5 25 N.
ladelphia, tlie Northern Liberties, Spring Pennsylvania, one of the states of the
Garden, and extending up the Schuyl- United States ; bounded by Maryland S ;
kill to Roxborough. Population 1810, Virginia SW ; Ohio W ; Lake Erie
3,79-i ; and in 1820, 3.105. . NW ; New York N, and NE ; and
Penn East, township of Northampton New Jersey and Delaware SE. The
county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank outlines of this state are ;
of Lehigh river, adjoining Schuylkill, I" common with Maryland, from
and Lehigh counties. Population 1820, the NE to the NVV angle of the
I
latter
From the NW angle of Maryland
to the SW angle of Pennsylva-
nia - _ _ _ _
From the NW angle of Pennsylva-
nia, due N along Virginia to the
Ohio river - - -
1,882.
Penn West, NE township of Schuyl-
ccunty, Pennsylvania, adjoining North-
ampton, and Lehigh counties. Popula-
tion 1820, 1,152.
Penn, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania, between Elk and White
C'.ag creeks, 40 miles 5W by N from Continuing the preceding line
Philadelpiiia. Population 1820, 481. along Ohio to Lake Erie
Penn, southern township of Morgan Along Lake Erie to the extreme
county, Ohio. P(;pulation 1820, 241. northern angle of Erie county
jPenwar, river which has its rise in the on the western limit of New
kingdom of Mysore, in the peninsula of York - . - - .
Hindoostan, and watering Gooty, Gandi- Thence due S along Chatauque
cotta, Cuddapah, and Vellore, enters the county to the SW angle of New
Bay of Bengal, at Gangapatnam. York -----
Penn's creek, river of Pennsylvania, Thence East to the Delaware
500
53
64
91
which rises in the SE part of Centre
county flows E through Centre and
Union, passes by New Berlin and falls
into the Susquehannah at Seling grove,
after a comparative course of 50 miles.
Penn's Valley, in the SE part of Cen-
tre county, between the Brush, and
Path valley mountain.
Pennaborough East, township of Cum-
berland county, Pennsylvania, on both
sides of Connedogwinet creek, extending Thence along that semicircle to
from the Susc^uehannah river to within its point of intersection with the
three miles trom Carlisle. Population eastern boundary of Cecil county
1810, 2365 ; and in 1^8, 3513. in Maryland ., - -
790
river, in common with New
York
Thence down Delaware river to
the Northern angle of New Jer-
sey _ - . . _
Thence continuing down the De-
laware river, to the intersection
with that stream of the semicir-
cle of 12 miles around New Cas-
tle - . - . -
19
226
70
160
26
PEN
P E N
Thence due N to the NE angle of Tranklln
Marvland _ - _ - 2
Having an entire outline o^" 950
Between lat. 39 43 and 42 16 N. Lon.
W C 2 17 E, to 3 31 W.
Length from opposite Bordentown, to
the W boundary 211 miles. Greatest
width 176, and mean width 157 miles.
Area 43,950 square miles; equal to
28,128.000.
Taken as a whole, Pennsylvania is di-
visible into three great sections, of very
unequal extent. The smallest but much
best peopled section lies SE from the
Kittatinny mountain or Blue Mountain ;
and contains about one third of North-
ampton., all Lehigh, Bucks, Berk. Mont-
gomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, Ches-
tei', Lancaster Lebanon, nearly one
half of Dauphin ; all York, Adams,
Cumberland, and nearly all Franklin
counties. The mountainous or Middle
section, extends over the counties of
Wayne, Pike, two thirds of Northampton,
all Susquehannah, Bradford, Luzerne,
Tioga, Potter, Lycoming, Columbia,
Northumberland, Union, Centre, Clear-
field, Cambria, Huntingdon, Mifflin,
Perry, one half of Dauphin, all Schuyl-
kill, Bedford, and Somerset, with the
eastern part of Westmoreland and Fay-
ette.
The western hilly section includes the
counties of McKeauj Warren, Jefferson,
Indiana, Armstrong, Crawford, Venango,
Erie, Mercer, Beaver, Butler, Alleghany,
Washington, Green, and the western parts
of Fayette and Westmoreland.
Before proceeding to give the geogra-
phical detail of the state in general, the
reader is presented with the following
tables exhibiting the relative extent and
population of each of the foregoing sec-
tions.
Sq.mites. Populatim> tosq-m.
22,030 27
756 31,892 42
7869 569,355 77
The mountainous or middle section
contains.
Wayne
Pike
Near two thirds of <
Northampton ^
Susquehannah
Bradford
Luzerne
Tioga
Potter
Lycoming
Columbia
Northumberland
Part of Dauphin
Schuylkill
Union
Mifflin
Perry
Centre
Clearfield
Hunterdon
iledford
Somerset
Cambria
Part of Indiana
Part of West- 7
mcreland 5
Part of Fayette
720
772
710
800
1174
1784
1100
1100
2290
574
457
300
745
551
826
540
1370
1425
1185
1520
1066
670
300
250
22565 260,506
Western section contains.
Counties,
Part of Northamp
ton county E of
Kittatinny
Lehigh
Bucks
Philadelphia city?
'i
400
335
600
and county
Montgomery
Berks
Chester
Delaware
Lancaster
Lebanon
Lower part
Dauphin
York
Adams
Cumberland
5
18,895 56
37,842 62
120 137,097 1142
of;
450
874
738
177
928
288
230
900
528
545
35,793
46,275
44,451
14,810
68,336
16,988
13,211
38,759
19,370
23,606
80
53
60
84
73
59
57
43
35
43
McKean
Warren
Erie
Crawford
Venango
Jefferson
Western part of >
Indiana 5
Western part of >
Westmoreland 3
Western part of
Fayette
Armstrong
Allegany
Butler
Mercer
Beaver
Green
Washington
1442
832
720
974
1114
1200
470
814
488
941
754
785
830
646
600
10,324
34,921
10,193
11,681
15,340
15,555
40,038
13,398 219,597
Summary.
Eastern section 7869 569,355
Middle do. 22565 200,506
Western do, 13942 219,597
4,127 6
2,894 4
9,735 16J
9,960
11,554
20,027
4,021
186
13,517
17,621
15,424
8,442
1L339
18,619
16.618
11,342
13,796
2,342
20,142
20,248
13,973
3,287
3,627
4,216
3,448
13
10
11
4
i
6
30
34
28
15
34
20
21
10
1^
17
13
15
5
12
I6i-
10
2
12
10
728
1,976
8,5.53
9,397
4,915
561 i
5,255 11
26,344 32
23,937 30
11
45
IS
14
24
26
45
77
12
16*
43932 1,049,458
791
P E N
P E N
The relative density 'of population in
Pennsylvania has followed the quality of
soil perhaps less than in any state of the
United States. The above table exhibits
a singular inequality in the different coun-
ties, independent of either soil or com-
mercial facility. It is seen that more than
one half of the population exists on a small
fraction above one sixth part of the entire
area.
The following table exhibits the classifi-
ed population of this state, agreeable to
the census of 1810, and 1820.
■2- S3
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
- 401,566
- 385,238
Total whites - • - 786,804
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 22.492
Slaves 795
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . .
do. do. females . . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
810,091
516,618
500,476
1,951
Total whites . - - - 1,019,045
Free persons of colour, males - 14,804
do. do. females, 15,398
Slaves, males ... - 85
do. females - - - 126
Total population in 1820 .
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the squai
1,049,458
10.728
140,801
60,215
7,083
1ICH..C • - / ,uo
square mile, 23J nearly
JVwnber oftaxabks by the state census.
1st in 1793, ....
2d 1800, ....
3d 1807, ....
4th 1814, ....
5th 1821, ....
Free coloured persons in 1821,
Western District,
Slaves,
Eastern District, ...
Slaves, . . . . -
Total petaons of. colour,
792
91,117
138,285
163,780
208,512
4,298
Counties'
1 Philad. county
2 Lancaster
3 Philad. city
4 Chester
5 Berks
6 Bucks
7 York
8 Montgomery
9 Washington
10 Allegheny
11 Westmoreland
12 Franklin
13 Northampton
14 Fayette
15 Cumberland*
16 Huntingdon
\7 Dauphin
18 Bedford
19 Adams
20 Lehigh
21 Miffl'in
22 Union
23 Luzerne
24 Columbia
25 Lebanon
25 Beaver
27 Northumberland
28 Somerset
29 Delaware
o^ Lycoming
31 Centref
32 Green
33 Mercer
34 Perry
35 Bradford
o& Armstrong
37 Schiiylkili
38 Butler
39 Crawford
40 Erie
41 Stisquehannah
42 Indiana
43 Venangot
44 U'aynt§
45 Tioga
46 Cambria
47 Pike
48 Warren
49 Clearfield
50 Warren :t:
51 M'Kean§
52 Jefferson
53 Potter
Taxahles
Tax-nhlti
l;i
1314.
1821.
10,486
15,196
-i|
11,346
13,560
39 14
9,383
12,696
38 7
8,072
9,171
14 6
7,390
8,896
24 4
7,066
8,300
17 6
6.772
7,983
26 12
6,221
7,437
17 2
6,780
7,345
29 4
5,518
6,969
10 10
5,370
6,176
24 7
4,331
5,841
8 10
4,523
5,646
3 0
4,579
5,372
9 31
5,971
5,048
22 25
3,502
4,281
13 2
3,348
4,235
6 11
3,351
4,045
14 2
2,979
3,852
11 24
2.902
3,763
18 0
3,063
3,656
7 2
2,772
3,620
0 0
2,379
3,540
11 0
3,349
3,459
10 1
2,696
3,228
4 3
2,398
3,120
0 1
1,687
3.037
10 1
2,191
2,925
13 4
2,661
2,856
3 2
1,858
2,836
6 3
1,765
2,820
11 1
2,412
2,612
9 0
1,734
2,440
3 0
2,430
6 4
1,493
2,277
6 4
1,454 »
• 2,089
5 0
1,614
2,045
7 0
1,491
2,022
8 4
1.184
2,000
0 0
858
1,973
14 2
1,242
1.929
1 0
1,363
1,923
0 0
656
1,050
1 0
551
979
0 0
199
810
3 2
521
757
1 0
473
690
1 3
679
0
0 0
264
584
0 0
—
524
3 0
_
211,
0 0
35
137
0 0
—
50
0 0
163,780 208,512 484 224
81 • Perry taken from Cumberland in 1820.
25,904 t Centre and M'Kean in 1814, was 1765.
130 Centre in 1821 was 2820, and M'Kean 211.
■ T Venango and Warren in 1814, was 656.
30,413 Venango in 1821, was 1050, and Warren 524.
— —• ^ Pike taken from Wayne in 1814.
PEN
PEN
Number of i»ihabitants in the 14
wards of the city of Philadel-
phia, bv tile United States cen-
sus of "1820, - - - 63,802
Taxables in the samp by state
census of 1821, - - - 12,696
Inhabitants in the city of Lancas-
ter, 1820 ... - 6,633
Taxables, 1821, - - - 1,620
Inhabitants of the city of Pitts-
burg, 1820, - - - 7,248
Taxables, 1821, - . - 1,393
Pennsylvania contains three cities, Phila-
delphia, Lancaster, and PittsbuVii-, and
about 40 boroug'h t.)\v,s ; the prin'^ipal ot
which are, Reading', Harrisburg', Easton,
and west of 'he moun'ains Greenburg',
Brownsville, Washington, and Meadville.
The advance of p<"pulation in this sta'e,
has been generally slealy ; about the mid-
dle of last centuiy, i' contuned nbout
220,000; at the commencement O) the
revolutionary war, :!ie oopi.'laiion had risen
to upwards of 350,000 ; in 1790, 434,373 ;
in 1800, 602,545 ; and in 1810, and 1830,
as shown in the table al^nvc.
The follovvino- table ex'racte 1 from the
files of the jo'irnal • f the House of Repre-
sentatives of Pen sylvania in 1821 — 22, ex-
hibits the then state oftiie arms and mililia
of the state.
PUBLICK ARMS.
Field pieces in the Ar enals
do. in the B'. cades
19
21
Muskets in the Arsenals
do. in the Brigades
40
Rifles in the Arsenals
do. ill the Brigades
1 4,920
t:.652
23,572
1,397
616
2,013
Repeating swivels ... 23
do. muskeis • - - .500
Muskets reported as private properly 432
Rifles, do. do. 2,448
16 Divi.slons, 32 Brigades, 120 Regi-
ments.
Governor and commander in chief 1
Major Generals ... - 16
Brigadier Generals and staff - 108
Adjutant G<;neral - . '. 1
Infantry, (incliiiling officers) 128,095
Volunteer Cavalry ... 1,292
Ai-tillery - - - 1,123
Infantry - - - 7 556
Riflemen ... 5,931
Grand total 143,923
There is no other section of the Uni-
ted States, v.'here the elements of popu-
lation are so various as Pennsylvania.
Taken relatively, as to national descent,
this population is composed of English,
IriaJi, Germans, Scotch, Dutch, &c. and
5H
the descendants of these nations. The
Engish language is general, bat entire
nughbi'urhoods of Germans have retain-
ed the German language. This is par-
ticularly the case in many of the southeast-
ern counties Th'^re^igiousdenominations
are also numtnius. c<;nsisting of almost
evf-ry sect of Christians known in the
Unittd States. The most numer us de-
nominations are, hcwv ver. Pr-sbyti rianS,
Rooian catholics German Ca vinists Ger-
man Lutherans, Friends. Ba]>tists. Epis-
copalians, M 'thodists, &c. The unitas
fratrnm, or Moravians have some small
but very respectable congregations in dif-
erent parts ot th. state.
The literary institutions of Ft nnsylva-
nia, are, thf university cf Pennsylvania.
See PliHadelfihki City ; Dickinsiiii ci.'llege
at Carlisle J fie r on college at Canons-
bur^, Wasbingion college at Washington,
Alleghany coU-ge at Meadville, and
M u t Airy college in Germaiilown.
Respectable acadtinies exist in most
of the county towns and ample donations
have b' en m..<l': by the legislature to fos-
ter the interests of education. The va-
rious libraries an;l other literary esta-
bHshmi ncs in P'i,iladel|)hia are noticed
under th;it article which see
Th'.- Moravian brethren, have excel-
1 nt sch' nlj n Btthlehem, Nazareth,
Litiz, and oth- r places in die state. For
Pennsylvania asyluns for deaf iuv dumb
persons See articlr PhUadelfi/ua.
Perhaps the mi.st exttrsivf- and best
finished st te road in the Utdted States
is that from Phi ade'phia. thr ugh Lan-
tastr, York, Cha.nDeisburp. Bedford,
anfl Gremsbi'.rg. to Pittsburg The south-
eastern section and the southern aiid
weitcrn sides rf the state are generally
well supplied with good roads but great
part of ihr northern side of the stat;- re-
mains in that, as in every other rtspect
uniaiproven A diagonal state roari has
been designed, and in part exf cuted from
Philadelphia to Erie. So much in this
tn atis- is givt n under the head of the re-
spective counties as to preclude the neces-
sity of detail in this article. I have
to regret not being able to procure a
statement of the present inaimfacturing
establishments of this state. In 1810,
the value of manufactuif d articles
amounted to nearly 34,000,000 of dr.llars,
and from comparing the .-iumber of per-
sons engaged in manuf.iCtui>'S in th: IJni-
ted States, P.-nnsylvania is; after Massa-
chusetts and Rhode Island conn pa rati ve-
ly, the most manufacturing state in the
IJnited States.
In mineral wealth Pnnsylvania stands
far before any other sectien of the Uni-
oc. The apparently inexhaustible stores
793
PEN
PEN
of mineral coal existing in the eastern,
middlr, and western afford with, an im-
mense facility of water power in evf-rj'
quarter, means of caryi'ig machinery to
any extt-nt, which an du:^menting pupu
lation may demand. For a particular
notice of the different n^positori'TS of cnal,
see J\''orthampton, Schwjlkill, Luzerne, Alle-
ghany, and some other c<.uiities.
The following tables exhibit a view of
the roads canals, bridges, and navig ition
companies of Pennsylvania at th* b'gin-
ning of the year 1823, are extracted
from Vol. VIII. Laws of Pennsylvania.
On the 15th January. 1817 the audi-
tor general was requested, by a vote of
the house of representatives to furnish a
statement of the incorporated companies
to the st-vck of which the state had sub-
scribed. From his report of the 17ih
(journals of the senate 1816—17, p. 286)
the following is taken.
TURNPIKES.
Erie to Ifaterfo'^d, act authorising
its incorporation, (vol. 4 p. 12i )
The states subscription by act,
(ib. 348,) is 100 shares, at 50
dollars. g5,000
Easton and Wilkesbarre, act author-
ising its incorporation (vol 4, p.
7.) the state subscription by act,
(ib 495.) of 250 shares, at 50
dollars, 12,500
Snsqnehaiinah and Lehigh, act autho-
rizing its incorporation, (vol. 4.
C. 1A5 ) The state subscription
y tl'.e same, 100 shares, at 100
dollars, 10,000
Centre, act authorizing its incorpo-
ration, (vol.4, p. 227 ) The state
subscription by the act (ib 495
and vol. 5, p 367.) 900 shares, at
50 d' liars 45,000
Susqiiehaivmh and Tioga, act autho-
rizing its incorpriration (vol.4, p.
340 ) The state subscription hy
act, (ib. 495.) of 200 shares at
100 dollars. 20,000
Harrisbar^, Bedford, and Pittabtirg,
act authorizing its incorporati ^n,
(vol. 4. p. 279.) The state sub-
scription thereto by act (vol. 5.
p. 270.) 350,000
■ Ifarrisbi/rg, Ije;sistown, Ilitntingdon,
an I Pittsbuyg, act autht.Tizinfi; its
incorporation, (vol. 4. p. iv^J.)
State subscription by act, (ib.
495.) 100 000 but by act, (vol 5,
p 351.) inci-eased to, 200,000
Lancaster. Elizabeth, and Middle-
town, act authorizing its incorpo-
ration, (vol. 4. p 134.) State
subscription by act, (ib. 4S5,) 100
shares at 100 dollars, 10,000
Susquehannah and York, act autho-
rizing its incorporation, (vol. 4.
p. 161) State subscription by
the same 50 shares, at 100 dol-
lars, 5,000
Gap and JVewport, act authorizing
its incorporation, (vol. 4. p. 395.)
State subscription by the same
100 shares, at 50 dollars, 5,000
Do~iUmngtown, Ephrata, and Harris-
burg, act author' zing its incorpo-
ration, (vol. 4 p. 31 ) State sub-
scription of i;50 shares, by act,
(vol. 5 p 60, 270,) at 100 dol-
lars, 25,000
Siisqjiehavnak and IVaterford, act~\
authorizing its incorporation,
vol. 5. p 294 )
J^Torthumberland, and Anderson's ^200,000
creek (by same act) state
subscription to both these
roads,
J\£l/ord and Oivego, act authorizing
its incorporation, (vol. 4. p 359.)
State subscription by the act,
vol. 5. p, 270) 40a shares, at 25
dollars, 10,000
Perkiomen and Reading, act autho-
rizing its incorporation (vol. 5.
p. 146, 197.) State subscription
300 shares, 50 dollars, ib. 374. 15,000
Middletoim and Hurrisburg, act au-
thorizing its incorporation, (vol.
5. p. 116.) State subscription
of 200 shares by act, (vol. 6. p.
o27,) at 50 dollars, 10,000
York and Gettysburg, act incorpo-
rating, vol. 6. p. 276.) State
subscription by the act (ib. 339,)
of 150 shares, at 100 dollars, 15,000
Little Conestogo. act authorizing its
inci'rporali"n, (vol. 5. p. 29.)
State subscription by act, (vol.
6 p. 335,) of lOU shares at 50
dollars, 5,000
Clifford and Wdkesbarre, act autho-
rizing its incorporation, (vol. 5.
p. 256 ) State subscription by
the act, (vol. 6. p. 341, of 100
sl^ares at 50 d' liars. 2,500
Bridgevialer and IVilkesharre, act
authorizing its iiicnrporation,
(vol. 5. p. 246.) State subscrip-
tion by the same 100 shares at
50 dollars, 5,000
Springhouse Tavern to Bethlehem, act
author! ziug its incorporation,
(v! 1. 4. p. 251.) State subscrip-
tion of 200 shares, at 100 dol-
lars, 20,000
§970,000
794
PEN
P E N
An alphabetical list of the Incorporated Tcrnpike companies, to which the common-
ivealth has subscribed, showing the contemplated length of each, the number of miles
completed (1822) and the amount of sttte and Individual subscriptions, cKtr-acled
from a report made to the House of Itepresentatives on the 23d of March, 1822.
-§
^63
NAMES
Anderson's ferry, Waterford and New Haven
Armstrong and Indiana
Bedford and Stoystown . . . . .
Bellefont and Phdipsburg
Bellmont and Ochquaga
Bellmont and Easton
Berks and Dauphin
Bethany and Dnigman's choice - - - .
Bridge water and Wilkesbarre . . - .
Butler and Mercer
*Cayuga and Susquehannah (rest in New York)
Centre
Centre and Kishacoquillas - - - - -
Chambersburg and Bedford - . - .
Clifford and Wilkesbarre
Downingstown, Euphrata and Harrisburg -
Easton and Wilkesbarre . - . - .
Erie and Waterford
Gap and Newport
Greensburg and Pittsburg . - - - •
Hanover and Carlisle
Harrisburg, Carlisle and Chambersburg
Harrisburg and Miilersiown . . . ,
Huntingdon, Cambria and Indiana
Indiana and Ebensburg
Lancaster, Elizabeth and Middletown
Lewistown and Huntingdon - - -
Little Conestogo . - - . -
Mercer and Meadville . - . . .
Middleton and Harrisburg - . - - •
Milford and Oswego ... - -
Millerstown and Lewistown . . . ,
Morgantown, Churchtown and Blue Ball
New Alexandria and Conema'ugii
New Holland
Perkiomen and Reading . . . .
Philadelphia, Brandywine and New London
Philadelphia and Great Bend ...
Philipsburg and Susquehannah
Pittsburg and Butler ....
Pittsburg and New Alexandria ...
Pittsburg and Stubenville ...
Ridge -....-..
Robstown and Mount Pleasant ...
Somerset and Bedford . . - -
Somerset and Mount Pleasant ...
Sprlngliouse, Northampton and Bethlehem
Sioystown and Greensburg
Susquehannah and Lehigh
Susquehannah and Tioga, ...
Susquehannah and Waterford -
Susquehannah and York ...
Washington and Pittsburg ...
Vvasbington and Williamport -. - -
Waynesburg, Gteencastle and Mercerburg -
York and Gettysburg - - - . .
"?=
"S's"
Miles. .
Miles.
Dollars.
Dollars.
13
13
3y.60O
10,000
24
0
12500
9,000
28*
28*
40,400
10*,000
28^
20'
12,500
20.000
18
0
7,000
5 000
63i
6^
a4,200
17,500
41
34
63,905
29 000
50
32*
20,400
8,000
64
36
13.500
25,000
31i
6
8,750
19,'<65
o
3
6,000
75
75
65,000
SO (iOO
23
0
15,000
20,OJ0
55
55
113,850
1(37,500
43
12
6.950
6,500
67|
671
1 16,500
60,000
60
4'i
60,000
12,500
14
14
20,502
5,000
30
30
91,000
20,000
30 J-
50^
62,000
89,000
30'
20
70,000
10,000
48*
48*
75,000
85,000
26'
0
25,000
40,000
80
80
55,950
171,850
26
0
14,325
12,000
26
26
67,400
10,000
32
0
30.5d0
50,000
21
21
26,375
10,000
29
29
18,025
19 666
n
H
51000
14,000
.89
67
62.250
31,000
'.6
5
70,000
39,500
10
10
10000
9,000
9i
9i
10,925
16,100
15
10
23 000
10.000
28.|
28^
133.000
53,000
40
9
33,000
15,000
63
0
15=0U0
I2,0u0
m
18i
6,500
16u00
30
20
11,500
19,000
27i
27i
22,900
48,360
28
5
30,000
12,u00
23^
23i
90 000
25,000
21
5
40,800
10,U00
S3
15
40,000
I2..1OO
2H
17
53,050
12,500
42
5
19,440
10 000
37
37
71000
112,000
30
30
22.000
lu.UOO
80
64
41400
39,400
126
117^
50,000
140,000
Mi
IJA
3:-,,7-jQ
5,O0J
25
10
50,'/0u
12.-J00
19
5
10,.>00
10,'jjO
42
24
103,000
15,000
28i
28^
90,00j
40,000
Incorporated by the state of New York.
795
V E N
r. ^
The number of miles of turnpike
ROADS con tt'iTti plated hv tlie chartt-rs of
the incotpuralti! c-i.inpanies is 2521. Of
which thfre havr 'xen c iiiplcted 1807,
of tlicse 1253 are of srcjsir, having on
their surface no angle grcntcr than 4,2
or 5 degrees.
The amount of capital sub-
scribed Ijy individuah.
By the commonwealth,
Add half of the debts which it
is , prohabic the roads cost
more than the amount sub-
scribed . _ - .
Total amount of subscriptions
and appropriations to turn-
pikes, - . ,
D-dls.
4,158,347
1,861,542
581,585
6.401,474
When the works now in progress
shall be completed tticre wih be tvvo
complete stone roads fror^i Phjadelphia
to Pittsburg, 300 miit^s each in lengtii,
one of which is already finished.
One continu' d r .ad from Piiilade'phia
to the town ot Erie, through "-unbury,
Bellefonte, Philipsburg, Frankhn and
Meadville.
Two roads having but a few miles of
turnpike deficient, from Philadelphia :
one to the New York state line, ii' Brad-
ford county, passing through Berwick,
and one to the northern part of the state,
in vSusqu^-hunnah county passing through
Bt'thlehen).
One continued road from Pittsburg to
Erie passing through Butler, Meicer,
Meadvilie and Waterford.
Pdor to the session of 1821—22, 14G
companies have been authorized, of which
84 have been incoporatcd.
BRIDCiES.
Extract from the Auditor Generals report
before referred to.
Harrisbiirgf act authorizing in-
corporation (vol. 5, p, 57,)
states subscription, {ib. 272,) 90,000
Columbia, act authorizing incor-
poration, (voi. 5, p 4.1,) states
subscription, {ib. 272,) 90,000
JVovllnimberland, act authoriz-
ing inc :<rpoiation, (vol. 5, p
41,) state subscription !)y same, 50,000
.HV Culls, act autiKjrizii'.g incor-
poration, (vol. 5, p 222,) .state
subscription, (ib '272,)
JMonoiigahela, at Pittsburg, act
authorizing incorporation (vol.
5, p 114.) states subscription,
1600 shares, (vol. 6. p 327.) 40,000
.Tdegimy at Pittsburg, act autho-
rizing ir,cori)oration, (vi 1. 5,
p, 159) states subsciiption,
(vol. 6, p. 3 7,)
Susquehmuiuh at Lewisburg, act
authorizing incorp; ration (vrl.
6, p 204,) states subscription,
400 shares, ib. 353,)
Jtniinta at Huntingdon, act autho-
rizing incorporation, (vol. 6, p.
346,) states subscription, by
same, 20 shares,
20,000
40,000
20,000
1000
An a'phabeticiii lis', of bridges, for which companies hare been 'ncorporat
wliich the commonwealth has .subscribed, the Icngih ;tnd the amount of
and State subscrii>tion
RIVERS.
Allegany at Pittsbn-g ...
Coneir.augh, on Northern route
French creek vS Friiiikl n
Monon£V!ihe!a ^.f Pi.tsaurg
Schuylkiil at PottsTDwn •
3usquehiinnan, >! 'Call's Ftrry
do. Coiv;iT>bi;i
do. Ilarrisburg
do. Northumi>er':£i!d
do. Lewisburg or D rr's town
do. Xcicopeck
do. Wilkesbarre
Subscribed by Individuals
Bv the State
Feet.
1122
29.";
300
1500
340
600
5690
2876
1825
1120
1256
700
■ ^. • S.
45,435
10,000
7,000
57,450
10,850
29,500
419,400
65,000
40,000
40,000
23,000
27,4 > 5
Add half the amount of the debts as in cnse of turnpikes
Total expendi ure on bridges ...
do. do. turnpikes ....
do. do.' navigation
Total -
7d&
1,629,200
382,000
2,011.200
4.0,595
2,051,795
6,401,474
1,916,510
10,369,779
1,321,000
ed, and to
Individual
40,000
5,000
3,000
40,000
3,000
20,000
90,000
90,000
50,000
20,000
8,000
13,000
382,000
P E N
P EN
The number of bridges, exciusive of
those which individuals wei'e authorized
to erect, was, prior to the scsbion 1S21-
22, 49, of which 30 have been incorpo-
rated.
NAVIGATION COMPANIES.
Jhithonzed by the Ijegislature.
Vol. 3, ch. 157^, .Schuylkiin
and Susquehannah canal, I companiel uin-
Vol. 3. ch. 1636, Delaware ( tt<i. see union
and^ Schuylkill canal J '"Z''^-
Vol. 3, p. 112, Conewago.
ih. 114, Brandywine Navigation.
Vol. G, p. 180, Lehigh navie,ation
Vol. 3, p. 462, Chesapeak and Delaware
Canal.
Vol. 4, p. 6, Conococheague Navigation.
lb. p. 299, Concstogo Navigation.
Vol. 5. p. 266, Union Canal.
Vol. 6, p. 148, Harriobnrg.
lb. p. 194, Neshaminy Navigation.
Jb. p. 257, Schuylkill
lb. p. 474, Monongaheia.
Vol. 7, p. 86, Lehi^,h i>y White, &c.
^ lb. p. 220, Schuylkill West Branch,
Vol. 7. p. 222. Octorara.
Vol 7, p 304, Conestogo.
Vol. 6, p. 83, Conewago Canal.
A Hst of the Canal and L'.ck Navigation
Companies whic'v l\ave been drganizcd,
and to the Stock of whicii tht Statf has
subscribed, tht extent ui the im-
provements Contemplated, and the
amount of individual and State sub-
scriptions.
Name. Kxtentof Individual State
iniprovement Subscription subsc.
Union Canal, 71 4ou,0J0 50,u00
Schuylkill nav. 117 948,000 50,000
Monongaheia, 90 18,360 30,oo0
1,416,510 130,000
To which add the cost of tne Cone-
wago Canal private props it) estimated
at 220,000, .and the j)robdLk amount ex-
pended by White and company on the
Lehigh of 150,000 dollars, together
170,000 dollars exclusive of the expendi-
ture on tile Schuylkill, and i^nsquthan-
nali, and Delaware and Schuylkill. The
amount of >. xpenditures on this branch of
internal improvement will bt 1,916,510
dollars. If all these subscriptions, appro-
priations, and, individual expenditures
for roads, brid^;ts, c;»nals, Sec. are ad-
ded, the amount will be 10,369,779 dol-
lars.
The number of Canal, and Lock Na-
vigation companies which have been au-
thorized is 18, of which nine have made
progress in the works.
Strenu'^us exertions are now making
to improve the navigation of the Lehigh,
Schuylkill, and Susquehannah rivers.
See those articles. The Union canal in-
tended to unite the navigation of Sus-
quehannah with the Delawaie is in pro-
gress In brief the general aspect oi
the state IS improving steadily, if not
rapidly. The number of machines, in-
cluding saw and grist mills, now in ope-
ration in the state must exceed 6000.
A fair view of the commercial opera-
tions of Pennsylvania, cannot be given as
from its local position it possesses no
point of general concentration. Balti-
more and New Orleans are as much
ports in this slate as is Philadelphia,
With all thi se points of diversion the
amount (;f national revenue raised in Pen-
sylvania, stands in ordinary years next to
New York. Estimaces of either imports
or exports to and from this state are also
liable to tlie fo-f-egoing difficulties; and
arc consequently in all instances too con -
fined in vaiue. In 1820 the value of ex-
ports was valut d at 5,743^549.
The partial vi-: ws taken of the com-
mercial r^iatinns of this state even by its
legislature, may be seen from the sub-
joined table being confined to Philadel-
phia.
By resolution 16th March, 1820 and 1st
February 1821, reciting in the preamble
the imp( rtance of developing tlie resour-
ces of the state, and that as by tlic con-
stitution of tht United States it is d( dared
tliat no state shali without tiie consent
of c tigress, lay any imports or duties on
imports or exports, except what may
be necessary for executing 'ts inspection
laws, and that there was reason to be-
lieve that the charges of inspection are
more than necessary for the purpose
aforesaid, the inspectors in Philadelphia
were required annually under oath to
report to the auditor general the quan-
tity and value of the articles inspected,
&c. The following is an extract from
the last annual report.
Wheat ttour, barrels,
do. do. half barrels
Rye flour, b.'irrels.
Corn meal hogsheads,
do. do. barrels,
M!ddlin)4S. do.
Receipts,
Expenditures.
Inspcdor of black oak bark; from 22(1 March.
Hogsheads - - • 3,846
Tierces - . - 220
Barrels - • 873
Tons. 1984 T2(r.i-t Sgr. 21 lbs.
Receipts, S5^92 35
Expenditures, 1275 62
.
301,000
i,
31.665
.
17,892
6,879
.
22,149
.
2,489
S3005
72
1245
35
SI 760
37
797
§271 6 63
i* E JS
P E N
Inspector of salted provisions from 2\st
March.
Beef, barrels, - - 4,562
do. halt; do, - - 660
Pork, barrels, - - 8,281
do. half, do. - - 286
Shad, barrels, - - 22
Herrings, barrels, - - 602
Receipts, g 1158 39
Expenditures, 453 75
S7u4 64
Inspectors of domestic distilled spirits one from
the 5th and oUier from the 20th Jllarc/i.
Whiskey, hogsheads, - 8,9>.8
do. tierces, - 157
do. barrels, - 17,791
Receipts §1,578 00 & glOSl 50 §2,609 50
Expendit's 943 418c 227 25 1,170 66
§634 59 S8U4 25 §1,438 84
Gallons estimated at 120 per hhd, 6U per
tierce, and 33 per barrel, 1,614, 510.
Inspector of lumber, from 2\at JMarch.
Pine, yellow, feet, - 44,997
do. white do. - 127,080
Cherry and maple, do. - 32,028
Oak, feet, - oO,B32
Red cedar, do. - 1,593
Ash, do. - 3,025
Hemlock, do. - 9.277
For exportation, feet,
Mahogany, feet,
Red cedar, do.
Sawed lumber, do.
Imported feet.
Total receipts,
Expenditures.
248,883
46,305
17,851
2,562,487
2,626,543
g49'2 84
3175
S4()l 09
Journals senate 1821-22 p. 374.
Wheat is by far the most valuable of
the vegetable staples of Pennsylvania ;
but large quantities of wrought articles
and also rye, oats, salted provisions,
fruits, whiskey, live stock, iron in all
forms of bar iron a»^d hollow ware i
flax-seed, &c. are exported. For the
mountains and rivers of Pennsyl ania,
see the respective counties, and the ar-
ticle United States.
Pennyto-wn, post village, of Hunterdon
county, New Jersey, 10 miles NNW from
Trenton.
Perio, town of Pike county, Missouri.
Penobscot river, falls into the Atlantic
Gee in fifiy miles north-east from the mouth
of the Kennebec. The basin of the Penob-
798
scot is 150 miles in length, with a mean >
width of 55 miles. Ttie sources of this
river remain imperfectly known, but
reach above north lat. 46 0, and interlock
with the sources of Cliaudiere branch of
St. Lawrence, those of St. John's river of
New Brunswick and Maine, and those of
Kennebec. This basin extends over an
area of 8000 square mil s. The tide as-
cends to the town of Bangor, 50 miles
above the entrance of the bay. Though
draining less surface than the Kennebec
and Androscoggin, the Penobscot is more
navig^bie than either, and is considered as
the principal stream of Maine. Fails do
not immediately occur in the Penobscot at
the head of the tide. Boat navigation re-
mains uninterrupted 20 miles farther in-
land. Timber and fish are the chief staples
exported from this fine river, the former in
immense quantities.
From Penobscot bay to that of Passama-
quoddy, in a distance of about 100 miles,
a number of small rivers enter the Atlantic
Ocean, the principal of whicn are. Union
river, Narraguagus river. Pleasant river,
Ciiandier's river, Machias, and East rivers.
Union river falls into the Blackhill bay,
the Naraguagus into Pigeonhill, or Narra-
guagus bay; Pleasant river into the bay of the
same name ; Chandler's river into English
bay i and Machias and East rivers into Ma-
chius bay. None of those streams have
sources sixty miles inland, and though in
a very remarkable manner supplied with
convenient harbours, the inland commerce
o! the country is very confine<l.
Penobscot countif, Maine ; bounded by
Washington E ; Hancock S ; Kennebec
SW ; Somerset VV ; and Lower Canada N.
This county embraces the central [jarts of
the state on Penobscot and St. John's
rivers. Its extent cannot be very accu-
rately determined. Most of its area re-
mains an unsettled wilderness. Siaples
lumber. Chief town, Bangor.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 7,160
do. do, females ... 6,694
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Tola! whiles
Free persons of colour, males
do, do. females
30,854
13,870
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Penobscot, bay of Maine, at tlie mouth of
the river Penobscot. It is long and capa-
cious ; and its E side is lined with a cluster
of small islands.
P E V
P E Jt
Penobscot, seaport and post town, Han-
cock county, Maine, on the right side of
Penobscot bav, U) miles above Castine and
30 beiow Bangor. It is a place ot con-
siiieiable conimerce — and in 1818, ihe
shipping owned there exceeded 24,000
tons.
Penrise, seaport in Glamorganshire, on
the Bristol Channel, 20 miles SE of Car-
martlien, and 219 W of London. Lon. 4
12 W, la*. 51 37 N.
Penrith, town in Cumberland, near the
rivers Eymot and Lowther, 18 miles S of
Carlisle, and 280 NNW of London. Lon.
2 52 W, lat. 54 40 N.
Penrtjii, borough in Cornwall, on a creek
of Falmouth Flaven, has a great trade in
the pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries,
three miles NW of Falm;uth, and 266 \V
by S of Lond.n Lon. 4 59 W. lat. 50
ION.
Pensa. See Penza
Pensacola, capital of West Florida, seat-
ed on a bay of the gulf of Mexico, which
forms a very commodious liarbour, w here
vessels may ride secure fiom every vvind.
See article Mis&issippi river, stcXion Pensa-
cola, page 614.
The town of Pensacola is built along the
north side of tne bay on a sandy plain. It
contains about 2000 inhabitants. Lon. W
C 95 50 W, lat. 30 25 N
Pensance, or Penzance, seaport in Corn-
wall, on a creek ot Mountsbay, carries on a
considerable traffic in shipping. It is one
of the tin-coinage towns, 12 miles E of the
Land's End, and 281 W by S of London.
Lon. 5 35 W, lat. 50 UN.
Pcnsford, town in Somersetshire, no'ed
for its hats and bread, and seated on the
Chew, seven miles W of Bath, and 117 W
by S of London. Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 51
23 N.
Penza, government of Russia, formerly a
province of Kasun. Its capital, of the same
name, is on the Sura, wjiere it receives the
rivulet Penza, 220 miles SW of Kasaii.
Penzlein, town of Germany, in Lower
Saxony, in the principality of Alecklenburg,
5o miles E of Stettin. Lon. 15 36 E, lat.
53 30 N.
Pentland Frith, dangerous strait, which
divides the Orkney Islands from Caithness-
shire, in Scotland. It is 24 miles long and
12 broad, and the sea runs with such im-
petuous force, that no v/ind can force a
ship against the current.
Pentland Hills, ridge of monntains, a few
miies to the SW of Edinburgh, which af-
ford good pasture for sheep, and extend
about ten mil; s from SW to \E.
Pepin, lake of the NW lerritory of the
United States. It is in reahty i.nly an ex-
pansion of the Mississippi river Lat. 43
50 N.
Pepperel!, township of Middlesex co.un-
ty, Massachusetts, 40 miles NW from Bos-
ton. Population in 1810, 1333 ; and in
1820, i439
Per/uanoch, small river. New Jersey, in
Bergen i.nd Morris counties. It joins
Long Pond and Ramapougli rivers at
Panipton, to form Pompton river.
Pi^quigmj, town of Fra:ice, in »he depart-
ment of Somme, and late province of Pi-
cardy on the nvcr Somme, 15 n^iies SE of
Abbeville. Lon 2 5 E, lat. 49 58 N.
Pera, suburb of Constantinople, where
the foreign ambassadors usually reside.
Peray, St. village of France, in the de-
partment of Ardeche, and lute province of
Dauphiny. Noted for its wines, and is 41
miles NW of Privas.
Percdslaii), town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Kir.f. 44 miles SE of Kiof,
Lon 31 50 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Perche, late province of France, in Or=
leanoi.s, o5 miles long, and 30 broad ;
bounded on the N by Normaady, on the
W and S bv Maine, and on the E by Beauce.
It takes its name from a forest, and is pretty
fertile. It is now included in the depart-
ment of Orne.
Perches and Cave, Rapids de, on the
south-westerly branch of the Ottawa river,
immediately above le Portages des Parres-
seux.
Percy, town of Northumberland county.
Lower Canada.
Percy township, in the county of North-
umberland, in the rear and north of Cra-
mahe, Upper Canada.
Perdido, small bay and river, forming
part of the bountlary between Alabama and
Florida. 'I'lie Perdido rises in the pine
woods north west of Pei.s;xCola, flows south
iO or 15 miles, opens into a narrow and
winding bay, which con.n-iunicates with the
gulf of Mexico by a narrow outlet, nearly
parallel to the sliores of the Gulf. From
the foregoing circumstance, and the flat-
ness of the coast, the entrance into the
Perdido bay s imperceptible at a very short
distancCj hence its naiTie.
Perekop See Prscop.
Pereczas, town of Upper Hungary, capi-
tal of a county of the same name, 50 miles
E bv N of Tockay. Lon. 22 26 E, lat. 48
30 N.
Pcrga, town of Turkey in Europe, in
Albania, opposite the island of Corfu.
Lon. 20 19 E, lat. 39 40 N.
Perjama, town of Turkey, Romania, 60
miles SW of Adrianople. Lon. 25 55 E,
lat. 41 10 N.
Pergamo. town of Natolia. H're parch-
ment was invented It is seated on the
Germasti, 15 miles from its mouth, and 37
N of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 E, lat. 39 5 N.
Peria, town of Irac Agemi in Persia, 90
miles W of Ispahan. Lon. 51 26 E, lat. 32
10 N.
799
1' E R
PER
Periac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aude, and late province of Lan-
guedoc. It is cele^-rated f >r i's sait-works,
and is six mdes SW of Narbonne.
Periapatam, '.own of Hindoostan, 24
miles SW of Serinjfapatam. Lon. 76 31
E, lat. 12 15 N.
Perigord, late province of France, 83
miles lorig and 60 broad ; bounded on the
N by Anyoiimois and Marche, on the E by
Querci and Limosin, on the S by Age-
nois and Bazodois, and on the W by Bour-
delois, Ar.grumois, and Saintonj^e. It
abounds in iron mines, and the air is pure
and healthy. It now forms the depart-
ment of Dordogne.
Pengueux, ancient town of France, capi-
tal of the department of Dordogne, and lute
province of Perigord, wi;h a bi^'.iop's see,,
the ruins of a temple o. Venus, a-id an am-
phitheatre. It is s.-aied on the river Isle,
.50 miles SW of Limoges. Lo:;. O 48 E,
lat. 4.5 UN.
Perkins, township of Huron county,
Ohio, in which is situated the town cal-
led Sandusky city.
Perkinsonville, village of Amelia county,
Virginia, 40 miles W from Petersburg.
Perkiomen, river of Pennsylvania, rises
in the eastern angle of Berks, the southern
of Lehigh, and western of Bucks. It Hows
nearly soutli through Montgonr.^'ry county
into Schuylkill, which it enters six miiCs
by land abov^- Norri^town.
Perkiomen and Ski/ifiack, central town-
ship of Montgomery county, Pcimsylva-
nia, 25 miles NW froai Philadelphia.
Population 1820, 1146
Perm, government of Russia, former-
ly a provmce of Kasan, It is divided
into two provinces of Perm and Catha-
rinburgh. The government of Perm
includes great part of the E of European
Russia, extending from Viatka to Tobolsk .
Per 711. capital of the Russian govern
raent of Perm, on the Kama. Lon. 56
26 E, lat. 58 0 N. Upwards of 900 miles
E by S from St. Pftf rsburg.
Perindu, town or the Deccan, in the
province of Dowlat-ibad, 183 miles NW
of Hydrabad. Lon. 75 50 E, iat. 18
33 N.
Perleberg, town of Upper Saxony, the
capital of the marche of Prigniez, 62
miles NW cf Berlin. Lon. 12 36 E, lat.
23 25 N.
Pernalla, town of the Deccan, in the
province of Guzerat, 20.miles W cf Du-
rampour. Lon. 72 53 E* lat 20 35 N
Pernambuco, province of Braz'l, 200
miles long and 150 broad : bound.-d on
the N by Tamara, on the E by the At-
lantic, on the S by Seregippe, and on the
V/ by Tapuyers. It produces a great
quantity ot sugar, cotton and Brazil WQcd.
soo
Pernambuco, city of Brazil, and capi-
tal of the province of the same name.
It is composed of three towns, Rec fe,
St. Antonis, and Boa Vista, united by
bridge s P.,pulation about 35,000. Lon.
W C 37 10 E. lat. 7 20 S.
Perne, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and
late province of Provence. It is the
birth-place of the celebrated orator Fle-
chier, bishop of Nismes, and a little to
the W of Apt.
Perneau, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Livonia, near the mouth ftf
a river of the bame name, 35 miles N of
Riga. Lon. 23 37 E, lat. 58 27 N.
Pernes, town of France in the depart-
ment of the Straits of Calais and late pro-
vince of Arto'.s, on the Clarence, 17
miles NW of Arras. Lon 2 31 E, lat.
58 26 N.
Ptrno, town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Nyiand, on the coast of the Bal-
tic, 36 miles E of Helsingfors. Lon. 25
40 E, lat. 60 30 N.
Pernov. fortified town of Russia, in
the government of Riga It is defended
by a castle, and is 92 miles N of Riga.
Lon. 24 ;.0 E, lat. 58 30 N.
Peronne, town of France, in the de-
partment of Somme, and late pnninceof
Picardy, on the S(;mme, 27 miles SW of
Caml)ray, and 80 E by N of Paris. Lon.
3 2 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Perot e, town of Mexico, in the inten-
dancy of Vera Cruz, about 75 miles NW
from Vera Cruz, and HO nearly E frwm
Mexico Lon. AV C 97 10 W. lat- 19 50
N. N^ar this ciiy, rises the vast m'^un-
tain called by the Spaniards CofFre de
Perote, the Nangl^cartspatepetl, of the
Aztecs ; 13,414 feet above the level of the
gulf of Mexico. It is distant from the
Peak d'Orizaba 32 miles.
Perousa, town of Piedmont, the chief
place of a valley of the same name. It
is seated on the Cluson. 18 miles SW of
Turin. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 44 .59 N.
P erp.igncm ,^cx?i\CT\\ an i-pisc pal town
of France, capital of the department of
the Eastern Pyrenees and late province
of Roussillon, v/ith a university. It is
seated on the Tet, over which is a bridge,
100 iriks SF, of Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 0 E,
lat. 42 41 N
Perc/uufian.f, county of North Caro-
lina; bouned* r)y Albemarle Sound S;
Chowan county W ; Gates NVV ; and
Pasquotank NE, and E. Length 20;
mean width 10 ; and area 200 square
miles. Surface generally level, and part
marshv. Soli toler.'ibly productive. Chief
town Hartford.
Population in 1810.
Free white femalen; - - - 1,9.3S
P E li
PER
Free white females
1,9/8
Total whites
All oilier persons except Indians
not taxed . - - .
Slaves . . • . -
3,916
119
2,017
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ... -
do. females
6,052
2,048
2,131
0
4,179
100
113
1,276
1.191
Total population in 1820
6,859
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,188
do. in Manufactures - 90
do. in Commerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 34.
Perry, town of Washington county,
Maine, 25 miles NE from Machias. Po-
pulation 1820, 407.
Perry, post village and township of
Genesee county, New York. Population
1820, 2317.
Perry, county of Pennsylvania ; bound-
ed by Cumberland S; Franklin SW;
Mifflin NW ; and the Susquehannah
river, or Dauphin NE, Length 38 ;
mean width l-t; and area 540 square
miles. This county was taken from
Cumberland in 1850, and comprises Sher-
mans and Tuscarora valleys, and the
lower part of the peninsula between the
Susquehannah and Juniata rivers, ex-
tending from the Blue or Kittatinny, to
the Tuscarora mountain. It is watered
by the Susquehannah, and Juniata rivers,
and by Sherman's, p.nd other creeks. The
soil is generally productive, in grain,
fruit, and pasturage. Chief town Land-
isburg.
Population in 1810,
Free while males - - - 4,418
do do. females - - - 4,192
Free white females - . 5,527
All other persons except Indians
riOt taxed - . . . 5g
Total wliites . - . . 11,274
Free persons of colour, males - 37
do. do. females - 30
Slaves, males .... o
do. females - - - a
Total population in 1820 - 11,342
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 34
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,489
do. in Manufactures - 645
do. in Commerce - - 19
Population to the square mile, 21.
Perry, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Havlan S; Clay W; Estille NW;
Pike N ; and Floyd E. Length 50 ;
mean width 20 ; and area 1000 square
miles. Surface hilly and broken gene-
rally, and in part mountainous. Ken-
tucky river rises in the southern part of
this county. By the census of 1820, tjie
l)opulation of Perry was given in Clay
and Floyd counties.
Perry, interior county of Ohio, bounded
on the N by Licking countj^ E by Muskin-
gum and Mc.rgan, S by Athens and Hock-
ing, on the VV by Fairfield county. It is
2i miles long by 18 broad, containing
400 square miles. A considerable part
of Perry county is hilly and somewhat
hard of tillage. It is, however, found to
be excellent for the production of wheat.
Stoiie coal is found in several places. It
contains the post town of Somerset the
seat of justice, and Thornville ; beside
New Reading, Lexington and Burling-
ton, of less importance. It has no con-
sidei'able stream of water, within its li-
mits; some of the ti-ibutary branches,
however, of the Muskingum and Hock-
hocking, rivers rises in this county.
Population ii-i 1820.
Free white males . - 4,410
do. do. females . - 4,001
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . Q
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . .
Slaves, . . . .
Total population in 1810 .
Population in 1820.
Free white females
V I
Total whites - - - 8,411
Free persons of colour, males 6
do. do. females, 12
Slaves, males ... o
8,610 do. females ... 0
36 Total popvilation in 1820 - 8,429
17 Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 60
8,663 Engaged in Agricwlture - - 1,704
clo. in Manufactures - 226
do. in Commerce - 6
5,689 Population to the square mile, 21.
801
P E ft
PER
Perry, towrisliip of Geaug^i county,
Ohio, i-ituated between Painesville and
Madison, on the sontliern shore of Lake
Erie. Population 1820. 614
Perry, township of Stark county,
Ohio, containing 605 inhabitants, and in
which is sitaated the town of Kendall.
Population 1820, 607.
Perry, township of Wayne county,
Ohio. Population T820, 558.
Perry, township of Shelby county,
Ohio. Population 1820. uncertain.
Perry ; township in the southei-n bor-
ders of Tuscarawas county, Ohio, in
which is situated the village of Westches-
ter. Population 1820. 256
Perry, township of Muskingum coun-
ty, Ohio Population 1820, 543.
Perry, township of Gallia county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 455.
Perry, northern township of Brown
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 666.
Perry, township of Franklin county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 426.
Perry, NE township ot Licking coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 297.
Perry. S township, Fairfield county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 612.
Perr-y, township of Richland county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 400,
Perry, county of Iiidiana ; bounded by
Ohio River SE and S ; Spencer W ; Dubois
NW ; and Crawford N and NE. Len.::;tl»
28 ; mean width 15 ; and area about 400
square miles. Surface broken ; and soil
fertile.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,221
do. da. females - - 1,093
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Totril whites ■ - - 2.314
Free persons of colour, males - 4
do. do. females - 11
Slaves, males ... 0
do, females _ - . 1
Total population in 1820 - 2,330
Of these;
Foreigners nol naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 614
do. in Manufactures - 20
do. in Commerce - - Q
Population to the square mile, 5^.
Perry, county of Tennessee ; bounded
by Wayne S ; Hardii) S W; Henderson W ;
Caroll NW ; HMmpln-ies N ; and Hickman
E. Len"5tli 33 ; mean wiflth 25 ; a'ld area
SL25 square miles. Tennessee river flows
N through the western part of tlsis county.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,141
do. do. females - 1,020
802
.\U oUier persons except Indians
not taxed . . - - o
Total whites .... 2,161
Free persons of colour, males 0
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males .... Ill
do. females ... 112
Total population in 1820 - 2,384
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Eng-aged in Agriculture - - 652
Do. in Manufactures - 0
Do. in Commerce • - 6
Population to the square mile, 2^.
PetTu, central county of Alabama; bound-
ed by'^Dallas S; Green W; Tuscaloosa
NW ; Bibb NE ; and Autauga BE. Caha-
ba river flows across this county from N to
S dividing it into almost equal sections.
Perry, county of Mississippi ; boimded
by Jackson and Hancock S ; Marion W ;
Covington N ; and Green E. Length 30 ;
breadth 30 ; and area 900 square miles.
Surface moderately hilly ; soil except to a
very -mall extent near the streams is sterile,
and covered with pine timber. Leaf river,
the great NW co'ifluent of the P;iscagoula,
flows through tiiis county. Staple cotton.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . » . 804
do. do. females ... 735
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... o
Total whites .... 1,539
Free persons of colour, males - 4
do. do. females ... 3
Slaves, males .... 240
do. females ... 251
Total population in 1820 - ., 2,03r
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 179
do. in Manufactures . 5
do. in Commerce - . 7
Poptdation to the square mile, 2.
PervyopoUs, post village of Fajette coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on Youghiogany river,
eight miles NE trom Brownsville.
Perrysbnrg, town of Wood county, Ohio,
at the lower ; apids of Maumee river, and
on the right bank of that stream, 135 miles
NNW from Columbus, 80 miles SW from
Detroit, and about 50 miles SW by W from
the Bass islands in lake Erie, the scene of
the splendid naval victory gained by the
hero for whom it is named.
Perrysville, post village, Hunterdon
county, New .Jersey.
P E II
V E It
PerrysviUe^ post village, Allegany couu- Population in 1819,
ty, Pennsylvania, seven miles nearly N !rom Free white males
Pittsburg, on the road from that city to do. do. females
Harnitmy.
l^crrysville, post village of Mercer coun- Total whites
ty, Kentucky, 40 miles S\V from Lexing-
ton.
Perrysville, post town, Bond county,
Illinois, on Kaskaskias river, 15 miles be-
low Vandala
Peraain, town of the kingdom of Pe-
gu, near a river of the same name, 132
miles SW of Pegu. Lon. 94 55 W, lat.
16 45 N.
Persepolis, one of the ancient capi-
tals, city of Persia, properly so called. Its
magnificent ruins are 50 miles NE of
Schiras, and 20' SE of Ispahan. Lon.
56 20 E, lat. 30 10 N.
Persepolis, (the Persian city) is a name
purely Greek, and unknown to either the
ancient nr modern Persians The latter
call the ruins of that city, " Tacht a
Jeinsheed," or the Palace of Jemsheed,
and " Tchehil Minar," The Forty Tow-
ers.
Pershore, town in Worcestershire,
with a manufacture of stockings ; on the
Avon, nine miles ESE of Worcester, and
106 WNW of London.
Persia, large kingdom of Asia, ccn
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • . - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . . -
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites . . - .
Free persons or colour, males
do.
Slaves, males
do. females
ilo. females
Total population In 1820
2,085
1,902
3,98r
82
2,573
6,642
2,660
2,615
0
5,275
36
44
1,890
1,784
9,029
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Enga;^ed in Agriculture - 2,512
do. in .Manufactures - 171
do in Commerce - - 13
Population to the square mile 22^.
r -,-. ... Perth, borough of Scotland, capital
sisung of several provinces, which, at ^f Perthshire, on the SW side of the
different times, have had their particular
kings. It is bounded on the N by Geor-
gia, the Caspian Sea, and Usbec Tartary,
W by I'urkey and Arabia, S by the gulfs
of Persia and Ormus, and the Arabian
Sea, and E by Hindoostan Proper. It is
about 1225 miles in length from E to W
and 900 in breadth from N to S. Their
fay, which is navigable for small vessels,
but the largest vessels are obliged to un-
load at Newberg. The salmon fishery
is a great article of trade ; and it has
considerable manufacture of linen and
cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, and
gloves. In 1811, the number of inhabitants
was 17,000. It is 35 miles N by W of
principal manufactures are silks, silks g^jinburg Lon. 3 '^'0 W lat. 56 24 N
mixed with cotton, or with camel's or Population 1801, 126~336, in 1811, 135.093,
goat's hair, brocades, gold tissues, gold ^^[^ in 1821, 139,050.
velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. ,, , ^ , • -vr -i
The Persians are generally Mohamme- ^ ^'^^^' •^'«^''2/« se^Po" '"^^* l^P^Y'
dans of the sect of Ali. Ispahan is the Essex county, seated on a neck of land,
-„--:._i ^ between the river Raritan and btaten
^ Island Sound. Population 1620, 798 ; its
situation is high and healthy. It lies
open to Sandy Hook, and ii> one of the
best harbours on the continent. It is 25
miles SW of New York. Lon. 75 0 W,
Persia, Gulf of, sea or inland lake
between Persia and Arabia. The en-
trance near Ormus is not above 30 miles
over : but within it is from 120 to 250 in
breadth, and the length from Ormus to , ^ ^q 35 j^
the mouth of the Euphrates is 500 miles.
The southern side is particularly celebra-
ted for its pearl fishery.
Person, county of North Carolina;
bounded by Virginia N ; Granville E ;
Orange S ; and Caswell W. It is a square
of 20 miles each side, area 400 square
miles. The extreme NW sources of
Neuse and Pamlico rivers rise in the SE
angle of this county, whilst its NW part
Perthes, town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne, six miles
SSW of Melun.
Perthes, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne, six miles NW
of St. Dizier.
Pertigi, town of the island of Sardi-
nia, 19 miles SE of Castel Aragonese.
Pertuis, town of France, in the de-
is drained by the SE confluents of Dan partment of the Mouths of the Rhone
river. and late province of Proven«e, 10 miles
SOS
N of Aix, and 27 of Marseilles. Lon. 5
36 E, lat. 43 44 N,
Peru, late a province of Spain in S
America. It lies between lat. 1 30 N
and 25 10 S, being nearly 2000 miles long
from N to S, and 350 in breadth. It is
bounded on the N by Popayan ; on the E
by the country of the Amazons and Pa-
raguay ; on the S by Chili and La Plata ;
and on the \V by the Pacific Ocean. The
land next the sea is mostly barren, some
valleys excepted, into which the streams
from the hills turn. Between the hills
are very extensive valleys, yiekling all
manner of grain and fnii't, and the wea-
ther temperate. The Andes are covered
with snow the greatest part of the year,
and consequently cold. The weather on
this coast, from 4 deg. to 25 deg. S being
generally serene. No vain fells in this
tract unless within four or five degrees
of the Equator. On the Cordileras or
high mouritains, it rciins cv snows two
thirds of the year. Peru was until the re-
cent revolutions in Spanish America divi-
ded into three great audiencesjwhich were
Quito, Lima, or Los Reyes, and Los
Charcos. The first were fixed at St.
Fede Bogota, the capital of the kingdom
of Granada, and extended over the whole
of Terra Firma, and the audience of
Quito. In the jurisdiction of the second,
established in 1776, were the provinces
of Plata, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay. Tu-
cuman, Potosi, St. Cruz de la Sierra,
and the towns of Mendcza and St. Juan.
Lima is the capital.
Peru is now in a revolutionary state.
That part formerly included in the au-
dience of Charcos has been united to, and
forms a part of the vast regions included
:n the United Provinces "^of La Plata.
The northern sections are still nominally
held by Spain.
The staple commodities of this great
country include nearly all that is valua-
ble in the vegetable and mineral king,
doms.
Peru, town of Bennington comity, Aver-
ment, 30 miles NE from'Hennington.
Peru, post village and township of Berk-
shire county, Massachusetts. Population
in 1820, 748.
Peru tovjnship, Clinton county, New York
on lake Champlain, nearly opposite Bur-
lington. Population in 1820, 2710.
Pervgia, city of Italy, capital of Perugino,
with a university, on a hill 75 miles N of
Kome. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 43 6 N.
Perugia, lake of Italy, of a circular form,
almost five miles in diameter. It is eight
miles from the city of that name, in the
province of Perugino.
Perugino, province of Italy, in the Ecele-
Biastical State ; bounded on th« W bv fas-
804
P E 1'
cany; on the S by Orvietano ; on the
W by the duchies of Spoleto and Urbino,
and on the N by the county of Citta Cas-
tellana. It is 25 miles in length, and near
as much in breadth. The air is pure, and
the soil fertile in corn and good wine.
The capital is Perugia.
Pesaro, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Urbino. The harbour is excellent ; the
environs are remarkable for producing
good figs, of which large quantities are sent
to Venice. It is seated on an eminence, at
the mouth of the Foglia. on the gulf of
Venice, 17 miles ENE of Urbino, and 130
of Rome. Lon. 13 2 E, lat 43 52 N.
Pescura, town of Naples, in Abruzzo CI-
teriore, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, on the gulf of Venice, eight miles R
by S of Civita-di-Penna, and 100 NE of
Naples. Lon. 15 2 E, lat. 42 27 N.
Peschiera, town of Italy, in the Veronese,
on the Mincio, which proceeds from the
Garda, 16 miles W of Verona. Lon. 11 4
E, lat 45 26 N.
Pescia, town of Tuscany, noted for the
excellent oil it produces. It is 10 miles
SW of Pistoia. Lon. 11 22 E, lat. 43 47 N.
Pesenas, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Heraulf, and late province of Lan-
guedoc, delightfully seated on the river
Pein, 12 miles NE of Beziers. Lon. 3 34
E, lat. 43 28 N.
Pest, town of Upper Hungary, capital of
a county of the same name, oh the Danube,
opposite Buda, o5 miles SE of Presburg.
Lon. 18 25 E, hit. 47 24 N.
Pcta-d', town of Germany, in the duchy
of Stiria, on the Drave, 100 mdes S of Vi-
enna. Lon. 15 36 E, lat. 46 40 N.
Pe-tcheli, Tcheli, or Lipa-fo7i, the princi-
pal province of China ; bounded on the N
by the great Wall and part orTartary ; on
the E by the Yellow Sea ; on the S by
Chang-tong and Ilonan, and on the VV by
the mountains of Chan-si. It contains nine
cities of the first class, which have several
others under their jurisdiction. The tem-
perature of the air in this province does
not seem to agree with its latitude ; for
although Pe-tcheli extends no further than
the 42d degree N, yet all its rivers are so
much frozen during four months in the
year, that wagons with the heaviest loads
may safely pass them. The soil is sandy,
and produces verj- little rice ; but it abounds
with all other kinds of grain, and with the
greater part of the fruit trees we have in
Europe. Peking is the capital.
Peter and Paul, St. or Petropaivloskoi,
seaport of Kamtscatka, in the Russian go-
vernment of Irkutzk. The town consists
of some miserable log-hou.ses and a few
conical huts. Lon. 158 43"E, lat. 53 0 N.
Peterborough, city of Northamptonshire,
on the Nen, over which is a bridge into
HunlingdoTishire. It carries on a trade in
P E T
PET
corn, coal, and timber. It is 42 miles NE superlour to common cottages, are blended
of Northampton, and 81 N of London, with the public buildings The brick
Lon. 0 10 W, hit. 52 30 N. houses are ornamented witli a white stucco,
Peterborough, posi village, Madison which has led several travellers to say. that
county, New^York, on Oneida creek, 30 they are budi of stone. The mansions of
miles SW from Utica. In this place, is a tlie nobles are vast piles of building, fur-
printing office, a state arsenal, and factories nished with great cost, in the same elegant
of cotton and woollen goods, and glass style as at Paris or Lond(jn, and situated
ware. chiefly on the S side of the Neva, either in
Peter, St. parish of Beaufort district, the admiralty quarter, or in the suburbs of
South Carolina. Livonia and Moscow, which are the finest
Peterhead, town in Aberdeenshire, near parts of the city. The views upon the
the mouth of the Ugie.on the most easier- banks of the Neva exhibit the grandest and
ly point of Scotland. It has an excellent most lively scenes imaginable. That river
harbour, defended by a new pier; which is in many places as broad as the Thames
can contain 40 or 50 vessels in perfect at" London ; it is also deep, rapid, and as
safety A considerable trade is carried on transparent as crystal ; and its banks are
directly to the Baltic, for iron, hemp, t;n", liiied on each side with a continued range
and other articles. It has likewise a manu- ofgrand buddings. On the N tlie fortress,
facture of sewing thread. It is a little to the academy of sciences, and the academy
the W of Buchanness, and 34 miies NE of of arts, are the most striking objects. On
Aberdeen. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 57 28 N. ^he opposite side arc the imperial palace,
Peterhoff, in Russia, is situated about 20 t!ie admiralty, the mansions of many Rus-
milesfrom Petersburg, and is distinguished sian nobles, and the English line, so called
for its palace and gardens. because it is mostly occupied by English
Peters, township of Franklin county, merchants. In the front of these buildings,
Pennsylvania; containing 1762 inhabitants on the S side, is the quay, which extends
in 1810, and in 1820, 2776 Situated be- three miles, except where it is interrupted
tween the E branch of Conegocheague by the admiralty; and the Neva, during
creek and the North mountain, 10 miles S the whole of thai space, has been embank-
W of Chambersburg. ed, by order of the late empress, by a wall,
Petersboro' post town in Hillsboro' coun- parapet, and pavement of hewn granite,
ty, New Hampshire ; 18 miles W of Am- Petersburgh, though more compact than
herst, 74 W by Nof Newburyport, andthe the other Russian cities, still bears a re-
same distance from Boston. It is a place semblance to the towns of that country,
of very extensive manufactures ; amongst being built in a very straggling manner. It
which are, five cotton, and one woollen has been lately enclosed within a rampart,
factory. Population in 1820,1500. the circumference of which is 14 miles. In
Petersburgh, metropolis of the Russian it there are no fewer than 35 great church-
empire, in the government of the same es, (almost every sect of Cliristians being
name, is situated on the river Neva, near the tolerated,) and the number of inhabitants
gulf of Pinland,and is built partly upon some is supposed to be about 300,000. It is said
islands in the mouth of that river, and part- that 3000 one horse sledges are employed
ly upon the continent. So late as the be- for passengers in the streets, in winter.
ginning of the last century, the ground on From its low and marshy situation, it is sub-
vvhich Petersburgh now stands was only a jeci to inundations, which have sometimes
vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's* risen so high, as to threaten the town with
huts. Peter the Great first began this city, a total submersion. The opposite divisions
in 1703. He built a small hut for himself, of Petersburg, situated on each side of the
and some wretched wooden hovels. In Neva, are connected by a bridge on pon-
1710, the Count Golovkin built the first toons, which, on account of the large masses
house of brick, and the next year, the em- of ice driven down tlie stream from lake
peror with his own hand, laid the founda- Ladoga, is usually removed v^ihen they first
tion of a house of the same materials. P'rom make their appearance; and, for a few
these small beginnings rose the imperial days, till the river is frozen hard enough
city of Petersburg; and, in less than nine to bear carriages, there is no commimica-
years after the wooden hovels were erect- tion between the opposite parts of the
ed, the seat of empire was transferred from town. Among the noblest ornaments of
Moscow to this place. The streets, in Petersburg, is an equestrian statue of Peter
general, are broad and spacious; and three the great, in bronze, erected by Catherine
of the principal ones, which meet in a II. in 1782. It is of colossal size, and stands
point at the admiralty, are at least two on a huge pedestal of rock, brought there
miles in length. Most of them are paved ; at great expense. Within the walls of the
but a few are still suffered to remain floor- fortress, is the cat'.iedral of St. Peter and
ed with planks ; and, in several parts of St. Paul, in which are deposited the re-
this metropolis, wooden hotxses, scarcely mains of Peter the great, and of the succes,-
805
P E T
E T
sive sovereigns, except Peter H. who was
buned ut Moscow, Petersbiugh is 355
miles NW of Moscow, 750 NE of Vienna,
535 NE of Copenhag- n, ai.d 3U0 NE of
Stockhol-xi. Li.n 30 25 E, lut 69 60 N.
Petersburg, port ot entry and pos town
in Dmwiddie comUy, Virginia ; situated on
the S side of i^ppoinatox nvt-r, in lat. 37
12 N, and ion. 78 8 VV. It is 25 miles S
of Richmond, and 79 W of the borough of
Norfolk. This is a place of considerable
trade in cotton, grain, flour, and tobacco ;
the exports of one year having amoanted
to I,o90,u00 Collars. Being in the centre
of one i)X the earliest settled parts of the
State, it is surrounded by a wealthy and
populous country.
The situation of Petersburg, is peculiarly
well adapted to both commerce and manu-
factures. The falls in Appomattox, pre-
sent excellent sites for machinery; whii.st
a canal cut around thtm obviates their
natural impediment to navigation. The
town now contains, two banks and an en.su-
rance office. It occupies part of three
counties. The body of the place is in
Dinwiddie, but it also comprises the village
of Blandford in Prince George county, and
Powhatan in Chesterfield county.
Population in 1810.
Free white mates - - • 1,375
do. do. females - - - 1,029
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - .
Slaves - - - ' -
Total population in 1810
2,404
1,089
2,173
5,666
Population in 1820.
ipree whites, males
do. do. females
Total whites - . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do, females _ _ -
1,725
1,372
3,097
513
652
1,195
1,233
Total population in 1820
6,690
orthe.se ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 70
Engaged in Agriculture - - - 8
do. in Manufactures - 267
do. in Commerce - - 196
Fstersbyrg, township of Rensallaer coun-
ty, new York, 25 miles NE from Albany.
Population in 1820, 2248.
Petersburg, post village, eight miles SE
from Gettysburg, Adams counly, Pennsyl-
vania.
Petersburg, post village of Perry county,
Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Susque-
hannah river, 15 miles above Harrisburg.
Petersburg, post town of Elbert county,
Georgia, on the rigiit bank of Savannali
river, an ttie point at thejunction of Broad
and Savannah rivers, 35 miles above Au-
gusta.
Petersburg, village of Woodward county,
Kentucky, on Kentucky river, 15 miles
above Frankfo."'^.
Petersburg, small village, on the eastern
border of Columbiana county, Ohio.
Petersdorf, town of Prussia, in the pro-
vince of Samland, 24 miles Ei of Konings-
berg
Petersjield, borough in Hampshire, on the
Loddon, 18 miles NE of Portsmouth, and
53 SW of London. Lon. 0 58 W, lat. 51
2 N.
Petershagen, town of Germany, in the
principality of Minden, seated on the We-
ser, three mdes from Minden. and '37 VV of
Hantiver, Lon. 9 6 E. lat. 52 25 N.
Petersham, post town in Worcester coun-
ty, Massachusetts, 25 mihs NW of Wor-
cester, and 66 W of Boston : a branch of
Chickapee river passes by tliis town. The
inhabitants were 1490 in 1810 ; and in 1820,
1623.
Peterstoivn, post village Monroe county,
Virginia.
Petenville, post village, Frederick coun-
ty Maryland, 20 miles NE from Frederick.
Pelerxvaradin, town of Sclavcnia, on the
Danube, between the Save and Drave, 35
miles NW of Belgrade. Lon. 20 30 E,
lat 45 26 N.
Peiherton, town of Somersetshire, on the
Parvet, 18 miles S bv W of Wells and 133
W by S of London. Lon.2 41 E,lat. 50 56 N.
Petigliano, town of Tuscany, in the Sien-
nese, 45 mdes SE of Sienna, Lon. 11 42
E, lat. 42 23 N.
Petit Guave, seaport of St. Domingo, on
a bay at the W end of the island. Lon.
72 53 W, lat. 28 27 N.
Petoune, city of Eastern Chinese Tartary,
^in the department of Kirin, on the Son-
gari, 112 miles N by E of Kirin, and 500
NE of Peking. Lon. 124 55 E, lat. 45 3
N.
Petrikoxv, town of Great Poland, in the
palatinate of Siradia, 80 miles SW of War-
saw. Lon. 19 46 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Petrina, town of Austrian Croatia, on the
Petrina, 27miles E of Carlstadt. Lon, 16
0 E, lat. 46 0 N.
Pettaiu, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Stiria, on the Drave, 28 miles S by E of
Gratz. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 47 46 N.
Pettapolly, seaport of Hindoostan, on the
coast of Coromandel. Lon. 80 46 E, lat.
15 49 N.
Pettycur, harbour In Fifeshire, one mile
from Kinghorn, in the Frith of Forth.
Pet-worth, town of Sussex, near the Arun,
12 miles NE of Chichester, and 49 SW of
London. Lon. 0 34 W, lat. 50 58 N.
PHI
■Pevenseif, village in Sussex, on a small
river which runs into a bay of the En-
glish Channel, called Pevi nsey Harbour,
14 miles WSW of Hastings.
Peyt07isburg, small village "f Pilsylvania
county, Virginia, 45 miles S from Lunch-
burg.
Pfafenhoffen^ town of Germany in Upper
Bavaria, on the 11m, 19 miles NW of Ratis-
boi). Lon. 12 3 E, lat. 49 27 N.
Pfalgel, town of Gei-mimy, in the electo-
rate ot Treves, with a convent, formerly a
palace of the kings o*' the Franks. It is
three miles NE of Treves.
PJirt or Forette, town of France, in the
depart rent of Uppr r Rliine and late pro-
vince of Alsace, ten m.les W of Basil. Lon.
720E, lat. 47 37 N.
Pfortshiem, town of Suabia, in the mar-
quisate v.-f Baden-D irlach, with a castle,
seated on the Entz, 15 rniles SE of Dur-
lach. Lon, 9 46 E, iat. 48 57 N.
Pfriemb, t^iwn n* Germany, in Upper
Bavaria, with a cas le, seated at the con-
fluence of the Ffrien and N ib, 10 miles
NE of Ainberg. Lon. 12 21 E, lat. 49 21 N.
PfuUendorf, imperial town of Snabiaj
seated on the Vndaispatc!., 37 miles SW
of Uim. Lon. 9 27 VV. l.t. 48 8 N.
P/ianaeroria, small »nd beautiful island of
Asii, on the E side of ilie strait of CifFa.
Pharos, small island in ihe Mediterra-
nean Sea, opposne Alexandria, in Egypt,
the space between which and the conti-
nent forms an extei.sive harbour. It has a
communication with the continent by a
stone causeway and bridge. It formerly
had an exceedingly high tower upon it, call-
ed the Ph:!ros, and on the top of it were
lights for the direction of ships. Lon, 31
11 E, lat. 30 24 X.
PharsaUa, now Pharzn, town of Turkey
in Europe, in .Janna, in the plains of which
some suppose the decisive battle was fought
between Cxsar asid Pompey, in 4S B C.
Seated on the Enipens, 10 miles S of La-
rissa.
Phnsis, river of Asia, which crosses Min-
grelia, and falls into the Black Sea.
Phelps, township of Ontario county, New
York, containing 3408 inhabitants in 1810 ;
and in 1820, 5688. Situated about 200
miles W of Albany.
Philadelphia, city of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, seated on the foot ot the mountain.
Timolus, in an extensive plain. The Greeks
retain its ancient name, but the Turks cuIl
it Allahijah. It contains 11,000 inhabitants.
among whom are 2000 Christians, It is 40
miles ESE of Smyrna. Lon. 28 15 E, lat.
38 28 N.
Philadelphia, county of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by Delaware river SE ; Delaware
county SW; Montgomery county NW ;
and Bucks county NE. Length 18 ; mean
widtli 7 : and area about 120 square miles.
P H I
exclusive of the space occupied by Phila*
delpliia and its suburbs.
The distinction made in the returns of the
census of 1820, between the city and coun-
ty of Philadeiph'.a gives a veiy inadequate
represen'.atioii of tlie respfctive population
of each. The tablci annexed to those ar-
ticles were constructed from the census,
but it is necessary to enable the reader to
correct the defect of the return. In the
first instance, there is a material distinction,
between the Incorporated Northern Liber-
lies, and Nortlifrn Liberties township. To
ali commercial, and mcrai purposes, Phila-
del;<hia einbruccs the city, properly so call-
ed, Souihwaik, Spring Garden, the incor-
porated Northern Libtrties and Kensington.
Willi the agi^regale populntion of tliK.-e
sections, theci'y con ained in 1820, 108,809
inhabitants, and the county proper, sepa-
rate from the city, 28,288
Wiih all ihis deduction Philadelphia
county is ine of the most densely popula-
ted counties in the Unitt d States, Besides
the oity of Philadelphia and its suburbs,
'he coui'ty contains the borough of Frank-
lord, and village of Darby, Hamilton, Man-
tua, G;rmantown, Holm;-sburg, Bustletown,
and sime others of lesser note.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 26,392
do. do. females - - - 26,928
Total whites .... 53,320
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 4,162
Slaves ..... 6
Total population in 1810 - - 57,488
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - 33,081
do. do. females - . 35,648
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . 257
Total whites .... 68,986
Free persons of colour, males 2,061
do do. females 2,244;
Slaves, males ... 3
do. females - . - 1
Total population in 1820 - - 73,295
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1,433
Engaged in Agriculture . - 3,279
do. in Manufactures - 4,732
do. in Commerce - - 749
Population to the square mile, 235|.
The real population of Philadelphia
county, separate from the city of Philadel-
phia and adjacent corporations, is 28,288.
The above comparative result is founded
on that reduction.
Philadelfihia, the second largest city
In the United States, in Philadelphia
807
I' U 1
r ij 1
county, Pennsylvania, between the Dela-
ware, and Schuylkill rivers, five miles
above their junction. The original city
was a parallelogram extending west from
the Delaware to a little west of Schuyl-
kill about 12,000 feet or a small fraction
above two miles, and north and south
5,700 feet, or a little more than a mile.
In the advance of commerce and other
business the buildings were naturally ex-
tended along the main stream, the Dela-
ware, and now reach, from the lower
part of south wark to Gunner's run, the
upper part of Kensington near four miles,
and along Market sn-eet, from one river
to the other. The north and south streets
amount to 23, thoie from east to west
14, in the city proper. Except Dock
street, those of the city cross at right an-
gles. That regularity is not, however,
extended to the Liberties. In the latter
the streets intersect in most instances
with more or less obliquity. Bpside the
main or principal streets, the city and
liberties are diversified by a great num-
ber of minor streets, lanes, and alleys.
The streets varj' much in width. Broad
street is 113, High or Market 100, Mul-
berry, or Arch street 60 feet; and the
others of various widths.
The site of Philadelphia was origi-
nally but little diversified by elevations.
The lower part was level, and the upper
waving. The whole composed of an al-
luvial deposit of sand and gravel, over-
laid by a thin stratum of vegetable
earth. Common sewers have been form-
ed under most of the main streets which
carry the filth into the Delaware, and
preserve the health, and contribute to
the convenience of the inhabitants No
city of the United States is so well sup-
plied with excellent water. The works
erected on the Schuylkill to elevate the
water into a reservoir, and that reser-
voir itself are works which would do ho-
nour to any city. An enormous dam has
been erected in the river, by which wheels
are set in motion which raise the water
into a reservoir. This depository of fluid
is placed on an eminence, above every
other part of the site of the city. Pipes
are thence continued, v;hich convey the
water to every part of the city proper ;
the Liberties have not yet procured that
invaluable advantage. For the eleva-
tion, length, depth, and solid contents
of the reservoir, see article Waterworks.
Philadelphia now contains upwards of
60 places of public worship, of which
are :
Episcopalians . . . g
Roman Catholics _ . 4
Friends ... 5
Free Quakers - - - 1
Swedes L'ltheran - - 1
German Lutheran
1
German Refor.'tied
_
2
German Baptist do.
.
Evangelical Lutheran church
Presbyterians
_
Associate Reformed
.
Scotch Presbyterians
-
Baptists
.
Methodists Episcopal
-
do. Union
_
Moravian
.
Universalist
.
Unitarians
.
New Jerusalem -
.
Christian ^
.
African Episcopal
-
do. Presbyterian
-
do. Baptist
-
do. Methodist
-
do. Union do.
-
Hebrew Synagogue
-
Swedenborgians
-
Few of the churches of Philadelphia
have any distinguishing character of ar-
chitecture or extent, to entitle them to
particular notice. To this observation,
the exceptions are, Christ church in Se-
cond street, the new and elegant Pres-
byterian church at the corner of Seventh
and Washington streets, and the church
now erecting in Tenth between Chesnut
and Market.
The other public buildings are, the
State House on the south side of Ches-
nut, between Fifth and Sixth streets ; the
new Theatre, on the north side of Ches-
nut, second house above Sixth. This
elegant building does credit to the city,
and to Strictland the architect. The
National Bank, on tht south side of Ches-
nut strept, between Fourth and Fifth
streets, is a magnificent structure, and
one of the few in the United States con-
structed entirely of marble, architect also
Strickland. The Philadelphia bank on
Fourth and Chesnut, presents to the eye
of a traveller nothing in particular, but
the Bank of Pennsylvania, on Second be-
tween Chesnut and Walnut, is a chaste
marble structure, architect Latrobe. It
may excite just astonishment that a city
sn commercial as Philadelphia, has no
Exchange
The buildings however, which contri-
bute most to distinguish Philadelphia,
are those appropriated to literary and
humane purposes. Of these the City
Library claims the first notice. It stands
on Fifth and Library streets, between
Chesnut and Walnut. It is a plain, though
spacious brick building, decorated with
the statue of its founder Franklin, in a
niche in front. The statue is formed of
a block of white marble executed in Ita-
ly. The Library was incorporated in
174?; and now con«-ains above 20,000 vn
1' H I
lumes. It is composefl of two connected
libraries ; that ot the city, properly so
called, and the Lcganian, the latter, a
donation from Dr Logan. The library is
open the afternoon of each day of the
week, Sunday excepted ; and books read
by visitants in the library-room free of
expense. Nearly opposite the Library
stands the hall of the American Philoso-
phical Society, containing the Hall of
the Society, and the Athenarum. The
Athenseum was incorporated in 18 15,
and now contains a valuable library, and
the periodical works of greatest celebrity
published in the United States, and
Great Britain, The Philosophical society
possesses also in the sam=- building, a
very valuable library, and cabinet of
minerals. This society was incorpora-
ted in 1769.
Peale's Must^um, the most extensive
collection of objects of Natural History
in America, occupies several rooms in
the State House.
The Academy of Fine Arts, is situated
on the N side of Chesnut, between Tonth
and Eleventh streets. A view of the col-
lection of Paintings, Prints, Statues, and
Busts in this establishment would alone
reward a distant and extended visit to
Philadelphia.
The Academy of Natural Sciences, in-
corporated in 1817, stands on the S side of
Arch, between Front and Second streets.
It has a very valuable, and tolerably ex-
tensive collection of objects of Natural
History, and a library exceeding 2000 vo-
lumes.
The University of Pennsylvania, occu-
pies a spacious edifice on the west side
of Ninth, between Chesnut and Market
streets. The University as a literary in-
stitution was firmed, from the old Univer-
sity, the College and cliaritable Schools of
Philadelphia, and was incorporated in 1791-
It embraces natural science and law, but
is known chiefly as a medical sciiool, in
which latter capacity, it deservedly holds a
high rank ; not only among the seminaries
of the United States, but of the world.
The number of students vary from four to
five hundred annually. In the medical de-
partment there arc seven professors.
There are at this period, (December,
1822,) in all, public and private, 43 lectur-
ers, actually delivering lectures on various
subjects in Philadelphia.
The Pennsylvatna Hospital deserves spe-
cial notice. The buildings are between
Spruce, and Pine streets, and between
Eighth and Ninth streets. This establish-
ment was formed in 1751, and it must be
pardonable to say stands at the bead of
.^ucji ioslitutions in the TTnited Slates. It
5K
<P H I
cm}*races the two great objects of national
charity ; first, the protection and care of
those whose maladies disable them from
personal exertion, and whose poverty de-
nies them the means of procuring other
aid ; — and a Lunatic Asylum. In the Hos-
pital are an extensive Anatomical Mu-
seum, and the second largest library in
the city, consisting of upwards of 5000
volumes.
Tne celebrated Painting of " Christ heal-
ing the sick," the present of its author, Mr.
West, is deposited for public exhibition in
a building erected for that purpose, in front
of t e Hospital, on Spruce street.
Tiie Almshouse, to which is attached an
extensive Infirmary, under the superinten-
dence of many of the most respectable phy-
sicians in the city, is also situated between
Spruce and Pine streets, but between
Tenth and Eleventh streets.
Besides these extensive public, there are.
many private charitable institutions in the
city.
The Widows', and Orphans' Asylum is
one of tiiose private establishments, the
fruits of the active benevolence of a num-
ber of Philadtlphia ladies. If the eye of
an angel can view with complacency any
hum.tn work, it must be one, where be-
reaved old age IS protected, and where
helpless orphan innocence is sheltered,
protected, clohed and educated. This
ti idy sublime institution is in Cherry and
Schuylkill Fifth street.
In an unusually inclement night, Januarv
23-24th, between one and two A. M. 1822
a most distressful calamity befel the Or-
phai s' Asylum, by which the building ap-
propriated to the Orphans, and 23 of those
interesting children were consumed by fire.
The charitable feelings of tde citizens in
general, and the munificence of the legis-
lature of Pennsylvmia, have repaired the
loss, as far .is human means could effect
such a work. The house is now rebuilding
with renev/ed convenience, extent and safe-
ty ; and the funds of the institution greatly-
augmented.
By an Act of the Legislature of the state,
a particular system of public instruction has
been framed and put in operation in the
city and county of Philadelphia, and as far
as practicable conducted on the Lancaste-
rian plan.
During the three years since the Lan-
casterian system of education was organ-
ized in the city and county of Pliiladelphia,
7809 children have partaken of its benefits.
The number attending the schools in Feb-
ruary 1822, were
City
Northern Liberties
Kensincrton
809
1059
•37Cy
391.
P H I
p H r
Spring Garden
Soutluvark
I^Ioyamensing
lo3
652
358
2969
COMMERCE OF PHILADELPHIA.
The expense of tUe sections not under
the care of liie controllers amounted to
g2657 42 cents.
The whole amount expended for the
support of schools in the year 1821, \va.s
Sll,7'14 83 cenls, which keeps the cost of
education within the maximum limit of
four doUiirs per annum for each child.
The number of children in the sections
where Lancaster's system is not establish-
ed does not appear by the controller's last
report.
Those parts of the county not particular-
ly mentioned, ar-; the sections intended by
the first and last paragriiph of this extract.
As a commercial port, Philadelphia, from
the peculiar reatiires of the Delaware
river, is more liable to be impede i by ce,
than is either New York or Baltimore ; t<ui
independent of that circun. stance the for-
mer pos-esif s perhaps as many natural ad-
vantaijes as eituer i;f die others. Ir, 1816,
the tonnat^e of te shipping owned in Phi-
ladelphia, amounted to 101,830 tons At
present 1822, llie lonnage amounts to up-
wards of 120,000 tons. The Delaware is
not navigable to this city lor ships of the
line of ' he first class.
The subjoined prefatory remarks and
table are extracted from the Democratic
Press of Novemi)er 29th, 1822.
The following is a statement of the niim-
ber o' ves-iels and passengers, which arri-
ved at the port of Philaaelpiiia during the
months of June, J ilv, August and Septem-
ber, for llie years 1819, '20, '21. and '22.
Its correctness, as far as vessels from <br-
eign ports are ci>ncerned, may be implicitly
relied on ; and also the coasting trade, as
far as it goes. If about thirty vessels a
month, principally schooners and si ops
from N"rth Carolina, with naval stores and
lumber, and from other ports in the United
States are added, die account will be near
ly perfect for the time specified. It should
be borne in mind, that the summer is not
the most active commercial season ot the
year. The spring and fall present a great
many more iirrivals, especially from foreign
ports.
It wili be seen by the table that there
has been a gradu-.l increase of the com-
merce of Piiiladelp'iia for the la>t three
years, witli the exception of 1820, which
was owing in all probability, to the exag-
gerated stories which wer.t abroad, respect-
ing ihe partiwl prevalence of epidemic fe-
ver in the cilv.
JS o
en ^
S. T)3
1819.
June - 14 22 39 20 95 56 1101
July . 19 27 39 13 98 59
August 14 21 38 8 81 52
Sept. 17 30 26 4 77 59 2007
64 100 142 45 351 226 6760
1811
1841
1820.
June - 10 17 39 9 75 39
Jidy . 11 26 31 6 75 41
August 16 19 33 10 78 44
Sept. 18 19 27 5 69 55
675
572
583
575
55 81 130 ' 31 297 179 2405
13 17 42 10 82
18 27 36 7 83
35
45
8 24 60 14 103 56
17 28 32 4 81 54
606
681
606
603
56 96 170 32 354 190 2496
12 30 50 12 104 52
10 27 53 5 75 43
21 25 35 17 118 63 1175
S50
624
9 31 44
12 96 54 581
52 113 182
46 393 213 3230
1821.
June -
July -
August
Sept.
1822.
June -
July -
Aiigust
Sept.
As a manufacturing city, Philadelphia
is first in the Union. It would be use-
less to specifiy the number or value of
each article it may suffice to say, that in
the City, Liberties, aud environs almost
every object of nee-, ssity, and some of
ornament and luxury are produced.
Accorflini'; to Coxe's View, the value of
manufactured articles produced here in
1810. exceeded 16,000,000 of dollars.
Printing is very extensively carried into
operation ; both in the production of
books, and public prints.
Tht ill i and trade of Pennsylvania is
vei-y extensive This citv coiTipetes
with New York, New Orleans and Bal-
timore in the supply of the inhabitants
in the basin of Mississippi. Under the
articles Lf-high, Delaware, Schuylkill,
and Susquehannah, may be seen tiie va-
rious natural facilities of external and
internal water communication open to
Philadelphia ; and under the same, and
other articles, are noticed the artificial
operations, either performed in progress,
or desieoed, to aid the natural facilities.
? H I
PHI
or remove impediments to intercommu-
nication.
The United States Navy Yard at
Philadelphia composes a part of South-
wark. The depth of water is sufficient
for launching vessels of the first class,
but not of floating them with their guns,
crews, and uther necessary lading Be-
fore being prepared for sea, ships of the
line have to be removed lower down the
Delaware.
The environs of Philadelphia have
been justly admired f)r soft, and yet va-
ried scenery. The banks of the Schuyl-
kill, are much more picturesque, than
those of the Delaware ; and the former,
also, much more extensively and taste-
fully improven. Pratt's gardens above,
and Bartram's below the city are indeed
elegant and rich additions to a picture
rendered more seductive by contrast
with the two fine villages of Hamilton
and Mantua, and two beautiful and noble
bridges which connect those villages to
the city. The whole i?iterminged with
numerous detached seats, and crowned
by the artificial cascade, locks, water
works, and reservoir at Fair Mount.
Taken together, if we engroup its ad-
vantages and disadvantages ; if we con-
sider the order of its citizens, the clean-
ness, and regularity of its streets, and its
•well cultivated and abundant neighbour-
hood it may be doubted whether more is
concentrated in any other place to minis-
ter to human comfort and prosperity.
Population ia 1810.
Free white males - - - 23,240
do. do. females - - - 24.128
Total whites - - - 47,368
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 6^352
Slaves 2
Total population in 1810
53.722
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - .
do. do. t'e .''ales - . -
AU other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
25,785
29,232
1,203
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females
56,220
3,156
4,423
0
o
Total population in l82o' - 63,802
Of these:
Foreigners not naturalized - 777
Engaged in Agriculture - 156
do. in Manufactures - 6,100
do. ia Commerce - - 2,984
The preceding table includes only the
population of Philadelphia, from the
S'-uth side of Vine, to the north side of
Cedar, or South street inclusive. See
Philadelphia county. The incorporated
suburbs of Philadelphia cont.iined in
1820, 45,007 inhabitants, thus classed.
Foreigners not naturalized - 672
Engaged in Agriculture - 63
do. in Manufactures - 3,475
do. in Commerce - 481
Combining these separate elements,
the productive p.-pulation of the city and
suburbs will stand as follows.
Ei.'gaged in Agriculture - 219
do. Manufactures - 9,575
do. Commerce - 3 465
The governm nt of Philadelphia is
vested in a Mayor, Aldermen, Recor-
der, and Select and Common Ci uncils.
Progressive population
In 1790, 43,527
1800,
1810, 92,247 .
1820, 108,809
The old and new state prisons, as they
b long to the state, and not to the city
will be notic d under the artici.: Penn-
sylvania, vi-hich see.
Philadelphia, post town Monroe coun-
ty, A abama.
Pkilipsburg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine. It is seated on
the R'tine, seven miles S of Spire, and
40 NE of Strasburg Lon 8 Zo E, lat.
49 12 N.
Philips- Kort on town in Somerset-
shire, seven miles S of Bath. Lon. 2 16
W, lat. 52 16 N.
Philipatadt, town of Sweden in Wer-
meland, seated in a hilly and rocky
country, abounding in iron mines, be-
tween two lakes, and watered by a ri-
vulet. It is 2u miles NE of Carlstadt,
and 140 NW of Stockholm. Lon 14 10
E, lat 59 30 N.
Philipstoivn, borough of Ireland, capi-
tal ot King's County, 40 miles W of Dub-
lin. Lon. 7 3 W, lat 5?, 18 N.
Phllipville, town of France, in the de-
partment of the North, and late province
of Hair.ault, on an eminenc, 35 miles
SE of Mons, and 125 N by E of Paris.
Lon. 4 24 E, lat 50 7 N.
PhiUppi, ancient town of Macedonia.
It was near this plac", commonly called
the plains of Philippi, where Cassius and
Brutus, two of the assassinators of Cxsar,
were tlefeated by Augustus and Mark
Antony, in 42 B. C It is 67 miles E of
Salonichi. Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 40 0 N.
I'hilippina. See Samar.
Philippine, town of Flanders, on an
arm of the Scheidt, 12 mili s SK oi' Flush-
ing. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 51 16 N.
811
I* I A
1* J C
.Philippine Islands, islands in the Indian
Ocean, discovered by Magellan, in 1521.
They are said to be about 1200 in num-
ber, of which 400 are c nsidcrabie. The
principal are Luconia, Mindanao, Samar,
Matsbate, Mindoro Lubao, Panay, Lf y te,
Bohol, Ztbu, Negro's St John's Xolo. and
Abyo. The air is very hot and moist,
and the soil fertile in rice and many other
useful vegetables and fruits. Lon. 117 13
to 120 50 E, lat 6 30 to 18 15.
Philippines J\''e7L\ otherwise called Pa-
laos and CaroUnas, islands in the North
Pacific Ocean, to the E of the most
southern of the Philippine Islands. There
are about 32 in all, between the equator
and the Ladrones ; but they are very
little known to the Europeans.
FMlippoH, town of Rorsiana, on the Ma-
riza, 82 miles NW of Adrianople. Lon.
24 50 E, lat. 43 15 N.
Philips, post town and township, So-
merset county, Maine, 40 miles N from
Norridgewock Population 1820, 634
Philips, township of Putnam county,
New York, on Huds<in river, W from
Carmel Population 1820, 3733.
Philips, county of Arkansa ; lying along
the Mississippi and St. Francis rivers
Chief town St. Helena, on the Miss-issippi.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 403
do. do. females - - 449
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 4
Total whites . - - . 1,056
Slaves, males .... 71
do. females .... 74
Total population in 1820 - - 1,201
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized ■ - 2
Engaged in Agriculture • - 361
do. in Manufactures - - 9
do. in Commerce - - 4
Population to the square mile, uncertain
Philipsburg, post village Orange coun-
ty, New York.
Philipsburg, post village of Sussex coun-
ty, New Jersey, on the left bank of the
Delaware opposite Eastcn, in Pennsylva-
nia.
Philipsburg; village in JeflFt rson county,
Ohio, on Ohio river, seven miles below
Stubenville.
Philip's, Fort St. Strong citadel of Mi-
norca, which defends the harbour of
Port Mahon. Ldn. 3 48 E, lat. 39 50 N.
Philipsville, village of the parish of Nev.'
Feliciana Lousiana.
Piauezu, town and castle of Piedmont,
seated pn the Dora, eight miles from
Turin.
S12
Piaiwza, island of Italy, off the coast
of Tuscany, six miles S of that of Elba.
It is level and low as the name imports.
Lon. 10 34 E, lat. 42 46 N.
Piuva. nver which rises in the moun-
tains of Tirol, and falls into the gulf of
Venice, by two mouths, a little N of Ve-
nice.
Pieardy, late province of France,
bounded on the N by Hainault, Artois,
and the straits of Ddver ; on the E by
Champagne ; on the S by the isle of
France ; and on the W by Normandy and
the English Channel. It now forms the
department of Somme.
Piehincha, volcanic mountain of South
America, near Quito ; only 11 minutes
south of the Equator, rising 15,939 feet
above the ocean.
Picighitone, town of Italy, in the duchy
of Milan, with a castle, in which Francis I.
ot Fiance was imprisoned. Ii was taken
by the French in 1733, and in 1796. It is
seated on the Serio, 10 miles NW of Cre-
mona, and 36 SE of Milan. Lon. 10 4 E,
lat. 45 16 N.
Pickaway, county of Ohio ; bounded by
Ross S ; Fayette W ; Madison NW ; De-
laware N ; Fairfield E ; and Hocking SE.
Lengtli 22 : width 21 ; and area about 470
square miles. A considerable portion of
the land, especially on the eastern side of
Sciota river, is of a very superior quality,
and produces immense quantities of the
different kinds of grain. It was estimated
that 10,000 barrels of flour were exported
from this county in the spring of 1817, for
the New Orleans market. " It has the
four varieties of woodland, barren, plain and
prairie. Tiie plain land equals, and per-
haps, excels any other land in the western
country, for the production of wheat ; gen-
erally producing from forty to forty-five
bushels per acre of the first quality. — The
prairies are best for corn and grass, and the
barrens produce excellent pastures. These
three kinds of land probably compose one
filth part of the land of the county : the
other four fifths being now, or not long
since, heavily timbered." Sciota river runs
from north to south through nearly the
middle of the county The other princi-
pal streams are Lower Walnut, Darby and
Deer creeks.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . ., .
Slaves - - . _ .
Total population in 1810 -
3,726
3,329
7,055
69
0
7,124
PIE
P I K
Ifopulatioii in 1820.
Free white males . . .
do. do. females
Total whiles
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Total population in 1820
13,011
65
73
JPieyra la Moutier, St. town of France,
6,748 in the department of Nirvenois, and late
6,263 province of Nivernois. It is seated in a bot-
. torn, surrounde ; by mountains, and near
a lake, whicti renders the air unwholetiome,
15 miles NW of Vloidins, and 150 S of
Paris. Lon. 3 13 E, lat. 46 48 N.
Piercy, township ot Coos county, New
13,149 Hampshire. Population 1820, 218.
— — Piermont, post village and township Graf-
ton county, New Hampshire. Population
33 1820, 1017.
3,105 Pierponi, township in the eastern border
209 of Ashtabula county, adjoining the Penn-
16 sylvania state line. It is 10 miles long, and
five broad. P 'pulation 1820, 213.
Piei're, St. small desert island near New-
foundland. Lon. 56 0 W, lat. 46 39 N.
Pierre, St. the capital of Martinico, on
the W side of the island. Lon. 61 21 W,
lat. 14 1 N.
Pierre, St. small island of Swissci'land,
in the lake of Neufchatel.
Pietro, St. island in the Mediterranean,
near Sardinia.
Pigeon Island, small island, eight miles
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 28.
Pickaivay, townsiiip of the county, just
described. Population 1820, 1908.
Pickaivay plains, remarkable level and fer-
tile body of I'.nd in Pickaway county, Ohio
three miles below Circleville. These
plains lie a litUe E from Sciota river, in
somewhat a circular or rather an eUiptical
fjrm, with the longi^st diameter from NE
.to SW, being about seven miles in that di-
rection by three and a half from NW to
SE. These are natural plams, without a from the coast of Malabar, and 15 from the
tree or shrub within reach of the eye, ex- town of Onore. Lon. 74 5 E, lat. 14 1 N,
cepting along the distant borders in the Pignerol, town of Piedmont, at the en-
surrounding horizon. trance of the valley of Pesura. It is seat-
Pickensville, Pendleton district, South on the^Cluson, 15 miles SW of Turin.
Carohna, on Saluda river 135 miles above Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Columbia. Pigney, town of France, in the depart-
Pickering, town in the North Riding of ment of Aube and late province of Cham-
Yorkshire, 26 miles NE of Nork. Lon. 0 Pagn<^» ^^.o^onlr ^ "^ Troyes. Lon. 4
38 W lat 54 15 N 25 E, lat. 48 20 N.
Pickering, town of York county; Upper ,. -P'^^^, township, Allegany county. New
Canada, o.f lake Ontario E from York.*^ ^"^k Population 1820, 1622.
Pico, the largest and most populous of ^^^'^'''J'T^^^ Pennsylvania ; bounded
the Azores, or Western Islands, so called ^E by Sullivan county, New York ; SE by
irom a lofty mountain on it, rising to up- Essex county in New Jersey ; SW by
wards of 7000 feet. It produces a great ^ortbampton ; and ^W by Luzerne and
quantity of wine. Lon. 28 21 W, lat. 38 Wayne. Length ol ; width 25 ; and area
29 j^ 772. Surface hilly, or rather mountainous,
Picto7i, small island on the coast of Nova ^"^ ^^'^ ''^^'^y ^"'^ ^^"^" generally. Chief
Scotia. Lat. 45 46 N. town, Miltord.
Piedmont, principality of Italy, 175 miles Population in 1820.
long, and 40 broad ; bounded on the N by Free white males - - - 1,509
Vallais, on the E by the duchies of Milan do. do. females - - - 1,330
and Montferrat, on the S by the county of All other persons, except Indians
Nice and the territory of Genoa, and on not taxed - - . . 4
the W by France and Savoy. It w.is for- ■
merly a purt of Lombardy, but now belongs Total whites ...
to the king of Sardinia, and lies at the foot Free persons of colour, males
of the Alps, it contains many high moun. do. do. female
tains, among which are rich and fruitful Slaves, males
valleys, as populous as any part of Italy,
In the mountains are mines of several kinds.
This country has a great trade in raw silk ;
and it produces also corn, rice, wine, fruits,
hemp, flax, and cattle. Turin is the capi-
tal.
do. females
Total population in 1820
2,843
29
21
1
0
3,894
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Pienza, populous town of Tuscany, in Engaged in Agriculture
the Siennese, with a bishop's see. It is do. in Manufactures
25 miles SE of Sienno, and 56 S of Flo- do. in Commerce
fence. Lon, 11 42 E, lat, 43 0 N. Population to the square mile, 3,
813
18
1,534
382
ST
r 1 K
1* 1
JPike, county of Ohio ; bounded S by
Sciota ; SW by Adams ; W by Highland ;
N by Ross ; and E by Hocking- and Jack-
son. Length 32 ; breadth 15 ; and area
400 square miles. Some fertile tracts exist
and mucli second rate soil, tliough ihe
largest share of its surface is rough, and
hilly. Sciota river passes through near tlie
middle of the county. Chief town, Piketon.
Population in 1820
Free white males ... 2,068
do. do. females - - 2,603
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
4,131
63
59
4,253
8
746
92
6
Pike, county of Indiana ; bounded by
Warrick S; Gibson W; White river or
Knox and Daviess N, and Dubois E.
Length 24 ; breadth 17 ; area 410 square
miles. Patoka, branch of W ibash passes
through the middle of tuis county.
Population in 1820.
Fret white males - - 784
do. do. fenfjales - - 681
Total whites . - - 1,465
Free persons of colour, males 2
do. do. females, 2
Slaves, males . - - - 2
do. females ... i
Total wliites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
?A4
3,747
20
1,073
Engaged in Manufactures - 21
do. in Commerce - - 6
Pike, county of Mississippi j bounded by
Louisiana S ; Amite W ; Lawrence N, and
Marion E. Length 27; width 30; and
area about 800 square miles. Surface
generally uneven rather than hilly ; and
soil except aiong the streams sterile, and
timbered with pine. Staple cotton. Chief
town, Holmsville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
1,845
1,598
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males - - -
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
3,443
0
1
461
533
4,438
Total population in 1820 . - 1,472 gg'
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 10
Population to the square mile, 34.
Pike, county of Missouri, exteading from
Missouri river, opposite Osage nver, to-
wards the N boundary ot the state ; with
Howard W, and Lincoln and Montgomery.
Chief town, Jefl'erson.
Population in 1820.
Free wiiite males, - - - 1,749
do. do. females - - - 1,322
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . - 0
Engaged ui Agriculture - 1,442
do. in Manufactures - 43
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 5J.
Pike, township Knox county, Ohio. Popu-
lation in 1820, 376.
Pike, township nf Perry county, Ohio.
Pojiulation in 1820, 647.
Pike, NW township of Madison county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 344.
Pike, township of Wayne county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 514.
Pike, township in the souihern part of
Stark county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
Pike, NW township of Clark county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 536,
Pikdand, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania, containing 1001 inhabitants
in 1810 Situated on the SW side of
Schuylkill, between Charleston and Vin-
cent townships, 20 miles NW from Phila-
delphia. Population in 1820. 1221.
Pike Run, township of \A asJiington
county, Pennsylvania, on Monongahela
river, commencing nearly opposite Browns-
ville, and extending to the N W ; containing
1693 inhabitants 'in 1810; and in 1820,
1967.
Pikesville, post village, Baltimore coun-
ty, Maryland.
Piketon, post town and seat of justice.
Pike county, Ohio, 19 miles S from Chili-
cothc.
Pikeville, post village, Rhea county, Ten-
nessee.
Pilcomayo, river of South America, in
the United Provinces of La Plata, rising in
the Andes near Potosi, and flowing SE,
p I K
P I s
joins the Paraguay belosv Assumption, af-
ter a comparative course of about 800
miles.
Pilesgrove, township of Salem county,
New Jersey. Population in 1810, 1756;
and in 1820, 2012.
Pillau, strong seaport of Prussia, on the
Bailie, 20 miles \V by S of Koningsberg, of
which it is the port. Lon. 20*20 E, lat. 54
38 N.
PUsen, strong towa of Bohemia, capital
of a circle of the same name, near the con-
fluence of the Misa and Watto, 47 miles
W by S of Prague. Lon. 13 5S E, lat. 49
46 N.
Pilsna, Pilsno, or Pihzow, town of Little
Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir,
seated on the Wilfate, 50 miles E of Cra-
cow. Lon. 21 10 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Pilten, town of Courland, capital of a
fertile territory of tlie same name, seated
on the river Windaw, between G )ldingen
and Windaw, Lon. 22 10 E, lat. 57 15 N.
Pinckney, township of Lewis county,
New York. Population in 1820. 507.
Pinckneyville, post town and seat of jus-
tice. Union district. South Carolina, on
Broad river, 75 miles above Columbia.
Pinckneyville, post village, Wilkinson
county, Mississippi, about 50 miles south
from Natchez
Pine, township of Allegany county,
Pennsylvania, on Pine creek, six mdes N
from Pittsburg. Population in 1820, 795.
Pine Creek, river of Pt-nnsylvania, rising
in Potter and Tioga counties, interlocking
sources with Allegany, Genessee, and Tio-
ga rivers, flows souih, enters Lycoming
county and falls into tiie west branch of
Susquehannah river, 13 miles by land
above Williamspnrt, after a comparative
course of 60 miles.
Pine, township of Lycoming county,
Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Sus-
quehannah, abo»e the mouth of Pine creek.
Population in 1820, 428.
Pine Grove .Mills, post office. Centre
county, Pennsylvania.
Pine Grove, southern township of Schuyl-
kill county, Pennsylvania, on the head of
Swatara river. Population in 1820, 1868.
Pines, Isle of, considerable island in the
South Pacific Ocean, lying to the S of
Nev? Caledonia, discovered by captain
Cook in 1774. Lon. 167 38 E, lat. 22
38 S.
Ping-leang-fou, one of the most consid-
erable cities of the western part of the
province Chen-si in China. Lon. 106 25
E, lat. 35 30 N.
Pinnel, strong town of Porluc^al, in Tra-
los-Montes, capital of a territory of the
same name. It is seated at the confluence
of the Colia and Pinnel, 25 miles N of
Guarda, Lon. 6 40 W, lat. 40 46 N.
Pinnenburg-, town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, capital of a county of
the same name, [t is seated on the Owe,
15 miles NW oi Hamburg. Lon. 9 40 E,
lat. 53 46 N.
Pinos, uninhabited island in the W In-
dies, on the S side of Cuba, from which it
is separated by a deep strait. It is 25
miles long and 15 broad, and has excellent
pastures. Lon. «2 33 W, lat. 22 2 N,
Pinsko, town of Lithuania, capital of a
territory and sealed on a river of the same
name. Lon. 26 20 E, lat. 52 18 N.
Piombino, st^aport of Italy in Tuscany,
capital of the principality of the same
name. It is seated on a bay, 40 miles S
of Legliorn, and 60 SW of Florence. Lon.
10 23 E, lat. 42 57 N.
Piombino, princip.ality of Tuscany, lying
on the Mediterranean. The island of
Elba depends upon it, and has its own
prince, under the protection of the king of
the Two Sicilies.
Piperno, town of Italy, in Campagna di
Roma, 50 miles SE of Rome. Lon. 13 36
E, lat, 41 39 N.
Pipley, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
Bengal, which formerly had English and
Dutch factories, hut is now only inhabited
by fi-hermen It is seated on a river, 15
milts W of Balasore. Lon. 86 31 E, lat.
21 20 N.
Piqua post town of Miami county, Ohio,
70 W by N from Urbana. It is the seat of
theNW Land Office of Ohio.
Pique JMontallier, highest mountain of the
Pyrenees. It is in the form of a pike.
Lon 0 22 W, lat. 42 51 N.
Pirano, seaport of Istria, on a peninsula,
formed by the bay of Largone 10 miles S
of Capo deTstria. Lon. 14 1 E, lat. 45
40 N.
Piriiz, town of Further Pomerania, seat-
ed near the lake Maldui, 12 miles S by W
of New Stargard.
Pirmasens, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Ponts. It is 13 miles E of
Deux Ponts.
Pima, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
nia, celebrated for a battle having been
fought in its neighbourhood, between the
allies and French, in 1813. It is a place of
considerable trade, situated on the Elbe, 12
miles SE of Dresden.
Pisa, city of Tuscany, capital of the Pi-
sano, and an archbishop's see, with a uni-
versity. The river Arno runs through
Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of
which is constructed of marble ; and there
is a canal hence to Leghorn. It is' seated
in a fertile plain, at a small distance from
the Mediterranean, 11 miles NNE of Leg-
horn, and 42 W by S of Florence. Lon.
10 23 E, lat. 43 43 N.
Pinano, territory of Tuscany, lying W of
the Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It
is 47 miles long and 25 broad ; abotinds in
«15
V I 1
PIT
corn, oil, wine, and is well cultivated.
Pisa is the capital,
Pisca, town of Peru, witli a good road
for ships, 140 miles SSE of Lima. Lon. 76
15 W, lat. 13 36 S.
Piscadores. See Pong-hou.
Plscataqua, river of New Hampshire,
the mouth of 'vhich forms the only port in
that state, and is 60 miles N of Boston.
Lon. 70 30 W, lat 43 25 N.
Piscataivay, township of Middlesex coun-
ty, New Jersey, containing 2.475 inhabi
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 2648. Situated
about 12 miles NE of P inceton.
Piscataway, post town in Prince George
county, Maryland, nine miles N of Port
Tobacco, and 35 SW of Annapolis, and 18
S of the city of Washington.
Pisello, the most nor' hern cape of Nato-
lia, which projects into the Black Sea, op-
posite the Crimea.
Pishour. See Peishore.
Pistoia, iiandsomeand considerable town
of Italy, in Tuscany. It is seated on a fer-
tile plain, at the foot of the Appenines, and
near the river Stella, 20 miles NW of Flo-
rence, and 30 NE of Pisa. Lon. 11 29 E,
lat. 43 55 N.
Pitcaitly Wells, some remarkable saline
springs near Perth, in Scotland, deemed '
beneficial in scorbutic cases.
Pithea, seaport of Sweden, in W Bothnia,
seated on a small island, at the mouth of
the Pithea, in the gulf of Bothnia. It is
joined to tlv' continent by a wooden bridge,
and is 80 miles SW of Tornea. Lon. 22
40 E, lat 65 UN.
Pitt, county of North Carolina, on both
sides of Tar river; bounded by Beauford
SE; Craven S; Greene SW; Edgecomb
NW ; and Martin NE Length 28 ; mean
width 23 ; and area about 640 square miles.
Surface level. Chief town, Greenville^
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,744
do. do. females - • 2,836
Total population in 1829 -
IQ.QQl
Total whites - - - - 5,580
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Slaves 3,589
Total population in 1810 - - 9,169
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,864
do. do. females - - . 2,867
All o'her persons except Indians
not taxed . . - . 0
Total whites .... 5,731
Fi'ee persons of colour, males - 18
do. do. females - 11
Slaves, males . - - - 2,213
do. femfiles - - ~ - 2,028
SI:
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturjlized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,205
do. in Manufactures . - 61
do. in C;):nmerce - . 26
Population to the square mile 15J
Pittemueen, seaport in Fifeshire, at the
entrance of the Frith of Forth, 23 miles
NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 49 W, lat. 56
12TS\
Pittsburg; town of North Carolina, seat
of" justice, Chatham county. It is famous
for pure air and water, and stands on a
rising ground, in a rich and well cultivated
country, 16 miles W of Raleigh. It con-
tains an academy, and about 300 inhabi.
tants.
Pittsburg, city of Pennsylvania, and
seat of justice for Alleghany county, on
the point above the confluence of Mon-
ongahela, and Alleghany rivers ; 230
nniles from Baltimore, 282 from Phila-
delphia, and 1935 miles by water above
New Orleans.
Pittsburg occupies an alluvial plain,
and part of the adjacent hill, and lies in
form of a triangle. It is admirably situ-
ated for trade and manufactures. The
two fine streams which unite before its
salient point, open to its citizens an im-
mense surface comprising part of West
New York, and Virginia, and all West
Pennsylvania ; whilst the Ohio connects
it with the wide basin below. The ad-
jacent hills abound with mineral coal,
lymg upwards of 300 feet above the
streets of the city. It has already become
the theatre of great maHufacturing esta-
blishments. In Pittsburg, andthe adjacent
villages of Alleghany and Birmingham,
there are in operation eight or 10 sti am
mills, five glasshouses, fdur air furnaces,
three or four breweries, a number of dis-
tilleries, with an indefinite number of
blackmiths' shops, slitting mills, woollen
and cotton cloth factories, rolling and
slitting mills, fulling mills, potteries, blast
furnaces, flour mills, boat yards, &c.
Glass of every description is made in
this place, from window glass and por-
ter bottles, to the fiv.est cut crystal glass.
In a conr.mercial point of view, this
city is composed of Pittsburg properly
so called ; the Northern Libr-rties, ex-
tending from the city up the Alleghany,
the village oi Alleghany, en the opposite
side of Alleghany river, a street extend-
ing up Monongahela from the city, and
anotiier directly opposite on the west
side of that stream, and lastly Birming-
ham also, on the west side of the Mo-
nongahela, about half a mile above the
citv. The various manufactories and
V I T
P L A
workshops are scattered promiscuously
through these several places.
The progressive population of this
city and suburbs has been rapid and to-
lerably regular. At present 1822, there
exists within one mile of the centre of
the city near 10,000 persons classed as
follows :
Engaged in Agriculture - - 600
do. in Manufactures - 1,200
do. in Commerce - - 150
Two fine bridges connect Pittsburg
with the adjacent country, one over each
river. Except in very clear and mode-
rately windy weather, the view of Pitts-
burg is far from pleasing, as the atmos-
phere is generally surcharged with a
heavy load of smoke ; but when the air
is rendered clear by wind, few places
can present a series of views more inte-
resting. The two rivers, their bridges,
numerous manufactories, the varied hills,
and other objects, are engrouped with
great variety of effect.
Pittsjield:, post town of Berkshire
county, Massachusetts, 29 miles W by
N of Northampton, on the Connecticut
river, and 33 S of Bennington in Vermont,
it contained 2665 inhabitants in 1810, and
in 1820, 2768.
Pittsjield, township of Rockingham
county. New Hampshire, 15 miles NW
from Concord. Population 1«0, 1178.
Pittsjield, post village and township,
Rutland county, Vermont. Population
350.
Putsfidd, post town, Berkshire county,
Massachusetts, 40 miles W from North-
ampton. This place contains a bank, a
printing office, three houses of public
worsliip, an academy, and a number of
manufactories.
Pittsfiehl, post village and township,
Otsego county. New York, 15 miles SW
from Cooperstown. Population 1820, 830.
Pitisford, post village and township,
Rutland county, Vermont, on Otter river,
35 miles VV from Windsor.
Pimford, post village and township of
Monroe county, 20 miles NW from Can-
andaigua Population 1820, 1582.
Pittsgrove, pwst village and township,
Salem county. New Jersey, 30 miles S
from Philadelphia. Population 1820,
2040.
Pittston, post town in Kennebec county,
Maine, situated on the E side of Kenne-
bec river, 18 miles N of Wiscasset, and
opposite to Gardner, with 1408 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1337.
Pittston, post town in Hunterdon county,
New Jersey, nine miles NW of Fle-
mington, and 36 from Trenton in the
same direction.
Pittaton, fyast town in Liizeme cjtuntv,
5 I.
Pennsylvania, lying at the junction oi'
Lackawannock with the E branch of
Susquehannah river, nine miles NE of
Wilkesbarre, and eight NEof Northum-
berland. Population 1820, 825.
Pittstoiun, post town and township,
Rensallaer county, New York, 18 miles
NE from Albany. Population 1820, 3772.
Pittsylvania, county of Virginia,
bounded by North Carolina S ; Henry and
Franklin counties in Virginia W ; Roan-
oke river, or Bedford and Campbell N ;
and Halifax E Length 36; mean width
28; and area 1000 square miles. Be-
side Roanoke, this area is watered by
Bannister and Dan rivers. Surface mode-
rately hilly ; soil generally productive
near the water courses. Chief town
Danville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 5,498
do. do. females - - ' • 5,212
Total whites .... 10,710
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 150
Slaves 6,313
Total population in 1810 - - 17,172
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,278
do. do. females ... 6,348
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites .... 12,626
Free persons of colour, males - 114
do. do. females 89
Slaves, males .... 4,127
do. females .... 4,357
Total population in 1820 - - 21,313
Of these ;
Foreigners not n:itur.illzed - 6
Engag-ed in Agriculture - 6,898
do. in JManufacturcs - 382
do. in Commerce - - 35
Population to the square mile, 21^.
Piura, city and province of Peru,
The city stands 25 miles SSE from
Payata. Lon. W C 3 36 VV, lat. 5 11
S. Population 7000.
Placentia, spacious bay en the E coast
of Newfoundland. Lon. W C from 22,
to 23" E, Central lat. 47 25 N.
Plain, township of Stark county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 899
Plain, township of Wayne county,
Ohio, VV from Wooster. Population
1820, 506
Plain, township of Franklin county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 373.
PlatnXeld, pest town and township
817
e L K
Chesline county. New Hampshire, 42
miles NW from Concord. An academy,
for the education of indigent young men,
designed for the clerical profession, was
established here in 1813. Population
1820. 1460.
Plainjidd, post villae;e and township,
Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 21
miles W from Northampton.
Plainfield, post town in Windham
county, Connecticut, 15 NE from Nor-
wich, and 29 of New London, contain-
ing 1619 inhabitants, in 1810 ; and in
1820, 2097. It is the seat of an acade-
my.
Plainfield, township of Otsego county.
New York, containing 2113 inhabitants in
1310, and in 1820, 1611. Situated 89
miles W of Albany.
Plainfield, township of Northampton
county, Pennsylvania, containing 1439 in-
habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1127. Si-
tuateji between More and Lower Bethel
townships, on the W side of Delaware.
Plainfield, post village Essex county.
New Jersey, 13 miles SW from Newark.
Population 1820, uncertain,
Plaguemine, outlet of the Mississippi,
117 miles above New Orleans ,- 36 above
the efflux of Lafourche, and 96 below
that of Atchafaiaya. This is the princi-
pal channel of water communication be-
tween Attacapas and Opelousas, and the
banks of the Mississippi. It is tsowever,
only at seasons of high Hood, that water
is discharged into the Plaquemine. It
joins Atchafaiaya after a winding course
of 15 miles.
Plassey, Plains of, in Bengal, about 30
miles from Moorshedabad, and 70 from
Calcutta. This spot is memorable for the
great victory gained by Colonel Clive, in
1757, over the nabob Surajah Dowlah ;
by whicli was laid the foundation of the
present extensive British empire in Hin-
doostan.
Plaquemine Brule, small river of
Lousiana, in Opelousas. It is the east-
ern branch of Mermentau river, and the
dratn of the central prairies of Opelou-
sas.
Plaquemine Bend, remarkable bend
of the Mississippi river, 70 miles below
New Orleans. Fort St. Philip stands
on this bend, on the left bank of the
rFver.
Plaquemine, SE parish of Louisiana ;
bounded by the gulf of Mexico NE;
and S; and by the parish of Orleans W
and NW. Length from the English
Turn to the mouth of the .Mississippi 75
miles ; mean width 13 ; and area about
^';355 square miles. Excent alcng the
r L A
margin of the Mississippi river above the
Plaquemine bend ; along Bayou Tcrre
au Boeut, and a few other confined slips,
the surface of this parish is an im-
mense grassy morass naked of timber,
and utterly unfit for cultivation. The
soil, where arable exuberantly fertile.
Staples, sugar, coiton, and rice. The
orange tree flourishes better here than
in any other part of Louisiana. Below
the Plaquemine bend, the arable margin
of the Mississippi terminates. The
Mississippi meanders through it from
NW to SE.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - - - -
Total population in 1810,
327
230
557
239
753
1,549
Population in 1820.
Free w hits males ... 384
do. do. females - - 253
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... Q
637
81
70
874
692
2,354
15
1,066
292
0
Total \vhitq|p ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 1.
Plata, island of Peru, on the coast of
Quito, surrounded by inaccessible rocks,
and about five miles long, and four
broad.
Plata, rich and populous town of Peru,
capital of the audience of Los Charcos,
with an archbishop's see. It is seated
on the Chimao, 500 miles SE of Cusco.
Lon. 63 40 W, lat. 19 16 S.
Plata, or Rio-dela- Plata, large river
of South America, formed by the union
of the three great rivers Paraguay,
Uraguay, and Pavana. It crosses Para-
guay, and enters the Atlantic Ocean, in
lat. 35° S. It is 150 miles broad at its
mouth ; at Mont Video, a fort, above
100 miles up the river, the land is not to
be discerned on either shore, when a
vessel is in the raiildle of the channel:
P L E
and at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles higher,
the opposite shore is not to be discerned
from that town.
Plata, Rio de la, province of South
America, in Paraguay, on the SW ot a
river of the same name.
Platte^ La, river of the United States,
rises in the Rocky mountains, about 29
degrees W from Washington, between
lat. 39 and 42° N. Its general course
nearly due E, and comparative length
600 miles. It falls into the Missouri, at
Ion. W C IS 50; lat. 41 N and about 600
miles by water above the junction of
Missouri and Mississippi.
Plattek-ill, township of Ulster county,
New York, on Hudson river 22 miles
below Kingston.
riattsburg, post town and capital of
Clinton county. New York, on the W
side of Lake Champlain, 63 miles S from
Montreal, and 112 N from Whitehall.
It is a flourishing village, containing the
ordinary county buildings, several manu-
factories, and me^ca.uile stores. This
town has been consecrated in the history
of the United States by the splendid and
decisive nav^l victory gained before it,
Sept. 11th 1814, by the American fleet
commanded by Commodore Macdo-
nough, over a British squadron com-
manded by Commodore Downie.
Plaiuen, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of
Mecklenburg, seated on a small river
•which falls into the Elbe, near a lake of
the same name, 17 miles S of Gustrow.
Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 40 N. ^ •
Plaiven, handsom? town of CJermany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Voigt-
land, seated on the Eister, 67 miles SW
of Dresden. Lon. 12 17 E, lat, 50 32 N.
Pleasant y post town in the SW cor-
ner of Franklin county, containing 600
inhabitants.
Pleasant, township in the SE corner
of Madison county, Ohio. Population
1820, 555.
Pleasant, township in the northeastern
part of Clark county, Ohio, containing
757 inhabitants in 1820, 759.
Pleasant, township of Brown county.
in which is situated the town of Ripley,
Population 1820, uncertain.
Pleasant Grove, post villager of Lunen-
burg county, Virginia, 50 miles SW by
W from Petersburg.
Pleasant Grove, post village Orange
county, North Carolina, about 40 miles
NW from Raleigh.
Pleasant Level, post village Monroe
county, Alabama.
Pleasant Valley, post village Duchess
■^onntv, New York, seven miles SEfrom
1' L \
Poughkeepsie. It it the seat of ab ex
tensive cotton, and some other manufac-
tures.
Pkusant Valley, village of Putnam coun-
ty, New York, on Hudson river, nearly
opposite West Point.
Pleasant Valley, post town Fairfax coun-
ty, Virginia.
Pleibwff^ town of Germany, in Carin-
thia, seated on the river Feistez, at the
foot of a mountain, 25 miles E by S of
Clagenfurt.
Plum Island, on the coast of Massachu-
setts between Ipswich and Newburyport,
nine miles long and one wide.
Plumb, E tovvnsliip of Allegany county,
Pennsylvania, on the left side of Allegany
river, eight miles above Pittsburg. I'opu-
lation in 1820, 1639.
Plumpstead, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, 30 mileS
nearly due N from Pialadelphia. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1790.
Plymouth, seaport in Devonshire, wilh a
market on Monday, Thursday, and Satur-
day, It is seated between the mouths of
the rlym and Tamar ; and next to Ports-
mouth, is the most considerable harbour in
England for men of war. There are, pro-
perly speaking, three harbours, called Cat-
water, Sutton' Pool, and Ilamouze. The
first is the mouth of the Plym, and affords
a safe and commodious harbour for mor-
chant ships, but is seldom entered by ships
of war. The second is frequented by
merchant ships only, is almost surrounded
by the houses of the town, and has lately
been further secured by an extensive pier.
The third is near the mouth of the Tamar,
and is the harbour for the reception of_the
British navy, being fitted with moorings
for about 100 sail, and having good anchor-
age for a much greater number. Adjoin-
ing to it, are docks, arsenals, and other con-
veniences for the building and fitting out
of ships of war. It carries on a considera^-
ble foreign and domestic trade, and is 43
miles S W of Exeter, and 216 W by S of
London. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 50 22 N.
Plymouth, county of Massachusetts;
bounded by Cape Cod and Boston Bays N
E ; Barnstable county and Blizzard's bay S
E; Bristol county in Massachusetts SW;
and Norfolk NW. Length 30; mean
width 20 ; and area 600 square miles.
Taunton river rises in this county, and
flows SW towards Narragansett bay. It
is the original seat of the colonization of
New England. Cliief town, Plymouth.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Sf9
16,785
17,964
34,749
F L V
P © 1
All other persons except Indians
not taxetl .... 420
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 35,169
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 18,131
do. do. females ... 19,587
All other persons except Indians
not tai.ed ....
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ....
Total population in 1820 • . 38,136
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized ■. 54
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,558
do. in Maimfactures - 2 627
do. in Commerce - - 1,208
Population to the square mile, 63^.
Plymouth, capital of Plymouth county,
Massachusetts ; 42 miles S by E of B.)Ston,
and 23 NW of Barnstable, in lal. 41 58 N,
and ion. 70 30 W. This is a post town, and
port of entry, and was the first town plant-
ed by English emigrants in New England ;
and as such it is respected by the present
inhabitants, the rock on which their fathers
landed, having been removed to the centre
of the town. Population in 1820, 4348.
I'lymoiith, post town and township, in
Grafton count}'. New Hampshire, 33 miles
SE of Haverhill, and 79 NVV of Ports-
mouth. Population in 1820, 983.
Plymouth, township of Connecticut, in
Litchfield county, containing 1882 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1758.
Plymouth, post town and township, Che-
nango county. New York, eiglit miles NW
from Norwich. Population in 1820, 1496.
Plymouth, township of Luiseriie county,
Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Sus-
quehanna, opposite Wilkesburre. Popu-
lation in 1820, 912.
Plymouth, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of
Schuylkill, immediately below Norristown.
Population in 1820, 928.
Plymouth, post town in Washington
county, North Carohna ; siuialed on the S
side of Roanoke river, near Albemarle
sound, 18 miles S of Edenton.
Plymouth, township in the northern
limits of Richland county, Ohio. Popula-
tion in 1820, 580.
Plymton, borough in Devonshire, seven
miles E of Plymouth, and 218 W by S of
London. Lon. 4 0 W. lat. 50 22 N.
Plymton, township of Plymouth couittv,
S20
Massachusetts, containing 900 inhabitants in
1810, and in 1820, 930.
PlyriHmmon Hills, vast and lofty moun-
tains of Wales, partly in Montgomeryshire,
and partly in Cardiganshire. The Severn,
the Wye, and other rivers, have their source
in this mountain.
Po, celebrated river of Italy, which has
its source at mount Viso, in Piedmont. It
runs through Montferrat, the Milanese, and
the Mantuan ; thence on the borders of the
Parmesan, and a part of the Modenese ;
and having entered the Ferrarese, it divides
at Eicherulolo, and flows into the gulf of
Venice by four principal mouths. In its
course it receives several rivers, and often
overflows its banks, as most of those rivers
descend fi-om the Alps, and are increased
by the melting of the snow.
Po, river of China, in the province of
Kiang-si, which emptiesi'self into the lake
Poyang-hou, a small distance from Joa-
tclieou-fou.
Pocklington, town in the E riding of
Yorkshire, on a stream that falls into the
Derwent, 14 miles E of York, and 196 N by
W of London. Lon. 0 49 W, lat. 53 58 N.
Pocomoke, river of Maryland. It rises in
Worcester county, and runs through the
county in a SW direction into Pocomoke
bay.
PodoUa, province in the SE part of Po-
land, wrested from that country by Russia,
in 1793. The Dneister separates it from
Moldavia on the SW, and the Bog crosses
it from W to E. It is divided into the
Upper and Lower. Kamiiiieck is the
capital of the former, and Brecklaw of the
latter.
Poictiers, town of France, capitaliof Vi-
enne, 120 miles N by E from Bordeaux,
Peictou, late province of France, boimd-
ed on the N by Bretagne, Anjou, and
Touraine, E by Touraine, Berry, and
Marche, S by Angoumois, Saintonge, and
Aunis, and W by the bay of Biscay. It is
fertile in corn and wine. It now forms the
three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and
Two Serves.
Point, township of Northumberland
county, Pennsylvania, including the village
of Northumberland, on the point between
the two great branches of Susquehannah
river above their junction. Population in
1820, 1375.
Point C/iicot, town of Arkansaw territory,
on the bank of the Mississippi, at the
mouth of the Arkansaw river.
Point Coitpei', parish of Louisiana; botjnd-
ed by ihe Mississippi river NE ; the parish
of West Baton Rouge S ; and Atcliafalaya
river S. Length 34 ; mean width 18 ; and
area about COO square miles. It presents
one undeviaiing plain, washed on one side
by the Mississippi river and on another by
*he A.tchafalaya ; the intermediate space
P O 1
P O J,
cut by numerous intei'locking bayous, are
generally liable to annual submersion.
The banks of the Atchafalaya, are equally
subject to inundation with the other parts
of the country. The only arable surface
being the banks of the Mississippi and
Fausse Riviere. See Faiisse Riviere.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 682
do. do. females - - 566
Total whites .... 1,248
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 104
Slaves .... - 3,187
Total population in 1810 - 4,539
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . . 595
do. do. females . - - 497
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males .
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - .
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agricidture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
4,912
23
4,499
10
7
Population to the square mile, 8.
■Point Harmar, that part of M:irielta,
on the S bank of the Mu--kingut:'. river,
Ohio. It is pleasantly situated, and con.
tains above tliiriy dwelling houses, a post
office and steam mill, tlie building for
which is erected of stone, and four stories
high.
Point Pleasant, post town and seat of
justice, Mason county, Ohio, on tlie point,
above the confluence of Ohio, and Great
Kenhawa rivers.
Poitit Pleasant, town, Clermont county,
Ohio, on tlie N hank of the Ohio river. It
contains about 25 iiouses, immediately be-
low the moulh of Indian creek, 21 miles
southwesterly from Williamsburg.
Poissy, ancient town of Fi-ance, in the
Isle of France ; seated near the forest of
St. Germain, 15 miles NW of Paris. Lon.
2 12 E, lat. 48 56 X.
Poitiers, town o! F.^ance, capital of the
department of Vienne, and late province
of Poitnu, with a bishop's see. Its popu-
lation is not in proportion to its extent;
for it includes a number of gardens and
fields within its circuit ; and the inhabi-
tants are not estimated at more than 16,000.
This town is seated on a liill, on tlie r'.vcr
Clain, 52 miles SW of Tours, and 120 N
by K of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 25 E, lat. 45
o5 X.
Poitou,\^\.e. province of France ; bound-
ed on the N by Bretagne, Anjou, and part
of Touraine ; on the E by Touraine, Berry,
and Marche ; on the S by Angoumois, Sain-
tonge, and Aunis ; and en the W by the
bay of Bisc^iy. It is fertile in corn and
wine, and feeds a gre.it number of cattle,
pariicularly mules. It now forms tiie
three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and
the Two Sevres.
Pohnul, large country of Europe, bound-
ed on the N by Prussia, Courland, Livonia,
and Russia, W by the Baltic, Brandenburg,
and Silesi.i, S by Hungary and Moldavia,
and E by Russia and the territories wrested
by that power from the Turks. It is di-
vided into four principal parts. Great Po-
land, Little Pol.ind, Red Rus-iiia, and Lithu-
ania ; each of which is subivided into pala-
tinates, or provinces. I'oland has not had
any palitical existence as a nation since
17 J3. Fornierlj', the government was
monarchical and aristocratical ; all the acts
of state being in the name ot the king and
republic of Poland. The king was the only
elective sovereign in Europe ; being chosen
by a general diet summoned by the arch-
bishop of Gnesna, as chief of the republic
during the interregnum. In 1772, a parti-
tion ot this country, projected by the king
of Prussia, was effected by that monarch,
in conjunction with the empress of Russia
and the emperor of Germany. By this
partition, one third of the country was
wrested from the republic, the diet being
compelled, by a foreign force, to make
and to ratify this important cession. The
three panitjoiiing j)ower> moreover, for-
cibly efliscted a threat change in the consti-
tutiori. In 1791, however, the king and
the nation, in concurrence, almost unani-
mou.siy, and without any foreign interven-
tion, Cbtablished another constitution ; and
one so unexceptionable every way, that it
was celebrated by Mf. Burke, as a revolu-
tion, whereby the condition of all were
made belter, and the rigii's of ?jo;ie infringed.
By it the broils of an elective monarchy,
by which Poland, on almcst eveiy vacancy
of the throne, had been involved in the
calamities of v ar, wei e avridcd, the throne
being declared hereditary in the house of
Saxony. A few of the nobiiity, however,
discontented at the gtiieious sacrifice of
some of their privileges, repaired to the
court of" Russia; and th;-ir representations
conc'.'.rrir.g witli the Amb;tiou.> views of
the empress, she sent an arv.!}' into Poland,
under pretext of beng g'-arantee o* the
constitTi'Kn of 1772. lier interference
was too powerful to be resisted ; and this
new constitution was overthrown. But the
«2l
P O L
F O I.
principal object for whicii Uie Russian
army entered Poland was not yet attained.
The' empress had planned; in conjunction
with the king of Prussia, a second partition
of this country, which took place in 1793.
Such multiplied oppressions at last roused
the spirit of the nation. General Koscusko
appeared i:: 1794, at tlie head of a Polish
army, vo assert the independency of his
country, and to recover -he provinces
wrested from it. He was successful at
first, against the king of Prussia; but was
at length overi'owcred bynsmbs'rs; the
country was in diflferent parts desolated,
the house-, bnrnt, au'i the i^ihabitsnts mas-
sacred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko
was taken prisoner, and sent with a num-
ber of other patriots into confinement at
Petersburgii, tor iiaving dared to defend
their native connlry against foreign ag-
gression. The king formally resigned his
crown at Grodno, in 1796, and was after-
ward removed to Petersburgii, where he
remained a kind of state prisoner, till
his death, in 1798. Wilh hiin ended the
kingdom of Poland, subdued and dismrm-
bered by powes which were either former-
ly its vassals, or indebted to it for their
very existence. But the sr.me horrors and
aggressions which had marked the conduct
of the dismerabeiing powers, with regard
to this unhappy kingdom, have since been
but too justly retor'.ed on themselves. The
whole of the country w:iS divided among
the three p;trlitior.ing powers. Austria
had Little Poland, and the greatest part of
Red Russia and Podolia, which is now cal-
led the kingdom of Galacia ; Prussia had
Great Poland, Poiish Prussia, a small part
of Lithuania, and Polachia ; and Russia
had Samngitia. the remainder of Lithuania,
Volhinia, and Podolia. In the war with
Prussia, in 1806, the French penetrated
into Poland, and proclaimed their desire
to restore its ancient independence, when
treaties of peace having bteu adjusted
with Russia and Prussia, the project was
for the most purt abandoned. By the peace
of Tilsit, the king of Prussia renounced Uie
possession of the greater part of his Polish
provinces, when they were erected into
the dukedom of Warsaw, in f..vour of the
knig of Saxony. See Warsm'. Rut on
the retreat of the French army out of Po-
land, in 1813, the Russians took possessicni
of the duchy of Wi^rsaw, in whose hands it
at present remains. It is now expected,
however, tluil the kingdom ot Poland v.'ill
shortly be re-established under a Russian
prince. The towns of Poland are for the
most part built of wood ; and the villages
consist of mean cott.ages, or huts. The
country is so fertile in corn in many places
that it supplies Sweden and Holland with
large quantities, and it has extensive pas-
tures. Peat, ochi-e, chalk, beleranites,
«53
agate, chalcedony, cornelian?^ onyxes, jas-
per, rock crystal, amethysts, garnets, to-
pazes, sapphires, and even rabies .ind dia-
monds are found in Poland ; also talc, spar,
lapis calaminaris, coal, iron, lead, and'quick-
silver. Here i- much teai::er, fur, hemp,
fl.tx, saltpetre, alum, manna, honey, and
wax ; and there are miies of salt, of a
great depth, out of v/hich is dug rocksalt.
Horses are numerous, very strong, swift,
and beautiful ; and horned catile are bred
in such numbers, that above 80,000 are
driven every year out of the country. The
principal rivers are the Daieder, Vistula,
Bug, Niemen, Dniester, and B ig.
Poland^ kingdom of Kurope Tlie cen-
tral provinces of Poland have been recent-
ly formed into a kingd nn of which the
emperor of Rv!s:^ia is king. Some con-
siderable bhare of the ancient liberties of
Poland are preserved. Though subject to
the same monarch with Russia, Poland en-
joys a much more liberal form of govern-
ment than the former empire. The king
is represented by a vice roy, and chamber
of miniiiters. The latter accountable to
the senate. This body con-ists of 30 mem-
bers. The chamber of deputies, are form-
ep from the nobility, gentry and members
of the cabinet Very liberal principles of
rehgious tslcation a'so prevails. This
state iS subdivided into the palatinates of
Cracow, Sendomir, Kalish, Lublin, Plock,
Masovia, Podlachia, and Augustow, Area
47,060 square miles. Poptdation 2,800,000.
See GaUicia. Pimssia, &c.
Poland, or Mhiot, post town in Cumber-
land county, Maine, on the W side of And-
roscoggin river, 40 miles N of Portland;
the township had 2125 inhabitants in 1810;
and in 1820, 1353.
Poland, SE town and township of Trum-
bull county, Ohio, on Mahoning river, and
upon the road from Pittsburg to Warren.
Distance, from the latter place 13 miles,
65 from tlie for.nier, and 175 NE from Co-
lumbus Population 1820, 990.
Polar Regions. From the discoveries
made by Captain Perry in 1819, it is now
determined that the Polar sea to the N from
America, is filled with islands and inlets.
That really great Navigator wintered 1819
— 20, at longitude 114 W from London ;
37 W from Washington, and at lat, 74 0 N.
He is.now out on a similar voyage,
Poleron. See Pooloroon
Poleda, name given to the palatinate of
Pirzescia, in Lithuania.
Polesino-di-Rovigo, province of Italy ;
bounded on the N by the Paduan, on the
S by the Farrarese, on the E by the Doga-
do, and on the W by the Verone. It is 42
tniles long and 17 broad, and is fertile in
corn and pastures. Rovigo is the capital.
Pol, St. town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Straits of Calais, and late pro-
1' O M
P O N
'xnnce of Artols, noted for its fine mineral
waters, and is 16 miles N\V of Arras.
Policandro, an island io the Archipelago,
one of the Cyclades, 20 miles in circum-
ference. Here are a few villages, a custle,
and a harbour ; but it consists in general,
of nothing but barren rocks raid moimtains.
It lies between Miio and Paros. Lon. 25
31 E, lat. 36 32 N.
Policustro, town of Naples, in Prlncipato
Citeriore, on a gulf of the same name, 68
miles SE of Naples. Lon. 15 40 E, lat.
40 15 N.
Polignano, town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, on a craggy rock, near the sea, 16
miles E of Bari. ' Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 41 25 N.
Polina, town of Albania. 12 miles S of
Durazzo. Lon. 19 20 K, lat. 42 42 N.
Poligni, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Jura, and late province of Francae
Compte, seated on a rivulet, 52 miles SW
of Besancor,. Lon. 5 55 E, Lt. 46 50 N.
Polito, or Polizzi, town of Sicily, in the
Val-di Demona, at the foot of the moun-
lain Madonia, 50 miles SE of Palermo.
Lon. 13 53 E, lat. 38 4 N.
Pollockshmvs, considerable mannfactiiring
town of Renfrewshire, seated on the river
Wiiite Cart.
Polotsk, government of the Russian em-
pire, formed of part of a palatinate of Lith-
uania, dismembered from Poland by the
treaty of partition in 1772, Its products
are chiefly grain, hemp, flax, and pasture ;
and tiie forests furnish great abundance of
masts, planks, oak for ship-building, pitch,
tar, 8ic. which are chiefly sent down the
Dwina to Riga.
Polotsk, strong town of Russia, capital of
a government of the same name, sealed on
the Dwina, .at the mouth of the small river
Polota, 50 miles SW of Vitepsh. Lon. 27
50 E, lat. 55 43 N.
PoUeii, St. town of Lower Austria, seated
on the Drasam, which falls into the Danube,
near Holmsburgh, eight miles from Vienna.
Polynesia, distinctive name given to the
numerous islands of the Pacific Ocean, E
from Austral Asia.
Pome^tie, island in the Mediterranean,
near Marseilles.
Pomerania,(^Vic\\y of Germany, i:\ the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony ; bounded on the N
by the Baltic, on the E by V/estern Prussia
and Poland, on tlie S by Brandenburg, and
on the W by Mecklenberg. It is watered
by several rivers, of which tiie Oder, Reck-
enitz, Pene, Uckcr, Rega, Persanet, Wip-
per, Ihna, Stolpen, and Lebo, are the most
considerable. The air is pretty cold, but
compensated by the fertility of the soil,
which abounds in pastiu-es and corn, of
which a great quantity is exported. It is
a flat country, containing many lakes,
woods, and forests, and has several good
harbours, particularly Stetin and Stralsund.
It is 250 miles long and 75 broad, and di-
vided into Hither and Further Pomerania,
both with the island of Rugu belong lo the
king of Pruss a. Stetin is the Ctiptal.
Pomcrela., district of Polish or Wes-
ttrn Prussia, which in the partition of
Poland fell to the share of the king of
Prussia. Dantzic is the ca|)ital.
Pcmesania, large country of Western
Prussia which extends from E to W
from the Passerge ns far as the Vistula,
between E and W Prussia. It is full of
lakes and morasses
Pomjret, post town and township of
Connecticut, in Windham county, 16
miles N of Canterbury, and 36 NE of
Hartford. Population 1820, 2042.
Pomjret, townsliip of Windsor county,
Vermont, containing 1473 inhabitants in
1810 Situated on the N side of Wa-
tergueche river 14 miles NVV of Wind-
sor.
Pompet, township of Chatauque county.
New York, on lake Ei-ie, containing the
villages of Dunkirk and Fredonia. Popu-
lation in 1820,2306.
Pom^iey, one of ihe military townships
of Onondago county. New York, contain-
ing 5699 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820,
6701. Situated about six miles S of Salt
Lake.
Powjona, the principal of the Orkney
Islands. See Mainland.
Pompton, post town, Bergen county.
New Jersey.
Pondesturia, town of Italy, in Mont-
ferrat, seated on the S side of the Po,
33 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 25 E, lat.
45 2N.
Pondkhen-y, town of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Coromandel It is 100
miles S of Madras. Lon. 80 0 E, lat. 11
56 N.
Pondico, smn.ll uninhabited island of
tht; Archipelago, in the gulf of Zeiton,
near the coast of Negropont.
Pontferrada, town of Spain, in Leon,
on the "river Sill, 40 miles SW of Leon.
L-n. 6 6 W. lat. 42 30 N.
Ponc-hou, islands in the Chinese Sea.
They lie E ti the coast of Fokien and
form an archipelago between the port
of Emouy and the island of Formosa.
They are only sand banks or recks.
Pons, town of France, in the department
of Lower Charente, and late province of
Saintonge, 10 miles S of Salutes. Lon. 0
30 W, lat 45 36 N.
Pons, St. in the department of Heranlt
and late province of Languedoc. It is 24
miles N of Narbonne, Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 43
29 N.
Pontafella. See Pontefu.
Pmit-a-JMousson, town of France, in the
department of Meurthe and late province
1' o ]M
1' G N
oi' Lorrain, witii a university. It is seated
on the ]Mosel!e, wliich divides it into two
parts, two miles NW of" Nanci. Lon. 6
16 E, lat. 48 43 N,
Pont-Arlier, town oh Fraisce, in the de-
partment of Jura and late province of
Franclie Comte, sealed on the river Doubs,
near Mount Jura- It is a commodious pas-
sage into Swisserland, and is defended by
a strong castle. Lon. 6 26 E, lat. 46
55 N.
Pont Audemer. town of France, in the
department of Kure and late province of
Norm:»ndy, seated on the Eille, 13 miles E
of Harfleur, and 85 NW of Paris. Lon. 0
35 E, lat, 49 21 N.
Pontchartrain, lake of Louisiana, be-
tween the high lands of St. T;immany and
the alluvion of llie Mississippi. Both Pont-
chartrain and Maurepas, appear to be the
remains of a larije bay which has been par-
tially filled, or rather interrupted by allu-
vion. From the pass of Manchac to that of
the Rigolets ; lake Pontchartrain is about
30 miles iu length, its greatest width 22
miles, and medium depth 18 feet. The
shores of this lake towards the Mississippi,
are low and marshy, on the side of St. Tam-
many more firm but flat. ' Very little tim-
ber grows on the Mississippi side of the
lake ; on the opposite shores, are for sts
from the mouth of the Tangipao to that of
Pearl river.
Pont-de-l^Avche, town of France, in the
departnTiCnt of Erne and late province of
Normandy, on ttie Seine, five miles N of
Louviers,'and 62 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 15
E, lit. 49 5 N.
Pontde-Ce, town of France, in the de-
partment of Miiine and Loire and late pro-
vince of Anjoii, seated on the Loire, three
miles from Angtrs, and 178 SW .>f Paris.
Lon. 0 29 W, lat. 47 25 N.
Ponl de-Lima, tov/n of Portugal, in En-
tre-Douero-e-Minho, on the Lima, over
whicli is a magi>ifici:nt bridge, 13 miles N
"W of Braga, ai'.d 190 N of Lisbon. Lon. 8
44 W, lat. 41 51 N.
Punt de-Vaxix,X.own ol France, in the de-
partment of Ain and late province nf
Bre.sse, seated on the Ressousse, eight
miles S of Macon. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 46
28 N
Ponl de- Fesle, town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Ain and late province of Bresse,
on the Vesle, 12 miles W of Bourg. Lon.
5 4 E, l:tt. 46 16 N,
Poni-dn-Gard. See Gard.
Pontefa, or Pontafella, town of Germany,
in Carinthia, seated on the Fella, over
which is a bv'dge thut leads to the best pas-
sage i.ver tl^' .-Vlps. It is 20 miles NW of
Friuli. Lon. 13 0 E, lat. 4(3 25 X.
Potitefract, borough in thf W riding of
Yorkshire, in a very ncii soil, and noted for
its large plantations of licorice, 22 miles S
S24
W of York, and 175 NNW of London.
Lon. 1 18 W, lat. 53 42 N.
Ponte-Stura, town of Italy; in Montferrat,
seated at the confluence of the Stura and
Po, three miles SW of Casal.
Ponte-Vedra, town of Spain, in Galicia,
on the Lerls, and famous for its fishery of
pilchards. It is 10 miles E of Porto Nova.
Lon. 8 27 W, lat 42 20 N.
Pont-Gibcivt, town of France, in the de-
partment of Puy de Dome and late pro-
vince of Auverg;ie Near this place is the
village ot Rore, with a silver mine, 10
miles WNW of Clermont. Lon. 2 58 E,
lat. 45 51 N.
Pontine, town and capital of Oakland
county, Michigan territory, on Huron river
of Lake St. Ciair. It stands in a very fer-
tile district, and bids fair to become a place
of considerable consequence,
Pontivy, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Morbihan and late province of
Bretagne, seated on the river Blavet.
Pont I'Evegue, town of France, in the
department of Calvados and late province
of Normandy, seated on the Tonque, 10
miles NW of Lisieux. Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 49
17 N.
Pontoise, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Sene and Oise, and late province
of the Isle of France. It is seated on an
eminence, en the Oise and Vienne, with a
bridge over the former, whence it takes its
n::me. It is 43 miles SE of Rouen, and 27
NW of Paris. Lon. 2 11 E, lat. 49 3 N.
Pont- Orson, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Channel and late province
of Normandy, seated on the Coesnon, 20
miles E of St. Malo. Lon. 1 30 W, lat.
48 30 N.
Pont-Remoli, town of Tuscany, with a
.strong casile, seated at the foot of the Ap-
penines, 40 miles E of Genoa, and 66 NW
of Florence. Lon, 9 40 E, lat. 44 25 E.
Po7it St. Esprit, town of France, in the
department of Gard and late province of
Languedoc. On the Rhone, over which is
one of the finest bridges in Europe, con-
si.-tiiig of 19 great and four small arches.
Pont St. Esprit is 17 miles S of Viviers,
and 55 NB of Mj-.ntpellier. Lon. 4 46 E,
hit. 44 13 N.
Pont Si. Maixence, town of France, in
the department of Seine and Oise and hite
province of the Isle of France, seated on
the Oise, five miles N of Seins, Lon. 2 40
E, lat. 49 18 N.
Pont sur- Seine, town of France, in the
'lepartment of Aube and late province of
Champagne, on the Seine, 17 miles NW of
Troyes, and 55 SB of Paris. Lon. 3 40 E,
lat. 48 28 N.
Poiit-Sur-Yonne, town of France, in the
department of Yonne and late province of
Burgundy, eight miles NW of Sens. Lon»
3 14 E, lat. 43 16 N.
1» © p
1' o ii
Pmitepool, town in Monmoutiishir?, on
tfee river Avon, and is 15 miles SW of
Monmouth, and 146 W by N of London.
Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 51 42 N.
Pont-y.Pridd See Taaff.
JPonza, or Ponlia, smuU island in the
Mediterranean Sea, to which many illus-
trious Romans were formerly banished.
Lon. 13 10 E. lat 40 53 N.
Poole, borough and seaport in Dorset- gjg of Anne Arundel county," Maryland,
shire It is 40 miles WSW of VVinchester^35 miles N from Washington.
Engaged in Agriculture - « 419
do. in Manufactures - - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 4.
PQfilar drove, prist office Newberry
district South Carolina.
Poplar ridge, post office Cayuga coun-
ty, Nvv York.
Po/ilar- Sjyrings, post village NW an-
Lon. 2 0 W,
Montgomery
and 105 VV by S of London
lat. 50 42 N.
Poolstore, post village
county, Maryland.
PoolsvUle. post village Spartanberg
district South Carolina.
Pooloroon, or Polcron, one of the
Banda Islands, 1 00 miles SE of Amboy-
na. Lon. 130 0 E, lat. 4 20 S.
Poolowoy, one of the Spice or Banda
Islands.
Poonah, town of the D'^ccan of Hin-
doostan, in Visiapour. It is the capital
of the Westtrn Mahratta empirej^ 100
miles SE of Bombay
18 30 N.
Poplin, post town and township Rock-
ingham county. New Hampshire, 19
miles W from Portsmouth. Pop\ilation
1820, 453.
Popocatepetl, volcanic mountain of
M xico, in Putbia, rising to the great
elevation of 17 716 f-et above the level
of the ocean. Lon. W C 21 30 W, lat.
19° N. 45 milt s SE from Mexico.
Portage, county of Ohio; bounded by
Columbiana SE ; Stark S ; Medina W ;
Cuyahoga NVV ; Geauga N ; and Trum-
bull E Length 30 ; breadth 24 ; and
area 720 square miles. This county was
Lon. 73 55 E, lat. named from, the interesting fact that it
contain the short portage of one mile
Pooronder, fortress of the Deccan of between the navigable waters ef Cuya
Hindoostan, in Visiapour, on a mountain,
18 miles ESE of Poonah.
Poote La. small town of France, in
the department of Mayenne, six miles
WSW of Ale neon.
Popayan, province of New Granada,
bounded on the S by P.ru, and on the
W by the Pacific Ocean. A chain of
barren mountains runs througl> the coun-
try from N to S ; and the soil near the
sea is flat, marshy, and often flooded by
the rains.
Popayan, capital of a province of
that name, in New Granada, upwards
of 5900 feet aliove the level of the
Ocean ; 240 miles NE of Quito. Lon.
W t:i 05 E, lat. 2 35 N.
Pope, conntv of Illinois ; bounded
SE, and S, by Ohio river ; W by John-
!?on ; and N and NE by Gallatin. Length
30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 611 square
miles. This county lies opposite m the
mouth of the Cumberland and Tennessee
rivers. Chief town Golconda.
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
hoga, and i'uscarawas rivers. It is by
this route that a canal is projected to
connect the Ohio waters with lake Erie.
The land is generally high elt vated and
considerably broken. Chief town Ra-
venna.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - l»ol<,
do. do. females - - 1,376
Total whites - • - 2,988
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 7
Slaves • 9
Total population in 1810 . 2,995
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - - 5,396
do. do. females - - - 4,677
Total whites ... - 10,073
Free persons of colour, males - 13
do. do. females, 9
Total population in 1820 - - 10,095
31
,067
257
7
Total population in 1829.
Of tliese ;
Fnrei^ners not natural; ze^l
5M
2,610
Of tiiese ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in AgriciiUave
do. in ManuThctures
do in Coiniiiorce
Popnlation to the square mile, 14.
Port av Prince, seaport of St. Domingo,
seated on a bay on the W side of the island,
of -which part it is the capital. It was ta-
ken by the Knglisji apd royalists in 1794^
1' 0 R
P O li
but the whole island has been since'eva- harbour. Portland is very considerably
Guated by the English. Lon. 72 10 W, the largest town in Maine Population
iat. 18 45 N. ItilO. 7U)9 ; and in IBJU, 8531.
Port Ehzabeth, post tawn of New JtV- Poriland, township and post village,
sey, in Cumbeiiand cuui.ty, lying o» the Cliatauque county, New York, on Lake
E side of Maurice riv..r. ^:5 miles N of En,. Fipul.aion ISiO, 11 6^.
Cape May Court-house
Porit-r, township on the Ohio river,
in Scioto countv, Oliio. Population 1820,
879
Porter, township of Oxford county,
Maine, 34 miles SW from Paris. Popu-
lation 1820,487.
Porter township of Niagara county.
New York, on Lake Ontario. Population
1820, 850.
Port Gibson, seat of Justice for Clai-
borne county, Mississippi, on the waters
of the Bayon Pierre 45 miles NE of
Natchez, and 12 miles E of the Missis-
sippi river, contains a branch of the
State Bank — handsome court house, and
100 dwpilinK houses some of which are
in fine tastr a-d aiiout 8'JJ inhabitants —
the circunijacent lands are of t-xteilent
quality, and in a high state of cultivation
as cotton plantations
Port Jackson, sc namsd by Capt Cook :
a large bay on the ccast of New South
Wales, three leagut:s and a half N of
.Cape Banks The capes that form its en-
trance are high rugged, and pt: pendicu-
lar cliffs Oo proceeding within, in 1783,
governor Philip disccvered a large branch
extending to the S, and fnund himself
perfectly land locked, with a good depth
of water ; and finding also, that the coun-
try was greatly superior to that round
Botany Bay, he deti rmined to fix a coio
ny of convicts hi re, w'nich had been ori-
ginally intended for Botany Bay. Lon.
151 28 E, Iat 33 50 S.
Portici, village four miles ESE of the
city of Naples, situated on the sea-side,
near mount Vesuvius.
Portland, peninsula in D o-setshire,
surrounded with inaccessible r<cks, ex
cept at the landing place. Its S extre-
mity, called Portland Point, is in lon. S;
29 W, Iat 50 29 N,
Portland, port of entry post town,
and seat i.f justice Cumberland county,
Maine. It is situated in the hit. of 43 40
N, and lon. of 69 52 W, on a point of
land in Casco bay, about 50 miles SW
of Wiscasset, and 64 NE of Portsmouth
in New Hampshire. The harbiur is
safe and commodious a^d being near the
ocean is seldom encmnbL-rtd with ice.
The trade of the city is very consi'ierable
in the fisheries, in iumbtr, and. ship buitd-
itig. It contains two bank.s, an ensurance
office, and eight or ten places of public
worship. A light-house on Portland
Head, facilitates the entrance into the
326
pul.
Portland, village of Jeiferson county,
Kentucky, bel-w Lcuisvdie.
Port i'Onent. See Orient.
Port Louis, strong towii of France,
in the department of Morbihan, and late
province of Breiagne, with a good har-
bour, at the mouth of the Blanet, 27
milts W of Vannes. Lon. 3 18 W, Iat.
47'40N.
Port Louis, French fortress, on the
SW coa^t of Hispaniola. Lon. 73 16 W,
Iat. 18 18 N.
Port Louis, town and harbour of the
Isle of France. Lon. 57 28 E, Iat. 20
9 S.
Port Mahon, excellent harbour in the
island of Minorca, defended by one of
the strongest citadels in Europe. Near
it is tii*- little trading town of Mahon.
Lon 3 4>S E, iat. 39 50 N. See Philip's
Fort St.
Port Paix, town on the N coast of
St Domingo, in the West Indies with
a good harbour, Lon. 72 55 W, Iat. 19
58.
Port Perm, \\\Vdge of New Castle county,
state of Delrtwai e ; situated at the mouth of
a hmall creek, opp-site to Reedy-Island,
eight miles S of New Castle.
Port Patrick, seaport of Scotland, in
Wi.ktonshire, confined by the sea on one
side, and on the other by over-hanging
rocks and hills. It is 107 miles SW of
Edinburgh, and 487 NW of London.
Port Roseivay. See Shelhirne,
Port Royal, seaport of Jamaica six
miles E of Spanish Town, and as much
by water SE of Kingston. Lon. 76 45
W, Iat 18 0 N.
Port Royal, town and fort of the island
of Martitiico, 21 miles SE of St. Pierre.
Lon. 6i 9 W, Iat 14 3 N.
Port Royal island on the coast of South
Carolina, tlie space between which and
the neighbouring c "ntinent forms a com-
modious harbour. It is 15 miles in length,
and the town on the N shore, called
Beaufort, is 100 miles SW of Charleston.
L(>n. 80 10 W, Iat. 31 40 N.
Port Royal, in Novia Scotia, See Jln-
napolis.
Port Royal, post tow^n of Virginia, si-
tuated on the SW side of Rappahannoc
river in Caroline C'unty, 22 miles SE of
Fredericksburg on thf saire water, and
84 S of Washington. It has ^.bout 1500
inhabitatits ; and is the seat of an acade-
my with about 60 students.
r o R
\' O K
I'on lioyal, post village Montgomery
county, Tennessee.
Port Royal, village of Dearborn county,
Indiana
Porto Bella, seaport of South America,
on the N coast of the isthmus of Darien,
having a large commodious harbour, with
good anchorage and shelter for ships ;
its entrance is narrow, and dffended by
several forts. It is 70 miles N of Pana-
ma, and 300 W of Carthagena. Lon.
80 45 W, lat. 9 33 N.
Porto Cavallo, seaport of Colombia, on
the coast of Carracas Lon. W C 9 10
E, lat. 10 25N.
Porto del Principe, seaport on the N
coast of Cuba, with a good harbour.
Lon. 78 15 W, lat. 21 52 N.
Porto Farino, seapurt of the kingdom
of Tunis, to the W of the rums ot Carth-
age, and 30 miles N of Tunis. Lon. 10
16 E, lat. o7 12 F.
Porto Ferrajo, town of Italy in the isle of
Elba, with a good ci adel. It is seated on
a long, high, seep, point of land, VV of the
Bay of the same, which has two f'rts. It
is 40 miles NW of Orbiiello. and 60 S by
E of Leghorn. Lon, 10 25 E, lat. 42 38 N.
This place has ginned j'ss celebriy from
being the residence of Napoleon, from May
4th, 1814. until February 26th, 1815.
Porto Galleto, seaport of Spain, in the
Bay ot Biscay, on a smal river, eight
miles N of P.ilboa. Lon. 3 11 VV, lat. 43
22 N.
Porto Griiaro, town of Italy, in Frudi, on
the Lema 15 miles W of Marano.
Porto Her cole, seaport of Italy, '{w the
state of Presidii, four miles S of Orbitelb.
Lon. 11 12E, lat. 42 14 N.
Porto Long-one, town of Italy, in the Is'c
of Elba, on the E end of the island, eight
miles SW of Piombmo. Lon tO 10 E, lat.
42 52 N.
Porto J\''ova, seaport of Spain, in the pro-
vince of Ga!icia, near the mouth of the
Leris, 54 miles of Orense. Lon, 8 36 W,
lat. 42 19 N.
Porta Pedro, seaport in the island of Ma-
jorca. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. 39 :i7 N.
Porto Praya, town and bay of St. Jago,
one of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 23
29 VV. lat. 14 53 N.
Porto Rico, See Juan-de-Puerto Rico.
Porto Santa Maria, seaport of Spain,
seated in the bay of Cadiz. It is a populous
place, containing nearly 10,000 inhabitants,
whose principal trade is in salt. It is seven
miles N of Cadiz.
Porto Santo, island of the Atlmtic, the
least of the Madeiras, 15 miles in circum-
ference. It has no harbour, but good an
chorage in the road. Lon, 16 25 VV, lat;
32 58 N.
Porto Seguro, capital of a government of
the same name, in Brasil. It is seated in a
fertile country, on the top of a rock, at the
mouth of a riv. r that flows into the Atlan-
tic. Lon. 38 50 VV, lal 17 0 S.
Porto Vechio, seaport of Corsica, seated
on a bay o.\ ihe E coast of the island, 40
miles N of Sardinia. Mon. 9 20 E, lat. 41
42 N.
Porto Venerea, seaport of Italy, on the
coast of Genoa, a' the entrnce of the gulf
of Spezzia. It has h good haiboui*, and is
s- ated on the side of a hili, at the top of
which is a fort, 45 mdes SF« ol Genoa. Lon.
9 38 K, lat 44 5 X.
Portree, town .of Skye one of the West-
ern lsland^ of Scotland The chief trade
of the inhabitants is in black catile, small
hoi'^es, and kelp
Portsea, island between Chichester Bay
and the harbour nf Portsmonth, in H.^mp-
shire It is a low tract o' considerable ex-
tent, separ.iti d from the mainland by a
creek, over which is a bridge. At the SW
extremity of it is situated the town of
Portsm<'Uth.
Portsmouth, seaport and boro'.igh ia
Harn]5shire, on the isle of Portsea, It is
the most consid rab'.e haven for men of
war in England. The capacious harbour
is made by a bav, running up between the
isla' d and an opposite peninsula, having a
narrow entrance commune If d by the town
and forts. Portsmouth is the most strong-
ly fortified place in G:car Britain. It is 20
miles SSE of Wi'tches er, a.\d 72 SW of
London. Lon. 1 1 VV, lat 50 49 N._
Portumoi'lh, post to.vn, seat of justice,
and port of enM-y in R (kinjrham county.
New Hampshire I* is seated on the S
bank of the Piscutaqna river aiid harbour,
\n lat. 43 9 X, and lon. 70 76 VV, at the
distance of 22 miles N of Newburvport,
and 56 NE of Bost .n. I'l 1810 the inhabi-
tants were enumerated at 6,934 The
harbour is one of the bes- in the U ited
States, and 'he trade extt^nsive. From the
excessive tides, the harbour is very seldom
fr zen. It is completely landdocked, and ad-
mits vessels of the largest class. The main
entrance about a mile wide, between the
Kittery shore and Great Island, and well
defended by Forts Constitution, and Mc
Clarv. Depth from eight to ten fath ms.
This town contains the ordinary county
buildings, f- ur state banks, a branch of the
bank of the United States, eight places of
public worship, abns-housp, female asylum,
athenxnm, an academy, two market houses,
and three or four ensurance offices Po-
pulation in 1820,7327. It is situated be-
tween Newport and Bristol
Porismo7itJi, township and post village,
of Newport county, lihode Island, contain-
ing 1795 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820,
lfi45.
927
^* o K
¥ 0 T
^ovtsmouth, post town in No'.folk county,
Virginia; situated on Elizabeth river, op-
posite to the borougli of Noifolii, 41 miles
SE of Williamsburg and 28 NE f)f Suffolk
on Nansemond river. It suppports a con-
siderable trade, and contains above 2000
inhabitants
VoTtamouth, post town and seat of jus-
tice for Sciota county, Ohio ; on the
eastern bank of Sciota river, just above
its junction with the Ohio. It contains
a court-house and jail, a bank, a printing
ofiScC; one book store, and six mercantile
stores, and two commission wavchouses,
which do pretty extensive bu iness. Num
her of inhabitants 527 Distance, 45
miles south from Chilicothe, and 90 in
the same direction from Columbus. N
lat. 38 48, \7 Ion. 5° 54.
Port Tobacco, pnst town, the capital
of Charles county, Maryland ; lying on
the N side of Potomac river, 34 milt-s S
of the city of Washington, and 45 SW
of Annapolis. It contains about 500 in-
habitants.
Portiigal, the most western country
on the continent of Europe, about 310
miles in length, and 150 in breadth. The
principal rivers are, the Tajd, the Due
ro, or Douro, the Guadiana, the Minho,
and the Munda, or Mondego. Portugal
is divided into six provinces, namely,
Estremadura, Beira, Entre Minii -e Due-
ro, Tras los Montes, Alentejo, and Al-
garva. It is bounded on the VV and S
by the Atlantic. Ocean, and E and N by
Spain. Thougli Spain and Portugal are
in the same climate, yet the air of the
latter is much more temperate than that
of the former, on account of the neigh-
bourhood of the sea, and beir)g less ele-
vated. The mountain chains of the
peninsula generally exttnd E and W,
and most of those of Spain reach into
Portugal. The vegetable productions are
very much varied, consisting of wheat,
oats, barley, olives, apples, pc-aches, or-
anges, lemons, wines, &c Silk is made
in abundance, and of excellent quality.
Wine is the chief article of export, but
salt and wool are also produced and ex-
ported in ordinary years, to the amount
of one million and a half of dollars.
The recent revolutions in Europe and
the Brazils, have very materially afFectt d
the foreign and domestic relations of Por-
tugal. Formerly the king was absolute,
now the ancient free constitution of the
kingdom has been restored with melio-
rations to suit the improved condition of
the age. This new form of government
is now in operation, whilst Brazil is in a
disturbed state. The internal concerns
oif neither, can be consideEed as fixed on
j4 permanent basis.
Po&en, fortified city of Great Poland,
capita! of a palatinate of the same name,
with a university. It is seated in a plea-
sant plait 1, 27 miles W by S of Gnesna.
Lon 17 0 W, lat. 52 24 IS!
Posen, government of Prussian Po-
land, of which Posen is the capital.
Posey, SW county of Indiana, occu-
pying the peninsula between thf- Ohio
and Wabash rivers ; and bounded by
Gibson N ; and Vanderburgh E Length
30 ; mean width 14 ; and area about 430
square miles. Chief town Mount Vernon.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,095
do. do. females - - - 1,049
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 0
Total whites ... 4,044
Free persons of colour, males 4
do. do. females 2
Slaves, males . - . . 8
do. females - - - 3
Total population in 1820 - 4,061
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 1
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,766
do. in Manufactures - 27
do. in Commerce - S
Population to the square mile, 9.
Porsneck, town of Upper Saxony, in
the principality of Altenburg. It has
manufactures of cloth and leather, and
is seated on the Gams, near its conflux
with the Orla, eight miles NE of Saal-
fi^-id.
Potomac. See in the Addenda, Poto-
mac.
Potosi, town of Peru, capital of a
jurisdiction to the south of Charcos,
Here are the best silver mines in all
America, in a mountain in the form of
a sugar-loaf. Silver was as common in
this place as iron is in Europe ; but the
mines are now much exhausted, or at
least little is got in comparison of what
was formerly. The country around is
so naked and barren, that the inhabi-
tants get their provisions from the neigh-
bouring provinces. It is seated at the
bottom of the mountain of Potosi, 260
miles WNW of Africa. I.od. W C 9 30
E, lat 19 50 S.
Potosi, or Mine-au Burton, post town
and seat of justice, Washington county,
Missouri 70 miles WSW from St. Louis,
and 55 W from St. Genevieve.
PotOFsi, Sa?i -Louis, intendancy of Mex-
ico. This intendancy is but vaguely de-
fined. It is generally considered to em-
brace the northeastern part of Mexico,
towarfls the IPJnited States, along (he gliTf
P O T
P « W
ef Mexico; and including New Santan-
der, New Leon, and a part of Texas.
See Mexican empire.
Potsdam, cily of Upper Saxony, in
the middle marche of Brandenljurgh,
with a palace belonging to the king of
Prussia. It is the most elegant and sin-
gular city in Europe; on an island 10
miles in circumfertnce, formed by the
rivers Spree and Havel, 12 miles W of
Berlin. Lon. 13 46 E. lat 51 52 N.
Potsdam, province of German Prussia,
comprehi-nding the Ucker Mark, the
Mark of Priegnitz, and the greatest part
of the Middle Mark. It lies between
Pomerania, West Prussia, and Saxony.
Potsdam, post village and township of
St Lawrence county. New York, on
Racket river, about 90 miles W from
Plattsburg. Population 1820, 1911.
Potter, county of Pennsylvania, bound-
ed by Alleghany county. New York N;
Steuben in New York NE ; Tioga coun-
ty, in Pennsylvania E ; Lycoming SE ;
andS; and M Kean VV. Length 37;
brtadth 30; and area 1100 square miles.
This county extends over an extensive
table land from which the rivers flow
like radii from a common centre ; Alle-
ghany flows NW into New York, the
extreme SW sources of Tioga river,
flows NE also into New York ; whilst in
the intermediate space Genesee rises,
and flowing N pursues its course towards
lake Ontario. Pine creek, Kettle creek,
the Sinamahoning.and Driftwood, branch-
es of the West Branch of the Susquehan
nah, all rise in the southern section of
this c )unty, and flow south. All these
streams rise near Coudersport, and very
near the centre of the county. The sub-
joined table will exhibit the uncultivated
state of this extensive county.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - . 21
do. do. femstles - - - 7
Total whites .... 28
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810, - 29
Population in 1820.
Free white males
96
do. do. females
89
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
0
Total whites
185
Free persons of colour, males
1
do. do. females
0
Total population in 1820
4,836
Of thess :
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - 47
do. in Manufactures - 3
do. in Commerce - 0
Population to the square mile, seroentten
one himdreth.
Potter, SE township of Centre county,
Pennsylvania. Population 1820, 1810.
Potistown, post town, Hunterdon,
county, New Jersey, 20 milts E from
Easton in Pennsylvania.
Pottsgrove, upper township of Mont-
gomery county, Pennsylvania, on the
Schuylkill. Population 1820, 1882.
Potistown, post village of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, in Poitsgr:ive town-
ship, on the Schuylkill, 16 miles below
Reading.
Potion, town of Bedfordshire, with a
market on Saturday, 12 miles E of Bedford,
and 48 N by W of London. Lon. 0 18 W,
lat. 52 11 N.
Pou^hkeepsie, post town, the capital of
Duchess county, Nev.- York ; situated on
the E bank of Hudson river, 47 miles S of
the city of Hudson, and 85 N of the city
of New York, cont.'.ming 4670 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 5726. The village of
Poughkeepsie is on an elevated plain, and
has a neat and even romantic appearace.
It is a place of considerable manufactures,
has in addition to the ordinary county
buildings, an academy and five or six places
of public worship.
Powel's River, the NW branch of Ten-
nessee, rises in Scott and Lee counties, Vir-
ginia, flows SW, and enters Claiborne coun-
ty in Tennessee, and joins Clinch river, at
Grantsborough in the southern part of
Campbell county.
Poxvell's mozmtain, an Appalachian ridge
extending between Clinch and Powell's
rivers, in Scott and Lee county, Virginia,
and in Claiborne county, Tennessee.
PoiueWs valley, partly in Virginia, and
p.<rtly in Tennessee, spreads between Pow-
ell's and Cumberland mountains.
Powelton, post town, Hancock county,
Georgia, on the right side of the Ogeeche
near its source, 35 miles NNE from Mil-
ledgeville. It is the seat of an academy.
Po~.ohatan or, Pohatan, county of Vii^ffi-
nia on James river; bounded by Chester-
field SE ; Appomattox river or Amelia S ;
Cumberland V," ; and James river, or
Goochland N. Length 20; mean width
16 ; and area 320 square miles. Its chief
town Scottsville, is about 25 miles nearly
W from Richmond.
Popidation in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,2,'J2
do. »lo. females - - 1,252
«29
P K. K
U K
Total whites . - - - :2,484
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - - 498
Slaves - ... 5,091
Total population in 1810 - - 8,073
Population in 1820.
Fi'ee white males ... 1,306
do. do. females - - 1,186
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites . -
Free persons of colour, males .
do. do. . females
Slaves males . - - •
do. females - - - -
Total population in 1810 . 8,292
Of These ;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 6
Engag^ed in Agriculture - . 2,442
do. in Manufactures . 745
do. in Commerce . . 9
Population to the square mile, 25.
Prairie, township of Wayne county,
Ohio, 6 miles S from Wooster. Population
1820, 706.
Prairie, township in the western limits
of Franklin county, Ohio, containing 322
inhabitants, in 1820.
Prairie due Chien, settlement on the left
bank ot the Mississippi above the mouth
of Onisconsin river. It is an ancieni set-
tlement made by French traders. Present
population about 350. The United States
Fort Crawford stands in this settiement.
Prairie du Hocher, township of Illinois,
12 miles N from Kaskaskias.
PrallsvUle, post village, Hunterdon coun-
ty. New Jersey.
Prattsbury, township of Steuben county.
New York. Population 1820, 1377.
Prattsville, post vdlage, Allegany county,
Maryland.
Preble, county of Ohio ; bounded by In-
diana W ; Darke N ; Montgomery E ; and
Butler S. Length 24; breadth 18; and
area 432 square miles. Surface, generally
level, and soil productive in grain fruit.?,
smd pasturage. Chief town, Eaton.
Population in 1810.
Free white nnales - - - 1,714
do. do. females - - 1,565
Total whites .... 3,279
All other persons except Indians
not taxed _ - - - 25
Slaves, ... - - 0
Population in 1829.
Free wliite males ... 5,277
do. do. females . - . 4,928
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total population in 1810
S30
3,304
Total whites .... 10,502
Free persons of colour, males . 20
do. do. females . 12
Slaves, males .... 0
do, females .... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 10,237
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 8
Engaged in Agricultiu'e - - 2,313
do. in Manufactures - 289
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 23|.
Preble, post village, and township of
Cortland county. New York, Population
1820, 1257.
Praya. See Porla Praya.
Precop, or Perecop, town and fortress of
Russia, in the government of^Cathatinen-
slaf, and province of Taurida, seated on the
isthmus that joins the Crimea to the con-
tinent. \ deep trench, four miles in length,
is cut across the isthmus, over which is a
bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, call-
ed the Golden gate of the Tartars. Lon.
35 34 K.lat, 46 8 N.
Precopia, town of Eurdpean Turkey, in
Sarvia, on the river Morave, 20 miles W
of Nissa.
Pregel, river of East Ifrussia, which is-
sues from the lake An^rburg, and flowing
by Iiisterburg, Wekui, and Konigsburg, en-
ters the eastern extremity of the Frisch
Haff.
Pranislau, town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Leinburg, witii a strong castle,
and a Greek and Latin bishop's see. It is
seated on the river Sana, 60 miles W by S
of Lemburg. Lon. 21 0 E, lat. 49 0 N.
Prenzlo, town of Brandenburg, capital
of the Ucker Mark, It contains six
churches, and has a considerable trade in
corn, tobacco, and cattle. It is seated on
the lake and river Ucher, 60 miles NNE of
Berlin. Lon. 13 57 E, lat. 53 19 N.
Preran, town of Moravia, capital of a
circle of tlie same name. It is seated on
the Beczwa, 13 miles SE of Olmutz. Lon.
17 29 E, lat. 49 33 N.
Presbnrg, fortified city, capital of Lower
Hungary, with a strong castle on a liili. It
is seated on the Danube, wliich is here
very rapid and about 250 yards in breadth.
The inhabitants are estimated at 27.000.
Here the states of Hunj^'ary liold their as-
semblies, and in tlie cathedral the sove-
reign is crowned. In December 1805, a
treaty of peace was concluded here be-
tween Austria and Fran<;e. Presburg is
V 11 I
p 11 1
ol miles E by S of Vienna, and 95 WNW
Of Buda Lon. 17 7 K, lat. 48 9 N.
Presburg, or Posonyi Varmegye, palati-
nate of Hungary, of which Presburg is the
capital.
Prescot, town of Lancashire, with a m .r-
ket on Tuesday. Here are manufactures
of watch movements, puiion wire, small,
files, and coarse earthen ware ; and around
it are many coal mines. It is eight miles
E of Liverpool
Prescott, villiige of Upper Canada, on
St. Lawrence, nearly opposite Ogdens-
burg.
Preston, township of of New London
county, Connecticut, on the E side of the
river Thames, 15 miles above New London.
Population in 1820, 1899.
Preston, county oi Virginia; bounded by
FayeUe county Pennsylvania N; Aileg:any
county Maryland E ; Randolph county in
Virginia S ; and Monongala W. Length
26 ; mean width 23 ; and area 640 square
miles. Surface either hilly or mountainous.
Cheat river or the SE branch of Mononga-
hela flowi through it from S to N.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females - -
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
1,694
1,648
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
3,342
6
0
50
30
3,428
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agric Iture - - 925
do. in Manufactures - - 33
do. in Commerce - - 6
Population to the square mile, 5.
Prevesa, town of European Turkey, in
Albamia, and a bishop's see. It stands on
the ruins of the ancient Nicopolis, built by
emperor Augustus, in meinoiy of his vie.
tory over Antony. It was taken by the
Venetians in 1684, Ft is seated on a
mountain, on the gulf of Arta, 70 miles N
W of Lepanto. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 39
14 N.
Prince Edivard, county of Upper Canada,
occupying a peninsula between lake Onta-
rio and the bay of Q iinti.
Prince Edioard, county of Virginia ;
bounded by Lunenburg 8.*^; Charlotte S
and SW ; Buckmgham NW ; Cumberland
or Appomattox river N ; Amelia NE ; and
Nottaway E. Length 25 ; mean width 10 ;
and area 250 square miles. It is drained
by the sources of Appamattox, Chief
town, FarmvJile.
2,678
2,586
5,264
149
6,996
12,409
2,295
2,332
12,577
0
3,707
2,198
37
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females . - .
Total whites - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not t :xed - . .
Slaves . - - - .
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites - . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . .
do. females ...
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in AgricultiU'e
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 50.
The following additional information re-
specting this county was forwarded to the
publishers, and inserted, though rather
lengttiy from the importance of its con-
tents.
The couPity derives great advantage from
the navigation of the Appomatox — a large
p.<irt is fertile, well watered, and highly
cultivated — industry and economy charac-
terize the inhabitants — the most numerous
religious denominations ar©«the Methodist
and Baptis' : ihere are three Presbyterian
churches. An English school is kept in
every neigiibourhood ; six or eight valua-
ble clahsic schools are maintained ; and
great attention is given by the more
wealthy citizens to female education.
Various benevolent Associations are form-
ed for the distribution of bibles and tracts,
for the support of Sabbath schools, and for
educating indigent and promising youth.
Hampden Sidney College in this county,
has an elevated, dry and remarkable
healthy situation, 80 miles south-west from
Richmond, and central to the southern sec-
tion of Virginia. The college was founded
in 1775. The following men have succes-
sively filled the presidential chair, viz :
The Rev. Saml. Stanhope Smith, D.D. L.L.D.
The Rev. John Blair Smith, U.D.
The Rev Archibald Mexander, D.D.
The Rev- Moses Hmje, D.U
The charter is as liberal and ample as
tliutofanv college in the TJnitjjd States.
S31
I' jR, I
r ii I.
Tfae corporation consists of 27 men, most
of whom are graduates of other colleges —
the laws of the corporation, which relate
to the instruction, and to the internal
government of the college, are committed
to the facuU) , consisting of the president,
professors, and tutors.
The (ollowing professorships have been
established, the president is the professMr
of Mental Philosophy, Rhetoric, Moral
Philosophy, and Natural Law. The pro-
fessor of Chemistry and Natural Philoso-
phy, of Mathematics, and of the Learned
Languages.
The apparatus is ' adequate to a very
liberal course of experiments in Chemistry
and Natural Philosophy. A collection »f
valuable specimens is the commencement
of a mineralogical cabinet. The College
library, with those belonging to the Phi-
lanthropic, the Union, and Philosophical
societies, exceed 2,000 select volumes.
The permanent funds of the college, con-
sist in land, and bank stock. By a provi-
sion of the Legislature, it will receive a
more ample endowment.
The number of undergratuates at the
close of 1821, exceeded 100, and is rapidly
increasing. In addition to the present
buildings, a brick edifice is now erecting,
180 feet in length, 50 in breadth, and four
stories in height, containing 48 rooms for
the accommodation of students, besides
40 feet of the center, which contains the
chapel 40 feet by 50, and the other public
rooms.
There is also a valuable Academy, under
the direction of the faculty, in which those
studies only are taught tha' are required
for an admission into the lowest college
class.
The college year has two sessions ; the
winter session six months, commences
with November and ends with April. The
summer session, commences with June and
ends with the college commencement, on
the last Thursday in September.
The expense
For board glO a month glOO for the year
4 do. 40 do.
do.
10
do.
Amount §15 a month gl50ayear
There is no town or village in the vicini-
ty of the college, and the students are dis-
tinguished for virtue and order.
COURSE OF STUDIES.
Academy Attached to the College.
Murray's English Grammar ; Adam's
Latin Grammar.
Sacred History ; Mair's Introduction ;
Caesar's Commentaries.
Eletnetits of Geographv and .^'jcient
Historj^ ; Valpey's Greek Grammar, anS
the Greek Testament ; Virgil and Latin.
ProsoSy.
Classical Dictionary ; Tooke's Pantheon,
and Adam's Roman Antiquities, to be con-
sulted liud studied so that the Student may
explain all classic allusions.
Djlzel's collectanea Grseca Minora ; Sal-
lust and Webber's Arithmetic as far as
Proportion.
COLLEGE,
Each class has two studies, and a daily
recitation in each study, except the Se-
nior.
FHESHMATf CLASS. — Winter Session.
Cicero's Orations ; Graeca Majora— the
historians, Xenophon, Plato, Herodotus,
and Thucydides.
Webber's Arithmetic, and Day's Al-
gebra.
Summer Session.
Playfair's Euclid 4 books ; and Graeca
Majora — the orators, Lysias, Isocrates and
Demosthenes.
English Grammar, Murray's 8vo. vol. and
Blair's Rhetoric.
Composition every four weeks through
the year.
SOPHOMORE CLASS. — fViuter Session.
Hedge's Logic ; Morse's Geography,
8vo. vol.; Tyiler's Elements of History,
and Chronology
Livy with R man Antiquities continued ;
and Graeca JMajora — the critics, Aristotle,
Dionysius, and Longinus.
Summer Session.
Euclid, including the supplements ;
Day's plain Trigonometry and Logarithms,
and Mei suration of Siiperfices and S<ilids.
Graeca Majora— the poets, Homer, So-
phocles, Euripides, &c. with Greek versi-
fication.
Composition every three weeks through
the year.
TUWioR CLASS. — TVtvter Session.
Gorham's Chemistry, 8vo. 2 vols, with
Experiments, Sec. and i's application to
Agriculture ; Mineralogy.
Day's Surveying and Navigation ; and
Conic Sections.
Spherical Geometry and Trigonometry,
and Fluxions.
Summer Session.
Enfield's Natural Philosoplw with Ex-
periments, &.C.
Horace — Editio Expurgata ^jnth Latin
Prosody.
Compositions every two weeks through
the year.
SE^-roR CLASS— ^Fin^er Session.
Stewart's I'iiilosophy of the Mind ;
Campbell's Philosophy of Rhetoric, and
Paley's Moral and Political Philosophy,
P R I
V U I
Siimnwr Session.
Enfield's Astronomy ; and Laws of Na-
ture and of Nations, by Vatiel.
Dissertations every two weeks, and
forensicks every four weeks, through the
year.
The Seniors are required to review the
most important studies of the Course.
The members of each class declMim in
public once in four weeks— the Senior
members pronoiince orif^inal orations.
Prince Frederick, village of Calvert coun-
ty, Maryland, 40 miles nearly S from Ana-
polis.
Prince Gorges, county of Maryland ;
bounded by Montgomery county in Mary-
land N'W ; District of Columbia and Pom-
mac river \V ; Charles county S ; and Pa-
tuxent river E and NE. Length 30 ; mean
width 17; and area 510 sqjuire miles.
Surface moderately hilly, and soil of mid-
dling quality. Chief Town, Upper Marl-
boro'.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,221
do. do. females - - 3,250
Free white females
1,541
Total whites . . - - 3,101
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 463
Slaves 4,486
Total population in 1810
Total whites - - - 6,471
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 4,929
Slaves . . - . . 9,189
8,050
Total population in 1810 - 20,589
Population in 1820.
Free wliite males - - - 4,035
do. do. females - • - 3,900
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - • - - 0
Total whites ... - 7,935
Free persons of colour, males - 548
do, do. females 548
Slaves, males . . - . 5,786
do. females - - - 5,399
Total population in 1820 - 20,216
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 84
Engaged in Agriculture - 6,483
do, in Manufactures - 616
do. in Commerce - - 71
Population to the square mile, 40.
Prince Georges, county of Virginia ;
boimded by James river and Appamattox
river N ; Dinwiddie county W ; Sussex and
Surry SE ; and James river E. L,ength 26 ;
mean width 12 : and area 312 square miles.
The southern side of this county is draineil
by the various sources of the Nottaway imd
Btackwater rivers. Surface moderately
hilly, and soil tolerably productive.
Population in 1810.
Free white mates - - - 1,.'>60
5N
Population in 1820.
Free white males
1,511
do. do. females . - -
1,608
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . -
0
Total whites ....
3,119
Free persons of colour, males
278
do. do. females
310
Slaves, males ....
2,261
do. females ...
2,062
Total population in 1820 -
8,030
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized = 5
Engaged in Agriculture . . 2,342
do, in Manufactures - 244
do. in Commerce . . - 8
Population to the square mile, 29.
Prince of Walen^ Island, or Pulo Pinang.
Lon, 100 19 E, lat. 5 25 N, It lies oft' the
Malay peninsula. An English fort and fac-
tory has existed here since 1786, and has
become a very important mart command-
ing the trade of the straits of Malacca.
Prince of TFales, Cape, the most western
extremity of all America, hitherto known,
discovered by captain Cook, in 1778.
Lon. 168 5 W, lat. 65 46 N.
Prince of Wales, Fort, ihe most northern
setdement of the Hudson's Bay Company,
seated on the W side of Hudson's Bay, at
the mouth of Churchill River. Lon. 94 7
W, lat. 58 47 N.
Prince JVilliam, township of York coun-
ty, New Bruns\vick.
Prince William, county of Virginia;
bounded by Potomac river E ; Stafford,
county SE ;' Fauquier SW and W; Loudon
N ; and the Ocoquon nver or Fairfax NE.
Length 30 ; mean width 10 ; and area 300
square miles. Chief towns, Haymarket
and Dumfries. Surface near the Potomac
very hilly, and soil sandy.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do, .females
2,787
2,946
Total whites - - - - 5,733
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 358
Slaves 5,220
Total population in 1810
835
11,511
1^ a J
p ji I
Fopu'ation in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females . . - .
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Total whites . . . .
13,356 Free j)ersons of colour, males
2,4U5 do. do. females
Slaves, males
0 do. females
4,761
114
164
2,168
2,212
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
9,419 do. in Commerce
4,81J
120
130
1.916
1,789
8,767
10
5,020
0
23
6
4,565
44
37
Population to the square niile, 31.
Prince William Henry^s Island, isl-
and in the Eastern Ocean, lying WNW
of Tench's Island. It is pretty high,
and 70 miles in circuit. A high moun-
tain rising in the centre of it, was called
Mount Philip. Lon. 149 30 E, lat. 1 32
S.
Prince William Henry's Island, isl-
and of the S Pacific Ocean, discovered
bv captain Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 141 6
W, lat. 17 0 S.
Prince William's Sound, gulf on the
NW coast of America, so named by cap-
tain Cook, in 1778.
Princess jinn, post town and seat of
justice, Somerset county, Maryland, at
the head of the Manokin river. Eastern
shore, about 90 miles SE from Wash-
ington city. It is a place of considera-
ble trade, and contains the county build-
ings, three places of public worship, and
a bank.
■ Princess Ann, SE county of Virginia,
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean E ; Cur-
rituck county in North Carolina S ; Nor-
folk county W ; and Chespeak or rather
Lynhaven bay N. Length 30; mean
width 10; and area 300 square miles.
Chief town Kempsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - 2,681
do. do. females - - 2,624
Total whites - - - 5,305
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 267
Slaves 3,926
Total population in 1810
9,498
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,323
do. do. females - - 2,489
All other jiersons except Indians
not taxed ... - o
S34
Population to the square mile, 29.
Princeton, post town and townshipj
Worcester county, Massachusetts, 16
miles N from Worcester. Wachusett
mountain rising to near 3000 feet above
the ocean level, stands in the N part of
this township. Population 1810, 1062 ;
and in 1820, 1261.
Princeton, post town partly in Somer-
set, and partly in Middlesex county,
New Jersey. 18 miles SW of New Bruns-
wick, 10 NE of Trenton, and 40 of Phi-
ladelphia, in lat. 40 22 N, and lon. 74 34
W. The college erected here, called
Nassau-hall College, founded in 1738, is
a handsome stone building, 180 feet wide
by 54 deep, placed on a small eminence
that commands a pleasing view of the
adjacent country, The presidents have
been distinguished for learning and pi-
ety, and the institution has produced men
of extensive usefulness in church and
state.
The college library contains about 8000
volumes, with a fine philosophical appa-
ratus, and a real treasure of sciences ;
an orrery constructed by the celebrated
David Rittenhouse ; and a valuable ca-
binet of mineralogy and natural history in
general.
The faculty consists of a president,
vice president, who is professor of lan-
guages, and belles letti'es, a professor of
mathematics and mechanical philosophy,
and a professor of chemistry, experimen-
tal philosophy, and natural history ; with
three tutors, Students about 120.
According to Mr. Morse, the number
of persons educated in this college from
its foundation were 1425, of whom 1023
were living in 1815. Annual amount of
collegiate and other expenses for a stu-
dent at this college §225.
A theological iseminary was formed
here in 1812, by the General Assembly
of the Presbyterian Church. The edi-
fice for this institution is a spacious stone
building, standing to the east of the road
from Princeton to. Trenton, a little ^i of
the village. The foujvdation has two
professors, one for Didactic and Pole-
mic Theology, and the other of eccle-
1* R 0
PRO
siastical history. Students about 70. Pre-
sent population of Princeton about 500.
Princeton, post town, Caldwell county,
Kentucky, 60 miles N\V by W from
Russelville.
Friiiceton, post town, Butler county,
Ohio, six miles E from Hamilton, and
19 miles N from Cincinatti.
Princeton, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Gibson county, Indiana, containing
about 100 houses, and 500 inhabitants,
30 miles S from Vincennes, and about an
equal distance from Evarsville on Ohio.
Principato, province of Naples, divi-
ded into Principato Ulteriore, and Prin-
cipato Citeriore, that is. the Further and
Hither Principality. Principato Citeri-
ore, is boundf^d on the N by Principato
Ulteriore and Terra- di-Lavora, on the W
and S by the Mediterranean, and on the
E by Basilicata. It is 60 miles long and
30 broad ; the soil is fertile in wine, corn,
oil, and saffron ; and it has a great deal
of silk, and several mineral springs. Sa-
lerno is the capital. Principato Ulteriore
is bounded en the N by the Moiise and
Terra- di-Lavora, en the W by the Me-
diterranean, on the S by Principato Ci-
teriore, and on the E by Capitanata. It
is 37 miles long and 30 broad.
Prisdenia, town of Turkey in Europe,
in Bosnia, on the Drinn, 32 miles NE of
Albanapolis, and 195 N of Belgrade.
Lon.2l3E, lat. 42 ON.
Pristinn, town of Turkey in Europe,
in Servia, on the Rusca, 58 miles NVV
of Nissa, and 150 SE of Belgrade. Lon.
22 5 E, lat. 42 43 N.
Pritztvalk, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, in the marche of
Prignitz, 44 miles N of Brandenburgh,
and 54 NW of Berlin. Lon. 12 13 E, lat.
53 9 N.
Privas, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardeche, and late province of
Dauphiny. On a hill, near the conflu-
ence of three small rivers, 16 mi'es N of
Viviers. Lon. 4 41 W, lat 44 45 N.
Procita, island of Italy, in the gulf of
Naples, near that of Ischia. It is eight
miles in circumference, and very fertile
and populous. The capital of the same
name, is a small fortified place, on a high
craggy rock, by the sea-side. Lon. 14 8
E, lat. 40 43 N.
Prodano, anciently Spacteria, island in
the Mediterranean, near the W coast
of the Morea. It is 36 miles SSE of
Zante. Lon. 21 24 E, lat. 37 15 N.
Pron, town of the kingdom of Bur-
ma!), s'-ated on the Menan, 200 miles
NW of Pegu. Lon. 94 0 E, lat. 17 50 N.
Prospect, post town in Hancock cotmty,
Maine, situated on the \V side of Penob-
scot river, eight miles NR of Belfast,
and seven S of Frankfort, all lying on
the same river. Population 1810, 1300,
and in 1820, 1771.
Prospect, post town, Prince Edward
county, Virginia.
Prospect hill, post office, Fairfax coun-
ty, Virginia. 14 miles N by W from Wa-
shington.
Provence, late province of France, 138
miles long, and 100 broad ; bounded on
the N by Dauphiny, on the S by the Me-
diterranean, on the W by the river
Rhone, which separates it from Languc-
doc, and on the E by the Alps and the
river Var. The air near the Alps and
Dauphiny is cold, on the sea coast, hot,
and iii the middle temperate. In that
which was called Upper Provence, the
soil is fertile in corn and pastures ; but
in Lower Provence, dry and sandy. It
produces, however, wine, oil, figs, al-
monds, prunes, and pomegranates, along
the sea-coast from 'I'oulon to Nice. There
are orange and citron trees in the open
fields ; and many*medicinal plants, mi-
neral waters, and mines of several kinds.
Provence now forms the departments of
Var, the LoAver Alps, and the Mouths of
the Rhone.
Providence, one cf the least of the Ba-
hama islands, but the best of those plant-
ed by the English. It wsis taken by the
Spaniards in 1782, but retaken the next
year. It lies 200 miles E of Florida. Lon.
77 1 W, lat. 24 50 N.
Providence, island in the Atlantic, 150
miles E of the coast of Nicaragua. Lon.
80 44 W. lat. 13 25 N.
Providence, capital of the state of
Rhode Island, a pnst town and port of
entry ; situate in Providence county, and
on Providence river, near the head of
Naragansett bay, and in lat. 41 49 N,
and lon. 71 23 AV . It lies 30 miles N by
V/ of Newport, and 45 SW of Boston.
The inhabitants of this metropolis were
7614 at the last enumeration. T<ke har-
bour is safe and commodious, though in-
ferior to that of Newport. This is one of
the most flourishing towns compared to
its extent, in the United States, and the
most manufacturing in proportion to po-
pulation. The manufactures of cotton
cloths, employ in Providence and vicini-
ty above 100 factories ; the mass of the
business and capital of which, centre in
that city. There are within the town,
five cotton, and two woollen factories,
five distilleries, three dye-houses, three
rope walks, tv/o spermaceti works, 10 or
12 jewellers' shops, and numerous other
shops, blacksmiths, saddlers, &c.
The manufacturing and commercial
prosperity of Providence have advanced
together. The amount of shipping ap-
PRO
PRO
preaches 20,000 tons; ?. considerable
part of which is engaged in the cotton
trade.
It contains, a branch of the bank of
the United States ; six stnte banks ; six
eissurance offices ; four printing offices ;
a college, public library ; three acade-
mies; and eight places of public wor-
ship.
Brown University, in Providence was
originally established in Warren in 1764,
and in 1770 removed to Providence. It
possesses, a president, and eight profes-
sors, in mathematics, natural philoso-
phy ; of law ; of moral philosophy, and
metaphysics ; of oratory, belles lettn s ;
of anatomy, and surgery ; of matt ria me-
dica and botany ; of the thcry and piac-
tice of physic ; and of chemistry. The
library exceeds 5,000 volumes. The
philosophical apparatus is extensive
The whole institution is highly respecta-
ble and flourishing. Number of stu-
dents usually about 120.
Population in 1810. •,
Free white males ... 4427
do. do. females - » - 4,773
Total whites - - - - 9,200
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 865
Slaves ..... 6
Total population in 1810 - - 10,071
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 5,136
do. do. females - . 5,620
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 32
and middling quality. It is drained by the
various branches of Providence river.
Chief town Providence.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - • 14,581
do. do. females . . - 15,012
Total whites ....
10,788
Free persons of colour, males
387
do do. females
588
Slaves, males
1
do. females
3
•
Total population in 1820 -
11,767
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
39
Engaged in Agriculture -
64
do. in Manufactures
1,373
do. in Commerce
422
Population to the square mile, uncertain
Providence, JVorth, township of Pro-
vidence county, Rhode Island, immedi-
ately N from the city of Providence,
Population 1820, 2420.
Providence, Northern county of Rhode
Island ; boimded by Connecticut VV ;
Massachusetts N, and E ; and Kent
county in Rhode Island S Length 20 ;
width 18 ; and area 360 square miles.
Surface generally hilly ; and soil of mixed
836
Total whites . . . .
All other per-ons except Indians
not taxed . . . .
Slaves . . - . -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free whitt-s, males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites . . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ - .
do. females _ _ -
Total population in 1820 -
29,593
1,263
13
30,866
16.682
17,635
34,355
585
782
1
35.726
Of the.^e ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 178
Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,346
do. in Manufactures - 2,780
do. in Commerce . - 504
Population to the square mile, 99.
Providence, township of Saratoga coun-
ty, New York, containing 1694 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and 1820, 1515, Situated
on th^ W side of the river Hudson 25
miles N of Albany
Providence, township of Essex coun-
ty. New Jersev, on the Passaic, 11 miles
Wfrom Newark. Population 1820, 768.
Providence, township of Luzerne coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on both sides of Lack-
awannock river, 10 miles NE fronn
Wilkesbarre. Population 861.
Providence, township of Bedford coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on both sides of the
great road from Chambersburg to Bed-
ford, and SE from Juniata river. Popu-
lation 1820, 1,822.
Providence, A'ether, township of Dela-
Avare county, Pennsylvania, between
Crum and Ridley creeks, 12 miles WSW
from Philadelphia. Population 1820,
566.
Providence, Upper, township of Dela-
ware county, Pennsylvania; above the
preceeding. Population 1820 736.
Providence, Lower township of Mont-
gomt ry county, Pennsylvania ; on the
Schuylkill below the mouth of Perkio-
men creek. Population 1820, 1146.
Providence, Upper, township of Mont-
gomery county, Penns5^vania, on Schiiyl-
P S K
P U E
kill above the mouth of Perkiomencreefe. S t.f Narva, and 150 s iy W of Peters-
Populaiion 1820, 1670 bir ffh. L. n. 27 52 K, lat. 57 58 N.
Providence, *ake of Louisiana, in Con- Pskof or FleskoJ, lake ot Russia, in a
cordia ; once a bend of thr Mississippi, government o! tlie same n.me.
from this lake issues the source of the Pnchholi, town ot Hmdoostan Proper, ui
Ten^aw river; it is situated W of the th- province ofL.hore. l-cn 72 5 b, lat.
Mississippi, 40 miles above the Yazoo 33 45 N. ^ „. ,
Providence, post village, Mecklenburg Puddur. river <S Hindoostan Proper,
county North Carolina «'liicl. rses in the SW pari .f Ag-merc
Provinceton, post town in Barnstable divides t he provmc.s of Ctcli and Guzerat,
county, Massachusetts ; on a strile spot and falls uito die guUof Cnch
at the point of Cape Cod, and e-iga^id Pudoga, u^w " •
principally in catchine, curing, and vend- ment t01ti<t „ , r^i
iiig fish, which has renderetl the inhabi- the lak- a ezkoc 108 m.les h o, Olenetz.
tants hardy and expert mariners. It Lon. o6 30 b, lat. bi oO A
Piiebia, town ot Spam, in Estramadura,
seated near tlie Guadiana, 15 miles W of
f Rns^ia, in the govern-
l< lies on t'le E coas. of
hardy and expert
lies in lat 42 X, and Ion. 70 9W, about
140 miles Sli of Boston by land, and
about 50 feet water
Provms, ttivn of Franc-, in the de
partment of Seine and Marne, and late
province of the isle of France, on th^
Vouzie. 30 miles SE of Meaux. and 47
SE of Paris Lon 3 22 E. lat 48 34 N.
Pnick, town of Austria^ seated on the
Xeita, 22 miles SW of Presburg, and
22 SE of Vienna. Lon. 16 58 E. lat 48
5N
Prucc, town of (iermany, in Stiria,
seated on the Muehr, 66 miles SW of
Vienna. Lon. 15 25 E, lat. 47 J4,
Prussia, kingdom of Europe, partly in
the former Poland, and partly in Germany ;
bounded E by Russian Poland; S by \us.
Mei idud Lon, 6 23 W, lat. 38 42 N.
Piiebla de-los Angelas, intendanc) of5Icx-
ico ; botindtd by the Pacific Ocean S ; in-
tend ncy of Mexico W ; Vera Cniz NE ;
,ndOx.ca SE. It extends fom latitude
16 57 to 20 40 N Length 350 miles. Area
21.000 -.qusre mile*. Population 813,000,
i . 1803. The greatest pan of Pucbla is
traversed by the high Coidelleras of Aua-
liiiac. \bove the 18th degree of latitude
to the N, the whole country is a plain emi-
neiitly ienile in wheat, maize, agave and
truit trees. This fine plain is from 5900
to 6560 feet ab- ve the level of the ocean.
.It possesses :.l-o tl e highest mountain yet
scientifically me -.ured in North America
the Popocatepetl. See Popocatepetl. The
tnan Poland, Bohemia Saxony and other ,,^'t,^,„ is concentrated in the northern
German states; on the W,mterm<ng!ed with ' ^^ ^^^^ ynehV^, Choluia, and Tlascalla.
other German states ; N\V also by part^f !^.,^^ ^^j^,^ j3^j ^f p^^,^,^ presents the m st
Germany, and N bonndrd by the B Itic extensive r mains of antiqmties yet found
The whole Prussian mom^rchy extends „„ ,|,e ,,, astern continent ^^c Pyramids ^^i
over 105,000 square miirs, witn a popula- ^^^^^.^^ The inien.lancv produces salt
tion of about 10,500,000. ^^^, marble, and aim- st every vatietv of
Thougi, subjectto very rigorous winters, ^.^ ^^^j,,^. ^ut does no' abour.d in metalic
the Pruss an provinces prod-ice an im- ^^.^^^,^|^ ^^^^ Indusry of the inhabitants
mense variety of artxles ; the BaUic pcrs .^ ^j^j.^^j^d to domestic manufactures and
have been for many ages rema.kable for i^uit^.re The most remarkable cties
the abundance of grain. Si lesia, and many ^'^j t„,^^.„s ^.g p.iel.lo:
other places for linens and woollens. In
reality few objects of want or luxury suita-
ble to the climate, but what are produced
in one or more parts of this kingdom.
The prevailing religious denominaiions
are, Calvinists, Lutherans, Catholics, Jews,
Anabaptists, Moravians, Ursitarians, &c.
Every religious denomination is tolerated.
The government is absolute.
Priit/i, river of Poland, which rises in
Red Russia, in the mountain of Crapach,
crosses part (.f the palatinate of Lemburg,
runs through all Moldavia, and falls into
the Danube.
Psfro/, or P/esfco/, government of Russia,
formerly comprised in the government of varre, seated on the river Agra, 10 miles
)S-de-los-Angelos,
Tlascalia Choiula, Alixco, Tehuacan-de-
la'.-Grar;ados, Tepeaca, or Tepeyaco, Hua-
jocinco, or Uuetzotzinco.
Puebla-delos Aitgelos, capital of the jn-
tendancy of the -ame name. This city
was founded by the Spaniards in 1531. It
is the fourth city of Spanish America, being
only exceeded in size by Mexico, Guanax-
uato, and Ha\ani!a. Population in 1803,
67,800 ; 160 miles WXW from Vera Cruz.
Pueiit-de! arcobispo, town of Spain, in
E-strnmadura, on the river TaJH, over which
is a handsome bridge, 40 miles SW of To-
ledo. Lon. 4 15 W, lat. 39 38 N.
Puente-de lo-Peijne, town of Spain, in Na-
Novogorod.
SW ot Pampeluna. Lon. 1 39 W, lat. 42
Pskof, or Pleskof, an archiepiscopal town 41 N.
of Russia, capital of a government of the Puerto Bello, Puerto Rico, he. See Porto
same name, on the river Velika, 80 miles Bello, Porto Rico, SvC.
8.">7
P U I.
P U L
Fughio-a>n, post town, Cliestei- county, Slaves
Pennsylvania, on French creek, oS miles
NW from Philadelphia.
Puglia, modern name of tlie ancient
Apulia, containing' the three provinces of
Cipitanata, Bari, and 0;ranto, on the E
side of the kin,:^dom of Naples.
Pnlaon,\s\ii\\(\ in the hidian Ocean, lying
on the W of the Phihppines. It is very
fertile, and subject to its own king, who is
tributary to that of Borneo. Lon 129 12
E, kt. 9 30 N.
Pulaski, county of Georgia, bounded by
Telfair SE; Houston SVV ;" Monroe NW ;
Twiggs N ; and Laurens NE Length 35 ;
mean^width 14; and area 490 sq.sare miles.
Little Oakmulgee river rises m \!ie NE
angle, and traverses the entire length of
this county; and the main Oakmulgee
also passes through its SW side. Chief
town Hartford.
Population in 1810.
Free while males - - - 815
do. do. females • - - ^38
Total population in 1810 •
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do, females -
All o'.her persons except Indians
not taxed
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
468
6,897
3,603
3,348
0
6,951
6
3
301
336
7,59r
Total whites .... 1,553
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 12
Slaves .... - 528
Total population in 1810
2,09S
Population in 1820,
Free white males - . - 1,697
do. do. females - - - 1,540
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2-
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,951
do. in Manufactures - 51
do in Commerce - - 18
Population to the square mile 9.
Pulaski, county of Arkansaw territory,
on the Cadron, about 300 miles above Ar-
kiopolis.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,014
do. do. females - - ' - 724
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 2
Total whites
.
3,237
Free
persons of colour.
males -
12
do.
do.
females.
13
Slaves, males
.
.
1.053
do.
females
-
-
968
Total
population in 182C
) -
5,283
Of these ;
Foreigners not n-iturslized - - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,773
do. in Manufactures - • 44
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, lOJ.
Pulaski, county of Kentucky, bounded
by Cumberland river or Wayne S ; Adair
W; Casey, and Lincoln NW; Rockcastle
NE ; and Rockcastle river, or White E.
Length 35; mean width 23; and area about
800 square mdes. Chief town Somerset.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,416
do. do. females . . - 3,013
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - - -
«^8
6,429
Total whites .... 1,740
Free persons of colour, males - 10
¥io. do. females ... 2
Slaves, males .... 82
do, females ... 89
Total population in 1820 - - 1,923
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized ' 6
Engaged in Agriculture - - 597
do. in Manufactures - 51
do. in Commerce - - 20
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
Pulaski, post town, and seat of justice,
Giles county, Tennessee, on Richland
branch of Elk river, 45 miles NW from
Huntsville, and 80 miles S from Nashville.
Pulhely, maritime town of Carnarvon-
shire, seated at the head of an inlet of Car-
digan Bay, between two rivers ; six miles
S of Newin, and 143 NW of London. Lon.
4 15 W, lat. 52 52 N.
Pulo-Canton, island in the Indian Ocean,
on the coast of Cochin-China. Lon. 109 35
E, lat. 15 10 N.
Pulo' Condore, the name of several islands
in the Indian Ocean, the principal of which
is the only one inhabited. It is 13 miles
in length, and nine in breadth, but in some
pl.ices not above a mile over. I-on. 107 20
E. lat. 8 40 N.
1' U li
!• V T
Puh-Uindivgy island in the Indian Ocean,
on the W coast of the peninsula of Ma-
lacca. It belongs to the Dutch.
Pulo-Timo?i, island in the Indan Ocean,
on the E coust of the peninsula, of Malac-
ca. It is often touched at for taking
in wood, water, and other refreshments,
and there is great plenty of green turtles.
Lon. 104 25 E, lat. 2 0 N. *
PuloUby, island in the Indian Ocean,
yielding good water and plenty of wood.
It lies at the entrance of the bay of Siam,
and is 20 miles in circumference. Lon.
105 56 E, lat. 8 25 N.
Pulo-Way, island in the Indian Ocean,
near the N point of that of Sumatra. It
is the largest of the islands, tliat form the
entrance of the channel of Achem, and is
peopled by men banished from Achem.
Lon . 95 59 E, lat. 5 50 N.
PuUmisk, town of Great Poland, in the
palatinate of Masovia, seated on the Nareu,
20 miles NE of Warsaw. Lon. 21 47 E,
lat. 50 30 N.
Pultney, post town, and township, Steu-
ben county, New York, 12 miles N from
Bath. Population 1820, 1162,
Pultney, village and township, Belmont
county, Ohio, nine miles below Wheeling.
Populatiofi 1820, 10.57.,
PtiltoTou, fortified town of the Ukraine,
famous for a battle in 1709, between Peter
the Great, and Charles X(I. of Sweden,
wherein the latter was tutally defeated, and
obliged to fly into Turkey. It is 100 miles
SW of Belgorod. Lon. 34 35 E, lat. 49
26 N.
Puna, island in the Pacific Ocean, 35
miles long, and 12 broad, lying at the en-
trance of the bay of Guiaquil, 115 miles
N of Paita. Lon. 81 6 W, lat. 3 17 S.
Puna, town of South America, on lake
Chucnito. Lon. W C 6 34 E, lat. 16 20 S.
Punch Hall, post village, Caroline coun-
ty, Maryland.
Punjab. See Punjab.
Punta-del-Guda, capital of St. Michael,
one of the Azores, with a strong castle,
and a harbour. Lon. 25 42 W, lat. 37 47
N.
Purheck, Isle of, a rough and healthy
tract in Dorcetshire, to the S of Poole Bay.
It is msulated by the sea and rivers, and is
famous for its stone quarries
Percliena,ioy>/n of Spain, in the province
of Gr£.nada, 60 miles W of Carthagena.
Lon. 2 5 W, lat. o7 19 N.
Purfeet, village in Essex, situated on the
Thames, noted for its extensive lime works,
and a large magazine of gun powder.
Purmerens, town of New Holland, so
called from a brook of the same n;mie on
which it is seated. It is 10 mil? s N of Am-
sterdam, and 13 SE of Alcmaer.
Purysburgh, town of the United States, in
Georgia, built by a colony of Swiss, It is
seated on the river- Savannah, 30 miles
NW of the town of Savannah. Lon. 80
49 W, lat. 22 22 N.
Puschiavo, town of Swisserland, in the
country of the Grisons, three miles N from
a lake of the same name. It is 17 mile.s
WSW of Bornio, :uid 20 E of Chiavenna,
Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Putala. mountain of Great Thibet, seven
miles E of Lassa. On iis summit is the
palace of the grand lama, the high priest
and sovereign of Thibet.
Putin- Bay, bay of the southern Bass
island, in lake E;ie. It has two entrances,
between two of the islands, is well shelter-
ed, and of sufficient depth for a frigate of
tlie first class It was about five miles west
of this bay that on the 10th of September
1813, commodore Perry captured a Bri-
tish squadron under commodore Barclay.
The group of B^^ss islands bel«ng to Huron
county, Ohio. Distant about 20 miles N
from Sandusky bay.
Putnam, township of Lincoln county,
Maine, 30 miles N from Wiscasset. Popu-
lation 1820, 652.
Putnam, county of New York; bounded
by Hudson nver W ; Duchess county N ;
Connecticut E ; and West Chester county
S. Length 22; mean width 12; and area
264 square mdes. Surface generally hilly
but soil product ve in grain fruits and pas-
turage. In tlie census of 1810, Putnam
was included in Duchess county. Chief
town. Camel.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 5,555
do. do. females - - 5,498
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . , . 0
Total whites
Free persons of-
do.
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population
colour, males -
do. females -
in 1820
11,053
83
83
26
23
11,268
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 39
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,996
do. in Manufactures - 655
do. in Commerce - - 35
Population to the square mile, 42 2-3.
Putnam, township of Washington county,
New York, on Like Champlain, 30 miles N
from SandyhiU. Popidation 1820, 892.
Putnam, county of Ohio; bounded by
Henry N; Hancock E; Alien S; and W
by Vanwert and Paulding. It is 24 miles
square, and contains 576 square miles. It
is watered by the Auglaize, Hog, and Blan-
chard's rivers. Surface generally level, in
part v/et and even marshy ; with vei'V fa-
839
1' U Y
vourable exceptions of roirmg-, well water-
ed, and very productive soil.
Putnam, county of Georgia, bounded
by Oconee river ir Hrir.cnck SE ; Bald
win and Joiieii S ; Jasptr W ; Morgan N ;
and Oconee river, or (iretne NE. L; ngth
20; mean width 18; and area 360 square
miles. Chief town Eatonton.
Popul.ition in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,552
do do. females ... 3,219
Total whites ....
6,771
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - .
38
Slaves, ....
3,220
Total population in 1810 -
10,029
Population in 1820.
Free wliite males ^■. - .
- 4,236
do. do. females
- 3,972
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
0
Total whites . - - .
8,208
Free persons of colour, males
21
dr). do. females .
5
Slaves, males ....
3,592
do. females - - -
3.649
Total population in 1820
15,475
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,043
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 43.
Putnam, post town of Muskingum coun-
ty, Ohio, on the west bank of Muskin-
gum river opposite Zanesviile. A sub-
stantial wooden bridge on stone piers
unite the two towns.
Pntiiey, village in Surry, seated on the
Thames, five miles VVSW of London.
Putney, post town and township Wind-
ham county, Vermont on Connecticut 33
miles S from Windsor. Population 1820,
1650.
PiCumayo, or lea, river of South Ame-
rica, rising in Quito, flows E about 300
miles, takes the name of lea, lurns to
SE, and continues into the Amazon.
Lon. W C B'' E, lat. 3« S.
Pvy, town of France, in the depart-
mer.t of Upper Loire and late pri'vince
of Velay, seated on the mountain Anis,
near the river Loire. Puy has manufac-
tures of lace and silk stuffs, and is 45
milps NE of Mende.
Puycerda, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
and capital of Cerdsgna, between the
Carol and Segra, at the foot of the Pv-
840
P Y R
renees, 53 miles W of Perpignan and &T
NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 50 E, lat. 42
36 N.
Puy de-Dome, department of France,
containing part of the late privince of
Auv rgne This department includes al-
most ail Limagne, a territory about 12
leagues 'ong, by six broad ; one of the
most pleasant and trtile in France ; in
which are seen, under the same point of
view, ' rchards, meadows., vineyards, ara-
ble land, in a word, every kind of culti-
vation imaginable. The borders of this
basin, or circular plain, are mountains
now covered with habitations, herds, and
flocks, but once so many volcanoes, which
exhibited to the mspection of the learn-
ed tlie most extraordinary phaenomena.
Clermont is the capital of this depart-
ment.
Piiy-cn-Anjou, town of France, in the
department of Mainr and Loire and late
province of Anjou, 10 miles SW of Sau-
mur, and 260 of Paris. Lon. 0 13 W,
lat. 47 6 N.
Puylaurans, town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn, and late province of
Languedoc, eight miles SW of Castres,
and 23 Eof Toulouse. Lon. 1 57 E, lat.
43 35 N.
PuzzoH, celebrated but now inconsi-
derable town of Italy, on the bay of Na-
ples, 10 miles W ot Naples.
Pnlhely, seaport in Carnarvonshire, at
the head of an in iet of Cardii?.an Bay, be-
tween two rivers, six miles S of Newin,
and 143 NW of London. Lon. 4 15 W,
lat. 52 52 N.
Pyvaniiils of Egypt, structures formerly
counted one of the Seven Wonders of the
Wurld. They are built upon a rock, at
the foot of the high mountains which ac-
company the Nile in its course, and sepa-
rate Egypt from Lybia. Various have
been the conjrctures how and when they
were built, yet no two authors agree ex-
actly about them ; however, this is cer-
tain that they are extremely ancient, and
that there is no acccunt, in any author
of credit, wht-n or for what reason they"
T/ere founded.
Pyramids, Teocalli, and other ruins of
North America. The stupendous mag-
nitude of those monuments of antiquity
on some parts of this continent is very
little known. They are spread over an
immense space of country in the empire
of Mexico. They consist of:
Cholula, situat(^d in tlie intendancy of
Puebla, N lat 19 02 W, lon. W C 21 IS.
This pyramid consists of four stages,
perpendicular elevation 177 feet, and the
herisontal breadth of the base 1,423 feet
Its sides are exactly parallel to the me
P \ R
P i
ricjians and parallels of latitude and con-
structed of alternate strata of brick and
clay. It is matter of real astonishment
to find the similarity of form and constitu-
ent material between this Mexican mo-
nument, and that of the temple of Belus,
at Babylon, and the pyramids of Muise-
hich. — Dashour, near Sahara in Egypt.
The immense platform of this trunca-
ted pyramid has an area of 45,208 square
feet whose sides exceed 212.5 feet. From
this platform is seen in clear weather,
the volcanoes of Puebla, Peak of Ori-
zaba, and the mountains of Matlacueye.
The pyramid ot Cholula and that of
Touatiuh Itzaqual, are very nearly of
equal height, and about 10 feet higher
than the Mycerinus, or third in elevation
of the group of Ghize Its length of base
exceeds that of all simular monumeiits
found by travellers on either continent ;
and is almost double that of Cheops. It
has been supposed that this vast cdifica
was formed by an incrustation of clay
and brick around a natural hill ; but a
road cut through part of the first, nv Tw-
er stage favours the supposition, that :t
is entirely artificial. Though dilapida-
ted by time, and, no doubt much di'pns-
sed yet its height, and the length of its
base are stiii 8 to 1; whilst that of Ghizc
is 8 to 5 nearly. It has long been ob-
served, that a regular gradatir.n of sym-
metrical pyi'amids surround thf larger of
those of Egypt Mr. Grobtrt has pub-
lished a drawing of the regular disp' si-
ticn of the small pyramid, which envi-
ron the Cheops and Mycerinus at Ghize.
The tencalli at Ch'lula, and Tentihui-
can, are in an analogous manner sur-
rounded by lesser moriuments. To the
west of the former, stand two prismati-
cal masses, now called Alcosac, and
Cerro de In Cruz.
To the NE of the city of Mexico, and
of the lake of Tezcnco, in the Mexican
Valley, are the remains of the Teocalli,
or temple of the sun and moon, or pyra-
mids of Teotihuican, con.sisting of two
truncated pyramids, called in the Aztec
language Tonatiuh Ytzaqual, house of
the sun ; and Metzii Ytzaqual, house of
the moon. According to the admeasure
ment made by a M^'xican, Dr. Orteyza,
the hou-e of the sun, which is ir.ost south-
ern, has in its present state, a base of
682 feet, and 171 feet perpendicular.ele-
vation. Tht' house of the moon has a
lesser base and is oniy 135 feet in per-
pendicular height. Those mnnumi^nts
from their furm would seem to have
been the modi;!s from which the other
teocalliea of Mexico were constructed.
The Aztec nations found by the Spa-
Bi3Vjds in New Spain, attributed the py-
.5 O
ramids of Teotlhuican to the Toultecs,
consequently they must have been erect-
ed above lOUO years. Siguenza believes
them to be the production of the Olmecs;
if so, they are three or four centuries
still more ancient, than if constructed by
the Touitecs.
The faces of these edifices are within
52' of an exact conformity to the meridi-
dians and parallels. Their interior is
clay mixed with small stones, encrusted
by a shell of porous amygdaloid. Traces
of a bed of lime covering the stones is
still visible. Time, the inroads of vegeta-
tion, and human curiosity, are here as in
all similar cases, changing the pyramidal
to the conical figure, by erasing the fea-
tures of the outer crust. The original was
comp sed of four stages, again subdivided
into steps of a little more than three feet.
A winding staircase of large hewn stones
formerly led to the top. The Tonatiuh
Ytzaqual iias according to Orteyza, a
cubic mass of 33,743,201 Cubic feet. To
pit-rce such tnormnus bodies is a very
dilBCult undertaking ; it is therefore not
easy to determine the problem, whetlier
they are natural .ievatinns modified by
the hand of man, or entirely artificial.
M. Humboldt inclines to the latter sup-
position re ppcting tiiose of Mexico, and
supports his opinion by their isolated po-
sition on plains. That those of Ti-otihu-
ican are the product of art, is also ren-
dered almost certain by the circumstance
of a group of smaller pyramids surround-
ing the larg;.-r. These lesser monuments
of about 30 feet elevation, extend from
the four faces of the larger pyramids in
vast .streets in exact conformity to the
meridians and parallels. They amount
to many hundreds, and are more abun-
dant south of the temple of the moon,
than towards the temple of the sun. Ac-
cording to the tradition of the natives,
these smalk-r pyramids were dedicated
to the stars There is little doubt but
that they served as sepulchres to the
chief of tribes. The whole plain bore
formerly in the Azteca. and Toulteca
languages, the name of Micaotl or, road
of the dead. " What analogies," says
Humboldt, *• with the monuments of the
ancient continent. This Touitec, (or
Olm.c,) nation, arriving on tht- Mexi-
can soil, in the seventh century, (or more
early,) constructed on a uniform plan,
several of th( se colossal monuments,
those truncated pyramids, divided by
1 lyers, like th' temple of Belus at Ba-
byl(in ; wlienc* did they derive the mo-
del of these erlificfs .■' Were they of Mo-
gul race ? Did they d' scend from a
common stock with the Chinese, the
Hione-nu, and the .Japanese." Or more
.'541.
V Y II
P Y R
probably, were they not a race whose
civilization was indigenous? The pyra-
midal form of temples, and their north,
and south, and east, and west position,
are thi result of qbvious natural causes,
apparent to all mankind.
Another ancient monument is the mi-
litary intrenchment of Xocliicalco, situ-
ated to the SSW c/f Cuernevaca, near
Tetlauia. It is an insulate ! Ir.ll of 380
feet elevation surrouisded with trench-
es and cut into five stages, or terraces
covered witii masonry. The whole form-
ing a truncated pyramid, whose faces
correspond to the .cardinal points. Tlie
basaltic, and porphyry stunes, are cover-
cd with hieroglyphics; the most striking
of which, are crocodiles spouting water,
and men sitting in the cross-legged po-
sition of Asiatics. The platfcsrm of this
monument contains more tlian 96,825
square feet. Though M. de Humboldt
calls this a fortress, it would seem from
its form, to have had an analogous use
with the pyramids of Cholula, and Teo-
tibuican. Edifices, however, answering
the double purpose of forts and temples,
have been found in various parts of the
earth, in very distaiit ages.
The most remarkable monument of
ahtiqu tv m America, for the elegance and
symmetry of its rTiiaments is the ruins
of the palace or temple of .Mitla in O.tx-
aca. The walls of Mitla are decorated
with Gff cques, and labyrinths in viosaic,
of small porphyry stones. Mitla was
called by the Aztecs, Miquitlan, or,
place of sadness. It appears from its
form, and trom tradition, to have been a
palace erected over the toinbs of the
kings. It was a house of mourning, to
which the monarch retired to deposit and
weep over the remains of a beloved rela-
tive, and whtre he himself was <m- day
to repose, with the asht s of his fathers It
is in the insipient stages of civilization,
that thesi collossal monuments art- en ct-
ed fur the dead. In E^^ypt in India, in
AmiTica. the founders are lost amid the
fragments of their own mausoleums
The palace tombs of Mitla, form three
edifices symmetrically arranged, and in a
very romantic situation. Tht- principal
and best preserved edifice is about 130
feet in length ; a stair-way leads to a
subterraneous vault, 88 by 26 feet This
gloomy recess is also oruaminted with
Grccques
But what particularly distinguishes
the ruins of Mala from every oth" r re-
main of Vzrec arcliitectur , is six por-
phyry columns, w :ich are placed in,
and supp.irt th.- C' iling of an immense
hall. The columns the only ones yet
found in America, evince the infancy of
843
art, having neither base or capital. Each
is composed ot a single block of amphi-
boous porphyry. They are 16.4 feet in
height, and their proportions, 12 modules
or 6 diameters, consequently would be
higher than the Tuscan, if the inferior
diameter of the columns of Mitla, were
not in the proportion of three to two, to
their upper diameter.
A striking analogy has been observed
in the distribution of the interior apart-
ments of Mitla, and in the mtmuments
of upper Egypt, drawn by Denon. In the
ry(ins of Mitla has been found paintings
representing warlike trophies and sacri-
fices.
In the northern part of the intendancy
of Vera Cruz, west from the mouth of
the river Tecoiutla, at two leagues dis-
tant from the great Indian village of Pa-
pantla, we meet with a pyramidal edi-
fice of great antiquity. This singular
remain is of late discovery, not being
known to the Spaniards above 60 years.
The pyramid of Fapantla is not compo-
sed of clay and bricks, mixed with ba-
saltic stones, and faced with a wall of
amygdaloid, like those of Choluia, and
Teotihuican ; the materials eirii)loyed in
the construction of those of Papautla,
are enormous stones very regularly cut.
Mort r is still distinguishable in the
seams The stones are carved full of
hieroglyr'hics.
The base of this pyramid is an exact
square, each side having 82 feet ; its
perpendicu ar height is about 60 feet.
The pyramid of Papantla is not so re- ,
markabh for its mass, as for its symme-"
try, the fine polish of the stones, and'
their very r.- galar cut. It is like all the
otiier M^xicin Focalli, erected in stages,
six remain distinguishable, and a seventh
appears tn be concealed by the vegeta-
tion, which covers its outside to its sum-
mit. A great stair of 57 steps conduct
to the tru.'icated top, or platform. On
each side of the great stair, is a small
stair. On each si<ic are hyeroglyphics,
in which tlie figures of serpents and cro-
codiles in relievo, are visible. Each story
contains a gr -at number of square niches
sym metrical iy distributed. In the first
story is 24 on each side, in the secondf20,
and in the third 16.
At an im Dense distance from the mo-
numents of Mexico, near the Rio Gila,
are found very extensive ruins of an an-
cient Aztec city, in the midst of which
is the edifice, called by pre eminence,
la Ca&a Grande, laid cut in exact con-
formity to the four cardinal points. The
ruins spread over more than a square
leairue of ground The Casa Grande is
44.3 by 276 feet, constructed with clay-
P Y R
P Y S
The walls are three feet 11 inches, in the temple of Belus, to the most rude
thickness. It is still perceptible, tliat barrow ; tiiat they are on alluvial soil,
this edifice had three stories and a ter- in most instances on plains, and tliat the
race. The stair was on the outside. A founders, and the real purposes, i^r which
similar construction is still preserved in erected are alike, lost in the darkness of
all the villages of the independent In- past time.
dians of the M qui, NW from New Mex- Pyrenean Mountams, or Pyrenees, a
ico. The ruins are on a plain, where large chain of mountains, the principal of
the remains of a cana'; is yet visible, which are in the kingdom of Spain, which
which served to conduct the water of they divide from France ; the general
the Rio Gila to the city. The whole range e'quals the Alps in iieight, and ex-
plain is covered wiiii broken pitchers tend frr^rn the Mediterranean Sea to the
and pots, painted blue, red, and white. Atlantic Ocean, 200 miles in length.
Amongst these fragments are found pie- '•and 108 in breadth. They begin near
Gts of obsidian, (ilztli,) from which tl^ the' harbour of Vendres, in Roussilion and
Mexicans formed their knives and ra^'un as far as Fontarabia. Near Rous-
zors. The Indians of the Rio Gila yet sillon, they divide into two principal
. retain a great share of their ancient^jjk branches, one of which separates Rous-
Vvilization, and in their architecture, Sid sillon from Languedoc, and is called An-
household furniture, much cf the perfec- tipyrenee ; and the other, which s-pa-
tion of their ancient arts. ratf s it from Catalonia, is denominated
To these ruins, in Mt xico and the in- Col de. Percuise. Over them are live
ternal province, may be added, tlie re- passages, but all extremely ifficult, and
mains found in the basin of the iVIississip- between them several fertile valleys.
~pi. The latter are indeed mnH^x rrnre /^ivences, Eastern, department of
diminutive thaij the former, and L 'It on FralfrGe, containing the late province of
an entirely different plan A connexi n Roussilion. Although great part of the
between the remains in Mexico, and t^^ose countr> is mountainous, itis fertile: pro-
in Mississippi basin, has been supposed, out ducing corn, excellent wines, olives,
seems unsupported by any conclusive tes- oranges, and leather of a superior quali-
timony arising from analogy. Obsidian ty. Perpignan is the capital
is entirely wanting in the fragments of Pi/ve^ees, Zowec, dipartment of France,
domestic utensils, and military tMeap.ins, containing the lati' pvavinces of Basques,
found in the Missisi-ippi ruins. The pot- and Beam. P.iu is the capital. See
tery is also differ-^nt in the two regions JVa-uarre.
But the most decisive circumstance evm- Pyrenees, C/"/>/)er, dipartnient of France,
cing an entire dis-conncxion, is, that in containing the late provinces of Bigorre.
the intermediate countries no remains H re are excellent horses and g od par-
similar to either, are found. The so- tridges. The valleys are very fertile ;
lidity, extent, and hieroglyptiic sculp- furnishing rye, millet, Spanish corn, and
ture found on so large a scale, in the flax. The mountains have mines of
Mexican mo, uments, evince a state of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of
science, art, and civiliz ition, at least as slate, m.-irble and jasper. Tarbes is the
far advanced as that of Egypt, at the pe- capital.
riod when the pyramids wt-re construct- Pyrmont, town of WcstphaUa, in a
ed ; whilst the rudenesS; simplicity, and county of the same name, suhj ct to the
absence of all mental representation in prince of VValdeck, with a castle, the re -
their structures, prove that tie ancient sidence of the governor. Nearitaremi-
"Hihabitnnts of Ohio and Mississippi, were neral waters, well known to all Europe,
not^nnre, if as far advanced in the arts and often frequented bv persons of the
of civilized life, as the present tribes of highest rank, and preferred to those of
South Sea islanders. Spa. It is 40 miles SW of Hanover.
The most remarkable circumstance, Lon 9 20 E, Lit. 52 ON.
however, respecting the North Ameri- Fyrna, town of Germany in the elec-
can ruins, is, their almost entire non-ex- torate of Saxony, in Misnia. It has a cas-
istance, on the Atlantic slope, east of the tie, on a mountain called Sonnensteir:,
Alleghany mountains, the aboriginal na- which has been used sometimes as a state
tions seem to have been at all times prison. Near itis a fine quarry of stone,
purely savage ; whilst traces of agricul- which is transpo ted to dilF::Tent places
tural life, are frequent and striking. W by the river Elbe. Pyriia is seated 'w the
of the Alleghany ridge, in all the inter- Elbe, 10 miles SE of Dresden. Lon. 13
mediate stages, frnm the barrow of Ohio, 56 E, lat 51 6 N.
to the superb edifices of Puebla, Oaxa- Pyaccfc, v wn of Bohemia, in the cir-
ca, Mexico, and the Rio Gila. cle of Prachin, seated on the Attoway,
It may be observed respecting all the near the Mnldaw, 50 miles S of Prague,
pyramidal structures yet known, from Lon. 14 46 E, lat. 49 16 N.
«43
« I K
U U E,
a
^uaclia, lake of Lousiana, between the
Mississippi and Barraiaria bay. The
country adjacent to the Quacha lake
is an open grassy marsh,
Quadin, town of Upper Egypt, seated
on the Nile, between Elne and Dander,
and remarkable for a great number of
valuable and ancient monuments.
Quadra, and Vancouvei-'s Island, on
the Pacific coast of North America, ex-
tending from the Straits of St. Juan, de
Fuca, to Queen Charlotte's Sound ; 250
miles long by 50 mean width.
Qicakenbrugge, or Quakenburg, town
of Westphalia, in thi- bishopric of Osna-
burg, seated on iht Hase, 22 miles W of
Osnaburg. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 52 46 N.
Quadratil. See Cadron, Pulaski coun-
ty, Arkansaw.
Quakertown, village with a post of-
fice in Bucks county. Pennsylvania, about
57 miles N of Phiiadelpl i i.
Quang-fiing fou, city of China, in the
N part of Pc-tcheli, between the pro-
vince of Chang-tong and Ho-nan.
Quang-si, province of China, bounded
on the N by Koei-tcheou and Hou-quang,
on the VV by Yunna and the kingdom of
Tonquin, on the S by the gulf cf Ton-
quin and the province of Quang-tnng,
and on the E by the same and H' u-
quang. Quei-ling-fou is the capital.
Quangtong, the most considerable of
the southern provinces of China ; bound-
ed on the NE by Fo-kien, on the N by
Ki-ang-sj, on the VV by Quang si and
the kingdom of Ton-king ; tht- rest is
•washed by the sea. Canton is the capi-
tal ; but the viceroy resides at Chao-
king.
Quaiilico-mills, post village Somerset
county, Maryland, 30 miles SE from
Cambridge.
Quarte?i, town of Swisseiiand near
the lake Wellenstadt, five miles E of
Glarus.
Quaere Bras, hamlet or village of
the Netherlands in Namur, seven miles
W from Ligny. The French authors
name the battle of Waterloo, from this
place, or from M unt St Jean
QuebeC; city of and capital of British
America, tin the left bank of St. Law
rence river, about 400 miles above the
sea, and 180 be{f>w Montreal. Lon, W
C 5 10 E, lat. 46 SO N. Population about
20,000.
This city stands upon a point of land the
salient proj taction nf a range nf heights be-
tween St. Lawrence and Charles rivers.
The ground rises from an alluvial slip
S44
along the harbour, to the summit of
Cape Diamond 350 feet. It is divided
into the Upper and Lower towns, the
whole fortified with every advantage of
natural position and resource of art. The
principal buildings ; the Cathohc Cathe-
dral ; Jesuits college now barracks ; Pro-
testant Metropolitan church ; Hotel Diew,
or female hospital ; Ursuline Convent ;
General hospital ; and the artillery bar-
racks.
The basin or harbour is very spacious,
and with a depth of 28 fathom. The com-
mercial relations are extensive and in-
creasing, hi its actual state, Quebec is a
place of primary importance as a mart of
trade ; the capital of extensive territories
and post of great strengih and capacity as
a miiitary station.
Quecla, king<lom in the peninsula beyond
the Ganges. It has a harbour, 300 miles
N oi tlie city of Malacca. Lon. 100 5 E, lat.
7 5 N.
Quedlinburg, town of Germany in Upper
Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt. It
is 10 miles SE o! Halberstadt. Lon. 11 34
E, lat. 52 1 N.
Qiieen Jliin, coiinty of Maryland, on the
eastern shore ; bounded by Kent county in
Delaware E ; Caroline county in MaryLind
SE; Talbot S; Chesapeak bay SW ; and
Chester river or Kent county, Maryland
NW. Including Kent island, tliis county
is 40 miles long, with a mean width of 10 ;
and area 400 squ^ire miles. Chief town,
Centreville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - . .
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . .
Slaves . - . . .
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820. .
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ -
4 010
3,519
7,529
2,738
6,381
16,648
3,685
3,541
Total whites .... 7,226
Free persons of colour, males 1,053
do. do. females 1,085
Slaves, males .... 2,956
do. females - - - 2,632
To6al population in 1820
14,952
^l&
Q 1 B
ftl V E
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Eng'a'jed in Agriculture - - 5,312
Dj. in Manufactures - 372
Do. in Commerce - - 89
Population to the square mile, 37 1-3.
Queen Ann, post town, Prince Geor,2:c's
county, Maryland, on the right bank of the
Fatuxent, 25 miles E from Washington.
Queenborough, borough in Kent, in the
isle of Shepev, 15 miles NW of Canterbury,
and 45 E of London. Lon 0 48 E, lat. 51
26 N.
Queen Charlotie's Cape, promontory of
the island of Southern Georgia. Lon.
11 W, lat. 54 32 S.
Queen Charlotte's Foreland, cape of the
island of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 12 E,
lat. 22 15 S.
Queen Charlotte's Island, island in the S
Pacific Ocean, six miles long, and one
broad, discovered by captain Wallis in
1767. Lon. 138 4 W, lat. 19 18 S.
Queen Charlotte's Sound, sound at the
N extremity of the S island of New Zea-
land, near Cook's Strait. Lon. 174 13 E,
lat. 41 5 S.
Queensborottgh, small town in Warren
township, Tuscarawas county, Ohio, IS
miles east by north from New Philadel-
phia.
Queens County, shire of Ireland, in the
province of Leinster, 30 miles l.mg, and 29
broad ; bounded on the N by King's Coun-
ty ; on the E by Kildare ; on the SE by
Catherlough ; on the S by Kilkenny ; and
on the W by King's county and Tipperary.
Maryborough is the capital.
Queen's -Ferry, borough in Linlithgow-
shire, on the Frith of Forth, nine miles W
of Ediiiburgh. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 5& 0 N.
Queens, county of Nova Scotia, on the
bay of Fundy.
Queens, county of New Brunswick, on
both sides of St. .John's river. Chief town.
Gage town.
Quems, middle county of Long Island ;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S ; King's
county SW; New York Strait and Long
Island Sound N ; and Suffolk county E.
Length 26 ; mean width 14 ; and area 364
square miles. Surface hilly on the north
side towards the sound, gradually subsiding
into an ailuvian plain along the Atlantic
Ocean. Soil generally productive in grain,
fruits, and pasturage. Chief towns, Ja-
maica, Flushing, Hempstead, and Jericho.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 8,196
do. do. females - - - 7*977
'i'otai population Ln 1810 -
19,336
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 9,272
do. do. fen^ales - - - 9,040
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... o
Total whites . - . 18,312
Free persons of colour, males - 1,360
do. do. females 1,288
Slaves, males .... 289
do. females . . 270
6 Total population in 1820
Total whites . . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - - . . .
16,173
21,519
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - 52
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,130
do. in Manufactures - 1,119
do. in Commerce - - 102
Population to the square mile, 59.
Qucenstown, situated upon the Niagara
river, about seven miles above Newark;
it is at the head of the navigation for ships,
and the portage, occasioned ny the falls of
Niagara, commences here. There are huts
enoug.i to receive a regiment. It contains
about 300 inhabitants.
Queensto-wn, post town of Queen's Ann
county, Maryland, on Chester river, 33
miles SE from Baltimore.
Queil ling-fou, city of China, capital of
the province of Quang-si. It has its name
from a flower called quei, which grows on
a tree resembhng a laurel, and emits such
a sweet and agreeable odour, that the,
whole country is perfumed by it. It is 180
miles N by W of Canton. Lon 109 55 E,
lat. 25 30 N.
Quemahoning, township of Somerset
county, Pennsylvania. It is situat.-d around
Stoysiown on Quemahoning creek ; con-
taining 1392 inhabitants in 1810, and in
1820, 586.
Quentin, St. strong town of France, in
the department of Aisne and late province
of Picardy. Kcre is a considerable manu-
facture of lawns and cambrics. The town
was restored to France in 1559. It is
seated on an eminence, on the river Sorame,
21 miles S of Cumbrav, and 83 N by E of
Paris. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 49 50 X.
Qnerd, late province of France, bounded
on the N by Limosin ; on the E by Rou-
ergue and Auvergne ; on the S by Latigue-
doc ; and on the W by Perigord. It was
divided into Upper and Lower, and is fer-
tile in corn, wine, and fruits. It now forms
the department of Lot.
Queretaro, city of Mexico, in the inten-
dancy of Mexico, 95 miles NW from Mexi-
CO. Lon. ^V C 23 11 \\f. This is the
most extensive manufacturing town in all
Spanish America. See Mexico, page 591.
Population 40,000,
845-
'R A A
R A B
Querfurt, town of Germany in Upper
Saxony, capital of a principaiity of tlie
same name, subject to the prince of Saxe-
Weissenfels. li is 12 miies SE of Mans-
feldt. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 51 27 N.
Quergenenci', islind of the Mediterranean,
on the coast of Tripoli. It has a fort, and
several villages.
Quesnoy, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North and late province of
French Hainault, with an old castle. It
was taken by the allies in 1711, and re-
taken the same year. In 1793, it was
taken by the Austrians, and re taken the
next year. It is seated in a large plain, on
the little river Ronelle, nine miles SB of
Valenciennes, and 122 NE of Paris. Lon.
3 40 E, lat. 50 15 N.
QiUberon, peninsula of France, in the
department of Morbihan and late prjvince
of Bretagne, to the N of Belleisle. It has
a village of the same name, and a fort on
the bay of Quiberon. In July 1795, it was
taken by some French regiments m the
pay of Great Britain ; but owing to the de-
sertion and treachery of some of the soU
diers, the republicans re-took it oy sur-
prise soon afterward.
Qicibo, island of the Pacific Ocean, lying
on the coast of Veragua, in New Spain.
Here are a great number of monkeys and
fallow deer.
QnibletG-zi/ii, village of Middlesex county.
New Jersey, six miles N from New Bruns-
wick.
Quicaro, island in the Pacific Ocean,
near the coast of Veragua, in Mexico, about
20 miles long and six broad. Lon, 82 30
W, lat. 7 25 N.
Qtiicourre, river of the Uiiited States, a
branch of Missouri, rising with the North
Fork of Platte river, and' flowing E, fills
into Missouri, at lon. W C ll*" W, at lat. 42
45 N, after a course of about .300 miles.
Quilleboeuf, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine and late province
of Normandy, seated on the Seine, eight
miles SW of Caudebec, and 22 w' of
Rouen.
Qnilhnanci, town of Africa, on the coast
of Zanguebar, in the kingdom of Mehnda.
It is situated at the mouth of a river of the
same name, and belongs to the Portuguese.
Lon. 39 40 E, lat. 3 30 S.
Quillota, city and province of Chili. The
city stands on the river Aconcagua. Lon.
W C 5 42 E, lat. 32 50 S.
Quiloti, seaport on the coast of Z:ingae-
bar, with a small citadel. It is iributary to
the Portuguese ; and is sealed in a fertile
country, 300 miles N of Mosambique.
Lon. 39 9 E, lat. 9 30 S.
Quylon, or Coylon, Dutch factory on the
coast of Malabar, in Travancore, 14 miles
NNW of Aiijengo, taken by the English in
1795. Lon. 76 32 E, lat. 9 2 N.
Qidmper, town of Francs, in the depart-
ment of Finisterre and latf province of
Bretagne, at the confluence of the Oder
and Benaudet, 30 miles SE of Brest, and
332 W by S of Pans. Lon. 4 2 W, lat. 47
58 N.
Quindin, mountain pass between the
cities of Popayau and Santa Fee.
Qtunie, Bay of, which may be considered
throughout as a harbour, is formed by a
large peninsula, consisting of the townships
of Ameliasburgh, Sophiasburgh, and Ma-
rysburgh, forming Prince Edward county,
Ujjper Canada, extending from lake Onta-
rio W of Kingston.
Quito, late audience of New Granada,
now province of Colombia ; bounded N by
Santa Fee i E bvthe Portuguese dominions ;
S by Peru, and W by the Pacific Ocean,
Length from E to W 900 ; and breadth 500
miles ; area 450,000 square miles. See
Colombia,
Quito, city of Colombia, in New Granada,
and capital of the province of Quito. It is
situated in about lat. 13 0 S, lon. W C 1 10
W, on the elevated volcanic region of Pi-
chincha, 9500 feet above the level of the
Pacific Ocean. It is the most elevated
large city of the globe, and its inhabitants
enjoy an unequalled equality of tempera-
ture. Tlie country is, however, subject to
earthquakes, and almost daily showers of
rain. Population 70,000.
Qnixos, and Moxos, undefined terms for
the eastern part of Quito.
Quizina, chain of mountains in the king-
dom of Fez, 100 miles in length, extend-
ing from the desert of Gret to the river
Nocor.
Quoja, kingdom on the coast of Guinea,
which reaches from Sierra Leone to the
Grain Coast.
R
Hanb, town and fortress of Lower Hun-
gary, capital of Javerin, at the conflux of
the Kaab and Rabnitz, not far from the
Danube, 28 miles SSE ofPresburg. Lon.
17 45 E, lat. 47 38 N.
Raajegur, town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Malwa, 74 miles NE of Ougein,
846
and 214 SSW of Agra. Lon. 7& 56 E, lat.
24 2N.
liaaza, owt of the Hebrides of Scotland,
between the mainland of Rossshire and the
isle of Skje. It is 12 mdes long and four
broad. Lon. 6 0 W, lat. 57 32 N.
Habasteins, town of France, in the de-
n A D
RAJ
partment of Tarn, on the river Tam, 18
miles NE of T lulouse.
Jiabat, seaport of Algiers, at the monlh
of the Burigi ig-, between Fez and Tangier.
Lon. 5 28 W, lat. 34 40 N.
Rabensteiii, town of Doliemia, in the cir-
cle of Saatz, on the nver Ottava, 21 miles
WSW of Uakonilz.
7?a67»j, NW county of Georgia; between
Chessatee and Chatahooche rivers, having
Habersham E, and HallSE.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - » 256
do. do." females ... 253
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 0
Total whites .... 509
Free persons of colour, males - 0
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males . - . 9
do. females . - - 6
Total population in 1820
524
Racca, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diar-
bekir, at the conflux of the Beles with the
Euphrates. Near it are the rums of Old
Racca, once a magnificent city. It is 110
miles S by W of Diarbekir. Lon. 40 10 E,
lat. 36 5 N.
Rachore, city of Hindoostan,in the coun-
try of Golcunda. capital of a district, subject
to the nizam of the Deccan. It is se ited
on the S bank of the Kistna, 80 miles SV7
of Hydrabad. Lon 78 3 E, lat. 16 22 N.
Racket, river of New York, rises in the
northern part of Hamilton county, and
flows north into Long lake, from which it
again issues in the NE angle of the county,
thence crosses the SW angle of Franklin
and enters S' Lawrence county, through
which it passes into St. Lawrence river,
two miles abow St. Regis, after a compara-
tive course of 120 miles.
Racketout village of St. Lawrence coun-
ty. New York, on Racket river, at the head
of boat navigation ; 20 miles E from Hamil-
ton, on St. Lawrence river.
Raclia, small uninhabited island of the
Archipelago, near that of Nio.
Raconi, populous town of Piedm')nt,aseat-
ed in a pleasant plain, on the rivers Grana
and Macra ; six miles from Carignano. Lon.
7 46 E, lat. 44 39 N.
Radeberg, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in the margravate of Meissen, 10
miles NE of Dresden. Lon. 13 56 E, lat.
51 5 N.
Radicofani, town of Tuscany, on a moun-
tain, 56 miles SE of Sienna. Lon 11 40 E,
lat. 42 42 N.
Radmandorf, town of Germany, in Carnl-
ola, near the source of the river Save ; 16
rtiile^ W of Crainburg.
Radnor, township of Delaware county,
Pennsylvania, containing 925 inhabitants in
181U;'sndin 1820, 1059. Siuated in the
NE corner of the couniy, ami joins Lower
Merion in .Montgomery county.
Radnor, JK'ew, borough in Uaiinorshire ;
24 miles NW of Hereford, and 156 WNW
of London. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 52 10 N.
Radnorshire, couniy of S Waits, 30 miles
long and 25 broad ; bounded on the E by
Shropshire and Hereibrdshire, on the NW
by Caidii^anshire, on the S and SW by
Bi'eckn(jckst:ire, and on the N by Montgo-
mery hire. Its principal rivers an- the
Wye and the Tf mi, the tonnt r dividing it
from Brecknockiliirf , and the latter from
Shropshire. The soil m general is but in-
(lifTerent, yet some places produce corn,
particularly the eastern and southtrn parts ;
but in the northern and western, which are
mountainous, the land is chiefly stocked
wiih horned cattle, sheep and goats. Po-
pulation in 1801, 1905 ; in 1811, 20900 ;
and in 1821,23073.
Rahivay, small river or creek of Essex,
and Middlesex counties, New Jersey ; falls
into Staten Island sound, four miles from
Newark bay.
Rahtuay, post town, and township, Essex
county. New Jersey, on Rahway river, five
miles SW from Elizabethtown. Population
in 1810, 1779; and in 1820, 1945.
Radom, town of Little Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Sandomir, capital of a county of
the same name. I', is seated on a brook
that fills into the Vistula, 30 miles N of
Sandomir, and 50 S of Warsaw. Lon. 21 1
E, lat. 51 25 N.
Ragivolo, town of Italy, in the Mantuan,
seated between Mantua and Reggipi. 42
miles from each. v'.
Ragusa, town of Sicily, in the Val-di-
Nota, near the river Maido, 12 miles N of
Modica. Lon. 14 59 E, lat. 37 0 N.
Ragusa, city of Dalmatia, capital of th&
Kagusan ; it is two miles in circumference,
and strong by situation, hiivmg an inacces-
sible mountain on the land side, and a
strong fort on the gulf of Venice. It carries
on a considerable trade, and is 60 miles N
W of Scutari. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 42 50
N.
Ragusen, or Ragusian Dalamatia, terri-
tory of Dalmatia, lying along the coast of
tl^e gulf of Venice, about 55 miles in length,
and 20 in breadth. Ragusa is the capital.
Rajapotir, town of Hindoostan, on the
coast of Malabar, seated on a river of the
same name, 5u miles N of Goa. Lon. 73 50
E, lat. 17 19 N.
Rajemal, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
Bengal ; formerly a place of great trade, but
now in a ruinous state. It is seated on the
W bank of the Ganges, in a romantic, but
847
R A L
R A M
noE pleasant situation, 190 miles N by W of RalpUville, township of Ashtabula coun-
Calcut'.a. ty Ohio, at the mouth of Ashtabula river,
Raiii, town of Upper Bavaria, seated on Population in 1820, uncertain.
the Acha, near the Lech, five miles E of Ramapongh, small river of Bergen coun-
Donawert. Lon H 12 E, lat. 48 50 N. to, New Jerse}', rises in Nev/ York, in
Rain, town of Germany, in Styria, capital Rockland county, flosvs S into New Jersey,
of a county of the same name, with a castle, and joins Long- Pond and Pcqnanock rivers
It is seated on the Save, 68 miles S of Gratz. at Pomplon to form Pompton river.
Lon. 15 32 E, lat. 46 SON. Ramapavgh, iron works, and post office.
Rain Lake, or Long Lake, lake of North Rockland county, New York, on R ima-
America, 'ying to the W of Lake Superior, paugh river, 35 miles nearly N from New
and to the'E of the Lake of the Woods, York.
with which it communicates by a river. It Rambert le Joug St. town of France,
is nearly 100 mdes long, but in no part in the department of Ain, and late pro-
more than 20 v/ide. vince of Bresse, near a branch of Mont
Raisin, river of Michigan territory, rises Jura. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 45 53 N.
in the level table land of the peninsula, RambervUliefs, town of France, in
with St. Joseph's river of lake Michigan, the department of the Vosges, and late_
Tiffin's rivei-, branch of Maumee, and Hu- province of Lorrain, 30 miles SE ot
ron of Erie. Course SSE 100 miles; enters Nanci. Lon 6 44 E, lat. 48 21 N.
lake Erie 20 miles SW from the month of Ra7)ibouillet , town cf France, in the
Detroit river. It is impeded with rapids departnnent of Seine and Oise, and late
near its mouth ; but navigable above and province of the Isle of France. It is 37
below. miles SW of Paris
Raisins, Rcviere Aux, runs through the Ramehead, promontory of CornwalHs,
townships of Osnabruck, Cornwall, and SW of Plymouth, at the entr.^nce ot
Charlotienburg, emptymg itself into lake Plymouth Sound. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 50
St. Francis, near the SE angle of the latter 18 N
townshli), Cornwall county Upper Canada. Ramera, town cf France, in the de-
Raisin Isles, in lake St. Francis, lie be- partment of Aube, and late province of
tween the mouth of the river aux Raisins Champage, seated on the Aube, 18
and the point of that name ; they are small miles NE of Troyes. Lon. 4 30 E, lat.
and rocky. 48 32 N.
Raisin Pointe, in lake St. Fiancis, lies to Ramillies, town of Brabant, remarka-
the E of pointe an Lac. ble for the great victory obtain, d by the
Raleigh Township, in the county of Essex, duke of Marlborough, oyer the French
pper Canada, lies W of Harwich, the on Whitsunday, 1^06. It is 10 miles N
Thame bounding it on tlie N, and lake Erie of Namur. and 24 SE of Brussels. Lon.
to the southward. 4 50 E. lat. 50 39 N.
i?a/eie-/«, post town and seat of justice, of Rammekens, ^^^^ovt of the is e of
Wake founty, and also capitalof North Walc^heren, in the province ot Zealand.
Carolina; situated on the SW side of Neuse It is four miles S of Middleburgh, Lon.
river, 60 miles N by E of Fayetteville, and 3 ^}::}±^lf,^,^
123 NW of Newbern. Tnf seat or govern-
Uppe
ment was fi.^ed here in 1791. It lies in lat
35 44 N, and lon. W C 1 48 W. This is a
very regu'arly built, and elegant town, and
contains the ordinary county and state
buildings in elegant style. The state house
is decorated by perhaps the mo.st finished
Rajmnelsberg, lofty, steep, and exten-
sive mountain of Germany, in that part of
the Hartz Forest, -which lies within the
principality of Grubenhagen. On this
mountain are 12 silver mines : and at the
font of it is seated the city of Goslar.
Ramfiano. town of Turkey in Europe,
pieceof art in America, a marble statue of in the Morea. Lon. 20 17 E, lat. 36
Washington, bv Canova, executed at the 54 N. . -i l-
expense of North Carolina. Beside the Ramnbimj, town m Wiltshire, noted
state and county buildings, it contains a for its fin.- beer. It is 46 miles E of Bris-
bank, theatre, and two academies. In the tol, and 69 W of London.
centre of the town stands Union squ a-e of Ramaejj, tov/n in Huntingdonshire,
10 acres; and in the centre of this square seated in the fens near the meres of
the state house. From Umon square, Ramsey and Whitlesey. It is 12 miles
branches at right angles to each other four NE of Huntingdon, and 69 N ot London,
large streets of 99 teet in width. These Lon. 0 19 W, lat. 52 25 N
wide streets subdivide tl.e town into four Ramseij, island on the coast of Pem-
quarters, which are again subdivided L-y brokeshire. two miles long, and one and
four other streets of 56 feet width : witu a half broad. Near it are several dan-
central squares of four acres each. Popu- gerous rocks, frequented in the breeding
lation about 2000. seaspn bv vast multitudes of s^afpwl,
«.43
and known by the name of the Bishop
and his Clerks. This island is four
miles W of St. David's and 17 NW of
Milford Haven. Lon. 5 20 VV, lat. 51
55 N.
Ramsgate, seaport in Kent, in the Isle
of Thanet, four miles S of Margate, 10
ENE of Canterbury, and "5 ESE of
London, Lon. I 30 E, lat. 51 22 N.
Randclfih, post town in Norfolk coun-
ty. Massachusetts, five miles S of Quin-
cey, 15 S of Boston. Population 1810,
1170; and in 1820,1546.
Randolfih, post town in Orange coun-
ty, Vermont, 25 miles N ny W of Wind-
sor, on the river Connecticut, and about
the same distance N by E of Rutland.
It contains an academy.
RaJidolfih. townshij) of Broome coun-
ty, New York Population 1820, uncer-
tain.
Randolfih, township Morris county.
New Jersey. Population 1820, 1252.
Randolph, county of Virginia ; bounded
by Greenbriar and Kenhawa S\V ; I..ewis
and Harrison W; Monong^aljela and I'rcston
N ; Hardy NE ; and Pendleton E. Length
SO ; mean width 35 ; and art- a 2800 square
miles. Surface generally hilly, and in
p:i.t mountainous? Gauley and E'k rivers
branches of Kenhawa rise in its SW section;
but the great body of the county is drained
by the Monongahela and its confluents.
Chief town Beverly.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 1,480
do. do. females - - - 1,226
Total wliiies - - - 2,706
All other persons except Ir,dia:is
not taxed . - . . jY
Slaves IW
Total population in 1810 - - 2,854
Population in 1820.
Free white males
1,670
do. do. females
1,496
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
0
Total whites
3,166
Free persons of colour, males
28
do. do. females.
32
Slaves, males
66
do. females
65
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agricalture -
tic. in Manufac'.ures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 1.
5 P
5,357
10
884
40
Randolph, now Jas/isr, county of Geor-
gia. See Jasper.
Randolph, one of the southern townships
of Portage county, Ohi(j. Population in
1820, 328.
Randolph, township of Montgomery coun-
ty, Ohio, Population in 1820, 1404.
Randolph, county of Indiana v bounded
by the state of Ohio E -, Wayne county in
Indiana S ; and the Indian country on all
other sides. Length along Ohio 36 miles ;
mean width 15 ; and area 540 square miles.
Mississiniwa branch of Wabash, and White
river branch of .Mit.mi rise in this countj''.
Ciiief town Jacksonboro'.
Population in 1S20.
Free wiiite males - ' - - 948
do. do. females - - - 855
Ail other pertons, except Indians
not taxed - - . - 0
Total whiles ... - 1,803
Free persons of colour, males - 3
do. do. females - 2
Slaves, males ... - 0
do. femsles ... 0
Total population in 1820 - 1,808
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 298
do. in Manufactures - 2
do. in Commerce - - 14
Popi-diition to the square mile) 3 1-3.
Randolph, county of Illinois ; bounded by
the Mississippi river SV/ ; Monroe county
W; St. Clair and Washington N ; Jefferson
and IVanklin E.; and Jackson SE. Length
54; mean width 16; and area about 860
square miles. Kaskaskias river passes
through and enters tlse Mississippi in this
coiiniy. Chief town Ka kaskias.
Population in 1810.
Free white males , - - 3,668
do, do. females, - - ■ 2,979
Tr-tal whites . •■ - - 6,647
All other persons except iHdians
not taxed ... - 500
Slaves ----- 128
Total population in 1810 - - 7,275
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - - 1,751
do. do. females - - 1,424
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whiles ... - 3,175
Free persons of colour, males - 44
do. do. females = 40
849
li A N
R A P
126
107
5,492
34
944
128
20
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Toreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. iil Commerce-
Population to the square mile, 4§.
Randolph, coanty of North Carolina;
bounded by Moore SB ; Montgomery S ;
Kowafi W; Gciilford N ; and Chatliam E. It
is 36 miles square; area 1226 square miles.
It is drained by Deep river ; and by White
and Uwharee branches of Yadkin river. Its
eastern borders are about 55 miles W from
Raleigh.
Population in 1810.
Free wliite males
do. do. females
4.398
4,711
9,109
205
798
Total whites - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . -
Slaves .....
Total population in 1810 - - 10,112
Population in 1820.
Free^vvhite males
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
5,038
4,979
0
Total whites .... 10,017
Free persons of colour, males .. 121
do. do. females • 107
Slaves, males. .... 548
do. females .... 532
Total population in 1820 -
11,325
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,335
do. in Manufactures - - 171
do. in Commerce - - 24
population to the square mile 16 1-3.
Ravgnits, town of Eastern Prussia, on
the river Nieraen, 55 miles E of Koning-
berg. Lon. 22 40 E, lat 55 6 N.
Rangoon, ( Victory Achieved,") city of the
Nether India, on one of the branches of
Irawaddy, three miles above its mouth.
Lon. 96 9 E, lat. 16 47 N. Population
30,000. This is a city of recent formation,
built about the middle of last century by
Alompra, and made the capital of the Bir-
man empire. It has become also a great
mart of trade, for the exchange of Asiatic
and European articles.
Ranf^, town of Upper Siaxony» \n Mis-
sia, with a castle on a mountain, 10 miles
SW of Newstadt.
Rannxh, Loch, lake of Scotland, in the
N part of Perthshire, 11 miles in length.
Raritamponr, town of Hindoostan, capi-
tal of a circar of the same name, in the
country of Agimere. It is 96 miles E of
Agimere, and 105 WSW of Agra. Lon.
76 57 E, lat. 26 35 N.
Rantzov), town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Holstein, 24 miles N by W of Lu-
bee.
Raolconda, town of Hindoostan, in Visia-
pour, near which is a rich diamond mine ;
20 miles NNW of Sollapour.
Raon VEtape, town of France, in the
department of Meurte, seated at the con-
flux of the Etabe and Meurte, 30 miles
SE of Nancy.
Rapallo, town of the territory of Genoa,
seated on a bay of the same name, 16 miles
ESE of Genoa.
Ruphoe, town of Ireland, in the county
of Donegal. It is 11 miles SW of London-
derry; and 21 NE of Donegal.
Raphoe, township of Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania. It is situated between War-
wick and Mount Joy, and is watered by
the Chickisalungy creek. In 1810, the
inhabitants were stated at 2814, and in
1820, 3216.
Rapid Ann, river of Virginia, rises in the
Blue Ridge, in Madison and Orange coun-
ties, between which the main branch by
the name of Conway river, flows SE, to
the SE mountain; turns thence NE be-
tween Madison and Orunge, and between
Orange and Culpepper and finally between
Culpepper and Spotsylvania, and joins the
Rappahannoc 10 miles above Fredericks-
burg.
Rapide, parish of Louisiana ; bounded by
Opelousas S ; Natchitoches W, and NW ;
Wachittau, and Ocatahoola N ; Concordia
E ; and Avoyelles SE. Length 55 ; mean
width 43 ; and area about 2300 square
miles. The surface considerably varied.
Extensive tracts of hilly pine woods spread
in the northern and southern sections ;
whilst alluvial borders of first rate soil
skirt Red river. Bayou Bosuf, Bayou Ra-
pide, and some other streams. Red river
Winds nearly through the middle of the
parish. Staple, cotton. Chief town, Alex-
andria.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,424
do. do. females - - 1,163
Total whites - - • 2,587
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 153
Slaves 1,833
Total population in 1810,
4,575
K A It
K A 1
Population iu 1820.
Free whi's males - - - 1,479
do. do. females - - 1,012
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 0
Totul whites . . - -
2,491
Free persons of colour, males -
46
do. do. females
39
Slaves, males . . -
1,122
do. females
1,66-
Total population in 1820
6,065
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturall'zed - 12
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,586
do. in Manufactures - 218
do. in Commerce - - -55
Population to the square mile, 2^.
Rapid Plat, Isle au, in the river St. Law-
rence, in fi'ont of the township of Matilda,
contains about 200 acres. The soil is good,
and lies partly in front of the township of
Williamsburg, Upper Canada.
Rappahannoc, viver of Virginia, rises in
Culpepper and Fauquier counties, by two
sources, Thornton's and Hedgeman's ri-
vers ; general course SE to its junction
with Rapid Ann 10 miles above Fredericks-
burg. A short distance above tlie latter
place it is precipitated over rapids and
meets the tide. It thence continues SB
100 miles, and opens into Chesapeak bay,
between 'Windmill, and Stingray points.
It is navigable for vessels drawing 10 feet
water, to Fredericksburg. Descending, it
passes by Fredericksburg, Port Royal,
Leeds, Tapahannoc, and Urbanna. Mea-
sures have been taken to remove by side
canals, the impediment to boat navigation
in this stream above tide water.
Rappersclneeil, town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Zurich, seated on a neck of
land that advances into the lake of Zurich,
over which is a wooden bridge, 1850 feet
long. It is 11 miles SE of Zurich, and 20
NW of Claris.
Rapps, town of Austria, on the river
Teya, eight miles N by VV of Horn.
Rariton, river of New .Jersey ; rises in
Morris, Som.erset, and Hunterdon counties,
by three branches, North Branch, South
Branch and Millstone river. See Jylillstoiie
liver. The North and South brancties
unite in Somerset 15 miles, and receive
Millstone river from the south, nine miles
above New Brunswick, where it meets the
tide. Hence it flows nine miles nearly E
into itariton bay, between Perth Amboy,
and South Amboy. It is navigable for
sloops and steam boats to New Brunswick.
Riiritori, b.^y of New York, and New
Jersey, opens in a triangular form between
the mouth of Rariton river, and Staten
island Sound, and Monmoutli county, in New
Jersey. It is limited on the E by Sandy
Hook, and the SW point of Long Island.
Rariton, town of Somerset county. New
Jersey, 12 miles above New Brunswick.
Rascio. See Ratzia.
Rasebovff, seaport of Sweden, capital of
a canton in Nyland, on the gulf of Finland,
o7 miles SE of Abo. Lon, 23 18 E, lat.
60 16 N.
Rascn or Market Rasin, town in Lin-
colnshire, on a branch of the Ankam, 14
miles NE of Lincoln, and 150 N of Loudon.
Lon. 0 10 W, lat. 53 23 N.
Rasacolmo, cape on the N coast of Sici-
ly, near a town of the same name, W of
Cape Faro, and N of Messina.
Rastadt, town of Germany, in SuUzburg,
seated on the Ens, 48 miles E by S pf
Saltzburg. Lon. 14 10 B, lat. 47 31 N.
Rastadt, town of Suabia, in Baden, It
is remarkable for a treaty concluded here,
between the French and Ausirians, and
for a battle in which the Austrians were
defeated by the French, in 1796. It is
seated on the Merg, near the Rhine, four
miles N of Baden, and 24 SW of Philips-
burg. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 48 54 N.
Raienau, town ot Germany, is the mid-
dle marche of Brandenburg, seated on the
Havel, 15 miles NW^ of Brandenburg. Lou,
13 49 E, lat. 52 46 N.
Ratenburg, town of Germany, in the Ti-
rol, with a castle, seated on the rivttr Inn.
Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 47 30 N.
Rath/nines, remarkable place in Ireland,
near two miles from Dublin, wlrere the
duke of Orraond w.is defeated by the par-
liament forces in 1649.
Ratibor, town of Silesia, capital of a
duchy of the same name, on tlse Oder, in
a country fertile in corn and fruits, 15
miles NE of of Troppaw, and 142 E of
Prague. Lon. 17 54 B, lat. 50 11 N.
Ratisbon, town of Bavaria, 55 miles SE
of Nuiembi.irg, 62 N by E of Mtmich, and
195 \V bv N of Vienna. Lon. 12 5 E, lat.
28 58 N.'
Ratolszd, strong town of S'labia, on tiiat
part of the lake of Constance called Bo-
den See, 12 miles \V ot the cit^' of Con-
stance.
Rattan. See Ritatlan
Ratzeburg, fortified town of Lower SiJX-
ony, in the duchy of Sane-La wenburg.
From tlie lake of Katzcburg issues the ri.-
ver Waknitz, which join.s the Trave,^iear
Lubec, and thus facilitates the gummu-
nication by water betwecji Lubec and the.se
parts. Ratzeburg is 13 miles SE of Lu-
bec, and 12 N of I.awenburg. Lon. 10 49
E, lat. 53 43 N.
Rntzin, Rascin, the eastern division o
Sclavonia, subject to Austria. It tak^ Its
name from the rive^* Rasca, wlih^h faU? into
R51
A W
li li A
Ihe Moravc ; and the inhabitants are called
Rascians.
Eava, town of Great Poland, capital of
a palatinate of the same name, and sealed
in a morass covered w iih water that pro-
ceeds tVom the r:ver Kava, by vvliich it is
surrounded. It is 55 miUsS vV ol Wirsa\v.
Lon. 19 55 E, lat 51 51 N.
Ilavdio, s aporl of Najj'es, in Priricipato
Citeriore, 10 miles W of Salerno, and 25
SE of N .pies. L')n. 14 41 E, lat. 40 36 N.
I'avenglass, seaport in Cumberland, on
an iiilet of u.e Itisli Sea, between the Mite
■and Esk, whicli vvi'.li the Irt, fall into this
inietj and form a good harbcur. I' is 24
miles S of Cockcrniouth, and 284NNVV
of London. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 54 20 N.
Iiuve7ina, Cj( y of Ital}', capital uf Ilomag-
3ia, near the river Mantone, 37 miles Sfi of
Terraru, and 162 N of Rome. Lou. 12 5
E, lav. 44 25 X.
liavenua, post town, and seat of justice.
Portage couniy, Oiiio, on a southern branch
of Cuyahoga river, '35 miles SE f. en. Cleve-
land. '
Jiavcniia, township of Portage county,
Ohio, including the county town of tlie
same name. Populatit n 1820, 418.
liuvcnsberg, county of Germany in West-
phalia, lyng S of thf bishoprics of Mlnden
and Osnabiirg. It belongs tn the king of
Prussia, and is so called fiom a cas'le of
the san'it name. Hereford is the capital.
Havarnsburg, toun o' Gern any in Sua-
bia, on the Cheuss, 15 niihs N by W of
Lindau. Lon 9 40 E, la . 47 59 N.
Karenstein, town ;,f Brabant, capital ol"
a county of the' same i.anie, s. ated on the
Macse, on the confines of Guiiderlai.d, 10
miles SW of Ximeguen. Lon. 5 o5 E,
lat. 51 46 N,
Ravey, the Hyuraotes of the ancients,
an eastern branch of tlie Indus, rising in
Caslimere and flow.ng SW, b\ L.Jiore, tails
into the Indus 20 milts below Moultan,
after a comparative course i>\' ."00 miles.
It receives in its course the Chelum, and
Chenaub.
Havilz, small town of Poland, in tl<e ]ia-
latinate of P.'lnania. It possesses a con-
siderable manufuCiUre ot clotli, 24 miles
S of Pcsen.
jRauschebovi-ff, town of Gerniai>y, in the
LanOgiMvate of Hesse Ci ssel. ^our miles
iN of Marpurg, and 32 SSW tf Casstl. Lon.
S 46 E, htt. 50 33 N.
liaiua, '.own of Poland, cip.tid of the
palatinate of Kawa, 56 miles SW of W.r-
^aw.
liavay. Post town of New Jersey; si-
tuated in iMiddlcscx count}, 5 miles SW of
Elizabeih town, aiul ab</ut the same dis-
tance iNE of New Rrijiiswick.
liimve, river of Hindoi sian Proper, one
of the five E branches of the Indus. Sec
Jiavee.
liaymoud, tov;r.sliip of Cumberland couii-
ty, Maine, 26 miles iN from Portland. Po-
pulation 1820, 1388.
liuymond, townsh :p of Rockingham coun-
ty, New Hampshire, 21 rniles W from Porls-
mou h. Population 1820, 961.
Jiaynhatn, t.)wnahip of Bristol county,
jNlussachusetts, cuntainir.g 1154 inhabit;.n s
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1071. Situated on
the W !bide of Taunton river, between
Beikley and Mansfield; remarkable as be-
ing the place where ihe first forge in Bri-
tish America was erected in 1652.
Readjield, township and post village
Kennebfjc county, Maine, seven miles Wf
from Angubta. Population 1820, 1511.
Reading borough and the county -towQ
of Beiksliire. Its chief trade is in malt.
It is Stattd on the Ktnnet, near its con-
fluence with the Thames, 26 SSE of Ox-
ford and 39 W of London. Lon. 0 52 W,
lat. 51 2S N.
ReadiTig: township of iiiddlesex coun-
ty, Mi.sbachusetts, about 14 miles N of
Boston, it contained 2228 inhabitants in
1810; and in 1820, 2797.
Reading township of Fairfield county,
Connecticut, containing 1717 inhabitants
in 1810, and m 1820, 1678. Situated on
Aspatuck river, between Repton and
Ridf^efield.
Reading, post village and township
St. ubeii county. New Yirk, 2o miles
NE from Bath. Population 18i9, 3009.
Reading, borough, and capital of Berks
county, Pennsylvania, on the NE bank
of the river Schuylkill, 54 ndles iNV\' of
Philadelphia, and 5o E of Harrisburg.
This town is conveniently situated ivr in-
ternal con:merce, being the entrepot of
vast quantities of grain and lumber that
are brought hither, and ratted or cc^nvey-
cd in long boats to Philade.'phia and its
vicinity Rvading is .^ regulaily laid out,
and very neatly built town, situated in a
fertie and well cultivated country. A
majority of the inhabitants are Gerivians,
and justly distinguished for industrious
habits. The impnAtments now in pro-
gress in the navigation of the Schuylkill,
and Union canals, will when completed
conduce in a high degree to the j.'rospe-
rity of Readii.g, and must render it one
(f the most nourishing interior towiiS of
the state.
Population in 1810.
P're' white males - - 1,760
do. do. IVmales - - 1,607
Total whites . - _
All other ptraons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves . . . -
Total pjopulatioinn 1810
95
G
3,462
R E C
, Population in 1 820
Free white males - • - ^2,220
do. do. females - - 2,022
All otlier persons except Indians
not tdxed ... - 0
Total whites - - . . 4,242
Free persons of colour, males - 46
do. do. {'cmales 44
Slaves, males - - . . 0
do. females - . . 0
Total population in 1820 - - 4,332
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 60
Engaged in Agriculture - - 16
do. iii Manufactures •• 222
do. in Commerce - - 24
Population to the square mile, uncertain.
Reading, NE township of Adams
county, Pennsylvania, between Bermu-
dian, and Coneblogoe creeks, 12 miles
NE from Gettysberg. Population 1820,
833.
Beading, village of Hamilton county,
Ohio, 10 miles N from Cincinnatti.
Reading, township of Perry county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1,821.
Readington, township of Hunterdon
county, New Jersey, 1? miles N W from
New Brunswick'. I'opulation 1820. 1964,
Realejo, town of Guatimala, inNicar-
ragaa, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 18
miles NW from Leon. Lon W C 10 50
W, lat 12 45 N.
Reaimont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne, and late
province of Laiiguedoc, 31 miles NE of
Toulouse. Lon. 2 0 E, lat 43 50 N.
Real-vUle, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, eight miles NE of
Moiitauban. Lon. 1 24 E. lat. 44 7 N.
Reamscoivn, post town in Lancaster
county, Pciinsy-vania, 15 milei, NE of
Lancaster, and the same distance SW
ot Reading. 'I'he iahabicants are about
300
Rebel, town of Germany, in the circle
of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mccklei:-
burg, seated on the Lake Muritz, SO
miles SK of Gustrow. Lon. 12 36 E, lat.
53 32 N.
Rcbnick, populous town of, Turkey in
Euru])e, inVValachia, with abisho'psee,
seated on the river Aluta, 45 miles SW of
Targowisco.
Reccaii. See Aracan.
Recannuto, epiaC0|.al town of Itaiy, in
the marquisate of .Ancona, nearthe river
Muiisoue, 14 miles S of Ancona, and
110 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 34 E, lat. 43
24 N.
Rccklinhausen, town of Germany, in
the archbishopric of Cologne, capital of
a county of the same name ; on the
Lippe, 20 miles W of Ham. Lon. 8 36
E, lat. 5127 N
Rectortoion, post town Loudon county,
\^iiginia.
lied bank, river of Pennsylvania, in
JeflFerson, and Armstrong courjties ; rises
in the former, flows W, and falls into
Allegany river in the latter.
Red bank, NE township of Armstrong
county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820,
2042.
Rcdon, town of France, in the depart-
menc ot Isle' and Vilaine, and late pro-
vince of Bretagne. It serves as a mart
for the commerce of Rennes, and is seat-
ed on the Vi'aine, 225 miles E by S of
Paris. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 37 48 N.
Red river, branch of Assinniboin,
rises near the sources of Mississippi,
flows N about 300 miles and joins the
As.^innibo'm 70 miies above Lake VVinni-
pec. Lord Selkirk's settlement is near
their junction.
Red river, branch of the Mississippi
river.
Red River, This stream rises in the
mountainous prairies E of Santa Fe of
New Mexico between N lat. 52 and 35;
W Ion. W C 28" flows in nearly an eastern
direction over 11 degreee of lon. 640
miles in a direct line but at least 80^' com-
parative course to where it turns to the
bE and enters Louisiana and thence con-
tinuing the latter course 300 miles it
joins the Mississippi at N lat. 31 1 \Y,
lon. W C 14 45.
Red river is formed by a number of
tributary streams, the principal of which
are, False Ouachitta, Blue River, Kimit-
chie, and Vasstux. All these streams
unite near the former. Panis Villages,
about 350 miles below the sources of
Red rivtr. 'Ihe Vasscux rises in the
Great Priarie, about N !at 54" and W
lon. W C 20". The Kir;)itchie and Va-
seux, rise in the same ridge, and pursue
very nearly a similar course, each join-
ing Red river, after a course of about
200 miles. Little river of the north falls
into Red river, a short distance above
the NW angle of Louisiana. It rises in
the Maserne mountains, is a clear beau-
tiful, and ])ure stream of water, of about
150 miles in length. From the source
ot Red river to the mouth of Little ri-
ver of the north, is about 600 rniles in
a direct line, but much farther by com-
j)arative course. Little river of the south
rises in the prairies, s'-uth of Red river,
and about 40 miles SE (iff the Pauls Vil-
lages, it runs nearly east 150 miles, and
fails into Red river in Louisiana. The
distance from the source of Red river to
the month of Little river of the south.
^5-Z
RED
RED
IS about the same as lo Little river of
the north, 600 miles in a direct line ; but
estimating the distance along the mean-
ders of either False Ouachitta, Blue ri-
ver, or Red river proper, and tlie dis-
tance must txceed 1000 miles. The Red
river winds along the great inclined
plain, dividing it into two parts, forming
the limits between the waters which
flow into the gulf of Mexico, and those
entering the Mississippi, The country
from whence Red river draws its wa-
ter, is a vast prairie, except along the
banks of the river, and even there, the
very little timber is dwarf ; the mok
abundant species, is a variety of the ro
binia, or black locust, called M' the hun-
ters, musquetoe wood. The range of low
mountains, are extremely naked of tim-
ber.
After the junction of Blue river, Red
I'iver is navigable for boats of large size,
during the spring floods, timber becomes
more frequent and of larger size. At
the mouth of Vasscux, pine first occurs
on the south side ; the banks are elevated
above inundation, and the land of good
quality. The river hf re is much wider
than near the Mississippi. From the
Pauis Villages to near the Avoyelles, the
banks of Red river will admit settlement,
and many of its tributary streams will in
some future period, be the Jibode of ci-
vilized man. The banks are alternate-
ly either woodland or priarie, until with-
in 20 miles above the mouth of Little
river, of the south. Many spots along
the river is covered by strong cane. I'he
waters coming into lied ri\er, from mount
Cerne, are pure and limpid, but those of
Red river and its southern branches, are
brackish and turbid. Below the mouth
of Little river of the south, Red river
assumes a south course upwards of 100
miles in a direct line.
The immense volume of water brought
down by Red river, cannot be contained
within its banks during the season of
flood, and about N lat. 3C^° the alluvial
overflow commences. Here the river
divides into a number of channels, the
face of nature changes, the shores be-
comes low, the species of timber such
as are generally found upon the banks of
the Mississippi in corresponding latitudes
except whei'e by the winding nf the stream
a fine bluff approaches the river. The ri-
verisnow filled with islands, and interlock-
ing channels. A chnin of lakes also com-
mence on each side, which leaving the
river, occupy the iiitcrval between the
hills, on each side. These lakes serve
as a natural deposit to the accumulating
mass of water pouring down from the
higher branches of the river. The most
remarkable of these lakes are, Bodcau,
Bistineau, and Black lakes, on the left,
and Cassi, Natchitoches, Spanish lake,
and Cado lake, on the right side of Red
river.
On reviewing this part of Red river,
between the Grand Ecor, four miles
above Natchitoches, and the lake of
Bodcau, that the intermediate space
was once a lake, which has been grad-
ually filled by an accumulation of earth
from the abrasion of the water on the
banks of Red river, and its numerous tri-
butaries. The lakes which now exist,
all lie in the valleys of considerable
streams communicating with Red river,
whose mouths have been impeded by the
alluvion of Red river, and natural drains
formed from hill to hill. The beds of
these rectnt lakes are much lower than
the surface of the river at high water,
though higher than the channel of the
rivers. In autumn and the early part of
winter, when the waters have been drain-
ed by the depression of the river, much
of the ground, covered by the spring
floods in those lakes become dry land,
and exhibit meadows of succulent her-
bage. In the channels of most, there is
consequently an annual flux and reflux,
as the water in the river and lake, pre-
ponderate in height. When Red river
commences its annual rise, the currents
set strongly into the lakes, which gradu-
ally filling, return their flood into the
river with equal velocity, when the de-
Ijression of the river by the summer
heat, begins to take place. This flux and
reflux is continual. Ihe connecting chan-
nels are never dry. Most of the lakes
have the pine woods on one side of them,
from which issue fine clear creeks of
water, whose pellucid currents compen-
sate to the inhabitants for the unpalata-
ble waters of Red river. Were it not
for those spacious depositories above Nat-
chitoches, the fine alluvial border of Red
river, below that territory would be
much more resti icted in extent, and, the
cultivation of the whole greatly m.ore
precarious. From the upper part of
lake Bistintau totiie lower settlement on
Red river opposite Avoyelles, or even to
tViC mouth of Black river, the lands are
sufficiently high and fertile, for cultiva-
tion on both banks, and in every place on
one side. The high lands or pine for-
ests, pursue each side nearly the same
course with the river. On the right
bank the pine bluffs reach the river
bank, for the first place below the al-
luvial tract above ; four miles lower
dov/n, the pine hills again reach the ri-
ver at the town of Natchitoches, and in
two oi" three other place.s still lower
11 E G
a E I
down, the pine hills again reach the vi- Heggio, duchy of Italy, included in that
ver with a rocky base ; but at the Bayou of modena. It produces a great deal of
Rapide the high grounds on the right, silk. It is all subject to the duke of Mode-
quit the river entirely, continue SE to- na, except the marquisste of St. Martin,
wards Opelousas. On the left bank, the which is subject to a prince of thai name,
pine hills reach the river, below the al- Heggio, ancient episcopal city of Italy,
luvial tract at Campte, twelve miles, in a duchy of tlie same name, in a fertile
above Natchitoches, but follow the bank country, 15 miles NW of Modena. and 80
only three or four miles, when they re- SE of Milan. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 44 43 N.
tire, and do not again approach the bank Reggina, town of Italy in Naples, in Cala
until nearly opposite the Rapids ; below
which some few blufFslie alon,^ the banks,
the last of which is the Ecor a Cheniere
opposite Avoyelles. From the Ecor a
Cheniere to the mout;h, Red river flows
over an alluvial fiat, annually over-
flown.
What is generally, though very erro-
neously called the raft of Red river is
bria Citenore, 14 miles N of Cosenza,
Lon. 16 21 E, lat, 39 34 N.
Regnaiio, town of Italy in the Patrimony
of St. Peter. It is thinly inhabited and
is seated near the Tiber, \7 miles N of
Rome. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 42 11 N.
Rehoboth, post town in Bristol county,
Masisachusetts, 42 miles S by W of Bos-
ton, and three eastward from Providence,
merely what I have noticed, a maze of Rhode Island. It contained 4866 inhabit-
islands and channels, through which, ants ; and in 1820, 2740.
though difficult, boats of any requisite Rehoboth, hundred of Sussex county,
size, can be conducted at high water. Delaware, on the Atlantic Ocean and De-
The raft as it is called, is not so great kware bay, between Rehoboth bay and
an impediment to the navigation of Red Cold Spring creek. Population in 1820,
river, as is the rapids at Louisville to 1557.
the Ohio, much less the Muscle shoals
in Tennessee.
Red Sea, extending 1300 miles from
N to S, and 200 in the widest part, from
E to W. It divides Arabia from Af'ica
and is separated from the Mediterrane-
an Sea on the N, by the isthmus of Suez,
and communicates, by the straits of Ba-
belmandel, on the S w^th the Arabian
Sea and the I-.dian Ocean.
Red Stone, township of Fayette county,
Pennsylvania, si'iated on the E side of
Monongahela river, and is watered by a
creek of ilie same name. It contained
1224 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
1207.
Reeclsboroiigh, town of Bennington conn-
ty, Vermont.
Reedy Island, small island of Newcastle
county, Delaware, in Delaware river, 45
miles below Philadelphia, and 15 below
Rehoboth bay, of tise Atlantic Ocean in
Sussex county, Delaware, l^ias the same
inle! with Indian river.
Reichemiu, island of Germany in Suabia,
in the lower lake of Constance.
Reichenau, town of Swisseriand, in the
country of the Grisons. It is seated in a
rich and fertile valley, upon the conflux of
V\t two braaches whic'n f-rm tlie Rhines.
Reichenau is seven miles S\V of Coir.
Reichenbach, river of Swisseriand, which
has its source at the foot of Mount Wet-
terhorn, and rolls its numerous cataracts
down the steep sides of Mount Sheidec, till
it luiites with the river Aar near Meyrin-
gfc-n. It conveys into the Aar the gold dust
that is found in the bed oi that river.
Reichenbach, town of Bohemia in Silesia,
capital of a circle of the same name. It is
>eated on the little river Peil, and noted
for tl>e peace concluded in 1790, between
Wilmington. , , , , ,, ■. ^, r^ ,
Regaisbevg, handsome town of Swisser- ^^e emperor Leopold 11, and the Turks,
land, in the canton of Zuric, capital of a . ^^^to^ier^-, castle of Germany, m the
baliwic of the same name, seated on a rock, '^""'^'f "\ ^PP^"" ,^^''"^ '*"^\ ^^""^y of Cat-
called the Lagerberg, 10 miles NW of zenelenbogen. It .,s aeated on a mountain,
2,jri(. near the Rhme, and belongs to the pnnce
Regenstein, town of Lower Saxony, in fJ^^'^^ Kbeinfeldt. Lon. 7 57 E. lat. 50
the bishopric of Halberstadt, six miles S of
Halberstadt, and seven W of Quedlingburg ReichenfeUs, town of Germany, in the
Lon. 0 41 E, lat. 51 26 N, duchy of Carinthia, 24 miles E of Muhrau,
Regent's Town, settlement of liberated ^^^- ^^ 4 E, lat. 47 9 N.
negroes on W Africa, in the colony of Siera Reicheiiall, town of Germany, in Upper
Leone. Bavaria, on the Sala, with a rich salt spring
Reggio, town of Italy, in Naples, in Gala- nine miles SW of Saltzburg, and 64 SW of
bria Ulteriore, with a woollen manufacture. Munich. Lon. 13 2 B, lat 47 28 N.
It is a large and populous place and is seat- Reichenstein, town of Bohemia in Silesia,
ed on the strait of Messina, 12 miles SB of famous for the silver mines in its neigh-
Messina, and 190 S of Naples. Lon. 16 0 bourhood. It is 12 miles W of Grotes-
B, lat= 38 4 N. kaw,
85.2
yi E A"
R E Q
Eeichshofen, town of France, in the de-
partment ofl-ower Rliine, with a castle.
Rdfferscheid, town of Germar.j', in the
circle' of Lower Khi'ie and arclibisliopric of
Cologne, capital of a county of the same
name. It is 32 mites SW of Cologne, and
42 W of Coblentz. Lon. 6 50 B, lat. 50
20 N.
ReiseJiburg, town of Prussia, in the pro-
vince of Oberland, n^ar which is an ancient
castle, 78 miles S W of Koningsberg. Lon.
•20 5 E, lat 53 52 N.
Reister's-to-cn, post town, Baltimore
county, Maryland, 15 miles "NTW of Balii-
more, and 63 N by E of Washii7gton.
Rembertstown, post town, Surapter dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Remedios, city of Xew Grenada, and ca-
pital of the proviPiCe of Rio del Hacha, 7o
miles E by N of Santa Martha.
Remiremont, town af France, in the de-
partment of tae Vosges, and late province
of Lorrain; on the river Moselle, at the foot
of Mount V.'sagfis, 42 miles S by E of Nan-
ci. Lon. 6 47 E, lat. 48 3 N.
Remsen, post town and township, Oneida
conntj^ New York, 35 miles N from Rome.
Population in<pl820, 912.
Remy, St. town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, 10 mdes NE
of Aries.
Rendsburg, town of Germiny, in the cir-
cle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Hoi-
stein, 12 miies SE of Sleswick. Lon. 10 6
E, lat. 54 30 N.
Renfrew, the county town of Renfrew-
shire, on the Clyde, near the mouth of the
Cart. 10 miles E bv S of Port Glasgow, and
45 W of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 26 W, lat. 55
51 N. ^^
Renfreroshire, county of Scotland, bound-
ed cnthe S by Airshire ; on the E by La-
nerkshiie, and on the N and W by the
Clyde river, which divides it on ti;e \V
from Argyleshire, r.nd on the K from Dun-
bartonshire ; extv nding 30 miles from N to
S, and 13 where broadest, from E to W.
Population in 1801, 72596; in 1811, 78056;
and in 1821, 112175.
Rennebon, lown of Germany, in the bi-
shopric of Strasburg, 10 miles E of Stras-
burg.
Rewies, city of France, in the department
of Isle and Vdaine, and late province of
Bretagne. The inhabitants are computed
at 35,000; on the Vila no, which divides it
into two parts, 58 miles N by W of Nantes,
and 42 SE of St. M.-.lo. Lon. 1 36 W, lat.
48 7 N.
Renssallaer, county of New York, bound-
ed by Hudson river W; Washington county
N; Vermont NE; Massachusetts E ; and
Columbia S. Length 30 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 600 square miles.. Surface hilly,
hut soil productive in grain, pasturage and
856
fruit. Chief towns Troy, Lansingburg^,
and Greensburcr.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females ■
17,865
17,332
Total whites ... - 35,197
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 362
Slaves 750
Total population in 1810
36,309
Population in 1820.
Free white males. - - - 19,543
do. do. females - - - 19,506
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 39
Total whites - . - . 39,088
Free persons of colour, m.iles - 277
do. do. females 355
Slaves, males .... 217
do. females - . - - 216
Total population in 1820
40,15;
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 165
Engaged in Agriculture - 7,382
do. in Manufactures - 2,314
do. in Commerce - - 534
Population to the square mile, 67 nearly.
Renssallaer, village in Rensallaer county,
12 miles E from Albany, remarkable for a
manufactory of window glr.ss.
Renssallaerville, Albany countj', New
York, 24 miles SW fron Albany. Popula-
tLon in 1820, 3435.
Renty, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais, on the river Aa, 50
miles NW of Arras.
Rente, town of France, in the department
of Gironde, seated on the Garonne, 20
miles SE of Bourdeaux.
Repaille, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mont Blanc, on a river which runs
into the lake of Geneva, 20 miles NE of
Geneva. j
Refieham, town in Norfolkf in a valley,
15 milps NW of Norwich, and 111 NE of
London.
Reppeii town of Brandenburgj in the New
Mark, 16 miles SSE of Custrin.
Repton, village in Derbyshire, eight miles
SSW of Derby, celebrated as the burial
place of several of the Saxon king- of Mer-
cia, and for several antiquities. Here Is a
noted freeschool, which appears to have
been the refectory of a priory.
Rcqnena , town of Sp;.in, in New Castile,
with a castle, and a considerable manufac-
ture of silks. On a hill, on the borders of
Valencia, 64 miles ESE of Cuenza. Lon. I
9 W, lat. 39 44 N.
R I) t;
a II E
Jieslit, towa of Persis, capital of Cilhan.
It is seated on the SW coast of the Cas|iian
Sea, in a fertile plain, surrounded with liigh
mountains, 110 miles N of Casbin. Lon.
52 16 E.iat. 37 18 N.
Resolution Island, small island in the Pa-
cific Ocean, so called from the ship Resolu-
tion, in which captain Cook made his se-
cond voy:i{j-e to that Ocean. Lon. 141 45
W, lat. ir23S.
Retford, East, borough in Notingham-
shire, on the Idle, 30 miles N of Noting-
ham, and 144 N by W of London. Lon. 0
48 W. lat. 53 22 N.
Rethel, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Ardennes, and late province of
Champagn ; near the river Ai.sne, 20 miles
NK of Reims, lOS NE of Pur";s. Lon. 4 26
E, lat. 49 30 N.
Retina, town of Candia. It abounds in
silk, woo], honey, wax, laudanum, and oil.
It is seated on the N caa>t of the island,
in a pleasant county, 45 miles from Candia.
Lon, 24 45 E, lat. io 22 N.
Revel, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garcnne, and late province
of Languedoc, nine miles N of St. Papoul.
Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 43 26 N.
Revel, government of Russia. See Es-
tlionia.
Revel, strong seaport of Russia, capital
of the government of Esthonia. There is
a college, with four professors. It has be-
come a place of great trade, since the Rus-
sians obtained possession of it ; and there
are two great fairs, in May and September,
frequented by English and Dutch mer-
chants. It is seated on the gulf of Fin-
land, partly in a pleasant plain, and partly
on a mountain, 85 miles SE of Abo, and
133 W by S of Petersburg. Lon. 23 57 E,
lat. 59 20 N.
Revello, town of Italy in Pied?nont, in
the marquisate of Saluzzo, near the Po.
It is seated on the top of a very liigli
mountain, and is strongly f" /ftified both by
nature and art. It is three mdes NW of
Saluzzo.
Revero, strong town of Italy, in the Man-
tuan, seated on the river Po, opposite Os-
tiglia, 10 miles NE of Mirandola, and 20
SE of Mantua. Lon. 1 9 E. lat. 44 58 N.
Reitss-Greitz, and ReiisS'Lobenstdn, two
petty, but independent states of central
Germany, between Prussia and Havana.
Reus, town of Spain, in Catalonia. It
has a considerable trade in wine, brandy,
and nuts. It is seated in the middle of a
most fruitful plain, 35 miles NE of Torto-
sa, and 60 WSW of Barcelona.
Renss, river of Swisserland, which rises
in the lake of Locendro, between the
mountains of Petina and Locendro, flows
through the lake of Lucern and the tow;i
of that name, and joining the Aar, falls
Joto the Rhine, below Zurzacb-
7 0
Reuliiii^'eii, town of fGcrmany in Sua-
bia, in tke duchy of Wirtemburg, on ttie
Echetz, near the Xeck.tr, 10 miles E of
Tubingen, and 57 S of Stutgai-d. Lon. 9
10 E, lat. 48 31 N.
Re7i.v, fortified town of the Netherlands,
in Austrian Hainault, eight miles NE of
Mons.
Rexeab, town of Ilindoostan in the pro-
vinre of Allahabad, 57 miles >SW of that
place. Lon. 81 36 E, lat. 24 35 N.
Reyna, town of Spain, in Andalusia,
three miles from Lerna, and in a territory
abounding in wine and cattle.
Rezaiiy government of Russia, formerly
a province of the government of iMoscow.
It contains 12 districts, and is fertile in
corn, and populous.
Rezan, city of Russia, capital of a go-
vernment of the same name. It is seated
at the confluence of tiie Trube.sh and Oc-
ca, 100 miles NE of Moscow. Lon, 4-0 37
E, lat. 54 55 X.
Rhe, island on tlie W coast of France,
in the department of Lower Charente. It
is four leagues long and two broad, and
very populous, eight miles W of Rochelle.
St. Martin is the capital.
Rhea, county of Tennessee ; bounded
by M'Minn SE ; the Cherokee lands and
Hamilton county SW ; Bledsoe W, and
NW ; and Rowan NE Length 30 ; mean
width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. It
extends along both sides of Tennessee^
above the mouth of Hiwassee River.
Population in 1810.
Free white male? - . - 1,165
do. do. females - - 1,125
Total whites . , - . 2,290
All o'.her persons except Indians
not taxed .... o
Slaves 214
Total population in 1810 - - 2,504
Population in IS20.
Free white males - - - 1,980
do. do. females - - - 1,878
-Vll other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites .... 3,858
Free persons .if colour, males - 14
do. do. females 9
Slaves, males .... 169
do. females ... - 165
Total population in 1820 - . 4,215
Of tliese ;
Foreignei-s not naturalized - 17
Engaged in Agriculture - 937
do. in Mai-.-ufacturcs . 97
do. in Commerce - - 13
Poouia'.ion to the square mile. ■'
K H E
II H I
Hheda, town of Germany in the circle ot
Westphalia, and county of I>ingen, 10 miles
N of Lipstadt. Loii. 7 22 E, lat. 51 4? N.
Rheims, ancient city of France, in the
department of Martie, and late province
of Champagne. The inhabitants are com-
puted to be 30,000. Here are manufac-
tures of flannel, coverlets, and other wool-
len stuffs ; on the river Vessc, 62 miles N
of Troyes, and 73 NE of Paris. Lon. 4
8 E, lat. 49 15 N.
Jiheinau, town of Swisserland, in Thur-
gau, with an abbey, on an island formed by
the Rhine, between Shaffenhausen and
Eg-lisau
Hheinbach, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Lower lihine, and electorate of Co-
logne. 53 miles E of Leige. Lon. 6 9 E,
lat. 51 39 N.
liheinher^, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Celogne, seated on the Rhine,
40 miles NW of Cologne, and 40 SE o!
Guelderland. Lon. 6 39 E, lat. 51 29 N.
Rimnecy town of Germany, in the arch-
bishopric of Cologne, seated on the Rhine,
34 miles SSE of Cologne. Lon. 7 23 E,
lat. 50 27 N.
Rhelnec, town of Swisserland, capital of
the Rhelnthol, with a castU , seated on the
Rhine, near the lake of Constance. Lon.
9 23 E, lat 47 41 N.
Rheinfeldy castle of Germany in the cir-
cle of Lower Rhine, and county of the
same name. It is 15 miles S of Coblentz.
Rheinfeldeny strong town of Suabia, eight
miles E of Basle. Lon. 7 46 E, lat. 47 36
N.
Rheingau, district of Germany, on the
E side of the Rhine, extending from Nei-
der Wallauf, to Lorrich. The vine is here
chiefly cultivated. Eifeld is the capital.
Rheinhausen, town of Germany in the
bishopric of Spire. It is situated on the
Rhine, three miles .SE of Spi."e.
Rheinland, port of South Holland, lying
on both sides of the Rhine. Leyden is
the capital.
Rlieinmagen, or Remagen, town of West-
phalia, near the Rhine, 19 miles NNW of
Coblentz. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 50 38 N.
Rheinsabem, town of Germany in the
bishopric of Spire, with a castle, 15 miles
S of Spire.
Rheinthal, fertile valley of Swisserland,
lying along the Rhine. It belongs lo the
eight ancient cantons, and to that of Ap-
penzel. The protestant inhabitants are the
most numerous.
Rheinwahl, large valley in the cotmtry of
the Gnsons ; so called from the Hinder
Rhine, which rises at the distance of 12
miles^, and runs through the valley. Splu-
gen is the capital.
Rhenen, city of the Netherlands, in Ut-
recht on the Leek, 20 miles SE of Utrecht.
Lon. 5 22 E. lat. 51 50 N.
,S58
Rlune^ great and remarkable river of
Europe, which rises in Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisons. It is formed of three
streams ; the Further Rhine from the head
of the valley of Disentis ; the Middle
Rhine from the valley of Medelo, an ap-
pendage of St. Gotherd ; and the Hither
or Upper Rhine from the mount Avicula.
The first two torrents united is ciUed the
Lower Rhine, which receives the Upper
Rhine at Richenau ; and the heiglit is here
about 6180 feet above the sea. Flowing
by Coire, at the distai ce of a mile, the
Rhine here becomes navigable for rafts.
It is soon after the boundary between the
Rheinthal and a territory of Austria, and
passes through the lake of Constance frora
E to W. Leaving this lake, it becomes
the boundary beiween Switzerland and
Suabia, flowing by Schaffhausan (below
which it form-, a cckbrated cataract) to
Basel. At Basel the river turns to tiie N,
and flows the ice to Holland ; in which
course it becomes the barrier between
France and Germany, gives name to the
two German circles of the Upper and Low-
er lihine, waters many considerable cities
and towns, and receives some large rivers.
Below Emmerick, in the duchy of Cleve,
it divides into two streams ■ That which
bends to the W, and flows by Nimeguen,
is called the Waal, but loses that name on
its junction with the Meuse, at Gorcum.
Below Gorcum, it divides into four princi-
pal branches, forming the isles of Yssel-
monde, Voorn, and Overslackee ; the most
northern branch is called the Mervve, and
passing by Rotterdam and Schiedam, is
joined by the branch from the S side of
Ysselmonde, and enters the German ocean,
below Briei : the other two branches make
their exit at Iltlvoetsluys and Goree. The
other stream which had branched off to
the NW below Emmerick, retains its name :
but below Huess-en another branches off
to the N, takes the iiamc of Yssel, and en-
ters the Zuider Zee, below Campen. The
old river proceeds W by Ariiheim to Duer-
stede, when it again divides into two
streams : that to the left is called the Leek,
and enters the Mervve above Rotterdam.
The branch to the right, which retains its
name, pusses on to Utrecht, where it di-
vides once more, into two streams : the
smaller one is called the Vecht, which •
runs N into the Zuider Zee, at Muyden ; *
and the other, the remains of the noble
Rhine, flows W by Woerden to Leyden,
where it divides into several channels, and
afterward is lost ammg hills of sand near
the village of Catv.'vck
Rhine, Lower, formerly a circle of Ger-
many. It extended on both sides the Rhine,
from the circle of Snabia, on the S, to that
of Westphalia, on the N; containing the
Lie electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Co-
U II o
H H (!)
iOgne, llie palatinate of tiie Rliine, the
duchy of Westphalia, and Xhe county of
Lower Isenburg. It now belongs to Bavaria.
Ithine, Lower, department of France,
containing the late province of Lower Al-
sace. Strasburg is the capital.
Rhine, Upper, department of France,
containing' the late province of Upper Al-
sace. Coimar is the capital,
Rhine, Upper, formerly a circle of Ger-
many. It extended across tlie Rhine, from
the province of !,.o''a;i!e in France, on tlie
S to the circle of Lower Saxony, on the
N, and was nearly intersected by the pala-
tinate of the Rhine. It included the lan-
gravate of Hesse, Wetleravia, the counties
of Catzenellenbogen and Waldec ; the im-
perial town of Frankfort, the b shoprics of
Fulda, Spire, and Worms, and the duchy
of Deux Fonts.
Rhine, Palatinate of the, late electorate
of Germany, \n the circle of lower Rhine ;
bounded on the N by the archbishoprics of
Mentz and Tieves, E by Franconia, S by
Suabia, and W by France.
Rhode Island, state of the United States ;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S and SE ;
Connecticut W ; and Massachusetts N, NE,
andE.
Miles,
Having an outliRe on the Atlantic
ocean . . - - . 40
Along ConnecUcut - - - 50
Along Massachusetts - . - 70
Having an outline of - - - 160
Extending from lat 41 18 to 42 1 N.
Area, exclusive i)f water, 1200 square
miles, equal to 768.000 acres.
It is for its extent a very diversified
state. The NW part is liilly and broken ;
but gradually subsiding to levtd land, ad-
vancing towards the Atlantic ocean. The
islands are most dclightfiilly variegated by
gentle slopes and swells. The state is
composed of three sections ; that part W
of Narragansett bay, bordering on Connec-
ticut; the islands of Rhode Island, Con-
nanecut, Prudence, and a few of lesser
note ; arid two small .slips on the E side of
Narragansett bay. The soil of this state is
as various as are the features of its geogra-
phy ; thin and rocky to the NW ; level and
in part marshy SE ; but in the islands and
many of the capes jutting into Narragan-
sett bay, exuberantly fertile.
Rhode Island is the most manufac-
turing section of the United States in
•proportion to population. Cotton is the
chief subject of manufacture. Including,
those on Massachusetts near Providence,
and owned in that city more than 100
cotton factories are in operation in that
vicinity. The commercial prosperity of
this state has kept pace with its manu-
facturing industry. The amount of ton-
nage exceeds 40,000 ; and more than half .
the amount of exports of domestic pro-
duce. The exports in 1820, amcuntefl
to more than one million and seventy two
thousand dollars.
In no part of the United States has
banking been carried to such an extent.
There are in Pi'Dvidence five, Nevyport
five, Bristol five, Smithfieid three, Wes-
terly two, and at Warren, Pawtucket,
Patuset, Cranston, Gloucester, Burril-
ville, Scituate, Coventry, Greenwich,
Wickford, and South Kingston, one each ;
33 in all.
Common schools, have met no legisla-
ture support in Rhode Island, though the
interests of education have not been ne-
glected. See Providence, Academies
exist in most of the towns, and private
day schools are scattered cvt r the state,
in almost every neighbourhood.
The number of Baptists congregatior.s
57; Friends 18; Congregationalists 11;
EpiscopaUans 5 ; Moravians 1 ; and
Jews 1.
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - 35,743
do. do. females - - 37,471
Total whites - - ' - • 73,214
All other persons except Indians
not taxtd - - - - 3,609
Slaves 108
Total population in 1810
76,931
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 38,492
do. do. females - - - 40,921
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 44.
Total whites - . .
Fiee persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
79,457
1,587
1,967
18
30
83,059
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 237
Engaged in Agriculture - 12,559
do. in Manufaciures - 6,091
do. in Coininerce - - 1,162
Population to the square mile, 69.
Rhode Island, from which the state
of the same nanjc is formed, is situated
in Narraga sett bay, extending nearly N
and S 15 miles, with a mean width of
two miles and a half, and subdivided
into the i,r.v:-ships of Newport, Mid-
dleton, u.v.d Portsmouth. See JVewfiort
county.
' Rhodes, island of the Archipelago, at
%'5')
a 1 &
m c
the entrance of tiie giilr ef Macri, 40
miles long and 15 broad. The soil is
pi-etty fertile, but badly cultivated.
This island is much celebrated in an-
cient and nnodern history. It was taken
by the Turks, after an obstinate resi- 1-
ance 1523 ; and the small number of
knights that remained, aftervs'ards remo-
ved to Malta. A pacha is the governor-
general of the iiiland, who presides over
ci.\il justice and military discipline.
Rhodes, capital of the island of Rhodes,
was anciently nine miles in circumferLnce,
but the present town occupies only a
quarter of the extent of the ancient city.
It has a good harbour, with a narrow en-
trance between two rocks, on which are
two towers to defend the passage. It is
inhabited by Turks and Jews ; for the
Christians are obliged to live in the su-
burbs, they not being suffered to be with-
in the wails in the night-time. Lon. 28
25 E, lat, 36 24N.
Rhodez. See Rode~.
Rho7ie, large river of Europe, \s?hich
yises in Swisserland, from the glacier of
Furca, between the two rocky mountains
of Gleehterberg and Satzberg. Crossing
the Vallais, it runs through the lake and
city of Geneva, and there receives the
I'iver Arvt. After which it widens, and
becomes navigable near Seissel ; then
running SW to Lyons, and receiving se-
veral other streams, particularly the
river Saone, continues it course due S;
and passing by Orange, Avignon, and
Aries, it falls to the westward of Mar-
seilles into tlie Mediterranean by three
mouths.
Rhone, Mouths of the, department of
France, containing part of tue lite pro-
vince of Provence. Aix is the capital.
Rhone and Loire, department of
France, including the late provinces of
Forez and Lyonois. The capital is
Lyons.
Rkijaidergoivy, town in Radnorshire,
near a cataract of the river Wye. It is
20 miles WNW of New Radnor, and
177 of London. Lon. 5 2? W, lat. 52
17 N
Rhynbeck, pest town of Duchf ss coun-
ty, New York, containini^ 4486 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 2729. It is
situated on the E side of Hudson river,
65 miles S of Albany, and 30 S of Hud-
son.
Rhynds or Rinns of Galloway, the W
division of Wigtonshire, divided from the
other parts of the county by Loch Ryan
and the bay of Luce.
Rhyney See Rumney.
JRibadavia. See Rivadavia.
Ribadeo, seaport of Spain, in Galicia.
It IS situated at the mouth of the. Kb,
S60
and is 15 miles NE of Moudonedo. Lcn.
7 2 VV, lat. 43 30 K.
Ribas. town of Spain, in New Castile,
on the river Xarma, eight miles from
Madrid.
Ribau Pierre. See Rafiolfatdn.
Ribble, river which rises in the W
riding of Yorkshire, runs across Lanca-
shire, and falls into the Irish Sea, below
Preston.
Ribeira Grande, town of St Jago, the
principal of the Cape de Verd Islands,
with a good harbour It is seated be-
tween two high mountains. Lon. 23 24
W, lat 15 0 N.
liibcviont, town of France, in the de-
partment of Aisne, and late province of
Picardy, seated on an eminence, near the
river Oise, 10 miles VV by S of St. Quin-
tin. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 49 48 N.
Riberac, town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne, 17 miles E of
Perigneax, and 27 SSE of Angoulesme.
Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 45 15 N.
Ribtiik, episcopal town of Turkey, in
the province of Wallachia, 44 miles S
of Hermanstadt, and 130 ESE of Tennes-
war. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 45 19 N.
Itibnitz, town of Germany, in Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg,
with a nunnery for noble women. It
is seated on a bay of the Baltic, 12
miles N of Rostock Lon, 12 35 E, lat.
54 10 N.
Riceboro', port, post town, and seat of
justice, Liberty county, Georgia, near the
head of Newport river, which is, how-
ever, navigable thus far for sloops ; 34
miles SSW from Savannah.
Richieleu, county of Lower Canada, on
St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, and
extending SE from the former, to the
north bnundaiy of Vermont.
Richelieu, river of Lower Canada. See
Sorelle.
liichelien, town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, and late
province of Poitou, on the Amable and
Vide ; 27 miles N of Poitiers, and 152
S W of Paris. Lon. 0 20 E, lat. 47 2 N.
Richfield, post town of Otsego county.
New York, 75 miles W of Albany, and
containing 2083 inhabitants in 1810, and
in 1820. 1772
Richfield, thriving agricultural town-
ship of Ashtabula county, Ohio, situated
on Grand river, immediately south of
Austinbnrg. Population 1820, 193.
Richfield, NE comer township in Me-
dina county, Ohio, containing 347 inha-
bitants in 1820.
Richfcrd, town of Franklin county,
Vermont, on Misisque river, 44 miles
NE from Burlington. Population 450.
Rich-hill, N W township of Green coun-
K I C
'U i c
ty, Pennsylvania, on the head of the SE
fork of Wheeling, and the middk- fork of
of Tenmili creek. Population in 1810,
716; and in 1820, 687.
Rich hill, town^h r. in the eastern part
of Muskingum county, Ohio Population
1820, 706
Richland post town, Oswego county,
N w York, on lake Ontario. Population
1820, 2728.
Richland, one of the NW townships
of Buck;- cixinty, Pt-nnsyivaiiia, on the
heads of Tohickoncreek.SS miles N from
Philadelphia. Population 1820, 1385.
Richland, one of the southern town-
ships of Venango county, Pennsylvania, on
the point, between Alleghany river, and
Toby's creek, above their junction. Po-
pulation 1820, 1031
Richland, county of Ohio, bounded N
by Huron, E by Wayne, S by Knox, and
VV by Marion and Crawford counties. It
is 30 miles square, containing 900 square
miles. The county emhraces-a tract of
country high and elevated. The prin-
cipal streams are numerous branches -A
Mohiccan creek, and the head waters of
Sandusky and Whetstone rivers. Chief
town Mansfi- Id.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,897
do. do. females . - 4,242
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites . - - - 9,139
Free persons of colour, males 15
do. do. females, 15
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females .... 0
Total population in 1820 - . 9 J 69
Of these ;
foreigners not naturalized - - 19
Eogaged in Agriculture - - 1,935
do. in Manufactures - - 274
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to the square mile, 10.
Richland, township of Belmont coun-
ty, Ohio, containing 3879 inhabitants, in
1820, in which is situated St. Clarisville,
the county seat.
Richland, township of Guernsey coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 860.
Richland, township in the NE corner
of Clinton county, Ohio. Population 1820,
1056.
Richland, tovmship in the northern
borders of Jackson county. Population
1820, 182.
Richla7id, township in the eastern part
of Fairfield county, Ohio, in which Rush-
ville is situated. Population 1820, 1071.
Riddands central district of South Ca-
roliua, on the peninsula between the VVa-
t?ree iid Congaivo rivers, with Fair-
field ar.;'. Kenshaw districts N. Length
40 ; mean width 12 ; and ars-a -ISO square
miles. Surface moderately hilly, and
soil productive, staple, cotton. Chief town
Coiumbia.
Popuhdion in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,763
d'j. do. females . - - i.70>
Total whites ....
3.468
All otlier persons except Indians
not t ^xed
321
Slaves . . - . -
5,238
Total population in 1810,
9,027
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
2,358
do. do. females -
2,141
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
0
Total whites ....
4,499
Free persons of colour, males
101
do. . do. fenules
94
Slaves, maleb
3,810
do. females
3,817
Total population in 1820 - - 12,321
Or these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 50
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,064
do. in Manutiictures - 266
do. in Commefce - - 48
Population to the square mile, 26.
Richland, river of Tennessee, rises
in Murray, and flows into Giles ci>unty,
passes Pulaski, and falls into Elk river,
below Elktcn.
Richland, j)ost village, Giles county,
Tennessee
Richmond, borough in the N riding of
Yorkshire It has a manufacture of wool-
len stockings, caps, &c, on the Swale,
40 miles NW of York, and 230 NNW of
Lotidon Lon. 1 35 W, iat. 54 28 N.
Richmond, village in Surry. The tide
of the Thames reaches just to this vil-
lage, which is 60 miles from the mouth
of it, a greater distance than the tide is
carried by any other river in Europe.
Nine miles above London.
Richmond, town of Chittendon county,
Vermont, on Onion river, 13 miles SE
from Burlington. Population 1820, 1000.
Richmond, post village and township,
Cheshire county, New Hampshire, 47
miles SW from Concord. Population
1820. 1,391.
Richmond, post village and township,
Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Po-
pulation 1820, 923.
8.61
fe I o
K I C
Richmond, post village and tovrnship,
Washington county, Rhode islaud, on
Wood river, 30 miles SSW from Provi-
dence. Pi-pulation 1830, 1423.
Richmond, t; wnfehip, doubtful whether
in Outariu, Alonroe, or Livingston coun-
ties. Population 1820, 2765.
Richmond, county of New York, in-
cluding Staten Island. Length 12 ; mean
■width 4 ; and area48 siuare nii'es. Sur-
face waving, and soil productive.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,358
do. do. females - - - 2.278
Total whites .... 4,636
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 274
Slaves • . . . , 437
Total population in 1810, - 5,347
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 2,835
do do. females - - 2,590
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
5,525
Free persons of colour, males
A2
do. do. females
35
Slaves, males - _ _
331
do. females - _ -
201
6,135
5
480
294
209
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not mturaiized
Engager' in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 127|.
i?/VAmo7M/, city and metropolis of Virginia,
situated in the county of Henrico, on the
north side of .Tames' river, at the termina-
tion of the f-iils about 100 miles above the
termination of the river, Ion. 77 31 W, lat.
37 30 N, 21 miles N of Petersburg, and
124 miles W of S frm the City of Wash-
ington ; there are about 1400 houses, of
which probably more tiian lOUOarc ot brick
geiierally covered with sl:!te, the rest of
VrOO'.i, "th" buildings in Richmond are
generally p-a''-.i, wilhont much dis|)'ay of
arciiitectural taste or reference to other
objects than utility ; to this remark, there
are however some exceptions, had the
model of the c-tpiiol been equalled by its
execution, it would be the finest building
in ihe United States, its proportions are
perfectly correct and its plan chaste ; and
even as it is, when seen from a distance,
as is often the case, it seems to rise in
greater grandeur and besiuty before tlie
spectator. The public square on whidi
?62
the capital stands, contains about eight
acres, and lias been enclosed by a substan-
tial railing of cast iron ; many other im-
piovements have been designed and in
part executed, which when completed,
"Aill render it a place of greater beauty.
Near the capitol stands the Government
house and City Hall, a hands:>me and cosiiy
building. The Presbyterians, Episcopa-
lians, Baptists, and Mfthoriists, have each
txvo places of v\ orship, the Friends, Roman
Catholics, and Jews one ; of these, that
which will be regarded witii most interest
by the traveller, is called the Monumental
church, now an Episcopalian place of wor-
ship, erected on the site of tlie Theatre,
which on the 26th December, 1811, was
consumed by fire, and in which the Gover-
nor of Virginia, G. W. Smitli, Esq. and 71
other persons, man}' of thifm highly respect,
able, perished. The Monument, -when com-
pleted, will commemorite this mourntbl
event. A new Tlieatre has been erected,
sufficiently spacious for the purposes for
which It is i'>tended. There are also a Peiii-
tf ntiary, an Armory, a Lancasteran School-
house, an Orphan As_vlum, a Poor-hcuse,
and a valuable though sm^ll Public Library,
and a Museum in Richmond, besides a
nun-ber of buiidmgs connected with com-
merce and manufactures, such as three
Banking houses, two Ensurance offices,
f' iir Tobacco ware-houses, a Sugar Refi-
nery, two Roiling and Slit'ing Mills., Nail
.manufaciorv, and four very valuable Flour
Mills.
The town of Richmond was established
by an act of the general assembly of Vir-
gmia, in the year 1742, a.id the seat of go-
vernment for the state, was removed from
Williamsburg in 1780 ; at which period the
population may be conjectured at 500 per-
sons ; in the year 1822, the number of in-
habitants of the city, and of such of the
suburbs as are immediately connected with
it, may f«irly be rated at 16 fo 18,000, a
majority being white persons ; this rapid
increase of population during the last
foi'ty two-years, may in part be ascribed to
the transfer of the seat of government,
with its attendant advantages, but as the
number of officers connected with the
siate government is not considerable, and
the courts of higher jurisdiction which for
a few years sat in tlie capitol, have since
been branched out in such a manner that
their sessi.)ns are held in other places —
other causes naust be sought for to account
for the whole efiect produced in the pe-
riod first mentioned, the very fruitful coun-
try bordering on .Tames' river above its
falls, wa'^ partially and imperfectly cultiva-
ted, and the impossibility of obtaining a
navigation through the rapids immediately
above Richmond, had deprived the inhabi-
tants of a free use of the rirer for the trans'
B I C
R I 0
portation of the products of the state. In
the yeai- 1794, the canal was so far com-
pleted that all -difficulty of passing- the
rapids were removed, and gradually since
that time the navi.a:;ttion has been succes-
sively used Jor 250 miles above Richmond,
passin,£f the rang-e of the Blue Kidgeto the
foot of the Allegany mountains. The tolls
of James' River Company, afford a correct
view of the growing importance of the
country in the years, viz.
1794 amount of tolls §1,764 33
2,744 05
6,454 55
7,483 49
12,112 18
14,819 51
12,324 27
15,605 45
16,642 97
19,943 20
15,115 24
16,748 95
14,792 47
18,519 02
14,U21 04
18
2,
29
22.906 22
20,750 18i<
16,816 93
24,645 53
27,880 61
34,3 7u 50
32,902 10
25.735 24
29,245 29
24,493 98
As the variable condition of the stream
has caused much uncertainty in the navi-
gation, the legislature of the state employ-
ed two very skilful engineers to survey and
level James' river Tom Richmond to Dun-
lap's creek, and report to the board of
Public Works, what in their opinion will
be the best mode of improving the river,
and of connecting its waters with those of exceeding three miles from the city ; a bar
the Ohio ; the result is, that the legislature of sand about 350 feet in width, forms the
have adopted the plan proposed by the only obstruction to the mouth of the dock,
engineers, and approved by the board of which forms a safe harbour for more than
Public Works, namely, the construction of 300 sail of vessels, drawing 12 feet water
an independant canal, bordering on the in the centre of the city. As to her cs-
north branches of James' river, and extend- ports, Richmond is most favourably situa-
ing from Richmond to Dunlsp's creek, a ted, for enjoying a monopoly in the coal
distance of 250 miles, a turnpike road of business, is the- first port in the United
90 miles in length from Duniap's creek to States, as well as for quality and quantity
a given point on the Great Kenawha, and of tobacco, ami is not much behind any
an'^improvemer.t in the bed or the Great Ke- other city in the article of flour, which
nawha from that point to the Ohio river, from a variety of circumstances attached to
which last, affords easy and safe convey- her local situatii-n, is :dways ready for
1795
do.
do.
1796
do.
do.
1797
do.
do.
1798
do.
do.
1799
do.
do.
1800
do.
do.
18C1
do.
do.
1802
do.
do.
1803
do.
do.
1804
do.
do.
1805
do.
da.
1806
do.
do.
1807
do.
do.
1808
do.
do.
1309
do.
do.
1810
do.
do.
1811
do.
do.
1812
do.
do.
1813
do.
do.
1814
do
do.
1815
do.
do.
1816
do.
do.
1817
do.
do.
1818
do.
do.
1819
do.
do.
1820
do.
do.
1821
do.
do.
will be required, and that upon a fair cal-
culation of the tolls which may be exacted,
founded upon the actual experience of the
present company, a:! adequate inieresl may
be expected upon the sum disbursed.
Three fourths of the shares of the origi-
nal company have been purchased by the
commonwealth, and §500,000 liave been
already obtained, by a lo;tn under its pat-
ronage, and the work is now in progress.
As the funds of Virginia are exclusively
applicable to internal improvement are
most ample and active, no doubt can be
entertained that they v.'ill be liberally era-
ployed in the successful prosecution of the
work. The influence of this grand nation-
al effort will be felt within the limits of
Virginia alone, through a country of very
iincommon resources and fertility, extend-
ing 4'1'0 milfs in 'entjthand 150 in breadth,
and will aflord to Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana,
and other western st-ites a very safe and
expeditious communication with the Allan-
tic Ocean.
benefits of this work will not be
ed to Navig-ation alone, through the
the canal a water power of
to manufacturers will be
view of the city of Rich-
mond, it may not be unfair to calculate that
10U ' sites for machinery of different de-
noniinavions may be Sound, each affording'
an Hmple supply of water at all seasons;
this calculation is founded upon the fact,
that the elevation of the canal above tide
water of the dock, is little short of 30 feet,
and that the natural condition of the falls
will furnish very great resources for such
a supply.
Such are the advantages which Rich-
mond possesses above the falls, nor are
those which she possesses below of less
importance, for a distance of nearly 150
miles James' river meanders through an
uncommoidy productive country, and the
depth of water is sufficient to bring vessels
drawing 15 feet water, to a distance not
ance to the Great Salt Works near its
banks.
To accomplish this great plan, the board
o'i Ptiblic Works have advised tiie legisla-
market there some months sooner than in
other places.
The natural situation of Richmond is
beautiful and even roFnantic, Snokoe and
ture that an expenditure of §2,383,?'50 Rrchmond Hills stands opposite to eacli
863
a I c
R I c
other, with Shokoe creek a bold and lively
stream between them. The city is spread
over those hiils. and along the margin of
the river the lulls have bern ihrown into
various undulations, and present a gnat
many points, from whicli different views
may be taken, highly pictnre'.qvie and
beautiful; the falls of the river which de-
scends more than six miles ; the island ;
the town of Manchester, connected by two
bridges with Richmond; the rich planta-
tions adjoining the town, the river winding
and stretching below to a great extent, the
wavering hills on its north side, and the
valley through which Shokoe creek passes,
are the principal objects on which the eye
fixes, and from every eminence they are
seen in some new form, and under some
new colouring of light and shade, the
whole presenting the three great requisites
of landscape, viz. grandeur, beauty, and
variety — besides, Richmond is one of the
healthiest cities in the United States, or
perhaps in the world, the annual amount of
deaths on an average, is one in eighiy-£ve ;
it has never been visited by Yellow liver,
or any violent and desolating disease.
EXPORTED IX AMERICAN VESSELS.
Date of Wids. of Kegs of Bbls. of Pounds
Exportation. Tobacco. Tobacco. Flour, of Cotton
March, quarter 1819 400 5270 3964
June do. 698 710
September do. 5856 2920 12051
December do. 683 2914 17588
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 1,189
Slaves, 3,748
Total population in 1810 - 9,735
Population in 1820.
Fi'ee white males ... ^'^^^
do. do. females - - _ - 2,95o
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites .... 6,445
Free persons of colour, males - 532
do. do. females - 703
Slaves, males ... - 2,171
do. females . - - - 2,216
Total population in 18^0 - - 12,067
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 324
Engaged in Agriculture - - 0
do. in iJanufactures - 1,305
do. in Commerce - - 539
Richmond, county of Virginia ; bounded
by Rappahannoc river SW ; Westmore-
land N and NE ; Northumberland E ; and
Lancaster SE. Length 20; mean width
6 ; and area 160 square mdes. Chief town,
Dunkirk.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1»'519
do. do. females - - 1,456
9,256 400 11,814 33,603 Total whites - - - , -
^jj oj^jjer persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
EXPORTED IN BRITISH VESSELS. slaves
Date nf Hogsheads Barrels of Pounds of
Export alien. of Tobacco,
March, quarter
June do.
September do. 2,098
December do. 232
Cotton^ Total population in 1810 -
24,04:;
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
2,330
24 043 ^^^ °^^^^ persons except Indians
' not taxed ....
Tomiage Oitmed in Richmond.
Registered vessels 1031 tons > For the
Enrolled do. 819 do. 5 year 1821.
Entered from Foreign Ports.
American vessels
British vessels ....
Cleared to Foreign Ports.
American vessels
British vessels - . . -
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - ~
do. do. females
32
10
46
12
2,775
261
3,178
6,214
1,307
1,442
2,749
147
146
1,333
1,331
5,706
Total whites
2,727
2,071
4.798
864
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
Of These;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,737
do. in Manufactures - 171
do. in Commerce - - 13
Popvdation to the square mile, 35J.
Richmond, county of North Carolina;
bounded by South Carolina SW ; Yadkin
river W : Montgomery and AToore N ;
M I C
Cumberland E, and Robeson SE. Lenp:th
45; mean width 18; and area about HOO
square miles. Chief town, Rockingham.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,693
do. do. females - - 2,679
5,372
22
1,301
6,695
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taied . . - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1 820.
Free white males - - - 2,740
do. do. females ... 2,719
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites . - - - 5,459
Free persons of colour, males - 31
do. do. females, 26
Slaves, males . - - - 1>0^^
do. females - ■ - 1.002
Total populatiun in 1820 - - 7,537
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - _j2
Engaged in .\griculture - - 2,5/8
do. in Manufactures - 91
do. in Commerce - - 1^
Population to the square mile, 9.
liichmond, county of G-eorg-ia ; bounde*^'
by Savimiiab river E ; Burke .S ; Briar river
or Jefferson S\V ; and Columbia NW.
Length 28; mean width 13 ; and area 364
square miles. 1 s chief town Augusta, is
ja tlie NE angle on Savannah river.
Po})ula'ion in 1810.
Free white males - - r - 1,481
do. do. females - - - 1,200
Total whites - - - 2,681
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 72
Slaves ... - - 2,436
Totalpopulatlonhi 1810 - 6,189
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,lo6
do. do. females - - - 1,531
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ... - 3,667
Free persons of colour, males - 49
do. do. females 61
Slaves, males - . - - 2,549
do. females - - - 2,282
Total population in 1820 - - 8,608
5 R
li I 1)
Of ll'-ese ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 84
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,649
do. in Manufactures • - 241
do. in Commerce - - 529
Population to the square mile, 21 nearly.
Richmond, village and post town, si-
tuate on the head of a small stream, to
which it gives name, about two miles
west of Delaware nver. It is on the
main road from Easton to the Delaware
Water Gap, about sixteen miles from
Easton, and about three miles west of
Delaware river, in Upper Mount Bethel
township, Northampton county, Pennsyl-
vania.
Richmond, A'cw, post town on the
west bank of Salt creek, one mile from
its mouth, and on the road from Chili-
cothe to Gallipolis, Ohio, 14 miles SE
from Chilicothe
Ric/imondshire, district in the N rid-
mg of Yorkshire, noted for the industry
of its inhabitants, who manufacture knit
stockings and other coarse goods. Many
lead mines are now in this district, of
which Richmond is the chief town.
Richtenberg, town of Germany, in the
duchy of Anterior Pomerania, 28 miles
ENE of Rostock. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 54
ION.
Ricfcmanswonh, town in Hertfordshire
on the river Coin, eight miles SW of
St. Albans, and 18 WNW of London.
Lon. 0 16 E, lat. 51 42 N.
Rideau, river of Canada, a southern
branch of Ottawas.
Padge, post village, St Mary's coun-
ty, Maryland, five miles N from Point
Lookout.
Jiklge, post village, Edgefield district,
South Carolina.
Ridgebtirg, post village and township,
Orange county, New York.
Ridgefidd, township of Huron county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 335
Ridgpfield, post town in Fairfield coun-
ty, Ci t-.necticut ; lU miles S of Danbury,
and 47 westward of New Haven, con-
taining 2025 inhabitants in 1810, and in
1S20, 2301.
Ridgevillc, western township of Cay-
hoga county, Ohio. Population 1820,
29.5.
Ridgeville, post village, Warren coun-
ty, Ohio, 70 miles SW from Columbus.
Ridgewmj, post village and township,
Gcntsee county, Nev/ York, near Oak
Orchard Rivtr. Population 1820, 1496.
Ridley, township of Delaware county,
Pennsyr^ ania, situated on the N side of
Delaware river, between Lower Darby
and Providence, and 10 miles SW of Phi-
ladelphia. It is a small township, and
865
RIM
IS. r 0
contained but 996 inhabitants in 1810, and
in 1820, 893.
Riesburg, tov/n of Germany, in the
circle o£ Westphalia, and capital of a
county of the same name. It is seated
. on the river Ems, 12 miii^s NNVV of Fa-
"derborn. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 51 55 N.
Rieti, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto, seated on tiie river Velino, near
the lake Rieti. 27 miles S by E of Spc-
leto, and 27 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 5 E,
lat. 42 23 N
Rieux, tov/n of Fr,^nce, in the depart-
nient of Upper Garnnne, and late pro-
vince of Languedoc, it is seated on the
Rise, 24 miles SW of Toulouse, and S3
W fif Nar bonne. Lon. 1 17 E. lat. 43
16 N.
Riez, town of France in the depart-
ment 01 Lower Alps, and iate province
of Provence, on the river Auvestre in a
plain abounding with good wine and ex-
cellent fruits, S5 miles NE of Aix, and
50 NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 22 E, lat. 43
51 N.
Riga, government of Russia. See Li-
vonia.
Riga, strong and populous town of
Russia, capital of the government of Li-
vonia. Next to Petersburg, it is the
most commerciai place in the Russian
empire. The principal exports are corn,
hemp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather,
and tallow. Within the fortifications are
9,000 inhabitants, and in the suburbs
15,000. Riga is five miles from the mouth
nf the D>vina, and 250 SE of Stockholm,
Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 56 53 N.
Riga, post village and township of
M.nroe county, Ni^w York, on Black
creek, 15 miles SW from Rochester.
Population 1820, 3li9.
Rigaiid, seigniory, York county. Low-
er Canada, 35 miles W from Montreal.
Rigoleis, nar.,e of one of the straits
uniting lakes Borgne, and Pontchartrain,
and into which Pearl river is discharged
bv several mcmths. rht- strait of the
Kigolets is about nine miles in length,
having about nine feet water on each
bar This is the inside passage from
Mobile, Pensacola, &c. to New Orleans.
Rigolets de lion dieu, river of Louis-
iana, formed by Saline, and Black lake
rivers', and by an outlet of Red river,
four miles above Natchitoches. It falls
into Red river from the north, 25 milju
above Alexandria.
Riley, towiisiiip Oxford county, Maine,
30 miles NW from Paris Population
1820, uncertain.
Rijnonski, scignnry, Cornwallis coun-
ty. Lower Canada.
Rimini, town of Italy, in Romagna, in
a fertile plain, at the mouth of the Mar-
rechia, on the gulf of Venice, 20 miie'j
SE of Ravenna, and 145 N by E of Rome.
Lon. 12 39 E, lat. 44 4 N
Rimmegen, town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Juliers, seated on the
Riiine
Rincofiing, or Rinkibbing, town of Den-
mark, in N Jutland, seated in the W
coast, 50 miles N by W of Ripen.
Rindge, township of Cheshire county.
New Hampshire, containing 1226 inha-
bitants in 1810, and m 1820, 1298. It is
situated between JafFrey and Fitzwilliam
townships.
Ringleben, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, and principality
of Eisenach. 26 miles ENE of Eisenach.
Lon, 11 25 E, lat, 51 5 N.
Ringo^s, post town in Hunterdon coun-
ty, Nfw Jersey ; 29 miles W by S of
Nfw Brunswick, and 19 N by W of
Trenton.
Ringsted, town of Denmark, in the isle
of Zeatland, 40 miles SW of Copenha-
gen Lon. 12 10 E, lat 55 28 N,
Ring-wood, town in H.impshire, with a
considerable manufacture of worsted knit
hose ; seated on the Avon, 30 miles SW of
Winchester, and 91 W by S of London.
Lon 1 41 W, lat. 50 49 N.
Rintlen^ov Rinteln, town of Germany, in
Westphalia, in the county of Schawenburg,
with a university. It is subject to the
langrave of Hesse Cassel, and is seated on
the Wt ser, 15 miles SE of Minden, and 35
SW of Hanover. Lon. 9 20 E. lat. 52 13
N.
Rio-de la-TIacha, small province of Co-
lombia, in the form of a peninsula, between
the gulf of Venezuela on the E, and a bay
of the Caribbean Sea on the W Rio-de-
la-Hacha, the capital is seated at the mouth
of a river of the san.e name, 100 miles E
of St. Martha. Lon. 72 34 W, lat. 11
Rio dela Madnlena, river of New Grena-
da, which taking its rise in the mountains
N of Popajan, runs N, and falls into the
Caiibbcan Sea, Letvveen Carthagena and
St. Martha. It is also called Rio Grande.
Rio del a. Plat a See Plata.
Rio de-.Mirauda, river of Spain, which
rises in the mountains of Asturias, and se-
parating that province from Galicia, enters
th° bay of Biscay, at Ravadeo.
Rio- Grande, river of Africa, which runs
from E to W through Negroland, and falls
■ >'- the Atlantic Ocean, in ll* N lat.
Rio-Graiide, river in Brasil, which rises
T.ear tlie AtLntic Ocean, and runs W into
the Parana, being the principal branch of
that river.
Rio-Janeiro, river which rises in the W
mountains of Brasil, and runnhig E through
that country, falls into the Atlantic Ocean ,
at St. Sebastian.
RIP
R I V
Jiio-Janeiro, one of the richest jirovinces
of Brasil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn,
on a river of the same name. It produces
cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, wheat, rice,
pepper, and tobacco in great abundance.
The Portuguese annually export hence
gold, sdver, and precious stones. St. Se-
bastian is the capital.
liiom, ancient town of France, in the de-
partment of Puy de Dome, and late pro-
vince of Auvergne, seated on a hill, in a
pleasant country, eight miles NE of Cler-
mont, and 115 S of Paris. Lon. 3 13 E,
lat, 45 54 N.
Rions, town of France in the department
of Giroiide, and late province of Guienne,
seated on the Garonne, 18 miles SE of
Bordeaux.
Ripa Transone, populous and strong
town of Italy, in the territory of tlie church,
and marquisaie of Ancona,\vith a bishop's
see, five miles W of the gulf of Venice,
and eight S of Fermo. Lon. 13 50 E, lat.
42 59 N.
Ripen, town of Denmark, in N Jutland,
capital of adiocessof the same name, witii
two colleges, a good harbour, and a public
library. The liarbour whicli has contribu-
ted greatly to the prosperity of the place,
is at a small distance, at the mouth of the
river Nipsaa, 55 miles NW of Sleswick,
and 60 S by W of Wiburg. Lon. 9 0 E,
lat. 55 25 N.
Ripley, town in the W riding of York-
shire, with a market on Monday, seated on
the Nyd, 23 miles WNW of York, and 221
N by W of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 54
4 N.
Ripley, post village and tr^wnship of So-
merset county, Maine. Popluation in 1820,
325.
Ripley, post town, Chataugue county,
New York on lake Erie. Population in
1820, lllL
Ripley, post town and seat of justice,
Brown county, Ohio ; on the north or right
bank of Ohio river, 50 miles above Cinci-
iiati.
Ripley, county of Indiana ; bounded by
Fayette NW ; Franklin N ; Dearborn E ;
Switzerland SE; Jefferson S ; and Jennings
W. Length 27 ; mean width 16 ; and area
432 square miles. It is an elevated tract
from which tlie streams flow in v.irious di-
rections into Ohio and Wabash rivers.
Chief town, Ripley.
Population in 1820.
Free svhite males, ... 927
do. do. females ... 893
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Slaves, HJales
do. females
Total population in 1820
1,822
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
1.820
2
0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 509
Engaged in Manufactures - 21
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 4,
Ripley, village and seat .'if justice, Ripley
county, Indiana ; 40 m.les W from tjinci-
nati.
Ripley, town of Rjnd county, Illinois,
about 20 miles E from Edwardsville.
Ripon, borough in West Yorkshire, noted
for its manufacture of hardwares, particu-
ly spurs, and the narket-place is one of
the finest squares of the kind in England.
It is seated on the Ure, 28 miles NW of
York, and 218 NNW of London. Lon. 1 29
W, lat. 54 1 1 N.
Riqmer, town of Franc c, in the depurt-
ment of Sor-.ime, and late province of Pi-
cardy, on the Cardon, five miles NE of Ab-
beville, and 95 N of Paris, Lon. 1 59 E,
lat. 50 10 N.
Rinborou^h, town in Buckinghamshire ;
20 miles S of Aylesbury, and 37 WNW of
London. Lon. 0 42 W', iat. 51 40 N.
Rising Sun, post office, Cecil county,
Maryland; 18 miles SWfroin Wilmington.
Risivif Sit7i, post town, Dearborn county,
Indiana, on the right bank of Oiiio river;
13 miles below the mouth of the Great Mi-
ami.
Rifstigouche, river and harbour of New
Brunsw.ck and Lower C.inud.i. The river
falls into Chaleur bay, and the harbour is
situated at the junction. The main stream
of Ristig:ouche separates Lower Canatia and
New Brunswick.
Ritberg, town of Germany, in Westpha-
lla, ca))ital of a county of tiie same name,
on the Emhs, 12 miles NW of Paderborn.
Lo.). 8 42 E, lat. 51 52 N.
Riva, strong town of Germany, in the
bishopric of Trent, at the iiouth of a small
river, on the lake Garda, 17 miKs SW of
Trent. Lon. 11 7 W, lat. 46 4.N.
liivadavia, town of Spain in the pro-
vince of Galicia. It is seated at the conflu-
ence of the Minho and Avia, and the cir-
cumjacent country abounds with the best
wine in Spain. It is 15 miles WNW of
Orense. Lon. 7 55 W, lat. 42 13 N.
Rivadeo, town of Spain, in Galacia, with
a good harbour, ft stands on a rock, at
the mouth of the Rio de Miranoa, 45 miles
NNE of Lugo. Lo'i. 6 47 W, lat 43 38 N.
Rivallo, town of Naples, in Terra di La-
vovo, seated o.i a mountain, 20 miles from
Naples.
Rivalta, town of Italy, in Piedmont,
867
11 O A
ROB
s'llualcil on'^the Sangon, sis miles SW of
Turin.
Rivalta, town of Italy, in the Milanese,
situated on the river Adda, 15 miles E of
Milan.
Mivaniia, river of Virginia, which rises
in the Blue Ridge, and aiier running a SR
course, falls into James river nea;- the to-vn
of Columbia. See Albemarle, and F/uvianna
counties.
jRizarolo, town of Italy, in Piedmont, on
the river Orio, 15 miles X of Turin, and 12
N \V of Carmagnola.
Biver Head, township of S'lffilk county,
on Long Island, State of New York, con-
taining 1711 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820, 1907. It contains tlie seat of justice
for the county, with four churches.
Rivesaltes, town of France, in tiif de-
partment of Eastern Pyrenees, and late
province of Rousillon, It i'N seated on tlie
Egly, eight miles N of Perpignan, and is
famous for its fine wine.
liivoU, town of Italy in Piedmont, with a
magnificent castle, nine miles W of Turin,
Lon. 7 32E, lai. 45 4N.
Hivolo, town of Italy, in the Ver 'uese,
seated on the lake Garda. 20 mdes NW of
Verona. Lon. 11 1 E, l?.t. 45 34 N
Jiouj strong town of Spain, in <Jld Cas-
tile, with a ciiadel and a castle. It is stat-
ed on the Douero. in a country fertile in
corn and wine, 10 miles SW of A'anda,
and 70 N of Madrid, Lon 3 22 W, iat. 41
35 N.
Roane, county of Tennessee: bounded
by Blount E; McMinn SE ; Rhea SW;
Morgan NW ; Anderson N ; and Knox NE.
Lengh 30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 600
square miles. Surface broken, and soil
except near the streams thin and sterile.
The two great branches oFTennessee river,
the Tennessee pr .per, and Holston unite
in this county below the seat of justice,
Kingston.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,520
do. do. females - - 2,376
Total whites - - - 4.896
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 15
Slaves . . - . - 670
Slaves, males -
do. females
Total population in 1820
383
432
7,895
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,036
do. in Manufactures - 156
do. in Commerce - - 16
Population to the square mile, 13.
Roan's creek, post village. Carter county,
Tennessee.
Roanne, populous and corrimercial town
of France, in the department of Rhone and
Lo re, and la;e province of Lyonois. It is
seated on the Loire, where it is fir^t navi-
gable for barks. Hence the merchandise
of Lyons, Marseilles, and the Levant, is
conveyed down the Loire, and by a canal
into the Seme, and thence to Paris Lon.
4 12 E, Iat. 46 13 N.
Roanoke, island on the coast of N Caro-
lina, in Albemarle county. Lon. 76 0 W,
Iat o3 50 N.
Roanoke, long rapid river of the United
Statts, in Virginia, and Nortli Carolina,
formed by two principal branches, Stanton
river, which ri:.es in Virginia, and Dan
river, which rises in North Carohna. This
river is subject to mundations, and is navi-
gable but for shallops, nor for these but
about 60 or 70 miles, on account of falls,
which in a gre;<t meiisure obstruct the
water communication with the back coun-
try. It falls about 100 feet in 12 miles.
Measures are now in progress to render
the river navigible, at least as far as the
junction of Dan and Staunton rivers. It
empties by several mouths, into the SW
end of Albemarle sound.
Robben Island, sometimes called Pen-
guin Island, a barren sandy island lying at
the entrance of Table Bav, near the Cape
of Good Hope. Lon. 18 22 E, Iat. 33
50 S.
Robertson, cotir.ty of Tennessee; bound-
ed by Kentucky N ; Sumner E ; Davidson
S ; Dickson SW ; and Montgomery W.
Le gth 40 ; mean width 15 ; and area 600
square miles Chief town Springfield.
Red river rises in, and Cumberland passes
through the SW angle of this county.
Total population in 1810
5,681
Population in 1810.
Free white males
-
-
2,938
Population in 1820.
do. do. females .
-
-
2,685
Free white males
3,61S
do. do. females -
3,407
Total whites
.
-
5,623
All other persons except Indians
All otlier persons except
Indi
ans
not taxed ...
0
not taxed
.
.
39
Slaves
.
.
1,608
Total whites ....
7,025
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
28
28
Total population in 1810
•
-
7,270
868
ROB
ii u C
Popuiation in 1820.
Free white males - . - 3,875
do. do. females - - o,5U4
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ....
Total population In 1820 . 9,938
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,785
do in Manufactures . 157
do. in Commerce . - 10
Population to the square mile, 16|.
Roberisville. post village, Beaufort dis-
trict. South Carolina.
Robeso7i, township of Washington county,
Pennsylvania, opposite to the extreme W,
angle of Allegany county, and on Raccoon
creek, 18 miles SVV from Pittsburg. Po-
pulation in 1820, 925.
Robeson, township o^Berks county, Penn-
sylvania, on Schuy'iviil river, between Alle-
gany and Hay creeks, five miles below
Reading. Population in 1820, 2065.
Robeson, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by South'C-.roIina SW ; Richland
county W ; Cumberland N ; Bladen E ; and
Columbus SE, Length 33 ; and mean width
25 ; and area 825 square miles. It is drain-
ed by different brandies of Little Pedee.
Chief town Lamberton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 2,881
do. do. females . - - 2,890
Total whites .... 5,771
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 417
Slaves 1,340
Total population in 1810 - - 7,528
Population in 1820.
Free whites, males . . 2,860
do. do. females - . 2,817
All other persons except Indians
not taxed 0
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females - _ .
Total population in 1820 - - 8,204
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,955
do. in Manufactures . 74
do. in Commerce - . 10
Population to tlie square mile, 10.
Robil, town of Germany, in Lower Saxo-
ny, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated
on the river Muretz.
Robinson, township of Allegany countj',
Pennsylvania, on the left side of Ohio river,
betv/een Chartiers creek and Mountouis
run, five miles below Pittsburg. Population
in 1820, 1392.
Rocamadour, petty town of France, in
the depariment of Lot, 23 miles N of Ca-
hors. Lon. 1 32 E, lat 44 48 N.
Roccci-d'-Anfo, strong lown of I'aly, on
the lake Idro, 25 miles SE of Trent. Lon.
11 40 E, lat. 45 50 N.
Rocello, town oi Italy, in iie kingdom of
Naples, near which is a celebrated coral
fishery, 10 miles NE of Gierace. Lon. 16
47 E, lat. 38 20 N.
Rockdale, town in Lancashire ; carries
on mani.factures of bays, serges, and other
woollen goods. It is seated in a vale, on
the river Roch, 55 miles WSW of York,
and 195 NNW of London. Lon, 2 18 W,
lat. 53 08 N.
Roche, town of Swisserland, subject to
the canton of Bern, vvhicli has here a di-
rector of the sal' works.
Roche, town of tlie Netiierlands, in the
duchy of Luxemburg, with a strong castle,
seated on a rock, near the river Ourte, 22
miles S of Liege, and 32 NW of Luxem-
burg. Lon 5 40 E, Lt 50 15 N.
Roche, Bernard, town of Fiance, in the
denartmenl 01 Morbiiiaii, and late province
of Brittany, seated on the river Vilaine
23 miles E of Vannes.
Roclie Chounrt, town of France, in the
department of Upper Viennt-, and late pro-
vince of Poitou. near a small river that
fidis into tiie Vienne, 60 miles S by E of
Poii-.ers, and 189 S by W of Paris. Lon.
0 53 E, lat. 45 46 N.
Roche Macheran, town of the Neth-
erlands in the duchy of Luxemburg, 15
miles NE of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 25 E,
lat. 49 56 N.
Roche Possaij, town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire, and late
province of Truraine. It is remarkable
for its min'Tal waters, and is seated on
the Creuse, 25 miles S of Leches. Lon.
0 50 E lat. 46 45 N.
Roche-stir Yon. town of France, in the
department of Vendee, and late province
of Poitou, seated near the Yon, 20 miles
NW of Lucon, and 202 SVV of Paris.
Lon. 1 31 W, lat. 46 40 N
Rochefort, town of the Netherlands,
in the territory of Luxemburg, on the
Somme, surrounded by rocks, 50 miles
R © C
K O t
NW of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 10 E, lat.
50 12 N.
Rochefort^ seaport of France, in the
depavtiiient of Lower Charente, with a
commodious hiirbour, one of tiie best in
France. It stands on the Charente, 15
miles from its mouth. It has a magni-
ficient hospital, the finest hall of arms in
France, a noble arsenal, a foundry for
cannon, and all the ether majjiazines ne-
cessary for the construction and equip-
ment of ships of war. It is 18 miles SSE
of Rochelle, and 127 SW of Paris. Lon.
0 58 W, lat. 45 iO N.
Rochefort, town of France, in the
department of Jura, on the river Doubs,
six miles NE of Dole, and 22 WSW of
Besancon.
Rochefort, town of France, in the
department of Mayenne, and Loire, on
the river Loire, 10 miles SSW of An-
gers.
Rochefort, town of France, in the de-
partment of Morbihan, 17 miles E of
Vannes, and 40 SW of Rennes-
Rochefoucault, town of France, in
the department of Charente, seated on
the Tardouere, 12 miles SW of Angou-
leme.
Rochelle, fortified seaport of France,
in the department of Lower Charente.
The haven is surrounded by a prodigi-
ous mole, 4482 feet in extent. The in-
habitants carry on a considerable trade ;
especially in wine, brandy, sugar, salt,
paper, linen, and serges, Rochelle is
seated on a bay of Biscay, 67 miles S by
E of Nantes, and 220 SW of Paris. Lon.
1 10 W, lat. 46 9 X.
liochemaure, town of France, in the
department of Ardeche, seated on the
Rhone, eight miles NNE of Viviers.
Roche Perce, town of Missouri in
Howard county.
Rochester, city in Kent, parted from
Stroud on the W by its bridge, and is
contiguous to Chatham on the E ; on the
Medway, 26 miles WN W of Canterburv,
and 29 ESE of London. Lon. 0 36 E,
lat. 51 23 N.
Rochester, post village Windsor coun-
ty, Vermont, ^S miles NW from Wind-
sor.
Rochester, village in Northumberland,
on the Watling-street, N W of Oiterbrun,
and near the source of the Read. It has
some Roman altars, inscriptions, and
other antiquities.
Rochester, town of Straflford county.
New Hanipshire ; situated on the VV
side of Salmon Fall River, 25 miles NW
of Portsmouth. It contained 2118 inha-
bitants in 1810, and in 1820, 2471
Rochester, township of Plymouth coun-
tv, Massachusetts ; it contained 2954 in-
870
habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3034; si*
tuated on the E side of Metapisset
river, between Wartham and New Bed-
ford.
Rochester, township of Ulster county.
New York; it contained 1882 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, S!065 ; situated 15
miles W of New Paltz, and 84 SW of
Albany.
Rochester, very flourishing post vil-
lage of Monroe county, New York, on
Genesee river, at its lower falls, and
where the Erie canal crosses that stream,
NW from Canandaigua, and NE from
Batavia about 32 miles from each.
Rocheita. town of Italy, in the county
of Nice, 16 miles NE of Nice. Lon 7 34
E, lat. 43 51 N.
Rochford, town of Essex, with a mar-
ket on Thursday, 16 miles SE of Chelms-
ford, and 40 N bv E of London. Lon. 0
41 E, !at. 51 36 N.
Rochilr, town of Upper Saxony, in the
territory of Leipsic, with a castle, cop-
per mines, and a handsome bridge over
the Muldaw, 24 miles SE of Leipsic,
and 36 W of Dresden. Lon. 12 46 E,
lat. 51 10 N.
Rock, northern township of Harrison
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 700.
Rockaway, village of Queen's county,
Long Island, eight miles S from Jamaica,
on the Atlantic coast. It is a watering
place, and seat of summer recreation.
Rockaway, post village, Morris coun-
ty, New Jersey, seven miles W of Boone
town, and 36 NW of Newark.
Rockbridge, county of Virginia ; bound-
ed by the Blue Ridge, or Nelson and
Amherst counties SE ; Bedford S ; Bot-
tletourt SW, and W ; Bath NW ; and
Augusta NE. Length 33 ; mean width
23 ; and area about 760 square miles. It
is drained by the North river branch of
James river, which unites at the foot of
the Blue Ridge in the southern angle of
the county. Surface pleasingly diver-
sified, and soil generally of middling
quality.
Population in 1810.
Free white males • - - 4,350
do do. females - - - 4,095
Total whites .... 8,445
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 149
Slaves, - ■ - . - 1,724
Total population in 1810 - - ' 10.318
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,644
do. do. females - - 4,394
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - „ . - 0
ir o c
R o c
Total whites ....
9,038
Free persons of colour, males
166
do. do. females -
129
Slaves, males ....
1,319
do. females ...
1,293
Total population in 1820
11,945
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
37
Engaged in Agriculture
2,575
do. in Manufactures
653
do. in Commerce
129
Population to the square mile, 15|.
Rockcastle, county of Kentucky ; bound-
ed by Knox SE ; Pulaski SW ; Lincoln
and Garrard NW ; Madison NE ; and
Clay E. Length 25; mean width 15;
and area about 380 square miles. It oc-
cupies the height of land between Ken-
tucky and Cumberland rivers; being
drained by Dicks river* branch of the
former, and Rockcastle branches of the
latter. Chief town Mount Vernon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 807
do. do. females ... 767
Total whites .... 1,568
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Slaves ..... 163
Total population in 1810 - - 1,731
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,039
do. do. females - . 1,049
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 0
Total whites .... 2,088
Free persons of colour, males 6
do do. females 0
Slaves, males ... 66
do. females - . . 89
Total population in 1820 - - 2,249
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in AgricuUure - - 333
do. in Manufactures - 5
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 6 nearly.
Rockdale, township of Crawford coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the left side of
French creek, commencing about five
miles above the borough of Meadville.
Population 1820, 776.
Rockjisk, river of Virginia, forms part
of the boundary between Alliemarle and
Nelson counties Virginia, and falls into
James river from the N,
Rockford, town in Tuscarawas coun-
ty, Ohio, seven miiesE from New Phila-
delphia, on the road from thence to Stu-
benville.
Rockhall, post office Kent county, Ma-
ryland
RockUUl, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, between Richland and
Hilltown, 30 miles N from Philadelphia.
Population 1820, 1567.
Rock Landing, post village, of Halifax
county. North Carolina, on the right bank
of Roanoke river at the head of the great
falls, 12 miles above Halifax.
Roclo Spring, post office. Nelson county,
Virginia.
Rockingham, town in Northamptonshire,
on the Welland, 12 miles S of Oakham,
and 83 N by W of London.
Rockingham, SE county of New Hamp-
shire ; bounded by the Atlantic ocean and
Essex county in Massachusetts SE ; Hills-
borough county in New Hampshire SW
and W ; and Strafford county in New
Hampshire, and York county in Maine NE.
Length 50 ; mean width 20 ; and area 1000
square miles. It lies in form of a triangle,
and is drained by the Merimuc, and its
branches, and also by the SW confluents of
the Piscataqua. Surfac.^^- generally hilly,
and in part mountainous, and soil produc-
tive in grain and p'^stiirage. Chief towns.
Concord, and Portsmouth.
Population in 1810.
Free while males - - - 12,736
do. do. females - - - 13,267
Total whites .... 26,003
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 252
Slaves ..... 0
Total population in 1810
26,255
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . - 26,713
do. do. females - - - 28,039
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 139
Total whites ... - 54,891
Free persons of colour, males - 172
do. do. females, 182
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females .... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 55,246
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - V2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 10,522
do. in Manufactures - • 1,973
do. in Commerce - - 609
Population to the square mile, B5,
S71
K O C
11 u C
Rockingham, post ♦own in \f iiv.lliam
county, Vermont , lying on the W side of
Connecticut river, 23 miles N of Brattle-
boro' and six miles from Walpole in New
HariipsUire.
Rockingham, county of Virginia ; bound-
ed by the Blue Ridge, or Orange county
SE ; Augusta SW ; Pendleton NVV ; Han-
dy N ; and Shenandoah NE. Length 33 ;
mean width 24 ; and area about SOU square
miles. The North Fork rises in, and the
main branch of Shenandoah river passes
through this county. Surface generally
hilly, and in part mountainous ; and soil of
middling quality. Chief town, Harrison-
burg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 5,616
do. do. females . - - 5,433
Popula'ioi. in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,255
do. do. females - - - 4,095
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... Q
Total whites ... - 11,049
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - - - 213
Slaves .... 1,491
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . .
Total whites . . - •
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males •
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do in Commerce
12,753
6,397
6,249
14,784
Total whites .... 8,350
Free persons of colour, males 64
do. do. females 86
Slaves, males .... 1,438
do. females ... 1,536
Total population in 1820 - - 11,474
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,664
do. in Manufactiwes - 141
do. in Commerce - - 26
Population to the square mile, 20^.
Rockingltam, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Richmond county, North Carolina,
about 85 miles SW from Raleigh.
Rockland, county of New York, bound-
ed by Hudson river E ; Bergen county in
New Jersey SW ; and Orange county in
New York NW. It lies in form of a trian-
gle ; the base 23 miles along Hudson ; and
each other side 19 miles ; with an area of
about 180 square miles. Surface very
broken, but with much good soil. It
abounds also in iron ore. Chief town,
Clarksburg,
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,654
do. do. females - - 3,496
25
3,013
951
35
Total whites - - - 7,150
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 292
Slaves 316
Total population in 1810
7,758
Population to the square mile 18 1-3.
Rockingham, county of Norlh Carolina ;
bounded by Virginia N ; C;iswell county
in North Carolina E ; Guilford S ; and
Stokes W. Length 28 ; breadth 20 ; and
area 560 square miles. It is drained by
Dan river branch of Roanoke and by the
sources of Cape Tar river.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,203
do. do. females - - 3,956
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,250
do. do. females - - 4,0.51
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites . - "- - 8,301
Free persons of colour, males 214
do. do. females 198
Slaves, iv.a'es ... 66
do. females ... 58
Total whites - - - - 8,159
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 43
Slaves 2,114
Total population in 1820
Total population in 1810
872
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
10,316 do. in Commerce
8.837
35
1,474
755
52
Population to the square mile, 49.
li O D
R O M
liockland, township of Sullivan coanly,
New York. Population 1810, 309; and in
1820, 405.
Rockland, townsliip of Berks county,
Peims\ Ivar.ia, on the heads of Manataway
and Sacony creeks, 10 miles NK from Read-
ing. Population 1820, 1130.
liockport, township on the lake shore,
at the mouth of Rocky river, in (Juyahoga
county, Ohio, containing 157 inhabitants in
1820.
Rock River, river of Illinois, rises near
lake Michigan, flows SW by \V, and fails
into the Mississippi, at lat. 41 30 N.
RockviUe, post village, Montgomery coun-
ty, Maryland, 14 miles N from George-
town.
Rocky Hill, post village, Weathersfield,
Connecticut.
Rocky JSloiint, post town, and seal of jus-
tice, Franklin county, Virginia, 40 miles S
from Fincastle.
Rocky Jlfount, post village, Nash county,
North Carolina, NE front Raleigh.
Rocky JVloimt, post village, Chester dis-
trict, South Carolina, on Rocky creek, SE
from Chesterville.
Rocky .Mountains. See Chippewa?!.
Rocky Ridge, post village, Christian coun-
ty, Kentucky.
Rocky Springs, post office, Rockingham
county. North Carolina.
Rocoux, village of the Netherlands,
near Liege, remarkable for a victory gain-
ed by the French over the allies, in 1746.
Rocroy, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardennes, on a phiin, sitrrounded
by forests. It iscelebra'ed for the victory
which the prince of Conde, then duke of
Enghien, gained over the Spaniards, in
1643. It is 26 miles N of Rethel. Lon.
4 27 E, lat. 49 56 N.
Rodach, town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, and principality of Co-
burg, situated on u river of the same name,
six miles WNW of Coburg.
Rodez, ancient town of France, in the
department of Aveiron. Here are some
manufactures of gray cloliis and serges. It
is seated in the midst of mountains, on a
hill, at the foot of which flous the rapid
Aveiron, 30 miles S by \V of Mende. L:)n.
2 39 E, lat. 44 21 N.
Roding, river in Essex, which rises near
Dunmow, runs S to Ongar, and gives the
name of Rodings to this part of the connty.
It then flows, betv/een Epping and Hai-
nault Forest, to Barking, below which it
falls into the Thames.
Rodman, township of Jefferson county,
New York. Population 1820, 1735.
Rodok, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Delhi, 60 miles WNW of
Delhi. Lon. 76 30 E, lat, 29 10 N.
Rodosto, town of European Turkev. in
5 S
Romania, near the N bank of the Marmora
sea, 70 miles W from Constantinople.
Roer, river of Westphalia, which rises
in the duchy of .Tuliers, passes by the town
of tiiat name, and falls into the Meass,
above Ruremonde.
Roer, river of Germany> which rises in
the circle of Ujjper Rhine, waters Arens-
burg, and falls inlo the Rhine bclovt- Dias-
burg.
Roenx, town of the Netherlands, in
Austrian Hainatdt, eight miles NE of
Mons. Lon. 4 12 E, lat. 50 31 N.
Rogonattoiir, town of Hindoostan Pro-
per, in the countrv of Bengal, 106 miles
SW of Moorshedabad; and 101 NW of
Calcutta.
Rochaczo~i', town of Lithuania, capital of
a district of the same name, at the con-
fluence of the Dnieper and Ordwa, 37
miles NVV of Rzeczica, and 158 N of Kiofo.
Lon. 30 40 E, lat. 53 2 N.
Rochan, town of Frnnce, in the depart-
ment of Morbihan, seated on the Aoust,
20 miles N of Vannes. Lon. 2 42 W, lat.
48 0 N.
Rachilcxind or Rohiila, territory of Hin-
doostan Proper, whose inhabitants are call-
ed Rohlllas. It lies to the E of Delhi, and
■was subject to the nabob of Oude, by whom
it was conquered in 1774. Bereilly is the
capital. Ii was ceded to the British in
1801, and is now included in the district of
Bareily.
Rogersmills, post village, Saratoga county.
New York.
Rogerstoxuii, post town of Franklin coun-
ty, Missouri, 55 miles SW from St. Louis,
on Merimac river.
Rogersville, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Hawkins county, Tennes.see, on the
right bank of the Hoiston, river about 70
miles above Knoxville. It contains beside
the county buildings, an academy, bank,
and jjrin'ing office.
Jiohilcunil. See Rocldlcnnd.
Roldue, town of the Netherlands, in the
duchy of Limburg, capital of a territory of
the same name, with a castle, seven mdes
N of Aix-la-Chapelle. Lon. 6 6 E, lat.
50 55 N.
Rolbich Stones, in Oxfordshire, N of
Stanton Harcourt, six miles W of Oxford.
it is a circle of stones standing upright
which the vulgar have a notion were men
peirified. Antiquaries disagree with re-
spect to the origin and intention of this
ancient monument.
Rom, or Room, island of Denmark, on
the B coast of South Jutland. It is five
miles in length, and half as much in breadth,
and contains a few vUlages.
Roinagna, province of Italy, in the Ec-
clesiastical State, bounded on the N by the
Ferrarese, on the S by Tuscany and Urbi-
no, on the E bv the gulf of Venice? and
S73
ROM
R O M
on the W by the Bolognese and Tuscany.
It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits ;
and lias also mines, mineral waters, and
sait-works, which make its principal re-
venue. Ravenna is the capital.
Ilomain Motier, town of Swisserland,
Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic, at the
foot of a mountain, in a narrow valley,
through which flnvs t!ie river Diaz.
Romania, province of Turkey, in Europe,
200 miles long, 150 broad ; bounded on the
i^I by Bulgaria, on the E by the Bluck Sea,
on the S by the Archipelago and the sea
of Marmora, and on the W by Macedonia
and Bulgaria. It was formerly called
Thrace, and is the largest of all the Turk-
ish provinces in Europe. It is fruitful in
corn, and has mines of silver, lead, and
alum. It is divided mto three sangiacates
or governmen'is ; namely, Kirk; 1, of which
Philipopoli is the capital ; Galipoli, who^-e
capital is of the same name ; and Byzan-
tium, Byzia, or Viz;i, or which Constanti-
nople is the capital.
jRomcwo, strong and populous town of
Italy, in Bergomosro. It carries on a great
trade in corn, and is seated on a river that
runs between the Ogho and Serio.
Romans, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, seated in a fine plain, on
the river Isere, 22 miles SW of Gren ble,
and 30 S of Venice. Lon 5 12 E, lat 45
2N.
Rome, celebrated city of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma, and the capital of
the Pope's dominions. It is situate on
the Tiber, over which it has four bri g
es. The walls are of brick, in which
are 15 gates; and its whole circum-
ference, including that part beyond the
Tiber and all belonging to the Vatican,
is upwards of 16 miles. It is computed
to contain 170,000 inhabitants, which,
though greatly inferior to what it could
boast in the days of its ancient power,
is considerably more than it could num-
ber at some former periods since the
fall of the empire. Some of the princi-
pal streets are of considerable length,
and perfectly straight. That called the
Corso is the most frequented. The shops
on each side are three or four feet higher
than the street ; and there is a path for
foot passengers, on a level with the
shops. The palaces, of which there arc
several in this street, range in a line with
the houses, have no courts before thtm.
The Strada Felice, and ttte Strada di
Porta PJa, are also very long and noble
streets. There are no 1 imps lighted in
the ■ tr:-ets at night ; and all Rome would
be in utter darkness, w^re it not for the
candles which the devotion of individu-
als sometimes places before the statues
of the Virgin : these appear glimmering,
874
at vast intervals, like stars in a cloudy
night Rome exhibits a strange mix-
ture of magnificent and interesting, and
of common and beggarly objects ; the
former consists of palaces, churches,
fountains, and the remains of antiquity ;
the latter compreh nd ail the rest of the
city. The church of St. Peter, in the
opinion of many, surpasses, in size and
magnificence, the finest monuments of
ancient architecture. It was begun to
be built in 1506, fiiiished in 1621, and is
entirely covered both within and with-
out with marble Its length is 7-0 feet,
the breadth 520, and the height, from
the pavement to the top of the cross,
which crowns the cupola, 450. The
high altar under the cupolo is 90 feet in
height, and of extraordinary magnifi-
cence. A complete description of this
church, and of its statues, basso-relievos,
columns, and various other ornaments,
would till volumes. The cathedral of
St. John Lateran, the Romans say, is
the most ancient of ail the churches of
Rome, and the mother f f all the church-
es in Christendom. It contains the
Scala Santa, of 28 white marble steps,
brought from Jerusalem, by which Clirist
is said to have ascended to the pnlace
of Caii)has. To this church every new
pope c instantly goes first, in a magnifi-
ccnt procession, to take possession of
the holy see. The Pantlieon is the most
perfect of the Roman temples which
now remain, and notwithstanding the
depredation it has sustained from Goths,
Vandals, and popes, is still a beautiful j
monument of Roman taste. The pa- ]
vilion of the great altar of St Peter, |
and the four wreathed pillars of Corin- ■*
thian brass which support it, were form-
ed out of the sp; lis of the Pantheon,
which, after, 1900 years, has still a pro-
bability of outliving its proud capacious
rival. The Pantheon, originally erected
to the honour of all the gods, is now be-
come a christian temple, dedicated to
the Virgin, and has obtained, from its cir-
cular form, the name of the Rotundo.
Its height is 150 feet, and its width near-
ly the same. There are no pillars to
support the roof, which is constructed
in the manner of a cupola ; neither has
ii any windows, a sufficiency of light be-
ini. admitted thri.iugh a central opening
in the dome. As the Phantheon is the
most entire, the amp'.iitheatre of Vespa-
sian is the niost stupendous monument
of antiquity in Rome. About, one half
of the external circuit still remains;
from which a pretty exact idea may be
formed of the original structure, and by
comjjutation it could contain 85,000
spectators. But the antiquities of Rome
H G M
tt O M
a-re too numerous to be minutely de- Vienna, and 600 SE of Paris. Lon. 12 Sy
scribed ; that the ancient Forum, now E, lat 41 54 N.
a cow market ; the beautiful column of Rome, township of Kennebec county,
Trajan, &c must be passt-d ov<r. The Maine, 22 miles >i from Augusta.
Campidogiio, built by Michai-I Angdo, 7?07?ze, post town, (Jsic-ida county, New
is a beautiful stiucture, standing on t!ie Yurk, at the head of Boat navigation in
sire of the ancient Capitol, so loi.g the the Mohawk, 15 miles N\V from Utica.
centre of the t mpire of the world The It occupii^s tht site of fort Stanvix. It
body of this {)lace is the residence of is alternateiv with Whitesboro', the seat
the senators of Rome, and the wi.igsare of justice tor the county, and contains
inhabited by thr conservatores of the ci- the county buildings, an arsenal belong-
ty. Thf popt^- has three super!) palacfs, ing to the United States, and also one to
of which the principal is the Vatican, the state of New York. The Erie ca-
near St. P ter's church rhe library of nal passes about one fourth of a mile S
this palace is the largest and most com- from this village. Population about
plete in the world ; rich, especially in 1000.
manuscriptSj^ in all languages and of all Home, E township of Lawrence coun-
agf-s. In Rime the connoisseur will
meet with innumerable paintings by the
greatest master, and with the finest
■works of sculpture, 8cc Beside the uni-
versity, which consists of several noble
Colleges, there :ire numerous academies
and literary societies. The castle of St.
ty, Ohio, on Ohio river. Population
1820, 399.
Rome, township of Athens county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 491.
Romelia, general name given by the
Turks to their European dominions.
Romenay, town of France, in the de-
Angelo serves more to keep the city in partment of Saone and Loire and late
awe, than to repel any foreign attack province of Burgundy, eight miles SE of
Rome was formerly the metropolis of Tournus, and 1.5 NNE of Macon. Lon.
one of the greatest empires that has 5 5 E, lat 46 30 N
ever existed, and may be regarded as Romerstadt, town of Bohemia, in Mo-
the parent of all the cities, the arts, and ravia, in the neighbourhood of which,
states of midern Europe. The ancient are some iron mines. It is 20 miles
Romans were governed by seven kings, NNE of Olmutz. Lon. 17 45 E, lat. 52
for about 230 years. During the next 2o N.
488 years they were governed by con- Romhilden, town of Franconia, with a
suls. tribunes, decemvirs, and dictators castle. It belongs to the duke of Saxe
in their turn. They were afterwards Altenburg.
governed by 60 empercrs, for the space Romna, town of Russia, in the gov-
of 518 years. Their wars with the Car- ernment of Tchernigof, 28 miles SSE
thaginians, Spaniards, Gauls, Miihridates of Tchernigof. Lon. 33 24 E, lat. 50 36
of Pontus, Parthians, and Jews, were N
the most noted. The Roman empire Romney, .A''eiv, town in Kent, seated
was afterwards much distracted by va- in a marsh of the same name. It is one
rious commotions, and in 410, iiome of the cinque ports, it is reduced to a
was taken and burnt. In May, 1527, small place. It is 71 miles SE of Lon-
Roine was invested by the army of the don. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 51 0 N.
emperor Charles V.; and the general, to Romney, post town and seat of justice,
prevent a mutiny, promised to enrich Hampshire county, Virginia ; on the S
them with the spoils of this opulent city, branch of Potomac river, 50 miles west-
The general, however, was himself kil- ward of Winchester
led, as he was planting a scaling ladder ji,,nney, post town and seat of jus-
agamst the wall. ; but his soldiers not ^. Hampshire county, Virginia, on the
discouraged by his death mounted to j^f^ bank of the SW branch of Potomac,
the assaul with the utmost valour and 5^^ ^^^^^ ^ f^.^^ Winchester,
entering the city, exercised all those . -
brutalities that may be expected from Romont, or Rodmont, strong town of
ferocity aggravated by resistance. In Swisserland, in the canton ot Friburg,
the wars which attended the French re- f^ated on a mountain, 10 miles from Fri-
volution, Rome was again a considera- o^"'? ''"^^ 1- ffof" ^^^^- ^o"' ^ ^ E, lat.
ble sufferer. Lar^-^e contriiuitions, and ^o^O-^*-
severe military exactions were drawn RomorenUn, town of France, in the
from the inhabitants ; and a great num- department of Loir and Cher, on the
ber of the most valuable statues and brook Morentin, which loses itself in th.e
paintings were sent off to Paris. Rome Saudre, It has a manufacture of serges
is 110 miles NW of Naples, 410 SSW of and cloths, which .serves to make the
875
K O S
K O S
place known. It is 45 miles E of T<;urs,
and 100 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 47 E,
lat. 47 23 N.
RomsdaU town of Norway. It is the
capital of a provoslship, in the dioccss
of Drontheim, and is 100 miles SSW of
Drcntheim. Lon. 7 54 E, lat. 62 i8 N.
Romulus, post village and township of
Seneca county, Nt-w York. It is situated
on the E side of Seneca lake, and be-
tween that and Cayuga lake. It con
tained 2766 inhabitants in 1810, and in
1820, 5698.
Roncevallos, town of Spain, in Na-
varre, situated in a valley of the same
name, 14milesNNEof Pampeluna. Lon.
1 25 W, lat. 42 54 N
Roneiglione, town of Italy, in the pa-
trimony ot St. Peter, capital of a small
district of the same name. It is seated
on the Tereia, near the lake of the
same name, 12 miles S of Viterbo, and
24 NNW of Rome. Lon. 12 32 E, lat.
42 18 N.
Ronda, strong town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, 20 miles NVV of Gibraltar, and
62 SE of Seville. Lon. 5 12 W, lat. 36
40 N.
Ronneburg, town in Germany, in Up-
per Saxony, and principality of Alten-
burg, 12 miles miles SW of Altenburg,
and 60 W of Dresden. Lon 12 7 E, lat.
50 48 N.
Roots, township of Portage countv,
Ohio. Population 1810, 316.
Rogue, 6V. large village of Spain, in
Andalusia, at the entrance of the isth-
mus which separates Gibraltar from the
continent. It is seated on the Um of a
hill, overlooking the bay, and has seve-
ral batteries, and a fort at each end, to
defend the lines which run across the
isthmus.
Roque dc Morsan, town of France,
in the department of Landes, and late
province of Gascony, on the Douese, 10
miles NE of Mont de INJursan.
Roquebrune, town of Italy, in the
principality of Monaco, near the sea,
three miles from Monaco.
Roquemaure, town of France, in the
department of Gard, and late province
of Languedoc, near the Rhone, 22 miles
NE of Nismes. Lon. 4 48 E. lat. 44 2
N.
Roquetas, town of Spain, in Granada,
on the coast of the Mediterranean, 10
miles SVV of Almeria, and 52 SE ot Gra-
nada. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 46 51 N.
Rosana, town of Lithuania, in the pa-
latinate of Novogrodec, seated near the
Zolva, 20 miles SW of Novogrodec. Lon.
'-?5 45 E, lat. 55 30 N,
Rosbac/i, town of Saxonv, famous for
S7fi
a victory obtained by the king of Prus- I
sia, over the French, and the army of I
the empire, in 1557. 1
Roschad, trading town of Swisserland,
in a bailiwic of the abbey of S Gallen,
with a castle on a mountain. It is seat-
ed on the lake of Constance.
Roschild, town of Denmark, in the
isle of Ztaland with a bishop's see, and
a university. It was formerly the nietro-
polis of Denmark and the residence of
its kings ; it stands at a small distance
from the bay of Icefiord, not far from
the boitum of a small bay, 16 miles W ,
of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55
43 N.
Roscommon, county of Ireland, in the
province of Connaught, 50 miles long
and 28 broad ; bounded on the E by
Longford and W Meath, on the N by
Sligo and Leitrim, on the S by Galway,
and on the W by Galway and Mayo. It
is a level fruitful country, and by the
help of good husbandry yields excellent
corn. It contams 59 parishes, and sends
eight members to parliament.
RoBommon, borough of Ireland, in a
county of the same namr> with a sessions
house and a jail, 80 miles W of Dublin.
Lon. 8 2 VV, lat 53 34 N.
Roscrea.. town of Ireland, in Tippera-
ry, 26 miles NW of Kilkenny, and 26 N
of Cashel.
Rose, township of Stark county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 380.
Rose Island, island stretching from
Pensacola eastward along the coast of
Florida about &0 miles. It is generally
less than half a mile wide.
Roseau, or Charlotte-totun. capital of
the island of Martinico, on the SW side
of the island.
Roseburg, post village in the NE part
of Armstrong county, Pennsylvania.
Rosemills, post village, Amherst coun-
ty, Virginia, 50 miles W from Hudson.
Rosebrugge, town of Netherlands, in
Flanders, lymg 12 miles NW of Ypres.
Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 50 49 N.
Roses, seaport of Spain in Catalonia,
on the bay of Roses, in the Mediterra-
nean, 15 miles NE of Gironna. It was
taken by the French in 1693, and in 1795.
Lon. 3 1 E, lat. 42 16 N.
Rosetto, town of Egypt seated on the
W branch of the Nile; The Egyptians
call it Raschid, and account it one of
the pleasaiUest places in the country. It
has a great manufacture of striped and
other coarse linens ; but its chief busi-
ness is the carriage of goods hence to
Cairo ; for all European merchandise is
brought hither from Alexandria, by sea,
and carried hence by boats to Cairo.
R O S
11 O S
The E-uropeans have their viceconsuls
and tactors tiere. It is 25 miles NE of
Alexandria, and 100 NVV of Cairo. Loii.
30 45 E. lat. 31 SON.
lion/man, country of Asia, lying to the
W of the kingdom of Burmah, to which
it is subject.
liosicnne, town of Samogitia, seated
on the Dulji-se, 70 miles S of Mittau,
and 188 NE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 45 E,
lat. 55 30 N.
Rosiers-aux' Salines, town of France,
in the department of Meurthe and late
province of Lorrain, famous tor its salt
works. It is seated on the Meurthe, nine
milts SE of Ninci, and 170 E of Paris.
Lon. 6 27 E. lat. 48 35 N.
Rosierts Cafie, cape of Lower Cana-
da, at tirie mouth of the river St. Law-
rence. Lon. 6 27 W, lat. 48 35 N.
RosliJi, most pleasant village near
Edinburgh, on the banks of the river
Esk, noted for its beautiful chapel and
castle, the former of which is the most
entire specimen of Gothic architecture
in Scotland.
Rosoy, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Marne, and late pro-
vince of the isle of France, with a mag-
nificent castle, 15 miles S of Mtaux.
Lon. 2 59 E. lat. 48 40 N.
Rosst town in Hertfordshire. It owes
most of its improvements, and charita-
ble institutions to John Kyrle, common-
ly called the IVIan of Ross, whose bene-
volent character is so interestingly deli-
neated by the pen of Pope. It is seated
on the Wye, 12 miles SE of Hereford,
and 115 W by N of London. Lon. 2 25
W, lat. 51 56 N.
Ross-shire, county of Scotland in general
(including Tain and Cromarty, which last,
though a small county of itself, is also con-
sidered as a part of Ross-shire,) is bounded
on the W by the isle of Skye and the
western Sea ; on the NE by Sutherland-
shire; on the E by the Friihs of Murray
and Cromarty, and on the S by Inverness-
shire. The form is very irregular, being
nearly triangular, each side 70 miles long,
exclusive of part of tiie isle of Lewis.
Population in 1801, 55,343; in 1811, 60,553;
and 1821, 68,828.
Ross, maritime town of Ireland, in the
county of Cork. It is united to Cork as an
episcopal see, and is seated on a bay of the
Atlantic, 20 miles SVV of Kinsale. Lon. 8
58 W, lat. 51 32 N.
Ross A''e~LV, considerable trading town of
Ireland, m Wexford, situated on the Bar-
row, which is navigable for large vessels
lip to the qua. It exports a great quantity
of butter and beef. It is 11 miles NE of
Waterford, and 17 W of Wexford. \,nr.. 6
.'58 W, lat. 51 22 N
Ross, tov/nship of Allegany county, I'enn-
sylvany, on Allegany and Ohio rivers, op-
posite Pittsburg. Population in 1820,
1979.
Ross, county of Ohio : bounded N by
Pickaway ; E by HocKjng and Juck.son ; S
by Pike ; and W by Highland and Fayette
counties. It is 34 miles long from E to W,
and 22 broad from N to S, containing aliout
650 square miles. The liind is generally
fertile, and suitably diversified with ir.ea-
dow and upland ; the latter of which is pe-
culiarly well adapted to the production of
grain. The principal waters are Scioto
riN'er, Paint, D^^er, Ktnnikinnick, Little
Walnut, and Salt creeks.
Population in 1810.
Free wmte males « - 7,950
do. do. females - . . 7,194
Total whites . . - . 15,144
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - 370
Slaves .... 0
Total population in 1810 -
15,514
Population in 1820.
Free wliite males ... 1;),417
do. do. temples - - 9,700
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . - . 20,117
F;ee persons of colour, males - 233
do. do. tiemales - 269
Slaves, males ... 0
do. females - - . 0
Total population in 1820 - 20,619
Of these ;
Fonigners not natui'alized - 42
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,128
do. in Manufactures - 634
do. in Commerce - - 39
Population to the square mile, 31,
Ross, hilly township, six miles square,
in the northern part of Jefferson county,
Ohio. Big Yellow creek meanders through
this township. Population in 1820, 738.
Ross, township of Green county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 814.
Ross, township of Butler county, Oiiio.
Population in 1820, 1665.
Rossano, strong and populous town of
Italy in Naples, in Calabria Citeriore ; three
miles from the gulf of Venice, and 136 SE
of Naples. 16 38 E, lat. 59 48 N.
RossviHe, post town of Butler county,
Ohio, on the right bank of Miami river, op-
posite Hamilton.
Uossville, or Rosstown, post village of
York county, Pennsylvania, J 2 miles N'W
from York.
«7?
R O T
U O tJ
llussville, town of new Madrid county,
Mis.ouri.
Rossville, post village, Tennessee, on the
Clie.oliee lands. It siancls on the great
bend ot T'. nnessee, opposite Hamilton
county ; about 70 miks NE frum Hunts-
ville.
Rostock, town of Germany in Lower
Saxonv, in tue duchy of Mecklenburg,
Schtterin, with a university, and good
harbour, on the river Varnow, three miles
from tlie Baltic, 12 N i.f Gustrom, and 60
E of Lubec. Lon 12 15 E, lat. 54 8 N.
It is a place of mucli trade, and the only
port of consequence in the duchy.
Rostof, large and archiepiscopal town of
Russia, in the government of Yaroslaf,
which communicates with the Volga by
the river Kotorost, 95 miles NE of Moscow.
Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 7 5 N.
Rostraver, western township of West-
moreland county, Pennsylvania, betwt.cn
Yougiiiogaty and Monongahela rivers. Po-
pulaiionm 1820, 1679.
Rotu, town and castle of Spain, in Anda-
lusi;;, at the entrance of the isay of Cadiz,
seven miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 16 W, lat.
36 35 N.
Rota, one of the Ladrone islands in the
East Indies.
Rotas, town of Bahar, in Ilindoostan, 65
miles SE of Benares. Lon. 83 50 E, lat.
24 50 N.
Rotenberg, tovvji of Germany, in Bavaria
and capita! of a territory of the same name,
12 miles NE of Nuremberg, and 46 NW of
Ratisbon. Lon. 11 20 E, 'lat. 49 35 N.
Rotenberg, small town of Swisseriand, in
the canton of Lucern, four miles N of Lu-
cern.
Rotenburg, free imperial town of Germa.
ny, in Franconia, with several handsome
public buildings, seated on the Tauber, 15
miles NW of Anspach. Lon. 10 23 E, lat.
49 23 N.
Roteiibiirg, town of Germany, in Suabia,
and county of Hoenljnrg, reoiarkable for its
mineral waters, and is seated on tlie Neckar,
seven miles W of Tubingen. Lon. 8 55 E,
lat, 48 28 N.
Rotenburg, town of Germany, in tlie
landgravate of Hesst-Cossel, on the Fulde,
25 miles S of Cassei, Lon. 9 oO E, lat. 50
55 N.
Rothbury, town in Northumberland,
nine miles SW of Aimwick, 30 N by W
of Newcastle, and 302 N by W of Lon-
don.
Rather, river which has is sonrse in
Sussex, divides tiiat county and Kent, for
a short space, and enters the Channel at
Rye.
Rotherham, town in the W riding of
Yorkshire, the iron works in its neighbour-
hood, which are very copsiderable, render
878
it very famous. See Masborough. It \i
seated on the Don, over which is a stone j
bridge, 31 mi.'es N of Nottingham, and <
160 N h\ W of London. Lon. 1 24 W,
lat. 53 24' N.
Rothsay, town in the isle of Bute, of
which it is the capital, 70 niiiles W of Edin-
burg. Lon. 5 17 W, lai. 55 50 N.
Rothiuell, town in Northamptcmshire, on
the bide of a hill, 15 miks NNE of North-
ampton, and 79 NNW ofLmdon. Lon. 1
7 W, lat 52 21 N.
Rotterdam, city of Holland, with one of
the finest harbours m the Netherl.nds. It '
is the most considerable place in Holland,
for size, bea'ity of its buildings, and trade,
nexi to Amsterdam. It is a large and po-
pulous city, (if a triangular figure, hund-
somelj built of brick, the streets wi«le and
well paved. Its port is very comodious ;
for the canals which run through most
parts of the town, bring the ships some
of 200 or 300 tons, up to the merchant's
door; a conveniency for loading and un-
loading which is not to be found in other
]5laces ; a great advantage they have liere
for commerce, is, that the Measr is open,
and the passage free from ice, much sooner
in the spring th n in the Y and Zuyder-sea,
which leads to .\msterdam. It is sc.ted
on tiie Merwe, (tl»e most northern branch
of the Mease,) 13 miles SE of Hague, and
30 SS W of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E, lat.
51 56 N.
Rotterdam, one of the Friendly islands,
in the S Sea, said to have been discovered
bv Tasman, in 1643. Lon. 174 30 W, lat,
20 16 S.
Rotterdam, post village, Oneida county.
New York. Population in 1820, uncertain.
Rottingen, town of Germany, in the circle
of Franconia, and bishopric of Wurtzburg,
situated on the Tauber, nine miles NE
of Mergentheim. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49
35 N.
Rot-veil, city of Germany, in Suabia, in
allinnce with the Swiss cantons since the
y. ar 1513. A mile and a half from this
place is a famous abbey, where tiiey re-
ceive none but noble women. It is seated
on the Neckar, near its source, and also
near the D.iniibe, 27 miles SSW of Tubin-
gen. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 48 9 N.
Roiten, city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Lower Seine, in the late pro-
vince of Normandy, stands on the N side of j
the Seine, and is seven miles in circuit ; 1
and (its six suburbs included) is computed
to contain 80,000 iijiabitants. Tite streets
are narrow and crooked, and consist of
wooden houses ; notwithstanding winch, it
is one of the most opulent and commercial
places in France. Among the public buil-
dings, t!ie most distinguislied are, tiie great
hall of the palace, in wL^iicL- the Lite parlia-
ment of R-oucn met, the old castle, and tlie
U 0 u
R 0 X
principal church, ornamented with three
towers. Near this church, whicli is net
the only r'murkable one, is the publick
library. I;i the market-i'luce is a staiue of
the celebrated Maid of Orletns, who was
burnt here by the English for a witch.
The suburb of St. Sever, situate on the
other side of the Seine, commnnicales with
the city by a bridge of bo ;ts, which is
ma^Ie to open, so as to admit tiie passage
of ships. Kouen is the birthpl:ice of the
two Comeillcs, and of F menelie. It is 50
miles SW of Amiens, aad 70 N\V uf Paris,
Lon 1 2 K, iat. 49 26 N. The ancient
cavliedral of ti;is ci'y, built by William the
conqueror, was recently (in 1822) consu-
med by fire.
Rouen is one of the most manufacturing
towns on the contin: ni of E'.tope, particu-
larly in cotton, woollen, linen good-. The
annu.ii amo'in* f its manufactures is at
least 10,000 000 >;' dollars.
Roveredo, ox linvere, to>vn of Austria, in
the Tirol, seated on the Adige, at the foot
of a mountain, and :.n th.: side of a stream,
over which is a bridge, defended by two
large towers a>id a strong castle; the
French took possession of the town In 1796,
afttr having defeated the Austrians before
it, but they were obliged to abandon it soon
afterwards It is eight miles S of Trent.
Lon. 11 27 E, Iat. 46 ON.
Roverbella, town of It ily, in the Mantu-
an, 12 miles from Mantua. Lon. 10 42, Iat.
45 18 N.
Rouergue, late province of France, in the
government ot Guienne ; bounded on the
K by the Cevenese and Gevaud.in ; on the
W by Querci, on the N by tiie same and
Anvurgne ; and on the S by Languedoc.
It is 75 miles long, and 50 broad : it is not
very fertile, but feeds a number of cattle,
and has mines of C'^^pper, iron, alum, vitriol,
and sulphur. It now forms the department
of Aveiron.
Rouge, small but important river of Mi-
chigan, rises about 25 or 30 miles NVV from
Detroit, flows first S, and thence SE, and
falls in;o Detroit river, five miles below
Detroit. It has 16 feet water four miks ;
and thence three feet eight miles.
Rovigno, town of Italy, in Istrie, with
two good harbours, and quarries of fine
stone. It is seated in a territory which
produces excellent wine, on a peninsula,
on the western coast, eight miles S of Pa-
renzo, and 32 of Capo d'Istria. Lon, 14 2
E.lat. 45 16N.
Rovigo, town of Italy, capital of Polesi-
no' di Rovigo, lately belonging to the
Venitians, on the Adige, 37' miles SW of
Venice. Lon. 12 14 E, Iat. 45 38 N. See
Polesino di Rovigo.
Rouse^s Point, Lower Canada, W cape,
at the outlet of Lake Champlain ; former-
ly supposed to be in New York ; but found
to be above Iat 45° of course in Lower Ca"
nada.
Rousselart, town of France, in the de-
partment of the North, and late province
of Frer.ch Fla.nders, 10 miles NE of Ypres,
and 20 SE of Ostend. Lon. 3 0 E, Iat. 50
58 N.
Rousillon, late province of France, 50
milts long and 25 broad ; bounded on the
E by the Mediterranean, on the W by
Cerd.^gne, on tlie N by Lower Languedoc,
and on the S by Catalonia, from which it
is separated by the Pyrenees. See Pyre-
nees, Eastern. It is a fertile country, and
remarkable for its Olive trees.
Rnwan, county of North Carolina;
bounded S by .Montgomery and Cabarras ;
W by Ii-edell ; N by Surry and Stokes, and
E by Guilf'rdand Randolph. Length 40 ;
mean width 36 ; and area 1440 square
miles. The main stream of Yadkin river
passes through it obliquely from NW to
SE, Soil productive on the streams.
Chief town, Lexington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - -. 8,981
do. do. females - - -' 8,716
Total whites .... 17,697
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 89
Slaves 3,757
Total population in 1810 - - 21,543
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 10,027
do. do. females - - . 10,462
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . _ q
Total whites .... 20,489
Free persons of colour, males - 80
do. do. females - 59
Slaves, males . . . _ 2,748
do. females .... 2,633
Total population in 1820.
26,009
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 17
Engaged in Agriculture - - 7,273
do. in Manufactures - • 555
do. in Commerce - - 153
Population to the square mile, 18.
Roiuley, township of Essex county, Mas-
sachusetts, it contained 1682 iniiabitants in
1810, and in 1820, 1825; situated four
miles NW of Ipswich and 22 N of Salem.
Roxborough, township of Philadelphia
county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the NE
side of Schtiylkill, eight miles NW o'Phi-
ladelpliia. In 1810, it contained 12Si in-
habitants, and In 1820, 1682.
Roxburgh, village and castle o? Scotland,
which gives name to a county, situated
879
1{ u v
ft U G
near the Tiviot, 19 miles SVV of Berwick,
and 32 SE of Edinburg. Lon. 2 47 W,
lat. 55 46 N.
Roxburgh, county of Scotland, formerly
called Tiviotdale, bounded on the E by
Northumberland ; SE by part of Cumber-
land; SSW bv Dumfriesshire; NW by
Selkirkshire, and N by Berwickshire. It
is fruitful in pasture and corn, especially
oats, and abounds with sheep, horses, and
black cattlf. Population in ISOl, 33,682 ;
in 1811, 37,230 ; and in 1821. 40,892.
Roxbury, township of Orange county,
Vermont, 45 miles N from Windsor. Popu-
lation 700.
Roxbttry, township of Clieshire county.
New Hampshire, o7 miles SW from Con-
cord. Population in 1820, 366.
Roxbnry, township of Ncrfolk county,
Massachusetts, two miles SW from Boston,
of which it is in reality a suburb. Popu-
lation in 1810, 3699 ; and in 1820, 4135.
Roxbnry, township of Litchfield county,
Connecticut, 35 miles NW from New Ha-
ven. Population in 1820, 1124.
Roxbnry, township and post town, Dela-
ware county, New York, 56 miles SW from
Albany. Population in 1820, 2488.
Roxbury, township of Morris county.
New Jersey, 45 miiC:^ N from Trenton.
Population in 1820, 1792.
Roxbury, or Leverings, in Roxborougli
township, Philadelphia county, Pennsyl-
vania.
Roxbury, township of Washington coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 397.
Roxent, Cape, or Rock of Lisbon, re-
markable mountain and promontory in
Portugal, lying at the N entrance of the
Tagus, 22 miles W of Lisbon. Lon. 9 35
W, i.'.t. 38 43 N.
Royal, post town, Sampson county. North
Carolina.
Royal, island of lake Superior.
Royalioii, tuwiiship of Windsor county,
Vermont, on White river, 28 miks N fri.m
W.ndsor. It is the seat of an academy.
PupuUtion 1758.
Ruyalton, township of Worcester county,
Massachusetts, 38 miles NW from Worces-
ter. Population in 1820, 1424.
Royalton, post village and township,
Niagara county, New York, on the heads
of Eighteen Mile creek. Population in
1820, 1849.
Royalton, township on the southern side
of Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 225.'
Royalton, village of Fairfield county,
Ohio, 10 miles W from Lancaster.
Royan, once a large town of France, in
the department of Lower Charente, and
late province of Sain'.onge, now almost in
ruins, seated at the mouth of the Garonne,
30 miles S of Rochelle. Lon. 0 57 W,
lat. 45 28 N.
880
Royes, town of France, in the depart^
ment of Somme, and late pravince of Pi-
cardy. Some mineral waters were lately
discovered here. It is 12 miles NW of
Noyon, and 60 N by E of Paris. Lon. 2 51
E, lat. 49 46 N.
Royston, town in Herts and Cambridge-
shire, in a fertile vaie, 15 miles S by E of
Huntingdon, and 37 N of London. Lon. 0
1 E, lat. 52 6 N.
Ruutan, island of Mexico, in the bay
of Honduras, 10 miles from the coast, with
a good harbour, formerly resoned to for
the purpose of cutting log-wood.
Rubieva, small but strong town of Italy,
one of the keys of the Modenese, seated on
the Seccia, eight miles NW of Modena.
Lon. 11 14E, lat. 44 39 N.
Rudaxu, town of Prussia, 12 miles NNW
of Konigsberg.
Rudelstadt, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in the landgravate of Thuringia,
and county of Schwarlzburg, near the river
Sala.
Rudesheim, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Mentz, three miles from Bingen.
Lon. 7 56 E, lat, 49 49 N.
Rudisto See Rodosto.
Rudkiobing, town of Denmark, in the ■
island of Langeland, with a good harbotir, J
and a consider^ible trade in corn and other <
articles. Lon 10 45 E, lat. 55 1 N.
Rudolfiocrd, strong town of Germany, in
Carniola. It belongs to Austria, and is
seated on the Gurk, in a country fertile in
^o<^^ wine, 45 miles SE of Laubach. Lon.
15 20 E, lat. 46 8 N,
Ruffac, 'own of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Rhine, and late province
of Alsace, seated on the Rotbach, seven
miles S o' Colmar, and 17 NW of Basle.
Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 47 58 N.
Rvjfec, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Charente, and late province of
Angoumois, seated on the Anche, 24 miles
N of Angouleme.
Rngby, town of Warwickshire. It has a
famous free-school, and is 11 miles SE of
Coventry, and 85 NNW of London. Lon.,
1 12 W, lat. 52 24 N. ^_,
Rugen, island of the Baltic, on the coast
of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, about 23
miles long, and, 15 broad. It is strong
both by art and nature, and abounds in
corn and cattle. The chief town is Ber-
gen.
Rugenwald, town of Pomerania, the
chief place of the duchy of Wenden. It
is subject to Prussia, and is seated on the
Wipper, eight miles from the Baltic, and
35 NE of C'olberg. Lon, 16 27 E, lat. 54
35 N.
Rngley, town in StafFordshire, on the S
of tiie Trent, 10 miles SE of Stafford, and
126 NW of London. Lon. 1 48 W, lat. 52
57 N.
it t y
a b b
liumford, town in Esses, 12 miles ENK amptoQ counties, Pennsylvania. JPopula-
Of London. Lon. 0 13 E, lat 51 36 N. tion 1820. 253
Rumford, post town, Oxford county, Rush, township of Northumberland
Maine, 20 miles N from Paris. Population county, Pennsylvania, on the left side of
in 1820, 871. Susquehannati river in tlie bend oppo-
Rumford, academy and post office, King site Danville. Population 1820, 1192.
William county, Virginia, 35 miles NE from Rus/iford, post villaRe and township
Uichmond. Allegany county, New York. Population
Rwnillt/, towii of Savoy, on an elevated 1820, 609
plain, at the confluence of the Seram and Ruahville, post village Fairfield coun-
Nepha, five miles from Annecy. Lou. 6 ty, Ohio, 26 miles SW irom Zanesville.
10 E, lat. 45 56 N. "^ Russell, township of Hampden county,
Rumney, dr Rhyney, river which takes Massachusetts, 15 miles VV from Spring-
its rise in Brecknockshire, divides the field. 'Population 1820, 491.
counties "f Glamorgan and Monmouth, and
enters the Bristol Cliannel to the SE of
Cardiff.
Rumsey, corporate town in Hampshire.
It carries on a manufscture of shaloons, and
several paper and corn mills. It is eight
miles NNW of So>ithampton, and 74 W by
S of London. Lon. 1 31 W, lat. 51 2 N.
Ruiiffpour, town of Bengal, in Hindoos
Russeil, post village, and township
St. Lawrence county, New York, 25
miles SE from Ogdensburg. Population
1820, 486.
Russell, county of Virginia ; bounded
by Clinch mountain, or Washington
county SE; Scott SW ; Cumberland
mountain or Kentucky NW ; and Taze-
well NE. Length 50 ; mean width 40 ;
tan Proper, 73 miles NE of Mauldah, and ^nd area 20 '0 square miles. It is drain
106 NNE of Moorshed.^bad. edby Clinch and Powell rivers, branches
Runkel, town of Germany, in the circle ^^ -j-, nnessee and by the W branch of
of Westphalia, on the Lalm, 14 miles Eof g^ndy river. Surface generally broken
Nassau. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 50 23 N. jjjUy gn^ mountainous. Soil rocky and
Runnymead, cel'^bfated mead, near Eg barren. Chieftown Franklin,
ham, in Surry, where king John was com- population in 1810.
peiled to sign Magna Charts, and Charta de p^.^^ .yjjjte ^^i^g
Foresta, in 1215. See Wraysbury. ^^ ^^ females -
Ruf>el, river of tlie Netherlands, formed
by the junction of the Senne and Demen. Total whites -
below MecitUn. It runs from E to W, and ^j-, ^^^^^^ persons except Indians
falls into the Scheldt at Rnpelmonde. ^j,.,,. ^^^ed ....
Rupelmonde, town of Austriun Flanders, gi^ves
seated on the Scheldt, opposite the mouth
of the Rupel, eight miles SW of Antwerp, .p^^j population in 1810 -
and 22 NE of Ghent. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. '^ "^ ;
51 7 N. . Population in 1820.
Ruperdorf, town of Koningratz, in Bohe- p^.^^ ^,|^5^^ ^^j^g , , 2^524
mia, four miles NNW of Braunau. ^^ ,jg_ females - - 2,465
3,030
2,867
5,897
3S
386
6,319
Rupert, township uf Bennington county, ^jj ^^j^^^. persons except Indians
Termunt, containing 1!70 mhabitants. not taxed - -
Rupert, Fori, fort \\\ North America, be-
longing to tlie Hudson's Bay Company, ^^^^^^ whites
Q
:d on the south end of Huds.^i's Bay. ^ of colour, m
mal$s
males
4,989
8
13
228
298
seated
Lon.
Rush, western township of Centre g^^^.^^ ^^^^^
county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, ^^ ' ^^^^\q^
173.
Rush, township of Dauphin county, Total population in 1820
Pennsylvania, on the head of Clark, and
Stony creeks, in the angle between Qf these ;
Lebanon and Schuylkill counties. In the Foreigners not naturalized
census of 1820, Rush was included with Engaged in Agriculture -
Bethel and West Hanover ; and their Do. in Manufactures
joint population 397. Do. in Commerce
Ru^h, one of the western townships of Population to the square mile, 2f|.
Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, on Russellville, post town, and seat of
Wyalusing creek, eight miles SW from justice, Logan county, Kentucky, near
Montrose. Population 1820, 242. the dividing ground between the sources
Rush, township of Schuylkill county, of Red river bramh of Cumberland, and
Qrt the brjrder^ of Luzerne, and North- Muddy river branch of Green nver, 64
*" " n ' So l-
5,536
1,494
47
7
K L ^
u b
miles nearly N from Nashville, and 180
SW fiom Frankfort. It contains a bank,
an academy, a meeting hnuse, two print-
ing offices, the couHty buildings, and
about. 1H7 houses, with 900 inhabitants.
jRuss, t '\vn of Lithuania, at the mouth
of the river Russ, the chief branch of
the Xiemen, <0 miles NW of Tilsit.
liusseis/ieim, town of GermaDy, in the
principality of Hesse- Darmstadt situate
on the Maine, s!X miles E of Mentz and
13 NvV of Darmstadt.
liussey, town of France, in the de-
partment of Doubs, 34 miles E by S of
Besancon.
Russia, vast empire, partly in Asia,
and partly in Europe ; bounded on the
N by the Frozen Ocean, E by the Pacific
Ocean, S by Great Tartary, the Caspian
Sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the
Black St:a, and W by Turkey in Europe,
Poland, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden.
There >verethrer- countries that had the ,
name of Russia ; namely, Red Russia,
which formed the S part of Poland;
White Russia, which comprehended the
E part of Lithuania ; and Black Russia,
•which included the governments of Ka-
luga, iVIosiCow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir,
and Yaroslaf ; and hence his imperial
majesty takes the litle of emperor of all
the Russias. This empire, inclusive of
the acquisitions from the Turks and from
Poland (see Poland) fi">rms a square,
whose sides are 20G0 miles each. A
country of such vast extent must lie in
different climates, and the soil and pro
ducts must be as different. The most
fertile part is near the frontiers of Po
land ; insomuch that the inhabitants are
able to supply their neighbours with
corn. The north part is not only colder,
but very marshy, and overrun with for-
ests, inhabited chiefly by wild beasts.
The country affords a variety of commo-
dities, which beii;g of great use to for-
eigners, pri.duce a considerable annual
balance of tpade in favour of Russia.
The home commodities are chiefly sa-
bles, black furs, the skins of black and
white foxes, ermines, hysnas, lynxes,
bears, panthers, wolves, martins, white
hares, &c red and black juchte, or Rus
sian leather, which for colour, smell, and
softness is not equalled in the world ;
copper, inn, talc, tallow, wax, honey,
potash, tar, linseed and train-oil, castor,
isinglass, hemp, flax, diread, sail-c'oth,
calimanco, Siberian musk, soap, fea-
thers, timber, &c. To these commodi-
ties may also be added, almost all the
merchandise of China, India, Persia,
Turkey, and some European countries.
This extensive empire was divided by
the empress Catharine II. into 41 go-
S8'^
vernments, namely, Petersburgh, Oio=^
netz. VViburg, Revel, Riga, Pskof, No-
vo^orod, Tvtr, Smolensko, Polotsk, Mo-
hik'f, Orel, Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Re-
zan, Vuiodimir, Yaros'av, Voloj^da, At ch-
ange!, Kostroma, Nishnei-Novogorod,
Kasan, Simbrisk, Penza, Tambof, Voro-
netz.. Kurst, Novogorod, Severskoi,Tcher-
nigof, Kiot, Kharkof, Catharinenslaf,
Caucasus, Saratof, Ufa, Viatka, Perm,
Tobolsk, Knlyvan, and Irkutsk. Since
the reign of Catharme II. Finland Geor-
gia, Shirvan, Daghcstan, Imarette and
other counties have been added to Rus-
sia The number of governments was re-
cently 53. A considerable number of
the Russians profess the Mahometan re-
ligion, and a greater number are still pa-
gans. The inhabitants of the Swedish
provinces are Lutherans. There are
many convents for both sexes, but it
has been wisely ordained, that no male
can enter into a vnonastic life before he
is 30 years of age ; and that no female
can take the veil till she is 50, and even
then not without the licence of the ho y
synod. The inhabitants in general art
robust, well shaped, and of pretty good
complexions. In 17'24, the first univer-
sity was founded that ever was in Rus-
sia ; and there is now an academy of
sciences at St. Petersburgh, supplied with
eminent professors. The rising genera-
tion are modernizing their antic vest-
ments: the stiff embroidered napkin is
supplanted by one of flowing silk, the
jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or
other fine stuffs ; and the plaid is ex-
changed for a silk or sati i cloak, in the
co^d season, lined with fur. The richer
class of females wear velvet boots. The
dress of the higher ranks is after the
French and English fashion. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Dnieper, Volga, Don,
Dun;i, or Dwina, and Oby. The sove-
reigns of Russia, are absolute. They
were formerly called Grand Dukes,
which is still the title of the heir appa-
rent. They afterv/ards assumed the title
of czar, and, in the sequel, that of empe-
ror. The natives pronounce the word
czar^ like tzar, or zaar, and this, by
corruption, from Caesar, from some fan-
cied relation to the Roman emperors on
account of which they also bear the
eagle as a symbol of their empire. The
htst who bore the title of czar, was
Basil, son of John Basilides, who freed
his country from its subjection to the
Tartars, about the year 1470. The title
of Em/ieror was fiist assumed by Peter
I. who, by his iiluitrious actions justly ac-
quired the surname of Great. Pie died
in 1725, and perhaps no country ever ex-
hibited, in so short a time, the wonderr
R r s
RUT
uiac may be elFected by the genius and ness of this colossal political mass, ascniy
exertions of one man. Peter the great, at in embrj'o. It is a singular, and per-
his accession to the throne, found his sub- haps a sohtarj- fact, that whiht tiie real
jects of all ranks involved in the grossrst strength of Russia, was daily augment-
ignorance and barbarism ; his numerous ing, that nearly a centar}- has no\v pas-
armies ferocious and undisciplined ; and sed since it was ruled by a man of mili-
he had neither merchant ships nor men tary ambition and genius. A circum-
of war ; which, added to the rf mnteness stance alone waiting to prostrate the
of her situation, rendered the influence other governments of Europe and Asia
of Russia in the po itics cf Europe of in broken, and scattered iragm^-nts. The
little consideration Peter civilized his government as to intsrnai police a^d ex-
barbarcus subjects, disciplined his ar- ternal policy is a despotism, controlled
mies, built cities and fortresses, and ere- and directed by the forc'i of public opin-
ated a navy. These national improve- ion and a mo*.t powerful aristcracy.
ments hare been continued since his An account of tlie invasion ot this coun-
time, and Russia now holds a rank try, in 1812, wU be found under the
among the nations of the world, of which head of France. Petersburgh is the ca-
human foresight, at the commencement pita! of the whole empire,
of the eighteenth centun-, could have EusUhuk, town cf liuropean Turkey,
formed no conception. In 1S19, the in Bulgaria, on the right bank rf the
army amounted to 778,000 men, and the Danube, at the mouth oi the Kara Lom,
fleet, to 30 sail of the line 20 frigates 15
sloops and 200 galleys, with between
oO.OOO, and 40,000 disprsab'e s< amen.
The principal seaports f the empire,
are in Europe, Archangel at the mou'.h
of the Northern Dwina. Cronstadt,
40 miles E from Niccpcli.
Rutherford, coui ty of North Carohna ;
bounded bv S-uth Carolina S; Buncom-
be W; Burke N; ar.d LincoliE. L(-ngth
40; width 25; and area lG-0 square
miles. Surface hilly generally and in
Revel, and Riga, in the Baltic, and Se- part mountainous. Soil except near tne
St' eams thin and sterile. It is drained by
Broad river, and its numerous branches.
Chief town Rutherfordton.
Popuia-ion in IblO.
Free whte males ... 6,289
do. do. females - - - 5,895
vastopol, and Odessa in the Black Sea
In Asia, Astracan near the mouth of the
Volga, Ochotsk in the sea of Ochotsk,
St Peter and Paul in Kamschatka ;
with some forts and factories in Ame-
rica.
The empire now extends to the river
Tcmea, on the side of Swedm; towards To»al whi
European Turkey to the Pruth, and Da- A I other persons except Indians
Dube. Between the Black and Caspian not t^xed . - - -
Seas, to the Kur, and Bathus rivers. In Slaves
this quai tcr Russia now possesses, on the
Black Sea Mmgrelid, and Imarretta Total popuhtion in 1810 -
wrested from Turkey, and Georgia,
Shirvan and Daghestan from Persia. In
Asia the limits of Russia are vaguely de-
fined.
The v^fhole empire is now subdivided
into upwards cf 50 governments, extend-
ing over -8,000,000 of square mil&s, with
a population exceeding 50,000,000- All
religious opinions are tf leraled, and more Free persons of colour, maes
than half the religious denominations of do. do. femaies
the globe actually exist in this empire. Slaves, ^al-s
The most numerous, and ruling profes-
sion is, however that cf the Greek Church
amounting to near 40,000.000. The Ca-
tholics are estimated at 5,500,000 ; Luth-
erans 2,500,000 ; Mahometans 3,000,000 ;
Jews 1,000.000, &e.
Like every other daject of human pur-
suit in this gigantic empire, literature is
making a progress of which the inhabi-
tatits of other countries have but very
inadequate ideas. In brief, if we can
form any safe anticipation of the future
- 12,184
.S9
979
13,202
Population in 1820.
Free wtjite males . - -
do. do. fe.T.ales - . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
Total whites
do. females
Total population in 182J
6,373
5,615
0
11,989
23
18
1,523
1,798
15,351
Ofthe.se;
Fortlsrners not naturalized - 1
Enjjaged in Aj^rit nl'iire - 4,744
do. in Manufactures - 157
do. in Comnteice • - 24
Popul.'tion to the sq-iare mile, 15 1-3.
Ruthtrford, county of Tennessee j
bounded by Bedford S ; Williamson SW ;
from the past, we maVccnsidcr the crcat- Da-* Idson 'N\V ; Wilson IsE ; and War-
R U 1-
R Y E
ren E. Length 30 ; width 22 ; and area Slaves
610 square miles. It is drained by Stones
river branch of Cumberland.
Population in 1810,
Free white males
do. do. females
,924
,603
7,627'
Tntal whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - . 37
Slaves - - - 2,701
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
10,-265
Total population in 1810 - - 29.486
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 14,883
do. do. females - - - 14,972
A'l o her persons except Indians
not taxed .... 8
Total whites .... 29,863
Free persons of colour, males * 64
do. do. females - 56
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females .... 0
3Free white males ...
7,183
do. do. females . - -
6,982
.\11 other persons except Indians
not taxed
0
Total whites . . . -
14,165
Free persons of colour, males -
147
do. do. females . - -
5>
Slaves, males ....
2,556
do. females ...
2,631
Total population in 1820
29,983
19,552
13
4,930
414
49
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in ManufacHires
do. in Commerce
Population to the squnremile, 32.
Jiiithen-fordion, post town and seat of
justice, Rutherford county, North Carolina,
45 miles south from Morgantown. It is
the seat of an academy.
Rutland, small county in England, en-
circled by the coviiities of Lincoln, Leices-
ter, and Northampton, seeming as if it
were cut out of the two former. It is of a
roundish figure, in length 15 miles, and
in breadth 10. Population in 1801, 16,356 ;
in 1811, 16,380 ; and in 1821, 18,487.
Rutland, county of Vermont ; bounded
by Washington county in New York SVV;
lake Champlaiii NW ; Addison county in
Vermont N ; Windsor E, and Bennington
S. Length 40 ; mean widih 23 ; and area
920 square miles. It is drained by Poult-
ney, Pawlett, and Otter rivers. Surface
very diversified from alluvial plains and
even marshes, to some of the highest sum-
mits of the Green mountains. Soil pro-
ductive in grain and pasturage. Chief
town.Hutland.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites - . . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
8§4
14.814
14,573
29,387
99
Of these ;
Fureignt-rs not naturalized - 45
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,169
do. in Manufactures . - 1,137
do. in Commerce - - 76
Po' utaiion to the square mile 32^.
Rutland, post town and seat of justice,
Rutland county, Vermont, on the right
bank of Otter river, about 55 miles above
its mouth, 57 N from Bennington and 33
above .Vliddlebury.
Rutlend, post town and township, Wop-
cester county, Massachusetts, 14 miles N
W from Worcester. Population in 1810,
1231, and in 1820, 1262.
Rutland, post villa!?e and township, Jef-
ferson county. New York, on Black river,
immediately south from. Watertown. Popu-
lation in 1810, 1738 ; and in 1820, 1946.
Rutland, post village and township,
Meigs county, Ohio. Population in 1820,
724.
Riitledge, post town and seat of justice,
Granger county, Tennessee, 25 miles XE
from Knoxville.
Rutigliano, town of Naples, in Terra dl
Bari, five miles SS of Bari.
Rnitunpour, city of Hindoostan in Orissa,
and the capital of one of the Western
Mahratta chiefs. Lon. 82 36 E, lat. 22
16 N.
Ruvo, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
16 miles west of Bari. Lon. 16 44 E, lat.
41 26 N.
Ruza, town of Russia. Lon. 36 2 E, lat.
55 46 N.
Ryacotta, town of the Mysore country,
75 miles south of Seringapatam. Lon. 76
45 E, lat. 30 15 N.
Ryan, Loch, lake at the NW angle ©f
Wigiitonshire. The sea flows into it
through a narrow pass.
Rydal'-iuater, lake in Westmoreland, a
little to the west of Ambleside.
Rijdrog, town of Hindoostan, 128 miles
N of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 52 E, lat. 14
40 N.
Rt/e, borough in Sitsse^f. 28 miles SSE of-
^
SAB
SAB
Maidstone, and 63 SB of London. Lon. G
45 E, lat. 51 0 N.
Rtje, township of Rockingham county,
New Hampshire, four miles south from
Portsmouth. Populatio;i in 1820, 1127.
Rye, post village and township, of West
Chester county. New York, on Long Island
sound, 18 miles NE from New York,
Population in 1820, 1342.
Rye, SE township of Perry county,
Pennsylvania. It is situated on the SW
side of Juniata river, between Big Bnffaloe
and Sherman's creek. Population in 1820,
iro4.
Ryegate, borough in Surry, 16 miles E
of Guilford, and 21 SW of London. Lon.
0 15 W, lat. 51 16 N,
Myegate, post village and township, Cale^
donia county, Vermont, on the right side
of Connecticut rivpr, 22 miles E from
Moritpelier. Population 1000.
Rymenaut, town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the river Dyle, five miles E of
Mechlin.
Rysiuich, village in Holland, between
Hague and Delft. A treaty was concluded
here in 1697, between England, Germany,
Holland, P'rance, and Spain.
Eseezica, town of Poland, in the province
of Lithuania, and capital of a territory of
the same name, at the confluence of the
rivers Wyedszwck and Dnieper, 25 miles
N of Kiof. Lon. 35 5 E, lat. 50 32 N,
s
Saaba, kingdom of Negroland, with a
capital of the same name, west of Tombuc-
too, on the river Senegal
Saada, or Saade, town of Arabia, in Ye-
men, and the residence of a sheik, 140 miles
WNW of Sanaa. Lon. 44 55 E, lat. 17
50 N.
Saalfeld, town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of AKenburg. Here are manu-
factures of cloth, and of gold and silk
stuffs. In 1806, prince Louis Ferdinand of
Prussia was killed here in a skirmish with
the French. It stands on the Saal, 34 miles
NNE of Coburg, and 46 SW- of Altenburg.
Lon. 11 32 E, lat. 50 41 N.
Saalfeld, town of East Prussia, seated on
the lake MeDing, 23 miles SE of Maricn-
burg.
Saw, town of Moravia, in the circle of
Brun, on the confines of Bohemia, 42 miles
NW of Brunn.
Saarmtmd, town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle-mark, six miles S of Potsdam.
Saatz, town of Bohemia, on the Eger,
48 mdes WNW of Prague.
' Safta, island of the West Indies, 12 miles
in circumference, inhabited by a few Dutch
famihes. Lon 63 17 W, lat. 17 39 N.
Sabanja, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia. Here all the roads from Asia to
Constantinople meet, 60 miltrs ENE of
liursa, and 62 ESE of Constantinople.
Lon. 29 40 E, lat. 40 30 N.
Sabaiz, or Sabacz, town of European
Turkey, in Servia, on the Drave, 22 miles
S of Pet.erwardein, and 28 W of Belgrade.
Sabi. See Xavier.
Sabine, river of North America, rises in
the province of Texas in a pruirie country,
aboutlat.32 40N, lon. WC 18 OW. It pur-
sues a south-east course enterlocking with
the sources of the Trinity, and Little river
of the south a branch of Red river. At N
lat. 32 f), and W lon. W © 17 2.5, the Sa-
bine becomes the boundary between Loui-
siana and Texas, and of course between
the United S'.ates and the SjiaMish domin-
ions in North America. It is ai this point
a C' insiderable stream 40 or 50 yards wide,
and at high water, navigable for boats of
considerable size. Though rising in a
prairie country, its banks at lat. 32°, is
covered by a very dense forest, composed
of pine, oak, hickon,, elm, sweet gum,
black gum, ash, and muny other genera
and species of irees. From this point to
the prairies on the sea coast, the mixture
of timber continues nearly similar — the
west OP right bank is higher than the east
or left in general — high blufFs are frequent,
and in some places rocky precipices occur
on the former bank, but no place on the
latter — the low banks near the border of
the stream, are mostly liable to inundation
at high water— tlie soil near this stream is
uniformly thin and sterile. Many fine
creeks of clear pure water flows into Sa-
bine, below lat. 32 0 ; the most remarka-
ble from the lett, are, D!Jga..'s, Darby's,
Toney's, Lafitt's, bayou Scie, bay u Le-
nau, Negri tta, bayou Taureau, and Liana
Coucou. From the right, tt:e Nadaco,
Patron, Barregus, and W'aukahatcha, are
the principal. Below lat. 32^, the Sabine
continues south-east nearly, at lat. 31 0
reaches its extreme eastern bend — here
the river turn."; to S9^V, and at N lat. 29 55
expands into a lake of the same name —
about 20 miles above the head of Sabine
lake the timber ceases, though not ab-
ruptly ; but 10 miles below the head of
the lake very little timber is to be seen
— the bank.-, on both sides are low and flat
before emerging into the prairies — at the
mouth of the river is a shell bank, on
which are a few dwarf trees — along the
lagunes that intersect the marsh or prairie
a few trce.B arc .^icattered, but the residue
8«5
s A B
SAO
js an open grassy expanse— Though many
ledges of rocks rise from the stream on the
right bank, no mdications of minerals are
visible — at the point where the road be-
tween Nacogdoches and Natchitoches
crosses the Sabine, there is a salt spring
on the Louisiana side, bu^ where the salt
water issues the ground is liable to be
overflown when the river is highly swelled
by rains. The whole lengih of the Sabine
is 70 miles above and 250 miles below, N
lat. 32 0.
Sabine lake is tlie estuary of the Sabine
and Natchez rivers, it is about 30 mdes
Jong and eight or ten miles wide, commu-
nicating with the Gulf of Mexico by a nar-
row channel of four or five miles in length,
and about 400 yards wide. I'hs channel
commonly known as the mouth of Sabme
river, is at lat. 29 24 N, Ion. W C 17 04 W.
This lake is very shallow, generally about
five or six feet, but near tiie shores not
more than two or three. The adjacent
country on the lake and outlet, is one wide
waste of grass, much of it marsh, cut by
innumerable lagunes and small ponds or
lakes. Four miles SVV from the mouth of
the Sabine the Natchez enters the lake
from the NW — a bar crosses the mouth of
the Sabine outlet, on which at ordinary tides
is about three feet water — the tide ascends
the Sabine lake an<l river above the prai-
ries.
Sabina, province of Italy, in the Eccle-
siastical state ; bounded on the N by Um-
bria, on the E by Naples, on the S by Cam-
pagna di Roma, and on the W by the Pat-
rimony of St. Peter. It is 22 miles in
length, and almost as much in breadth,
watered by several small rivers, and
abounding in oil. and wine. Magliano is
the capital.
Sabioncello, peninsula of Dalmatia, in the
republic of Ragusa. It lies to the south of
the gulf of Narenta, and to the N of the
channel which separates the islands of Cur-
zola and Melida.
Sabioncello, town of Dalmatia, situated
on the peninsula of the same name, 45
miles NW of Ragusa. Lon. 17 40 E, lat.
43 20 N.
Sabionetta, strong town of Italy, in the
Milanese, capital of a duchy of the same
name, with a castle. It belongs to the
house of Austria, and is 20 miles E of
Cremona, and 20 SW of Mantua. Lon. 10
30 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Sable, seaport of Denmark, situated on
the E coast of N Jutland, and the mouth of
a river of the same name, 23 miles NNE of
Alburg. Lon. 10 18 E, iat. 57 20 N.
Sable, ancient and populous town of
Trance, in the department of Savte, with a
castle. In its vicinity are wrought some
quarries of black marble. It is srated on
the Sarte, 25 miles NE of Angers, and 135
SW of Paris. Lon. 0 24 W, lat 47 50 N.
Sable, small river of New York, flowing
into lake Champlain between Clinton and
Essex counties. A few miles above its
m nth are Adgates falls of 80 feet perpen-
dicular.
Sable, Cape, most southerly point of
Novf. Scotia, near which is a fine cod-fishery.
Lon. 65 39 W, lat. 43 23 N.
Sable, Isle, isle nearly adjoining to Sable
C.tpe ; the coasts of both are most commo-
diously situated for fisheries.
Sables (TAlonne, town of France, in the
department of Vendee, with a port capable
of containing vessels of 150 tons. It is
seated on the bay of Biscay, 40 miles west
of Fontenay le Compte. Lon. 1 50 W, lat.
46 23 S.
Sablestun, province of Persia, bounded
on the N by Candahar, E by Hindoostan,
south by Makran, and west by Segestan.
It is a mountainous country, little known
to Europeans. Bost is the capital.
Sacarafipa, post village, Cumberland
county. Maine.
Sackett's Harbour, post village of Houns-
field, Jefferson county, New York, on
Black river bay, at the east end of lake
On'ario. The Imrbour is land locked, and
with a bold shore has deptli of water for
the largest vessels of war, many of which
were built and stationed here during the
last war between the United States and
England ; it is now a naval and military
station. A very fine suit of stone barracks
have been erected upon the bay shore,
about one quarter of a mile east from the
village. It is about 80 miles NNW from
Utica.
Saco, river of New Hampshire, heads in
the White mountains, interlocking with
the sources of the Merrimac, Connecticut,
and tlie Androscoggin branch of the Ken-
nebec. This river is onl}' navigable by
eea vessels seven miles, to the head of tide
water at Ciddeford. Its basin is about CiS
miles in length, by a mean width of 25
miles, comprising an area of upwards of
1600 square miles
Saco, post town and port of entry, York
county, Maine, on the east side of Saco
river, at its entrance into the Ocean, 15
miles SW from Portland. It is well situa-
ted for commercial purposes; and from its
proximity to tlie falls of Saco for a manu-
facturine: establishment. Population in
1820, 2532.
Sttcondago, river of New York, rises in
Hamilton, flows SE into the NE corner of
Montgomery, rcschcs the boundary be-
tween Motit;4omery and Saratoga, turns
abruptly NE, and traversing Saratoga coun-
ty, falls into the Hudson at Jessup's falls,
after a comparative couise of about 50
mile?.
S A G
S A
Sacondago, mouiitiins of Xe.v York, iu
Uamiltoa county, from wliicii How the S.i-
coiiilago, Hudson, Ulack, an 1 Grass rivers.
^Saddleback, r markablii mountain, con-
sisting of two Sim n:ts in the NW c )rner
of Berkshire co'in'y, .Vltssachusett These
summits rise, th.i- lo the sou'h 3000, and
that to the north 2400 feet above the Ocean,
and are the h gh-^st land of Massachusetts.
Sadsbury, township of Ciiirster county,
Pennsylvania, containing 1192 inhabitanty
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1539. It is situated
on the west side of Brandywine, between
west Cahi, and east Fallowfield, adjoining
Lancaster county,
Saffi, trading town of Morocco, with a
castle. The Poruiguese were long in pos-
session of it, but they forsook it in 1641.
It is surrounded by several em-.nences which
command the town. Lon. 8 58 W, lat. 32
28 N.
Sagadahoc, sm dl river of Maine, a branch
of Androscoggin.
Sagadahoc, name given in the early
stages oi New England colonization, to the
NE part of Maine from the Kennebec
river.
Sagon, town of Silesia, capital of a prin-
cipality of the same name, on the Bober
ajid Queis, 6*2 mdes NW of Breslaw. Lon.
15 22 E, lat. 51 42 N.
Sagena-iu, bay of Michigan territory,
opening from lake Huron between Point
aus Barques and Point au Sable. It ex-
tends SSW about 60 miles, to where it
receives Seganaw river from the interior of
the peninsula. The mouth of Seganav/
river is about 120 miles NNW from De-
troit.
Sagg-ffurbou); port of entry, and a post
town in Suftblk comity, New York ; situa-
ted at the NE end of Long Island, 58 miles
E of Smithtown, and 108 E by N of the
city of New York. It is a very jirosperous
place, containing about 140 dwelling
houses, two rope walks, three large salt
works, and about 6000 tons of shipping.
The inhabitants are extensively engaged
in the whale fishery, and manufactory of
spermaceti candles. Population in 1820,
1296.
Saligalien-oula, river of East Chinese
Tartary, which falls into the sea of Kamt-
schatka, opposite the island of Sagiialien-
oula-hata. See Amur,
Saghalien-oula-hata, island in the sea of
Kamtschatka, in about 145 degress E lon.
and from 50 to 54 degrees N lat. belonging
to the Knssians.
Saghalien-oula-hoiwif city of East Chi-
nese Tartary, in the department of Tclt-
cicar, on the south side of the Saghalien-
oula. It is rich and populous, ;ind very
important on account of its situation, as it
secures the Mantchew Tartars the posses-
sion of extensive deserts covered \y\iU
wo^jds, in wiiicU a great number of sables
are found. I-on. 12/ 25 E, lat. 50 0 N.
Sugrez, strong town of Portugal, in Al-
garva, witi a iiarbour and Ai\tvt, four miles
west of Can- St. Vincent, and 125 south of
Lisbon. Lon. 9 4 W, lat. 37 4 N.
Saguenai, large branch of St. Laft'rence
river, rising in the recesses of Labrador,
and falling into St. Lawrence about 120
mdes below Quebec.
Sagur, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Malwa, situated near the
Bunnass river, 87 miles NW of Gurrah, and
112 south of Agra. Lon. 78 53 E, lat. 23
45 N.
Sahagun, town of Spain, in the kingdom
of Leon, seated in a fertile plain, on the
river Sea, 17 miles from Piacentia. Lon. 5
23 W, lat. 42 33 N.
Said, town of Upper Egypt, seated on
the Nile, 150 miles south of Cairo. Lon,
31 20 E, lat. 27 32 N.
Saint Albans, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Franklin county, Vermont, on lake
Champlain 23 miles N frona Burlington. It
is the seat of an academy.
Saint Albans, post village, Licking coun-
ty, Ohio.
Saint Anthony's Falls, in Mississippi ri-
ver, lat 44° N The entire descent is about
65 feet, consisting of a perpendicular fall
of 40, and a rapid above and below. A
square of nine miles each side was pur-
chased fiom the Indians around this fall by
the government of the United States in
1805, and now occupied as a military sta-
tion by a detachment of troops.
Saint Augustine. See Augustine, Saint.
Saint B ar thole me~i.v. See Bartholeme^t}.
St. Bernard, parish of Louisiana; bound-
ed by lake Pontcliartrain N ; by the parish
of Orleans E ; Interior of La Fourche, or
rather the impassable morasses towards
the gulf of Mexico S ; and parish of St.
Charles W. I^ength 35 ; mean width 12 ;
and area about 400 square miles Surface
an almost undeviating plain, traversed near
its northern extremity by the Mississippi;
and falling very gradually from the margin
of tliat stream into uncultivatible moiasses.
As in every other place on the Mississippi,
the arable borders near its banks are exu-
berantly productive. Staples cotton, rice,
and sugar.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 337
do. do. females - - 291
Tot.al whites - . - 628
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - . 1^
Slaves - . . . . 382
Total population in 1810,
■88'f
1,020
A
Population in 1820.
Free whits males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Total whites ■ ' ' '
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females - -
Total population in 1820 -
348
319
0
667
24
21
1,190
733
2,635
0
1,740
0
0
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturali-zed
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 6i.
Saint Bertrand Great, one of tlie eleva-
ted parfs of the Alps between Italy and
Switzerland. It rises in one peak of 11,000
feet above the level of the sea. It is one
of the great Alpine passes.
Sairit Carlos de Mentersij, capital of New
California, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean,
Lon. W C 45 0 W, lat. 37 30 N.
St. Catharines, island of Brazil. See
Catharine Saint.
Saint Charles, county of Missouri ; bound-
ed by the Mississippi, and Cuivre rivers
N and NE ; Missouri river SE ; and Mont-
gomery county W. It occupies the penin-
sula between the Mississippi and Missouri
above their junction, being about 35 miles
long with a mean width of 12 ; and area
about 400 square miles. Chief town, St.
Charles.
Population in ISIO.
Free white males - - - 1,719
do, do. females, - - - 1,502
Total whites . - - - 3|221
All other persons except Indians
not taxecU- - - - - 13
Slaves 271
Total population in 1810 - - 3,505
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,857
do. do. females _ - - 1,418
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
.S A 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 46if
do. in Manufactures - - 96
do. in Commeice - - 34
Population to the square mile, 10 nearly.
St Charles, post village of Missouri and
seat of jusi ice for St Charles county; on
the left bank of Missouri river 25 miles
NW from Saint Louis It is now the seat
ot government of Missouri,
St. Charles, parish of Louisiana ; bound-
ed by Si. John Baptist W ; by lake Maun-
pas. Pass of Manchac, and lake Pontchar-
train N ; parish of St. Bernard E. Length
30 ; mean width 10 ; and area 300 square
miles. For general features, soil, and
staples, see St. Bernard.
Population in 1810.
Free while males - - . 451
do. do. females . . - 369
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not nataralizlitl
mi
"^,575
6
7
346
O'JO
3,970
3,291
Total wliites ... 820
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 150
Slaves 2,321
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females.
Slaves, males
do. females _ . .
400
327
0
727
63
85
1,844
1,143
3,862
Total population in 1820
Of these ; —
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,382
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - 2
Population to the square mile, 11.
Saint Christophers. See Christophers St.
or St. Kitts.
St. Clair lake. See St. La~a>rence Basin.
St. Clair, township of Allegany county,
Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela and
Ohio rivers, of/posite Pittsburg, and be-
tween Cliartier and Street's creeks. Popu-
lation 1820,4142.
St. Cluir, township of Bedford county,
Pennsyh anift. on Dunning's creek six miles
N from Bedford. Popidation 1820, 1748.
St. Clair, county of Illinois; bounded
by Mississippi river NW ; Madison N ;
Washington E; Randolph SE ; and Mon-
roe 3W. Length 30 ; mean width 24 ; and
area 720 square miles. The body of this
county lies SE.from St. Louis, commencing
immediately opposite that town. It is wa-
tered by the Mississippi and Kaskaskias ^-i -
vers. Cliicf tn',V'n, Cakokia,
S A I
S A 1
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,712
do. do. females - - • 2, Ho
Total whites .... 4,854'
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 113
Slaves 40
Total population in 1810 - - 5,007
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,861
do. do. females - . - 2,207
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 5
Total whites ....
5,073
Free persons of colour, males -
40
do. do. females
42
Slaves, males ....
58
do, females ....
40
Total population in 1820 - - 5,253
Of these ;
Foreig!iers not naturalized - 9
Engaged in Agriculture - 608
do. in Manufactures . 64
do. in Commerce - . 12
Population to the square mile, 7.
Saint Clair, village of Butler county.
Opposite Hamilton.
Si. Clair, coimty of Alabama ; bounded
by Shelby S ; Jeffers m SW ; El Mint NW ;
Cherokee lands N ; and Coosa river E. It
is about 35 miles square. Surface hilly
and brok.'!i ; drained by the Coosa and Ca-
haba rivers. Chief town, St. CLirsv.^ie.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,920
do. do. females . - - 1,687
All other persons, except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total v/hites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - .
do. females
Total population in 1820
4,166
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in \gricu!ture - - 774
do. in Manufactures . 27
do. in Coinmerce - - 17
Popidation to the sqtiare mile, 3.
St. Ctersw/fe, village of St. Clair county,
Alabama, on Canoe creek of Coosa river,
about 65 mdt's SSE from Huntsville
St Clairsville, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Belmont county, Ohio, 11 miles W
from Wheeling in Virginia. It is a flou-
Ti.«hing village containing a bank, printing
5 TJ
office, the county building'^, three churches,
and upwards oV 100 houses. Population
about 700.
St. Croix, Schoodic, or Passamaquoddy,
river of Maine, and New Brunswick. It
is a str am of more political than com-
mercial consequence, forming a national
boundary in all its length.
St Croix, branch of the Mississippi, rises
at lat. 46 0 N, interlocking sources with
the IJuis Brule, branch of lake Superior.
It flows SW and falls into the Mississippi,
about 50 miles below he Falls of St. An-
thony. It is wide and n;ivigab1e, and sup-
posed to offei' the most eligible commu-
nication from lake Superior to the Missis-
sippi,
Saint Domingo. See Domingo St.
Saint Etienne de Furand town of France,
in Rhone and Loire, in the neighbourhood
of very rich coal mines. It has the most
extensive manufactory of fire arms in
France, 27 miles SSW from Ly<in<.
St. Eusiatius. See Eustatiun St.
St. Francis, river of Lower Canada,
and Vermont, rises in the latter, in Or-
leans, and Essex counties. Its main
sources are the confluents of lake Mem-
phremagog, and lake St. Francis. Tiie
latter in the recesses of Buckingham
county. Lower Canada. Below the junc-
tion of its two great branches, the unit-
ed stream flows NNW into St. Law-
rence river, at the head of lake St. Pe-
ter.
Saint Francis river, branch of Mis-
sissippi. See Mississi/i/ii basin, page
626.
SadTi( Francisville, pr.sttown and seat of
justice, parish of New Feliriana, Louis-
i,.na. It stands on a bank 'evated70or
fO feet, and about one fou' th of a mile
r.an the influx of Bayou ara into the
Mississippi, 170 miles abcve New Or-
leans, and 152 beiow Natchez- It is built
on a single strt et extt nding along the
road leadint: from the mouth of Bayou
Sara into the interior country. Lon. W
C 14 28 W, lat. 30 42 N.
Saint Gall. See Gall St. page 340.
Saint Genevieve, county of Missouri,
bounded by tht Mississippi NE ; cape
Girarcleau county ■»; Washi gton SW ;
and Jefferson NVV. L: ngth 60; mean
width IS ; and area 1050 squ.Are miles.
Its extreme western parts embraces a
portion of the mine tract The Missis-
sissippi washes its NE, and its western
section is drained by St. Francis river.
Chief town St. Genevieve.
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - 1,740
do. do. females - - 1,433
Total whites
3,170
889
S A I
S A I
All other p)er3ons except Indians
not taxed ... -
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed , . . -
989
Total whites - - -
3,932
Free persons of colour, males
24
do. do. females
23
Slaves, males
535
do. females
448
Total population in 1820
27
843
136
24
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 4:;.
St. GeJievieve, post town and seat of
justice, St Genevieve county, Missouri,
stands on a high plain, or second bank
of the Mississippi; about a mile from its
bank on Gabara creek ; 82 miles below
St. Louis, and VY.) above the mouth of
Ohio. It is lUe second town in the state
in point of size and importance, contain-
ing an academy, 12 or 15 stores, and
near 400 dwelling houses. Population
about 2000. It has gained great advan-
tagjes from becoming the principal depot
of lead, and the mart of supply to the
miners.
Saint George, township of Lincoln
county, Maine. Population 1820, 1325.
Saint Germain. See Gerinain, St.
Saint Helena, island of. See Helena,
St. page 403.
Saint Helena, island on the coast of
South Carolina, 13 miles long and three
broad, forming a part of Beaufort district
between St. Helena, and Port Royal
Sounds.
St. Helena, parish of Lauisiana, bound-
ed by lakes Pontchartrain, and Maure-
pas, and Amite river S ; Amite river,
or East Baton Rouge, and New F.»lici-
ana W ; state of Mississippi N ; and
Taagipao river or Washington, and St.
Tammany E. Length 46 ; mean width
28 ; and area about 1300 square miles.
With very partial exceptions, this exten-
sive parish is covered with pine, with a
sterile soil. Beside the Amite and Tan-
gipoa, it is drained by the Tickfoha
river. Chief town St. Helena.
Population in 1820.
FfQc white males - - • 1,175
890
Tree white females - . -
459 All other persons except Indians
938 not taxed ....
4,620 Total whites - . - - *
Free persons of colour, males -
do. .do. fenjales
2,071 Slaves, males . - .
1,851 do. females - - -
0 Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,956
do. in Manufactures - - 16
do. in Commerce - - 14
Population to the square mile, 2*.
St. Helena, post village and seat of jus-
tice, St. Helena parish Louisiana, on the
Tickfoha river, about 35 miles NE by E
from Baton Rouge.
Saint Ilia, Great, river of Georgia,
rises in Tatnall, Telfair, and Irwin coun-
ties, by a number of branches which en-
ter Appling. In the latter they form
tv/o streams. Great and Little Saint Ilia,
which cross Appling, and unite in Wayne,
turn S, eater Camden and winding to the
E, falls into St Andrew's Sound, after a
comparative course of 140 miles.
St.Jarnes, parish of Louisiana, on both
sides of the Mississippi, bounded by St.
John E ; Amite river N ; Ascension W ;
and Assumption SW. Area 300 square
miles. For general features, and staples
see St Bernard.
4,962
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,056
906
Total whites - - - 1,962
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ - 41
Slaves ----- 1.952
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
5,955
Free white males ...
1,241
do. do. females
1,281
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
0
Total whites ....
2,522
Free persons of colour, males -
22
do. do. females
30
Slaves, males ....
1,766
do. females
1,320
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
5,660
56
2,544
S A 1
S A 1
Engaged in Manufactures - iS
do. in Commerce - - 33
Population to the square mile, 19 nearly.
Saint Jago. See article, second co-
lumn, page 445.
Saint John^ or Prince Edward's Isl-
and, island in the gulf of St. Lawrence,
W from Cape Breton. Chief town Char-
lottetown.
Saint Jo/m's, county of New Bruns-
wick.
S( John's, the only river of consider-
able magnitude which enters the bay of
Fundy. This noble stream rises in
Maine ; its extreme northern and north-
western sources reaching to within 20
miles of the St Lawrence. Flowing first
to the north-east, then east, and finally
south-east and south, fails into the bay
of Fundy, after an entire comparative
course of 350 miles, forming the largest
stream on the Atlantic coast, between
the basin of the Susquehannah and that
of the St. Lawrence. The tide flows up
this stream upwards of 80 milts ; its
mouth between St. John and Castleton is
narrow, and impeded by a ledge of
rocks, on which there is only 17 feet
water at low tide The St. John is very
difficult of entrance, from the violence
and eddying of the tide, and the incum-
bent mass of fresh water from the
river.
The basin of St. John is about 250
miles in length, with a mean width of
100 miles, comprising an area of 25,000
square miles. la its natural state the
St. John is one of the most navigable ri-
vers in the Atlantic system, being much
less impeded with falls than any other
of the streams entering that ocean, be-
tween the Hudson and gulf of St. Law-
rence. The lands watered by either the
main river or branches are also more
fertile than that contained in the river
basins north-east of the Connecticut. In
point of climate the St. John's basin
reaches the 48th degree of N lat. and
terminates in the Atlantic coast at N
lat. 45 10, extending through near three
degrees of latitude.
St. Jo/m's, city of New Brunswick, at
the mouth of St. John's river. It is situ-
ated on elevated ground regularly laid
out and well built ; and contains five
churches. From the excessive tides at
the mouth of St. John's river, the har-
bour is open throughout the year.
SaiJit John's lake of Louisiana, in
Concordia, once a bend of the Mississip-
pi, Bayou L'Argent is the outlet from
the river to the lake, and leaves the for-
mer opposite Fairchild's islands 15 miles
above Natchez.
St John's, capital of the island of New-
foundland, on the SE coast of the island.
Lat. 47 55 N. Resident population about
12,000.
St. John's, river of Florida, rises be-
tween lat. 26° and 27° N, and first NE
about lOi.* miles, approaches within six
miles ot the Atlantic Ocean, about 60
miles nearly S, from Cape Cannaverajl.
It thence turns NW, but curves gene-
rally with tlie opposite coast, and finally
falls into the Ailaiitic Ocean at lat. 30
12, after an entire comparative course
of 300 miles. It is navigable nearly to its
source.
St. John Bapiiste, parish of Louisiana,
on both sides of the Mississippi river ;
above St. Charles, and between St. James.
Area about 150 square miles. For ge-
neral features and staples, see St. Ber-
nard
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 749
do. do. females - - 653
Total whites ■ - - 1,402
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 70
Slaves 1,518
Total population in 1810
2,990
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - .
Total whites - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do, females
Slaves, males
do. females _ _ _
Total population in 1820
838
694
0
1,532
50
63
1,282
927
3,854
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do, in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
0
1,658
0
15
Population to the square mile 25|,
St. Johnsdurg, po.st town, Caledonia
county, Vermont, 31 miles NE from
Montpelier. Population 1S20, 1350.
Sai7it Josejih's, lake of Louisiana, in
Concordia, once a bend of the Mississip-
pi, nearly opposite the mouth of Big
Black river.
St. Joseph's, one of the islands in the
straits of St. Mary, between lakes Supe-
rior, and Huron.
St. Joseph''s, small island on the coast
of Mississippi, near the mouth of Pearl
river.
.SY. Josefih's, river of Michigan, rising
«91
S A 1
S A 1
on the same plain with Maumee, but
flowing NW into lake Michigan.
St. "Juan de Ulua, island and very
strong fortress off the harbour of Vera
Cruz.
St. LandrS, or Opeloitsas, post town ".f
Louisiana, and seat of j-istlce for the parish
of the sume name, situated in a praine be-
tween two bodies of woods, about half a
mile asunder, on a small stream which
form« part of tiie sources of both Teche
and Vermillion rivers : the Bayou Fusillier
entering Teche, and the nther Bayou Bour-
bee, forming' the head of Vermillion. St.
Landre is distant three miles SW of its
port, B iyiu Carron. Tlie country though
level is very pleasant and health)^ Water
is g'enerally found only in wells, springs
are rare, but the water is excellent, ool
and iiglit. The streets are laid out at
right angles. It contains a court house, jail,
a few publick houses and stores, 50 or 60
houses, and about 200 inhabitants. Lat.
30 32 N, Ion. W C 15 I'J W.
St Lawrence, river of North America, in
the United States, and Cabotia, or British
America.
As a basin of inland commerce, it may
indeed be truly asserted tliat the St. Law-
rence st<n;!s alone on the globe. Tiie su-
blime and peculiar features of that unequal-
led assemblage of frfsh water seas demand
more than ordinary attention from the
geographer and statistical inqiirer. This
immense basin extends from the mouth of
the St. Lawrence to the head waters of
Lake Superior, 1350 miles, With a mean
width of {..bout 400 miles, and containing
an area of upwards of 500,000 square
miles.
The tide ascends farther into that basin
than in that of any other of the known
world, or upwards of 400 miles, by compa-
rative courses fi om the gulf, to about half
way between Quebec and Montreal. Above
tide water to Ogdensburg, the navigation
of the river is much impeded by slioals and
rapids, but is in no place actually impassa-
ble with %'essels, either ascending or de-
scending. Ships of the line, of the first
class, are navigated as high as Quebec, and
vessels of 400 tons are taken to Montreal,
upwards of 550 miles from the gulf. St.
Lawrence basin is subdivided into three
natural sections, or secondary basms. First,
that of Lake Superior and its tributary
streams ; second, that of Lakes Huron,
Michigan, and Erie ; third, that of Lake
Ontario, and tiie residue of rivers to tide
water. Of these in order.
Lake Superiour is an immense reservoir,
elevated above the level of the Atlantic
tides 641 feet, and extending over a square
of 300 miles each side, or 90,000 square
miles. Of this expanse. Lake Superior
892
itself occupies a triangle of 350 miles base,
with a perpendicular of 160 miles, or em-
bracing an area of near 30,000 square
miles. This giea'esl fresh water lake of
the globe extend:^ from the straights of St.
Mary to the mouth of St. Lou^s river, fol-
Inwing die windings of the siiore, 400
m les'with 50 to 150 miles in width. S.jffi-
cient depth of water is every wiiere found
for the largest ves els. So much of the
shore of this lake is rock bound, as to ren-
der its navigation in a high degree danger-
ous, and with the severity of the climate,
and steriliiy of its adjacent shores in most
places, will, in a great degree, deprive
mankind of tlie benefits of such a sheet of
water so far inland
Draining 60,000 square miles of land, it
must be obvious ihat an immense body of
water is poured into Lake Superior ; which
besides innumerable smaller stnams, re-
ceives, from the south, Bois Brule, La Mau-
vaise, Montreal, Ir.'.n, and Huron rivers ;
from the north, Redstone ; from the north-
west. Grand Portage river ; and from the
west, St Louis river.
The inland route to the sources of the
Mississippi, and adjacent regions, is by the
channel of- the latter. The following dis-
tances and relative elevations from the
Fond du Lac, or mouth of St. Louis river,
to the sources of the Mis.sissippi, are ex-
tracted from Schoolcraft's travels with Go-
vernor Cass.
From the mouth of St. Louis
river to the South- West Com-
pany's House
To the foot of the Grand Por-
tage
To the Galley
To the head of Grand Portage
To the fool of the Portage aux
Coteaux ....
To the head of the Portage aux
Coteaux - . .
To the Isle aux Plaie
To the Isle aux Pins
To the head of do.
To the foot of the Grand Ra-
pids - . - . .
To the head of the Grand Ra-
pids . . . . -
To Glukie Rapids - - -
To head of do. . . -
To Gross Rocher - - -
To mouth of Savannah river ~
To the Portage, from St. Louis
river - - - .
Over the Savannah portage
Down another Savannah river
discharge into Sandy Lake
South-West Company's House
on Sandy Lake
24
2 26
2 28
7 2S
6 41
1^42^
3 45i
6 5U
* 52
2 54
6
60
6
66
1
67
21
88
12
100
24
124
6
130
18
148
3
1.51
S A 1
S A £
Helative elevations in the foregoing
distances :
Rise in feet.
From the moutli of St. I.ouis
river to the South-West
Company's House - - 4
To the Galley, four miles far-
ther . - - .
To the head of the Grand
Portage - . - -
To the foot of the Portage
aux Coteaux - - -
To tlie head of the Portage
aux Coteaux - ^ -
To the mouth of the Savan-
nali river ...
To the Savannah Portage
To the head or the West Sa-
vannah . . . -
We thus find the extreme summit level,
between Lake Superior and Sandy lake, to
be 550.6 feel above the surface oKthe for-
mer, in a direct distance of about 70 miles.
8 12
220 232
18 250
42 392
212.6 504 6
18 522.6
30 652.6
perior, 550.6 feet rise to the intermediate
summit ievel between lake Snperiour, and
the mouth ot Sandy Lake river, and 162
feet as the rise of the Mississippi river from
Sandy Lake river to its sources, we have
1353.6 feet ; and this sum, less 60 feet, the
fall from the summit level before noticed,
to the moutii of Sundy Lake river, leaves
as before 1293.6 feet as the real elevation
of the sources of the Mississippi.
By the river of the Grand Portage, which
enters lake Superiour nearly opposite to
the SW end of Isle Royal, a route is open-
ed with the wide uncultivated expanse
upon the sources of the Winnepeg, Assini-
boin. Red, and other branches of Ssskas-
hawin. This is the great thoroughfare of
the fur trade
The enormous surplus mass of the wa-
ters of lake Superior are discharged at the
falls of St. Maiy, North lat. 46 31, by a fall
of 22 feet 10 inches, according to the ad-
me;;surement made by Col Gratiot. The
river, or strait of St. .Mary's is about 40
If this estimate is correct, the country W , . , , , .. ^u
of lake Superior has a rise, in 70 miles, of ^'^es m length, and connects the upper
withm 90.4 feet as much as from tide water secondary basin ot St. Lawrence with that
in the Hudson to the head of that lake.
Depression from the summit level to
Sandy Lake :
Kep. Feet.
To first Rapid ... 2
Descent of the rapid • - 5 7
Head ol second Rapid - - 4 11
Descent of do. do. - - 8 19
Thence to the level of Sandy
Lake - - - .
of Lake Huron, Miciiigan, Erie, and their
confluent waters. The latter basin, de-
pressed below the former 76 feet, spreads
over a parallelogram of 500 by 400 miles ;
or embracing a superficies of 200,000
square miles. Of this extent, lake Huron
occupies 20,000 square miles, Michigan
13,500, and Erie 15,000, or over an ag-
gregate of 48,500 square miles. If to this
we add 1,500 square miles for lakes St.
4 6 -o 6 Q]j^,p ^„j Nipissing, other smaller lakes,
This depression taken from 550.6 feet and the rivers, we have, in round numbers,
leaves 527 feet, as the elevation of the sur- in the second or middle basin of St. Law-
face of Sandy lake over thai of lake supe- rence, 50,000 square miles of water, or one
rior. Mr. Schoolcraft (page 261) estimates fourth part of the entire surface,
the entire fall from the summit level The middle is the most valuable of the
through Sandy Lake into the Mississippi at three minor basins of St. Lawrence. In
60 feet ; and the elevation of the sources point of climate, it reaches from North lat.
of that river, above that of the mouth of 40 20 to N lat. 47''. The arable surface is
Sandy Luke river, at 162 feet. unequally divided, as near two thirds of
From 'hese elements we have 36.4 feet the whole is on the right or United States
fall from Sandy lake into the Mississippi, side of the chain of lakes. It would be
yielding an elevation of that stream at the needless to enumerate the great number oi
mouth of Sandy Lake river, above the sur- rivers which everywhere flow from the
face of lake Superior, of 490.6 .'eet. If to adjacent country into the lakes; we will
the latter sum we add 162 feet, we have therefore particularly notice only those
652.6 feet as the elevation of the sources of which from their position have already, or
Mississippi river above the surface ot lake may bicome noted channels of Inland Na-
Superior. We have already found that the vigation,
latter lake was elevated 641 feet above the Of the latter, proceedmg from W to E,
Atlantic tides, which sum added to 652 6 the fir.st which demands at'.ention is Fox
produces 1293.6, say in round numbers river, flowing into Green Bay, or the north-
1,300 feet, as the elevation of the sources western arm of lake Michigan. The entire
of the Mississippi over the Atlantic tides; length of this river is 260 mdes, 50 of
(see article Mississippi, page 621.) In that which consist of lakes. It is termed by two
place it will be seen that Mr. Schoolcraft's branches, the Vaseux, and Portage rivers,
deduction does not agree with his elements, which unite 15 miles from Portage from
He there deduces 1330 feet as the elevation the latter to the Ouisconsin branch of Mis-
of the Mississippi sources :— But by adding sissippi. The Vaseux flows in trom the
together 641 feet the elevation of lake Sii- N W, and from its junction with the Portage
^' 893
S A I
S A 1
v'lver to Winnebago lake is 190 miles, fol-
lowing the windings of the strearo* In this
distance, Fox river in most places resem-
bles a canal or strait more than a river, its
current is gentle, and often expanded into
lakes of consideraljle extent. The river
here appears to wind across a valiey, which
is terminated by a ridge of hills crossing
between Clreen Bay and Winnebago lake.
The latter opens above the ridge we have
noticed, and extends with a width ot five
or six miles about 24 in length. Tlie ad-
jacent country has been described as in a
pecuHar degree fertile and agreeable to
the eye.
At the bottom of the Winnebago lake,
the river charges its character : tiie sliores
become rocky, and precipitous, and the
bottom of the stream mucii embarrassed
with falls, rapids, and shoals. By a very
circuitous channel of 40 miles, through this
mountain pitss, the navigation of the river
is obstructed hy the Winnebsgo, Little
Kvkalin, Grand Kakalin, and the Rock ra-
pids. From the foot of the latter to 'he
head of Green Bay Is about six miles of
smooth v.ater. At low water, late in the
summer and eavly in autumn, the naviga-
tion of the mountain pass of Fox river is
extremely dangerous, ditiicult, nnd fa-
tiguing, but during the spring floods may
be ascended and descended with ease and
safety.
Green Bay extends 120 miles In length,
in u direction of NNE, nearly parallel lo
lake Michigan, with which it communicates
by a wide strait, abou. 75 niiles W <roai
the straits of Micr.dim.Akinac, It was
through this channel that the first discove-
ry was made of the Mississippi river from
Canada, and it iias long continued and still
remains the prlnc pal route from the Cana-
dian sea to tue upper waters of the Missis-
sippi. The distance by comparitive courses,
from the month of Green Bay to the Por-
tage, from the Fox to Ouisconsin rivers, is
250 miles, and down the latter stream to
its junction with the Mississippi 150 miles:
but the distance following the windings of
the stre.'im is probably one third more than
by comparative courses, or from lake Mi-
chigan to the Mississippi about 530 miles.
The Ouisconsin, though a rapid stream,
is unimpeded by either falls, sboais or ra-
pids. The Portage, from the Fox to the
Ouisconsin river is one of those singular
situations which the interior of Amtrica
affords, where nature seems to liave made
preparation fur the operation of human in-
tercourse. Both rivers originate about 100
miles to the N of the Portage, but at the
latter place they approach to within one
mile and a half. The intervening ground,
level prairie, over which at high floods
loaded canoes are navigated from one
stream to the other. This circumstance
R94
establishes the fact, of the facility of com-
pleting the connexion by a short canal,
perhaps without locks.
The next point of contact between the
navigable waters of the Canadian sea and
Mississippi river, is near the SW extremity
of Lake Michigan. Here the small river
Chicago, entering lake Michigan, heads
with ihe Theakiki branch of Illinois, and,
from the nature of the intermediate coun-
try, opens at high water a natural, uninter-
upted route between those two great sec-
tions of the United States.
The two following lists of land and wa-
ter stages from New York to St. Louis, by
the Ohio and Illinois routes, will exhibit
the relative distances at a single glance ;
Route from the city of JVevi> York to St.
Louis, btf Hamilton, Pittsburg, Cincinna-
ii, Louisville,and the Ohio and Mississip-
pi rivers.
Miles. Miles.
Newburgh ... 60
Cocheton - - - 60 120
Hamilton - - - 200 520
Pittsburg ... 261 581
Steuben ville - - - 59 640
Cincinnati - - - 263 1003
Louisville ... 131 1134
Mouth of Ohio - - 393 1527
St, Loms - - - 198 1725
Route from the city of JVe~M York to St.
JLuuis, by ^3lbany, Buffalo, Detroit,. Jtli-
chilimacinac, lake J\Ech!gan, Illinois, and
^lississippi rivers.
Miles. Miles,
Albu'v .... 143
Canaiidaigua ... 213 356
BuflTalo - - - - 92 448
Erie . - - . 90 538
Cleaveland ... 90 628
Dettjoit - - - - 110 738
Fort Gratoit ... 67 805
Michilimacinac - - - 190 995
Mouth of Chicago river - 280 1275
Head of Illinois do. - 40 1315
Mouth of do. do. - 400 1715
St. Louis ... 30 1745
It will be at once seen by an inspection
of this table that the difference in distance,
by the two routes, is trifling ; and all things
considered, no great diversity exists natu-
rally in the facility pffered, or impediments
opposed to mercailtile transportation ; but
uith the Grand Canal from Albany to Buf-
falo, the advantages are obviously in fa-
vour of the northern route.
Canal commimicution between lake Mi-
chigan and Illinois river, must speedily
follow the advance of population into that
section of country.
A number of rivers of considerable mag-
nitude enter the eastern and south-eastern
shore of Michigan, by the channels of
which a considerable commerce must be
S A I
S A I
carried on, as settlement and wealth in-
crease. Ot' these 'the St. Joseph heads,
with Maumee falling- into the head of Lake
Erie, and with Wabash flowing iato Ohio.
The intermediate country lias not, how-
ever, been surveyed with sufficient accu-
racy, to permit us to determine how far na-
ture has prepared the way to enable man
to complete the entire navigable commu-
nication from any one water to any of the
otliers.
The Maumee is a river deserving very
particular notice, in a survey of the inland
navigation of the United States. Tiiis ri-
ver has its sources on the table land, be-
tween Lukes Michigan and Erie and the
Ohio river, interlocking its branches with
those of Miami, Wabash, Illinois, and St.
Joseph. On this extensive flat table land
the streams are sluggish, and only gain
current by reaching a more inclined des-
cent. Sucli a construction of country is,
in an eminent manner, calculated to facili-
tate the formation of canal and lock navi-
gation.
Maumee is formed by three branches ;
the St. Joseph's, interlocking with the
sources of the river of the same name flow-
ing into Lake Miciiigan ; the St. Mary's,
the sources of which rise with those of
the Wabash, and Miami, flowing into Ohio ;
and the Atiglaize, heading with the Miami.
From the earliest settlement of Canada, the
peculiar structure of the intervening coun-
try, between the heads of the foregoing
rivers, struck every traveller ; and at the
present moment, when the Indian title to
the soil is extinguished, and an active ci-
vilized population must rapidly arise upon
its surface, the abundant natural resources
for inland commerce will be called into
active operation.
The St. Joseph's and St. Mary's branches
of the Maumee unite near the west boun-
dary of Ohio, but within Indiana. Turning
to nortii-east, the united streams flow in
that direction, by comparative courses,
about 100 miles, and fall into the esireme
south-western angle of Lake Erie. The
current is in general rapid, though the bed
of the river, except in one place, is un-
incumbered with shoals or falls. That ex-
ception occurs near Fort Meigs, 20 miles
above the mouth, where a ledge of rocks
crosses the river, and produces shoals for
14 or 15 miles along the stream. The en-
tire depression of 'he river at this obstruc-
tion has never been determined accurately,
but is not supposed to exceed 100 or 150
feet perpendicular. A bar crosses the
mouth of Maumee river, over which there
is not above seven feet water. A glance
upon a map of the entire region between
Ohio river and Lakes Michigan and Erie,
can scarcely leave a doubt but that the
channels of Maumee, Wabasli, and Miami,
must become the great lines of inland na-
vigation between the Canadian sea in that
quarter, and the valley of Ohio. The dis"
tance from Lake Erie to the teead of boat
navigation in Maumee is, as has been ob-
served, 100 miles by comparative courses.
By a similar mode of admeasurement, the
navigable channel of the Wabash is 250
mile's, making the entire channel from Erie
to Ohio of 260 miles ; wliich by adding
one-third for the particular bends of the
rivers, will yield an inland route of 480,
say in round numbers 500 miles. The en-
tire portage between the naturally naviga-
ble points of the two nvers is not quite
five miles. The other route, through the
Miami, is 200 miles shorter than the for-
mer; but striking the Ohio 360 miles
higher, following the bends of the latter
river, and also with a much wider inter-
vi:-ning portage, the Miami channel offers
much fewer advantages than that by the
Wabash.
The next navigable route from Lake
Erie to Ohio river, after the preceding, is
through the Sandusky and Sciota rivers.
The latter is a very direct line in inter-
communication, of about 300 miles, follow-
ing the bf nds of the streams, 100 o'. which
are in the Sandusky and intervening por-
tage of about 20 miles, aud 200 in the
Sciola. Tiie country between the sources
of Sciota and Sandusky is flat, and in spring
floods in great part overflown. The por-
tage, as already observed, 20 miles^ be-
tween the naturally navigable waters of
those two rivers. The navigation of San-
dusky, like that of the Maumee, is im-
peded by r pids and falls before reaching
Lake Erie, but is otherwise suitable for the
conveyance of boats of considerable size.
Hitherto the confluence of Ohio river
are without falls or dangerous rapids. The
Wabasii, Miami, and Sciota, are sluggish
streams near their sources, but become
more rapid in their progress towards their
common recipient. They are all, at seasoiis
of high water, navigable to very near their
sources, and flow through a highly fertile
country.
From the advance of population, and
from the near approximation of th- Ohio ri-
ver to Lake Erie, the channels of Cayahoga
and Tuscarawas branch of Muskingum
have been chosen by the legislature of the
state of Ohio, as the route of a navigable
canal to connect the Canadian sea to the val-
ley of Ohio.
The Cayahoga rises principally in Por-
tage and Geauga counties in Ohio, and
flowing fifty miles soush-west, reaches with-
in ten miles from the navigable waters of
the Tuscarawas. Already a fine beatable
stream, the Cayahoga. turns at an acute
angle near the village of Northampton,
and flows in a direction of NN\y about 40
895
S A I
S A I
miles, falls into Lake Erie inCayahoga coun-
ty, at the flourishing town of Cleveland.
The Tuscarawas rises in Wayne, Medina,
Por'age and Stark counties, and forming a
large navigable creek in the latter, flows
SSE 30 miles, receives Sandy creek from
the east, and 12 miles still lower. Sugar
creek, from the west near New Philadelphia.
Beiow the latter place the Tuscarawas
curves gradually SE and S W, and finally W,
flows 50 miles to its junction with Whitewo-
msn's river at the town of Coshocton, The
two rivers at their confluence are nearly
of equal size, and are both lost in the gen-
eral name of the Muskingum. Assuming
a southern course of ten miles. Wills creek
enters from the SE, and winding more to
the wes"^, oU miles farther, receives Lick-
ing creek, a large tribuiary brancii, at the
town o' Zanesvilie, in Muskingum county.
Here the riv*:r is precipitated over its only
falls, or rather rapid, 30 or 40 feet entire
depression. Below the falls, Muskingum
turns to the SE 80 miles, to its junction
with Ohio river at Marietta, in Washington
county.
From this sketch, we find ihls inland
channel lying m ntariy a N and S direction.
Advancing from Cleveland on Lake Erie,
up the Cayahoga 40 miles, we reacli the
Portage, from the stream to the Tuscara-
was ; thev.ce ten miles over that portage,
and aga.n down the Tuscarawas and Mus-
kingum 212 miles to Marietta, exhibits an
entire line of 262 miles. As this is proba-
biy the first route of inland navigation to
connf'ct the river systems of Mississippi
and St. Lawrence, which will le completed
by act, it will be necessary to take particu-
lar notice of the steps alreidy taken to
carry those improvemen's into eff'ect.
In 1814 the legislature of Ohio granted
corporate powers to a company for the
purpose of cuttmg a canal and constructing
locks around tiie falls of the Muskingum
at Zanesvilie. Tlie necessary expenses of
the -vorks are calculated at from 70,000 to
100,000 dollars. The undertaking is in ra-
pid progress, and will no doubt be soon
completed. The adjacent country abounds
with exhaustlet.s beds of mineral coal, and
the water power aflbrdcd by the falls ren-
ders the vicinity of Zanesvilie one of the
most favourable manufacturing sites in the
valley of Ohio Independent of the com-
munication between the Tuscanwas and
the Canadi:m sea, the canal and locks past
the falls of Muskingum will open to the
Ohio trade an expanse of country having
an area of about 8,000 square miles.
It wou'id be needless to notice the sug-
gested route of water communication be-
tween lake Erie and the Ohio valley,
through Big Beaver river, or the branches
of the Allegany river, as the elevation of
the intermediate ground precludes anv ra-
896
tional hope of efiecting canals to a profita-
ble issue in that quarter. We, therefore,
close our observations, in this place, upon
the Unlied States' side of the middle basin
of St Lawrence, and refer tne reader to
our review of the New York canals.
If we turn our attention to the Canada
side of St. Lawrence middle basin, we per-
ceive a long triangular peninsula, bounded
SE by lake Erie, Niigara strait, and lake
Ontario, on the NVV by the Detroit river,
lake S*. Clair, St Clair river, and lake Hu-
ron, and on tt.e NE by Black river of lake
Huron, lake Simcoe, a chain of small lakes
leaciing into tlie head of the river Trent,
down that river into the bay of Qiiinte. and
by that bay to its mouth, into the NE part
of lake Ontario. This peninsula, of 280
miles in length, by a mean widdi of about
80, or embraciiig an area of 22,400 square
miles, is partly in the lower, but mostly in
the midd'e St. Lawrence basin.
Through the chain of lakes and rivers
extendmg lake Ontario to Gl -usester bay
of lake Huro", an inland route already
exists, with only one short portage, which
abridges the distance from the head of St,
Lawrence r ver at Kingston, to lake Hu-
ron, one half; it being only 300 miles from
the latter to lake Ontario, by the Q;iinte
and lake Simcoe rou'e, and between 600
and 700 by lake Ontario, Ni4gara river, lake
Erie, Detroit, and lake and rivt- r St. Clair.
The peninsula is the best peopled part
of Upper Canada, and in the advance of
population and wealth, the impt ovement of
the Quinte, and G uce^ter bay channel,
of inland commerce, must follow in the
very nature of human affair';. This chan-
nel has some other pre-eminent advantages
over that by the great valley of the Cana-
dian sea. The foimer avoids the falls of
Niagara, and the dangerous navigation of
lakt s Ontrio, Erie, and St. Ciair.
We have now reached the lower or
inferior basin of the St. Lawrence This
immense country extends from NW to
SE 700 miles, with a mean width of 300,
or over a superficies of 210,000 square
miles. Of this vast expanse, the United
States possess only a strip 350 miles in
length, by 70 miles mean width, or an
area of 24,500 square miles, leaving
185,500 square miles in Upper and Low-
er Canada.
In the Niagara strait, from the sur-
face of lakf Erie to that of lake Onta-
rio, in a distance of about 28 miles, a de-
pression takes place of 334 feet. Of this
depression, the stages are : — From lake
Erie to the head of the rapids 15 feet ;
in the rapids, 51 feet ; in the falls of Ni-
agara, 162 feet ; from the falls to Lew-
istown, 104 feet ; and from the latter
place to the sttrface of lake Ontario, two
feet.
S A
A i
'Lake Erie is within a trifling fraction
of 565 feet above the Atlantiq tides ; of
course. 565 less 334, or 231 feet, jb the
elevation of lake Ontario above the same
tides.
To give the reader a critical know-
ledge of that part of the St. Lawrence
which passes aiong the United States,
the subjoined sketch is given, drawn from
accurate materials.
rhe first obstruction originates on oar
side, three miles and 1,320 yards above
St. Regis. Here, for a distance of 440
yards, the velocity of the current is five
miles per hour ; but the water being
deep, and near a lime-stone shore, its
navigation can be sufficiently aided by the
erection of a towing patii, at an expense
of about 300 dollars.
The next rapid of any consequence,
is the strait separating Massena point
from the head of Cornwall island. ')lie
Current runs through this strait, for
" more than 800 yards, at the rate of eight
knots per hour; but the bank is so form-
ed at this place, that the navigation may
be rendered entirely convenient by a tnw-
ing path, at an expense of about 700
dollars.
About one mile and a half above Mas-
sena point, commences a series of ra-
pids, generally denominated "•The Long
Sault Rapids. ^^ For this distance navi
gators avail themselves of several bays
formed by the incurvity of the shore, and
a current to propel boats of the largest
class, by setting poles and oars On ar-
riving at point Ellicott, nine miles and
three fourths from St.Re^is, a very strong
current is met, running, for the distance
of a mile above, at the average velocity
of 11 knots per hour. After douiiling
this point, boatmen find relief fro.m a
small basin of still watv:r, extending up-
wards a few rods The difficulties of
the navigation of these rapids may be
overcome by a well constructed towing
road, the expense of which would not
exceed 1000 dollars.
A reilax. or eddy, renders navigation
very easy from the termination of the
last proposed path, to Sturgeon Point,
nearly opposite to Long Sault island, and
14 iniles from St. Regis. Here boats en-
counter a violv-nt rapid, called by the
Canadians Xa petite ChMe, in contradis-
tinction to ha grand Chatc, upon the
opposite side of the river. From the foot
of the former rapids, for 890 yards, and
upwards, the current rushes at the rate
of 16^- miles per hour. This is consider-
ed as the most difficult passage for all
boats or vessels ascending between St.
Regis and lake Ontario ; and to render
iv practicable, Twithout the aid of locks,)
■ 5X
it will be necessary to have a towing path
of nearly a mile in length, of sufficient
strength to resist the shocks of the de-
scending ice, and wide enough to allow
two or more horses to be employed at
the sanTiC time in dragging boats against
the stream. As a great portion of the
materials necessary for this work must
be brought from a great distance, the
expense will be enhanced. I should sup-
pose the completion of this v/ork would
require an expenditure of about 5,500
dollars But to render the navigation of
ha petite Chtue permanently good, I
should recommend a well connected line
of locks.
After passing Polly's bay, another ra-
pid of considerable velocity occurs at
Store's p int. A towing path will be re-
quired here l,t''20 yards in length, and
will probably cost 750 dollars.
At PepP' r mill point, 17 miles, 587
yards from St. Regis, is a short, but
very strong rapid ; this may be render-
ed navigable by a towing path at the ex-
pinse of about 400 dollars. A short
dj:>tance below the last point, is a rapid
of considerable extent, that will require
a towing path, which may cist 220 dol-
lars. At Wilson's point, opposite to the
lower and of Baxter's Island, and 18|
miles from St Regis, runs another rapid,
tiiough of no great extent. The passage
of vessels here will require a towing
path of 250 yards in length ; to construct
this, and to remove a quantity of rocks
lying along the point, will occasion an
ex p. use of about ."50 dollars. At Point
H -ml! ck, 19| miles from St. Regis, is a
ripid that makes a towing path of about
100 yards in length necessary ; this may
cost 200 dollars. There is an obstruction
in the navigation from Point Hemlock
to Bluff point, other than a steady as-
cent, wliose average velocity is about
tvvo miles per hour. At the last men-
tioned Point we fine rapids of considera-
ble swiftness ; but these are of inconside-
rable length, and materials to form a
path are at hand and plenty ; its ex-
pense is estimated not to exceed 450
dollars. At several places between
BluflF Point and Dry Island, (a distance
of about eight miles.) the strength of the
stream obliges the boatmen to have re-
course to their setting poles ; but in no
place is it so swift as to make a pathway
indispensably necessary. Dry Island it-
self, however, requires some notice: it
is so called, because separated from the
New York main by a small stream,
which in the summer season is nearly
dry It appears, indeed, that this pas-
sage between the inland and main was
made several vears ago. The bottom nt
6 A 1
this channel is composed of clay aiid
round stones, mixed with gravel A ca-
nal, sufficient fnr all the purposes <il ">'-
vigation, may here be completed at an
expense oi luOO dollars. Tlse nexi rapid
that requires cotisidevation is Rapidc
plat, running between an island ot that
name and tiie little village of Hamilton,
(now called Waddingtoi,-.) Ti.ese tails
are 57 miles above St. Regis. Jiidi^e
Ogden, who r. sides upos the island, has
erected a dam and feri.'ge across them.
It is said, previous to the erection of
this dam, that this current was very im-
petuous for several miles, and that an
abrupt fall of nearly 10 feet rendeivd the
navigation utterly impracticable. The
■water having become comparatively
smooth by means of \h.^ dam. Judge
Ogden and others supposed that boats
w<iuld be transjjorted over his dam by
means of a lock, and on petitioning the
legislature of the state of New Yi-rk,
obtained an act, dated 1st April, 1810
authorizing them to construct such a
Canal and Locks as they should think
proper to aid. the navigation to this
place. The grantees were authorized
to receive a toll of 50 cents ; and for
every vessel under the burthen of two
tons, and for every vessel exceeding six
tons, one dollar and fifty cents. By this
act the Canal and h. cks were to be erec-
ted in three years from the first of July
1809, and were to be sufficiently large to
afford free passage of boats of 50 feet in
length, 10 feet in width, and drawing
two feet and a half water. Intending to
accomplish the object of this law, Judge
Ogden has built a Lock 100 feet iii
length and lOi feet lift. The walls are
of stone, laid in the best cement, are six
feet thick and 13 feet in height. The
capacity of the lock is such as to admit
a vessel of 75 feet hull, 13 feet beam,
and drawing three and a half feet water.
The plan is, in my opinion, judicious,
and the work, as far as it has been ac-
complished, is well evacuated- The
Lock above has cost about 12.0 JO dollars,
and it is estimated that a dam built of
store, will require 12,0j0 more, or, if
built of stone and timber, 7000 dollars.
The completion of these will constitute
a lasting and easy passage for boats. 1 he
next rapid we meet is at Point Iroquois.
The removal of a quantity of loose stones
lying in the river at tiie extremity of this
Point, and the construction of an ordina-
ry towing patU, of abuut 100 yards in
length, would sufficiently facilitate navi-
gation here. Five huridred and fifty
dollars, judicir usiy expended, will com-
plete this improvtmeiit.
\bcut two iniles abjove Point Ifoquois,
898
and at the head of Tousant's Island, is
a rapid of about 400 yards in length, but
of no great velocity. A pathway, that can
be made for 200 dollars, will answer
here.
Four mili-s ab ve the last mentioned
place commences the Rapid ctu Gat-
loupe This is generally known by the
nume of tht Red mills, and is of great
force for 250 yards. Although naviga-
tion may be rendered practcaible here by
means of a wide and strongly construct-
ed towing path and railing, yet I could
recommend the substitution of a Lock
and Canal. A Lock of five and a half
feet lift and a Canal 100 feet in length
would be sufficient. But little excava-
tion will here be necessary, and as stone
and materials abound on or near the spot,
it is believed that the expense of such
a canal, with wails oi stone laid in mor-
tar, and the construction of a good Lock,
would not exceed 10,000 dollars. A
towing path alone such as I have de-
scribed, will cost abuut 1500 dollars.
At Tibbit's Point, n ar the Red mills,
the current is such as to make a short
pathway necessary. The expense of
which may be estimated at 200 dol-
lars.
There are no obstructions to a free
and easy navigation from Tibbet's Point
to Lake Ontario.
A recapitulation of the expenses of
impr(iving the navigation of St. Regis to
Lake Ontario, by means of towing paths,
including the Lock, Canal, and bridge at
the Rapide Plat.
Towing path at Restoration
Point - - - . S 300 00
'lowip.g path at Massena Point 700 00
Point Ellicot - . - 1,000 00
Surgeon Point - - - 5,500 00
Stone's Point - - - 759 00
Pepper mill do. - - - 400 00
Small Point below - - .200 00
Wilson's Point - - - 350 00
Point Hcmlcck - - - 200 00
Bluff's Point - - - 450 00
Dry Island - - - 1,000 00
Lock Dam, and Canal, at
Rapide Plat - - • 2,400 00
Towing path at Iroquois - 550 00
Tousant Island - - - 220 00
Rapide an Galloupe - - 1,500 00
Tibbet's Point - - - 200 00
Add for clearing away trees
that have fallen in the river,
and removing other obstruc-
tions not noticed - - -
For superintendarxe
3 per cent, for contingencies
5,000 00
. 3,000 00
2^245 00
t7,l45 Oi)
S A I
:< A T
iirought forward
Should Locks be made at the
Lion% Sauk, and at tlie Ra-
picle au Gulloujie, the sum of
33,00udollar& must be added,
being the difFerence of cost
between Lockage and towing
paths - - . . [
84:7,146 UO
>o,000 00
Sum Total, §80,0^0 00
In the foregoing I have endeavoured
to point out, with as much precision as
my information would allow, the piaces
where improvements are necessary, to-
gether with the expense at which they
may be respectively effected ; and al-
though the estimates have been made
with great care, it is probable that in
sonie cases they are computed too high,
in otliers too low ; I feel pretty confi-
dent, however, that the above sum is siif-
iicient to accomplish the object in view.
My remarks have hitherto been con-
fined to the shores of the St Lawrence ;
but, I deem it a duty to present another
project for improving the navigation
along the frmtier ; from the adoption
of which most important benefits are
anticipated.
From the mouth of Grass river to a
place called FauchJs Mills, is about
seven miles : for this distance, with the
exception of a short and inconsiderable
rapid four miles from its mouth, the
river affords an excellent communica-
tion for vessels of ;i0 tons, those bting
the largest generally employed between
Ogdensburgii and Montreal.
My design is to connect the St. Law-
rence with Grass river, by opening a
Canal from the Bay above Wilson's
Point to the foot of the rapid at Fau-
ches Mills.
As thert.' are no villages on the St.
Lawrence to be accommodated, or in any
way aff cted, by the Canal from Wil-
sons's Point to the mouth of Grass river,
the shortest practicable route ouj^ht to
be pursu d. It is true, that art, combi-
ned with great labour and expense, may
do much, towards improving the naviga-
tion of these rapids. I scarcely believe
it possible that all the difficulties oppo-
sing tlicmse'ves to any easy passage can
be entirely subdued ; besides, any works
erected upon them must be equally af-
fected and endangered by the attrition
of immense bodies of ice and water rush-
ing against them.
The Canal can be supplied with water
in abundance at the summit just above
inison's Point, and the arrangement
and quality of the strata upon the above
route are favourable for a Canal. There
are no ranges of very high or very low
lands ; and there are no valeys, springs,
brooks, or rivulets, (with one exception)
worthy of notice that cross it. For a
consider.ble portion of the distance the
soil is composed of loam and clay, through
which water cannot percolate : the soils
of the residue, however are porous,
consisting of sand and gravel, but as the
country here abounds wit'.i the best pud-
dling stuff, (loam and coarse sand mixed)
it is fair to presume that the expense
will not be great. A tjliort distance
above Pepper Mill Point, the route is
crossed by a bank upon an aqueduct.
It will be necessary to di.; deep for
a short distance at the proposed com-
mencement of the Canal, unless it should
be thought expedierit to run it along the
shore for about 90J }"ards below. This
could be done with tase, the bank of the
river at this pliice bei^g composed of
clciy and loam. As the main river v/ill
always be preferred for a d twnward
passage, it only becomes necessary to pro-
vide for ascentlmg vessels. The project-
ed Canal need not, therefore, be so wide
as to admit large boats to pnss each
other. Ewtnty-five feet "in width upon
th*^- surface of the water, IS U-et at the
bottom, and hree feet and a half water,
will, it is believed, be sufficient.
It is the opinion of Mr Adams, (our
astronoaiical surveyor) that no more
than four Locks, of 10 feet lift, would be
required upon this route ; and as the
aveiage length of these will not exceed
75 feet, the expanse of liorkage may be
s:ifely computed at 32,000 dollars. 'Fhe
cost of livis Canftl would not vary much
from the following estimate.
Expense for excavating, say
two miles -and three fourths g 6,500 00
Grul)bing, clearing away tim-
bi-r, puddling and lov/i> g
paths . - - 5,750 00
Wooden aqueduct over a
brook at Grass river - 30,500 00
Four Locks - - - _ 33,000 00
Clearing out and deepening
the channel at the small
rapids in Grass river - 500 00
Tool's and implements - 3,500 00
Engineer superintendance 4,000 00
Add for contingencies .5 per
cent. - - - - 2,787 00
Aggregate, 58,537 00
The expenses of facilitating navigation
along the shore of the St. Lawrence
from Massrna Point, to Point Vv'ilson,
(both included) by means of Locks and
'towing paths amount accordir.g to my
L^.timate, to 34,000 dollars. Deduct this
aum from that at which the Canal can
b*^ opened, and it presents a tlifference
899
S A I
tS V I
of 24,537. The advanta.jje of the Canal,
navigation over tiiat of the river, are
too apparent to r« quire tliicidat'Dn.
SUould the Ciin-dl pnj ct b- adopted,
the expenses of iinprovii.'g the navigation
from St. Rigis to Lake Ontario wiil
stand ihus :
Canal - - - § 3S,5S7 00
Towing path and Lucks 46,145 00
S 104,632 Oi)
The foregoing communication is alike
honourable to the intelligence and paui-
otic feelings of its author, but in his esti-
mate of expense, he has, no doubt, been
much too limited, i'he serirs of rapids
from Ogdeiisburg to St. Regis, is very
correctly delineated The causes wiuch
have hitherto carried tiie navigation to
the Canada shore uf St. Liav/rence were,
as Col. Hawkins states, in a gnat part
political, but the mere circumstance of
the uncultivated condition of the United
States shore has had a large share in
producing this result.
If five tim^s the sum e.^timated by
Col. Hawkins was expended upon this in-
land navigable' line, it would be money
most beneficially employed.
Below the limit of the United States,
the St. Lawrenc-- expands into lake
St. Francis, of abiut ."30 mil s in length,
Avith a mean width of four miles At
the lower end of tins lake the river again
contracts into two narrow channels, se-
parated by Gros Isle. Here rapids again
occur, which is also the ease at the Ce
dars, a few mih-s lower down. At the
lower end of tht- Cedar rapids, the river
again dilates, having one channel ciim-
mimicating with the Ottawa river, and
the other opening ioto iakt- St. L<iuis.
The latter continues 17 miles to La
Chine, theupper port of Montreal. Here
the river is once more restricted to a con-
fitird channel, wit^i strong rapids. Near-
ly opposite to Montreal, however, the
last rapids occur, and below that point
to lake St. Peters, or head of tide water,
the current is g<-nt!e, and channel suffi-
ciently df ep for 600 t .n vessels.
The observatiuns upon the St. Law-
rence basin might be indefinitely en-
larged, but we must close our general
view of that subject with a few brief no-
tices.
Ottawa, or Grand river, is a great
northern brancli of St. Lawrence, rising
in the imperfectly known regions north
from lakf Hunn, and fl.jwing south-east
by comparative cour.-es, 600 miles, falls
into the Coteau du Lac, 25 nearly W from*
the city of Mo.itr' al. The Ottawa, of-
ten called the Grand river, is one of the
I'oytes pursued by the Canadian traders,
■ f 00
who ascend that- river, and, by a shovp
portage, enter lake Nipissing, and from
tne latter into lake Huron. The distance
from Montreal into lake Superior is one-
third longer thr>:Ugh the St. Lawrence
and great lakes, than by the Ottawa ri-
vrr. The navigation of the latter is
much encumbered with rapids and shoals,
but is, nevertheless, much frequented,
from its superior safety, and from being
so much shorter.
Montreal is extremely well situated to
become the centre of- a very extensive '•.
inland commerce. It is already such, as \
far as the advance of population will ad- •
mit. Standing at the head of ship navi-
gation, this city is on the St. Lawrence,
the point of contact between the foreign
and int< rior comm.erce of an immense ex-
panse of country .
La Chine is the upper port of Mon-
treal, and situated on the same island
with that city, and at the lower extremi-
ty of lake Si Liuis. La Chine is the
centre of shipment between the Upper
and Lowt r provinces, and the North
country. In M.-.y and November, boats,
to and from various parts of Upper Ca-
nada, are continually arriving and de-
parting from this place. They are from
35 to 40 feet in length, with about six
feet beam ; their usual freight from four
to four and a half tons. They are work-
ed by oars, a mast, and sail, drag-ropes
for towing, arid long poles for setting
them tnrough the strong currents or
rapids. Four men manage them in sum-
mer. They bring down ■wheat, flour,
salt provisions, pot and pearl ashes, and
pc-ltries. They are usually navigated in
squadrons of from four to 15 boats, in
order to enable the crews to aid each
otlier in passing the rapids.
Fr>!m La Chine, the bark canoes em-
ployed by the North-West company in
the fur trade take their departure. Of
all the contrivances for transporting hea-
vy burdens by water, these vessels are
perhaps the most extraordinary. They
are formed by a slight frame, to which
the bark of the white birch tree, (Betu-
la alba) in slips, is attached. These ca-
noes are the lightest of all navigable
vessels to their capacity It is the latter
circumstance which enables the Canadian
bnatman to perform so many long and
fatigueing portages, with their vessels
and cargo.
With these light canoes the traders
proceed up the Grand, or Ottawa river,
to the south-west branch, by which, and
a chain of small lakes, they reach Ni-
pissing ; thrugh it, and dov/n the French
river, into lake Huron ; along its south-
ern coast, up the narrows of St. Mercy,
S A I
S A 1
into lake Superior; and then, by its
northern side, to the Grand Portage, a
distance of about 11,000 from the jilace
of their departure. From the Grand Port-
age, which is nine milts across, there is a
continuation of similar toils and bark ca-
noes of smaller size, through chains of
lakes and streams, that run from the
heii^ht of land westward to thr lake of
the Woods, and lake Winnepeg. to the
more distant establishments of the com-
pany in the remote regions of the north-
west country.
From the city of Montreal to the east-
ward, the shores are from 15 to 20 feet
above the level of the St Lawrence ;
but, in the opposite direction, towards
La Chine, they are low. Btrtwcen the
Coteau St. Pierre and the river, the land
is so flat, and particularly near the small
lake St. Pierre so marshy, as to induce
a conjecture that it was once covered
with water. Over this place it is in-
tended to cut a canal, by which a direct
communication would be formed bttwe n
La Chine and the city and the rapid St.
Louis (intervening) avoided.
Near the head of lake St Louis ex-
tends the Point des Cascades, and in the
river lies the island des Cascades, which
with one or two other smaller ones,
break the current of the river at its en
trance into lake St, Louis, and present
nearly the same effect that would be pro-
duced by the most violent tempest. To
avoid these, a canal, usually calk'd the
Military Canal, has bten constructed
across. the point of land, and through
which tile boats pass to the locks at Le
Buiessen ; it is 500 yards in length. At
a place near Lorguil's mill, the boats
going up the Sc Lawrence are unload-
ed, and their freights transported in
carts to the village, while the empty
boats are towed through the rapid du
Coteau des Coches. At Coteau du Cac,
just above the river de Lisle, ascending
boats again enter locks, to avoid a very
strong rapid.
We may now take a brief view of those
rivers by which a water communication
is had from the United States .to the St.
Lawrence. Of tliese, the most import-
ant is the river Richelieu, v.'hich tiows
from the lake Champlain, in a northerly
course, and unites with the river St. Law-
rence, at the town of William Henry.
The navigation is carried on by beats,
canoes, and rafts. From its junction v/ith
the St.Lawrence,decked vesselsof 150 tons
may. ascend 12 or 14 miles; its mouth i.>
about 250 yards in width, and this conti-
nues nearly to the basin of Chambly; from
thence to the Island du Portage, it is 500
yards ; beyond this, it is double that ex-
tent to St. John's, from whence there is
a ship navigation 160 miles along lake
Champlam. From the basin down to
the St. Lawr^^nce, the current is gentle,
notwithstanding the shoals and flats ; but,
from lake Champlafin, the stream is in
som;- places broken by rapids. There is
much trade»upon this important naviga-
tion and its importance is unequivocal.
The river St Francis is alio an im-
portant line of communication, only it is
obstructed by a number of violent ra-
pids ; its source is a large lake of the
same name, in the townships of Garth-
ley and Coleraine ; it flows in a south-
west direction for 30 milrs, then nearly
north- vvesi for about 80 miles, and falls
into the lake St. Peter ; a branch con-
nects with lake Memphremagog, from
w'liich several streams dtscend into the
state of Vermont Notwithstanding the
imperfection of this navigation, much
trade is thereby sent to the St. Lawrence.
The general staples brought down the
St. Lawrence, are peltry, grain, flour, and
timber. The town i/f Ogdensburg, at the
mouth of the Osv/egatchie, in St. Law-
rence county, New York, is the point of
contact between ship and boat navigation
above the rapids. Fron) Ogdensburg the
navigation is pursued up the St. Law-
rence, and through lake Ontaria, in
sl<iops and large vessels, 170 miles to the
river Niagara, where, on account of the
great falls, a trans-shipment and land-
carriage takes place, in order to reach
lake Erie. Canals have been proposed,
both on the British and American side,
to pass the falls. At present, on the Bri-
tish side, the goods are landed at Queens-
town, seven miles within the Niagara ri-
ver, from whence they are transported by
wagons to the Chippewa creek. Down
this river thty are sent into the lake
Erie, (231 miles in length,) which is na-
vigated by vessels of 60 or 70 tons, that
pai?s through the straits of Detroit, (28
miles long)" and the lake of St. Clair, (20
miles across) and along the river St.
Clair, (60 miles in length) into the lakes
Huron &\u\ Michigan. In lake St. Clair
the water is so shallow, that the vessels
must be lightened. Between lake Huron
and lake Superior, are the rapids of St.
Mar}' straits, along a part of which a ca-
nal has been formed by the North-West
company.
The river St. Lav/rence, from Que-
bec to Kingston, and a great part of the
lakes, are frozen over from the begin-
ning of December until the month of
April, and during that period naviga-
tion of course, ceases, but sledges are
passed upon the ice. See Lower Co-'
netfia, Montreal, Quebec, Isfc,
901
S A I
S^A I
iit. Laivrence, northern county of New
York, on St. Lawrence river ; bounded by
St. Lawrerice NW ; F anklin county of
New York E; Hciaiiitoii and Herkimer
counties S -, and Herkimer, Lewis, and Jef-
ferson SW. Length 60 ; mean wiulli 44;
and area 2640 square miles. It is drained
by Oswegatchie, Grass, Racket, and Saint
Regis rivers. The surface is' r:ither une-
ven than hilly ; and mucii of the river soil
excellent, and all exceedingly well tim-
bered. Chief towns, Ogdensburg and
Hamilton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,602
do. do. females - - 3,261
Total whites ... - 7,863
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 17
Slaves, . . - - - 5
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - .
29
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females -
7,885
8,503
7,512
16,015
7
16,037
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ; -—
Foreigners not naturalized - 990
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,592
do, in Manufactures - 291
do. in Commerce - - 115
Population to the square mile, 6.
St. Leonard's, post town, Calvert county,
Mai-yland, on the west side of Chesapeak
bay, about 10 miles NW of Drumpoint, 12
miles NE of the town of Benedict on Poto-
mac, and 58 from JFashin^ton.
St. Louis, county of Missouri ; bounded
by Missouri river NW ; Mississippi E ;
Merrimac river S ; and Franklin county W.
Length 40 ; mean width 15 ; and area 600
square miles.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 2,688
do. do. females ... 2,119
Total whites - - . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 182G.
Free white males
<5o- do. females
4,807
120
740
5,667
Total whites - . . 8,043
Free persons of colour, males 100
do. do. females 96
Slaves,, males - _ - 9S7
do. females - _ - 823
Total population in 1820
10,049
- . 4,837
3.177
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized -. 350
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,739
do. in Manufactures - 709
do. in Commerce - 232
Population to the square mile, 16J.
St. Lotiis, post town and capital, St.
Louis county, Missouri, on the right bank
of the Mississippi, 18 miles below the
mouth of Missouri. The site of this town
is a gentie acclivity, terminating in a plain
in the rear of the buildings. The whole
resting on a limestone base. The houses
are ranged in three parallel streets, rising
above each other and extending along the
river about two miles St. Louis pcsstsses
some pre-eminent advantages of local posi-
tion. It is already and must continue, the
principal depot for the immense regions
drained by those numerous rivers, the con-
gregated waters of which are here collect-
ed into one great stream. The population
of this place has very rapidly advanced.
In 1803, when transferred to the United
States the inhabitants fell short of 1000 r
in 1816 they amounted to 2000 ; in 1820, to
4598 ; and now 1822, no doubt exceed 5000.
It contains a museum, theatre, land office,
two banks, and several manufactories of
different kinds. Lat. 38 46 N, Ion. W C
12 58 W.
Saint Lmiis, river of the NW territory of
the Unitcvl States, rising between lake Su-
perior and the Mississippi river, and flow-
ing south turns SEi, and finally E, fails into
the extreme western bay of lake Superior.
It is one of the channels of intercommuni-
cation between lake Superior and Missis-
sippi river. See St. Lau-rr.nce basin. The
United States NW company have an es-
tabUshment on this river a few miles above
its mouth.
Saint Liicar de Bannmeda, seaport of
Spain, at the rnouth of tlie Guadalquiver.
Saint Maloes. See JMaloes St. pa^re 558.
Saint ^larg-uirite, seigniory, St. Maurice
county, Lower Canada, containing the town
of Three Rivers.
Saint Jllaria de Darien, town of Colom-
bia, and cipital of Darien, on a small river
flowing into Pan. ma bav. Lon. W C X° W.
lat. 8 04 N.
Suiiit Marinu. See Marino St. page 566.
Saint Marks, river of Florida, rising near
the month of St. John's river, and running
S A i
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tiience nearly south and parallel to tlie sea
coast. The course of this little but curi-
ous; stream is about 30 miles, falling into
the i)ay or baroour of St. Augustine, its
banks niosily swainpy.
Saint Martha, province of Colombia, in
New Granada ; bounded N by the Spanish
Main ; E by Rio de -a Hacha ; S by Santa
Fe, and W by Cartiiagena.
Saint JMarlha, capital of the province of
the same name, with an excellent harbour,
about 100 miles NE from Carthagena. Lon.
W C 2 52 \y, lat. 11 39 N.
Saint Martinsvills, post town and seat of
justice, St. Martin's Parish Attacapas, Loui-
siana, on the rij^ht baiik of the Teclie. It
contains a Catho-ic clmrch, an academy,
the county buildings, a baiik, and about 70
or"80 iiouses with 300 inhabitants.
St.- Martin's, parish of Louisiana, in At-
tacapas ; bounded by Opelousas NW and
W ; Gulf of Mexico SW : St. Mary's par-
ish in Attacapas SE ; and the Atchafahiya
river NE and E. Length 80, and breadth
40 ; and area 3200 square miles. The
whole of this parish is one almost undevia-
ting plain. The shore near the gulf of
Mexico morass, rising imperceptibly into
dry arable prairie land, along the Teche
and Vermillion rivers and some interve-
ning strips. The land where arable highly
fertile— towards tlie Atchafalaya liable to
annual overflow, but ti'.iclcly wooded ;
whilst the soutli-western, m'dJle, and
southern sections present an expanse of
prairie, with the exceptions of strips of
woods along the margin of the streams.
Staples, cotton, sugar, beef, hides, tallow,
&c. Chief tow:., St, Martin's. See Ope-
lousas. For the joint cj;nsus of the two
parishes or county of Attacapas. See St.
Mary's.
Ste Mary's, county ot Maryland, on the
Peninsula between the Potomac and Pa-
tuXent rivers ; bounded by Chesapeak bay
SE ; Potomac river SW ; Chas les coun-
ty NW ; and Patuxent river NE. Length
38 ; mean width 10 ; and area 380 square
miles. Chief town, Leonard,
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,007'
do. do. females - - 3,151
Total whites - - . - 6,158
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 636
Slaves - - . _ . 6,000
Total whites .... 6,033
Free persons of colour, males - 431
do. do. females - 463
Slaves, males • - - 3,075
do. (emales - - . 2,972
Total population in 1820 - 12,974
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 24
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,118
do. in Manufactures - 230
do. in Copunerce - - 179
Population to the square mile, 32.
St. Mary's, lower parish of Attacapas,
Louisiana ; bounded by St. Martin's NW ;
Atchafalaya river NE ; parish of. Interior of
Lafourche E ; and gulf of Mexico S. Area
1900 square miles. For general features
and staples, see St. Martin's and Opelou'
sus.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,145
do. do. females . - - 1,814
Total whites . - . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . .
Slaves . . - . -
Total population in 1810,
Total population in 1810 - 12,794
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - • - 3,003
do. do. females . - - 3,031
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... o
3,959
278
3,132
7,369
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 3,117
do. do. females ... 2,745
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
.
.
.
5,862
Free
persons of
colour,
males
238
do.
do.
females
256
Slaves, males
.
.
.
3,068
do.
females
-
-
2,639
Total
population in
1820 -
12,063
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 146
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,643
do. in Manufactures - 107
dp. in Commerce - - 167
Poptilation to the square mile, 6 1-3.
St Mary's, ri t er of the United States be-
tween Georgia and Florida. It rises partly
in both, and assuming a SE course falls
into the Atlantic Ocean between Amelia
and Cumberland islands. It is one of the
most navigable of the south-eastern rivers
of the United States — it admits at its mouth
vessels of 21 feet draught, and those of 14
feet 70 miles into the interior.
Si. Mary's, sea port and post town, in
Camden county, Georgia, on the left bank
of St. Mary's river, nine miles above its
mouth. This town is from its position, a
plac.e of cdrtsiderable cb'nsequence as a
903
S A I
coinhiercial port, but since the cession of
Florida to the United States, it has lost
much of its consequ nee as a naval ana
military station. It is 80 miles by land
south from Darien, be-tween which exists a
fine channel of inland communication.
Lat. 30 43 N, Ion. \V C 4 40 W.
St Mart/s, river of Ohio and Indiana,
rises in the former and flowing NW into
the latter, joins the St. Joseph at Fort
Wayne to form fhe Maumee. It is naviga-
ble at high water almost to its source. See
j\Iaumee and St. Laiurenca basin.
St. Mary's, strait of, between lakes Su-
perior and Huron. The cataract or Sault
St. Mary is 15 miles below lake Superior,
at N lat. 46 31 The entire fd! from the
level of lake Superior to tliat of lake Hu-
ron is about 23 feel It is, however, navi-
gable with some difficulty for canoes and
boats. Vessels of Sixft-et draught ascend
to the foot of the Tails. Thost- of larger
size are compelled to stop at Sugar isl-.nd.
From lake Huron '.here -re two passages;
the one on the NW s;de, fo • boats 20
miles ; and the other on the NE side, for
vessels 12 or 14 miles farther, or abovit 35
miles. By deepening the channel in one
place a siiort distance, it is said that. ves-
sels of any size can ascend to tlie Sault.
The United States governmen'. have form-
ed an establishment at ihis place. On the
29th of June, 1822, near 300 soldiers set
out from Detroit under tlie command of
Col. Brady, and arrived at the falls on the
17th of Julv, and commenced the works;
wliich are to consist of --ix blocks of offi-
cers and as many of soldiers quarters, in-
cluding a hospital. A cession of the soil
four miles square was obtained in 1820,
from the Chippeway Indians.
St. MichaeVs, post town, Talbot coun-
ty, Maryland, on the W side of St. Mi-
chael's river, ten miles W of Enston, 25
SE of A-nnapolis, and 69 from Washing-
ton.
St. Maura. See Maura St.
St. Salvador, or Ciudad Bahia. See
Salvador St.
Saint Simons, island of Georgia at the
mouth of the Alatainaha. • %
Saint Scefihens, post town and seat of
justice, W;ishinv^ton county, Alabama, on
the right bank" of 'rombit^bee. at the
head of scr^ "ncr navigation, it ib the
seat of an academy, with two instinct-
ors, and 60 or 70 students ; and a print-
ing office. The population increasing,
in 1819 it amounted to about 1000, and
now probably 1200.
St. Tamany, parish of Louisiana,
bounded by Pearl river E ; lake Borgne,
the Rigolets, and lake Pontchartrain S ;
river Tangipao, or St. Helena W ; and
the parish of Washington N. It is
904
SAL
WHtered by the Pearl, Bogne ChitOy
Chifuncte, at»d Tangijjao rivers. Ler.gth
50; mean width 20; and area lOtJO square
miles. Surface towards the south level,
in the nortnern parts undulating. Soil
generally stt-rile, and timbered with pine.
Chief town Madisonville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 630
do. do. females - - 423
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 0
Total whites . . - - 1,053
Free persons of colour, males - 16
do. do. females 23
Slaves, males .... 335
do. females - - - - 296
Total population in 1820 - 1,723
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized - - 17
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,133
do. in Manufactures - 4
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to the square mile, 1 J.
St. Tamany, post town, Mecklenburg
county, Virginia, on the left bank of the
Roanoke, 42 miles above Halifax, and
70 SSW from Richmond.
Saint Thomas, formerly Franklin town-
ship and post village, of Franklin coun-
ty. Pennsylvania, on Black cre^k, branch
of Cf.nococheague. The village is on the
road from Chambersburg to Bedford,
nine miles VV from the former. Popula-
tion 1820, 2405.
Sai7it Thomas, island of the West In-
dies. S< e Thomas St. %
Saint Thomas, island of Africa. See
Thomas St.
Saint Vincent, one of the Cape Verd
islands. See Vincent St.
Saint Vincent, island of the West In-
dies. See Vincent St.
Saintes, three of the Leeward Carib-
bee islands, in the West Indies, between
'wuadaloupe and Dominica.
Saintes, town of France in the depart-
ment of Lower Charente, on an emi-
nence. o7 miles SSE of Rochelie, and 262
SW of Paris. Lm. 0 38 W, lat. 45 54
N.
SaintC7igc, late province of France, 62
miles lent;, and 30 broad ; bounded on
tiie E by Angoumois and Perigord, on
the N by Poitou and Aunis, on the W by
the Atlantic, and on the S by Bourdclois
and Giron. It now forms, with the late
province cf Aunis, the department of
Lower Charente.
Sal, one of ihe Cape de "Verd Islands,
43 miles in circumference, lying to the
E of St. Nicholas. It has its name from
the great quaiuity of salt made here from
the sea water, which overflows part of
it, from time to time. It is 300 miles W
of the coast of Africa. Lon. 23 56 W,
lat. 16 38 N.
Sala, or Salbcrg, town of Sweden, in
IVestmania, near which is a very large
ancient silver mine. It is seated on a ri-
ver, 30 milts VV of Upsal, and 50 NW
of Stockholm. Lon. 17 45 E, lat. 59 50 N,
Salamanca, city of Spain, in Leon,
with a fam.'us university, consisting of
24colleges. Here are magnificent church-
es, a large public square, fine fountains,
and every thing that can contribute to
the beauty and cmmodiousness of the
city. The structure called the Schools,
where the sciences are taught, is very
large arid curious. There were former-
ly 70 JO students, when the Spanish mo-
narchy was in a flourishing condition ;
and there are now upwards of 4000. who
are clothed like priests, having their
"heads shaved, and wearing caps. The
rivei' Tormes, which washes its walls,
has a bi'idge over it 300 paces long,
built by the Romans. Without the walls
is a fine Roman causeway. It is 37 miles
SE -f Miranda, and 88 NW of Madrid,
Lon. 5 16 VV, lat. 41 0 N.
Sa'amanca, town of Jucatan, 140 miles
S f.f Campeachy. Lon. 89 58 W, lat. 17
55 N.
Salanakem, or Sa'ankemen, town of
Sclavonia, on the Daiiube, 20 miles NW
of Belgrade, and 25 SE of Peterwardin.
Lon. 20 53 E, lat. 45 14 N.
Sa'bach, village of Germany, in Baden,
two miles NE of Baden. Here mares-
chal Turenne, while reconnoitering the
enemy, received a mortal wound.
Salberg. See Sa'a.
Sa'cey, forest in the S part of North-
amptonshire.
Saleclo, town of the kingdom of Tu-
nis, near the Mediterranean. It is noted
for the ruins of an ancient castle, and is
22 miles SSE of Monaster. Lon. 11 3 E,
lat. 35 13 N.
Salem, post village and township of
Rockingham county. New Hampshire,
30 miles SW from Portsmouth. Popula-
tion 1810, 1179, and in 1820, 1311.
Sa'em, township, Orleans county, Ver-
mont, 50 miles N from Montpelier.
Salem, township, New London county,
Connecticut, 30 miles SE from Hartford.
Population 1820, 1053.
Salem, capital of Essex county, Mas-
sachusetts, being a post town as well as
port of entry. It is situated on a small
basin of the sea, 13 miles NE of Boston,
and about two to the W of Marblehead.
This is the second town for trade and po-
pulation in Massachusetts, the inhabitants
^ Y
ri A L
in 1810, being 12,613 and in 1820, 11,34(3.
It was settled by the English as early
as 1528, and is the well known Naum-
keag of Indian history. The inhabitants
are honourably distinguished for their in-
dustry and enterprise, in commercial
pursuits. It lies in lat. 42 20 N, and lon.
71° W. The harbour is defended by a fort
and citadel."
Salem, post town and township, Wash-
ington county, New York. The vil-
lage stands on a plain, on the point be-
tween Baten hill and Black creek, 30
miles NNH from Waterfcrd, and is alter-
nately with Sandy-hill, the seat of justice
for the county. It contains an academy.
Salem, county of New Jersey, bounded
by Delaware bay SW. and NW ; Glou-
cester county NE; and Cumberland coun-
ty SE. Length 20 ; mean width 15 ; and
area 300 square miles. Surface gene-
rally level, and soil though sandy, pro-
ducti\e. Chief town Salem.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 6,025
do. do. females - - 5,670
Total whites .... 11,695
All o'.her persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1,037
Slaves .-.--. 29
Total population in 1810
12,751
Popnlalion in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,607"
do. do. females . - - 6,599
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 79
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females . . -
Total popidatioa in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Mar.nfactures
do. in Cnmaierce
14,022
26
2,562
567
99
Population to the square mile, 46J._
Salem, po.st town and seat of justice,
S.aleni county. New Jersvy, on Salem
creek, three miles and a half above its
mouth. It has four churches and an aca-
deny ; ^7 miles SSE from Philadelphia.
Salem, creek of Salem county, New Jer-
sey, rises in the centre of the county, and
flows nearly W, passes Salem, and falls into
Delaware bay, three miles and a half below.
It is navigable for vessels of 50 tons to
S^fem.
905
SAL
SAL
Salem, township of Wayne county, Penn-
sylvania, on Waullenpaupauk creek, 10
miles VV from Mount Maria. Population in
1820, 306.
Salem, lower township of Luzerne coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the
Susquehannah river. Population in 1820,
nr.
Salem, township of Westmoreland coun-
ty Pennsylvania, W from Loyalhannon
river, commencing- five miles N from Green-
bury.
Salem, ore of the northern townsliips of
Mercer county, Pennsylvania, on Little
Shenango creek. Population in 1820,
700.
Salem, West, the northern township of
Mercer county* Pennsylvania, contiguous
to the preceding. Population in 1820,
1040.
Salem, post town, near Rhoanoke river,
Botetourt county, Virginia, 20 miles SW
from Fincastle.
Salem, post town, Fauquier county, Vir-
ginia.
^afeOT.post town in Stokes county. North
Carolina, planted and inhabited principally
by Moravians who have an academy for
young ladies, resorted to from various parts
of the southern states, and situated five
miles E by S of Belhania, and about 100
W by N of Raleigh, the state capital. It
contains about 700 inhabitants.
Salem, post town, Sumpter district, South
Carolina, 12 miles E from Sumpter.
Salem, village of Baldwin county, Geor-
gia, on the left bank of Oconnee river,
nearly opposite Milledgeville.
Salem, post town, Livingston county,
Kentucky; about 15 miles ISE from the
mouth of Cumberland river.
Salem, NE township and post village,
Ashtabula county, Ohio. The township
contains one or two iron works. Popula-
tion in 1820, 979.
Salem, township of .TefFerson county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1484.
Salem, township in Tuscarawas county,
Ohio, on MuskingiuTi river, containing the
village of Gnadenhutten. Population in
1820, 549.
Salem, one of the northecn townships,
Muskingum county. Population in 1820,
387.
Salem, one of the eastern townships,
Monroe countv, Ohio. Population in 1820,
648.
Salem, township of Washington county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 422.
5'a/eni, township of Meigs county, Ohio,
containing 298 inhabiitmti ii; 1820.
Salem, JVe^v. See JK'ew Salem, Ohio.
Salem, township of Cliampaign county,
Oftio. Population in 1820, 1064.
Salem, post town of Columbiana county,
906
Ohio, 10 miles northwestwardly from New
Lisbon.
Salem, township of Columbiana county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1378.
Salem, township of Warren county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 1114.
Salem, village, Randolph township,
Montgomery county, Ohio, 12 mites NW
from IJayton.
Salem, post town and seat of justice,
Washington county, Indiana, on Big Blue
river, o5 miles NW from Louisvil'e in
Kentucky, It contains about 200 inhabi-
tants.
Salem, cross reads, post office, West-
moreland county, Pennsylvania, nine miles
N from Grecnsburg.
Saleche, town of Saxony, in Upper Fau-
cigny, seated near a small lake, on the
Arvo, 12 miles S of Close.
Salerno, seaport of Naples, capital of
Principato Citeriore, with a luiiversity,
principally for medicine. It is seated at
the bottom of a bay of the same name, 27
miles SE of Naples. Lon. 14 53 E, lat. 40
35 N.
Salers, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cantal, and late province of An-
vergne, among tlie mountains, nuie miles
N of Aurillac.
Salford, LoTver, township of Montgome-
ry county, Pennsylvania, between Skippack
creek ; and the NE br.mch of Perkiomen,
10 miles NNW from Norristown. Fopu^
lation in 1820, 731
Salford, Upper, township of Montgome-
ry county, Pennsylvania, adjacent to Low-
er Saltord, and W from the NE of Perkio-
men. Popula'ion in 1820, 1008.
Salies town of France, mthe department
of Lower Pyrenees, and lat" province of
Gascony, remarkable for its springs of salt
water, from which the white salt is made.
It is seven miles W of Orthea.
Saliffiiac, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, and late province
of Perigord, 10 miles S by W^ of Limoges.
Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 45 42 N.
Salignas, town ot' Spain, in Biscay, seated
on the Deva, eight miles N by E of Viltoria,
and 28 SSE ofBilboa. Loii. 2 54 W, lat.
43 5 N.
Snli7ia, post town, Onondago county.
New York, about 50 miles W from Uiica,
on Onondago Lake. Tlie township spreads
around Onondago Lake, and embraces the
vill.'.ges of Salina, Liverpool, and most of
the very rich srdt springs in the neighbour-
hood. S ilina stands on the E side of the
lake, contains about 100 houses, 500 inha-
bitants, and is connecten with the Erie
canal by a side cut of one mile and- a
ha'f. Liverp .'ol four miles NW from Suli-
na, is about similar in size and population.
The aniovint of Salt works in operation ex-
ceed 130, and may be increased to any iie-
SAL
■cessary amouiit. Gypsum also abounds in
this vicinity.
Saline, one of the Lipari islands, in the
Mediterranean. It consists of two high
mountains joined together at the bi.se, and
lies NW of the island of Lipari.
Saline, southern townsliip, Columbiana
county, Ohio ; so called on account of salt
springs found within its Innits, alonj^ the
banks of Yellow creek. Population in
1820. 365
Saline, post village, EHndolph county,
Illinois.
Saline, river of Arkansas, rises about 20
miles NE from the warm springs of Oua-
chitta, and fiowintj nearly S fiilU into Oua-
chitta at about N hit. 33 40.
Saline, river of Arkinsaw, a branch of
the Little river of the North
Saline, river ot Louisiana, rises in the
parisn of Nachitoches, flows S and joins
Black Lake river to form the Kigolet de
Bon Dieu.
" Saline, river of Illinois, rises in White
and Franklin, flows SE into Gallatin coun-
ty, and falls into Ohio river, 18 miles below
the mouth of Wabash. It is navigable to
its main forks 30 miles. The United States
possess salt works near its banks 20 miles
from the Ohio.
Salines, villaa;eof St. Genevieve coun
t)', Missouri, four miles below St. Gene-
vieve. In its vicinity are extensive salt
works.
Salins, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Jura, and late province of
Franche Comte, remarkable for its salt
works, the largest of which is in the
middle of the town, and is like a little
fortified p!a e. It is seated in a fertile
valley, on a stream that has its source
in the town, 29 miles S of Bensancon, and
200 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 45
56 N.
Salisbury, or JVeiv Sarem, episcopal
city in Wiltshire, of which it is the capi-
tal, in a chalky soil, on the confluence of
the river Bnurn, Nadder, Willey, and
Avon, by whose waters it is almost sur-
rounded- It has manufactures of flan-
nels, linsey, hardware, and cutlery, and
is 21 miles NE of Southampton, and 2io
W by S of London. Lon. 1 42 W, lat.
51 3 N.
Salisbury, post town and township,
Hillstoorough county. New Hampshire,
on the right bank of the Merrimac 14
miles NW from Concord. Population
1820, 1913
Salisbury, post town and township Ad-
dison county. Vermont.
Salisbury, post town and township in
Essex county Massachusetts; on the N
side of Merrimac river, four miles N of
>Tewbuiyport, and 46 N by E of Boston.
b A L
ropulation 1810, 2047; and in 1820,
2006.
Salisbury, post town, and township in
Litchfield county, Connecticut, 19 miles
NW of Litchfield, and 60 of New Haven,
with 2266 inhabitants in 1810; and in
1820, 2695. Salisbury in Connecticut, is
remarkable for the abundance and rich-
ness of its iron ore, which is very exten-
sively wrought, and manufactured into
anch.ors, screws, scythes, hoops, gun
barrels, &c.
Salisbury, post village, and township
Herkimer county, New York. 21 miles NE
from Utica. Population 1810, 1252 ; and
in 1820. 1438.
Salisbury, post village, Orange couoty,
New York.
Saliisbury, township of Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, in the NE side of the
county, on the head waters of Pequea
creek, 12 miles E of the city of Lancas-
ter. In 1810 it contained 1841 inhabi-
tants ; and in 1820, 2484.
Salisbury, township of Lehigh county,
Pennsylv nia, between Saucon creek,
Little Lehigh creek, and Lehigh river.
Population 1810, 933 ; and in 1820, 1165.
Salisbury, post village of Somerset
C'lunty, Pennsylvania, 20 miles S from
Somerset.
Salisbury, post town in Somerset coun-
ty, Maryland, lying on the N side of
Wiccomico river, near the confines of
Delaware ; 20 miles NW of Snow Hill,
and 33 S by W of Lewistown near Cape
Henlopen.
Salisbury, post town, and capital of
Rowan county. North Carolina, five
miles SW of Yadkin river, 34 miles
from Salem in the same direction, and
120 NW of Fayetteville ; containing
about 500 souls with a post office.
Salisbury, township of Meigs county,
Ohio. Through this township runs
Leading creek. Population 1820, 481.
SaUsbury, post village Wayne county,
Indiana.
Salle, ancient town of the kingdom ot
Fez, with a harbour and several forts.
Its harbour is one of the best in the
country, and yet, on account of a bar
that lies across it, ships of the smallest
draught are forced to unload and take
out their guns, before they can get into
it. It is 100 miles W of Fez, and 150
S of Gibralter. Lon. 6 31 W, lat. 34
ON.
Salm, town ot (iermany, in the duchy
of Luxemburg, H miles SSE of Spa,
and 38 N of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 55 E,
lat. 50 25 N.
Salm, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meurthe, and late province of
Lorrain, with a castle, seated at (he
907
S A L
S A L
source of tlie Sar, 20 miles VV of Stras-
burg, and 33 SE of Nanci. Loh- 7 15 E,
lat. 48 34 N.
Salmon creek, stream of St. Lawrence
county, flows NNW. about 70 miles,
enters Lower Canada, at French Mills,
and falls into St. Lawrence river at the
head of 1-ake St. Francis.
Sal?)io7i, creek of J^ew York, I'ises in
Jefferson and Lewis counties, enters Os-
wego, and fails into Mexico bay, of
Lake Ontario, 20 miles E from the mouth
of Oswego river.
Salmon Jail, local name of that part
of Piscaiaqua below Berwick fails.
Salo, towi! of Italy, in the Brtsciano ;
on the Lake Digarpa, 17 miles NE of
Brescia. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 45 58 N.
Salobrena, seaport of Spain, in Gra-
nada. It carrits on a great trade in
sugar and fish, and is seated on a reck,
near ihe mouth of a river of the same
name, 12 miles E of Almuneear, and
56 S of Granada. Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 36
31 N.
Saloji, town of France, in the de-
parinu nt of the Mcuihs of the Rhone,
and latt province of Provence, seated on
the canal of Craponne, 20 miles NW of
Aix. Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 43 38 N.
Salona, seaport of Dalmatia, on a bay
of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly
a considerable place, and its ruins show
that it was ten miles in circumference.
It is 18 miles N of Spabtro. Lon. 17 29
E, lat. 44 10 N.
SaloTie, town of Livadia, with a bi-
shop's see. The inhabitants are Chris-
tauis and Turks, pretty equal in num-
ber; and J ws are nrt suffered to live
here. It IS seated on a mountain, on the
top of which is a citadel, 20 miles NE
of Ltrpai.to. Lon. 23 1 E, lat. 38 53 N.
Solonichi, ancient Thessalonica, a sea-
port of Turkey in Europe, capital of
Macedonia. It is 10 miles in circumfe-
rence, and a place of great trade, car-
ried on principally by the Greek Chris-
tians and the Jews, thr- former of which
have 30 churches, and the latter as many
synagogues ; the Turks also liave a few
mobques. It is surrounded by walls, and
defended on the land side by a citadel,
and near the harbour by three forts. It
■was taken from the Venetians, liy the
Turks, in 1431. It is seated at the bot-
tom of the gulf of the same name, partly
on the top, and partly on the side of a
hill, near the river Vardar, 50 miles N
of Larissa, and 240 W of Constantinople.
Lon. 23 8 E, lat. 40 41 N.
Salofi. See Shropshire.
^ifict town of Naples, in Capitanata,
9m
on a lake near the sea. It is noted for
considerable salt-works, and is 23 miles
S of Manfredcnia, and 92 ENE of Na-
ples. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 41 12 N.
Salses, strong castle of France, in the
departm.ent of Eastern Pyrenees, seated
on a lake of the same name, among moun-
tains 10 miles^K^ of Perpignan. Lon. 3
0 E, lat. 42 53 N.
Salsetce, fine island of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, lying off the coast of Con-
can, to the NE of Bombay, from which
it is separated by a narrow strait ford-
able at low water. It is about 15 miles
square, and fertile in rice, fruits, and
sugar-car.es. It has subterraneous tem-
ples cut out of the solid reck, in the man-
ner of those of Elephanta, which appear
to be monuments of a superstition ante-
rior to that of the Hindoos.
Salsonna, town of Spain, in Catalo-
nia, seated on the Lobregat, 44 miles
NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 38 E, lat. 41
56 X.
Salia, city of Buenos Ayres, in a pro-
vince of the same name, on Roquera, a
river flowing into the Vermejo. Lon.
W C 10 30 E, lat. 24 40 S.
SaUa, province of Buenos Ayres, be-
tween Potosi and Cordova ; and between
Chili and Paraguay, It is drained by
the Dulce, Salado, and V'trmejo. Between
lat. 23 30, and 29 30 S.
Saltasli, borough in Cornwall, on the side
of a steep hill, six miles NW of Plymouth,
and 220 W by S of London. Lon. 4 17
W, lat. 50 25 N.
Salt creek, post village and township
Muskingum county, Ohio. The post
oflBce is nine miles SE from Zanesville.
Population 1820, 967.
Salt creek, river of Ohio, falls into
Sciota from the S 15 miles below Chili-
cothe.
Salt creek, township of Wayne county,
Ohio Population 1820, 1000
Salt creek, township of Hocking coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 414.
Suit Creek, SE township of Pickaway
couPity, Ohio, including the village of
Tarltoii. Population 1820, 1304.
Saltcoats, seaport of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, much resorted to as a watering place.
It has a considerable trade in salt, coal,
and sail cloth, together with a rope-yard.
It is situated on the Friih of Clyde, 10
miles NNW of Ayr, and 22 SW of Glas-
gow, Lon. 4 45 W, lat. 35 39 N.
Salt Hill, village in Berks, noted for its
fine situation and elegant inns. It is on
the road to Baih, 22 miles W of London.
Salt River, river of Kentucky formed
by three branches ; Salt Biver, Rolling'
Fork, and Beech Fork ; all rising \n Casey
S A 1.
S A M
county, and flowing' generally K\V, unile
tiiid enter Ohio between liullit and Hardin
counties, 2'i miles below Louisville.
^ ^ Salt Biver, nver ol' Missouri entering
liie Mississippi from the NW, about 100
miles above St. Louis.
SaUza, town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg. It takes its name
from the salt pits, and is 12 miles SSE of
Magdeburg. Lon. 11 54 E, lat. 53 3 N.
Saltzbzirg, formerly an independent arch-
bishopric now district of Lower Austria ;
70 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on
the N by Bavaria, on the E by Austria, on
the S by Corinth and the Tirol, and on the
W by the Tirol and Bavaria. It is a moun-
tainous country, but pretty fertile, and
contains mines of copper, silver, and iron.
Sallzlmrg, ancient and populous city of
Germany. It is well built, and defended
by a castle on a mountain, and near it are
some considerable salt works whicli are
very productive. It formerly was tlie
capital of an independent state, now a dis-
trict of Lower Austria The university
depends on the Benedidine monks. It is
seated on both sides the river Saltz, 45
miles S by W of Passaw, and 155 W by S
of Vienna. Lon 13 5 E, lat. 47 o7 N.
Saliz-iuedel, town of Germany in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony, in the old marche
of Brandenburg, noted for its flourishing
manufactures of cloth, serge, and stock-
ings. It was formerly one of the Hanse
towns, and is situated on the Jetze, 20
miles NNW of Gardeieben, and 48 ENE
of Zell. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 52 55 N.
Salvador, St. one of the Bahama Islands.
See Guanahami.
Salvador, St. capital of the kingdom of
Congo, on a craggy mountain, 240 miles
E by S of Loango. Lon. 15 39 E lat. 4
50 S.
Salvador, St. populous city of South
America, in Brasil. The principal streets
are large, and there are many gardens, full
of great v.sriety of fruit-trees, herbs, and
flowers. The chief commodities are su-
gar, tobacco, woad for dyers, raw hides,
tallow, and train-oil. It is seated on an
eminence, on the bay of All Saints, 120
miles SVV of Sergippy. Lon. 40 10 W,
lat. 13 30 S.
Salvages, small uninhabited islands, ly-
ing between Madeira and the Canaries, 27
leagues N of Point Nogo in TenehfF. Lon.
15 54 W, lat. 30 0 N.
Salvalerra, town of Portugal, in Estra-
madura, with a royal palace, sealed on the
Tago. Lun. 7 51 W, lat. 38 59 N".
Salvaterra, stro .g town of Portugal, in
Beiro. It was taken by the French in
1704, and by the alhes in 1705. It is seat-
ed on the Elia, 12 miles NE of Alcantara.
Lon. 6 14 W, lat. 39 30 N.
Sahademr. town of Spain, in Galicia,
seated on the Minho, 56 miles S of Com-
postello, Lon. 8 16 W, lat. 41 48 N.
Sulvatierra, town of Spain, in Biscay,
at the foot of Mount St. Adnan. 30 miles
E by S of Vittona. Lon. 2 17 W, lat. 42
54 N.
Saluda, river of South Caroliria, which
rises in the mountains of Pendleton, and
Greenville districts, and runs in a SE course
till it joins the Congarce, opposite the
city of Columbia.
Sahiter, river of Louisiana in Natchi-
toches and Ouachitta. The sources of this
stream is on the line between Louisiana
and Arkansaw, N lat 33 0, \V lon. W C
16 20, interlocking v.-iih the waters of
Datchet, and Uerbane, and flowing a simi-
lar course and parallel 1o the latter, tails
into Ouachitta three miks below the mouth
of Barthelony river. The country drained
by the Saluler is generally pine woods,
soil thin and s'.erile. The' entire length
of the Saluter is about 60 .miles.
SahizzOy town of Piedmont, capital of a
marquLsate ol the same name, on an emi-
nence, at the foot of the Alps, near tiie
river Po, 22 miles S bv W of Turin. Lon.
7 37 E, lat. 44 44 K.
Samand'-achi. See Samothracig,.
Samarcand, ancient and populous city in
the country of the Usbec Tartars, with a
castle and a university. It was the birth-
place and seat of Tamerlane the Great.
It carries on a trade in excellent fruits,
and is pleasantly seared ne:-.r the Sodge,
which runs into the Amo, 138 miles E by
N of Bokhara. Lon. 65 15 E, lat. 39 50 N.
Samar, Philippina, or Tandago, one of
the Phillippine Islands, in the Indian ocean
SE of that of Luconia, from which it is
separated by a .strait. It is 329 miles in
circumference, and is full of craggy moun-
mains, among which are fertile valleys.
Samara, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Ufa, situated on the conflux of
the rivers Salmisch and Sakmara, 12 miles
N of Orenburg. Lon. 55 5 E, lat. 53 2 N.
Samara, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment 01 Simbirsk, not far irom the Volga.
Lon 49 26 E, lat. 53 20 N.
Sumarand, populous town on the eastern
part of tiie island of Java.
Samathan, town of France, in the de-
partment of Euro, with a strong castle on
a moan tain. It is seated in a valley, on the
river Save, five miles N of Lombez. Lon.
1 0 E, lat. 43 34 N
Samballus, island on the N coast of the
isthmus of Darien, not inhabited but claim-
ed by tiie Spaniards.
Sambas, to>\n of the island of Borneo,
situated near the W coast. It is a capital
of a kingdoin of the same name, and in its
vicinity diamonds are found. Lon. 109 0
E, Kit. 2 23 N.
Sambre, river of the Netherlands, which
909
S A iSt
S A ]Si
vises in Picardy, and passing by Landrecy,
I*Iaubeiige, thun, and Charleroy, falls into
the Maese. al Narnur.
SuTTw^itia, province of Poland, 175 miles
long and 125 broad ; bounded on the N
by Courland, on tlie E by Litliuania, on
the W by the Baltic, and on the S by
Western Prussia, bei.ig about 175 miles
long-, and 125 broad. Rosienne is tlie
principal town.
Samos, island of the Archipelago, on
the coast of NatoUa, and to the E of the
isle of Nicaria. The women are clothed
in the Turkish manner, except a red coif,
and their hair hanging down their b;icks,
with plates of silver, or block tin, fasten-
ed to the ends, it is 32 miles long, 22
broad, and extremely fertile. It abounds
with partridges, wood-cocks, snipes, wood-
pidgeons, thrushes, turtle-doves, wheatears,
and excellent poultry. They liave abun-
dance of p.-ielons, lentils, kidney-beans, mus-
cadine grapes, and white figs, four times
as big as the common sort, but not so well
tasted. Their siik is very fine, and the
honey and wax admirable. They have iron
mines, and most of the soil is of a rusty
colour ; they have also emery stone, and
ah the mountains are of white marble. The
inhabitanfs, about 12,000, are almost all
Greeks, and have a bi.sliop '*ho resides at
Corea. Lon. 27 13 E, lat. 37 46 N.
Samothracia, now called SamandracJd,
small island of the Archipelago, between
Stalimeni and the coast of Romania, and
to the N of the isle of Imbro. It is 17
miles in circumterence, and pretty well
cultivated. Lon. 25 17 E, lat. 40 34 N.
Samoijedcs, naiion of Tartary. They in-
habit the coasts of the Frozen Sea, from
the 65 degi-ee of N lat. to the sea shore.
The countries they occupy are marshy and
full of rocks, so that fiom the 67 degree
of lat. there are no trees of any kind, and
the cold that prevails in these climates pre-
vents vegetation to such a point, that even
the little brush wood, here and tliere to be
seen dwindles away to nothing f.s you ad-
vance towards the north. In stature the
Samoyedes are scarcely ot a middling
height ; it beittg rare to meet witli a man
of more than five feet, though it must at
the same time be confessed, that the short-
est, who are about four feet, are equally
scarce. They seem all of a heap ; have
short legs, small neck, a lartre head, flat
nose and face, with the lower part of the
face projecting outwards ; they have, large
mouth and ears, little black eyes, but wide
eyelids, small lips, and little feet.
Sampson, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by New Hanover SE ; Bladen S\V;
Cumberland W ; Johnson N ; Wayne NE ;
and D.tuphin E. Length 35 ; mean width
20 ; and area 700 square miles. It is
drained by Black river branch of Cane
910
Fear river. The court house is about 65
miles NNW from Wilmington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,387
do. do. females - - 2,175
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves .....
Total population in 1810 •
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Total whites . - - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males ....
do. females - - . -
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized -
Eiigaged in Agriculture
do. in .V/anufactures -
do. in Commerce
4,562
9
2,049
6,620
2,900
2,978
0
2,745
0
0
Population to the square mile, 12^-.
Samptown, village of Middlesex county,
New Jersey, 13 miles SW from Elizabeth-
town.
Samso, or Samsoi, Island of Denmark
on the E coast of North Jutland It is
eight miles long and three broad, and very
fertile. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 56 2 N.
iSamson, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and late province of
Normandy, seated on the river Rille, five
miles from Pontaudemer.
Scmu, or Za7ia, town of Peru, and capi-
tal of a jurisdiction in the bishopric of
Truxillo. Its sititation is delightful, and
adorned with the mo.t beautiful flowers,
whence it receives the name of Mirafloris.
It is 90 miles N of Truxillo. Lon. 78 30
W, lat. 40 35 N.
Sanaa, capital of ^'^rabia Felix in Ye-
men Proper. It is seated among moun-
tains and fine orchards, 240 miles NNE
of Mocha, and 450 SE of Mecca. Lon.
46 35 E, lat. 17 28 N.
Sa?i Antoniss de los Cues, city of Mexico,
in the intendancy of Oaxaca, 130 miles SE
from the city of Mexico, and about 80
miles nearly N from that of Oaxaca.
San Bias, city and seapoit of Mexico,
in Guadaluxara, at the mouth of the river
Siditiago. It is the residence of a depart-
ment of the marine, but in Summer and
Autumn the insalubrity of the climate.
S A N
SAN
obliges the officers, and inhabitants, to
seek at Tepic, a cooler and more healthy
air. Lon W C. 28 17 W, lat. 21 33 N.
Sandbach, town in Cheshire, on the We-
Jock, 26 miles E of Chester, and 161 NNW
of London. Lon. 2 28 W, lat 53 8 N.
Sanborntovm, township of Strafford coun-
ty. New Hampshire, containing^ 2884 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 3329- Si-
tuated 55 miles NW of Portsmoutli.
Sa7icerre, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cher, and late province of Berry.
In its neighbonrhood are excellent wines,
equal to those of Burgundy. It is seated
on a mountain, near the river Loire, 22
miles NW of Nevers, and 110 N of Paris.
Lon. 2 59 E, lat. 47 18 N.
Sancion, island of China, on the coast of
Quang-tong-, 40 miles in circumference,
and famous for being the burying-place of
St. Francis Xevier, whose tomb is to be
seen on a small hill.
Sarwoiiis, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cher, and late province of Berry,
seated on the Argent, 15 miles SW of Ne-
vers.
Sanda, one of the Orkney islands, in
Scotland, lying NE of that called Mainland.
Saiidecz, strong town of Little l'ol;*nd,
in the palatinate of Cracow. There are
mines of gold and copper i:i its territory,
and it is seated at the foot of Mount Kra-
pack, 32 miles SE of Cracow. Lon. 20
32 E, lat. 49 43 N.
Sandersville, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Washina:toa county, Georgia, 30 miles
SE from MiHedgeville.
Sandford, township and post village,
York cotmtv, Maine. 22 miles N from York.
Population 1820, 1831.
S :ndyate, township of Bennington coun-
ty, Vermont ; N from Bennington. Popu-
lation 1320, 1200,
Sandisfield, township of Berkshire coun-
ty, MassachuseUs, contain mg 1658 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and io 1820. i646 It is si-
tuated between North Marlborough and
Mount Washington, and near the Connec-
ticu". line
Sandiston, township of Sussex county.
New Jersey. Population 1820, 858.
Sanderdeben, town of G'rrmany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, and principality of
Anhault Dessau, situated on the Wipper,
16 miles SE of Quedlingburg, and 31
SW of Dessaw. Ijon. 11 22 E, lat. 51
38 N.
Sandersted, village in Surry, to the S of
Croydon, and in an elevated situation,
which affords a delightful prospect over
tlie adjacent country.
Sandgate Castle, castle in Kent, SW of
Folkstone.
Sandhamn, seaport of Sweden, in the
province of Upland, appointed for the ex-
amination of all vessels to and from Stock-
holm. It is 10 miles E of Stockholm. Lon,
18 20 E, lat. 59 20 N.
Sando, island of .Tapan, on the N coast of
Niphon ; with a town of the same name.
It is 78 miles m circumference. Lon. 139
30 E, lat 33 35 N.
Snvdomir, strong town of Little Poland,
capital of a palatinate of the same name,
seated on a hill, on the Vistula, 75 miles E
of Cracow, and 142 S of Warsaw. Lon. 22
0 E, lat 50 21 N.
Sando-m, township of Rockingham coun-
ty, New Hampshire, 23 miles W from
Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 527.
Sandusky, bay of Ohio, in Sandusky and
Huron counties. It c.x^tends from the mouth
of Sandusky river, F. 23 miles with a mean
width of three miles ; and communicates
with lake Erie by a narrow strait.
Sandusky, river of Ohio, nsing in Rich-
land county, and flowing W about 20 miles
into Crawford, where it turns nearly N and
continues in tdat direction 60 miles into
Sandusk-v bay. It is generally navigablco
I- rises in a level and in great part open
country, covered in summer with succu-
lent herbage, and in wmter and spring ex-
posed to inundation ; having a perfect re-
semblance 'o the prairies of Louisiana,
Missouri a^d Arkansaw.
Suudusky. county of Ohio , bounded N
bv l^ke Ene ; E by Huron cocnty ; S by
S'jnpca ; and oii the W by Wood county
It is 30 miles long and 25 broad, containing
abo:it 600 s-quare miles. It contains Cro-
ghanvilie the cour.ty seat. The 'ace of
the country is generally loiv and level. Its
principal waters are Sandusky bay, and
S;indu.sky and Portage rivers ; besides se-
veral smaller streams.
Population m 1820.
Frpe white males, ... 470
do. do. females ... 379
All o'.her persons except Indians
not taxed .... q
Tot."^l whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
849
3
0
0
0
852
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture - - 181
Engaged in Manufactures - 21
do. in Commerce - - 5
Population to the square mile, H nearly.
Sandusky, post village and po't of entry,
H<!ion <*unty. Ohio, 25 miles NE by E
from Croghanville, and on Sandusky bay.
Sandusky, village of Sandusky county,
Ohio, on Sandusky river oppo.site Croghan-
ville.
911
S A N
SAN
Saniiuskrj, one of the western townsliips
of Richland county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 159.
Santbuich, post town in Harns^able coun-
ty. Mass .ciiusetts ; situated on Barnstable
Buy, 12 miles W of Barnstable, 18 NE of
Falmouth, and 64 SE of Boston, containing
2382 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
2484.
Sandwich, town of New Hampshire, in
StrufFord coun'.y, a few miles W of Win-
ninpiokee !akf, with 2232 inhabitants in
1810 i and in 1820, 2268.
Siinchvich, town and capital of Essex
county. Upper Canada, on Detroit river,
two miles below Detroit. It is a consider-
able village, built chiefly in a single long
street.
Sandxiich Islands, group of islands in the
S'U'h Sea, among the iast discoveries of
Capiain Cook, who so named them, in
honour of 'he earl of Sandwich, under
whose admin strution these discoveries
were made They consist of ele\ *n islands,
extending in iat from J 8 dcg 54 min. to
22 d^g. 15 min N, and in Ion fr m 150
deg. 44 min. to 160 d;*g 24 min. W. They
are railed 'oy the native, Owhyhee, Mowee,
Rsnai, Morotoi, T hoorowa, Woahoo,
Atooi, Ne! heehcow, Oreehoua, Morotinne,
and T-.iho'ra, all inhabited excepting the
tW(i last.
Sandy, lownsliip. St-jrk county, Ohio.
P'-pulatiou in 1820, 509.
Sandii, one o ihenorliiern to«ns!iips of
Tuscariwas couniy, Oliio. Population in
1820. 579.
Sundtf creek, one of the northern town-
ships of ^;erce^ coun'y, Pennsylvania,
between Frenc ; creek and S lem town-
ships, 10 miles N from Mercer. Population
in 1320, 520.
Sandy Fork, po.st vilLge of ^lecklenburg
county, Virginia, on the left bank of
Rho.ir)oke river, 70 miles SW from Peters-
burg
Sandy Hill, villa^f*, and alternately with
Salem, seat of justice for Washington coun-
ty, New York. It .s seated en an elevated
plain neur Bakers falls, 52 miles by Ir.nd
tbove Albany. It is near ;hi:i fine villag.",
thut the Champlain canal is connected widi
the Hudson. It is compactly built. For
population, see Kingsbury
Sandy Ilooh, Mimmtjiith county, New
Jersey, 18 miles S from New York. Lon.
W C 3 01 E, Iat. 40 30 N. I' is the south
point of entrance into Raritan bay, and
l^ew York hai bour, with a iight house.
Sandy Hook, prst village fulpcppcr
county Virginia.
Satidy Luke, creek, and township of
Mercer county, Pennsylvania. The town-
ship is on the E border ofthecountv; S
912
from French creek township. Population
in 1820, 427.
Sandy Lake, lake of the N\V territory of
the United States, forming, one of the
links in the ch^in of intercommunication
between lake S'lperior, and Mississippi
river. It receives West Savannah river
from the NE. and discharges Sandy Lake
river from tlie SW.
Sandy Lake River, river of the NW ter-
ritory of the United States, flows from
Sandy Lake, and enters Mississippi river
at Iat. 47° N. See St. Lawrence basin.
At its outlet from Sandy Lake tlie United
States SW Company have an establish-
ment.
Sandy liiver. See Big Sandy,
Sa7idy Spring, post village, Montgomery
county, Maryland, 45 miles N from Wash-
ington.
Sa^idy Store, post ofl[ice, Columbiana
county, Ohio.
Sanford, township of York county,
Maine, 24 miles N from York. Popidation
i . 1820. 1831.
Sang-amon, river of Illinois, rises by nu-
merous branches near the centre of the
slate, and flowing SW, unitj, and turning
W enter the left side of Illinois river at
l<it. 40 10 N. It is navigable upwards of
lOO mi es.
Snngerjield, post village, and township of
Oneida county, New York, 15 miles S by
W from Uiica. Population in 1810, 1324,
and in 1820, 2011.
Sangerville township of Penobscot coun-
ty, Maiue, 38 miles NW from Bangor.
Population in 1820, 310.
Sanen, or Gnessenay, town of Swisser-
land, if) Hern.
Sanguessa, town of Spain, in Navarre,
seated on ihe Arr-.gon, 20 miles SE of Pam-
peluna. Lon. 1 17 W, Iat. 42 34 N.
Sa7npo. Sec Bnrrainpooter
SanoreBancabour, town of the Mysore
country, in the E Indies, 117 miles E by N
of Goa. Lon. 75 4/1 E, Iat 15 39 N.
Sangu'iar, bor ■i, i of Dumfriess-shire,
Scotland; with a coal trade, and a manu-
facture of worsted inittt-ns :nd stockings ;
seated on the -mull river Nith, 24 miles
N of Dumfries. Lon. 3 36 W, Iat. 55
30 N.
Sayitn Chira, island of South America, in
tiie S Pacific Ocem, and in the bay of Gu}-
aquil, 90 miles W of Guyaquil. Lon. 82 36
W, Iat. 2 18 S.
Santa Crvz, seaport on the E side of
Tenr'eviflT, on a fine bavof the same n.ime.
Lon. 16 26 W, l;..t. 28 27 N.
Santa Cruz, seaport of Africa, on the
coast of iVI rocco, with a fort. It is seat-
at the extremity of Mount Atlas on
Cape Agner. Lon. 10 7 W, Iat. 30 .v3
N.
SAN
A R
Santa Cruz, one of the Caribbee Isl- its source in the mountains it flows NVV
ands. Lon. 64 35 W, lat. 17 45 N.
Santa Cruz, island in the S Pacific
Ocean, one of the most considerable of
those of Solomon, being 250 miles in cir-
cumference. Lon. 130 0 W, lat. 10 21
S.
along the NE part of Vailadolid, turns
west near Queretaro, and in that direc-
tion to the head of lake CJhapala, in a
distance of 70 miles, separates Vailado-
lid from Guauaxuat). At the head of lake
Chapala, it enters Guadalaxara, through
^ . J r which it winds NVV by W 250 miles,
i>l Slue OI - 1 „t>t,., on ontiro rrviii-eo nf ohfMif T7n
Santa Cruz, seaport on the i^ siue .u ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^f ^^^^^ ^y^
the island ot Cuba, in the West Indies, ^^^^^^ ^^jj^ j,. ^^ ^^^ p^^.^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^
60 miles E of Havannah. Lon. 81 10 VV, ^.j^y ^^ g^,^ gjj,g_ Santiago is by far the
lat. 23 10 N. largest stream of Mexico, it is navigable
Santa C7-uzde la-Sierra, town of South for some distance from its mouth, but
America, in Peru, and capital of a go- the adjacent country, is thickly wooded,
vernment of that name, in the audience uncuUivated, and unhealthy,
of Los-Charcos. with a bishop's see. It santillana, seaport of Spain, in Astu-
is seated at the foot of a mountain, in a ^.j^^ ^^ Santiilana. of which it is the ca-
country abounding in good frmts, on the j^^, . ,.^^^^^ ^,^ ^^^ ^ ^f q. ^^
ITL^I^r'"'^^' fo Tai^ miles E of Orviedo, and 200 NW of Ma-
59 55 W, lat. 19 46 S
Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico, in
N America, seated among mountains,
near the Rio-del-Norte, 950 miles N of
Mexico. Lon. 106 'i5 W, lat. 35 32 N.
drid. Lon. 4 32 W, lat. 43 34 N.
Santormi, island of the Archipelago,
to the N of Candia, and to the S of Nio.
It is eight miles in length, and nearly as
much in breadth ; and near it are three
Santa- Fe-de- Bogota, town of South ^^ j^^^. ^^^^^ ^^^j, ^^j^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^
America, and the capital of New Gra- ^^^^ ^^.j^^^^ ^^^^.j^^ ^.. ^ ^.^,^^^^^ origin.
nada. It is seated on the river Madalena,
being all covered with pumice stones. It
ma country abounding m corn and fruit, produces plenty of barley, cotton, and
with nrnnes ot silver m the iT^ountains, '^. ■ ^''hjeh and the cotton manufac-
<2fin milou « r^f f'off-hQcrpnn T.nn 7*^ .T W. ' . , . •.-...
360 miles S of Carthagena. Lon. 73 5 W,
lat. 3 58 N.
Santartm, town of Portugal, in Estre-
madu'a, seated on a mountain, near the
river Tajo, on a country fertile in wheat,
wine, and oil. It was taken from the
Moors in 1447, and is 44 miles NE of
Lisbon. Lon. 8 25 W, lat. 39 2 N.
Santee river., river of considerable
magnitude, having its sources in the Ap-
palachian mountains, at N lat 36°, W
lon 5°, from Washington City, and fall-
ing into the Atlantic Ocean at N lat. S3
tures, its trade consists. Fruit is scarce,
except figs, and it has neither oil nor
wood. The inhabitants are all Greeks,
about iO.OoO m number, and though sub-
ject to the Turks, they choose their own
magistrates. Pyrgos is the capital. Lon.
26 1 E, lat. 36 10 N,
Saonne, U/i/ier, department of France,
including part of the late province of the
Isle of France. It takes its name from a
river, which rises in Mount Vosges, and
falls into the Rhone at Lyons. The capi-
12, W lon~ 2° from Washington City; tal is Vesoul.
jt consequently runs through three de- Saonne and Loire, department of
grees of latitude and three degrees of France, including part of the late pro-
longitude, having an entire length of 250 vince of Bu'gundy. Macon is the capi-
miles by C(>mparative courses, and drain- tal.
ing about 11,000 square miles. The Saoigis, town of Italy, in Piedmont,
Santee is formed by the United streams situated on the summit of a rock ; taken
of tiie Wateree and Congaree rivers, both by the French in 1794. Lon. 7 33 E, lat.
originating in the Appalachian moun- 36 38 N.
tains. The Wateree, in the higher part Safiienza, three small islands, and a
of its course is known by the name of cape^ near the S coast of the Morea. The
Catawba, and the Cnngaree is formed by largest island was anciently called Sphac-
the Saluda and Broad rivers The San- teria. The pirates of Barbary conceal
tee is navigable by sloops a considerable themselves behind it, to surprise vessels
distance above tlie main fork, and steam- which come from the gulf of Venice, or
boats ascend at high water to Columbia, the coast of Sicily. Lon. 22 35 E, lat. 36
on the Cop.garee 50 N.
Santiago, ancient Tololoilan, river of Sara, creek of Louisiana, in New Fe-
Mexico, rising about 23 miles NW from liciana. rises in the state of Mississippi,
the city of Mexico, on the table land of near Woodviile, and flowing S. crosses
Anahuac, Hows through, or drains part lat 31° N. and falls into the Mississippi
of the intendencies of Mexico. Guauax- at St. Francisville, after an entire course
vsatOj Guadalaxara, and Vailadolid. From of 25 miles.
5 Z 913
S A R
S A K
>Sai'agossa, city of Spain, in Arragou,
with a university. It is said to have been
built by the Phcenicians; and the Ro-
mans sent a colony hither in the reign
of Augustus, whence it had the name of
Cajsar A.ugustus, which by corruption
has been changed into Saragossa. It is
137 miles W of Barcelona, and 150 NE
of Madrid. Lon. 0 2S W, lat. 41 .53 N.
SaratoJ. government of Russia, former-
ly a province of Astracan. It contains
11 districts, of which that of the same
name is the principal.
Saratof, town of Russia, capital of the
government of the same name. It is
seated on the side of a mountain, near
the river Yoiga, 220 miles S of Kasan,
and 300 NW of Astracan. liOn, 49 25 E,
lat. 52 4 N.
Saratoga, county of New York, bound-
ed by the Hudson river NE and E ; Mo-
hawk river S ; Schenectady county SW;
Montgomery and Hamilton \V ; and
VVarrea N Length 40 ; niean width
20 ; and area 800 square miles. Surface
very diversified as is the soil. Some part**
towards the Mohawk are sandy, but in
general, the soil is idluvial and loam,
and productive in grain, pastura.L'C. and
fruit. It is drained by numerous creekS:
and almost ."nr.ircled by the SacondaKo,
Hudson, and M ;hawk rivers. Chief
towns Baliston and Waterford.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. fema'es
Total v.'hites
All otVier per?*"' ^ - • j
not taxed
Slaves ---....
Total population in 1810
Population m 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, m.iles - - .
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Porei<?ners not naturalized
Engaged in \gricultuve
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
16,673
15,802
32,475
.5(>5
1Q7
33,146
17.H51
17,574
}6,052
258
6,368
1,479
107
Population to the square mile, 45.
Sco-atogO;, post village and township of
914 ^
Saratoga county, New York, about 31
miles N from Albany, rendered memo-
rable for the surrender of Burgoyne with
his whole army, October 17lh, i777.
Population 1820, 1909.
Saratoga S/irmgs, post village and
township of Saratoga county, New York,
formerly the westr:'rn part of Saratoga.
In this township are the much celebra-
ted springs, and handsome village in
this vicinity. Pt-rsnns directing Utters
ouf^ht to caretuliy distinguish between
Saratoga, an-i Saratoga springs. See
'iallsiow The accommodations at
Saratoga for travellers are spacious and
elegant. Population 18.0, 1293.
Saratoga, lake of Saratoga, county,
New Y. rk nine miles long and mean
width two. It receives the Kayadaro-
seras from ttie west, and discharges into
Hudson by Fish creek, four milesEfrom
Baliston Spa.
Sarbourg, town of Germany, in the
electorate of Treves, seated on the Sare,
eight miles S of Treves. Lon. 5 40 E, lat=
49 37N
Sarbourg, t^wn of France, in thf de-
partment of Meurth, and late province
of Lorrain, seated on the Sare. Lon. 7
9 E, lat, 48 40 N'.
Sarbruck, town of France, in the de-
partment of M<.seHe, ai:d lat-? province
of Lori-ain, seated on the Sare, 14 miles
ESE of Sariouis, and 40 E by N of Metz.
Lon. 7 2 E, lat. 49 14 N,
Sardam. seaport of N Holland, where
there are vast magazines of timber for
building ships, and naval stores, with a
great numbt r of shiprights. Peter the
Gn-at resided ii. this town while he work-
ed as a shipri^ht and his hut is still to
b.' seen Sardam is seated on the Wye,
^even miles IS W of Amstenlam. Lon. 4
45 E, iat 52 28 N
Sardinia, island of the Mediterranean,
142 miles fronft N to S. and 80 from Etc
W The soil is fertile in corn, wine,
I ranges, citr-^ns, and oives. Population
about 500,000 It forms a part of the
kingdom of Sardinia. Caghairi is the
capital
Sardmia, kingdom of Europe, compo-
sed of the island of Sardinia part of
Piedmont, including Nic'% Montferrat, and
part of the duchy ri Milan ; and also
the city of Genoa and its former terri-
tories In general, Sardinia ])os,sesses
the NW of Italy, as far as the limits of
the Lombardo-Venitian-kingdom.
Sardo, town ol Turkey in Asia, in Nato-
lia. It was formerly called Sardis, v.nd was
the c ipital nf Lydia. It was one of the
seven churches of Asia, celebrated in the
book of Kevelation. It now contains only
a few wretched huts. There are also a
S A R
S A S
few Christians, who emploj' themselves in
gardening,', but they have neither church
nor priest. Ii is 70 miies E of Smyrna.
Lon. 28 .10 E, !at. 28 44 N.
Sare^ river which rises at Salm, in
France, runs N into Ge-niany, and falls
into th:- Mo el!e, a li'tl? ab.ve Treves.
Sarecto, post town and seat of justice,
Duplin county N >rth CaroUna, about
50 miles N fro.n Wilmington.
Sarepta, cohny of, flourishing colony of
Moravian brethren, seated on the banks of
the little river Sarpa, in ilie Russian go-
vernment (if Sar.i'ov, to which the f unders
have given the name of Sarepta, borrowed
fr^im tfie sacred writers. The beg nning of
this settlement is dated in 1765, and in ihe
same year the most distinguisied privileges
were granted it by the imperial court. It
is eigh: miles south 'rom Tzaritz n.
Sargans, town of Swiss-nand, capital of
a couity of the same name, in the c; nt'-n
of Zuric, with a castle on ;- roek, whr le
Andrew Dori>, was defeated bj Barbaiossi'.
It is seated on the top of a hill, and near it
are mineral springs, good for various dis-
eases.
Sargcl, large and ancient seaport of tlie
kingdom of Morocco, and province of Tre-
mesen, with a castle, seated on tlie sea-
coast, 25 milfrs SSW of Algiers Lon. 2
IS E, lat 36 30 N.
Sarguemine, town of France, in tlie de.
partment of Moselle, seated on the Sare,
nine miles from Sarback. Lon. 7 6 E, lat,
49 8 N.
Sari, ancient town of Persia, in Mesan-
deran, 20 miles SW of Ferabad.
Sark, little island belonging to Great
Britain, on the coa:-t of Normandy, situated
between Guernsey and .Jersey.
Savk, river of Scotland, which rises in
the E part of Dumfriesshire, and for many
miles forms the boundaiy with England.
Sarlnt, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Dordogne, and kte province of
Perigord, 27 miles SE of Perigueux, and
87 E by N of Bordeaux. Lon.'l 19 E, lat.
44 5 N.
Sarlouis, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle, seated on the Isthmus of
a peninsula formed by the river Sare, 20
nr.les E of Thionville, and 32 NE of Metz.
Lon, 6 48 E, lat. 49 21 N.
Sarnen, town of Swisserland, in the can-
ton of Underwalden, seated on a lake of
that name. It is nine miles south ot Lu-
cern. Lon 8 7 E, hit. 46 9 N.
Sarno, river of tlie kingdom of Naples,
which rises near Sarno, and falls into the
bay of Naples.
Sarno, town of Naples, in Principato Ci-
teriore, with a bishop's see. In is seated
on the Sarno, near its source, 12 miles NE
of Salerno, and 20 SE of Naples. Lon.
14 49 E, lat. 40 46 N.
Saroa, strong castle in Upper Hungary
in a county if the some name, seated on
the Tariza, at the foot of Mount Krapacb,
five miles NNW of Eperies.
Swp, or Sarpen, town of Norway, in the
province of Christiansand. It is situated
in the neighbourhood of a cataract, 10
miles WSW of Fredericstadt. Lon, 10 4.7
E, lat. 59 9 N.
Sarreal, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
seated on the Francoli, in the neighbour-
hood of which are quarries of alabaster, so
transparent that windows are glazed with
it. L.n. 2 0 E, lat. 41 30 N
Sarmna, town of Italy, in Rotnagna, 158
miles N W of Rome. Lon. 12 14 E, lat. 43
59 N.
Sarsina, episcopal town of Italy, in Rn-
magna, 11 miles WSW of Rimini, Lon. 12
32 E, lau 44 0 N.
Sarle, department of France, including
the iate province of Mi.'ne It takes its
name from a river \vl'ich joins the Maine
and the Loire, above Angers. The capital
of the di-p.irtme it is Mans.
Sarum, JV«y. See Salisbury
Sarian, Old, ancient borough in Wilts,
witli the ruins of a fort that belonged to
the ancient Britons. One farm house is
all that remains of this town wiiich yet
sends two members to parliament. It is
two miles N of Salisbury. Lon. 1 42 W,
lat. 51 7 N.
Savertlen, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle, seated on the Sare, 18
miles south of Sarbruck. Lon. 7 7 E, lat.
48 58 N.
Sw-u/ar, town of Lower Hungary, capital
of a county of the same name, seated on
the Raab, at its conHuence with a small
river. It is 50 miles W by N of Buda.
Lon. 16 48 E, lat. 47 30 N.
Sarzana, strong town of Italy, i.i the ter-
ritory of Genoa, with a bi.;hop's see. It
was given to the Genoese, by tiie great
duke of Tuscany, in lieu of Leghorn. It
is seated at the mouth of the Magra, 50
miles SE of Genoa. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 44
8N.
Saseram, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
Be'igal, seated at the foot of a mountain,
near a great lake, 50 miles SE of Benares,
Lon 86 44 E, lat. 26 10 N.
Saskacha-ii'cdne, great river of North
America, is formed by two large branches,
both rising in the Chippewan mountains,
and flowing generally to the E. After a
comparative course of 600 miles they unite
at lon. \V C 27 30 W ; the united streams
flow thence 200 miles into the NW bay of
lake Winnipic. The Severn flowing from
the eastern side of lake Winnipic, is the
continuation of the Saskatchaw;iine and
Assiniboin rivers. See Severn in the text,
and Assiniboin in the Addenda,
Sassafras, river of Maryland, rises on tlje
0]5
SAY
S!A V
coniines of Delaware, and flowinpr west
between Kent and Cecil coun' ies, falls into
CiiesKpeak bay 11 miles south from the
mouth of the Siisquehunnali.
Sassari, city of Sardinia, capital of the
territory of Liigari. It contains 30,000 in-
habitants. It is seated in a plain, six mil s
N of Algher. Lon. 8 o9 E, lat. 40 46 N.
Sassebes, strong town of Transylvania,
capital of a county of Xh?. same name ;
seated at the confluence of two rivers,
which fall into tlie Maroch. Lon. 26 40
E, lat. 46 26 N.
Sas van Ghent, strong town of Flanders
It has fine sluices, and is seated on a canal,
which comuivmicates Vt'itii Ghent, about
eight miles N from it. It was huilt by the
inhabitants of Ghent, as a bulwark to that
town. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 51 11 N.
Sussuolo, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Modena, on the Seccia, 10 miles SW of
Modena. Lon. 11 HE, lat. 44 28 N.
Satalia, strong seiport of Turkey, in
Asia, and Natolia, on the coast of Carama-
nia. It is divided into th.-ee towns. The
surrounding country is very fertile ; and the
citrons and oranges are t-x'remeiy fine. I'.
is 150 miles W by S of Cogni, and 265 S
by E of Constantinople. Lon. 32 21 E,
lat. 37 1 N.
Sat^-ons;; or Satngoiig, village of Hin-
doostan Proper, in Bengal, on a creek of
the Hoogly river, about four miles NW of
Hoogly,
Satilla, river of Georgia. See St. Ilia.
Sattarab, town of the Deccun of Hin-
doostan, in the province of Viniapour, for-
merly the capital of the Malirattah state.
It lies near the E foot "f the Ghaut-s, and
near the most dstant source of the river
Kistnah, 63 miles ^>outh of Pooisah, and 77
west of Visiapour. Lon. 74 8 E, lat. 17
45 N.
Saiicon, Lo7ver, extreme southern town-
ship of Northampton county, Pennsylvania.
Population in 1810, 1974; and in 1820,
2208.
Saucon, Upper, extreme SE township of
Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, on Savicon
creek. Population in 1 810, 1456 ; and in
1820, 1642.
Savage Island, in the S Pacific Ocean,
so named by captuin Cook, f'om the inhos-
pitable behaviour of its inhabitants. It is
about 35 miles in circumference. Lon.
169 37 W, lat 19 1 S.
Savannah, river of N America, which
forms a part of the divisional line that se-
parates the state of Georgia from that of
South Carolina. Its course is nearly from
NW to SE. It is formed principally of
two br.^nches t!ie Tiigaloo and Kioevee,
which spring from the mountains. It is
navigablefor large vessels up o Savannah,
and for boats of 100 feet keel as far as Au-
gusta, lb fails into the Ocean at Tybee
916
Bar, in lat. 31 57 X, where it has 16 feet
water at half tide.
Savannah, largest 'own in Georgia, and
formerly the seat .'if government. It is
situated on the SW of Savannah nver, in
Chaiham county, in lat. 32 5 N, lon. 81 24
W, and about 15 miles from the Ocean.
The town is accounted healthy (or so hot a
climate, being seated on a bluff in a bend
of the river, and elevated considerably
above the surrounding plantations The
wet mode of cultivating rice it is supposed
contributed much to the insalubrity of the
summ.er and autumn seasons in Savannals.
In 1817, the citizens of that town voted
§70,000 to induce tlie proprietors of rice
farms in the vicinity to abandon the wet,
and adopt the dry mode of culture. Ves-
sels of large burden can moor close to the
town ; but from its vicinity to the ocean
they are often exposed to tremendous
floods. The trade is great, and increases
r.tpidly. In 1803, the exports amounted
to g2,370.875. From September, 1816, to
.Time 1817, inclusive, there were exported
lu7,320 bales of cotton ; 3,605 hhds. of to-
bacco, and 11,228 tierces of rice. The
whole valued at 996,503 dollars. In 1816,
the amount of shipping was 12,776 tons.
Here is a bank of discount and deposit.
The town is 115 miles SW of Charle-nton,
(South Carolina) 100 SE of Louisville, and
653 south by west of Washington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,313
do do. females - - - 1,277
Total whites ....
All otiier persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Slaves, - . - "-
Total population in 1810 -
2,590
530
2,195
5,315
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . -
Total whites - - ' -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . . - .
do. females ...
2,106
1,760
0
3,866
224
3.58
1,325
1,750
Total population in 1820
7,523
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 190
Engaged in Agriculture - 0
do. in Manufactures - 544
do. in Commerce - - 590
Savannah, name of the two small rivers
of the NW territory of the United States,
one. a head branch of St. Louis, and the
S A tJ
S A U
other of Sandy Lake rivers. The two Sa-
vannah rivers approach so near each other
as to leave onlv a short portap^e between
them. See Sandy Lake Jliver, and St.
Louis River.
Save, river of Germany, which has
its source in Carniola, runs through that
country from W to E. separates Sclavo-
nia from Croatia, Bi snia, and Servia, and
falls into the Danube, at Belgrade
Savenat, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire, 18 miles NW
of Nantes. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 47 23 N.
Savendroog, strong and almost im-
pregnable fortress of Hind(X)stan, in the
kingdom of Mysore. It is situated on the
top of a vast rock, rising half a mile in
perpendicular height, from a base of
above eight miles in circumference, and
divided at the summit by a chasm, that
forms it into two hills ; these having each
its peculiar defences, serve as two cita-
dels, capable of being maintained inde-
pendently of the lower works, wliich are
also wonderfully strong. Notwithstand-
ing this, it was taken by the English, in
December 1791, after a siege of seven
days. It is 18 miles W of Bengalore.
Saverdun, town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege, seated on the Ar-
riege, 25 miles SSE of Toulouse. Lon. 1
36 E, lat. 43 14 N.
Saverne, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, and late coun-
ty of Foix. It is seated at the foot of
Mont Vosges, in a fertile country, which
produces plenty of wine, 18 miles NW of
Strasburg, and 120 E of Paris. Lon. 7
33 E, lat, 48 51 N.
Saugatuck, one of the three harbours
of Fairfield, in Fairfield county, Connec-
ticut. The village stands at the mouth
of Saugatuck liver, seven miles SE from
Fairfield.
Saugerties, post village, and township
of Ulster c unty, Ntw York. The vil-
lage is situated on Hudson river above
the mouth of Esopus creek, 13 miles
NNEfrom Kingston. Population of the
township 1810, 2194 ; and in 1820, 2699.
Sangus, township Essex county, Mas-
sachusetts, 10 miles E from Boston.
Population 748.
Sa-oigliano, strong town of Piedmont,
capital of a territory of the same name,
with a rich Benedictine abbey. It is
seated on the Maira, five miles W of Fo-
sano, and 26 S of Turin. Lon. 7 44 E,
lat. 44 30 N.
Savington, post office, Cecil county,
Maryland.
Saulgen, town of Germany, in Sua-
bia, capital of a county of the same
name, which belongs to the baron of
Walburg-
Saulieu, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or, and late province of
Burgundv. It is seated on an eminence,
25 miles W of Dijon, and 142 SE of
Paris. Lon. 4 7 E, lat. 47 17 N.
Saumur, town of France, in the de-
partment of Maine and Loire, and late
province of Anjou. Here is a famous
bridge over the Loire, consisting of 12
elliptic arches, each 60 feet in diame-
ter. It is 22 miles SE of Angers, and
160 SW of Paris. Lon. 0 4 VV, lat. 47
15 N.
Saunders, Cape, cape of Sandwich
Land, in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 36
57 W, lat. 54 6 S.
Saunders Isle, island near S Georgia,
in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 26 38 W,
lat. 58 0 S.
Savona, town of Italy, in the territory
of Genoa. The surrounding country is
well cultivated, and abounds in silks, and
all sorts of fruits. It is seated on the
Mediterranean, 20 miles SW of Genoa.
Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 44 18 N.
Savoniers, town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, and late
province of Touraine, five miles from
Tours, Near it are caverns, famous for
their petrifications,
Savoy, duchy of Europe, between
France and Italy, 83 miles long, and 67
broad ; bounded on the N by the lake of
Geneva, which separates it from Swis-
scrland ; on the E by the Alps, which
divides it from Pit^dmont and Vallais;
on the W by the Rhone, which parts it
from Bresse ; and on the S by Dauphiny
and Piedmont. The principal rivers are
the Isere, Arc, and Arve. This coun-
try was subdued in 1792, by the French,
and the National Convention decreed that
it should constitute the 84th department
of France, by the name of Mont Blanc.
Cham.berry is the capital. It has again
become subject to Sardinia.
Savoij, post village and township of
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 25
miles NE from Lenox. Population 1820,
852.
Saurungfiour, town of Hindoostan
Proper, in the province of Malwa 42
miles NNE of Indore, and 43 NE of
Ougien. Lon. 76 32 E, lat. 23 35 N.
Sauves, town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard, and late province of
Languedoc, seated on the Vidoure, 12
miles SW of Alais.
Seuveterre, town of France, in the
department of Lower Pyrenees, and late
province of Bearne, with an old ruined
castle, 20 miles WNW of Pau.
Sauveterre, town of France, in the
department of Aveiron, and late pro-
9]7
SAX
S C A
viiice of Bouergue, 12 miles SE of Ville-
frariche.
Savii, island in the Indian Ocean, to
wliich the Dutch formerly had an ex-
clusive trade. Lon. 122 30 E, lat. 10
35 S
Saivfiit, post village West Chester
county, New York.
Saxenburg. town of Germany, in the
duchy of Carinthia, It is situated on the
river Drave, 38 miies VV of Giagenfort.
Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46 52 N.
Saxenhagen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, and county of
Schawenburg, 20 rnikb NWof Hanover,
Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 52 30 N.
Saxjnundham, town in Suffolk, with a
market on Thursday, stated on a hill,
29 miles NE of Ipswich, and 89 NE of
London. Lon. 1 40 E. Ui. 52 18 N.
Saxons, post village Abbeville district.
South Carohna.
Saxony, Lower, formerly a circle of
Germany, bounded on the E by Upper
Saxony, S by the same and the circle of
Upper Rhine, W by Westphalia and the
German Ocean, and N by Jutland and the
Baltic, It comprehended the duchies of
Nagdeburg, Bremen, Brunswick, Lu-
nenburg, ' Holstein, Lauenburg, and
Mecklenberg, the principalities of Hai-
berstadt, Ratzeburg, Hildesheim, and
Lubec, and the cities of Hamburg, Bre-
men, Goslar, Mulhausen, and Nord-
hausen.
Saxony, U/i/ier, formerly a circle of
Germany, bounded on the E by Prussia,
Poland, and Lusatia, S by Bohemia and
Franconia, W by the circles of Upper
Rhone and Lower Saxony, and N by the
latter and the Baltic. It comprehended
Saxony Proper, the margravate of Mis-
nia, the langravate of Thuringia, the
principalities of Brandenburg, Merse-
burg, Nauburg, Anhalt, Ccburg, and
Querfurt, the counties of Barby, Mans-
field, Schwartzburg, Stolberg, and Ho-
henstein, and the duchy of Pomerania.
Saxony, one of the Prussian provinces
formed in 1815 ; subdivided into the go-
vernment of Merstburg, iVIagdeburg,
and Erfurt. Area 8492 square miles.
Population 1,180,000. Magdeburg is the
capital.
Saxony, kingdom of Europe in Ger-
many, bounded N by Prussia ; SE by
Bohemia, or Erzeberg mountains ; and
on other sides by various states of Ger-
many, Area 7476 square miles. Popu-
lation 1,5:00,000.
The kingdom of Saxony embraces one
of the best cultivated, most productive,
and most civilized regions of the earth.
In literature, science, arts, and manu-
factures, the jnliabitants of this little
918
kingdom holds an exalted rank. The
most celebrated universities are at Jena,
and Lit'psic. The latter the most exten-
sive book mart in Europe. The products
of its arts are too extei.sive to be enume-
I'ated in this place. A similar observa-
tion must be made respecting its mineral
wealth. It may be sufficient to observe
that its workshops produce excellent of
their kind, linen, lace, glass, pcrcelain,
&c. and that its mountains abound in
silver, tin, bismuth, manganese, and co-
balt.
Say brook, ancient post town in Mid-
dlesex county, Connecticut, settled by a
colony directly from England, under the
patronage ef lords S?.y and Brock, as
early as 1634. It contained 3996 inhabi-
tants in 1810; and in 1820, 4165, and is
situated on the V siue if Connecticut
viver, 35 miles E of New Haven, and 45
S by E of Hartford, in lat. 41 15 N, and
on. 73 30 Vv'.
Saycoek, one of the islands of Japan,
dividend fr(rn Niphun by a narrow chan-
nel. The Dutch factors are permitted
to reside in the little island of Disnia,
which is on che W side of this. Lon.
132 28 E, lat. 34 0 N.
.<bt/7z, town of Germany, in Treves,
situated on a river of the same name,
six miles N of Coblentz.
Say/ian, one of the Ladrone isalnds;
it is a large and pleasant island, lying
between 140 and 150 E lon. and in 15 22
NIat.
Sc/iageJi, or Scagerif, promontory of
N Jutland, in Denmark, at the entrance
of the passage out of the ocean into the
Categate. From this cape, a dangerous
sand bank stretches out into the sea,
upon which in 1715, a tower was erect-
ed 64 feet high. Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 57
16 N.
Scala, episcopal town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Citeriore. It was a large oily for-
merly, but is now greatly decayed. It is
six miles N of AmaSfi. Lon. 14 44 E, lat.
40 34N.
Scalanova, neat maritime town of Turkey
in Asia, in Natolia, with a castle and har-
bour, eight miles from Ephesus. Lon. 27
31 E, lat. 37 54 N.
Scalitz, or Scala, town of Upper Hunga-
ry, in the county of Poson. There is a
very advantageous passage by it, from Mo-
ravia to Hungary, and it is seated on the
Marck, 50 miles N of Presburg. Lon. 17
17 E, lat. 49 4 N.
Scamachie, city of Russia, in Schirvan,
about 24m.les from the Caspian Sea. It is
inhabited by Armenians and Georgians,
360 milts S from Astachan. Lat. 40 27
N.
Seamleroon, See Alexandrelta.
S C H
S C H
Scamo. See Schoneit.
Scaro, 01' Scarsti, town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, -.eated on the lake Weiiner, 66
miles N of (Joticnburg'. Lou. 12 42 E, lat.
58 16 N.
Scarborough, seaport and borough, in the
N riding of Yorkshire. It has of late been
greatly frequented on account of its mine-
ral waters, called the Scarborough Spa,
and also for seabatiiing. It li<(S a good
harbour, possesses considerable trade, snd
is much engaged in the fisheries. It is 38
miles NE of York, and 237 N of London.
Lon. 0 15 W, 54 18 N.
Scarborough, town and fort on the island
of Tobago, tal'cn by the En«-lish in 17'93.
Scarbro', post to'vn inCumbe- iand coun-
ty, Mama; on the S side of Saco river, 14
miles S by W of Poi'ti-nd, and nine NE of
Biddeford, containing 2100 inhabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 2232.
Scardoiio, town of Turkish Dalmatia, on
the B bank of the river Cherca. It is 35
miles N\V of Spalatro. Lon. 17 1 E, lat.
44 29 N.
Scarlino, town of Tuscany, on the sea-
coast, five miles S of Massa, and 10 ENE ot
Piombino. Loii. 10 57 E, lau 42 58 N.
Scaro, town of the island of Santorini.
Lon- 25 58 E, lat. 36 10 N.
Scarpanto, ancient Carpathus, island of
the Archip^da!;o, 22 mdes long and eigiit
broad, lying SW of Rhodes, and l^E of
Candia. There are several high mount^iuN ;
but it ab>unds in cuttle and game, and has
mines of iron, quarries of ma. ble, and seve-
ral good harbours. The Turks are masters
of it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. Lon.
27 40 E, lat. 35 45 N.
Scarpe, river of France, v/hich has its
source in Artois, and flowing past Arras,
Douay, and St. Amand, ialls into the
Scheldt.
Scarsdale, fertile tract, in the NE part of
Derbyshire, surrounded by barren rocks
and mountains.
Schaafntadt, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, eight miles W of
Mersburg, and 26 W of Leipsic. Lon. 11
36 E, lat. 51 19 N.
Schaffhauseii, smallest canton of Swis-
serland, bounded on the N and W by Sua-
bia, on the E by the canton of Zurich and
the bishopric of Constance, and on the S
by same and Thurgaw. It is but five
leagues in length and three in breadth, and
contains 30,000 inhabit. ns. It produces
all the necessaries, as wine, fish, wood,
flax, horses, sheep, wool, black Ciltle, and
deer. The principal article of trade is
wine, the country abounding in vineyards;
and as the canton affords but little corn, it
is procured from Suabia in exchange for
wine.
Schaffluixi.wii town of Swisserland, capi-
tal of a canton of the same name. It is
sealed on the llliine; and owes its origin
to I he niterrup! ion of the navigation of that
river by 'he cataract at Lauffeo. It is re-
markable for one of the most curious
bridges in Europe, over the llliine, con-
necting it with the otiier parts of Switzer-
land. Schaffliausen contains about 6000
inhabitants, and is 22 miles N by E of Zu-
ric, and 39 E of B...sil. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 47
39 N
Schagticoke, post village ai^d township,
Renssal er county, New York, on the left
bank of the Hudson, ll miles ab'jve Troy.
Populatioi? in 1820, 2522.
Schalholt, episcopal town of Iceland,
with a college. Lon. 22 20 W, lat. 64
40 N.
Schamachie, formerly a town of Persia
capital of Sen-van. See Scamachie.
Scha7itz Sterney, fortress in the Russian
government of Wiburgh, seated on the
Neva, a little E of Petersburgh. Lon. 31
15 E, lat. 60 0 N.
Scliarding, town of Lower Bavaria, seat-
ed on the In.-i, seven miles S of Passuw.
Lon. 13 36 E, lat. 48 21 N.
Schornitz, fortified town of Germany, in
the Tirol. It is a passage of great impor-
tance, on tie confines of Bavaria, 12 miles
N of Inspruc.
Schauenburg, ierritory of Westphalia, 22
miles long and 10 broad, belonging to the
langr.ivaie of Hesse Cassel.
Schannstein, tov.n of Germany, in Fran-
coma, and principality of Cullembach, 18
miles NE of Cullembach. Lon. 11 44 E,
lat. 54 35 N.
Schaianberg, town and castle of Germa-
ny, in lower Rliine, 23 miles NNW of
Mentz, and 25 WSW of Wetzlar. Lon. 8
2 E, lat. 50 14 N,
Sheiberg, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in the neighbourhood of which are
mines of silver and iron. It is four miles
NE of Schwarlzburg.
Scheldt, considerable river of the Nether-
lands, which rises in France, in the late
province of Picardy. It passes through
Flanders, and divides into two branches
beloy/ Fort Lillo, and both forming several
islands, enter the German Ocean.
Schelestadt, strong town of France, in the
department of Upper Rhine and late pro-
vince of Alsace, seated on the river III, 20
miles SW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 40 E, lat.
48 17 N.
Schella, town of Upper Hungary, seated
on the Waag, 25 miles NE of Presburg'.
Lon. 18 17 E, hit, 48 32 N.
Schellenburg, fortress of Germany, in
Bavaria, 22 miles W of Ingolsiadt. Lon.
10 58 E. lat. 48 46 N.
ScheUing, island of the United Province.?,
in Friesland, lying at the entrance of the
Zaider-Zee. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 53 20 N.
919
s c:H
s c If
Schemnitz, town of Upper Hungary, one
of the seven mountain-towns, with three
castles. It is famous for mines of silver
and ether metals ; as also for its hot baths
Near it is a high rock of shining blue stone,
mixed with green and some spots of yel-
lovv. It is 50 miles NK of Presburg,
Schench, fortress of Dutch Guelderland,
on the point where the Rhine divides into
two branches. It is the centre of commu-
nication between Holland and Germany.
Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 51 55 N.
Schenectady, county of New York ;
bounded by Saratoga county, and Mohawk
river NE ; Albany county S ; Schoharie
county S W ; and Montgomery NW. Length
20 ; mean widtli 12 ; and area 240 square
miles. The Mohawk river flows obliquely
through it, and affords much excellent al-
luvial soil near its banks. Other parts of
the county are hilly and broken, with a
mixt soil. Chief town Schenectady.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 5,0r6
do. do. females - - . 4,619
Total whites - - . - 9,695
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 338
Slaves 318
Total population in 1810 - - 10,201
Population In 1820.
Free white males - - 6,305
do. do. females . - 6,015
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 205
Total whites - - .
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males - . .
do. females
13,081
194
1,875
687
85
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 54^.
Schenectady, city, post town, and se-st of
justice, Schenectady county. New York,
on the r ght bank of 'he Mohawk, 15{7
miles by land NW from Albany. It is one
of the oldest towns in tiie state, being built
nearly co.evil with Albany. M my of the
buildmgs are elegant, but like all the an-
cient towns of New York, the old and new
edifices are contrasts, exhibiting the ad-
vance in elegance and convenience effected
in the course of upwards of a centurv. A
920
fine and very substantial wooden bridge
here crosses the Mohawk.
Union college stands a little to the NE
from the city. This institution was incor-
porated in 1794, and is now a very respec-
table and prosperous institution. The col-
lege buildings are spacious and calculated
to accommodate 200 students. The site is
pleasantly elevated, and near the Moiiawk.
The library contains above 500 volumes.
In 1820, it was under the direction of a
president, and four professors, one for mo-
ral philosophy, one for mathematics, one of
the Greek and Latin languages, and one of
modern languages, and two tutors. In
1820, the students amounted to 245,
The great Erie canal is now completed
from Genessee river to Schenectady.
Whilst this article was in hand, the follow-
ing notice appeared in the New York
Statesman.
" The Erie Canal is now finished from
the Genesee river to Schenectady, a dis-
tance of 238 miles, and the water is ap-
proaching this city from the west, and by
co-morrow evening (Nov. 19, 1822,) the
canal will be filled and fit for navigation.
The Champiain Canal wili be filled with
water in the course of this week to Water-
ford, a distance of 62 miles. Thus in
five years and four months 300 miles of
artificial navigation have been completed,
and the remaining 124 miles are so far
finished, thut it is believed they will also
be in a navigable state during the next ypar,
I congratulate you on this auspicious
state of things. The increase of travelling
has been so great, that a share of 55 dol-
lars in a western pucket has produced this
season a complete profit of 85 dollars.
The par s of the Canal not finished are,
on the Champiain Canal, from Waterford
to its junction with the Erie
Canal ----- 32 miles
The Er e Canal from Albany
to Schen ctady - - - 28
From Rochester to Buffalo - 64
124
Population of the city of Schenectady in
1810, 5909 ; and in 1820, 3939 This city
contains a bank, four places of public w r-
ship, and near 600 dwelling houses. Its
position for commercial operations is very
advantageous, which will be much eiihan-
ced by the canjls now completed.
Schening, town of Sweden, in E Goth-
land, seated in a fertile country, 10 miles
SE of Wastena. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 58
12 N.
Scheningen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lov.'er Saxony, 16 miles N of
Halbersladt, and IS ESE of Wolfenbutile.
Lon. 11 25 E, lat. 52 22 N.
Schcr, town of Germany in Suabia, bs
S (J H
S (J H
longing to the baron of Walbnrp, sealecl on
the Danube, 36 miles SW of Ulm. Lon.
0 32 K, lat, 48 8 N.
•Scherdin^, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Bavana, seated on tlie river Inn,
eight miles south by west of Passaw.
Sc/ieve, town of Denmark, in N Jutland,
seated at the moutii of a river, in tiie gulf
of Virk-Fund.
Schiedam, town of Holland, on a canal,
which communicates with the Maese, four
miles E bv S of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 30 B,
lat. 51 54 N.
Sehika, strong town of Upper Hungary,
in the county of Neitra, seated on the river
Waag.
Schintznach, town of Swisseriand, in
Bern, remarkable for its agreeable position
on the Aar, and its waters, which flow-
warm from a rock. Near it, on a lofiy
emmence, are the ruins of the famous castle
of Hapsburg.
Schiraa, tamous city of Persia, in Farsis-
tan, and the capital of southern Persia. It
is three miles in length, but not so much
in breadth ; and is seated at t^ie end of a
spacious plain, surrounded by high hills,
under one of which the town stands. It is
225 miles south of Ispahan. Lon. 54 20 E,
lat. 29 40 N.
Schivvan, province of Persia, surrounded
by Daghestan, by the Caspian Sea, by Eri-
van, and by Georgia. It is 150 miles in
length, and 90 in breadth. Schamachie is
the capital.
Schladen, town of Germany, in Lower
Saxony, 28 miles ESE of Hilde'sheim. Lon.
10 47 E, i.at. 52 10 N.
Schleusshigen, town of Germany, in Fran-
conia, and county of Henneburg, seated on
the Schieuss, 10 miles SE of Smaikaid.
Lon. 11 2 E, lat 50 43 N.
Schleyden, town of Germany, in West-
phalia, ko miles N of Treves.' Lon. 6 40
E, lat. 50 25 N.
Schlitz, town of Germany, in Suabia, in
a county of the same n;;me, situated on a
small river, seven miles NW of Fulda.
Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Schlussalfidd, town of Germany, in Fran-
conia, and bishopric of Wurtzburg. It is
surrounded by the bishopric of Bamberg,
and lies 13 miles SE of Bamberg. Lon.
10 58 E, lat. 48 54 N.
SiMusselburg, town oP Russia, in the go-
vernment of Riga, on the river Neva, near
lake Ladoga. It has a fortress whicli is
seated on an island, in the river, and is 36
miles E of Petersburg. Lon. 30 55 E, lat.
59 55 N.
Sclimidber^; town of Bohemia, in Silesia,
in the duchy of Jauer. Almost all the in-
habitants are smitlis, whence the place
takes its name. It is seated at the foot
of a mountain, near the soui-ce of the Bau-
l>er,
6 A
Schneebe'rg, town pf Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony, with considerable
munufactures. It is seated on the Mulda,
and is sevt^n miles NW of Schwarlzburg.
Schodack landing, post village, Renssalaer
county. New York, nine miles below Al-
bany
Schodack, township of Renssalaer coun-
tv. New York, containing 3166i nhabitants
in ISIO, and in 1820, 3493. It is situated
on the E side of Hudson river, nine miles
below Albany.
Schanbnm, Moravian missionary settle-
ment, on the Mubkingum river, in Tusca-
rawas county, three miles below New Phi-
ladelphia. The name signifies " clear
spring."
Schoharie, river of New York, rises
amongst the Katskill mountains in Green
county, by a number of creeks wbicli
flow NW, and unite on the southern ex-
tremity of Scholiarie county, and thence
turning to a north course about 45 miles,
falls into the Muhawk 25 miles above Sche-
nectady.
Schoharie, county of New York ; bound-
ed by Albany E; Greene SE ; Delaware
SW ; Otsego W ; Montgomery N ; and
Schenectady NE. Length 30 ; mean width.
20 ; and area 600 square miles. Surface
generally hilly, but soil productive in grain,
fruits and pasturage. Chief town, Scho-
harie.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . - 9,451
do. do. females - - - 8,943
Total v.'hites . - - . 18,394>
All other persons except Indians not
taxed 235
Slaves . - . . - 316
Total population in 1810 - - 18,945
Popiilation in 1820.
Free white males ... 11,570
do. do. females - - - 11,011
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - T
Total whites ... - 22,588
Free persons of colour, males - 145
do. do. females, 119
Slaves, males . . - - . 163
do. females .... 139
Total population in 1820
23,154
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 58
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,5.58
do. in Marnifactures - • 791
do. in Commerce - - 54
Population to the square mile, 38^.
Schoharie, post town and seat of justice,
Schoharie county, on the riuht bank of
921
sen
s e If
Schoharie in cr, 33 miles W From Albany,
rt stands on one of the ricli il;its of Scho-
harie. Popuirttion of ilie township in 1820,
3^20
Scomberg, town of Gcnnany, in Treves,
on a moi.iiitain 15 miles from I.imbctirg'.
Schoneck, or Schocncck, town of Germa-
ny, on the Nyms, 27 miles N of Treves.
Lon 6 26 E, lat. 50 12 N.
Schonen, Scania, ol Skone, province of
Svved-n, boundecs o.i the W by Uie Sound,
whicli .separates it from Ze^iaid ; on the N
by llallund and Smolmd -, und .)n the Kand
S by Diekingen and the Baltic. It is 58
mdes long-, and 40 broad, and is a fertile
coimtry. Liinden is ihe capital.
Scfwug-n-u!, town of Upper Bavaria, seat-
ed on the Lech, 30 miles south of Augs-
burg.
Sclioolei/s 7)iountain, mountain range
and watering plact- , Morris county, New
Jersey. The watering place and post
office", is in the south-western angle of
the county ; about 20 miles NE from
Easton in Pennsylvania.
Schoonhoveii, strong town of Holland,
with a commodious haven, on the Leek,
where there is a productive sa'.mon-iishery.
14 miles E of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 54 E,
Lit. 51 58 N.
Schovndorf, town of Germany, in Suabia,
in the duchy of Wirtemburg, with salt
spring?, from which a great deal '.f salt is
made. The French took tliis town in Au-
gust, 1796. It is sea'.ed on the K-nis, 12
miles NE of Suitgard. Lon. 8 54 E, lat.
48 56 N.
Schoutcn, islands in the Pacific Ocean,
near the coast of New Guinea. They
were discovered by William Schouten, u
Dutchman, in 1616. Lon. 136 25 E, lat. 0
46 S.
Schowen. island of the Netherlands, in
Zealand, NR of the isle of \\alcheren.
It is 15 miles long, and six broad. Zuric-
zee is the capital.
Schuyler, lake of Otsego county. New
York, five miles by one ; it is one f the
sources of Susquehannah river.
Schuyler, township of Herkimer coun-
ty. New York, containing 2107 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1810, 1837. It is
situated on the S side of Canada creek,
84 miles NW of Albany.
Schuylkill River. See DeJa=s}are.
Schuylkill, county of P'-nnsylvania,
bounded by Berks county SE ; Dauphin
SW ; Northumberland and Cohnnbia
N W ; Luzerne N ; and Northampton and
Lthigh NE. Length 37 ; mean width ;
and area 475 Suriface very hilly gene-
rally, and in part mountainous. Soil ex-
cept near streams, or very partially
rough, rocky and sterile. It is drained
l>y the streams of Mahanny, Mahatitan-
go, and Swatara, flowing into the Sus-
quehannah, and by the head branches of
Schuylkill. Chief town, Orwicksburg.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 5,785
do, do. females - - 5,431
AH- other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 23
Total whites . . - -
Free persons of colour, males
-, do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 384
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,194
do. in Manufactures - 662
do. in Commerce - 20
Population to the square mile, 15.
Schwalbach, village iif Gerrv.any, in
the county of Nassau, frequented for its
mineral waters, which are of a similar
nature to those of Spa. It is seated on
the river Aa, nine miles N of Mentz.
Schwartz, town of Germany, in Tirol,
famous for its mines of diiFc-rent metals.
It is seated on the river 111, 14 miles
NE of Inspruc. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 47
19 N.
Schvjartzburg, town of Thuringia, and
capital of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt. It
is seated on the Schwartz, 22 mi^es SE
of Erfurt, and 35 N of Culembach. Lon,
11 30 E, lat. 50 40 N.
Schwartzburg- Sonderhausen, princi-
pality of Saxony, in Thuringia, contain-
ing 500 square miles, and 45,000 inhabi-
tants, Cliief town Armstadt.
Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, small prin-
cipality of Saxony, in Thuringia, contain-
ing 500 square miles, and 54,000 inhabi-
tants
Schtvarlzenburg, town of Germany,
in Franconia, capital of a piincipality of
the same name, on the Lee, 25 miles
NW 'f Nuremburg. Lon. 10 44 E, lat.
49 43 N.
Schvjartzenburg, town of Swisserland,
in Bern, 17 miles SSW of Bern. Lon. 7
1 E. lat 46 40 N.
Schiviednitz, city of Bohemia, in Sile-
sia, capital of a province of the same
name, on an eminence, on the river
Wcstritz, 22 miles SW of Breslaw, and
27 SE of Lignitz. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 50
46 N
Schiveinfurt, town of Germany, in
Franconia. The environs are rich in
cattle, corn, and wine, the inhabitants
are Protestants, and carry on a large
trade in Avine, woollen, and linen doth.
b L i
goose quills, and featliers. It is seated
oy the river Maine, 25 miles of Bam-
berg. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 15 N.
Schnceinmunder, town i)t' Germany, in
Upper Saxony, in the isle of LJsedi;m.
Lon. 11 18 E, lat 54 3 N.
Schiueitz, canton •if Svvitzer.'and, which
gives name to them all. It is bounded
on the W by thf lake of the Four Can-
tons, on thr S by the Cantons of L'ri. on
the E by tiiat of Glarus, and on the N by
those of Zuric aad Zue; The i^overn-
mtnt of Schw>. icz and Uri is entirely d!^-
rnocratica] , and nearly the same They
contain, including their subjects, 50,000
souls ; and, in case of necessity, could
furnish 12,0'J'J militia. The same kind
of soil, and the same productions, are
common to the two cantons; purity of
moral.1 prevails, which can scarcely be
intiagii!' d by the inhabitants of great and
opulent cities. The R-.man catholic re-
ligion is here exclusively established.
The canton suffered in common with all
Swisserlaud when invaded by the French
in 1798, being dreadfully wasted and de-
solated.
Schioeitz, town of Svvisserland, capi-
tal of the cantvin of that name, seated
near the Waldstxtter See, on a hill, with
a large and magnificent church It is 10
miles SE of Lucern. Lon. 8 30 E, lat.
46 55 N,
Schiveitz, Lake of. See Waklstxtt-^r
See.
Schewelm, town of Germany, in West-
phalia, with a medicinal spring near it.
Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 51 10 N.
Schiverin, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of
Mccklenbu'g Sciiwerin, of which it is
the capital It is 35 miles W of Gus-
trow. Lon. 11 48 E, lat 53 43 N.
Schvjerte, town of Germany, in West-
phalia, 38 miles NNE of Cologne. Lon.
7 15 E, lat. 51 38N.
Sc/iwindu7'if, town of Denmark, on
the S coast of the island of Funen, 23
miles SSE of Odensee. Lon. 10 iu E,
lat. 55 10 N.
Sciati, island of the Archipelago, near
the coast of Jaiiua, 20 miles to the N of
Negropont, and almost at the entrance
of the gulf of S.ilonichi. It is 22 miles
J!) lengtli and right in breadth. Lon. 23
40 E, lat. 39 26 N.
Sctglio, or Scilla. See ScyUa.
Sciily, cluster of islands and rocks,
lying almost 10 leagues W of the Land's
End, in Cornwall, and are easily discern-
ed fi om it. Of these only five or six are
inhabited. The mhabitants princijjally
subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and act-
ing as pilots. The chief of the islands
is St. Mary's, which has a good port, is
the best cultivated, and contains more
inhabitants than all the rest put toge-
ther, in this island, and two or three
ethers, are varices antiquities particu-
larly the remains of a temple of the
Druids, and ancient sepulchres ; but the
greatest ornament is the light-house,
which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high,
and is a very fine column. The Scilly
rocks have been fatal to numbers of ship's
entering the English Channel. One of
the most disastrous events of this kind
happened in 1707, when admiral Sir
Cloudesly Shovel, with three men of
war, peri.shed witli all their crews. Lon.
6 46 W, lat. 49 56 N.
Scilly, group of islands in the South.
Pacific Ocean, discovered by capt. VVal-
lis in 1767. Lon. 155 30 \N, lat. 16 28
S.
Scind. See Sindy. ^
Scio, anciently called Chios, celebra-
ted island of the Archipelago, near the
coast of Natolia, N\V of Samos. It is
32 miles long, and 15 broad, and a moun-
tainous country ; yet fruits of various
kinds, grow in the fields, such as oran-
ges, citrons, olives, nmlb'-rries, and po-
magranates, interspersed with myrtles
and jasmines. The wine of Scio, so ce-
lebrated by the ancients, is still in great
esteem ; but the island is now principal-
ly distinguished by the profitable culture
of the mastich ; it has also some trade
in siik, wool, cheese, and tigs. Scio has
recently become the scene of some dis-
astrous events In the summer of 1822,
the Turks landed a force on the island,
and massacred, or led into slavery it is
supposed at least 30,000 persons of both
s-^xes, and all ages, and reduced most of"
the towns and villages to ruin. See C/iia-
me, biith in the text and Addenda. Be-
fore this sPvfuinary invasion, Scio was
computed t. contain 110,000 inhabitants.
S'cic, seaport, the capita! of an island
of the same name. It is the best built
town in the Archipelago ; the houses be-
ing commodious, some of them, terraced,
and others covered f/ith titles. The
castle is an old citadel, built by the Ge-
noese. The harbour is a rendezvous for
ships that go to or come from Constan-
tinople, it will contain 80 vessels, and is
protected by a low mole and two light-
houses. It is seat! d on the E side of the
island, 47 miles W of Smyrna, and 210
SW of Constantinoj)le.
Sciota, river in the state of Ohio; it
rises within a fev/ miles cf the head
springs of the Sandu':ky, and after run-
ning nearly due south through the state,
falls into the river Ohio 47 miles below
Chilicothe, aiid 390 below Pitlslnirg.
'.rhis is a large and gentle stream, bor5^
9?3
3 C I
S G «
deyed with rich flats, or natural meadows.
It generally overflows in tlie spring, when
it spreads about half a mile. It is pas-
sable by small craft near 2U0 miles to a
portage, which is only about four miles
from the Sandusky. At its mouth it is
large enough to receive sloops.
Sciota, river, the second in magnitude
of hose flowing entirely within the state
of Ohio It rises in Kardin, Marion,
and Richland counties ; runs first NE
10 miles, thence SE : 0 miles, where it
receives Little Sciota from the NE, and
there it gradually turns into S by E, and
f.nally into a generally south direction
13 miles further, to the Ohio river be-
tween ortsmouth and Alexandria, by a
mouth 150 yards wide. It is navigable
130 miles.
Sciota, salt works, near the centre of
Jackson county, Ohio, reserved by the
United States, about 28 miles SE from
Chilicothe.
Sciota, one of the central townships
of Ross county, Ohio, containing tlie
town of Chilicothe. Population 1820, 456.
Sciota. township of Delaware county,
©hio, on the W side of Sciota river.
Population 1820, 178
Sciota, township of Pickaway county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 403.
Sciota, township of Jackson countv,
Ohio. Population 1820, 364.
Sciota, county of Ohio ; bounded by
Ohio river S; Adams W ; Pike N;
Jackson NE ; and Lawrence E. Length
30; mean width about 19; area 575
squai'e miles. Surface broken, and soil
of middling quality. Sciota river tra-
verses it from N to S. Chief town Ports-
mouth.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 1,792
do. do. females - . 1,578
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in CommTce
14
1,048
224
25
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - .
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . .
do. females
^{3} p^Opulation in 1820 .-
<i24-
3,370
29
0
3,399
2,958
2,756
Population to the square mile, 10.
Scifiio, post village and township in
Cayuga county, New York ; on the E side
of Cayuga lake, 18 miles NW of Mil-
ton, 23 miles SW of Marcellus, SO miles
W of 1'ully, and in the neighbourhood
of Pompey, Sempronins, and many other
townships designated by great names of
antiquity. Papulation 1820, 8105.
Sd'fiio, northern township of Meigs
county, Ohio. Population 1820- 226.
Scituatc, post town and township in
Plymouth county, Massachusetts, eight
miles N by W of Marshheld. and 28 SE
of Boston, with 2969 inhabitants ; and in
1820, 3305.
Sciiuate, township of Providence coun-
ty, Rhode Island, containing 2568 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820,28.>4. It
is situated on the N branch of Patuxet
river, between Gloucester, and Coven-
try.
Sciro, cr Sctros, island of the Archi-
pelago, W of Meterian. It is 15 miles
long, and eight broad, is a mountain cu-s
country, but has no mines. The vines
make the btauty of the island, and the
wine is excellent ; nor do the natives
want wood. It contains only the village
and convent of St. George, both built on
a conical rock, 10 miles from the harbour
of St. George. The superior of the con-
vent exercises despotic sway over the in-
habitants, whose superstition is mi^re ex-
cessive than that of the other Greeks in
the Archipelago. The inhabitant are all
Greeks, but the Cadi is a Turk
Scenectady. See Schenectady
Sclavonia., country of Europe, be-
tween the river Save, Drave, and Da-
nube. It is divided into six counties, and
belongs to Austria ; it was formerly a
kingdom, and is not above 75 miU s in
breadth ; but it is 300 in length, from the
frontiers of Austria, to Belgrade. The
eastern part is called Ratzia, and the
inhabitants Rascians. These form a
particular nation, and are of the Greek
church. The language of Sclavonia is
the mother of four others, namely, those
of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Rus-
sia.
Scotie, OP Schoone, village in Perth-
shire, on the E side of the river Tay, N
by W of Perth. It is 30 miles N of Edin-
burgh.
Scopelo, island of the Archipelago,
five miles E of Sciati, and 17 N of Ne-
gropont. It lies at t!ie entrance of the
SCO
gulf of Salonicha, and is 10 miles long
and fiv broad. It is very ftrtile, pro-
duc s pl'-tity ot good \vitie, and contains
12,00w inh-'.bitants, who are almost all
Grreks.
Scofiia or Uscapia^ archiepiscopal
town i,f Taikey in Europe, in Bulgaria,
seated •!'( i-he Vaniar, over which is a
bridge of 12 arc'.es. 67 niiies WSW of
Soffa. L'.n. 2'-] 25 E, iat. 42 10 N.
Sco'sdurg post town in Halifax coun-
ty, Viriimia ; 256 miles from V\ ashmg-
ton
Scotland, or J^'orih Bi'Uain., the north-
ern of the two kiiigdoms, into which the
island of Gieat H'iiain was formerly di-
vided. It IS bour.ded on the W by the
Atlantic Ocran, N by the North Sea. E
by tht- German Ocean, SE by England,
and S by the Irish Sea. To Scotland albo
appertain the islands on its western
coMst, called the H.-brides, or Western
isla. ds. and those to the NE called the
Drkney a^sd Sht eland islands. From N
to S it ext- nds 270 miles ; and its great-
est breadth is 150, but in some p'aces
not above 30, and no part is distant
above 40 miks froo) the coast. It con-
tains about 17,738,000 acres, and the
number of 'inhabitants in 1801, was.
^599,069; in 1811, 1,805,688 : and in 1821,
2,092,014. .Scotland is divided into two
districts, the Highlands and the Low-
lands ; the f'.rmvr is applied to thf
mountainous yx:t to the ^' and NW, and
the latter to the more level district on
the E and SE But nature seems to have
pointed out three grand divisio' s in
Scotland. The fir.nt, or Noith division,
is formed by a chain of lakes, which
cn.ss the country, from the frith of Mur-
ray to the island of Mull inaSW direc-
tion ; the second, or Middle division, is
bounded on tnt S by the friths of Forth
and Clyde, and the great canal by which
they are united ; and on the S side of
this boundary is the third, or South di-
vision. The North division is chiefly
an assemblage of vast dreary mountains ;
not, however, without some fertile val.
leys on the northern and eastern shores.
The Middle division is travered, in dif-
ferent directions, by several ranges of
mountains ; and though cultivation here
is also found chiefly on the eastern shore,
yet of this division, as well as of the for-
mer, the aral)le land bears a small pro-
portion to the mountainous and barren
tracts. The South division has a great
resemblance to England, and with res-
pect both to the general aspect of the
country, and to the progress of cultiva-
tion, exhibits rvery kind of rural variety.
The civil division of the country is into
3.3 counties, namely Shetland and Ork-
ney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cro-
narty, Inverness, in the North Division ;
Argyle, Bute, Nairn, Murray, Banflf^
Aberdeen, Kincardine, Angus, Perth,
File, Kinross, Clyckmaonan, Stirling,
Dumbarton, in thf.- Middle division ; and
Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington,
B rwick, KentVew. Ayr, Wigton, La-
■ lerk, Peebles. Srikirk, Roxburg, Dum-
fries. Kirkcudijrigr.t, in the South divi-
sion. The principal rivers are the Spey,
Don, Tay, Twteci, Clyde, Forth, Nor-
thern Dee, Esk. Annan, Nith, and Sou-
thern Dee. Edinburgh is the capital.
ScoUand neck, post office, Halifax
coui.ty, Ni'Vtii Carolina.
Sco.lund Societij, post village Wind-
haro C'lunty, Connecticut.
S(.ott, township Cortland county New
York. P pulation 1820, 775.
Scott, coonty of Virginia ; bounded by
Tcnesare S ; Lee coun'y of Virginia W ;
Cumberland mountains or Virginia N ; Rus-
sel county iis Vi.ginia NitJ ; and Washing-
ton SE Lf-ng>h 40; mean width 28 ; and
area about 1000 square miles, it is "irain-
ei by Howell's, Clinrh, and Holston rivei's
vvitn dieir nunierous confluents. Surface
generaiiy i.iliy or aiounlainuus. Chief
tuwn, Estleville
Population m 1820.
Free white males - - 1,916
do. do. fe: Mies . - - 2,076
Ail o tier persons excep Indians
not t>ixed .... o
Total whites ....
3,992
Free persons of colour, males ~
8
do. do. females -
5
Slaves, males ....
128
do- females . - . .
130
Total population in 1820 -
4,263
or these ;
F-reigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,237
do. in Manufactnies - - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
P.;.;iuIation to the square mile 4 nearly.
Scott, county of Kentucky i bounded by
Fayette SE ; Woodford SW ; Franklin W ;
Owen N ; and Harrison NE. Length 14 ;
mean width 13 ; and area about 170 square
miles. Soil highly producuve. Chief
town, Georgetown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 4,623
do do. females - - 3,976
Total whites - - - 8,599
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - - 88
Slaves - - - 3,732
Total oopulation in 1810 - 12,419
935
S C 11
SEA
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,949
do. do. females . - - 4,596
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males ...
do, females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population in 1810.
Free wiiite males
do. do. females . . .
Total whites . . . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . .
Slaves . . _ . .
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
14,219 Free whiles, males
■■ '■ do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
1,3P8
l,2c9
2,657
4
1,816
4,477
1.085
1,005
1
3,030
131
53
Population to the square mile, 83.
Scott, county of Indiana ; bounded by
Clarke SB , Floyd S ; Wasliiiigt.m W ;
Jackson NW; Jcnniiigs KE; and Jefler-
son E. Len,-th 20; breadth 15; and area
270 square miles. It is traversed by seve-
ral branches of White river.
Population in 1820,
Free white males ... 1,235
do. do, females . - 1,093
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites .... 2,328
Free persons of colour, males 0
do, do, females 0
Slaves, males .... 2
do. females .... 4
Total population in 1820 - 2,334
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 11
Engaged in AgrjcuUure . - 444
do in Manufactures - 62
do, in Commerce - - 18
Population to ihe square niile, 9 nearly.
Scoitsbury, post village, Halifax county,
Virginia.
Scott^s Ferrij, post office, Albemarle
county, Virginia.
Scoci's ville, post village, Po\vhatan coun-
ty, Virginia, 25 miles W from Kichmond,
Scott's ville, post village, and seat of jus-
tice, Allen county, Kentucky, 45 miles
nt-arly E from Kusseilvilie.
ScHhu, post town, and townsh-ip, Oswego
county. New York, un the W .side of Os-
wego liver, at its mouth. Population,
1820. 741.
SciiV(^/i, county of Georgia, between Sa-
vaiuiah and Ogeechee rivei, bounded by
Effingham counlv SE ; Ogeechee river, or
IJullock and Emanuel s\v ; Burke N\V ;
and Savannah river NE. Length 34 ; mean
width 22 ; and area 750 square miles.
Chief town, Jacksonsboro'.
9':6
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females _ - -
Total population in 1820 -
,941
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 376
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - • - 0
Population to the square mile, 7.
Scroon, river of New York, NE branch
of Hudson river, rises in Essex, flo.vs S,
and entering Warren county, by Scroon
lake, joins the Hudson, 25 miles N from
the mouth of Sacondago river.
Scutari, strong town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, capital of Upper Albania, on the
lake Zeta, at the mouth of the river Boc;-
nia, 20 miles NE of Antivari, and 47 NW
of Albanopolis. Lon. 19 25 E, iat. 42 23
N.
Scutari, ancient Chrysopolis, town of
Turkey, in Asia, in Natolia, with a good
hnrbour, seated on the E side of Constan-
tinople, of which it is considered as a su-
burb, being directly opposite. It contams
a handsome mosque, and is built on the
side of a hill. Lon. 29 4 E, kt 41 0 N.
Sci/lla, rock near the Faro of Messina;
on tiie coast of Calabria, opposite the cele-
brated Cliarybdis. It is about a mile from
the entrance of the Faro, aad forms a
small jnomontory, whicii t'.-i\v$ a little out
to sea, and meets the whole force of the
waters as they come out of the narrowest
part of the straits. T'le head of this pro-
montory is the famous Scylia of the anci-nt
poets. The r ck is nearly 200 feet high ;
and there is a kuid of castte or fort on its
summit.
Scylia, or Sciglio, town of Sicily, situa-
ted on tlie side of the rock Scyila, 10
miles NE of Messina.
Sea ford, borough ar.d seaport in Sussex,
S E i:
S E G
ciglit miles S3E of Lewes, and 59 S by E
of London. Lon. 0 10 E, iat. 50 50 N.
Scaf, tosvnship of Pike county, Ohio.
Papulation 1820, 775.
Searcy's, post ofiice, i^Iontgomcry coun-
ty, Tennessee.
Seanburg, town of Bennirsi^toii county,
Vermont, 12 miles E from Bennington.
Searsmojit, township of Hancock county,
Maiise. Population 1820, 675.
Seaton, or Port Seaton, seaport in Had-
dingtonshire, it has a considerable trade in
salt and coal, and is situated on the Trith
of Forth, nine miles E of Edinburgh. Lon.
2 54 W, Iat. 56 0 N.
Sebago, or Ssbasticook, lake of Cumber-
land county, Maine, out of the E part of
which flows Presumscot river.
Sehasticook, township in the southwest-
ern part of Somerset county, Maine.
iSebaslia, or Sebaste, town of Turkey, in
Palestine, said to be the remains of Sa-
maria. It is 34 miles NNE of Jerusalsm.
.Lon. o5 40 E, iat 32 15 N.
Sebaatian, St. popuiuis seaport of Spain,
in Guipuscoa. It is seated at the foot of a
mountain, the harbour is secured by two
moles, and a narrow entrance for the shins.
The town is surrounded by a double wall,
and s fortified toward the sea. It carries
on a great trade, particularly in iron, steel,
and vv<j;)l. L is 50 miles E of Bilboa, and
50 NW of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 56 W, Iat.
43 24 N.
Sebastian, St. town of South America, in
Mexico, capital of the province of Chia-
me.lau. Lon. 105 5 E, Iat. 24 20 N.
Sebastian, Si. or Rio Janeiro, large city of
Brusd. See Rio Janeiro.
Sebasiopol. See Sevastopol.
Sebaslopolis, town of .Mingrelia, under
the pro?«;ction of Russia, 260 miles NNW
of Erivan. L.m. 55 15 E, Iat. 40 16 N.
Sebe?nco, seaport of Dalmaiia, capital of
a county of the same name, near the mouth
of the Cherca, in the gulf of Venice, 25
miles SE of Zara. Lon. 16 46 E, Iat. 44 17
N.
Si'hourg, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North, and late province of
Hainault, 12 miles E of Valenciennes. Lon.
3 50 E, Iat, 50 22N.
•S'ec/tJ/ra, town of South America, in Peru,
in the bishopric of Tnixillo, 30 miles SSE
of Paita. Lon. 81 10 E, Iat. 5 55 S.
Seckan, town of Germany, in Upper
Stiria, on the Gayle, nine miles N of Juden-
burg, and 90 SW of Vienna. Lon. 14 27
E, Iat. 47 19 N.
Sechenheim, town of Germany, in the
circle of the Rhine, four miles E of Man-
lieim.
<S'ecWn^e«, town of Germany, in Suabia,
on'-' of the forest towns, on an isle, formed
by the Rhine, six miles SE of Rheinfelden,
and 27 W of Schaffhausen. Lon. 7 57 E,
Iat. 47 34 N.
Tieckington, village in Warwickshire. On
the north side of its church arc the ruins-
ot a fort, and near it an ari ilicial hill, 45
feet high.
Sedan, strong town of France, in the de-
partment of the Ardennes, and late pro-
vince of Champnigne. It is one of the most
important keys of the country ; and has a
strong castle, in which the famous Marshal
Turenne was born, 1611, an arsenal, a
foundry of canon, and a manufiicture of
fine black cloths. Sedan is seated on the
Maese, 26 miles SE of Charlemont, and
135 NE of Paris. Lon. 5 2 E, iat. 49 42
N.
Sedgemoor, large and rich tract of land
in Somersetshire. It lies between Somer-
ton and Bridgewater.
Second Moon, township of Beaver coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. See JIoou township in
tlie Addenda.
Seeching, town in Norfolk, on a small
navigable river, four miles S of Lynn, and
93 NE of London, Lon. 0 24 E, Iat. 52
44 N.
Seekhonk, the name of Pawtucket river,
below the falls.
Seekkonk, township of Bristol county,
Massachusetts, including the Massachusetts
part of the village of Pawtucktt ; six miles
NE from Providence. Population in 1820,
2775.
Seer, town of Asia in Arabia, in the
province of Oman, Lon, 54 38 E, Iat. 25
10 N.
Sees, town of France in the department
ofOrne, and late province of Normandyj
in a fine country, near the source of the
Orne, 102 mile.s' W by S of Paris. Lon. 0
15 E, Iat 48 36 N.
Segeberg, town of Germany in Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Hidstein. It is
scait-d on the Trave, 22 miles S cf Kiel,
and 28 N of Hamburg. Lon. 10 9 E, Iat.
54 0 N.
Segedin, strong town of Lower Hungary,
in the county of Czongrad, at ti>.e conflu-
ence of the TeifPand Mastroche, 50 miles
SE of Colocza. Lon. 20 25 E, Iat. 46 28,
N.
Segestem, province of Persia, surrounded
on all sides by Korasan and Balck, Canda-
har, and Sablestan, Mackeran, Kerman,
Colestan, and F:.rslstan.
Seges-ivar, town of Transylvania, capital
of a county of the same name. It is built
ill the form of an amphitheatre, on the side
of a hill, near the river Kokel, 47 miles
N of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24 55 E, Iat, 47
4 N.
Segna, strong se.aport, capital of Hunga-
rian Dalmatia, on the gulf of Venice, 100
miles NW of Spoletto. Lon. 15 11 E, Iat,
45 22 N.
Q27
S E I
S E L
fiegni, town of Italy, in Campagna di
Koma, It is said that organs were f^rst
invented here. It is seated on a moun-
tain, 12 miles SE of Palestrino, and 32 E
of Rome. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 41 50 N.
Segorbe, episcopal town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, with the title of a duchy. It is
seated on the side of a hill, between two
mountains, in a soil fertile in corn and
wine, and where tliere are quarries of
fine marble. It is seated rear the river
IMovedro, 27 miles NW of Valencia, and
150 E of Madrid. Lon. 0 3 W, lat. 39
48 N.
Segovia, city of Spain, in Old Castile.
The most remarkable structure is the
Mint, seated in a valley, surrounded by
a river, on which are milts, employed
in coining. Segovia is seated on a moun
tain, near the river Arayadda, 45 miles
NVV of Madrid. Lon. 3 44 W, lat. 40 57
N.
Segovia, town of South America, in the
province of Venezuela, seated on a river,
near a high mountain, where there are
mines of gold. Lon. 65 30 AV, lat. 8 20
N.
Segovia, JVew, town of North America,
in Guatimala, seated on the river Y^are, on
the confines of the province of Honduras.
Lon. 84 20 W, lat. 13 25 N.
Segovia, JYueva, town of the East Indies,
in the isle of Luconia, and one of the
largest in the Philippines, with a bishop's
see. It is seated at the N end of the isl-
and, near the mouth of the Cagayan, 240
miles N of Manilla. Lon. 120 59 E, lal. 18
39 N
Segra, river of Spain, which rises in the
Pyrenees, and run« SW through Catalonia,
passing by Puy-Cerda, Urgel, Belaguer,
Lerida, and Mequinenza, where it falls
into the Ebro.
Segiira, town of Portugal, in Beira, with
a castle o;i a mountain, It is near the
rivers Eli.'t and Tajo, eight miles SE of
Costel-Branco, and 30 NW of Alcantara.
Segiera, town of Spain, in New Castile,
and territory ot La Mancha, seated among
the mountains ot Segura, 35 miles NE of
Bacza Lon. 2 39 W, lat. 37 56 N.
Segiira, river of Spain, which rises in the
mountains of Segura, in New Castile, and
crossing Murcia, and the south part of
Valencia, falls into the Mediterranean at
Guadamar.
Seharanjjour, town of Hindoostan Proper,
capital of a district of the same name, be-
tween tile Jumna and the Ganges, in the
country of Delhi. It is 86 miles N of Delhi.
Lon. 77 15 K, lat. 30 4 N.
Seiks, or rjicquea., tlie most vvesternj and
a very powerful n .-.lion of Hindoost ;n ; they
do not form one entii-e state ; bu; u number
of smaller -lies, inrlepenH.f jtt of earh other,
5n their internal go' emmenijand only cop-
928
nected by a federal union : they possess the
whole pr-ivince of Lahore, the principal of
Moultan, and the W part of Delhi : the di-
mensi'ins of which tract are about 400 miles
from NW to SE ; and from 150 to 200
broad, in general : although the part be-
tween Attock and Behker cannot be less
than 300 miles in extent. The Seiks were
originally a religions sect, the founder of
which sect was named Nanock, and was
born in the reign of Sultan Beloul, at
Tulwundy near Lahore, A.D. 1469 ; since
the battle of Paniput, 1761, the Seiks
have become one of the most powerful
states in Hindoostan. Their capital is
Lahore.
Seine, river of France, which rises in the
department o^ Cote d'Or, and late province
of Burgundy, and flowing by Troyes,
Melun, Paris, and Rouen, falls into the En-
glish Channel at Havre de Grace.
Seine, Lower, department of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Nor-
mandy. Rouen is the capital.
Seine and Marne, department of France,
including part of the late province of the
Isle of France. Meaux is the capital.
Seine and Oise, department of France,
inludmg part ot the late province of the
Isle ot France. Versailles is the capital.
Seinshei/n, town of Germany in Franco-
nia, with a castle, 33 miles NW of Nurem-
burgh. Lon. 10 28 E, lat. 49 40 N.
Seir or Hor, mountain in Arabia Petraea,
which formerly bounded Judea on the S,
and separated it from Idumea. It is now
called Sardeny, and is 140 miles E of Cairo,
in Egypt.
Selam, town of South America, in Mexi-
co, situated near the sea-coast. Lon. 90 28
W, lat 39 12 N.
Selbi', town in the West riding of York-
shire, with a market on Monday, seated
on the Ouse, 12 miles south of York, and
182 N by W ofLor.don. Lon. 1 2 W,lat.
53 47 N.
Seleshia, anciently Seleucia, town of Tur-
key in Asia, in Caramania, 10 miles from
the sea, and 38 W of Tevasso.
Seleucia, Iber, ancient episcopal town of
Syria, seated on the sea-coast, eight miles
N of Antioch.
■Seligemtadt, town of Germany,^ in the
electorate of Mentz, seated at the junction
of the Gerns pentz and Maine, 27 miles E
of Mentz. Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 41 4 N.
Selinsgrove, post village of Northumber-
land county, Pennsylvania, on the right
bank of Susquehannah, below the mouth
of Penn's creek, 50 miles above Harris-
burg. ,
Selivrea, ancient SeJybria, town in Tur-
key in Europe, in Romania. It is seated on
the sea of Marmora, 35 miles W of Con-
stantinople. Lon. 28 12 E. lat. 49 54 N.
Selkirk^ town of Scotland, and the coun-
5 E AI
b jL N
ty town of Selkirkshire. Tt has been Ion?
famous Sk a mann'actnrc of hnots anfl
shoes, :qp is seated on the Etrick, 30
miles S of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 46 W,
lat. 55 26 >c.
Selkirkshire, county of Scoland. whicli
is also called the ShcriJIdom of" Ettvich
Forest, irom the river vvhicii runs throuKh
it, whicli witli the Yarrow, tl-.e Tweed, artd
Gulh'-water, are the chief rivers, and from
its formerly hemg' C()vcre<l all over wi'h
woods. It is bounded on the N an<l NW
by Peebleshire, and N by Edinbnrpfshire ;
on the E by Roshnrs^li^liire and p:«rt of
Kerwickshire ; on the S by U .xhiirg-hshiie
and part of Dnmfriesshire ; and on the W
by part of Dumfriesshire. Its mo'intains
feed great flocks of Sheep and black
cattle, and the valleys on the rivers
produce much corn and hay. The chief
places are Selkirk. Phihphau<;h, and Gal-
iashiells. Its chief manufactures are shoes
and boots. It is the seat of a presby-
tery, and has 11 parishes. Its chief
town is Selkirk. Population in ISOl,
5070; and in 1811; 5889; and in 1821,
663r.
Selles, town of France inthe department
of Loir and Cher, and late province of Iieri,
witli a castle. It is seated on the Cher,
over 'vvhich is a hritlge, 12 miles SR o' Hlois,
and 105 SSW of Paris. Lon. 1 36 E, bt.
47 25 N.
Seller svi lie, post office, Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, in Roc'clfdl to-vnship, 55
miles NNW -rom PhiUdelphia.
Sellz, town of France in the depar'.-
ment of Lower Rhine and late province
of Alsace, seated on the Khnie, 270
miles E of Paris. Lon. 8 12 E, hit. 48
53 N.
Selizer, Loiver, village of German)', with
n sprins;- of mineral waters.
Sgmen'larin, tosvn of Tiu-kcy in Kr.rope,
in Servia, witii a cits^dtl, seated on t!ie Da-
nuhe, 20 miles SE of liclgrade Lon. 21
45 E, lat. 45 0 N.
SnmigaUia, the east p'srt of the Duchy
of Courland, separated by Uie river Mas-
za, from Courland Proper. .Mittau is the
ca[)ital.
Seininari, town of Italy in Xaples, in Ca-
labria Ulteriore, 22 miles NE of Reg-Ejio.
Lon. 16 21 E, lat 38 20 NT.
Seminoles, division f/f the Creek Indi.a'.is,
in North America.
Semlin, town ofSclavnnia, on the W side
of the Danube and Save, opposite Be'_qTade,
and 70 miles SE of Esseck. Lon. 21 0 E,
■ lat. 45 20 N . .
Sempach, lake of Swisserland, in Lucern,
about three miies in length, and one in
breaillii. The banks on each side slope
gently to the edg'e of the water, and are
cliecicered with wood.
6B
Sc^npach, town of Switzerland, in t'le
canton of Lncern ; celebrated for, the
batile, in 1386, which established the
liberty of the Swiss, and in which Leo-
pold, duke of Austria, was defeated and^
slain. Tt is seated on a small lake of
the same name, seven miles NW of Lu-
cern-
Sempronim, town-hip, Cayusfa county,
Nr-w York, containing' 3137 inhabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 5038. It is -. post town,
situated between Owasc;> and Skauetelas
likes.
Sut'iin; to'vvn of France, in the depart-
mpiit c.f Cote d'Or, and late pjovince of
Piurffundy. It h.ts a raannf.cture of cloth,
and is seated on the Arm;>ncrjn, over which
are two bridges, 37 mih.s from Atttun,
at.d 135 SE of Paris, Lon. 4 19 E, lat. 47
28 N.
Semvr, ancient town "f France, In the
d'-'partmet)* of Saone and Loire, and late
province of P'tirgtmdv, 40 miles NW of
Lvon.s, and 175 S of Paris. Lon. 4 22 E,
lat. 46 14 N.
Seneca, town.ship of Ontavic county, New
York, ccntqini'iaf 3,431 inhabitan's i" 1810,
and m 1820, 4802, situated on the W side
of Seneca lake.
Senfca, river, stream of New York,
formed by the discharge of Cayuga, Se-
neca and other smaller lakes, and Mud
creek. It joins Oneida river, to form
Onondago river. Tiie Erie canal is form-
ed !i early parallel to, and S of Seneca
rivf p.
Seneca, lake of New York, 38 miles
long, and Irom two to four miles wide,
extesiding from the northern border of
Tioga county to Geneva, receiving from
the wfst ihe d scharge of Crocked lake,
and together with the discharge of Cayu-
ga Ijkc, failing hito Seneca river neur Mon-
tezi:ma.
6e7jecrt, county of New York; bounded
by Lake Ontario N ; Cnyuga coiui'.y and
Cayttga lake E ; Tompkins S ; and Seneca
Iske and Se;ieca 'cotmty W. Length 50^;
mean width 10 ; and area 5(J0 sqitare n-iiles.
Sotither'i part between Cayuga and Seneca
lakes iiiity, middle sec* in tolerably level,_
ai'.d northern purtj towards lake Ontario
again hiiiy— llie whole with a very highly
ferule soil. The Erie canal traverses it hy
the va'.lev of Mud creek.
Population in 1810.
Free white n ales - - 8,631
do. do. females - - 7,833
Total wliites . , . 16,464
All other jjcrsnns except Indians
not taxed .... 44
Slaves 101
Total population in 1810,
929
16,609
S E N
'S E Ji
11,9/6
11,379
23,619
37
5,182
1,087
71
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, nraales -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females . . -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturali-zed
Engaged in Agnctdture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 47.
Seneca, county of Ohio ; bounded N by
Sandusky; Huron E; Crawford S; and
W by Ilancock and Wood. Length 30 ;
breaclth 18 ; and area 540 square miles.
Sandusky river flows across this county
from N to S. It was formed out of the
recent Indian purchase and is yet unset-
tled.
Seneca, township of Morgan county,
Obin. Population in 1820, uncertain.
Seneca, township of Monroe county,
Oliio. Population in 1820, 636.
Seneca Falls, post office, Seneca county,
New York.
Seiieca Mills, post office, Montgomery
county, Maryland.
Senecaville, village of Morgan county,
Ohio.
Seneffs, town of Brabant, four miles
south of Niville ; famous for a biAttle gained
by the French, over the prince of Orange,
in 1674.
Senegal, one of the three principal rivers
of Africa, formerly supposed to be one of
the branches of the Niger, but determined
by Mr. Park to have its source 80 geo-
graphical miles W of that river, and to flow
in an opposite direction. The Niger E,
and Senegal W. The latter enters the
Atlantic Ocean lat. 16 N.
Senegal, county of Africa, between the
Gambia and Senegal rivers. Towards the
Atlantic Ocean it is liable to annual inun-
dation.
Senez, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Alps, and late province of
Provence, seated in a rough barren coun-
try, 46 miles NE of Aix, and 49 NW of
Nice. Lon. 60 40 E, lat. 43 59 N.
Senlis, ancient town of France, in the
department of Oise, and late province of
the Isle of France. The cathedral has one
of the highest steeples in France. It is
seated on the side of a hill, on the river
Nonette, almost surrounded bv a large
9.M)
forest, 20 miles NW of Meaux, and 27 NE
of Paris. Lon. 2 40 E, lat. 49 IJttil.
Sennar, capital of a kingdom offlme same
name in Africa. See J^ubia. It is seated
on an eminence, near the river Nile. Lon.
30 0 E, la?. 15 4 N.
Sens, ancieni town of France, in the de-
partment of Yonne and late province of
Burgundy, 25 mdes N of Auxerre, and 60
SE of Paris. Lon. 3 22 E, lat. 48 12 N.
Sera, town of the peni;sula of Hindoos-
tan, in ihe Mysore country, 55 miles N of
Seringapatam. Lon. 75 54 E, lat 13 28 N.
Seraio, town of Turkey in Europe, 110
miles S W of Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 E, lat.
44 24 N.
Seramp07ir, commercial town of Hindoos-
tan Proper, in Bengal, seated on Hoogly
river. It is a Danish settlement, not far
from Calcutta.
Scrava'le, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Mila ., 24 miles N of Genoa. Lon. 8 36 B,
lat. 44 44 N.
Sercelli, seaport of the kingdom of Al-
giers, a little to the W of Algiers. Lon. 2
20 E, lat. 36 50 N.
Serchio, river of Italy, which has its
source in the Appennines, in Modena. It
crosses the valley of Carsagnana, in the
territoiy of Lucca, and falls into the Tus-
can Sea, five miles from the mouth of the
Arno.
Serfo, or Serfante, island of the Archi-
pelago, 50 miles NW of Naxia. It is eight
miles long, and five broad, and full of
mountains and rocks, in which are mines
of iron and loadstone. The inhabitants
are all Greeks, and have but one town
called St. Nicholo, which is a poor place.
Lon. 25 10 E, lat. 37 19 N.
Sergag, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Niznei Novogorod, 48 miles SE of
Niznei Novogorod. Lon. 45 20 E, lat. 56
50 N.
Sergipe, seaport of South America, in
Brasil, capital of a government of the same
name. It is se.itecl at the mouth of the
Rev, 120 miles NE of St. Salvador. Lon.
39 46 W, lat 13 30 S.
Seringapatam, city of Hindoostan, capital
of Mysore, situated in an island of the river
Canvery, 290 miles WSW of Madras, and
350 south by eiist of Visiapour. Lon. 76
46 E, hat. 12 31 N.
Seronge. See Sirong,
Serpa, strong town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, seated on a rugged eminence, with a
castle, three miles from the Guadiana, and
83 SE of Lisbon, Lon. 7 45 W, lat. 73
47 N.
Serres, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Alps, 15 miles SW of Gap.
Servia, province of Turkey in Europe ;
bounded on the N by the Danube and
Save, which separate it from Hungary; on
the E by Bulgaria ; on the W by Bosnia,
t> E \'
S E Y
•and on tlie south by Albania and Macedo-
nia. It is 190 miles long, and 95 broad,
and is divided into four sangiciates ; two of
which were ceded in iri8, to the Aus-
trians, who restored them to the Turks in
1739, by the treaty of Brigade. The
names of them are Belgrade Seniendriah,
Scupia, and Cratowo. Belgrade is the
capital.
Servulo, castle of Austrian Istria, seated
on a high mountain, four miles from Triest.
Near it is a famous cavern in which the
sparry exudations have formed various
figiires of blue and white colours.
Sessa, ancient episcopal town of Naples,
in Terra di Lavora. It was formerly very
considerable, and is 30 miles N of Naples.
Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 20 N.
Sesti-di I^enenie, town of Italy, in the ter-
ritory of Genoa, five miles VV ^ Genpa.
Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 44 24 N. / ^
Sesio, town of Italy, in the Milanese,
seated on the Tesin, where it proceeds
from the lake Maggiore, 25 miles WNW
of Milan.
Sesios, strong castle of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Romania, seated on the strait ^.
Galipr:.li. See DwduneHes.
Sesti^i di-Levante, ancient town of lea
in the territory of Genoa, 30 miles W ot
Genoa. Lon. 9 28 E. lat. ^A' 23 N. " .
Se tchuen, province of China, bounded on
the N by Chen-si, on the E by Houquang,
on the south by Koei-tcheou, and on the
W i)y Thibet, and other neighbouring
countries.
Seteef, town of Tunis, in the kingdom of
Algiers, 50 miles S W of Constantina. Lon.
5 35 E, lat. 35 58 N.
Setimo, town of Piedmont, seated on the
Po, eight miles N'of Turin. Lon. 7 47 E,
lat. 45 14 N.
Setines. See Athev.s,
Setlege, river of Hindoostan Proper, the
most easterly of the five eastern branches
of the Indus. About midway between its
source and the Indus, it receives the Beyah,
and the collective stream takes the name
of Kera ; it then joins the Indus, a great
way to the south of Moultan.
Seiteidl, town of Spain, in Granada. Lon.
5 10 VV, lat. o6 48 N.
Settia, town of the island of Candia, 48
miles ESE of Candia. Lon. 26 2 E, lat. 35
3 N.
Settle, town in the West riding of York-
shire.
Settovitone, town of Italy, in Piedmont,
four miles N of Ivica.
Setuval, or Setubal. See Ubes, St.
Sevastopol, seaport and town of Russia,
on the S W point of tlie Crimea. It has an
excellent harbour, and has been a depot for
a part of the Russian navy. Lon. 33 24 E,
lat. 44 45 N.
Seven Islands, island to that number in
the Frozen Ocean, lying in Son. 18 48 E,
lat. 80 21 N. Among these islands c sptain
Phipps with the Race-horse and Carcass,
were surrounded by the ice, from the 15th
of July, to the 10th of August, 1773, but
being aided by a brisk gale, at NNE, ef-
fected their deliverance.
Sevenoaks, town in Kent, with a m irket
on Saturday, six milesNXWof TunbriJge,
and 23 SSE of London. Lon. 0 18 E, lat.
51 19 N.
Sever, St. town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes, seated on the Adour, 20
miles E of Dax, and 65 S by E of Boui-
deaux. Lon. 0 35 VV, lat. 43 45 N.
Sevei-ino, St. fortified town of Naples, In
Calabria Citeriore, on a craggy rock, on
the river Neelo, eight miles from the sea,
and 45 SE of Uossano. Lon. 17 14 E, lat.
39 15 N.
Severino, St. town of Italy, in the mar-
quisate of Ancona. It has fine vineyards,
and is seated between two hills, on the
river Petenza, six miles NVV of Tolentino.
Lon. 13 6 E, lat 43 16 N.
^Severino, St. town of Italy, in the king-
dom of Naples, in Principato Citeriore,
seated on the river Sarno.
. Severn, river of England, which rises in
^ mountain of Plynlimmon, in Mont-
goniieryshire, and flowing first across that
TOunty, it then enters Shropshire, at its
confluence with the Vyrnevv, or VVirnew.
It is navigable in its whole course ihrougli
this county. In its course it waters Lla-
n^fdlos, Newton, VV^elshpool, Shrewsbury,
Bridgenorlh, Bewdly, Worcester, Upton,
Tewkesbury, and Gloucester ; and entering
the sea its mouth is called the Bristol
Channel. It is the second river in England,
and has a communication with the Tliumes
by a canal, See Thames.
Severn, Vale, extensive and fertile vale in
Gloucestershire, abounding in fertile pas-
tures, which furnish that cheese for which
that county is so famous. See Evesham,
Vale of.
Severn, river of North America, in Ma-
ryland, which waters Annapolis, and en-
ters into Chesapeak bay, about two miles
below the city.
Sevenidroog, island of Hindoostan Proper,
60 miles south of Bombay.
Severo, town of Naples, in Capltanata,
with a bishop's see, seated in a plain, 75
miles NE of Naples. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 41
40 N.
Severus' (Fa//, commonly called Graham's
Dike, in the W of Scotland. It is a woik
of the Romans, supposed to be done by tlie
emperor whose name it bears, to prevent
the incursions of the Picts and Scots. It
began at Abercorn, on the frith of Forth,
four miles NE of Linlithgow, and runs VV
to the frith of Clyde, ending .tt Kirkpat-
rick, near Dumbarton.
931
b li
SeviiT, county of Tennessee; hounded Such vast cinplnjinent did the Amsyi-
hv Duskv mountair. or North Cai-o]::ia SS: ; am trade give at oite period, that in S.:-
MonroeS ; Biouni W ; Knox XW ; Jeffer- ville .done there was uo fewer than
sun NE ; ana Cocke E. L-ngih 33 ; mean 16,000 Icwms iii ai'k or wooUtn work;
wi-.ith 120; and area 660 square mdea. Sur- bat, before the end of the reign ut Phi-
face generally hiUv an'; soil sterile. It is lip III. they were reduced to 4U0. The
traversed by the Nolichuv;ky, ana drained country around is extremely fertile in
by one of its branches. Chief town, Se- corn, wine, &c. and tiiere is abundance
viervilLs
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
Total whiles - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed _ - - -
Slaves, . - - - -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females . - -
All othei" persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
To*al whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . . . -
do. females - - - -
2.174
2,122
4,296
5
294
0
0
1,293
ICO
11
Total population in 1826
Of iliese ;
Foreigner.* not naturalized
Engaged in Agricultiu'e
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 7.
Sevia"V!.lle, post town and seat of jus", ice,
Sevier county, Illinois, 25 miles SE from
ivnoxvilie.
Seville, province of Spain. See Spnin.
Seville, city of Spain, capita! of An-
dalusia, and an archbishop's Sv-e, seated
on the Guada'quiver. It was the ca-
Eital of thii kingdom till Philip II. esta-
lished his r.ouit at Madrid, as a more
oi oi', tor the VV ot tl^e river is a grove
of wlive-tr-es 30 miles in length. Se-
ville i,-. 45 miles from the Atlantic, and
212 ^SW of Madrid. Lon. 5 59 W,
lat. 37 14 N.
Sevres, Ttvo, department of France,
including part of the late province of
Poitou. It is so named from two rivers
that rise here ; one, called Srvre Kior-
- — 7 t.iis, flows W by St. Maixer.t, Niort and
4,595 Marans, into the bay of Biscay, opposite
the isle of Re ; and the other, named
Sevre NantfiS, takes a NW direction.
2)~4-5 passes by Ciisson, and enters the river
2,224 Li;,j[-e, iipposite Nantes. Niort is the
capital.
ScivaUck, chain of mountains in Asia,
bordering on the country of Sirinagur
and the province of Delhi At Hurd-
war, the Ganges forces it way tiirough
this ridge into the plains of Hindoostan.
Sewickly, large creek of Westmore-
land county, l\nnsylvaiiia, rises in the
vicinity and to t;ie E from Greenburg,
flows VV and falls into Youghiogany,
river, two miles below Robs town.
• Seivicklij. A''eiv, township of Beaver
couHty, Pennsylvania, extending from
Beaver river, up the right aide of Ohio
river, to the limits of Allegany county.
Population 1820 1367
Sewickly, JVonh, township of Beaver
county, Pennsylvania, lying N from the
preceding. I^opulation 1820, 1774.
Scyssol, town of France, in the de-
partment of Ain, and late jjrovince of
Bresse, divid d by the Rhone, into two
paits, where it is first navigable. It is
14 niiles NE of Bclev. Lon. 7 45 E, lat.
46 6 N
Sezanne, town of France, in the de-
4,772
centrical position Seville is of a round
form, fortified by strong walls ti uiked partment of Marne, and late province of
with high towers, and takes up more Champagne, seated on a little river, 27
ground than Madrid, althiiigh it now miles NW -f Troyes, and 65.SE of Paris.
has not above 70,000 inhabitants. Thf
Phoenicians called it Hispatis, and it is
the Julia of the Romans, who imbel
lished it witii many magnificent bviild-
ings- The Moors built an aqueduct,
still to be seen, six miles in length.
The situation of Seville renders it one- of
Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 48 41 N.
Sezza, town ot Italy, in Naples, 29
mi!, s NNW of Naples. Lon. 13 45 E,
41 19 N.
Shabuv, town of Egypt, on the Nile.
Lon. 30 38 li. Sat. 30 47 N.
Shacklefor:i\ post town in King Wil-
She most commercial towns of t^pain, liam, county, Virginia, 15 miles NW of
All the trade of that kiugd.in with the Gloucester, 75 E of Richmond, and 143
New World centured originally in its S by E of Washington,
port; but that of Cadiz having been .S'/jo/l'sAz/r!/, borough in Dorsetshire, on
■found more commodious, the galleons a hill, in form of a bow, where water is
Sfeave sailed from that pUice since 1720. so scarce, that the poor get a living by
932
SUA.
s H E
an academy. Population 1810, 2606 ;
and ia 1820, 2573.
Sharon, posl Village Astabula county,
Ohio.
SUuron, township, Richland county,
Ohio Papulation i820, loo.
Siiaron, northern townshii; of Frank-
lin county, Ohio. Population 1820, 9d3.
Sharon, smail village ot HaUiilton
Shahjchanpour, town of Hindoostan, county, Onio, 15 miles N from Chicm-
in the E.isc Indies. Lon. 76 la E, lat. nacti.
23 26 N. t> S/iarpsbtirs; village of Hamilton coun-
ShakertoTvn, village of Knox county, ty, Oh:o
telching it from a great distance. It is
25 miles NNE ot D .rcht-bter, and 102
W bv S of London. Lon. 2 20 W, iat.
51 O'N.
Stiuf'.sbury, town in Bennington coun-
ty, Vermont, about half way btrtween
Bennington and Arlington, or nearly 10
miles from each. It contains 1973 inha-
bitants.
Indiana 18 miles above Vincennes.
Shalersville, toivnship Portagf county,
Ohio, N from Ravenna. Population 1820,
298.
Sham. See Damascus.
S/iamokin, creek of N(jrthumberiand
county, Pennsylvania, riscs in the £ part
of the county, and flows VV into the
Sasquehannah, immediately below Sun-
bui V.
Sharpsburg-, post town in Washing-
ton county, Maiyiand ; lying un the E
side of Potomac n\er, lU uuL-s above
Harper's ftrry, and about 21 W of Fre-
dericktown. It has about 1500 inhabi-
tants,
Sharpio-:m, post village, Salem county.
New Jersey, on Saiein creek ; contains
250 houses', and 1000 inhabitants, seven
miles M'^ from Salem, and 35 bE irom
Shamokin, township in the E angle of Philadelphia.
Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 5'Aar «^ .ifrai, Arabic name of die Eu-
on Shatr.okin creek. Population 1820^ ph; ates beiow the moutii ot che i'igus.
1820. Shawangnnh, post town m Ulster coun-
Shandakin, township of Ulster countv, ty, New York ; lying on tiie E bide of
N-w York, 18 miles W from Kingston. VVidkiil river, 26 miles Sot Kings, on, and
Population 1810, 1002; ana in 1820,' 1043.
Sh'inesville, vilage of i'uscarawas coun
ty, on Sugar creek.
Shanandoah. See Shenandoah.
Shannon, largest river of Ireland,
29 N of Goshen,containin^^ 3u02 inhubi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, '3372.
Shaivtieelo-!un, post town, Gallatin coun-
ty, Illinois, on tiie right bank ot <J)uo ri-
ver, 10 miles below the mouth ot the VVa-
which issues from Lough Allen, in the ^^^^•. ^^ coiitams a land office, bank, and
province of Connanglit, and running S di- printing offict;
vides the provinces ot Leinster and Con-
naught; it then turns SW, passes by the
city of Limerick, and falls into the At-
lantic Ocean between the counties of
Clare and Limerick
Shappitiiha, one of the Orkney islands,
lying NE of M=iinia,;d.
Sheerness, Ibrt in Kent, on the N point
of the isle of Siiepe)', at llie principal
mouth of the Med way, tlu-ee miles N of
Shap, village in Westmoreland, at the QiK--ensborough. Lon. U 48 E, lat. 51 28
source of the Loder, between Ortan and \,
Penrith.
Shapkighf post town and township in
York county, Maine ; situated on the
E side of Piscataqua river, about 40
miles N of Portsmouth, in New Hamp-
shire. Population 1820, 2815.
Sharon, township Hil;sborouv;h county.
New Hampshire. Population 1820, 391.
Sharon, po5.t village and township
Windsor county, Vermont, 22 miles N
from Windsor. Population 1820 1400.
Sheffield, large and populous town in tlie
West liiding of Vorksliire. This town
has been noted several hundred \ eais tor
culler's and siniUi's mauuiactures, which
were encouraged and advanced by tlie
neigiibouring mines of iron, particularly
for tiles and knives, or widtlles ; tor the
last of wliicii especially, it has been a
staple for above 300 } ears ; and it is re-
puted to excil Uirtninghavn in these wares,
as tliat does this town in locks, hinges,
nails, and polished steel. The first mills
Sharoii, township of Norfolk county, in England for lurihng grinding stones
Massachusetts, 10 miles S from Dediiam. were also set up here, liere are also lead
Population 1820, 1010. works and a silk mill, it is seated on tue
iVmroTi, township of Schohairie county, Don, which is navigable wituin two or
New York, containing 1363 inhabitants three miles of the town ; and its neigli-
in 1810. and in 1820, 3982. bourhood abounds with coal. It has two
Sharon, post town and township in large churches, and a spacious market
Litchfield county, Connecticut ; on the place, furnished witb ncai shops for but-
border of New York, 51 miles W by N chers, Sec. It is 54 miles SSW of Yort,
of Hartford, and 20 NE of Poughkeep- and 161 NNW of London. Lon. 1 29 W,
file, on Hudson river. It is the seat of lat. o3 20 N.
l''?3
SUE
SHE
Sheffieldy post town in Berkshire county,
Massachusetts, 30 miles SE of the city of
Hudioii, and 58 W^' of Hurttbrd. It had
2439 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 247r.
It is remarkable for its quarries of fine
marble.
Sheffield, township of Caledonia cou.ity,
Vermont, 38 miles NE fi-om Montpelier.
Population 400.
lihefford, town in Bedfordshire, eight
miles SE of Bedford, and 41 N by W of
London. Lon. 0 21 W, lat. 52 8 N,
She/nal, town in Shropshire, 9 miles NE
of Bridgenorth, and 136 NVV of London.
Lon. 2 22 W, iat. 52 42 N.
Sheildn, JVorth, a dirty place, and seaport
in the county of Northumberland. It is
remarkable for being the mart where ships
take in their loading of coal, seated on the
N side of the Tyne, 10 miles E of New-
castle. Lon. 1 12 W, hit. 55 4 N.
Sheldsy South, seaport in the county of
Durham, where there arc upwards of 200
salt pans. It is seated on the S side of the
Tyne, 10 miles E of Newcastle. Lon. 1
12 W, lat. 55 4 N.
Shelbunie, town in the British province
of New Brunswick, at Port Roseway, ex-
tends two miles on the water side, and
one mile back, with wide streets crossing
each other at right angles. The harbour
is deep, capacious, and secure. Lai. 43 46
N, lon. 65 0 W.
Shelbunie, township of Coos county. New
Hampshire. Population 1820, 295.
Shelbunie, post village, and township,
Chittendon county, Vermont, on lake
Champlam seven miles S from Burlington.
Population 1000.
Shelbunie, township of Franklin county,
Massachusetts, containing 951 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1022 ; situated on
the N side of Deerfield river, between
Plainfield and Colerain.
Shelby, county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Salt river or Nelson county S; Bullitt
SW ; Jefferson W ; Henry N ; and Frank-
lin E and SE. Length 26 ; mean width
20 ; and area 520 square miles. It is chief-
ly drained by the NE fork of Salt river.
Soil highly productive. Chief town, Shel-
byville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 6,153
do. do. females - - - 5,568
Total whites .... 11,721
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 42
Slaves 3,114
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free -white males
934
14,877
8,038
Free white females - - 7,7^1
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ -
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . - -
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 - 21,047
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in Agriculture ♦ - 5,410
do. in Manufactures - 598
do. in Commerce - - 53
Population to the square mile, 40.
Shelby, post town, Bath county, Ken-
tucky.
Shelby, county in the western part of
Ohio ; bounded N by A.llen ; E by Logan ;
S by Miami ; and W by Darke. It is about
20 miles square, and contains 400 square
miles. It is watered by the Great Aliami
river and Loramie's creek, beside several
of their tributaries.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,114
do. do. females - - 983
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whiles .... 2,097
Free persons of colour, males - 5
do. do. females - 4
Slaves, males . - _ - 0
do. females ... 0
2,106
18
425
40
0
Total population in 1820
Of these :
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 5 1-3.
Shelby, SW county of Tennessee; bound-
ed by the state of Mississippi S ; Missis-
sippi river W ; and Madison county in
Tennessee N and E. It is drained by Wolf
river and its branches. Surface generally
hilly. It includes Old Fort Pickering,
now Munphis. Length 34 ; width 30 ;
and area 1020 square miles.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 141
do. do. females - - 110
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites . . - 251
Free persons of colour, males 0
do. do. females, 0
S H E
SUB
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
45'
51
554
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in AgriCHlture - - 102
do. in Manufactures - 12
do. in Commerce - 2
Population to the square mile, 1-3.
Shelby, County of Alabama ; bounded
by Coosa riv.r E ; Bibb county S ; Tusca-
loosa SW ; Jefferson NW ; and St. Clair
N. Length 40 ; width 36 ; and area 1440
square miles. It is drained by the sources
of Cahaba river. Chief town, Shelbyville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - . 1,063
do. do. females - . . 943
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - - 3,011
Free persons of colour, males - 0
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males .... 203
do. females - - 202
Total population in 1820 - 2,416
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Enj^aged in Agriculture - 781
do. in Manufactures - 10
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 1^.
Shelbyville, post town, and seat of justice,
Shelby county, Kentucky, on Brashan's fork
of Salt river, 30 miles E from Louisville.
It contains, beside the coun'y buildings,
an scademy, two churches, near 300 houses,
and aV)Out 1400 inhabitants.
Shelbyville, post town and seat of justice,
Bedford county, Tennessee, on the right
bank of Duck river 30 miles S from Mur.
phesboroiigh. Beside the county buildings
it con'ains a bank, and printing office.
Shelbyville. village and seat of justice,
Shelby county, Alabama, near the centre
of the county, 80 miles S from Huntsville.
Sheldon, or Hungerford, post village
and tov/nship, Franklin county, Vermont,
on Missisque river, 32 miles N from
Burlington. Population 1820, 1000.
Sheila, town of Africa, in Morocco,
where none are allowed to enter but Ma-
hometans. It is four miles E of Sallee.
Shelter Island, and township of Suf-
folk county. New York, off the E end of
Long Island. Population in 1810, 329;
and in 1820, 379.
Sheltonborough, post village, Pittsyl-
vania county.
Shelton's-store, post office, Goochland
county, Virginia.
Shenandoah, river of Virginia, rises in
Augusta and drains that county, and
Rockingham, Shenandoah, Frederick,
and Jefferson counties, and fails into the
Potomac at Harper's Ferry, after a com-
parative course of about 150 miles. Be-
side numerous smaller branches, it is
composedoffour large constituent streams,
and following its meanders, is navigable
for boats about 100 miles. Its valley is
one of the finest grain tracts of the Uni-
ted States.
Shenandoah, county of Virginia; i^ound-
ed by the Blue Ridge, or Culpepper and
Madison coimties SE ; Rockingham SW;
Hardy and Hampshire NW ; and Fre-
derick NE. Length 36; mean width
30 ; and area 108U square miles. It is
traversed by the two main branches,
and drained by many minor tributaries
of Shenandoah river. The intermediate
space between the two great branches of
Sht-nandoah are veiy mountainous, and
all other parts of the county hilly. Soil
generally productive in grain, pasturage,
and fruits. Chief town Woodstock.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
All other persons except Indiana
not taxed
Slaves - - . . .
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
6,390
6,071
12,461
147
1,038
13,646
8,187
8,521
18.92'6
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 16
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,160
do. in Manufactures - 851
do in Commerce - . Si
Population to the square mile 17 1-3.
Sheyicngo, NE township of Beaver
county, Pennsylvania. Popalation 1820,
1098;
Shenango, SW township of Crawford
county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820,
952.
Shenango, one of the western town-
ships of Mercer county, on both sides of
935
S H E
Shenango river, eight rriiles S\V from
Mercer, Population 1820, 803.
Shenango, T)\er c.i Pennsylvania, rises
in the NW angle of Crawfo; d county, flows
S across Crawford and Mercer counties,
and falls into Big Beaver river, on the
northern border of Beaver county.
She/iey. island cf Kent, at the mouth
of the Thannes, separated fronrs the main
land by the East Swale It contains the
borough of Queensborough and the fori
of Sheerness
Shepherd's Islea, group of snnaU isl-
ands in the S Pacific Ocean Lou. 163
42 E, lat, 17° S.
Shephcrdstoion, post town in .Ti fFtrson
county, Virginia ; lying on the south side
of Potomac river, opposite tn Sharpes-
hurg, 16 miles- NVV cf Harper's ferry,
and 34 NE of Winchester. It has about
1000 inhabitants »
Shejiherdsioivn, villagfe of Belmont
county, Ohio.
Sh'pherdsville, post town, Bullitt
county, Ketnucky, on the right bank of
Salt river, 20 miles S from Louisville,
and an equal distance NW from Bairds-
town.
Shcfiog, small river which rises in
Litclifield county. Connecticut.
Shcjiton Mallet, town in Somerset-
shire. It has a considerable manufac-
ture of cl</th, is seated under Mendir
Hills, 17 miles SW of Bath, and 114 W
of Lrndon Lon. 2 30 W, lat 51 0 N.
Sherborji, town in Dorsetshire, with
a frees* hool founded by Edward VI ;
two large silk mills ; and a conduit of
excellent water, which is continuallv
running. It is computed to contain 2,000
inhabitants, 16 miles N by W of Dorches
ter. and 118 W bv S of I^ondon. Lcn. 2
41 W, lat. 50 54 N.
Sherborn, town in the West riding of
Yorkshire, on a river, which soon falls
into the Ouse, 14 miles SW of York, and
181 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 15 W,
lat. 53 A9 N.
Sherborough, fort of Guinea, in Afri-
ca, seated at the mouth of Sherborrugh
river. It belongs to the English, and is
100 miles SE of Sierra Leone. Lon. 11
0 \V, lat. 6 0 N
Sherburne, anciently Killington, town-
ship of Rutland county Vermont, 24 miles
SSW from Windsor. Population 116.
Killineton peak in this township rises to
4,000 feet above the level of the ocean.
Sherburne, township of Middlesex
county, Massachusc;tts. 20 miles SW from
Boston. Population ISiO. 811,
Sherburne, town in the island of Nan-
tucket, 80 miles sruth of Boston. , Lon.
W 0 6 30 E, lat. 41 0 N.
Sherburn, post town in Chenango
9r^6
S H I
county. New York ; situated on the W
side of Chenango river, about 34 mile*
W of Cooper's-town, and 20 S of Sanger-
field, with 2428 inhabitants in 1810, and
in 1820, 2590
Sherburne ?nil/s, post office, Flennming
county, Kentucky, south from Washing-
ton.
Sheriff -Muir, heath in Perthshire,
frcotland, between the Ochils and the
Grampian mountains; famcus for a
bloody but undecisive battle, in 1715, be-
tween the rcyal army and the rebel for-
ces under the earl of Mar.
Sherman, town of Fairfield county,
Connecticut Population 1810, 949 ; and
in 1820, 957.
Shcrrurd^s s^or<',' post village, Hamp-
shire county, Virginia.
Shetland, general name of about 40
islands, lying' 1:;0 milc.^ NNE of Caith-
ness-shire, in Scf t!and, between 59 56
and 61 UN. lat. The names of the
principal ar^ Mainland, Yell, Unst, and
Pula, or Thule. Shetland, with Ork-
ney, forms one of the counties of Scot-
land.
Shefuc/cet, river of Connecticut, joins
the Quinebaug at Norwich, to form the
Thames, of which it forms the NW
branch.
Shieldsboro\ village of Hancock coun-
ty. Mississippi, on the bay of St. Lruis.
It is a place of summer rt sort from New
Orleans.
Shin, Lock, lake in the mountains of
Sutherlandshire, Scotland ; 81 miles in
circuit. From which issues a stream
which flows into the frith cf Dornoch.
Shift Island, long iiarr< w island or
santl bar of Mississippi, opposite Biloxi
bay, and between Cat and Horn islands.
Sh'ppinsburg post town, township,
and borough in Cumberland county. Penn-
sylvania ; 21 miles SW of Carlisle, 11 NE
of Chaml)ersburg, and 136 W cf Phila-
de'phia. It is situated in the heart of a
fertile country, and contained 1159 in-
habitants in ISIO; and in 1820, 1410.
Shipfiingport, town of Jefferson coun-
ty, Kentucky, at the bottom of the Ra-
pids of Ohio, and two miles below Lou-
isville It is at low water the head of
steam-boat navigation in the Ohio. It is
in reality the lower part of Louisville.
Population about 1000.
Shipton, town in Worcestershire, on
the Stour, 14 miles W of Banb!}ry, and
83 NW of London. Lon. 125 W, lat. 52
5N
Shirley, post village and township of
Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 21
miles WNW from Boston. Population
1820, 922.
Shirley, one of the eastern townships
1
S H R
a M. A
of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, on
the right side of Juniata river, opposite
HamiUonviile. Population 1820, 1191
Shirleysbiirg, post village in Shirley
township, Huntingdon county, Pennsylva-
nia; about 20 miles SSli from Hunting-
don. I'opulation 1820, 183.
Shoales, Isles of on the coast of New
Hampshire and Maint. They lie con-
venient for the cod fishery, which was
formerly carried on here to great advan-
vantage.
Shoccoe springs, post village, acade-
my, and watering place, Warren coun
ty, North Carolina, about 60 miles NE
from Raleigh
Shogle, town of Asia in Syria, on the
Asia anciently called Orontes, over
which is a biidgf of 13 arches. It is 18
miles S by E of Antioch, and 45 SW of
Aleppo Lon. 36 40 E, 'at. 35 20 N.
S/icomsfca, one of the Kuriles in Kamts-
xhatka, Avhich is inhabited by a mixture
of natives and Kamtschadales. See Xu-
rilea
S/iooler's Hdl, village in Kent, situa-
ted on a hill so called, eie;ht miles ESC
of London. From this hill is a fine ex-
tensive prospect, and the Thames makes
a magnificent appearance from it.
Shoreham, borough in Sussex, on an
arm of the sea, which tnakes it a place
of some trade, and many small vessels
are built here. It is 16 miles NW of
New Haven, and 56 S bv \V of London.
Lon. 0 15 \V. lat. 50 54 N.
Shoreham, township of Addison coun-
ty, Vermont, containing 2033 inhabitants
iQ 1810. Situated nn the E side of Lake
Champlain, four miles N of Mount Inde-
pendence.
Short. SE township of Harrison coun-
ty, Oiiio. Population 1820, 2978.
Shouldershill, post office, Nansemond
county, Virginia.
Shrewsbury, borough in Shropshire,
and the capital of that county, 18 miles
Eof Welshpool, 36 V/ <*f Litchfieirl. and
169 NW of London. Lon. 2 41 W, lat.
53 43 N.
Shrewsbury post village and town-
ship, Rutland county, Vermont, on Otter
creek, 10 miles SE from Rutland. Po-
pulation I'OO.
Shreivfybwy , post village and town-
ship, Worcf-ster county, jVIassachusetts,
six milts NE from Vv'orcester Popu-
lation 1810, 1210 ; and in 1820. 1458.
Shrewsbury . post town in Monmouth
county. New Jersey ; situated on a high
and dry soil, near the sea shore, and
therefore resorted to in summer by the
people of New Yoik and Philadelphia,
as a bathing place. It lies in lat. 40 17
N, and lon. 73 12 W, at the distance cf
r, r.
47 miles NE from Trenton, 28 E ijy S
from New Brunswick, and 77 NE from
Philadelphia The tov/oship contained
about 377o inhabitants in 1812 ; and in
1820, 4284.
Shrewsbury, township of York county,
Pennsylvania. It bounds on Maryland in
the S and lies between the S and E
branches cf Codorus creek. The inha-
bitants were stated at 1792 in 1810; acd
in 1820, 19 S3.
Shrewsbury, NE township of Lycom-
ing county, PennsylvaEia. Population
1820. ^79.
Shrewsbury, post village, Kenhawa
county, Virginia.
ShropshitL', or Salop, county of Eng-
land, bounded on the N by Cheshire and
a detached part of Flintshire, on the E
by Staffordshire, on the SE by vVcrces-
tershire, on the S by Herefordshire, on
the SW by Radnorshire, and on the W
by the counties of Montgomery and Den-
bigh ; it is about 50 miles long, and 40
broad. It lies partly in the diocess of
Litchfield and Coventry, and partly in
that of Hereford. This country abounds
with lead, copper, iron, limestone, free-
stone pipe clay, bitumen, and coal. The
prii cijjal rivers are the Severn and the
Tend The capital is Shrewsbury. Po-
pulation 1801, 167,539; in 1811, 194,273 ;
and in 1821, 205,266,
S/nttesburg; township of Franklin coun-
ty, Massachusetts, 15 miles NE from.
Greenfield.
>Siam, kingdom of Asia, bounded on
the N by China, on the E by Laos and
Cambodia, on the S by the gulf of Siam,
and on the W by the bay of Bengal and
Pegu. It is 550 miles in length, and 250
in breadth, though in seme places not
above 50. It is divid d into the Higher
and Lower, and the si il produces plenty
of rice, cotton and triiits. They have
abundance of wild animals in the woods,
as elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards,
and tigers Their tame cattle are beeves,
buffaloes, and hogs, of which they have
plenty ab' ut their farms. Besides which,
there are large and dangerous crocodiles,
and serpents 20 feet long.
S'Mm, or Jnthia, capita! of a kingdom
of the same name, seated on the Menan,
near its m"uth in the gulf of Siam, 400
miles SE oi Pegu Lon. 101 20 E, lat. 14
20 N.
Siara. cai^tain generalship of Brazil ;
bounded by Pnrnaiba river or Maranham
NW ; Atlantic Ocean NE; Pernambuco,
andBahia Sli ; and Goias SW. Length
700 ; breadth 200 ; and area 140,Q00
square miles.
Siara, town of South Amercia, in
Bra5!;il, capital of a captam generalsM^
SIC
S I E
(>f the same name. Lon. VV C 37 10 E,
lat. 3 15 S. See Seara in the Addenda.
Siaskoi, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Petersburg: h, It is seated
not far from tht lake Ladoga> 24 miles
NE ot New Ladoga. Lon. o'j 47 E, lat.
60 16 N.
Siberia, large Country, comprehend-
ing the moat northern part of the Rus-
sian empire in Asia. It is bounded on
the E by the Pacific Ocean, S by Great
Tartary, W by European Russia, and N
by the Frozen Ocean, ft extends 3500
miles in length from E to W, and 1200 in
breadth from N to S. The S part pro-
duces all the necessaries of life, but the
N is extremely cold, almost uncultivated
and thin of people. The principal riches
of this C'Huitry consist of fine skins and
furs ; but they also have rich mines of
iron and copper, and several kinds of
precious stones, particularly topazes of
a beautiful lustre, magnets of an extra-
ordinary size, and even whole mountains
of loadstone The inhabitants are of
three sorts, P igans, or the natives of the
country, Mahometans, and Russians.
The former dwell in the forests in the
winter, and in the summer on the banks
of the rivers. Their garments are the
skins of wild beasts. They have bows,
arrows, a knite, and a kettle, in which
all their riches consist. Ti^.ey make use
of reindeer aid dogs, instead of hoi-ses,
to draw their sledges. Tht Russians
settled here are much the same as in
their native Ciiintry. It is through this
vast tract of land that the Russians cara-
vans travel evi ry year, when they carry
their merchandise to China. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Oby, Leiia, Irtish,
Yenisei, ar;d Okota. The western part
of Siberia is comprised in the Russian
government of Tobolsk and Kulyvan ;
all the eastern part is contained in the
government of Irkutsk. Siberia is the
place tf> which crimir.als, as well as per-
sons under the displeasure of the court,
are commonly banished from Russia
Tobolsk is the capital, where the vice-
roy resides.
Sichem, town of Brabant to the S of
which is a celebrated monastery. It is
seated on the Denner, 18 miles SE of
Mechim. Lon. 5 0 E, lat. 51 6 N.
Sicify, island of the Mediterranean Sea,
almost in the form of a triangle, termi
iiating in three points or capes ; that
which is nearest Italy is called Cape del
Faro; that which regards the Morea,
Capo Passora; and the third which
points to Africa, Capo di Boco. Sicily is
naturally divided into three valleys, to
which the political names of provinces
have been given ; they are Val di Maza-
038
ra, Valdi Demona and Val di Noto. See
those ai'ticles in their places. It is se-
parated from Italy by the straits of Mes-
sina 15 miles broad where narrowest.
The climate is delicious, and soil exube-
rately fruitful. In ancient times it had
the aspect of a garden, but in modern
times, badly cultivated. Present popu-
lation about l,60v/,000. Religion, Ro-
man Catholic. It forms a part of the
kingdom of Naples or of two Sicilies.
Length 165 ; and breadth where widest
112.
Sicques. See Seiks.
Sidaye, strong town on the coast of
the island of Java in the East Indies
with a harbour. Lon. 113 15 E, lat. 6
40 S.
Siddingtoii, village in Gloucestershire,
seated on the river Churn, one mile SE
of Cirencester.
Sideling Hill, range of mountains in
Bedford county, Pennsylvania, and be-
tween Allegasy and Washington counties
Maryland. It lies between the Warrior
and North mountain, and extends through
this county and a part of Huntingdon,
from SW to NE.
Siderocapsa, town of Turkey, in Europe.
in Macedonia, famous for a gold mine
in its neighbourhood. It is five miles
trom the gulf of Contessa. Lon. 13 44
E, lat 40 30 N.
Sidmouth, fishing town in Devonshire,
much fnquented in the bathing season.
It is 12 miles SE of Exiter and 158 W,
by S of London. Lon. 3 15 W, lat. 50
38 N.
Sidney, post town and township Ken-
nebec county Maine, eight miles above
Augusta.
Sidney, post village and township Dela-
ware county. New York. Population
1810, 1607; and in 1810, 1107.
Sidney, new post town and seat of jus-
tice for Shelby county, Ohio. It is situa-
ted on the west bank of Great Miama
river, about 10 miles NE from Piqua
and 72 northwesterly from Columbus.
Sidon, or Said, seaport of Palestine
anciently a place of great strength, and
extensive trade It is still of some note,
has a good castle and a well frequented
harbour, and is also the residence of a
Turkish bashaw. It is 45 miles WSW
of Damascus Lon. 36 5 E, lat 33
33 N.
Sidra, island of the Archipelago, be'
tween the gulf of Napoli, and that of
Engia. Lon. 24 0 E. lat. 27 4 N.
Sidra, spacious guif on the coast of
Barbary, between Tripoli and Barca,
which takes its name from a small island
at the bottom of the gulf.
Siedenbei'g, town of Germany in West'
iji I E
S I I-
phaiia, and county of Hoye, nine miles
SSW of Hoye.
Siegbur^, town of Germany, in West-
phalia, and duchy of Berg, subject to the
elector palatine. It is seated ob the Seig,
15 miles SE of Cologne. Lon. 7 22 E,
lat. 50 43 N.
Siegen, town of Germany, in Wetera-
via, on the river of the same name, 17
miles NW of Dillemburgh, and 37 E of
Cologne. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 50 5j N,
Siegmaringen, town of Germany, in
Suabia, and capital of a county of the
same name. It is 26 miles N of Con-
stance, and 44 S of Stutgard Lon. 9 10
E, lat. 48 2 N
Siegstadt, town of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Aggerhuys.
Sienno, celebrated city of Tuscany, ca-
pital of the Siennese, with a university.
It is about four miles in circumference,
and surrounded by a wall. The archi-
tecture of the Gothic metropolitan
church is admirable, and much esteem-
ed by all travellers ; it is built with black
and white marble, and the pavement is
of Mosaic works. The Italian language
is taught here with such puiity, that
many foreigners frequent it on that ac-
count. It is seated on three eminences,
36 miles S of Florence, and 105 N by W
of Rome. Lon. HUE, lat. 4^ 23 N.
Siennese, duchy of Italy, bounded .in
the N by the Florentino, on the S by the
Mediterranean and tiie duchy of Castro,
and the E by the Perugino anci Oi'vietano,
and on the W by the Florentino and the
Tuscan Sea. It is about 33 miles in
length, and as much in breadth. The
soil is pretty fertile, especially in mul-
berry trees ; which feed a great number
of silk-worms, and there are several mi-
neral springs. Sienna is the capital
Sieimoi, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Mohilef, 60 miles NNW of Mo-
hilef. Lon. 29 45 E, lat 54 30 N.
Sierra Leone, country on the W coast
of Africa, so named, according to some
authors, by the Portuguese, on account
of its mountains on this coast abounding
with lions. Some extend its limits from
the Grain Coast on the SE, to Cape Ver-
ga or Voga on the NW ; that is, between
7 0 and 10 0 N lat Others, however,
confine the country between Cape Verga
and Cape Tagrin. Free, and Regent's
towns, in this country are British colonies.
See Freetown- and Regent's town.
Sierra Leone, river of Africa, in a coun-
try of the same name. Its source is un-
certain, but its mouth, in lon. 13 30 W,
lat. 8 15 N, is nine miles wide.
Sierra Leone, or Lion Mountaim, moun-
tains of Africa, which divide Nigritia
from Guinea, and extend as far as Abys-
sinia. They were styled by the ancients
the Mountains of God, on account of
their being subject to thunder and light-
ning.
Sierra Morena, mountains in Spain,
which divide the kingdoms of Estrema-
dura and New Castile from that of Anda-
lusia.
Si-Fians, the name of a people subject
to China. The country is only a conti-
nued ridge of mountains, bounded by the
rivers Hnang-ho on the N, Yalong on the
W, and Yang-tse-kiang on the E, between
30 0 and 35 0 N lat.
Sigmaringeri, city of German}', on the
Danube 45 miles S from Stutgard. It is
the capital of the principality of Hohen-
zollern-Sigmaringen. Lat. 48 02 N.
Sigelmessa. .See Siigeilmcssa
Sigeth, or Zigat, town of Lo.wer Hun-
gary, capital of a county of the same
name. It is seated in a morass, has a
triple wall, with ditches full of water,
and is defended by a citadel, being one
of the strongest places in Hungary. It
is 50 miles NW of Esseck, and 38 W
by S of Colocza. Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 46
17 N.
Signan, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Bern. Lon. 7 18 E, lat. 43
44 N
• Sigtitna, ancient town of Sweden, in
Upland, S'^ated <in the lake Maeler, be-
tween Stockholm and Upsal.
Signenzu, town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, with a university. It is surround-
ed with strong wa'ls and well fortified.
The university consists of several col-
leges. It is seated on a hill, at the foot
of Mount Atienca, 60 miles NE of Ma-
drid. Lon. 2 41 W, lat. 41 6 N.
Sihon, or Gihon, the laxartes of the
ancients, and the Amu of the Russians,
a river of Asia See Jihon.
Silao, town of Mexico, in Guanaxuato,
20 miles NW by W from the city of
Guanaxuato.
Silchester, village in Hampshire, Eng-
land, where tradition says King Arthur
was crowned.
Si-hoii, beautiful lake of China, which
washes the walls of Hang-tcheou.
Silesia, duchy of Germany, 274 miles
long, and 100 broad ; boimded on the N
by Brande;iburg and Pol.uid, on the south
by Mor.ivia nd Hungary, on the E by Po-
land, and on the W by Lower Lusatia and
Bohemia. The principal rivers are the
Oder, the Vistula, the Neisse, the Bober,
the Qiieis, the Oppa, and the Else. There
is a loii.;^ chain of mountains, which sepa-
rate Silesia from Bohemia. The most con"
siderable silver mine.s are at Keitstein, in
the principality of Breig. There are also
mines of lead, copper, and iron, and quar-
939
S I M
lies cf various stones ; besides antimony,
salt-petre, sulphur, sXnm, vitri i!, quick-sil-
ver, sealed earth, and othei- minerais. The
principal maniifac-ory is liaen-clnth, and
they have also some v.ooUen mainifuct ries,
and glass houses ; it contains ab'ut 2,000,000
of inhabitants. The grestest part of this
country was ceded to the kin» of Prussia,
in 1742, by the ireaty of Breslaw.
Sil/iet, town of Hindoosian, in the East
Indies, 100 miles NE of DaccM, and 200 E
NE of Moorshedabad. Lon 91 57" E, lat.
2-1 52 N.
Silisiria, or Doresfro, town of European
Turkey, in Bulgai-ia, with a citadel, and an
archbishop's see. It is seated near the
confluence of the Missovo and Danube, 97
miles NE of Nicopoli,and 170 NE of Adria-
nople. Lon. 37 31 E, lat. 45 0 N.
Silkeburg, formerly strong t"">vn of Den-
mark, in»N Jutland. 18 miles W of Arim-
sen. Lnn. 9 30 E.'lat 56 3 N.
Sillebary seaport on the W coast of Su-
matra, in the East Indies, a little sou'h of
Bencoolen. Lon. 101 0 E, lat 4 0 S.
Silver Creek, townsliip of Green county,
Ohio, containing the vilLig-e of Jamcs»owii.
Silver Lake, townsliip and p'>st village,
Susquehannah county, Penn-yl- aiiia, six
miles NW from Montrose. Population in
1820, 456.
Simancas, town of Spain, the province of
Leon with a s'rong castle, situated on the
Douero, eight miles SW of Valladohd.
Lon. 4 30 VV, ht. 41. 45 N.
Simbirsk, government of Russia, formerly
a province of the kingdom c KL.isan, which
contains 13 districts.
Simbh^sk, capital town of hissia, in the
government of Simbirsk. It is seated on
the Volga, 100 miles S by W of Kusan.
Lon. 48 34 E, lat. 54 22 N.
Simeoe, lake of Upper Canada, which dis-
charges its waters into Lake Huron by
Severn river.
Simeoe, county of Upper Canada, be-
tween Lakes Simcne and Huron
Silota, Bocca, the strait between the
islands of Negiopont and Andros. This
strait has recently in the summer of 1822,
been rendered remarkable by a plendid
naval victory obtained by the Greeks over
the Turks.
Simi, island in the Mediterranpan, six
miles N of Rhodes. Lon. 27 33 E, lat. 36
35 N.
Simmeren, town of Germany, in Lower
Rhine, capital of a duchy of the same
name, on the Smtmeren, 26 miles W of
Mentz, and 35 E of Triers. Lon. 2 41 E,
lat. 49 51 N.
Simogu, town of Hindoostan, in the East
Indies, 93 miles NW of Sei-ingapatam.
Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 13 21 N.
Simons, St. island of North America, on
the coast of George, opposite the mouth of
'940
SIN
the Alatamaha, about 15 miles long, and
four broad. Chief town, Frederica.
Simonthorna., strong tov.n of Lower Hun-
gary, ui the county of Tolna, eight miles
from Tolna. Lon.' 18 16 E, Int. 46 40 N.
Simpson, cou.ity of Kentucky ; bounded
l)y Tennessee S ; Logan county in Ken-
tucky W and NW ; Warren N ; and Allen
B. Length 25 ; mean width 16 ; and area
400 square miles. Red river branch of
Cumberland, and Big Barren branch of
Greene river rise in this county. Chief
town, Franklin.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,01o
do. do. females - - 2,019
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - -
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
4,032
11
6
393
410
4,852
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 2
EngHged in Agriculture - - 608
do. in Manufactures - 78
do. in Commerce - - 6
Popidation to the square mile, 12.
Simpsonville, post village, Montgomery
county, Maryland, eight miles NW trom
Washington.
Simsbury, small post village and town-
ship, in Harlford county, Connecticut, 14
mihs NW of Hartford, and eight SE of
New Hartford. It contained 1966 inhabi-
tants in 1810; and ii: 1820, 1954.
Sinai, mountain of Arabia Petrsea, in the
peninsula formed bv the two arms of the
Red Sea. Lon. 34'l5 E, lat. 29 2 N.
Sincapour, islMud and town at the most
southern extremity of the peninsula of
Malacca, opposite the is'aiid of Sumatra,
which with the Malacca coast form the
strait of Sincapour. It is 100 miles SE of
the city of Malacca Lon. 104 10 E, lat. 1
ION.
Sinde See Indus and Tatta.
Sindeljingen, town ot Germany, in Suabia,
six miles SW of Stutgard. Lon. 9 5 E,
lat. 48 45 N.
Sindy, or Scind, province of Hindoostan
Proper ; bounded on the W by Persia ; on
the N by the territories of the king of Can-
dahar; on the NE by those of the Seiks ; on
the E by a sandy desert, and on the SE by
Cutch. It extends along the course of the
Indus, from the mouth, to the frontiers of
Moultan, 300 miles ; and its breadth, in
the widest part, is 160. In many 'particu-
lars of soil anel climate, and the genera!
SIN
SIR
appearance of its surface, it resembles penlp.sula of the Black sea, 280 miles E
Eg'ypt ; the lower p^rt being composed of from Constantinople. Lon. 33 55 E, lat. 41
rich vegetable mould, and extended into u 05 N.
wide delta; while t!ie upper p;irt is a nar- Sinkmg spring; post village in Highland
row slip of country, confint-d <>n the Per- county, Ohio, 33 miles SW from Chi iicothe,
sian side by a ridge of mountains, and on on the great road leading from thence to
the other by a sandy desert, tlie Indus, Maysville.
equal at least to the Nile, winding through Sion, mountain of Palestine, on the south
the midst of this level valley, and annually side of Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sa-
ovei flowing it. Daring great part of the cred history.
SW monsoon, or at least in July, August, ,Sw72, of ^/««j, town of Switzerlmd, capi*
and part of September (which is the rair.y tal of Valais, and an episcopal see. It is
season in most other parts ot India) the at- situated on the riverSiiten, near the Rhone,
mosphere is he;e g; neraliy clouded ; but at tte toot of three insulated rocks, which
no rain falls except near the s^;a. Indeed rise immediately from the plain Sion was
very few showers fall during the whole formerly the capitrd of the Seduni, and
year, Owmg t,> thi>, and the neighbour- some RoiTinn inscriptions sill reir.ain. ft
hnod of the andy de.serts on the E and on i,. Si) mdes E of Geneva. Lon. 7 22 E, Jat.
the NW. the heu;s are so violent, and the 46 9 N.
winds from those quarters so pernicious, 6'joji^ or Os/o^ town of Egypt, which has
that tne houses are contrived so as to be several mosques, and is the see of a Coph-
occasionaliy ventilated by aperturfs on the tic bishop. Here are the ruins of an am-
top, resembling the funnels of small chim- phitheatre, and some sepulchres of the
pies The inland parts of Smdy, produce Romans. It stands "n an artificial m>unt,
salt-pctre, sal-ammoniac, borax, hezo;:r, t\> o miles from the Nde, and 185 soutii of
iapis-lazuli, and raw silk. They have also Cairo. Lon. 31 24 E, lat 27 25 N.
manufactures of cotton and sik of varinus Siphanto, ancient Siphnos, one of the
kinr's; and they in:ike fine cabinets, inlaid best cultivated islands of "he Archip'eiago,
with ivory, and finely lacquered. to the W of Paros. !t is 36 miles in cir-
Sinepuxen, long, narrow bay of the Uni- cumference, and though covered with mar-
ted States, w'.iich lies between Worcester ble ard granite, produces corn suliicient
county, Maryland, and a ^mall island called for its inhabitants; t-.lso excellent silk, but
A.ssatigue. U communicates v;ith the not in any considerable quantity. The
ocean by Sinepuxen inlet. chief articles of commerce are cahcoe'^.
Sines, town of Portugal, in the province straw hats, fig-, onions, honey, wax, oil,
and capers. Lon. 25 15 E, lat 37 9 N.
Sirailia, town of Poland, capitid of a pala-
tinate fif the same name, with a strong cas^ le.
Lon. 8 55 "W, lat. 37
of Estremadura.
40 N.
Sing, strong town of Dalmatia, taken by
the Venetians from the Turks in 16H6. It It is surrounded by a wall, and seated in a
is 16 miles N of Spaktro. Lon- 17 30 E, pliiiu, on tlie river Watta, 62 miles KE of
lat. 47 10 N. Breslau, and 105 NW of Cracow. Lon. 18
Si ngan-fou, large city and capital of the 55 E, lat. 51 32 N.
province of Chen-si in Cliina. Next to Pe- Siraf, tov/n of Persia, in the province of
king it is one of the most beautiful and Lsris'an, situate on the Persian gulf,
largest cities in China It is 480 miles SW Sitgian, town of Persia noted for its
of Peking. Lon. 108 43 E, lat. 34 16 N, beautiful pottery.
Singiliis, tov/n of Russia, in the govern- Sirhiud. very ancient city of Hindoostan
ment of Simbrisk. Lon. 48 34 B, lat. 54 Proper, in the province of Delhi. The art
1 N. of weav'.np; silk v.'as brought back to C' n-
Singo, town of Turkey in Europe, in stantinople, in the 16th century, by the
Macedonia, on the gulf of Monte Santo, m.jnks who returned from Siriiind. It is
Lor.. 24 0 E, lat. 40 13 N. 195 miles NW of Delhi. Lat. 30 1 N, lon.
Singor, town of Asia, in the peninsula of 75 35 E.
Malaccj, seated at the mouth of a small Sir Charles Hardy's Island, island in the
river, in the bay of Patan. Lon. 101 25 E, Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Car-
lat. 6 4 .. N. terot. Lon. 154 20 E, lat. 4 41 S.
Singleton's, post office, Southampton Sir Charles Sminder's Island, in t!)*^ Pa-
county, Virginia.
Singsiitg, post village, Westchester coun-
ty. New York, on the Hudson below the
mouth of Croton river.
Siiiigaglia, seap'irt of Italy, in the duchy
cific Ocean, discovered by captain Walli:;.
Lon 151 4 W, lat. 17 28 S.
Sirik, town of France, in the department
of Moselle. It is seated on the Mos^-lle,
25 miles N of Metz. Lon. 6 38 E, lut. 49
of Urbmo, at the mouth of \he Nigola in 36 X,
the gidf of Venice, 17 miles SE of I'esaro, Sirinagw, large rugged coun'ry of Asia;
Sinob, or Sinope, seaport of Tuik'y ni bounded on the N and NE by the Thihetian
Asin, in Natolia, on the isthmtis of a stn.i11 mountains, on the SE by NapuJ, on the S
941
S I V
S t A
by llohilla, on the SW by Delhi, and on the
NW by Lahore. The capital, of the same
name, is 160 miles south of Delhi. Lon.
77 38 E, lai. 30 59 N.
Sirius Island, island of the Pacific Ocean.
Lon, 162 30 E, lat. 10 52 S,
Sirmich, or Sirmiwn. town of Sclavonia,
capital of a county of the same name, on
the Bosweth, near the Save, 42 miles SE
of Esseck. Lon. 20 19 E, lat. 45 13 N.
Sirong, or Seronge, large town of Hin-
doostan Proper, in the province of Malwa.
It is 120 miles NE of Ougein. Lon. 78 4
E, lat. 24 4 N.
Sisizan, seaport on the E coast of Luco-
nia, one of the Philippine islands. It is
situated almost immediately opposite to
Manilla, and in the vicinity of Tcry high
mountains, which render the air extremely
moist. Lon. 123 45 E, lat. 14 20 N.
Sissac, town of Swisserland, in the canton
of BjsiI, capitnl of the province of Sisgow.
It is 17 miles SE of Ba-il.
Sisseg, town of Austrian Croatia, with a
monastery, sea'cd on the Save, 28 miles SE
of Zagrad, and 42 E of Carlstadt. Lon. 16
17 E, lat. 46 6 N.
Sissek, strong town of Croatia, situated
at the confluence of the Save and Kulpa,
40 miles E of Carlstadt. Lon. 22 10 E,
lat. 45 48 N.
Sissopoli, town of Turkey, in Europe, in
Romania, on a peninsula of the Black Sea,
25 miles S of Mesembria, and 97 NW of
Constantinople. Lon. 28 9 E, lat. 42
30 N.
Sister Islands, three small islands to-
wards the western extremity of lake Erie,
called the Eastern, Western, and Middle
Sisters. They are all small, the largest
not exceeding 10 acres.
Sisteron, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Alps, and late province of
Provence, on the Durance, 45 miles NE of
ALx. Lon. 6 1 E, lat. 44 11 N.
Sistersville, post village, Tyler county,
Virginia, on the Ohio river, oS miles above
Marietta.
Siston, village in Gloucestershire, with
a manufacture of brass, and another of
saltpetre ; and tin ore has likewise been
found here.
Sitia, town on the N coast of the isle of
Candla, near a bay of the same name, 58
miles from Candit. Lon. 26 29 E, lat. 55
0 N.
Sittard, town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, seated near the Maese,
"10 miles S of Ruremonde. Lon. 5 50 E,
lat. 50 58 N.
Sitiingburn, town in Kent, 40 miles ESE
of London.
Sivrai, town of France in the depart-
mint of Vienne, on the Ch. rente, 100
miles SSW of Paris. Lon. 0 23 E, lat.
46 16 N.
942
Sivas, or Seivas, ancient Sebaste, town
of Asiatic Turkey, 373 miles E from Con-
stantinople. Lon. 37 0 E, lat. 39 0 N. See
Sevas in the Addenda.
Sizun, small island of France, on the
coast of Bretagne, eight miles from the
mainland. It is almost on a level with the
water, and produces only barley
Skara, town of Sweden, in West Goth-
land, with the ruins of an ancient palace,
the residence of the Gothic kings. It is
seated on the Lida, in a morass, 17 miles
NE of Falkoging. Lon. 14 0 E, lat. 58 16
N.
Skeen, town of Norway, in the govern-
ment of Aggerhuys, remarkable for its
mines of iron and copper. It is seated
near the Categate, 40 miles W of Fre-
dericstadt.
Skeneateles, lake of New York, in Onon-
dago, Cayuga, and Cortland counties. It
is about 15 miles long, and from one and
a half to half a mile wide. It is discharged
into Seneca river.
Skeneateles, village of Onondago county,
New York, at the lower extremity of Ske-
neateles lake.
Skenectady. See Schenectady.
Skeensborough. See Whitehall.
Skiddato, mountain in Cumberland, one
of the most remarkable in England, being
above 1000 yards perpendicular height.
Skinnersville, post village, Washington
county, North Carolina, about 20 miles S
from Edenton.
Skippack, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsjlvania See Perkiomen.
Skipton, town in the West Riding of
Yorkshire, 41 miles S by E of Richmond.
Skone. See Schonen.
Skuttock hills, Hancock county, Maine,
are five in number, and serves as land-
marks, in entering Goldsborough harbour.
Skye, island of Scotland, one of the
largest of the Hebrides. It is separated
on the E from Scotland by a very narrow
channel, but its western part is at a con-
siderable distance from Lewis. It is not
less than 40 miles in length, from 20 to 30
in breadth, and almost a hundred in cir-
cumference.
Sluguen, town of Germany, in Pomera-
nia, seated on the Wipper, 10 miles E by
S of Rugenwald.
Slaney, decayed town of Bohemia, with
a castle, 18 miles NW of Prague. Lon.
18 27 E. lat. 50 16 N.
Slate, district of the island of Skye, on
the SE side of the island It is a penin-
sula, and terminates in a rugged promon-
tory, called the Point o*" Slate.
Slave Lake, large lake of Briti.'-h Nr.rth
America, between lat. 60 30 :in;i 62 30 N.
It extends nearly E and W^ oSO miies, with
a mean width of about 40, between lon.
"3 0 and 42 0 W from W C. It receives
S L O
S M I
the Unjigah river at its SE, and discharges
it from the NW extremity.
Slave river, of Britisfi America, the out-
let of Athapescow lake. See Athapescoiu
lake in the Addenda.
Slatvka-w, or Austerlitz,Xoyfm of Moravia,
capital of a circle of the same name. It is
10 miles E of Biinn. Lon. 16 57 E, lat.
49 5 N
Sleaford, populous town in Lincolnshire,
18 miles S of Lincoln. Lon. 0 21 W, lat.
53 1 N.
Sieswick, or South Jutland, ducby of
Denmark, separated fmm Holstein, by the
river Eyder. It is 100 miles long and 60
broad, and a fertile and populous country.
Sles-aiick, ancient and considerable town
of Denmark, capital of a duchy of the
same name. It is an irregularly built town
of great length, and contains about 5630
inhabitants. The houses are of brick, and
like all the other towns in this country, re-
semble those of Holland. The inh.ib tants
dress also Hke the Dutch -, anci many of
them speak their tongue, thougli the usual
languages are the German and Dnish.
Close to Sleswick, is the old palace of Got-
torp, formerly the ducal residence ; see
Gottorp, Sleswick is situated near the bot-
tom of an arm of the Baltic, called the
Sley, 60 miles NW of Lubec, and 125 SW
of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 54 39
Slig^o, county of Ireland, in the province
of Connaught, 25 miles long and nearly as
broad ; bounded on the E by Leitrim, on
the SE by Roscommon, on the SW and W
by Mayo, and on 'he N by the Atlantic.
It contains 41 parishes, and sends four
members to parliament,
Sligo, borougb of Ireland, in a county
of the same name, and the only market
town in it. It is seated on the bay of Sli-
go, 26 miles E of Kiliala, and 100 NW of
Dublin. Lon. 8 26 W, lat. 54 13 X.
Slippery Rock, river of Pennsylvania, the
SE branch of Beaver, rises in Butler, Ve-
nango, and Mercer counties by a number
of creeks, which unite in the NE angle of
Beaver and receiving the Conequenessing
from the SE falls into Big Beaver river,
12 miles N from the borough of Beaver.
Slippery Rock, township of Butler coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on Slippery Rock river,
contiguous to Mercer and Beaver counties.
Population 1820, 865.
Slippery Rock, townshp of Mercer coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, adjoining the preceding.
Population 1820, 1027.
Slimbndge, village in Gloucestershire, 11
miles SW of Gloucester. In this parish,
which is 20 miles in compass, 1000 acres
of land have been gained from the Se-
vern.
Slonim, town of Lithuania, in the palati-
nate of Novogrodeck, on the Sezra, 40
miles SW of Novogrodeck, and 60 SE of
Grodno. Lon. 23 57 E, lat 53 0 N.
Slooten, or Slotev, populous town of
Fri. sland, seated on a lake called Slooten-
mere, three miles from the Zuider-Zee,
and 18 NW of Steenwick. Lon. 5 26 E,
lat. 52 55 N.
Schiizk, populous town of Lithuania, ca-
pital of a duchy of the same name, on the
river Sluczk, 70 miles SE of Novogrodeck.
Lon 27 44 E, lat. 53 2 N.
Shittellnirg, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Petersburg, on the S side of
the lake Ladoga, 30 miles E of Peters-
burgh Lrm. 31 20 E, lat. 60 0 N.
Sluys, town in Flanders, opposite the
island of Cadsand, with a good harbour.
It has its name from its fine sluices, by
which the whole country can be inundated.
It is 10 miles N of Bruges. Lon- 3 5 E,
lat. 51 19 N.
Smaland, or Smoland, province of Swe-
den, the most southern of the kingdom,
except Schonen, and Bleking. It lies op-
posite the island of Ocland Prinoipal town
Calmar.
Smalkald, town of Franconia, in the
county of Henneberg, subject to Hesse
Cassel. It is famous for a confederacy
entered into by the German protestants,
against the emperor, in 1539, to defend
their religion and liberties, commonly cal-
led the Smalkaldic league It is seated on
the Werra, 25 mile^ s'w of Erfurt, and 50
NW of Bamberg. Lon, 10 53 E, lat. 50
49 N.
Smarden, town of Kent, with a market
on Friday, 10 miles SSE of Maidstone,
and 56 of London. Lon. 0 43 E, lat. 51
11 N.
Smith, township of Washington county,
Pennsylvania, on Racoon creek, about 20
miles NNW from Washington. Population
in 1810, 1645 ; 1220, 1848.
Smith, county of Tennessee ; bounded by
Kentucky N ; Jackson county E ; White
and Warren SE ; Wilson SW ; and Sumner
W. Length 36; mean width 15; and area
o40 square miles. Caney Fork river joins
the Cumberland at Carthage, near the
centre of this county. Surface rather rol-
ling than hilly. Soil generally productive.
Chief town Carthage.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - -
Slaves . . - .
Total population in 1810 -
943
4,864
4.560
9,424
11,649
S M I
Population in 1820.
Free -.vliite maiea . - ^
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
' not taxed ....
7,096
6,842
Total whites
13,538
Free persons of colour, males -
52
do. do. females -
36
Slaves, males _ . .
1,741
do. females - - -
1,813
Total popidation in 1820
17,580
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
0
Engaged in Agriculture
3,745
do. in Manufactures
201
do. in Commerce
25
Population to the sqviare mile, 32,
Smith, townslsip of Belmont county, Oiiio.
Population in 1820, 1030.
Smith's river, ■r Staunton, river of Virgi-
nia. See Stanntori river.
Smith's Island, island in the Pacific
Ocean, discovered in 1790, by lieutenant
Ball. Lon. 161 54 E, lat. 9 44 S.
Smithfield, post town, and the capital of
Johnston county. North Carolina ; lying on
the N. side ofNeuse river, 30 miles NW of
Waynesboro', and 100 VV by N of Newbern,
and 322 from Wa.>>hington
SmithJield,X.o\w\\s\\\Y> of Providence coun-
ty, Rhode Island, containing 2,828 inliabi-
tanth in 1810 ; aad in 1820, 4676; situated
on the SW side of Pautucket river. It cm-
tains four churches, three .icademies, and
nine cottrn factories ; as also a gun and
severa other factories.
Smithjield, post village, and township,
Madison' county, New York, 30 miles WSW
from Utica, containing also ti:e village of
Peterborough. Population in 1810, 2651 ;
and in 1820, 3338.
Smithjield, township of Bradf-^rd county,
Pennsylvania, eig'it mdes NW from To-
wantia. Population in 1820, 695.
Smithfitld, post village, Somerset county,
Pennsylvania, on the right bu'ik of Youghio-
gany river, at the crossing of the United
States road, 19 miles SE by E from
Union.
Smithfidd, Lorjcr, N'E township of Nor'.h-
ampton county, Pei'msylvania, on the Dela-
ware below the water Gap. Population in
1820,961..
Smithfieid Middle. SE township of Pike
coimty, P nn-vlvai ia. Population in 1820,
812.
Smithfieid, Upper, extreme eastern town-
sh;p of Pike county, f'eimsylv.ania, inclu-
ding the town of Milford. Population in
1820, 877.
Smithfieid, post town of Jefferson county,
Oliio, 4:> miles SW from Stubenville. cnn-
944.
S 51 0
taining about 100 houses, and upwards of
600 inhabitants: wih sx merchant floui-
mills, and 13 saw mills in the vicinity.
Smithjield, township of Jefferson coumy,
Ohio, containing Soiiil/field village, and in
1820, 2143 iniiabiiants.
Smithjield, pofet town in Isle of Wight
county, Virginia, on Pagan creek, a branch
of James river, 38 miles W of Norfolk,
about 55 SE of Petersburg, and 218 S by E
of Washington.
Smithfieid, post town and seat of justice,
Johnson county, North Carolina, on the
left bank of Neuse nver, 25 miles SE from
Euleijih.
Smithhmd, post town Livingston county,
Kentucky, on the left bank of the Ohio,
immediately below the mouth of Cumber-
land river Population about 100.
Smithboro', post village, Tioga county,
Nivv York, on the right bank of Susquehan-
nah river, 10 miles above Tioga point.
Smith's Ferry, post office, Ohio county,
Kentucky.
Smith's Island, island at the mouth of
Cape F: ar river. Cape Fear is the south-
ern salient ]>oirit of this island.
Smith's Poi?it, south cape at the mouth
of Potomac river.
Smith' sstore, post office, Spartanburg
district, South Carolina.
SmithtoTJ7i, post town in New York, situ-
ated near Crane's Point, in Suff'olk county,
Long Is and, 50 miles E by N of the city of
New York, and 14 NW of Brook-haven.
In 1800 the township contained 1592 inha-
bitants; and in 1820, 18~4.
Smithio-iun, township of Howard count}',
Mis.^ouri.
Smithvillc, tovvnsliip of Chenango, coun-
ty. New York, 20 tniles SW for Norwich.
Smithville, post town, Brunswick county,
North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape
Fear river, near the mouth, and opposite
Smith's Island. It is the seat of an acade-
my and has a good harbour.
Smocltville, post village, Jefferson county,
Indi^iua.
Smoland. See Smaland.
Smolensk, government of Rr.ss'a, on th.e
iroi (tiers of Lithuania. After having been
an object of contention, and reciprocally
possessed by Poland snd Russia, it was con-
quered by Alexay Micliaelovitch in 1654,
and ceded to Uussia by th.e peace of Mos-
cow, in 1G64. It now for.mspne of the Rus-
sian governments.
Smolensk, city of Russia, capital of a go-
vernment of 'he same name. It is situate
on the D iiepcr, and extends over two
mountaii.s, and the valley between them.
Notwithstanding its ex.en't, it contains only
about 10,000 inhahiian's, and has no manu-
r..ctures, hut carries on with Dantzic, Riga,
and the Urkraine, a petty traffic m linen,
itcTnp, hone"C, mix; leather, fnrs^ he- ^^ '"
S i\ 1
19?' niiies NE of Novogorodeck. and 230 N
of Kiof, Lon. 32 34 E, lat 24 50 N.
Smynhnsen, town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, 16 miles W of
liendsburg.
Smyi-na, seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, and one of the largest und richest
cities of the Levant. The goodnes> of tlie
harbour has caused it to be rebuilt several
times, after having been destroyed by
earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of mer-
chants from almost all parts o^ the world,
and* the magazine o* their merchandise.
The Turks have 19 mosques, the Greeks
two churches, the Jews eigh' ■synagogues,
the Armenians one chui'ch, and the Latins
three convents. There are three bishops,
one Greek, t!ie other Latin, and the third
Armenian. Its population is computed at
120,000 persons. The stree's are mor?
open, better paved, and the iuju es better
budt, tlian in other towns on the conti lent.
The street of the Franks is the finest in
"Snyrna, and lies all ;.long the harbour It
is eight days journey from Constantinople
by iand, 25 days fro:Ti Al ppo. by car 'van ,
six from Cogni, seven fom Catayu, and six
from Satalia. The. imports I'rom England
consist of woollen clths, camlets, lead, tin,
and hardware ; these are exchang^ed for cot-
ton, coffee, mohair, drugs, galls, raisins, figs
&c. The Englsh and Dutch tac'ors have
protest^.nt chapeis, and taverns iire as open
here is in Rtu'ope. The fortifications ctin-
sist of a fort, a csstle, a mountain, and an
Old citadel. It is seated at the head of a
large bay, 190 miles SSW of Constantino-
ple; Lon. 27 7 E, lat, 38 28 N.
Smiihebo rough, Somerset county, Penn-
sylvania. See Smilhfietd.
Snackenbzirg, town of Lower Saxony, in
Bnmswick-Lunenburg, 20 mdes E by S of
Danneberg
Snuit.'i, town in West Yorkshire, with a
muket 'in Friday, 22 miles S of York, and
175 N by \V of London.
Sneafrs-tavei'ii, post office, Fluviana
conn'y, Virginia.
Sneck, or 6'/»<:, fortified town of Holland,
in Friesl.tnd, seated t)n a lake of tlie same
name, in marshy land, 12 miles SSW of
Le warden.
Sneedahorougk, post town, Anson county.
North Carolina, on the right bank of the
Yadkin river, immediately above t!ie north-
ern boundary of South Carolina, 100 mdes
SW from Raleigh.
Sneirnc, town of Persia, in the province
of Irac, 57 miles WNW of Amadan
Snickers, post oince, and ferry over She-
nandoali river, near the north angle of
Frederick cumty, Virginia, 40 miles N\V
by W from Wasjiington
Snickcr^s-gap, through the Bine Ridge,
'^■'■'Mit throe miios SE from Snicker's ferrv.
;? o c
,S>io7V, noted cavern, on the north coast
of Southerlandshire.
Snowdon, mountain in Carnarvonshire,
its name signifies literally, tlie Hill of Snow,
from snow and down. This is the most
noted eminence in tbe whole region of the
WeLsli Hiils, arid may with propriety, be
styled the British Alps. Modern calcula-
tions make it 3568 fee;, reckoning from the
quay of Carnarvon to the highest peak.
Sno-uhill, po-t town, port of entry, and
seat of justice, Worcester county, Mary-
land. It is situated on the SE side of Po-
komoke river, 60 miles SE from Easton,
and 20 miles a little south of east from
Princess Ann. It is a place of considera-
ble commerce, amount of shipping about
7300 tons
Sno-Mhill, post village, Green county.
North Carolma.
Soana, or Suane, episcopal town of Italy*
in Tu-^cany, near the river Flora, 30 miles
SE of Sienna. Lon. 11 46 E, lat. 42 40
N.
Soane, river ot Hmdoostan Proper, which
rises on the south confines of Allababiid,
issuini;; from 'die same lake which is the
source of the Neibudda; and fl^vrng in an
opposite direction to that river 1500 miles,
it falls ir.to the Ganges above Patna, This
river in conjunction with the Nerbudda
and die Ganges makes :>s it were an island
of the southern part of Hindoostan.
Society Isles, islands in the Pacific Ocean,
discovered by Captain Cook in 1769, si ua-
ted b';ween'l50 57 and 152 0 W lon. and
16 10 and 16 55 S lat They are seven
in number, Huaheme, Ulitea, Otaha, Bala-
bola, Mo'.irooa, Toobaee, and Tabooyama-
noo, or Saiinder's idand, which is here in-
cluded, as being subject to Huaheine. The
soil, the productinns, the people, their lan-
guage, religion, customs, and mannerS; are
so nearly the same as of Otaheite, that littie
need be added here on that subject. Na-
ture has been tqually bountiful in uncul*
• tivated pienty, and the inhabitants are as
luxurious, and as indolent.
Society Land, lownshipi Willsborougii
coimty, New Hampshire, 25 miles SW
irom Cone rd.
Society hill, p >st office, Darlington dis-
trict, Soiitli Carolina.
Soco-ney, post village, Pendleton district,
SouUi Caiolina.
Sucunusco, province of Guatimala, NW
from the city of Guat:mala, 88 miles long,
and nearly "as much brond; bounded on
the N by the Chiapi, on the E by Guati-
mala, on the S by the Pacific Ocean, and
on the W by Guaxaca.
Soconusco, or Guevetlan, town of Nev?
Kpam, capital of a province of the same
narete, 440 miles SE of Mexico. Lon. W <»
.15 .50 W, lat ^!y 12 N.
S O F
St) L
Socotora, island of Asia, between
Arabia Felix, and Africa, about 50 miles
long and 22 broad. It abounds in fruit
and cattle, and is particularly noted for
its fine aloes. kno%vn by the name of So-
cotrine aloes. Tiie natives are Maho-
metans, with a mixture of Paganism,
and they have a king who depends on
Arabia.
Soczowa, town of Turkey in Europe,
in Moldavia, seated on the Seret, 32
miles SW of Jassy. Lon. 26 20 E, lat.
47 16 N.
Sodbury, or Chip/iing Sodbury, town
in Gloucestershire, noted for its fine
cheese. It is seated in a bottom, near
the clowns, 15 miles ENE of Bristol, and
112 W of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 51
36 N.
Sodor, village in Icolmkill, one of the
Westf-rn Isl s of Scotland. The bishop
of Man is still called bishop of Sodor
and Man, on account of its once having
been a bishop's see, which comprehend-
ed all the islands, together with the isle
of Man.
Sodus, bay of New York, on the S
shore of lake Ontario, between Seneca
and Ontario counties. It is formed by a
small indenting of the coast, and two,
long, narrow sand bars admitting be-
tween their pointS; vessels drawing Sf -
ven feet water. It is completeiy se-
cure, 12 milts N from Lyons, on the
Erie canal.
Sodus, Little, small bay 12 miles E
froin the preceding;.
Sodus, post office, Ontario county,
New York, on Sodus bay, 30 miles NE
from Caiiandaigua Population 1810
1957; and in 1820, 2013.
Soeburg, town of Denmark, in the isl-
and of Zealand.
Soest, large town of West])halia, in
the county of Marck, formerly free and
imperial, but now belonging to the king
of Prussia. The streets are watered
with streams that proceed from a lake.
It is 12 miles SW of Leipstadt, and 30
SE of Munster. Lon. 1 11 E, lat. 51
41 N
Sofala, kingdom on the E coast of
Africa, extending S of Zanguebar, from
the river Cuama to the river Del-Espiri-
to Santo ; that is, from 17 to 25 deg. S
lat. It contai: s mines of gold, and is tri-
butary to the Portuguese.
Sofa!a, capital of a kingdom of the
same name, near t'ne mouth of a river.
Lon :^S 40 E. lat 20 20 S.
Soffa or Sojihia. town of Turkey in
Europe, .capita! of Bulgatia, at the foot of
the mountains of Argentaro, on the river
B0gana, 135 miles VVNW of Adrianople,
945
and 152 E of Scutari. Lon. 23 58 E, lat
42 36 N.
Sofroy, town of the kingdom of FeZj
at the foot of a mountain of the same
name, part of Mount Atlas, and between
two rivers, 12 miles E of F-ez. Lon. 4i
43 W, lat. 33 40 N.
Sogno, town of the kingdom of Con-
go, in a province of the same name. It is
a dry sandy country, but yields a great
deal of salt. The inhabitants are said to
be Christians, converted by the Portu-
guese, and the Capuchins have a church
here It is seated on the Xaire, near its
mouth, 185 miles WSW of St. Salvador.
Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 5 50 S.
Sahagepour town of Hindoostan Pro-
per, in the province of Allahabad. Lon.
82 20 E lat. 23 50 N.
^ Soham, town of Cambridgeshire, on a
fen of the same name, near Sohammere,
which takes up 1000 acres of land. It
is five miles SE of Eiy. and 70 N by E
of London. Lon 0 14 E, lat. 52 21 N.
Soho, village in Staftbrdsiiire, two
miles NW of Birmingham. This village
was founded by Mr Bolton, who esta-
blished a manufacture for every article
common to the Birmingham trade, the
plated were usually made at Sheffield,
and of elegant pieces of silver both light
and massive. Here also are made the
improved steam engines, now adopted in
numerous manufactures and other con-
cerns throughout the kingdom. The
copper ciiinage (if penny and two pence
pieces issued by government in 1797,
were stamped here ; and in 1799, a
coina.^e of half penny and farthing pie-
ces were manufactured here by a new
and very ingenious apparatus.
Soignies. town of Hainault, near a fo-
rest of the same name, on the river
Senne, eight miles NE of Mons, and 17
W of Brussels. Lon 4 14 E, lat. 53 29 N.
Soissonnois, late province of France,
bounded on the N by Lyonnois, on the E
by Champagne, on the S by La Brie, and
on the W by Valois. It abounds in corn,
wood, and pastures : and with the late
province of Vermandeis, now forms the
depirtment of Aisnr.
Soissons, city of France, in the de-
partment of Aisne, and late province of
Soissonnois, anciently the capital of a
kingdom of the same name, under the
first race of the French monarchs. It
contains 12,000 inhabitants. Soissons is
seated in a fertile valley, on the river
Aisne, 30 miles H by N of Rheims, and
60 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 40
23 N.
Soldania Bay, bay on the SW coast of
Africa ; a little to the N of the Cape
of Gc«d Hope. Lon. 18 4 E, lat. o3 10 S
SOL
S 0 M
Solesbiiry, township of Bucks county, miles NE of Worcester, and 107 NW of
Pennsylvania ; situated on the SW side London.
of the river Drlaware, between Upper SoUngen. town of Germany, m the
Makefifld, and Plum stead, and contain- circle of Westphalia, and duchy of Berg,
ing 1669 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, seated near the river Wipper 15 miles
2092. This town hip contains Ntw Hope. SE of Dusseldorf. Lon 7 10 E, iat. 51
Solenhqfen, town of G^rmany, in Fran
conia, and principaHty of Anapach. Lon.
10 43 E, Iat. 44 46 N.
Solenre, or Solothurji. canton of Swis-
serla;.d, which holds the eleventh rank
in the Helvetic confederacy, into which
it was admitted in 1481. It stretches
partly through the plain, and partly along
the chains of the Jura, 36 miles in length,
and 35 m breadth, and contains 50,000
inhabitants Tht soil, for the most part
is fertile in corn ; and the districts with-
in the Jura abound in excellent pastures.
ION.
Solkamsk, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Perm. In its vicinity are
some salt wtrks. It is seated on the Us-
solka, 430 miles NE of Kasan. Lon. 57
26 E, Iat. 5 15 N.
Sobnona. See Sulmona.
S'Ams, town of Germany, capital of
a county of the same name, in the circle
of Lower Rhine, on a hill lu miles SE
of H. rboni. Lon, 8 31 E, !at. 50 o5 N.
Solomon's Islands. See Danger,
Isles of
Solon, post town and townsliip, So-
Soleure, or Solothurn, ancient town ^^^^.^^^ county, xMaine, on the left bank
of Swisserland, capital of a canton of the ^f Kennebec river, 18 miles above Nor-
samename. It contains 4000 inhabitants, j-ij^^^yf^ck. Population 1820, 468.
and is seated on the Aar, which here y^^^^^ p„g^ village-, and township,
expands into a noble river. Soleure is
surrounded by regular stone fortifica-
tions, and is 20 miles N by E of Bern,
and 27 SSW of Basle. Lon 7 20 E, Iat.
47 15 N.
Solfaiara, lake of Italy, in the Cam-
pagna of i-iome near Trivoli, which emp-
ties itself by a whitish muddy stream.
Cortlandt county. New York, U miles
E from Homer. Papulation 1820, 1262.
Solor, island in the Indian Oci an, to
the S of Celebes, governed by its own
king Lon 123 55 E, Iat. 9 0S.
Soltau, t: wn of Germany, in Lower
Saxony. Lon 10 2 E, Iat 53 10 N.
Soltweld, town ot Germany, in tiie old
into the l-evernne, the ancient Aniti ; a marche of Brandenburg, seated on the
vapour of a sulphureous smt 11 arising j^tze, 40 miks NW of Stendal. Lon. 11
from it as it flows. Th^ waters of this 35 E Iat. 53 6 N.
lake had anciently a high medical re- 5o/wot/ i'V'V//, arm of the sea, between
putation, but are no longer in esteem In Cumberland in England, and Kircud-
the middle are several floating islands, brightshire in Scotland,
formed of matted serge and herbage, Solivay Moss, black morass, in Cura-
springing from a soil of dust and sand berland ; near it is the river Esk, on the
blown from the adjacent ground, and borders of Scotland, which, in 1771. be-
glued together by the bitumen which ing swoln by rains, burst tlirough the
swims on the- surface of the lake, and shell of turf, which covered it, and spread
the sulphur with which its waters are a deluge over 4J0 acres of cultivated
impre.^nated. Some of these islands are i-and, and entirely filled up the valley in
15 yards long, and will bear five or six its vicinity.
people, who by a pole, may move to dif- Sornbrere, island in the Indian Ocean,
ferent parts of the lake. From this lake 30 miles N of Nict;bar. The inhabitants
issues a whitish muddy stream, which are inild, timorous, and very obliging to
emits vapour of a sulphureous smell, till strangers.
it reaches the Teverone. Sombrero, cluster of uninhabited isl-
Solfaterra, mountain of Italy, in the ands in the West Indies, belonging to
kingdom of Naples, and Terra di Lavo- the English. 'Ihe most remarkable ot
ra. This mountain appears evidently to them is a league long, and consist ot an
have been a volcano in ancient times, and eminence, to which the Spanish disco-
the soil is yet so hot, that the workmen verers, finding some resemblance to a
employed there in making alum need no- hat, gave the name of Sombrero It is 80
thing else besides the heat of the ground miles NW of St. Christopher. Lon, 6j
for evaporating their liquids. Near it is 37 W, Iat 18 38 N.
- - • • ■ Somers, township of Tolland county.
a small lake full of black thick water,
which seems to be always br)iling.
Solfivitzborg, town of Sweden, in the
province of Blekengen. Lon. 14 31 E,
Iat. 56 2 N.
Solihul, town in Warwickshire, 20
C'^nnecticut, containing 1210 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1306. It is situated
about 25 miles from the city of Hartford.
Somers, post village and township,
West Chester county, New York. Pc-
947
s G ir
pulation 1310, 1782; and in 1S20, 1841.
In the village ia weekly newspaper is
published.
Somers, township of Prebble county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1171.
Somerset, township, Buckinghaai coun-
ty. Lower Canada.
Somerset, county of Maine ; bounded
by Kennebec S ; Oxford \V ; Lower Ca-
nada NW ; and Penobscot E. This coun-
ty includes a spact of 180 miles long, by
upwards of 50 wide, cr between 7000
and 8000 square miles Only the south-
ern part, however, on Kennebec river
yet inhabited. This cultivated space
amounts to about 2000 square miles. Chief
town, Norridgewock.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . 6,599
do. do. females - - 6,311
Total whites - - . 12,910
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . q
Slaves --.-•, 0
S O M
Total population in 1310
12,910
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 11,027
do. do. females - - 10,748
All other persons erccept Indians
not taxed - - - - o
Total whites - - - 21,775
Free persons of colour, males 8
do. do. females 4
Slaves, males - . _ o
do. females - _ . o
Total population in 1820 - 2l,7S7
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 55
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,907
do. in Manufactures - 478
do. in Commerce - 16
Population to the square mile 10, inclu-
ding only the southern and inhabited
section.
Somerset, township of Windham county.
Vermont, 42 miles SW from Windsor. Po-
pulation 200.
Somerset, post village, and township,
Bristol county, Massachusetts, on Taunton
river, 13 miles S from Taunton. Popula-
tion 1810 1200; and m 1820, 1116.
Somerset, county of New Jersty ; bound-
ed by Essex E; 'Middlesex SE ; Hunter-
don SW, and W ; and Morris, N. Length
30; mean width 12 ; and area 360 square
miles. It is entirely drained by (he diffe-
rent branches of Rarlttm river. Surface
pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Soil
generally productive in grain, pasturage,
948
art of New Bruns- V;
Other prlnrjpal V
lervilie, and Mid- \
and fi'uit. The upper part
wick is in this county
towns, Boundbrook, Som
dlebnrg.
Popidation in 1810.
Free white males ... 6,330
do. do. females - - - 6,111
Total whites .... 12,441
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 316
Slaves 1,968
Total population in 1810, - 14,725
Population in 1820.
Free while males ... 6,988
do, do. females - ... 6,909
All other prrsons except Indians .
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . - - 13,t'97
Free persons of colour, males 759
do. do. females 728
Slaves, males .... 604
do. females ... 518
Total population in 1820 - - 16,506
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 61
Engaged in Agriculture . . 2,536
do. in Manufactures - 841
do. in Commerce . . 44
Population to the square mile, 45|.
Somerset, county of Pennsylvania ; bc-und.
ed by Aliegany county in Maryland S ;
Fayette county in Pennsylvania VV ; West-
moreland NW ; Cambria N ; and Bedford
E. Length 38 ; mean width 28 ; and area
1066 square miles. Though enclosed on
two sides by mountains, this county is not
even very hillj', and contains much good
soil, particularly for the production of
grain and meadow grasses, it is drained
by the Youghiogany and Conemaugh ri-
vers. Chief town, Samerset.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 5,792
do. do. females - - 5,478
Total whites .... 11,270
All other persons except Indians
not taxtd - . - - 14
Slaves - . . - . 0
Total population in 1810
11,284
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . - 7,153
do. do. females . - - 6,735
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites
13,4
S O M
s o u
Free persons of colour, males
do, do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of tiiese ;
Foreig'tiers not naturalized - 88
Eiigagtd m Agriculture - 2,692
do. in Manufaciures - 545
do. in Commerce - . 36
Population to the square mile, 13.
Somerset, post town, borough, and seat of
justice, Somerset county, Pennsylvania, on
a branch of Youghiogany rivtr, 37 miles
W from Bedford, Population of the town-
ship, 1810, 1548, and of the borough 1820,
442.
Somerset, township of Somerset county>
Pennsylvania, around the borough of So-
merset. Population 1820, 1954,
, Somerset,\.owns\\\^ of V/ashintgon county,
Pennsylvania, between the eastern branch
of Chartiers creek, and Pigeon creek, 10
miles Fi from Washington. Population
1810, 1500 ; and m 1820, 1540.
Somerset, county of Maryland ; bounded
by Sussex county in Delaware NE ; Wor-
cester county in Maryland E ; Pocomoke
bay S ; Chesapeak bay SW ; and Nanti-
coke river, or Dorcester county NW.
Length 35 ; mean width 15 ; and exclu-
sive of water, area about 500 square miles.
It is bounded by Pocomoke SE ; and by
Nanticoke river NW; and drained by Mano-
kin, and Wiromico rivers. Surface general-
ly level, and though sandy, tiie soil tolera-
bly productive. Chief town, Princess Ann,
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,316
do. do. females ... 4,646
Total whites . - . . 8,962
All other persons except lndi;ins
not taxed .... 1,058
Slaves ..... 6,975
Total population in 1810 - 16,^95
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 5,105
do, do, females - - 5,379
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites . . . 10,384
Free persons of colour, males 3,876
do. do. females 3,365
Slaves, males - - - 9l2
do. females - - . 1,042
Total population in 1820
45 Of these ;
41 Foreigners not naturalized - 12
0 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,231
0 do. in Manufactures - 499
do. in Commerce - 415
13,974 Population to the square mile, 39,
Somerset, post town and seat of justice,
Pulaski county, Kentucky, on Pitman's
88 cteek abou: 100 miles S from Frankfort,
and 80 miles E from Glasgow.
Somerset, post town, and seat of justice.
Perry county,Ohio, on the road from Zanes.
vilie to Lancasttr 18 miles from each,
Lon, W C 5 20 W, lat. 39 52 N. Popula.
tion 1820, 344.
Somerset, township of Belmont county,
Ohio. Population, 1820, 863,
Somersetsldre, county of England, 65
miles long, and 45 broad ; bounded on the
NW by the Bristol Channel, on the N by
Gioucestersliire, on the E by Wiltshire, on
the SE by Dorsetshire, on the SW by
Devonshire. It lies in the diocesses of
Bristol, and of Bath and Weils, The air in
the lower grounds is uaiversally mild, and
generally wholesome. The soil in the NE
quarter is in general stony, and possesses
a lofty mineral tract called the Mentrip
Hills, Towards the centre, where its prin-
cipal rivers unite, are fens and marshy
moors of great extent. On the W side
r.re the Quantock Hills, with many downs
and open heaths ; and m the NW corner
i.3 the black sterile region ot Exmoor. Po-
pulation 1301, 273,750; in 1811, 303,180;
and in 182i, 355,314.
Somersxvortli, township. Stafford cosmty.
New Hampshire, on Piscatt-qua river, 12
miles above Portsmouth, Population 1820,
841.
Somertmi, town in Somersetshire, from
which the county took its name, 13 mdes
S of Welis Lon. 2 40 W, lat 51 22 N.
SomerxlUe, post village of Somerset coun-
ty. New Jer=.ey, on Rariton river, 26 miles
SW from Nev/ark.
Somerville, post village, Fauquier coun-
ty, Virginia.
Somma, town of Italy, in Naples, in its
vicinity, between 7000 and SOOO pounds
weight of silk of the best quality, are an-
nually made. It is. 10 miles E of Naples,
Somme, department of France, including
the late province of Picardy, It takes its
name from a river which rises in the de-
partment of Alsac, and watering St. Quen-
tid, Peronne, Amiens, and Abbeville, en-
ters the English channel. Amiens is the
capital.
Sommerfeld, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, 72 niiles distant from Berlin.
Sommieres, town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard, and late province of
19,579 Languedec, which carries on a manufac-
— — tore of serges. It is seated on the Vi-
^49
S O 0
S Q S.
dourse, 10 miles W of Nismes. Lon. 4
11 E, !i,t. 43 48 N.
Soncino, strong town of Italy, in the
CreiDonese, seaied on the Oglio, 20 miles
NW of Cremonia. Lon. 9 44 E, lat. 45
24 N.
So7iderborg, town of Denmark, in the
island of A sen. Its harboui' is salt' to be
the best in Denraaik. It is 16 miles ENE
of Flendshbui-g Lou. 9 49 E, iat. 54 57 N.
Sondershansen, tuwn of (iermanj', in the
circle of Upper Saxony, on ihe small river
Wipper. It is the capital of the princi-
pality of Schwartz Sonderhauson. Lon.
11 5 E, lat. 48 25 N-
Sondrio, town in the country of the Ori-
sons, and capital of the Valveline, built on
both sides of the Maienco, a furious tor-
rent. It is 34 miles NE of Como. L')n.
9 40 E, lat. 46 11 N.
Sonergon, or Sunnergaim, village of Hin-
doostan Proper, once a large city, the pro-
vincial capi'al of the e;.siem division of
Bengal before Dacca was built, and *ia-
mous for a manufacture of fine cotton
cloths. It IS seated on a branch of the
Biirrampooter, 13 mles SE of Dacca.
Song kiang, city of Cluna, in the pro-
vince of Kiung-nan. It is built close to
the water, the prodigious quantity of cot-
ton cloth with whicli it applies not only
the empire, but also foreig-n countries,
renders it very celebrated, and causes it
to be much frequented.
Sonneberg. See Limenherg.
Sonora, intendancy of Mexico, bounded
by the Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Call-
fornia SW ; the unknown regions towards
Rio Gila NW, and N ; Intendancy of Du-
rango E ; and Guadalaxara SE. Leng'.h
from SE to NW, 800 miles ; Hie^n width
about 180 miles ; ad area 147,000 square
miles. Lying between lat. 22 30 and 33
0 N. It is sometimes called Sinoloa,
from the name of an ancient province now
comprised within its limits. It is general-
ly a broken, and very imferfcctly known
country. Beside Sinaloa it also contains
the former provinces of Ostimary, and
Sonora proper. Ltnaloa to the SE ; Osti-
mary in the middle, and Sonora or New
Nararre to the N and NW It contains
many small, and one considerable river
the Hiaqui. Numerous remains of anti-
quity have been found near the Rio Gila.
See American Pyramids.
The most noted places are, the city of
Arispe, and the towns of Sonora, Hosti-
muri, Culiacan, Cinaloa, El llosario, Fuerte,
or Montesclaros, and Alamos.
Sooloo, island of the Kastern Ocean, si-
tuated SW of Mindanao, almost midway
between that island and Borneo. It is 30
miles long, and 12 broad, and contains
about 60,000 inhabitants ; the natives are
Malays, and Mahometans. The populous-
950
ness of this little spot Is caused by its ad-
vantageous Situation, which renders it a
great mart. The English East India com-
pany have a r; sidcit here. Lon. 121 25
E, lat, 5 58 N
Sophia. See SoJ^a.
Sop/iiania, town of Persia, in Aderbeit-
zan, seated in a valley, 25 miles NW of
Tauris. Lon. 47 25 E, lat 38 35 N.
Sapienbnrg, town of the 'Sland of Zealand
in De.imark. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 55 54 N. j
Sopra Selva, valley of Swisseriand in the j
country of the Grisons.
Snpron, st ong town of Lower Hungar)',
capital of a county of the same name,
seated on a small river, 27 miles SW of
Presburg, and 30 SE of Vienna. Lon, 17
0 E, lat. 47 46 N.
Sora, town of Naples, in Terr:; di La\o.
ra, on the Garigliano, 65 miles NW of Na-
ples. Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 41 54 N.
Sora, strong town of Denmark, in Zea-
land, with a college for the nobility, nine
miles W of Ringsied. Lon. 11 53 E, lat.
55 26 N. I
Soru-ii>, town of Germany, in Lusatia, 1
seated neal^ the Bober, 25 miles S of Cros-
sen. and 32 NE of Corlltz. Lon. 15 48 E,
lat. 51 40 N.
Soi'el, or William Henry, town of Lower
Canaiia, on St. Lawrc-ce river, immediate-
ly below the mouth of Sorel river. It is
a regidarly built town, containing 150
houses and about 1.500 inhabitants.
Sorel, river of Lower Canada, the out-
let of lake Champlain. It admits ship na-
vigation to St. John's. From thence to
the basin of Chambly the current is strong
and impeded by shoals and rapids; but
from Chambly to the mouth, gentle. The
distance from lake Champlain to St.
John's about 20 ; and from thence to the
mouth 55 miles by comparative courses.
Il is the channel of an extensive down
stream trade in flour, lumber, pot and
pearl ashes. .
Sorento, town of Italy, in Naples, with
a harbour at the foot of the mountain
Sorento, in the bay of Naples, 17 miles
SE of Naples. Lon. 14 24 E, lat. 40
36 N.
Soria, town of Spain, in Old Castile,
built on the ruins of the ancient Numan- i
tia, near the source of the Douero, 74
miles SE of Burdos. Lon. 2 2 W, lat 41
48 N.
Sorianto, town of Italy, in Naples.
Sorock, town of Poland, on the Dnies-
ter.
Soroe, town of Denmark, in the island
of Zealand. It is encompassed by three
fresh water lakes, and is 25 miles SW
of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55
5 N.
Sosfiello, town of Piedmont, in the
SOL-
SOU
county of Nice. It has a trade ia dried
fruits, particularly figs ; and is seated at
the foot of three very high naountains, on
the river Bevera, 15 miles NE of Nice.
Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 43 52 N.
SovLina, town of Italy iu Tuscany, in
the Siennese, 25 miles W of Orvietto.
Lon. 11 48 E, lat, 42 42 N.
Soubise, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Charente, and late ter-
ritory of Saintonge, on an eminence,
on the river Charente, 22 miles S of
Rochelle. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 45 37 E.
Souillac, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, and late territory of
Querci, on the Borese, 32 miles N of
Cahors. Lon. 1 21 E, lat. 44 55 N.
Sound, passage or strait, lying be-
tween the island of Zealand, in Denmark
and tht contiiient of schonen, in Sweden,
througli which vessels pass from the
ocean into the Baltic. On the Denmark
side stands the town of Elsineur, and
tlie strong fortress of Cronenburg, near
which is a tolerable good road ; and on
the side of Sweden stands the town of
Helsingburg, with only one old tower re-
maining of a demolished castle. The
Danes lake toll of all ships that pass
through the strait, which is about four
miles over. See Ekinore.
Sour, or Sur, seaport of Turkey in
Asia, or Syria. Here stond the famous
city of Tyre, of which there is now no-
thing remaining but ruins. Lon. 55 50
E, lat 33 18 N. See Tyre.
Sour, or Su7; river of the Netherlands,
which runs from W to E through Lux-
emburg and falls into Moselle, a little
above Treve.
Souri, town of Persia in the province
of Laristan. Lon. 5030 E, lat. 26 18 N.
Sonsa, or Susu, strong town of the
kingdom of Tunis, in Africa, capital of
a province of the same name, with a
castle and a good harbour. It is a place
of snme trade, and seated on a high rock,
near the sea, 65 miles SE of Tunis. Lon,
11 15 E, lat. 38 52 N
Son-tcheou, city in China, the second in
the province of Kiang-nan, and one of the
most agreeable in China ; Europeans
who have seen it, compare it to Venice,
with this difiF rence, that the latter is
built in the sea, and Sou tcheou-fou is
intersected by canals of fresh water.
The brocades and embroideries made
here are in gi'eat request throughout the
whole empire. Lon. 112 20 E, lat. 38
40 N.
Souterraine, town of France, in the de-
partment of Creuse, and late province
of Marche, 24 miles N of Limoges.
South Sea. See Pacific Ocean.
Southam^ tpyn in Warwckshirc, noted
for its cider. It is 13 miles S of Coven-
try, and 83 NW of London. Lon. 1 23
W, lat. 52 35 N.
South Amb'jy, township of Middlesex
county, New Jersey, containing 3071 in-
habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3406.
Southampton, seaport and borough in
Hampshire. It is commodiously situa-
ted between the Itchen and Test, which
here flow into an inlet of the sea, called
Southampton Water which is so deep
that ships of 1500 tons have been launch-
ed here, and it is navigable almost to
the head fur vessels of considerable bur-
den. Two miles from this town is VVood-
mills, where is a very curious manufac-
ture of ship-blocks, from which all the
king's yards are supplied. Southamp-
ton is 12 miles S by W of Winchester,
and 75 WSW of London. Lon. 1 26 W,
lat. 50 55 N.
Southampton, township of Rockingham
county. New Hampshire, 18 miles SW
from Portsmouth. Population 1820, 416,
Southampton, township of Hampshire
county, Massachusetts, 10 miles SW
from Northampton. Population 1810,
1171 ; and in 1820, 1160. In this town-
ship there is a lead mine.
Southampton, post town, SuflTolk coun-
tv, Long Island, 98 miles E from New
York
Southampton, township of New York on
Long Island, containing the preceding
village and Westhampton, and Sag har-
bour, each containing its separate post
office. Population 1810, 4899; and in
1820, 4318,
Southampton, township of Bucks coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, opposite the NW angle
of Philadelphia county, and the NE angle
of Montgomery, Population 1814, 739 ;
and in 1820, 907.
Southampton, SW township of Cumber-
land .ountv, Pennsylvania,. Population
1810, 700'; and in 1820 1088. This
township includes Shippensburg.
Southampton, township of Franklin
county, Pennsylvania, adjacent to the
preceding Population 1810, 1060; and
in 1820, i348.
Southamfnon, one of the southern town-
ships of Bedford county Pennsylvania,
eight miles S from the borough of Bed-
ford. Population 1810, 952 ; and in
1820, 1158.
Southampton, County of Virginia, bound-
ed by North Carolina S ; Greensville
SW ; Sussex N W ; Surry N ; and Black.-
mond river of Isle of V\/ight, and Nase-
water E. Length 38; breadth 30; and
area 570 square miles. It is washed
S W by the Meherie, and E by Blackwater
river, and traversed by the Nottaway
Chief town, Jerusalem.
951
sou
U U
Population in 1810,
Free white males - - - 2,934
do. do. females . - - 3,048
Total whites - - . - •^'^^^
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 1,109
Slaves ..-•■- 6.406
Total population in 1810 - 13,497
Population in 1820.
Free white males . , . 2,959
do. do. tV males - - - 3,168
All other persons except Indians
not laxed .... 0
Total whit-^s - - - - &,'\p7
Free persons of colour, males - 599
do. do. females 7Q7
Slaves, males .... 3,601
do. females ... 3,136
Total population in 1820 - - 14,170
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agi'ic I'.ure - - 4,427
do.. in Manufactares - - 183
do. in Commerce - - 24
Population to the square mile, 24|.
South Beaver, township of Beaver
county, Pennsylvania, containing 1351
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, SOO.
It is situated on the N side of thf river
Ohio, and joins the state of Ohio, in the
west
Southborough, township of Worcester
county. Mass ichusetts, 10 nii'es E from
Worcester Population 1810, 926; and
in 1820, 1030.
Soinhbridge, township of "Worcester
county, Massachusetts. Population 1820,
1066.
South Brimfiehl, post village and town-
ship Hampden county, Massachusetts.
Popularion 1810, 845 fand in 1820 683.
Southbuvy, post village and township
New Haven county, Connecticut, on the
left side of Housatonick river 40 miles
SW from Hartford, Population 1820,
1662.
Southeast, post village, and township
Putnam county, New York, 18 miles E
from West Point. Population 1820, 1387 ;
and in 1820, 1909.
South Farms, post village Litchfield
county, Connecticut.
Sotithfield, township of Berkshire coun-
ty, Massachusetts, 28 miles SE from
Lenox, Population 1810, 147.
Sonthfiehl, township Richmond county.
New York, on Staten Island, containing
the post village of Richmond, the seat
952
.of justice for the county. Population
I&IO, 1007 ; and in 1820, 1012.
South Hadley, post t')Wn, and township
Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on
the left bank of Connecticut river, five
miles below Northampton. Population
1810, 902; and in 1820. 1247. A fall of
50 feet in the Connecticut river at this
plac( has been overcome by a dam and
canal of 712 perches in length with five
locks. The whole canal iir cut through
the solid rock. t
South Hero, post town Grand Isle coun-
ty, Vermont, on Grand Isle in Lake
Champiain, 12 miles SW from Burling-
ton. Population lOOO.
South hill, post village Muhlenburg
county, Virginia.
Souihington, post village and township
Hartford county, Connecticut, 18 miles
SW from Hartford, and on the Quinipi-
ack. Population 1820, 1875.
Souihington, one of the western town-
ships of Trumbull county, Ohio. Popu-
lation. 1820, 182.
South Kingston, post town and seat of
justice, Washington county, Rhode Is
land, at the mouth of Narragansett bay,
20 miles SW from Providence. Popu-
lation 1810, 3560 ; and in 1820, 3723.
Southold, post town and township Suf-
folk county, Long Island, 100 miles from
New York. It embraces the western
peninsula of the east end of Long Island
extending NE from Poconie bay ; and
also includes the islands, Great and
Little Gull, Plum, Rum, Robbin's and
Fish.: rs. Population 1810, 2613 ; and in
1820, 2268.
South Quay, post office, and port of
entry. Nansemond county, Virginia.
Soutfi River, small bay exttnding NW
from the Chesapeak bay in Ann Arundel
county, Maryland, six miles S from An-
napolis.
South Salem, post village and township
West Chester county, New York, abf.ut
50 rniies N by E from New York, Po-
pulation 1810, 156G ; and in 1820, 1429.
Southiuark, borough in Surry, which
may be considered as part of the metro-
polis, being seated on the opposite side
of the Th:\mes, and under the jurisdic-
tion of the corporation of London. Po-
pulation 70,000.*
Southwlck, post village and township,
Hampden county, Massachusetts, nine
miles SW from Springfield. Population
1810, 1229; and in 1820, 1255.
Sout/itvold, seaport of England, in Suf-
folk, at the mouth of the river Blythe,
104 miles XE from London.
So7ito Major, town of Portugal, in the
province of Beira. Lcn. 6 48 W, lat. 41
5N,
S P A
JE' A
Soviqmj, town of France, in the de- tice in this place, ecclesiastical and civil
partm-'nt of Rhone and Loire, seated on tyranny has been frustrated on that line
the Qnesne. 50 miles SE of Bourges, peninsula, and both Spain and Portusal
and 167 S of Paris. Lon. 3 31 E, lat. 46 have re-established .representative go-
oO ^, ' vernment. And both kingdoms may be
Soutea HiU, the most elevated h.ill in considered as virtually separated from
the mountainous ridge of Lammennair, their Anierican colonies. By a recent
in the N part of Berwickshire in Scotlaru^
Souyotes, or Soyotes. name of a peo-
ple in Siberia, subject to Russia and Chi-
na. They dwel' in the hiijhtr part of the
Sayane mountains, townrd the SW bor-
ders of the lake Baikal, on the frontiers
of Mongolia.
Spa, town of Netherlands in Liege,
famous for its mineral waters. It is si-
tuated on one end of a de^p valley on the
banks of a small rivulet, and is sur-
rounded on all sit'es by high mountains.
The sides of these mountains next lo Spa
are rude and uncultivated, presenting a
rugged appearance as if shattered by ; b^
convulsions of earthquakes ; but •
are strewed with tall oaks a>
dance of shrubs, the country d
forms a wild, romantic, and beau i\
landscape. Its only source of wealttv .s
its mineral waters. The nam^s - tl.e
five principal wells are Pouh.m, O^ n-
fierd, Savinere, Watpotz, andTu^^.ec
The inhabitants are employed in tftwti r:
decree of the Cortes, Spain is now sub-
divided into the following provinces.
tovs for strangers. Spa was !l|k(M
French in 1794. It is seated in a va'^ev
surrounded by mountains, 17 miles hE
of Liege. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 30 E.
Sfiain, kingdom of Europe, 700 miles
long and 50: broad ; bamded on the
N by the bav of Biscay, NE by the Py-
renees, which s- parate it fvorn Frai'ce,
E and S by the MtditerraHtan, SW by
the Atlantic, and W by l''.,rtugal and the
Atlantic. According t'l the ancient di-
visions it contained the provinces of Old
and New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon,
Estremadura. Gallacia, L'.-un, Cataionia,
Grenada, Valencia, Biscay, Asturias,
Murcia, and Upper Navarre, some of
which have been separate kingdoms.
The principal rivers are thi- Douero,
Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquivcr, and
Ebro. The soil is fertile ; but there are
large tracts of uncultivated ground ; and
the superior attention paid to the large
flocks of sheep, greatly impedes the pro-
gress of agriculture. The produce of
the country is wheat, barley, saffron, ho-
ney, silk, salt, saltpetre, hemp, barilla,
and even sugar-canes, with the richest
and most delirious fruits that are to be
found in France and Italy ; and its wines
are in high esteem.
Few countries have undergone more
interestin.; revolutions than Spain, and the
history of no nation is perhaps so instruc-
tive. After vicissitudes too numerous dingthose in the Provincias Intemas
and complex to receive even a brief no- Mexican Empire.
6 E 953
Provinces.
A 1 leant
Almeria
Avila
Baddjoz
Barcelona
Bilboa
Burgos
Cadiz
Caceras
Calatayud
Casttllan • -
Chinchilla
CfudacUieal
Cordo f^
Cornnna
Cuenca
Gerona
(iranada
xGuadalaxara
H'lelva
Huesca
Jaen
Jativa
L'jon
Lerida
L'lgrono
Lugo
Madrid -
Mdaga
Murcia
Ore use
Ovitdo
■ Palencia
Pal ma
Pamploi»a
S'alamanca
Santander
San Seijastian
Segovia
Sevillt
Soria
I'arragona
Ternol
Toledo
Valencia
Vallodolid
Villa Franca
Vigo
Vittoria
Zamora
Zaragoasa
Pvpulatfon.
249,692
198,762
113,135
301,225
353,205
104,186
206,095
281,293
199,205
105,947
188,079
186,260
296,525
337,265
357,970
296,650
191,243
346,984
222,655
139,817
182,845
274,930
161,257
180,567
136,560
184,217
263.703
290,495
290,324
252,058
300,870
367,501
128,697
207,765
195,416
226,882
175,1-^2
104,789
145.985
358,811
105,108
194,782
105,191
302,470
346,166
175,100
86,385
327,848
77,465
142,385
315,111
11,248,026
Sjmin, Xetv This term is used to
designate the Mfxican provinces, incUi-
■ - ■ ■ - geg
S I' A
S P E
S/iaiHa, town of Tunis, in Africa. In
its neighbourhood there are somt" mag-
nificcnt ruins. It is 90 miles SVV of Tu-
nis. Lon 9 15 E, lat. 35 50 N.
S/io!atro, or S/iaUatio, town of Dnlma-
tia, with a good harbour. It is built
upon the ruins of" the palace of Diocle-
sian, the walls of which make two-t'nirds
of those of the city, and of which, in
1764, Mr. Robert Adam published a
splendid account On a peninsula, in
the gulf of Venice, 35 miles SE of Se-
benico, and 102 NW of Ragusa. Lon.
17 31 E. lat 44 4 N
Sjialding^ t-nvn of Lincolnshire. It is
a very neat town, near the inouth of the
VVf^r'and, with a good coasting trade. It
is 14 miits S by W of Boston, and 100 N
of London. Lon. 0 2 E, lat. 52 45 N.
S/ia7idon, tov/n of Germany, in Upper
Saxi.ny, and loiddle marche of Branden-
burg, surrounded on all sides by morasses,
and close to it is a tine fortress. The
arsenal is in subterraneous vaults, and
there is a prison for slate criminals. It
is seated on the Havel, eight miles NW
of Berlin, and 17 NE of Brandenburg.
Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 52 36 N.
Sfiardsh-groxies, post office, Mecklen-
burg county, Virginia.
S/ianiahTown. See St.JagodelaCuba.
Sfiarta, post village and township,
Livingston county, New York, 28 miles
SVV from Canandaigua. Population 1810,
1397.
Sparta, post town in Sussex county.
New JvTsey ; 12 miles NW of Rockaway,
48 of Newark, and 43 NE of Easton, in
Pennsylvania.
Sjiarta, post town and seat of justice,
Hancock county, Georgia, containing
the county buildings, and two academies,
25 miles NE from Milledgville.
Sfiaria, post town and seat of justice,
White county, Tennessee, on a branch
of Caney river, 30 miles E from Mur-
fref sborough.
Spartanburg, district of South Caro-
lina ; bounded by North Carolina N ;
York and Union districts. E; Ennoree
river, or Laurens S ; and Greenville W.
Length 40 ; mean width 22 ; and area
880 square miles. It is drained by Broad
river and its numerous branches. Surface
hilly, and soil productive. Chief town,
Spartanburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 6,047
do. do. females - - 5,788
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do, females -
6,955
6,700
Total v.hite,s - . " . - 11,835
All o'.her persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 33
Slaves 2,391
Total wiiites .... 13,655
Fi'ee persons of colour, males - 15
do. do. females 11
Slaves, males - - - - 1,574
do. feaiales .... 1.734
Total populaiion in 1820 - - 16,989
Of these ;
Foieig'ners not naturalized - 44
Engaged in At; riculture - 3,983
do. in Man-ufactures - 351
do. in Commerce - - ^9
Population to the square mile, 20 nearly.
Spartanburg, post village, Spartanburg
district, South Carolina, on a branch of
Pacolet river, about 120 miles N from AU'
gusta.
Spartnvento, ancient Hercules, southern
cape of Italy, opposite Sicily. Lon. 16 48
E, lat. 38 0 N.
Spartel, Cape, promontory on the coast
of Rarbary, at the entrance of the straits of
Gibraltar.' Lon. 5 56 W, lat. 35 50 N.
Spetin. See Ztochy, Loch,
Sp^edsville, p st village, on Six Mile
creek of Cayuga lake, in the NE part of
Tioga county. New York, seven miles SE
from Itliica.
Speed-well Mills, post office, Barnwell
district. South Carolina.
Speightstoion, seaport of Barbadoes, on
the W side of the island. Lon. 58 31 W,
lat. 13 15 N.
Speigletoxvn, village in the NW corner of
Renssalaer county. New York.
Spello, town of Italy, in Umbr'a, on a
hill, three miles NW of Foligni, and 13 N
of Spoietto. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 50 N.
Spencer, township of Worcester county,
Massachusetts, containing 1453 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1548. It lies about
12 miles SW of Worcester.
Spencer, township, post town and seat of
justice, Tioga county, New York, about
midway between Smithboro' on Su^que-
hannahand Ithica, near the head of Cayuga
lake, about 15 miles from each. Popula-
tion in 1810, 3128 ; and in 1820, 1252.
.Spencer, county of Indiana; bounded by
Oliio river S ; Warrick county W ; Dubois
N ; and Perry E. Eength 30 ; breadth 12 ;
and area 324 square miles. It is generally
hilly and broken, and drained by small
creeks, the principal of which are Ander-
son and Little Pigeon creek. Soil mostly
excellent. Chief town, Rockport.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 980
do. do. females - - - 897
Total poptiUtion in 1810
9BA
14,259 Total whites
L87-
s I-' I
-D 1- <J
Free persons oi' colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - . .
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
1,882
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in \f;riculture - - 488
do. in Manijiactures . 0
do, in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, 5^.
Spencert'nvn, post village and township,
Columbia county, New York.
Spey, river of Scotland, rising in Inver-
ness-sliire, and failing into the German
Ocean at the village of Speymouth.
Spezzia, or Sputia, town of Italy, in the
territory of Genoa, witii a good harbour, it
is seated at the fool of a hill, at the bot-
tom of a gulf of the same name, 47 miles
SE of Genoa, and 65 NW of Florence.
^Lon. 9 37 E, lat. 44 10 N.
Spice Islands. See Moluccas.
Spielbersr, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Suabia, 13 miles SSE of Anspach.
Spietz, town of Swisserland, in the canton
of Bern, seated on tlie W side of the lake
Thun, 20 miles SE of Bern.
Spigelbnrg; town of Germany in West-
phalia, capital of a county of the same
name, 22 miles SW of Hildesheim. Lon.
9 46 E, lat. 51 56 N.
Spigna, town of Italy, in Montferrat,
with a castle, 1.5 miles N by W of Savona,
and 40 SE of Turin. Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 44
45 N.
Spilemburgo, town of Italy, in Venetian
Friuli, ?^7 miks NW of Aquileia, and 47
N by E of Venice. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 46
10 N.
Spilsby, town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Monday, seated on the side of a
hill, 30 miles E of Lincoln, and 132 N by E
of London. Lon. 0 7 E, lat. 53 12 N.
Spinalo7tga, town of the island of Candia,
in the Mediterran?an. It has a good har
hour, situated near the cape of Spinalonga,
30 miles E of Candia. Lon. 25 58 E, lat.
35 20 N.
Spinie, lake of Scotland in Inverness-shire,
about five miles long, and half a mile broad,
situated in a flat country. During winter,
great numbers of wild swans migrate
hither.
Spire, bishopric of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine, 50 miles in length
and 30 in breadth, where broadest, divided
into two parts by the Rhine, and is a fer-
tile country.
Spire, city of Germany, in the circle of
the Rhine, and capital of a bishopric of the
same name, now belonging to Bavaria, on
the W side of the Rhine, seven m.iles N of
Philipsburg. Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 49 19 N.
Spirebach, town of German}-, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, seated on a river of
the same name, eiglit miles N of Landau.
Lon. 8 12 E, lat. 49 20 N.
Spiniii Santo, seaport of Brasil, in South
America, capital of a government of the
same name, with a castle. Lou. 41 0 K,
lat. 20 10 S
Spiriin Santo, town of the island ofCuba,
155 miles ESE of Havaiinah. Lon. 79 47
E, lat 22 15 N.
Spital, lown of Germany, in Carlnthia, on
the Liser, near the Diave, 30 miles W of
Clagep.fuit. Lon- 13 37 E, lat. 46 53 N.
Spited, ancient village in Lincolnshire, 11
miles N of Lincoln, noted for two s{)rings,
one called .Julian's 'Well, and the other
CasiletOii Well. It was part of the Roman
causeway, leading from London by Lin-
coln, to tne Humber. Great numbers of
Roman coins have been dtig up in this vil-
lage.
Spithead, famous road betv/een Ports-
mouth and the isle of Wight, where the
royal navy froqtiently rendezvous.
Spitzbcrgen, most northern country of
Europe, being to tlie N of Norway, be-
tween Greenland to the Vv", and Nova
Zembla to the E. The coast is beset with
craggy mountains, and in the winter it is
continual night for four monihs. The ani-
mals are large white bears and white foxes.
Split liocic, post village, Essex county,
New York.
Splngen, town of the country of the Gri-
soiis, seated near the source of the Hinder
Rhine. It is the capital of the valley of
Rhinewald. and is 42 miles SW^ of Coirc.
Spoletio, duciiy of Italy, 55 miles long,
and 40 broad ; bounded on the N by Ancu-
na and Urbino, on the E by Naples, on the
S by Sabina and the patrimony of St. Peter,
and on the W^ L'y Orvieto and Perugino.
It was formerly a part ot'Umbria.
Spoletto, ancient town of Italy, capital of
a duchy of the same name. It is seated
parti)' on a hi'l, and partly on a plain, in a
coimtry noted for good wine, near the
river Tessino, 40 miles E of Orvieto, antl
60 N by E of Rome. Lon. 13 6 E, lat. 42
45 N.
Sponheim, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine. It is capital of a
county of the same naine, 27 miles W of
Mentz, and 45 E of Treves. Lon. 7 21 E,
lat. 49 54 N.
Spoon, river o\ Illinois, rising between
the Illinois and Mississippi river, at lat. 41
20 N, and falls into the form.er 150 miles
above its influx into tiie Mississippi.
Spotsylvania, cotmty of Virginia ; bound-
ed by Caroline SE ; by North Anna river,
or Hanover and Louisa counties SW ;
Orange NW, and Rapid Ann and Rappa-
hannoc rivers, or Culpepper and Stafford
NE. Length 22 ; width 18 ; and area about
955
s
11
S P K
400 square miles. The sources of the
Maltapany river are m this couiitj'. Sur-
face pleasantly diversified by hill and dale.
Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief
town , Fredericksburtij.
Population in 1310.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites
All other ]Dersons except Indi:
not taxed
Slaves ....
ins
2,784
2,812
5,596
565
7,135
Total population in 1810 -
13,296
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 2,884
do. do. females - • - 3,055
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites .... 5,939
Free persons of colour, males . 256
do, do. females 335
Slaves, males - - - - 4.170
do, females - - - - 3.554
Total population in 1820 - - 14,254
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 29
Engag'ed in Agriculture - 3,356
do, in Manufactures . 450
do. in Commerce - - 164
Population to the square mile, 35^.
Spoltcii Tavern, post office, Stafford
county, Virginia.
Spread Eagle, post office, on the Lancas-
ter road, 15 miles NW by W froin Phila-
delphia.
Spree, vwfv of Germany, which rises in
the mountains of Bohemia, and passing
through Lusatiii, into the marquisaie of
Brandenburg, runs by Berlin, and falls
into the Havel, opposite Spandaw.
Sfiriffg, townsliip of Adams county, Ohio,
on the Ohio river. Population in 1820,
1552.
Sprijig, township of Centre county,
Pennsylvania, including Bellefonte the
coutity scat. Population in 1820, 887.
Springborough, Jjost village, Warren
county, Ohio, containing about 250 in-
habitants.
Spring CreeA", township of Mi.imi county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 675.
Springjield, township of Cheshire coun-
ty, New Hampshire, 30 miles NW from
Concord. Population in 1820, 967.
Springfield, post town and township,
Windsor county, Vermont, on Connecticut
river, 13 miles below Windsor. Popula-
tion in 1822, 2600.
Springfield, i)ost town and township, in
Hampden county, Massachusetts ; on the
956
E banii of Connecticut river, 29 miles S\V
from Brookfield, and 24 N by E from i]
Hartford, containing 2812 inhabitants in
1810. and in 1820, 3970. The post town
or village is the seat of justice for the
county, and stands on the bank of Connec-
ticut river, directly opposite the month of
Wcstfie'id river, and contains the county
buddings, a bank, three churches, and a'
considerable number o'' elegant private
houses. In its vicinity are a very expen-
sive paper manufactory, and a manufactory
of hollow ware.
Here is also tlie site of the principal ar-
moury of the United States. The arsenal
is within the village, consisting of exten-
sive buildings devoted to the various ob-
jects embraced by the establishment, and a
hall devoted to public worship. The
water works are placed on Mill river,
about a mile south from the arsenal, and
are erected on three separate sites, upper,
lower, and middle; containing five shops,
28 forges, 10 trip hammers, 18 water
wheels, Sec. presenting one of the mo^t
extensive assemblages of wheels, and other
machinery put in motion by water to be
found in the Unit d States.
From 240 to 250 workmen are employ-
ed, who complete on an average, 45 mus-
kets daily. So great is the water power
ai the disposal of the United States at this
place, that the works may be increased to
any assignable extent that the exigencies
of the government may demand. Since
its first furmat;on, this armory has produ-
ced about 130,000 muskets and 1500 car-
bines; and nearly 50,000 n-iuskeis iiave
been repaired. From 1795 to 1817, in-
cluding the first cost, that of the whole es-
tablishment amounted to gl,820,120. «
Springfield is the seat of a very exten-
sive commercs, and in the vicinity we have
no'-iced only the most prominent of its
manufacturmg establishments. Opposite
this vill *ge, the Connecticut river is crossed
by a bridge 30 feet wide, and 1234 feet in
length.
Springfield, post village and township, of
Otsego county. New York, containing 1859
inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 2065 ; 60
miles west of .Albany.
Springfield, township of Burlington coun-
ty. New jersey, containing 1500 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820, 1568 ; and situated 18
miles south of Trenton.
Springfield, po>t town in Essex county;
New Jersey, about 10 miles NW, of Eli-
zabethtown, and about the same distance
SW of New.ark, on the west side of Rah-
way river,
Springfield, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, containing 1287 inhabitants
in 1810, and in 1820. 1580; situated be-
tween Durham and Richland, and joining
Upper Saucon in Lehigh county.
S F ti
S T A
Spring-field, township of Pennsylvania,
between D.aby and Crum creeks, 10 miles
S\V by W from Plukdelphia. Population
in 1810, 541.
Sprijigfield, township of Huntingdon
county, Pennsylvaniw, on Great Augwick
creek. 25 miles south from IIimtinKdon,
and an equal distance NE by E from Bed-
f;-rd. Population in 1810, 751; and in
1820, 900.
Springfield, township of Mercer county,
Pensylvania. on Neshanoc creek, and in-
cluding Mercer, the county seat. Popula-
tion in 1810, 813 ; and in 1820, 598.
Springfield, post town in Ham])shii'e
county, Virginia ; situated on tiie W side
of the souih branch of Potomac, 58 miles
AV by N of Winchester, and about 14 SW
of Oli-towii, Maryland.
Springfield, post vdlage, Loudon county,
Virtrinia.
Springfield, post town and seat of justice,
Effingham county, Georgia, 22 miles NNW
"from Savannali.
Springfield, post town and seat of justice,
parish of St. Helena, Louisiana, on Notal-
bany river, and on the road between New
Orleana and Natchez; 58 miles from the
former, and 98 miles from the latter
place.
Springfield, township, in the southern
borders of Portage county, Ohio ; contain-
ing tlie pond or head spring of Tuscarawas
river. Population in 1820, 587.
Sprinr-field, township of Columbiana coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1304.
Springfield, township of Richland county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 466.
Springfield, township in the northwestern
part ot Jert'erson county, Ohio. Popula-
tion in 1820, 1135.
Springfield, small village in Salem town-
ship, Jefferson county, Ohio, 15 miles NW
from Siubenville.
Springfield, townsliip of Gallia county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 588.
Sfiringfiteld, township of Ross county,
Oliio, on the eastern side of Scioto river,
opposite Chillicothe. Population in 1820,
1593.
Springfield, township, Clark county,
Ohio, containing 1,874 inhabitants, in 1820.
Springfield, flourishing post town, and
seat of justice for Clark county, Oliio, con-
taining a woollen cloth and cotton factory.
It stands on an eastern fork of Mad river,
13 miles from Urbanna, and 43 W from
Columbus. Lat. 39 48 N, ion. 6 43 W.
Springfield, township of Montgomery
county, Ohio.
Springfield, township of Muskingum
county, Ohio, in which is situated tlie vil-
lage of Putnam, opposite Zanesville. Po-
pulation in 1820, 779.
Springfield, post town of Hamilton coun-
ty, Ohio, 15 iv.i'es N of Cinclniati, on
tlie road to Hamilton, contaming 220 in-
habitants.
Springfield, township in the northern
liorders oiHamilioo county, Ohio, conla.n-
ing 2,197 inhab.tants in lci20. In this
township is situated the town or village of
Spriiigheid.
Springfield, post town and seat of justice,
Washington county, Kentucky, on a brancli
ot Beech fork ol Salt river, about 50 miles
SE irora Louisville. A catholic c^dicge
ha been erected two miles from this town.
Springfield, post town and si at of ju;-tice,
Robinson county. Tennessee, on the south
branch ot Red river, 30 miles NN W i'rom
Nashville.
Sl)rii!g-/uli, post village, Fauquier county,
Virginia.
Spring-hill, post village, Loui.^a county,
Virginia.
Spring.pjlace, Moravian establishment, in
the NW part of Georgia, amongst the Che-
rokees, 130 miles NW from Athens, in
Georgia.
Springto-te?), post village, Bucks count}',
Penns} Ivania, seven miles SE from Bethle-
hem,
Springville, post village, and one of the
southern tosvnships of Susquehannah
county, Pennsylvania, six miles south from
Montrose.
Springville, township, Clarke county,
Indiana.
Spring -water, one of the soutiiern town-
.ships of Livii.gston county, New Vork.
Population in 1820, 1154.
Sprottaii, town of Silesia, in the duchy of
Glogaw, with walls flanked by towers, and
a strong castle. It is seated at the conflu-
ence of the Bobar and Sprotta, 20 miles S
W of Glogaw. Lon. 15 38 E, lat 51 40 N.
Spurn Head, longsickle-sh.irped promon-
tory in Yorkbhire, at the NE entrance of
the mouth of the Humber, on which is a
light-house. Lon. 0 15 E, lat. 53 38 N.
Squam hai'boxir, Essex county, Massa-
chusetts, on the NE side of Cape Ann, and
opposite Gloucester.
Squilace, episcopal town of Naples, in
Calabria Uiteriore. It was formerly fa-
mous, but is now a small place, seated on
the Favelone, near a gulf of the same
name, 30 milts SW of St. Severino, Lon.
16 40 E, lat, 39 3 N.
Stantsburg, post village, Uuchess coun-
ty, New York, on the Hudson, 10 miles
above Poughkeep-,ie.
Stablo, or Slavelo, town of the Nether-
lands, in Liege ; here is a manufacture of
leather, which is sent to foreign parts. It
is seated on the Recht, nine miles S of
Limburg. Lon. 6 5 E, lat 50 29.
Stade, town of Germany, in the duchy of
Bremen, on the Swingel, near its conflii-
957
S T A
S T A
ence with the Elbe, 22 miles W of Ham-
burg, and 45 NE of Bremen. Lon. 9 17
E, Jat. 53 36 N.
Siadtliagen, lown oF Germany, in the
circle uf Westphalia, and county (,f Schau-
enberg ; here is a p,.]ace, m the garden ot
communicate. Thus the great ports of
Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, are all acces-
siblf- to the various products and manufac-
tiTesofStaffordshire The principal rivers
are the 1 r-nt, Dive, Sow, Churner, Stour,
Pfak, ^nd Manyfolcl. Population in 1801,
which is a minerals; ring, li is e^ght n.iles 239.153; in 1811, 295,153; and in 1821
E o! IMinden Lon. 9 14 E, lat 52 24 N. 341, 8j4.
Suifurda, town of Pied'ncnt, in the mar
qinsat>' uT SjIuzzo, sealed on the Po. with
a rich aiSbcy. It is fumcus f- r a victi<ry
gained by the Frenc!) in 1690. over the
duke of Savoy. Lon 7 25 E, lal. 44 34 N.
Sliffa, island of Scot land, one of the
Hebrides, a litsie to the west of Mull. It
is one mde long, and h.dr a mlie boad-
Stufford, post village, Orange county,
Vermont, 45 miles NE froni Ruiiand.
Shiffbrd, post vdiage. and vownship of
Tolland coun>, Connecticut, near the head
of Willamantic river, 26 n iles >/E from
Hartford. The village is elevated, and the
adjace:it country in a peculiar degree p!ea-
nt and romantic The mineral springs
T he whoie -on h-^v est end is supported by at this place have become a place of grea.
ranges of natural p ilars mostly above 50 resort in summer, and the waters are found
feet i;igh standmg in cotonades, r.cc.-rding efficacious in
as the bays i.r points ot land f .rm tiiem
sel^es ui>on a firm basis of solid unibrned
rock. This is every vvhere supported by
ba-;a!tic rock.s and piilarc, snperi.ir in
beauty and grandeur to those v/hich form
the OJi ant's Causeway in Ireland.
Slaffelsteiiiy town of Germany, in F^ancn-
nia, and bishopric of B;<m:-.erg, siU;ated on
the L.iuler, 15 miles NNE 'of Bamberg.
Lon. 11 12 K, ia. 50 15 N.
oui, rheumatism, scorbutic
complaints, &c. The accommodations for
y&i.ers are extensive and convenient.
There are in the township, five churches,
tv.'o cotton factories, a manuftctory of
ciockoj and two castmg houses for making
hollow iron ware. Population in 1810,
2,355 ; and in 1820, 2,369.
Staji'ord, township, Monmouth county.
New Jersey. The sod is gener.dly sandy,
yet there are zomt very good (arms, '.he
noc river SW and W ; Fauquiei' county
NW ; and Pri.ice William N. Length 20 ;
mean width 12; and area 240 square miles.
Surface very hilly, and sod sandy. Chief
towns, Staiford, Falmouth, and North Marl-
boro'.
Population in 1310.
Free white males ... 2,590
do. do. females - - - 2,729
Suijjord, borough, and county town of principal settleoient is Mannahawkin, a post
Staffordshire, U NW of Li chfi.ld,and 135 town, comaining 30 dwelling house>, and
NW of London. Lon. 24 W, lat. 52 48 .two placcj of public worship. Population
N. in 1810, 1,239 ; and in 1820, 1,428.
Stafford, county of Enghind, 55 miles Stafford, county of Virginia, between
long, and 42 broad. This is a long and *l^e Potomac, and Eappahannoc rivers ;
nanov/ tract of cmmtry, ending in a' point bounded by King George SB ; Rappahan-
ai the N and S extrerai'ies, having to the -----
W the counties of Chester and Salop ; to
the E those of Deriiy and Warv^^ick ; and
to the S Worcestershire. The rive."s Dove
and Trent form a natural boundary on the
Derbyshire side ; on the other sides it has
no remarkable limits. The S extremity
of the county is enlivened by various
branches of the hardware manufacture,
in vvhich it participates with the neigh-
bouring Birmingham. The trade of this
coun'.y is in a pecidiar niai ner assisted by
the grand system of canal navigation, of
which it is, as it were, the centre, and
w-hich is carried through its whole length.
The grand trunk, as it has been ingeniously Total population in 1810 -
terined, enters the N of the county from
Cheshii-e, and after piercing Harecastle- Population in 1820.
hdl, by a subterraneous pa-sage of a mile Free white males - - .
and a half in length, passes, through the do. do. females -
potteries, and thence southwards across the All other persons except Indians
'I'rent almost to Litchfield, from whence it not taxed - . . -
turns sf;ort over the Trent again, and over
tiie Dove, in its way to mix with the Trent Total whites ....
at Wdden-ferry. From the neighbourhood Free persons of colour, males
of Stafford it sends off a branch which runs do. do. females -
directly southwards by Pinkridge, and near Slaves, males . . . -
AVolverhampton, to join the Severn near do. females - ...
Kidderminster. With this a canal from
Birmmgham, and anotherfrom Stourbridge Total population in 1820.
95d,
Tot;d whites . - . .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves - - . . .
5,319
316
4,195
9,830
2,264
2,524
9,5ir
S T \
S T A
t)F these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 15
Engaged in Agriculiure - - 4,070
do. in MaiiuJactures - - 193
do. in Commerce - - 47
Populaiion totlie sqiia'C mile, 39i.
St(iffi(rth, town of Ge- many, in Upper
Saxon}', and priticipuliiy of Anhalt B rn-
biirg-, 21 miles SSW of Magdeburg. Lon.
11 40 E, lat. 51 55 N.
Sta^irn, town of Turkey, in Earope, in
Macedonia, seated on the gulf of Contessa.
It is remarkable for being the blvlh-place
of Aristotle, wheace he is called the S>agir-
ite. It is now called Lyba Nova, and is 16
mdes fr« m Conlessa. Lon. 22 48 E, lat. 41
15 N
Stagno, seaport of Ragnsi:n DaJmatia, on
a neniiisul., in the gulf of Venice, 30 miles
NW of Ragusa. Lon. If 50 E, lat. 43 12
N.
Sfn^fvi/le, post office, Xew York, in
Orange county.
Stain, town of Austria, op. the Da.^ube,
over which is a toll-brid^-e, 65 miles \Y of
Vienna. Lon. '^5 0 E, lat. 48 11 N.
Stains, town in Middlesex, on the
Thames, over which is a stone bridge. At
some distance f.bove the bridge, at Coin
Ditch, is the London R^ai'k Stone, which
is the ancient boundary of the jurisdiction
to the city of London on the Vhames, and
bears the date of 1280. Stains is 17 miles
W by S of London. Lon. 0 25 W, lat. 51
27 N.
S'albridge, town of Dorsetshire, with a
manufacture of stockings. Here is an a.i-
cient cross of one stone, 21 fet high, on a
base of eight feet. It is 20 mil s N by E
of Dorchester, and 111 W by S of London.
Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 50 57 N.
StaUmene See Lemnos
Stamford, borough in Lincolnshire, on the
most southern part of the county, is 26
miles N of Huntnigdon, and 89 N by W of
London. Lon. 0 31 W, iat. 52 42 N.
Stamford, township, Bennington county,
Vermont, 10 miles SB from Bennington.
Population in 1820, 400.
Stamford, post town in Fairfield count}',
Connecticut, on a small siream that runs
into Long Island Sound, 20 miles SW of
Fairfield, and 44 NE of New York. Tiie
township had 4352 inhabitants, in 1810;
and in 1820, 3284. Stamford, is a fine vil-
lage of between 60, and 70 well built
houses, with a harb lur admitting vessels of
seven feet draught.
Stamford, post town of Delaware county,
New York, cont-dng 1658 inhabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 1495 ; it is 60 miles S W
of Albany.
Stampalio, island of the Archipelago, 60
miles W of Rhodes, and o7 from the oast
of Natolia. It is 15 miles long, and five
bro.ad, almost without inhabitants, and
wants fresh water.
Suiin/jing- :;rGunds, post village, Ken-
tucky, m Scot county.
Siuiniankvil/f post village in the western
part of Orange county, Virginia, at tiie
f )ot of" t'-.e Blue R dge, 70 indes W from
Fredericksburg.
Stunchio. fertile Island of the Archipela-
go, ne^r the coa.st of Natolia, 12 miles NE
of Stampulio, and 40 iSTW of Rliodes. It is
the ancient Cos, the birth place of Hippo-
crates and Vpeiies; a:!d is 23 miles long,
and 10 broad. The capital, of the s»me
n.jme, is well built, and seated at the foot
of a mountsin, at the bottom of a bay, and
near a go.od iiarbour. Lon. 26 54 E, lat. 36
45 N.
Standi'sii, small post town in Cumberland
county, Maine, on the E ^ide of Saco river,
25 miles NW of Portland.
Staiulon, lov.n in Hertfordshire, eiglit
n.iles N of Her: ford, and 27 of London.
Lon. 0 5E, lat 51 56 N.
Stanford, post village and town-hip.
Duchess county, New York, 18 miles NE
from Pougliksepsie Popul .tion m 1810,
2335 ; and in 1820, 2518.
Siarford, post town and seat of j islice,
Lincoln county, Kentucky, near Dick's
river, 10 miles SE from Danville. Popula-
tion 500.
S.anmore, dreary district in the E angle
of Westmoreland, of the most savage
aspect, and which has been described in
poetry and romance. Here is a fragment
of Rerecross, set up as a boundary bettveen
England and Scotland, when Cumberland
belonged to the latter.
Stanhope, town in the county of Durham,
20 miles W of Durliam, and 264 N' of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 0 W, Lt. 54 48 N
Stanley, town in Glouces.ershirC; 12 miles
S of Gloucester, and 104 W of London.
Lon. 2 16 W, lut. 51 40 N.
Stanmore, Great., village in Middlesex ;
here is a hill, which is so very elevated,
that the trees upon it are a sea-mark from
the German Ocean.
Stanmore, Little^ See IVhitchurclu
Stanton, town in Lincolnshire, 16 miles
E of Lincoln, and 129 N of London- Lon.
0 2 W, lat. 5:^ 18 N.
Stantz, town of Swisserland, capital of
the canton of Underwalden, on a plain at
the foov of the Stanzberg, near the lake of
Lucern, 29 miles S of Zuric. Lon. 8 22
I-:, 1 .t. 46 51 N.
Suiraia Russa, town of Russia, in the
government of Novogorod, seated on the
river Polish, near the lake llmen 40 miles
S by E of Novogorod, Lon. 33 2 E, lat. 57
40 N.
Stargard town of Germany in Pomerenia.
It h.is manufactures of sergesj shalloons,
tammies, druggets, &c. and is seated on
959
s r A
S T A
the Ihna, 18 miles SE of Stettin, and 37
NW of Landsperg. Lon. ;'5 8 F,, lat. 53
32 N. ■
Stargard, town of Germany, in Lower
Saxon}', 30 miles distant from New Bran-
denburg.
Stark, county of Ohio ; bounded N by
Portage ; E by Columbiana ; S by Tusca-
rawas ; and VV by Wayne. Lenc^th 33 ;
width 30 ; and area ROO square miles. It
is drained by the various sources of Tuca-
rawas river. Chief town Canton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,462
do. do. fetyiales - - 1,265
Total whites - , . 2,727
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ _ 7
Slaves - - _ _ -
Total population in 1810
Popidatlon in 1820.
Free white males - . .
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . .
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
fio. do. females
Slaves, males - . . .
do. females
Total popvdation in 1820 -
2,734
7,600
5,88U
0
13,480
15
11
0
0
14,506
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 49
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,053
do. in Manufactures •• 402
do. in Commerce - - 20
Population to the square mile, 35^.
Starks, post village, and township So-
merset county, iMaine, on Kennebec seven
miles W from Norridgewock, Popula-
tion 1820, 1053.
Starksbormigh, post village Addisou
county, Vermont, 28 miles W from
Montpelier.
Starr, township of Hocking county,
Ohio. Popu ation 1820, 367.
Start Point, promontory of l^evonshire,
in the English Channel, 14 miles S by W
of Dartmouth. Lon 3 51 W, lat. 50
9 N.
Slaten Island, island of North America,
■which forms the county of Richmond ii;
the state of New York. On the S side
IS a coniderable tract of level land;
but in general, this island is rough, and
the hills high. See Richmond county jK'ew
York.
Slaten Land, barren craggy island, in
the Pacific Ocean in 55 S lat. Between
960
this island and Terra del Fuego is the
strait of Le Maire,
Siatesboron^h, post town and seat of
justice, Bullock county, Georgia, 45
miles NW from Savannah.
Statesburg, post town, Sumpter dis-
trict, South Carolina, near the Wateree,
30 miles S from Camden, and 10 miles
NW from Sumpterviile.
StaiesviUe, post town, and seat of jus-
tice Iredell county. North Carolina, on a
branch of South Yadkin river, about 130
miles W from Raleigh.
Sates of the Church, See Italt/.
Stavanger, episcopal town in Norv/ay,
in t! e provirice of Bergen, ca])ital of a
territory of the same name, with a har-
bour. It is seated on a peninsula, near
the fortress of Doswicit. 75 miles S of
Bergen. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 59 6 N.
Stavaren, ancient seaport of the United
Provinces in Friesland, formerly a con-
siderable town, but now much decayed,
ihe harbour being choked up with
sand. It is seated on the 21uider-Zee,
eight miles W of Slooten, and 15 NE
of Enchuysen. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 52
54 N.
Staubbach, celebrated cataract of Swis-
serland, near the village of Lauterbrunn,
in the canton of Bern, which falls down
a rock, 930 feet high with such impe-
tuosity, as to resolve itself into a fine
spray, which, viewed in somv particular
situations, resembles a cloud of dust.
Hence it drives its name; the word
Staubbach, in German, signifying a spring
of dust. The brook which forms this
torrent is named the Kupfer-Bachelin,
or Rivulet of Copper.
Staeufen, town of Germany in the cir-
cle of Suabia, and subject to Austria.
Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 48 55 N.
Stauffenbuvg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, 10 miles from
Wetzlar.
Stminton, post towii and seat of justice
for the county of Augusta, Virginia, is a
corporate town, situated on the S b. "inch,
of Shenandoah, in a beautiful and fertile
valley between the N and S Mountains,
a little N of Madison's Cave. Contains
about 200 houses, three handsome brick
churches, Presbyterian, Episcopalians,
and Methodist, two court-houses, one of
brick for the Chancery court, and the
other of stone for the county circuit and
corporation courts, three taverns, and
12 stores, containing 1355 inhabitants ;
distant 120 miles NW from Richmond,
95 SW from Winchester, 174 miles W
from the city of Washington.
Staunton, village on Miami river, in
Miami county, Ohio.
S T E
S T E
Staunton, township of Miami county,
Ohio, \V from Miami river. Topulation
1320, 774.
Stavropol, town cf Russia, i.i the gover.i-
inent of Siinbirsii. Lm. C8 58 E lat. 53
44 N
Stavropol, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Caucasus. Lon. 41 60 E, lat.
44 .56 N.
Steils/iianmilfe, post village Orange
townshi]) Meii^s county, Ohio.
Sireg-e, town of DrtMiark, in tl'.e island
of Meon, with a harbour 38 miles SSVV
of Copenhagen. L .n 12 20 E, lat. 55
5 N.
SceenbL'r^en, strong town of Bra-
bant, in the marqnisate of Bergen-op-
Zoom. It has a communication with the
Maese, and is s(.'ven miles N of Berjifen-
op-Zoom, and 17 W of Breda. L;)n. 4 28
E, lat 51 32 N.
Siet^iifceet; town of Vorway, in the pro-
vince of Drontheim. Lon 11 34 E, lat.
63 50 N
Stetiikirk, village of Hainault, famous
for th- victory obtained over William If I.
in 1692, by the duke of Luxemburg. It
is 15 miles N of Moiis, and 16 VV of
Brussels
SteenKH.'ck, strong town of Overyssel,
.seated on the river Aa, 20 itiiles SE of
Slo'iten, and 32 N of Deventer. Lon. 5
50 E, lat. 52 50 N.
Stecfcbiirg-, seaport of Sweden, in E
Gothland, seated on the B^lti ;.. 2) miles
S of Nikoping, .nul 82 SW of Stockholm.
Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 58 15 N
Sielii, town cf Swisserland, in the can-
tori of Zaric. It is seat;-d o!i the Rhi-.ie,
where it issues fr.m tht- 1 ike (f Con
stance, commandiir^ a deiit^hthii pros-
pect and is 15 miles W of Ci.n-itance,
and 15 NE of Zuric. L^m. 8 48 E, iat.
47 4:! X.
Stdnan, town of Bohemia, in Silesia,
and capital (if a circle. Lon 16 50 E,
lat. 52 23 N.
Sleiiifiii't, town of Gt^vmany. in the
citcie of 'vVfSti)halia. It has an acade-
my, anrl is seated (.n the V-cht, 16 milfs
N'vV of Munster. Lan. 7 41 E, lat. 12
15 N.
StL-iiiheim, town of Germany, in the
electorate of Mentz, seated on a hili,
near the river Maine, with a castle, nine
miles from Francfort. Lon. 3 54 E, kit.
49 52 N.
Steke, town cif Denm.irk, on the N
coast of the isle of Mona, with a castle.
It is almost surrounded by a lake. Lon.
12 15 1--, lat. 55 4 N.
Stellenboch, one of the provinces or dis-
tricts of the colony at the Cape of Good
Hope SE from Cape town.
S>mo.v, fortified town -.f France, in
6F
tiie department of Meuse, and late duchy
of Bar, seated on the river Meuse, 24
miles N by W of Vcrdum. Lon. 5 19 E,
lat. 50 28 N.
StPivhil, town of Gemanv, in the mar-
q-iisate of Brandenburg, and subject to
Prussia. Lon. 12 6 E, lat 52 45 N.
Siennis, village i 1 the island of Orkney.
St-^p/icntfnun, SE townsliip of Rvnsselaer
county, New York, containing 2667' in-
l.abitants in ISlO; and in 1320, 2592;
about 20 miles .SK. f''om Alb.viy.
Stepney, village E of London, and al-
most contiguous to it.
Sterlin/i; township of U'orcester coun-
ty, Massachusetts, contaiiiing M72 inha-
bitants in 1810 ; and in 1:<20, 1710.
Stei-liii^; post village, Windham county,
Connecticut, 44 md. s K from Hartford.
It is the seat of an acaJeiny, and a very
extensive cotton factory, containing 1600
spindles. P pulation 1810, 1101 ; and in
1820, 1200. ♦
Sterling': post village and township
C'avu^^a county New York.
Sterlin^ville, post village, Granville
county, North Carolina.
Sternberg, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in the marquisute of Branden-
burg. It carries on a great commerce
in cattle and is 20 miles NE of Franc-
fort on the Oder. Lan. 15 11 E, lat. 52
SON.
Sternberg, town of Germany, in Lower
Saxony, 16 miks SE of VVismar. Lon.
11 50 E, lat. 53 45 N.
Stertzingcn, town of Germany, in the
Tyrol, .seated .at the foot of a mountain,
on the river Evsoch, 12 miles NvV of
Brixen.
Steiin, or Stettin, seaport of German}',
in Pnmerania. It is a nourishing place,
and carries on a consiclerabk- trade. It
is seated on the 0:?er, 70 miles N by E
<i B.riin, and 72 N if Francfort. Lon.
11. 38 E, lat 53 .35 N.
Steuben, cour.ty of New Y'ork ; i)ound-
ed by Tioga county, in Penr.sylv-inia S ;
Aliegariv cou^ay in N w York W ; Liv-
ingstit'/aiid O itario N , and Sent-ca lake
and Tioga county in Nf^w Y-a-k E.
Lpi.gth and bn^adth n^-arly equal, each
about 40 miles. Area 1600 square miles.
The NE anf>ie is drained by Croaked
lake, into S iv ca lake ; from the NVV
angle the v.'aters are discharged into the
Cau< serago brarxh of Genesee river ;
find t!ic residue drained by Cainsteo,
and Tioga rivers, and thfir branches.
Surface generally very hilly and broken.
Chief town, Bath.
p.-.pulalifin in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,755
961.
s r E
s r K
Free white females «
Total whites - . - .
All olher persons except Indians
not taxed . - - .
Slaves .....
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males - * -
do. do. females
,373
Ste-ivarCy NW county of Tennessee, E c.
Tennessee river ; bounded by Kentucky
7,130 NE ; Montgomery county in Tennessee E ;
Dickson county SE ; Humphreys S j and
Tennessee river or Henry county W.
Length 22 ; mean width 20 ; and area 560
square miles. It is washed on one side by
7,246 Ten-essee, and traversed from SE to NW
— — by Cumberland river. Cliief town, Dover.
29
87
11,457
10.356
Population in 1810.
Total whites ... - 21,813
Free persons of colour, males 69
do. do. females, 61
Slaves, males . - . , 24
do. females - - - . 22
Total population in 1820
21,989
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalize^ - - 155
E:igaged in Agriculture - • 4,147
do. in Manufactures - - 832
do. in Commerce • - 25
Population to the square mile, 13J.
Steuben, post village and township
Washington county, Maine, 55 miles W
from iVIachius. Population 1810, 552 ;
and in 1820, 780.
Steuben, township of Oneida county. New
York, 20 miles N from Utica. This tract
was granted, for his revolutionary services
to Baron Steuben, and here ri-st his re-
mains.
Steubmiville, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Jefferson county, Ohio. I: was ! lid
out in thick woods in 1798, and in 1810,
contained 800 inhabitants ; and by the cen-
sus of 1820, 2539. This town 1 ke most
others on the Ohio, rises from the r ver by
different stages of elevation. The adja-
cent country is in a pecul:tr manner ro
mantie and pleasing to the eye The
dwelling hovises amouat to about 460 ;
Avith three churches, two banks, a market
house, an exten-ive woollen cl'-.th factory,
put in miition by ste:ni, also a s'eam cot-
ton factory, a p^per mil!, a weekly news-
paper printing office, an academy, an air
foundry, &c It is 39 m les by land and 70
by water, from Pittsburg. Lon. W C 3 40
W, ljt.40 25 N.
Stevenage, town in Hertfordshire, with
a market on Friday, 12 miles NNW of
Hertford, and 31 N by W ot London. Lon.
0 10 "WMat 51 59 N.
Stevensbwg, post town in Frederick
county, Virginia, 10 mile^ NE of Stras-
burg, and eigl.t SW of Winchester.
Stevensburg, post village, Culpepper
county, Virginia, 30 miles NW by W, from
Fredericksburg
Stevemville, post village, King and Queen
coiwtv, Virginia.
962
Free white males
do, do. females - - -
1,829
1,636
Total whites ....
All other per-ons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
3,465
18
779
4,262
Population in 1820.
Free whiles, males
do. do. fem;des
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
3,475
3,522
0
Total whites .... 6,997
Free persons of colour, males 27
do. do. females 21
Slaves, males _ - - 670
do. females - - - 673
Total population in 1820
8,388
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,238
do. in Manufactures - 135
do. in Commerce - - 15
Population to the square mile, 15.
Steiuart's Islands, five islands in the S
Pacific 0;ean, discovered by captain Hun-
ter in 1791, and named by him in honour
of admiral Keith Stewart. Lon. 163 18
E, lat. 8 26 S.
Ste-cuartsiovm, small town of Scotland in
the connty of Ayrj 14 nv.les NNE of Ayr.
SteTvartsto7vn, inconsider;ible town of Ire-
land in the county of Tyrone, five miles
NNE of Dunganiion.
Stewart stow n, post village, and township,
Coos county, New Hampshire ; on Con-
necticut river. Population in 1820, 363.
Steyning, borough in Sussex, 51 S by W
of Lon.'lon.
Steyre, town of Upper Austria, and quar-
ter of Traun. It caiTies on a great trade
in iron, and is seated at the confluence of
the Steyre and Ens, 20 miles SE of Lintz,
Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 48 6 N.
Steyregg. town of Austria, 36 miles ESE
of Puussr.u, and 84 W of Vienna. Lon.
15 20 E, lat. 40 15 N.
St. George's, post town in New Castle
county, Delaware, on the N side of St.
S T I
are
iaaorge's creek, ten miles 9 of New Cas-
tle, and nine N of Cant well's.
Stick/ta7iseii, town and citadel of Ger-
many in Westphalia, and county of East
Friesland, 18 miles ESE of Embd'en. Lon.
7 13 E, lat, 53 14 N.
Stiligiano, town of Naples, in Basllicata,
famous for its baths, and seated near the
river Salandrella.
Stilhvaier, post town in Saratoga county,
New York ; situated on the W side of
Hudson river, 16 miles N of Troy, IS E
of Ballstown, and 24 N of Albany. It was
at this,place on October 7th 1777", that the
decisive battle was fought bctvv'cen the
American and British armies, which pro-
duced the surrender of the latter, with
their general, Burgoyne. Population 1810,
2492, and in 1820,
Sld/on, town in Huntingdonshire, cele-
brated for a ricli kind of cheese, some-
times called Eng-lish Panuesan. It is 14
miles S by E of Stamford, and 75 N by E
-of London.
Sti?icliar, river of Scotland, in the N
part of Ayreshire, which has a rapid course
of 26 miles, and enters the ocean below
Bailantrae,
Stiria, formerly a duchy of German}^
now Inner Auf-tria, 125 miles long and 17
broad ; bounded on the N by Austria, E
by Hungary, S by Carniola, and W by Ca-
rinthia and Salzburg. It is divided into
Upper and Lower Stiria ; the foi-mer con-
tains the circles of Judenburg and Bruck,
and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburg,
and Cilley. Though a mountainous coun-
try, there is much land fit for tillage, and
the soil is fertile. Gratz and Judenburg
are the chief, towns.
Stirling, borough of Scotland, capital of
Stirlingshire, on the river Forth. Here
are two churches and a famous grammar
school. In the town and its neighbour-
hood are manufactures of carpets, sha-
loons, and other woollen stufis ; and the
cotton trade is very flourishing, Stirling
from its commodious situation, commands
the pass between the N and S part of
Scotland. It is 30 miles NW of Edinbnrg.
Lon. 3 45 W, lat 56 6 N.
Stirling, county of Scotland, 35 miles
long, and 10 broad ; bounded on the N by
Perthshire, NB by Clackmananshire and
the frith of Forth, SK by Linlithgowshire,
S by Lanerkshire and Dumbartonshire,
and \V by Dumbartonshire, It is divided
into 22 parishes, and contains 60,000 in-
habitants. The principal rivers are the
Forth, Carron, and Avon ; and the great
c:mal crosses it from the moutli of the
Carron. The S part of the Cviunty is n-.oun-
tainous, but the part near the Forth is i'er-
tile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, and
limestone. Population 1801, 50,825 ; in
3811, 58,174 ; and in 1821, 65,331.
Stiriun, town of German}', in the duciiy
of Berg, sealed on the Roer, 12 miles N
of Dusseldorp. Lon 6 52 E, lat. 41 24 N.
Stochem, town of Germany, in Liege,
seated on the Maesc, 12 miles N of Maes-
tricht. Lnn. 5 42 E, lat, 51 4 N.
Stock, township of Harrison countv,
Ohio. Population 1820, 483.
Stockach, town of Germany, in the land-
gravate of Neilenburg. It is seated on ft
river of the same name, 12 miles N of
Constance. Lo-i. 9 10 E, lat. 47 .50 N.
Stochbriilge, borough in Hampshire, nine
miles NW of Winchester, and 67 W by
S of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 51 9 N. '
Stockbridge, post town in Berkshire
county, Massachusetts, 14 miles N of Shef-
field, and 67 NW of Hartford in Connec-
ticut. It had 1261 inhabitants, in 1810 ;
and in 1820, 1377.
Stockbridge, post village, Windsor coun-
ty, Vermont, 26 miles NW from Windsor,
Stockdoii's valleif, post village, Cutnber-
land county, Kentucky.
Stockrau, town of Germany, in the arch-
duc'iy of Austria. It is situated on the
Danube, and is six miles NW of Neuberg.
Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in a si-
tuation remarkable for its romantic scenery.
This capital whicii is very long and irre-
gular, occupies, besides two peniiisulas,
seven small rocky islands, seated in the
Maeler, in the streams which issue from
that lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. A
variety of contrasted views are formed by
numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly
from the surface of the water, partly
bare and craggy, and p^irtly dotted with
houses, or feathered with wood. The
harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; the wa-
ter is as clear as crysta/, and of such depth,
that ships of the largest burden can ap-
proach the quav, which is very large, and
lined with .s'jacious buildings. Towards
the sea a!oyi\xi two or three miles from the
town, *J«e harbour is contracted into a nar-
row .strait, and winding among high rocks
d"oappears from the sight ; and the pros-
pect is terminated by distant hills over-
spread with forest. It i^ far beyond the
power of words, or of the pencil, to de-
lineate tliese singid.ir views. The central
island, from which the city derives its
name, and the Ilitterholm, are the hand-
somest parts of the tov/n. At the extremi-
ty of tlie harbour, several streets rise one
above another, in the form of an amphi-
theatre ; and the royal palace, a magnifi-
cent building, crowns the summit. Ex-
cept in the suburbs, where several houses
are of wood, painted red, the generality
of the buildings are of brick. There are
here an academy of sciences, and an ar-
senal. Stockholm is 200 miles NE of Co-
pe nha-^en, and 900 NE of London. Lon,
IS 9 li, Int. ;'i9 20 N.
9m
S T (J
b T O
Stoekholm, post villag'e, and town, and Ali other persons except Indians not
township, St. Lawrence county, New York, taxed 1'22
30 miles E from Og-densbiirg. Population Slu\ es . - . . - 1,746
1810, 307; and in 18-0 82'J. ;;
Stockholm, post viliaiTP and township, Total popu;ation in 1810 - - 11,645
Morris county, N'j w Jersey.
i'Abckjwrt, town in Cheshire. It has Population in 1820.
a considerable manufacture of cotton and Free white rnale^. - - - 5,689
printed goods, and is> seated on the Mer- do. do. lemales - - - 5,945
sey. six miles S ot Manchester, and 175 All o her persons except Indians
Lon. 2 IS W, lat. 55 not taxed - . . . 0
Total whites - . . -
Free pt rsons ( f coleur, males -
do. do. females,
Slaves, nudes . . . .
do. females . . - .
Total population in 1820
Of these;
11,634
. 106
89
1,065
1,139
14,033
6
5,511
418
28
ISNVV of London
33 N.
Stockton, town in the county of Dur-
ham. It has a large maiiufacture of
sailcoth, a trade in lead, C( rn, and but-
ter, Knd is r.cted for its good ale. It is
seated on the river Tei s, iiot f^r from
its mouth, 18 miieG SSE of Durham, and
244 N by W of London. Lon. 1 6 W,
lat. 54 38 N.
StockzQiv, town of Bohemia, in Sile-
sia, in tt\e principality of Teschtn, heated Fore gners n.t naturi^lized
on the Vistula, 12 mdes SPL of Teschen. t>'g:<gi^d in AgT.ctdturL-
Lon. 18 32 E, lat. 49 45 N. do. in Manufactures
'itoddart. township of Cheshire coun- tlo. in Cotnmeice
ty, Ntw Hiii-.ipshirc, containing 1132 in- Populaion to tlie square mile, 14|.
habitants in 1810; and in 1820, r2u3. iYoXrcs, -SW township of Madison coun-
Stoddartsville, post village in Coving- ty, Ohi . Population 1820. 461.
ton township. Luzerne county, Pennsyl- Stokesley, town in the North ric'ingof
vania, on the rluht bank (if the Lehigh Yorkshire, 36 miles N of York, and 239
river, 32 miles NW from Easton, and N by VV of London. Lon. 1 2 W, lat.
18 mik s SE c-f \\iike>barre. 54 29 N.
Sioke, village in Dorsetshire, near Stolberg, town of Germany, in Thu-
"which in 1750, some antiquities were ringia, capital of a county of the same
dug up. ^ name. It lias a castle, where the count
Stoke, village in Norfolk. SE of Down- resides, and is seated in a val'.ey between
ham, and a fVny ra the Stoke, which two niountain.s, 10 mies N of Nordhau-
3S navigable to it from the Ouse. sen, and 58 NW of Leipsic. Lon. 11 8
Stake, vi.\avc in Suffolk. Its church E, lat. 31 42 N.
which is situated on a hill, has a tower Siolhofftv, town of Germany, in Sua-
120 feet high, ana is a land mark to bia, seated in a mi rass, near the Rhine,
ships that pass the mouth of the harbour eight nules SVV of Baden, and 12 NE
of Harwich, at 13 mi!< stf.stance. of'strasburg. Lon. S 10 E, lat 48 41 N.
Stoke, or Stoke Fvges. \\lh^^, ;„ Buck- Siolpen, town of Pc.merania, in a val-
inghar.ishire, tour mdes NNW a wind- ley, on a river of the same name, 50 miles
sor Its churchyard was the sctne of NE of C Iberc:, and 66 NVV of Dantzic.
Gray s celebrated Elegy. L^n 16 35 E.'^lat. 54 32 N.
Stokecomer, town in Somersetshire, stone, town of Staffordshire, on the
26 miles W of Wells, and 152 W by S of Trent, seven miles N by VV of Stafford,
London. and 140 NW of London. Lon. 2 6 W,
Stoke Vabernon, village in Surry, lat. 54 54 N
with sulphureous springs. Stoyieham, A'orth, village in Hants,
,S/oAri, county ot North Carolina ; seated on the Itchen. three miles NE of
bounded by \ irginia N ; Rockingham Southampton. In its church is an ele-
and Guilford counties >n N< rth Carolina gant mcnumc-nt erected in 1783 to the
E; Rowan S; and Surry W. Length memory of Admiral Hawke.
40; width 24; and area 960 square AVcTZf/ifn^-f.iemarkablt heap of stones
mileiv It IS drained by the sources of on Salisbury Plain, six miles NE of Sa-
the Dan and Yadkin rivirs. Chief towns lisbury. It has puzzled many diligent
Germantown and Salem. inquirers to account for the laying .of
those enormous stones one upon another,
4,961 for they are so heavy, that it is thought
4,816 no method now known is sufficient to
have raised those that lie across, to that
9,777 heiglit.
Population in 1810.
Free while males
do. do. females
Total whites
■^64
S T t)
S T 0
Stone Arabia, post village in Palatine,
Montgomery county.
Stone Jort, post village in Franklin
ecu .ty. 1 enne-see.
Slone/iam. township in Middlesex
county, Massachusetts, nine mil- s N
from BiiSton. Pupuiation 1820, 61.5
Stone/ia-ven, county town ot Kincar-
tlineshire, Scotland, with a good tiarbour
secured b\ a stone pi-r. It lias some
trade in canvass, dritd h-h, and oil It
is 14 miles S by W of Aberdeen.
Stoningion, |)Ost town and borough in
New London county, Connecticut ; lying
on Long Island Sound, 15 miles east-
ward of New London, and near the W
line of Rhode Island ; in lat. 41 30 N,
and Ion. 72° VV.
Stoninglon was incorporated as a bo-
rough in 1801, and now contains exclu-
sive of the residue of the tiAvnship, 800
inhabitants ; two woollen and one cotton
factory ; an acade<r.y ; and two houses
of public worship 'i'his little town gain-
ed just celebrity for tht- gailant and suc-
cessful resistance made by its inhabitants,
against a bombardment attempted by a
British squadron, August 1814,
Stonesborough, post village in Green
county, Kentucky.
Stone's river, river of Tennessee, fall-
ing into the Cumberland, six miles above
Nashville. It chiefly drains Rutherford
county
Siones-oille, post village in Greenville
district. South Carohna.
Stony jwini, post village in Albemarle
county, Virginia.
Stony point, post village in Abbeville
district, South Carolina.
St9n£, inlet of Charleston district,
South Carolina, opens to the Atlantic
Ocean between John and James islands,
about 12 miles S from Charleston.
Stone creek, township of Somerset
county, Pennsylvania, on Stony creek,
hranch of Conemaugh, 10 mi-es E from
Somerset. Population 1820, 754.
Storkau. town in Upper Saxony, 24
miles ESE of Berlin, and 25 WSW of
Francfort on the Oder. Lon. 13 35 E,
lat. 52 24 N.
StormarUi, principality in the duchy
of Hoistein, bounded on the N liy Hol-
stein Prnptr, on the E by Wageria and
Lawenherg, and on the S and W by Lu-
nenburg and Bremen, from which it is
separated by the Elbe. Gluckstadt is the
capital.
Stornaway, town of Scotland in the
isle of Lewis. It has a harbour called
Loch Stornaway, on the E side of the N
division of the island.
Stortford, or Bishop's Stort^ord, town
jn Hertfordshire. It is seated on the
side of a hill on the river Stort, which
has been made navigable hence to the
Lea. It is 12 miles NE of lli-rtford,
and 30 N of London. Lon. 0 12 E, iat.
51 55 N
Slossen town of Germany, in U(;per
Saxony, six miles S nf Wei.^senstls and
six SE nt Nam burg.
Stoughton, township of Norfolk coun-
ty, Massac use tts, roiiiaining 1134 inha-
bitants in 1820; and in 1820, 1313, and
situated 1(5 miles SVV ot Boston.
Stour, river wiiich rises on the most
northerly point of Dorsetshire, on the
tdge of Wiltshire, and after washing
Stourminster and IJianford, tluws to the
Hampshire border, and enters the sea at
Christ church.
Stour, small stream in Kv-nt, which
rises in liie Wealk, fiuws by Cunterbury,
and empties itself into the sea beiow
Sandwich.
Slour, most considerable river in Suf-
folk, whici) forms the entire boundary
between Essex and Suffolk, watering
Clare, Sudbury, Nayland, and Manning-
tree, and being joined by the Orwell
an arm of the sea from Ipswich, at which
place it receives the Gippmg, it falls into
the sea, and forms the harbour of Har-
wich.
1^'tour, river in Staffordshire, which
runs through the south angle of that
county in its course to meet the Severn,
in Worcestershire
Stourbridge, town in Worcestershire.
This town is noted for its glass and iron
works ; and is seated on the Slour, over
which is a bridge, 21 miles N of Wor-
cester, and 124 NW of Lon'Jon. Lon
2 0 W, lat. 52 32 N.
^ Stourbridge, or Slurbich, field near
Cambridge, famous for an annual fair
on the seventh of September. This fair
is under the jurisdiction of the univer-
sity of Cambridge ; and the commodi-
ties are horses, hops, iron, wood, lea-
ther, cheese, &c.
Stourminster, town in Dorsetshire, 20
miles NE of Dorchester.
Stourfiort, considerable village in Wor-
cestershire where the Staff* ;rd shire and
W^orcester canal joins the Severn, is a
place in a manner created and from a
plain field is become a thriving and very
busy centre of inland water carriage.
It lias a stone bridge over the Severn
finished in 1775, and is four miles south
of Kidderminster.
Stouts, village in Washington county,
Missouri.
Stow, town in Gloucestershire. Some
call it Stow on the Would ; and it is not
only seated on a bleak hill, but is desti-
tute of wood and water. It is 11 miles
965
S T R
south of Campden, and 77 VV by N of
London. Lon. 1 50 VV, lat. 51 54 N.
SLOW creek, town of Cumberland
county, New Jersey Population 1820,
884.
Stoiv, township of Portage county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 578.
Stoweij, town in Somersetshire, seven
miles W by N of Biidgewater, and 145 W
by S of London. Lon. 3 9 W, lat. 51
10 N.
Sioio Market, town in Suffolk, it is seated
between the branches of the Gippinj,' and
Orwell, and has a navigable cut to Ipswich.
Its cherries are though i to be the firest in
England, and it h*% a large manufacture of
woollen stuffs. It is 12 miles NW of Ips-
wich, and 75 NNE of Lond )n. Lon. 1 6
E, lat. 52 16 N.
Stoystoim, post village, and borough,
Somerset county, Pennsylvania, 29 miles
W, from Bedford. Poptda'ion in 1820,
204.
Strabane, toVrU of Ireland, in the county
of Tyrone, on the Mounne, 11 miks SSW
of Londonderry. Lon. 7 19 W, lat. 54
50 N.
Strabatie, township of Washmgton coun-
ty, Pennsylvania ; situated on the head
waters of Chanier creek, five m'nex E of
Washington. In 1810 it contained 2395
inhabitants; and in 1820, 2571.
Stradella, strong town of Italy, in the
Milanese, with a castle, seated on the Ver-
sa, near the Po, 10 miles SE of R vin, and
47 NW of Parma. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 45
5N.
Strafford, county of New Hampshire;
bounded by Maine E; Rockingham S, and
SW Grafton NW ; and Coos N. Length
70 ; mean width 21 ; and area 1460 square
miles. Surface extremely diversified. Pis-
cataqua river rises in its southeastern an-
gle. I'he body of the county is, however
drained bv the sources of Merrimac river,
and Winnipissioge, and other lakes occupy
the central parts. Soil tolerablj productive
in grain, and pasturage. Chief towns
Dover, and Gilmantown.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites . - . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
20.681
20,828
41,509
41,595
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 24,912
do. do. females - - 25,638
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 0
.966
S T R
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
50,617
Of these ;
Foreiijiiers not naturalized - H
Engaged in Agriculture - - 10,284
do. in Manufactures - 1,538
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 34J.
Stafford, post village and township of
Orange county, Vermont, 30 miles N from
Windsor. Popvdation in 1810, 1805; and
in 1820 uncertain. In this town is a re-
markable copperas mine.
Straits of Calais. See Pas de la Calais.
Straelen, town of the Netherlands, in
Prussian Guelderland, five mdes SW of
Gueldres. Lon. 5 57 E, lat. 51 23 N.
Strahiind, strong seaport of Upper Sax-
ony, in Pomerania, surrounded by the Ral-
tic, and the lake Francen, and has a har-
bour separated from the isle of Rugen by
a narrow strait. It is 15 miles NW of
Gripswftld, and 40 NE of Gustro. Lon. 13
28 E, lat. 54 17 N.
Slrangford, maritime town of Ireland, in
the county of Down, seated on the narrow
channel that connects Lough Strangford
with the Irish Sea, seven miles E of Down.
Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 54 31 N.
Strangford, Lough, deep inlet of the sea,
in the county oi Down, on the E coast of
Ireland. It contains 54 islands that have
names, and many others that are nameless.
The burning of Kelp profitably employs a
great number of hands in these islands.
The bar, or entrance into it from the Irish
Sea, is three m.lles below Strangford.
Stranraiver, borough in Wigtonshire,
situated on Loch Ryan. It has a manufac-
ture of linen, and is eight miles W of Glen-
luce. Lon. 5 15 W, lat. o5 0 N.
Sirasherg, town and lordship of Suabia,
18 miles E of Rotwell, and 19 W of Bu-
chau.
Strasburg, commercial city of France,
in the department of Lower Rhine, and
late jirovince of Al ace. It is situated a
quarter of a league from the Rhine; and
the river 111 runs through it, and forms
many canals. There are six bridges of
communication between the different qu.ir-
ters of the city ; and the inhabit.nts, exclu-
sive of tlie g;.rrison, are computed to be
46,000 The principal structures are made
of a red stone, dug from the quarries,
wUich are alaig the Rhine, This town
formerly imperial, was taken by Lewis XIV.
in 1681. Tiie citadel and fortifications,
v.'hich he conptrucled. have been ,so much
S T R
S T H
augmented, that Strasburg may be consi-
dered as one of the strong'^st places in Ku-
rope, h was confirmed to France by ihe
peace of Ryswick in 1697. The 'own is
entered by six gates. Before the French
revohrion it was an irchiepiscopal see. In
the cathedral is a dock which shows thc>
motiiins of the constellations, th' revoln-
tion of the sun and moon, the days of the
weeks, the hours, &c. Another remarka-
ble circumstance in this cathedral is its
pyramidical tower, which is 549 feet high.
Here is a school of artillery, and, in one of
the Lutheran churches the mausoleum of
Marshal Saxe. Str tsburg is 55 miles N of
Brasil, and 255 E of Paris. Lon. 7 51 E,
lat. 48 35 N
_ Stvasburg, strong town of Westera Prus-
sia, in C dm, with a castle, on the Drig'^ntz,
30 miles from Th rn. Lon. 18 23 E, la».
53 5 N.
Strasbiirg, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Uncker marche of Brmdenburg, 12
miles N of Prenzio, and 56 N of Berlin.
Lon. 13 43 E, lat. 53 38 N.
Strasbur:^, post town in Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania; eight miles SE ot the bo-
rough of Lancaster, and 55 W of Philadel-
phia.
Strasburg, post town in Franklin county,
Pennsylvania, 10 miles NW of Chambers-
burg, 13 W of Shippensburg, and 5o E of
Bedford.
Strasburg, post town in Shenandoah
county, Virginia ; situated on a branch of
Shenandoah river, 18 miles S by W of Wm-
chester, and 32 NB of Newmarket, contain-
ing about 500 inhabitants.
Stratford, considerable village in Essex,
four milt-s ENE of London. It is separa-
ted from Bow, in Middlesex, by the river
Lea, over which is a bridge, said to be the
most ancient stone bridge in England.
Stratford on Avon, corporate town inWar-
wickshire, chiefly memorable for the birth
of Shakspeare, who was interred here in
1616 ; over which is a stone bridge, eight
niiies SW of Warwick,- and 94 NW of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 44 W. lat. 52 15 N.
Stratford, Fenny, town in Bockingham-
shire, seated on the Roman Watl ng street,
12 miles E of Bii. kingiiam, 11 from Dun-
stable, and 45 NW of London. Lon 0 42
W, lat 51 58 N.
Stratford. St. Mary^s, considerable village
in Suffolk, which h <s a share in the wool-
len manufacture. It is 12 miles SW of Ips-
wich.
Stratford, Sto7iey,hrge town in Bucking-
hamshire, stunds with a st ne bridge on
river Oyse, to which the Watling street
comes, crosses thec-mntry from Dunstable,
six miles from Fenny Stratford, and 52
from London, in the road to Chester. Lon.
0 50 W, lat. ,52 3 N.
Stratford, post village and township, Coos
county. New Hampshire. Population m
1830, 335.
Strafford, post town of Fairfield ci)unty,
Connecticut; simated on the W --ide of
Stratf ird river, near its entrance into the
Sound. In 1810 it c .n'a.ned 2895 inhabi-
tants ; and in 1820, 3438. Ii contaujs an
academy and four churches.
<S'/m{/b)v/,:owiisi'.ip of Montgomery coun-
ty, N w York, 15 miles NW from Johns-
town. Population in 1820, 407.
Siratham, townsh.p ofRockmgham coun-
ty, New Hampshire, eight miles SW from
Portsmo !th Population m 1810, 876;
and in 1820, 892.
Strathbogic, village of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, 13 m les SW n^ Bail", and 45 N
W Aberdeen. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 57 25 N.
Strathern, beauti'ul vale m Perthsiilre,
about 30 miles in length, full of ricti mea-
dows and cornfields, divided by the river
Earn, which serpentines finely through the
middle, falling into the Tay, of which there
is a sight at the E end of the vale. It is
prettily diversified with groves of trees and
gentlemen's houses.
Stathmore, valley in Kidcardine-ihire, one
of the finest tr»cts in Scotland. It begins
near Stonehaven, exendin;., SW almost as
far as Ben Lomond, and is sheltered to the
NW by th. Grampian mou^'ains
Strathmorey'wev in S-therlandshire, that
falls mto Loch Hope. On this river are the
ruins of a curious ancient fort, called Dor-
nadilla.
Strathnaver, district in Sutherlandshire,
which comprises the NE part of that coun-
ty. It takes its na ".e from the river Naver.
Strathspey, fertile vale in MurrayshirCj
famo'is for giving name to a populous spe-
cies of Scoch mvisic. Tuliochgorum, Ro-
thiemerches, and several other piaces, ce-
lebrated in smg, are mft with in this vale.
StiMthy river in Sutherlandshire, which
flows into an exensive bay of the North
Sea, shell ered by a large promontory to
which it gives name.
Stratton, town in Cornwall, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday: It is seated between two
rivulets which here unite and fall into the
Bristol Channel at a smali distance It is
18 miles NW of Launceston, and 221 W by
S of London. Lon. 4 43 VV, lat. 50 55 N.
Stratton, township of Windham county,
Vermont, 40 miles SW from Windham.
Population 300.
Straubmgen, town of Bavaria, capital of
a territory of the same name. It is a large
place, with broad streets, handsome
churches, and fine convents. It is seated
on the Danube, 22 miles SE ot Ratisbon,
and 65 NE of Mtmich. Lon. 12 35 E, lat.
48 54 N.
Strawberry Plains, post village, Knox
county, Tennessee,
967
S T R
S T U
Straivherry, 'inall river nf Arkansaw, and
Missouri, a westerii branch of Black river.
Straiutovjn, post village, Bucks county,
Pennsylvania.
Sn\'athavi, village in Surry, five miles
S of London A mineral water of a ca-
thartic quality was discovered in this
parish in 1660, quantities of which are
seiit to some London hospitals.
Strebla, town of Germany, m Upper
Saxony, seated on the Elbe, 14 miles M W
of Meissen, and 18 NVV of Dresden.
Lo!!, 23 15 E, lat. >1 oO N.
Strelitz, Old. town of Lower Saxony,
and duchy of Mfcklenburg Sirelitz.
Strditz^ JVetv, town in the duchy of
Mecklenburg; Strelitz, was founded by
Adulphus Frederick III.
Strcng, or Strengues, town of Sweden,
in Sudermania, with a coll. ge. It is
seated on the lake Maeler, 50 miles W
of St..ckholm. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 59
20 N.
IStrcigau, town of Bohenaia, in Sile-
sia, nine miles NVV ot bchweidnitz,
Sirinon, now Eiiiboid river, of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Uomania. It falls into
the gulf uf Contessa.
Siroems/iohn, town of Sweden, in West-
manland, on the lake Maeler, 45 miles
SW of Upsal. Lon. 16 24 E, lat 59
SON.
Stroma, small island on the coast of
Caithness-shire, once used as a place of
interment, by the inhabitants ui several
of t'le neighbiiuring islands. In the c.i-
verns of this island, uncovrupted human
bodies that had been dead sixtv years or
more, were formerly to be found. This
island is fertile in corn, and is inhabited
by about 40 families, who do not plough,
but dig their corn land.
Strombevff, town of Germany, in West-
phalia, capital of a small district, in the
bishnpr'C of Munster. It is 20 miles
SE ot Munster, and 20 NVV of Pader-
born Lon. 7 43 E, lat. 51 45 N.
Stroinberg, town of Germany, in the
circle of the LoAver Rhine, 26 miles W of
Mentz, and 48 E of Treves, Lon. 7 21
E, lat. 49 57 N.
Stromboli, the most northern of the Li-
pari islands. It is a volcano, vvhich rises
in a conical form above the surface of the
sea. Of all the volcanoes recorded in his-
tory, Stromboli seems tn be the only one
that burns without ceasing /Etna and
Vesuvius often lie quiet for many months,
and even years, without the least ap-
pearance cf Hre ; but Stromboli is con-
tinually flaming, and for agt s past, has
bet-n lookfd upon .as the great lighthouse
of that part of the Mediterranean Sea.
Lon. 15 45 E, lat, 38 40 N.
Stromness, town on the W side of the
968
island of Orkney, with an excellent hai
hour, nine miles W of Kirkwall. ■]
Stronisoe, town of Norway, 18 miles \
SVV of Christiania. Lon. 10 20 E, latf 59 ■
43 N. j
Stromstadt, town of S-veden, celebra- ,
ted for its shell fish. Lon. 11 5 R, lat. >f
59 43 N. '
Strongville, one of the southern town-
ships of Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Popu-
lation 1820, 297
Sirongoti, town of Italy, in Naples,
in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see.
It is seated on a high rock, surrounded
by others, three miles from the sea,. and
seven N of St. Severino. Lon. 17 26 E,
lat. .39 20 N
Slronsa, island of Scotland, one of the
Orkneys, situated NF, of that called
M.uiiland.
Stroud, town in Gloucestershire, seat-
ed on a brook, whose waters being pecu-
liarly adapted to the dying of scarlet, its
banks are crov^ded with the houses of
clothiers ; and a navigable canal accom-
panies its progress to the Severn. This
town has like w ise a manufactory of broad
cloth, and the canal has been lately ex-
tended to join the Thames at Lechlade-
See Thames. Stroud is 11 miles SE of
Gloucester, and 102 W by N of London.
Lon. 2 0 VV, lat. 51 42 N.
Stroudaburg, village and post town,
on the north bratit h of Smith fie'd creek,
Northampton county, Pennsylvania. It
is built upon one street, and is the fourth
in size in Northampton. An academy
has recently been established there. It
is three miles NVV from the Delaware
Water Gap.
Stiiartsbiirg, post village, on the road
from Pittsburg to Greensburg, 18 miles
from the former.
Stuart's lake, lake of North America,
W of the Chippewan mountains. It is
but imperfectly known but represented
as 300 miles in circumferencre The NW
company have a fort on its banks at lat.
54 30 N, and Ion. AV C 48 W. I
Stuhliveissenburg, strong town of Low- '
er Hungary, capital of Ekekersedgewai*.
It had the title of regalis, or royal, be-
cause formerly the kings were crowned
and buried here. It has been several
times taken by the Turks, but has been
in the hands of the house of Austria
ever since 1688. It is seated on the Rau-
siza, 20 miles SW of Buda. and 162 N
by W of Belgrade. Lon. 18 40 E, lat.
47 19 N.
StuUngen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, with a castle, 35 miles
W of Constance. Lon. 8 54 E, lat. 47
45 N.
s u c
S U D
Stia'brJdffe, townsliip of Worcester
county, Massachusetts, Ci!ntainii!g 1927
inhabitants in 1810. Situated 2u niiles
SW of \Vorct:'hter . n.ar the Conr.ectictil
line. Population 1810, 19i7 ; and in 1820,
1633.
Siurgeon, bay of Green bay, Sftting
up SE lowanls lake Michigan, opposite
the mouth of Menonnonic river, and 45
milts NNE from the moutli of Fox river.
Stufgard, city of Buabia, capital of
the kingdom of Wirtemberg. It i.s sur-
rounded by walls and ditcht-s, aiid has
an ancient castle, with a rich cabinet of
curiosities, a mug lificent palace, an cr-
phan house, a college, a ducal academy
and observatory, a military academy, and
one of the larg> st iibrarii s in Germany.
It has manufactures of silks, stockings,
ribands, £cc and possesses an academy
' of painting, scalpture and architecture,
and around it are innumerable vineyards
and garden-, 'i^hc streets are narrow
in the city, and the houses generally > f
wood; but there are fine houses, and
straight streets, in one of the suburbs,
Stutgard was tak^n by the French in
June 1796, and in Novtmbi r 1799. It is
seated in a plain among mountains, near
the river Neckar, 36 miles E of B^den,
and 52 NE of Strasburg. Lon. 9 21 E,
lat. 48 44 N.
Suabia country of Germany, bounded
on the N by Franconia and the circle of
. Lower Rhine, W by thai circle and Al-
sace, S by Switzerland, and E by Bava-
ria. It contains the greater part of the
kingdom of Wirterniierg, the rnargra-
vate of Baden, and some other territo
ries .
Siiakan or Suaquam, seaport and the
capital (!f the cimntry of Abex, seated
on a smal! iblHiid of tiie same nnme, in
the fled Sea. It is iht- rtsider.ee of a
Turkish governor under the bashaw of
Cairo, and waa once a very fiourishing
place, but is now gone to decay. Lon.
37 55 E, lat. 19 56 Is.
Subiaco, town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, si-at-.d on the Tever.)ne, 33
miies E by N of Rome.
Sucanada. town in tho SW coast of
Borneo cipital of a kingclom ot the
saice name. Th<' chief products of the
country are camphor and diauionds. It
is seated at the m uth cf a river. Lcr..
no 15 E, lat. 1 10 S.
Success l^ay, bay oi) the SE coast of
Terra del Fucgo. The south promnn-
tory at its entrance, is called Cape Suc-
cess Lon. 65 27 W, lat .55 1 S.
Success, township of Cons county. New
Hamphire. Piipul.ition 1820, uncertain.
SucfiiC('/i<x, city of Guatimala, GJ miles
WNW from the city of Guadmala.
5" G
Suckasunny, post village in Morris
C(;unty, New Jersey, 10 miles NVV from
M rristown
Suczava tow^n of European Turkey,
in Moldavia, formerly a flourishing city,
but now much declined. It is seated on
a river of the same name, 70 miles N\V
of Jas^y. Lon 25 52 E, lat. 47 57 N.
Suda, strong fort of the isle of Can-
dia; situate on an islet, in a gulf of its
name, which is one of the finest and sa-
fest harboui s in the lievant. This fort
was constructed by the Venitians, who
preserved it a great while after Candia
was no longer in their possession. It is
eight n iles E of Canea.
Sudbury, borough in SufFold, govern-
ed by a mayor ; on the Stoar (which is
navigable • hence to Manningtree) 14
miles south of Bury St. Edmund, and 54
NE of London Lon. 0 50 E, lat. 52
11 N
Sudbury, post village in Rutland coun-
ty, Vt rmont, 43 miles Vv" from Windsor.
Sudbury, townshij) in Middlesex coun-
ty, Massachusetts, 25 miies W from Bos-
ton. Population 1810, 1287 ; and in 1820,
1417.
Suderhamn, tov/n of Sweden, in the
province of Helaing'and, which carries
on a considerable trade in linen, butter,
timber and flaz. It is situated at the
mouth of a river, near the gulf of Both-
nia, 20 miles N of Gesle. Lon, 17 5 E,
lat. 63 20 N.
Suderkofiing. town of Sweden, in E
Gothland, 10 miles south of Nordkoping,
and 90 SW of Stockholm. Lon. 15 56
E, lat 53 19 N.
Sundermania, or SudermanlarM, pro-
vince of Sweden Proper, 62 mile.s Inng,
and 42 broad ; bounded on the N by Up-
land and Wcstermania, on thi- E by the
peninsula uf Tarin, on the S by the Bal-
tic, and on the W by N-ricix" It is the
most populous part in Sweden, and
abounds in corn, and mines of divers
metals. Nik' ping is the capital.
Sudcrtelge, town of Sv/eden, in the
province of Sudermania, with a manufac-
ture of worsted and silk stockings. It is
16 miles WSVV ot Stockliulm. Lon. 18
0 E, lat. 59 10 N.
Sudkr's cross roads. See Sadler's
c;o.j.s' roads, in the Ac'dei da,
Sudoree, ov,c of tne Faro Islands, in
t!)e Norti'.ern Ocean ; remarkable for a
dangerous whirlpool nei;r it, which is
occasicned by a crater, 61 fathoms deep
in the centre. The danger, especially
in storms, is very gre&t ; but at the re-
iiax, and in very stiii weather, the in*
habitants venture in boats, f(;r the sake
of fishing.
90
S U F
S U G
Suenborg, seaport of Denmark, in the
island of Funen, with the best harbour
in the island. Here are manufactures of
woollen and linen. It is 22 miles south
of Odensee. Lon. 10 Z7 E, lat. 55 9 N.
Suez, seaport of Egypt, with a cas-
tle, seated at the N eiid of the W gulf
of the Red Sea, called the gulf of Suez.
This gulf is separated from the Medi-
terranean, by an isthmus, 125 miles over,
which joins Asia to Africa. The town
is surrounded by a sandy cou try, and
is without water. It is 65 miles E of
Cairo. Lon. 32 45 E, lat. 30 2 N
Suffielcl, post town in Hartford coun-
ty, Connecticut ; situated on the VV.b nk
of Connecticut river, 18 miles north of
Hartford, and 55 N by E of New Ha-
ven In 1810 the township contained
2686 inhabitants; and in 1820, 2681.
Suffield, southern township of Portage
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 290,
Suffolk, county of England, 58 miles
long dud 28 broad ; bounded on the W
by Cambridt^eshire, on the N by Norfolk,
on the S by Essex, and on the E by tlie
German Oct an. It lies in the diocess of
Norwich ; contains 22 hundreds, 28 mar-
ket towns, and 575 parishes ; and sends
16 members to parliament. Suffolk is in
general a level country, without any con-
siderable eminences The principal ri-
vers are the Stcur, Waveny, Little Ouse,
Larke, Deben, Gipping, and Orwell.
Ipswich is the principal town ; but the
assizes are held at Bury St. Edmund's.
Population 1801, 210,-431; in 1811, 234,211;
and in 1821, 270,542.
Suffolk, county of Massachusetts, com-
prising only the townships of Boston, and
Chelsea. See those articles. This coun-
ty comprises only a very small spot on
the continent, Boston peninsula and the
islands in the harbour.
Population in 1810.
Slaves, males
do. females
Total population in 1820
43,941
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites - . - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves ....
Total population in 1810 -
18,050
16,847
32,897
1,484
0
34,381
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
20,430
21,734
50
Total whites - .
Free persons of colour, males -
do, do. females -
pro
42,214
775
952
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1,772
Engaged in Agi-iculture - - 194
do. in Manufactures - 2,905
do. in Commerce - - 2,499
Suffolk, county of New York, compri-
sing the E part of Long Island ; bounded
by Queen's W ; Long island Sound N ;
and the Atlantic Ocean NE, E and S.
Length 80 ; mean width 8 ; and area
64 J square miliS. The same range of
hilis which has been noticed as passing
through the N side of King's and Queen's
counties, is continued in Suffolk, in which
latter county they expire near Poconic
bay. The south side of Suffolk ceunty
is an alluvial plain. Soil of the whole
county rather sterile. Chief towns, Ri-
ver head, Sag harbour, and Southamp-
ton.
Population in 1810.
Free white malt-s - - 9,650
do do. females - - 9.677
Total whites - - - 19,327
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1,S7S
Slaves 413
Total population in 1810 - 21,113
Population in 1820.
Free white males - • 11,191
do. do, females - - 11,250
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 342
Total whites - - - 22,783
Free persons of colour, males 523
do. do. females 643
Slaves, males ... 171
do. females ... 152
Total population in 1820 - 24,272
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 12
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,642
do, iu Manufactures - 1,099
do. in Commerce - • 342
Population to the square mile, 38.
Suffolk, post town, and the principal
seat of justice in Nansemond countj%
Virginia ; lying on the SE side of Nan-
semond river, 28 miles SW of Norfolk,
and 65 SE of Petersburg on the Appo-
mattox. It has about 350 inhabitants.
Sugar creek, SW township ot Stark
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 492.
S U L
Sugar creek, township of Tuscarawas
county, Ohio, in which is laid out the
town of Shanesville. Population 1820,
988.
Sugar creek, township of Green coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 1881.
Sugar creek, township of Wayne coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 642. .
Sugar loaf southern township of Lu-
zerne county, Pennsylvania, on Nescopec
creek. Population 1820, 1112.
Sugelmessa, or Sigelmessa, province of
Barbary ; bounded on the S by the king-
dom of Tafilet, and on the N by Mount
Atlas. It is about 100 miles in length ;
abounds in corn, dates, and other fruits,
and has mines of iron, lead, and antimony.
The government is a republic. The capi-
tal of the same name is seated on the Zig,
150 miles NNii of T^^filet. Lon. 5 5 W,
lat. 29 40 N.
Sullivan, post town in Hancock county,
Maine ; situated at the head of Frer.ch-
-man's bay, 35 miles E of Castine, in lat. 44
30 N, and lon. 68 23 W.
Sullivan, township Cheshire county,
New Hampshire, 38 miles SW from Con-
cord. Population in 1810, 515 ; and in
1820, 582.
Sullivan, county of New York ; bounded
by Delaware river or Pennsylvania SW and
W; Delaware countj' in New York NW ;
Ulster NE ; and Orange SE. Length 33 ;
mean width 25 ; and area 825 Surface
broken, hilly, and in part mountainous. It
is watered by numerous creeks flowing
into the Delaware, particularly Nevesink
and Beaver creek. Soil of middling quali-
ty. Chief towns, Monticello and Rome,
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,228
do do. females - - - 2,826
Engaged in Agriculture - 1,882
do. in Manufactures - 358
do. in Commerce - - 26
Population to the square mile, 10.
Sullivan, post village and township,
Madison county, New York, on Chittenen-
go creek, 30 miles west from UUca.
Population in 1810, 1974 ; and in 1820,
2932.
Sullivan, NE county of Tennessee ;
bounded by Scott and Washington coun-
ties, A'irginia N ; Ashe county, North
Carolina E ; Carter county in Tennessee
SB ; Washington S ; and Hawkins W.
Length 50 ; mean width 12 ; and area 600
square miles. Holston river flows ihroHgh
the entire length of tliis county from east
to west, receiving the AVantanga river from
the SE about two thirds down the county.
Surface generally hilly, and in part moun-
ta nous. Good river soil. Chief town,
Blountville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,065
do do. females - - 3,006
Total whites . - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Slaves, . . . -
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - -
Total whites - - ^ -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males - - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Total whites - - - 6,071
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - ^^3
Slaves - - - ''''^
6,054
11
43
6,108
4,579
4,219
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820,
Free white males - . -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - • -
Total whi'es . - - •
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - - •
do. females - - - -
Total population in 1820
Oftliese;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
6,847
7,015
8,900
2
670
167
19
Population to the square mile, 11.
Sullivan, SW township in Mednia county,
Ohio ; containing 183 inhabitants in 1820.
Sullivan, county of Indiana; bounded by
Wabash river W ; Vigo county N ; Martin
E ; and Davies and Knox S Length 26 ;
mean width 25; and area 630 square miles.
It is drained by various creeks of Wabash.
Chief town, Marion.
Population in 1820.
Free white males, ... 1,852
do. do. females . - - 1,618
239 Total whites - - - ■ ^'^'^^
971
& u w
s u M ;
Free persons of colour, males
dn. do. femaies
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
Total population in 1S20 -
3,498
10
1,169
26
12
Of these ;
P'oreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do, in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 5
Sullivan, small low island on the NE
side of Charleston harbour, six miles SE
from Charleston.
Sully, town of France, in the dt-partment
of Loiret, and late province of Orieanois,
seated on the Loire. 20 miles SE of Or-
leans. Lon. 2 26 E, lat. 47 40 N.
Sulmona, town of Naples, in Ahruzzo
Citeriore, anciently called Sulmo. It is re-
markable for being the birh-place of Ovid.
It is seated on the Sora, 26 miles SW of
Cheiti. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 42 0 N.
Sultunia, considerable town o ' Persia, in
Irac Agemi. Here is a magnificent mosque,
which contains the tomb of sultan Choda-
bend. It is 50 miles XVV of Casbin Lon
51 53 E, lat. 36 16 N.
SuUampoiir, town of Hindoostan Proper,
in the province of Lahore. Lon. 73 50 E,
lat. SO 25 N.
Suliampoiir, town of Hindoostan Proper,
in the province of Oude, li'-e miles N of
Allahabad. Lon. 82 30 E, lat 29 5 N.
Sultz, town of Germ.anv, in Wirteraburg,
near the Neckar, where there are some
salt-woi ks sufficient to supplv the duchy
•tt'ith salt. It is 12 miles SE of Frenden-
stadt, and 12 N of Rothweil. Lon. S o5 E,
lat. 48 18 N.
Siiltz, town of France, in the department
of Upper Rhine, with a medicinal spnng,
12 miles SSW of Colro-^r.
SxiUzbacli, town of Bavaria, subject to
the duke of Neuhurg Sultzbach. It is 10
miles NW of Amberg, imd 32 N of Ralis-
bon. Lon, 11 56 E, "lat. 49 38 N
SuUzburg, town of B::denl)urlacl5, in a
territory fertile in good wine, eight .miles
SW of Friburg. Lor,. 7 30 E, lat. 4~ 54 N.
Sumasinia River. See article Mexico,
page 592.
Sumatra, island in the Indian Ocean, the
most western of th.e Sunda islands. Its
general direction is nca.-'sy NW and SB.
The eqna'.or divides it into almost t-qual
parts ; tile one extremity beinnr in 5 33 N,
the other in 5 56 S lat. and Achcen Head,
i's N extremity, is in lon, 95 34 N. It is
950 miles in length, and from 150 to 200
in breadth ; separated from Malacca, by
the strait of that name, and from Java, by
?-hc strait cf, Sunda. Th^ island is sur.
iO passed by few in the beautiful mdulgences
10 of nature. A chain of mountains run
4 through its whole extent; the ranges, ii
4 many parts, being double and treble ; yet
their altitude is not sufficient to occasion
their being covered with snow during any
part of the year. Between these ridges
are extensive plains, considerably elevated
above the surface of the maritime lands.
In these, the air is cool ; and, from this ad-
v.intage, they are esteemed the most eli-
gible ponion of the country, arc the best
inhabited, and the most cleared from
woods, v/hich elsewhere, in general, cover
both hills and v:dleys with an eternal shade.
H re too are found many lakes and rivers,
tliHt facilitate tiie communication between
the different parts The inhabitants con-
sist of Malays, Achenese, Ba tas, Lampoons,
and Kejaifgs : the latter .re taken as a
standard of description, with respect to the
person, m mners, and cu-stoms of the Su-
matrans. They are rather below the nid-
dle stature ; their bulk in pr iponion ; their
limbs, for the most part, slight, but well-
shaped, and particidarly small at the wrists
and ancles. Their hair is strong and of a
shining black. Rice is the only grain that
grows in the country. Here are sugar-
canes, beans, peas, radi-hes, yams, pota-
toes, pumpkins, ^nd several kinds of pot-
herb.s unknown to Europe ; and also most
of the fruits to be met with in other parts
of the East Indies in the greatest perfec-
tion. Indigo, salt-petre, sulphur, arsenic,
brasil wood, two species of the bread-fruit
tree, pepper, cass a, campliire, benjamin,
coffee, and cotton, are likewise.the pro-
duce of this island. Here also is the cab-
bage trte a'^d silk cotton tree; and the
forests contain a great variety of valuable
species of wood, as ebony, pine, sandal,
eagle, or aloes, teak, manchinee!, and iron
wood, and also the banyan tree. Bees'
wax is a commodity of great importa'.ce
here ; and there are likewise edible birds'
nests. Gold, tin, iron, copper, and lead,
are found in the cuntry ; and the former
is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia.
Sumitia is divided into manv petty king-
doms, th^ chief of which are Acheen, In-
drapore, P.limhan, and Jambi. The
English and Dutch have factories <;n 'his
island ; the princii al one of the former
being Fo 't Marlborough, at Beticoolen.
Siimbnl, town of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Oud'^, 45 miles WNW of
BereiUv, and 65 E of Delhi Lon. 78 55 E,
lat. 21 25 N.
Samhnlpour, or Semilpour, town of the
peninsula of Hindoostan, in the province of
O is-a. 280 miles west of Calcutta. Lon,
83 40 E, lat. 21 25 N.
Snmeh, town of Turkey, in Asia, in the
province ofNatolia, 34 miles E of Perga-
mo.
■S V M
S U N
Sumevein, town of Lower Hungary, seat-
ed in 'he island of Schui, made by the
riv. r Danube It is 16 miics south of
Prei'burg. Lon. 17 23 E, !at. 48 4 N.
Summary, pi'St town, Montg mery coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, 35 miles NNW from Phi-
ladelphia.
Summerfield, post town, Guilford county,
North Carolina.
Summit, township of Schoharie county,
New Y)rk. Population in 1820, 1468,
Sumner, post village and township, Ox-
ford county, Main-, six miles NE from
Paris. Population in 1820, 1055.
Sumner, county of Tennessee ; bounded
by Kentucky N; Smith E, Cumberland
river or Wilson S ; Da\ison SVV ; and Ro-
bertson NW. Lengtli 30 ; mean width
16 ; and area 450 square miles. It is wash-
ed on the S by Cumberland river, and
drained by various creeks of tliat stream.
Chief town, Gaiatin.
Population in 1816.
Free white males - - 5,145
do. do. females - - 4,816
gle of Sumner. Chief town, Sumpter-
vdle.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - .3,692
do. do. females - - 3,436
Total whites - - - 9,961
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 97
Slaves . - - . - 3,734
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females . . .
.All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, msles -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Enj^agad in \g'riculture
do. in Manufactiire.'!
do. in Commerce
13,792
6,820
6,481
19,211
13
4,507
472
76
Population to the Kquare miie, 42.
Sum[)ter, district of Scuth Carolina;
bounded by Santec river, or Charlestown
district S ; Santee river, or Orangeburg
S\y ; Waleree river or Richland VV;
Kers'iaw NW; I.ynch's creek, river, or
Darlington, NE ; and Williamsburgh N.
Length 50 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1500
square miles. The central part of tliis
district is drained by Black river branch
of Great Pedee. Soil generally sandy,
. Surface level. The canal connecting San-
tee river with Charlestown harbour leaves
the Santee, nearly oytiosite to the SE an-
Total whites . - - - 7,128
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 288
Slaves 11,638
Total population in 1810 - 19,054
Population in 1820,
Free white males - - - 4,585
do. do. females - - - 4,259
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites .... 8,844
Free persons of colour, males 187
do. do. females 195
Slaves, males ... - 7,961
do. females - - - 8.182
Total population in 1820 - - 25,369
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 17
Engaged in Ai^riculture - - 9,369
do. in Manufactures - 246
do. in Comm^ rce - - 23
Population to the square mile, 17 nearly.
Swnpterville, post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Sumpter district, South Carolina, on
a branch of Black river 100 miles a'little
W of N from Cliarleston,
Svnapee. lake of New Hamphire, on the.
western border of Hillsborougii and eastern
of Cheshiri county, discharging tarotigii
Sugar river into Connecticut river, li is
through this hike that a channel of water
communication is designed to unite Mer-
rimac, and Connecticut rivers.
Sunbvry, county of New Brunswick.
Sovart, district in Argylshire, in the pe-
ninsula at the NW end of that count}'. It
Is remarkable for numerous veins of lead,
which however are not very produce ve.
Smiart Jjoch, an inlet of the sea, in
Argyleshire, which divides ihe island of
Mull from^the district of Morven.
Sunbury, post town, borough, and seat
of justice, in Noithumbcrland coriutj',
Pennsylvania ; situated on th-.- E side of
Susqueb.^mnah river, two miles below
Northumberland, 56 N of Harrlsburg, and
164 NW of Philadelphia, containing about
700 Inhabitants.
Sanbury, post town, Gates county. North
Carolina, about 40 miles SW from Norfolk
in Virginia.
Simbu-.y, flourishing post town, :uid town-
ship in the eastern part of Delaware coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 875.
Simbnri', post town, and port of entry,
SUN
S U R
in Liberty county, Georgia ; lying on the
S side of N. Newport river, 45 miles S by
E of Savannah, in lat. 31 43 N, and Ion.
81 18 W. The harbour is formed and de-
fended from the weather by u,e interposi-
tion of Catherine Island, which lies off its
entrance. An academy was erected here
in 1788, which has become a very flourish-
ing institution.
Stmk Island, island within the mouth of
the Humber, about nine miles in circuit,
separated from Yorkshire by a channel,
near two miles broad.
Sunning, village in Berkshire, situated
on the Thames, two miles iNE of Reading.
It was once an episcopal see.
Sunjiing Hill, village in "Berkshire, in
Windsor Forest. It is noted for its me-
dicinal wells, which are efficacious in pa-
ralytic cases, and is six miles SSW of
Windsor.
Sunda, strait between Sumatra and Bor-
neo.
Sunda Islands, islands in the Indian
Ocean, near the straits of Sunda. The
chief of them are Bornea, Java, and Su-
matra.
Sunderbunds, or The Woods, a tract of
country, consisting of that part of the Del-
ta of the Ganges, in Hindoostan Proper,
and in the soubah, of Bengal, which bor-
ders on the sea.
Sunderburg, town of Denmark, in the
island of Alsen, with a castle. It is seat-
ed on a strait, called Sunderburg Sound,
12 miles E of Fiensburg. Lon. 10 0 E,
lat. 54 51 N.
Simde- fho or Melnndy, fortified island
and seaport of the Deccan, on the Concan
coast, reduced by conuTiodore James, in
1756. It is about 10 miles NE ot Vmgor-
la Rocks, and 36 NNVV of Goa. Lon. 7o
20 E, lat. 16 3 N.
Sunderland, township of Bennington,
Vermont, 15 miles NE from Bennington.
Population 1810, 575 ; and in 1820, 600.
Sunderland, post village, and township,
Franklin county, Massachusetts, on the
left bank of Connectictit river, eight miles
below Greenfield. Population 1810, 551 ;
and in 1820, 597. *
Sunderland, seaport in the bishopric of
Durham. It is a large and thriving town,
which, for the exportation of coals, is next
in consequence to this side of the king-
dom to Newcastle. Its port, on the mouth
of the Were, though improved from its
former state, will not admit the largest
ships. There are several glass-houses at
Sunderland ; and it also exports grindstones
and other articles. It is 13 miles NE of
Durham, and 264 N by W of London.
Lon. 1 14 W, lat. 54 56 N.
Sunderland, town of the United States,
in Massachusetts ; sealed on Connecticut
river. 100 miles W of Boston.
974
Sunds-wall, seaport of Sweden, in the
province of Medrlpadia. It carried on a
trade in tar, bark of birch trees, deals and
linen, and is s-aled near tiie gulf oi Both-
nia. Lon. 18 5 E, laU 62 45 N.
Sunfish, township of Pike county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 502.
Sjinneberg or Sonneberg, town of Ger-
many, in the circle of Saxony, and terri-
tory of Sternburg, with a castle, sealed on
the Darta, 50 miles E by N of Berlin.
Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 52 41 N.
Superior, lake of North America. See
St. Laivrence basin, and St. Mary's straits.
Supino, ancient town of Naples, in xVIo-
Iise, with a castle. It is seated at the
source of the Tamara, at the foot of the
Appennines, 17 miles N by W of Bene-
vento.
Sur. See Sotcr.
Sura, town of Sweden, in the province
of Westmanland.
Surat, city and seaport of the Deccan
of Hindoostan. It is said to have 200,000
inhabitants, and its trade is very considera-
ble. Surat IS situated on the confines of
Guzerat, 20 miles up the river Tapty, and
177 N of Bombay. Lon. 72 48 E, lat. 21
ION.
Sure, river of Ireland in Tipperary,
which flows into St. George's Channel.
Surgooja, town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan, 180 miles SSW of Patna
Surinam, country of South America,
in Guinea, extending 75 miles long a
river of the same name. It abounds
with game and singular animals of dif-
ferent kinds; the toad, in particular,
being n-markable for its enormous size
and ugly form. It priduces fruits, in-
digo, sugar, cotton, tobacco, gums, and
wood for dyeing. The woods are full of ■
monkeys, and it is said, there are ser- j
pei ts 30 feet long. The capital is Para-
maribo. 2
Suringia, commercial town of Japan, ',
in the island of Niphon, capital of a ,
province of the same name, with a castle, ,
where the emperors formerly resided.
Lon 139 5 E, lat. 39 30 N.
Surry, county of England, 37 miles
long, and 27 broad ; bounded on the N
by Middlesex, on the E by Kent, on the
S by Sussex, and on the W by t^mp-
shire and Berks. It lies in the diocess
of Winchester; contains 13 hundreds,
11 market towns (including Southwark)
and 140 parishes ; and sends 14 mem-
bers to parliament. The air is generally
temperate and healthy. Suny has been .
compared to a piece of coarse cloth
with a fine border; its circumference
being in general fertile, but its middle
parts barren. On the banks of the
n V R
S U S
Thames it has a range of beautiful
meadows interspersed with nuiiifcrous
villas and pleasure gnmncls P puLuioii
1801, 269,043 ; in 1811, 353,851 ; and in
1821, 398,658.
Surry, county of Lower Canada.
Surry, post village and township Han-
cock county. Maine, 18 miles NK from
Cdstine Popuiation 1810, 360 ; and in
1820, 428.
Surry, township Cheshire county.
New Hampshire, 40 miles S\V from
Concord. Population 1810, 564 ; and in
1820, 570.
Surry, county of Virginia ; bounded by
James' river, opposite Charles' city coun-
ty N ; Jaait s' river opposite James' city
county NE ; isle of Wight SE ; Sussex
SW, and VV ; and Prince Gtorge N\V.
The NK sources of BUck river branch of
Nottaway rises in Surry. Length 22 ;
mean width 15 ; and area 330 square
miles Chief town, Cobham.
~ Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,355
do. do females - - 1,396
Total whites - - - 2,751
All oti-.'-r persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 664
Slaves 3,440
Free white females
4,752
Total population in 18 iO
6,855
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,280
do. do. females ... 1,362
A'.l other persons except Indians
not taxed ' - - w - 0
Tot;il whites ....
2,642
Free persons of colour, males -
308
do. do. females -
304
Slaves, males ....
1,783
do. females - - - -
1,552
Total population in 1820 - - 6,594
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,848
do. in Manufactures . - 215
do. in Commerce - - 37
Population to the square mile 20.
Surry, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by Virginia N ; Stokes county
in North Carolina E ; Rowan and Irtdeil
S ; and Wilkes and Ashe W ; and area
726 square miles. It is drained by the
extreme northern sources of tbe Yadkin.
Surface hilly, and in part mountainous.
Chief towns, Rockford and Huntsville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,061
Total whites - • - 8,813
All 01 her persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 84
Slaves - ■ - - ' - 1,469
Total population in 1810 . 10,366
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 5,296
do. do. females ... 5,547
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - - - 10,843
Free persons of colour, males - 65
do. do. females, 47
Slaves, males . - . . 711
do. females _ . - 654
Total population in 1820
. 12,320
Of these ;
Foreif^ners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,366
do. in Manufactures - 156
do. in Commerce . - IS
PopuLiti n to liie square mle, 17.
Sursee, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Lucern, seated near the lake
of Sempach, five miles S of Lucern.
Sursoofy, town of Hindoostan Proper,
114 miles NW of Delhi.
Sus, river of Morocco, which forms
the S boundary nf the empire of Mo-
rocco and enteis the Atlantic at M^zza.
It fertilizes its banks by annual inunda-
tions.
Susa, seaport of Tunis. See Sousa.
Susa, strong town of Piedmont, ca-
pital of a marquisate of the same name,
with a fort. It is seated on the Doria,
among pleasant mountains, and is called
the key of Italy, being the principal pas-
sage out of iFrance in Italy. It was
taken by the French in 1704, but re-
stored to the duke of Savoy 1707. It is
30 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 24 E,
lat. 45 20 N.
Susannah, village of Clermont coun-
ty, Ohio, on Ohio river.
Susdal, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Volodimir. capital of a duchy of
the same name. It is built of v/ood, and
seated on the Khasma, 90 miles NE of
Moscow. Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 56 26 N.
Susquehannah, river of the United
States. This noble stream from the ca-
price of geographical nomenclature
looses its name at its junction with tide
water ; an error, now beyond remedy.
Undt-r the general head of the conflu-
ents of Chesapeak bay is included a basin
of navii^ation, m form of an immens.e trian»-
975
3 U S
S U
gle, having 450 miles base from the ex-
treme soatliern sources of Nansemoiid
river, lat 36 40 N, to those of the Chenan-
go branch of Susquehanna!), lat. 42 55 N,
and 250 miles perpendicular from Cape
Henry, N luf. 37 0, East Lon. ivimt Wash-
ington City 1 10, to tiie extreme western
sources of James' civer, N la.. 37 15, West
lon. from W- shingt m Ciiy 3 20. with an
area of 65.000 squ-a-e miles This is by
far the most extensive and peculiar basin
of the Atlantic si pe of the Unted States.
The bay of Chesape^ik penetra'es it from
north to snilh 175 miles. Into the wes-
tern side of this great bay, or rather gulf,
flow a number of tributary brandies, of
which she principal are, James' river York
river, Rappahannoc, Potomac, Fatuxent,
Patapsco, anJ Susquehannah.
The Siisquehann:'.!! loses its name at the
foot 'if ;ts iails, a\ N lat. 39 33, exac:ly one
degree E from Washington. From its
magnitude, and fnm the western origin of
its sources, the Susquehannah seems to
form a natural chaio of water C'>mmunlca-
tion between the Atlamic Oce.n and Ohio
valley; and the curious fact, that all its
great tributaries flow from the right and
completely pierce the .Appalachian chain,
renders this observation sill more striking.
If we turn our attention to the general
physiognomy of the Susquehannah, we iind
i'vS extreme northern source in Madison
county, New York, witlim 16 miles of
Oneida lake, and 15 from the hne of the
Great Canal, and in the angle between the
sources of the Mohawk and Seneca rivers.
This is the Chenango river, afterwards
augmented by the Bnst branch. Thi- lat-
ter originates in the northern spine of the
Caisbergs, in the angle oetween the heads
of the Coquago brancli of Delaware, the
Chenango, and opposite to the Mohawk
river, reaciiing wiihin less than ten miles
from the line of the Great Canal of New-
York. The East branch is correctly so
called, as its sources are in fact the most
eastern tribu'.ary waters of the Susquehan-
nah. The East branch and Chenango
unite in Broome county in New York ; the
former having by an abrupt curve entered
and retreaied from Peimsylvania. Below
their junction the united waters flow a
little south of west, enter Tioga county in
New York, and turning nearly south into
Bradford county in Pennsylvania, receive
the Tioga branch from the north-west, at
Tioga Point.
The Tioga river rises in the angle be-
tween the sources of the Genesee and Se-
neca rivers, in Steuben, Allegheny, and
Ontario counties, in New York, and within
30 miles from the line of the Great Can;u.
The general course of the Tioga i-iver
is from north-west to south-east, by com-
parative courses about 80 inites. The
976
general course of the Susquehannah propei,
already noticed, is from north-east to SDUth
west, by comparative courses 120 miles.
What in a partictilar manner render
remarkable the two great northern consli-
tuents of the .Susquehannah, is their enclo
sing the two long aim navigable lakes Se-
neca and Cayuga ; the latter stretching, in
an almost direct line, from the Great Canal
u> within 20 miles of the Tioga river, at
the mouth of the Newtown creek, about ;;0
miles, by cotripurative courses, above Tioga
Point ; and the latter, or Cayuga, stretch-
ing also from the line of the Grc-at Canal,
to vrithin 30 miies from the Susquehannah,
at the mouth of the Oswego,- about 2G
miles a'^ove Tioga Poin^. Nature, in this
section (jf country, seems to have advanced
liaif way to aid the efforts of m;-.n in form-
ing channels of communication betv/eeii
the basins of the Susqueiiannah and ' >
Lawrence. The two fine lakes of Senec
and Cayuga are each respectively upwar>
of 35 miles in length, and occiipying tli:
angle between the two main northern con-
stituents of the Susquehannah, would ap-
pear to have been placed in their actual
position, as if to give, in their utmost ex-
tent, the greatest navigable facility.
From the Tioga Point, the Susqurhan-
nah flows by comparative courses 60 miles>,
to the month of the i^awahannoc creek, in
the centre of Luzerne county. In this
range, the river flows nearly due soutii. 10
miles to the western, or, more correctly,
north-western, verge of the Appalachian
mountains. Hi'herto, the entire tributary
waters of this stream have originated and
flown north-west of the Appalachian chain,
and on the secondary formation. At the
miuths of the Towanda and Wysaukin
ceeks, tlie river curves to SE and enters
the moup.tains, nearly at right angles to
their genei'al range. Continuing about 10
miles still farther upon the secoiulary, the
river enters on the great central transition
formation, near the mouth of the Tunkhan-
n'>c, where it passes the main ridge of the
Appalachian chain, and issues into the fine
valley of Wyoming, across which it main-
tains a south-east course to the mouth of
the Lawahannoc. Here the now noble
stream of ti^e Susquehannah again turns at
nearly right angles, and flows down the
remarkubie Wyoming valley, by compara-
tive courses, 70 miles, to its junction v.'ith
the west branch at Northumberland ami
Sunbury.
The west branch rises entirely in Penn-
sylvania, and within the Appalachian val-
leys, though upon the secondary formation.
Its general course is nearly from west to
east, by comjjarative courses, 150 miles, to
wlicre it p.:sscs the main ridge of the Ap-
palacliian ciiain, and enters on the transi-
tion formation 20 miles below Wiliiamspcrt.
U' s
s u s
Here tlie river pierces the moaiitaiu, tiows bin pariaiccs, ift common with its three con-
into the grrat valley, and turning to nearly tigiioi:s Atlantic basins, those of Roanoke,
due south 25 miles, to its junction with the Dekv/arc, and Hudson.
Susqiiehannah. These very important facts prove how
Below the moutli of the West Branch, little we are advanced in a correct view of
the Susquehannali pursues a general du'c-c- any of these basins, in a navigable point of
lion, a little wcst of south, 40 miles to the view, by the most minute knowledge of
mouth of the Juiiiata The latter is lite- the relaiive position of the mountains, the
rally a monntuin stream, and has its whole extent and relative position of the ditlerent
valley on the central transition formation, formations, or, more, that of the courses of
lis general course is nearly from west to the rivers ihemst-lves. Falls, iii the proper
east, parallel to the Wt^st Brand). Similar sense of the term, are rare in any of the
to the oilier secondary rivers of ttie babin Atlantic rivers. What are usually denomi-
of the Susquehannah, the Juniata traverses nated falls are in reality rapids ; but those,
the Appalachian ridges in several places, in respect to either their position or mag-
and flows in either a parallel direction, of nitude, have but an incidental connexion
at right angles to those ridges. with the mountain ridges. In mostinstan-
Below the mouth of Juniata, the Stisque- ces, where the rivers do pass the moun-
haiuah asiumes a south-east direction of tains, rapids occur ; bvit this coincidence is
80 miles, by comparative courses, and be- by no means universal. The rivers, in a
ing precipitated from the primitive on the number of the mountain gaps, present an
sea-sand formation, loses its name and rank intervening smooth sheet of water. This
as a river in Chesapcak B.-^y. is remarkably the case with the Juniata,
. Between the head of the latter bay, and below Bedford, and with the Lehigh, at its
the mouth of the Juniata, t!ie Susqueh^n- passage througli the Kittatinny range,
iiah passes three mountain ridges : the Kit- The real fall of the water in its descent
tatmny above, and the IMiie Ridge below from the inountain valleys to tiie level of
Ilarrishuigh, and what may correctly be the tides, can in no instance be even tolera-
called the south-east mountain, below the bly correctly estimated by a comparison
mouthof the Conestogo and Pequea creeks, with its course through the mountains.
The valley of the Susquehannah proper Every stream, to be well understood, must
presents an area of inland navigation of be stirveyed separately, and considered a
about 20,000 square miles. whole in itself.
If we turn our eye to the whole basin of Before quitting tl^s general review of
the S'lsqnehantiah, and consider it geo- the basin oi the Su-quehannah, we may re-
graphically, we have before us a mighty mark, that the main volume of that river,
link, which cormects the three great river from its source to the Atlantic, receives all
sy.stems of North Americii — '.hose of the its large tributary streams from the right,
Gulf of Mexico, St. Lawitence, and Atlantic and serves as a common recipient, lying
Ocean proper. The natural facilities it along the base of an inclined plain, ex-
presents to channels of inland navigation tending from the 37th to tiie 42d degree of
will be shown in tiie sequel, with the rela- north latitude. It will be seen by inspec-
tive elevation of its motmiain valleys, and lion, that this feature is also prominent m
the obstructions opposed to artificial water the physiognomy of the Potomac, Dela-
routes. ware, and the Hudson. See James^ river.
If we examine this basin geologically, ^'"'''^^ "'^^''' Happahanuoc, Potomac, Patux-
we find its general physiognomy, in a very ^'*'' -^ alnj'^co, ike.
remarkable manner, commanding our at- The subjoined extracts are taken from
tention. We have in this basin all the for- t^'ie resolves of a tTieeting at Wilkesbav-
mations wliich the world aftbrds, from the re, Nov. 4lh, 1822.
highest class ofprlmitive rocks to the most " VVhereas the complete and unob-
recent alluvion. And we have all those structed navigation of the river Susque-
formations on an immense scale. But the hannah is wished for by every friend to
circumstance arising out of this geological the prosperity of the commonwealth,
structure, most worthy of our" attentive and is calculated to advance the imme-
observation, is th:^t the courses of tlie diate and lasting interests of all who in-
waters, or their fitness, or tinfitness for habit its borders and the borders of its
nayigation, appears to be totally indepen- tributary streams, and whei'eas a con-
dent of the rock formations. It appears, venient, cheap, and safe market at all
also, that although the mere windings of seasons throughout its channel, would,
the streams are influenced by the mountain in our opinion, put an end to pecuniary
ridges, that their general courses towards suffering in the midst of abundance, and
the recipient, into which the waters are to the great depression of property sur-
discharged, have no dependence upon rounded with unavailing sources of
either the mountains or rock formation, wealth. — We feel it incumbent upon us
The latter qharacter the Susquehannah ba- tn endeavour to impress the public mind
6 H orr
s L y
s u s
the importance of the object, and through
the public voice to call upon the i-epir-
sentativcs of the people to take mea-
sures for effecting the proper and neces-
sary improvements in tlie channel of
this noble rivtr.
" A single e:lance at tlie map of Penn-
sylvania is sufficient to convince the most
unbelievini^, and a more thcrougli exa-
mination of the vast tract of country wa-
tered by this river and its biMnches will
strike the reilecting mind with astonish-
ment, that our state has not yet called
into actinn tiiose great agricultural, ma-
nuSacturing, and cnmrnt-rcial advanta-
ges which its improvement would inevi-
tably prodi'.re. That these advantages
cannot Wfli be overrated is evident, if
■we will but take the tmuble to trace on
the maps the sources of the Susqui-han-
nah :.nd its numerous brai.chrs, ;-.nd ex-
amine into the nature and resources of
the country v?hich thi^y water in all tlieir
various windings.
" This territory (that drained by the
Susquehannah proper) may bs eni'pha-
tically called the heart of Pennsylvania.
It furnishes a greater surplus of graiii than
all the rest of the state together ; it fur-
nishes beside, four fifths of all ilic lumber
Vt'hich finds its way to thv BiUimore
market, and much of that sent to Phila-
delphia. Its ores are abundant, and al-
ready manufactures more iron than any
other district in the state, and the quan-
tity can be increased to any amount. Its
mountains abounds in stciie-coal of the
best quality ; this article is found on the
Juniata, on the west branch, and the
county of Luzerne alone, could, v/ere
the Susquehannah made easy of naviga-
tion, furnish a sr.fficic'nt supply for all the"
cities and towns in the Atlantic sea board.
Bradford county has extensive n)incs of
bituminous coal, and Susquehannah has
her salt springs. Ih short the more we
examint into the nature and extent of our
resources, the more we are astonished
at our supineness and neglect.
" The counties of Sttuben, Tioga, Ot-
sego, Broome, and part qf Delaware, in
the slate of New York, are also depend-
ant upon this river for an nutlet for the
produce of their labour, and are anxious
for itsim^jrovement.
" The country embraced by the Sus-
quehannah and :ts waters contains about
22,000 square mi'es, or about f urtctn
milions of acres, producing, or capabU;
of pr(>duciiii^, all the matt rials for the
manufacture '/f iron, steel, cutlery, glass,
stone ware, pottfry, queens ware, cnbi-
net ware, cloths of wool, hemp and flax
iG all their \ ariety, cordage, spirits^^malt
liqnor.s ; in r.horc, everv artif'le which
9r«
is necessary for the comfort and coi.>
nience of m?.n, .The who'e of thiscoun
try is well calculated for the growing o;
grain and p'.dse of all kinds, comtnon to
temperatt latitude ; raising of cattle,
sheep, s%vine, poultry, and conseqiscniiy
of beef, perk, buttei", chetse, feathers ;.
and is well stockfd, more particularly
al(;ng the northern side of the state for
about 60 or 70 uiiles in width, with tim-
ber of the best quality for boards, sc-.nt-
iing, masts and spaia f>.r our shipping,
and iunjber for every description of Imild-
" To the m-jrchant then we say, open
to us tlie safe navigation ;)f the Susque-
liaiiaah, and we will throw into your
hands the products of our mines, our fo-
rests and our suil, property t'.i the amount
of from three to five m.llions of dcliars,
anruaily. This |)roj)erty you can turn
to your own profit as well as ours, and.
in return, we will receive such commo-
dities as Will suit your condition and
i,ur wants.^ The beneht will be recipro-
cal— the interest mutual — the objtct pa-
triotic— the times favourable for its com-
pletion— let us no loHf^er hesitate.
"To the manufacturer we say, open
the navigation of the river, and you ob-
tain at a cheap rate the raw materials
for canying on your various occupations
to the gnatist advantage. Shall vie re-
main tributary to Russia and Sweden for
iron and steel, when our mountains are
filled widi the riclust of ore } Shall we
be cependcnt ujjou Eunpe and Asia for
the clothes we wear, when we can fur-
nish you v/ith the wool, the flax, the
hemp, the water power, and all the ma-
terials f>)r carrying ou your business with
profit to y urse'.vts, to us, and with ad-
vantage tw your c untry.
" To the farmer we s?.y, shall our
agricultural industry retpain unrewarded
and circuniicrib'r'd ? Shall millions of
acres cf the finest land, covered with
timber of the b-st quality, and contain-
ing v/ithin its bosom, mines of iron, cop-
per, lead, coal, marble in abundance,
continue a mere solitary wilderness, and
an exhausting encumbrance to the pro-
prieters ?"
Susquelicnnah, ccunfy of Pennsylva-
nia; hund.^d by BrcKime county in Kew
York N ; Wa> ne auDty in Pennsylvania
E ; Luzsriie S ; and B'-adford W Lene,th
34 ; width 23 ; and area 800 square
milts. Surface- hilly, and S'il generally
of itiiddiing quality.
Th'^ Is^cal tf atures of tiiis county are
very peculiar. The Susquehannah river
enters and again retires from its north-
ern border; and thence, after uu im-
mense sweep through Broome and Tioga
s u s ^ ' ^
ccunties in New York, and Bradford l^^Ol 159,311 ; in 1811, 190,083 ; and in
ccur-tv in Pennsylvania, it again r aches 1821, 232,927.
in the NW angle of Luzenu-, within Susficx NVV county of ^ew Jersey ;
less tiian fi^-e miles from the SW ans^le bounded bv Delaware river or Luzerne
of susnue^iannah From this si.t.ccu ar cr;unly ot Ptiinsylvania W ; Delaware
river or Pik. coonty m Pr-nnsylvanio.
NVV ; Orange county in New Y.^rk NE ;
and B riren. iMorris, and Huntingdon
9 -IT -r 0 1-7' T i\. irO .
position, the crerks of the hitter county
How from its centre Uke radii (>f a cir
cie, and yet u^ariy aU enter Susqufhan-
nah river. Chief town of this county
Moirtrose.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 5,149
do. do. females - • 4,761
AU other persons except Indians
not tax 'd - - - -
Total whites .... 9,910
Free persons if colour, mahs 22
do. do. females 28
Slaves, males - - - 0
do. f<;ma]es ... 0
Total populatio:i hi 1S20 - 9.960
Counties in New Jersey SE. L'-ngtli 58 ;
mean width 18 ; and area about 1000
square miles. It is a hilly or mcuntam-
ous tract. B sides the Delaware, it is
watered by Ptntterkiil, Paulingskill, Pe-
quest cree's, Mnskonetoung creek, and
tl-.e WallkiU. The alluvial valleys and
^ much ofthe highland soil excellent. Chief
town Newton. See Sussex jVerj Jersey
in the Addenda.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 12,7o8
do. do. females - - 12,034
3'.9
1,86:J
271
23
Total wliitcs - ■• ;
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Slaves .....
24,80^
T.tal population :n 1819,
Populatioa In 1820.
Fr*^e wltua males
do. d;>. ftmales
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturaiiztd
Engaged in A;-ricu'.ture
(lo. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Populalioti to the square mile- 13^.
Stitsex, cou'.ty of England, 70 mill's
in lengr.h, and 23 where brcadtst |^ b'>ui.d- ;^]i'o\|,er persons except Indians
ed on the N by Surry on Uie NE and E jj ,. taxed -
by Kent, on the S by the English charm,-',
and on the W by Hanr.pshir.-. The N i',,tal whites -
part of Suss-x, a tract continued from Fre; persons of colour, males
the Weald of Kent, and of the same na- jo. jo. females
ture with it, was form.erly entirely co- s'.aves, males
vered with forests ; and though many of j,,. fcm<des
these have been cut do%vn, it is still well
furnished with fim.ber br.th of large and
small growth. The middle line of the
county is a rich tract of arable and mea-
dow. To it succeed the Downs, a range
of green open hills of a chalky soil. To
wards the sea the land in general de-
clines, and in some parts is marshy
869
478
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners u,ot naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. ill >lanuf:icture3
do. in Commerce
26,149
16,354
15,547
0
51,901
259
214
172
206
32,752
122
5,539
1,611
97
This county was formerly famous fv r Population to the square mile, 33^-.
iron-works, in which great quantities of Sussex, southern county of Delaware ;
charcoal were used for smelling the ore, bour.ded by Dt-lawaie b.ay NE ; Atlantic
and thus the woods came to bf gradually Ocean E ; Worcester county in Maryland
wasted. The works are now almost or g. Somerset county in Maryland SW; I)or-
entireiy abandoned ; this business from chestev and Caroline counties in Maryland
the late improvements made in smelt- \^'. ;,n,i Kent county in Delaware N.
ing iron with pit-coal, having migrated Lengtli 32 ; nienn witlvh 30 ; fand area 960
to the counties which abound in that squarj ni le.s. Surfnce geneia'dy level and
cheaper article, as well as in Imn ore. 'm pari marshy. Soil iandy in part and of
The prndi'.ctis for which Sub=^ x : '- 't pre- middhng (luality. Us waters flov/ from its
sent distinguished, are chiei^y corn, hops, centre in opposite directions; Nantikoke
wool, cattle, and timber It is not dis- drains iu western side. Pocomokc river
tinguisht d for any manufacture, but tliat has its source near iXs southern limits ; In-,
of gunpowder at Battel, and of needles dian nve-.', interlocking sources with both
at Chinchester The principal rivers the preceding flows into ihe Atlantic
are the Arun, Adur, Ouse, and Rother. Ocean; and Cold spring, Bioadkill, Prune-
Chinchester Is the cacital. Population hook, Slaughter, Cedar, and Mispillan
979
S TJ S
y w A
creeks enter Ihe bay «f Delaware. Chief
towns, Georgetown, and Lettistown.
Popula'iion in 1810.
Free white males - - - 16,958
do. do. females - - - 10,789
Total whites . - - .
21,747
All other persons except Indians
not taxed • - - .
3,601
Slaves - . . . -
2,402
Total population in 1810 -
27,750
Population in 1820.
Free white males
9,455
do. do. females - - ' -
9,277
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
0
Total whites .... 18,732
Free persons of colour, males - 1,524
do. do. females 1,557
Slaves, males .... 1,274
do. females ... 970
Total population in 1820
24.057
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 2
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,758
do. in Manufactures - 439
do in Commerce - - 149
Population to the square mile, 25.
Siissea; county of Virginia ; bounded
by Southampton SE ; Greenville SW ; Din-
widdle, and Prince George NW; and Sur-
ry NE, and E. Length 38; mean width
20 ; and area 760 square miles. More than
four fifths of its entire surface is drained
by the Nottaway river and its confluents.
Black water river, however, also contri-
butes to water the NE section. Chief
town Hunting.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - . - 2,221
do. do. females - - 2,215
Total whites - . . - 4,436
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - _ _ 532
Slaves, - - - - - 6,344
Total population in 1810 - 11,362
Population in 1820.
■Pree white males - - - 1,975
do. do. females - - - 2,180
Total whites .... 4,155
Free persons of colour, males - 324
do. do. females - 360
Slaves, males .... 3,707
do. females .... 3,338
Tdtal population in 1820 - - 11.8a4
Of thesie ;
Foreigner^ not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,880
do. in Manufactures - 47
do. in Commerce - - 7
Population to the square mile, 15|.
SutherlttJul, includes the divisions of
Sutherland and Strathnavershire, it is
bounded on the N and part of the W by
the Northern ocean; on the SW by Ross-
siiire, on the S and SE by the Frith of
Dornock, and on the E by Caithness-shire.
It is about 50 miles long from N to S, and
46 in its broadest part from E to W, ter-
minating at t!ie S to not more than 12
miles bro.id. It is mountainous, but the
valleys are fertile : abounding with black
cattle and v/ild fowl. Population in 1801, d
23,117; in 1811, 23,629; and in 1821, f
23,840. Dornock is the county town.
Sutri, town of Italy, in the patrimony of
St. Peter, seated on the Piizzulo, 22 miles
NW of Rome.
Sutton, post village, and township, Hills-
borough county, New Hampshire, 20 miles.
NW from Concord. Population in 1820,
1573.
Sutton, post town and township, Wor-
cester county, iMassachusetts ; 10 miles S
from Worcester. Population in 1810, 2660;
and in 1820, 2056.
Sutton Colefield, corporate town in War-
wickshire, 24 miles NNW of Warwick,
and 110 NW of London.
Suza, city of Italy. See Susa.
Suzanne, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne, with a considerable
paper manufacture, 24 miles W of Mans.
Swabia. See Suabia.
S-waffham, town in No;-folk, on a bill, 28 i
miles W of Norwich, ;ind 93 NE of Lon- . \
don
Swale, river in Yorkshire, which rises on
the confines of Westmoreland, flows E by
Kichmond and then SE to its junction
with the Ure, a little below Aldborough,
where their united stream forms the Ouse.
Swally, town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat,
with a harbour, where ships receive and
deliver their cargoes for the merchants of
Surat. It is seated near the gulf of Cam-
bay, 15 miles W of Surat. Lon. 72 33 E,
lat. 21 10 N.
Sivahvell, village in the county of Dur-
ham, seated on the Derwent, near its
junction with the Tyne, 13 miles WNW of
Sunderland. Here are famous iron works,
originally established by a blacksmith,
about the year 1691.
Sivan, island of Maine, at the mouth of
Kennebec river.
Stuan, township of Hancock county,
maine, 15 miles NW from Castine.
Swansborough, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Onslow county. North Carolina, on
3 W E
S W 1
Wliite Oak river, near its mouth into the
Atlantic Ocean, about 4C' miles SSW troin
Newbern.
Swansea, town of Wales, in Glamorpfan-
shire, on the Bristol Channel, 205 miles
W from London
S-Mans€t/, pos' vill.ge, and township,
Cheshire- c»unty, Ntw Hanipsh re, 44 miles
SW from Concord. Population in 1810,
1400 ; at.d in 1820 1716
SwanSet;, post village and tovviisliip of
Bristd loiinty, Mas^achusi tts; 16 mili*s S
from Taunton. Papulation in 1810, 1839;
and in 1820, 1833.
Sivatitoii, township 'of Franklin county,
Vermont, on lake Champiain, 30 mdes N
from Burlington.
Swanton,\i\ tige of .Maryland, three miles
SEfiom Georgetown.
S'iua7isville, township of Hancock county,
Maine, on the right bank of Penobscot
river. Population in 1820, 503.
Sivatnra, river of Pennsylvania, rises in
Schuylkill con ty, about 15 miles SW rrom
Orwiesburg. It flows thence SS, .nt^r.
the NE allele of Lebanon, througli wiiich
and U.'-.iphin, it meanders into th.- Susque-
hamiah at .Middletuwii, with aa entire com-
parative course of about 50 miles. The
valley of this stream as far as the mouth of
Quitapahilla branch, about two miles above
the limit between Dauphin and Lebanon
counties, part of the intended channel ol
communication between Susquehannah,
and Schuylkill rivers.
Smatara, tovvnshi[) of Dauphin county,
Pennsylvania, al>ng the Susquelia'inah
river, between Mdd:etown and Harris-
burg. Population in 1810, 2291 ; and in
1820, 1788.
Sxoeasy's-vUle, post village, Adams coun-
ty, Missis>ippi.
Sweden, kingdom of Europe, extend-
ing «00 miles from N to S, and 450
from K to \V ; bounded on the X by Danish
Lapland, E by Russia, S by the gult of
Finland and the Baltic, and W by the
Sound, the Categat and Norway. It is
divided into five gt neral parts ; Sweden
Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland,
and Fiiland; and each of these is sub-
divided into provinces. Sweden Pr .per
contaiiiS Upland, Sudermania, Nericia,
Westmania, and Dalecarha. Gothland
contains East G uniand, Smoland, West
Gothland, VVermeland, Bahus, Daiia^
Schunen, Halland, Blekingen, and the
isles of GothUiid and Oeland. Nord-
iaad includes Gestricia, Helsingia, Me-
delpadia, lemptia, \iigermania, and West
Bothnia, Swedish Lapland comprises
Uma, Pithia, Lula, rornea, and Kemi :
these have no towns, and take their
names from rivers that rise near the
borders of Norway and flow into the
gulf of Bothnia. The greater part oi'
Fioland, was ceded to Russia in 1808.
In 1814, Xorway was ceded to Sweden,
with near a million of inhabitants. The
whole monarchy now contains 35u,OUO
square nnle>, with a pojndation of about
3,500 000 inhabitants It extends from
lat 55 to 70 N. The whole country is
well watered by rivers (though not a
single navigable one worth mentioning)
numerous iakes, and inland pieces of
water, on the banks of which the p daces
and villas are usually built. At Stock-
holm, spring and autumn are scarcely
to be perceivid j for winter continues
nine months, and summer during the re-
maining three. In winter the cold is ex-
cessive, and in summer the heat is consi-
derable, the air being serene all that time.
Sweden produces crystals, amethyst, to-
pazes, porphyry, lapis lazuli, agate cor-
m Han, marble, and otiier fossils. The
rliief wealth of the country, howtver,
arises i'rom her mints of silver, copper,
lead, and iron. The last mentioned me-
tal employs no fewer than 4,i0 forges,
hammering-mills, and smelting-hnuses.
The iirst gallery of one silver mine is
100 fathoms below the surface of the
earth ; the roof is supported by prodi-
gious oaken beams, and from thence the
miiurs descend about 40 fathoms to the
lowest vein The articles of export are
boards, gunpowder, leather, iron, copper,
tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, and masts ;
and it imports salt, brandy, wire, linen
cloih, stuffs, tobacco, sugar. s])ice, and
pap r.
Stveden, post village Oxford county,
Maine, C'O miles SW from Paris, Popu-
lation 1820, 249
Sweden, township of Genesee county,
N-w York Population 1830, J761.
Swedesboro' , post town in Gloucester
county. New Jersrv, situated on the S
side ot KaccrK)n cre«.k, -ight miles S of
Woodbury, aitd 16 SW from Philadel-
phia
Sweet Sfirings, post village, Monroe
county, Virginia. 43 miles SW of Bath
court-house, and 93 ir. the same course
from Stau'iton These waters havrrlong
been famous for their medicinal virtues,
and attract a numerous cor«pany of va-
letudinarians yearly
SvjUzerland, country of Europe,
bounded on th- N by Suabia, E by Tyrol,
S by Savoy and Italy, and W by France.
It is 220 miles long and 130 broad, se-
parated from the adjacent countries by
high mountains, called the Alps. Swit-
zerland was divided into 13 cantons, ex-
clusive of their allies and bailiwics ;
namely, Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, Under-
walden, Zug, Friburg. Soleure, Zurich,
S W I
Bern, Basfl, SchaflFiiausen, Glarus, and
Appenzel. The first seven are crith-iics,
the next four art- Calvinists, and the
other two cor.taiu both rf!igio;<s. There
are four passat;es over the Alps into Italy
from Switzeriand ; the first is b: yotKl thr
Jake of Geneva, ovfr Mount Cenni^,
which leads to Savoy ; the second brgins
in the country of the Grisons, crosses
Mount St. Bern&rd, a!>d leads to the
valley of Aousia in Piedmont ; the third
begins in the country of the Grisr'ns,
crosses Mount ^impleberg, and leads to
the duchy '• Milan; the fourth cr-.sses
Mount St. Gothard. and the Baiiisvics
ol Jta'V, and terminates in the ^^^l.^ne!le.
The principal lakes are thfise of Con-
stance, Geneva, Locern, Zurich, and
Neuchatel. The most considerable ri-
vers are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve,
Reuss, and Ltmmal. Switz' rland ex-
ceeds every courttry in the "Worh! in di
versity ot appearance : the vast chain *,f
Alps '.vith enorme,us precipices, exten-
sive regi: ns of perpetual snow, and gla-
ciers th:it re.senihle seas of ic?, are con-
trasted by th.e vineyards and cultivated
field, the richly wooded brow, and the
verdant valley with its crystal stream.
Agriculture cannot of course be carried
to great extent, but the grain pvo.luced
is sufficient for domestic consumption.
The chief riches consist of excellent
pastures, in which many catt'e are bred
arid fattened, and the gOits, and cha-
mois, fied on tile mountains, and in the
woitds. The men are generally strong and
robust, for which reason they are prefer-
red bv severa' natims f(,r the military
service. Tiio women are to!ej;iblv hand-
some, I ave many good qualities, and are
in general very industrious. Tin pea-
sants retain their old manner of dress,
and are content to live upon milk, but-
ter, and cheese ; and there are some of
the mountaineers, who nevfr have any
bread I \79~, the partisans of France
having excited disturbances in Switzer-
land, the Fre?icr. entered the country ;
and, after def aling the troops and pea-
sants, who eppr-bed them, in several b.->t-
tles. they aJjolished the constitutions of
the priiicipal cantons, erected what was
termed the Helvetic republic, and vest-
ed the government in two councils and
a directory. This constitution was abo-
lished in 1802, by tiie Mrst consul of
France, and another was pr^^serited for
their acceptance, but rejected ; and he
offered them a new one, in 1803, which
they consented to accept By the new
constitution, exclusive of the territories
of Valais and Neuchatel, the country is
divided into 19 cantons : the six new
ones are Pays de Vaud, Tesin, Ar^au,
982
S Y D
Grisons, St. Gall, and Thurgau ; of i
which the first two are catholics, and the
other four contain both catholics and
protestants Each canton has its dis-
tmct interna! government. The general
government of the country is by a diet,
composed of a mr-mbev from each can-
ton, whicli assembles annually in June j
at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, '
or Lucern, in rcstation ; and the presi-
dent is styled Landamman of Switzer-
land. The diet declares war, concludes
peace, makes alliances with foreign
states, and also decides on all treaties
on commerce. The armed force is fix-
ed at 30,000 men. In December, 1813, -
the allied armies traveised this country,
for the purpose of invading France, when
some partial changes again took place «
in the administration of Switzerland,
which was the cause of violent commo-
tions amongst several of the cantons;
but in 1814, en the meeting of the diet,
these disturbances were appeased, and
a federal com[)act was signed on the 8th
of September, by the deputies of ail the
19 cantons at Zurich.
S%viizerla7id, county of Indiana, bound-
ed by Ohio river E, SE, and S, Jeffer-
son W ; Ripley NVV ; and Dearborn N.
Lengtli 24 ; mean width 13 ; and area
312 square miles. Surface liillj', and i
soil productive. Chief town Vevay. i
Population in 1820- \
Free white males - - - 2,070 '
do. do. iemales - - - 1,855
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites . . -
Free persons (vf coL/ur, male:}
do. do. females -
Slaves, males -
do. females
Total pnpidation in 1820 -
,925
5
4
0
0
;.934
91
690
58
1
Of these;
Foreigners not nrituralized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population t > t!ie square mile, \2l.
Syn, town of Sweden, in West Goddand,
^3 Kiilcs SW of Lindkoping.
Siicamore, township in tlieV-NK quarter
of Hamilton ct^unty, Ohio. Tlie soil of
th(; land is generally fertile, and well irri-
gated by mill creek and several of its
branches. Montgomery, Reading, and
Sliaron villages are laid out in this town-
ship. Popuktuni 1820, 3385.
Sycamore j^rove, post village, Mecklen-
biu"g county, Virginia.
Siidenham, village in Kent, in the de-
i' A K
1' A JJ
clivity of a hi.'l, ei^rht miles S by E or Lf.ii-
don. ft is noted for medicinal w.Hls.
Su'ljiev, township of Kcnnebeck crxmty,
Ma'ne containing 1558 i:.!iibitants in 1810,
and in 1820, 1S9^^ ; situated on '.he VV >ide
of Kei.nebeck river.
Sydwy buy. hay on the S side of Nor-
folk islani, in the Pacific Ocean, for.~ed
by Point Hunter and Point Koss, which
are near two miles asunder. On liiis bay
a settlement ol convicts is formed from
Ensfland. Lon. 168 12 E, lat. 29 4 S.
Sydney cove., town or settlement of con-
victs founded at Port J.ickson, in New S
Wales, in February, 1783.
Syr.imeSy township of Lawrence county,
Ohio, on Symmes creek. Population 1820,
247.
Syracuse, strong- city of Sicily, in Valdi-
Noto, with a bishop's see, and a fine liar-
bour, defended by a castle. It is seated
near the sea, 72 nnles S by \V of Messina,
and 110 SE of Palermo. Lon. 15 30 E,
1 at. 37 5 N.
Syria or Siiri.itnn, province of Turkey
in .'Vsia, bounded on the N bv Diarbeck
md Natoiia, on the E by Diarbeirk n.n 1 the
deserts of Arabia, on the S by the same
fleserts .nd .lud-^a, and on the V. by the
Mediterranean. Under the general name
'^i Syria, were included the ancient Phoe-
nic 3, lv!n,e^ S of Syria Proper, This pro-
virce abounds in oil, corn, aid several sorts
ot fVpus. lis v>,eli as pe-s, beans, aiif". ail
kinds ot piils< and g-ardea-s ufT ; hsit it
woidd produce much more than it does,
if il were well cuitivatefl ; for there are
f.ne plains and pastures, 'I'he inhabitants
have a trade in silk, camlets, and salt.
Damascus 's the capital.
Syrian, town of Pegu, seated near the
bay of Bengal, on a river of the same
name, which is one of ihe extrem-^- branches
of the Ava. Lon. 96 40 E, lat. 16 50 N.
Szeben, town of Hungary, situated on
the river Tareza, 30 miles N of Oassovia:
Lon. 21 25 E, lat. 44 20 N.
Szelely, town of Hungary, 18 miles ESE
of Debreczen. Lon. 22 15 E, lat. 47 26 N.
Szuccn, town of Wes'ern Pru^s a, in the
pjilatinate of Lulm, seated on the Vistula.
Lon. 18 24 E, lat. 53 14 N.
Tiiafe, or Tave, rapid river in Glamor-
garsshire, which enters the Bristol Channel
at Cardiff". On this river, near Caerphilly,
is a stone bridge called Pont y Pryddal :
of a sinijie arcli, supposed one of tlie
widest in the world, 140 (e(.t in the spun,
and 34- iiigh, planned and executed by the
self-iauj;tit genius of a common mason in
this county.
Taaif, town of Arabia, in the province
of Hedjas. It has a considerable trade in
dried fruits, and is situated on u l.ifty
mountain, 90 miles SE of Mecca. Lon.
41 35 E, lat. 21 5 X.
Taas, city or Arabia, in the pro'.ince of
Yeman, where is the tomb of a saint, who
Eccording to ti-adi\ion, was king of the
country. When NL Ni^buhr was here it
had a g i:Tison of 600 men. It is 48 milr-s
ENE of M"cha. Lon. 44 10 E, lat. 13 45
S.
Taata, town of Upper Eg\ pt, one mile
from the Nile. It is the residence of a go-
vernor, has many furious remains of an-
tiquity, and iS 200 miles S of Cairo. Lon.
31 25 E. lat. 26 56 M.
Taba^a. an island of America, in l!ic;?
Sea, aid bay ot Pa:'.ama, four miles long;
and three bro>d. It is a raouilalnius
place, abounding with fruit trees, and be-
longs to the Spanuirds. Lon. 80 16 W,
lat. 7 50 S.
Tabarca, island on the coast of Barbary,
.50 miles VV of Tairs. Lon. 9 16 E, la*.
36 50 N.
Tabaria, the ancient Tiberias, a town of
Palestine, Situated on the W s de of a lake,
formerly called the sea of Tiberias, 50
miles NNE of Jerusalem, and 70 SSW of
Damascus. Lon. 35 45 E, lat 32 40 N.
TViiasco, province of Mexico; bounded
on the N by the bay of Campeachy, on the
E by Yncata, on tiie S by Ciiiapa, and on
the W by G'laxaoa It is about 100 miles
111 lengt!), and nearly as much in breadth,
and its chief riches consist in cocoa nuts.
The air is extremely moist, and there are
showers every day for nine monllis in the
year.
Tabasco, island of New Spain, in the
province -it Tabasco, about 30 miles long,
and ten broad, formed by the river Tabas-
co, an! the rivers Si. Peter and St. Paul.
Tabasco, capital of the province of Ta-
basco. Cortcz obtained a victory here on
his first arrival. It is situaicci in the island
of the same name. Lon. 58 15 E, lat. 17
40 N.
Table Island, one of the New Hebrides,
in the South Sea. Lon. 16 77 E, lat. 15
38 S.
Table Mountain, promontory of Africa,
near the Cape of Good Hope, being 'he
most southern promontory in the Old
World. The bay at the fojt of it is called
Table Hay.
Table Mountain, mountain of Pendleton
distr ct. South Carolina, rising 4300 feet
above the level of the Atlantic ocean. On
Q83
T A G
T A I
one side it is said, there is a precipice of
rocks 900 feet high.
Tabor, town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Beciiin, on a mountain, which the Husites,
under their celefirated general Zisca, for-
tified and made tl'eir principal retreat. It
is 25 miles N by E of Budweis, and 45 S
by E of Prague, Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 49
23 N.
Tabvistan, province of Persia, on the S
shore of the Caspian sea, bounded by As-
trabad on the E, and Chilan en the W.
Tacazze, the great south-eastern branch
of the Nile, called pai-ticularlj', the Nile of
Tigre, contradistinguished from the Arn-
haro, or middle district.
Tecames, bay, seajiort, and district of
New Granada, on the Pacific ocean. The
port is situated at lon. W C 2 40 W, lat.
0 52 N.
Tachim or Tachaiu, town of Roliemia, in
the circle of Pilsen, 21 miles W of Pilsen.
Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 49 45 N.
Tadcaster, town in the West riding of
Yorksliire. Great plenty of limestone is
dug up near it ; and there is a large stone
bridge over the river Wharf. It is nine
miles SW of York, and 188 N by W of
London. Lon 1 12 W, lat. 5o 52 N.
Tadivan, or Taduaii, town of Persia, in
the province of Farsistan, 60 miles S of
Schu-;is. Lon. 54 15 E, lat. 28 45 N.
Tadmor. See Palmyra.
Tadoitsac, town of Lower Canada, in N
America, which is a place of great resort
for trading with the Indians, who bring
thither furs t(r exchange for cloth and other
European good*. It is situated at the
mouth of the Saguenay, 98 miles NE of
Quebec. Lon. 69 35 W, lat. 48 5 N.
Tafala, or Tafalla, town of Spain, in Na-
varre, with a castle, seated on the Cidazzo,
in a country producing good wine, 18 miles
S of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 41
29 N.
Tqfilet, kingdom of Barbary, in the em-
pire of ilorocco ; bounded on the N by Fez
and Tremesen, on the E by the Beribernes,
on the S by the deserts of Barbary, ;ind on
the W by Sus, Morocco, and Pez. Tafilet,
the capital, is a trading place,<wlth a castle,
and seated on a river, 275 miles SE of Mo-
rocco. Lon. 5 45 W. lat. 28 2 N.
Taj-a?i)'ocA-, flourishing city of Russia, on
the NE side of the sea of Azoph, about 30
miles <rom the mouth of the Don. The
very rapid advar.ce m population, wealth,
science, civilization, and commerce of
Tcherkask, Azc-ph, Taganrock, Odessa,
Sevastopol, and other Russian towns along
the Black aid Azoph seas, is a very striking
and truly pleasing revolution in human
happiness in a very fine section of the earth.
Taganrock now contains 10 OOOintiabiiants,
and extensive commercial prosperity. In
1817, 387 vessels sailed from its port, laden
984
with wheat, tallow, bees'-wax, wool, hemp,
wine, coal, isinglass, fish, hides, iron, &c.
Tagasta, town of Africa, in Algiers, fa-
mous for being the birth place of St. Au-
gustine.
Tas^e, town of Arabia Felix, with a castle
on a mountain, 60 miles E of Mecca. Lon.
42 5 E, lat. 21 45 N.
Taghmon, town of Ireland, in the county
of Wexford.
Taglicicozzo, town of Italy, in Naples, 18
miles SW of Aquila, and 33 ENE of Rome.
Lon. 12 57 E, lat. 45 50 N.
Tagost, town of African Morocco, the
largest in the province of Sus. A great
many Jews live here, who carry on a con-
siderable trade. It is seated in a fertile
plain, 97 miles S of Tarodant. Lon. 8 5
W, lat. 23 23 N.
Tagumadert, town of the kingdom of
Tafilet in Africa, with a strong castle on a
mountain, seated on the river Dras. Lon.
6 43 W, lat. 27 10 N.
Tagjts, river which has its source on the
confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs through
Nev/ Castile, by Toledo and Tal.avera,
whence it proceeds to Alcantara, in Estre-
madura; when entering Portugal, it washes
Santaren, below which it forms the har-
bour of Lisbon, and then falls into the At-
lantic Ocean. This river was formerlj' fa-
mous for its golden sands, and is called
Tejo by the Portugese.
Tahooroxva, one of the smallest of the
Sandwich Islands, lying off the SW part of
Mowee, from which it is distant three
leagues. It is destitute of wood, and the
soil seems to be sandy and barren.
Tai-ming-fon, city of China, in the pro-
vince of I'e-Tcheli, with one city of the
second class, and eighteen of the third, in
its district.
Tain, borough and seaport in Ross-shire,
on the frith of Dornoch, 12 miles N of Cro-
marty.
Tainton, village in Gloucestershire, se-
ven miles W of Gloucester.
Tai-onang, capital of the island of For-
mosa, in the China Sea. It is a large, well
peopled p'ace, and carries on a great trade.
Lon. 120 30 E, lat. 23 25 N.
Tai-ping, city of China, in the pro-
vince of K:ang-nan. It is built upon the
banks of die river Kiang, and its plains are
watered by a number of navigable rivers,
which render it very opulent. Its juris-
diction exiends over only three cities. Lon.
107 15 E, lat. 32 20 N.
Tai-tcheou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Tche-kiang It has six cities in
its district. Lon. 121 2 E, lat. 28 55 N.
Tailebonrg, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, and late ter-
ritory of Saintonge, seated on the Charente,
30 miles SE of Rochelle. Lon. 0 40 W, lat.
45 46 N.
1 A M
iat-iong-jini, city of Cliina, in the pfo-
vince of CiFiaii-si.
Tai-yeuen-fou, city or" China, capital of
the province of Chaii-si. Tlie principai
articles of its trade are liard-vare, stafTi of
difftri'nt kinds, purticiilarly carpets in inii-
tion of those of Tiiilccy. it is 160 miles S
W of Peking.
Talamane, seaport ofTuscany in Italv, 15
miles NT of Orb:tcllo. Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 42
30 N.
Tuiavera, town of Spain, in New Castile,
wita a fori. It be.ongs tj the arclibishop
of TuleJo, und is seated on the T;ijo, in a
vadcy abounding iu corn, fruus, and excel-
lent wine, 5.S mdes S\V of Madrid. Lon.
4 1 W,kt. 39 41 N.
Tidavcruela, town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, seated on the Giiadiaiia, 14 miles E
of Badajoz. Lon. 6 34 W, lat, 38 34 N.
Titlbot, county of Maryland, occupying
the peninsula between Tuckahoe river,
and Clioptank, Ciiesapeake, and St. Mi-
diacl's bays ; bounded N by Queen Ann
county ; E by Tuckahoe river or Caroline
county ; and SE by Clioptank bay, or Dor-
chester county. Length 25 ; mean width
S ; and area 2'JU square miles. Beside
Ciioptankj and Si. Michaels bays, it is pe-
netraied by Treadhaven nver about 10
miles. Chief town Easton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites . . . -
Ali other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves ■
Total popidation in 1810 -
3,643
3,633
7,276
2,003
4,878
14,157
Population in 1820.
Free white nnaies - 3.660
do. do. females - - 3,727
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . _ - 0
Total
whites
.
,
,
7,387
Fi'ee persons of
colour,
, males
1,042
do.
do.
females
1,192
Slavej
!, males
.
.
.
2.488
do.
females
-
-
2,280
Total
population in
1820
14,389
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Enj^^aged in Agriculture - • 3,500
d). in Vlantifactures - 675
do. in Commerce - - 182
Population to the square mile, 71.
Talgaguniia, town of South iVmerica, in
Chih. it is now tiie only Spanish settle-
ment in the bay of Conception, and Is seat-
6 r
ed on the SE shovCj near tlie ruins of the
old city of Conception, nine mdes from the
new city of Conception. Lon. 7o 0 W,
lat. 36 42 S.
TaUach, town of Ireland, in the county
of VVaterford, 23 miles WN W of Cork, and
32 WSW of Waterford.
Tallano, seaport of Corsica, situated on
the gult of Tnllaiio, 30 miles SSW of Cortes.
Lon 9 18 E, lat. 51 20 N.
Tallapoosa, eastern branch of Alabama
river, rises in Georgia in the same ridge of
m iuntains, and between the sources of the
Coosa and Chaiahooche rivers, its general
course is nearly parallel to the former, 200
miles to where they unite and form the
Alabama. The Tallapoosa is navigable
about 30 miles.
Tailard, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Alps, and late province of
Dauphiny, seated on the Durance, 47 miles
S of Grenoble. Lon. 6 20 E, lat. 44 28 N.
Tallmadge, post village and township.
Portage countj', Oliio, containing a furnace
forge and an academy. Population in 1820,
742
Talmont, seaport of France, in "the de-
partmtnt of Lower Charente, and late tei'-
ritory of Saintonge, seated on a peninsula of
Gironde, 20 miles SS of Saintes, and 260
SW of Paris. Lon. 0 50 W, lat. 4532 N.
Tumalameca, town of South America, in
Terra Firma, and government of St. Mar-
tha, seated on the Rto-de-la-Madalena.
Lon. 74 45 W, lai. 9 6 N,
Taman. See Phanagoria.
Tamar, river of England, which runs
from N to S, and divides Cornwall from
Devonshire, and after forming the harbour
of Hamoze, enters Plymouth Sound.
Tamara, capital of the island of Socotera,
with a good harbour. The trade consists
chiefly in aloes, frankincense, ambergrise,
and dragonsblood. It is seated on a bay,
on the N coast of the island, Lon. 53 45
E, lat. 11 56 N.
Tamarica, or Iiamaria, province of Bra-
si!, between Paraibo on the N, and Fernam-
buco on the S. On tlie coast is an island
of the same name, 24 miles in length,
which has a harbour and good fresh water.
Lon, 35 5 W, lat. 7 56 N.
Tumbof, town of Russia, capital of a go-
vernment of thf same name, and a bishop's
see. It is seated on the Tzna, which flows
into the Mokscha, 228 miles SE of Moscow.
Lon. 41 4 E, lat. 52 48 N.
Tame, inconsiderable rivulet in Oxford-
shire, which flows into the Thames at Dor-
chester, and has been erroneously suppo-
sed to give name to the Thames. See
Thames.
Tame, town of Oxfordshire, with a fa-
mous free school, and a small hospital. It
is seated on a small rivulet of the same
name, 12 miles E of Oxforxl, and 45 W bv
QS;5
T A !v
riovth or London. Lo:i. 0 55 W, lat. 51
45 N.
Tamieh, town of Egypt, on one of the
cana]« which ruris n.t ■ tiie Xile.
Tampico. hay an;l se'p'irt of VIexico,
near the r,>r,uth of ihe M'iC'ez 'enia river.
Lon. VV C 11 36 W, !ar. 22 45 N
7\iin-u>oi'ih, oor^'Ui^h in Staffur is^iirp, on
the Tume, eight miles SK -f f/'s'chfvid, antl
114 NVV of London. Lon. 1 38 W, lat. 52
49 N.
Tanrworth, post town in Strafford county,
New H mp hire ; siuiate 1 on t e N si;!e of
Ossippee river, anl joi ling Graft n cotmty
on the N\V. The inhabitants were sta eJ
at 1134 in the census of 1810; and in
1820, 1442.
Tandro, river of Piedmont, wliich rises
in the Appennine.-., and flows by Cherasco,
Alba, aid Asti, t > Alessandri.i, in the Mila-
nese, and fall, irto the Po.
Tanasserim, t ivfn of the kingdom of
Slam, in Asia, capital of a pr evince of the
came name, 220 miles SW of Siam. Lon.
98 0 E, lat. n 50 N. •
Tanbof, government of Russia, formerly
a part >f the ^'overnment of Voronetz, con-
taining 13 districts
Tancos, town of Fotugal, in Estrema-
dura, seated on the Zez.ra, near its fall
into the Tajo 60 mdes XE of Lisbon.
Lon 8 30 W, lat. ,9 20 N.
Tar.crowall, town of Africa, in Nigritia,
seated on the Gambia, where the E'g isli
have a fort, 39 mi!f-s E of James' river.
Tanda, o? Tanrab, tiwn in Mindoostan
Proper, in Bengal, on the Ganges, 120
miles NW of Dacce. Lon. 8" 56 E, lat.
23 25 X. •
Tandaifo. See Samar.
Tan:'i/(o-wn, post town in Frederick
county, Maryland; situated on a branch of
Monacasy creek, 20 miles N by E of
Fredericktown. 12 N by W of Westmin.
ster, and 40 of Baltimore.
Tangataboo, one of the Friendly Islands
in the South Pacific Oce^im, the residence
of the sovereign and t!ie ciiief-*.
Tangermutide, toww of Germany, in the
eld marche of Brandenburg, en the Tan-
ger, where it falls into the- Elbe, 24 miles
NW of Brar.denb' ,rg, and 28 NE of Magde-
burg. Lon 13 30 E, 1 :t. 52 46 V.
Tangier, seaport 'fthe kingdom of Fez
in Africa It is 130 mdes N ■ f F. z. Lm.
5 50 W, lat. 35 49 X,
Tang-ipao, river of Louisi..'na ;ind .Missis-
sippi, rising in the latter in Amite cotmty,
enterlocking with the sources tsf Amite and
Bogue Ciiitto ; its general course SSE, 25
miles in Mississippi and 45 in Louisiana,
separating in t e latter, the parishes of St,
Tammany and St. Helena, and after an
entire course of 70 mdes is lost in Lake
Pontchartrain, abo.it 10 miles east of the
.Wri?3 of Manchac. Like that of all the
. 9.<T6
neigiiboiiring streams, the country drained
by t'e Tangipao is a sterile pine forest.
Tanjore. prn-ince of Hindoostan, on tiiC
coast Ci Ci^romandid ; botindrd b\ Gingi on
the N, by tiie mountains of Gute o^ the \V,
by Madur'i and the fi'^'iing co >st on the S,
and by the -ea o:t \\v E, bei'tg separated
from tlie ishn 1 of Ceylon by a narrow
strait.
Tahjore, city of Hindoostan, in the C^r-
natx, capital of a province '>f the same
name. 1 i.s seate ! on the Cauverav, 156
milt-s S bv W of Madr.is, and 166 SE of
Seriiij-a .atam Lon 79 12 E, lat 10 46 N.
Tanhia, or Tmk-ialing, town and fortress
of Thibet, at the font of Motint Langur,
275 miles W b> S of L.!ssa.
Tanna, tortile and cf^:isider:.ble island in
the So'itli Sea, and one of the New He-
brides. There is a volcano in the islands,
and the soil is verv fertile in the tropical
fruits and forest trees. The coast also
abounds in fish. Lon. 169 46 E, lat. 19
30 S
Tauore, seaport of Hindoostan, on the
coast of Malabar. Lon. To 50 E, lat. 10
55 N.
Tantcdlan, ruinous costle in Haddington-
shire, two miles Fi of N Berwick.,
Taoo, most southern of the Friendly
Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about
10 leagues in circuit.
Taormina, seaport of Sicily, in Val di
Demona, seated on a rock, 88 miles S of
Messina, famous for its costly marble and
excellent wine. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 38
21 N.
Taos, town of New Mexico, on the east
side of liio Grande del Norte above Santa
Fe. Lon. \V C 29 45 \V, lat. 37 20 N.
Taoukaa, island in the South Pacific
Ocean. Lon. 145 9 W, lat 14 30 S.
Tappahannock, post town in Essex coun-
ty, Virginia ; situated on the S side of
Rappah nnock river, 57 m'l -s NE of Rich-
moiul, 53 SE of Fredericksburg, and 117
from Washingt'm It is a low unhealthy
situation, but a place if considerable trade,
and has ab.nit 600 inhabitants
Taploe, village in Buckinghamshire, one
mile from Maidenhead. It is seated on a
hill, on the banks of the Thames, and dis-
tinguished by its m jestic wood-lands,
handsome vilas, and picuresque f.ppear-
aice.
Tapoor, town of the peninsula of Hin-
doosta's 15 miles SS W of Darampoovy, and
83 ESE ot Seringapatiim.
Tapty, rvcr of the Deccan of Hindoos-
tan v.htch rises at Maltoy, 84 miles to the
NW of Nugp:)ur, and falls into the gulf of
Cambay, abou' 20 miles below Surat.
Tar, or PamUeo, river of North Carolina,
which flowing by 'i'arborough and Wash-
ington, enters Pamlico Sound, 40 miles SE
'^t the latter town. It is navigable 40 mile^
r A a
I A R
to Wtxshingtoii, for vessels drawing nine
feet water, and for boats to Tarboroiigli 50
niil.^:-^ still lugluT.
Taransa, one of the Htbritles, or VV
Islands of Scotland. Lcn. 8 55 VV, lat.
58 2 N.
Taranto, seaport of Naples, in Terra
(I'Otrantn. This town gave name to the
venomous spidtrs called tarantulas. It
is 55 miles NVV of Otranto. and 160 E
by S of Naples. L .n. 17 29 E, kt. 40
Z5 N,
Turragalla, town of the kingdom of
Taiilet, in Africa, with a castle seated
on the Dras, 275 miles SW of ratilet.
Lon. 6 3 W, iat 27 '.0 N
Tarare, town of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone and Loire, and late
province of Lyonnois seated on the I'or-
dive, at the foot of a mountain of the
same name, 25 miles NVV of Lyor.s. Lon.
4-43 E, lat. 45 52 N.
Tarascon, town <f France, ir. the de-
p~artment of the Mouths of the Rhone,
and late province of Provence, on tlie
Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, with which
il communicates by a bridge of boats.
It has some trade in oil, braiidy, starch,
and ituffs of coarse silk, and wool. It
is 10 miles N of Aries, and 375 S by E
of Paris. Lon 4 39 E, lat. 43 48 N.
Tarascon, town of France, in the de-
partment of Am; ge, and lite province
of Provence, seattd on the river Arriege,
seven miies SE of Fnix.
Tarazona town of Spain, in Arrat^on.
It is seat!.'d partly on a rock, and partly
in a fertile plain, on the rivi-r Chiles, 13
miles SW of Tud-lla, and 127 NE of
Madrid. Lon. 1 26 W, lat 41 55 N.
Tardat, town of Scotland, in the
county of Cromarty, six miles E of
Tain.
Tarbat, Eudt, town of Scotland, in the
county of Argyle, 25 miles N of Camp-
beUtown.
Tarbcs, populous town of France, late-
ly in the pi o\ ince of Gascony, now capi
talof the department of Upper Pyrenees,
on the Ad( ur, 42 miles SW of Auch, and
112 S by E of Bordeaux. Lon. 0 3 E,
lat 43 14 N
Tarborougb: post town in Edgecombe
county. North Carolina ; lying on the S
side of Pamlicn river, 34 miles S of Ha
lifax, 44 W by N of Washington, and 83
NW of Newbern. It has about 600 in-
habitants, and an academy. It is a place
of much inland trnde
Tarentesia province cf Savoy, which
is a disagreeable barren country, full of
mcutitalns. Moutier is the capital.
Targa, town of Africa, in the king-
dom of Fez, on the Mediterranean. Lon.
■ ^6 W, lat. 35 20 N,
Targorod, town of Turkey, in Europe,
in Moldavia, 50 miles SW of Jassy. Loa.
26 29 E, lat. 46 49 N
'J'ai'iJJ'a, town if Spain, in Andalusia,
with a castle seated on an emmence,
on the stndts of Gbraltar, 17 miles
WSVV of Gibraltar. Lon. 5 40 W, lat.
ZO 0 X.
"Turku, capita! of Daghestan, seated on
the W coast of the Caspian Sea, 51 miles
SE of Terki and 30J NE of Tauris. Lon.
47 5 E, lat 45 50 N.
Tarlton, post villas^e Pickaway coun-
ty, Ohi •, between Chilicoihe and Lan-'
caster 17 miles distant from each.
Tarn department of France, includ-
ing part ot the late province of'Langue-
doc. Gaslres is the capital.
Tarn, river of France which gives
name to the abive department. It has
its sourcf in the drpartmeut of Lozhere,
and having watered .Vlithud, Alby, Guil-
lac, Montaubari, and Moissac, falls into
the Garoriue
Tarnomrz. town of Silesia, in the
principality of Oppi len, in the vicinity
of whi h is a silver mine. It is 38 miles
SE of Oppekn. Lon. S 15 E, lat. 50
20 N,
Taro, or Borgo diVal-di-Taro, town
of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, capi-
tal of the territory of Val di-Taro. It
is sealed on the river Taro, 25 mile.s
SW of Parma Loq. 19 9 E, lat. 44
36 N.
Tarodant, or Tarudant, town of Mo-
rocco, in the province of Sus, seated near
the Atlasitic, 120 miles SSW of Morocco,
Lon 8 10 W, lat. 30 0 N.
Tarruga, or Tarreca, town of Spain,
in Catalonia, seated on a hill, near the
river Ci rv ra, 15 miies E by S of Lerida, .
and 60 W of Barcelonia. Lon. 1 3 E, lat.
41 ^'8 N.
Tarragona strong seaport of Spain, iu
Catalonia with a ur.iversity. It carries
on a great trade, and is seated on a hill,
on the Alediterranean, 35 miles NE of
Tortosa, and 2c'0 miles E by N of Ma-
drid. Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 41 5 N.
Tartary, country of Asia, which,
taken in its utmost limits, reaches from
the eastern ocean to the Caspian Sea,
and from Corea, China, Tibet, Hin-
doistan, and Persia, to Russia and Sibe-
ria. It lies between 55 and 135 E, lon.
and between 35 and 55 N lat. being
36';0 miles in length and 960 in breadth ;
but in the narrowe.it part not above 330
broad. It may be considei'ed under
twii grand divi>i(ms ; namely. Eastern
and 'Western Tartary The greatest
part of the former either belongs to the
emperor of China, is tributary to him,
-r is under - hi^ ;protection ; and is di-
of5r
r A T
r A V
vided into three provinces, Tcitcicar,
Kirin, and Leao-tong. A considerable
part of Western Tartary has been con-
quered by the Russians; and t';,it pai't
ef it E from the mountains of unaus, or
Belur, to the Caspian Sea, is called lu-
dependent Tartary, which has tor many
ages been attached to Persia. These
va«t countries include all the central
part of Asia, and are inhabited by Tar-
tars of different denominations and dif-
ferent manners. For various particulars
concerning them, see the articles Ab-
khas, Circassia, Crimea, Cossacks, Geor-
gia, Imeritia, Kaltnucs, Kisti, Lesguis,
Mandshurs, Mingrelia, Monguls, Ossi,
Somovedes, Turcomans, and Usbecs.
Tartas, towm of France, in the de-
partment of Landes, and late province
of Gascony. The Midouseruns through
it ; and on one side of this river it rises
in the form of an amphitheatre ; the
other is seated on a plain. It is 12
miles NE of Dax. Lon. 0 48 E, lat. 43
50 N.
TarviSt or Tarivis, town of Germany,
in Carinthia, 46 miles NNVV of Trieste.
Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46 34 N.
Tassacorta, maritime town of the
isle of Palma, one of the Canaries. It
lies SW of St. Cruz, and being exposed
to westerly winds is little frequented,
but by boats. Lon. 17 58 W, lat, 28
38 N.
Tassasudon, capit J o; B{)Otan, 260
miles S by W ot Lasa, Luii. 89 0 E,
lat. 27 43 N.
Tassing, is'aii.-' f Denmark be-
tween Funen, Liii ^•;t iaiid, and Arroe.
It is separated frf.n the fo mer by a
strait, and contains a few towns and vil-
lages.
Tasso, ancient Tha&os, island of the
Archipelago, near Romania, at the en-
trance of the gulf of Contesa. It is 35
miles in circumference and was formerly
famous for mines of gold, and quarries of
beautiful marble. The capital, of the
same name, has a good harbour, and se-
veral castles.
Tasso, mountain of Italy, between Ber-
gamo and Como, from -which the illus-
trious family of the poet Tasso took their
name.
Tale, township of Clermont county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1775.
Tatnall, county of Georj»ia ; bounded
by Appling S; Telfair anc! Montgomery
W ; Emanuel N W ; Camchee river,
or Bullock County NE; and Liberty and
Wayrie SE. Length 60 ; mean width 30 ;
ana area ISOO squ'sro miles. Oconee and
Oakmuigee river,'' unite, and form the
Alat'.imaha, on the wt.'^tern boundary of
Khis covmfv. Th.- latter .stream \v]nr'^.
SE through the county, and receives
from the north about its centre, Great
Ohoopee.
* Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 835
do. do. females - - 765
Total whites - - - 1,600
All other jjersons except Indians
not taxed - - - 64
Slaves 542
Total population in 1810, - 2,206
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,062
do. do. females - - - 1,001
All other pei^ons except Indians
not taxed ..... Q
Total whites - - . 2,06,"
Free persons of colour, males 8
do. do. females 5
Slaves, males - - - . 291
do. females ... . 277
Total populaticn in 1820 - . 2,644
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agricultiirt; - - 794
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, I3.
Talta, or Sinde, city of Hindoostan
Proper, capital of the province of Sindy.
It is seated on a branch of the river
Sinde or Indus, which admits of an un-
interrupted navigation to Moultan and
Lahore, for vessels of 200 tons, and a
very extensive trade was carried on be-
tween these places in the time of Aurung-
zebe but at present very little remains,
owing to a bad governm<-nt in Sindy, and
to a hostile disposition of the Seiks the
present possessors of Moultan and La-
hore, VV of Taita, are found mines of
iron and salt. Tatta is 741 miles NW
of Bombay. L.on. 67 37 E, lat. 24 50 N.
Tattah, small town on the common
frontiers of Morocco, Drah, and Zang-
haga, and in the route from Morocco and
Sus to Tombuctou. It is 170 miles SSE
of Morocco.
Tattershall, town in Lincolnshire, on
the Bane, near its f nnfluence with the
Witbam. 20 miles SE of Lincoln, and
127 N of London. Lon. 0 8 VV, lat. 53
6 N.
•Tauaatus, town of Sweden in Finland,
capital of the province of Tavasteland.
seated on a river which falls into the lakr
Wana, 62 miles NE of Abo.
1 A L
T A Z
island of New Zealand ; about i 00 miles
lonp:, and with a mean width of 100.
TaucheU town of Poland in Pomerel-
lio, seated on the V= rd. 30 miles NW of
Culm. Lon. 18 5 E, iat. 53 38 N.
Taverna, town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore. seated on the Coroco, 20 miles
Eof Nicastro, and 70 KE ofReggio. Lon.
16 44 E, Iat. S9 11 N,
2ax'2m, or Tavila, considerab'f town
of Portugal, capital of Algai va, with a
castle, and one of the best ; arbours in
the kinp,dom defended by a fort. It is
seated in a fertile country, at the mouth
of the Galaon, between Capt- Vincent
and the straits of Gibraltar, 100 miies W
by N of Cadiz. Lon. 7 46 W. Iat. o7
IS N
Tavistock, borough in Devonshire, on
the i-iver Tavy, ?.2 miles W by S of Exe-
ter, and 206 of London. Lon. 4 12 W,
Iat. oO 3 J N.
Taumago^ island of the South Pacific
Ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1806.
Lon. 176 45 W, Iat 13 0 S.
Taunton, borough in Somersetshire,
on the Thorse, which is navigable hence
to tht- Parrel . It has a large manufac-
ture of silk, and a considerabl<^ one of
woollen ^oods, such as serges, duroys,
druggets. &c It is 31 miles NE of
Exeter, and 14u W by S of London. Lon.
3 17 W, Iat, 50 59 N.
Taunton, river of Massachusetts in
North America. It I'ises in the Blue
Mountains, and running SE falls into
Narragaiisett Bay, on the E side of Rhode
Island!
Taunlon, post town, the capital of
Bristol coui.ty, Massachusetts ; ly:ng on
the W side of Taunton river, 25 miles
N of New Bedford, and 35 S of Boston.
The township contained 3900 inhabi-
tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 4520. It con-
tains an academy, a bank, the county
buildings, two cotton factories, a paper
mill, a furnace, a nail factory, three rol-
ling and slitting mills, &c.
Taunton-Dean, or Vale of Taunton,
an extensive tract of land in Somerset-
shire, famous for its fertility
Taureau. isle of France, in the de-
partment of Fiiisterre, and Idte province
of Bretagne, iying at the mouth of the
river Morlaix On this island is a castle,
which defends the port of Morlaix. Lon.
3 51 W. Iat. 48 40 N.
Taurida, government of Russia, bound-
ed S by the Black sea ; W by Chrrson ;
N by Ekaterinoalaf ; and E by Caucau-
sus. It takes its name from, and in-
cludes the Crirnvja, the ancient Taurica
Chersonesus. See Crimea.
T^,„.,v ^;»,. ^^ pcx-sia, capita! of Ader-
beitzan, and formerly the capital of
Persia It is about fiv." miles in c Ircum-
ference arid carries on a prodigious trade
in cotton, cloth, silks, cold and silver
brocades, hue lurbans, and sliagreen
leather. There, are 500 caravansaries,
and 250 mosques. It is seated in a de-
lightful plain surrounded by mnuntainf?,
95 mil>'S SE of Xaksivan, and 320 NW
of Ispahan. Lon. 47 50 E, Iat. 38 !8 N.
Tauris, great chain of mountains in
Asia, which begin in the E part of Little
Carmania, and extend far into India.
In different places tliey have difTf-rent
names.
Taus, town of Bthemia, in the cir-
cle of Pilsen. 26 miles «W of Piisen,
and 50 S of Saatz. L.';n. 13 45 E. ht 49
25 N.
Tavy, river in Drvonshire, which ris-
ing in DartmtKir Forest, waters Tavy-
stock and then enters the harbour of Ha-
mouze, ab.^'ve Plymouth.
Taiv, river in Devonshire, which ris-
es in the centre of the county, flows to
Barnstable, and dien turns VV to join the
Trowbridge, at its mDuth in the Bristol
Channel.
Tawy river in Glamorganshire in S
Wales, which flows parallel to the Neath,
and enters the Bristol Channel, at Swan-
sey Bay
Tay, one of the largest riveisin Scot-
land, dividinc; it into S and N. It rises
out of th'.' mountains of Breadalbane, and
after spreading into a lake of the j-ame
name, 15 miles long and about rvv^o broad,
runs E through Athol, then turning to
the'SE in a course of near 40 miles, ex-
clusive of winding.s, falls into the frith
of Tay.
Tay, Frith of, arm of the sea. which
divides Fifeshire from the counties of
the N and S sands may be near a mile,
without about three fathoms wate-, but
within the Frith it grows deejjer, and
in the road to Dundee is full six fa-
thoms.
Tay, Loch, lake in Perthshire, through
which flows the river Tay. It is 15
n;iles long, and in many parts above one
broad.
Taylorsville, post village of Shelby
count) . Kentucky, on the N fork of Salt
river, 50 milts SVV from Louisville.
TazenvelL county of Virginia ; bound-
ed by Russel SW ; Kentucky and Cea-
bell county in Virt^inia N W ; Giles NE ;
Wythe SE ; and Washington S. Length
60 : mean width 40 ; and area 2-100 square
miles Surface generally hilly, and in
part moimtainous. The sources of
Chinch and Great Sandy rivers art in
this rountv, and from its NE section flow
T e li
T C I
several branches of Great Kenhawa.
Chief town, Jeffersonviile.
Populaiioi. ill IclO.
Free white muks - - - 1.39?"
do. do. females - - - 1,282
Total whi.es - - -
All other persons except liuiiaiis
not -.axed . . . -
Slaves - . . - .
Totiil population in 1810
Poimlatoii in 1820.
Free v. hr.e males . . -
do. do. females ...
All rttser persons except Indians
!iOt taxed ....
Tctidwiu.- . . . .
Free persons of cJ'nir, nia'es -
' do do. females
Slavf^s, males . . . -
do. iem:les
Tota^ popvHition in 1820 -
2,661
18
3,007
1,730
1,705
3,916
O th.esf:;
Fovfigiv rs not naturabzed - 1
EngUj^ed in Agiic' luire - - 757
do. in M=(niifaf.ti;res - - 2
do. in CoiTiinerce - - 4
P'ip:ilaton tc the >quare mile, 1^.
Tazewell post Uwv. and st-at of jus-
tice in ( aibome c< unty, Ttnnessee,
aboijt midway beiw.ren Clinch and Pew-
ell's river; about 50 miles NE from
Knr>xviUe.
Tclmng tcha, city of China, capital
of the S part of Hou-quang. It is seat-
ed on the river Heng, which has a com-
municiUion xvith an extensive !-dke, call-
ed 1 ong-ting-bou, 7^0 miles S by W of
Peking. L^n 112 25 E l.,t 28 11 N.
Tdiang-tcheou, city of China, of the
first rank in Fo-kien. It has a criisi-
derable trade with Eninny, Poiig-hriu,
and Formos'. ; and is 950 miles S of Pe-
king Lrn. U7 55 E. lat. 24 32 N.
Tchang-te, city of China, of the first
rank, is H -nan. It is 255 miles SSW
of P. king Lon. HI 5 E, lat. 29 2 N.
Tc/moking city of China, of the first
rank in Quang-tong, sealed on the river
Si, 70 miles VV of Canton.
Tchao-tcheou, cit) of China, of the
first rank, in Quan-tong, seated on the
Pei-kiang, 85 miles E of Canton
TdiL kiarig, province of China - one of
thf most considerable in extent, riches,
ai.d piipulation. It is bound' d on the
N and VV by Kiang-nan, SW by Kiang-
si, S by Fo-kien, and E by the Ocean.
In this province, whole plains are co-
vered with dwarf mulbe rrv trees, pur-
990
posely checked in their growth ; ana
prudigous quantities of siik-worms are;
bred Ih pniicijia! brand: of trade
consists in siiii stuffs ; and those in which
gold and silver art mtermixed are the
most beautilul in China. Hang-tcheou
is the capital.
Tcheniigqf, government of Russia,
Jorrni. ri> a. part ot flie Ukraine. Its ca-
pital, if th'r same name, is seated on the
Df'sne. 345 niiic;3 SSW of Muscow. Lon.
66 4 /. E, lat 51 24 N.
Tche&me, town of Asiatic Turkey, on
the W oast of Natalia, with a citadel.
It stands alm^ st opposite Scio, at the
head of a spacious road, which is famous
for the desit ur.tinn of two Turkish fleets
fiist by the Russians, in 1770, secondly
iiy the Greeks in 18v'2. See Clmme, It
IS four niil^s E of Smyrna. Lon. 26 26
E, 'hit. 58 2ti N.
Tcldng fciang, strong city of China, in
the p-ovii.cf of Kiang-na.i, -25 milts N
by N 'f Nan-kiiig. Lon. 118 55 E, lat.
32 14 N.
Tching tckcou city of China, in the
province ot Hou quang, seated near the
canal through which ail barks must
piss in gi ing from Sou tcheou, to Ki-
ang. Under it are five cities of the third
class, in which a kind of plain earthen
ware is prepaw d, inghly valued by the
Chinese, who prefer it to th^ most ele-
gant porcelain. It is 640 miles SSW
of Pekiny Lon 109 4u E, lat. 28 23 N,
Tching ling, laig- city of China, in
the pr( v.i.ce of P. -tcheli. Its district
coiUains five cities of the second and 27
of the third class ; ai\d it is 110 miles
S by VV <f P. king Lon 114 21 E, lat.
38 9 N
Tching tou, city of China, the capital
of Se-tch( uen, form, rly the residence of
the eiT.peri rs, and one (jf the largest and
most b' autiful cities in the empire. Lon.
103 44 E, lat. 30 40N
Tchi tchecu, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Kiang-nan. It is seated on the
river Kiang. Lon. 117 0 E, 'at. 30 45 N.
Tchong-king, city of China, and one
of the most comnT rcial in the province
of Se Schuin. 1; i'^ 637 miles SW of
Peking. Lon. 106 . 0 E, lat. 29 42 N
Tchudskoi. NE c ast of Asia, inside
of B eriiii^'s straits. Lon. VV from Lon-
don 160 46 lat 66 15 N.
Tciticar^ the most northern of the
three departnu nts of Easttrn C-.inese
Tavti.ry, occupied by diflFerent Tartars
tribes.
Tcit Clear, city of Easter n Tartary,
capital of the province ot the same
name, and the residence of a Mandshur
general. It is a modern city, built by
the emperor ot China, to secure his fror-
r ]•: 1
E 1.
tiers acrainst the incursions of tlie Rns- than one halt' are Armenians, the remam-
sian-. It is se^tf-d -u the Noiini, 600 der are principally Georgians, Willi some
miles NNK of Peking. Lon. 123 50 E, Tartars. Tefflis is a place of considerable
lat 47 2;> N
trade> especially in furs, which are con-
Tease'i; 'vallev, post office in Kenhawa veyed hence to Constautir.ople by the way
luntv Vircr'nia- of Erzerum The silks of this country,
Tebesta, or Tinsa, town of Algiers, in are bought up on the spot by tlie Arme-
cas- nians, and conveyed to Smyrna and other
the
Constantia. Lon. 8 5 E lat. 34 51 N.
Teceut, town of the kingdom of Sus,
seated in a country abi.unriirig in grain,
dates, and sugar canes, four miles E of
Messa.
Techs, river of LouiRiana. See Atch-
afalaya and Misshsifi/ii basin, page 612.
Tecklenburg. town of Wtstphalia, ca-
pital of a fertile county of the same name.
It has manufactur s of linen cloth, and
is 22 miles N by E of Munstei
rum. Lon 65 3 E, lat 41 59 N.
Tef=a, town of Morocco, in Africa, 70
miles NE of Morocco.
Tegaza, town of Zehara, capital of a
territory of that name, to tlie NE of Sene-
gal. It is r.^mark'.»ble for m .untains of
sidt. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 21 40 N", "
Tegerhy, town of Fezzan, m Africa, 80
miles S\V ot xMourzook.
Te?Uo, town of the country of the Gri-
T g„ r sons,"" capital of the government of the
same name, in the Valteline. It is situated
nine miles from
^'^^-ni'lit Lport of Mexico, in !'::^ ''^^ ■^''^i.^"'!;;"sc-;!clrio
/ 7' A 'nipfifr ii'ano, and 12 trom boncliio.
^vx lenuamcpec. _ Tehmintepec,'resnantepec,ovTecoantepec,
Oaxaca
Tecrit, town of Awatic Turkty, in the
government of Mosul,
near the W side of
soutii of Mosul.
.wl -n « rnrk po'-^ "^ the Parif.c Ocean, in the Mexican
0 , se^t^-d on a rock f^^^^^ ^^. ^ .j^Mated at the bot-
the ligre. 1>.U m.hs ^^^^ ^^ ,j^^ ^^^^ ^^ Tehuaotepec. and near
-" - , -, „-M, .,r, .u the month 'of the Chimalapa river. It is
Teculet, town of Morocco, with an old ^^^^^j^.^.^^^, , ^,^^ ^iH es of San Francisco,
castle, seated at the mouth of a nver ot g_^^ oionisjo, and Santa Maria de la Mar.
Lon. W C 18 0 W, lat. 16 5 N.
,,- r ^/f• J 11 „^ ecof Tehuantepec, The gulf of, is a semi-eUip-
T.drfms-^on. Village of M>ddl.sex. seat- ^.^^, i^jenfin^ of tha^ part of the Pacific
ed on the Ihamcs, 12 mdes vvbW ot ^ „^ ,,■„„ v,^(.„^„r, rin-itimQio ^.nH
the same name, 150 miles W of Moroc
CO. Lon. 9 45 W, lat 31 5 N
London.
Tedla, or Tadila, province of Moroc-
co, which extends along the east side of
Mount Atlas, to the borders of Fez and
Algiers.
Tednest, large town of Morocco, m
Africa, capital oi the province of Hea.
It is almost surrounded by a river. Lon.
8 35 W, lat. 30 30 N
Ocean, stretch. ng between Guatimala, and
the intendancy of Oaxaca.
Tei^n, river of Devonshire, composed
of two branches, which rise in the centre
of the county, and uniting, enter the En-
glish channel, at Teignmouth.
Teigmnovth, seaport in Devonshire, has
a considerable coasting trade, especially to
Liverpool. It is seated at the mouth of
the Teign, 12 miles S of Exeter, and 280
Tedsi, commercial town of Morocco, ^y ^,y s of' London. Lon. 3 29 W, 1st. 50
in the province of Sus, seated in a plain, ^^ N.
abounding in corn, 25 miles SE ot Taro- Teisendorf, town of Germany in the cir-
dant. cle of Bavaria, 12 miles WN W of S;dtzbnrg.
Tees, river which rises in the conhnes Teisse, river of Hnngary, which rises in
of Cumberland, divides the county of the Carpathian mountains, passes by Tock-
Durham from Yorkshire, and falls into ^y ^^^^ Segedin, and falls in the Danube,
the German Ocean, below Stockton.
Tefezura, strong town of Algiers, in
the province of Tremesen, 12 miles from
the city of that name. There are a
great niany mines of iron in its territory.
Teffis, city of Russia, residence of the
Ilussian governor, and capital of Georgia,
one of the seven Caucassian nations be-
tween the Black Sea and the Caspian. It
near Titul.
Tekin. See Bender.
Teleinana, town of Italy, in Tuscany,
with a small harbour, and a strong fort.
It is seated at the mouth of the Ossa, at
the extremity of a point of a craggy rock,
ten miles' from Orbilello. Lon. 11 11 E,
lat. 42 28 N.
Telesa. See Cervilo.
Telles, seaport of Fez, in Africa, 120
called by tiie inhabitants Thilis Cnbar,
(warm town,) from the warm baths in its ^ , ,. ,„
neio-hbnurhood. Though its circumference miles ESE ot 1 angier. ^
does not exceed two l-:^igllsh miles, it con- Telegein, or Telga, trad.ngitown of
'ains 20,000 inhabitants, of which more den, in Suderraaiua.^seated on .he S bank
Swe-
T E iSl
r E N
of the lake Maeler, 12 miles SW of Stock-
holm. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 59 18 N.
Telfair, county of Georgia ; bounded
by Appling S ; Doo-.en SW ; Pulaski N VV ;
Lilile Oakmulgee river or M-ntgom ry
county NE -, and Tatuall E. I-etigth 50 ;
mean width 25; and area 1250 square
miles. The Oakmulgee river enter, the
NW side of this county, and after an im-
raense curve to the SE, E, and NE, joins
the Oconee at its NB angle. Ciiiei" to vii,
Jaclc^ouville.
Population in 1810.
Frtre while males . - - 289
do. do. females . - - 236
Total whites .... 525
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . . 1
Slaves ..... 218
Total population in 1810 - 744
Population in 1S20.
Free wliite males
746
do. do. females
677
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
0
Total whites
1,423
Free persons of colour, males
14
do. do. females
21
Slaves, males - _ -
S32
do. females _ _ _
314
Total population in 1820
2,104
1
646
15
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged it) Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Comnnerce - -5
Popula:ion to the sqtuue mile, 1|.
Tell, extie-.iie western lownbhip of Ilun-
tifip,do!i county, Pennsylvania, 23 miles .SE
from Huntingdon. Population 1820, 686.
TelHclicrry, seaport of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Maiabar, where there ^s an
English factory. It .s 30 nniles NXW of
Cahcut. Lon. 75 50 E, lat. 11 4S N.
TelUco, river of Tennessee, rises in the
SE angle of the state, flows NW into Ten-
nessee river at the northern corner of
Monroe county.
Tellico, post village, Blount county, Ten-
nessee, on the right bank of Tennessee
river, opposite the mouth o: Tellico river ;
40 miles SW from Kuoxville.
Tefis/t, town of GeriTiany, in Moravia,
seated on the frontiers of Bohemia, at tl;e
source of the river Teya, 36 miles WNW
of Ziia-.m. I.on. 16 0 E jat. 49 0 N.
Temfiiidefusi, town of the kingdom of
Algiers, seated on the Mediterranean, 10
n"»ile^ E of Algiers.
Temesi'jur, t.livn of Ilungarv, capital of
qqo
a terrltoiy called the bannat of Temeswar.
It is seated in a morass, 60 miles NE of
Belgrade, .in ! 150 SE .^f Buda Lon. 22
20 E, lat. 45 57 N. ,
Temissa, large t'.wn of the kingdom of
Fezz.xn, Here the caravan of ])d;<Tim^
from Bornwii and N^gritia, whicli takes its
departure from Mourzonk, and travels by
way of C:iiro to Mecca, usually provides
tlie s'orts of corn and dates, and diled
meat, requisite for its dreary passage. It
is 120 mdes ENE of Mourzook.
'fe/n/i^e, township o* Kennebeck co^.nty,
M.'^ine, 40 mil"s XW from Augusta. Po-
pulation 1820,615.
Te-.nplp, towi-ship and post town, Hllls-
borougli county. New II mpshjre, 30 miles
S from Concord. Population 1810, 941 ;
and In 1820, 752.
Templeton, township and post town in
AVorcester county, MassacliuseUs ; lying
between Aihol and Petersham, 28 miles
NW of Worcester, and 63 W by N of Bos-
ton. Population 1810, 1205 ; and in 1820,
1331.
TempUn, town of Gern>any, in Upper
Saxony, and the lacker Marche of Bran-
denburg, v,-hich has a great irade in tim-
ber. It is 15 miles SW of Prenzlo, and
34 X of Berlin. Lon. 13 25 E, lat. 53 5
±\mrock seaport of Cuban, seated on
the sea of As oph, 20 miles E of the straits
of Caffa L^ n. 37 20 E, lat. 45 27 N
Tenaserim, town of Siam, capiial of a
province. It is situated on a river of the
same name, which falls into the bay of
Bengal. Lon. 98 8 W, lat. 12 12 N.
Tenf)uri/,t<y*n oi Worcestersh-.re, on the
Teme, 15 miles W by N of Worcester,
and 130 W N W of London. Lon. 2 13 W,
lat. 52 16 N.
Tenby, seaport in Pembrokeshire. Its
tr.ide is inconsiderable. It is ten miles E
d" Peml'sroke, and 233 W of London. Lon.
5 5 W, lat. 51 42 N
Tench's Island, island in the Pacific
Ocean, two mdes in circunr.ferfnce, dis-
covered by lient. Ball, in 1760. Lan. 151
31 E. lat. 1 39 S.
Tenda, town of Ualy, in Piedmont, capi-
tal of a county of the same name. It is
seated at the foot ot a mountain, on the
river Boga, 52 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7
45 E, laL 44 10 N.
J'aiffdos, celebrated island in the Archi-
pelago, on the coast of I'.aUilia, and 10
miles SW of the sT-.iti of Galiip'oli. This
ishnd still retains its -uicient name, and is
one of (he smallest slands of the Archi-
pelago, situated near xh. coast of Lesser
Asia,^ near the ruins o Troy. It is chiefly
rocky, but fertile, being rem.rkabie for
prodiic'ng the best M'jscadine wine in the
Levant ; and its position, thus near tlie
mouth of tlie Hellespont, has given it im-
TE N
TEN
portance in all ages; vessels bound to- NE, Kentucky N; and the Mississippi
wards Co;i-tantinople findinjj; shelter in its river W.
p"rt, or safe ancho'-ag^^in the road durinef JMiks.
the Etesian or contrary winds, or in foid Tennessee is an interior state, having
weather. It is II miles lonj^ and seven a boundary on Kentucky, commen-
b'oad, inhabited almost 'vhoHy by Greeks. cint^atthe souih-west anf^iecf that
state, on the left bank of the Mis-
sissippi river, and running' thence
east alo \flj the south boundary of
Kentucky,
On the E side is a iarge town, seated at
the foot of a mountain, v/idi a fine har-
bour, commanded by a caslle. On tlie
5th of June, 1794, after some severe shocks Kentucky, .... 64.'
of an earthquake, a small volcanic island Thence up the middle of Tennessee
was discovered to have emerged from river, 12
the sea, between this town and the Asiatic Thence by a line a little south of due
shore. east, along the south boundary of
_ Tenen, or Knin, episcopal town of Ve- Kentuckv, to the extreme soutli-
nice, in Dalmatia, on the borders o" Bos- v/est angls of Viiginia, - - 250
nia. It is 48 miles S of Bihacz Lon. 16 Thence ctmtinumg the last noted
oQ E I:Ht. 44 5 N. line, along the south boundary of
Teneriff, one of the Canary islands, the Vu-ginia, to the extreme north-east
most considerable of 'hf^m for riches, trade, angle of the state, - - - 105
and population. \ lies W of the Grand Thence south-west, along the north-
Canary, is 70 miles long, and 22 broad, and west bound;- ry of North Carolina,
abounds in wine, different sorts of fruits, to the north boundary of Georgia, 174
cattle, and ga T\e. One part of thi3*island Thence due west along north lat ZS'^,
IS surr >unded by inaccessible jniStintains, » the north boundary of Georgia, to
and one in particular, the Pike of Tene- * the north-east angle of Alabama, 100
riff, is 12,176 ;eet ibove the level of the Along no^th boundary of Alabama to
sea; and the dist.nce of /the peak from the Te:n:e^ee river, and the north-
the pirt of Oraava is about 11 miles,.. The east a^Ie of Mississippi, . 140
principal dep;ndenc of the inhabitants is Theice to tiie north-west angle of
on thrir wine, (their sta;)!: comraid'ty.) Mississippi, and the south-west an-
oil, c >rn, and every kmd o^jtpc',^ for ship-
ping. With these the island Jjounds; and
in their season, produces not only the tropi-
cal fruits, hut the vegetable productions
of the European gardens, in tii^ greatest
plenty. TeneriflT enjoys an agre^eable aft'
healthful mediocrity (if climate/*' St
tophe de Laguna is the capital
governor resides at Santa Cr iz.
Teneriff, 'own' of Terra F'rma, in the
g!e of Tennessee on Mississippi
river,
Thenjie up the Mississippi river to
place of beginning, ...
able aft^^
it.Ch|jp*
but me
Area* 40,900 square miles, 26,176,000
acres.
I'he longest line that can be drawn in
g 'vern'-nent of St. Martlia, seated on the' Tennessea.i-; f-om its south-west to north-
Rio-de-la Madelena, 100 miles S by W of east angles, 465 i:ii'es, and is the longest
line that can be extended in any state of
the United States. The mean width about
St. Martha. I.on. 74 15 W. lat. 9 47 N
Teiiez, town of Algiers, in Africa, in the
pr.>vince of Tvemesr-n, capital of a district
of the same name, with a stnmg fort. It
is seated on the side of a mountain, foiir
miles from the sea. Lor. 1 0 E, lat. 39
20 NT.
Te-npran, rich, populous and commercial
city of China, in the province of Hou-
quang, with six cities dependent on it. It
is 20o miles W bv S of Nan-king. Lon.
112 21 E, lat. 31 ON.
Ten^fog Men, city of China, under the
100 mdes.
Extr."me south. North lat. 35**. Ex-
treme north. North lat. o& 40.
Tennessee is naturally divided into two
distinct portions by Cumberland moun-
tains. These sections have given the de-
signating terms of East and West Tennes-
see. In relation to the rivers. Higher and
Lower Tennessee would be equally appro-
priate. This state has features which in a
remarkable manner distinguish it from any
other section of the United Staves. Its
jurisdiction of H-ian, in the province of difference of latitude is but little, being
Ho-nan It is f mous on account of the only one degree and f)rty minutes, and yet
tower, erected for an ooservatory by the fg^r states in our union presents, on an
celebrat d aslron .mer Tcheoukoug, who equal surface, more marked change of cli-
according to tlie Chinese invented the mate, and vegetable production, than does
manner s compass. Tennessee. Nor does any two contiguous
Tennessee, state of the United States; sections of equal extent, and similar lati-
bounded by Mississippi, Alabama, and tude in the United States, differ more in
Georgia S ; North Carolina SE ; Virginia general physiognomy, than does East and
6K 993
'J.' E i\
T B K
West, or Lower and Higher Tennessee.
Tlie latter is a co'npara'ive alpine region,
the former depressfs to within little more
than 300 feet .ibuvc- the level of the Gvslf of
Mexico. Tims, in addition to the m^re
declivity necessary for the de^cellt of the
streams, Tennessee l>as a slope from the
summit of the Allegheny mi^un'ains to tjie
surface of the Mississippi river. The
length of the state being near 500 mi:es
from e,'!St to west, embraces all the various
soils, and geological formations, from tran-
sition to recent alluvion The extreme
north-east angle almost touches the primi-
tive mass which prevals and forms the sub-
strata of the western part of North Caro-
lina.
I have befWe remarked, the singular
coincidence between tb.e courses of Ken-
tucky, Greene, Cumberland, and Tennes-
see rivers. It would appear that a plain,
having an inclination to the south v.-est,
commenced in the south-west p;ivt or Vir-
ginia, and in the south east part of Ken-
tucky and north-east of Te ^lessee. Down
this slope the rivers have their courses.
Let a curved line be drawn from the great
bend of K' ntucky river, between Jessa-
mine and Garrard counties, to t'le bend in
Salt river, between Washington :;nd Har-
din counties, thence to the ju'icticn of
Greene and Big Barren rivers in Butler
county, thence to the great bend in Cum-
berland nver near Nuhville, and thence in
a direct line to the Mircle shoals in Ten-
nessee This curve wnn d describe a very
remarkable inflectii)n of the pLin we have
noticed. Thus far from their sources the
rivers we have noticed pursue nearly a
parallel course souHiwest, inflecting to the
west in ascending the curve fro;n Tennes-
see to Kentucky rivers. Between the de-
signated curve and the Ohio river the plain
inclines towards the latter, and the courses
of the rivers conform to the change of sur-
face, all turning to a little west of north,
continues that direction to Ohio river.
From the peculiar inilections of the sur-
face of this part of Ohio valley, Tennessee
has taken its singular natural structure.
The range of Allegheny m runtains we
have seen pursues, from the Hudson river
to the south-west part of Virginia, very
nearly a south-west and north-east direc-
tion. At the latter point the lateral ridgea
of the chain commence a gradual curve
more to the west. The two ridges v. hich
contribute most, however, to character ze
Tennessee are, the Allegheny, pr'>pi'i'ly so
called, and CumberLnd mountain. The
former bounds the state, and in a great de-
gree the sources of Tennessee river ; the
latter enters Tenness-ee between Cumber,
land and Tennessee rivers, and by a very
distinctive ridge crosses the whole state
obliquely, and is th- mountain which di-
994
vides East from West Tenne.ssee. Afte?
leaving the latter ^tate, Cumberland moun-
ta n passes into Alabama, extends south-
west, and crosses Tennessee river near
F'irt Deposit, and is imperceptibly merged
into the hilL of Alabama. The Allegheny •
ridge, also, after entering Georgia, con-
tinues over the north-west angle of that
slate into Alabama, and gradually subsides
into hills in the peninsula between Alaba-
ma and Ti.mbigbee rivers.
Between those two ridges in the south-
west angle of Virginia, at North lat. 37°,
Tennessee river takes its source. Under
the various names of Hoiston, Clinch,
French Broad, and Tenntssee, the differ-
ent confluents of this river are united above,
or at Kingston in Roan county. Continu-
ing a s.uth-west course out of Tennessee
into Alabama, the Tennessee reaches as
low as North lat. 34 25, the extreme south-
ern extension of the Ohio valley. Here
the Teniiessf^e is turned to the west by op-
posing high land. The inclined plane,
however, down which Tennessee had thus
far flowed, extends still further south-west,
as is demonstrated by the courses of Tal-
lapoosa. Coosa, and Black Warrior rivers.
Even the higher branches of the Chatahoo-
che, and Oakmulgt-e rivers, indicate an ex-
tension of the sl'ipe of Tennessee as far as
their sources.
After its turn to the westward Tennes-
see river inflects a li'tle to the north, and
a' the point ofre-entrance into Tennessee
abruptly turns a little east of north, in
which dirf-ction it continues through the
state. Where it enters Kentucky this
river again tnrns south-'. es! by nr.rth, and
finally enters Ohio after an enire compara-
tive course of 680 miles. This stream is
by far the largest confluent of Ohio.
Cumberland river rises north-west of
Cumberland mountain, North lat. 37 0, and
flows nearly west through Kentucky a
little- north of Tennessee hue, 200 miles,,
enters Tennessee ia Jackson county, and
continuing nearly parallel to Tennessee ',
river, .^s far as the tow ■ ofNashville ; there :
again, corresponding with its counter '
stream, assumes a north-west course, and
flowing nearly parallel lo Tenne?see, en-
ters Ohio river eleven miles above the lat-
ter, after an entire comparative course of
440 miles.
These two rivrs, arid particularly t'le
latter, are ;imongst the most remarkable
objects in the hyd'ography and topography
of the United Sta'es. Rising on the pri-
mitive, the French Broad branch of Ten-
ne.ssec crosses the transition to the secon-
dary or flat formaiion. When enierlng on
the latter, we have already seen the entire
stream turned south-west between the
lateral ridges of the Appalachian system,
and carried in that direction upwards of
T E 5l
TEN
three Iiumlird miles. Following all the
laws of analogy, this river ought to have
continued d^wii the slope on which it ori-
ginated, and have entered the Gulf of
Mexico by the channel ot Mobile. On the
contrary, the river turns, and actually
passes a ridge of the same system ot moun-
lains which would have seemed to deter-
mine Its course.
Tennessee is divided into three portions,
whose soil, productions, and chmate, have
marked distinction. East 'l'e:ine8.->ee, as it
is common, y called, t.iough takr;n e.ther
geographically or relatively, is the soutli-
eastern part uf the state ;' this section is
composed of a part oftljc? valley of Tennes-
see river, and lies in a direction south-west
and north-east, containing about one-third
of the Siate.
The higlier valley of Tennessee, is in
form of an oval or ellipsis, whose longest
diameter, from the north-west angle of
Georgia, to the south-west of Virginia, is
abouv 200 niiles, its greatest breadth from
tiie sources of Tennessee and French
Bniad to those oi Cumberland river 150
miles, or embracing an area of more than
10,000 squar:- mik-s, (he much gr..ai.er part
in Tennessee. This fine vale has a secon-
dary calcareous base, is v.ell watered and
wooded. The soil along the streams is
excellent, though in the intervals poor tind
covered with pine and other timber indi-
cative of sterility. This region is, however,
pre-eminently distinguished by the softness
of the chmate and salubrity of the air. It
is no doubt, as far as hea th is concerned,
the most desirable section of tiie United
States. The face of the country is varie-
gated by hill and dale, and except on its
extremities not mountainous. The real
elevation abr)ve the ocean has never been
well ascertained. Adopting a similar rule
pursued with Ohio and other streams, and
giving due allowance for the much greater
comparative fall in Tennessee, woull give
for the sources of the latter, at least 1500
feet above the-level ;>f the Gulf of Mexico.
From its elevation, and also from the
mass of ihe Appahch an mountaitis in er-
posing between its surface, and the warm
air of the Atlantic Ocean, the climate of
Upper Tennessee, is too severe to admit
the profitable culture of the cotton plant.
The cereal graniina, particularly tnaize, is
produced in abundance, as is fruit of various
kinds. Upon the v.hoie it is the country
of the United States where a due mean is
best preserved, between heat and cold,
and between an Alpine height, and alluvial
depression.
'I'ennessee river, on issuing from the
higher basin we have surveyed, passes
through some of the lateral spurs of the
Appalachian mountains ; its valley is here
contracted to 30 or 40 miles wide. The
scenery is wild and picturesque, the banks
rocky and precipitous, ami the stream
confined and extremely rapid. It is through
this mountain breach thai the stream issues
from Tennessee into Alabama, and com-
mences its second b.-.sin or dilatation of its
valley. This second basin is more extensive
than the first, or higher, though not more
than one half die former is in Teunessec.
Opposi'e to the second basin of Tennes-
set;, l er' the elliptical valley ot Cumber-
land. These regions, together with the
^pace between Tennessee and Mississippi
river, forms W^st, or Lo^er Tennessee,
embracing about two-thirds of the whole
area of the -tate.
The less comparative elevation and ex-
posure to mount-iin influ> nee, superinduces
in West Ten essee a miire t- niperaie cli-
mate tii..n in the eastern sect on. Tne
common features, such as nills, vaijeys, or
mountains of ihe fornier are less bold and
prominent tiian m those of ihe latter. Ap-
proaching the Mississippi t iC varieu sce-
nery so common along Ohio is no more
seen Tne country, liiough broken into
small iiiiis, is co.nnparatively level. The soil
of West Tennessee is superior to ihat of
East Tennessee, liaving more river alluvion
in the former.
The substrata are calcareous, and com-
posed of secon<lAry limestone. Ths rivers,
tiiough not flowing in such profound
chasms, as do those of Kentucky, have
nevertheless deep channels and precipitous
banks. It is this calcareous base which
imparls such exuberant fertility to all soils
where that sione prevails. It is this fossil
which enables us to solve a problem other-
wise of difficult solution ; that is, the very
great extremes of f rtility often perceived
in contiguous districts. In West Tennes-
see, as elsewhere, t!ie beneficent quality of
the calcareous aiimixture in its soil, produ-
ces the best effi-cts on iis agriculture. Cot-
ton, (he most valuable staple of the state,
is here cultivated in great quantity.
A remark made in our view of Kentucky
applies with equal force to West Tennes-
see ; that is, the fact, that the best land is
distant from the w^ater courses. Bottom
land of similar specific quality with that on
Ohio, and somf- or its confluents on the
higher parts of tlie basni, is very rare on
e.ther the waters of Tennessee or Cumber-
land. The sharp abrup ridges of the eas-
tern and south-eastern part of Kentucky,
are succeeded in Lower Tennessee, by
hills of a more conical form, and more
gentle inclination.
Though less diversified in its exterior,
than either Kentucky or East Tennessee,
West Tennessee is far from exhibiting a
monotonous aspect, and very far from en-
joying a uniiorm temperature. A very
marked difierence of seasons is perceptible
^95
TEN
between the valleys of Tennessee and Cum-
berland rivers, even where but iittie chsnge
of latitude exists. The winters nt^ar Nash-
ville are so much more rigorous than thnse
upon the waters of Duck and Buffivloe
rivers, as to cxcile much surprise in minds
unaccustomed to connect proniinent effects
with their more latent causes. Tiiose
causes in the present instance, are, how-
ever, .sufficiently obvious. The r,dge cf
hills which separates the two va)ieys, and
shelters that of Tennessee from, and leaves
that of Cumberland exposed to norih
winds. As far as vegetable criieri;; can be
adduced, the fact is eniablished ; the cot-
ton plant succeeds mucli better on the
waters of Lower Tennessee river, than on
those of Cumberland, where soil and other
circumstances are equal.
As in every instance which has re;:ched
my knowledge in the United State,'', the
advantages of productive soil, and l.-ngthen-
ed summer, is purchased in Tennessee by
a sacrifice to health The immense slope
of this state, comprises, as I bs-fore obser-
ved, all the varieties of formation, from the
most ancient transition, to the most recent
alluvion ; it also presents every cl-.ange of
position, from the m st salubrious, to those
equally exposed to the deleterious, com-
bined efl'ecLS of heat and moisture, to any
compriied in the Uiiited States. It may
be also noted, amongst the most remarka-
ble features of Tennessee, iha iis greatest
comparative length is east and wtst ; and
that it occupies the longest valley in that
direction which exists east ot the Alississip-
pij in the United States.
The civil and poli.ical subdivisions of
Tennessee, are the follcvving, with the
result of the census of 1820 annexed.
Counties. Inhabitants. Square miles. To square ndle
Ten
Ander-on,
Bedford,
Bledsoe,
Blount,
Campbell,
Carroll,
Carter,
Claiborne,
Cock,
Davidson,
Dickson,
Franklin,
Giles,
Granger,
Greene,
Hamilton,.
Hardin,
Hawkins,
Henderson,
Henry,
Hickman,
HuHjphries,
Jackson,
Jefferson,
4 668
16,012
4,005
11,258
4,244
4,835
5,508
4,892
20,154
5,190
16,3?!
12,558
r,651
11,324
821
1,462
10.949
6,080
4,067
7,593
8,953
750
875
4.3S
570
420
1,870
560
400
570
620
1020
700
600
360
700
470
660
680
1,440
1,6,S0
730
750
500
360
996
6
18
9
20
13
14
13
32
5
23
21
14
16
2 nearly
2
16
8
5
15
22
Counties. Mtahitants. .Square miles.
To square miles
Knox,
13,034
'i5U
3u
L.wrence,
3,271
600
5
Lincohi,
14,761
58u
25
iM'Minn.
1,623
520
3
Mudisnn,
1.900
-Marion,
3,888
580
6
."Vliiury,
22,141
870
25
Montgomery 12,219
700
17
Morroe,
2,529
1,050
n
JMorgan,
1.676
75U
2
Overton,
7,128
660
11
Perry,
2,384
1,050
2
Rhra,
4,215
600
7
Il.oane,
7,895
600
11
R' hertson.
9 938
600
I6i
Rutherford,
19 5.52
610
32
Sevier,
4,772
660
7
SheSbv,
354
500
7 7-10
Smith.
17,5S0
540
52
Stewart,
8,397
620
13
Sulliviin,
7.015
600
11
Sumner,
19,211
450
42
Washington,
, 9,557
540
iri
"Wayne,
2,459
480
5
Warren,
10 348
800
13
White,
8,701
750
11
Willianison,
20,640
660
31
AMlson,
18,730
330
56
422,813 36,540
IIJ
To the ab' ve .iggrc gate amount ot square
miles included in the inhabited and appro-
pri ted parts of Tennessee, may b( added
1.'260 square miles, yet unpurchasfd from
the Cherokee Indians, and lying south from
tlie counties of Hamilton, M'Minn, and
Monroe, and nortl! from tiie north boun-
dary of Georgia. This will produce 37,800
square miles a.s the superficies of Ti nnes-
sec ; which falls about one-twelfth part be-
low the actual area; but deducing water
surface, yields very nearly the arable land
of the state.
Of the existing population of Tennessee,
2,737 are free b acks, and 79,157 are slaves,
leaving a white population »f 340,919.
The different numbers of the aggregate
mass, were by the census of 1820, thus
classed :
Foreigners not naturalized - 312
Engaged in Agriculture - - 101,919
do. in Manufacures - - 7 860
do in Commerce - - 882
The large coun ies of Henry, Carroll,
Henderson, Madison, and Shelby, lie be-
tween the Tennessee and Mississippi riveis,
ai-.d remain, Shelby excepted, either en-
tirely uninhabited or but very thinly
settled.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 111,763
do. do. females . - - 104-,112
Total whites
215,875
T E R
T E R
Ail otlier perso IS except Inaians
•t tuxed .... 1,317
Sluvts 44,535
Total population in iSlO - - 261,725
Population in 1820.
Free white males
173,400
do. do. females -
166,327
All o',her persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
52
Tea! wliites . . . -
339,779
Free persons of colour, males
1^501
d'). do. females -
1,226
Slaves, males . . . -
39,747
f'o. females -
40,360
Total population in 1{'20.
- 422,613
35,691
105,602
Of these ;
F.reigneis not natur lized
Engage^! in Agrif.ulti;re
do. in Manuiiiclures -
do. in Commerce
Popula'io!) to tiie sqiia e mile, 15
Progressive population :
In ir90
1800
In 1810, and in 1820, as in the
preceding table.
Tennessee river. See Tennessee state,
Tensaiv, river of Alabama, See Missis-
sippi basin, page 614
Tensa-cu, river of Loc.isianna, it is the
drain of the inundated lands v.'est of the
Mississippi river, in the parishes of Concor-
dia, and Washitau. It flows, a little west
of south, and unites with Washitau to form
Black river, after a comparative course of
about 120 miles.
Ten-tcheou-foii, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Chang-tong, with a grod port. It
is seated on the N side of a peninsula of
the Yellow Sea, 200 miles SE of Peking.
Lon. 115 50 E, lat. 35 20 N.
Tevnestuilt, town oi Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, near the rivers of'Seltenlein and
Schambach, iive miles from Erfurt.
Teiinis, town of Rgypt, on an island in a
lake of the same name, 28 miles SB of Da-
mictta. LoR. 32 15 E, hit 31 2 N
Tenievden, corporate town in Kent, 24
miles SW of Canterbury, and 56 E hy S of
London. Lon. 0 35 E, lat. 51 12 X.
TenUi^-aJ^ town of Portugal, in Beir.9,
eight miles WNW of Coimbra. Lon. 8 20
W, lat. 40 17 N.
Tepic, town of Mexico, in the intendancy
of Guadaliixar.i, 500 miles N\V of the city
o' Mexico.
Teplitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Leitmeritz, celebrated for its warm
baths, 14 miles WNW cf Leitmentz.
Teramo, town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, at the confluence of the Viciola
and Tordino, 10 miles NW of Atri, and 25
NE of Aquileia. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 42
37 N.
Terassn, decayed town of Turkey in Eu-
rope, in Car^nnanin, formerly Tarsus, c;ipi.
tal of Ciiicia, and the birth place of St. Paul.
It is seated on the Mediterranean. Lon. o5
55 E, lat. 37 10 N.
Terasson, town of F.ance, in the depart-
ment of Dordogne, sea ed on the Vesere,
20 miles N of Sarlat. Lon. 1 19 E, lat. 45
5 N.
Tercera, one of the Azores, or Western,
Islands. It is very fertile, and contains
aLoMt 20,000 inhabitants. Angra is the
capital.
Tcrchiz, or Terhiz, town of Persia, in- the
province of Choravan, 120 'i.iles WNW of
Herat. Lon. 57 35 E, lat. 35 5 X.
Tei-^n, tov.r! of Morocco, seated on the
Ommiial)i,-25 miles from Azamor.
Tergovista, or Tervio, commercial town,
capital of Walachii. It has a fine palace.
312
101,919
7,860
882 belonging to the waywode, and is seated
on the Ja'ioin'.z, 30 mdes NW of Bucharest.
Lon. 25 26 K, lat 45 45 N.
Tar/.!, town of Circassia, where a prince
rcsidts dependent on the Rus.sii«is. It is
seated on a river of the same name, in a
marshy place, one mile from the Caspian
Sea, and 125 E of Teffiis. Lon. 47 50 E,
lat. 43 22 N.
Termini, tov/n on the N coast of Sicily,
in Val di Deniona, with a stiong castle.
It is famous for its miner;.! waters, and has
a fine aqueduct. It is seated at the mouth
of a river of the same name, in a territory
abounding in corn, oil, is.nd w1)k, 20 miles
SE of Palermo. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 38
5 N.
Termoli, or Termini, town of Naples, in
Capitanata, seated near tlie sea, 70 miles
NE of Naples. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 41 59
N.
Ternate, island in the Indian Ocean, the
prii^cipal of the Mciluccay. It is mountain-
ous, but produces cloves, and otht r fruits
proper to the chmate It lie.s a iiitle to
the W of f^ilolo, and 100 miles E of Ce-
lebes. Lon. 129 0 E, lat. ION.
Ternavasso, town of Piedmont, six miles
NE cf Carniagnola, I'.nd eight S of Chieri.
Terneuse, town und tort cfFiander.s, on
the W branch of the Sehekit, called the
Hondt. It is eight miles N of Sas-van-
Ghent, and 25 WNW of Antwerp. Lon. 3
45E, lat. 5120 N.
Temi, ancient episcopal city of Italy, in
the duciiv of Spolc o. The f'mous cata-
ract of tiie river Ve. no, which falls from
a precipice 300 feet high, is a m le from
this city, which is seated on an island
for.med by the river Nera, on v.hich ac-
count it was anciently called Interamna,
Terni is the birth-place of Tacitus the
997'
T B B
T B U
historian. It is 15 miles S by W of Spo-
letto, and 40 N of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E,
iat. 42 34 N.
TernovOf town of Turkey in Europe, in
B'llgaria. It was f -rmerly the seat of the
princes of Bulgaria, and is seated on a
mountain, near the Jencra, 88 miles NW
of Adrianople, and 97 NE of Sophia. Lon.
26 2 E, Iat. 43 1 N.
Terracina, anciently called Anxur, a de-
cayed town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
with a bishop's see. It was the cipitiil of
the warlike Volsci, and the principal
church was originally a temple of Jupiter.
It is seated among oran.je and citron groves
near the sta, ' n the side oia mountain, 46
miles SE of Rome, Lon. 13 15 E, Iat. 41
24 N
Terra del Eapiritu Santo, most western
and largest island of the New Hebrides,
in the South Seas, bemg 40 leagues in
circuit. The land is exceedingly high and
mountainous, and in many places the cliSs
rise dirfctly from the sea. Lon. 165 0 E,
Iat. 16 OS.
Terra del Fuego, undtr this niiT^a are
comprehended several islands, at the
southern extremity of America. They
take their name from a volcano on the
largest of iliem. Tiiey are very barren
and mountainous.
Terra di Luvora. See Lavora.
Terra d'Otranto. See Otranto,
Terra Fnvna, or Tien a Firina. See Co-
lombia, J^'eia Grenada, &c.
Terra Firma Proper, another name for
the province of Darien, in America. See
Darien.
Terranova, town of Sicily, in Yal di Nota.
It belongs to the duke of Mor.te Leone,
and is seated near the mouth of a nver of
the same name, 20 miles ESE of Alicata.
Lon. 14 10 E, Iat. 37 9 N.
Terra J\''uova, ancient seaport, on the
NK coast of Sardina, seated at the bottom
of a gulf of the same name, 65 miles NNE
of Sassari, Lon, 9 35 E, Iat, 41 3 N,
Terre an BoeuJ, an ancient outlet of the
Mississippi, about 15 miles below New
Orleans.
Terre Haute, post office, Vigo county,
Indiana, three miles below Fort Harrison.
Terriaio, or JMango, small village of
Pegiie, beautifully situated on a Jiigh com-
manding bank of the Irrawaddy river, and
surrounded by groves of Mango trees, from
which it takes its name. Lon. 95 oS E,
Iat, 17 32 N.
Terridon, Loch, inlet of the sea, on the
W coast of Ross-shire, between Gairlock
and Applecross. It has many creeks and
bays.
Terrouen, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the Straits of Calais, seated on the
Lis, six miles S of St. Omer.
Terruel, town of Spain, in Arragon, in a
998
large fertile plain, at the confluence of the
Guadalquiver and Aldambra, 75 miles SW
of S.-ragossa and 112 E of Madrid. Lon.
1 0 W, Iat. 40 25 N,
Tervere, or Veere, town of Zealand, on
the NE coast of the isle of Walcheren, with
a good harbour, and a fine arsenal, four
miles NE of Middleburg. Lon. 3 42 E, iat.
51 56 N.
Teschen, town of Upper Silesia, capital
of a duciiy of the same name, subject to
Austria, it is siirrounded on all sides by a
morass, a'id sealed near the source of the
V.s.uia. The inliabi ants carry on a triide
in .eaiher, woollen suifis, and Hungary
wines ; and make pretty good fire arms,
and excellent beer. A treaty of peace
was concluded here in 1779, between em-
peror Joseph II and Frederick William III.
of Prussia. It is 27 miles SE of Troppau,
and 65 SW of Cracow. Lon. 18 17 E, Iat.
49 52 N.
Tesegdelt, town of Morocco Proper, seat-
ed a; the mouth of the Techubit. It is 200
miles W ot Morocco
Tesino, river of Swisserland, which has
its so-.;rf.3 in Mount St. G thard, flows
through the country of Grisons, and the
lake Magg!oi-e ; then running through part
of the Milai'.ese, it was!;es Pavia, and a
little after vails into the Po.
Tcset, town of Zi.hava, which gives name
to a distiici. Iv id 170 mdes S of Morocco,
L« n 6 56 W, Iat. 15 24 N.
Tessia, town of Aust'.ia, in the county of
Trol, 22 miles NE ot Trent, and 24 SE of
Bolzano, Lon. 11 40 E, Ut. 46 20 N.
Test, or Tese, river which rises in the
NW of Hj-uts, and passing Stockbridge
and Rumsey, falls into the bay of South-
ampton.
Teibiiry, town in Gloucestershire, 25
miles ENE of Bristol, and 99 W of London.
Lon, 1 J^ W, Iat. 51 36 N.
Teticaco, lake of Peru, in the audience
of Lima, and province of Callao, above 200
miles in circumference.
Tettnang, town of Suabia, capital of a
lordship of the same name. It it eight
mih s N of Lindau, and 18 ENE of Con-
stance Lon. 9 50 E. Iat. 47 46 N.
Tetuun, city of the kingdom of Fez, on
the river Cus, three miles from the Medi-
terranean, 21 S of Gueia, and 108 N by W
of Fez. Lon. 5 26 W, Iat. 35 27 N.
Teverone, T-\ev of Italy, the ancient Anio,
which rises in the Appenines, 50 miles
above Tivoli. See Solfatara.
Teviot, river of Scotland, which rises in
the mountains in the SW of Roxburgshire,
and passing almost through the centre of
that county, falls into the Tweed, near
Kelso,
Teviotdale. See Roxburgshire.
Teurart, town of the kingdom of Fez, on
a mountain near the nver Za.
T E X
i' E X
'Veuschnitz, town of Germany, in the
circle ot Franconia, in the bishopric of
Bamberg, 34 miles NE of Bamberg. Lon
11 27 Ei lat 50 22 N.
Teusera, town of Barbary, in Biledulge-
rid, diviiled into t.vo pans by a fiver It
stands on the confines of Tunis, in a coun-
try abounding' in dates. Lon. 10 16 E, lat.
31 29 N.
Tewkesbury, borough in Gloucestershire,
with a manufactory of cotton stockings, 102
miles WNW of London. Lon. 2 13 \V,
lai. 52 0 N.
Tetvksbury, township of Hunterdon coun-
ty, New Jersey, containing 1308 inhabi-
tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1490. It is
situated on tbe NE side of the river Dela-
ware.
Teivksbiiry, township of Massachusetts,
in Middlesex county, on the S side of the
river Merrimac, 20 miles NW of Boston.
Population in 1810, 943; and in 1820,
1008.
Ttfxas, province of Mexico, in the Provm-
cias Internas ; bounded SW by the Rio
Grande del Norte, on the NK by the Uni-
ted vStates, from the sources of Rio Grande,
to the mouth jfSabine, and SE by the gulf of
Mexico. Length from the montii of the Rio
Grande del Norte to its source 1200 mili-s.
The bread'h is very unequal, the province
ending in a point to the NW whilst rom
the mouth of Ro Grande to the NW angle
of Louisiana, it is more tl>an 550 miles.
The whole may be considered an immense
triangle, whose base is the gerseral course
of Rio Grande, and whose perpendicular
would be a line drawn from the mouih of
that river, to the NW angle of Louisiana,
area 240,000 square miles ; extending from
lat. 26 0 to 40 0 N. Texas exhibits a very
great variety of climate; it is however com-
paratively a cold and dry country. Though
intersected by a n«mber of rivers, and
checkered by some mountains, the general
surface is level, and except near the
streams sterile. Immense prairies extend
aloDg the rivers, on wlrch tiie bison, deer,
wild goat, and wijd horse, range in herds
to the amount of countie s thousands. Like
many other regions to the SW, Texas, is to
to an astonishing degree void of spruig
water. The earth and heaven are alike
arid. This circumstance will for ever pre-
vent a dense populati'Ui from being spread
over this Ci-untry. It will be a picture on
which many richly glowing parts m.ay be
seen but taken as a whole vvill appear the
representadon of nakedness and desolation.
Towards the gulf of Mexico, a low border
of sea marsh skirts the whole province.
Thfi banks of the rivers in the interior, are
picturesque, and often to a small extent ex-
tremely productive. Except near the sea
coast, I'exas, shares with all the internal
provinces, an air of the highest degree of
elasticity .and salubrity. Sugar, cotton, to-
bacco, rice,m ize.all the European cerealia,
and friiils may be c.d'ivaled, together willr
many useful vegetables, (perhaps coffee,)
which canviot be produced in Europe.
Texas cannot be considered as peopled
by the civilized descendants of Europeans.
St. A-.itonio de Behar; St. Altar, La Bahia,
and Nacogdoches, i^re the only Spanish
settlements, or presdios existing in the
country, the whole failing short of 10,000
whites. Even the native Indians are com-
paratively few in number. The most nu-
merous tribes are those of the Heitans, or
Cumaiicbes, who are nomadic, having no
fixed residence, rove over the pUiins on
horscbiick, and though occup3'ing the ex-
tent of an empire are very limited in num-
ber. Otlier more settled tribes exist to-
wards the gulf of Mexico It may, how-
ever, be doubted, whether there are 40,000
human beings in all Texas.
At'.er the Spaniards had formed presi-
dios, or missions in New Mexico, more than
a century elap-ed before they extended
their colonies into Texis. As late as 1714,
the most northeastern establishment of
Spain towards the mouth of'Rio Grande del
Norte was in New Leon. In 1699 the
F.-ench came to the mouth of tUe Missis-
sippi and commenced the settlement of
Louisiana, which tha' nation claimed in
virtue r.f La Suiles discoveries made 16
years before.
La Sallf, discovered the Mi>^sissippi and
explored it to its mouth in 1633 ; and in
1585, February I6th, in an attempt to rc-
tura by sea i'roin France to the Mississippi,
by mistake landed in Texas, at the mouth
of tlie Guadaloiipe or Colorado river.
M rch 19th, 1687", he was murdered by
one of his own men, and his colony bro-
ken up by a Spanish detachment sent from
New Leon.
When the French began to extend their
forts and settlements along the Mississippi
and its confluents, the circumstance arous-
ed the vigilance of the Spanish authorities
in Mexico. The jealousy of the Spaniards
was indeed superinduced by ihe active cu-
riosity of the French. In 1714, Bienville
'governor of Louisiana, sent St. Denis to
explore the regions claimed bj France W
of the Mississippi ; St. Denis penetrated to
the Spanish settlements west of the Rio
Grande del Norte, and returned to Louisia-
na. J.anuary 1717, a French detachment,
formed a fort at Natchitoches ; and in the
same month a Spanish force settled at the
Adayes, nine miles we.st of Natciiitoches.
France gav.i the name of Louidana to all
the country E of Rio Grande, and the
Spaniards designated all the regions be-
tween Red and Rio Grande rivers, the pro-
vince of Las Texas So has rested this
T H A
clasliing of claims and confusion of names,
until March, 1821, when tlie treaty of
ISi^i* w.s finally ratified by the govern-
ment of the United S ates, and the boun-
daries of Louisiana and Texas definitely
fixd.
As defined by that treaty, paat of Arkan-
saw and Rrd rivers are included in Texas.
The riwrs fiowing into the gulf of Mexico
whose sources are in tlie interior of Texas,
are Sabine, Trinity, Bassos a Dios, Colorado,
the united ;.treams of St. Marc and Gua-
d:iIoupe, Nueces, and Rio Grande del
Norte. The shore is very much indented
by bays and inlets. A cliain ^f islands ■;x-
teiids from Sabine to Rio Grande, within
which are several good harboui's. But like
Louisiana the shores are naked, and low,
and have a desolate appearance. Naviga-
tion is dangerous from the Siiallowness of
the sea, and the entire want of land-
marks.
St. Antonia de Behar, is the capital and
residence o' the Commandant General. La
Bahia is a mere mud fort, and Nacog-
doches, on tlie head waters of Natchez
river, is a small village or presidio, con-
taining only s f w houses and farms.
Texel island of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, in North Holland, sepa-
rates from the continent by a narrow
channel It lies at the mouth of the
Zuy<1er Zee, and is 11 miles long by two
wide.
Teya, river of Germany which has
its sourcf nearTeltsh, in Moravia, flows
E bv Znaim, on the borders of Austria,
and enters the Moraw on the confines of
Hungary.
Teyn, tov/n of Bohemia, belonging
to the archbishop of Prague, 52 miles
SW of that city. Lon. 13 40 E, lat, 49
38 N.
Tezar, town of the kingdom of Fez,
capital of the province of Cuzi, seated on
a small river, 45 miles E of Fez. Lon.
4 15 W, lat- 33 40 N.
Tezcuco, city of Mexico, in the inten-
dancy of Mvxico, formerly remarkable
for its extensive cotton factories, whic'.i
from the rivalry of Queretara have
greatly declined. It stands on the E*
side of Lake Tezcuco 20 miles NE from
Mexico. Lon VV C 21 51 W, lat. 19 30
N, Population 5000.
Tezcuco, lake. See Mexico the city
Tezela, town of the kingdom of Al
gitrrs, in Tremesen, with a castle, 15
miles frt m Oran. Loti. 0 25 E, lat. 35
25 N.
Tezote, town of the kingdom of Fez,
seated on tlie point of a rock, eight
miles from Melilla. Lon. 1 55 W, lat.
44 40 N.
Thainee, town of Africa, in tlie king-
1000
T H A
dcm of Tunis, near the mouth of a river
of the same name, 120 miles S of Tunis.
Lon 10 13 E, lat 34 50 N
Thames, the finest river in Great Bri-
tain, w! ich takes its rise from a copious
spring, called Tiiames H<'?.d, two miles
SVV of Cirencester, in Gloucestershire.
At Oxford (in v/hose academic groves its
poetical name of Isis has been so often in-
voked) it is joined by thf Charwtll, and
proceeding by Abingdon to Dnrchester,
it receives the Thames. Passing by
Wallingford to Reading, and forming a
boundary to Berkshire, Buckingham-
shire, Surry, and Middlesex, it waters
H'.nley iVIarlow, Maidenhead, Wind-
sor, Staines, Chertsey, Kingston, and
Brentwood, :ii its course to London;
during which it receives the Kennet,
Loddon. Coin, Wey, Mole, Brent, and
Wandle. From London the river pro-
ceeds to Greenwich, Woolwich. Grays-
Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into
the German Ocean, in which c^.urse it
parts Essex from Kent, and receives the
Lea, Roding, Darent, and Medway.
The tide flows up the Thames as high
as Kinj;ston, which, following the wind-
ing of the river, is 70 miles from the
ocean ; a greater distance than the tide
is carried by any other river in Europe.
Though the Thames is said to be navi-
gable' 1^8 miles above London Bridge,
there are so many flats, that, in summer,
the navigation v/estward would be stop-
ped, were it not for a number of locks ;
but the first lock is 52 mihs above that
bridge. The plan of new cuts has
been adopted, in some places, to shorten
the navigation ; there is one near Lech-
lade, and another a mile from Abing-
don A still more important undertak-
ing was effected in 1789 ; the junction
of this river with the Severn. A canal
has been made, from the Severn to
Stroad; which canal is now continued
to Lechlade, where it joins the Thames ;
a distance of above 30 mi'es, A com-
munication between this river and the
Trent and Mersey has likewise been ef-
fected, iiy a canal from Oxlord to Co-
ventry ; and another canal extends from
this, at Braunston, to the Thames at
Brer.tFord, called the Grand Junction
Canal.
Thames, river of Connecticut, form-
ed oi two principal branches, the She-
tucket and the Norwich, or Little River,
which have their junction at N' rwich.
From this place the Thames is naviga-
ble 15 tniles to Lopw Island sound, which
it enters below N-rw London.
Thames, river of Upper Cianada, for-
merly Galled la Tranche, rises in the
Chippewa country, and running SW,
r II E
1' II i
waslies the equities of York, Norfolk,
Siiffoik and Kent, and disemljojjues it-
self uto Lake St. Clair, above D 'trnit ;
it is d river >f considerable txtf.-nt, with-
out fails. From its upp-n- brancheii, it
communicates by small portages with
Lake Huron, and the Grand riv^r; the
scite of Oxford is on its upper fork ; and
that inten.lKd for Dorchester on its mid-
dle fork ; Lmdon on l!ie main, and Chat-
ham on its lowfM- f Tk It is a fine inland
canal, and capable of bein.^ liiglily im-
proved The lands on its bunks are ex-
tremely fertile. About the mouth of this
river are lar^e extensive marshes, or
natural meadows, which, with the ex-
ception of small tracts of w lodland on
the banks of the river, and a fc w woody
is'ands, extend about 12 mi'es up the
country, and about four or five miles in
depth, affording hay sufficient for a nu-
merous Sfttlem-nt.
Thamsbruck town of Upper Saxony,
Jn Thuringia, on the river Unstrut, three
miles N of Langensalza.
Thanet, island comprising the E an-
gle of Kent, being separated from the
mainland by the two branches of the
Stour. It produces much corn, and the
S part is a rich tract of marsh land. It
contains the towns of Margate and Rams-
gate, and several villages.
Thanhausen, town of Suabia, on the
piver Mindel, 14 miles N of Mindel-
heim.
Thasos, island of the Archipelago, on
the coast of Macedonia, at the entrance
of the gulf of C.ntessa, It is 12 miles
long and eight broad, and abounds in all
the necessaries of life. The fruits and
wine a'^e very delicate ; and there are
mines of :<;old and silver, beside quarries
of fine marble. The chief town, of the
same name, has a harbour frequented
by merchants. Lon. 24 32 E, lat. 40
59 N.
Thaxted, town of Essex, near the
source of the Chelmur, 20 miles N by W
of Chelmsford, and 44 NNE of London.
Theaki, island in the Mediterranean
Sea, 24 miles long and seven broad,
separated from the NE part of that of
Cefalonia by a narrow channel. It is
the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the
birth place and kingdom of Ulysses. The
chief town is Valthi, which has a spa-
cious harbour. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 38
25 N.
Theakiki. See Kankahee.
Tfiebaid, country of Upper Egypt, now
called Said It is the least feitile, and
the thinnest of people of any province in
Egypt, being full of deserts ; now inha-
bited by Arabs, v/ho are robbers by pro-
fession.
S J.
'JViedes, ancient name of a city of Up-
p. r Egy[)t. It was celebrated for having
100 gates ; and there are many tombs
and magnificent remains of antiquity.
Three villages, named Carnack, Luxor,
and Gournou, are sealed among its ruins,
which are hence called the antiquities tif
Carnack and Luxor.
'I'hebes, in Turkey. See Thiva.
Themar, town of Franconia, in the
county of Henneberg, near the river
Werra, 10 miles SE of Meinungen.
Then'^aiy town of Suabia, capital of a
princely county of the same name, in the
landgravate of Nellenburg. It is situate
on the Ht-gau, eight miles N of Schaff-
hausen.
Thcodosia. See Cuffa.
Thermia, island of the Archipelago, S
of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of
Engia, 12 miles long and five broad. The
soil is good and well cultivated, and it
has a great deal of silk. The principal
town of the same naime, is the residence
of a Greek bishop. Lon. 24 50 E, lat.
Sr 31 N.
Thcssalon river. Upper Canada, runs
into lake Huron a little to the eastward
of Muddy lake, on the north shore.
Thessaly See Janna.
Thetford, borough in Norfolk. It has
a considerable manufacture of woollen
cloth and paper. The spring assizes
for the county are held here. It is 80
miles NE (jf London. Lon. 0 50 E, lat,
52 28 N.
Thetford, township of Vermont, situ-
ated in Orange county, on the W side
of Connecticut river, 12 miles N of Dart-
mouth college in the state of New Hamp-
shire The population v/as stated at 1735
by the census of 1810.
Thciix. village three miles NW of Spa,
in the bishopric of Liege, noted for a
battle fought here in 1794, in which the
Austrians were defeated.
Thibet, or Great Thibet, country of
Asia, lying betv/een 81 and 102 pj lon.
and 25 and 40 N lat. bounded on the NE
and N by the desert of Kobi, though
we have but a faint idea of its extent to
that quarter; on the E by China, on the
S by Assam and Burmah, and on the W
and SW by Hindoostan Prcjjer and Boo-
tan. This country is one of the highest
in Asia ; it being a part of that elevated
tract which gives rise not only to the
rivers of India and China, but to those
also of Siberia and Tartary. Its length
from E to W, cannot be less than 1600
British miles ; its breadth is very une-
Jual. It is divided into three parts,
Ipper, Middle, and Lower Thibet. The
Upper division seems to respect the
ctfuntries towards the sources of the
1001
I U 0
1' H W
(il^nges and Burrampooter ; the Middle
that in which Lassa, the capital is seat-
ed, and of which it firms the centre i
and the Lower, that which borders on
China.
T/iiei, or Tiel, strong town of Guel-
derland on the Waal, 20 miles W of
Nimeguen, Lon. 5 16 E, lat 51 56 ?-!.
Taielt, town of Flanders, in the chateJ-
lany of Courtray.
Thiers, town of France, in the depart-
ment of I'uy de Dome, and late province
of Auvergne, famous for its statuary,
hardware, and cutlerv. It is seated on
the side of a hill. 23 miles E of Cler-
mont, and 220 S bv E of Paris. Lon, 3
33 E. lat. 45 51 N.
Thion-uille, town of France, in the de-
partment of Mnselie, over which is a
bridge, 14 miles N of Metz, and 195
NE of Paris. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 49 21 N.
Thirslc, or Thursk, \viyq\\%\\ m the N
riding of Yorkshire, 20 miles N\V of
York, and 230 N by W cf Londr^n. Lon.
1 16 W, lat. 54 15 N.
Thive, or Thebes, celebrated city of
Livadir, seated bf'tween iwo rivers, 20
miles NW of Athens, and 280 S'-V of
Constantinople. Lon. 23 40 E. lat. 38
17 N.
Thoissel, town of France, in the de-
partment of A in. with a handsome col-
lege. It is seated in a fertile country,
near the Saone and Chalerone, 10 miles
N of Trevoux, and 200 SE of Paris.
Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 46 13 N
Thomas', S( island of Africa, lying
under the equator in 8° E lon. It was
discovered in 1429, and is almost round,
about 30 miles in diameter. T!\e snil
is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar
eanes.
Thomas, Si. one of the Virgin islands
in the West Indies, with a harbour, a
town atid a fort, 15 miles in circumfer-
ence, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 64
51 W. lat. 18 21 NT.
Thomas, St. archiepiscopal town of
HindjQostan, on the coast of Coromandel,
subject to the Portuguese, and three
miles from Madras. Lon. 80 25 E, lat.
13 2 N.
ThoTnas, St. town of Columbia in Gui-
ana> seated on the Orinoko. Lon. 63 30
W. lat. 7 6 N,
Thomastown, post town in Lincoln
eounty, Maine ; situated on the W side
of Penobscot b'^y ; seven miles S of Cam-
den, the same distance E of Warren,
and 43 NE of Wiscassett. Population
1820, 25'fl.
Thomdamm, town of Germany, in the
circle 'f Lower Saxruy, and duchy of
Saxe-Lauenburg, situated on the Elbp,
1QP2 ^
25 miles SE of Lauenbnrg, and 58 SE
of Hamburg L m 11 5 E, lat. 53 10 N.
Thomond, c mnty of Ireland, also cal-
led Clare ; which see.
Thomfison, township of Windham
county, Connecticut ; containing 2467 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2928. It
is situated in the NE corner of the state ;
joining Rhode I;iland in the E and Mas-
sachusetts in the N.
Thomfison, post village and seat of jus-
tice in Sullivan county. New York, on
Nevesink creek, 34 miles NW by W
from Newburg Population of the town-
ship in 1810, 1300 ; and in 1820, 1897.
Thompson, tov,;nship nf Sandusky coun-
ty, Ohio Population 1820, 162.
Thompson, township of Delaware coun-
ty, Ohio, W from Sciota river. Popula-
tion 1820, 173.
Thompson, one of the eastern town-
ships of Geaui^^a county, Ohio. Popula-
tion 1820, 324.
Thomhion^s creek, creek of Louisiana,
in New Feliciana, rises in the SE corner
of Wilkinson county, fiuws south and falls
into the M ssissippi nvf^r opposite Point
Coupee, after a course of 25 miles.
Thompson's salt works, post cflSce in
Jefferson county, Ohio.
Thompsontown, post village in Mifflin
couiity, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of
the west branch of Susquehannah river,
10 miles by land Lv'ow Mifflin.
Thonon, town of Savoy, capital of
Chablais, with a palace, and several
convents. It is seated on the lake of
Geneva, at the mouth of the river Dra-
ma, 13 miles SW of Lausanne, and 16
NE of Geneva. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 46
19 N.
Thorn, city of Western Prussia, for-
merly a hanseatic town ; on the Vistula,
over which is a remarkable bridge, 67
miles S of Dantzic, and 105 NW of
Warsaw. Lon. 18 42 E, lat. 55 6 N.
Thorn, or Thoren, town of Germany,
in the circle of Westphalia, and bishop-
ric (if Liege, seveH miles SW of Rure-
mnnde.
Thorn, town in the W riding of York-
shire, in a marshy soil near the river
Don, 10 miles NE of Dohcaster, and 167
N by W of London. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 53
39 N
Thorn, township in the NW corner of
Perry county, Ohio, in which is situated
the town of Thornville. Population 1820,
1031.
Thornsburg, small post town in Spot-
sylvania county, Virginia ; lying on the
NE side of Mattapony river, IS miles S
of Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock,
and 74 from Washington.
H t
T I A
Thornbury, town of Gloucestershire,
24 m les S\V of Gloucester.
Tliornbiiry, small township of Delaware
county, Pennsylvania, situated o^) Chester
creek, between Egnioni and Birmingham,
18 miles WSW ct Philadeiphia. In 1810
the inhabitants were 564, and in 18J0, 537.
Thorney, village in Cambridgeshire, six
miles NE of Peterborongh.
Tkorney, small island, in a bay of the
English Chan .el, ne;ir the coast of SussfX,
with a village of the same name, at the
moutli of the Levant, seven miles SW of
Chichester.
T/iom/dli, town in Dumfriesshire, where
fairs are held, chiefly for woollen yarn, and
coarse woollen stuff:^. It is situated on an
elev.ited plain, on the E side of the river
Nitli, 15 m;les N by W of Dumfries.
T/ioriiton, towns'nip, Gvatton county New
Hampshire, 48 miles N from Concord. Po-
pu.ation 1810, 794 ; aiid in 1820, 857.
Thornton^R Gap, in the Blue Ridge, post
office, Culpeppercointy, Virginia, 50 miles
NW by W from Fredericksburg.
Thornton's Biver, SW branch of the Rap-
pahannoc, rising in the Blue Ridge near
Thornton's Gap, and flows nearly E through
Culpepper county, Virgini:, into the Rap.
pahannoc.
Thouats, considerable town of France,
in the department of two Sevres and late
province of Poilou. It is seated on a hill,
by the river Thoue, 32 miles SE of Angers,
and 162 SW of Paris. Lon. 0 15 W, lat.
46 59 N.
Thrapston, town in Northamptonshire,
on the Nen, over wliich is a bridge, seven
miles N of Higham-Ferrers, and 75 NNW
of London. Lon, 0 36 W, lat. 52 26 N.
Three hills Island one of th;r New He-
brides, in the South Pacific Oce.m, lying
to the S of Mailicolio.
'Three Sisters. See Knriles
Thuin, town of Ha nauit, on the Sambre,
eigl>t miles SW of Charleroy, and 15 SE
of Mons. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 50 21 N.
Thiile. See Fula.
Thule, Suiilheni. See Sanchoich Land.
Thun, lake o* Swi-serland, in ihr- canton
of Bern, five Uagues long, and one broad.
Its borders are nchly variegated, and co-
vered wiih !,umerous villiigeH, and the ri-
ver .^ar passes through it.
Timn, town of Swisserland, in th. canton
of Bern. It is seated on the NW extremi-
ty of this lake, where the river Aar issues
from it, partly in a small island, and partly
on a hiil, 15 miles SSE of Bern. Lon. 7
20 E, lat. 46 45 N.
Thunder Bay, bay, nine miles broad, at
tlie NW corner of lake Huron, in North
America. It receives this name from the
contuiual thunder that is he-^rd there.
Thur, river of Svi^isserland, which has
its source in the S part of the county of
Toggenburg, and entei-s the Rhine, seven
miles SSW of Sciiafr'hauscn.
Thiirgmi, formerly a baliwic, now a can-
ton of Swisserland, whicii lies along tke
river Thur, bounded on the K and N by
the lake, town, and bishopric of Constance';
on the S by the territory of the abbot of
St. Gallen ; and on the \V by the canton
of Zurich. Frauenfield is the capital.
Thuringia, formerly a langravate of Ger-
many in Upper Saxony ; bounded on the
E by Misnia, on the S by Franconia, on the
W by Hesse, and on the N by the duchy
of Brunswick and the principality of An-
halt.
Thurinan, uow Aihol, post town of War-
ren county, New York, containing 1330
inhubitruts in 1810; and in 1820,570; and
situated 75 miies N of Albany.
Thurso, burough in Cai'hness-shire,at the
mouth of tlie river Tiiurso, on the W side
of Dunn;tt Bay. It has a considerable
trade, and a manufacture of woollen and
linen cloth ; and salmon fisheries employ a
number of hands. Lon. 3 16 W, lat. 58
36 N.
Tiagar, town of Hindoostari, in the Car-
natic, fifty miles WSW of Pondicherry,
and 75 S of Arcot. Lon. 79 0 E, lat. 11
25 N.
Tiano, town ol' Naples, in Terri di La-
voro. It is 15 miles NW of Capua. Lon.
14 8 E, lat. 41 14 N.
Tiber, river in Italy, which rises in the
Appenines, in the Fiorentino. It passes
into the Eccl; siastical State, washes Borgo,
St. Sepuicro, Citta-di-Castella, Orto, and
Rome, 10 miles from which it falls into the
Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia and
Porto. Tivere is its modern Udme,
Tiburoon, cape, at the most westerly ex-
tremity of the island of St. Domingo.
T\carte. See Tecort.
Teckell, town in the W riding of York-
shire, five miles S of Doncaster. Lon. 1
11 W, lai 52 27 N.
Tickely, town of the peninsula of Hin-
doostdn, in the circle of Cicacole, 30 miles
NE of Cicacole, and 70 SW of Ganjam,
Lon. 84 30 E, lat. 43 50 N.
Ticonderoga, fort of the United States,
in New York, built by the French in 1756,
on the narrow passage or communication
between the lakes George and Champlain.
It had ail the advantages that art or nature
could give it. It was taken in 1752 by
general Amherst, and in 1779 by general
Bourgoyne, but was evacuated soon after
the convention at Sas atoga, when he was
obliged to stirrender to the American army.
It is 110 miles S of Montreal, and 185
N of New York. Lon. 73 25 W, lat. 43
45 N.
Tiddcnham, village in Gloucestershire,
Engla d, seven miles S of Colford.
Tidenuell, town in Derbyshire, on the S
T I U
T I X
coafines of the Peak, 22 miles N\V of
Derby, and 158 NNW of Loiidon. Lon/'
1 46 W, lat 53 15 N.
Tidor, one of the Molucco islunds, in
the East Indi-s, lying to the E of Gilolo,
and to the S of Ternate. It is 17 miles
in cii'curnference, and produces cloves and
flax. The Dutch are masters of tlie is-
land, though it has a king of its own. The
woods and the rocks that surround i', ren-
der it a place of defence. Lon. 12G 0 K,
lat. 0 50 N.
Tiel. See Thiel
Tiengen, town of Cerniany, in 'die circle
of Suabia, situated on the Wutach, 29 miles
Vi of Basle, and 36 W o; Constance Lon,
S 5 B, lat. 47 40 N.
Tierra del Espiritu Santo, See Teira
del Espiritu Sa?ito.
Tierra del Fuego. See Terra del Fitego.
Tijffiii's river, rises in Michigan territory,
heading with the Si. Joseph of lake Michi-
gan and the river Raisin of lake Erie ;
flows S, enters Ohio crossing Henr}', and
falling into Maumee one mile and a quar-
ter above Fort Defiance in the SE cornirr
of WUliam's county. It is navigabl lor
boats, into Michigan, 70 nr 80 miles above
its mouth. Channel very circuitous. 'J'he
land watered by this stream is of the first
rate quality ; timbered wi h liiiodendron
tuiipifera, various species o! oak, hon, cien,
black and white walnut, sugar m;ij;l. , &c.
Tiffin, to\vnshi[) of Adams county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 1028.
Tigris, river of Turkey in Asia, which
has its source near th it of tlie Enphrati^s,
in the mountain of Fcliilder, in Turcoma-
nia, afterwar^is it separates Diarbeck from
Erzerum, and Khusistan from Irac Arabia,
and uniting with the Euphraies, falls into
the gulf of Persia, under tlie name of
Schat-el-Ardb. This river passes b\- Diar-
bekar, Gezira, Mausul, Bagdad, and liiis-
sarah.
Tilbury, East, village in Essex, near the
mouth of the Th.-me's, E of Tilbury Foit,
Tilbury, West, v llage in Es ex, situated
on the Thames, N of Tilbury Fart.
Tilbury Fort, in Essex on the Thames,
opposite to Gravesend, a regular fortifica-
tion, which may be termed the key of Lon-
don, iris 28 miles E by S of London.
Tillieres, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Evre, and late province of Nor-
mandy, sis miles NE of Verneuil, and 12
W of Dieux. Lon, 1 3 E, lat. 48 46 N.
Tilsit, town of Prussia, in Lithuania,
■with a considerable trade in linse-ed,
butter, and other articles. It is situated
en the Memel, 50 miles NE of Konings
berg, and 95 SSW of Mittau. Lon. 22
8 E. lat. 55 8 N.
Timdna. town of Terra Firma, in Po-
payan, eapital of a territory of the same
100-1.
name, whicii abounds in fruits and pas-
tures. It is seated on a river, 130 miles
KSK of Pupayan. Lon. 73 55 W, lat. 1
3N.
TiJiiballicr, bay at the mouth of La-
fourche, in Louisiana. This bay is about
30 miles in length and from three to
eight wide. The adjacent islands and
shc;re, are low grassy or sandy flats.
Timcrijcotta. town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, in the pr>>vince ot G' Iconda,
fii uiiies SE of Hydrabad, and 9.7 W of
Masulipatara. Lon. 79 26 E, lat. 15
20 N.
Timor, islard in tlie Indian Ocean,
bctive. n Celebes and Xvvv Hr.iiand. It
is 150 miifs long and 37 broad, and
abounds in sandal wood, wax, and licney.
'I he Dutch lutve a fort here. Lon. of
the SW point 123 59 E, lat 10 23 S.
Tina, ' town of Turkey, in Europe,
in B'Snia, on tiie river Tis, o7 miles
KVV of Snalatro. Lon. 17 9 E, lat. 44
■:.S N;
Tma, or Tinos the ancient Tenos, an
island of the Archipelago, one of the
Cyciades, to the \V ot ISicaiia. It is 17
miles h;ng and eigtit br.^ad. Tlie for-
tress stands on a rock ; Nicli is the
prii cipai town. Lon. 25 24 E, lat. 37
30 N.
Tmdelsx'iUe, ps st town Montgomery
county. North Carohna, on the right
hank of Ya.dkin river, 90 miles SW by
W from Kaleigh.
Tmevi.ilij See Palamcotta.
Timcai island in th.e Pacific Ocean, one
of the Ladrones, 12 miles in length and
SIX in breadth
Tinicum, township of Bucks county,
Pvnnsylvania, containing 1017inhabitarits
m 1810; and in 1820, 1249. It i-s situa-
ted rn the .SW side of the river Dela-
ware, between Phimstead, and Noxa-
nuxon, 25 miles N W of Trenton in New
Jersey.
Tinicum, tov/nship f.f Lelaware coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. It lies on the Dela-
ware, below the mcuth ot Darby creek,
about six miles from Philadelphia, and
consists principally of grazing farms. Po-
pulation ISIO. 249; and in 1820, 182.
Tinmouth, seaport in Northumberland,
at the mouth of the Tyne. nine mdes E
of Newcastle. ' Here ships take in their
loading of coal, and of goods brought
from Newcastle. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 55
6 N.
Tinmouth, town of Vermont, in Rut-
land county, 15 miles S of Rutland, and
25 Nof Benninirtcn, with lOGl inhabitants
in 1810.
Tinos. See Tina.
Tincagd, A'illage in Cnrnv/all. Het'e
1 1 o
•1' I u
are the remains of a remarkable fortifi-
cation called King Arthur's Castle.
Tinto, river of Spain, which has its
source in the province of Seville, and its
name from its waters which are tinge i
of a yellow colour. Near its spring it
has a petrifying quality, no trees or plants
growing on its tanks. It tails into the
Atlantic about 18 mii«rs below Niebla.
Tinztda, town ot Barliary, in Biledul-
gerid. It is seated on a river of the same
name, in a country fertile in dates and
barley, and abounding in indigo. Lon
6 13 'VV, Lit, 27 oO N.
Tinzulie, strong town of Barbary, in
Biledalgerid, seated on the river J3ras.
Lon. 5 43 W, lat 28 15 N.
Tioga, river of the United States,
wiiich "ises in Steuben county, New York
and runs m a SE course into Pennsylva-
nia ; whc re it falls into the Susquehannah
at Tioga Point. It is navigable by bat-
tesux about 5') milea.
^ Tioga, county vi Nt w Ycrk ; bouiided
by Bradford count) in Pcnusyivania S;
hteubrn county m New York VV ; Tomp-
kins N ; and Broonie E. Length 36 ;
mean width 28 ; and area about 1000
square miles. Surface hilly, but in a pe-
culiar degree well watered. The main
branch of Susquehannan crosses its SJ".
angle. Its SW is in a similar manner
traversed by Tioga river. Cayuta and a
number of other large creeks drain the
central parts, and flows S into the Sus-
quehannah, and I'loga rivers. The
northern side of the county is drained by
creeks tailing into Seneca, and Cayuga
lakes. By the channel of Newtown
creek, along the western side of Tioga,
a canal has been projected to connect the
Susquehannah and St. Lawrence basins.
Chief towns, Spencer, and Smithboro'.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. feiT!;i!CS -
Totid whites ....
All odier persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
Skve,s
Total population in 1810 -
4,085
3,714
7,799
39
61
7,899
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 8,712
do. do. females ... 8,123
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 0
Slaves, males
do. females -
Total pi pulation in 1820
66
10,971
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
<lo. 1^0. female'
20
Of these ;
Foreigners not natuvalized • 59
Engaged in AgriculUire - 2,411
do. ill Manufactures - 233
do. in Commerce - - 66
Population to the square mile, 17 nearly.
Tioga, post village, ard township
Ti.iga county, New York, on Susque-
hannah river, 17 miles beiow Binghanip-
ton. Population 1810, 5U0 ; and in 1820,
1816.
Tioga county of Pennsylvania ; bound-
ed by Steuben county in New York N ;
Bradtorci in Pennsylvania E; Lycoming
SE and E ; and Potter W. Ltn'gth 36 ;
breadth 31 ; and arra 1108 .square miles.
Surface broken, and soil of middling
quality The main southern branch of
I'ioga rivtr rises in the SE angle; and
traverses t.is county, fiowing N into New
York. Its SW angle is drained by the
sources of Pme cretk, Ciiief town,
Vv'el sborough
Population in 18 10.
Free white males - - 'JO -
do. do. females - - • 785
Total whites - , - - 1,687
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... o
Slaves ----- 0
Total population in 1810 - 1,687
Population in 1820.
Free while males - - - 2,112
do. do. females - - 1,892
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - - 0
Total whites - . - - 4,004
Free persons of colour, males - H
do. do. females 9
Slaves, males • - - . 0
do. femaks ... o
Total population in 1820 - - 4,021
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 23
Eng.aged in Agriculture - - 682
do. in Manufactures - 10
I do. in Commerce - - 2
Popul.ation to the square mile, 3 2-3.
Tioga, to'.vnship of Tioga county,
Pennsylvania, on Tioga river 10 miles
NEfroin Wellsborough. Populati(>n 1810,
WiT ; and in 1820, 246.
T I S
T O B
Tioughnioga, western branch of Che-
nango river, rises in Onoi:idaii,o, and
Courtland counties, New York, and iiow
Ing SE joins Ciienango river at the vil-
lage of Chenango, on the W border of
Broome county, after a comparative
course of 50 miles.
Tiperah, or Tiprah, kingdom of Asia,
lying to the E of Hindoostan Proper.
Tipfiecanoe, one of the northern
branches of Wabash, brought to pubhc
notice by a severe engagement between
the United States troops, and the Indians
November 1811.
Tififierary, county of Ireland, in the
province of Munster, 60 miles long and
40 broad ; bounded on the N by King's
County, on the E by Queen's County
and Kilkenny, on the S b}- Waterford,
and on the W by Galway, Ciarf , Lime-
rick, and Coi-k. Cashel is the capital.
Tipperary ,to-^r\ of Ireland, in thi- coun-
ty of the same name, nine niiies SSW of
Cashel.
TirmiOf town of thi' ountry of the
Grisons, capita! of the Upper ferzero.
It is ir miles SW of Bormio Lon. 9 46
E, lat. 46 12 N.
Tirce, one cf the Hebrides, or West-
ern Islands of Scotland, lying to the SW
of Col. It is a small, rich island, and
nott d for its marble quarry, and a hand-
some breed of little h'.rt,es.
Tireh, town ti' Turkey, in the Asiatic
province of Natolia, situated on the Mean-
der, 32 railt-s SSE of Smyrna. Lon. 27
30 E, lat. 28 10 N.
Ttrlemont, village of Austrian Brabant,
form^^rly one of the most considerable
places in that duchy, i)ut ruined by the
Avars. Lon 4 41 E.'lat. 50 48 N.
Tirnaii, strong and considerable town
of Upp- r Hungary in the county of Nei-
tra. It is Sc-ated on the Tirna, five miles
W of Leopoldstadt. and 22 NE of Prts-
burg. Lon 17 9 E. lat. 48 24 N.
l"rrol, or Tyrol, county of Germany,
in Austria, and part of the hereditary
dominions of that house. It is 150 miles
long, and 120 broad ; bounded on the N
by Bavaria, on the E by Carinthia and
Saltzburg, on the S by the territory of
Venice, and on the W by Sv/isserl aid.
Thou,iT;h a mountaino'us country, it pro-
duces as much corn and wine as the in-
habitants havf occason for, and has rich
mi es of g' Id, silver, and copper. It is
divided into four parts ; lyrol, properly
so called, the bishopric of Trent, the bi-
shopric of Brixen, and four provinces of
Suabia, which are united to Tyrol. In-
spruc is the capital.
Tisbury, township of Duke's county,
Massachusetts, on the N side of the is-
iO06
land of Marthas Vineyard. Population
1810,, 1202 ; and in 1820, 1223.
'ncan, or Cabaros, island of France, the
most eastern of the Hieres, in the Medi-
terranean.
Ticicaca, or Chucuito, lake of Peru,
in the audience of Los Charcos, It is
one of the largest in bouth America.
Titc/ifield, village in Hampshire, seat-
ed on a small river, six miles E of South-
ampton.
Titlisberg, one of the highest moun-
tains in Swisserlaud, at the toot of which
is the greatest part of the valley of En-
gelberg.
Titimaning, tow^n of Germany, in Saltz-
burg, on the Saltza, 24 miles NW of
Saltzburg. Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 47 54 N.
Titul, town of Upper Hupgirj, in the
county of Bodrog. Lon. 20 30 E, iat. 45
SON.
Tive-r. See Tiber. \
Tiverton borough in Devonshire, on the 1
Ex, over which is a stem, bridge. This
town has been noted kr its great wool-
len manufacture, and is 14 miles NNE
of Extter, and 161 VV by S of London.
Lr.'n. 3 38 W lat. 50 44 N.
Tiverton, town&hip of Newport coun-
ty, Hiictle Island, containing 2857 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2875.
and lying about 14 miles from the city of
Newport..
Tiume?i, town of Siberia, in the province
of Tobolsk, on the Tura, 125 miles W of
TobcAsk.
Tivoli, celebrated town of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma. Ntar Tivoli is
the remarkable lake of Solfatara. Ti-
voli is seated on the Teverone, 12 miles
ENE ot R.mie, and 15 NNE of Frescati.
Lon. 12 43 E iat. 41 59 N. See Solfa-
tara and Teverone.
Tlascala, fcruierly a republic, and at
present a town of Mfxico, about 70 miles
E from the city of Mexico, Popu ation
4000.
Tlemesen. See Tremesen.
Tobago, the most southward of the is-
lands in the West Indians, and the most
eastward except Barbadoes. It is 32
miles long aqd nine broad, 120 miles S
of Batbadoes. Lon. 59 0 W, lat. 11
10 N.
Tijbiigo, ii7//e, island near the NE ex-
tremely of Tobago, (in the West Indies)
two miles long, and cne broad.
Tobolsk, govfri.ment of Russia, which
comprehends the W part of Siberia. It
is divided into the two proviBces of To-
bolsk and Tiunsk
Tobolsk, capital of Siberia, and of the
government of lobolsk, seated on a hill,
at the continence of the 1'obol and Irtvsh,
'4 « G ,
■juu miles E by N of Moscow, and 1000
E by S of Petersbiirgb. Lun. 68 12 E,
lat. 58 12 N.
Toby, NW township of Armstrong
county Pennsylvania, on the E side of
Allegany river. Population 1810, 611 ;
and in 1820, 1156.
Toby's creek, river of Pennss Ivania, rising
in M'Ke^n, Ho\vi:ig SW eivers an ■ ira-
verses Jeftl-rso;! county, ami from thence
betweeii Armstrong mul Venango con ties
falls into Allegany river at the vil.ag- • of
Foxbiirg.
Tocantiv, large riv&r of South America,
Brazil. It is compos d of large branciies,
the Tocaniins pr >per 'o the SE, and tne
Araguay to the SW. The latter is the
main stream, rising in Goias, and Viatfa
grosso, lat. 20 0 S an.! d iwiui,' a li tlo E i;f
N about 1000 miles by comparative courses
joins the T cantin. The latter Ij-s its
source in Goias, lit. 16 0 S and by com-
parative courses a little W of N 8j0 miles
meets the Ara^ru^y, at lat. 6 OS, Beiow
their junction the United waters flow N
300 miles, and are fiiiaily lost in the cjian^
nel of Joanne, or Para.
Tocat, town of Turkey in Asia, in Na-
tolia, capital of a pr vince of the same
name. Tiie houses are handsomely buiit,
and the streets pretty well paved, which
is an unconimon thing in these parts ; but
tile town makes a very odd appe^rante,
and is in the form of an ^mphithratre.
There are two rugged perpcn liculat rocks
of marble, with an oM castle up'):i each ;
and so many streams, that each house !i!is
a fountain. H re ar- 20,000 T-u-kish, 4000
Armenians, and 400 Greek families. The e
ai-e 12 mosques, and a vast number of c'la-
pels ; the Armenians have seven cluirnhi s,
and the Greeks o ily one. Besides the
silk of this country, th^y manufiicure much
of that of Persia, and make it into seeing
silk, their chi^f <rade s in copper vessels,
such as kettles, drinking-cnps, lantern>',
and candlesticks. They al-o '^repare a
great deal of yellow Tu key leather To-
cat may he coisidt-retl as the centre of
trade in Natolia ; for rarava' s c me hither
from several parts. Its teriiory abounds
in fruits and ex ellent wine. It is 210
miles W by S of Erzerum, and 283 N of
Aleppo. Lon. 37 15 E, lat. 39 50 N.
Tocayma, town of New Grena'la, seated
on the Pati, in a country abonn ting in
fruits and .sugar. Here sre hot baths ne-
tween two cold springs : and near the 'own
is a volcano. I.-n 73 50 W lat 4 3 N.
Tockay, strong town of Upp- r Hungary,
in the county of ZiiTiplin, with a c stle.
It is celebrated for its e.^cellent wine ; but
being produced only by one vineyard, it
is scarce even at Vienna. At some dis-
tance from it are large saltworks. It is
seated at the confluence of the Bodrog
T (3 L
and Tc'iss", 75 miles NW of Gr. at Wari-
din, and 90 NE of Buda. Lon 21 25 E,
lat. 48 10 N.
T'jckoa Falls, Franklin county, Georgia.
It is in a branch of Tugaloo river. The
fall near 200 feet.
Tncort, v Tvggurt, town of tt.e king-
dom ot Algiers, in .Africa, 240 miles SSE
of A giers Lon 4 40 E, lat. 32 40 N.
Todd; county of Kentucky ; bounded
by Kobertson county, Te'messee S ; Chris-
tian ^W ; Muhienburg N; and Log^iu E.
Leogtii 30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450
squar^ miles. It is drained by Red river,
i)raiich of Cumberland, and Muddv fork a
branch of Green river. Cliief town, Klkton.
Population in 1820.
Free wiiite males ... 1,715
do. do. females - - - 1,641
Total whites -
3,356
Free peisoni of colour, males -
4
do. do. females -
0
Slaves, male- . _ . .
869
do. females
860
Total population in 1820
5,089
Of these;
Firelgner? not naturalized - 8
Engaged in \griculture - - 1,303
do. in Manufactures - 35
do in.Conimerce - - 9
Pop 1 tion io the sq"are m le. It.
Todi, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Sp 'letto, on a hill, near the river Tiber,
22 m les S of Pelagia, and 50 N of Rome.
Lo . 12 32 E, la*. 42 44 N.
Toqgenbiirg, county of Swisser'and, de-
pending on the abbey of St. Galien, be-
'v/een high mounfains. It is fertile in corn
a^d fruit, nd is divided into the Upper
lud Lo'A er Is contains upwards of 46,000
inhabi ant-, the majovi y of whom are jfsro-
test;oits.
Toiasey. town of Fr nee. in the def^art-
ment of .\in, 25 miles N of Lvons Lon.
4 52 K, lat. 45 20 N.
Tolaga Bay, bay of the island of New
Ze land, in the Fac.fic Ocenn. I.on. 178
-3 K, lat. 38 21 S.
To'edo. commercial ci?y of Sp«in, 'in
New Castile, of hich it ^' as iormcrly the
capital. It is advan'ageoosly seated on a
mo ntain, <m t' e river T. gu, which sur-
rounds it on two sides ; aod on the land
side it has an ancie :t wall b'jilt by a Gothic
king, and fla-ked with 100 towers. It has
a royal c stle, a famous university, und se-
veral mannftctures of silk and wool It
is 37 mi'(=s S of Madrid. Lon. 3 20 W,
lat 39 53 N,
Tolen, 'own of the Netherland, in Zea-
land, in an island of the same name, sepa-
rated bv a narrow ehan>-el from Dutch Bra»
10.07
T O L
T O M
bant. It Is five miles NW of l5ei-gen-op-
Zoom. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51 30 N.
Tolentino, town of I'aly, in the tnsrqai-
nate of Ancona, on the river Chiento, eitjht
miles SE of St. Severino, and 88 NE of
Rome. Lon. 13 H E, lat. 43 14 N.
Tolesburg, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Riga, witia a harbour seated
on the gulf of Finland, 60 nni'.es W of Nar-
va. Lon. 26 4 E, lat. 59 38 N.
Tolfa, town of It;»ly in the d )niinions of
the Pope In the neighbourhood avc mines
of alum, and iron, warm baths, and qiiar-
ries of alabaster and lapis lazuli. It is 25
miles NW of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E, lat.
42 10 N.
Talhuys, town of Gnilderland, on the
Rhine. It is eight miles E of Nimeguen.
Lon. 6 0 E, lat.' 51 56 N.
Tolland, township of Hampden county,
Massach-isetts, on the right banii of Co i-
necticut river, 20 miles b-="Iow Springfield.
Population 1810, 8 ;0 ; and in 1820, 692.
Tolland, county of Connecticut ; bound-
ed by New London S ; Havtford W ; Hamp-
den'in Massachusetts N ; and Wir.dh.am in
Connecticut E. Length 30 ; mean width
15 ; and area 450 square miles. It lies on
the dividing ground between the sources
of the Thames, and » arious creeks flowing
SW into Connecticut river. Surface gen-
erally hilly. Soil of middling quality.
Population in 1810.
Free whi e males - - - 6,681
do. do. females - - - 6,878
Total whites . - - - 13,559
All otiier persons except Indians not
taxed 220
Sl.'ives .--.-- 0
Total popu'ation in 1810 - - 13 779
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 6,910
do. do. females - - - 7,170
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 0
Total whites - - . - 14,0.S0
Free persons of colour, males - 139
do. do. females, 109
Slaves, males - - - •» 1
do. females . - - - 1
Total population in 1820
14,330
Of these;
Foreigners ii'^t naturalized - 13
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,967
do. in Manufactures - • 533
do. in Commerce - - 60
Populaiion to the square mile, 32.
Tolland, post town and the capital of Tol-
land county, Connecticut, 17 miles NE of
Hartford, and 19 W of Pomfret, contain-
100«
ing 1638 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
1607.
Tolmezzo, town of Italv, in Friuli, 30
miles NE of Bellumo. Lon. 12 50 E, lat.
46 30 N.
Tolmino, town of flermmy, in Carniola,
12 miles N of Goritz.
Tolna, town of Lower Hungary, capital
of a county of the s;tm.e name. It is seat-
ed on the Danube, in a country producing
excellent wine, eight miles SW of Coloc-
za, and 45 S of Buda. Lon. 19 28 E, lat.
46 33 N.
Tolnani, town of Hindoostan, 70 miles
\V of Burhampour, and 124 E of Surat.
Lon. 75 3 E, lat. 21 15 N.
Tnlosa, town of Spain, th*^ capital of
Gui;)uscoa, in a valley, between the Araxis
and Oria, over which are two bridges, and
npar them -everal natural cascades It is
inhabited by a great number of artists,
who muke sword blades in high esteem.
It was taken bv the French in 1794. It is
^7 miles SW' of Bayonne, and 47 SE of
Bjlboa. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 43 10 N.
Tohi, town of South America in Car-
tliagena ; famous for tlie balsam of Tolu,
brought hence to Europe, and produced
from a tree like a pine. It is seated on a
bay of the gulf of Mexico, 60 miles S of
Carthagena. Lon. 75 22 W, lat. 9 30 N.
Tomar, town of Portugal, in E-trama-
dura, on the river Naboam, 40 roiles SE of
Coimbra, and 65 NE of Lisbon. Lon. 7
55 W, lat, 39 30 N. .
Tombec, town of Brabant, eigiit miles
S of Louvain, Mid 10 E of Brussels. Lon.
4 49 E, lat. 50 45 N. ,
Tumbelaine, small island of France, witli
a town of the same n-^me, on the coast of
Normandy, in a small gulf between .'Vvan-
ches and St. Malo. This island, as well as
that of St. Michael, in which there is a
monastery, are every day joined, at low
water, to the main land.
Tombighee, western or rather NW branch
of Ahdiama, rises on the NK angle of Mis-
sissippi, runs SE receiving numerous tri-
butaries from the spurs of the Allegany
mountains, which are here scattered in
groups over the country. At Cotton-Gin-
Pnrt," .about 70 miles SW of the Muscle
shoals the ^-arious branches unite and form
a fine navigable stream. Thence assuming
a course E of S, it crosses into .Alabama,
receiving several creeks from the Choctaw
couiitryOn the W, and the Sipsey river on
the E. It unites with the Tuckaloosa, or
Black Warrior, at N lat 32 30 after a course
of 150 miles, an^l thence turning S 130
miles unites with Alabama, forms the Mo-
bile. The Tombi/bee is navigable by
schooners to St. Stephen, where rapids first
occur ; but barges and keel boats ascend
to Cottoa-Gin-Port, 220 miles higher, frl
T O M
1' O N
^owi!lg■ the bends of the river. See Mo'
bile, page 642.
Taitibttctoo, kingdom of Nigritia, which
lies \o -he Si-: of the great desert of Zj-
hara, and ^V ot" ihe empire of Cushua. It
produces gitaf plenty of cosn, cuttle, milk,
and butter The king has 300 horsemen,
besides a great number ot f<;ot, who fre-
quently tak captives, and sell them to the
merchants f .-r slaves.
Tmnbitctoo, capital of a kingdom of tiie
same name, iii Nigritia. Here is a great
number of weavers of cotton clotli ; and
hither the doth and other merchandise are
brought by caravans from Barbary. In-
stead of money, they make use of shells
and small bits of gold. It stands near the
Niger Lon. 1 3iJ R, lat 16 30 X.
Tomebamba, town of P( ru, in the au-
dience of Quito, where was a temple of
the suo, whose fealls, as the Spaniards
assert," were covered with gold. It is
120 miles S of Quito. Lon 77 50 W, lat,
2 16 S.
Tomina, government of South Ameri-
ca, in Beunos Ayres
TominL town of the island of Celebes,
in the East Indies, in a bay to which it
gives name. Lon 119 U E, lat. 0 45 S.
Tomfikins, county nf N w York, bound-
ed by Seneca lake W ; Seneca and Cay-
uga counties N; and Courtland E. Length
35 J mean width 15; and area about 500
square miles. Surface generally very
hilly ; and soil productive. It is in great
part watered by the confiutnt creelis of
Cayuga lake. Chief town, Ithaca,
Population in 182G.
Free wUitt males - - 10,536
do do. females - - 10,073
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - o
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do. females . - -
Total population in 1820
20,6S1
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 20
Engaged in Agriculture - 9.704
do. in Manufactures - 925
do, in Commerce - 73
Population to the square mile 41.
To7nfiki?is, post village and township in
Delaware county, New York ; 27 miles
SW from Delhi. Population 1820, 1206.
Tom/ikmsville, post village and seat of
justice in Monroe county, Ki-ntucky ;
about 40 miles a little S of K from Rus-
selville.
Tomsk^ town of Siberia, in the pro-
« M
vince of Tomsk. The inhabitants carry
on a great trade, as the town lies on the
great road through all the li and N
parts of Siberia. It contains above 2000
houses, ar.d is seated on the river Tom,
105 miles miles ESE of Tobolsk. Lou.
84 59 E, lat. 55 45 N.
Tonderen, town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Sleswick, with a fort, seated
in a fertile country, on the German
Ocean, 25 miles SE of Ripen, and 30
NW of Sleswick. Lon. 9 40 E, Uit. 54
58 N,
Tongataboo , one of the Friendly Isl-
ands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
twenty leagues in circuit, somewhat ob-
long, broadest at the E end, and its great-
est length from E to W. Lon. 176 46 E,
lat. 21 9 S.
Tongres, town of Germany, in the
bishopric of Liege, on the Neckar, 12
miles SW of Maestricht, and 15 W of
Liege.
Tong-tchan^, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Changtong- It is 150 miles S of
Peking. Lnn. 1 15 25 E. lat. 36 .30 N.
To7ig-chiien, f'.rtified city ol'' China, la
the provino" of St-.tchun The inhabi-
tants are all soldiers who hav( followed
the profession of arms, from father to
son. It is 867 miles SW of Peking. I.ou.
101 30 E, lat 25 55 N
Tonqjisians, people who inhabit the
E part of Sibtria, and are subject to the
Russians. They are all pagans, and
chiefly subsist by grazing, and hunting
o: sabhs.
Toimexaanto^ small river orcreck of New
York, rises in the S W angle of the Gene-
see-, flaws N aboiit 20 miles, to Batavia.
Here it abruptly turns W and continues
that course 40 miles, into Niagara river,
opposite Grand Isle. The chann I (jf this
stream for a distance of about 11 miles
is intendi-d to foi-ni a part (jf the Erie
canal. Trom the western border of Ge-
nesee, it forms the limit between Niag-
ara and Erie counties.
Tonna, town. of Gi-rmany, in Upper
Saxony, six miles N of Gotiia.
Tonnay Bautoime, town of France, ill
the department ot Lower Chr.rente, and
late territory c^f Saintonge, seated on the
river Boutonge, 17 tniles N of Saintes.
Lon.G34 W, lat. 44 56 N.
Tommy Charenfc, town of France, in
the departmen.t <:f Lower Charente, and
late territory of Saintonge, with a castle
and a small port. It is seated on the
Charente, thne miles from Rochefcrt,
and 253 SW of Paris. Lon 0 46 W, lat.
45 56 N.
Tonniciis, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne, and late
province of (Juienne, seated on the Ga-
1(1.0
r o F
T O li
voniie, two miles from its Junction with
the Lot, and seven E of Marmande.
Tonnierre, to.vii of France, in the de-
partment of Yonr.e, and late- province
of Burgundy, famous for its good wines.
It is seated on the Armancon, 27 miles
of Troves, and 102 Vj of Paris. Lon. 4
4 E, la't. 47 51 N.
Tonning-n, town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Slc-svvick, capital of a territ ry
of the same name. It is seated on a pe-
ninsula firmed by the river Eydtr, where
there is a commcdi-jus h?.rb;;ur. 2.5 miles
SW of Sleswick, and 53 NVV of Ham-
burg Lon. 9 10 E. lat 54 3^ N.
To7iqnin, kinsjdom of Asia, bounded
on the N by C'ninaj on the E by China,
and the gulf of Tonquin, on the S by
Cochin China, and on the VV by Laos.
It is about 1200 miles in length and 5('0
in breadth, and is one of ti)e finest. and
most consider ible kingdoms of the East,
as well on account of the number of in-
habitants, as the riches it contains, and
the trade it carries on. The natives in
general are of a middl-ny; stature, and
clean-limbed, with a tawny cnmpiexion.
Their faces are oval and flattish, and
their noses and lips well proportioned.
Their hair is black, long, lank, and
coarse. This kingdom is an absolute mo-
narchy. Cachao is the capital.
Tonaberg, seaport of Norway, in the
province of Aggerhuys, 30 miles VV of
Fred: rickstadt. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 58
50 N.
Toobonad, small island in the South
Sea, discovered by Captain Conk, being in
any direction, net .ibove five or six miles.
Lon. 149 23 W, iat- 23 25 S.
Topdif. town in the N riding cf York-
shire, seated on a c<.nsider-tble ascent,
on the Swale, 24 miles N .':f York.
Topely or Topi, town of the kingdom of
Bohemia, 24 miles NW of Pilsen, and
56 W of Prague. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 50
10 N.
TopUtz, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Leutmeritz, 14 miles WNW of Leut-
meritz. Lon. 14 10 R, lat. 50 36 N.
Topolitza, town of Turkey in Europe,
in Moldavia, 12 miles SW if Niemecz.
Lon. 26 9 E, lat 46 51 N.
Topolizau, town of Hungary, 68 miles
E of Vienna. Lon. 17 30 E, lat, 48 35
N.
Topsfiehl, post village and township in
Essex county, Massachusetts ; nine miles
N from Salem. Population 1810, 815;
and in 1820 866.
Topsham, town in Devonshire, on the
Ex, five miles SE of Exeter (of which it
is the port) and 170 SW of London. Lon.
3 26 W. lat 50 39 N.
Topsham, township of Lincoln county.
1010
Maine ; situated at the mcuth of the
Andriscoggin river, containing 1271 in-
habitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1429.
The township contains a number of ma-
nufactures, mills, &c.
Tor, or Eltor, t'lwn of Arabia Petrea,
with a good harbour. In the garden of
which are fountains of bitter water, on
the Red Sea. Lon. 33 45 E, lat. 28 27
N.
To-.'bay, bay of the English Channel,
on the coast of Devonshire, to the E of
Dartmouth, formed by two capes, called
Bury Point, and Rob's Nose. In gales
of wind it is often the station of the Chan-
nel fleet.
Torbia, town cf Piedmont, in the coun-
ty of Nice. It is seven miles E of Nice.
Torbole, town of Italy, in the Trentino,
14 miles SE of Trent. Lon. 11 39 E,
lat 45 56 N.
TorceUo, town of Italy, on a small isl-
and, seven miles N of Venice. Lon. 12
9 E. lat 45 32 N.
Tarda, or Toreiihurgh, town of Tran-
sylvania, in the neighbourhood of which
are extensive salt works. The Hunga-
rian language is said to be spoken with
the greatest purity in this town. It is 15
miles VV^NW of Ciausrnburg, and 48 N
W of Hermanstadt. Lon. 23 12 E, lat.
46 50 Nv
Tordesillas, town of Spain in Leon, in a
country fertile in corn and wine, on the
river Douero, 24 miles W of Valladolid,
and 75 SE of Leon. Lon. 4 56 VV. lat.
41 48 N.
Torgau, town of Upper Saxony, in
Saxony Proper, 27 miles NE of Liepsic,
and 35 NW of Dresden. Loo. 13 3 E,
lat. 51 34 N.
Torignij, town of France, in the de-
partment of the channel, and late pro-
vince of Normandy, seated on a rivulet,
seven miles SE of St Lo. Lon. 0 42 VV.
lat. 49 0 N.
Turmes, river of Spain, which rises in
the mountains of A Vila, in Castile, passes
by Alva, Tormcs, and Salamanca, and
falls into the Douero, belov/ Mirande-de-
Dnuero.
Torna, or Toniayv, town of Upper Hun-
gary, capita' of a county of the same
name It is a fortified place, and is
seated on an eminence, on the river
Sayo, 22 milt-s VV of Cassovia. Lon. 20
43 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Tome, river of Sweden, which has
its source in the mountains of Norway,
forms a lake of the same name, and ta-
king a SE course enters the gulf of Both-
nia, at Torneo
Toriieo, town of Sweden, in West Both-
nia, capital of a territory of the same
name, with a good harbcim It is situated
T O^
1 0 U
at the mouth of the river of the same
^lame, on a small island formed by it, at
the N extremity of Bothnia. It is a place
of some trade, because all the Laplanders
in those parts come and exchange their
skins and other articles, for what they
want. The houses are low, and the cold
so severe, that sometimes the people
lose their fingers and toes. It is 180
miles XE of Unia, and 420 NNE of
Stockholm Lon 24 17 E, lat. 65 51 N.
Toriiova, episcopal town of Turkey in
Europe, in Janna. It is seated at the
foot of Mount Dragoniza, on the river
Salempria, 10 miles NWofLarissa. Lon.
22 36 E, lat. 39 52 N.
Toro, town of Spain, in Leon, seated
on a hill, on the river Doutro, in a coun-
try fertile in corn and fruits, and whose
vineyards yield excellent red wine. It is
37 miles N by E of Salamanca, and 100
NW of Madrid, Lon 5 2 W, lat. 41
39 N.
Torella-de JMongris, seaport nf Sjiain,
in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Ter,
in the Mediterranean, at the foot of the
Pyrenees 19 miles E by S of Giroinia,
and 62 NE of Barcelona, Lon. 3 18 E,
lat. 41 55 N.
Torperley, town in Cheshire, nine miles
E of Chester.
Torquay, village in Devonshire, on the
N side of Torbay, seven miles SE of
Newton Bushel.
Torre del-Greco, town of Naples, in
Terra-di-Lavora, at the foot of Mount
Vesuvius, on t e bay of Naples, five
miles SE of that city. It was destroyed
by an eruption of Vesuvius in 1631 ; and
again in 1794, was overwhelmed by a
torrent of lava. The inhabitants, how-
ever, escaped with their lives, about 15
excepted.
Torre de Moncorvo. town of Portugal,
in the province of Tra los Montes, 27
miles SE of Mirandela, and 42 SSW of
Braganza. Lon. 5 55 W, lat. 41 0 N.
Torre de las Suliiuis, town of Spain, in
Valencia, near the coast of the Medi-
terranean, which carries on a great trade
in salt, procured from a small lake form-
ed by saline springs This is the most
considerable salt-work in all Spain. It
is 20 miles SE of Origuela, and 37 NN
E of Carthagena. liOii, 0 50 W, lat. 37
58 N.
Torrejo, town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 15' miles S of Madrid. Lon. 3 21 W,
lat. 40 10 N.
Torres, maritime town of Spain, in
Granada, seated on the Mediterranean,
45 miles SW of Granada, Lon 3 56 W,
lat. 36 39 N.
Torres J\'ovas, strong town of Portu-
gal, in Estrcmadura, ^n a fertile plain,
on the river Almonda, 55 miles NE
of Lisbon. Lon. 8 8 W, lat. 39 10 N.
Torres Vedcas, town of Portugal, in Es-
tremadura, near the Atlantic, in a coun-
try abounding in corn, fruits, and good
wine, 17 miles S of Lisbon.
Turriglia town of Italy, 10 miles N of
Genoa. Lon, 8 44 E. lat. 44 34 N. ^
Torringford, post village in Litchfield
county, Connecticut; in the SE angle of
Torrington, 23 miles a little W of N
from Hartford.
Torrivgton, corporate town in Devon-
shire, on the Towrldge, over which is a
bridge, 11 miles S by W of Barnstable,
and 194 W by S of London. Lon. 4 0 VV,
lat. 51 4N.
Torrington, township of Litchfield coun-
ty, Connecticut, 25 miles N of VV from
Hartford. It has one of the largest wool-
len cloth factories in the state. Popula-
tion 1810, 1586 ; and in 1820, 1449.
Torsil, town of Swederi, in Sudermania,
on the S bunk of the lake M; eler, 43 miles
ot Stockholm. Lon. 17 20 E, lat 59 20 N.
Tm'tola, pnncipa! of the Virgin Islands,
in ^he West Indies, 18 miles long and seven
broad. In this islanc.1 almo.st all the trade is
cai'ried on ; it is r.esr five miles lonj^ and
two broad, but badly watered, and reckon-
ed unhealthy. They cultivate cotton here,
which is much esteemed by the manufac-
turers, likewise rum and sugar ; it has of
late years undergone great improvements.
The entrance into the harbour is at the E
end of the island. Lon. 63 0 W, lat. 18
33 N.
Tortona, town of Ital) , in t!ie duchy of
Milan, capital of the Tortones, on the Scri-
via, 28 miles SE of Casal, and 27 SW of
Milan. Lon. 8 58 E, lat 45 8 N.
Tortorella, town o? Naples, in I'rincipelo
Citeriore, five miles NE of Policastro.
Tortosa, city of Spain, in Catalonia, with
a university. It is situated in a countrj',
fertile in corn and fruits, and abounding
with quarries andniineti of silver, iron, ala-
baster, jasper of divers colours, and stones
with veins of geld. Here is a great deal
of silk and oil, and very fine potters ware,
which resembles porcelain. It is seated on
a plain, and partly on a hill, Z5 niiies SW
of Turragona, and 180 E of Madrid. Lon.
0 35 E, lat. 40 53 N\
Turtuga, uninhabited island, tiear the
coast of Terra Firma, 40 miles W of the
island of Margaretta, end about 30 miles in
circumference. Lon. 62 20 W, lat. 11
30 N.
Tortuga, island of the West Indies, near
the N coa.st of the island of Hi>.paniola. It
is about 80 miles in circumference, and has
a safe harbour, but difhcuU of access. Lon.
75 10 W, lat. 20 10 N.
ion
T O I..
T O IT
Tb^a, seaport of Spain, in (i.italoiiia, seat-
eel at the bottom of a bay, which forms a
gocjfl harbour, where vessels are sheltered
iru.Ti all winclsj except the SW. It is 37
mi [.-9 NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 54 E, lat.
41 42 N
Tosa?iiu, ancient Lyciis, ri\-er of Natolia,
Asiatic Turkey. It passes Tocat, and fulls
mto the Jelnl Erm:ik.
Toscanella, town of Italy, in tlie pstrimo-
ry of St. Pe er, 35 miles N of Rome. Lon.
12 J5E, 1.11.42 2? N.
Tbsena, smait town of Sweden, in West
G<:>thL'UKl, 20 miles WNW ot Uddervella.
Lon. 12 2 K, !at. 58 33 N.
Tossf>, town of .Sweilen, in West Goth-
land, 42 miles N\E of Uddervella. Lon.
12 15 E, lat. 58 51 N.
Tosiar^ ov Shitsfar; the sh.ushan of tlsc
scriptures, town o: Persia in Khosistan, on
tne banJc.s of the Aiiwas, ancient Eulaeus.
ofthe Greelc.s, and lilai of the scriptures.
It is a phtce ofsome manufactures ao-d com-
merce, abont 2iJ0 mile.s SE from Bagdad.
'I'odicss, borc-.igh in Devnnsliire, on the
river L'urt, on the side of a hill, has a man-
nf*cii!Te cf hertzes It is 27 miles SW of
Ex ter, and 196 W bv S of London. Lon.
3 44 W, hu. 5(J 24 N.'
Totti'7i!iam High Cross, villaj^e in Middle-
sex, live miles N ^rf London. It is so called
from J. cra-.s, whicii his existed here from
time immci^ioriaJ.
Toiiertdffe, villag-e near Middlesex, near
Chipping ^Barnet,' 10 miles NNW of Lon-
don.
Tonl, town ofFrance, in the department
ofM tnthe. and late- pn. vince of Lorrain,
on the M selic, in a plain, aim st stirroiind-
ed by moun ains, 10 mi.es W of Nanci,
and 167 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 2 E, iat. 48
40 N.
Toula, river of West Chinese T.artary,
which takes its course from E to W, and is
a broad, deep, and rapid rivei', and its
banks tire surroimdel with woods an<l bt an-
tiful meadows The m)un;ains which hang
over it on the nortiiern side aie covereil
with forests of aged firs, an:; liave the same
effect upon the eye as an immense amph.i-
theaire. This river, .".fter having received
the waters of the Selingue, loses itself in
the Paical.
Toulomea, or Tidmabme, town and for-
tress of Hindoostan, in Lahore, seated on
the Ranve, 70 miles EXE of IMnultan.
Toulon, city and seaport of I'r.mce, capi-
tal of the department of Var, and late pro-
vince of Povencp. The inhabitants are
computed at 80,000. The harbour is dis-
tinguished by the names of the Old Port,
or Merchants' Port, and the New Port, or
King's Port. The New Haven was con-
structed by Louis XIV. as were the fortifi-
cations of the city In the front of this
haven is an arsenal, containing all the places
3013
necessary for the construction and Hull g
out of vessels ; the first object that appears
is a rope-walk, entirely arched, extending
as far as the eye can reach, and built afler
the designs of V.ub;',n : here cables are
made, and above is a place for the prepa-
ration of hemp. Here likewise i-> the ar-
moury for muskets, pistols, halberts, &c.
In the parkof artilierj, are cannons placed
in piles, bombs, granadc, mortar.-^, and
balls of various kinds, ranged in wonderful
ordei . The long sail room, the foundry
for cannon, the dock ) a; ds, the basins, &c.
are all worthy of observation. In a word,
the basins, docks, and arsenal at Toulon,
warranted the remark of a foreigner who
visited them, that the king of France was
greater there than at Versailles. Toulon
is the only mart in the Mediterranean for
the reexptn-tation of the products of the
East Indies. Tculon is seated on a bay of
the Mediterranean, 37 miles SE of Mar-
seilles, and 317 SSE of Paris. Lon. 5 36
E, lat 43 7 N.
Toulouse, city of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne, and late province
of Limguedoc. It contains 56,000 inhabi-
tants, although its piipulation bears no pro-
portion to lis extent. Here are many mon-
uments -if antiquity, and it was one o" the
most flourishing cities of the old Gauls, and
A Roman colony ; m process of time it be-
came tlie metroprdis of the Visigoths,
after'.vards of Aquitain, and at length,
one of die most considerable governments
of France, and the seat of a parliament.
Communicatng with the Atlantic, on one
side, by th • river Garonne, and with the
Mediterranean, on the other by the canal
of Languedoc Toulouse might have been
a very c^irnmercial ci'.y : but the taste of
the inliabitants has been principally for the
sciences and belles-lettres. Of course
there are two colleges, two public libraries,
and three academies. The litt'e commerce
they have, consists in leather, drapery,
blanket."!, mignionets, oil, iron, mercery,
hardware and books. The bridge over
the Garonne is at least equal to those of
Tours and Orleans : it forms tlie communi-
cation between the city and suburb of St.
Cvprian. Toulouse is 3" miles E of Auch,
125 SE of Bouraeanx, an^J 350 S by W of
Paris. Lon. 1 21 E, lat. 43 35 N.
Tour, town of France, in the department
of Puv de D.ime, 22 miles S of Clermont.
Lon. 3 10 E, lat 43 25 N.
Tour de Ilousillov, town of France, in the
department of Eastern Pyrenees and late
province of Rousillon, seated on a hill near
the river Tet, two miles below Perpignan.
Tovr du Pin, town of France, in the de-
partment of Isere, and late province of
Danphiny, seated on a river of the sjme
name, 54 miles S of Vienna.
To-ur In Tilnnrhp, town of France, in the
r o r
r R A
department of Dovil'igne, IJ miles NW of
Perigneiix. Lon. 0 40 E, lat. 45 18 N.
Tom- la Villc, town of France, in the cle-
panment of Cliarente, and late province of
Normandy, separated irom Cherburg by a
river.
Totirrain, late province of France, 58
miles iong and 55 broad, now forininjj^ the
department o^ Indre and Loire, b(iuiKled
on the N by Maine, on the E (>y Orlean-
nois, f>n the S by IJerrj, and on the W by
Anjou and Poiiosi. The river Loire runs
through the middle ; and it is, in general,
so pleasant and ferule a country, that it
was called the fiarden ofFraxc. Tt now
forms the d:-p;,rtment of Tndre and Loire.
Tourancourchy, town of Hindoost-.n, 35
miles SSW of Tritchinopoli. Lon. fS 36
E, lat. 4r 5Q N.
'Vourinc, town of Germany, in Liege.
Lon. 5 0 E, lat. 50 ,36 N.
Tollman, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Marne, ana l.>.te province
oftiie isie of France, 22 niiics E bv S of
Pans. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 43 43 X. '
Toutnay, con-i.'ieral>k- city of Flanders,
capita! of the Touniaysis, is a large trading
place with several fine mantifactnres, and is
particularly famous for good stockings.
It is seated on the Scheldt, which divides
it into two parts, that are united by a
bridge 14 mdes SE of Lisle, 30 SW of
Ghent, and 135 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3
28 E, lat. 50 33 N.
Townehem, town of France, in the de-
partment of the Straits o: Calais, nine miles
jNW of St. Omer.
Tmirtton, town of France, in the depart-
ment of •■V.rdeche,, and late province of
Languedoc, witli a fine college. It is seat-
ed on the declivity of a mountain, near ilie
river Rhone, 40 miles W of Gre.iohle, and
280 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 50 K, lat. 45
6 N.
Toiirnus, town of FrancQ, in the depart-
ment of Saone and Loire, and late province
of Burgundy seated on the Saone, in a
country fertile in corn and wine, 15 miles S
of Chalons, and 202 S by W of Paris. Lon.
5 0 E, lit. 46 34 N
Tours, considerable city of France, capi-
tal of the department of Indre and Loire,
advantageously seated on the Loire, near
the Cher. Over the former is one of the
finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 15
elliptic arches, each 75 leet diameter. It
is a large and well built city, and the streets
very clean by reason of several fountr/msin
it, with a fine mall ab,>ve 1000 paces long.
Under the ministry of cardinal Richelieu,
27,000 pers' ns were here employed in the
silk manufacture ; but now the whole num-
ber of inhabitants is only 22,000. T!ie red
wines of Tours are much esteemed. In one
of the suburbs, is the late abbey of Mar-
moutier, reputed the most ancient in the
West. Near the city is Plessls les-Toiirs,
a late royal .palace, built by tl.c pr.'ifii<!;aie
and suoerstitinus Lewis XI, wh,. died here,
in 1483. Tours is 52 miles NNE of Poi-
tiers, 54 E ^f .Vngers, and 127 S VV of '.'ans.
Lon. 0 47 E, lat. 47 24 N.
Tonscra, town of Barbary, capital of
Biiedulgeri'l, seated in a country aboi .(i-
in;^ in dates, and dependant on the king-
dom of Tunis. Lon. 10 55 E, at 32 30 X.
To-iuanda, township, post villa^'-e, and
seat of jusMce, Braiford county, Pennsyl-
vania, on the right hank o< the Siisquehan-
nah river. Population of the township, in
1820, 1024.
Td-i'ccster, town in Northamptonshire,
on a small river, 52 miles SE of Covtniry,
and 60 NVV ot London. Lon. 1 15 W,
la!. 52 4 N.
Trnvniscnd, townsliip of Vlirhlicsex county,
Massachusetts, containing 1246 i'ih&bitunls
in 1810; :.ndia 1820, 1482.
Tuwnsend, township of Vermont, situated
in Windham conn j, betwc^sn Se.xton and
West river.s, about 15 miles N"W of Rrat-
tleboroiigh, and containing 1115 inhabitants
in 1810.'
To-.vn^end, township of Huron countv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 166
Tonmsend, township of Sanduskv cnnntv,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 148.
Tovridge, river in D' vonshire, which
rises near the source of the Tamar, no' far
from the Bristol Channel, rims SE to Hath-
erly, and then joining the Oak from Oak-
hampton, turns short to the N, and p ssing
by Torrington and Biddeford, enters the
Bristol Channel, at Barnstable Bay.
Towton, village in the W riding of York-
shire, SE of Tadcasttf. It is famous for
that bloody bnttle between the forces of
the houses of i'ork and Laiicaster, in w'.iich
35,000 are said to have fallen on both sides.
It was f>ught in 1461.
To-vy, river of South W.t'c-s, which rises
in Cardiganshire, enters CarT.arthcnsldre
at i's NE extremity, and passing by Car-
marthen, enters the Brist(d Channel.
Trachiiulmrg-, or Drachenbnrg, town of
Germany, in Silesia, and capital oftheprin-
cipaiity of Trachenburg. It is seated on
the R.irtch, 12 miles NE of Wolaw. :,nd 26
N of Breslaw. Lon. 17 15 E, h>t, 51 30 N.
Trafalgar, promontory of Spam, in An-
dalus.a, at the entrance of the str.aits of Gib-
raltar, 30 miles SE of Cadiz. Lon. 6 1 W,
lat. 36 11 N.
Trajaiiapoli, town of Turkey in Europe,
in Romania, on the ^larizza, 57 miles SW
of Adrianople, and 112 NW of Constanti-
nople. Lon. 26 IS E, lut. 41 15 N.
Tvajeito, town of Naples, in Terra di La-
voro, built on the ruins of the ancient Min-
turna, near the mouth of the Garigliano, in
the .Mediterranean, 25 milesNW of Capua.
Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 41 20 N.
1013
r K A
T K A
Train, town of Germany, in Upper IJa-
varia, on the Ambs, five tnilesS of Abens-
berg, and 20 K of Ingolstadt. Lon. 11 52
E, lat. 4S 40 N.
Truina., town of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
on a hi.o;b mountain, at the source of the
river Traina, 22 miles W of Mouiiv Etna,
and 70 SW of Messiud. L<jn. 14 30 E, lat.
37 46 N.
Tra las JiIo72tes, province of Portugal,
beyond the mountains, with regard to the
other provinces of this, kingdom, whence it
has its name. It is bounded on the X by
Galcia, on the W by Entre Douero-e-Min-
ho, on the S by lieira, j.nd on the E by
Leon. It is fertile in wine and oil, and
abounds in cattle. The Donero divides
it into two parts, and Miranda is the capi-
tal.
Tralee, maritime town of Ireland, in the
county of Kerry, seated near the bay of
Tialee, seven mil'S SSE of Ardfert. Lon.
9 36 W, lal. 52 12 N.
Trallebarff, murilime town of Sweden, in
the province of Schonen, near the Baltic,
19 miles S of Lund. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 55
20 N.
Tranchin, town on th'^ Waag, 50 miles
NE of Presburg. Lon. 17 50 E, lat, 49
56 N.
Trancou, town of Portugal, in Tra los
Montes, in a fertile country, 14 miles W by
S of Pinnel. Lon. 7 0 E, lat. 49 56 N.
Tram, city of Naples, in Terra ili Bari,
and the usual residence of the governor of
the province, which is somelimes called
Terra di Trani, on the gulf of Venice, 26
miles W by N of Bari, and 125 N by E of
Naples. Lon. 16 36 E, lat. 41 18 N.
Tranqnebar, seaport of Ilindoostan, in
the coantiy of Tanjore, with a fort and
factory, belonging to the D.^nes, who pay
an annual rent to the rajah. The town is
surrounded by a wall and bastions ; and
contains three Christ:an churches, a large
nnosque for t!:c Mahometans, and several
jiagodas for tlie Genloos. It is seated at
the m.iuth of the Cavery, 165 miles S of
Madras. Lon. 79 53 E.'lat. 11 1 N.
Tvaiisiihaiiia, com\\y of Europe, former-
ly annexed to Hungary ; bounded on the
N by Hungary, E by Moldavia, S by W^la-
chia, and W by Hungary. It is 160 miles
long and 150 broad, and surrounded by
liigh mountains, which, however, are not
barren. It produces as much corn and
wine as is wanted, a'^dtliere are rich mines
of gold, silver, leal, copper, quickhilver,
and alum. It has undergone various revo-
lutions, and now belongs to Austria. The
inhabitants are of various religions, as Ro-
man catholics, Lutherans, Calvinisls, S.ci-
iiians, Arminians, Greeks, and Mahometans.
The government is arlstocraticat ; and,
since the vear 1722, rendered hereditarv
I«14
to the princes and princesses of the house
of Austria. Hermanstadt is the capital. x
Transylvania Uni-venity. See Arti- j
cle Ktntucky, page 471, and Lexington |
page 507. *
Transylvania, village of Jefferson Jj
county, itentucky, on Ohio river, on the ^
poiiitabi.ve the mouth of Harod's creek, '
eight miles above Louisville.
Trapuni. ancient Drepanum, seaport
on the NW coast of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, with a fort, and an excellent
liarbr.ur in the form of a sickle, whence
its ancient name Drepanum. It is a
trading place, famous for its salt-works,
and fisheries of tunnies and coral. It
stands on a small peninsula, 30 miles N
of Mazara, and 45 W of Palermo Lon.
12 20 E, lat. 38 10 N.
Trap, post town Montgomery county,
Pennsylvania, nine miles NW from Nor-
ristown.
Trap., village of Somerset county, Ma-
ryland, on a small branch of Wiconnico
river, six miles N from Princess Ann.
Trap, post village Talbot county, Ma-
ryland, 10 miles S from Easton.
TrapollizTM, town of European Tur-
key, near the centre of the Morea, 30
miles nearly N from Misitia, and 20 SSW
from Corinth.
Trarbach, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, on the Moselle,
47 miles W by S of Mentz. Lon. 7 6
E, lat 49 58 N.
Trasmaur, town and castle of Aus-
tria, seatt d on the Trasen, 12 miles W of
Tuln.
TraiL, seaport of Dalmatia, on the gulf
of Venice, in a small island joined to the
mainland by a long bridge of wood, and
to the isle of Bau by another of stone, 22
miles SE of Sebenico. Lon. 17 52 E, lat.
44 0 N.
Travancore, province of the penin-
sula of Hindoostan, extending along the
coast of Malabar from Cape Comcrin to
the province of Cochin, 140 miles in
length, bv 70 in breadth at the N extre-
mity, and contracting gradually to the S
point. It is subject to a rajah, who is an
ally to the English.
Travancore, town of Hindoostan, capi-
tal of the province of the same name.
It is surrounded by a strong and exten-
sive lines, 110 miles SSW of Madura,
and 230 SSE of Calicut . Lon, 77 15 E,
lat 8 25 N.
Trave, river of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Holstein, which flows by Sege-
berg," Oldeslo, and Lubec, and enters the
Baltic, at Travemunde.
Traveller's repose, post village Green-
briar county, Virginia.
T R E
T It E
Travelln-^s-resit post village, Green- ganshirc, en a branch of the Tivy, 1>
ville distrirt. South Carolina.' miles S by E of Aberystwith, and 204 W
Travemunde, strong town of Lower by N of L.^ ndon.
Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seated Tregont/, borough in Cornwall, go-
on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave. verned by a mayor, with a market on
It is the port of Lubec, to which it be- Saturday ; seated on the Fale, six miles
longs, and is 12 miles NE of that city. E of Truro, and 255 W bv S of London.
Travers, town of Switzerland, in the Treguier, seaport cf France, in the
territory of Neufchatel, 11 miles W of department of Cotes du Notd. It is
Neufchatel. * seated on a peninsula, near the English
Traunatein, town and castle of Ba- channel, 2i miles NW of St. Brieux.
\aria Great quantiues of salt are made Lon. .5 13 W, hit 48 47 N
here, from water brought above 14 miles
over mountains, by means of engines
and pipes, from Rfichenhall, It is seat-
ed on the liver Traun, 16 miles WNW cf
Sdltzburg,
Trelleborg^ town of Swvrden, in Scho-
nen, seated on the Baltic, 26 miles S of
Lund.
Tremesan, or Tlcmsan, city of Al-
giers, in the province of Mascara. It is
Trantenau, town of Bohemia, in the surrounded by strong walls, and inha
circle of Kcnigingratz, 21 miles N cf l)ited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews,
Konigingratz.
Trayguera, town of Spain, in Valen-
tia, 30 miles SW of Tortosa.
Trebbin, town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, 22 miles SW of Ber-
lin.
In the tinne of the Arabs, it was the re-
sidence of powerful princes ; but is now
dwindled to scarce a fifti) part of the
ancient city. Its once ttourishing ma-
nufactures of carpts and woollen co-
verlets are in a state of decay ; and the
Trebia. river of Italy, which rises in former masterpitces of architecture have
the territory of Genoa, flows by Bobio disappeared, for there is not a single
in the Milanese, and j<iinsthe Po, above building of excellence now to be seen,
Placenlia. It is lUO miles SSW of Oran. Lon. 1 2
Trebignia, tOAvn of Turkish Dalma- w, lat. 34 56 N.
tia ; on the gulf of Venice, at the mouth Tremiti, three islands of Naples, in
of the Trebenska, 14 miles N of Ra- the gulf of Venice, 15 miles frc;m the N
gusa. coast of Capitanata. They are called
Trebisaccia, town of Naples, in Cala- Tremiti or St. Nicr.li, St. Dcimino, and
bria Citeriore, on the gulf of Tarento, 10 Capraria. The first, which is the prin-
miles ENE of Cassano. cipal of them, has a Benedictine convent
TreAwonrf, seaport of Asiatic Turkey, and a castle. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 42
in Natolia. The walls are square and iqn.
high, with battlements ; and are built T?-emou27/e, town of France, in the de-
with the ruins of ancient structure, on partmi nt of Vienne, seated on the Ben
which are inscriptions not legible The naile, 35 miles E by S of Poitiers.
town is not populous ; for there are many
gardens in it, and the houses are but
one story high. The castle is seated on
a flat rock, with ditches cut in it. The
harbour is at tiie E end of the town, ard
the mole built by th-.- Genoese is alnnost
destroyed. It stands at the foot of a
very steep hill, on the Black Sea, 104
Tremfi, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
20 miles N of Balaguer.
TrenscMn, town of Hungary, capital of a
county of its name, with an ancient castle
on a rock. It has eel' brated hot baths, r-nd
is seated near the Waag, 70 miles NNE of
Presburg. Lon. 18 0 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Trent, principality of Germany, in the S
miles NNW of Erzerum, and 440 E of part of Tyrol, among the Alps, bounded by
Constantinople. Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 40
45 N
Trebitz, town of Moravia, witli manu-
factures of cloth, iron, and glass ; seated
on the Igla, 21 miles SB of Iglau.
Trebnitz, town cf Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oels, with a Cistercian nun-
nery, 12 miles N of Breslan.
Trebsen, town of Upper Saxony, in
Misnia, seated on the Mulda, 14 miles
E by S of Liepsic.
Tyrol Pr.per, and the territories of Venice.
It produces excellent wine
Trent, fortified city ot Germany, capital
of the Trcntino. It was fornrierly a free
imperial city, and is famous for a cotmcil
held here, w^ ich began in 1545, and ended
in 1563. It is seated at the foot of the
Alps, in a fertile vallr v, <>n the river Adige
67 miles NW of Venice, and ii60 NW of
Rome. Lon. 1 1 27 K, lat. 46 8 N.
Trent, or T'reniino, formerly a bishopric
Treffurt, town of Germany, in Lower of Germany, in the county of Tyrol, seated
Hesse, with a castle, 36 miles ENE of among the Alps which divide Italy from
(tassel. Germany. It is bounded on the N by Tyrol
Tregairon, town of Wales, in Cardi- Proper, on the B by Teltrino and BelKi^
i- U K
T It t.
ress, on the S by Vicentino u'kI llie Vero-
nese, and on the W by tlie BresciHno.
Ti-ent, larg-e river of Kiii^laiK], which,
issuing tVoni three sprinj^'s be'vveen Con-
glelon an.l Leek, in Staftordbh re, flows
soutluvards tlir.mg'h Uu- midst of the coun-
try, C'jntii.ually aiigtuented by nils from
the s me region ; and at lengtli, having re-
ceiver! t'le Tame from tlie S, acq>iires a
new direct on, and witli a NE coiirie. pe-
netrates into Dei-bysliir •, just after its
junction with the Dove. After fbrniing'to-
wards the N ]>art, the boundary between
Noltiiighainsliire and L'mcolnsf ire, a cor-
ner of wiiich it crosses, it fal^s jnio the
Humber below Gainsborough. Parallel
with the course of this river runs a canal,
forming a communication betwec-n it and
tiie Mersey, and joining it at Wilden. It is
navigable thr- ugh the v#hole of Notting-
liamsiiire.
Trent, river of Xorth Ctii'blina, which
fulls iuto the Neus, a*. Xewbern, w here it is
three quarters of a mile broad. It is navi-
gable for vessels 12 miles above iis mouth
Treiituu, township of Hancocii county,
Maine, 30 miles NE from Casline. Popu-
lation in 1820, 639.
Tientou, post town of Oneida county,
New York, containing 1548 inliabilants ni
1810; and in 1820, 3617. It is situated
165 miles N\V of Albany.
Trenton, \^asX town, the capita! of New
Jersey ; situated in liunterdon county, on
the NE bank of Delaware rsver, 30 mdes
NE of P-iiladelphia, 12 SW of Princeton,
and 30 N of New Brunswick, in iat. 40 15
N, and Ion. 74 48 W. The Delaware is
navigable thus far for sloops. Trenton
contains a state house, two banks, an aca-
demy, two very extensive coUon, and seve-
ral other munufectories. A very elegant
and siibstiintiul bridge crosses the Dela-
ware at the foot of the falls, opposite this
town.
Slaves, males •
do. females
Total population in 1820
4.6
3,942
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,282
1,265
Total whites - - - 2,547
All otlier persons except Intlians
not taxed - - - - 272
Slaves . . - . - 181
Total population in 1810 - 3,000
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,598
do. do. females - - - 1,744
All otlier persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do, do. females
1016
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 40
Engaged in Agriculture - 227
do. in Manufactures - 433
do. in Commerce * - 43
Trenton, p"st town in North Carolina,
the capita! of Jones county, seated on the
N side of Trent river, 16 miles SW of
Newbern, 50 NW of Beaufort, and 81 N by
E of Wilmington.
Trenton, post village, Clinstian county,
Kentucky.
Treptoxu, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in Prussian Pomerania. It has a
manufacture of stockings and woollen
stuffs, and is seated on the Rega, near its
mouth in the Baltic, 42 miles NE ofStetin.
Lon. 15 19 E, Iat. 54 10 N.
Trcpto-v, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in Anterior Pomerani:i, 50 mil^s S
of Stranslund, and 50 WNW of Stelin.
Lon. 13 12 E, Iat. 5:, 39 N.
Tresen, or Trosa, seapnrt of Sweden, in
Sudermania, seated on the Baltic, 35 miles
SW of Stockholm. Lon. 17 29 E, Iat. 59
ON.
Tieahanish Isles, four of the W islands
on ihe W coast ot Scotland, between the
island of Col and that of Mull. They are
ver> ferdle in corn, &c.
Trelhimroxu, town of Poland, in Volhinia,
sea-ed on the Dniester, 45 mdes below
Kiof.
Trcudienbrietzen, town of Germany, lu
Upper S,xony, 20 miles S of Bradenburgh,
and 34 SW of Berlin. Lon. 12 43 E, Iat.
52 5 N
Treves, late archbishopric ^d electo- ;
rate of Germany, in the circle of Lower
Rhine ; bounded on the N by the electorate
of Cologne, E by Wetteravia, S by the pa-
latinate of the Rhine and Lorrain, and W
by Luxemburg. It is 100 miles in lengtli,
but the bre;>cUh is very different. There
are many mountains and forests; but near
the Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful,
aboimding in corn and wine. A small part
of this territory lies on the E side of the
Jihine, and in 1800 was given as an indem-
nity to the prince of Nassau-Weilburg, and
now belongs to Prussia.
Iheves, cit}' ef Germany, formerly the
capital of an archbishopric of the same
name. It has a university, numerous
remains of antiquities, and many fine
churches and palaces ; but has greatly suf-
fered by war, and is now neither larg^e nor
po))ulous. It is seated on the M' selle
(over which is a handsome bridge) between
two mountains, covered with vineyardsj 2D
T R l
T R I
miles XE of Luxemburg-, and 55 S by E of
Col()j,'ne. Lon. 6 43 EJai. 49 47 N.
'i'revi, town of Ilaly, if? Umbria, 25 miles
SE of [--erugia. Lon. U 51 E, lat. 42 54 N.
TrevigUo, town of Italy, in tiie diicliv of
Milan, 17 miles ENE of Milan. Lon. 9 28
E, ht. 45 35 N.
Trevigo, town of Naples, in Principato
Uheriore, with a bishop's see, 23 miles E
of Benevento. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 42 6 N .
Trevino, town of Spain, in Biscay, on a
hil!, near the river Aguda, 10 mile* SW of
Vittora. Lon. 3 4 W, bt. 42 48 N.
Treviiano, marquihate of 1 aly ; bounded
on tiie E by Friuli and the gulf of Venice,
on the S by that gulf, tiie Dogadn, and the
Paduano, on tiie N by the Fel' rino and the
Bellunese, and on the W by the Vicentmo.
The soil is fertile, and produces corn,
wine, and wood ; and they export cattle,
silk, and woollen cioth. Tieviso is the
capital.
Treviso, or Trevigio, l,<rge city of Italj*,
capital of Trevisano, on the Silis, 20 miie.s
N\V of Ve-nice. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 45
44 N.
Trevoux, town of France in the depart-
ment of Ain, and late province of Besse.
The printing press here celebrated for the
Literary Journals composed b\ the Jesuits
of the college of Louis ie Grand. Trevoux
is seated on the side of a hid, on the river
Saone, 12 miles N of Lyons, and 188 S by
E of Paris. Lon. 4 51 E, lat 45 67 N.
Treysa, town of Germany, in Hesse, ca-
pital of the county of Ziegenheim. It is
seated on a hill, near the rivet- Schwalm,
17 miles N of Marpug. Lon. 9 15 E, lat.
50 50 N.
Trezzo, town of Italy, in the Milanese,
seated on the Adda, on tiie frontiers o;
Bergamasco. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 45 45 N.
Triberg, town of Germany, Suabia, 15
miles NE of Friburg, and 15 S Freuden-
Etadt. Lon. 8 20 E. lat. 48 12 N.
Tribesers, town of Germany, m the circle
of Upper Saxony It is seated on the rive"
Trebei, 22 miles SSW of Straulsund, and
.SO ESE of Rostock. Lon. 13 8 E, lat. 54 1 N.
Tribstadt, town of Germany, in the duchy
of Deux Ponts, 18 miles NW of Landau.
Lon. 8 2 E, lat. 49 22 N.
Tricala, town of Turkey, in the Euro-
pean province of Macedonia, 50 miles
ENE of Salonichi. Lon. 23 45 E, lat. 41
10 N.
I'rjcala, town of Turkey, in the Euro-
pean province of Janna, 21 miles S of La-
rissa.
Tricnrico, town in the kingdom of Na-
ples, 13 miles SE of .\cerenza, and 21 SW
of Malt-ra Lon. 16 14 E, lat. 40 12 N.
Triceto,Xo\vn ot Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, 14 miles ESE
of Scala.
Trif-f!. See Treves;.
6N
Triest, town of Carnlola. It is a strong
place, the harbour is spacious, but not
gooii ; being open to the W and SW
winds. The inhabitants have a good trade
in salt, oil, almonds, iron, Stc. brought frohn
Lanbach; and they make good v/ines. It
is seated on the side of a hill, on the gulf
of Venice, eight miles N of Capo d'lstria,
and 80 NE of Venice. Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 45
56 N.
Trigg, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Tennessee SE ; Tennessee river SW ; Liv-
ingston county NW ; and Caldwell and
Christian NE. Length 45; mean width 10;
and area 450 square miles. Cumberland
river winds obliquely through this county
to the NW. Surface low and flat in ge-
neral.
Population in 1820.
Free white males, ... 1,619
do. do. fe'iiales - - . 1,420
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... q
Total whites . . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - . .
do. females _ - _
Total population in 1820
3,874
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - - 943
do. in Manufactures - 48
do. in Commerce - - 6
Population to the square mile, 8.
Trim, the county town of F.ast Meath, in
Ireland, .seated on the Boyne, 23 miles N
W of Dublin.
Trincomale, town on the E side of the
inland of Ceylon, with .^ harbour, reckorjed
the fin St in the Enst Indies. 100 miles NB
of Candy Lon 81 52 E, lat. 8 45 N.
Triiig, town in Hertfordshire, 22 miles
W of Hertford, and 31 WNVV of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 .;,6 W, lat. 51 45 N.
Trinidad, inland on the NE coast of
Columbia, si par ted from Paria on the
S, by a strait abr^ut 10 miles over ; and
from Cum'.na on the W, by the gulf of
Paria. It was discovered by Columbus
in 1498 ; it is 62 miles long and 45 broad ;
produces sugar, cotton, Indian corn, and
fine tobacco, and fruit ; but the air is un-
healthy. The capita! is Port d'Espagne,
in the gulf of Paria, near the Boca, Lon.
61 30 W, lat. 10 0 N.
Trinidad, town of Guatimala, on the
Pacific Ocean. It is an open town, but
very important, there being no other har-
bour on this coast. A mile and a half
hence is a place which the Spaniards
call one of the Mouths of Hell ; because
it is qpntinually covered by a thick smokej
101 r
V R I
1 E U
and emits flames from time to lime. It basco, in the bay of Campeachy, and i&
is 70 miles SE ci Guatiraala. Lon. 89 separated by a narrow channel, on the
30 W, lat. 12 50 E. E from the isle of Port Royal. It is five
Trinidad, town of New Granada, seat- miles in length, and almo.-,t as much m
ed «n the Rio de ia Madalena, 58 miles breadth, but not inhabited. Lon, of the
NW of St. Fe de Bogota. Lon. 73 45 W, E point 93 45 W, lat. 18 0 N.
lat. 4 45 N. Tristan d\,lcunhu, lofty island in the
Trinity, or La Tnnite, town of Marti- S Atlantic Oct-an, 15 miles in circumfer-
nico, with a spacious and safe harbour, ence. Lon. 11 43 W, lat. 37 8 S.
It carries on a considerable trade. Lon Tritchinopoly, stn ng town of Hindoo-
61 8 VV, lat 14 55 N. stan4n the Carnatic, 208 miles SSW of
Trino, town of Italy, in Montferrat, Madras. Lon. 78 46 E, lat. 10 49 N.
subject to the king of Sardinia. It is Tnvento, episcopal town of Naples, in
seated near the Po, eight miles NW of MoHse, seated on a hill, near the river
Casal, and "5 NE of Turin. Lon. 8 30 Trigno, or Trino, 15 miles N of Bogano,
E, iat. 45 26 N. - and 62 E of Naples, Lon. 15 ^7 E, lat.
Trinoinaly, town of Hindoostan, in the 40 50 N.
Carnatic, near which the troops of Hy- Trochlelfing-en, imperial town of Ger-.
der Ally were defeated by tt'c British many in the circle of Suabia, 16 miles N
in 1768. It is 45 miles SSW of Arcot, and W of Buchau, and 29 S of Stutgard. Lon.
52 VVNW of Pond-cherry. Lon. 78 35 E,
lat. 12 2 N.
Tripoli, among the ancients was a
large kingdom, now an aristocralical re-
pviblic in Africa; it is bounded on the N
9 7 E. lat. 48 18 N.
Trcigevy town of Swissei'land, and the
cl>ief place r>f the protestant part of the
canton of Apptnzel. It carries on an
extensive manufactory of cloth, for
by the Mediterranean; on the E by Egypt; which it has been long celebrated. It is
on the S by Sara, or the great desert; seven mil; s N of Appenzcl, and seven
and on the W partly by Tunis, and part'.y SE of St. Gall,
by Biledulgerid ; extending 1000 miles Troja, town of Naples, in Capitanata,
along the Mediterranean from NW to S at the foot of the Aiipenines, on the ri-
E, but hardly 200 bioad in any plac- ; it ver Chilaro, 32 miles NE of Beneven-
has several cities, some of which are to, and 6o NVV^ of Naples, Lon. 15 15
large and populous, particuarly on the E, lat. 41 21 N
coasts, where they carry on the piratical Trois 7iivi:-res. town of Upper Canada,
business to great advantage. Near its on the river St. Lawrei.ce, 35 miles SW
capital the soil is tolerably fruitful ; but of Quebec. Lon. 71 20 W, lat. 46 35
to the eastward as far as Egypt, is the N.
sandy desert of Barea. It had ihe title Troki, town of Lithuania, capital of
of a kingdom, but is now a republic, a palatinate of the same name. It is
gDverned by a dey, elected by the sol- seated among morasses, 15 miles W of
diers Wilna, and 85 NNE of Grodno. Lon. 25
Tripoli, considerable town in Barbary, 13 E, lat 54 38 N.
capital of a country of ihe same name. Tro,i. St town in Germany, in Liege, 21
with a castle and a fort. It is pretty miles WNW of Liege. Lon. 5 22 E, lat.
large, and tlu- inhal>itants are noted pi> 50 48 N.
Tropea, populous town of Naples, In
Calabria Ulttriore, on the top of a rock,
on the E coast, 10 miles NW of Nicote-
I'a, and 45 N by E of 'Reggio. Lon. 16
24 E, lat. 38 42 N.
Tropes, St. seaport of France, in the
rates. It was forme'ly very flourishing,
and has now some trade in stuffs, safiFron,
corn, oil, dates, ostrich feathers, and
skins. Tripoli is seated on the Mediter-
ranean, surrounded by a wall, 275 miles
SE of Tunis, and 570 ESE of Algiers
Lon. 33 12 E, lat. 32 34N
Tripoli, ancient and considerable town department of Var, and late province of
Provence, with a citadel. It is seated on
the bay of Grimauld, in the Mediterra-
nean, 12 miles SW of Frejus, and 58 E
of Marseilles. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 43 16
N.
Troppau, town of Austrian Silesia, ca-
pital of a duchy of the same name. It is
is 90 miles NW of Damascus, and 120 seated on a pleasant plain, on the rivers
S of Scahderoon. Lon. 36 20 E, lat. 34 Oppa and M.hra, 40 miles N by E of Ol-
50 N. mutz and 72 S hy E of Breslaw. Lon.
Trist, small uninhabited island of Mex- ^^ 40 E, lat. 50 1 N.
ico. It is situated on the coast of Ta- Troupsville, post village of Ontario
1018 .
of Syria, on the Mediterranean, defend-
ed by a citadel The inhabitants are
near 60,000, consisting of Turks, Chris-
tians, and Jews. About it, there is a
great number of mulberry trees, and
other fruits, which enable them to carry
on a silk manufacture in the town. It
T R O
T R B
county, New York ; oti the W side of
ISiidus bay and on the lake Ontario.
Troivbrid^-c, town in \^'iltshire. The
inhabitants consist chiefly of clot.ifrs,
wiio make superfine broad cloth, and
kerseymere, in a gnat degree by machi-
nery. It is seated on a hill, 23 miles
S\V of Marlborough, and 98 W of Lon-
don. Lon. 2 6 W, lat 51 19 N.
Troijy township ui Orleans county, Ver-
mont ; 50 miles N from Montpeher. Po-
pulation 250.
Troy, post village and township of
Bristol county, Massachusetts ; 50 miles
S from Boston. Population 1810, 1296 ;
and in 1820, 1300.
Troy, city of New York, and seat of
justice for Rtushalaer county. It stands
on the Esi<le of Hudson, iive miles above
Albany. The site is a plain, bi u;ided by
hills rising pretty abriiptiy. It contains
the county buildings, five churches, and
hi the vicinity, eight or 10 tlour mills,
an extensive cotton and woollen cloth
-factory, one for fire arms, a paper mill,
a rolling and slitting mill, saw mills, &c.
It contains a considerable number of
wholesale and retail stores. Tiiis city
has increased rapidly in population trade,
manufactures, and commerce. Before
the year 1794, it was a very trifling vil-
lage, in 1810; the population was 3895 ;
and in 1820, had risen to 5264, Of these
tliei'e were:
Engaged in Agriculture - 70
do. in Manufactures - 704
do. in Commerce - 275
Troy, post town and seat of justice for
M ami county, Ohio. It is situated on
the west bank of the Great Miami river,
in Concord township, eight milcS S from
Piqua, and 21 N from Dayton. It con-
tains fifty dwellinij r.ouses, and 2S3 inha-
bitants. Lon. 7 8 W, lai. 40 0 N.
Troy, NW townsliip of Cayalioga coun-
ty, Oiiio; containing 347 inhiibitants, in
1820.
Troy, township of Geauga county, Ohio.
Population 182o, uncertain.
Troy, river, village, and township, si-
tuated in Athens county, immediately
above the mouth of Hockhocking river.
Population 1820, 527.
Troy, township of Richland county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 456.
Troy, p>)St town and seat of justice in
Perry county, Indiana ; on Ohio river,
above the mouth of Andersons creek, 50
miles above the mouth of Green river.
Troy, township of, Delaw.nre countv,
Ohio. Population 1820, 253.
Troyes, considerable city of France, in
the department of Aube, and late pro-
vince of Champagne. Its commd'ce,
-once very flourishing, now consists onlv in
some linens, dimities, fustians, wax-chaii-
dlery, caiidles, and wine. It is seated on
the Seine, 3o milts ENE of Sens, and
90 ESE of Paris. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 48
13 N.
TrucLsville, village of Delaware coun-
ty, Ohio.
Trugillo, town of Venezuela, 120 miles
S of the lake Maracaybo. Lon. 7 40 \N,
lat 9 46 N
Trumbull, township of Connecticut* si-
tuated in Fairfieid county, and contain-
ing 1241 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820,
1232.
TnimbuU, county of Ohio ; bounded by
Mercer county in Pennsylvania E ; Ce-
biana S ; Pvunage arid Geauga \V ; and
N by Ashtabula. Length 35 ; mean width
25 ; and area ^73 square miles. Sur-
face hilly, and soil fertile. Staples* grain,
flour, live stock, butter, salted provi-
sions, and whiskey. Chief towns War-
ren.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 4,590
do. do. females - - 4,026
Total whites .... 8,616
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... ss
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810
8,671
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 8,140
do. do. females ... 7,352
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 4.
Total whites .... 15,496
Free persons of colour, males 38
do. do. females 12
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 15,546
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - ^ 68
Engaged in A riculture - - 4,045
do. in Manufactures - 727
do. in Comm rce - - 47
Population to the square mile, 17^.
Trumambnrg, post village, Tompkins
county. New York.
Trims, town ot the coiuitry of the Gri-
sons, where the independence of the Gray
League was first ratified, and an alliance
concluded between the chiefs and comniu-
nities. It is seated on the Rhine, seven
miles W of Hantz.
Truro, borough in Cornwall. It has the
benefit of the coinage of tin. Its chief
business is In shipping tin and copper ore,
1019
T S C
T U C
found in abundance in its neighbourhood.
Truro is seated in a vale, between the ri-
vers Kenwyn and St. Allen, and at the head
of F Imouth haven, 10 miles N of Fal-
mouih, and 257 \V by S of London. Lon.
4 55 W, lat. 50 16 N.
Truro, p ist own in Barnsfible county,
Massachaselts ; lyii^ near Cape Cud, 38
miles K of Ciiatham, and 126 SE of Bos-
ton, along the post nad. The inhabitants
who are about 1200 are principally the fa-
lailif'S of fishermen.
Truro, township of" Pra'iklJn county,
Ohio. Populavion 1820 693.
Truro, friwn of Nova Scotia, 40 miles N
by W of Halifax
Truxillo, consi lerable town of Spain, in
Estramalura, noted for being the birth
place of Pizarro. It is seated among moun-
tains, on the side of a hill, at the top of
whicii is a strong citadel. Itissiuated
near the river Almont, 65 miles S\V of
Toledo, and 117 SE of Madrid. Lor.. 5
23 W, lat. 39 6 N.
Truxillo, rich commercial seaport of
Peru, in the audience of Lima, and in the
valley of Chimo, built by Francis Pizarro,
in 1535. It is sealed in a fertile country,
on a small river, near the Pacific Ocean,
380 mdes NW of Lima. Lon 78 35 W,
lat. 8 1 S.
Truxillo, sti'ong seapoft in Honduras,
seated on a gulf of the same niitne, be-
tween two rivers, and surrounded by thick
groves. Lon. 85 50 W, lat 16 20 N.
Truseillo, or J^Tusstra Senoru de la Paz,
town of Venezuela, 220 miles S ot Mara-
caybo. Lon. 69 15 W, lat. 9 21 N.
Trydriffen, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania ; situated between Charles-
town and Radnor townships ; and joining
Montgomery county on the NE. In 1810
the inhabitants amounted to 1253, and in
1820, 1449.
Tsehopa, town of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, in the circle of Erzgeburg. It is
celebrated for its blue manufactures.
Tschoulyms, nation of Tartars, who oc-
cupy the country lying between the upper
part of the rivers Ob and Yenisei. The
country which they inhabit is for the most
part, fertile with large forests, and moun-
tainous only about the banks of the two
Yiousses, which take their sources among
the mountains of the proviice of Yeniseisk,
near the river of that name. In imitation
of the Ostyaks fishing and hunting are
their principal occupations The latter
furnishes them with the means of paying
their tribute, which is in Marten skins.
Tschutski, country oS the E extremity of
Asia, opposite the NW coast of America,
bounded by the Anadir on the S. The
climate is cold, the soil marshy, abounding-
m rocks, barren, bare of woods, and ex-
tremelv wild and savage.
1020
Tshetshea, See Kisti.
Tsi-nnn, celebrated city of China, the
capital of Chang-t'ing. It is seated S of
the river Tsi, or Tsing-ho, 160 miles S by
E of Pekiiig. Lon. 117 25 E, lat 36 30 N.
Tsi-nir'^-tcheuu, city of Cr.ina, in the pro-
vince of Chang-tung, and district of Yen-
tchefiu.
Tshin tcheou, commercial city of China,
in Chang-t';ng.
Tsong-ming, island of China, 15 miles
long and 10 broad, lying at the mouth of
the Kian-ku, and si-parated from tlie pro-
vince of Kiangnan, by two channels, 13
miles broad. Its principal revenue arises
from sail, which i;. made in such abundance,
on the N side of the island, that it can sup-
ply most of the neighbouring countries.
It contains only one city, of the third class,
but villages are very numerous. The coun-
try is delightful, and intersected by many,
canals. Tlie city, of the same name, is si-
tuate'at its SEend. Lon. 121 55 E, lat.
30 15 N.
Tsongrad, town of Hungary, capital of
a county of the same name ; seated on the
Tiesse, opposite the influx of the Koros,
26 miles N of Segedin.
Tuam, city of Ireland in the county of
Galway. The cathedral serves as a parish-
church. It is 20 miles NNE of Galway,
and 25 WSW of Roscommon.
Tiiban, one of the strorigest towns of
Java, with a harbour, and a king of its own.
It is seated on the N coast of the island.
Lon. Ill 51 E, lat. 6 0 N.
Tubingen, town of Suabia, in the king-
dom of Wirtemberg, with a ceitbrated uni-
versity. Here are good snuff manufac-
tures. It is seated on the Neckar, in a
country abounding in corn and wine, 20
miles S of Stutgard, and 50 E by S of
Strasburg. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 48 32 N.
Tucker'' s Island, or Flat Beach, four miles
long, and from half a mile to a mile wide,
six miles and a half S of the village of
Tucker^Gii, separated therefrom by the
bay of Little Egg Harbour, which in the
best channels is navigable for shallops, is
said to be the finest bathing upon the coast
on account of ;he gradual descent into the
surf; it is much frequented by tlie citizens
of Philadelphia, and the adjacent parts of
New Jersey.
Tuckerion, post village and port of entry,
in the townsliip of Little Egg Harbxir,
Burlington county, New Jersey, on t!ie
Atlantic Ocean, at the head of Tu, kerton
.Mill Creek, which empties mto the Bay of
Little Egg Harbour. This creek is navi-
gable for small craft. The village con-
tains about 60 dwelling Houses and Me-
thodist and Frier.ds meeting houses. The
dv/elUng houses, with the exception of one
of brick, are all frame, and generally paint-
cd, it is hafldsymely laid out. Streets
•P V E
T U 1.
crossing at right angles and shaded with
poplar and willow tree 5. There is one
hotel and two other public taverns in the
village, two castor oil rniils in operation
which manufactures c msideruble q'lan'.ities
of oil from the bean cultivated in the vi-
cinlty, or from those imp rted ; one salt
manufactory, wh c; produces ^alt by eva-
poration suificient to supply the neighbour-
ing country ; and in the Winter jjl luber
salts are manuf:ictured I'her is also near
the village a saw and gri«t mill I'lii: n-i-
tural curiosities near the village are a
spring of fresh water in the s.di marsh
near the Bay. The villaj'e is a p -it of en-
try for the district of I uil. E<;g llfi.b >ur,
which extends from Barnegat to Briga;itii.e
inlet. Distance from Philadelphia, 52 miles.
Tncuman, extensive province of Souh
America, lying between Chili and Para-
guay, to the E of the And.-s, and VV of
Rio de la P.ata. Tiiis province, with itie
country S of the river Pl-ta, forms an ex-
te;isive plain, almost widiout a tree The
5oil is a deep ferale mould, watered by
many streams from the Andes, and clothed
in perpetual vcrdupe. In this ricli pas-
turage, the horses and cattle imported from
Europe have mtiltiplied to an almost in-
credible degree. This has enabled the in-
habitants, not only to open a lucrative trade
with Peru, by supplying it with cattle,
horses, and mules, but to carry on a com-
merce equally beneficial, by the exporia-
tion of hides to Europe ; notwitlistand.ng
which, the towns in this couniry are no 1
better than paltry villages, to which the
Spaniards have endeavoured to add some
dignity, by erecting them bishopricks.
Tudela, town of Spain, in Navarre, with-
a castle. It is seated in a country that pro
duces good wine, on th - r vei- Ebro, 44
miles S of Pamplona, and 100 E ot Burgos.
Lon. 1 38 W, lal. 41 12 N
Tver, government of Russia, ffjrmerly a
province in the govern-nent of Xovogorod
It Was the first province modelled accord-
ing to the code of laws of Catharine II.
The country produces abundantly ah kinds
of corn and vegetables. Its forests yield
the most vaiunble timber. Tlie quadru-
peds, and the feathered race, are the same
as in all the N of Europe. Besides the
fish common to most lakes and rivers, there
is one peculiar to the waters of thp»- nortii-
ern regions, called the sterlet, the adpen-
ser i~utlienus of Lmnaeus, and is a species of
sturgeon, highly esteemed for the flavour
of its flesh, and for its roe, of which the
finest caviar is made.
Tver, city of Russia, capital of a govern-
ment of the same name. It is a place of
considerable commerce, being seated at
the conflux of the Tverzaand Volga, .ilong
which is conveyed all the merchandise sent
by water from Siberia, and the S provinces,
towards Petersburg. It is divided into the
olu and new town: the former, situate
on tue opp'siie side of the Volga, consiits
almost entirely of wooden cottages Ca-
therine H. ut h r own expense, raised '.he
governor's house, the episcop :1 palaci^, the
courts of jus;ic'.-, the exch^iiigt, the |.'ris./!!,
and some other public edifices ; and to
every person u ho eni^ageii to buiid a
house of brick, she oflfi^red a loan of iJOl.
for 12 years, without mterest The s'ree.s
are broad and long; exiending in str.iiglit
lines, from an octatcon in the centre : tiie
houses of this cctag')n, and of t!ie princi-
p.il sreets, are tf brick, stuccoed white,
and m.ike a magnficeiit appearance. Here
is an ecclesiastical seminary, vi'dich admits
600 stuo'eiUs, In 1776, iht; c np-essf 'Uad-
ed a school for the msiruction &■. 200
burght-ps' children ; and in 1779, ar aca-
demy for the education of 120 of the
yi)ung nobility of the pioii.ice. Tver is
99 miies NXVV of Moscow. Lon. 36 i
E, lai. 56 7 N
Tuftonhurough, township of Strafford
ceu'itv. New Hampshire, on riie VVinnepis-
seogee. Population 1810, 709; and in
1820, 1232
Tugeloo River, one of the constituents
of Savannah river, and which for some dis-
tance separates South Caroiina from Geor-
gia.
Tiiggsville, post office, Clarke county,
Alabama.
Tuggurt, country of Barbary, in Af-
rica
Tuggurt, town of Barbary, in Africa,
capital of a country of the same name,
310 miles SSE ot Algiers. Lon. 5 10 E,
lat S3 0 N.
Tula, government of Russia, former-
ly a province of thf government of Mos-
cow, Containing 12 districts. Its capital
Resan, is seat*-d qn the Tubesh, 118
miles SE ot Moscow. Lon. 40 45 E, lat.
55 25 N.
Tulebras, town of Spain, m Navarre,
situated on the nver Queois, seven miles
W of Tudela
TuUamore, town of Ireland in King's
County, situated on a river of the same
name.
Tulles, episcopal and commercial town
of France, ni the department of Correze
and late province of Guienne It is seat-
ed at the coiiHuence of the Correze and
Solaiif", partly on a mountain, and pAitly
below it, in a country surrounded by
mountains and precipices. 37 milt"- SE
of Limoges, an i 62S\V ot Clermont Lou.
1 42 VV, lat. 45 23 N.
Tullow, town of Ireland, in the county
of Carlov*^, 38 miles SSW of Dublin.
Tully, township in Onondago county.
New York ; situated between Sempronius
1021
T \] N
TUB
®,nd Fabius, equidistant from both, where
is a post iffict-. Population 13^0, 119-i.
Tuln, town of G riHany, in Austria,
near tlie Wienarwild, or wood <'t Vii una,
and near the river Tuin, in a country
abounding in cc.rn and wine. 15 n\iltrs W
of Viei.na, Lnn 16 6 E. lat 4S 14 N.
Tulfiehotk-'n, creek in Pennsylvania,
which rises in Dauphin county, and its
gtntral course is SE till it fails into die
Schuylkill about half a nnile ab !ve tht-
biirough of Reading. A company has
been incorpurated for cutting a canal
between this creek and the Swatara, in
order to -pen a water comnnu lication be
twetn the rivers Delaware and Susque-
hannah.
Tu'fiehockfn, township of B^-rk's coun-
ty, Peiinsylvania, lying on the wat-rsof
the above mentioned creek, and contain-
ing sviih Btrn and B. th'-l townships
5800 inhabitants in ISlj ; and in 1320,
3:238.
Tumbez, town of South America, in
P( ru, in the audio ce of Quito It v/as
formerly a place of some wote. with a
magnificent temple, and an incas' palace.
The Spainardi titst landed here, on dis-
coveri'ig tlie country. It is seated on ;he
Pacific Ocfan, 270 miles S bv W of Quito.
Lo!!. 79 51 VV Ut. 3 40 S '
Tumet, rapid river in Perthshire,
which, after exhibiting inany beautiful
cataracts, f rms itself into a lake, called
Loch Tumei, and then falls into the
Garry.
Tunieti, town of Siberia, in the pro-
vince of To!)olsk, 125 milts W of To-
bolsk.
Tii?}ifiach, town of G rmany, in Bava
ria, 17 miles NNW of Amberg, and 32
ENEof Nuremberg. Lon. 11 55 E, lat.
49 40 N.
Tunbridge, town in Kent, on the 'l\in,
one of the five branches of the Medway,
over each of which is a stone brid^^e.
It is 12 miles WSW of Maidstone, and
30 SSE of London. Lon. 0 20 E, lat. 51
14 N.
Tunbridge, Wells, town in Kent, five
miles S of' Tunbridge. It is much re-
setted to in June, JulVt and August, on
account of its chalybeate waters, dis
covered in 1606, by Dudly lord Nnrth.
The Wells are o5 miles SSE of Lnn
don.
Tunbndge, township of Orange county,
Vermont, situated between StraflTord and
Rar'doipli and joining Windham county
in the S. The populati n was stated at
1640, in the census of 1810 ; and in 1820,
perhaps 1700.
Tunkiiiskoi, town of Russia, situated on
the Irkut, 80 miles SW of Irkutsk. Lon.
103 15 E, lat. 51 18 N.
1022
Timkhannock, township of Luzerne
co.inty, Peniisvlvania, containing 884 in-
hainttnts in 1810; and in 1820, 1132.
Sitmtid on the east branch of Susque-
ha.inah, and watered by Tunkhannock
creek.
Tunkhaimock, small river of Pennsylva-
nia, rising in Susquehannah, and^ flowing
SW into Luzerne county, falls into Sus-
quehannah river, 55 aiiles above Wilkes-
barre
Ttinja, town of New Granada, in South
America, capital of a district of the same
name. It is seated on a nigh mnuntain,
in a cou' try v^here there are gold and
emeralds, 30 aiiles SW of Truxillo. Lon.
73 5 E, lat. 5 0 N
'I'lunn, kingdom of Africa, bounded
on the N by tlie Mediterranean, on the E
by that sea and Tripoli, on the S and S W
by Bileduigt rid, £;>d on the W by Al-
giers*. It extends 300 miles from E to W,
and 25!j from N to S The most re-
markable rivers are tb.e Guadilcarbar,
Magri:;a, Magereda, and Caps. The
f()rm of government is aristocratic, that
is. by a c 'Uncil whose president is the dey.
The metnbers of the divan, or council,
are chosen by the dey, and he, in his
turn, is electvd by the divan, which is
compcised of soldiers, who have mire
than once taken off the dey's head. The
inhabitants carry on a great trade in linen
and w(K>llen cloth. In the city of Tunis
aloat-, are above 300J clothiers and wea-
' ver«. 'I'hey have alsn a trade in horses,
olives, oil. soap, and (-.striches' eggs and
feathers The established religion is
M.thometanibm ; and the inhabitants con-
sist of Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews, and
Christian slaves.
Tunis, large and celebrated city of
Barbaiy, capital of a kingdom of the
same name. It is seated on the point of
the gulf of Goletta, about 10 miles from
the sitr of the famous city of Carthage.
The city has no water, but what is kept
in cisterns, except one well, kept for the
bashaw's use. The harbour has a very
narrow entrance, through a small chan-
nel, which is well fortified The Ma-
hom^ tans have nine colleges for students,
besides a great number of smaller schools,
Tunis is a place of great trade, 10 miles
from the sea, 275 NW of Tripoli, and
380 E of Algiers. Lon. 10 16 E, lat, 36
42 N.
'runkevstoxon. See Ephrata.
Tirra. town of Germany, in the county
of Tyrol, 24 miles SW of Trent.
Titrbot, northern township of North-
umberland county, Pennsylvania, on the
Susquehannah river, containing 2917 in-
habitants in 1810, and in 1820. 2752.
1 U K
T U R
Turdihehii, town of France, in the de-
partmerit of Upper Rhine, and iale pro-
vince of Alsace, remarkable for a vic-
tory gained here by Tureiinf, ovrr the
Austrians, in 1675 It is seated near
the river Colmar, one mile NW of Col-
mar.
Turconi, town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, where the allies, un-
der tht? duk'f of York, were defeated by
the French in 1794. It is six miles NNE
of Lille.
Turcommania, province of Turkey, in
Asia, part of Armenia.
TurcomaiiSt Terekemens, or Trukhmeni-
ans, people of Asia, who speak the
Tiiikish dialect of the Tartar language,
and inhabit the Eastern slope of Mount
Caucasus, the coast of the Caspian about
Boinak, Derbent, and Utemish, and thr
southern promontory between the sea
and the river Alazan. Most of these
tribes are now nominally subject to Rus-
sia. They are the Cardrichians of Xe-
nophon.
Turen/ie, town of France, in the de-
partment of Correze, 16 miles SSW of
Tulle.
Turin, fortified city of Piedmont, ca-
pital of the d •minions of ttv king of
Sardinia. It stands in a fertile plain, at
the confluence of the D;iria with the
Po. Here is a citadtl, d<emtd the
strongest in Europe ; and a university
founded in 14u5, by Amadoe duke of
Savoy. Most of the streets are well
built, uniform, straight, and terminate on
some agreeable obj ct: the Strada di
Po, the finest a.id iargfst, kads to the
royal palace, and is adorned with
piazzas, filled with shops ; as are vari-
ous others of the best streets ; all of
which are kept clean by means of a
canal from the Doria, with sluices that
flow through them into the Po. The in-
habitants are computed to be 80000.
The citadel is a regular ptntag< n, and
comprehends an extensive and well-
furnished arsenal, a cannon foundry, a
chemical laboratoiy, &c. There are fine
walks on the rampt-.rts and walls of the
city ; fine gardens on the side of the
river Po ; and a charming public place
called the Corfo, where many people
assemble in an evening to exhibit thvm-
selves and their equipage. Near this
city, on the banks of the Po, is the beau-
tiful castle of Valentin, the garden of
which is applied to botanical studies.
In 1814, it was restored to the king of
S?irdmia. Turin is 68 miles NW of Ge-
noa, and 80 SW of Mi:an. Lon. 7 40 E,
lat 45 4 N.
Turi-age, town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Sudermanland, 24 miles VVSW
of Stockholm.
Tiiri/isk, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment if roboisk. with a fort, 190 miles
W by S of Tobejlsk. Lon. 63 44 E, lat.
58 5'N.
Turivncari), town of Hindoostan, in
Mysoi'c, consisting of an outer an inner
fort, strongly defended by a ditch and
mud wall, and an open suburb at a
little distance. Here are two small
temples of curious workmanship. It is
34 miles S of Sera, and 50 N cf Seringa-
patam.
Tyrkestmiy country of Western Tartary,
boimded on the N and E by the country of
the Kalmucs, S by Bokharia, and W by the
lake Aral. The cliief of this country is
generally called the khan of the Karakal-
palis. The capital is Taraz.
Turkey, large empire, extended over
part of Europe, Asia, and (\frica. Turkey
in Europe is bounded on the N by Croatia,
Sclavonia, Hungnvy, Transilvania, and Po-
land, E hy New Russia, the Black sea, the
sea of Marmora, and the Arohipelago, S by
the Mediterranean, and VV by that sea and
the Venetian and Austrian territories. It
contains Moldavia, Bessarbia, W.lachia,
Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part of Cro.iua
and Dalrriatia, Romania, Mscedonia, Alba-
nia, Janna, Livadia, and the Morca. These
countries lie between 17 and 4J E Ion. and
36 and 49 N lat. Turkey in Asia is bound-
ed on the N by the Black sea and Circas-
sia, E by Persia, S by Arabia, and W by
t'.e Me literriuean and the sea of Marmora.
It lies between 27 and 46 E Ion. and 28
and 45 N lar. and contains the countries of
Irac-Arabi, Diarbek, Cordistan, Armenia,
Caramania, N tolia, ;ind Syria, with Pales-
tine. In Africa, the Turks have Egypt,
part of Nubia, and Barca ; and the states of
Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers are under their
protec'ion. Or these countries (which
see respectively) the clim;ite, productions,
manners, &c. must be various. The
Turks are generally robust, well-shaped,
and of a good mien. I'hey shave their
heads, but wear long beards, excep' those
in the seragli , or palace, and military
men, who wear only whiskers. The tur-
ban worn by the men is white, and consists
of long pieces (!f thin linen made up to-
ge'her in sever d folds. N;> one but a
Turk must pres'ime to wear a white tur-
ban. T eir elm lies are long and full.
They sit, eat, and sleep on the floor, on
cushions, mairasses, and carpets. In
general, they are very moderate in e.ting,
and their meals are despatched with great
hasie Their princ'pai fvod is rice ; and
the f ugal repas; is oHowed by fruit and
cold w.ater, which art. succeeded by hot
coffee, and pipes with tobacco. With
1023 ^
T U R
T tJ S
opium they procure what they call a kief,
or placid intoxication. Chess a;ui dratigiits
are favourite games ; and the coffee-houses
and batlis furnish other sources of amuse-
ment. Polys^amy is allowed among tliem .
bu> The.r wivee, pr^^perly so called, are no
more than four in number. The fair sex
here are kept tinder a rig^orous confine-
meni : th Arabc word Harani, which sig-
nifies.a -acred or proiubited thing is, in its
fidUsi sen.-e, used bo'h of the habitation
of ihe wonnen, aivd of the women them
selves. The Turks believe m one God,
and that his gr at pr> phet is Maliomet :
they ai^propriate to ihemselves the name
of Moslemin, which has been corrupted
into Musselman,signi ving persons pro es-
sing the doctrine (.f Mahomet, which he
calls Ishim. Drinking wii.e is prohibited
by this prophet n the Koran, yet the
Turks make use of t occusi>)nally, without
any scruple ; tliough instead of it they
ger.erally use snerbet a liquor made of
honey, spices, and the juice of fruits.
They expend great sums on fountains, not
only in the towns, but in the country, and
other ."•olitary places, fnf the refreshmen: of
travellers and labourers. They are chari-
table towards strangers, let their religion
be what it will ; and no nation sulfers ad-
versity with greater patience than they.
The gr^nd signior is absolute master of the
goods and lives of his subjects, insomuch
that they are little better than slaves. The
grand vizier is the chief next the emperor ;
but it is a dangerous place, for he often
deposes them, and takes ofPthtir heads at
his pleasure Though the grand signior
has such prodigious power, he seldom ex-
tends it to persons in private life, for these
may remain as quiet as in any other part of
the world. The nobility among the Turks
aie the chief military officer.*, judges, and
ecc!esia.-tics. The beglei begs or viceroys,
the bashaws or governors, ihe sangiacs or
depuU-governors, and the officers oi state,
are, m gene:al, the children of Christian
parents, who aie commonly taken in war,
or purchased. The Turks have always
very numerous armies on foot, the chief of
which are the janisaries, who have been
bred in the seraglio, and have used military
discipline from ti eir infancy. Of these
they have always 25 000, and there may be
about 100 000, who have that n.ime. The
tributary princes are obliged also to send
auxiliaiies. The whole Turk sh army is
nominally about 400,000 men, but effec-
tively no. i-b -ve 150,000. Their na%y,
which is laid up at Constantinople, consists
of about -10 larg- sh ps; but in time of war
auxiliarv ships are received from Algit rs,
Tunis, and Tripoli ; they also buy up or
hire merchant ships, and' thus raise a fleet
nf 150 sail, exclusive of galleys. Constanti-
nople is the capital of all Turkev. This
10?4
empire is now in a disturbed state. The
Greek of the .M.irca, and the adjacent
places have revolted, and have hitherto
s:icce sfully sustained their revolt. In all
human probabdity, if left to themselves,
I hat part of Europe is lost to the Ottoman
Turks
Turkey, townsh p of Essex county, New
Jei-Si-y, 14 mdes NW from Elizabeih town.
rii^kei! Foot, post vdiage, Somerset
coiinty, Pennsylvania.
Tiirkeii Point, Cecil county, Maryland,
betwce.' Ni-rdi East river and Eik river.
Tnikheim See Durk/wini.
TurA'in, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian
sea, l40 mi es S pf Astracan. Lon. 47 15
E, .at. 44 15 N.
Tu'-nagain Cape, cape on the E side of
the nort.-eru island of New Zealand. Lon.
176 56 E, lai 40 28 S.
Twnan, town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Bunizlau, on the river Iser, 12 miles N
NE of J'mg Buntzlau.
Turner, post town In Oxford county,
Maine, on the west side of Androscoggin
river, 18 miles E from Paris. Population
in 1810. 11,9 ; and in 1820, 1726.
Turnhout, town of Brabant. Here Prince
Maurice in 1600. at the head of 800
cavalrv, routed a Spanish army consisting
of 6000 horse It is 24 miles NE of Ant-
werp. Lon. 5 0 E, lat 51 22 N.
Tnrsi, town of Italy in Naples, seated on
the river Sino, 50 miles S W of Bari. Lon.
16 50 E, lat. 40 36 N.
Turtle Creek, creek of Allegany county,
Pennsylvania, falls into the Monongahela,
12 miles above Pittsburg.
Turtle Creek, township of Shelby countv,
Ohio, containing the vdiage of Sydnev.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Turtle Creek, township of Warren coun-
ty, Ohio, containing the village of Lebanon.
Population in 1820, 4773.
Turtle Island, island in the Pacific
Ocean. Lon. 177 5 W, lat. 19 48 S.
Tuscaloosa, county of Alabama ; bounded
S by Perry and Greene ; W by Pickins ;
N by Jefferson, and E by Shelby and Bibb.
Length 40; men width 30; and area 1200
square miles. Tuscaloosa river winds
across this county from N to S. Chief
town, Tuscaloosa.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 3,101
do. dp. females - • 2,793
I -
Total whites ... - 5,894
Free persons of colour, males 0
do. do. females 0
Slaves, males - - - 1,176
do. females - - - 1,159
Total population in 1820
8,229
i* U S
•r w E
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturali«e3 - -3
Engaged in Asjriculture - 2,600
do. in Manufactures - 78
do. in Commerce - 46
Population to the square mile, 7 nearly.
Tuscaloosa, village and seal of justice,
Tuscaloi:sa county, Alabama, on the bank
of Tuscaloosa river, about o5 miles above
the mouth of that stream.
Tuscanij, sovereign state of Italy, with
the title of a grand duchy ; bounded on
the N by Romagna, the Bolognese, the
Modenese, and the Parmesan ; on the S by
the Mediterranean ; on the E by the duchy
of Urbino, the Peru^ino, the Orvietano,
the patrimony of St. Peter, and the dr.chy
of Castro ; and on the W by the Mediterra-
nean, the territory of Lvicca, and that of
Genoa It is 130 miles long, and 100
broad, and watered by several rivers, of
whicli the A.rno is the chief. There are
several mountamsi, in wliicii are mines of
iron, alum, and vitriol ; also quavries of
murble, alabaster, and porphyry, besides
hot batlis and mineral waters Many parts
of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and pro-
duce plenty of citrons, oranges, pnmegra-
nates, and other fruits. The .nhubitants
are distinguished by their attachment to
commerce, and have established various
manufactures, particulaily of silks, stufls,
eanhen ware, and gili leather. They are
much visited by foreigners, on account of
their politenes.s, and becavise the Italian
language is here spoken \n its greatest
purity. This duchy is divided into three
parts ; namely, the Floi'entino, the Pisano,
and ihe Sienese. It is now an indepe.ide .t
duchy ijoverned by an Austrian prince.
Population 1,180,000. Chief cities, Flo-
rence, Leghorn, and Pisa.
Tuscaratoas river. See St. Latvrence
basin.
Tuscarawas couniii, bounded N by Stark,
Vi by Harrison, S by Harrison and Guern-
sey, and W by Coshocton counties Ft is
30 by 29 miles in exie-it, containing 680
square miles. The principal waters are the
Tuscarawas, San.iy, Conoten, Stillwater
and Sugar creeks. Chief town, New Phila-
delphia.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,582
do. do. females - - - 1,457
Total whites - - - - 3,039
A.11 other persons except Indians
not taxed . . , . 6
Slaves . . - . . 0
Total population in 1810 - . - 3,045
Population in 1820.
Free whites, males - - 4,299
do. do. females - - 4,025
6 G
All other persons except In(iiaii$
not taxed - .... G
Total whites ... - 8,324
Free persons of colour, males 2
do, do. females 3
Slaves, males _ _ . 0
do. females _ - - 0
Total population in 1820 - - 8,328
Ofihe>e;
Foreigners not naturalized - 296
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,364
do. in Manufactures "■ - 388
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to the square mile, 12.
TuscaraiuaSf township in the we.stcrri
borders of Stark county, Oiiio. Population
in 1820, 735.
Tiiscara-uias, small village on the west
bank of the Tuscarawas river, and in tho
county of the same name, Ohio, nine miles
southerly fi'om New Philadelphia.
Tnscaroras. See Oneidas
Tuds, town of the country of the Gri-
sdRs, 18 miles S by VV of Coire.
Tiiskaloosa, or Bhick Warrior, the prin-
cipal branch of Tombigbee ; rises in the
spurs' of Alleghany mountains, 20 or 25
miles south of the great bend of Tennes-
see, about 34° N lat. It is formed by
the union of the Big and I^ittle Warrior
river, having a general course to the
SW 230 miles falls into the Tombigbee.
The Tuskaloosa is navig^blt for boats
of requisite tonnage, 160 miles below its
mouth.
Tntbury, town in Staffordshire, 15 miles
E of Stafford, and 34 NE of London.
Lon. 1 40 VV, lat. 53 0 N.
Tvlacorin. town of Hindonstan, with a
Dutch factoiy. It is 60 miles NE of Cape
(::omnrin. Lon. 76 40 E, lat. s 15 N.
Tvtwa town < f Russia, situat< d on the
Lena. Lcn !05 4t' E Int 54 40 N,
TuTford. tiiwn in Nottinghamshire, 13
milts NNW of Newark, and 137 N by
W of London. Loa. 0 50 E, lat. 5J 16
N.
Tiiy, town of Spain, in Gallicia, 62
miles S of Compestella, and 254 west of
Madrid. Lon. 8 12 W, lat. 42 4 N.
Tnzla, town of Turkey in Asia, situa-
ted on a lake of the same name, 28
miles N of Cogni. Lon. 35 55 E, lat. 38
20 N.
T-iveed, river of Scotland, which rises
from innumerable springs in the moun-
tainous tract of Peeblesshire, called
Tweedsmuir. It divides England from
Scotland, arid falls into the German Ocean
at Berwick.
T-ae^ildnle, See Peeblesshire >
•19S.^'
Tiveedsmuir, rugged and heathy moun-
tain, in th'r S part of Petblessliii e.
TTvickerhavi^ Village in Middlesex, seat-
ed on the Thames, three rniies SSW of
Brentford. A branch of the Cohi here
falls into the Thames on which are erect-
ed some powder and oil mills.
T-,i'iggs, county of Georgia ; bounded
W by the Oakmulgee river, or Monroe
eounly ; Jones county X\V ; Wilkinson
NE ; and Pulaski SE. Length 27; mean
"widili 15 ; and area about 400 square
miles. Chief town, Marion.
Population in 1810.
Ej'ee white males - . - 1,434
do. do. females - - - 1,322
r Y R
Ohio river xNW ; Ohio county N; Har-
rison SE ; and Wood SW. Length 3j j
mean width 20 ; and area 600 square
miles. Surface very broken, but soil ge-
nerally fertile.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 1,116
do. do. females . - - 1,087
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites
All other persons except India
not taxed
Slaves . - - .
,ns
tns
s
2,756
7
642
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Eree white mules
do. do. females -
All other persons except Indij
not taxed
Total whites . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. female
Slaves, males ...
do. females
3,405
3,599
3,369
•
0
6,968
8
9
1,773
1,689
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
10.447
0
3,319
0
do in Commerce - - 22
Population to the square mile, 26.
Tioin^ township in Dark county, Ohio
Population 1820, 228.
Txoin, township in Ross county, Ohio ;
eight miles west from Chilicothe. Popu-
lation 1820, 1512,
T-ivin, township of Prebble county, Ohio.
Population 1820, 865.
Tybee, island of Georgia, at the mouth
of Savannah river.
Tyboine, SW township of Perry coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, joining the SE side of
the Tuscoroa mountain. In 1810 the in-
habitants were stated at 1799 ; and in
1820, 1965.
Tycokziii, town of Poland, in Polachia,
with a castle and a mint. It is seated
on the Narew, 22 tniles NW of Bielsk.
Lcn. 23 40 E, lat. 53 0 N.
Tydore, one of the Molucca Islands,
three leagues S of Ternate.
T^yler, county of Virginia ; bounded bv
1026
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females •
Slaves, males - - .
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do._ in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
2,314
1::
50O
43
5
Population to the square mile, 4 nearly.
Tyue, river in Northumberland, form-
ed by a branch from the county of Dur-
ham, and another from the hills on the
borders of Scotland. These uniting a
little above Hexam, form a large river,
wliich flows by Newcastle, and enters the
German Ocean, at Tinmouth.
Tyne, river of Scotland, which rises in
the mountains in the S of Haddington-
shire, w;itfi's Haddington, and enters the
German Ocean to the west of Dunbar.
Tynemoiith. See Tinmouth.
Tyngsboroitgh, postvil'age and township
in Middlesex county, Massachasetts ; 28
NW from Boston. Population 1810, 704;
and in 1820, 808.
Tyre, S( aport of Syria, in that part
formerly called Phoenicia, now a heap
of venerable ruins. It has two har-
bours, that on the N side exceedingly
good ; the other dioked by the ruins of
the city. It is 60 miles SW of Damas-
cus, and now called Sour or Sur. Lon.
35 50 E, lat. 33 18 N.
Tyrinq-ham, township of Berkshire coun-
ty, Massachusetts ; 15 miles SSE from
Lenox. Population 1810, 1682 ; and in
1820, 1443.
Tyrna-w, town of Upper Hungary, in
the palatinate of Trentschan, 30 miles
NE of Presburg. Lon, 17 33 E, lat. 48
23 N.
Tyrone, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Ulster, 46 miles long, and 37
broad ; bounded on the N b> Londondtr-
ry ; on the E by Armagh and Lough
Neagh, on the SW by Fermanagh, and
on the W by Donegal. It is a rough
country, but tolerably fruitful; contains
V A G
V A B
30 parishes, and sends 10 member-s to
parliament. The capital is Dungannon.
Tyrone, township of Perry county,
Pennsylvania ; between Big Buffaloe and
Sherman's creek, with Rye township in
the east, and Tyboine in the west. Ac-
cording to the census of 1810, it contain-
ed 2604 inhabitants ; and in 1820. 22.36.
Tijrone, one of the northtrn townships
of Fayette county Pennsylvania; betv/een
Yiuighiogany river, and Jacob's creek.
Population 1810, 989 ; and in 1820, 1058-
Tyrone, township of Hu' tingd' n coun-
ty, Pennsylvania ; on Sinking creek, 14
miles NW from Huntingdon. Population
1810, 753 ; and in 1820. S13.
Tyrrel, county of North Carolins; bound-
ed by Albemarle Sound N ; Roanoke
Sound E ; Pamlico Sound SE; Hyde coun-
ty S ; and Washington W. Length 40 ;
mean width 18 ; and area 720 square
miles. Surface level, and soil g neral-
ly poor, sandy, or marshy. Alligator
river, or bay, puts up from Albemarle
-Sound, and divides the county into two
nearly equal parts. Chief town, Ehza
beth.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,191
do. do. females - - 1,229
Total v.hites ... -
Free persons of colour, maleis -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . . - -
do. females - - - -
Total population in 1830 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Comrnf-rce
Total whites - - - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Slaves, . - - - -
Total population in 1810
2,420
34
910
3,364
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,498
do. do. females - - - 1,509
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 0
4,319
0
1,340
40
83
I'opula ion to ihe square mile, 6.
Tysu.d, town of Dcrnmark, in the pro-
vince i)f North Jutland, with a citadel,
on the gulf of Limford, 44 rtiiles NW of
Wiburg, and 46 W of Alburg. Lon. rf
25 E, lat. 56 54 N.
Tyvy, or Teivy, river in Wales, which
issuing from a lake on the E side of the
country, enters the bay of Cardigan, be-
low the town of Cardigan.
Ty-wappity, extensive Hat along the Mis-
sissippi river, in Miss uri ; partly in New
Madrid, and partly in Cape Girardeau
counties.
Tzadurilla, town of Natolia Proper,
near the river Sangar, or Aclu, 63 miles
SE of Isnic. Lon. 31 8 E, lat. 39 0 N.
Tznritzyn, town and fortress of Russia,
in the government of Sarat^f. It is seat-
ed on the Volga, 122 miles NW of Astra-
can. Lon 45 25 E, lat. 48 0 N.
Tzernitz, town of Turkey in Europe,
in Romania, near a river of the same
name, 32 miles NNE of Adrianople.
Lon. 26 40 E, lat. 42 5 N.
Tzivilsk, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Kasan, 57 miles west of Kasan.
Lon. 47 25 E, lat. 55 40 N.
V, u.
Vaasi, St. town of France, in the de-
partment of the Channel and late pro-
vince of Normandy, five miles froth Har-
fleur, and eight from Vulogne.
Vabres, town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, and late province
of Rcergue, 30 miles SE of Rodez, and
33 E of'Alby. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 43 57
N.
Vacha, town of Germany, in the land-
gravate of Hesse-Cassel, 40 miles SE of
Cassel. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 50 55 N.
Vache, one of the West India Islands,
lying to south of St. Domingo, opposite
St. Louis. The buccaneers began a set-
tlement here in 1673, and they made it
one of their rendezvous.
Vachelme, one of the Lipari Islands,
in the Mediterranean, near the coast of
Naples.
Vada, town of Italy, in Tuscany, seat-
ed on the Tuscan sea, 20 miles south of
Leghorn. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 43 15 N.
Vadagary, town of the peninsula of Hin-
doostan, in the province of Madura, 64
miles SSW of Madura.
Vadin, town of Turkey, in the Euro-
pean province of Bessarabia, situated on
the Danube, 32 miles west of Nicopoli.
Lon. 25 0 E, lat. 44 25 N.
Vado, seaport cf Italy, in the territory
of Genoa, with a fort ; taken by the
French in 1795 . It is three miles jvest ot
\ At
\ A h
Savena, aad 24 SW ef Genoa. Lon. § 8
E, lat. 44 15 N.
Vadstein, town of Sweden, in East
Gothland, on the side of the lake Wet-
ter, near the river Motala, 32 miles west
of Nordkloping. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 58
12 N.
Vaduiz, town and castle of Germany,
in Suabia, 26 miles south of Lindau, and
'34 SSE of Constance. Lon. 9 22 E. lat.
47 7 N.
Vaena, town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated at the source of the Castro, 23
miles SE of Cordova. Lon. 3 50 W, lat-
Sr 40 N.
Vaihingen, town of Germany in Suabia,
on the Neckar, 24 miles SW of Habliron.
Lon. 9 3 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Vaiseaux, small island of North Ame-
rica, on the north coast of Louisiana, be-
tween the mouths (if the Mississippi and
the Mobile, with a small harbour. See
iSMp Island.
Valais, county of Svvisserlaiid, extending
100 miles from E to W, and divided inl'o
Upper and Lower Valais. The former
reaches from Mount Furca to the river
Murge, below Sion; and ^he latter from
that river to St. Gingou, on the i.ike of
Geneva. Population 120,000.
Val, village of the Netherlands, three
miles W of Maestricht, where, in 1744,
marshal Saxe obtained a victory over the
duke of Cumberland.
Val di Demona, province of Sicily. It
means the valley of Demo' s, and is so cal-
led, because Mount ^tnais situati d in this
province, which occasioned ignorant and
superstitious p"ople, at he time of its fiery
eruptions, to believe it was a chimney of
hell. This province is said to contain up-
wards of 300,000 inhabitants. The capital
is Messina.
Val di JMazara, province in the W angle
of Sicify, so called from the town of Aiaza-
ra. It contains Palermo; the capital of the
whole island.
Valdl JK'otOf province of Sicily ; so called
from the Noto, which is its capital town.
Val Ombrosa, celebrated monas\ery of
Tuscany, in the Appennines, 15 miles E of
Florence.
Valckoiuar, town of Scl^vonia, seated on
the Walpo, near its confluence with the
Danube, between Esseck and Peterwara-
din, 70 miles NW of Belgi'ade. Lon. 19
51 E, lat. 45 55 N.
Valdai, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novogorod, on the side of a lake
of the same name Its environs abound
with beautiful lakes, sprinkled with woody
islands, and skirted by forests, cornfields,
and pastures.
Valdai, lake of, in the government of No-
vo|»ocod, in Russia. It is about 20 miles in
cireumfereBee. In the middle of it is an
island on wiiich there is a convent.
Valdai Hdls, hills of Russia, in the go-
vernments of Nov> gorod, Tver, and Volog-
da. Thty separate the sources of the Vol-
ga, from those of the Masta, Volkof, and
other streams flowing into the lialtic, and
lake Ladoga.
Valdasnes, town of Portugal, in the pro-
vince of Tra los Monios, nme miles ESE of
Mirandola.
Valdeburon, town of Spain. Lon. 4 55 W,
lat. 43 5 N.
Valdecona, town of Spain, 15 miles S of
Tortoso. Lon. 0 35 E, lat, 11 15 N.
Valdig-etJi, VA\n of Portugal, in Beira.
Valdivia. See Baldivia.
Valence, episcopal city of France, in the
department of Drome, ami late province of
Dauphim, on ih- Rhone, 30 miles N by E
or Vivers, and 335 S by E of Paris. Lon.
4 52E, lai.44 56 N.
Valence, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot and Garonne, and late pro-
vince of Gaienne, situated on the Garonne.
Valenca d' Alcantara, considerable town
of Spain, in Estramadura, 15 miLs SW of
Alacanti a, and 37 N of Badajoz. Lon. 6 30
W, lat. 39 26 N.
Vulencey, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre, and late province of Berrj'.
Valencia, province of Spain, formerly a
kingdom ; bounded on the E and S by the
Mediterranean, on the NE by Catalonia,
on the NW by Arragon, and on the W by
New Castile and Murcia. It is 162 miles
long and 62 broad, and is the most pleasant
and populous country in Spain, for here
they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is w;<ter-
ed by a great number of streams, which
render it fertile in all the necessaries of
life, especially fruits and wine ; and in the
mountains are mines of gold, silver, and
alum.
Valencia, city of Spain, capital of the
province of the same name, with a univer-
sity. It is a very populous place, and has
several good manufactures of cloth and
silk, carried on with gr at success and in-
dusiry ; for even the very children are em-
ployed "in spinning silk. It is seated on
the Guadalvia (over which are five bridges)
near ihe Mediterranean, 130 miles ESE of
Madrid. Lon. 0 10 E, lai . 39 23 N.
Valencia, JVe~v, town o- Caracas, seated
on the bike Tocaragea, 57 miles SW of
Port Cavallo. Lon. 65 30 W, lat. 9 50 N.
Valenciemies, city of France, in the de-
partment of the North. It contains about
20,000 souls, and the Scheldt divides it into
two parts. It is 20 m^les WSW of Mois, 28
SE of Lisle, and 120 NNE o! Paris. Lon.
3 37 E, lat 50 21 N.
Valenzo-do-Miidw, town of Portugal, in
the province of Entre-Mi.nho-e Donero,
seated on an eminence, near, fheriveu Mirt-
V A L
V A t
lio, rtiree miles S of Tuv, Lon. 8 11 W,
]at. 42 2 N.
Valentine, town of France, in the depart-
ment ol Upper Garonne, nine miles NE of
St. Bernard. Lon. 0 57 E, lat. 43 1 N.
Valenza, or Valencia, strong town of Italy,
iu the Milanese, capital. of the Lomclme,
and subject to the king' of Sardinia, on a
mountain near the river Po, 12 miles E of
Casal, and 35 SW of Milan. Lon 8 56 E,
lat. 44 58 N.
Valestra, town of Italy, in the ducliy of
Modeua. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 44 26 N.
Valletta. See JIalta.
Valeite, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Charente, and late provhice of An-
joumnis ten miles S of AngoUme. Lon 0
15 E, lat. 45 30 N.
Valkenburg, or Fauqnemont, town ot
Dutch L.inburg, on the G.icL. Lon. 5 50
E, lat. 50 52 N
Valladolid, city of Spain, in Old Castile.
Tiie environs of this ci'y are a finr pla n
covered w th gard n , orchards, vLiiey«rds,
meadows a id fiel is. It is seat ci on the
Kscurva and Pisuerga. near the Doiu ro,
52 miles SW of Burgos, 80 SE of Leon, and
95 N by W of Madrid. Lon. 4 25 W, lat.
41 50 N.
Valladolid, town in the peninsula of Juca-
tan, near the coasi of the bay of Kunduras,
94 miles E by S of Alenda. Lon. 88 30 E,
lat. 20 33 N.
Valladolid, town of Peru, in the audience
of Quilo, situated near the Andes. Lon. 73
5 W, la' 6 2 S.
ValUuloUd. intenda'icy of Mexico; bound-
ed by tiie Pacific Ocean W ; Guadalaxara
NW ; Guanaxuata, or Santlag'o river N ;
and Mexico NE, E, a :d SE Length 250 ;
mean width 100 ; and area about 26,400
square miles, {See table, page 590.) Situa-
ted on the Western deciiviiy of Auahuac ;
intersected with hills and charming v;iliey ,
which exhibit to the eye of the traveller,
St very uncommon appearance under th
ton'id zone, extensive and well water-
ed meadows. Valadoiid enjoys generally
a mild and temperate climate, exceedingly
conducive to the health of ihe inhabitants.
It is only when we descend the table
land of Aric, and approach the coast, that
we find a climate la which the new colo-
nists, and frequen'ly even the old iniiabi-
tan'is, are subject to the scKirge ofint r-
mittent and putrid fevers. The general
level, independent of particufir motnUain
summits, difliers in relative elevation from
the low shores of the Pac.fic to the fine
plain between the hills of Agua^arco, and
the villages of Teipa, and Petatlan 2600
feet above the surface of the ocean.
In this fine country the fruits and grain
of the temperate is followed, and frequent-
ly irrfrrnTJixed. with th& ]>lants of the torrid
zone. Cotton and Indigo are its most val-
uable vegetable staples. '
Valladolid contains two cties of consi-
derable magnitude, V^diadohd the capital
and Pasacaro Tzintzontzan, bears the
name of a city but is in reality a poor Indi-
an village. It contains a part of the volca-
nic region of Mexico. Sre loruilo. Within
its limits are tii-. mines of Zitiquaro, A.n-
gangueo, Tkpusahua, the Re-al del Oro,
and Inguaron.
Valladolid, de Mechoacan, capital of the
iHtendancy of the same name, is elevated
6396 feet above the level of the Occan, at
latitside 19 42 N. Snow has been known
to fall in its streets. The aqut duct which
supplies this city with potable water, cost
upwards of 900,000 dollars See Mecho-
acan.
Valiclonga. town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Uit.'riore. Lon. 16 4J E, lat. 38
44 N.
Vallemont, tcwn of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, and late pro-
vince of Normandy, vvith a castle, 16
miles N by W of Caudebec. Lon. 1 25
W. lat. 49 46 N
Vallencay., town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 47
10 N.
Vallengin, town of Swisserland, capi-
tal of a county of the same name, in the
principality of Neuchatel. It is seated
near the lake of Neuchatel, 25 miles NW
of Bern. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 47 0 N. See
JVeuchatd.
Vallers. town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, with some
mineral waters. Lon. 0 41 E, lat. 47
24 N.
Vallerij, St. commercial town of
France, in the department of Somme,
and late province of Pic.irdy, at the
m luth of the river Sdmme, whose en-
trance is very dangerous. It is 10 miles
NW of Abbeville, and 100 N by W of
Paris Lon. 1 37 E, lat. 30 11 N.
Vallery en Caux,St. si-aport of Fl'ance,
in the dt'partmt nt of Lower Seine, and
late province of Normandy, 15 miles W
by S of Dieppe, and 105 NW of Paris.
Lon 0 41 K, lat. 49 52 N.
Faliier. St. town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardeche, and late province
of Normandy, seven mik s NE of Tournon.
Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 10 N.
Valogne, town of France, in the de-
partment <'f the Channel, and late pro-
vince of Normandy, noted for cloth and
leather. It is seated on a brook, eight
miles from the sea, and 158 W by N of
Paris. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 49 50 N.
Valona, town of Turkey, in Europe,
in Upper Albania, with a harbour. It
is seated on the g.ulf of Venice , ne.^p
Tn?9
VAN
t A R
the mountains of Chimera, 50 miles S of
Durazza- Lou. 19 23 E, lat. 41 4 N.
Vai/iarayno, town of ChirK with a well
frequented iiarbou; d. tended by a strong
fort. It is seated on the Pacihc Ocean,
at the foot of a high mountain. Lon. 72
14 W, iat. o3 3 S. Since the revolution
in Spanish America has opened this
port 1817, it has become a place of very
extensive trade, but the enormous im-
portation of British goods, affords no safe
criieriun to estimate the solid prosperity
of Its inhabitants Acc' rding to Mr.
Morse, from February 1817, to July
1818, 3,S0a,U0O dollars worth of British
manufactured goods entered Valparayso.
Population 7U00.
Falrees, town of France, in the Ve-
naissin, 12 miles E of St. Paul Trois
Chateaux.
Fals, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardtche, and late province of
Dauphiny, remarkable for a min' ral
spring. It is stated on the Ardech, three
miles N of Aubcoas. Lon 4 26 E, Iat.
44 48 N.
Valteline, caHed by the inhabitants Val-
le-te lino, fertile valley of SAvisserland,
subject to the Grisons. It is about 50
miles in length, extending from the con-
fines of Bormio to the lake of Chiarenna,
and is enclosed between two chains of
mountains. It is separated by the N
chain from the Grisons, by the S chain
from the Venetian territories : on the
E it borders on the county of Bormio;
and is bounded on the W by the duchy
of Milan The Valtelines export wine,
silk, planks, cheese, butter, and cattle.
The inhabitants are computed to be
62,000, and are all Roman Catholics. It
now forms apart of the Lembardo-Vene-
tian kintidom.
Valverde. town of Portugal, in Beira,
on the confines of Spain, 30 miles N by W
of Alcantara, and 38 SSE of GuardiJi.
Lon. 6 19 W, lat. 39 44 N.
Valverde, town of Spain, in Estrama-
dura, and eight miles from Badajoz.
Van, town of Turkey, in Asia, in Ar-
menia near the frontiei's of Persia. It
is a populous place defended by a castle,
seated on a mountain. It is likewise a
beglerbegic, under which there are nine
sajigiacates, or particular governments.
The Turks always keep a numerous gar
rison in the castle. Lon. 44 30 E, lat.
38 30 N.
Vanceburg', post village, Lewis coun
ty, Kentucliy, near the Ohio river, 35
miles NEby E from Washington. There
are salt Avorks near this place,
Vandalia, seat of government Bond
county, Ulinol'?, on the right bank of
Kaskaskiasj viver about 55 miles from
1 o.'^^o
St. Louis. It was chosen whilst occupied
by a wilderness as the seat of govern-
ment for Illinois, and is now rapidly as-
suming the aspect of a flourishing village
wth the ordiriary state, and county
buildings found in those places in the
United States in which the state legis".
ature, and c-iunty courcs are held. Lon.
W C 12 1 W, lit 39 5 N. .
Vanderburgh, county of Indiana ;
bounded by Oiuu river S ; Posey W ;
and N; and Warrick E. Lvngth 20;
mean width 12 ; and area 240 square
miles It is drained by Big Pigeon creek.
Chief town, Evansviile.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 948
do. do. females - - 83 9
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
1,787
1,798
200
388
56
1
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
E:igaged in .Agricultui'e
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 7^-.
Van Diemen''s Land, the S extremity
of New Holland, discovered by Taxman,
in 1642, afterwards visited by captain
Cork.
Van Diejuen^s Road, road of the is-
land of Tongataboo, one of the Friendly
Islands. Lon 174 56 W. lat 21 4 S.
Vannes, seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Marbihan, formerly a bish-
op's see, seated on the gulf of Morbihan.
Its principal trade is in wheat and rye
for Spain ; and it has a trade als^in pil-
chards and sea eels. It is three miles
from the Atlantic, 56 W of Rennes, and
255 W by S of Paris. Lon. 2 46 W, lat.
47 39 N.
Vansville, post town Prince George
county, Maryland, 15 miles NE from
Washington.
Vanwert^ county in the NW part of
Ohio ; bounded by Paulding N ; Putnam
E and Allen E ; Mercer S; and state
of Indiana W Length 24 ; width 18 ;
and area 4S2 square miles.
Var, department of France, including
part of the late province of Provence.
Var, river which has its source in the
countv of Nice, and falls into the Mcdi-
V A ■!
H }■::
terratiean, four miles W of Nice . It gives
name to the above department.
- VaroUo, strong town of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan, 47 rniles WNW of Milan.
Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 45 42 N.
Varambon, town of France, in the de-
partment of Aiu, 14 miles NNW of
Bourge. Lon. 3 15 E, lat. 46 23 N.
Varella, cape on the E coast of the
kingdom of Ciampa. Behind it is a
mountain, remarkable for havinj? a high
rock on it& summit. Lon 109 17 E, lat.
12 50 N,
Varendore, fortified town of Germany,
in the bishopric of Munster, seated on
the river Embs.
Varennes, town of France, in the de-
■ partment of Allier, seated on an emi-
nence near the river Allier, 14 miles
SSE of Moulins. Lon. 3 31 E, lat. 46
22 N.
Varennes, town of France, in the de-
partment of Meuse. It is 13 miles N of
Clermont.
Varhdij, town of Transylvania, 60 miles
E ot Temeswar. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 45
40 N.
Variety, post village, Nelson county,
Virginia.
Farinas, province of Colombia, SVV
from Caraccas, on the head waters of
Apure river.
Varna, considerable seaport of Tur-
key in Europe, in Bulgaria, capital of
the territory of Drobugia, i-.ear the
mouth of the Varna, in the Black Sea,
22 miles N of Mesembria, and 145 NW of
Constantinople. Lon. 28 28 E, lat. 42
44 N.
Varzey. town of France, in the depart-
ment of Yonne, with a castle, 32 miles
from Auxerre.
Vasil, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novogorod, situated on the Vol-
ga, 60 miles E of Novogorod, Lon. 45 44
E, lat. 56 16 N.
Fassalboro\ post town in Kennebec
county, Maine ; situated on the E side
of Kennebec river, seven miles S of Fort
Halifax, 40 N of Wiscasset, and about
83 NE of Portland, containing 1188 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2484.
Vasscrburg, town of Bavaria. It is
surrounded by high mountains and seat-
ed on the river Inn, 28 miles E of Mu-
nich. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48 10 N.
Vassi, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Marne, seated on the
Blaise, 10 miles NW of Joinville, and
, 115 E of Paris. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 48
I; 27 N.
Vatan, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre, seated in a fine plain,
eight miles NW of Issoudun. Lon. 1
56 E, lat. 47 2 N.
Vatica, seaport of Turkey, in Europe,
in the iVIorea, situated in a bay of the
same i-.ame, 44 a.iles SE of Misitra. Lon.
23 2 E, lat. 36 38 N.
Vaucoleures, town of France, in the
department of Meuse, seated on the side
of a hill, near the river Meuse, 10 mi^es
\V of Toul, 22 SVV of Nanci, and 150 E
of Paris Lon. 5 40 E, lat 48 36 N.
See Domrcmy-tu Pucelle.
Vauclusc, department of Fiance,
which includes the county of Venaissin,
and territory cf Avignon.
VRucluse, village and fountain of
France, in the department to which it
gives name, 12 miles E of Avignon, ce-
lebrated by Petrarch.
Valid, Pays de, country of Swisser-
land, in the canton of Bern. It extends
along the lake of Geneva, rising gradual-
ly from the edge of that lake, and is
richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields,
and meadows, and checquered with
continued villages and towns, Lausanne
is the capital.
Vaudables, town of France, in the de-
partment of Puy de Donne, five miles
from Isloire, and 240 S by E of Paris.
VaudemoTii, town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurthe, with a castle It
is seated in the most fertile country for
corn in all Lorrain, 15 miles SE of Toul,
and 18 SW of Nanci. Lon. 5 67 E, lat.
48 26 N,
Vaudois, Valleys of, in Piedmont. They
lie N of t!3e marquisate of Saluzzo, and
the chief town is Lucerna. The inhabi-
tants are called Vaudois ; also Walden-
ses from Peter Waldo, a merchant at
Lyons who exposed the superstitions of
thcj church oi Rome, in 1160, and being
banished from France, came here with
his discipus. The Vaudois underwent
the most dreadful persecutions iti the
17th century, particularly in 1653, 1656,
,antl 1696
Vaudrcvaiige, decayed town of Fr.-^nce
in the department of Meurthe, seated on
the Sare, near the strong fortress of Sar
Louis, 50 miles NE of Nanci. Lon. 6 36
E, lat. 49 28 N.
Vauxhall,, village in Surrj', seated on
the Thames, two miles SW of London,
Ubeda, town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated in a fertile country, abounding
in corn, wine, oil, and fruits, especially
figs. It is five miles NE of Baeza, and
158 SE of Madrid Lon. 3 13 W, lat.
37 48 N
Uberlingin, city of Stiabia, in the county
of Furstenburg. 'I'iie mhabitants, who
are partly Roman catholics and partly pro-
testints, carry on a great trade in corn,
which they send to Swisserland ; and not
far hence xre very famous baths. It is
1031
V E C
V b L
seated on a higli rock, near the lake of
Constauce, 12 miles N of Constance. Lon.
9 10 E. lai. 47 5U N.
Ubes, St. or Setubal, fortified town of
Portugal, m Estremadiir.;, with a good
harbour, defended by tlie f .rt of Si. Ja^jo.
It is built on the ruins of the ancient Se-
tobriga, at the head of a bay, near ihe
mouth of the Zadaen. Ii is 22 miles SE
of Lisbon. Lon. 8 54 W lat 38 32 N.
Ubigau, t-)vvn of Upper Saxony, m Ger-
many, 2a miles SB of VViitemburg. L.m.
13 12 E, lai. 51 34 N.
Uby, or Pnlo Uby, island in the Indian
Ocean, at the entranc of ihe bay of Siam,
20 miles m circumference. It yields good
waier and plenty oi wood. Lon. 105 56
E, lat. 8 25 N.
Uchland See Uwchkmd.
Ucayale, one of the main sources of the
Amaz)n, formed by several streams, riving
about lat. 16 0 S, and lon W C 4 u E. It
flovv.s generally N, and falls into the Paro.
lon. W C 4 0 E, a.!d at lat, 11 0 S.
Ucker. river of Germany, which has its
source in a lake of the same name, near
Pi-enzlo, in the Ucker marche of Branden-
burg, runs N turough Pomerania, and be-
ing joined by the Rando, enters tne Frisch-
HA, a bay of the Baltic.
Uckei'7nu7ide, town of Germany in Upper
Saxony, on the Frisch Haf, a bay of the
Baltic, 25 miles NW of Sleiin. Lon. 14
12 E, lai. 53 53 N.
Uddevalla, tort'n of Sweden, in West
Gothland, situated in a bay of the Categate,
at the bottom of some steep rocks, at the
extrem ty of a smah but fertile v.dley. It
coDl.uns 3000 inhabitants, exports, iron
plaaiis, and herrings, and is 50 miles N of
. Gotheborg.
Udcnskoi, town of Siberia, in the g 'vern-
ment of Irkutzk, seated on tht- SE side of
the lake Balkul, on tlie road from Tobol!,k
to China, 1000 miles NW of Peking, and
1200 E of Tobolsk. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. ^3
ON.
Udina, or Udine,- city of Italy, capital of
IVmli. It contains 16,000 inhabitants, and
is seated in a large plain, near the rivers
Taglemento and Lisenzo, 10 miles N of
Aquileia, and 55 N by E of Venice. Lon
13 3 R,>t. 46 12 N.
Udskoi, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of irkutzk, near the Udcla, 1100 miles
ENE of Irkutzk. Lon. 135 30 E, lat. 55
16 N.
Vecht, river that has its source in West
phalia, near Munstt r, crosses the counties
of Slenford and Bentheim, and entering
Overyssel, passes by Ommen, Haffelt, and
Swartsluys, below which it falls into the
Zuider-Zee, under the name of Swartwa-
tei', that is Blackwiter.
Vecht, river of the Netherlands, which
toatKh^s off fi'om ti^e old channel of the
tow-
Rhine, at Utrecht, and enters the Zuilef-
Zee, at Miiyden,
Vechta, fortified town of Germanj', in
the circle of Westphalia, and bishopric of
Munster, 30 miles N of Osnaburg. Lon.
8 24 K, lat. .52 54 N-
I edenskoi, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Archangel, on the Vokscha, 200
miles ESE of Archangel. Lon. 46 44 E,
lat. 58 45 N.
Veere. See Tervere.
Veglia, island in the guif of Venice, on
the coast of Dalmatia, with a good harbour,
It is 'he most populous island on this coast,
abounds in wine and siik. The only town,
of the same .-lami-, is seated on the sea, on
a hill commanded by two mountains, 17
miles NW of Arbe, and llOSE of Venice.
Lon. 14 64 E, lat. 45 22 N.
Vagliana, town of Italy in Piedmont, in
the marquisate of Susa, seated on the emi-
nence, near -the river Doria, 12 miles NW
of Turin. Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 45 7 N.
^ Veiros, town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
with ;i ca-tle, seated on the Anhaloora, 10
miles SSW of Portalegre, Lon. 7 34 W,
lat. 38 57 N.
Veit, St. strong town of Germany, in
.\ustria, sealed at tlie confluence of the
Glan and Wanich, 8 miles N of Clagenfort,
and 173 SW of Vienna. Lon. 14 2*0 E, lat.
47 1 N.
Vdt, St. strong seaport of Istria. See
Fimne.
Vela, cape of South America, on the N
coast of Terra Firma, 160 miles ENE of
St. Man ha. Lon. 71 25 W, lat. 12 50 N.
J clay, late province of France, bounded
on thr N by Forez, on the VV by Auvergne,
on the S by Gevaudan, and oil the E by
Vivarez. it is full of high mountains, co-
vered with snow the greater part of the
year, but abounds in cattle. It now forms
the department of Upper Loire.
Veldeii, town of Germany, in the circle
of Bavaria, 22 miles NW of Ratisbon.
JLoii. 11 50 E, lat. 40 10 N.
Veldentz, town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, seated on the Moselle,
13 miles NE of Treves. Lon. 7 3 E, lat.
49 52 N.
Veleki Ustiug, province of the Russian
government of Vologda. Ustiug is the
capital.
Veletri^ or Vdletri, town of Italy in Cam-
pagnadi Roma It is a very pleasant place,
and therf are large squares adorned with
fine four. tains. It is seated on an -^mi-
nence, surrounded by hills, eight miles
ESE of Albano, and 20 SE of Rome. Lon.
12 55 E, lat. 41 46 N.
Velez, town of Spain, in New Castile,
with a castle, and 45 mdes NE of Toledo,
and 50 SE of Madrid. Lon. 2 22 W, lat.
40 0 N.
Velfz-de'GoffHCraj, town of Afri<^ in tho
£N
\ E N
kingdom of Fez, with a harbour scaled Free persons of Cfflour, males
between two higli mountains, on the Mc-' do. do. females
diterranean, 120 miles NNE of Fez. Loa Slaves, males
4 0 W, lit. 35 10 ^^ do. females
I'elez Malaga, town of Spain, in Grana-
di, seated in a hrjje plain, near tlie Me- Total population in 1820 -
diterran an sea, 12 miles NK of Mala.sj'a,
and 52 S\V of Granada. Lon, 3 21 W, Of these;
lat. 36 42 N. Forei,^n<rs not natnral'zed
rf/2>a, town of Sclavonia, seated on tlie Engaged in Af^ric Itnre
river Bakawa, 10 miles E of Crueiz, and do. in M;*n'.ifactnres •
60 NW of Posega. Lon. 16 50, iat. 46
18 N.
Velino, small river of Italy, flows past
Terni, and near that town falls over a pre-
cipice 300 feet. See Terni. This is the
cataract so poeiically described by iiyron.
Velore, town of Hindoostin, in the Car-
n^'.tic. It is a post of great importance,
commandinsr the great road from Mysore
13
15
. 0
0
4,915
15
930
135
into the Gariiatic. It onsists of tl.ree
do. in Goinmerce - - o
Population to tlie square mile, 4.
Venango, NE townsliip, Butler county
Pennsylvania.. Popnlauon in 1320, 353.
VenniK-'o, one oftlie northern tov;nships
of Crawford county, Pennsylva'iia, NVV
from French creek six miles N fr(mi Mgad-
ville. Popnlition in 1820, 630.
Tenant, St. town of France, ih tlie de-
,. . -. .,, 1' ,„ parlment ot the straits of Calais, and late
stronc: <orts on as many niils, and is ueem- ' . p • ■ - . .'. .
- " - -• • nrovmce ot Ar.ois
ed impregnable tn an Indian army. It is
ninety miles W of Madras, and 214 fr >m
Seringapatam.
Veltzen. See Ultzen.
Vena, or .Monii-deUu-Vena, monnl.ains of
Carniola, on the confines of Istria, or^ the
S of the lake Czernic.
Venafro, town of Italy in Naples, in Ter
It can be laid under
water at any ti;ne, v.jiicli is its chief de-
fence, and is 2/ miles SB of Dunkirk, an<l
23 NW of Arras. Lon. 2 39 E, Iat. 50
38 N.
Ve'nasque, tov.m of Spain, in Arragon, in
a valley of the same name, 'with a strong
castle. It is seated on the Essnra, in a coun-
ra di Lavora, with a bishop's see, seated t'T producing good wme, 35 miles E of
near ti;- VoUumo, 27 miles W of Capua, P>aibastro. Lon 0 25 K, ht. 41 58 N.
and 43 N of Naples. Lon. I-i 19 E, Iat. Venetighern . town of the penmsula of
43 32 N. Hindoos an, 51 miles E of Bangalore, and
Veiiai'ssiii, smad but fertile territory of 54 W of Arcot. Lon. 78 38 E, Iat. 13
France, lately depending on t!ie pope, but
now decreed a p^r; of Fra'ic-, .uid inclu-
ded in tiie d 'nariment of Vau;lnse. \- is
of small extent, h'lt pleasant. and fertile.
Venansro, c-un^vot Pennsylvania; bo.md-
ed by Armstrong" SE ; Bntier SW ; Mer.
c-rW; Cra-vfor'dNW; Wan-en NK; a-v!
Fe«ce,tott'n of France, in the department
o- Var, and late provmce of Povencs, eight
milc^ from the Mediterranean, and 10 W. of
Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, Iat. 43 43 N.
Vendu, depa;-im;nt of France, including
part o' the la'e piovince of Pol'.ou. It is
Jeiferson E. Length 38: width 2J ; a'ld so called frivn a small river of the same
area 1114 square :ndes. Surface general- na-ne, Fon'enay-le-Comite is lliecapUal.
ly broken, though much good soil lifs Tendmi. to-vn of Riis ia, in the govern-
along tiie water c .urses. Alle-any river me-.l of Il.g;-, 36-mitts NE of lliga. Lon.
winds tln-ough and receives French creek 25 15 E, Ist. 57 13 ?«.
in tliis county, ("hief >own Franklin. Vendome, lown of Fi-ance, in the depart -
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females -
Total whiles
All other persons e'lcept Indians
not taxed . - . -
Slaves . . - - -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1320.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
All other !)ersons except Indiju'.s
not taxed ....
Total whites
r,v
ment o* Loira -dCIi, r, ;uidiMtc province of
1,610 P.iaisoi.^, seated on the river Loir, 30 miles
1,444 NE of Tours, .uul 95 SW of Paris Lon.
■ 1 8 E, lal. 47 50 N.
3,054 Vendr/'U, iovn ..f Spain in (Jatalonia, 25
mils WSW of Barcelona. L-n. 1 50 E,
r. Iat. 4112 N.
0 Vcnezneln, province of Colombia, bound-
ed on the N by the Caribbean Sea, on the
3,060 E by Caraccas, on the Shy New Grenatla,
and" on the W by St. Manha. When the
Spaniards landed here in 1499, tliey obser-
2,593 vcd some huts built upon pil-Js, in an Indi-
2,294 an Village, in order to rai<^e them above
the "itagna'c-d water that covered the plain:
0 and this induced them to give it the name
of Venozueh, on Lii lie Venice. Near the
se3coa<t arc hich mouivtaius. the tops "'
inin
,887
V K IS
\ E U
wliisli are barren, but the lower parts in
the valley are fertile, proJucinpr plenty of
corn, rich pastiires, sugar, tobacco, and
fruits. There are als3 plantations of cocoa
tiuts, ivhich are exceedin.cfly good; and gold
is found in the sands of rivers.
Venezuela, or C'oro, capital of the pro-
vince <;f the same name, in Colombia, seat-
ed on a peninsula, on the gulf of Venezue-
la, 70 mles NE of Mar:<cavbo. Lon. 70 15
W, lat. 10 43 N.
Venezuela, gulf on the X coast of Terra
Firma, which communicates with tlie lake
c;f Maracaybo, by a narrow strait.
Venice, la'e celebrated republic of Italy,
which comprehended the Dog'^do, Padua-
no, Vicentino, VL-ronese, Bresciano, Berga-
tnOj'Cremasco, Polesinodi Uovigo, Trevisa-
no, Feltrino, Bellune.se, Cadorino, and part
of Fruli and Istria. In 1797, a tumult hav-
ing happened at Venice, in which some
French soldiers were killed, t'.te French
.seized the city, and instituted a provisiona-
vy democratic government: but, scon after,
by viie treaty of Campo Formio, the city
and territory of Venice, lymg to the N and
W of the river Adige, was ceded to Austria
as a duchy, in equivalence for the domin-
ions that house had lost in the netherlands ;
and the remainder of the territory was an-
nexed to what the French then stsled tiie
Cisalpine republic. In 1805 commenced
a short w:.r between Austria und France,
and by the treaty i peace at I'resburg, the
michy of Ves-ice was given up ; and the
whole territory of Venice wa- annexed to
the kmgdom of 1 aly Tiie Austrians, how-
ever, took p )Ssession of this country in
1814. The Venetian territories on the
continent, enumcnted above (and which,
by way of distinction, are sometimes caiL-d
the 'I'erra Firma) are described in their
resj^ec'dve places. This once powerful
state now forms one of die gre.t sections
of Austrian I'aiv; area 9950 square mdes.
Population 1,930,000.
Venice, city of Italy, one of the most ce-
lebrated in the world, and capital of a re-
public of the same name, with a patriar-
chate, and a university. It stands on 72
little islands, in the gulf of Venice. The
approach to t e city is marked by rows of
slakes on each side, wiiich direct vessels of
a certain burden, to avoid the shallows.
These shallows are a better defence than
the strongest fortifications. Venice is in-
cluded in the province called the Dogado,
and is 72 msles E bv N of Mantua, 115 NE
Florence, 140 E ofMilan, 212 N of Romp,
and 300 N by W of Naples. Lon. 12 10 E,
lat. 45 26 N. The trade, opulence and po-
pulation of Venice are stili respecinblc.
The inhabitants amount to ubout 140,000.
Venice, Gulf of, sea between Italy and
r>art vi' Turkev in Eurone, Tt rs tjie an-
10."4
cieut Adriat'cum Mare, and is still some-
times called the Adriatic. It extends fronr^
SE to N\V between Italy, to the SW, and
Albania, Herzigowina, Dulmatia, and Ulyrifi
NE ; reaching from latitude 40 0 to 46
0 N.
Venlo, strong town of Guelderland, for-
merly in alliance witli the Hanseatic towns ;
19 miles N of Ruremonde, and S5 NVV ct
Juliers. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 51 20 N.
Venom, town of Italy in Naples, on Basili-
cata, a fertile plain at the foot of the Appen-
nines, lo miles NW of Acerenza, and 72
NE of Naples. Lon. 15 52 E, lat. 40 54 N.
Venla-de-Crnz, town of Colombia, in Da-
rlen, on the river Chagre. Here the Span-
iards used to embark the merchandize of
Peru, on that river for Porto Rello. Lon.
79 0 W, lat. 9 20 N.
Venznne, town of Italy, in FruUi, 32 miles
ENE of Belkino. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46
22 N.
Vera, town of Spain, in Granada, with a
harbour. It is 43 miles NE of Almerla,
and 32 SW of Carthagena. Lon. 1 30 W,
lat. 37 15 N. ,
Vera Cruz, city of Mexico, in Tlascala,
on the gulf of Mexico. The harbour is
defended by a for*, situate on a rock of the
island of St. .Tuan dc Ulhua, nearly adjoin-
ing. This port is tli? natural centre of the
treasure and merclvmdise of Mexico, and
it receives much East India produce by
way of Acapulco from the Philippine
islands. Here the ships from Spain receive
the produce of the gold and silver mines of
M xico. An annual fair is held here for
the rich merchiindise oi' ihe Otd world ;
and such crowds of Spaniards at end, that
tents are erected for their accommodatiovi.
Tiie Old Town, 16 miles to the NW. is fa-
mous on account of the landing of Co;tez,
with 500 Sp.aniards, when he undertook
the CO quest nf Mexico. Vera Cruz is
200 miles ESE of M. xico. Lon. 96 50
W, lat. 19 5 N.
Vera Cruz, intendency of Mexico;
bounded by the gulf of Mexico NE; by
Mexico, Puebla, and Oax^ca SW ; Guati-
mala S; and Merid » E Length 450;
mean width about 70 milrs. There are
few, if any region of the world where tran-
sition of soil, elevat.on, und vegetable 'ife
are more rapid and striking The western
p'dvi rises on the declivity of .\nahuac. In
one day t!»e traveller ascends from the
parched plains near the Mexican gidf, to
the region of perpeuial snow. Ascending
from tiie city of Vera Cruz to the t:'.ble
land of Perote, we see the physiognomy of
the country, the aspect of the sky, the
fo' m of plants, the figure of animals, the
manners of the inhabitants, and their modes
of culti\ation assume a d-.fferent aspect at
every step. Staples, vanil'a, cocoa, tobac-
co, cotton, sugar, an<l rice. This intcnd-an-
E R
\ E R
■CT, contains Ihc two preat volcanic summits
of Orizaba, and CoffVe de Perote. In it
near P^pantla, are found very well preser-
ved, remains of ancient monuments. See
Pyramids of J\[exico. Its c ties are, Vera
Cruz, Xalapa, Perote, Cordoba, Orizaba,
and Tlacotl:ilpan. It is drained by the
Sumasinla, Gnasacuaico, Alvarado, and
some streams of lesser consequence.
Vera Paz, province of Gnat'.maia; bound-
ed on the N by Jucatan, E by the bay and
province of Honduras, S by GiiatimaL Pro-
per, and W by Chiapa. It is full of moun-
tains and forests ; but tliere are many fer-
tile valleys, wiiich feed a great number of
horses and mu.es. There ure al-o manj'
towns and villages of liie native Ameri-
-cans. The capital, of the same name, or
Coban, is a bishop's see, but is inconsidera-
ble. It is 120 miles NE of Guatimala.
Lon. 90 55 \V, lat. 15 30 N.
Veragua, province of Colombia, on the
isthmus of Darien ; bounded on the N by
the Caribbe'.'n sea, V, by the province and
bay of Panama, S by the Pacific Ocean,
and W by Costa Rica. It is 125 miles Jong
and 40 broad, and is a mountai lous anil
barren country, but abounds in gold and
silver. St Jago is the capital.
Verberie, town of France, in the depart-
meni of *Jise, on the river Oise, 10 miles N
E of Smiis. •
Vercelli, city of Piedmont, capital of a
lordship of tlie same name, and a bishop's
see. The mhabitants are estimated at
20,000. It is seated at the conflux of the
Cerva with the Scsia, 40 miles \E of Tu-
rin. Lon. 8 ii4 E, lat. 45 31 N.
Verchoknsk, town of liussia in the go-
'vernment of Irkutslc, seated on the Lena,
120 miles N of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 35 E,
lat. 54 0 X.
Vei'ckolura, town of liussia, in the go-
vernment of Perm. Tiiis was the first
town the Russians built in Siberia. It is
situated near the river Tura, 12o miles N
of Catharinenburg. Lon. 60 15 E, lat. 58
45 N.
Verd, Cape, promontory on the W coast
of Afr.ca, 145 miles NW of the mouth of
the Gambia. Lon. 17 31 \V, lat. 14 44 N.
Verd Islands, C'«pe, islands in tlie Atlan-
tic, above 300 miles \V of the coast of Af-
rica, between 13 and 19 N lat. Tiiey are
said to have been known to the ancients,
under the natne of Gorgades ; but iiqi visi-
ted by the moderns till they were dis-
covered, in 144G, by Anthony Noel, a Ge-
noese, in the service of Portuga!, and re-
ceived their general name from their
situation opposite Cape Verd. Tlvey are
ten in number, lying in a semicircle. The
names are St. Antonio, St. Vincent, St.
Lucia, St. Nicolas, Sal IJonavista, M:.yo,
St. Jago, Fuego, and Brsvn. St. Jago is
the principal.
I'ei'deii, duchy of Germany, in the circle
of Westphalia, 28 miles long and nearly as
much broad ; bounded on the W and N by .
the duchy of Bremen, and E and S by the
duchy of Lunenburg. It consists chiefly
of heaths and high dry hnds ; but tliere
are good marshes on the rivers Westr and
Aller. It now forms pari of the kingdom
of Hanover.
Verden, town of Westphalia, capital of a
duchy of the same name. It contains four
churches, a d is seated on a branch ot tlie
Aller, 18 miles ESE of Bremen, Lou. 9
20 E, !at. 52 58 N.
Vei'dnn, town of France, in the d.^-pn.rt-
mer.t of Meiise. The citadel, wiiich is
a regular fortiiicatioa, was constrticted by
Vauban, Vvho was a native of this piact-.
It is sealed on the Meuse, 28 miles N by E
ofBarle Due, and 140 E by N of P..ns,
LoM. 5 23 E, lat. 49 9 N.
Verdun, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Saone and Loire, seated oa iiie
Saone, at the influx of the Doubs, 80 miles
E by S of Autun.
Verdun, town of France, in the dep-.irt-
ment of Upper Garonne, seated on the
Garonne, 20 miles NNVV of Toulouse,
Verea, town of F.uropean Turkey, in
Macedonia, 48 miles W of Salonica.
Vergennes, post town of Vermont, in
Addison county, seated on Otter cr^ek, six
miles from its mouth in Lake ChampLin,
and 10 >f of Middlebury.
Verina, town of Colombia, in the pro-
vince of Cumana, celebrated for its tobacco.
It is situated on a gtdf of llie Atlantic, 45
miles E of Cumana. Lon. 63 44 W, lat.
10 8 N.
Vermandois, territory of France, in Pi-
cardy ; which, with the late territory of
SoJESonnois, is now included in the depart-
ment of Aisne. it abcunds in corn and ex-
cellent flax.
Vermejo, river which rises in Tucuman,
on the borders of Peru, flows SE to the
Paraguay, and enters that river a little
above its junction with the Panara.
Vermillion, small river of Ohio, rises near
tiie northern boundary of Kichlund, and
flowing N, falls into lake Erie, aUer a
comparative course of 30 miles.
Vermiliio7i, post office and township, Hu-
ron county, Ohio, on Vermillion vivtr.
Populalion in 182u, 266.
Vermillion, towiisiiip of Richland county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 639
Vermillion, name ot a branch of Wabash,
in Indiana, above Onitanon ; branch of Illi-
nois river falling into that sireani from the
SE 160 miles ab jve its mmth, ai.d a -mail
branch of Mississippi riittriiig that stream
above the F;dis cf Fegagama.
VeriiiilUfjn, I'iver of Louisiana, rises lliree
miles NW from the town of St. Landr^, in
Opelousas, bv Bavou Bourbee'> After coa-
103-5
\* 1-: li
\ K R
tiiiuiiig to ftow to the S :t lltiie E 12miic'-!,
an interlocking' stream tlie Fussiilier iinites
the Vermillion and I'ecJie, for!D;n_<^ the
limit between Opeloasus ami Atta.^apas, ut
that place. Tiie Vermillion, continu'-s
through St. Miirtiii's the Upper p;irish of
Attacapas, in neaiiy a S direction 60 miies
having- an eniir? course of a little more
than TO miles. The arable lands ahmg
the Vermillioiij a:e extnmely fertile, and
as the stream fiows soutii of int. 30 0, sn.t^ar
c;in l)e cultivated on its baniis; considera-
ble forests clothe tho banks of the Vermil-
lion near the limits of Opelousas and Atla-
capas ; but in proceeding- towards the sea,
trees gr^idually diminish, and near the bay
except a few coppices of cypress, live oak,
&c. the praire or sea marsh extends on sdl
sides. The tide rises in tiic Vermillion 15
or 20 milts, but the bar at the motith only
admits vessels drawing four or five feet
water.
Vermilliun and Cute Blanche Bays, Loui-
siana, are formed by the same sheet of wa-
ter, indented by point Cypriere Mort, and
limited on the south by a chain of low
marshy islands- The depth of water over
the two Bays is 10 or 12 feet, tliouj^h no
vessel drawing more than five feel csn en-
ter. The coast along- the siiores I's iow
and marahy, except the two smaH elevated
spots of Co'.e Hianche and Grand Cote.
Small coppxes of trees are scattered along
the laginies, but the general surface is a
grassy marsh.
The grand or western pass into Vermil-
lion Bay, is about one mile wide and three
miles long. Morrissons cut, or eastern pass
is merely a strait between two small islands;
each pass having about five feet water.
Vermillion Sea. Hce Gii'f of Ciitiforiiiu,
Vermont, state ot the United States;
bounded by Lower GKnada N ; Conr.ecti-
cut river, or New Hampshire K; M.iSoachu-
setts 9 ; and New York, and lake Ciiam-
plain W.
Having an outline along Connec-
ticut river in common with
New Hampshire - - 170
Along the N boundary of Mi.ssa-
chusetts - - - 43
In common with New York, and
along lake Champlain - 160
Along I-ower Canada, on lat. 45
ON. ... . 90
463
Length from N to S 160 miles ; mean
width 52 ;"and area 8000.
Lying between lat. 42 44 and 45 0 N. A
chain of high mountains, running N and S,
divides the state nearly m the centre, be-
tween the river ConneOicut and lake
Champlain. The natural growth upon this
1036
chain is hemlock, pine, spnice> and other
evergreens ; hence they arc called the
Green Mouni'Mus, and give name to the
state. Tiie counry is generally hilly, but
not rocky, anvl the soil is fertile. It has
numerous slresms and rivers, wh ch all v'ls^
in the Green Moimtains , the largest are ou
the W side, and the chief are Otter creek,
Oniojj river. La Moeile, and Mischiscou ;
the most numerous are on the E side, and
the largest are Vvest river. White river,
and Pa.ssumpsic.
Vermont is subdivided into the counties
of:
Sq. mile*.
Population,
To sq. 111.
Addison
500
20,469
41
Bennington
630
16,125
24
Caledonia
500
16,669
33
Chittenden
630
16055
25
Essex
728
3,284
4
Franklin
810
17,192
21
Grand Isle
90
3,527
39
Orange
600
24,681
41
Orleans
800
6,976
8^
Uutlarid
720
29,983
41
Washington
4S0
14,113
30
VV mdham
640
28,457
44
Winu-or
732
38,233
38
8000 235,764 29
» — — .
Population in 1810.
Frte white males ... 109,951
do. do. females - - . 107,194
Total whites .... 217,145
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 750
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - - 217,895
Population in 1820.
Free white males - 117,310
tlo. do. females - - 117,536
Ai! other persons except Indians
not taxed . _ _ 15
Total whites .- - - - 234,861
Free persons of colour, males 438
do. do. females 465
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Tot^popuhitioninl820 - 235,764
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 935
Engaged in Agriculture - - 50,950
do. in Manufiictnres - 8,484
do. in Commerce • - 776
Population to the square miie, 28.
The principal products of Vermont, are
s'iiall grain, pot, and pearl ashes, beef,
pork, &.C. The opening of the Champlain
V E it
V E K
canal musL be of incalculable advaiUage U) abomidingr in cuni, v. me, Irui'.s, und catUe.
the western section of Vermont, in opening Area 1330 square miles; and population
to the inhabitants the markets of the Hud- 2y5,000. , ,, ,.,...
son Venwis, considerable town or Kussia, in
There are two coUefjes in Vermont, lo- t!ie Kovernmcnt of R. zan, seMed o:'. a
cated at Burlinaon, arid Middlebury. ^ m')iinlain, near a river ot the same name,
Vemei. Heclssoire. * * v^liich a iiitie loue^r falls into liie Don.
Verne7u!, town of France, in the depart- Lon 42 29 E, lat. 52 15 N.
ment of Eure, and late province of Nor- Verrez, Town of Ualy, in Piedmont, with
inandy, seated on the Anre, 22 miles SW ^^ impie^na'de fortress,
of Ev'reux, and 65 W by S of Paris. Lon. Vcrriers, town of Swisierland, six miles
ENE of Fontarlier, and 20 WSW of ^eu-
chatcl.
Versailles, town of Fri.r.cc, in the de-
partment of Seine an>l O se. It contains
6U,0U0 inhabitants, and since tiie revolu-
lion has been creaied a bishop's see. In
France, in the depart- the reign of Louis XIII. it was only a small
1 late province of Nor- villai'-c, till LoUiS XIV. built a magnificent
,• -.^ ... _-..! AC, -K-ltr . ° '. , . 1 xl. I !.!
0 59 E, lat. 48 42 N.
Vernenil, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Allier, and late province ol Bour-
bonnois, 3 miles from the river Allier, and
15 S of Moulins. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 45 20
N.
Virnon, town in
ment of Eure, and
mandy, 27 miles SE of Rouen, and 42 NW palace here, wiiich was tlit issiul residence
of Paris. Lon. 1 42 E, lat. 49 6 N. of the kings, of France, till 1789. The-
Vernon, township of Windham county, gardens wi\h tlit- jark, are five c.iies in
Vermont, on Connecticut river. Popuation circumterar.ee, and surror.ndcd by walls.
600. . Versadles is ten n.iles WSW of Paris. Lon.
Vernon, post town, Tolland county. Con- o jo w, lat. 48 43 N.
necticut, 12 miles NE from Hartford. Pc- Versailles, capital of Woodford county,
pulation in 1810, 827; and in 1820,966. Kentwcky ; situated on the E side of the
Vernon, post town, and township, Oneida j^ygj. Kentucky, 12 miles W of Lexington,
county, New York, 18 miles W from Utica. Population, about 600.
Itis the seat of a glass factory. Population Verstdrc, post village, and township of
in 1810, 1319 ; and m 1820, 270". Orange county, Vermont, containing 1400
Vernon, post village, and township, Sus- inhabitanis. It is situated on ihe W side
sex county, New Jersey, 21 miles NE from qI the Connecticut river, 20 miles E of
New'own. Population in 1810, 1708 ; and Randolph.
in 1820, 2096. Versio, vilbije of France, in the depart-
Vcrnon, post town, and seat ot justice, ^^^. ^j. ^;,j^ ■^^.^^, ^,jg j.-,^.gp versio.
■Monigomery covmty, Georgia, on the left
bank of Oconee river, about 100 miles N W
by W from Savannah.
Vernon, post town, Hickman county,
Tennessee, on tiie leti bank of D»ick river,
45 miles SW from Nashville.
Vernon, SE township of Clinton county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1383.
Vernon, pos'. village and township, Trum-
bull " ^' ■■
2\
Vertus, town of France, in the depart-
men- of Marne, and late province of Cham-
pagne, on a pl.ain at the foot of a moisn-
tain, on which are vineyards, producing
very good wines, 17 mites, SW wf Cl-alons
and 78 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 48
5Z N.
Verne, m Vermel, town of Italy, in Pied-
,ull county Ohio. The vdlage is 20 miles mont, m the county of Ast. i-- '^ s^^^ed
<E from Warren. Population 182^, 514. on a nil, near the nveT Po. .0 miles W ot
Veroli, town of Italy, in Ci.ampagoa di Cassal, and 2^ NL ot Turm. Lon. 8 2 h.
Itoma, o'n'the Cosa, at the foot of tiie Ap- lat. 45 13 N. i, •„ ti,^
nenines, 45 miles SE of Home. Lon. 13 r««er., town ,n the Netherlands, in the
15 E lat 41 28 N bishopric ot Liege, sea'.ed on the Wese
Femm, post viUage and township, Onel- 4- miles SW of Limburg, and 17 SE of
da county. New York, on the Erie canal, L'ege.
10 miles W from Rome. Population 1810, Vervins, town of France, in the depart-
1014; and in 1820,2441. ment ot Aisne, and late province of Pi-
Verona, cily ' f Italy, capital of the Ve- cardy, famous tor a treaty, in 1598, be-
ronese, with an academy, 17 mdes NE of tween Henry IV. of France, and Philip II. of
Mantua, and 62 SW of Venice. Lon. 11 SiKiin. It is seated on the Serre, 110 miles
24 E, lat. 45 26 N. NE of Paris. Lon. 4 0 E, lat. 49 50 \.
Veronese, province of Austrian Italy, in Verulam, the vestiges of a celebrated
the former' territory of Venice ; bounded R..man town in Henford.-.hir?, close by St.
onthe N by the Trenlino, on the Eby the Alban's. In the time of Nero it was a
Vinccnlino" and Paduano, on the S by the municipiuni, or town, the inhabitants of
Muntuan, and on the W by the Bresciano. wliich eiijcycd the privileges of H..man
It is 35 miles long, and 27 broad, and one citizens. By Tacitus it is called Vferula-
of tho most fertile coimtrics in Italy, mium, and by Ptolemy, Urolammm.
1037 -
^ E z
V 1 A
i erzuolo, town of Italy, iii Piedir.oiU,
with a castle.
Vesletf, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aiiiie, and lute ^ifovince of Sois-
eonnois, seated on tlie iNer Aisiie.
Vesoul, town of Fraixe, in the depart-
ment of Upper Soane, and late province
of Franche (Jompte, a- the foot of a moun-
tain, called Molte de Vesoul, near the ri-
ver Diirg-eon, 22 miles N of Bresancon,
and 200 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 8 E, lat. 47
36 N.
Vesperin, or Wesibrain, town of Lower
Hungary, capital of a county of the same
nanie, wi'.h a castle. Ii is st-a'ed on the
lake Balaton, at the mouth oi' tlie river
Sarvvi-.e, 50 miles SAV of S ri,£fonia. and
83 SE of Vienna. Lon. 17 57 E, lat. 47
14 N.
Vesuvius, celebrated volc::no of Italy,
six miles E of Naples. This mountain has
two tops; one of which only goes by the
name of Vesuvius, the other being now
called Somma ; but Sir Wit;iam K:imilton
is of opinion, tliat the latter is what the
ancients called Yi.suviu.s. The perpendi-
cular height of Vesiivius is ordy 3700 f.et,
though the ascent from the foot to the
top is three Italian miles. One side of the
mountain is well cultivated and fertile,
producmg !:freat plenty of vines ; but the
S and W side a\e entirely covered with
cinueis and ashes; while a suiplmreous
smoke C'instanly issues fr>in the top, some-
times attended with the most violent ex-
plosion of stones, the emission of great
streatns of lava, and all the other atten-
dants of a most formidable volcano. The
top of the m()itnt>iin fell m 1634, and the
mouth IS now little short of Two miles in
circumference.
Vevuy, town of Swisserland, capital of a
bailisvic of the sar..e name, in the cantoii
of Bern. It stands on a small p;ain, <in the
edge of the lukt u! Geneva, 'c>7 miles S\V
of Bern. Lon. 7 4 E, lat. 46.28 N _
VcvaVi post lown, and seat of justice,
Switzeiland county, Indiana, situated on
an elevated bank of the Ohio river, 65
miles by water, and 45 by land below Cin-
cin; ati. The original settlers were emi-
grants from the cariton of Berne in Swit-
zerland It was commenced in 1814, and
now contains about 100 houses, with the
county biiildings, market, pnblic library,
and printing office. The culture of the
vitie has been attempted with >ome suc-
cess. The vineyard is tn tiie Ohio river
below the vdlage. Lat 38 47 N.
Vende, town of France, in the depart-
ment of AUier, and late province of Boiir-
bonnois, seated on the river AUier, 17 miles
IS'AV of Moulins.
Vezelay, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nievro, and late province of Ni-
vernois. Theodore Beza was born in this
in,38
town. It is seated on the top of a niouii
tain, near the river Cure, 20 miles S of
Auxerre, and 117 S by E of Paris. Lon,
3 42 E, lat. 47 26 N.
Vezelize, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meurthe Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 48
Ufa, government of Russia, formerjy in-
eluded in the government of Orenburg,
It is divided into the two provinces of Ufa,
and Orenburg.
Ufa, Q-wn of Russia, capital of a go-
vernment of the same name. It is 760
miles E of Moscow. Lon 57 0 E, lat. 54
40 N.
Uffenheim, town of Ger.many, in Franco-
nia, 22 nnles NNK of Aiispach.
Ugento, town of Italy, in Naples, ia Ter-
ra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, ejght
milcs W of Alessano, and 20 SW of Oiran-
to.
Ugliani, town of Italy in Piedmont, 16
miles SE of Austa- Lon. 17 47 E, lat.
45 30 N.
Ucocz, town of Upper Hungary, capital
of a county of the same name, with a cas-
tle, seated on a small river that falls into
the Xi-isse, 15 miles N of Zatmar. Lon.
22 34 E, lat. 48 5 N.
Ugognc, town of Italy, in the duchy of
Milan, seated on the Tosa, 16 miles N of
Varallo, and 45 NW of Mdan. Lon. 8 24
E. l..t, 45 52 N.
Viaduna, town of Ital}', in the duchy of
Mantua, seated on the Po, eight miles N of
Parma, and 17 S of Mantua, Lon. 10 35
E, lat 44 38 N.
Viana, town of Spain, in Navarre, seat-
ed near the Ebro, 3 miles N of Logrono,
and ^S SW af Pampeiuna. Lon. 2 20 W,
lat. 42 32 N.
Viana, town of Portugal, in Entre-Don-
eio-e-Minho, seated at the mouth of the
river Lima, with a good harbour, defended
by a fort, 15 miles W of Araga, and 36 N
of Oporto. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 39 N.
Vianden, town of the Netherlands, in the
duchy of Luxemburg, capital of a county
of the saTTie name. It is divided into two
towns by the river Uren. In the one is a
casile, built on an inaccessible mountain.
1 1 is 22 miles N of Luxemburg, and 22
NW of Treves. Lon. 6 13 E, lat, 49 55
N.
Vianaj, town of the Netherlands, in XIol-
land, on the Leek, seven miles S of l^trecht.
Lon, 5 8 E, lat. 52 0 N.
Viatka, government of Russia, which
was ormerly a piovince of Kasan. It
takes is name from 'he river Viatka, which
runs through it,
Viatka, town of Russia, capital of a go-
vernment of the same name, with a bish-
op's see, a'ld a castle. It was formerly
called Khlynof, and rs .seated on the rivev
V 1 c
\ 1 E
\ utka, 100 miles N of Kasan. Lon. 54 15
E, lit. 57 25 N.
J'lc, town of Frmce, in the department
of iMeurihe, and l^te province of L'trrai'i,
seated on the Seille, 12 milfis ENB of Nan-
ci, and 197 E of Paris. Lon. 6 38 E, lat.
48 47 N.
Vie, town of France, in the department
of the Upper Pyrenees Lon. 0 9 E, l<it.
43 24 N.
Vic, or Victj, town of Spain, in Catalonia,
en a small river that fulls in the Tar, 30
miles N of Bare lona, and 265 ENE of
Madrid. Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 41 55 N.
Vic-Fczensac, town of France, in the de-
partment of Gers, and late proviace of Ar-
inagnac, seated on the Uouze, 15 n^iits W
of Auch.
Vic-le-Conipte, town of France, in the
department of Pay-de-Dome, and late pro-
vince of Aiivcri^ne. The counts of Au-
verg;:ie resided here. It is 230 miles S of
Paris. Lon. 3 22 E, lat. 45 26 N.
Vicegt-nd, or Vize^rad, str.in^ town of
Lower Hangar}'", with a cistle on t'le top
of a rock, where the kings of Minigary
formerly resided. Tlie Aiistnans took it
from tlae Turks in 1684 It is seated on
the S side of the D .i\abe, eight miles SE
of Gran, and 16 NW of Bada. Lon. 19
7 E, lat. 47 35 NT.
Vicenfino, territory of Austr an Italy,
bounded on /the N by Trent ino a'ul Fcl-
trino, on the E by Trevisano and ['adiia-
no, on the S by PaUiano, and on the W
by the Veronese. It is 33 miles long, and
27 broad ; and so very pleasant and fertile,
that it is called the grden of Venice.
The wine is excellent, and the butter and
cheese very good. Here are also great
numbers of mulberry trees, for silk worms ;
and there are mines of silver, and iron, and
quarries of stone, almost as fine as mar-
ble.
Vicenza, town of Italy, the capital of
Vicen'ino It is seated betwetr^n the rivers
B.chiglione and Rerone, and two moun-
tains, in a fertile plain, 13 miles NVV of
Padua, 31 W of Venice, and 135 N of
Rome. Lon. IJ 43 E, lat 45 26 N.
Vichy, town of France, in the depart-
ment of AUier, and late province of Bour-
bonnois, famous for the miner.d waters
near it. It is seated on the Allier, 15 .Tiiles
SE of Gannat, and 180 S by E of Paris.
Lon. 3 22 E, lat. 46 0 N.
Vico, town of Italy, in Naples, in Terra
di Lavoro, witli a bishop's see. It was al-
most rui:ied by an earthquake, in 1694, for
there were only 40 houses left. It is seat-
ed near the bsy of Naples, 15 miles S by E
of Naples. Lon. 14 28 E.lat. 40 38 N,
Vico, town of Corsica, 15 miles SW of
Corte. Lon. 9 16 E, lat. 41 55 N.
Vico, town of Italy, in NapJe'?. Lon.
14 30 E, lat. 40 43 N.
Vicovaro, town and principality of Italy,
in th province of Sabina, seated near the
Teverone, eight miles E of Tivoli, and 40
NE ot" Home! Lon. 13 8 K, lat. 42 30 N.
Victonu. S.e Vitioria.
Victor, post village, and townaiup, On-
tario C'.'unty, Ne..- York. Population 1820,
2.J84.
Victory, township in Essex county,
Vermont; 45 NE fmm Montpelier.
Vidin. See IViddtn.
Viflsk town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Volfigd:i, stuate on the Vaga,
156 miles NNE of Vologda. Lon 41 45
E, lat. 61 40 N. »
Vienna, city of Gevuiauy. capital of
Ausiria, and an arclibisiicp's see. It
stands in a fertile plain, on the right
bank of the Danube, at the influx of
the little river Vien. The city itself is
not of great extent, nor can it be en-
larged, being linnited by fortifications,
but it is populous, and contains 78,000
inliabitants. The streets in general are
nirrow, and the houses high ; but there
are several fine squares, and in that
called Joseph- sqirare is a coll issal eques-
trian statue in bronze, of Joseph IL
Some of ;he public buildings are magni-
ficent ; the chief of them are the im-
perial palace, the palaces of the princes
Lichtenstein, Eui^ene, Sec. the imp 'rial
chancery, the extensive imperial arse-
nal, the city-arsenal, the mint, the ge-
neral hospital, the town-house, the cus-
tom house, the bai.k, the library, and the
museum. Vienna was int fFectually be-
sieg -d by the Turks, in 1529, and 1683.
At the latter period the siege was raised
by John Sobieski, king of Poland, who
totally defeated the Turkish army. No
houses within the walls are allowed to
be built neaitr to the glacis than 6uO
yards ; so that tljcre is a circular field
of that breadth all round the city, which
has a beautiful and salutary effect.
The eight suburbs are said to contain
220,000 inhabitants; but they are not
populous in proportion to their size, for
many houses have extensive gardens.
The circumference of the city and sub-
urbs is upwards of 18 miles Many fa-
milit s who live during the winter within
the fortifications, spend the summer in
the suburbs. The cathedral is, built of
freestone, and the stet-ple contains a
bell of uncommon magnitude, cast out
of the cannon taken from the Turks.
Joining t this church is the archbi-
sl'iop's palace, the front of which, is
very fine I'lie university had several
thousand students, v/ho, when this city
was besieged, niounttd guard, as they
did also in 1741. The archducal, now
imperial librarv, is mucl\ frequented b'^
1039
V I E
\ I L
foreigners, as it contains above 290,000
pri t d bnoiss, and 10,000 manuscripts,
'Ihe archducal treasury, and a caljinet
of curiosities of the house of Austri't,
are great rarities. Tiie Danube is here
very wide, and contains sveral woouy
isles, one of which is the prater, or
imperial park ; it also forms a sort of
harb ur, where are nia=;azin^s of naval
stuivs, and ships iiave been fitted cut to
serve on that river against the Turks.
The trade of Vienna is in a flourishing
state, and it lias manufactures of silk-
stufFs, gold and silver lace, tapestry,
looking- glasses," &c. In 180:7, this city
surrendered to the French, but was gi
yen up by the peace at Prcsbiu-i;. In
1809, ita;<;ain surrendered to the French;
but they again restored it ^m the con-
clusion of p ace It is 50 miles v,-est of
Presburg, 350 NNE t f R(^me, and 570
E of Pa is Lon. 16 16 E lat 48 13 X.
Ficnna, post town and to/vnship in
Kennebec county Maine ; 26 miles XW
from Aiiffusta,
Vienna, township of Oneida county,
New York; on Oneida lake. Population
1820. 1307.
Vienna, port of entry and post town
in Dorchester county, Maryland ; situa-
ted on the W side of Nontikuke river, 13
miles NW of Sr\!ir,bury, on the Wicomico,
33 of Snow Hill, in the s'ame direction,
and^OSK f'f Boston.
Vienna, capital of Davies count)', Ken-
tucky; !yin< on the E side of Green river,
about SO miles from its entrance into the
Ohio, and 20 N\V of Hartford, in Ohio
county.
Vienna, post village in Trumbull coun-
ty, Ohio ; eight mih s E from Warren.
Vie7i7ie, consi-Terable town of France,
in the departm.^nt of Isere. and late pro-
vence of D uphlny. '[S miles S nf Lyons,
and 265 SE of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E,' lat.
15 31 N.
VicjiJie, depfirtir.ent of France, formed
of part of the late province of Poitou.
It takes its name from rivrr which ris-s
in the department of Correze, and falls
into the Loire between Chinon and Sau-
mur. Poitiers is the capital.
Vienne, Ufifier department of France,
comprising the late province of Limosin.
Limoges is the capita!.
Vierarden, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, seated on the
Vt sle, near its conHiience with the Oder.
Lon. 14 20 E. lat. 53 2 N.
Vierzon, ancient town of France, in
the department of Cher, and late pro-
vince of Bern. It is s ated on the Cher
and Yevre, in the most f rtile part of the
departmeut, "^7 miles NW of Bourges,
and 100 S W of Paris. Lon. 2 10 E, lat,
^r 12 N.
Vicsti, town of Italy in Naples. It is
seated on the gulf of Venice, in the place
called the Spur of the Boot, and at the
foot of Mount Garden, 25 miles NE o?
Manfredonia, and 117 ot Naples. Lai.
16 43 E. lat 41 51 N
Vigan, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gard, and late province of Lan-
guedoc.
Vigevano, town of Italy, in the duchy
of Milan, capital of the Vigevanasco,
It was formerly the residence of the
dukes of Milan, and is seated near the
Tesino, 12 miles SE of Novara, and 15
SVV of Milan. Lon. 8 54 E, lat. 45 23
N.
Vignamont, town of Germany, in the
bisho])ric of Liege, two miles N of Huy.
Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 50 44 X.
Vignot, town of France, in the de-
partment of Meuse. Lon. 5 25 E, lat
48 46 N.
Vignuola, town ri Italy, in the duchy
of iVi >d na.
Vigo, -seaport of .Spain, in GaUicia,
situate on a bay of the Atlantic defend-
ed by a fort on an eminence, and an old
castle It has a good harbour, and stands
in a fruitful country, 14 miles WNW of
Tuv, and 47 S of Compostella. Lon. 8
40 W, lat. 42 14 N.
Vrgo, county of Indiana ; bounded by
the state of Illinois W ; Parke N ; Put-
num E ; and SuUivan S. Length 20 ;
width 18 ; and area 360 square miles.
It is traversed by Wabash river from N
to S. The chief town, Terre Haute, is
situated on the left bank of Wabash, 60
miles by land above Vinccnnes.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,907
do. do. females ... 1,457
All other persons except Indi.ins
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ..... 3,364
Free persons of colour, males - 12
do, do. females, 14
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... 0
Totfd population in 1820 - - 3,390
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 14
Engaged in .Agriculture - - 1,0?9
do. , in Manufactures - 169
do, in Commerce - - 22
Popul.tion to the square m le, 9i nearly.
Vihiers, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire, 20 niiles S of
Angers, and 20 W by S of Saumur.
VUaine, river of France, v/hich rises in
\ 1 i-'
\ i L
iheilei)artinentofMayenne,])assjes by Vitre 15 miles Nti ofLamego, und 45 SE of Bra^
jAid Kennes, divides the department of g'a. Loii. 7 20 W. lat. 41 9 N.
Morbihan from that of Lower Loire, and r/Z'ai2ea^ town of Spain, in the province
enters tixe Bay of Biscay, below Roche of Valencia, ~6 miles \ of Valencia. Lon.
Bernard. 0 20 E, lat. 39 46 N.
Villa tie Conde, town of Portugal, in Entre Filla-Keat, town of Spain, in Guipuscoa.
Douero e Minho, attbe mouth of the Ava, Villa-Rica, seaport of New Spain, in
20 miles K of Oporto. North America, in Mexico, seated on the
Villa Flor, town of Portugal, in Tra los gulf of Mexico, 200 miles E of the c.ty of
Montes, 28 miies S by W of Hraganza. Mexico. Lon. 97 15 W, Lt. 20 26 N.
Villa Franca, seaport of the county of Fito-TJ/ca, town of Chili, seated on the
Nice, with a castie and fort. Tl>e harbour
is capacious, and the mountains which en-
close it extend into the sea like promonto-
ries. It is three miles E of Nice.
Villa Franca, town of Italy, ia the Vero-
nese, with a s.lk manufacture, 10 miles S
of Verona.
Villa Franca, town of Portugal, in Estre-
lake Mulabaugen, 62 miles from the Pacific
Ocean. Lon 72 41 \Y, lat. 39 15 S.
Villa-Vicioua, town of Portugal, m Alen-
teio, 16 miles SW of Elvas, and 83 SE of
Lisbon. Lon. 7 16 \V, lat. 38 36 N.
Villa-Viciusa, seaport of Spain, in Astu-
ria d'Oviedo, sealed on the bay of Biscay,
22 miles NE of Oviedo. Lon. 5 24 \V,
madur.i, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 lat. 43 22 N.
miles NE of Lisbon, ViUa-Viciosa, town of Spain, in New Cas.
Villa Franca, town on the S coast of St. tile, six miles NE of Brihuega, and 49 NE
Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a of Madrid.
fort and other works. Opposite this place, Villac, town of Germany, in the duchy of
half a mile from the shore, is a small island, Carinthia, belonging to the bishop of
which has a basin with u narrow entrance, Bamberg, wit!i a castle. Its inhabitants
wiiere fifty vessels mlgiit anchor in secu- carry on a great trade with the Venetians,
vity. It is 16 miles E by N of Punta del and near it are the baths of Toplirz. It is
Guda. Lon. 25 30 W, lat. 37 50 N. seated at. the confluence of the Drave and
Villa Franca de Panades, town of Spain, Geil, surrounded bv mountains, 12 miles S
in Catalonia, 18 miles W by S of Barce- W of Clagenfurl, 'and 88 NE of Brixen,
Lon. 14 3 E, lat. 46 50 N
Ville Dieu, town of France, in the depart -
nient of the Cha'.Hel and late pro%inci^ of
Ncrmanclv, 12 miies NNE of Avranches.
Lon. 1 8 VV, lato
lona.
Village Hill, post ofKce, Nottaway county,
\ irginia.
Villa Hermosa, town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, near the river Millas, 58 miles N of and 11 SE of Coutances.
Valeiicia. 48 52 N.
Vtlla Harmosa, town of Mexico, in the Villefort, town of France, in the depart-
province of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, ment .f Lozere, 18 miies E of .Mende, and
60 miles SVv' of Tabasco, and 70 NE of 19 Nof Alais.
Chiapa. Villefranclie, town of France, in the de-
Villa-Joiosa, or Joijsa, town of Spain, in partment of Rhone surrounded by walls,
Valencia. Lon. 0 15 E, lat. 38 42 N. and seated on the Saone, 18 miles N by V»''
Villa-Ji'ova-da Cervei-a, town of Portugal, of Lyons,
in the province of Entre-Douero e-Minho. Villefranclie, town of France, in the de-
Lon, 8 40 \V, lat 41 55 N. paitmcnt of Eastern Pyrenees, with a fort ;
ViUa'A'ova-da-Poria, town of Portugal, sea'ed on the river Tet, 25 miles WSW of
in the province of Entre Douero e-Minho, Perpignan.
seated on the river Douero, opposite Opov- Villefrancke, town of Yvav.cs, in the de-
to (on which it depends) and defended psrtment of Aveiron, witii a greattrade in
by several forts. It contams about 30GO
Inhabitants.
Villa- jVQva,'di-Portimao, seaport of Portu-
gal, in ihe nrovince of Algarva. Lon. 8 41
W, lat. 37 5 N.
Villa-JVuova d'Asii, town of Piedmont, in
the county of Asti, 10 miles E of Turin.
Lon. 7 59 E. lat. 45 50 N.
Villa-Panda, town of Spain, in Leon,
fmen cloth ; seated on the Aveiron, 20
miles \V of Rodcz.
Villefranche, town of France, in the de-
partment i.f Upper Garonne, on the canal
royal, 22 miles SE of Toidwuse.
Villejuive, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Paris, four miles S of Paris.
Villemur, town of France, in the depart-
with an ai-senal, and a palace belonging to i"^"^ «'' Upper Garonne, seated on the
the constable of Castile. It is 26 mdes N Tarn, 12 miles NNE of Toulouse.
ofToro. Lon. 5 0 W, lat. 42 5 N. Villena, town of Spain in Murcia. In
Villa-Real, unvn of Portugal, in the pro- the neighbourhood is a morass, from which
vince of Tra-los-Mon»es, and capitd of salt is made. It is 18 miles SSE of Aimaa-
Comarca, in a very pleasant situation, at za, and 50 N by E of Murcia.
the confl'iencc of the Coi^o and Fibeta, T'i/i?'Te?<w, town of France, in the depart-
5 Q ■^'^41
V I N
S i K
went of Lot and Garonne, on the river Lotj
17 miles N of Agen.
Vilknetive, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ganl, on the Rhone, opposite
Avignon, 21 miles ENE of Nismes.
Villeneuve, town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, situate at the E extremity
of the kke of Geneva, three miles from
the influx of the Rhone, and 14 ESE of
Lausanne.
Villeneuve de Berg, town of France, in
the department of Ardeche, 13 mlks S of
Frivas.
Fillers Coterets, town of France, in the
department of Aisne, 12 miles SW of Sois-
sons, and 44 NE of P»ris.
Villinge'i, town of Suabia, in the Brisgau,
20 miles E by N of Fribiirg.
Viheck, town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Bamberg, ne..r which are several
founderies. It is seated on the Vils, 20
miles N of Amberg.
Vilshofen, town ■ f Lower Bavaria, on (he
Danube, at the influx of the Vils, 11 miles
W by N of Passau.
Vihordaif town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated on
the Serine, seven miles NNE of Brussels.
Viimeiro, town of Forti:gal, in Alentejo,
12 miles W by N of Estreinos.
Vimiera, village of Portugal, in Eslrema-
dura, 30 miles N of Lisbon.
Vimioso, town of Portugal, in Tra los
Montes, 15 miles WNW of Miranda, and
17 SE of Braganza.
Vincennes, post town, Knox county, In-
diana, on ihe E bank of Wabash river, 160
miles NE of Kaskaskia, and 136 NW of
Louisville in Kentucky. As this town lies
in the bosom of a fertile country, it must
stdl progrrss rapidly in population and im-
provement. It now, 1822, contains about
300 dwelling hous s, and 1500 inhabitants,
two market houses, a bank, two printing-
offices, with a considerable number of
stores, and the county buildings. The
citizens have formed a library of about 700
volumes A college has been projected,
and endowed by Congress, with a very
valuable township of land, and some of the
buildings are < ompleted
Vincent, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania; situated on the SW side of
Schuylkill, between Pikeland and East
Nantmill. French creek runs nearly
through the njiddle of it. The inhabitants
Vrcre stated at 1630 by the census of 1810 ;
and in 1820, 1918.
Vincent, Cape St. the SW promontory of
Portugal, 25 miles W by S of Lagos. Lon.
9 0 W, lat. 37 3 N.
Vincent, St. one of the Windward Carib-
bee islands, in the West Indies, 55 miies
W of Barbad'>es ; it is 24 miles long and 18
broad ; extremely fertile for the raising of
fiugap and indigo; and here the bread-fruit
104^
trees, brought from Otaheite, thrive le-
markably well. Kingston is the capital,
Vincent, St. uninhabited island on the
coast of Africa, and one of the Cape de
Verd Islands. There is a bay on the NW
side of it, and near it are caught vast quan-
tities of Turtle.
Vincent, St. maritime province of Brasil,
in South America. The capital of the same
name, has a good harbour. Lon. 46 30 W,
lat. 24 15 S.
Vincent, St. strong town of Spain,- in Old
Castile, Vi^ith a castle, seated on a hill, near
the river Ebro, 138 miles NE of Madrid.
Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 42 30 N.
Vineifcivd, township of Grand Isle county,
Vermont ; situated on the small island
Motte. Population in 1810, 333 ; and in
1820, 400.
Vine yard, post office, Mecklenburg,
county, Vi'ginia.
Ving-orla, Dutch settlement in the penin-
sula of Hindonstan, on the coast of Concan,
a little N of Goa. Lon. 73 22 E, lat. 15
57 N.
Vingorla Rocks, rocks lying in the Indian
Ocean, possessed by the Malwans, a tribe
of Pirates. Lon. 73 16 W. lat. 15 52 N.
Vintimigliu, town of Italy, with a small
harbour, on the Mediterran'ran, at the
mouth of the Kotta, 20 miles ENE of Nice
and 70 SW of Genoa. Lon. 7 37 E, lat.
43 So N.
Vire, town of France, In the department
of Calvados, and late province of Normandy,
with sever.al m.ui'.ifactures of coarse woollen
cloths. It IS seated on the Vire, 30 miles
SE of Couiances, ami 150 W of Paris.
Lon. 0 45 W, lat. 48 48 N.
Virgil, township of Courtlandt county.
New York, on the W side of Chenango, 10
miles S from Homer. Population in 1810,
913; and in 1820, 2411.
Virgin Cape, cape of Patagonia. Lon. 67
54 W, lat. 52 23 S.
Virgin Gorda. See Virgin Islands.
Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys
in the West Indies, between St. Juaf de
Puerto Rico and the Leeward Caribbee
Islands. They are possessed by the
English and Danes. In the first division
belonging t.- the Englisli is Tortola, the
principal, to which belongs Just Van
Dyke's and Little Vandyke's, Guana Isle,
with Eeef and Thatch Islands. In the se-
cond division is Virgin Gorda, to which be-
long Atiegada, or Drowned Isle, Nicker,
Prickiy Pear, and Mnskito Islandp, the
Commanoes, Scrub and Dog Islands, the
F.iller City (two rocky islets, close to-
gether, at a distance resembling ruins) the
Round Rock, Ginger, Cooper's Salt Island,
Peter's Lsland, .and the Dead Chest. Of
the Danish division, the principal islands
are St. Thomas and St. .Tohn. Lon. from
\ 1 u
V I It
6ii 45 to 64 55 W, lat. from 17 10 lo 13
30 N,
Firffinfa, state of the United States ;
bounded by the Atlaniic Ocean E ; North
Carolina, and Tennessee S ; Kentucky
W; Ohio river or the state of Ohio
NW ; Pennsvlvania N ; and Maryland
NE,
Having an outline on the Atlantic
Ocean of . _ . .
In common with Maryland from
the Atlantic Ocean across the
eastern shfir^ peninsula, and
Chesapeak bay, to the mouth of
Potomac river
Up Potomac river to its source -
'i'hence due N to the S boundary
of Pennsylvania
Thence due W to the SW angle
of Pennsylvania
Thence due N along W boundary
of Pennsylvania to Ohio river
Down the Ohio river following its
course to the mouth of Big Sandy
river .--.'-
From the mouth of Big Sandy
river in common with Kentucky,
to the north boundary of Ten-
nessee - - - -
Thence east along Tennessee, and
North Carolina to the Atlantic
Ocean _ . . - .
Intire outline
Miles.
110
55
200
36
61.
355
170
440
1.483
Breadth from North Carolina to Penn-
sylvania 223 miles.
Between lat. 36 30, and 40 37 N.
From Its great extent, and from being
so much inter-ected by mountains, Vir-
ginia presents a very marked divervity
of soil and climate. It possesses the
main southern nuclues of the Appala-
chian system, spreading also into the
widest base, upon which that system
rests. See article United States section,
mountains.
In point of soil, Virginia like Mary-
land, presents three distiict tracts. The
first, that of the alluvial sea sand inland
to the falls of the rivers, and generally
to the head of tide water. This region
is flat and in part marshy along the sea
coast, but rising imperceptibly inland,
into the second or hilly tract. The lat-
ter again merges gradually into the third
or mountain section. The subjoined ta-
bles will exhibit the relative density of
population, on the respective sections.
Tlic middle section of Virginia is re-
markable for its rich scenery, and gene-
neraily for good soil, and the production
of excellent grain. The narrow zone
between the Blue Ridge and Allegany
mountain is ger,ei*aHy considered as the
most productive region of Virginia.
In order to give the reader means of
estimating correctly the present locality
of population in Virginia, the counties in
the respective zones as far as their out-
lines would atlmit are given separate.
No. I. — Eastern or Alluvial Virginia i
contains the counties of
Counties. Sq. Miles.
Accomac
Caroline
Charles City
Elizabeth City
Essex
Gloucester
Greensville
Isle of Wright
James' City inclu-
dingWilliamsburg'
King and Qneea
King George
King William
Lancaster
Mathtws
Middlesex
Nans^mond
New Kent
240
600
200
64
280
320
300
450
^184
400
16'J
480
230 •
8'J
210
660
230
Norfolk including V qqq
Norfolk borough $
Nc'.thampton 240
Northumberland 240
Princess Anne 300
Prince Georges 312
Prince Wiiham 300
Richmond 1 60
Soutiiampton 500
Surry 360
Sussex 560
Warwick 105
Westmoreland 150
York 120
Pop. 1820.
15,969
I8,u08
5,255
3,789
y,9u9
9,678
6,858
10,139
4,563
11.798
6,116
9,697
5,517
6,920
4,057
10.494
6,630
23,943
7,705
8.016
8,767
8,030
9,419
5,706
14,170
6,594
11,884
1,608
6,901
4,384
to sq. m.
66
30
25
.59
30
23
22
17
29.^
38'
20
27^T
86A
19
16
29
40
33
29
29
31
36
28
18
21
16
40
36, 'r
No. II—Mi
counties of:
Coimties.
Albemarle
Amelia
Amherst
Augusta
Bath
Bedford
Berkeley
Bottetourt
Brunswick
Buck-.ngham
Campbell
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Culpepper
Cumberland
Dinwiddle
Fairfax
Fauquier
8,875 262,524 30
ddle Virginia contains the
Sq. Miles.
700
300
418
900
900
660
500
1,120
570
680
550
600
480
540
320
600
450
720
104:
pop. 1320.
19,750
ll.lUu
10,426
16,72'i
5,237
19,305,
11,211
13,589
16,687
17,570
16,569
13,290
18,003
20,942
11.023
20,482
11,404
23,103
to sq. oi,
28
37
25
19
6
30
22
12
30
. 26
30
o4
36
24
%■ 1 Jl
1 n
Cduntk.r.
Fluvanna
Frank! n
Frederick
G 'O Siand
Halifax
Hairij.shire
H ijover
Hardy
Heiinco, inclii- 1
ding the city >-
of Richmond J
Henry
Jt S rson
Loudon
Louisa
Lunenburg
Madison
Mecklenburg
Morj;an
Nottaway
Nelson
Orange
Patrick
Pendleton
Pittsylvania
Prince Edward
Powhatan
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Shenandoah
Spottsylvania
Stafford
Sq. Miks.
414
670
736
230
9 0
1,250
640
700
6,704
12,017
24,706
10 0-7
19,060
10889
15,267
5.730
16
18
33^
30
20
S
23|
300 23,657 78|
400
300
400
560
220
784
600
450
26i
345
600
600
1,000
1,000
250
320
700
770
900
450
240
5,6 4
13.087
22,702
i:),"45
10 662
8,490
19,786
2,500
9.658
10.137
12,913
5 089
4.836
21,313
12,577
8,292
11,945
14,784
18.926
14,2-4
9,517
14
43
56
941
48J,
10^
33
5h
36:!r
30
21.^
8^
4,.
2U
40 •
25
17
19
21
•31^
45
Ctiu/Uies. , ";
Mason
Monongahe-
1;^, E, and
W.
Mo'-roe
Montgomery
Ohio
Nicholas
Preston
Randolph
Riissel
Sc.v.t
Tazewell
Tyler
Washington
Wood
Wyilie
Sg. miles
830
Pofiutation. Te m. in*
4,868 6 nearly.
660 11,060 16
24,277 655,266 27
Xso. Ill— The surface of West Virginia is
still more broken than thv-t of West Penn-
sylvania. In one respect the two sections are
equal ; the air and water of both arc pure
and healthful- Strenuous exertions are
making by the legislature and people of
Virgm'ia to open an unin empied waier
communication from James river to the
Great Kenhaw.), and down that stream to
the Ohio. Should sucIj an imdertJiking be
carried into effect, and nature appears to
have opposed no obstacle insuperable to
genius, wealth, and industry to remove,
then will a new and most import anl com-
mercial line be added, lo connect and ce-
ment the two opposing slopes of the Ohio
river and Atlantic ocean.
Politically, West Virginia is subdivided
into the counties of:
Counties,
Broke
eabeil
Giles
f; ray son
Greenbriar
Harrison
Kenhawa
Lee
Lewis
150
1750
1900
900
1200
1125
2400
780
1400
Population, To sq. m.
f044
6,611
4,7o9
4,521
5,598
7,041
10,932
6,399
4,256
4,247
,44
2^
2" .
6
6 nearly.
9
2:^
5
450
950
440
900
640
2800
1575
1100
2400
600
850
1300
1030
6,620
8,733
9,182
2,853
3,422
3,357
5,536
4,263
3,916
2,314
12,444
5,860
9,692
13
9
20
2
5
1
3^
n
4
16nearlv.
4A
9"
28,130 147,514
The entire population of West Virginia
were classed by the census, 1820.
Foreigners not naturalized - 235
Engaged in Agriculture - - 34,314
do. in Manufac.ures - - 3.878
do. in Commerce - - 343
39,314
W'e perceive by the foregoing table that
a vety scattered population of a litde more
than five to the square mile, spreads over
a surface, in West Vitginis, of 28,130
square miles. This includr s also the two
extre;..es, and comparatively thickly popu-
lated counties o1 Brooke, and Ohio, west
from Peiinsylvania; the two Monongaiias,
on Moiiohgaiiela river, south from Pennsyl-
vania ; and Washington on the water* of
Tennessee. The superficies and popula-
tion of these counties are, it taken together,
2100 square miles, and 39,297 inhabitants,
leaving lor the residue 26,030 square miles,
and Iu7,8l7 inliabitants. This presents a
surface, in AVes; Virginia, exceeding 26,000
square miles, upon which there exists a
population of within a trifling traction of
four persons to the square mile.
In the counties of West Virginia, there
were by the census of 1820, 6728 male, and
6568 female slaves, amounting to 13,296.
There were tree persons of colour, 551
males, 487 females, amounting to 1028.
The slaves and free persons of colour
united, making an aggregate of 13,296, and
knvingfree whites 132,790.
Suummry. Sq. miles. Population, Tosq.m.
Ea.t Virginia tih75 262,524 30
Middle Virginia 24297 655,266 26
WestVirginia 28130 147,514 5
61302 1,065,304
We here behold the interesting result,
that although the large towns of Richmond,
Petersburg, and Lynchburg, are ail inclu-
flpd in tjre middle section, and thou.gh com-
\~ I K
j.-:>rativeiy inferior in sol!, that tlie iiHtiviiil
portion of Virginia, contains tlie most dense
population of any of the greiit sections of
that slate. ♦
The followlofj table exhibits the entire
population at the respective census of 1810,
and 1820.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - - 280,033
do. do. females - - . 271,496
TotSil whites .... 551,534
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 30,570
Slaves 392,518
Total population in 1810
974,622
Population in 1820.
Free white mates - - . 304,731
do. do. females - - - 298,343
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . , . _ 250
Teal whites .... 603,324
Free persons of colour, males - 17,849
do. do. females . 19,U40
Slaves, males .... 218,274
c^o. fbmalos .... 206,879
Total slaves and. free coloured
persons .... - 462,042
Total population in 1820.
1,065,366
2,142
276,422
747,601
886,149
Of these ;
Foreigners not na'.ur:dizcd
Engaged in AgricuHure
do. in Manufactures - - 52,336
do. in Commerce - - 4,509
Population to the squa'-e mile, 17 1-3.
Progressive population :
In 1790
1800
In 1810, and in 1820, as in the
preceding table.
In the alluvial and middle cotmties enu"
merated in sections No. I. and II. there
were by the census of 1820, free whites,
452,930, and slaves, and free coloured per-
sons 424,370.
The interests of education have received
ample consideration from tiie legislature of
Virginia. The university of Virginia has
been located at Charlottsville, but has not
yet went inio operation. The most ancient
college of that state, William and Mary is
at Williamsburg. See V/iiliamslmrg. Wash-
ington college at Lexington. See Lexing-
ton. Hampden Sydney college stands m
Prince Edward county. Sec Trhtce Ed-
"•vard.
The funds appropriated by the legis-
lature of Virginia, for literary purposes,
are about 1,200,000 dollars, received fronn
the United States for military services,
and other sums arising froi-n escheats,
lines, 8cc. The whole estimated to yield
annually 90,000 dollars. Of which, about
one half is appropriated to primaty
schools; and 15,000 dollars to the state
university. Tl)e residue remains unap-
propriated.
The actual commercial relations of
Virginia may be seen by reference to
the articlf s Alexandria, Norfolk, Peters-
burg, and Richmond, its four principal
ports. The most valuable staples of this
state are wheat, and t bacco, but a con-
siderable quantity of cotton is cultivated
in the SK counties. Small grain, fruit,
and pasturage abounds, where due at-
tention has been paid to agriculture.
Iron, lead, gypsum, salt, and mineral
coal, are its most valuable and abundant
metallic productions.
Vmienber^, tc.wn of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia. It is 20 miles \V
of Coblentz, Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 60 27 N.
Virto7i, town of Austrian Luxemburg,
22 miles VV of Luxemburg, Lon. 5 41
E, lat. 49 .i6 N.
Visagapatam, town of the peninsula of
Hindoostan. Lon. 82 40 E, lat. 17 45 N.
Vischwa, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Tobolsk. Lon 61 n E, lat. 62
36 N.
Visei, town of the Netherlands, in thn
bishopric of Liege, seated on the Maese,
seven miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 00 E,
lat. 50 44 N.
Vishnei- Volotchok, town of Russia, in
the government of JV».t. Lon. 35 0 E,
lat. 57 23 N. This place- is situated on
the canal which unites the Masta to the
Tver, and takes its name fr^m the Rus-
sian noun, Volok, signifying the space
between two navigable nvt rs.
Fisiafiour, or Bejapour, considerable
city of the Deccan of Hindoostan. former-
ly the capital of a large kingdom of the
same name, now subject to the Ponnah
IMahrattas. It is 136 milts E of Poonah,
and 234 SE of Bombay. Lon. 75 19 E,
lat. 17 26 N.
Visogorod, town of Poland, in Maso-
via, with a castle, seated on the Vistula,
50 miles NW «)f Warsaw.
Uist, J\''orih and South, two islands of
the Hebrides, on the W coast of Scot-
land, viz.
Uist, North which lies to the south-
ward of Harris, separated by a channel
of about nine miks over, is somewhat
more considerable, being about 3u miles
in circumference North Uist is 15 miles
S of the Isle of Skye And,
Uist, Souths is about 21 miles in length,
and three or four in breadth, 20 miles
W of the Isle of Skye.
Vistula, large river which rises in
1045
\ I V
tJ I- .\i
Mouni Crapach, en the contines ot Sile-
sia and Hungary, crosses Poland and
Prussia, and falls by three mouths into
th' Baltic, br-low Dantzic. It is forn-.ed
by the Vistula prpper, the Bug, and Na-
rew, and passes, Crncow, Sandorair, 'War-
saw. Culm, Maritnberg, and Dantzic.
Vicerbo, episcopal town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, containing 10,000
inhabitants ; seated at the foot of a moun-
tain, from the top of which, the city of
Rome and the M.-diterrrfncan Sea may
he seen ; the latter at a d stance of near
50 miles It is 20 miles SE of Orvieto,
and 35 N by W of Rome.
Vitre, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isle and Vilaine, and late pro-
vince of Brittany, with a trade in linen
cloth, and knit sti ckings and gloves. It
is seated on the Vilaine, SO miles NE of
Rennes.
Vitri le- Urule, village of France, in
the departnitnt of Maine, and late pro-
vince of Champagne.
Vicri-Le-Francois , town of France, in
the department of Marne, and late pro-
vince of Champagne It has a great
trade, particularly in grain, and is seat-
ed on the Marne, 15 miles SE of Caa-
lons, and liiO E of Paris. Lon. 4 33 E,
lat. 48 44 N ^
Vitring, towti of Germany, in Austria,
on a lake, calltd the VVordstee, four
miles S\V from Giagenfurt.
Vitteaiix, town o! France, in the de-
partment of Cote d'Or, and late province
of Burgundy, on the river Braine, where
there are quarries of marble, 12 miles
SE of Semur, and 27 W of Dijon
Vitioria, or Victoria, town of Spain, in
Biscay, capital of the province of Alaba.
It has a great trade in hardware, paiti-
cularlyin sword-blades, wliich are made
here in great quantities. , It is seated on
an eminence, at the end of a plain, fer-
tile in corn and grapes, 32 miles SE of
Eilboa, and 155 N of Madrid. Lon. 2
56 W, lat. 42 55 N.
Viravats, late small province of France,
and now included in the department of
Ardeche.
Vivero, town of Spain, in GaUicia,
seated at the foot vi a steep mountain,
near the rii'tr Landrova, whose mouth
forms a large harbour in the Atlantic, 30
miles NVV of Mondonnedo. Lon. 7 34
W,,lat. 43 50 N.
Vivicrs, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardeche, and late province of
Laoguedoc, with a bishop's see. It is
seated among rocks (on one of which
the cathedral is built) on the river
Rhone, 20 miles N of Orange, and 70
>iEof Montpellier. Lon. 4 46 E, lat.
44 20 N.
in4^
i''iza, town of Turkey in Europe, la
Romania, at the foot of a mountain, at
the source of the river Glicenero.
Ukensoi, town or Russia, in the go-
vernment of Tobolsk, at the junction of
the Irtysh and Oby. Lon. 69 15 E, lat.
61 10 N.
Ukraine, large country of Europe, ly-
ing on the borders of Turkey in Europe,
Poland, Russia, and Little fartary. Its
name properly signifi s a frontier, and
lies along the Dnieper, and belonged
many ages to Russia Kiel was one of
the original cr4pitals of that empire. Af-
ter a series of revolutions, it has again
entirely fell under the Russian sceptre.
The pririCipal town is Kief. See Cos-
sacs.
V'adimir. See Volodlmir,
Ulala, town ot Hindoostan, in Canara,
three mdes SW of Mangalore.
Uhiprjrjl, town of Scotland, in Ross-
shire, on the E side of the entrance of
Loch Broom, at the mouth of a river of
its name, with a good harbour and com-
modious road. It is a great fishing sta-
tion, and situate in the midst of a wool
country, 48 miles W by N of Tain. Lon,
5 5 W, lat 57 50 N.
Ulea, or Ulahorg, seaport of Russian
Finland, and the largest town in east
B thnia, with a commodious harbour, at
the m<!uth of a river of the same name,
340 miles N by E of Abo. Lon. 24 40
E, lat. 65 30 N.
Vlieland. See VUe.
Uhfec, one of the Society isles, in the
Pacific ocean. It has a harbour called
Ohamaneno. Lon. 151 38 VV, lat. 16
45 S.
UHs-water, lake on the borders of West-
moreland and Cumberland, 10 miles N
of Ambleside. It is eight miles long.
The river Eamont flows through this
lake, and 'by Penrith t" the Eden, form-
ing that part of the boundary line be-
tween the two counties.
Ulni, city of the kingdon of Wirtem-
berg, in Suabia. It is a fortified, large,
and handsome place; in which the ar-
chives of the late imperial towns of Sua-
bia were preserved, and the diet of the
circle was generally held. Here is an ex-
cellent college, with a theological semi-
navy annexed. Its other most remark-
able bviildings are the abbey of St. Mi-
chael, commonly called vVengen, the
town-house, the arsenal, the magazines,
and the valuable town library. 'I'he in-
habitants are protestants, and estimated
at 15,000; thty have a good trade in li-
nens, fustians, paper, wine, and wool,
it is seated at the confluence of the Blau
with the Danube, opposite the influx of
*he Tier, 38 mile^ W bv N of Augsburg,
U L S
U M M
and 40 SK of Stutgardi Lon. 9 56 E,
lat. 48 24 N.
Ulmen, town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves, 28 miles west of Cob-
lentz.
Ulotho, or Vlotho-w, town of Westpha-
lia, in the county of Raveiisberg, near
which is a medicinal spring. It is six
miles S of Minden.
Uln'chstein, town of Germany, in Up-
per Hesse, with a fortified castle, 25
miles SE of Marburg.
Ulrichsliamn, town of Sweden, in west
Gothland, formerly called Bogesund, the
present name being given it, in 1741, in
compliment to queen Ulrica Eleanora.
It has a considerable trade in cattle, pro-
visions tobacco, &C. and is 50 miles E
of Got'ieburg.
Ulster, province of Ireland, 116 miles
long and 100 broad ; bounded on the E
by the Irish sea, N by the Northern
ocean, W by the Atlantic ocean, SW by
the pr'.vince of Connaught, and S by that
of Lienster. It contains the counties of
Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone,
Fermanagh, Monaghan, Armagh, Down,
and ('avan. The principal place is Lon-
donderry.
Ulster, county of New York ; bounded
by Hudson river E ; Orange county S ;
Sullivan VV ; Df^laware NW ; and Greene
N. Length 40 ; mean width 30 ; and area
about 1200 squai'e miles. Surface highly
variegated by mountain, hill, dale, and
valley. Its front on the Hudson, is rocky
and precipitous, but most of its vales
highly productive. Staples, grain, flour,
live stock, Ike, It is watered by the
Wallkill and Kingston creeks. Chief
town, Kingston.
Population in 1810.
Free white "lales - . 12,443
do. do. fem.iles - - 11,630
Total whites ... 24,673
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 1,066
Slaves 1,437
Total population in 1810,
26,576
Population in 1820.
Juve whila males - - . 14,829
do. do. females • - 13,985
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 0
Total whites - . . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ...
do. females
Total population in 1820
30.934
^Of these ;
Foreigners not natiiralized . 105
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,351
do. in VlanuFactures - 9
do. in CorT\merce - - 16
Population to the square mile, 25^.
Ukter, township of Bradford county,
Pennsylvania ; on the nght side of Sus-
quehannah river, above Towanda. Po-
pulation 1820, 704.
Ultzen, or Vdtzen, town of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg. It
has a trade in 11 ur and wo 1, and is
seated on th.e Ilm.enau, 20 miles SE of
Lunenburg.
Ulvc.rsfoii, town In Lancashire, with
a mark t o.i Monday. It is seated at
the foot of some hills, near a shallow
arm of the Irish Sea, and has a canal to
the estuary of the Leven.- It is the port
of the district of Furness, and txports
much corn, limestone, iron ore, and blue
slate. It is IS miles NVV of Lancaster,
and 261 NN W of London. Lon 3 12 W,
lat. 54 14 N.
Ulyses post village and township,
Tompkins county. New Y. rk. containing
Ithaca. Population 1810, 3250; and in
1820, 6345.
U?}ia, or Umsa, seaport of Sv/edenj
in West Bothr.ia, at the mouth of the
river Uma, in the gulf of Bothiiia. The
houses are built of wood ; and it was
twice burnt by the Russians. It is the
residence of the governor of W( st Both-
nia, and 310 miles N hy E of Stockholm.
Lon 19 18 E, lat. 63 5 N
Umago, seaport of Venetian Istria,
sealed between the gnlf of Largena, and
the mouth of the river Quieto.
IJmbagog, lake mt'Stly in Maine, but
extending into Coos county iri New Hamp=
shire. It is above 30 miles long and
from one to ten miles wide; and is
discharged into the Andriscoggin river.
Umbria'.ico, town of Italy, in Napies,
with a bishop's see. though now reduced
to a small place, having only about 50
houses It is seated on the Lipuda, 15
miles N by W of St. Severina. Lon. 17
10 E, lat. 38 29 N,
Ummedafioora, one of the most flou-
rishing and well built cities of Asia, the
metropolis cf the Birman empire, wth
a spacious and regular fort, complete ly
fortified after the eastern manner. It
was founded in 1783 by the emperor
Minderagree, four miles to the NE of
Ava, the ancient capital. A peninsula,
formt-d by the Irrawaddy on the W, and
a narrow channel branching E from the
river, which soon takes a N dirt ction
and expands to a lake on the E side of
the city, seven niiieslong and on» ctnd a
half broad. It is 520 miles SE from Cal^
rrt4r
L N I
U X I
cutta, and 620 NNW of Siam. L,ou. 76
7 E, lat. 21 57 X.
Unadilia, post town in Otsego county,
Kew York, lying on the rigiit side of
Susquehannah vivn- five miles above its
iunction with Unadilia river. Population
1810, 1425 ; and in 1820, 2194.
Unadilia jivcr, rises in the southern
sides of Oiitida and Herkimer counties
New York, a;id flowing SSW, separates
f(jr about 10 miles Madison from Otsego,
and thence to its mouth, Otstgo from
Chenango. It falls into the Susquehan-
nah after an intire course of about 40
miles.
Undersvjen, or UndetaeeJi, handsome
town of Swiss -rland, in the canton of
Bern, near which is the famous cavern of
St. Pat. It is seated on the lake Thun,
25 miles SSE of Bern, and 30 SE of Fri-
burg. Lon. 7 32 E, lat, 46 32 N, •
Underivalden, canton of Swisserland,
the sixth in rank ; bounded on the N by
the canton of Lucern and the Lake of the
Fear cantons ; on the E by high mouii-
taitis. which separate it from the canton
of Uri ; on the S by Mount Brnnich.
whicii parts it frcm the canton of Bern ;
and on the VV by that of Lucei n. It takes
its name from a wood, which runs nearly
in the middle of the country, from N to
S. It is 25 miles long, and 17 broad, and
is divided into two parts, that above the
wood, and that below it, called Ober-
Avuld and Underwald. The inhabitants
are Roman catholics. Stantz is the ca-
pital.
Unghivar, town of Upper Hungary,
capital of a county of the same name, in
tin island, formed by the Ungh. It is
strong from its situation arniong the
mountains of Crapach, and is 47 m.iles
E of Cassovia. Lon. 22 23 E, lat. 48
48 N
Union, river of Hancock County Maine,
falls into Blackhil! bav This stream is
foliowed advancing NE by several minor
rivers, which are included'in this article.
Narraguagus iiito Pigeonhill, or Narra-
guagus bay ; Pleasant river into the bay
of tht- same name ; Chandler's river into
English bay ; and Machias and East
rivers into Machias bay. None of those
streams have sources 60 miles inland,
and thrup;h in a very remarkable manner
supplied with convenient harbourSj the
inland commerce of the country is very
confined.
Union, post village and township Lin-
coln county, Maine, 30 miles NE from
Wiscasset. Population 1810, 1391.
Unoin, township, T(illand county Con-
necticut, 33 miles NE from Hartford.
Population 1810, 752 ; and in 1820, 757.
. ^^nion, post village and township
104«
Broome county New York, six miles be-
low Chenango, on the Susquehannah.
Population 1820, 2037.
Union, post village, Washington coun-
ty, New York, on the right bank of Bat-
terhill six miles above its mouth. It is
the seat of an academy, and extensive
manufactories of cotton goods. Popula-
tion about 600,
Union, township of Essex county,
New Jersey, Population 1810, 1428;
and in 1820, 1567.
Union, county of Pennsylvania ; bound-
ed by Susquehannah river E, or North-
umberland county E ; Mifiiin S ; and
SW,' Centre W; and Lycoming N.
Length 26 ; mean width 21 ; and area
551 square miles. This is a mountain
county, and of course much broken, but
the river, and creek lands are highly
productive. This county is washed in
its greatest length by Susquehannah
river, and drained by White Deer, Buf-
faloe, Penns. and Mahoning creeks.
Chief town. New Berlin.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 9,535
do. do. females - - 9,210
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites , . . . 18,545
Free persons of colour, males - 34
do. do. females 37
Slaves, males .... 2
do. females - . . i
Total population in 1820 - ~ 18,619
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 11
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,240
do. in .Manufactures •• 415
do. in Commerce . - 30
Population to the square mile, 34.
Union, township of Erie county Penn-
svlvania, five miles E from Waterford.
Population 1820, 200.
Utdon, township of Huntingdon coun-
ty, Penns> Ivania, in Trough creek valley,
15 miles nearly S from Huntingdon-
Population 1820, 1078.
Union, township of Luzerne county,
Pennsyivania, extending from the Sus-
quehannah river, to the E limit of Ly-
coming county. 13 miles below Wilkes,
barre.' Population 1820, 686,
Union, p^ist town, borough, and seat
of justice, Fayette county, Pennsylvania,
on both sides of Redstone ci eek, 12 miles
SE from Brownsville. Population 1820,
1058.
Union, township Fayette county, Penn-
sylvania, around the borough of the same
name. Population 1S20. 1947..
1. N i
h N 4
Vmon, towiisliip of Mifflin county, Pena-
sylvania, adjoining Centre and Huntingdon
counties, containing 1114 inhabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 1391.
Union, district of South Carolina ; bound-
ed by Broad river or Yrrk, Chester, and
Fairfield districts E ; Ennoree river or
Newberry and Laurens districts SW ; and
Spartanburg W and NW. Length 45 ;
mean width 15 ; and area 675 square miles.
Beside the two bounding rivers, it is drain-
ed by Pactilet and Tyger river. Chief
town, Union
Population in 1810.
Free white males - ~ - 3,940
do. do. females - - . 4,148
Total whites .... 8,088
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - . 68
Slaves 2,846
Total population in 1810 . - 11,002
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 5,246
do. do. females . - 4,540
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 0
Total whites . - - - 9,786
Free persons of colour, males 31
do. do. females, 31
Slaves, males .... 2,438
do. females - - - - 1,840
©f these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 22
Engaged in Agriculture - - 57§
do. in Manufactures . 90
do. in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 6.
Union, county of Ohio ; bounded by
Delaware E ; Madison and Champaign S ;
Logan W; and Hardin and Marion N.
Length 27 ; breadth 17 ; and area 500
square miles. It is drained by the sources
of Darby and Mill creeks. Soil generally
fertile. Chief town, Marysville.
Population in 1820.
Free whitt- males - - 1,010
do do. females - - 978
All other persons except Indians
not taxed _ - - - 0
Total population in 1820
14.126
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 63
Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,694
do. in Manufactures - - 334
do. in Commerce - - 46
Population to the square mile, 21 nearly.
Union, post village and seat of justice,
Union district, South Carolina, 60 miles N
NW from Columbia.
Union, county of Kentucky ; bounded by
Ohio river W and NW ; Henderson county
NE ; Hopkins SE ; and Tradewater river
or Livingston county SW. Length 30 ;
mean width 16 ; and area 540 square miles.
This county lies opposite to the mouth of
Wab;:sh river. Chief town, Morganfield.
Population in 1820.
■Bree white males - - 1,270
do. do. females - - 1,159
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do do. females
Slayes, males
do. females
Total popul.itlon in 1820 -
'i V
2,429
5
1
535
500
3,470
Total whites - _ -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ - -
do. females _ _ -
Total population in 1820
1,996
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 342
do. in Manufactures - 15
do. in Commerce - 2
Population to the square mile 4 nearly.
Union, township of Union county, Ohio.
Populaiion in 1820,
Union, township of Knox countv, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 1356.
Union, township of Belmont county,
Ohio, containing the village of Morristown.
Populaiion in 1820, 1651.
Union, township of Washington county,
Ohio Population in 1820, 242.
Unio7i, township of Lawrence county,
Ohio Population in 1820, 519.
U7iion. tovrti8hi|> of Knox county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, 955.
Union, one of the northern townships of
Ross coimty, Ohio. Population in 1820,
2778.
Union, NW township of Highland coun-
ty, OIiio. Population in 1820, 730.
Union, t'Hvnship of Champaign county,
Ohio, which comaining 708 inhabitants in
1820
Uninu, 'ownship of Logan county, Ohio.
Populainin 1820,616.
Urdon, township of Madison county,
Ohio, in which is si uated 'he town of
London. Populati hi in 1820, 720.
Union, 'ownship of Fayette county, Ohio,
containing 'he town of Washington. Popu-
lation in 182u, 1069.
Union, town-hip of Clinton county, Ohio,
conwiining *he town of Wilmington, Popti-
ration hi i820, 2656.
( 10"49
L N I
U K I
(jiiioiii NW township of Sciolo county,
Ohio. Fopulation ill 1820, 322.
Union, township of Warren county, Ohio,
which contained 13S2 inhabitants in 1820.
Union, township of Butler county, Ohio.
Population in 1820, uncertain.
Ifnion, eastern town-liip in Muskingum
county, Ohio, tiirough which tlie road
passes from Zanesvil.e to Wheeling'. Popu-
lation in 1820, 990.
Union, western township of Clermont
CcinUy, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1165.
Union, SW township of Miami county,
Ohio, containing 1064 inhabit.tnts in 1820.
Union, West. See West Union.
Union, or Shakersto-nn, ssltlement of
Shakers, in Warren couaiy, Ohio, four
miles west of Lebanon.
Union, post town, .Montgomery county,
Ohio, 12 miles NW from Dayton.
Union, county of Illinois ; bounded by
the Mississippi river W ; Jackson and
.Franklin counties N; and Johnson E.
Length 24 ; breadth 18 ; and area 430
square miles. Chief towns, Hamburg and
Jonesburg.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 1,254
do. do. females - - - 1,084
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . o
Total whites .... 2,3S3
Free persons of colour, males - 0
do. do. females - 0
Slaves, males . - . - 14
do. females ... 10
Total population in 1820 - 2,362
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Ygriculture • - 599
do. in Manufactures . 41
do. in Commerce - - 8
Population to the square nf^, 5 1-3.
Uniontoiu7i, post town, near Jonathan's
creek, Muskingum county, Ohio, nine
miles SW from Zanesville.
United Provinces nf the J^'etherlands for-
merly a republic of Europe, consisting ot
seven provinces, which extended 150 miles
from N to S, and 100 from E to W. They
were bounded on the W and N by the
German Ocean, on the S by Brabant and
the bishopric of Liege, and on the E by
Germany. They ranked in the following
order ; Guelderland, Holland, Zealand,
Utrecht, Friesland. Overyssel, and Qronin-
gen. They now form parts of the king-
dom ot the Netherlands.
United States, country of North Ameri-
ca ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean E and
SE ; Gulf of Mexico S ; the Spanish or
Mexican province SW : Pacific Ocean W ;
and N by the Russian and British territo-
1050
ries in North America. This extensive
region has the following limits :
jlliks.
Commencing on Passamaquodily
bay at the moith of St. Croix
river ; and thence along the At-
lantic Ocean to Florida point 1800
Thence along the Gulf of Mexico to
the mouth of the Sabine - 1100
From the mouth of the Sabine, in
common with the Spanish op
Mexican provinces to the Pacific
Ocean - . - - - - 2300
Along tlie Pacific Ocean from lat.
42 to 49 N, or about - - 500
Due east from the Pacific Ocean, on
lat. 49° N, on the Russian territo-
ries to the Rocky or Chippewah
mountains - . . . 600
Thence in common with Cabotia, or
British North America, to the
mouth of St. Croix
Having an intire outline
3000
9300
It is subdivided
following states and
alphabetically, are :
Alabama
Arkansaw
Connecticut
Columbia district
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kenuicky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
M ssachusetts
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
New Hampsliire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Souih Carolina
Tennessee
Vermont
Virginia
Western Territory
at this period into the
terri lories.
which taken
Square Miles,
Population"
51,770
143,000
100,000
14,273
4,750
275,248
100
33,039
2,120
72,749
.54,000
10,000
58,000
340,989
58,900
55,211
34,000
147,178
37,680
564,317
48,220
153 407
35,000
297,839
11,000
407,350
7,250
521,725
174,000*
10,000
45,760
75,448
62,870
66,586
8,030
244,155
6.851
277,573
46.000
1,372,812
48,000
638,829
38,260
581,434
43,^50
1,049,458
1,580
83,059
24,000
t502,758
40,000
423,813
8,278
235,764
63,000
1,065,304
950,000
2,063,369 9,663,313
* See Michigan.
t Including Kershaw district, which was
not returned in the census of 1820.
U" N I
t^ N i
So much has been given on the sep.a- to each other. The system is every where
rate sections, as to precUide the necessity remarkable for tlie regular heic^ht t)f its
of a lengthe!!ed article under the head of ridges, and the non-existence of elevatefl
the United States. It may be sufficient to peaks The bearing of tiie wliole system,
observe, that th*^ territory of the ynited is generally from NE to SW, but, with
States is naturally subdivided into four sec- some remarkable inflections. In the south-
tions. em side of Pennsylvania, in Maryland, and
First the AlHn-ic slone - second a nart '" ^^^^ ^ ^'^^ °^ Virginia, the ridges lie
P . K • Allan'ic slope , second, a par j^^^j.,,^ j^ ^^^ g ^^^^ j,^ ^;,^ j^^^^^.
or the basm or S;. Lawrence; third, tiie ~„„,i.' n „„ „' „ oix- a- ,.• I
ereatest nart of the bisin of Mississinni • .?'^^."^"y re-assiime a S^\ direction, and
greatest pan ot tne bism of MiSMSsipp. continue in that course to neur the north
Columbia ^ boundary of Tennessee. Here the whole
system inflects considerably to the west of
The Atlantic slope, is that part of the south-west, and crossing Tennessee, imper-
United States, from wh'ch the streams flow ceptibly merges into the general level of
into tlie Atlantic ocean. This !'egion ex- the adjacent country, in Alabama, Georgia,
tends from Florida point, lat. 25 0, to the and Mississippi.
sources of St. John's river, lat. 48 0 N, and From the sources of the Mohawk, to
reaches inland considerably beyond the those of Tennessee, Kenhawa, and James'
main ridge of the Appalachian mountains, river, the table land gradually rises, advn:,.
It is a very interesting fitct in tlie geogra- cingfrom NE to SW. Tlie sources of the
phy of tlie United States, that the real de- Mohawk flow from a surface about 609 feet
viding Une between the rivers of the Atlan- above the Atlantic Ocean; those of the-
tic slope and those flowing into the basins Tennessee, Kenhawa, and James' river,
of St. Lawrence, and Mississippi, and the from a table land from 1500 to 2000 feet
rangeof intermediate mountains, cross each above the ocean level. The intermediate
other obliquely. The Tepnessee and Ken- sireams rise upon elevations, nearly com-
hav/a rivers, rise E of all the mountain mensurate to their particular distance from
ridges but one ; and the Susquehannah and the extremes.
Mohawk, have their sources west of the The entire Appalachian, or Allegany
Appalachian system. In both cases the system, is about 1200 miles in length, and
rivers pierce the mountain ridges in their including all its lateral ridges 100 miles
progress towards their respective recipi- wide ; embracing an area of 120,000 square
ents. This peculiar structure gives great miles. Cut a small part however, compara-
facility of water communication across an tiyely of this superficies is actually covered
extensive mountain mass. with mountains. Some of thp most pro-
Take into one general view, the Atlantic '^"Ctive^, picturesque, and salubrious sec-
slope declines by gradulally, but unequally *'""^ °^ ^}?^ United States are found in the
from the sources of its nvsrs towards the ^^^Ueys of this mountain system. They are
Atlantic coast. North East from the Hud- ^'"'P'y noticed in this treatise, under the
son, this slope terminates by hills on the
ocean; but SW, from that river, in an al-
luvial plain. See the various States, and
Rivers, of the Atlantic slope.
Though, not the actual dividing ridge
between the sources of its rivers, the Al-
legany, or Appalachian mountain system, is
a very prominent, and influential feature in
respective states, and counties within their
range, to v,-hich the reader is referred.
'i'lie reader is also referred for the other
great natural sections of the United States,
to tiie ai'ticles Cidppewan, Columbia, Mas-
seme, MissiaVtppU^Missouri, St. Laiorence,
The classified and progressive popula-
the physiognomy of the United States. \¥ ^}^'' f,}^^. '^"=*f^ ^^^^^^' "^'^ exhibited in
is composed of two very distinct masses, the following tables,
separated by the deep tide vale of the Hud- Population in 1810
son. North East from that singular bay, Free xvhite males '- - 2.988.141
two ridges extend nearly N and S. Fu^t. ^o. do. females - - 2 873 952
the main ridge between the basins of the ' •j,^>ii,
Hudson, and lake Champlain, and tl.at of Total whites - - - 5,862,093
Connecticut river : and the second, ,n more All other persons except Indians
broken fragments E of the latter basm. not taxed - -
One part of the latter ridge, the White slaves . - J '
mountains of New Hampshire is the highest
lalltfsMrt '^''^^'"' ^^ ^'"" countijlj^Tew Total population in 1810
186,446
1.191,364
7',239,903
South west from the Hudson, the Appa- Population in 1820.
lachian system, with some apparent confu- Free white males - . 3 992 166
sion, extends in ridges lying nearly parallel do. do. females - - 3,'863,*916
1051
AN-NUAL TREASURY fiEPOllT OP THE UNITEB STATES'.
All ether persons except Indians
not taxed
4.631
Total whites - - - 7.840,713
Free persons of colour, males 112,703
do. do. females, 120,695
Sla\'es, males - - - 784,671
do. females - - - 746,765
Total population in 1820 -
9,625,547
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
53,655
2,065,499
349.24''-
72,o97
To complete the enumeration,
the inhabitants of tlie United
States in 1820, to the above
aggregate
Must be adde.1, the popula-
ef Kershaw district, South
Carolina - - -
9^25,547
12,442
Additional counties of Ala-
bama - _ _
15,324
Elorida
10,000
Corrected Amount * 9,663,313
Progressive population since
tha vear 1790 :
In 1790 - - - 3,929,328
ISOO - - - 5,306,035
1810 - - - 7,239,903
1820 - - - 9.663,313*
Tn Estimating the comparative population
to the square mile, it will be four and a
third, if the whole territory of the Uiiited
States is included ; but amoun'.s to 16 to
t!ie square mile, v/hen we include only the
f.vea actually embraced by the census of
1820, or about 600,000:squajemilet.
* Several very serious discrepancies ex-
ist in the general ag-gregate published at
Washington, from the Marshal's return of
the census of 1S20. In the general sum-
vnary v/hich precedes the separate tables,
the entire population of the United S ates
is given at 9,625,734 ; but when the classes
in the various columns are numbered fr m
the top to the bottom of the page, or fiom
left to right, a differenc? in ihe respective
tesults is found, amounting to 20,187. In
seai'ching lor the source of this large error,
it was discovered, that the column lieadi-d
" Free -white males of 16 ajid tinder 26, i7iclu-
ding heads of families" was 755,520, instead
of 775,520, the real number. The small
fraction of 187, was made up of minor er-
rors, of too little moment to rendep specifi-
cation necessarv.
1,21S,966 40
336,290 11
ANNUAL TREASURY REPORT.
In obedience to the directions of the " Act
supplementary to the Act to establish
the Treasury Department," the Secretary
of the Treasury respectfully submits the
following Report :
1. Of ihe Public Revenue arid Expenditure,
of the Years 1821 and 1822.
The neat revenue
which accrued from
duties on imports
and tonnage, da.
ring the year 1S2X,
amounted to §15,898,4:4 42
The actual re-
ceipts in the Trea-
sury, during the
year 1821, inclu-
ding the loan of
5,000,000, amount-
ed to 19,573,703 7Q
Viz.—
Customs 13,004,447 15
Public lands, ex-
clusive of Missts-
appi stack
Arrears of in-
ternal duties and
direct tax
Dividend on
stock in Bank of
the United States
and other inci-
dental receipts
Loan authorised
by act of the 3d
March, 1821, inclu-
ding a premium of
g264,703 70 gain-
ed on the same 5,000,000 00
Making, with the ""
balance in the
Treasury, on the
1st of January,
1821, of 1,198,461 21
An aggregate of 20,773,164 93
The expendi-
tures during 1821,
Amounted to 19,090,572 69
Civil, diplomatic,
and miscellaneous 3,241,871 54
Militai'y service,
including fortifica-
tions, ordnance, In-
dian Department,
Revolutionary and
Military pensions,
arming the mili-
tia, and arrearages
prioE to the 1st
Januaij, 18W 5,162,364 47
Naval services,
including the gra-
dual increase of the
Navy 3,319,243 06
Public debt 8,367,093 62
AltNUAL TfiEASUnV REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES.
Leading a ba-
lance in the Treas-
Mry, on the 1st of
January, 1822, of
The actual re-
ceipts in the Treas-
uiy, (luring the
three first quarters
of the year 1822,
are estimated to
have amounted to 14,745,408 75
Viz —
Customs
12,648,933 15
Public lands ex-
clusive of Missis-
sippi Stock
1,298,584 56
Arrears of inter-
nal duties and di-
rect tax, dividend
on stock in the
Bank, and other in-
cidental receipts
391,871 7©
Balances of ap-
propriations for the
War and Navy De
partments, return-
ed to the Treasury,
and carried to the
surplus fund
406,119 28
The actual re-
ceipts into the
Treasury, during
the 4th quarter,
are estimated at 5,000,000 00
Making the total
estimated receipts
into the Treasury
during the year
1822
And with the ba-
lance in the Treas-
ury, on the 1st of
January,1822,form-
ing an aggregate of
The expenditures
during the three
first quarters of the
year 1822, are esti-
mated to have
amounted to 12,278,653 o5
Viz.—
Civil, diplomatic,
and miscellaneous
1,536,434 2-i
Military service,
including fortifica-
tions, ordnance, In-
dian Department,
revolutionary and
military pensions,
arming the militia,
and arrearages
prior to 1st Janu-
ary, 1817,
4,930,210 68
Naval service, in-
cluding the gradual
increase of the
1,681,592 24 Navy, 1,558,952 88
Public debt
4,-276,055 52
The expendi-
tures during the
fourth quarter, in-
cluding the re-
demption of the
§2,000,000 of six
per cent, stock of
1820, are estimated
at 6,000,000 00
Making the total
estimated expendi-
ture of the year
1822 18,278,653 33
And ' leaving in
the Treasury on
the 1st of January
112.5, an estimate
of 3,148,347 67
After deducting from this sum, certma
balances of appropriations amounting to
551,232,212 11, which are necessary to effect
the objects for -which they were severally
made, or hare been deducted from the esti-
mates, for the service of the ensuing year a
balance of ^1,916, l.;5 56, remains; which,
with the receipts into the Treasury during the
year 182), continues the means for defraying
' the current service of that year.
2. Of the Public Debt.
The funded debt
which was contract-
ed before the year
1812, and which
was unredeemed on
the 1st day of Octo-
ber, 1821, amount-
ed to 17,885,746 S4
And that which
was contracted sub-
sequently to the 1st
of January, 1812,
and was nnredeeic-
ed on the 1st of
Oct. 1221, amount-
to 73,552,458 18
!?fcaking the total
amount of funded
debt unredeemed
on the 1st of Octo-
ber, 1821 93,686,205 €!2-
In the fourth
quarter of that year
there was issued
Treasury Note six
per cent, stock, to
the amount of 5<iQ 40
Making an ag-
gregate of
In the same quar-
ter there was paid
the sum of £f63,7*38 75
Viz. Reimburse-
ments of six pel',
renf. ffpferred stock 257.180 <Tfl
19,745,408 75
21,427,000 99
93,686,595 42
ANXtJAL TREASURY REPORT OF TSE ^Nlt^D &TATES.
Reduction of the
funded debt, on the
1st January, 1822,
to
From that daV
the 1st of October
last, there was is-
sued three per cent.
; tjck to the amount
of
Making; an ag-
gregate of
During the same
period there was
paid the sum of
Viz. Reimburse-
ment of 6 per cent,
deferred stock
Redemption of C
per cent, stock of
1796
93,423,856 67
143 02
93,423,999 69
Redemption of same day in 1821 chargeable on the reve-
Louisiana stock 5,558 16 nue of 1822.
It is estimated the value of domestic ar-
ticles exported from the United States, in
the year ending on the 30th of September
last, has amounted to 42,874,079 00 and
that foreign articles expor ed during the
same period, have amounted ro 22,216,202.
As the receipts from the customs in the
year 1823 depend, 1st upon the amount of
duty bonds which become due within that
year, after deducting the expense of col^
lection, and the amount of debentures
chargeable upon vhem ; and 2d, upon such
portion of t'ne duties secured in the 1st
and 2d quarters of that year as are payable
380~980 02 ^^'*hiri the year ; it is manifest that an in-
crease in the amount of debenture charge-
able upon the revenue of the year 1823 or
300,230 02 a diminution of tlie importations of foreign
merchandize during the two first quarters
of that year, must necessarily diminish the
80,000 00 receipts iuto the Treasury. As deben-
— . — tures can be issued at any time within
twelve months after importation, chargea-
ble upon bonds given for the duties upon
such importation, it is impossible to fore-
see the amount which may be chargeable
upon the bonds that are payable during
the year 1823. The facts, however which
have been stated, justify the conclusion,
2,265,588 07 . that the amount of debentures which will
be issued and charged upon the revenue
of 1823, will considerably exceed the
amount which was chargeable upon that
of 1822. From the same facts, it is also
presumed that the importations of the two
first qiarters of tlie year 1823 will be less
than the corresponding quarters of the
present year.
Giving due weight
90,777,431 60 to all the facts con-
nected with the sub-
ject, the receipts
the year 1123, m;*y
be estimated at 21,100,000
27,437 00 Vi: .—
Customs,
265,588 07
Reducing the
funded debt, on the
1st of October,
1822, to
It is estimated
that, in the 4th
quarter of the pre-
sent there will be
paid
Viz. Reimburse-
ment of 6 per cent,
deferred stock
Redemption of
BIX per cent, stock
Of 1820 ■ 2,000,000 00
Which will re-
duce the funded
debt, unredeemed
on the 1st of Janu-
ary, 182.^ to
The amount of
Treasury notes out-
standing on the 1st
of October, 1822,
is estimated at
And the amount
of Mississippi stock
unredeemed ou
that day, at
93,043,019 67
^iPulic lands,
ank dividends.
Arrears of inter-
nal duties and direct
tax, and incidental
26,73^
3. Of the Estimate of the Public lievemie
and ExpemUUire for the year 1823. receintB
The gross am lunt of duties on imports Tq which is to
and tonnage which accrued from the 1st be added the sum of
of January, to the 30th of September
last, both days included is estimated at Remaining in the
g 19,500,000 00 ; and that of tlie whole treasury after satis-
year at §23,000,000 00. fjing the balances
It is estimated that the amount of de- "f appropriations
bentures, issued during the same period, chargeable upon
exceeds the amount issued during the cor- ^'''^ revenue of 1822
respo)iding per.od of t!,e year ^1821 by ~h. '"---"ftH^
o«oc firto J ,^1 i. ^1- .. i- 1 L entire means i)f the
5S8b,000 and that the amount of deben- year 182 ^amount to
"ures outstanding, on the 30th of Septem- The expenditure
ber last, chargeable lipon the revenue of of the year 1823, is
T623. is ^234,000 more ih^n wras on t?ip estimated at
19,000,000
1,600,000
350,000
150,000
1,916,135 56
23,016,135 56
i5,(i^^7 se
V O E
V o i:
I'lz .— -
Ciril, diplomatic
and luiscellaTieous
-Military service,
including fortifica-
tions, ordnance, In-
dian Department,
revolutionary and
njiJitary pensions,
arming the militia,
and arrearages pri-
or to the 1st of Jan-
uary, 1817
Naval service,
including the gra-
dual increase of
the Navy
Public debt.
Which being de-
ducted from the
above sum, will
leave in the trea-
sury, on the 1st
day of January,
1824, after satisfy-
ing the current de-
mands of the year
182.), a sum estima-
ted at
1,599,317 35
5,134,292 73
2,723,987 12
5,602,000
956;5^8 34
For the cymmerce, and revenue of U<*
United Slates, See the respective <;oirj-
mercial ports. ^" .
Unity, township. and post villug©^' IS^h-
nebec county, Maine, 30 miles ab6'i;e Au-
gusta. Populatii)n in 1820, 978.
Unity, post village, and t'Wnship, Ches-
shire couiity. New Hampshiri|»;^rniles N
W from Concord. Population *n 1819,
1044 i and in 1820, 1277.
Unity, township of Westmoreiind coun-
ty, Pennsy'tvauia, containing 2,174 inlilfei-
tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2436. It is si-
tuated between Loyal'ianoii and Big Se
wickley creeks, about 10 miles E of Greens-
burg.
Unity town;>liip, Columl<iana county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 1195.
Umia, in the county of Marck, formerly,
a considerable hanseatic town, on a brod^
called Kottelbeck, 10 miles NE of Dort-
mund, and 35 S of Munster. Lon. 7 49 E,
lat. 5128N.
Umm, river of Turkey in Europe, which
runs through Croatia, passes by Wihitch
and Dubilza. and falls into the Save.
Unst, most remote of the Shetland isl-
ands extending beyond 61 0 N lat. eight
miles long and four broad.
Unsterseen, town of Swisserland, in the
canton oi Bern. Lon. 7 28 R, lat. 56 35 N.
Unza, or Unsha, town of Russia, in tiie
government of Kostroma. Lon. 44 15 E,
lat. 57 56 N.
Voerden, town of the United Provinces in
Holland. It is seated on the Rhine, 10
miles W of Utrecht, and 20 S of Amster-
dam. Lon. 4 58 B, lat. 53 6 N,
Voghera, fortified town of Italy, in the
duciiy of Mian and territo-y ofPavia. It
li pleasantly seated on the Staffora, 14
miles SSW of Pavia, and 30 S by W of
MUan. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 44 59 N
Vog-labruck, town of Germany, in the
arcliduchy of Austria, which enjoys the
privilege of granting protection to slaves.
Lon. 13 40 E. !at. 58 1 N.
Vogoids. people in Asia, subject to Rus-
sia, who iiave established their habitations
in the forests on the N side of Mount Ou-
Bal, extending tliemselves to the W, and
still farther on the plains to the E of this
chain of nrountains. Here they have dwelt
fur tin^e immemorial, and are possessed of
traditions which have a great conformity
wilh'hi.story. Some authors pretend that
they are the' brethren of the ancient O'Jgri-
ans, or of the pr-sent Hungarian's, and
found thtir conjecture on the situation of
the Vogoul territory, and the strikini:^ re-
semblance there is between the languages
of tue two nations.
-'lipoid town of Fr.'i.nce, in the department
ofMeur'hf, and late province of Lorrain.
VoiglxtJand, territory of Germany, in Up-
per .S.xohy, en the four circles of the Mar-
iuisat: " '-, V is bouiided on the E
53/ Bo; ;;e N '>y the duchy of Al-
tti.buig, ai u ( 1 the W by Thuringia and
f'ranconia. I*^] ^wen is the capital.
Voigtsberg, town of Germany, in tlie cir-
cle «n Uppei- Saxony, with a citadel.
^dkelm<i>'k, or TfoUckmayJi, town of Ger-
many, •» the circle of Austria. Lon. 14
56 B, lat 46 45 N.
Volano, seapi.-rt of Italy in the Fcrrarese,
seated on the gidf of Venice, at one of the
niouths*of tUe Po, 40, 40 milefj: of Fer-
rara. Lon4^^6 E, lat. 44 52
if iJie Li pari Islands, in the
nillsrs in circumljrencc.
the forn of a broken
smoke onh'.
dcanic island
Lveen that of
in the
Liparl
Volcan
•■■diterranej
Fis a t«olc:il
•.^ne, bu'
%Vol(ciiei
AlSSlerranean,
cano. ^^ ^ ^
large^tW^eij^' Europe, which
sonr^^ii) twor'small lakes, in the
iricrnt fflil^lesko?, n Russia, about
3 W of Tver. It begins to be na-
vigable a few miles above that town, and is
considerably augmented here by the junc-
tion of tiie Tverza, whicli is a broader,
deep<:t', and more rapid river. By means
of ti'e Tverza, a communication is made
hetvvf en the Volga and the Neva, or, in
other words, between the Caspian ar.d the
B dtic. Tills river waters some of the finest
provinces in the Russian empire, passes
by Yar slat, Kostroma, Nishne-Novogorod,
Easan, Simbirsk, and Saratof, "entering the
Caspian Sea, by several mouths, below As-
tracan.
. Volhynia, palatinate of Russian Poland^
t0^5
V e JR,
h V P
SOO miles long' and 1S0 broad ; bounded
on the N by Polesia, on the E by Kiof, on
the S by Podolia, and on the W by Austri-
an Poland. It consists chiefly of plains
watered by a great number of rivers. Luc-
ko is the capital.
Vollenhoven, town of Overyssel, capital of
a territory of the ^ame name, on the Zuy-
der-Zee, 8 miles SW of Steenvvich, and 12
NW of Zwol Lon. 5 42 E, lat. 52 44 N.
Volney, township of Oswego county, New
York. Population in 1820, 1691.
Valot town of Turkey, in Europe, in Jan-
na, on a gulf of the same name, where
there is a good harbour, 30 miles SE of
Larissa. Lon. 22 55 E, lat. 39 21 N.
Volodimir, or Vladimir, government of
Russia, formerly a province of Moscow,
containing 14 districts.
Volodimir, or Vladimir, town of Russia,
capital of the government of that name,
and once the metropolis of the Kussian
empire. It is seated on the Kliasma, 110
miles E by N of Moscow.
Vologda, government of Russia, fonnedy
the large t province of Russia, divided inio
the iwo provinces of V
Ustlug, and containin;,
Vologda, town of R-
vince of the same name, sea;
on the river Vologda. Li
59 40 N.
Volta, river of Africfi,
N to S, and falls into the Atlan
Volterra, town of lxi\y, in T
miles SW of Florerice. Lon. 10
43 26 N.
ties of Feldkirch, Bregentz^^Pludente,
and Sonnaberg
Vorden, town of Gerntiany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 52
29 N.
Vorijigen, town of Germany, in Suabia.
Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 48 15 N.
Veroneiz, government of Russia, con-
taining 15 districts.
Voronetz, town of Russia, the capi-
tal of a government of the -sam^name.
It is seated on the Voronetz, below its'
junction with the Don, 217 miles S by
E of Moscow. Lon. 39 40 E, lat. 51
36 N.
Vosges, department of France, including
that part of Lorrain, which .-was lately
a province of the same name. It is so *
called from a chain of mountains, cover-
ed with wood, that separates this de-
partment from the department of Upper
Saone, and Upper Rhine.
Voiiaks, name of a people who inhabit
the land between the rivers Kama and
the Viatki ; they are commonly of a mid-
dling stature, and thin. The colour of
their hair is various, but for the most
piait reddish ; and they resemble the
iViarsh^*^*"''^ in their make more than any na-
E 1"'' '^ '■^^^ derives its origin from them.
' " ' Vou-liou-hien, city of China, in the pro-
vince,of Kiang-nan, and jurisdiction of
Tay-ping-fou ; the most considerable, in
point of riches, in that jurisdiction* It is
52 miles SW of Tay-ping-fou.
Vouille,, v«tUage of France, where was
nd Velibi-
Voltei, town of Italy, in the territory of fought the memorable battle between
Genoa, six miles W of Genoa. Clovis and Alaric, king of the Visigoths^
ro;/wmo^iver of Italy, in Naplej, which ^\ ?• ^0^ ^Y which the power of the
in l(»e Appenines, p
rise
and Capua, and ialls into th
Volturara, town of Napl
seated, at the foot of
miles W of Lucera, an
Lon. 15 14 E, lat. 41
Volvic, town of Fri
ment of Puy de Do
mense quantities. <rf
which is formed fnto "qfliikrries,
used instead of stone in l|Bikiir.r t
jacent towns, ^
Vohintoivii, township of Windham coun-
ty, Connecticut Population 1810, 2016 ;
and in 1820, 1116.
Voor7i, fort of Guelderland, on an island
formed by the junction of the Wahal a; id
the Maese.
Voom, island of South Holland, between
the mouths of the Mac-se. Briel is the
capital.
Voornhmd, territory of South Holland,
consisting of the islands of Voorn, Goree,
and Overslackee.
b* Isernia ^-^ths was destroyed, and that of the
f ol Gaieta. Franks established in Gaul.
Capiianata, Voutchang-fou, city of China, and ca-
enines, atk^pital of a province of Hou-quang.
ofNaples. * Vo7i-theou, or Fou-thceou, city of China,
in the province of Kiang-si, 250 miles S
e deaai- by W of Nanking. Lon. 116 25 E, lat.
There arfftn- .25 50 N.
a in its li^^tyy' Upland, province of Sweden, which is
a sort of peninsula, bounded on the W
by Westmania and Gestricia, on the NE
by the Baltic, and on the S by the sea of
Suderniania. It is 70 miles long and 45
bi'oad, enriched with inexhaustible mines
of copper, iron, and silver ; and the pea-
sants are chiefly employed in the manu-
facture of those metals. Stockholm is
the capital.
Upm:;ister, village in Essex, seated on a
lofty eminence, three miles SE of Rum-
ford.
Upper I>«^i7H, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania, containing 1050 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1259 ;
Voralbcrg, or Vorarlberg, district of Up- situated between Horsham and White*
iiev AtRtria ; coroDrjsing the four coau- marsh, live miles NW qf Jsnl^int^vfi'
L U A
G U G
Upper, SVV township of Lawrence
county, 0\\\o. Population 18:^0, 414.
Upper Freehold., township ot Monmouth
county, New Jfcrsey, situatt-d oii the S
side of the river Shrcwsburv, 12 miles S
of Ainboy. It contained .U83 inhabitants
in 1810; and in 1820, 4541.
Upper M:irIbo7-oH^h, village with a post
office, in P. ince Georg county, Mary-
land, 18 miles E by S of Washington,
and 20 SW of Annupolis
Uppingham, town of Rutlandshire, on
an eminence, six miles S of Oakham
and 90 N by VV of London. Lon 0 45
<W, lat 52 36 N.
Upsal, town of Sweden, in Upland,
with a famous university. It stands in
an open plain, fertile in grain and pas-
ture, is a smal, but very neat town, con
taining, exclusive af the students, ab )Ut
3000 inliabitants. The university is the
most ancient in Sweden, and the first
^seminary in the north for academical
education. The Royal Socirty here is
^ Irkewise the oldest literary academy in
the north. Here is an observatory, plah-
ned by the celebrated Celsius, from
which the Swedish geographers com-
pute the longitude ; also a botanical gar
den, of which the famous Linnaeus was su-
perinteudant. Upsal is 35 miles NNVV
of Stockholm. Lon. 17 39 E, lat. 59
52 N
Upton, tov/n in Worcestershire, on the
Severn. 11 miles S of Worcester, and 111
WNW of London.
Uruch, town of Suabia, in th^ king-
dom of Wirtemberg. It has a great
trade in paper, damasks, and linen, and
is 21 nii^es SSE of Stutgard
Uraguatj, province of Paroguay, so
named from a large river, which unites
with the Pai-ana, "0 miles^abovt Buenos
Ayres, and forms the famous river
Plata.
Ural, river of Russia, which rises in
Mount Caucasus, flows by Orenburg,
Uralsk, and Gurief, and enters the Cas-
pian sea by three mouths.
Ural Mountains chain of mountains,
extending from the 50th to near the 67th
degree of N lat. cr about 1150 miles, and
has by the Russians been called ths
back of the v/orld. The central part of
this chain abounds in metals ; and they
contain fine white marble. Pauda, one
of the highest mountains, is said to be
4512 feet above the level of the sea.
This chain forms a considerable part
of the boundary between Europe and
Asia.
Uralian Cossacs, Tartar tribe that in-
habit the Russian province of Orenburg,
on the S of the river Ural. These Cos-
sacs are descended from those of the
6S
V
Don ; and were formerly called the C'os-«
sacs of the Yiik ; but the name of the
rivi-r and ptropl-. wa>, changed m 1771,
on the suppn bsion of the rebellion of
Pugatch f. Tlie river Y lik was from
thence called the Urai ; tlr- Yaik Cos-
sacs were dennminated Uralian Cossccs 5
and the town of Y'aitsk was named
Uralsk
Uralsk, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Caucasus and province of Oren-*
burg. It was formerly called Y'^aitsk,
and is seated oi> the rivet Ural, ''^TS miles
NNE of Astracan Lon. 50 10 E, lat.
52 ON.
Uranibuvg, once a magnificent castle
of Denmark, in the island -.i Huen It
was built by Tvcho Brahe, a celebrated
astronomer, who called it Uraniburir, or*
Castle of tl^.e Heavens, and here made
his observations, It is now in ruins*
Lon. 12 43 E, lat. 55 55 N.
Urbania, town of Italv, in the duchy'
of Urbiiio, built by Urban VIIJ., on
the Metro, seven miles SSW of Urbino.
Urhaniui, sfeport and post town in
Middlesex county, Virginia, situated on
the SE side of Rappahannock river, 12
miles SW of Liucaster, and 47 N of
Yorkv and 60 N by W of Williams-
burg. It lies in lat. 37 36 N, and lon. 7&
30 W
Urbano, post town and seat of justice.
Champaign county, Ohio, containing a
printing office a court-house and jail, a
bank, a methodist meetinghouse, a mar-
ket house, and 644 inhabitants. Distance,
43 miles W bv N from Columbus. Lat. 4
3N lop. 6 4"W
Urbano, ^V^o the name of a township
in which is situated the above described
town, contauiing 1752 inhabitants in
1810. m^
Urbiiw, Jilcny of Italy, in the Eccle-^
siastical 'State 55 miles iong, and 43
brond ; boinnled on ihe N by the gulf of
\'t- uce, on the S by Perugino and Spo-
ledo, on the E by Ancona, and on the
W by Tusci^Ti}' and Romagna. The air
is not very imholesome, nor is the soil
fertile.
Urbino, town of Italy, capital of the
duchy of Urbino, b. tween the rivers
Mftro and Foglia, 18 miles S of Rimini,
58 E of Fh.rence, and 20 NE of Rome.
Lon. 12 40 E, lat 46 46 N.
Vreden, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia. Lon 7 8 E, lat 52
8N. '
Urgantz, or Jurgantz, town of the
country of the Turcomans, formerly a
considerable place, four miles in circum-
ference, but now in ruins, and no pub-
lic buildings remains but a mosque. It is
240 miles E of the Caspian Sea, and 70 B
105-^
us K
of the lake Aral. Lnn. 60 25 E, lat. 40
55 N.
Ur^e!, ancient town of Spain, in Ca-
talonia, capital of a county of the same
name, on the river Sagra, in a fertile
plain, surrounded by mountains, planted
with vineyards, 60 miles W of Perpig-
nan, and 75 N by W of Barcelona. Lon.
I 44 E, lat. 42 32 N.
Uri, the most southern canton of Swis-
serland and the fourth in rank. It is
bounded on the N by the canton of
Schwitz and the Lake of the Four Can-
tons, on the E by the country of the Ori-
sons and the Canton of Glarus, on the S
by the bailiwics of Italy, and on the W.
by the cantons of Underwalden and Bern.
It is 30 miles long, and 12 broad. See
Sck~veitz,
Uri, Lake of See IValdlsxtte-i- Sec.
Urmiind, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia.
Urscl, town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Rhine, 18 miles NE of Mentz.
Lon. 8 28 E, lat. 50 9 N.
Ursereiif town of Swisserland. Lon.
II 20 E, lat. 49 8 N '
UrsUs, St. town of Swisserland, in the
bishopric of Basle, seated on the Doubs,
over which is a stone bridge, seven rhiles
S of Porentru.
Usbec Tartari/, vast country of Western
Tartary ; bounded on the N by the coun-
try of the Kalmucks, on the E by Thibet,
on the S by Hindoostan, and on tlie W by
Persia and the Caspian Sea.
Uscnpia. See Scopia.
Uscdom, island of Prussian Pomerania, .it
the mouth of the river Oder, in the Baltic
Sea, between vv-hich and the island of Wol-
lin, is a passage called the sttin. It had
formerly a considerable town of the same
name, which whs almost reduced to ashes
in 1473. Lon. 14 11 E, Ijt 54 6 N.
Userche, town of France, itt'Jhe depart-
ment of Correze and 6>|e province of Lor-
rain, seated on a craggy' rock, at the foot
of which flows the Vezere, 57 mile's SE of
Limoges, and 217 S of Paria. Lon. f 37
B, lat. 5 27 N. X^
Ushant, island of France^n the coast of
the department ofFinisterre, and late pro-
vince of Brittany, opposite to Conquet. It
is eight miles in circumference, and con
tains several hamlets and a castle. Lon. 5
4 W, lat. 48 28 N.
Usingen, town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Itl.Inc and j.rincipality of Nassau
Weiburg, 22 miles NE of Mentz. Lon. 8
25 E, lat. 50 10 N,
Usk, tow!i in Mormouthshirc, o:i the
river Usk, 12 miles SW of Monmouth, and
140 W by N of London. Lon. 2 36 W,
lat. 51 41 N.
r-.j, r-her of South Wales, which rises
?058
0 i Z
on tiie W side of Brecknockshire, divides
Monmouthshire into unequal portions, and
falls into the Bristol Channel.
Ussel, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Correze, and late province of Li-
mosin, 32 miles NE of Tulles. Lon. 2 15
E, lat. 45 32 N.
Usiauio, town of Italy, in the Cremonese,
seated on the Oglio, 12 miles NE of Cre-
mona. Lon. 10 8 E, lat. 45 17 N.
Usthig, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Vologda. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 61
15 N.
f/lrzca, /incorporated post town, Oneida
county, Nesv York, on the kft bank of the
Mohawk river, on tlie site of Fort Schuy-
ler. The banks of the river rises by a
gentle acclivity from the water ; the streets
are laid out at right angles to each otherj
the houses are well built, and gives the
aspect of a neat and flourishing village. It
is the mart of a highly fertile and well cul-
tivated cotmtrv, and the most commercial
place between Schenectady and Buffaloe.
The Erie canal passes through the lower
part of this town. A fine wooden bridge,
tmites it to the opposite side of the river.
It is 96 miles by land from Albany, 93 from
Sackett's Harbour, and 220 from Buffaloe.
Lat. 4o 6 N. Population in 1820, 2972.
Utica, village of Clarke county, Indiana,
on Ohio river opposite Transylvania, iu
JefPorson county, Kentucky.
TJioxetei\ town in Staffordshire, ot\ a
rising ground near the river Dove, 13 miles
NE of 'Stafford, and 136 NNW of London.
Lon. 1 50 W, lat. So ION.
Utrechty province of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, 30 miles long and 20 broad ;
bounded on the N by Holland and the Zui-
der Zee, E and S by Gueklerland, and W by
Holland. Tlie soil is fertile, and there are
no inundations to fear as in the other pro-
vinces.
Utrecht, fortified city of Holland, capital
of a province of the same name, with a fa-
mous university Here the union of the
Seven United Provinces was begun in
1579 ; and here was concluded, in 1713,
the peace which terminated the wars of
queen Ann. It is seated on the Rhine, IS
miles SE of Amsterdam, and So NNW of
Nimegnen. Lon. 5 8 E, lat. .52 6 N,
Utrera, town of Spain in Andalusia, near
which is a salt spring. It is 21 miles S of
Seville.
Uuoxeter, town in Staffordshire, with
manufacturss of hardware. It is seated on
a rising ground, near the river Dove, 13
miles NE of Stafford, and 135 NNW of
London.
Utznachy town of Switzerland, capital of
a bailiwic belonging to the cantons of
Schweitz and Claris. It is three miles E
from the lake of Zurich, and 15 N by W of
Glaris.
A K
U^nchlau, township of Chester couiuy,
Pennsylvania, v)ii the N fork ofBrandywine
creek, commenci'ig two miles above Dow-
iiingsown Population in 1810, 1178 ; and
in 1820, 1198.
Uxbridge, town in Middlesex, with a
great -raJe in- corn and fioui". The Coin
flows dirough it in two streams, and the
Grand Junction Canal passes close by.
'Uxbridge is 15 miles \V by N of London.,
Uxbridge, town of Massaciiusetts, in
Worcester county, 16 miles S by E of
Worcester, and 4U SW of Boston.
Uxbridge, corporated town in Middlesex,
15 miles W by N of London. Lon. 0 23
W, lat. 51 31 N.
Uxbridge, post town in Worcester
county, Massachusetts, five miles W of
Mendoi!, and about 40 SW of Boatuii^ unu
56 NE of Hartford, Connecticut. It con-
tained 1404 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820, 1551.
Uzeda, town of Spain, in New Castile,
capaai of a duchy of the same name, with
a castle. It s sealed on the Cogolkida, 2!.)
mile? NNB of Madrid. Lon. s'lo W, lat.
40 46 N.
Ifzcl, town of France, in the department
oi die North Coast aiid lute province of
Bretagne 17 miles SW of St. Brieux.
Lon. 2 52 W, lat 48 16 N.
Uzi's, town of France, in the department
ot Gard, and late province of Languedoc,
seated in a countfy abounding in corn, oil,
silk, and good wine, 12 miles N of Nismis^
and 20 SW of Orange. Lon, 4 27 E, lat.
44 2 N.
W
JVaagy river of Hungary, which rises in
- the Carpathian mountauis, flows by Leo-
poldsiadt, and joms the Danube below
Coniorn.
Waal, river of Holland, being the left
branch from the llliine below Schenk. It
flows W through Guelderland, passes by
Nimeguen, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcum, and
joins the Meuse, at Briel.
Wabash, river of the United States, in
Indiana. It rises near some small lakes to
the SW of Lake Erie, and taking a SSW
course of 400 miles enters the Ohio 128
miles above the confluence of that river
with tfae Mississippi. The Wabash is
navigable 340 miles, and it approaches
within nine miles of the navigable waters
of Lake Erie.
Wabash, county of Indiana. By the cen-
sus of 1820, this county is named with a
population of 147 ; it lay N from Vigo.
Parke and Putnam counties, have been
subsequently formed out of the country it
embraced. See Parke and Putnam in the
Addenda.
Wachenheim, town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 17 miles SSW of
Worms.
jrachitaii. See Washitau.
Wachovia, tract of land in North Caroli-
na, between the rivers Dan and Yadiiin, in
the county of Surry ; consisting of 100,000
acres, purchased by the Moravians, in
1751, and named by them from an estate
of count Zinzendorf's in Austria. In 1755,
by on act of assembly, it wiis made a sepa-
rate parish, called Dobb's Parish. It con-
tains several settlements, of which Salem is
the principal.
Wacldendoiich, town oi' Prussian Guel-
derland, seated in a morass, on tlie river
Niers, five miles south of Gueldres. Lon,
6: 7 E, lat. 51 33 N.
fJ adesboro', post town, the capital of
Anson county, North Carolina; seated o:i
the south side of Brown creek, a branch cf
the Great Pedee river, 22 miles west of
Rockingham, and 70 west of Fa) elteville.
Wadstena, town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of E Gothland. It is seated on the
lake Wetter, 160 miles SW of Stockholm.
Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 58 18 N.
Wadsworth, one of the southern town,
ships f'f Medina county, Ohio. Population
'•in 1820,318.
Wageiiiiigen, town of Dutch Guelderland,
seated on the Leek, 10 miles NW of Nime-
guen. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 52 0 N,
Wugeria, or Wagerlaiid, fertile territory
in the duchy of Holstein, 20 miles in length
and 15 in breadth ; bounded on the NE by
the Baltic Sea; on tlie S by the river
I'rave ; and A||tlM^ W by Proper Holstein,
and Stormari^flftt is very fertile in corn^
and Lube(|j^ the |Brincipal town.
Waiguts', straits^elween Nova Zembla
and Russia, tiuough which tii.e Dutch at-
tempted to find a NE passage to Cliina,
and sailed a^"^ as 75 degrees E lon. in lat.
72 25 N.
Waihlijigen, towH of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia.
Wainfeci, town in Lincolnshire near the
sea, in a fenny part of the country, and on
the river Witham, 14 miles NE of Boston,
and 130 N by E of London. Lon. 0 2© ¥.,
lat. 53 10 N. •
Waitzen, or Waitz, town of Hungary, on
the Danube, 72 miies ESE of Presburg.
Lon, 18 38 E, lat. 47 29 N.
Wake, county of North Carolina ; bound-
ed SW by Cumberland and Chatham ; W
by Chatham and Orange ; N by Granville ;
NE by Frariklin ; and SE by JohnsoD
Length 37 ; mean width 28 ; and area about
1000 square m>!es. Neirse riveT wiy»?<5
\V A. L
W A «.
ihrongh it fromN to S, and the great body
of the county is drained by the vari!>us
branches of that stream. Chief town, Ra-
leigh.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 5,287
do. do. females - - 5,4C2
Total whites .... 10,689
All other persons except Indians
not taxc-cl - - - - 519
Slaves - - . . . 5,878
Total population in 1810
17,086
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 5,835
do. (!o females ... 6,116
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites - . . .
H,951
Free persons of colour, ma.es
o56
do. do. females -
378
Slaves, males - - -
3,742
do. females - - -
3,675
Total population in 1820
20,102
Of these ;
Foi-eigners not naturalized
13
Engaged in Agriculture
5 521
do in Manufactures
440
do. in Comr.'urce -
69
Population to the square mile, 20.
Wakefield, township of S raflTord county,
New H^m;. shire, containing' 1166 inhabi-
tants m 1810; and in 1820J 1518. Situa-
ted about 50 miles NW of Portsmouth.
Wakefeld, town in the \\ riding' of
Yorkshire. It has a tra'le in white cloths
and tammies, and is 28 mile&SW oi York,
and 184 NNW of LondQj^lft.on. 28 0 VV,
lat. 53 41 N. ■■™ .
Walachia, ancient Xiacia, province of
Turkey in Europe ; 225 miic s long and 125
broad ; bounded on the N' by iMoldavia and
Transylvania, on the E andS by the river
Banube, and on the W by Transylvania.
The inhabitants are chiefly of the' Greek
church. Tergovists, or Tervis is the capi-
tal.
Walcheren, principal island of Zealand.
It is separated from the islands of N and S
Beveland, by a narrow cliannel ; and from
Flanders by the mouth of the Scheldt ;
being bounded on the other sides by the
German Ocean.. It is nine miles long and
eight broad, and being low is subject to
inundations, but has good arable and pas-
ture lands. The capital of this island, and
of the whole province is Middleburg.
TFalcour, town of the Netheriands,'in the
county of Namur, on the confines of Hai-
nanlt, between the Meuse and Sambre. It
i.s seated on the Ileura, 12 miles S of Char-
leroy, and 27 SW of Namur. Lon. 4 50 E,
lat. 50 lij N.
Waldborough, post village, port of en-
try, an t township, in Linc.ln county,
Maine ; 22 miles NE from VViscassett.
P puiation 181U, 2160; and in 1820,
2449.
Waldeck. principality of Germany, in
the circle of U| per Rhine, 30 rniles
long and 20 broad ; bounded on the E
and S by Hess^'-Cassel, and on the VV
and N by AVestphalia It is a mountain-
ous country, covered with woods ; and
has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver,
and alum.
Waldeck, town of Germany, capital
of a principality of the same name, with
a strong castle, seated on the Steinbach,
25 miles WSW of Cassel. Lon. 9 4 E,
lat. 51 10 N.
Walden, oy Saffron Maiden, town in
Essex, on an ascent among pleasant
fields of Saffron, which is here cultiva-
ted, 27 miles NNW of Chelmsford, and
42 N by E of London. Lon. 0 20 E, lat.
52 4 N.
Waldenburg. town of Germany, in
the circle of Upper Saxony, situated
on the Muldau. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 50
49 N.
Waldenburg Old, town of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, famous
for its brown and earthen ware.
Waldenburg, or M'allenburg, town of
Swisserland in the canton -.f Basle.
Waldenburg, town of Franconia, in
the principality of Hohenlohe, with an
ancient castle on a mountain, six miles
E !)v N of Ohringen.
Waldhebn, town of Upper Saxony, in
Misnia. Here was formeriy a monaste-
ry, now converted into an orphan house
and house of correction, in which vari-
ous manufactures are carried on It is
situate on the Zschopa, 30 miles SE of
Liepsic.
Wald7nanchen, town of Bavaria, on
the river Schwarza, 32 miles SSE of
Amberi;
Waldoborough, town of the state of
Maine, in Lincoln county, 16 miles E of
Wjscassett.
Waldaussen, town of Bavaria, near
which is a rich Cistertian abbey, whose
abbot was formerly a prince of the em-
pire.^ It is 44 miles NNE of Amberg.
Waldshut, strong town of Suabia,
one of the four Forest Towns ; seated
on the Rhine, at the entrance of the
Black Forest, 19 miles VVSVV of Schaff-
hausen.
Waldstadt, name given to the Swiss
cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and
UrrderwaldeT!. It signifies Forest Tontms;
W A L
W A I.
these cantons containing a great number
of forests. For the Walstadt of Suabia ;
see Forest Towns.
Walstadter See, or Lake of (he Four
Cantons, one of the finest lakes in Switz-
erland. It consists of three principal
branches, called the Lakes of Lucern.
Schweitz, and Uri. The river Rtuss
flows through this lake.
Wales, principality in the W of Eng-
land, 120 miles long and 80 broad ; bound
United States have a navy yard on a
point of land extending from Brooklyn,
to the N, having East river to the N,
and the Walabcut to the S.
Wallenstadt, t.)Wn of Swisserland, in
the canton ot Appcnzal ; nine miles VV
of Sargans, and 13 iSW of Coire. Lon.
9 14 E, lat. 'i7 1 N.
Wallenstadt, lai^ecf Swisserland, about
16 miles m lenfc;ih, and two in breadth ;
it is bounded by exci-tding high mi un-
ed on the N by the Irish sea, W by that tarns, exct-pt to the E and V\ 1 hrouj^h
sea and St. George's channel S by the this Irikt flows the Mat, wluco soon at-
Bristol channel, and E by the counties ter joming the Linth, forms the river
of Chester, Salop. Hertford, and Mon- Limmat.
mouth. It contains 5,200,0Up acres, and
the number of inhabitants was in 1801,
541,546 ; in 1811, 611,788 ; and in 1821,
717,141. The country is mountainous,
but not barren, producing ail the neces-
saries of life ; the cattle and slieep are
numerous, but small, and it is particu-
larly famed for goats. It is watered by
Wallcrstein, town of Suabia, with a
castle belonging to the cour.ts of Oettin-
gen, six miles bW of Oettingen.
Wallingjord, b()rcugh in lit rk,shire, on
the Thames, over which is a stone
bridge, 14 miles NW of Reading, and
46 VV of London. Lon- 1 1 W, lat. 51
36 N.
many rivers, the principal of which, and ^^ IVaiUngford, town of Connecticut, in
other particulars, are noted in the dif- New Haven county, where tht:re is a
ferent counties. postomce, IJ miles N ot ^icw tlavt n, '^^7
" Wales, Mew A'orth and South, large S by W of Hartford, and 21 Nt, of Darby,
country of New Britain, lying west and }^ contained 2325 inhabitants m laiO;
SW of Hudson Bay, and little known, and m 182u, 2237. ^ „ , ,
See Britain, JVVw IfaUingford, township ot Rutland coun-
fTa/es. ^Vew 5oa?A. country of North ty, Vermont; containing 1386 inhabi;
Am.erica, in New Britain, lying SVx^ of tants in 1810. It is situated on the lu
Hudson's Bay, and sulyect to Great Bri- side ot Otter river, about 15 miles S ot
tain. See Britain, JVeiv, Hudson's Bay,
and Labrador.
Wales, JVeiv South, the E coast of
New Holland, extending from 43 49 to
10 37 S lat being the N and S extre-
mities of that vast island. This coast was
first explored by captain Cook, in 1770.
A vast chain of lofty mountains run near-
Rutland.
Wallkill, post town of Orange county,
New York ; containing 4213 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 4887. It is situa-
ted on the W side of the river Hudson.
65 miles NNW of New York, and 110
S of Albany.
Wallkill,' r'lvtY of North America. See
ly in a north and south direction farther Hr'^'^'ned Lands
than the eye can trate, about 60 miles
inland.
Wales, township of Lincoln county,
Maine ; 28 miles NW from Wiscassett.
Population 1810, 471 ; and in 1820 515.
Wales, township of Niagara county,
New \''ork. Population 1820. 903.
Walhof, town of P(;land, in the duchy
of Courtiand. Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 56 35
N.
Walkenreid, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia,
seated on the Sorge, 20 miles SW of
Halberstadt. Lon. 21 5 E, lat 51 53 N.
fra//oo7!*i) pame formerly given to the
inhabitants ftf a considerable part of the
Netherlands, and a part of Flanders and
Brabant.
IValney, island of England, on the coast
of Lancashire.
Walmit, NE township of Fairfield
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1198.
Walnut, township of Picaway county,
Ohio. Population 1820. 1183.
Wahmt one of the southtrn townships
of Gallia county, Ohio. Population 1820,
281
Walmit Hills, high bluff, or bank of the
Walker, township of Centre county, Mississippi river, Warren county, iVIis-
Pennsylvania ; in Nittany valley, com- sissippi ; 13 miles below the mouth of the
mencing about five miles NE from Belle- Yazoo.
font. Population 1820, 694. Walpach, township of Sussex county,
Walkertown, post village in King New Jersey ; on the Delaware river, at
and Queen county. Virginia ; 40 miles the mouth of Flatkill, 38 miles above
NE from Richmond. Easton in Pennsylvania. Population 1820,
Wallabout, bay of East river, N from 822.
Brooklvn, and opposite New York. The Walpo, town of Sclavonia. capital ot
1061
VV A L
W A M
a ccunly of the same name, with a cas-
tle. It is seated on the river Walpo, 20
milt's VV of Esseck, and 110 S of Buda.
Lon. 19 22 E, lat. 45 o5 N.
Ifalpule, post town in Cheshire coun-
ty, New liair.pshire ; lying on E side of
Connecticut nver, .opfjosite to West-
mJnsv.T h Vermont ; 14 miles NW of
Keen, y NE of Poukney, and 28 S by E
of Windsor, (the two last being in Ver-
mont.)
IValpole, township of Norfolk county,
Massichusetis, containing 1998 inhabi-
tants ;n 1810; and in 1820, 1366. It is
situated Li; tween StonghtonandiMcdway,
23 allies SW of Boston.
Walsall, corporate town of Staffordshire.
It has several ra.iriut;c'ures in iron, sucli as
naiK, bridle bits, stinups, spurs, buckles,
&c. and is governed by a mayor. It is
seated on the side oi a hill, 15 miles S of
Staiiord, and 116 NW of London. Lon.
1 36 W, lat. 52 46 N
Walshuin jYorth, town in Norfolk, 10
miles E of Norwich, and 123 VNE of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 31 E, lat 52 40 N.
Walsinghum, town in N rfolk, 25 miles
'NW of Norwich, and 116 NNE of Lon-
don. Lon. 0 53 E, lat 52 56 N.
Waltlium, township of Middlesex coun-
ty, Massachusetts, with 1014 inhabitants in
18I,>; and in 1830, 1677. It con ains se-
veral valuable manufactories particularly'
f )r cotton, and woollen cio'.hs.
Waltham, <^>v Bishop Waltham, town in
Hampshire, eight m:les S of Winchester,
and 65 W by S of London. Lon. 1 20 W,
lat. 50 57 N.
Waltham Abbey, or Waltham Holy Cvoas,
town ;n Essex, on the nver i>ea, which
here forms several islan.ls, 12 miles N by
E of London. Lon. 0 3 E, lat. 51 42 N.
Waltham Cross, or irent W<^^n, village
in Hertf /rdshir. , which taidiJRts first ap-
pellation from a cross erected here by Ed-
ward 1. It is seated nei|' the nver Lea,
12 miles N by E of London,
Wallhum on the Wo-idd, 'own4n L.6ices-
terst.ire, 19 miles NE of Leidffij|er, and
113 N by W of London. Lon. 0 46 W,
Jat. 52 51 N.
Waltinbruch, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, on the river Aich.
Walton, considerable village in Surry,
seated on the 'i'hames, over which -at this
place is a handsome bridge, six miles W
by S of Kingston.
Walton, township of Delaware county.
New York, containing 1211 inhabitants in
1810 ; and m 1820, 143ii. It is situated
on the NW side of Mohawk river 9b miles
SW of Albany.
Walton, county of Georgia ; bounded
SW by Nev/ton ;' W by Gwinnct ; NW by
Hall ; NE by Oconee river, or by Jackson
and Clark ; and SE by Morgan, and .las-
106?
per. Length 25 ; mean width 22 ; and arci
550 sqia'-e mdes. It is principally drain-
ed by the sources of Oconee, and Oak-
mulgee rivers. Chief town, Monroe.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 480
do. do. females - ■ 484
Total whites ...
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females ...
All other persons except Indians
not tsxed . . -
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, m'des ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . -
do. females
964
60
1,026
1,832
1,724
Total p .pulation in 1820
3,556
3
2
281
350
4,192
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Xgriculture - ,1,091
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile, 7|.
JFandenleben, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony.
Wandiivash, town of Asia in Hindoostan,
in the Carnatic, 27 miles SSE of Arcot,
and 38 NNW of Pondicherry.
Wandeworth, large village in Surry, seat-
ed on t)ie Wandle, near its confluence with
the Thames, five miles WSW oi London.
Wangen, town of Germany in Suabia.
The inhabitants c.iriy on a great trade in
j)aper and hardware. It is seated on the
Orerarg, 17 miles NE of Lindau, and 30
E of Constance. Lon. 9 56 E, lat. 47 58
N.
Wangen, town of Swisserland, in Upper
Argau, seated on the river Aar. Lon. 7
30 "e, lat. 47 16 N.
Wangen, tov.-n of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine, and late province
oi Alsace, seated on the side of a moun-
tain, and surrounded by a wall. It is eight
miles NW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 42 E,
lat. 48 38 N.
Wangfried, town in the circle of Upper
Rhine, in Germany, Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 51
5 N.
Wanhckhead, village of Scotland, near
the lead mines of Dumfriesshire, on that
account it has a considerable number of
Smelting houses.
W A li
>V A R
Wanstead, village in Essex, famous fov
one of the most magnificent seats in Eng-
land, called Wanstead House.
Wantage, toivn in Berkshire, famous for
being the birth place of king Alfred, is
seated on a branch of the Ock, 12 miles
S by W of Oxford, and 50 W of London.
Lon. 1 16 E, lat. 51 35 N.
Wantage, township of Sussex county,
Neve Jersey ; situated in a mountainous
country on the East side of the river De-
laware, and containing 2969 inhabitants in
1810 ; and in 1820, 3307.
Wantzenau, town of France, i!\ the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, and late pro-
vince of Alsace. The Austrians look this
place in 1793.
Wanzleben, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Lower Saxony, in the principality of
Maglttburg, 10 miles WSW of Magdeburg.
Wiippatoo, island in Columbia river, op-
posite the mouth of C.'>iumbia river.
Wappinger's creek, creek of Duchess
county. New York, rises in tJie northern
part of the county, and flows SSW into
Hudson's river, about seven miles above
Newbury.
Waradin Great, town of Upper Hun-
gary, capital of a county of the same name,
on the river Sebes Keres, 117 miles NE of
Peterwaradin, and 150 ESE of Buda. Lcn.
21 50 E, lat. 47 5 N.
Waradin, Little, strong town of Sclavo-
nia, capital of a county of the sa ne name,
on tiie Drave, 28 miles WSW of Kamisca,
and 34 N bv E of Zagrad. Lon. 16 15 E,
lat. 46 48 N.
Warangole, the Arinkill of Ferishta,
once the capital of Golconda, in the Dec-
can of Hindoo. tan. It is 62 miles NXE
of Hydrabad. Lon. 79 30 E, lat. 18 6 N.
Warburg, seaport of Sweden, in West
Gothland, and province of Holland, witlj a
castle, 30 miles S of Gottenburgh. Lon.
11 46 E, lat. 57 12 N.
'Warburg, town of Germany, in West-
phalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, for-
merly imperial and hansoatic. It is seated
on the Dymel, 20 miles BE of Paderborn,
Lon. 0 19 E, lat. 51 33 N.
Warcop, village in Westmoreland.
IVarde, town of Denmark, in N Jutland,
near the mouth of a river of the same
name, 15 miles N of Ripen.
Wardhnys, seaport of Danish Lapland,
seated on a small island of the same name,
near the continent, is 120 miles SE of the
North Cape. Lon. 31 6 E, lat. 70 22 N.
fVardsborojigh, post town, Windham
county, Vermont, 40 miles S from Wind-
sor. Population 2100.
Wardcbridge, post town in Orange coun-
ty, New York ; situated on the E side of
Walkill river, ten miles N of Goshen, 27
miles W by N of Newburg, and 70 N by
W of the city of New York,
)i are, town of Herefordshire, on the ri-
ver Lea, by which a great trade is carried
on to Londrm in corn ; 5U00 quarters be-
ing frequently sent in a week. Here are
sluices and wears in the river, to preserve
it from floods. It is 21 miles N cf Lon-
don. Lon. 0 3 E, lat 51 50 N.
Ware, township of Hampsliire countj",
Massachusetts, cont.iining 996 inhabitants
in 1810; and in 1820, 1154. Situated on
the E side of Ware river, 16 miles NE of
SpringKeld.
Warbridge, or IVardbridge, town in
Cornwall with a market on Saturday. It
has a bridge over the river Camel, which
is the handsomest in the county, and sup-
ported by 20 arches. It is 13 miles SW of
Camelford, and 241 W by S of London.
Lon. 5 9. W, lat. 50 36 N.
JFareham, post town in Plymouth county,
Massachusetts; lying st the head cf Buz-
zard's bay, 13 miles NW of Barnstable, 16
NE of Ne'w Bedford, and 61 S by E of Bos-
ton, in lat. 41 48 N, and lon. 70 40 W. Po-
pulatitMi in 1820, 952.
Warehouse Point, 12 miles abo%'e Hart-
ford, Connecticut. See Sout^i Ji'indsor.
, Wareham, borough and seaport in Dor-
setshire, 20 miles E of Dorchester, and 114
W by S of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat 50
43 N.
^ Warka, town of Poland, in tlie palatinate
of Masovia, seated on the river Pilfa, Lon
21 15 E, lat. 51 35 N.
Warkworth, village in Northumberland,
five miles SE of Alnwick, on the river
Cocket. '^ ■
Warminster, town in Wiltshire, at the
source of the Willybourn, 22 miles NW of
Salisbury, and 97 W by S of London. Lon
2 15 W, lat. 51 UN.
Warminster, township of Pennsylvania
situated in Bucks county, between'South-
ampton and Warrington, 10 miles SW of
Newton, andcontaining 564 inhabitants in
1810; and in 1820,695.
Warminster, town of Virgini?., in Amherst
county, lying on the N side of James river,
10 miles Sx)f Warren, and 23 E of Amherst
Court-rfaiife. Here is a post office.
Warm Springs, post village, Nev/ York
county, Pennsylvania.
Warm Sprijigs,C\?^vke county, Arkansaw,
on a small creek near Washitaw river.
They are situated in an elevated healthy,
but barren county, which have been found
highly medical. Lat. 34 30 N.
TFarnejiiunde, seaport of Germany, in
Mecklenburg, on the Baltic, at the mouth
of the Warne, 26 miles NE of Wismar.
Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 55 4N.
Warner, township of Hillsbro' county,
New Hampshire, containing 1838 inhabi.
tants in 1810; and in 1820, 2246.
U^ame?ftony\Q\vn of Flanders, on the river
1063
W A K
^v A li
Lis, eight miles NW of Lisle. Lon. 3 4- E,
lat. 50 45 N.
IVarren, post village and township, Lin-
coln county, Maine, 30 miles E from Wis-
casset. Population in 1810, 2443 ; and in
1820, 1825.
Wamn, township, Grafton country, Xew
Hampahire, 50 miles N from Concord. Po-
pulation in 1810, 506 ; and in 1820, 544.
Warren, post town i.T Bristol county,
Rhode Island ; on Warren river, four miles
N of Bristol, and 12 S bv E of Providence,
in lat. 41 42 N, and Ion' 71 18 W. Popu-
lation in 1810, ir75; and in 1820, 1806.
Warren, post town and township, Litch-
held county, Connecticut. Population in
1819, 1026 ; and in 1820, 875.
Warren, county of New York ; bounded
by Saratoga S ; Hamilton W ; Essex N ;
and lake George, and Washington county
E. Length 38 ; mean width 28 ; and area
about 1000 square miles. It is drained ge-
ner.ally by the Hudson, and partly by Sa-
condago river. Surface mountainous ; and
soil rocky and mosOy barren. Chief town
Caldwell.
Population in 1820.
Tree white males -■ - - . 4,808
do. do. females - - 4,538
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females -
Slaves, males _ . .
do. females - - .
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Nlanufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 9| nearly.
Warren, post village and township, Her-
kimer county. New York, 10 ii|^s S from
Herkimer. Population in 1810/o9r4; and
in 1820, 2013.
Warren, township, Somerset county,
New Jersey. Population in 1820, 1452.
Warren,co\in\y of Pennsylvania; bounded
by Ciietague, and Catteraugus county, N^ew
N ; Mc Kean county Pennsylvania E ; Jef-
ferson and Venango S ; and Crawford and
Erie W. Length 32 ; breadth 26 ; and area
332 square miles. It is a remarkably well
watered county ; Alleghany river winds
obliquely through it ; and within it receives
the d scharge of Chatague lake, c- Cone-
wago creek, Pirokenstraw creek, and se-
veral other large creeks. Surface hilly, but
much of the soil good, and some highly
fertile. Chief town, Warren.
1064
468
359
9,453
19
,360
198
59
827
0
0
827
Population in 1810;
Free white males ...
do do. females . . .
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . . .
Slaves, - . .
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 1,099
do. do. females - - 876
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites - - ' . 1,975
Free persons of colour, males - 0
do. do. females - 1
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females - - - 0
Total population in 1820 - 1,976
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 7
Engaged in Agriculture - 378
do. in Manufactures - 121
do. in Commerce - - 15
Poptdation to the square mile, 1 1-3.
Warren, post town and seat of justice,
Warren county Pennsylvania, on the right
bank of Alleghany, on the point below the
mouth of Conewago creek. Population in
1820, 182.
IVarren, SW township, Franklin county,
Pennsjlvania, Population in 1810, 436;
and in 1820, S'iT,
Warren, post town, Albemarle county,
Virginia, on the left bank of James' river,
30 miles a little W of S from Charlotls-
ville.
fVarren, county of North Carolina;
bounded by Mecklenburg, and Brunswick
counties V^irginia N ; by Northampton, and
Halifax counties in North Carolina E ;
Franklin S ; and Gi-anville W. Lengtli 23;
mean width 15 ; and area 345 sqtiare miles.
Roanoke river traverses its NE angle, and
it is drained by several creeks flowing into
that stream, and by Fishmg creek, branch
of Tar river. Chief town, Warrenton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males • - 2,214
do. do. females - - 2,277
Total whites - - - 4,491
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 321
Slaves 6,282
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
11,094
2.060
WAR
W A R
Free white females - - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites ....
4,214
Free persons of colour, males -
101
do. do. females -
89
Slaves, males ....
3,510
do. females ....
3,244
Total population in 1820
2,154 Total whites
All other persons except Indians
0 not taxed
Slaves . , - . -
Total population in 1810,
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females . . -
11,158 All other persons except Indians
— — not taxed - . - -
622
■1%
473
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 18
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,255
do. in Manufactures - - 271
do. in Commerce - - 11
Population to the square mile 32 1-3.
Warren, county o£ Georgia; bounded
by JtiFerson SE ; Great Ogeechee river,
or Washington and Hancock SW; Wilkes
N ; and Columbia NE and E. Length
38; breadth 18; and area about 700
square miles Chief town, Warrenton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,039
do. do. females ... 2,620
Total whites .... 5,659
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 18
Slaves 3,048
Total population in 1810 - 8,725
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 3,300
do. do. females • - 3,230
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
6,530
Free persons of colour, males
27
do. do. females
32
Slaves, males . - -
2,078
do. females _ _ _
1,963
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,880
do. in Manufactures - 86
do. in Commerce - 48
Population to the square mile, 15.
Warreri, county of Mississippi ; bound-
ed by Mississippi river W ; Yazoo river
N ; Newpuvchase E ; and Big Black ri-
ver, or Claiborne county S Length 30 ;
mean width 11 ; and area 330 square
miles. Staple cotton, and soil highly
fertile. Chief town, Warrenton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 357
do. do. females - a - 265
6T
1,114
785
616
1,401
2,693
1,064
37
11
10,630
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. da. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 8.
Warren, county of Tennessee; bounded
by Franklin S ; Rutherford W ; Wilson
and Smith NW ; Caney fork river, or
White NE ; and Bledsoe SE. Length
40 ; mean width 20 ; and area 800 square
miles. It is principally drained by the
creeks of Caney fork river. Chief town,
M Mlnville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 2,608
do. do. females - - 2,633
Total whites ... - 5,241
All -other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 8
Slaves 476
Total population in 1810 - 5,725
Population in 1820.
Free whitetnales ... 4,866
do. do. females . - - 4,519
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . Q
Total whites ... - 9,385
Free persons of colour, males 7
do. do. females 6
Slaves, males ... - 452
do. females - - - 498
Total population in 1820 - - 10,348
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 4
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,964
do. in Manufactures - 163
1065
W A M
WAR
Engaged in Commerce - - 30 All other persons except Indians
Population to the square mile, 13. not taxed - - . -
■ Warren, county of Kentucky ; bound-
ed by Allen SE ; Simpson S ; Logan Total whites ....
SW ; Butler NW : Green river, or Free persons of colour, males •
Grayson and Hart N ; and Barren E. do. do. iemales -
Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area Slaves, males ....
about 700 square miles Big Barren ri- do. females - - -
ver passes through this country, dividing
it into two nearly equal sections. Chief Total population m 1820 -
17,837
town. Bowling; Green.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do do. females
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Slaves - -
Total population in 1810
Popu'-at'.on in 1820.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females - - - -
Total population in 1820
26
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 17 nearly.
Warren, county «f Ohio ; bounded S
by Clermont and Hamilton ; W by But-
ler; N by Montgomery and Greene;
and E by Clinton. Length 20 ; breadth
192 ; ai^d ^^^^ 400 square miles. Little
Miami travt rses it obliquely, from NE
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 56
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,738
do. in Manufactures - 725
do. in Commerce - - 40
Population to the square mile, 44.
Warrai, post town and seat of justice
1,498 for Trumbull county, Ohio. It contains
the usual county buildings, a printmg of-
fice, a bank, five mercantile stores, and
50 dwelling housts. It is situated on
the eastern bank of Mahoning river, 45
miles SE from Fairfort, at the mouth of
Grand river, 70 N from Steubenville,
and 180 NE from Columbus. Lon. 3 56
W lat. 41 17 N.
Warre7i, township in the SE quarter
of Jefferson county, Ohio; containing
2,432 inhabitants in 1810.
Warren, township of Belmont county,
Oliio ; in which is situated the village
of Barnesville. Population 1820, 1491.
Warren, township of Tuscarawas
11,776 county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1032.
— Warreji . township of \\ a^hington coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 460.
9 li'arrenburg, post village and town-
5,372
5,050
10,422
17
11,937
4,804
4,365
0
9,169
29
24
1,353
1,201
2,8.52 ship in Warren county, New York; on
219 the Hudson, seven miles W from Cald-
well. Population 1810, 887 ; and in 1820,
9.^6.
Warrenburg, post town in Jackson
county, Tennessee.
WarrensviHe, township of Cayhoga
county, Ohio ; containing 133 inhabitants
in 1820.
Warrenton, post town and scat of
to SW. Surface hilly, 'bur^^th a soil justice in Fauquier county, Virginia; 49
highly fertile. Staples, grain and flour, miles WSW from Washington City.
Chief town, Lf banon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males,
do. do. females -
Warrenton, post town and seat of
justice in Warren county, North Caro-
lina ; 56 miles NNE from Raleigh ; and
85 nearly S from Petersburg, in Virgi-
nia. It is the seat of two academies.
Warrent07i, post town and seat of
justice in Warren county, Georgia ; about
40 miles W from Augusta. It is the
seat of an academy.
__ — Warrenton, post town and seat of
9,925 justice in Warren county, Mississippi ;
on Mississippi river, 10 miles below
Walnut- hills. It is a place of consider-
9,195 able trade, containing 50 houses, and 500
8,455 inhabitants.
5,152
4,684
9,836
89
0
WAR
Havreniown, post village, Jefferson
county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, above
the mouth of Indian Sliort creek, 14
miles below Steubenville.
Warrick, county of Indiana ; bounded
by Oliio river S ; Vanderburgh, and
Posey VV ; Pike and Dubois N ; and Spen-
cer E, and SE. Leuj^th 30 ; widtli 13 ;
and area 410 square miles. It is drained
by Big and Little Pigeon, and some
other creeks. Chief town, Evansville.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 922
do. do, females - - - 820
Total whites ... - 1,742
Free persons of colour, males - 6
do, do. females 0
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females - - - . 1
Total population in 1S20 - - 1,749
Population to the square mile, 4
Warrington, town in Lancashire. It
has large and considerable manufactures
of sail cloth, Cf'tton, pins, glass, and
other articles. It is seated on the Mrr-
sey, over which is a bridge, 18 miles E
of Liverpool
Warrington^ township of Bucks county,
on the NE limit of Montgomery county,
between New Britian, and Warminster.
Population 1810, 429 ; and in 1820, 515.
Warrington, township of York county,
Pennsylvania ; situated on the NVV side
of Conewago creek, and containing llOS
inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1274,
Warsaw, city of Poland, lately the me-
tropolis of that country, and in the pa-
latinate of Masovia. It is built partly in
a plain, and partly on a gentle rise from
the Vistula ; extending with the su-
burbs or Kraka and Praga, over a vast
extent of ground, and containing above
90,000 inliabitants. Warsaw is 1 60 miles
SE of Dantzic, 130 NNE of Cracow,
and 300 NE of Vienne. Lon. 21 0 E,
lat. 52 14 N,
Warsaw, township and post village,
Genesee county. New York, on Allen's
creek, 20 miles S from Batavia. Popu-
lation 1810, 1317 ; and in 1820, 1658.
Warta, town of Great Poland, in the
palatinate of Siradia, seated on the
river Warta, 12 miles NE of Siradia, and
57 SE of Posnamia. Lon 18 0 E, lat 51
19 N.
Warta, SE branch of the Oder, rises
near the Cracow, and joins the Oder at
Custrin.
Wartenbnrg, town of Germany, in Si-
lesia, capital of a lordship of the same
name. It is 22 miles NE of Breslaw.
Warwick, the county town of Warwick-
W A II
shire, on the river Avon, and all the
passages to it are cut through the rock,
oher which is a stone bridge, 15 miles
SSW of Coventry, and 93 NW of London.
Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 52 18 N
Wai~wich, county of England, 47 miles
long and 30 broad ; bound, d on the N
by Dt.rbv shire, NE by Lieceste shire, E
by Northamptonshire, SE by Oxford-
shire, SW by Gloucestershire, W by
Worcestershire, and NW by Stafford-
shire. It contains 639,760 acres ; is di-
vided into four hundreds and one liber-
ty, and 193 parishes ; has one city and
12 market towns. Population 1810,
208,190; in 1811, 228,735; and in 1820,
274,392.
Warwick, town in Rhode Island, the
capital of Kent county, situated about 10
miles S of Providetice, at the head of
Narragansett bay. Population 1810, 3757 ;
and in 1820, 3643. This is one of the
most manufacturing villages in Rhode
Island. It possesses 15 cotton factories,
two banks, and an academy.
Warwick, township and post town in
Orange county, Nevv Yjork ; situated dh
the E side of Walkill river, 10 miles S
of Goshen, 11 N of Hamburg, New Jer-
sey, and 70 NW of the city of New York.
Warwick, township of Bucks county,
Pennsylvania, on the SE side of Nesha-
miny creek, below Doylestowu. Popula-
tion 1810, 1287 ; and in 1820, 1115.
Warwick, township of Lancaster coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, situated between Eli-
zabeth and Raphe townships, and joining
Dauphin county. The inhabitants were
3439 according to the census of 1810 ;
and in 1820, 3777.
Warwick, post town in Cecil county,
Maryland, lying between .Sassafras and
Bohemia rivers, 18 miles Sof Elkton, 27
SW of Newcastle, (Delaware) and 61
SW of Philadelphia.
'Wanvick, county of Virginia ; bounded
by James' river SW ; James' city county
NW ; York NE ; and Elizabeth county
SE. Length 15 ; width 1^ ; and area
120 square miles.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 343
do. do. females - - 354
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - .
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
a
Population m 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
feier
69r
18
1,120
1,835
290
330
511
12
2
See
\\ A h
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Total whiles - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - - -
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 - • 1,608
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. Manufactures
do. Commerce
Population to the square mile, 1 1-3
JFarwick, county of Indiana.
WarncTc county.
Wanvick, central township of Tusca-
rawas county, Ohio, Population 1820. 485.
Washington, SE county of Maine;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S ; Pas
samaquoddy bay, St. Croix river, and
New Brunswick E ; and Hancock,_and
Penobscot counties Maine VV This
county includes a strip along the whole
E side of Maine ; and is about 250 miles
in length from N to S, but the really in-
habited part is confined to about 1000
square miles along the sea coast. Its
front is very much indented by fine bays
Chief towns, Machias, and Eastport.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,230
do, do. females, - - - 3,604
Total whites . - • - ^,834
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 36
Slaves _ . . - - 0
Total population in 1810 - - 7,870
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,765
do. do. females - - - 5,923
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites .... 12,688
Free persons of colour, males - 29
do. do. females 27
Slaves, males * * ' ^
do. females - - - 0
W A S
Washington, township Hancock county,
Maine, 2o rnik s above Castine. Popula-
tion 1820, uncertain
Washington, post village and towiiship,
Cheshire county, Ntw Hampshire Po-
pulation 1820, 992.
Washington, couniy of Vermont; bound-
ed SE by Caladoma and Orange ; SW by
Addison ; NW by Chittenden ; and NE by
Orleans and Caledonia. Length 24 ; width
20 ; and area 480 square miles. It occu-
pies the fine valleys drained by the sources
of Onion river. Surface, though mounUin-
ous affording much excellent soil. Chief
town Montpelier.
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 7,GS4
do. do. females - - 7,007
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 7
Total population in 1820
12,744
Total whites . . - - 14,098
Free persons of colour, males - 7
do. do. females 8
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females - . - - 0
Total population in 1820 - 14,113
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - - 6
Engag-ed in Agriculture - - 1,883
do. in Manufactures - 306
do. in Commerce - - 39
Population to the square mile, 30.
Washington, township, Orange county,
Vermont, 43 miles N from Windsor. Po-
pulation in 1820, 1100.
Wasldngton, the highest summit of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire 7300
feet above the level of the Ocean.
Washington, township, Berkshire county,
Massachusetts, eight miles E from Lenox.
Population 1810,942; and in 1820, 750.
Washington, SE county of Rhode Island ;
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S ; New
London county in Connecticut W ; Kent
county in Uliode Island N ; and Narragan-
sett bay E. It is about 20 miles square,
with an area of 400 square miles. It is
chiefly drained by the Pawtuck river.
Surface moderately hilly. Chief town
South Kingston.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 934
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,994
do. In Manufactures - - 577
do. in Commerce - y - 452
Population to the square mile, 12|, in- Total population in 1810
eluding- only the sea eoast.
1063
Total whites . . , .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves . . . - .
6,831
7,254
14,085
867
10
14,962
WAS
W A S
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 7,353
do. do. females . - - 7,622
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Total whites . . - -
Free persons of colour, males •
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . - .
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820 - - 15,687
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,745
do. in Manufactures - 694
do. in Commerce - - 137
Population to the square mile, 30.
Washington, post village, and township,
Litchfield county, Connecticut, 40 miles
SW by W from Hartford, and 10 SW from
Litchfield. Population in 1810, 1575 ; and
in 1820, 1487. There are in this township,
two forges, one slitting mill, two marble
saw mills, and several grain mills, and
other machinery.
Washington, ' county of New York ;
bounded by Vermont E ; Pawlet river
and lake Champlain NE; lake George NW;
Warren county and Hudson I'iver W ; and
Renssalaer county S. Length 60; mean
width 15: and area 900 sq:iare miles. The
face of this county is very d versified and
picturesque. Much of the soil is excellent.
It is peculiarly well watered ; havini* Hud-
son river at one extremity, lake Champiaiu
at the other, and drained by their conflu-
ents. Tiie canal uniting Hudson river,
and lake Champlain traverses Washington
county. Chief towns Sandy Hill, White-
hall, Union, &c.
233
6,174
1.368
177
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
20,769
20,390
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do, in Commerce
Population to the square mile 43.
Washi7i^toii, post village and township.
Duchess county New York, on Washington
reek, 12 miles NE from Pouglikeepsie.
Pop'ilation 'n 181u, i854; and in 1820,
2882. It is the seat of a very respectable
boarding school belonging to the society
of Friends.
Washington, village of .\lbany county,
New York, on the Hudson, opposite Troy.
It is the seat of an arsenal belonging to
the United States.
Washington, tov/nship and post village,
Morris county, New Jersey. Population
in 1820. 1876.
Washington, township, Burlington coun-
ty. New Jersey, adjoining Little Egg-har-
bour township. The soil is generally
sandy and covered-with pines. There are
in it, at present,* wo blasting furnaces,
Batsto and Martha, in operation, and two
forges, there were formerly five blast fur-
naces, several forges and one slitting mill.
The low lands abound in bog ore ; that
mixed with mountain ore is manufactured
into all kinds of iron and castings.
Washington, county of Pennsylvania;
bounded by Virginia W ; Beaver county,
Pennsylvania N ; Allegany NE ; Mononga-
hela river, or ^Vestmoreland and Fayette
E ; and Greene S. Length 32 ; mean
width 28 ; and are 888 square miles. Sur-
face generally hilly, but soil as generally
productive. This county occupies the
height of land between Ohio, and Monon-
gahela rivers, and the creeks flow from its
central parts ike radii from a common
centre. Chief town Washington.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - . 18,071
do. do. females - - 17,612
Total whites - - - 41,159
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 2,81
Slaves 315
Total population in 1810 - 44,289
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 19,526
do. do. females - - - 18,901
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - . - .
do. females
Total population in 1820 - 38,831
Total whites . . . -
All other- persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males
do. females - - ..
Total population in 1820
f0f^9
35,683
570
36
36,289
20,075
19,216
40,038
W A S
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 527
Engagt-fl in Agricaiture - - 7,432
do. in Manufactures - 1,902
do. in ConQmei'ce - 277
Population to the square mile, 45.
WashingWi, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Washington county, Pennsylvania, on
Chartiers creek, 26 miles SW from Pitts-
burg. Population in 1810, about 1200;
in 1820, 1687 This is a very fl'^unshing
country town, with two banks, a steam
flouring mill, and several other manufac-
turing establishments. Washington col-
lege in this town is under the direction of
a president, two professors, and contains a
library and philosophical apparatus. The
college edifice stanls to the E, of the town,
is constructed ol stone three stories high,
and sufficiently spacious to accommodate
150 students.
WasMngton, NW township, Fayette
county, PennsylvaHia, between Mononga-
hela, and Youghiogan^iver. Population
in 1810, 2160; and in 1820, 2749.
IVashington, SE township of Franklin
county. Population 1810, 2709; and in
1820 4797. It c Mitains the borough of
Way esburg, and lies on the heads of An-
tietam creek.
TFdsIdngton, township of Union county,
Pennsylvania, south from Middle creek.
Population in 1810, 438; and in 1820, 1427.
IVashington, township of Lycoming coun-
ty, Pennsyivimia, in the great bend of the
west biHi.ch of Susquehannah, opposite
Willia.i sport. Popidation in 1810, 675,
and in 1820, 1743
IVashington, township, York county,
Pennsylvana, on the west boundary of the
county, and in Conevvago and Bermidian
creeks. Population in 1810, 441 ; and in
1820, 1061.
Washington, township of Westmoreland
county, Pennsylvania, on Kiskaminitys river,
12 miles N from Greensburg. Population
in 1810, 1695 ; and m 1820, 1478.
Washingto7i,to\vn^Wi\> of Iirdiania county,
Pennsylvania, lying NW from th- borough
of Indiana. Population in 1810, 755 ; and
in 1820, 1057.
Tfashivgton, county of Maryltind ; bound-
ed by Potomac river, or Virgin!* S; Allega-
ny county, in Maryland W ; Pennsylvania
N ; and Frederick county in Maryland E.
Length 40 ; mean width 12; and area 480
It is a very well watered country, it is tra-
versed by Connolaways Licking, Conne-
cocheaque, Antietam, and other large
creeks flowing from Pennsylvania into Po-
tomac river. Surface very much bnken
by mountains and hills, though much
of the river creek alluvial s"il is excellent.
Chief towns, Hagersiown, Hancockstown,
and WilliamspoFt.
1070
W A S
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
8,021
7,570
Total whites - . . 15,591
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 483
Slaves 2,656
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
18,730
10,049
9,198
Total whites .... 19,247
Free persons of colour, rntiles 289
do. do. females 338
Slaves, males - - . 1,699
do. females - - - 1,502
Total population in 1820
23,075
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 544
Engaged m Agriculture - 3,361
do. in Manufactures - 1,637
do. in CoiTunerce - - 136
Population to the square mile, 48.
Washington City, capital of the Uni-
ted States, and of the District of Colum-
bia. The following description is from
the pen of Mr. John Seaford, and ex-
tracted from the National Intelligen-
cer.
Washington City, in the District of Co-
lumbia, the metropolis of the United
States, is situated on the left bank of the
Potomac, and the right bank of the Ana-
costia, in latitude 38 degrees and 54 mi-
nutes, longitude 00, being intended for a
first meridian, The Tyber runs through
the middle of the city, and may be con-
veyed to the high ground on which the
Capitol stands ; and the water of the
Tyber and the Reedy Branch, may be
conveyed to the Capitol and the presi-
dent's house, the avenues, and such
streets as lead immediately to public
places, are from 130 to 160 feet wide,
divided into footways, and walks of trees,
and carriage ways ; the others are of
various widths, from 70 to 110 feet ; the
avenues and streets of 100 feet and up-
wards, have footways of 20 feet wide ;
those under 100 and over 80, have foot-
ways 17 feet wide ; and under 80 feet,
12 feet footways. The ground on which
the city stands, was ceded by the state
of Maryland to the United States in full
sovereignty, and the proprietors of the
soil, surrendered tht-ir lands to be laid
out as a city, gave up one half to the
United States, and subjected other parts
to be sold to raise monev as a donation
W A S
W A S
to be employed, and constitute a fund
for the public Duildings.
The buildings belonging to the United
States, are,
1. The Capitol, a large and massy
building of the Corinthian order, of free-
stone, composed of a central edifice, and
two wings ; the whole front of the build-
ing is about 360 feet ; the wings were
nearly completed, when the British ai'-
my, under general Ross, (who was af-
terwards slain in battle near Baltimore,)
in August 18i4, made a sudden incursion,
gained possession of the city, setting
fire to the Capitol, presidents house,
public offices, &:c not connected with
the operations of war, reducing the
whole to ashes, together with a valuable
and extensive library belonging to Con-
gress ; the wings are rebuilt, and the
centre nearly completed. The founda-
tion of tlie north wing was laid in the
presence of president Washington, on
the 16th of September, 1793, and that
of the centre on the 24th of August,
1818, being the anniversary of its de-
struction by the British.
2. The president's house, built of free-
stone, two stories high, of the Ionic or-
der, and covered with copper, and dis
tant from the Capitol, about one mile
and a half.
3. Four buildings, erected in a line
east and west of the President's house,
for the accommodation of the principal
departments of government, and subor-
dinate offices ; the whole are of brick,
two stories high, with freestone base-
ments, and covered with slate ; the two
new ones are handsome edifices, ^yith
freestone porticos on the north front, in
the Ionic order.
4. The general post office, where the
the patent office is also .kept, is a large
and handsome building, three stories
high, and 120 feet in length, is situated
on higii ground, about equi-distant from
the Capitol and the president's house.
5. A very extensive navy yard, com-
pletely enclosed with a lofty brick wall,
with a handsome j^ate-way, with guard-
rooms ; a neat dwelli.'g for the command-
ant, and others for different officers of
the yard ; extensive warehouses, shop
for blacksmiths, coopers, turners, plum-
bers, painters, &c sail lofts, model
rooms, timber sheds, a steam engine
which works two saws, drives a tilt
hammer, and the turners' lathes. The
Columbus 74.; and the Potomac 44, were
built at this yard ; and there is a large
frigate now on the stocks. The Poto-
mac has been hauled up on Commodore
Eodgers' inclined plane, erected as a
substitute for a dry dock. Within the
enclosure is a neat marble monu-
ment, erected by the American offici rs,
to thv" memory of their brethreii who
fell before Tripoli, in the year 1804 ;
this monument was mutilated by the
British on the 25th of August, 1814. In
this yard are deposited vast quantities
of naval stores, and cannon of every
size, and is superior to any thing of the
kind in the Ujiited States.
6. A co.mfortable marine barrack, suf-
ficient for 1500 men, well enclosed, hav-
ing a hands'.ime parade, and a neat and
commodious residence, for the command-
ant of the corps, and good houses for
the subaltern officers, an armoury, and
shops for the repair of arms, &c.'
7. A substantial navy magazine, with
a house for the keeper.
8. A fort at the extreme southern
point of land in the city, commands the
channel of the Potomac, and the eastern
branch ; the improvements at this place
are extensive and substantial; with store
houses, an armoury, shops in which are
made gun carriages, fixed ammunition,
8cc. with an extensive open space, be-
longing to the garden.
The capitol square is enclosed by a
strong and handsome iron railing, and in
part planted with strees and shrubbery,
and win, \m a short time, aftord a delight-
ful promonade Similar improvements
are making at the president's house and
public offices
There is a pile bridge about one mile
long, over the Potomac, built in 1809,
leading to Alexandria, and two over the
eastern braiich Of turnpikes, there is
one to Alexandria, one to intersect the
Little river turnpike to Virginia, another
to Baltimore, completed, and one now
opening to Montgomery court-house. A
canal passes through the city, connect-
ing the waters of the eastern branch
with the Potomac. The eastern branch
has a sufficient depth of water for fri-
gates to ascend to the navy yard without
lightening, and vessels drawing 14 feet
water come up to the Potomac bridge,
near to which are three g od wharves,
and from thence tothe mouth of the Ti-
ber, there is 10 feet at high tide. There
are four market houses, in each of which
markets are held tri-weekly. The city
contains a large infirmary, a female or-
phan asylum, a jail, a neat and commo-
dious new theatre, a circus, and two ma-
sonic halls, a city hall, commenced in
August, 1820, the south half of which is
built and enclosed ; it presents a front
of 251 feet, erected from the proceeds of
a lottery, authorized by Congress, thi'ee
buildings for public schools, two of which
are on the Lancasterian plan, supported
1071
Yv' A S
^V A S
by the corporation, and open for al! poor
children ; thirteen places of public wor-
ship, viz. two tor Ej)iscopa lans, three
Presbyterian, tw.' Catholic, two Metho-
dist, two Baptist, one Unitarian, and a
Friends' Meeting, which are generally
we)! attfcn:;ec!. There are also a city
library, Medical, Botanical, Clerk's. Be
nevolent, Masonic, Orplian, Bible, Dor-
cas, Missionary, and Tract Societies,
Coluuibian Inst tute, and other institu-
tions Education is not overlooked, as is
evinced by the numerous academies and
schools which are established Besides
the Colunnbian college, adjoining the city,
there is a large Catholic theological se-
minary in the city, connected with which
is a schuol for the general education of
youth
An extensive window glass manufac-
tory, which supplies the market, and
exports to a considerable amount ; five
very extensive taverns, with accommo-
dations equal to any of a similar nature ;
three banks, and a branch of the United
States bank, a fire ensurance company,
nine printing f^ffices, two daily pupers,
two tri-wr^ekly, and two weekly. A
steam -boat runs regularly to Aquia creek,
one to Alexan('ria, and another from
Norfolk, to th'; city. Five stages de-
part daily to Baltimore, and several others
to other places.
The seat of governnient was removed
here in the year 1800, during the presi-
dency of John Adams
The city was incorporated by an act
of Congress, passed on the third of May,
1B02, by which act, the appointment of
the mayor, was vested in the president,
yearly ; and the two branches of the
Council, elected by the people, in a ge-
neral ticket. In a supplementary act,
passed May 4, 1812, the corporation was
made to consist of mayor, a board of al-
dermen, and a board of common coun-
cil ; the board of aldermen to consist of
eight members, elected for two years,
two to be residents of, and chosen from
each ward ; the board of common coun-
cil to consist of twelve, three from each
ward ; the mayor, by the joint ballot of
the two boards, to serve for one year.
By a new charter, granted by congress
on the 15th May, 1820, it is provided
that the mayor shall be elected by the
people, to serve two years, from the se-
cond Monday in June ; the board of al-
dermen to consist of two members from
each ward, elected for two years, and
are ex-officio justices of the peace for
the whole county ; the board of common
council to consist of three members from
each ward, to serve one year ; and eve-
ry free white male citizen of the United
1072
States, of lawful age, having resided in
the city one year previous to the elec
tion, being a resident of the ward in
which he oflFers to vote, and shall have
been assessed on the books of the cor-
poration for the year ending on the 31st
day of December preceding the election,
and shall have paid all taxes legally as-
sessed and due on personal property,
when legally required to pay the same,
shall be entitled to vote at any election
for a mayor, or members of the two
boards.
The city is by an act of the council,
divided into six wards The number of
the inhabitants were at different periods
as follows, ascertained by the official
enumerations viz.
In 1800,
1803,
1807,
1810,
1817,
1820,
3,210
4,352
5,652
8,208
11,299
13.24-7
The number of dwellings, exclusive
of public buildings and shops, was, on the
first of January 1822, 2229, of which,
10o5 were brick, and 1184 wood; and
the assessed valuation and real and per-
sonal property, on the first of January,
1821, was S6,568,726, affbrding a reve-
nue of S.32,842 63 ; in addition to which
there is a revenue of SlO.OOO, arising
from the licences of taverns, hackney
coaches, &c. which is appropriated to
the support of the poor, of public schools,
and markets, and to pay the officers of
the cf.-rporation.
The classified population of Washing-
ton is exhibited in the following table.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,895
do. do. females • - - 3,009
Total whites - . ~ . 5,904
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - 867
Slaves .... 1,437
Total population in 1810 - 8,208
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 4,786
do. do. females - - - 4,820
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 0
Total whites - - - - 9,606
Free persons of coloui', males - 750
do. do. females, 946
Slave.s, males . - . . 880
do. females - . - 1,065
Total population in 1820
13,247
Vv A S
\V A S
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Minufactures
do. in Commerce
293
16
S65
125
The following matter was published
in one of the public prints of Philadel-
phia, December 20th, 1822, as a com-
munication from the editor of this ga-
zetteer, to the editor of that print. It
is here subjoined to the article Wash-
ington city, as it may give some aid to
tlte future disquisition on the question by
which it was produced ; that is, the oc-
cupation of the mouth of the Columbia ri-
ver, by a colony from the United States.
Washington is situated at lat. 38 deg.
54 N. and 77 deg, W from London.
The mouth of Columbia is situated at
lat 46 deg. 15 N and within a trifling
fraction of 48 deg. W from Washington,
125 deg. from London.
The difference of lat. therefore, 7 deg.
21 min and difference of longitude 48
degrees.
By a calculation on Mercator's plan,
the two places bear from each other N
78 deg. 15 min. W, and S 78 deg. 15 E
distant in geographical miles 2162, and
in English miles 2486.
From Washington city to St Louis, by
Pittsburg and the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers, 1396 miles.
From St. Louis to the mouth -of Co-
lumbia, by the Missouri and Columbia
rivers, 3548 miles.
Entire distance from Washington to
the mouth of the Columbia, 4944 miles.
The distance from St Louis to Wash-
ington, by Shawanoctown and Knoxville,
1029 miles.
By Lexington in Kentucky, 1005 miles.
By Vincennes, Cincinatti, and Pitts-
burg, 1011 miles.
St. Louis is 38 deg. 36 min. N lat. 12
deg. 58 min. VV Ion. Mouth of Colum-
bia, 46 deg. 15 min. N lat. 47 deg. 57
min. W Ion. These two places bear
from each other at an angle from the
meridian 73 deg. 28 min., are conse-
quently 7o deg. 28 min. NW, and 73
deg. 28 min. SE respectively distant ;
1714 geographical, and 1861 English
miles
The several distances, as given by
Messrs. Lewis and Clark, are no doubt
over calculated ; their aggregate distance
exceeds the direct line almost two to
one, an excess hardly credible. In most
instances, where the lengths of rivers
have been estimated by persons ascend-
ing their currents, the space passed
through has been overrated, and the er-
ror has in most instances borne some
proportion to the violence of the stresmri.
F, TJ
Washingtoii, NW county of the District
of Columbia ; bounded SE by the city of
Washington, and Georj^etown -, SW by
Potomac river ; W and N by Maryland ;
and E by East Branch, or Anacostia ri-
ver. I', approaches to the form of a
right angle triangle, seven miles base,
by six pei'pendicu'ar, and with an area
of 24 square miles. Surface hilly, and
soil of middling quality.
Population in IBIO.
Free white males - - - 618
do. do. females . - - 588
Total whites - - - 1,206
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - - 154
Slaves ... - - 955
TotalpopulationinlSlO - 2,315
Population in 1820.
Free white males . » - 767
do. do. females - - - 745
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . .
do. females . . .
Total population in 1820 - - 2,729
or these ;
Foreigners not naturalized » 48
Engaged in Agric Iture - - 490
do. in Manufactures - - 45
do, in Commerce o - 1
Population to the square mile, 11 1-3.
Washington, post village of Culpepper
county, Virginia ; 65 miles WSW from
Washington.
Wasliington, county of Virginia ; bounded
S by Nortli Carolina ; W by Scott county
in Virginia; NW by Kussell ; N l.y Taze-
well ; NE by Wythe; and SE by Grayson.
Length 50 ; mean width 17 ; and area 850
square miles. Tiiis county lies in the va-
rious valleys of tiie i.vvo grfat branches of
Holston river, and is drained by those
streams and their numei-ous confluents.
Though generally hilly, the soil is fertile.
Chief town, Abingdon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males •* = • 5,412
do. do. fcmsles . . - .5,169
Total whites - - - « 10,581
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 12!?
Slaves - - - - - 1,448
Total population i ii 1 5 ' ' 1 ^,155
1073
W A S
W A 3
Fopuiatldh in 1820.
Free whites, males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - .
do. females - _ -
Total population in 1820 -
12,444
Hancock N\V ; Ogeecbee river or Warren
NE ; Jefferson E ; and Emamiel and Lau-
rens SE. Length 30 ; width 23 ; and area
690 square miles. Chief town, Sanders-
ville.
Population in 1810.
Free wliite males ...
do. do. females ...
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . -
Slaves .....
Of these ;
Foreig-ners not naturalized - 21
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,491
do. in Manufactures - 381
do. in Commerce - . 22
Population to the square mile, 16.
Washington, county of North Carolina ;
bounded by Hyde and Beauford S ; Martin
W ; Roanoke river and Albemarle Sound
N; and Tyrrell county E. Length 20;
width 18 ; and area 360 square miles. Sur-
face level and in part marshy. Soil gene-
rally thin and sterile. Chief town, Ply-
mouth.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,017
do. do. females . . - 1,097
Total whites . - . -
2,114
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
63
Slaves - - - . -
1,287
Total population in 1810 •
Population in 1820.
Fl-ee white males ...
do. do. females - - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whiftes . . - .
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . ...
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
Of these; •
Foreigners not naturalized
l^gaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do in Commerce - •
5,464
1,083
1,159
3,986
1
- 1,103
56
10
population to the square mile, 11.
Washington, post village, Beauford coun-
ty. North Carolina, on the left bank of
Pamlico or Tar river, about 50 miles be-
low Tarborough. This town is a place of
considerable commercial importance.
fVaahington, county of Georgia ; bounded
'a* Ocone\e river or Wilkinson county S W •
Total population in 1810
Papulation in 1820.
9,940
Free white males
3,366
do. do. females
3,331
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . -
0
Total whites - - - .
6,697
Free persons of colour, males
21
do. do. females
11
Slaves, males ....
2,037
do. females
1,861
Total population in 1820
10,627
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,343
do in Manufactures - 62
do in Commerce - - 33
Population to the square mile, 15.
Washington, post town and seat of justice,
Wilkes county, Georgii, containing beside
the ordinary county build-ngs, an academy,
and about 700 inhabitants. About 50 miles
WNW from .Augusta.
Washington, county of Ohio ; bounded by
Ohio river SE and S ; Athens county SW
and W ; and Morgan and Monroe counties
N. Length 43 ; mean width 14; and area
600 square miles. Except near the Ohio
and Muskingum rivers the surface of this
counly is hilly and the soil sterile. Mus-
kinjum river enters the Ohio nearly at
equal distance from its NB and SW angles.
Chief town, Marietta.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - -
do. do. females
Total whites - . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - -
Slaves, . - - - -
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. female.? '
3.112
2,831
5,943
48
0
1,991
5.359
4,967
Ail other persons except Indians
hot taxed , . . _
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. fennHJes -
Slaves, mates ....
do, females ....
Total population in 1820 -
0
10,326
52
47
0
0
10,425
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 132
Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,051
do. in Manul'actures - 387
do. in Commerce - - 43
Population to the square mile, 17.
Washington^ county oi Indiana; bounded
by Floyd SE ; Harrison S ; Orksigc and
l.awience W ; Whitt; river or Jackson N ;
111 d SCO t E. Length 24 ; width 20 ; and
area *180 square miles. Big Bice tiver
rises in tiiis couniy and flows soHth into
Ohio river. Chief town, Salem.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - ^fi2&
do. do. females ... 4,354
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
Total whites - - . - 8,980
Free persons of colour, males - 33
do. do. females - - - 26
Sl.ives, males . , - . ' ' 0
du females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - - 9,039
Of these ;
For.'igners nol naturalized . .. 0
Engaged in .\!;riculture - - 2,650
do. in Mauufactures - 59
do. ill Commerce - • 15
Population to the stjaare mile, 19.
Washington, township of Columbiana
county, Ohio. Population in 182u, 700.
Washington, post town and sea ' ius-
tice for Fayeite couniy, Ohio, 4Q mi.es .r-
from Columbus. Lai. 39 33 Ni, Popula-
tion in 1820, 191,
Washington, one of the N\V townsliip of
Franklin county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 137.
Washingto7i, one of the western town-
ships. Dark county, Ohio. Population in
1820, 456.
Washington, township of Clermont coun-
ty, Ohio, on Ohio river. Population in
1820, 1942.
Washington, post town of Guernsey
county, Ohio, on the road between Wheel-
ing and Zanesville.
Washi?igton,township of Licking county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 668.
Washington, township of Richland coun«
ty, Ohio. Popiaatioa in 1820, 63»,
Washington, township of Miami county,
Oliio, containing the village of Plqua,
Population in 1820, 490.
Washington, township of Montgomery
Ci'Unty, Ohi;', contiining the villages of
Centrev.lle and Woodbura. Population in
1820. 3174.
JVashington, township of Pickaway coun-
ty, Oiiio, containing the village of Circle-
ville. Population in 1820, 2000.
Washington, township of Preble county,
Ohio, containing the village of Eatoih
Population in 1820, 1562.
JVashington, township of Sciota county,
Ohio, containing the village of Alexandria
on Ohio river. Population 1820, 506.
TFashington, township, Warren county,
Oiiio. Population 1820, 922.
Washington, post town and seat of jus-
tice, Davis county, Indiana, between the
two main branches of White river. 20
miles &E by E from Vincennes.
Washington, county of Illinois ; bound-
ed by Randolph S ; St. Clair W ; Madison
and Bond N ; and Jefierson E. It is 30
miles square, consequently area 900 square
miles. Kaskaskias river passes obliquely
through it. Chief town, Covington. Po-
pulation 1820, 1517. Of these there were
engaged in agriculture 77 ; in manufac-
tures 39 ; and in commerce 18, Popula-
tion to the square mile, 1|.
Washington, county of Missouri, S from
Fr '.nklin ; and SW from Jefferson and St.
(icnevieve. It lies on the heads of Big
Black, Gasconade, Merrimac, and St. Fran-
cis rivers. It includes great part of the
lead mines of Missouri, but is too vaguely
defined to admit the insertion of its area
or comparative population. The surface
is mountainous, hilly, and broken, though
much very fertile soil lies in detached
places within its limits, particularly along
tlie banks of the Merrimac, Big river and
Foisrche a Cosurtois.
Wasldngton, couiUy of Kentucky, bound-
ed by Green S ; Velson W, and N W ; Salt
river, or Franklin N ; Mercer E; and Ca-
sey SE. Length 32 ; mean width 17 ;
and arpa 550 square miles. It is drained
by the various sources of Salt river. Chief
town, Springfield.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 5,412
do. do. females - - 5,569
Total whites - - - 10,981
All other person-s except Indians
not taxed - . - . 22
Slaves - - - '- - 2,245
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
13,248
6,186
WAS
\V A S
All other persons except Indiaus
not taxed ....
Total whites ...
Frte pei-Suns of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
0
12,159
32
22
1,832
1,902
15,947
Of these ;
Foreisjners not naturalized 4
Eng-ag-ed in Agncultiite - - 4,129
do. in Manufactures - 203
do. in Conimerce - - 29
Population to the square mile, 29.
Washington, post iown and seat of jus-
tice. Mason county, Kentucky, foui^iniies
SVV from Maysville, containmjij the ordi-
nary county builJings, an academy, two
churches, and a prining office.
TVasMnglon, county of Tennessee ; boun^
ded by North Carolina S ; Greene couhty
Tennessee W ; isullivan N ; and Carter ^'.
Lencfth 22 ; mean width 17 ; and ari-a 5^0
square miles. Its southern part is drained-
by Nolachucky river, and tiie Northern by
Holston. Surface hilly and broken. Chief
town, Jonesborough. ■ •
Population in 1810.
Free white males - 3,512
do. do. females . - . 3,342
Total whites . - - - 6,854
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 36
Slaves . - . . . 850
Total population In 1810 - 7,740
Population in 1820.
Free white males . , , 4,255
do. do. females - - - 4,251
All oiher persons except Indians
not taxed ... 0
below Knoxviile, and 8U miies SF. by i^
from. Murireesborough.
Washingtoiii county of Alabama, bound-
ed by Mississippi W ; Ciioctaw county N ;
Tombigbee river E ; atd Baldwin coun-
ty in Alabama S. Length 50 ; mean width
20 ; and area 1000 square miles. Surface
moderately hilly ; and soil except in a
few placts near t'le streams sterile, and
covered g-enerally with pine. Chief town,
St. Stephens,
Washington, parish of Lnislsiana ; bound-
ed by Mississippi N ; Pearl river E ; pa-
rish of St. Tamany S ; and Tangipao ri-
ver, or St. Ilriena W. Length 45 ; mean
width 22 ; and area about 1000 square
miles Surface nuderaiely hilly, and soil
generally sterile, and covered with pine
timber. It is principally watered by the
Boyue Chitto, and Cliisuiicte rivers.
iWiilation in 1820.
Fre^hite males - - 1,090
do. do. females - - d>67
All otlier persons except Indians
not taxed _ . . . 0
Total whites - . . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males . . -
do. females -
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 17|^.
Washington^ post town, and seat of jus-
tice, Rhea county, Tennessee, on the right
bank of Tennessee river, ab.gut lOO mil«f&
i(i7fi
9.557
1,712
329
21
Total whiles .... 1,957
Free persons of colour, males 1
do do. females 0
Slaves, m.ales ^d, - . 304
• do. females -*^'^ - - 255
Total population in 1820 - - 2,517
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture . . 1,474
do. in Manufactures - 5
do. in Commerce - - 1
Population to the square mile, 2^.
Washington, post town, and recently the
seat of govern ir.ent of the state of Missis-
sippi, stands on a higli, dr}', «md healthy
site, on the kfi bank of St. Catharine creek,
six miles E from Natclui;. Population,
about 1000. Jcfterson college was incor-
porated in 1802, and located in this town.
A large frame building capable of accom-
modatingj-about 70 students was erected,
but it Bws not fi'iurished as a literary in-
stitution, bcyoiid the ordinary effects of an
academy.
Washington -point, cape formed by the
two branches of Elizabeth river, about one
mile above Norfolk. Here the United
States has a marine hospital.
Washitaii at Ouaddtan, NE parish of
Louisiana; libunded by the Mississippi
river NE; the parish of Concordia and
Ocatahoola SE; Rapides S; Nachitoches
W ; and the territory of Arkansaw N.
Length 85 ; mean width 50 ; and area
4000 square miles. That part W from
"Washitau river, is billy, with a sterile soil
covered with pine timber. A similar cha-
s^£teri^tc is contiued E of that stream in
W A S
the northern sectioa of the parisli, to with, high as the Hot spiings, and except in very
in 10 or 12 i: iles from Mississippi river, dry seasons, at all times Vj tlie upper set-
E from Washit Ml river, and in ihe S Mid tiemenls in Louiaiai.a. Below the springs
SK part of the jjarish, except a:ong- the it is augmented from ttie \V by the Cado
margins of tlie streams, the surface "is ha- fork, LitUe Missouii, vSuluier and D rbane,
blc to annual siibnersion The onJy ara- and from the E by the Saline, Barvhdony,
ble land of coiis^der.ible extent is foup.d
along the W:.sliitau, Bartheberry, Bayon
Siard, and the rivers Ban Tdee, and Boeuf.
There are, however, distant from the v.a-
ter courses, two small, but very produc-
tive prairies, Mer Ilouge, and JcfFsrson,
Except those, and a few other small prai-
ries ; the whole, not amounting to 2^
square miles, the wh'^>le parish of Washi-
tau in a state of nature, was covered wiMi
a very heavy forest ; pine \V and N\V, and
a mixed mass, S, SE, and E. The arable
river alluvion very productive. Staples,
cotJnn and lumber.
Population in 1810. «^r
Free white males - . - ^p9
do. do. females - - .
Total whites , . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves . . . . -
Total population iii ISI^ -
Population in 1820. ''
Free white males -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indiaos
not taxed . . - -
Total whites . - - -
Free p.^rsons of colour, males
do. do. females,
Slaves, males
do. females - . --
3^
73i
9
284
and Bocuf rivers.
1Fas.ia7ia, city of Africa, on the Niger,
lyiijg according to the l,est information
at 'at. ll*-" N, and ion. 17° E from London.
This is prcbably the &an->e place men-
tioned by Ptoh my u.dtr the name of
.Gano, and m irkfd on the various maps
(rf Africa as Gano, Gana, Waogara, 8cc.
Wassciibur^, town of Germany, in Wtst-
phalia.
Wasievbnrg, tnwti of GeMTiany, in the
circle lit Bavaria, with a cabtle. Lcn.
12 la E^ lat. 48, 4 N.
JVatafga. SE 'oranch of Ilolston river,
rises in Ashe county. North Carolina,
flows into Tennessee, and jv-ins Holstou
in Washit 'gt: in county
TVatchct,, town in Somersetshire, on
the Bristol Channel, at tlu- mouth of a
good harbour, much frequented by coal
ships which are freighted hence with
lime-stout and various other articles. It
is' 14 iTiiles NVV of Bridgewater, antl
153 W by S of Lend, n Lnn. J 25 VV,
lat. 51 12 N.
Wateeo'oy island in the South Sea dis-
covered by Gaptain Cook. It is about
six leagues in circuit, is a beautiful spot
with a surface covered with verdure, and
composed of hills and plains. From
2,016 every circumstance, it may be conside-
17 red as indubitable, that the inhabitants
27 of Wateeoo derive their descent from
419 the same stock, which has so remarka-
417 bly diflFused >ts:lf over the immense ex-
tent of the Southern Ocean. Lon. 158
2,896 15 W, lat. 21 1 S.
Waterbovo\ post town in York county,
Maine ; situated on the NE side of the
river Mousin, 15 miles NW of Kenne-
bunk, 41 N by E of Portsmouth in New
Hampshire, and 47 W of Portland. Po-
pulation 1820, 1762.
Waterliny, post town of Connecticut,
in New Haven county, at the distance of
19 miles N by W from New Haven, 10
S from Betheleni, and about 25 SW
from Hartford. Population 1820, 2882.
Waceree, river of South Carolina, NE
constituent of Santee. See Catawba river.
The VVateree enters South Carolina in
York district, fio^\s SSE by comparative
courses 120 mules, and joins the Con-
1,077
0
7
911
63
9v>
Total population in 182 >
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized -
Ei'.gaged in Agriculture
do. in .Vlanufactures -
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mde, j.
Washitait, river of Avkai\saw» and Louia-
iana, Great NE branch of Red river. This
stream rises by three large branches be-
tween Arkansaw and Red river, about 15
degrees W from Washington, and at lat 34
30 N. It thence flows nearly E, the three
branches uniting above the Hot Springs.
Opposite the latter place the Ouachitau
turns S enters Louisiana at lat. 33 0 N, and
continuing in that direction to lat. 31 39 ^„ ., „,. ,- ,,- , , .
N. where it receives the Tensaw from the garee 40 miles Sh trom Columbia.
SE, and Ocatahoola from the NW, and Waterfonl, county of Ireland 46 miles
takes the name of Black river. See Black long and 25 broad ; bounded on the S by
ftver, Ocatahoola and Teiisaio. The Oua- St. George's Channel, on the W by Cork,
chitan is navigable durins Sprint? floods as on the N and NE by the viver Sure,
•^ » ^ 10^7
W A 1
W A T
v^hich separates it from Tipperary and
Kilkenny, and on the K by Waterfqrd
Haven, which parts it from AVextord.
iVattrforcl, city and seaport of Ireland,
in a county of the oan;e narfie. It is the
second place in the kingdom, and has
an excellent harbour, where ships of
the greatest burden may ride at the
quay. It stands on the river Sure, eight
miles N of St. George's Channel. 26 S of
Kilkenny, and 75 S by W of Dublin.
Lon. 6 54 W, lat. 52 18 N.
JVuierford, t(.'vvn in Hertfordshire, on
the river Coin, seven miles S by \V of'
St. Alban's and 3 4 N W of London. Lon.
0 17 W, lat. 51 41 N.
Watevford, post town and township Ox-
ford county Maine, 12" miles SW from
Paris. Populalic.i\ 1810, 860; and in
1820,1035. ' ^.
Waterford, post village, and township
Caledonia cour.ty, Vermont, on Connec-
ticut river, 32 miks E from Montpelier.
Population 1810, 1289; and m 1820,
1300. V
Waterford, township, of New London
county, Connecticut, between the
Thames, and Nautick rivers, adjclning
Kew London to the NW. Population
1810, 2185; and in 1820. 2^39. ■'
V/aterfurd, post town in Safatoga coun-
ty. New York, lying on the W side of
Hudson, and N side of Mf hawk river,
opposite to Lansini;burg, six miles above
Troy, .<nd 1) above Albany. It is joined
to Lansingburg by a fine wooden bridge,
is regularly laid out, the site rises by a
gradual acclivity from the Mohawk,
and tlie buildings have generally a neat
and some an elegant appearance. Po-
pulation 1810, uncertain, but in 1320.
1184.
Waterford, township, Gloucester coun-
ty, Ntw Jersey Population 1810, 2105 ;
and in 1820, 2447.
Waterford, formerly Le Bceuf, post
town Erie county. Pennsylvania, between
Le Bceuf creek and lake, 15 miles SSE
from Erie. At high water the Le Boeuf
creek is navigable' to this place. It con-
tains about 50 houses, and 250 inhabi-
tants.
Waterford, township Erie county, Penn-
sylvania, including the foregoing vil-
lai^e. Population 1810, 162 ; and in 1820,
57y.
Waterford, post village, Loudon coun-
ty, Virciiiiia, 10 miles N from Liesburg.
Waterford, two townships of Washing-
ton county, Ohio, on Muskingum river,
opposite to each other 10 miles above
Marietta. Population 1820, 880.
Waterloo, village of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, 12 miles S from Brussels,
rendered remarkable by a sanguinary
2078
battle fought there June l8th 1815, be-
tween the French under Napoleon, and
the Allies, under Wellington, Bulow,
and Blucher, in which the tormer were
defeated.
Waterloo, post town, and seat of justice,
Seneca county. New York, on Seneca
river at its falls, five miles NK and
below Geneva. It is a thriving village,
containing the county buildings, a news-
paper printing oflice, and about 50
houses.
Wutersny, one of the Western isles of
Sboiland, separated from S Uist, by Ciii-
samuel bay.
Watertotm, post town . in Middlesex
county, Massachusetts, situated on
Charles' river, eight miles N by W of
B, ston. It is the seat of several exten-
sive manufactures. Population 1810,
1^34,'; and in 1820. 1518.
Wuterio-im, township (f Litchfield coun-
tyjf Connecticut, which contained 1714
inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 14S9.
It is situated on the E side of Nauga-
tuck river, 10 miles SFi of Litchfield.
WuieitoTV7i, post town, and seal of jus-
tice, Jcfterson county, New York, on the
left bank of Blackj^Sriver, 8l miles 2>NW
from Utica, aja^^eight miles E from
Sackett's HarbouJ'. It is a fine flourish-
iijg village built on a swelling eminence,
in SI. broken but fertile country. It is the
SLa% o^jfl^iate ai^nal, printing office,
&c. in i8lO, the township contained
1841 inhabitants, and in 1820, 2766.
jraten'tile, ])ost town and township
Kennebec county, Maine, on the right
bank of Kennebec river, in Kcnrebec
county, Maine, 20 miles above Hallo-
well. The principal village is at Teco-
nick falls, at the head of boat navigation,
and is the seat of several mills and ma-
nufacturing establishments, and also a
'i'lieological Baptist seminary. Popula-
tion 1810, 1314 ; and in 1820 1719.
IVaterpille, post village, Sangerfield
Oneida , county, New York, 18 miles SW
from l^tela.
J-FafqjHfc. post village, Delaware coun-
ty, Newark, about 50 miles W from
Hudson.
Water Vleit, township of Albany coun-
ty, New York, containing 2365 inhabi-
tants in 1810; and in 1820, 2806. It is
about nine miles N of Albany, and con-
tains the Shaker village of Ni-kayuna,
in which is a bell foundry, and screw
manufactory.
Wutkinsonville. post tf^wn and seat of
justice, Clark county, Georgia, 10 miles
S from Athens.
Watlington, town in Oxfordshire. It
is wated under the Chiltern Hiilsj on a
^v A Y
brook, which, with the continued ridge,
divides the county from Buckingham-
shire. It is 14 noiles SE of Oxford, and
46 W of London. Lon. 1 0 W, lat-51
S7N.
Watten, town of France, in the depart-
ment of the North, and late province of
French Flanders, seated on the river
Aa, five miles from St. Omer.
Watton, town in iSTorfolk. 18 miles SW
of Norwich, and 95 NNE of London.
Lon. 0 53 E, lat. 52 36 N.
Wattuborou^h, post village Lunenburg
county, Virginia.
TFaxholm, fortress on the coast of Swe-
den in the Baltic, situated on a small
island at the entrance of the Lake Ma-
lar, where all homeward bound ships
are searched. It is 16 m.les E of Stock-
holm.
Wayne, post village, and township of
Kennebec county, Maine, 20 miles W
from Augusta. Population 1820, 1051.
Waym, post village, and township of
Steuben county. New York, between Se-
neca, and Crooked lakes, 30 miles SSW
from Geneva Population 1810, ; 1025,
and in 1820, 3607.
fVayne, NE County of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by New York N ; Delaware
river or Delaware county in New York
E ; Pike county SE ; and Luzerne and
Susquehannah counties W. Length 45 ;
mean width 16; and area 720 square
miles. It is drained by the Lackawaxen,
and other creeks of the Delawai'e. Sur-
face hilly and broken. Soil generally
thin and pooi-. Chief town, Bethany;
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 2,164
do. do, females - 1,914
Total whites - » . 4,678
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . . 44
Slaves . . . - , 3
En;yaged in Agriculture - 1,137
do. in Manufactures - 58
do. in Commerce - - 12
Population to tlie square mile, 6.
Wayne, county of O'-iio ; bounded N by
Medina ; Stark E ; Cochocton S ; and
Richland W. Length 30 ; width 29 ;
and area 720 square miles. It is gener-
a'ly elevated, with extensive prairies.
Soil of middling quality. It is princi-
pally drained by Mohicon, Kilbuck, and
Sugar creeks. Chief town, Wooster. '
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 6,164
do. do. females - - - 5,769
Al! other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - q
Total whites . - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . - .
do. females
Total population in 1810, ■ 4,125
Population in 1820.
Free whits males ... 2,149
do. do. females - - 1,962
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - . 0
Total whites ... - 4,111
Free persons of colour, males - 13
do. do. females 3
Slaves, males .... 0
do. females ... Q
Total population in 1820 - • 4,127
Of these;
Foreigners Bot naturalized 85
Total population in 1820
11,933
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized > 31
Engaged in Agriciilture - 3,281
do. in Manufactures - I78
do. in Commerce - - 20
Popvdation to the square mile, 16^.
Wayne, township in Wayne county,
Ohio, immediately N of Wooster. In the
SW corner are salt springs. Population
1820, 676. See Woosfcr.
Wayne,- SE township of Ashtabula
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 624.
Wayne, township of Columbiana coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 724.
Wayne, township of J'fferson county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1696.
PVayne, tov/nsh'ip in the SW quarter of
Belmont county, Ohio. Population 1820,
654.
Wayne, townshijj of Tuscarawas C(kin-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 715,
Wayne, township of Muskingum coun-
ty, Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain.
Wayne, township of Knox County, Ohio,
Population 1820, 1101.
Wayne, township of Pickaway county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 950.
Wayne, township of Scioto county, Ohio
in which is situated the village of Ports-
mouth. Population 1820, 541.
Wayne, township of Adams county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 771.
Wayne, township of Champaign county,
Ohio, containing 905 inhabitants inJ 820.
Wayne, northern township of Dark
county, Ohio. Population 1820, 268.
Wayne, township of Fayette county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 925.
Wavne, township in NE comer of
1079
vV -;l V
"VV A k-
Montgomery county, Ohio. Population
1820, 729.
JfayTie, township in Butler county,
Ohio. Population 1320, 1552.
Wayve, township of Warren county,
Ohio, with 2d42 inhabitants in 1320.
Wayne, county of Indiana ; bounded
by Ohio river E, Union county Indiana,
S; Fayette SVV; Henry W ; and Ran-
dolph N. It is 20 miles square ; area
400 quare miles ; and is drained by the
sources of White water river. Chief
town, Centreville
Population m 1820.
Free white males - - 6,250
do do. females - - 5,803
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - o
Total whites _ . -
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males _ - -
do. females _ - -
Total population in 1820 - 12,119
Free white females . - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - -
Total whites . - . -
Free persons of colour, male.s
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - . -
do. females - - - -
4S9
0
1,239
0
0
lor
97
Of these ;
Foreigners not iiaturalized 29
Engaged in Agriculture •• 2,132
do. in Manufactures - 281
do. in Commerce - 22
Population to the square mile 30.
Wayne, county of Illinois ; bounded by
Johnson, and Union S ; Jackson, and
Randolph W ; Jefferson N ; and White
and Gallatin E. Length 36 ; width 24 ;
and area 864 square miles. It is drain-
ed by the west branch of Little Wabash.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 574
do. do. females - - 537
All other persons except Indians
not taxed 0
Total population ia 1820 - - 1,443
Wayne, county of Michigan, bounded by
Detroit river and St. Clair lake SE ; Mc
Comb county NE ; Oakland NW : and
Monroe S\V and S. As it is now defified,
it is about 30 miles long, and 20 miles
wide; with an area of 600 square -miles.
Surface generally level, rising by a very
gentle acclivity from lake St. Clair and
Detroit river, and gradually becoming flat
receding from these waters. Soil highly
productive. It is principally drained by
the Riviere Rouge. Chief town Detroit.
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 1,151
do. do. females - - 9o5
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . Q
Total whites - . - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - • -
do. females
Total population in 1820 -
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 10
Engaged in Agriculture - - 217
do, in Manufactures ■• 0
do. in Commerce - - 3
Population to the square mile, 1^.
Wayne, county of Missouri, west from
Washington and Franklin, and on the
sources of Gasconade river. Its limits are
too vague to admit specification.
Population in 1820.
Free white males "0
Total whites - - - 2,086
Free persons of colour, males 37
do. do. females ' 29
Slaves, males - . - - 0
do. females . , - o
Population in 1820, exclusive of
the city of Detroit - - 2,152
Detroit . . , - 1.422
Total - . - - . 3,574
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized • 39
Engaged in Agriculture - 451
do. in Manufactures - 46
do. in Commerce - 5
Population to the square mile, 6 nearly.
WaynCy county of Kentucky; bounded
2 by Tennessee S; Cumberland county in
1 Kentucky W ; Cumberland river, or Adair
and Pulaski counties N ; and Whitely E.
1,114 Length 44; mean width 22, and area 970
— __ square miles. It is principally drained by
Big Sinking creek branch of the Cumber-
land. Chieftown Monticello.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . - , 2,787
do. do. females ... 2,413
Total whites - - - 5,200
AU other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . . 0
Slaves 230
Total population in 1810 * - 5.4W
W A V
W A Y
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - -
do. do. females . - -
AH other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . -
Total whites - - . .
Free persons of colour, malrs
do. do. females,
Slaves, males - -
do. females - - .
All other persons except Indians
3,750 not taxed ....
3,64J Slaves - . . . .
0 'I otal population in 1810
7,39
Population in 1820.
4 Free white males - - .
1 do. do. females . - .
266 All otiser persons except Indians
287 not taxc-J - . . _
111
2,756
8,687
2,854
2,867
0
.297
60
6
Total population in 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
do- in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 8.
JVayne, county of Tennesse?, bounded
by Lauderdale county, in Alabama S ; liar-
din county, Tennessee W ; Perry N ; and
Lawrence E. Lengtli 24, width 21, and
area 500 square miles. It lies encircled
by the great bend of Tennessee river,
where that stream turns N on entering the
state of Tennessee ; and though in no
place actually reaching Tennessee river,
the creeks of this county are discharged
from it like radii from a centre. Chiet lovvn,
Waynesboro'.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - - 1,248
do. do. females . - - 1,139
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total wliites ....
Free persons of colour males
do. do, females -
. Slaves, males - . - .
do. females . - - -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures - .,
do. in Commerce . 4-
Population to the square mile, 5.
Wayne, county. North Carolina ; bound,
ed by Duplin S : Sampson SW; .Toiinson
NW ; Nash and Edgecomb N ; and Greene
and Lenoir E. Lengtii 30, mean width 20,
and area 600 square miles. It is traversed
by Neuse river. Chief town Waynesbo-
rough.
Population in 1810.
Free white males . ~ - 2,937
do. do. females - - - 2,883
7,951 Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. lemales
Slaves, males
CO. females -
2,459
0
692
8
0
Total population in 1820.
9,040
Of these ;
Foreit^ners not nalur dized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - . 2,978
do. in .VJanufactures - - 4
do. in Cf-mmercc - - 23
Population to the squa-e mile, 15.
fl'ai/ne, county of Georgia ; bounded by
Glynn SE ; Campden, and Appling S ; Ap-
pling a;Kl Tatnall W ; ami Altamahah, or
Eli)ertand Mc I:!tosh counties NE. Length
40, mean width 25, and area 1000 square
miles. Tin tie ilver rises in this county,
and it is traversed by Gre.at and Little St.
Ilia. Chief town Tuckerville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
Total whiles - -
All othf T persons except Indians
not taxed -
Slaves . - - _ -
227
194
421
I
254
'otal whites
.^20
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females - - -
All other persons except Indi.ans
not taxed ...
Totul whites - . . .
Fiee per.sons of colour, maics
do. do. females -
Slaves, males . - -
do. females - . -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foi-eigners tiot naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commeixe -
Popxilation to the squares mile, 1.
lOSl
676
327
344
671
2
4
186
147
1,010
1
iir
0
0
W A V
W E I
?r£Ji/ne, county, Mississippi ; bounded by Columbus. It is a settlement principally
Alabama E ; Greene couiiiy in Mississippi matle by a society of Friends. Population
S ; Covingion W ; and the Choctaw county in 1820, 307,
N. Length 32, width 30, and afe.< 960 ^^ ---
square miles. It is dr&ii.ed liy Chickisaw
bay, and other branches of Pascagoula
river. Ciii' f town, Winchester.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do do. femaies
Total whites ... -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . .
Slaves, ....
Total population In 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males ...
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . -
Total whites . - . .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. femaies -
Slaves, males . . - -
do. females - . „
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreig'ners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Popiilation to the square mile, 3
Waynesboroiigh, post town,
Wear, river which rises in the W part of
tiie county of Durham, and divides it into
two parts , flowing SE by Stanhope to Bi-
shop Auckland, and thence NE by Dur-
ham, receives numerous tributary rills from ,
the mountains and falls into the German
Ocean, at Sunderland.
JVeare, township of Hillsborough county.
New Hampshire, containing 2634 inhabi-
tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2781. It is
about 55 miles W of Portsmouth.
Wearmouth, village in Durham, opposite
Sunderland. This place is famous for a
bridge which has the largest arch in Eng-
land, is built of iron, and the span of the
arch is 236 feet.
Weathersfield, township of Windsor coun-
ty, Vermont.
Weather^Jield, town of Trumbull county,
Ohio, five miles SR from Warren, It con-
tains a viUage, and a forge and furnace
Wedenschiveil, town of Swisserland, in
the canton of Zuric. 10 miles SE of Zuric.
Wesrt, town of Brabant, 12 miles W of
Ruremonde. Lon. 5 o8 E, lut. 51 7 N.
Jf'eever, river which rises in the N part
^^° of Shropshire, runs acro-s the middle of
^^ Cheshire, and receiving the Dane from the
2"^ E discharges itself into the estuary of the
Mersey. It is navigable to WincJfoid, some
miles above Norwich in Cheshire.
Weibstadt, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, 20 miles SE of
" ■ ■" Lon. 9 23 E, lat. 49 19 N.
547
425
972
•19
262
1,253
1.170
1,080
,250
8
0
517
0
365
j2 Heidelburg
TVeichterbach, town of Germany, in
VVeteravia, and in the county of Isenberg,
Franklin seated on the river Kintz, with a castle.
county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles SSE from where the count resides.
Chambersburg. TVeiden, town of Germany, in Bavaria,
Waynesbor'oiish, post toWn in Greene seated on the Nab, 10 miles NW of
county, Pennsylvania, 25 miles S from Leuchstenberg. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 49
Washington. 24 N.
JVayneshorough, post town In Atignsta ff^^f^ q,. jy^^j^ town of Germany, in
county, Virginia, 12 miles E by Sot Siaun- Wirtemberg, "on the Worm, 12 miles
ton, and 30 NW of Monticello, the seat ot ^^^^^ ^^ stutgard, and 20 N of Tubingen,
the late president Jefferson. Lq„_ 8 50 E, lat. 48 46 N.
frat/»es6oro?/^7;, post town and the capital jf-gUbitr?, town of Germany, in the
of ^Vayne county North Carolina situated county of Nassau, on the Lahn. 22 miles
on the S side of Ncuse river 50 mdes SE of ^j. J^ Nassau, 22 NW of Francfort, and
Raleigh, and 69 W of Newbern. , ^ 29 east of Mentz. Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 50
TVamiesboj-ongh, -post town and seat ot iq-^ ,.,'
justice, Burke county, Georgia, on Briar
creek, 30 miles S from Augusta. It is the
seat of an academy.
Wayneshttrg, post village, Honeybrook
township, Chester county, Pefmsjlvania,
11 miles NW by W from Downingstown
Weilhdm, town of Germany, in Wir-
temburgi seated on the river Lauter.
Weimm\ town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a magnificent castle, the
residence of the duke of Saxe-Wiemar.
Wavnesville, post village and seat of jus- It is seated on the Ilm, 20 nniles NE of
tice, Haywood county. North Carolina, on Erfurt, and 20 WSW of Naumburg.
the head of Big Pigeon river, 60 miles Lon. 11 52 E, lat, 51 6 N.
WNW from Rutherfordton. Wevmir, grand duchy of Saxe, consist-
Waxjnesville, post town. Warren countv, ing of Wiemar Proper, and Eisenbach,
Ohio, on Little Miami, 68 mil»s SW from detached from each other, but contain-
308^
•\V E I
W E L
iniT together, an area of 1460 square
miles ; and 20Li,030 inhabitants. Wie-
mar is the capital.
IVeing-artm, tciwn of Germany, in tlie
palatinate of the Rnine, seated on the
Piintza, four miles NE of D..urlach, and
nine S of Philip^burg. Lon. 9 30 E, lat.
49 5 N.
We'mheim, town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 1® miles N nf
Hfidelburg. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 49 35 N.
TVeisbadcn, town of Germany, in Mentz,
where there are hot baths in hi^h es-
teem. It is eight miles NE of Mentz,
and IS west of Francfort. Lon. 8 20 E.
lat 49 56 N.
Weisbrain. See Vesperifi,
JFeiselmimde, fortress of Western Prus-
sia, seated at tlse mouth of the Vistula,
below Dantzic, whose harbour it defends.
Lon. 18 40 E, lat 54 24 M.
Weissembnvg, town of France, in the
departm.ent of Lower Rhine, on the Lau-
ter, 10 miles SW of Landau, and 22 NE
of Strasburg. Lon. 8 11 E, lat. 48 53
N.
Weisnemhirg, town of Franconia, in the
bishopric of Aichstadt. The inhabitants
are protestants It is seated on the Red-
nilh, live miles N of Pappenheim, an '
30 SW of Nuremburg. Lon. 11 2 E, lat.
49 4 N.
Weissemburg, town of Germany, in Sax-
ony, 20 miles north bv west of Wittem-
burg, and 20 NE of Deslaw. Lon. 12 31
E, lat. 52 8 X.
Weissemburg, or .Slba JaUa, city of
Trani-ylvar.ia, capital of a county of the
same name, and a university. It is seat-
ed on the side of a hill, near the river
Ompias, o5 miles west of liermanstadt.
Lon. 24 0 E, lat. 46 26 N,
ffeissemburg, or Shihhoeissemburg, town
of Lower Hungary, seated at the E end
<if the Platten Sea, 36 miles SW of Buda.
Lon. 18 30 E, lat. 47 22 N.
TFtessemberg, township of Lehigh coun-
tv, Pennsylvania ; containins; 1046 inha-
bitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1175. It
is situated between Lynn and Macungy
townships, and joining the county of
Berks.
fVeissenfels, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, the
residence of the duke of Saxe-Weissen-
fels. It is seated on the Saale, 17 miles
SW of Liepsic. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 51
9N.
IFeile, or Wedel, seaport of Denmark,
in the province nf North Jutland. Lon.
9 30 E, lat. 55 45 N.
IVeiltingen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia. Lon. 10 21 E, lat. 48
58 N. .
Weinabsrg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, famous for its wines,
Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 49 15 N.
Welbi'. post village in Prince George's
county. Maryland ; nearly opposite Al-
exandria, and about four miles below
Washington City
V/elland, river which rises in North-
amptonshire, and separates that county
from Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, and
Lincolnshir • ; it passes by Market Har-
borough to Stamford, and is thence navi-
gable to the Fosdike Wash, which it en-
ters below Spalding.
Wellfleei, post town in Barnst. ble coun-
ty, Massachusetts ; lying on Barnstable
bay, 10 miles N of Eastiiam, 22 N of
Chatham, and 105 SE of B :st'in, by land.
Bo ton market is supplied with fish, par-
ticularly oysters ot the best kind, from
this small seaport town.
Wellingborough, town of Northampton-
shire, on the side of a hill, on the river
Nen. 12 mile.*! NE of Northampton, and
68 N by W of London. Lon. 0 59 W,
lat. 62 16 N.
Wellington, town in Shropshire, with
a market on Tursday, s;^ ated near Wre-
kin Hill, 12 miles E of Shrewsbury, and
152 NW of London. Lon. 2 30 W. lat.
52 40 N,
Wellington, town in Somersetshire, on
the Tone, 15 miles NE of Exeter, and
147 W" by S of London. Lon. 2 25 W,
lat 50 57 N.
WeUingio?i, township of Bristol county,
Massachusetts ; three miles south from
Taunton. Population 1820, 954.
Wells, seaport in Norfolk, which has a
ci-nsiderable corn trade. It is 27 miles
N of S waff ham, and 21 NNE cf London.
Lon 1 1 E, lat 53 1 N,
Welln, city in Somersetshire. It is seat-
ed at the foot of a hill, and has its name
from the wells and springs about it ; and
is the centre of a great manufacture of
knit worsted stf>ckings It is 16 miles S
of Bristol, and 120 w«st of London. Lon.
2 :i7 W, lat. 51 12 N.
Wells, town of Germany, in Upper
Austria, seated on the Trawn, 18 miles
S of Lintz- Lon. 13 53 E, lat. 4S 4 N.
Wells, post town and township in York
county, Maine ; situated on the sea
shore, six miles S of Kennebunk, 16 N
of York, and 26 N by E by Portsmf)uth,
New Hampshire. Population 1820, 2660.
WeUaborongh, post town and seat of
justice in Tioga county, New York ; on
Crooked crtck, Delmar township, A5
miles NNW from Williamsport,
Wellsburg, formerly Charlestown, post
town and seat of justice in Brooke coun-
ty, Virginia ; on the bank of Ohio river,
above the mouth of Buffaloe creek. It
1083
contains about 1000 inbiibil.ai.ls, and some
manufactpries-
Wdshfield, southern township of Geau-
ga county, Ohio. Pupulation 1820, 100.
Jf'dshpooJ, town in M ntgoiueryshire.
It is the principal trading town in the
county, btitig the gn-at mart f i r Welch
cottons, flannels, &c. It is seated in a
rich vale, one the rivei* Severn, nine
miles N of Muntgomery, and 169 NW
of London. Lon. 3 5 VV, lat. 52 33 N.
WeUenburg. See Abach.
IFehi'i/n, village in Hertfordshire,
of which Dr. Young was rector ; and
here were written his celebrated Night
Thoughts.
Wem, town in Shropshire, on the Ro-
den, nine miles N of Shrewsbury, and
364 NVV of London. Lon. 2 40 W, lat.
52 50 N.
Wendii7}gen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia. Lon. 9 18 E, lat. 48
IVendd, township, Cheshire county,
New Hampshire, 30 miles NW from
Concord. Population lolO, 447 ; and in
1820, 603.
Wendd, tcv/nshjp Franklin county,
Massachusetts 15 miles E from Green-
fit id. Population 1820, 983 : and in 1820,
958.
We7idover, borough in Buckingham-
shire, seven miles SE of Ailesbury, and
35 W by N of London, Lon. 3 35 W, lat.
51 45 N.
Weulock, borough in Shropshire, 12
miles SE c-f Slirewsbury, and 147 NW
of London. Lon. 2 30 VV, lat. 52 ?•& N.
TVenner, the largest lake of Sweden,
in West Gothland, NW of the lake
Wetter. It is 100 miles in length, and,
in some places, 40 in breadth. ' The cu-
iial of Trolhattan, opens the trade of this
fine sheet of water, to Gothenburg, by
Wennersburg.
Weimersbitrg, town of Sweden in West
Gothland, which is the staple for all the
iron sent from the province of Werme-
land to Gotheborg. It is seated at the
SW extremity of the lake Wenner, 15
miles E of Uddevalle.
TFeim/sscl, peninsula of Denmark,
■which makes the N part of N ith Jut-
land : bounded on the S by the canal
of Alburg, on the E by the Categate,
and on the N and W by the German
Ocean.
Wmiyssel, town of Denmark, in North
Jutland, capital of a prefecture of the
same name. It is seated on the Kyna,
17 miles NW of Alburg, Lon. 9 40 E,
lat. 57 4 N.
Weni-ivorth, village in Yorkshire, three
miles NW of Rotherham.
Wenb!;iy borough in Herefordshire.
TTf54
eight miles NW of Hereford, and 141
WNW of London. Lon. 2 41 W, lat. 52
9 N.
Werben, town of Germany, in the old
marche of Brandenburg, formerly a
stroii;^ passage on the river Elbe, but now
all the fovtihcations are ruined. It is
seated at the place where the Habel
falls into the Eibe, 60 miles NW of Ber-
lin. Lon. 12 12 E, lat. 53 5 N.
JTercfiteren, town of Brabant, seated at
the confluence of the D.?mer and Dyle,
nine miles E of Mechlin. Lon. 4 49 E,
lat. 51 ON.
Werden, town of Westphalia, in the
county of Marck. The inhabitants are
Prote.Htants under the protection of Prus-
sia. It is seated on the Roer, 10 miles
NE of Dasseldorf, and 10 E of Duisberg.
Lon. 7 1 E, lat. 51 17 N,
IFertleiiburgy town of Swisserland, sub-
ject to the canton of Glarus, and capital
of a country of the same name, with a
strong castle, seated on an eminence,
commanding a beautiful prospect. It is
16 miles XE of Glarus. Lon. 9 25 E, lat.
46 58 N.
Werdevfelds, town of Germany, in Ba-
varia.
Werdohl, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia. Lon. 7 22 E, lat. 51
14 N.
Wevle, town of Germany, in Westpha-
lia, in the bishopric of Munster. seated
on ttie river Seisk, 30 miles S of Munster.
Lon- 7 20 E. lat. 51 35 N.
Wermelund, or Wanneland, province of
Sweden, in West Gothland, 100 miles
long and 50 broad ; b-unded on the N
by Dalecarlia, on the E by the Westma-
nia and Nericia, on the S by the lakes
Wenner, aiid Dalva, and on the W by
the mountains of Norway. Carlstadt is
the capital.
Wem, town of Westphalia, in the
bishopric of Munster. v/ith a monaste-
ry, seated necir the Lippe, 28 miles S
by W of Munster. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51
35 N.
Wernigerode, town of Germany, in Up-
per Saxony, with a trade in brewing, and
maufactares of cloth and stuflF. Lon. 11
10 E, lat., 52 2N.
Wevra. See Weser.
Wertheim, town of Franconia, capital
of a county of the same name. It is seat-
ed at the confluence of the Tauber and
M;nne, 20 miles W of Wurtzburg. Lon.
9 53 E. lat. 49 46 N.
IVesd, town of Germany, in Westpha-
lia, in the duchy of Cleves, with a strong
citadel, near the confluence of the Rhine
and Lippe. It was formerly an imperial
and hanseatic town, but now belongs to
the king of Prus^sia. It is 25 .sK'of Cleves,
W E S
W ••. :-
ir.d 45 N of Cologne. Lon. 6 37 E, iat.
lat. 51 27 N.
JVesel, town cf Germany, in the arch-
bishopric of Treves, 20 miles S of Cob-
lentz, and 46 ENE of Treves. Lon. 7
oO E, lat 5U 4 N
H'iisenburj, fortified town of Russia,
in the govern'nent of Esthonia, seated
on the Wiss, 55 miles SE of Revel, and
55 NW of Narva. Lon. 25 48 E lat. 59
ION
TVeser, considerable river of Germa-
ny, which rises in the country of Hen-
neburg, bting then called the Werra.
It passes by Smalkald, crosses a comer
of rhnringia, enters the duchy of Bruns-
wick, and receives the Fulde, at Mun-
den. It tht-n assumes the name of We-
ser, runs along the confines of the cir-
cles of Weslphalia and Lowtr Saxony,
\vaters Hameli-i, Minden, and Hoye ; re-
ceives the Aller, below Verden ; and
passing by Brem. n, enters the German
Ocean,
JVcsley, western township, Washing-
ton countv, Ohio. Population 1820,
^92,
West, one of the eastern townships of
Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, on the
west branch of Susquehannah five miles
above Huntingdon. Population 1820,
1244.
West, township, Columbiana county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 722.
WestborouglL, post village and township,
Worcester county, Massachusetts, 13
miles E from Worcester. Population
1810, 1048; and in 1820, 1325.
Westbrook, township Cumberland coun-
ty, Mahie, three miles W from Portland.
Population 1820, 2502.
ff'est Buffalo, township of Union coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, betv/een White Deer
mountain and Penn's creek. Population
1820, 1183.
West Cambridge, post village, and
township, Middlesex county, Massachu-
setts.
West Chester, county of New York ;
bounded by Hudson river W ; Putnam
county, New York N ; Fairfield county,
in Connecticut E; and Long Island
Sound, and Harlem river S. Length 40 ;
mean width 12; and area 480 square
miles, hiesides the Hudson, the Croton,
and BroRx are its principal streams.
Surface generally hilly and in part moun-
tainous. Soil in most places productive
in grain, pasturage and fruit- Chief
towns, White Plains, Croton, Peekshill,
and Bedford.
Population in IBlQ.
Free white males - - 14..368
Free white femaica
15,974
Total whites - - - 28,342
Ail other persons except Indians
not taxed
Slaves
948
982
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
30,-^72
Free white males . . -
15.479
do. tlo. females . . -
15,3io
All othei- persons except Indians
not taxed
0
Total whites ....
30,795
Free persons of colour, males -
821
do. do. females
817
Slaves, males - . . -
113
do. females
92
Total population in 1820
2,638
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturrdized - 270
Engaged in \gricultiire - 4,993
do. in Manufactures - 1,614
do. in Commerce - - 251
Population to the square mile, 68.
West Chester, p«st town. West Chester
county, New York, 12 miles from New
York. Population 1810, 1969; and in
1820, 2162.
West Chester, post town, bcrough, and
seat of justice, Chester county, Pennsyl-
vania, 22 miles \V from Philadelphia.
Population 1820,' 552. It contains, be-
side the county buildings, a market house,
and bank.
Westchester, village. Perry township,
Tuscarawas crunty, Ohio.
Westerns, town of Ssveden, capital of
Westmani."!, with a famous college, it
carries on a considerable commerce with
Stockholm, parlicularl}- in copper and iror*
from the neighbouring- mines. Westeras
is seated on the lake Mseler, 45 miles
NW of Stockholm. Lon. 17 0 E, !at. 59
38 N.
Westerham, town in Kent, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday. This place had the
honour of producing general Wolfe, who
is interred in the church. It is seated
on the river Darent. Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 51
18 N.
Wesierloo, township, Albany county.
New York. Population 1820, 3458.
Westerlij\to\s'v&\\\'^, Washington county,
Rhode Island, on the E side of Pawca-
tuck river, opposite to Stonington, in
Connecticut, 13 miles W of Charleston,
34 of New Port, and 20 E of New Lon-
don. In Pacatuck village in this town-
ship are, 50 or 60 dwelling houses, two
1085
\v E
WES
banks, two academies, and a wooUeu
cloth factory.
Western, post villag-e and tov/nslvp, Wor-
cestKi- count}, Muc^s .chusetts, 22 miles SW
from Worcester. Popu!ati;-n in 1810,
1014; and in 1820, 1112
Western^ township oF Ooeida county,
New York, on Hie Mohawk, five m les
above Home. Fr,pid.ition in 1810,2416;
r.t-;d m 18:0, 223r.
IVestevnpori, or Westport, post village,
Aileg.iny county, Maryland, on the left
bank uf Poto:T»ac river, between George's
creek and S:vag-e river, 20 miles by laud
iibove Cumberland..
Westirivich , seap.jrt of S^veden, in Smo-
i?.nd, seated on the Haltic, 50 miles N of
Galniar, and 120 S VV of S ock.hol-.n. Lon.
16 OE,la';. 57 40 N.
JVest Fairlee, tov. nsliip of Orange county,
Vermont, 36 rrnles SE iro.-n M li.tpelier.
JVestfall, town-hip of Pickaway county,
Ohio, on ijie ri.s^'hi bank of Scioto river,
nearly opposite C rcleville. P.-pulation in
1820, uncer'ain.
West farms, post vil age, Vv'estches'er
county, New York, on IJri^nx river, 10 miles
NE fr-m New Yoik.
Westfield, township of Orleans county,
Vermont, 45 mile.^ N from ]M ontpelier.
Westfield. post lovv!'. in Hamdtn county,
Massachu^e.ts, lying on the south side of
a river of t!ie same name, 11 m.les west of
Springfield, 34 E of Stockbridge, aiid 35
N by \V cf Hartford (Connecticut ) Popu-
lation in 1810, 2130 ; and in 1820, 2668.
WestJisUl, townsiiip of^ichra'ind county,
Staten Island, and st-.te of New York, con-
taining 1,444 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820,*1616
Wesifield, township of Essex couity.
New Jersey, eight miles west froni Eliza-
bethtown Population in 1820, 2358,
Westjield, one of the southern lowuihlps
of Medina coun'v, Ohio. Populatic!i in
1S20, 179.
Westf'jrd, town.ship orMiddlesex county,
'Ma'-sachuselt--, situated r.n the E side of
Stoney river, five miles N'.V of Concord,
and contiining- 1330 inhabitants in 1810 ;
and in 1820, 1409.
Westford, township' of Otsego county.
New Y^ork, 10 mi'es SE from Cooper's
town. Population in 1820, 1526.
West Greenxuich, SVV township of Kent
count;,. Kr.oJe Island, 18 miles SW from
Providence. Population in 1810, 1619 ;
and in 1820, 1927.
Westhimptov, township of Hampshire
county, Massachusetts, 10 miles west from
Nortiiampton. Population in 1810, 7'93 ;
and in 1820, 896.
West JJaven, post village and township,
Rutland county, Vermont, 50 miles west
from Windsor. Population in 1810, 679 ;
and in 1820, about 750.
West Hofcn, town of German^', in the
circle of the Uhine.
Westhofen, town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, and late province
of Alsace.
West Indies. See Indies West.
Westkind, (owi ship of Guernsey county,
Ohio. Population in 1820, 676.
Westmania, or Westmanland, province of
Sweden Proper, between Sudermania,
Ge-.tricia, N?ricia, and Upland. It is 75
m les long and 45 broad, and abounds in
copper End iron mines. The face of the
country is diversified like Wermeland.
Westeios is the capital.
JVestminster^ city of Middlesex, the resi-
dence of ihe mon...rchs of Great Britain,
the scat of the parliament and of the high
courts of ju.suce, and constituting with
London and Soulhwiirk, the metropolis of
the British e-npire. This city had its name
from the situation of iis abbey, anciently
Called a ininstei\ in respect of that of St.
Paul. See London.
Westminster, po^t town in Vermont, in
V/indiiaai county, situated on the west
side of ConnecHciit river, opposite to Wal-
pole, 18 miles N of Brattleboro', 29 south
of Windsor, and 15 NW of Keen (New
Hampshire )
Westminster, township in Massachusetts,
situated in Worcester county, and contain-
ing 1419 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820,
1534.
Westminster, post town in Frederick
county, Maryland, 30 ndles NW of Balti-
more, and 75 N by E of Washington.
Westmoreland, county of England, enclo-
sed between those of Cumberland, York,
and Lancaster; t!ie first b.-unding it on 'he
N and NW ; the second on the E ; and the
last on the S and SW. It has tlie natural
boundaries of lakes, streams, and moun-
tains, almost every where except to the
soiith, where it sinks undistinguishably
i:ito Lanc'tshiie. From tiie sea it is ex-
eluded by the detached part of Lanca-
shire ; and only just touches upon the bot-
tom cf that wide sandy wash which sepa-
rates the two parts of that county. Ihe
principal rivers are the Eden, Lone, and
Ken. It has also several fine lakes, the
princip.al of which is Winnander-raere, or
Windermere water. In the forest of Mar-
tindale, to the south of Ulls-water, the
breed of red deer still exists in a wild
state. Appleby is the county-town. Popu-
lation in 1801, 41,617; in 1811, 45,922;
and in 1821, 51,359.
Westmoreland, township of Cheshire
county, New Hampshire, containing 1937
inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2029. It
is situated on the east side of Connecticut
river, wh.ich separates it from the state of
Vermont.
Wpstmnreland,^05\. town in Oneida coun-
\v E a'
W E S
ty. New York, 12 miles E of OneiJa, and
about the same distance west of Utica, or
old Fort Schuyler. Population in 1810,
1135; and in 1820, 2791.
Westmoreland, county of Pennsylvania ;
bounded by Somerset S ; Wiisr.ing'ton W ;
Allegany NW ; Armstrong and ludiann N ;
and Bedford E. Leng'.h 37; width i{9 ;
and area 1064 square miles. It is a well
watered county. The Mononj^ahela forms
its extreme western border, near wh ch it
is traversed by the Youghiogany. Its en-
tire northern limit is formed by the Kis-
kimnitas, and its north-western by the Al-
legany ; whilst its surfitce is drained by the
numerous confliients of these rivers. The
face of the country hilly and m part moun-
tainous. Soil generally productive in
grain, pasturage and fruit. Chief town,
Greensburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
13,286
12,841
26,127
245
20
26,392
Total whites ....
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Population iti 1820.
Free white males - - - 15,691
do. do. females - • 14,597
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males
do, females
Total population in 1820
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture •
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 28,
Westmoreland, county of Virginia, bound-
ed by Potomac river NE ; King George
county NW ; Rhappahannoc nver, and
Richmond county S ; and Northumberland
SE. Length 30 ; mean width 5 ; and area
150 square miles. Chief town, Leeds.
Population in 1810.
Free white nnales
do. do. females
30,540
44
4,558
436
51
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
• not taxed .. - , .
1,702
1,699
3,401
621
Slaves 4,080
Total population in 1810 • 8,102
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. fcma'es - - -
A.l other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites - . - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males ....
do. females
Total population in 1820 - - 6,901
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 5
Engaged in Agriculture - 2,157
do. in Manufactures - 77
do. in Commerce - 92
Population to the square mile, 46.
Weston, township of Conntc.icut, Fair-
field county, seven mi'es N of Fairfirld,
and containing 2618 inhabitants in 1820;
and in 1820, 2767. It is the seat of an
academy.
WestQtvn, township, Chester county,
Pennsylvania, about four miles E from
West Chester, containing a Friends' board-
ing school. Population in 1820, 755.
Westphalia, formerly one of the circles
of Germany, bounded on the E by Lower
Saxony; on the S by Heiise, Wcsterwald,
and the Rhine ; on the W by the United
Provinces ; and on the N by the Germsn
Ocean. The principal rivers are the We-
ser, Embs, L ppe, and Roer. It contained
the sovereign bishoprics oi Osnaburg,
Munster, and Paderborn ; the principality
of Minden ; the counties of Ravensburg,
Tecklengburg, Ritburgh, Lippe, Lemgow,
Spigelbui-g, Shauenburg, Hoye, Diepholt,
DelmerJicrst, Oldenburg, Embden or East
Frieslanrl, Bentheim, and Lingen. Thess
are to the N of the river Lippe. To the
S of it are the abbies o! Essen and Verden,
the town of Dortmund, the counties of
Marck and Homburg, and the duchies of
Westphalia, Berg, snd Cleves. Munster
is tlie most considerable city.
Westphalia, formerly duchy of Germany;,
in the circle of ^Vestphalia, 40 miles long
and 25 broad ; bounded on the N by the
bishopricks of Munster and Osnaburg, and
the county of Lippe; on the W by that of
Marck ; on the S by the territories of Nas-
sau , and on the E by the counties ot Wito
genstein, Hartsfeld, Waldeck, and the land-
gravate of Ilesse, being about 40 miles in
length, and 25 in breadth. Arensberg is
tlie capital. See the various sections of the
circle, and rhichv, under their respective
heads.
1087
-%V E T
W E Y
West PQint, post village and military
school. Orange county, New York, on the
south bank of Hudson river, at the lower
verge of the Highland;-:, seven miles S from
Newburg. Durin.e the revoluxionary war.
it was a niihtary post of much consequence.
In 1802, the general government of the
United Stales m^ide it the seat of a military
academy. It is no\r under ihe sujierintend-
ance of a professor and assistant professor,
en each of tlie three branches of mathema-
tics, natural and experimentt.1 Phi'osophy,
and of the art of engineering. A ch::plain,
instructor on each of the following branches
tactics, and artillery. A surgeon who is
also professor of chemistry, and a teacher
of the French language, a teacher of draw-
ing, and a master of sword exerc se. The
number of students, termed cadets, are
limited to 250.
IVestport, seaport of Ireland, In the coun-
ty of Mayo. Lon. 9 22 W, lat. 53 48 N.
JFestpot't, township of Bristol county,
Massacl)usetts, containing 2585 inhabitants
in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2633. It is a seaport,
situated near the mouth of the river
Akeaxet.
Wcstport, township, Essex county. New
York, on lake Champlain. Population in
1820, 1095.
IVeslport, post town, Henry county, Ken-
tucky, on the Ohio river, 22 miles above
Louisville.
IVestva, one of the Orkney Islands, eight
miles long and from one to three broad,
containing abo\it 1303 inhabitants.
West Springjield, post town in Hampden
county, Massachusetts, on the W side of
Connecticut river, opposite Springfield, 13
miles S of Northampton, 30 miles W by S
of Brookfield, and 29 N ot Hartford Con-
necticut. Population in 1820, 3246.
Weststockbridge, post village and town-
ship, Berkshire county Massachusetts, 10
miles SSW irom Lenox. Population in
1820, 1034.
JVestown, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania, four miles SE from the bo-
rough of Westchester. Population in 1820,
755.
West Union, post t^wn and seat of jus-
tice, Adams county, Ohio, 53 miles SW
from Chilicothc. Lat. 38 51 N. Popula-
tion in 1820, 406.
West Union, township, Columbiana coun-
ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 722.
Westrogothia. See Gothland.
Wetherby, town of Yorkshire, with a
market on Thursday. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 53
57 N.
Wethcrsfield, post town and township in
Hartford county, Conneciicut, on the W
side of Connecticut river, three miles S of
Hartford, 11 N of Middleton, and 43 N by
E cf New Haven, containing 3961 inhabi-
1088
tants in 1810 . It is the seat of an acade"
my.
Weter, lake of Sweden, in Gothland, SE
of the lake Wenner. It is 100 miles in
leng'h, and in some places 20 in breadth.
Above forty small streams enter this lake,
and its only outlet is the river Motala,
which flows E, by Nordkoping, into the
Baltic.
Wetteraz'ia, or Weteraiv, an extensive
province of Germany, lying between the
territories of Treeves and Mentz on the S,
and the duchies of Berg and Westphalia,
the langravate of Hesse, and bishopric of
Fulda on the N: having tlie llhme to the AV,
and Fulder to the E. It is divided into two
parts bj- the river Lahn : the soul hern part^
or Weltcraviu Proper, belongs to the cir-
cle of Upp.^r llliine ; and the northern, or
the Westerwald, belongs to the circle of
Westphalia. It contains several small
counties.
Wettin, town f>f Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a
mountain; seated on 'he Saal, over which
is a ferrj-, nine miles NNW of Halle.
Wetti7igen, town of Switzerland, in the
county of Baden, celebrated, for its wood-
en bridge, 240 feet long, of a single arch
over the river Limmat. It is one mile S of
Baden.
ff'etziar, town of Germany, in Weltera-
via, capital of a county of the same name.
It is surrounded by ditches and walls
flanked with towers. It is seated at the
confluence of the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen,
30 miles N of Frankfort. Lon. 8 37 E, lat,
50 33 N.
Wetwkburg, town and city of Westpha-
lia, in tlie principality of Paderborn, nine
miles S of Paderborn.
Wexford, county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Munsfer, 38 miles long and 24
broad ; bounded on the N by Wicklow, E
by St. George's channel, S by the Atlantic
ocean, W by Waterford and Kilkenny, and
NW by Catherlough. It contains 100 pa-
rishes, and is fertile in corn and grass.
The principal rivers are the Barrow and
Slaney.
Wexfordf btu'ough of Ireland, capital of
the county of tlie same name. It has a
spacious harbour at the mouth of the
Slaney, on a bay of St. George's channel,
but the water is not deep enough for large
vessels. Much woollen cloth is manufac-
tured here and in the neighbourhood. The
inhabitants are estimated ai 9000. It is 33
miles ENE or Waterford, and 75 S of Dub-
lin. Lon. 6 30 W, lat. 52 22 N.
Wexio, town of Sweden, in Smoland,
seated on the lake Helga, which contains
a group of woody islands. It is a bishop's
see, though small, and is 50 miles W of
Calmar.
^fe^, j^V;e|P, which rises i!i Hampshire*
\Y A t
Sows through Surry by Godalming and
Guiliord, and enters the Thames, at Wey-
bridge.
Weifbrid^e, village in Surr}', seated on
the Wty, at its entrance into the Thames,
two miles E of Cliertsey.
fVey/iill, village, in Hampshire, three
W of Andover, famous for an annual fair
on the 10th of October, for sheep, leather,
hops, and cheese.
Weymouth, town in Dorsetshire, incorpo-
rated vvitli that of xMelcomb Regis. A few
plain and striped cottons are made here.
Weymouth is 130 miles WSW of London.
See Melcomb Regis.
Weymouth, township of Norfolk county,
Massachusetts, containing 1,889 inhabi-
tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2407. Situated
about ten miles SE of Boston.
Weymouth, township of Gloucester coun-
ty. New Jersey. At the village or Fur-
nace, called Weymouth furnace, here is a
post office. Population 1810, 1029 ; and in
1820, 787
Wharton, township of Fayette county,
Pennsjdvania, adjoining Virginia, and be-
t\veen Laurel Hill and Sugar Loaf Moun-
tain, commencing five mdes SE from
Uniontown. Population 1810, 922: and in
9820, 1276.
Whateley post village, and township,
Franklin county, Massachusetts, 10 miles
above Northampton. Population 1810,
891; and in 1120, 1076.
Wheatfield, SE township of Indiana coun-
ty, Pennsylvania Population 1810, 1475,
and in 1820, 2020.
JfhenUng, large creek, rising in Greene
and Washington counties. Pennsylvania,
and flowing NW, into Ohio county, Vir-
ginia, falls into Ohio river below the town
of Wheeling.
Wheeling, post town and seat of ju-tice,
Oiiio county^ Virginia, stands on the bank
of Ohio river, inramediately above the mouth
of Wheeling creek. It stands on a first
and second bottom, principally in one
street parallel to the river. It contains
the county buildings ; a nail factory, and
about 1000 inhabitants. The United States
turnpike road reaches the Ohio river at
Wheeling, contributing greatly to 'Us in-
crese and prosperity.
Wheeling, township of Belmont county,
Ohio. Population 1820, 1482.
Whida, kingdom of Guinea, on the SJave
Coast, extending about 10 miles aloi?g the
Atlantic, under 6 29 N lat. Thciv trade
consisted of slaves, elepha-its' ceeth, wax,
and honey. The English factory is 200
miles B of Cape Coast C-sstle, within land.
X3*ier, or Sabi, is the capital.
Whitby, seaport m the North Riding of
Yorkshire, near the mouth of the Esk. It
is a considerable town with a great traffic
ia the building of ships, and tbe carryiiig
6Y
W II I
business. Its harbour U the best on this
coast, and is protected by a fine pier ; but
it has no river communication with tliis in-
land country.
White, county of Tennessee; bounded
by Bledsoe SE ; Warren W ; or Caney
Fork river SW ; Smith NW ; Jackson N ;
and Oveiton NR Length 40 ; mean width
19 ; and area 750 square miles. It is
drained by the eastern branches of Caney
Fork river. Ch.ef town, Sparta.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 1,974
do, do. females, - - - 1,771
Total whites . ., . - 3,745
All other persons except ladians
not taxed . - , . - 0
Slaves - . . . . 283
Total population In 1810 - - 4,028
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - . 4,096
do. do. females - - - 3,885
Total whites ... - 7,981
Free persons of colour, males - 62
do. do. females 65
Slaves, males . - . 273
do. females - - - 320
Total population in 1820
8,701
2
1.P60
109
8
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture
do ill i\lanufactures -
do. in Commerce
ft)pulation to the square p^^* H-
Whiie, county of lllin^s 5 bounded by
Wabash river E; Galla*^^' county S ; Frank-
lin and Jeff er .on W' and Wayne, and Ed-
wards N. Lea^*^ '^^ '■> width 20 ; and area
800 square iv-'-«^s- ^^ 'S chiefly drained by
Little WaV-ish river. Chief town, Carmi.
PopivUtion in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,546
40. flo. females - - 2,215
All pcher persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . q
Total jvhites . - . -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - -
do. females - - - -
Total population in 1820
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized -
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce
Population to the square mile, 6.
4089
4,828
13
979
17
ao
w n i
W H I
l^hiie Clay a-eek, rises in Ciiester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, flows St: into Newcastle
county, Di-laware, and joins Red Clay
creek near their joint influx into Chr.a-
tiana.
IVkite day Creek, hundred of Npw Cas
tie county, D (aware, containing 1701 in-
habitants In 1810; and in 1820, 1904.
W/iiie Creek, post township, Washing-
ton count)'. New York. Tt is the seat of
an academv, '?.6 mdes NE from Albany.
Popid3tion'l820, 2377.
JVhite Deer, NE townsliip of Union coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, on Susqueiiaimah river.
Popul.tion 1810, 1132 ; and in 1820, 1677.
Wliiiefield, post vdl.ige, and township,
Lincoln county, Maine, 15 miles N from
Wiscasset. Population 1810, 995 ; and in
1320, 1429.
Whitejteld, township of Coos county.
New Hampshire, Population 1820, 281.
Whitehall, post town in Washington coun-
ty. New York ; situated at the head of
lake Champlain, 22 miles N of P'ort Ed-
ward, and 41 W of Ruti nd This place
was formerly called Skeer.sborough, from
major Skeene, of the IJriti^h army.
Whitehall, is a flourishing village at the
head of Sloop navigation on Wood creek.
A steam boat pi es Irom this place to St.
Jolms in Lower Canada. It is a place of
much business, it bus the exterior appear-
ance of a crouded and active port. The
importance of this town is now^ much en-
hanced by being the place of outlet into
lake Champlain of the Canal from the
Hudson to Wood creek. Population 1810,
2110 j^nd in 1820. 2311. See Canal of
JV'ew rorA,,page 720.
Whilehall, Aj'orfh, township of Lehigh
county, PennsyUnnia, on Leiiigh river, be-
tween Heedelburg, a^d South Whitehall.
Population 1820,1807.
Whitehall, South, towii.i^jp ^f Lchigii
county, Pennsylvania, on Let.-^ji river, be-
low North Salisbury. Populs^.-.on 1320,
1623.
Whitehaven, post town of Someiset coun-
ty, Maryland on Wicomico river, la mAes
NNE from Princess Anne. . '
Whitehaven, seaport in Cumberland, it
is seated on a creek 'of the Irish sea, on
the N end of a grei.t hi!!, washed ^y the
tide on the W side, where there is a large
whitish rock, and a strong stone wall th*t
secures the harbour. Near it are some
coal mines, some of which run a consider-
able way under the sea, and are the great
source of its weaith ; bt;t its trade is now
extended to foreign parts. A packet-boat
sails hence weekly to Douglass, in the isle
of Man. Here are six yards for ship-build-
ing, an extensive canvi.s manufacttire, three
large roperies, and several copperas works.
The town is defended by batteries, and
has three neat churches. It is 37 miles
1090
SW of Carlisle, and 294 NNW of London,
Lon. 3 :?,5 VV, lat. 54 25 N.
Whitehorn, royal borough of Scotland^
in Wigtonshire, This place is said to have
been the flrst bi'-hop's see in Scotland.
TVhitelavtl, East, township of Chester
county, Penn ylvania, on the head of Val-
ley creek, 10 miles ENE irom Downings-
town. Population 1810, 779 ; and in 1820,
818.
Whitelnnd, West, township of Chester
county, Pennsylvania, five miles E from
Downington. Population in 1810, 635;
and in 1820, 773.
Whi'eley, county of Kentucky; bound
ed by Tennessee S ; Wayne county in Ken-
tucky W ; Rockcastle river, or Pulaski
county NW ; Knox NE ; and Harlan E.
Length 40; mean width 14; and area 560
square miles, Cumberland river traverses
it from SE to NW. Chief town Williams-
burg.
Population in 1820.
Free white males . - ~ 1,167
do. do. females ... 1,065
Total wliites . , . .
Free persons of colour, males ■
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . . .
do. females - - . .
Total population in 1820
2,340
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 634
do. in Manufactures - 9
do. in Commerce - - 2
Population to the square mile, 4.
Whiteleysbtirg, post village, Kent countj",
Dclaw-are, 20 miles SE from Dover.
Whitemarsh, village v/ith a post office in
montgomery county Pennsylvania, about
12 miles N of Pliiladelphia, near this place
are extensive quarries of elegant marble.
White Mountains, the highest part of a. ■
ridge of mountains, in the state of New
Hampshire, in North America. They es-
tei.'l NE and SW to a length not yet as-
certained. The height of these mountains
£«bove an adjacent meadow, is reckoned
from obsfcrvations made in 1784, to be
5500 fest ; and the meadow is 3500 feet
above the level of the sea. The snow
and ic?; cover them nine or ten months ;n
the year, during which time they exhibit
that bright appearance from which they
are denommaie.i vhe White Mountains.
Although they aie 70 miles within land,
they are seen many leagues oft" at sea, and
appear like an exceedingly bright cloud
in the horizon. Their highest summit is
in lat. 44 0 N.
White Plains, post town in West Ches-
W H I
ter county, New York, 15 miles N of Kings-
bridge, and 30 of the city of New York.
This was the sc»ne of considerable mili-
tary operations in the American war. Po-
pulation 1820, 675.
White River, river of Arkinsaw, and
Missouri, rises in the s uthern part of the
latter, and northern part of the former, by
two large branches, White river proper,
or NW branch, and Black river, or NE
branch. Both these rivers are navigable
in seasons of high water, far above their
junction. They unite in Arkanstw, N lat.
o5 30, and the united strc ams flows thence
nearly S by comparative courses about 120
miles, falls into Mississippi river 30 miles
above the mouth of Arkausaw. While ri-
ver is at a!l seasons navigable below the
mouth of Black r.ver. The entire length
of this stream foll')wing either branch, is
by comparative courses, about 350 miles.
White Sea, bay or gulf of the Froz-; n
Ocean, in the N of Russia, situated be
tween Russia, Lapland, and Samojede,
at the bottom of which, stands Archan-
gel ; tkis was the only connmunication
which the Russians had with the sea,
before the conquest of Livonia from the
Swedes in the beginning of the 18th cen-
tui")', by the csar Peter the Great.
Whitestown, post tovv'n and seat of
justice in Oneida county. New York ; on
the S side of Mohock river, four miles
NW from Utica, 25 E of Oneida lake,
44 NVV of Conajohary, and 85 of Ske-
nectady. r/^ -,
Whicestoivn, township ot Oneida coun-
ty. New York ; comprising Whitesbo-
roueh, and New Hartford. Population
1810, 4912 ; and in 1820, 5219.
Whitesville, post town and seat of
justice in Columbus county, about 50
miles west from Wilmington.
IVliiiewater, river of Indiana and Ohio,
is the SW branch of Great Miami, into
which it is discharged five miles above
the junction of the latter with Ohio.
Whitewater, also the name of a town-
ship, across the middle of which, runs
the above described nver, in the west-
ern limits of Hamilton county. It con-
tained 1661 inhabitants in 1820.
White •woman's river, one of the main
branches of Muskingum river. It is
formed by the confluences of Mnhiccan
and Owl creeks, in the western part of
Coshoctan county, Ohio, runs E by S 16
miles, receiving in its progress, Kilbuck
creek from the north, and forms its con-
fluence with Tuscarawas river, opposite
'■h'', :.o^n of Coshocton.
Whitley, township of Green county,
Pennsylvania; on the waters of V/hitely,
and Dunkard creeks. Population 1810,
1264; and in 1820,1801.
W 1 C
Whitfiaine, township of Montgomery
county, Pennsylvania ; on the west side
of Wissahiccon creek, 15 miles NXW
from Philadelphia. Population 1810,
955; and in 1820, 1126.
Wiburg, or Viborg, government of
Russia, formerly Russian Finland, and
comprised in Kexholm and Carelia. It
was ceded by tiie Swedes to the Rus-
sians, partly by the peace of Nystadt in
1721. and partly by the treaty of Abo,
in 1743. Besides pastures, the country
produces rye, oats, and barky, but not
sufficient for the inhabitants.
Wiburg, seaport of Russia, capital ot
a government of the same name. The
houses ai-e almost entirely built of stone.
The chief exports are planks, tallow,
pitch, and tar The surrounding coun-
try is pleasant ; and near it, at Innatra,
is the famous cataract of the Woxa,
which makes a noise mor stunning than
that of the Rhinr at LaufiFen. Wiburg
stands on the NE point of the gulf ot
Finland, 110 miles NNW of Petersburg.
Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 60 56 N.
Wiburg, city of Denmark, in North
Jutland, capital of a diocess of the same
name, and the seat of the chief court of
justice in the provmce It is '^eated on
a lake, in a peninsula, 9S miles north of
Sleswick. Lnn. 9 50 E. lat. 56 20 N.
Wick, town in Caithness-shire, with
a harbrjur, seated on an inlet of the Ger-
man Ocean Lon. 3 2 W, lat. 58 30 N.
Wick, town of Limburg, seated on the
Maese. It has a communication with
Maeslricht by a bridge. Lon. 5 41 E,
lat. 50 52 N. 1
Wichby- Duerslede, town of Utrecht
with a strong casde, seated at the place
where the Leek branches off from the
Rhine, nine miles west of Rhenen, and
15 SE of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 52
ON.
Wickford, post town in Washington
county, Rhode Island ; lying on the west
side of Narraganst tt bay, 24 miles south
of Providence, and nine west of New-
port.
Wickloiv, county of Ireland, in the
province of Leinster, 33 miles long, and
20 broad ; bounded on the N by Dublin,
on the E by the Irish Sea, on the S by
Wexford, on the W by Caterlough and
Kildare, and on the NW by Kddare. It
is indifferently fruitful, contains 54 pa-
rishes, and sends 10 members to parlia-
ment.
Wickloiv, capital of a county of the
same name, in Ireland, seated on the
Irish Sea, with a narrow iiarbour, at the
mouth of the river Leitrim, over wiiich
stands a rock, instead of a castie, sur-
1091
AV 1 ti
w I r>
rounded by a strong wall, 24 miles S of
Dublin. Lon. 6 7 VV, lat. 52 55 N.
IVickware, town in Gioucestershire,
17 miles NE of Bristol, and 111 west of
London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 26^ N.
Widdi7i, town of Turkey in Europe,
on the Danube, 88 miles NE of Nissa, and
150 SE of Belgrade. Lon. 24 27 E, lat.
44 12 N.
IVied, principality of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine.
Wiedenbruck, town of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia. Lon. 7 50 E, lat.
51 48 N.
Wieiun, town of Great Polaiid, In the
palatinate of Siradia, on a river which
falls into the Warta, 20 miles S of Sira-
dia. Lon. IS 55 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Wielitska, village of Poland, lately in-
cluded in the palatinate of Cracow, but
now comprised in the Austrian kingdom
of Lodomeria. It is celebrated for its
salt mines, which lie eight mil's Sli of
Cracow. These mines have been work-
ed above 600 years. B^f re the partiuon
of Poland in 1772, they furnished a con-
siderable part of tb.e revenue of the king,
who drew from them an average profit
of about 430,000 dollars.
Wiese7itcig, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 48
SON.
Wigan, borough in Lancashire. That
most elegant species of coal, called
Cannel, is found in plenty and great
jjerfection in the neighbourhood. The
small stream the D uglas, is made na-
vigable hence to the Ribble ; and it is
joined by a canal from Liverpool. Wi-
gan is 30 miles S of Lancaster, and 195
NNW of London. Lon. 2 50 VV, !at. 5o
S4N.
Wight, island on the coast of Hamp-
shire, from which it is separated by a
narrow channel. It is in length abnut
13 miles, in breadth 21. It is nearly di-
vided into two equal parts by the river
Cowes, which, rising in the S angle,
discharges itself at the N into the chan-
nel, opposite the mouth of Southampton
bay. Its principal town is the b' rough
of Newport : it likewise contains the
two small boroughs of Newton and Yar-
mouth.
Wighton, town in the East riding of
Yorkshire, at the source of the Skel-
ster, 16 miles SE of York, and 192 N
by west of London. Lon. 0 40 W, lat 53
52 N.
Wlgion, town in Cumberland, among
the moors, 12 miles south-west of Car-
lisle, and 304 NNW of London. Lon. 3
4 W, lat. 54 30 N.
Wigton, borough and seaport, the
county-iowB of Wigtonshire, on a hill,
»92
which overlooks the bay of Wigton. Lou.
4 43 W, lat 55 0 N.
Wigtoiishirc, county in Scotland, com-
prehending the west part ot Galloway,
and the Rvgality of Glenluce, extends
about 31 miles in length from east to
west, and as much from north to south,
is bounded on the north by Ayrshire, and
on the west by the Irish Sea. This part
of it stretches into the sea in form of a
peninsula, mdtnted on both sides by two
inlets, called Lochrain, and the bay of
Glenluce. Population 1801, 22,918; in
1811, 26,891 ; and in 1821, .33,240.
Wiliitsch, frontier town of Turkey in
Europe, in Bosnia, seated on a lake
formed by the river Unna, 40 miles S
E (i Carlstadt. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 45
34 N.
Wilbad, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Suabia, with warm baths. Lon. 8
35 E, lat. 48 43 N.
Wilbraham, township of Hampshire
county, Massachusetts; cont.uning 1776
inhabitants in 1810. Situated .n the west
side of Ware river, six miles IN'E of East
Sprini^field.
Wi'cox, county of Alabama ; bounded
by Butler SE ; M-nroe S ; Clarke aisil
Mariengjo AV ; Dall.is N ; and Msintgc-
mf ry NE. Length 55 ; nsian widrh 20 ;
and area 1100 square miles. Alabama
river winds through it from N to S nearly.
Chief town, Canton.
Popuktion in 1820.
Free white males - - - 900
do. d(.. females - - - 656
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ...
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves;, males ....
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
2,917
©f these;
For< igner.s not naturalized - 1
Engaged in Agriculture - . 1,077
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - . 3
Population to the square mile, 2f .
IVildberg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Suabia, situated on the Nagold.
Lon. 8 38 E, lat. 48 38 N.
TVildehausen, town of Westphalia, ca-
pital of a small bailiwic, united to the
duchy of Bremen. It is seated on the
Hunde, 18 miles south-west of Bremen.
Lon, 8 27 E, lat. 52 55 N.
Wilkes, county of North Carolina;
bounded by Iredell SE; Burke S\V ;
Ashe N W and N ; and Stioy E. Length
yy 1 L
^^■ r j -
48; width 20; and area 800 square
miles. It occupies a valley between
mountains, and is drained by the sour-
ces of the Yadkin river. Chief town, a
small village at the court-house.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 3,868
do. do. {bmales - - 3,904
7,772
Total whites
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 88
Slaves 1,194
Total population in 1810 - 9,054
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 4,296
do. do. females - - 4,337
Total whites .... 8,633
Free persons of colour, male;s 70
do. do. females 73
Slaves, males - - - 583
do. females - - - 608
Total population in 1820 « 9.967
or these;
Foreigners not natiiT-ali zed - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 3,066
do. in Manufactures - 49
do. in Co'>"'raerce - - 10
Population to the square mile, 12.
Wilkes, county of Georgia ; bounded
by Columbia and Warren SE ; Greene
SVV ; Oglethorpe NW ; Broad river, or
Jefferson count) ; and Lincoln E. It is
about 22 miles square ; area 484 square
miles. Chief town, Washington.
Population m 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites . - . -
All other persons except Indi.ins
not taxed ....
Slaves
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - _
do. females - - -
Total population in 1820
3,854
3,748
7,602
1
7,284
14.887
3.837
3,662
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Agriculture - 5,383
do. in Manufactures - 124
do. in Commerce - 16
Population to the square mile, 33.
IVilkesbarre, formerly Wijoming, post
town and capital of Luzerne county, Penn-
sylvania; situated on the E bank of Susque-
hannah river, 57 mileb NW of Easton on
the Delaware, 57 NE of Catawessey, and 58
of Northumberland.
IVilkesbarre, borough, and seat of jus-
tice, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania;
stands upon a level plain on the eastern
bank of the Susquehannah river. It was
laid out about the year 1775, by Colonel
John Durkee, from whom it received its
name, in compliment to Wilkes and Barre,
two celebrated members of the British
Parliament, favourable to the American
cause during the revolution. The streets
are laid out at right angles, having a square
of about four acres in the centre of the. plot,
the sides of which form an angle of 45**
with the s'reets ; so that the four principal
streets enie; the public square at its corner
—\i\ this are the public buildings, lat, 41
16 N. This plain, on whicii tlie town
stands is alluvial, appears to have been
wholly formed bj' the river, and is eleva-
ted about 28 feet above its cnmmon sur-
face. This town contains 92 dwelling
liouses, besides the shops, &c.
WilkesviUe, township of Gallia county,
Ohio, containing 391 inhabitants in ISlO ;
and in 1820,391.
Wilkinson, county of Georgia ; bounded
by Oconee river or Washington NE ; Lau-
rens SE; Twiggs SW ; and Jones NW.
Length 24 ; widtli 20 ; and area 480 square
miles. Chief town, Irwinton.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 1,023
do. do. females - - 813
16,912
Total whites .... 1^836
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... o
Slaves 318
Total population in 1810 - 2,154
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 2,862
do. do. females - - - 2,654
All other persons except Indians
iiot taxed .... o
Total whites . . - .
Free persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males - - - .
do. females
Total population in 1820 - - 6,992
im3-
\V I L
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 0
Engaged in Apriculture - - 1,941
do. in Manufactures - 62
do. io Cummerce - - 23
Population to the square mile 14J.
mikinson, SW county of Mississippi ;
bounded by New Feliciana in I.ouisiiina S ;
Mississippi river W ; Homochitto rivev or
Adams ctnuily in Mississippi NW; Homo-
chitto river or Franklin county NE; and
Amite E. Length 30 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 600 square miles. Cliief town,
Woodville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females
1,341
1,091
Total whites . - - 2,432
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - _ - 6
Slaves 2,630
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - .
do. do. fea ales • . -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
Total whites
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . - -
do. females
Total population in 1820
5,068
2,150
1,787
9,718
Of these;
Foreigners not naturalized - 28
Engag'ed in Agriculture - 3,481
do. in Manufactures - 0
do. in Commerce - - 0
Population to the square mile 16.
TVilkinsonville, village of Johnson county,
Illinois, on Ohio river, about 20 miles
above its mcnith.
Wilkomicr, lown of Poland in Lithuania,
in the palati.iate of WUna, seated on the
Sweita, 45 mih s NW of Wihia. Lon. 24
54E, lat. 55 19 N.
William Fort. See Calcutta.
William Fort, fort in Inverness-shii-e,
Scotland.
Williams, NW county of Ohio ; bounded
north by Micliigan territory, east by Henry
county, south by Paulding, and west by
the state of Indiana. It is above 25 miles
long from north to south, by 24 broad
from east to west, and contains above 600
square miles. It is not settled — the prin-
cipal waters are the St. Joseph's and Mau-
mee rivers. It was constituted m Feb-
ruary, 1820, out of the New Purchase.
1994
W I L
Williamshoroiiifh, post town, the capital
of Greenville county. North Carolina, on
the west side of Nutbush creek, a branch
of the Roanoke, 17 miles west of Warren-
ton, about 37 west by north of Halifax, and
49 NE of Hillsborough.
Williamsburg, tov.nship of Hampshire
connly, Massachusetts, containing 1122
inhribitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1087.
Williamsburg, post town, the capital of
James' City county, and formerly the me-
tropohs of Virginia. It is situated on the
east side of a small creek tliat runs into
James' river, in lat. 37 16 N, and lon. 7&
48 west, and at the dis\ance of 12 miles
west from York, 32 E by S from Richmond,
and 175 S by E from Washington. This
ancient city was made the seat of colonial
government in 1698, having been removed
from James' town, on account of a fire
that consumed the public records with
great part of the town, and continued to
enjoy this privilege till the revolution.
The streets are laid out with great regu-
larity, and the public edifices exhibit the
ruins of comparative grandeur, particularly
the capitol and college. In the former
was erected a marble statue in honour of
the virtuous lord Boutetourt, the patron of
science and the colony, which is now mise-
rably defaced by the gothic hands of ne-
groes and others. The college called the
college of William and Mary, was endowed
by the royal government, with a clear and
certain revenue of oOOOZ. per annum —
though built to accommodate 100 pupils,
it has seldom more than forty. Attempts
have recently been made to revive the
former prosperous state of this institution.
Population in 1820, 1402.
Williamsburg, post town and seat of jus-
tice for Cli rmont county, Ohio. It is situa-
ted on the East branch of Little Miami
I'iver, 28 miles east from Cincinnati, lat. 39
2 N, lon 6 52 W.
Williamsburg, district of South Carolina;
bounded by Santee river SW ; Sumpter
district NW ; Lynches creek, or Marion
district NE, and Georgetown SE. Length
40; breadth 30; and area 1200 square
miles. It is drained by Black river branch
of Great Pedee. Chief towns, Kingstree,
and Williamsburg.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 1,193
do. do. females - - - 1,113
Total whites . - - -
2,306
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
4/
Slaves .....
4,518
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820.
Free white males
6,871
1,415
\V 1 L
Free while females ... 1,382
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - . 0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females.
Slaves, males . - . .
do. females ...
Total population in 1820
8,716
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 6
Engaged in AgriCHlture - - 2,923
do. in iVianufadures - 92
do. in Ciimmerce - 9
Population to the square mi'e, 7.
Williamsburg, post tovvn and seat of jus-
tice, Jackson county, Tennessee, on the
right bank oi Cumberland river, about 70
miles ENE from Nashville.
Williamson, county ofTennessee; bound-
ed by Bedford SE ; Duck river or Murray
S ; Dickson W ; Davidson N ; and Ruther-
ford NE. Length 35 ; mean width 20 ;
and area 700 square miles. Hirpeth river
branch of Cumberland rises in this county,
and drains its northern side, the southern
is watered by Duck river and its branches.
Chief tovvn, Franklm.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 4,859
do. do. females - - 4,297
Total whites
.
9,156
All other persons except Indians
not taxed
.
12
Slaves ....
-
3,985
Total population in 1810 .
-
13,153
Population in 1820.
Free white males
.
6,967
do. do. females
,
6,626
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
-
0
Total whites .... 13,593
Free persons of colour, males - 37
do. do. females - 38
Slaves, males . - - - 3,460
do. females ... 3,512
Total population in 1820
20,640
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 18
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,810
do. Manufactures - 310
do. Commerce - 23
Population to the square mile, 25.
Williamsport, post town and seat of jus-
tice, in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania,
standing on the north side of the west
W 1 L
branch of Susquehannah, 65 miles south of
Tyoga, 36 north by west of Northumber-
land, and 160 NW of Philadelphia. Ii is a
borough, with a population in 1820, of
624.
WilUamsportf formerly Parlcinsoti's ferry,
po.st village of VVashuigton county, Penn.
sylvania, on Monongahela river at the mouth
OT Pigeon creek, 18 miles east from Wash-
ington.
Williamsport, post village, Washington
county, Maryland, on the left bank of Po-
tomac river, on the point below the mouth
of Gonecocheague.
Williamsport, post town in Washington
county, Maryland; situated on the E side
of Potomac river, six miles S\V of Hai^ers-
town, 32 NW of Fredericktown, and 78
from Baltimore.
Williamstailt, strong seaport of Holland,
buiit by William I. prince of Orange, in
1585.
WilUamston, post town in Orange coun.
ty, Vermont ; situated between Washing-
ton and Northfield, 14 mdes N of Randolph,
about 46 N of Windsor, and about the
same distance SE of Burlington, on lake
Champlaine.
WilUamston, post town in Berkshircj
Massachusetts, 20 miles N of Ptttsfieid,
and 13 S of Bennington, in Vermont, situa-
ted in the NW corner of the stale, contain-
ing 2086 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
2010.
WilUamston, post town, the capital of
Martin coimty. North Carolina; lying on
the soutli side of Roanoke river, 25 miles
west of Plymouth, 53 NW of Washington
on Pamplico river, and about 45 SE of
Halifax, with about 300 inhabitants.
Williamstown, township of Vermont,
situated in Orange count}', between Wash-
ington and Northfield townships, and con-
taining 1355 inhabitants in 1810.
WilliamtlowJi, township of Massachusetts,
situated in Berkshire count;,', in the NW
corner of the state, joining Vermont in the
N, and New York in the W. It contained
1843 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
2810.
Williamstoxvii, post town and towriship,
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in the N
W angle of the state, about 30 miles north
from Lenox. Wdiiams College, located
in this county was incorporated in 1793,
and received its name in honour of Colonel
Ephraim Williams This institution is in
a prosperous state, under the direction of
a president, two professors and three tu-
tors. The library, philosophical appara-
tus, and buildings are ample. Students,
about 90.
Willis' Island, rocky island at the N
end of the island of Southern Georgia.
It was discovered in 1775, and is covered
1095
W I L
\V 1 L
•with the nests of many thousand shags
Lon. 38 29 W, lat. 54 0 S.
U'iilisaxv, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Lucern, seated among high
mountains on the river Wiger, 25 miles
NW of Lucern.
JVillisto-ivn, township of Chester county,
Pennsylvania, between Goshen and Eas-
ton townships, and containing 1175 in-
habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1306.
Willistoion, township of Vermont, in
Chittenden county, on the SW side of
Onion river, about 10 miles SK of Bur-
lington on lake Champlaine. It contain-
ed 1195 inhabitants in 1810.
Willsborouglu post town in Essex
county. New Yoi-k ; situated on the W
side of Lake Champlain, and command-
ing an extensive view of that water,
and nine miles NE of Elizabeth town.
It supports a regular communication,
across the laiie, with Burlington and
Vergennes in Vermont ; being 15 miles
NW of the latter, and about 25 SW of
the former, and 214- N of the city of New
York.
JVilmanstranJ, town of Russia, in the
government of Wiburg. Lon. 27 54 E,
lat. 61 29 N.
Wilmington, post town in Windham
county, Vermont ; 15 miles W of Urat-
tleborough, and 21 E of Bennington, at
the foot of the Green Mountain, having
about 100 inhabitants.
Wilmington, capital of New Hanover
county, North Carolina, being a post
town, and port of entry, situated on the
E bank of Cape Fear river, about 30
miles from the sea, 97 miles S by W of
Newbern, and about the same distance
S by E of Fayettville, in the lat. of 54
deg. 10 N, and lon. of 78 deg. 10 W.
This is one of the principal sea-ports
in North Carolina.
Wilmington, post town and port of
entry, in Newcastle county, Delaware,
being the largest town in that state. It
is seated on the N bank of Christiana
creek, near its entrance into the Dela-
ware, 28 miles SW of Philadelphia, 74
NE of Baltimore, and 117 from Wash-
ington, The town is incorporated, and
governed by two burgesses, and six as-
sistants, who are elected annually. It
is regularly built, the houses are mostly
of brick. The principal foreign trade
of the state passes through this port, the
exports in 1802 amounting to 440,500
dollars, and those chiefly in domestic
produce. The vicinity of this town is
remarkable for the number, magnitude,
and value of its manufactories ; consist-
ing of cotton and woollen cloth factories ;
flour mills, saw mills, powder and paper
mills, Sec. The principal public edifice,
is a poor-house, and hospital, 120 feet
wide by 40 feet deep, and three stories
high, built on a considerable eminence
and a very healthy situation. It lies
in lat. 39 deg. 43 N. and lon. 75 deg.
o2 W. Population 1820 about 6000.
Wihia, commercial city of Lithuania,
in a palatinate of the same name, with a
bishop's see, a university, an ancient
castle, and a palace. The houses are all
built of wood. It was taken by the Rus-
sians in 1794 ; and is seated at the con-
fluence of the Viiia and W^ilna, 15 miles
E of Troki, and 215 NE of Warsaw.
Lon. 25 39 E, lat. 54 38 N.
Wilsdruf, or Wihdorf, town of Germa-
ny, in the circle of Upper Saxony, Lon.
13 28 E, lat. 51 5 N.
Wikhoven, town of Germany, in Bava-
ria, seated at the confluence of the
Wils and Danube, 30 miles NW of Pas-
sau.
Wilsnach, town of Germany, in the
margravate of Brandenburg, seated on a
rivulet that falls not far from it into the
Elbe.
Wilson, county of Tennessee ; bounded
NW by Sumner, or Cumberland river ;
E by Smith ; SE by Warren ; SW by
Rutheford ; and W by Davidson. Length
30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450 square
miles. Chief town, Lebanon.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 4,752
do. do. females - - 4,519
Total whites - ■ - 9,271
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 384
Slaves 2,297
Total population in 1810 - 11,952
Population in 1820.
Free white males, ... 7,460
do. do. females - - - 7,264
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - o
Total whites .... 14,724
Free persons of colour, males - 83
do. do. females - 79
Slaves, males .... 1,850
do. females - - - 1,994
Total population in 1820 - - 18,730
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . 1
Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,676
do. in Manufactures - 341
do. in Commerce - - 20
Population to the square mile, 32f .
Wilton, borough in Wiltshire. It was
fornaerly the capital of the cpunty, aDd
W 1 .\
has a nianufactui-c of carpets and thin
woollen stuffs. It is seated at the cnn-
flaence of the Willy and Nudder, seven
iniies NVV of Salisbury, and 85 W by S
of London. Lon. I 52 W. iat. 51 5 N.
Uilton, townsliip, and post village, S;i-
ratoga county, New York, 15 miles \W
from Ballston Spa. 'i'his township was
formerlv part of Norihumberland. Po-
pulation 1820, 1293.
IVilts, county of England, so called
from the town of Wilton, once its capital.
It is S3 miles lonsT, and o8 bioad. bound-
ed on the NE by Berksi-.ire ; on theE by
Berkshire, and Hampshire, o-a the W
by Somersetshire, on the S by Dorset-
shire and Hampbhire, and on the N and
NW by Gloucester. The land in this
county is of various quality, but is ge-
ner.ally dry and elevated. The pri?ici-
pal rivers are the Upper and Lower
Avon, the Xadder, Willy, Bourne, and
Ktnnet. This country lies m the din.
cess of Salisbury ; contains 29 hundreds,
one city, 24 market towns, and oQi
parishes ; and sends 34 members to par-
liament. Salisbury is the capital. Popu-
lation 1801, 185,10?; in 18il, 193,823;
and in 1821, 222,157.
Wimhleton, village in Surry, on an ele-
vated heath, whence may be seen 19
parish churches, exclusive of those of
London and Westminster.
Wimms, town of Swisserland, in the
canton of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18
miles S of Bern. Lon. 7 8 E, Iat. 46
34 N.
TVimpfen, town of Germany, in Suabia,
seated on the Neckar, eight miles N of
Haiibron, and 22 E of Heidelburg. Lon.
9 25 E, Iat. 49 20 N,
Ulnborn, or Winborn JVIinster, town in
Dorsetshire. It is a pretty large well-
inhabited place, between the Stour and
Allen, six miles N of Poole, and 102
SW of London. Lon. 2 1 W, Iat. 50
47 N.
Wincmmton, town in Somersetshire, on
the side of a hill; 34 miles S of Bath, and
108 W by S of London. Lon. 2 1 8 W, Iat.
51 1 N.
Winchcoinb, town in Gloucestes'shire, in
a deep bottom, 16 miles NE of Glouces-
ter, and 93 WNW of London. Lon. 2 0
W, Iat. 51 55 N.
Wmchelsea, town in Sussex, one of the
cinque ports 71 miles SW of London.
Lon. 0 44 E, Iat. 50 58 N.
IVichendom, post town in Worcester
county, Mas.sachusetts ; o5 miles NW of
Worcester, and 65 W by N of Boston,
containing 1172 inhabitants in 1810; and
in 1820, 1263.
JVinchcs!ei\ city of Hampshire, .seated
s!) a vallev on the river Itchtn, 21 milc^
6 Z
\\ I A
NVV of Chichester, and 63 W by N of
London. Lon. 1 21 W, Iat. 51 5 N.
Winchester, post town and the capital
of Frederick county, Virs;inia, 17 miles
W by N rf Ashby's {■'erry on Shenanrlnah
river, IB N of Strasburg, :v.'id 8.2 NW of
Washingt.m. This is oml; of the oldest
towns in western Virginia, being a place
of considerable rendezvous at the time
of Braddock's defeat. It is now in a thri-
ving state and carries on a large inland
trade. It is incori)orated and contains
about 2500 inhabitants.
lVinchesi.a\ toY.'nship of New Ilamp"
shire, situated in C.ieshire county, on the
E side of the Asheulot rivfu*, and con-
taining 1478 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1S20 1849.
IVindarj, town of the duchy of Cour-
land, with a castle, and a harbour at the
mouth of the Wetaw, in the Baltic, 70
miles NW of Mittaw. and loO N of Me-
me). Lon. 22 5 E. Iat. 57 20 N.
Windermere-ioatei\ov Winandev-mere, the
most extensive lake in England, lyin?
between Westmoreland and Lancashire.
It extends 10 miles from N to S, but iri
no part broader than a mile ; and exhibits
a greater variety of fine landscapes than
any lake in England. Not one buUrush
or swampy reed, defiles the margin of
this lake.
Windham, See Wymondham ,
JFindltam, NE county of Connecticut ;
bounded by Massachusetts N ; Rhode Is-
land E ; New London county in Connec-
ticut S ; and Tolland W. Length 30 ;
mean breadth 20; and area 600 square
miles. It is almost entirely drained by
the various branchps of the Thames.
Surface finely diversified by hill and dale„
Chief town, Brooklyn.
Population in 1810,
Free white males
do. do. females
13,73?'
14,251
Total whites - - - 27,988
All other pei-sons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 602
Slaves - - - 21
Total population in 1810
Population in 1820,
Free wiiite m;ilcs
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - .
28,611
15,155
15,72!>
Totia%vhItra - -' - - 30,881
Ftvf pel sons ofcijlour, fnale^ 379
'. doi. femule^s 413
1 n07
W i i\
Slaves, males
do. females .
Total population in 1820
1
11
51,684
Of these;
roreignevs not naturalized - 42
Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,317
do. in Manufactures - 1,8.51
do. in Commerce - . 156
Population to the square mile, 52-^.
IVindham, post town in Rockingham
county, New Hampshire, eight miles S
by E ot Londonderry, 43 SW of Ports-
mouth, and 29 W of Newburyport.
TFind/ican, post town, Windham county,
Connecticut, 10 miles W of Canterbury,
12 N by W of Norwich, and 32 E of
Hartford.
T'Findham, county of Vermont ; bounded
E by Connecticut river ; S by Massacliu-
.setts ; Bennington W ; and Windsor N.
Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area 640
square mUes. Chief town, Newfane.
Population in ISIQ.
Free white males - - - 13,413
do. do. females - . 13,296
Windsheiniy imperial town of Germanv
in Franconia. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 49 25 N,
Windsor, considerable borough in Berk-
sliire. It is pleasantly seated on the banks
of the Thames, on a beautiful eminence.
Windsor is 17 miles E bv N of Reading,
and 22 W of London. Lon. 0 36" W, lat.
51 30 N.
Windsor, post town in Hartford county,
Connecticut, lying on the W side of Con-
necticut i-iver, 7 miles N of Hartford, and
22 S by W of Springfield, Massachusetts.
It had 2868 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820, 3008.
Windsor, county of A'ermont ; bounded
by Connecticut river E ; Windham county
S ; Rutland W : and Orange N. Length
40 ; mean width 18 ; and area 732 square
miles. Chief town, Woodstock.
Total whites .... 26,709
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - , 51
Slaves ..... 0
Total population in 1810 - - 26,760
Population in 1820.
Free white males - . 14,024
do. do. females - . 14,378
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . . ' Q
Total whites - - - 28,402
Free persons of colour, males 26
do. do. females, 29
Slaves, males ... 0
do. females - . . o
Total population in 1820 - 28,457
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized . S
Engaged in Agriculture - - 11,731
do. in Manufactures - - 1,143
do. in Commerce - - 124
Population to the square mile, 40.
Windham, township of Greene county,
New York, containing the highest sum-
mits of the Kaatsbergs, or Catskill moun-
tains.
Windismerk, territory of Germany, form-
ing the E part of Carniola. Metling is the
capital.
Windlingen, town of Germany in Suabia,
in the duchy of Wirtembi.rg, seated on
the Neckar, 12 miles from Stutgard.
:tOP3
Population in 1810,
Free white males
do. do. females -
17,367
17,365
Total whites . - - 34,732
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... 145
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810,
34,877
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 18,829
do. do, females - . - 19,236
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites ....
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females
Slaves, males , . . .
do. females - . - .
Total population in 1820
38,233
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 29
Engaged in Agriculture - . 7,688
do. in Manufactures - - 1,481
do. in Coinnierce - - ' 156
Population to the square mile, 60.
Windsor, capital of Windsor county,
Vermont, situated on the W side of Con-
necticut river, 40 miles E by S of Rutland,
and 22 S by E of Dartmouth college, New
Hampshire. The seat of government al-
ternates between this town and Rutland.
Windsor, township, situated .in York
county, Pennsylvania, on the SW side of
Susquehannah, about ten miles E of the
borough of York, and containing 1739 in-
habitants in 1810 i and in 1820, 2096.
Windrjard Islands, such of the Caribbe-
an, in the West Indies, as commence at
Martinico. and extend to Tobaero.
W j t-
Wuuhvaril Passage, strait between I'omt
Maizi, at the E end of tlie Island of Cuba,
and Cape St. Nicliolas, at the NW extremi-
ty of St. Domingf*.
JVinnendeiu town of Germany, in Suabia,
12 miles ENE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 16 E,
lat. 48 49 N.
JVinniczii, strong town of Poland, in Po-
dolia, ca])it:il of a territory of the same
name witl» a castle. It is seated on the
river Bog, 35 miles N of Bracklow, Lon.
28 12 E, lat. 49 23 N,
Wiiinsboro\ town South Carolina, in Fair-
iieid county, and 30 miles N by W of Co-
lumbia, about the same distance W of
Camden, and 143 N by W of Cliarleston.
Here is a post oifice, and tlie inhabitants
are about 200.
JVinschoten, town of Gt-onningen. It is
! six miles NW of Doll.arl bay, and 16 SE of
Groningen. Ltjn. 6 58 B, lat. 53 3 N.
IVinsen, town of Germaiy, in Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg, seated
at the confliience of the Elbe and limenau,
13 miles NW of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 11
B, lat. 53 24 N.
Winsheim, town of Germsny in Franco-
nia, in tlie margravate of Anspach. It is
seated on the Aisch, 30 niiles NW of Nu-
remburg. Lon. 10 31 E, lat 49 32 N. _
Winvloiv, town in Buckinghamshire,
seven miles NW of Aiisbury, and 50 WNW
of London.
Windo-u), post town in Kennebec county,
Maine ; situated a', the confluence of Ken-
nebec and Sibastic:>ok rivers, 27 miies W
of Pitt^tou, and 45 N of Wiscasset, with
1250 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 935.
Winslcr, town m Derbyshire, five miles
NW of Derby, and 152 NNW of Londf.n.
Winterberg, town of Germany, in tlie
circle of Westphalia. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 51
5N.
IVbiterburg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Rhine.
Winlevingliam, town m Lincolnshire.
Wmlertlair, town of Swisserand, in the
canton ol Zurlc, where tliere is a rich li-
brary and a mineral spring. It is seated
in a fertile plam, on the river Ulach, 15
miles NE of Zuric. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 57
31 N.
^^ 1 ^
rFi>A'S7yor/,'populoustovvn m Derbyslnrc.
It is seated in a valley, near the source of
the Ecclcsbovn, and remarkable for having
the gn>alcr,t lead market in England. It
Is 13 mdes .\ by W of Derby, and 139 N
NW of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 5^
6N.
JVintertonnes, NE cape of Norfolk, five
miles N of Yarmouth.
Winthvop, post town in Kennebec county,
Maine, 10 miles W of Augusta, five NE ot
Monmouth, and 60 N by E of Portland,
containing 1444 inhabitants in 1810; and
in 1820, 1619.
Wipperfurt, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Westphalia, seated near the source
of the Wipper.
inpm, town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony. Lon. 11 20 E, lat. 51
30 N.
Wirtemberg, or WjLrlembnrg, new kuig-
dom of Germany, in the circle of Suabia,
The old duchy was 65 miles in length,
and nearly as much in breadh, and Is one
of the most populous and fertile countries
in Germany, though there are many moun-
tains and woods. It produces plenty of
pasture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of
Neckur wine, so called from the nver
Neckar, which runs through the kingdom.
There are also mines and salt springs, and
much game. This country was erected
into a kingdom, by Napoleon, in 1805 ;
and he made considerable addition to it by
the territories taken from Austria. Stut-
gard is the capital.
Wisbackn, town of Germany, in the prin-
cipality of Nassau, capital of a lordship of
the same name, subject to the prince oi'
Nassau Saarbruck. It is famous for its
warm baths, and mineral waters ; and is
five miles N of Mentz. Lon. 8 20 E, lat.
49 55 N.
Wisbeach, town in Cambridgeshire, in a
fenny coiintry, in the lakes of Bly, be-
tween two rivers, and possesses a consi-
derable trade in the export of corn, and
of oil pressed from seeds at mills in its
neighbourhood. Barges only can come up
its river, large vessels stopping six miles
below. It is 89 miles N by E of London.
Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 52 38 N.
Wisby, seaport of Sweden, in tiie isle o^
Gothland. It is seated on the side of a rock
on the Baltic, 88 miles SE of Stockholm.
Lon. 18 41 E, lat. 57 35 N.
Wiscasset, port of entry, and post town
in Lincoln county, M;une; lying on the E
side of Sheepscut river, 13 miles NE of
Bath, 18 S of Pittston, and 55 NE of
Portland, in lat. 43 58 N, and Ion. 69 22
W. The inhabitants were estimated at
2083 in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2138 ; they
have a bank, and their annual exports
amount to §23,000.
Wiset, small fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in the duchy of Limburg, seated
on the Maese, seven miles N of Liege, and
20 NW of Limburg. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 50
41 N.
Wischgrod, town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Plocksko, seated on the Vistula,
58 miles NW of Warsaw. Lon. 19 50 E,
lat. 52 44 N.
Wtsloche, town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, seated on the Elsatz,
eight miles S of Heidleberg, Lon. 8 48
E, lat. 49 18 N.
lOPQ
\V O L
Wistnar; slrorrg seaport oi Germany, in
the ducliy of Mecklenburg, seated at the
bottom of a bay of the Baltic, 36 miles E
of Lubec, and 66 W by S of Slalsund.
Lon. 11 44 E, lat 53 54 N.
JFiston, corporate town in Pembroke-
shire, 10 miles N of Pembroke, and 225
WNW of London. Lou 4 52 W, lat. 51
53 K.
JFitepski, town of Lithuania, c^spital of
a palatinate of the same name, with a cas-
tle. Ii is seated in a morass, at the con-
jluence of the Dwina and Widsha, G5 miles
E of Polotsk, and 8U WNVV of Smolensko.
JLon.29 40 K, lut. 55 43 N.
Witham, town m Kssex. eight miles XE
of Chelmsford, a'-.d 37 ENE of London.
Lon. 0 41 E, lat. 51 51 N.
Witham, river in the district of Kesteven
in Lincohishire, which rising in the SW
corner, flows by Lincoln, and entei:s the
German Ocean, below Boston. It is but a
shallow st-eam, and abounds in vast quan-
tities of Pike. From Lincoln it has a com-
munication with the Trent, by a navigable
canal called the Fosdike, cut bv king Hen-
ry L
Jf'itlisth, town of Germany, in the arch-
bishopric of Treves, with a castle, seated
on tlie river Leser.
Witney, town in Oxfordshire. Here are
manufictures of the finest blankets, and
other tiiick woollens, called bearskins and
kersevs. It is eight miita NW of Oxford,
and 64 \V NW of London. Lon. 1 18 W,
lat. 51 52 N.
Witahauscn, town of Cirrmany, capital of
a territory r.f the same n^me, in the land-
gravut'; of Heyse Csssel. Lon. 9 46 E,
iat. 5i 24 N.
J'{'ittembci:r, ^itronj; lov. n of Germany, in
the circle of iJppei Saxony, and capital of
tiie duchy of baxony, with a famous uni-
versity. It is the place wliere the general
assemblies of tlie circle of Upper Saxony
were held. Jt is famous for being the
place where Marlin Lntlier was profVss/jr
in the university, and is buried in a chapel
belonging to tlie castle. It is seated on
the Elbe, 55 miles KVV of Dresden. Lon.
12 47 E, lat, 51 49 N.
Wittenbevgen, town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Sa.xony. Lon. 11 48 E,
lat. 53 2 N.
Wittenslein, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Livonia, 40 miles south of Ke-
vei. Lon. 24 39 E, lat. 58 47 N.
WitiimunJ, town of Gennany, in the cir-
cle of Wf-Vipiinha, seated near the German
Ocean. Lon. 7- 4 E, lat. 55 41 N.
WittieseU'Mer^, lake in the NFi part of
Huntingdonsh rT; six mdes long and three
broad. It is four rui'es o of Pcterboioogh.
IVittUch, tows of Germany, in tiic circle
t)f Lowtr Khirre, and etertoTa'te of Treves,
1700
38 miles SW of Coblentz. Lon. 6 27 L,
lat. 50 7 N.
Wittstock, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxo'.iv. Lon. 12 30 E, lat<
s:i 10 N.
IVivlescomb, town in Somersetshire. 20
miles NNE of Exeter, and 155 west by
south of London. Lon. 3 28 W, lat. 51
4 N.
Wlosimeitz, town of Little Poland, capi-
tal of a duchy of the same name, in Volhi-
nia, with a castle. It is seated on the Luy,
which falls into the Bug, 36 miles west of
Lucho, and 56 north of Lemburg. Lon.
24 30 E, lat. 51 3 N.
fVoahoo, one of the Sandwich Islands,
seven leagues NW of Morotoi. From the
appearance of the NE and NW parts, it is
the finest island of the group. Lon. 157
51 W, lat. 21 43 N.
Woburn, town in Bedfordshire, on a ri-
sing ground, has a free-school, and a cha-
rity-school, founded by the duke of Bed-
ford. Near it is found great plenty of ful-
ler'* earth. It is 12 miles, south of Bed-
ford, and 42 NNW of London. Lon. 0 32
\\, lat. 52 2 N.
IVobtini, small post town in Middlesex
county, Massachusetts, eight miles south
of Andovei', oo SW of NeVburypoit, and
11 NW of Boston.
JVodnaij, town of Bohemia, in the circle
ol' Prach, seated on the Bianitz, 12 miles
NW of Budweis, and 56 south of Prague.
Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 9 N.
Woeriltn, town of Holland, seated on the
Rhine, 18 miles south of Amsterdam. This
town was taken bv the French, in 1794.
Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 52 6 N.
JFohhai, strong town of Bohemia, in Si-
lesia, capital of a du; hy of the same name.
The greatest part of the inhabitants are em-
ployed in a woollen manufacture. It is
seated near the Oder, 20 miles NW of
Breslaw, and 32 SE of Glowgaw. Lon. 16
54 E, lat. 51 18 N.
IVukingham. See Okmgham.
Wolheek, town of Germany, in the circle
of Westphalia.
Wokitt, township of Connecticut, situa-
ted in New Haven county, and containing
952 iniiabitants in 1810; 'and in 1820, 943.
fVoler. town in Northumberland. Lon.
1 46 W, lat. 55 34 N.
Wolfeiihuttle, town of German}', in the
circle of Lower Saxon}' and duch}' of Bruns-
wick, with a castJc, where the duke of
Brunswick Wolfenbuttle resides. It is one
of the strongest places in Germany. Here
is an excellent library, with a cabinet of
curiosities relating to natural history. It is
seated on the Ocker, seven miles south of
Brun.swick, and 30 west of Ilalberstadt,
Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 52 18 N.
IFoIfei-siSkef island of tlie United Proviri-
vv u u
\V 0 i)
cesj in Zealand, between north Beveland
and south Beveland.
JFc/fiperg, town of Germany, in Lower
Caiintiiia, 36 miles K of Ciagenfurt. Lon.
15 10 E, lat. 46 56 N.
JVolgast, considerable town of Germany,
in Pomerania, capital of a territory ot tlie
same name, with one of the best and largest
harbours on ths Biltic. It is seated on the
Psin, 12 miles SE of Gripswald, 25 SE of
Stralsunil, and 45 NW of Stetin. Lon. 14
4 E, lat. 54 1 N.
Jf'ol/coshoi, town of Unssia, in the go-
vernment of Novogorod, 100 miles SE of
Novogorod. Lon, 34 20 E, lat. 57 30 N,
Wolhcnvaka, town of Lithuania, in the
palatin'ite of Novoj^odeck, seated on the
Res 23 miles SE o'f Grodno. Lon. 24 46
E, lat. 53 4 N.
TVollin, seaport of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony in Prussian Pomera-
nia, capital of an island of the same name,
in the mouth of the Oder. It is 10 miles
west of Cammin. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 54
4 N.
Wolmar, town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Livonia ; seated on tlie Aa, 3-8
miles N of Riga. Lon. 24 25 E,.lat. 57
32 N.
Wolverhamptaii, town in Staffordshire.
It is chiefly noted for a great iron manu-
facture, consisting of locks, hinges, buckles,
cork screws and japanned ware. It is seat-
ed on a hill, 13 miles S of Stafford, and
124 NW of London. Lon. 2 0 W, lat. 52
47 N.
IVolveij, village in Warwickshire, five
.miles fsK of Nuneaton, Here Edward IV.
was surprised and taken prisoner by R:ch-
ard Xevil earl of Warwick.
IVomehhrff, flourishing town of Berks
county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side
of Tuipehocken creek, about 18 miles NW
of the borough of Heading.
Woody county of Virginia ; bounded by
Ohio river NW ; Tyler county in Virginia
NE ; Lewis county SE; and Mason SW.
Length 38 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1 140
square miles. It is chiefly drained by the
Liitle Kenhawa river. Chief town, Bellviile.
Population in 1810.
Free white males
do. do. females -
Total whites ....
,i\ll other persons except Indians
not taxed ....
Slaves . - - . .
Total population in 1810 -
ropulation in 1820.
Free white males
do. da females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - . q
Total whites .... 4,998
Free persons of colour, males 7
do. do. females 3
Slaves, males .... 445
do. females "- - - 407
Tbtal population in 1820 - 5,860
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 24
Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,575
do. in Manufactures - 84
do. in Commerce - - 19
Population to the square, mile, 5.
Wood, northern county of the new pur-
chase, Ohio, bounded N by Michigan ter-
ritoi-y ; E by Sandusky and Seneca ; S
by Hancock ; and VV by Henry counties.
It is 31 miles long from north to south,
by 24 broad from east to west, contain-
ing about 750 square miles. It is watered
by iVlauniee river, Carrying river, Swan
and several other creeks. Wood county
was constituted and organized in Febru-
ary, 1820 ; but in August following, when
then the national census was taken, con-
tained but 7o2 mhabitants. Chief town,
Manmee.
Woodbr'tdge, town in Suffolk, seated
on the E side of a sandy hill, on the ri-
ver Deben, eight miles from the sea. It
has docks for building ships, carries on
a great corn trade, is famous for refining
salt, and tnuch lime is burned here fiom
fossil sea shells. It is seven miles ENE
of IpiiWich, and 76 NE of Londoii. Lon.
1 25 E, lat. 52 11 N.
Jf-'oodbridge, village with a post of-
fice, in Middlesex county. New Jersey ;
three miles N of Ambcy, fr.ur S of Rah-
way, and 10 NE of New Brunswick.
iVcodbridge, townsldp of Connecticut,
situated in New Haven county, about se-
ven miles north-west of the city of New
Haven, and containing 2U30 inhabitants
in 1810; and in 1820, 1988.
Woodburij, town in Litchfield county,
Connecticut, 10 miles south of Bethle-
hem, and 19 north by west of New Ha-
ven. Here is a post-office
Woodbury, post town in Gloucester
county; New Jersey ; near red bank, and
10 m'iles S of Philadelphia. It is the
principal seat of justice in the county,
and contained 500 inhabitants in 1810;
and in 1820, about 700.
Woodchester, village in ' Gloucester-
shire, where some antiquities have lately
been discovered.
Woodford, county of Kentucky; bound=
2,614 ed by Kentucky river W j Franklin NW;
2,384 Scott NE; Fayette E; and Jessamine
noi
1,327
1.258
*,585
1
450
3,036
w o u
W O R
SE. Length 20; mean width 8; and
area 160 square miles. Chief town, Ver-
sailles
Population in 1810.
Free white males - • • 3,114
do. do. females . - - 3,039
Total whites .... 6,153
All other ])eiv ons except Indians
not taxtd .... 92
Slaves 3,414
Totalpopulationin 1810 - - 9,659
Population in 1820.
Free whiles, males - - 3,750
do. do. females - - 3,672
All other persons except Indiana
not taxed . . . - - 0
Total whites . - , . 7,422
Free persons of colour, males 57
do. do. females ^50
Slaves, maks - - - 2,382
do. females - - - 2,295
Total population in 1820 - '- 12,2o7
11
2,470
484
Of ♦hese ;
Foreigners not nat\iralized
Kngaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures
do. in Commerce - - 23
Population to ihe square mile, 76.
Woods, Lake oj the, lake of North
America, 90 miles long, and 30 where
hroa,dest, but very irregular in its shape.
It lies between the Winnipeg and L ike
Superior, chieily in Upper Canada, but
the S part is in the territory of the Uni-
ted States Thv- lands (.n its banks are
covered with oaks, pines, firs, Sec.
Woods'ock, bonmgh in Oxfordshire,
It is chit-fly noted for giving birth to
Chaucer the poet, who was born, lived,
and died here. It is eight miles NW
of Oxford, and 62 V/NW of London.
Lon. 1 15 W. lat. 51 52 N.
Woodstock, post town, and the capi-
tal of Shenandoah county, Virginia ; 12
miles south by west of Strasburg, 30 south
of Winch tster, 20 north of New Mar-
ket, and 1 12 from Washington. It stands
crti the east side of North river, a branch
of Shenandoah.
Woodstock, town of Connecticut, si-
tuated in Windham county, about 20
miles north of Windliara, and containing
2654 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,
3017.
Woodstoion, post town in Salem coun-
ty. New Jersey ; 1 1 miles north by east
of Salem, and 26 south of Philadelphia, it
had 300 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820.
400.
UQ2
Woodville, post town and seat of jus- \
tiee in Wilkinson county, Mississippi ;
40 miles SSE from Natchez. It contains
600 inhabitants, and a branch of the bank
of the state of Mississippi. It is the cen-
tre of extensive cotton trade.
Wool/lit, town in Suffolk, famous for
the manufacture of white bricks.
Woolwich, town in Kent. Here are
several fine docks, rope-yards, and spa-
cious magazines, this place being wholly
taken up and raised by the works erect-
ed for the naval service. The largest
ships ride here safely, even at low wa-
ter. Some huiks are moored oflT this
town, for the reception of convicts, who
are employed in raising gravel from the
river. It is 10 miles E of London. Lon. 0 j
10 E, lat. 51 30 N. . ^
Worcester, city in Worcestershire,
capital of that county. VVoi'cestcr is
seated on a gentle ascent, on the Severn,
36 miles NNE of Bristol, and 118 WNW
of London. Lon- 2 0 W. lat. 52 9 N.
Worcester, county of England, 30
milts long, and 20 broad ; bounded on
the N by Shropshire and StaflFordshire,
on the'E by Warwickshire, on the W
by Herefordshire, on the SE and S by
Gloucestershire, being in circuit 124
miles, and contains 600,000 square acres.
Its chief manutactures are carpeting,
china and earthen ware, woollens, and
stockings. The principal rivers are the
Severn, Teme or Tend, and Avon. Po-
pulation 1801, 139,333; in 1811, 160,545;
and in 1821. 184.424.
Worcester, county of Massachusetts ;
bounded en the E by Middlesex and
Norfolk counties ; on the N by the states
New Hampshire and Vermont ; on the
W by Franklin, Hampshire, and Hamp-
den counties ; and on the S by the states
of Rhode Island and Connecticut. The
principal town is Worcester. It crosses
tlie state from N to S ; area 1500 square
miles.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 32,206
do. do. females - - - 32,236
Total whites - - - 64,442
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 468
Slaves 0
Total population in 1810 - 64,910
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - - 36,245
do. do. females ... 36,912
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 21
Totsl whites
rs.l78
Vv O ii
A
Free persons of colour, males .
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do. females
'i'otal population in 1S20 -
Slaves, males
do. females -
237
220
0
0 Total population in 1820
2,614.
2,037
17,521
73,635 Of the^e ;
Foreigners not naturalii^ed •
Engaged in Agriculture
do. in Manufactures -
do. in Commerce
4
3,756
387
151
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 159
Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,859
do. in Manufactures - - 3,202 Population to the square mile, 25 nearly.
do. in Commerce - - 95 jyorcum, town of Brabant, seated on the
Population to the square mile, -^9. Maese. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 51 52 X.
fVorcester, capital of Worcester county, jroram, seaport of Fnesland, on the
Massachusetts, 46 miles W of Boston; 34 z,i-,der-Zee, 18 miles SW of Lewarden.
N by "VV of Providence (Rhode Inland,) and ^^^^ 5 15 e lat. 53 0 X.
50 NE of Springfield (Massachusetts.) iVorden, town of Germany, in the circle
This is esteemed one of the largest inlaiid ^p Lower Saxony.
towns in the State, and carries on some
manufactures, particularly printing, with
great spirit. Isaiah Tliomas of this town,
has pubiislied as many books as any book-
seller in the United States. It contains the
greatest population of any inland town in
New England. The principal streets ex-
ceeds a mile in length. Beside the county
buildings are, a bank, two printing offices,
from each of which is issued a weekly
news-paper. A commodious building was
erected in 1819 -for the cabinet and library
of the American Antiquarian society. The
building society, and cabinet may be con-
sidered as productions of Isaiah Thomas,
esq. President of the society.
Worcester, township, Montgomery coun-
ty, Pennsyl
in 1810
township, situated between Guined, and ,„ -. ^^ ..u • . r>
Noriton; on the E side of Skippack creek. ,, J^orms cMy of Germany, ,n the circle of
Worcester, SE county of Maryland ; Upper Rhine. It is famous for a diet held
by the state ofDelawareN; Atlantic ocean »" ^^^l' at which Luther assisted in per-
E; Eastern .hore of Virginia S ; and So- ^0". The protestants have a church here,
merset county in Maryknd W. Length ^^"^ ^^ ^^'l/? '"^P^'f f '^'^.."^ ^P^'"!
25; meanwiclth20; and area 700 square ^^ ^he diet. It is seated on the W bank of
miles. It is chiefly drained by Poco'moke '^^^^ni^l^i^' f::^V\Tl'^rl "&
river. Chiet town. Snow Hill.
Wordingbevff, sea port of Denmark, in
theisknd of Zeal-^nd. Lon. 11 58 E, lat.
55 3 N.
Woringen, town of Germany, in the elec-
torate of Coirtgne, seated on the Rhine,
eight miles from Cologne.
Workington, sea port in Cumberland,
seated on the Derwent, over which is a
stone bridge. In its neighbourhood, is a
large iron foundry. Workington is seven
miles W of Cockermouth, and 307 N of
London. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 53 42 N.
Worksop, town in Nottinghatiishire.
Quantities of licorice are grown in its vici-
nity, and there are a great many noolemen's
seats near it. The canal from the Trent
sylvania, containing 868 inhabitants *« Chesterheld passes by this place It is
; and in 1820, 977. It is a small 24 miles N of Nottingh.Pfi. and If J* by
, c-.fH.t^^ h«Jw««^ nn'.n^rl nnri AV ot Lcndon. Lon.lO nV, lat. 5o20N.
Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 49
Population in 1810.
Free white males . . -
do. do. females - - -
Total whites . . - .
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . . .
Slaves • . ' '
Total population in 1810 -
Population in 1820.
Free white males -
do. do. females
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Total whites - - - -
Free persons of colour, males
do. (lo. females.
SW of Francfort.
32 N.
5,^65 Worsted, town in Norfolk, noted for be-
5,725 ing "the place, where worsteds were first
-_— __ made. It is 12 miles N of Norwich, and 120
11,490 NE of London. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 52 52 N.
Worihington, pi^st town and township in
1,054 Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 10 miles
4,427 W of Northampton, 19 E of Pittsfield, and
44 NE of Brookfiekl, containing 1223 inha-
bitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1276.
Wolton Hosset, borough in Wilishire. It
is seated near the Forest of Brandon, and
is 30 miles N of Salisbury, and 89 W of
London. Lon. 1 54 W, lat. 51 21 N.
Wotton-wuler-Edge, town in Gloucester-
shire, 20 miles NE of Bristol, and 108 W
NW of London. Lon. 2 11 W, lat. 51 40 N,
Wragby, town in Lincolnshire, 11 miles
ENE of Lincoln, and 144 N of London,
Lon. 0 10 W, lat. 53 18 N-
110?
16,971
5,653
5,629
\V i A
W V 1'
li'raih Cape, vast promontory in bunder-
land, which forms ihe N W point of Great
Uritain. It is the dread of mariners, for
against its rugged and lof'.y cU(fs the rapid
tide bursts with incredible fury.
IVre7it!iam, post town in Norfolk county,
Massachusetts, 26 miles S by W of Boston,
and 19 NR of Providence, (Rhode Island.)
It has 2061 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820, 2801.
Wexliam, town in Denbighshire. It is the
most populous town in all N Wales, add is
a place of considerable traffic in Welsh
fl: nnels. In the vicinity of Wexham is a
large foundry for cannon and other articles.
It is seated on a river, in a country afibrd-
ing plenty of lead. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 53
2 a.
IVrinton, town in Somersetshire. It is
the birth place of Mr. Locke, is noted for
calamine, and seated among the Mendip-
Jiills, 11 miles WNW of Wells, and 125 W
of London. Lon. 28 W, lat. 51 21 N. See
leaver.
Wroihavi, town in kent, 11 miles WNV/
of Maidstone, and 24 SE of London. Lon.
0 24 E, lat. 51 18 N.
Wunnengburg, town of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, It is 14 miles S of
Paderborn. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 51 26 N.
JVunsi dely ^own of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Franconia, with mines of copper, and
quarries of marble, in its vicinity. Lon. 12
24 K,litt. 50 ION.
JVunstorf, (.own of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Lower Saxony.
Wurtemburg. See Wirlemhiirg.
IT'urtzburg, late bisliopric of Germany,
HOW a duchy of Bavaria, comprehenihng
the principal part of Franconia ; bounded
by the county of Henneburg, the duchy of
Coburg, the abbey of Fulde, the archbis-
hopric of Mentz, tlie inarquisate Anspach,
bishopric of Bamberg-, and the county of
Wertheim, being about G5 miles in length
and 50 in breadth. The soil is very fer-
tile, and produces more corn and wine
than the inhabi'ants consume.
Wiirtzburg, city of Germany, in Franco-
nia, on the Maine, 40 miles SW of Hum-
berg, and 200 NW of Vienna. Lon. 10
13 E, lat. 49 46 N.
TVurzacc, town of GermanVj in Suabia.
Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 48 6 N.
IVurzeji, town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Saxony, and territory of Leip-
sic, with a citadel. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. ol
19 N.
Wusterhmisen, town of Germany in the
circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. i2 30 E,
lat. 52 So N.
TVmlerliciiseiij town of Upper Saxony,
in the middle marclie of Brandenburg, 11
miles SSE of Berlin.
fVtjalusmg, Tpost town, in Bradford coun-
ty, Pennsvlvania -, situ:»tcd on the N bank
1104
of Susquehanna! i, near the moath of W'ya-
lusing creek, 28 miles NW of Harleii, ami
62 NW of Wilkesbarre. Populatio:-. 1820,
546.
rr^c?, town in Kent, with a market on
Thursday, seated on the Stour, 10 miles &
of Canterbury, and 56 SK of London. Lon.
1 4 E, lat. 51 IG N.
TVt/e, river of Wales, wh'oh rises on the
conSnes of Cardiganshire, and running SE
divides the counties of Radnor and Breck-
nock ; thence crosses Herefordshire, passes
by Hereford, and turning directly S, runs
by Monmouth, and falls into the mouth of
the Severn at Chepstow.
Tf'(,'e, river in Derbyshire, which rises in
the NW part, above Buxton, and flowing
SE falls into the Derwent, below Bakewell.
TFye, town of Swisserland, in a territory
of the abbey of St. Gallen, with a palace.
It is built on an eminence, 16 miles SSW
of Constance. Lon. 9 4 E, lat. 47 34 N.
ny. See Weil.
Wynendale, town of Flanders; eight miles
ENE of Dixmude.
Wyre, river of Lancashire, which rises
near Wyresdale, six miles SE of Lancas-
ter, and passing by Carstang, enters the
Irish Sea, below Poulton.
IVijthe, county of Virginia ; bounded by
Grayson SE, and S; Washington SW;
Tazewell NW ; and Giles and Montgomery
NE. Length 46 ; mean width 25 ; and
area 1150 square miles. It occupies the
dividing country between the head waters
of Tennessee, and Great Kenhawa. Chief
town, Evansham.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 3,712
do. do. females - , - 3,468
Total whites .... 7,180
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - - . 19
Slaves 1,157
Total population in 1810 - - 8,356
Population in 1820.
Free white males • - - 4,150
do. do. females - - - 3,931
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . - . 0
Total whites - . - . 8,111
Free persons of colour, males - 19
do. do. females 29
Slaves, males - - - . 734
.<lo. females .... 799
Total population in 1820 - 9,692
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 3
.I'ngaged in Agriculture 1,644
Y A K
A A
Engaged in Manufactures - 401
do in Commerce - - -1
Population to the square mile, 8 1-3
Wythe Cojirt House, seal of justice in
Wythe county, Vir.^inia ; where lliere is
a post office, 58 miles NE of Abington,
31 SW of InglisviUe, and 351 from Wash-
ington. See Evanshum, in the' Addenda.
X
Xabea, seaport of Spain, in Valencia.
Lon. 0 25 B, lat. 38 40 N.
yiaeca, or Sacca, seapost of Sicily, Avith
an old castle. It is seated on the S coast
of the Island, at the foot of a mountain,
20 miles SE of Mazara, and 41 SSW of
Palermo. Lon. 13 2 E, lat 37 41 N.
Xagria, seaport on the S coast of the
island of Cuba, one of the finest in Ameri-
ca, 84 miles SE of Havanna. Lon. 80 45
W, lat. 22 10 N.
• Xalapa, town of New Spain, in the pro-
vince of Tlascala, with a bishop's see.
Lon. 98 20 W, lat. 19 32 N.
Xalisco, town of Mexico, in Guadalaxara
Proper, seated on the Pacific Ocean, 400
miles west of Mexico. Lon. 110 5 \V, lat.
22 30 N.
Xaiiva, town of Spain, in Valencia. It
is seated on the side of a hill, at the foot
of which runs the Zncar, 32 miles SW of
Valencia, and 50 NW of Alicant. Lon. 0
14 W, lat. 59 4 N.
Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of the king-
dom of Whidah, on the Slave Coast of
Guinea.
Xavier, town of Spain, in Navarre, 35
miles SE of Pampelun.'i.
Xavier, St. town of Paragua)'', in the
province of La Plata, 200 miles W of Rio
Janeiro. Lon. 50 6 W, lat. 24 0 S.
Xenia, post town, and seat of justice,
Greene county Ohio, 30 miles S from Ur-
banna, and 50 NE from Cincinnatti. Be-
sides the county buildings, it contains an
academy.
Xeres'deBadsjoz, town of Spain, in Es-
tremadura, and in the territory of Trala-
Guadiana, seated on the rivulet of Ardiila,
27 miles SE of Badajoz, Lon. 6 32 W,
lat. 38 9 N.
Xeres de-Gwidiana, town of Spain, in
Andalusia, seated on the Guadiana, 18 miles
N of Ayaroonte. Lon. 7 15 W, lat. 37
30 N
Xeres-de la-Frontera, town of Spain,
in Andalusia, famous for excellent wine ;
and hence is derived the name of that
we call Sherry. It is seated on the Gua-
daleta, five miles N of Port St. Mary, and
110 south bv west of Madrid. Lon. 5 50
W, lat 36 42 N.
Xeresde la-Frontera, town of New
Spain, in the audience of Guadalaxara.
Lon. 104 25 \V, lat. 22 35 N
Xicoco., an island of Japan, between
Niphon and Saikoka.
Xi7no, island of Japan, the second in
size and eminence, to the SW of Ni-
phon, from which it is divided by a nar-
row channel. It is 300 miles in circum-
ference.
Xixona, town of Spain, in Valencia,
and in the territory of Segura, with a
strong castle. It is seated among moun-
tains, in a country that produces excel-
lent wine, 15 miles SW of Alicant. Lon.
0 to W, lat. 58 6 N.
Xucar, river of Spain, which rises in
New Castile, in the Sierra-de-Cuenza. It
passes by Cuenza, and entering the pro-
vince of Valencia, runs into the gulf of
Valencia, at the town of Cullera.
Xudnogrod, town of Turkish Croatia,
17 miles N of Sebenica, and 37 E of Kza-
ra. Lon. 16 51 E, lat. 40 34 N.
y, arm of Zuider Zee, which enters
that sea, five miles E of Amsterdam.
It forms the boundary between N and S
Holland, and is pronounced Ey.
Yadkin River. Sec Pedee.
Ya-k. See Ural
Yaik Cossacks. See Uralian Cossacks.
Yaitsk. See Uralsk.
Yakutsk, one of the four provinces of
the Russian government of Irkutsk, in
the eastern part of Siberia.
Yakutsk, town of Siberia, capital of a
Ilassian province of the same name, seat-
TA
ed on the river Lena. Lon. 129 53 E,
lat. 62 1 N.
Yale, capital of a province of the same
name, in the island of Ceylon.
Yambo, seaport of Arabia, with a
castle, on the coast of the Red Sea, 60
miles SW of Medina. Lon. 40 10 E,
lat 23 40 N.
Yamburg, town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Petersburg. Lon. 28 16 E,
E, lat. 59 15 N.
Yanceyville, post town in Louisa coun-
ty, Virginia ; 14 miles S of Louisa coort-
V L L
y o ST
house, 14 N of Caroline court-hoUse, and
60 >rw from RichmoHd.
Yang-lc/ieou, populous city of China,
in the province of Kiang-nan. It is 45
miles NE of Nan-king.
Yang tse- /dang, great river of China,
■which rises in the province of Yannian,
and having crossed Hou quang and Ki-
ang nan, enters the Eastern Ocean, op-
posite t!".e isle of Tt.ong ming, which is
fornDed by the sand accumulated at its
mouth.
Ya7-e, river in Noifolk.
YarkaJi. See Ire ken.
Yarmouth, borough in Norfolk, at the
mouth of the Yare, and has long been
known as one < f the principal sea-ports
in England. Ofl" the mouth of the har-
bour is a bar, which prevents the entrv
of ships of largf^- burden ; and the many
sand banks (fF the coast, at a distance,
from the Yarmouth Roads, so nofrd fir
frequent shipwrecks. Yarmnuthis27miies
E of Norwich, and 112 NE of London.
Lnn. 1 53 E, lat. 52 45 N.
Yarmouth borougli in Hampshire, on
the west coast of the Isle of Wight,
seated on a creek, eight miles west of
Newport, and 123 SW of London. Lon.
1 28 W, lat. 50 40 N
Yarmouth post town in Barastable
county, Massachusetts ; situated five
miles E by N of B irnstable, and 76 SE
of Boston, with 1727 inhabitants in 1810;
and in 1820. 2232.
Yaroslafy government of Russia, for-
merly a province of the government of
Moscow.
Yaroslaf, town of Russia, capital of
a government of the same name, seated
on the right bank of the Volga. Lon. 38
59 E, lat. 57 35 N.
Yariim, town in the North riding of
Yorkshire. It is seated on the Teves,
over which, is a stone bridge, 40 miits
NNW of York, and 231 N by W of Lon-
don. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 54 31 N.
Ya7'uki, village in South America, in
Peru. Here Ulloa and the French ma-
thematicians measured an arch of the
meridian.
Yazoo, river of Louisiana, in the north-
ern parts of Mississippi, and flows SW
200 miles, and falls into the Mississippi
at N lat 32 24. The country watered by
the Yazoo is generally hilly, and pine
and oak wtjods, and soil thin. Some good
lands are found on the water courses, but
in very small quantity.
Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to
the N of that called Mainland. It is 12
miles long and 8 broad, and has several
good harbours.
Yellow river, or Hoang-Ho, large ri-
ver of Asia, which, after a coursp of
nearly 600 leagues across Tartary and
China, enters the Eastern Sea, to the N
of the mouth of Yan-tse-kiang. It is very
broad and rapid, but so shallow that it is
scarcely navigable. It is called tlie Yel-
low River, because the clay and sand
which it washes down, especially in time
of rain, makes its water appear of a yel-
low colour.
Yellow Sea, gulf of China, between
the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chang-
tong on the W, and the peninsula of Co-
rea on the E.
Yellow stone river, river of the west-
ern territory of the United States, the
great SE branch of Missouri. See Mis-
souri river, page 622.
Yellow water, river which rises in
Alabama, runs nearly south into Florida,
falls into Pansacola bay, after a course
of about 70 milf's. It is a fine, clear,
and beautiful stream, rising in pine woods.
Yenisei, or Jenisa, river of Siberia,
whicii running from S to N, -nters the
Frozen Ocean, to the east of tlie bay of
Obv.
Yeniseisk, or Jefiiskoi, large and po-
pul'ius town of Siberia, in the province
of Tomsk, seated on the river Yenisei.
Lon. 92 35 E lat. 57 46 N.
Yen fling, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Fo-kien, 275 miles S of Nan-
king.
Yen tcheou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Chang-tong, 275 miles SE of
Peking.
Yen-tching. city cf China, in the pro-
vince of Chang-tong, and jurisdiction of
Tsi-nan-fou, where a kind of glass is
made, so delicate and brittle, that it
cracks when exposed to the smallest in-
juries of the air.
Yeovil, or Ivel, town in Somerset-
shire. Hf>re is a manufacture of cloth,
but the principal one is of gloves. It is
seated on the Ivel, 20 miles S of Wells,
and 123 W by S of London. Lon. 2 o7
W, lat, 50 55 N.
Yesd, town of Persia, in Irac Agemi,
on the road from Kerman to Ispahan. It
has a silk manufacture ; and here are
made the finest carpets in the world. It
is 200 miles ESE of Ispahan. Lon. 56 50
E, lat. 32 0 N.
Yonkers, post town in West Chester
county, New York, 11 miles N of the city
of New York, and 253 from Washington.
It had 1365 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in
1820. 1586.
Yonne, department of France, con-
taining part of the late province of Bur-
gundy. It is so called from a river that
rises in the department of Nievre, and
passing by Chateau, Chinon, Claraenci,
Y O R
Y O R
Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, falls into the
Seine. Auxerre is the capital.
Yoriman, province of Guiana, about
150 miles in length, on the river Ama-
zon.
York, city, the capital of Yr.rkshire, It
is the Eboracum of the llomans, and many
of their coffins, urns, coins, 8cc. have been
found here. Ii lias always been consider-
ed as he capital of the North, and in point
of rank, as tbe second city in the kingdom.
York is 70 miles S by E of Durham, and 198
N by W of London. Lon. 1 1 W, lat. 5o
59 N.
York, county of England, double in size
to any of the other ; bounded on the N by
Durham and We-,tmoreland : on tlie E by
the German Ocean ; on tlie W by West-
moreland and Lancashire ; and on the S
by the counties of Chester, Derby, Not-
tingham and Lincoln Its most remarkable
natural inland boundaries are, the river
Tees to the N, the ridge of hills called the
English Appennines to t'iie W, an i the arm
of the sea named the Humber to the SW.
The length of this coun-y is above eighty
miles, and its breadth a hundred. From
its great extent it has been distributed
into three main divisions, called Ridings.
The sea-coast except the southern par", of
it, is in general naked and d eiry, consist-
ing of wide extended moors and ba r^n
hills. This county is extremebly well wa-
tered, and its rivers are disposed in a sin-
gularly beautiful manner. Tney rise, in
general, in the mountainous skirts of the
county, from the NE round to the SW ;
and, uniting as they proceed towaids its
centre, like the veins of a spreading leaf,
at length terminate in one main trunk,
which issues in the Humber- The princi-
pal branches are the Ouse, Don, Derwent,
Calder, Aire, Warf, Nidd, Ure, and Hull,
all which terminate in the Humber, wliich
falls into the German Ocean between York-
shire and Lincolnshire. Population in
1801, 858,892; in 1811, 973,113; and in
1821, 1,175,241.
York, city of Upper Canada, is in about
43 35 N lat. and is the present seat of the
government of Upper Canada. It is most
beautiftxlly situated within an excellent
harbour of the same name, made by a long
peninsula, which confines a basin of water
sufficiently large to contain a considerable
fleet. Population about 3000.
York, SW county of Maine , bounded by
the Atlantic ocean SE ; Piscatagua river,
or New Hampshire SW ; New Hampshire
■\V ; Oxford county Maine N ; and Cumber-
land NE. Length 50, mean width 20, and
area 1000 square miles. Its principal river
Saco. Chief town, York,
Population in 1810.
Fr ee white males
Free while females
Total whites
All othtT person-s except Indians
not taxed . . - -
Slaves . - . - .
Total population in 1810 - 41,877
Population in 1820.
Free white males - - 22,550
do. do. females - - 23,631
All other persons except Indians
not taxed .... 0
Total whites - - - 46,181
Free persons of colour, males 51
do. do. females 51
Slaves, males ... 0
do. females ... 0
Total population in 1820 - 46,283
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized 23
Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,674
do. in Manufactures - 746
do. in Commerce - - 533
Population to the square mile, 46.
York, capital of York county, Maine, si-
tuated on York river, near the ocean, 10
miles NE of Portsmouth, 16 S ot Wells, and
22 of Kennebunk, in lat. 43 12 N, and lon.
70 49 W. The inhabitant^ who v. ere esti-
mated at 2776 in 1810; are principally
engaged in the fisheries. Population in
1820', 3224.
York, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded
by Maryland S ; Adams county in Pennsyl-
vania W ; Cumberland county NW ; and
Susquehannah river NE Length 31, mean
width 29, and area 900 square miles. It
is principally dramed by Cinnewago, and
Codorus creeks. Surface generally hilly.
Soil varied. Staples grain, fiour whiskey,
fruit, live-stock, &c. Chief town, York.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - - 15,919
do. do. females - - 15,410
Total whites ... - 31,329
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - - - - 607
Slaves, 22
Total population in 1810
31,958
Population in 1820.
Free white males ... 19,256
do. do. females - - - 18,704
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ... - 12
20,528 Total whiter
l'TR7
37^972
Y G B
\ 0 U
tree persons of colour, males
do. do. females
Slaves, males . . -
do, females - - -
Total population in 1820 -
399
9
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized - 509
Engajjed in Agriculture - - 5,710
do, in Manufactures - 2,796
do. in Commerce - - 106
Population to the square mile, 43.
Toi-k, post town, borough, and seat of
justice, York county, Pennsylvania, on both
sides of Codorus creek, 21 miles SW by W
from Lancaster, and 11 miles nf^arly W
from Columbia on the Susquehannah. It
is laid out on a plain, with strt^eis at right
angles to each other, and contains the
county buildings, jail, academy, al.nishouse,
and in 1820, 3545 inhabitants.
Tork, township of York county, Penn-
sylvania, SE from the borough of York.
Population in 1820, 2107.
York River, river of the United States of
Korlh America, in Virginia, formed by the
confluence of the Pamunky and Mattaponj',
30 miles above York-Town, below which
place it enters Chesapeak bay.
York, couniy of Virginia ; bounded by
York river N, and NE ; Elizabeth city, and
Warwick counties S; and James city, coun-
ty SW, and NW. Length 40; mean width
5; and area 200 square miles. Chief town,
York.
Population in 1810.
Free white males ... 911
do. do. females ... 887
Engaged in Commerce - - 9
Population to the square mile, 22 nearly.
York, district ot South Carolina ; bound-
4 ed by Lincoln an(i Rutheriord coundes in
■ North Carolina N ; Catawba river, or Lan-
38,759 caster district E; Chester S , and Broad
— '■ river, or Union, and Spartanburg districts
SW. Length 55, breadth 22, and area 770
square miles. Chief town, Yorkville.
Population in 1810.
Free white males - - 3,479
do. do. females - - 3,349
Total whites - - -
All odier persons except Indians
not taxed . - - -
Slaves
Total population in 1810 -
Pop\ilation in 1820.
Free white males
do. do. females . - -
All other persons except Indians
not taxed ...
Total whites . - - -
Free persons of colour, males -
do. do. females - - -
Slaves, males . . . -
do. females
Total population In 1820 -
Of these ;
Foreigners not naturalized
Engaged in Agriculture -
do. in Manufactures
1108
1,798
458
2,931
5,187
800
788
4,38-4
1
1,328
128
Total whites
6,828
All other persons except Indians
not taxed - . - -
40
Slaves .....
3,164
Total population in 1810,
10,032
Population in 1820.
Free white males
5,171
do. do. females
6,680
All other persons except Indians
not taxed . . - •
0
Total whites - - -
10,2)1
Free persons of colour, males -
43
do. de. femt-les
52
Slaves, males ....
2.270
do. females
2,320
Total population in 1820
14,936
Of these ;
Foreigners Eot naturalized - 55
Engaged in Agriculture - 4,748
do. in Manuftictures - 321
do. in Commerce - - 38
Population to the square mili-, 19.
York-town, capital of York county, Vir-
ginia ; a post town and port of entry. It
lies on tlie S side of York ri\er, 12 miles
E of Williamsburg, 65 E bv S of Richmond,
and 29 NW of Norfolk, in'lat. 37 22 N, and
Ion. 76 52 W. The inhabitants are abrui
700. This town is rendered faniou? by
'he surrender of the British army under
Lord Cornwallis, Oct. 191 h 1781.
Yorkville, post town and seat of justice,
York district, South Carolina, about 80
miles N from Columbia.
Yo-tcheou, commercial city of China, in
the province of Hou quang, wh ch may be
reckoned one of the wealthiest cities in
China Its district contains one city of the
second, and seven of the third class, it
is seated on the Yang-tse-kiang, 275 miles
SW of Nan-king.
YoxighaU, town of Ireland, in the county
of Coi'k, and province of Munster. It has
a manufacture of earthenware, and is seat-
ed on the side of a hill, at the moitth of the
river Blarkwater, 28 miles E by N of Cork.
Lon. 47 5, W lat. 51 59 N.
Yovghiogeny, rivep of Pennsylvania. It
Z A B
/ A r
rises in Mai'jiand, flows N and enters ilie
former stale, ar.d runs through the coun-
try nearly in a NVV course till it joins the
Monongahela, about 15 miles SE of Pitts-
burgh. Its course in Maryland is ui Alle-
ghany county, and in Pennsylvania through
Fayette, Westmoreland and Alleghany
counties.
YoungstoTun, post town in Trumbull
county, Ohio ; situated on a branch of
Big Beaver river, eight miles NE of Can-
field, and about 90 N by W of Pittsburg.
Population 1820, 1025.
Ypres, large city of the Netherlands,
in Flanders. It has a considerable raa-
imfacture of cloth and serges ; and eve-
ry year in lent there is a well frequent-
ed fair. It is seated on the Yperlee,
12 miles W of Courtray, 15 NW of
Lisle, and 130 N of Paris. Lon. 2 48
E, lat. 50 51 N.
Ysendyck, soiall but strong town of
Flanders, in the isle of Cadsand, seat-
ed on a branch of the river Scheldt,
called Blie, eight miles E of Sluys, and
18 NW of Ghent. Lon. 3 38 E, lat. 51
SON.
Yssel. See Isscl.
Ysselburg, town of Guelderland, 12
miles E of Cleves, and 22 NE of Guel-
dres. Lon. 6 15 E, lat, 51 42 N.
Ysselmonde, island of Holland, situated
between the Merwe and a branch of the
Maese.
Yssdstein, town of Holland, with a
castle seated on the river Yssel, live
miles SW of Utrecht, Lon. 5 5 E, lat.
52 7N.
Yssengeanx, town of France, in the
department of Upper Loire, and late
province of Languedoc, 10 miles NE of
Puy.
Ysstadtf or Yssdadt, seaport of Swe-
den, in the province of Schonen, 26
miles SE of Lund. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 55
22 N.
Ythan. See Eitkan,
Yucatan. See Jncatnii.
Yuen-yano, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Hou-quang. Its district contains
one city of the second, and six of the
third class. It is 300 miles W of Nan-
kmg.
Yverdun, town of Swisserland, in the
Pays de Vaud, capital of a baiiiwic of
the same name. It is seattd in a flat
situation at the S end of the lake of
Yverdun, cu thv rivers Orbe andl'hicle,
30 milts SV»' of Bern. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 45
50 N.
Yverdun, Lake. See J\'euchatel.
Yvetot, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, and late province
of Normandy, five miles NE of Caude-
bec.
Y^ima, one of the Bahama islands, in
the West Indies, lying to the N of
Cuba; 55 miles in length, and 17 in
breadth.
Yunieto, one of the Bahama islands, in
the West Indies, to the N of the isle of
Yuma, lying under the tropic of Cancer.
It is 37 miies in length
Yun, largest canal in China, ca led also
The Imperial Canal. This celebrated ca-
nal whicij extends from Canton to Peking,
forms a ccmmuiiication between the N
and S provinces.
Yung-ping, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Pe tcheli, 87 miits E of Peking.
Yu-hingfou, city of China, in the pro-
vince of Hohan. Its district contains
two cities of the second and 12 ot the
third class. It is 176 miles NW of Nan-
king.
Ywi nan, one of the most ferti le and
opulent provinces in China ; bdunded on
the N by Se-tchnen and 'I'hibet, en the
E by Quang-si and Koei-tcheou, on the
S by the kmgdomsi t Laos una Tonquin,
and on the W by those of Burmah, and
Pegu.
Ymi-nan, capital of the province of
i ;;;.-nan, in China, once remarkable for
its extent and the beauty of its public
buildings, all which have been destroy-
ed by the Tartars, in their different in-
vasions. It is 430 miles NW of Can-
ton.
Yiircui), town of Turkey, in Asia,. in
Caramantia, Lon. 34 30 E, iat. 39 40 N.
Yvoy, town of France, seated on the
Cher. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 49 32 N,
z
Zabern, town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, 15 miles west of
Philipsburg. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 49 11 N.
Zabola, town of Transylvania, on the
confines of Moldavia, five miles south-
west of Neumark.
Zaiairn, towtvof Fpanee, in the depart.
ment of Lower Rhine, and late province
of Alsace, 15 miles N of Strasburg. Lon.
7 50 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Zachnn, or Sochan, town of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 15
16 E, lat. 53 18 N.
Znfra, town of Spain, in Estramadura,
1109
Z A M
Z A B
with a castle. It is seated at the foot of
a mountain, near the river Guadaxiers,
20 miles south west of Medina. Lcn. 6
12 W, lat. 38 19 N.
Zagutallu, tov/n of Mexico, 200 miles
south-west of that city, at the mouth of
a river of the same name. Lon. 104 35
W, lat. 17 50 N.
Ztiffara, famous mountain of Turkey,
in Europe, in Livadia, on the gulf of
Corinth, near Mount Parnassus, and al-
most always covered with snow. It is
the ancient Hellicon, from which issued
the fountain, Hippocrene.
Zagrad, stro: g town of Sclavonia, ca-
pital of a county of the same name, on
the Save, 25 miles NEof Carlstadt, and
137 south-west of Buda. Lon. 51 41 E,
lat. 46 20 N.
Zahara, strong town of Spain, in An-
dalusia, seated on a craggy rock, and
defended by a citadel. It is 47 miles
SE of Seville. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 36
52 N.
Zahara, or the Desert, vast country of
Africa, bounded on the N by Barbary,
on the E by Fezzan and Cashna, on the
S by Tombuctoo, and on the west by
the Atlantic Ocean.
Zahioy town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 51
53 N.
Zaire, large river of Africa, which,
rises in the kingdom of Morocco, divides
the kingdrms L;)ango and Congo, and
falls into the Atlantic Ocean, below
Sogno. There are strong evidences to
support the opinion, that the Zaire, is
really the outlet of the great western
river of Africa, tlie Jolaba, or Niger.
Zamora, strong town of Spain, in Leon.
In its environs fine turcdis stones are
found. It is seated on a hill, on the river
Douero, over which is a bridge of 17
arches, 135 miles N of Salamanca, and
150 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 18 W, lat.
41 41 N.
Zamora, town of Peru, in the audience
of Quito. In its neighbourhood are rich
mines of gold, and it is se^ed near the
Andes, 230 miles S of Quito. Lon 75 55
W, lat 5 6 S.
Zamora, town of Mexico, in Guadal-
axara, 30 miles SE of Guadalaxara.
Lon. 104 30 W, lat. 20 30 N.
Zamora, town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantine, 250 miles west of
Hamamet. Lon. 6 25 E. lat. 36 20 N.
Zamoski, Strong town of Poland, in
Red Russia, now the Austrian kingdom
cf Lodomeria. It has a citadel, and is
37 miles northwest of Lemburg. Lon.
23 26 E, lat. 50 52 N.
Zampango, town cf Mexico proper, 25
miles N of Acapulco.
Jll'O
Zaiie, township of Logan county, Ohio*
containing 545 inhabitants in 1820,
Zanesville, post town, and seat of jus-
tice for Muskingum county, Ohio, con-
taining a court house and public offices,
21 mercantile stores, two glass factories,
two printing offices, and 320 houses, and
2052 inhabitants. If the population con-
tained in the vdlages of Putnam and
West Zanesville, on the opposite side of
the Muskingum river, be reckoned as
part of it, Zanesville may be said to
contain about 3000 inhabitants. Zanes-
ville, stands on the east bank of Mus-
kingum river, immediately adjoining the
falls, on which are erected, and erecting
numerous mills, among which are seve-
ral flouring and saw mills, an oil mill, a
rolling mill, a nail machine, and woollen
factory. Across the river, adjoining
the town, are built two bridges within
half a mile of each other, the lower con-
necting this town with Putnam. Lat.
40 0 N, lon. 5 2 W, 80 miles W from
Wheeling in Virginia.
Zanfara, kingdom of Negroland, to
the W of the kingdom of Zegzeg. The
inhabitants are tall in stature, of a very
black complexion, with broad faces,
and savage dispositions. It is very little
known to Europeans.
Zangiiebar, country on the E coast of
Africa, between 3 deg. N and 18 deg. S
lat. It includes several petty kingdoms,
in which the Portuguese have settle-
ments. The principal territories are
Mombaza Lamo, Melinda, Quioia, Mo-
sambique, and Snfala. The productions
are much the same as in other parts of
Africa, between the tropics.
Zante, island of the Mediterranean,
near the coast of the Morea, 17 miles
SE of the island of Cephalonia. It is 24
miles long and IS; broad, and very fertile.
There are about 50 villages, but no other
large town than Zante, which is seated
on the E side of the island, and has a
good harbour. It contains near 20,000
inhabitants ; all the houses are low, on
account of the frequent earthquakes.
The English and Dutch have each a fac-
tory and consul here. Lon. 21 3 E, lat.
37 5o N.
Zanzibar, island of A frica, on the coast
of Zanguebar, between the islands of
Pemba and Monsia, \vith the title of a
kingdom tributary to Portugal. It abounds
in sugar canes and citrons. The inhabi-
tants are Mahometans. Lon. 38 25 E,
lat. 6 0S.
Zara, Strong city of Venetian Dalma-
tia, capital cf a county of the same name,
with an archbisiiop's see, a citadel, and
a harbour, on a small peninsula, in the
gulf of Venice, 80 miles SW of Jaicza,
Z E X
and 150 SE of Venice. Lon. 16 6 E,
lat. 44 30 N
Zarymte, town of Turkey, in Europe,
in the Morea, agre-ably seated on an
eminence, 20 miles W of Misitra.
Zama-.u, town of Little Poland, in the
palatinate of Sandr.mir, 63 miles N of
Cracnw Lon. 19 5u E, lat. 65 13 N.
Zaslaw, town of Poland, in Vblhinia,
seated on the Horin. 15 miles SE of Os-
tro?;- Lon. 27 11 E. lat. 50 20 N.
Zatmar, town of Upper Hungary, ca-
pital of a county of the same na^iie It is
seated on a small lake forme! by the
river Samos, 50 miles E by S of Tockay,
and 130 E of Buda. Lon. 22 34 E, lat
47 50 N
Zaior, town of Poland, capital of _a
starosty of the same name, in the palati-
nate of Cracow, It is seated on an emi-
nence, near the river Vistula, 20 miles
SW of Cractw. and 50 SE of Ratisbon.
Lon. 19 42 E. lat. 49 5iN.
Zaiueh, town of Persia, situated 20
miles from the Caspian Sea.
Zaiuila. See Ziteela.
Zbaraz, town of Poland, in Podolia, 70
miles N by W of Kaminieck.
Zboroxu, town of Austrian Poland, in
the palatinate of L inbur;?, 25 miles VV
of Zbaraz. and 52 E bv S of Lemburg.
Lon, 25 46 E, lat. 49 46 N.
Zaaland, island of Denmark, almost
of a round frrm, 700 mil s in circumfer-
ence, and the large.st f the isles belong-
ing to the king of Dt-Jimark. It lies at
the entrance of the Baltic, having the
Schaggerach Sea on the N, the Sound on
the E, the Baltic on the S, and the Great
Belt on the VV. It is exceedingly fer-
tile ; producing grain of all sorts, and in
great plenty, and abounding with excel-
lent pasture. Copenhagen is not only the
capital of this island, but of the whole
kingdom.
Zealand, one of the provinces of the
Netherlands, bounded on the N by the
isles of Holland, on the E by Dutch
Brabant, on the S by Dutch Flanders,
and on the W and NW by the German,
Ocean. It is composed of several islands,
the principal of v/hich are Walcheren,
Schowen, North and South Beveland,
Tolen, Duyveland, and Wolfersdyke.
The inhabitants are at a great expense
to defend themselves from the encroa h-
ments of the sea, and in keeping up their
dikes. The river Scheldt forms the
most of these islands : and the soil of
them is fruitful, but the air is unhealthy,
especially for strangers. The inhabitants
are excellent seamen. The principal
towns are Middleburg and Flushing
Zealand, JVew, island in the Pacific
Z E li
Ocean, discovered by Tasman, in 1642,
Lon 181. to 194 W, lat. 34 to 58" S.
Zebid, citv of Arabia Lon. 43 16 E»
lat. 14 13 N. .
Zebu, or Cubu, one of the Philippines,
140 miles long, and 30 broad.
Zedic, town of the kingdom ot Bar-
^^ZegeJin, or Seged, town of Hungary,
63 miles N of Belgrade. Lon- 21 5 E, lat.
46 8 N. .
Zeighenheim, town of Germany, in the
landcravate of Hesse Cassel, 30 miles
S of Cassel Lon. 9 19 E, lat. 50 52 N.
Zeil. town of Gc-rmany, in the circle
of Suabia, 70 mile.s S of Ulm.
Zeitsii. town of Turkev, in Europe in
Janna, with a castle and an archbishop's
see It is a small place, and seated on
a hill, by the gulf of the same name,
near the river Ealayda, 50 miles SE of
Larissa. . .
Zeitz. town of Upper Saxony, m the
duchy of Naumburg, with a castle, and
a well frequented college. It is seated
on the Ester, 25 miles SW of Leipsick,
and 45 E of Erfurt. Lon. 12 8 E. lat. 50
ZelU town of Germany, in the circle oi
Lower Saxony capital of a duchy of the
same name, seated on the Aller, 31
miles NW of Brunswick, and 47 S by
W of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 12 E, lat 52
49 N.
Zdl, imperial town of Germany, m the
circle of Suabia. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 48
12 N.
Zetlawi. See Jeso.
Zallerfrld, town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, in the Hartz fo-
rest ; six miles SSW of Gosiar.
Zembla, Xoz-a, large island, in the
Northern Ocean, to the N of Eussia, from
which it is separated by the strait of
Waigate. It is a desert, frozen, and un-
inhabited country, visited in summer by
fishermen, and hunters.
Zemlin, or Zemplin, town of Upper Hun-
gary, capital of a county of the same name.
It is seated on the Bodrog, 25 miles SB of
Cassovia, and 27 NK of Tockay. Lon. 21
35 E, lat. 48 36 N. '
Zen^uia, town nf Turkey in Asia. Lon,
37 50 E, lat. 36 25 N.
Zenta. town of Hungary, where the
Turks under Mustapha 11. were defeated
by Prince Eugene. Lon. 21 30 E, lat. 46
o'N
Zerbl. See Gerbes.
Zerbst, town of Germany in the cu'cle of
Upper Saxonv, capital of a district of that
name, in the principality of Anhalt, with a
castle, where the princes commonly reside.
The inhabitants are partly Lutherans and
nartlv Galvinists, and are famous for brew-
^ IIU
Z U (i
Z U R
ing good beer. It is 27 miles N W of Wit-
tembt-rg. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 52 0 N.
Zerlga, town of Persia, in Irac-Arabia,
seated in a narrow plain, between moun-
tains. It has produced several very fa-
mous Arabian Authors.
Zia^ island of the Archipelago, one of
the CycLides, to the SW of Negropont. It
is 15 miles long, and eight broad, and well
cultivated. It is tlie ancient Ceos.
Zlbit, territory in Arabia Felix, extend-
ing from the principality of Mecca to that
of Mocha, being bounded on the B by the
principality of Tehama, and on the W by
the Red Sea. The Turks were formerly
masters of this country, but it now belongs
to an Arabian prince.
Zibit, trading town of Arabia Felix, capi-
tal of a territory of the saitie name. It is
seated on the Ziblt, 15Q miles NW of
Aden.
Ziget, town of Hungary. It has been
often taken and retaken by the Turks and
Imperialists. Lon. 17 42 E, lat. 46 21 X.
Ziriczee^ town of Zealand, and the prin-
cipal of the isle of Schowen, 12 miles NE
of Middleburg, and 18 SW of Briel. Lon.
4 10 E, lat. 5i 36 N.
Zittaia, town of Germany, in Lusatia,
subject to the king of Saxony. It Is seated
on the Neisle, 17 miles SW of Gorlitz, and
25 SE of Dresden. Lon. 15 5 E, lat. 50
59 N.
Znaim, strong town of Germany, in Mo-
ravia. I( is seated on the river Teya, 24
miles SW of Brinn, and 32 N of Vienna.
Lon. 16 40 K, lat. 48 38 N,
Zoara, fortified, town on the coast of Bar-
ba;y. With a good liarbour, 60 nnles W ( f
Tripoli. Lon. 11 55 E, Lt. 32 45 N.
Zoblitz, town of Germany in the circle of
Upper Suxony ; the chief subsistence of
the inhabitants is working the serpent
stone which is found in the neighbour-
hood into tea and coffee cups, &.c. A red
species of this stone is also found here,
which is consiilered as the finest, and
therefore claimed by the sovereign as hi.s
property. It is 17 miles S of Frej bui-g.
Znffingen town of Svvisserland, in the
canton of Bern, with an elegant church,
and a pubhc library, containing several cu-
rious manuscripts. R is seated near a large
forest, which contains the best pine-trees,
in all Swisserland, three miles from Arburg.
Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 47 5 N.
Zubiock, town in Upper Hungary, capi-
tal of a county of the same name. It is
seated on the Teysse, where the S gelia
falls into it, 62 miles NE of Colncza, and
62 E of Buda. Lon. 20 50 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Zorjidorf, village of Germany, in the new
marche of Bradenburg, famous for a baitle
between the king of Prussia, and the Rus-
sians in 1758.
Zug, small canton of Swisserland, boiuitl-
1U2
ed on tlie B and N by that of Zuric, on the
W by that of Lucern and the free Provin-
ces, and on the S by that of Schweitz. It
is ricli in pasturage, has plenty of various
kinds of stone fruit.
Ziig, town of Swisserland, capital of a
canton of the same name, and the only
walled town of all the popular ones, stands
delightfully upon the edge of a beautiful
lake, in a fertile vallf^y, abounding in corn,
pasture-ground, and fruit-trese, Zug is 12
miles NE of Lucern, and 42 SE of Basil.
Lon. 8 16 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Zuider-Zee, great bay of the German
Ocean, which extends from S to N in the
United Provinces, between Friesland,
Overvssel, Guelderland and Holland.
Zullickhau, town of Prussia in Branden-
burg, on a plain near the Oder, 37 miles
SE from Frankfort on the Oder.
Zulpha, tov.n of Persia, almost close to
Ispahan, to which is a sort of suburb, and
separated from it by the river Sanderou. It
is peopled by a colony of Armenians, who
wevQ brought into Persia by Shah Abbas.
Zidpitch, or Zulch, town of Germany, in
the duchy of Juliers, belonging to the
archbishop of Cologne. It is seated on
the Nassel 10 miles S of Juliers, and 10 W
of Bonna. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 46 N.
Zuric, canton of Swisserland, 50 miles
long and 30 broad; bou .ded on the N by
the Rhine, which separates it from the
canton of Schaffhausen on the S by that of
Schweitz, on the E by Thurgaw and the
county of Tockenburg, and on the W by
the canton of Zug and the Free Pro\ inces.
it was admitted a member of the Swiss
Confederacy in 1351.
Zuric, considerable city of Swisserland,
capital of a canton of the same name. It
stands at the N end of lake Zuric, and oc-
cupies both sides of the rapid and transpa-
rent Limmat, which issues from that lake,
and divides the town into two unequal
parts, which communicate by three bridges.
Here are several manufactures ; particular-
ly muslins, cottons, linens, and handker-
chiefs. 5'uric is 35 miles SW of Constance,
40 SE of Basle, and 55 NE of Bern. Lon.
8 30 E, lat 47 20 N.
Znric, lake of Swisserland, near 10
leagues in length, and one in breadth.
In the vicinity of Zurio, the edges of the
lake are skirted with a continued range of
vallies, whicii being intermixed among
vineyards ami pasture grounds, produce a
most pleasing effect. The adjacent coun-
try IS finely cultivated and well peopled ;
and the southern part of the lake appears
at some little distance boimded with the
high stupendous mountains of Schweitz
and Glarus: the scenery all together is
picturesque, lively and diversified. The
river Limmat runs through the whole
length of this lake to the city of Zuric.
Z W 1
Zuritiiy town of Spain, in Old Castile,
with a castle, seated on the Tajo, very near
Toledo. Lon. 3 17 W, lat. 39 50 N.
Zurzach, town cf Swisserlaud, in the
county ot'Baden, seated on the Rhine.
Zutphen, stron;^ and considerHbie town
of Dutch Guelderland, capital of a county
of the same n^me. It was taken in 1672,
by the French, who restored it in 1674.
It is sealed at the confluence of the Berkel
and Yssel, nine miles S by E of Deiventer,
and 55 E by S of Amsterdam. Lon. 6 0 E,
lat, 52 10 N.
Zuyst, village five miles from (Ttrecht.
The Moravian brethren are employed here
in various kinds of manufacture, and tiieir
workmanship far excels that of any otiier
part of Holland.
Zxuickaii, town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, formerly imperial, bpt
now subject to the king of Saxony. The
place where the inhabitants are buried is
in Voigtland, and therefore, it is commonly
said that they are Misnians while alive, but
Voigtlanders after they are dead. Zwichau
is seated on the Muldaw, 15 miles S of Al-
tenberg, and 20 NE of Plawen. Lon. 1^
26 E. lat. 50 45 N.
Z-Mugenburg, town of Germany, in the
langravate of Hesse Darmstadt, eight miles
S of Darmstadt, and 12 N of Worms.
Z-iuoU, town of Overyssel, and in the dis-
trict of Zailant. It is defended by some for-
tifications ; and the canal, which begins
near this place, and extends to the river
Yssel, is defended by several forts. Near
it is the mountain of St. Agnes, where
there was formerly an Augustine convent,
in which Thomas Kempis lived 71 years,
and died in 1471. It was formerly an im-
perial and hanscatic town, and is seated on
an eminence, on the rivers Aa and Yssel,
five miles S of Hasselt, and eight SE of
Campen. Lon. 6 10 K, lat. 52 S2 N.
Zygcth, strong town of Lower Hungary,
capital of a county of the sime name, with
a Citadel. It is seated in a morass, made by
the river Alma, 50 miles NW of Esseck.
Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 46 17 N.
Zyiumicrz, town of Polund, in Volhinia,
seated on the Ciecirief, 70 miles W of Kiof,
and 120 E of Lucko. Lon. 29 22 E, lat. 50
35 N.
^IDIDSMSiio
jihvjas, ancient Gyndes, rivex' of Per-
sia, in Khosistan. It rises in the moun-
tains of Irac Ajemi, flows S, and falls
into the Shat ui Arab, or low Euphra-
tes. It is the Uiai of the Scriptures.
^ncrmn, or Gallatin, township of New
York, in Goluaibia county, remarkable
for its extensive iron Wv)rks ; about 20
miles SE from Hudson. Population 1820,
3147.
Aquanshkola, creek of Northampton
county, Pennsylvania ; rises in Ross town-
ship, west from the Wind Gap of the
Delaware, flows a little south of west
about 25 miles, and falls into the Lehigh
immetUately above the Lehigh Water
Gap.
Araguay, river of Brazil, the south-
west branch of the Tocantinas.
Arkiofiolis, post village and seat of
justice, Arkansaw territory, on the right
bank of Arkansaw river, about 100 miles
above its mouth.
Assiniboin, river of North America,
in the United States and British territo-
ries ; rising by two large branches, the
Assiniboin proper, and Red river. The
former has its source in the recesses of
Cabotia, as high as lat. 52 30 N, flows
SE 200, and E 100, joins Red river.
The latter rises in the United States, as
far south as lat. 45 30, and flowing thence
nearly N about 300 miles, unites with the
Assiniboin, which continuing a short dis-
tance NE, is lost in the extreme south-
ern angle of lake Winnipic The regions
drained by the Assiniboin and its conflu-
ents are flat, full of small lakes, and ex-
tend NW from the sources of the Mis-
sissippi.
Athapescon^ lake of British America.
Lat. 50" N, Ion. WC, 32^ W. It dis-
charges into Slave lake, by Slave river.
Atrato. river of Columbia, falling into
the gulf of Darien. It rises in Choco, and
flows N about 250 miles.
B
Banister, fine small river of Virgiaia,
in Pittsylvania and Halifax counties, ri-
ses in the former, and Hows E into the
latter, and falis into Dan river, 10 miles
below its mouth.
Banister, post village and seat of jus-
tice in Halifax county, Virginia, on Ban-
ister river.
Bayona, large bay of the Pacific ocean,
in tiie intendancy of Guadalaxara, be-
tween tlie mouth of the Santiago river,
and the Marie islands.
Big Huchy, river of Tennessee and Mis-
sissippi, rises in the latter, an4 flowing
NW, enters Henderson, and Madison coun-
ties in the former ; gradually turns west,
and fiiUs into the Mississippi river, lat. 35
30 N.
Black liivMr, river of South Carolina,
rises in Kenshaw, and flowing SE crosses
Williamsburg, into Georgetown district,
and falls into Wlnyaw bay at Georgetown.
Burkesville,i)Ost town, Cumberland coun-
tv, Kenluckv.
Canavaral, bay of the United States, on
the Pacific coast. Lon. W C 47 0 W, lat.
45 0 N.
Cash, river of Illinois, rises in Union,
flows SE into Johnson, and thence SW,
W, S, and SE, into Ohio in Alexander
county.
Catahoola Lake, page 173. For "300
miles," in the 4'h line, read 30 miles.
CastUmiins River, NE branch of Yough-
iogany river, rises near Somerset, in So-
merset county, Pennsylvania, and SW, falls
into Youghiogany, 20 miles SW from that
town.
in.-:
( O i'
ii A J,
Ca&lio, ancient Mytileiic, capital of tlie
Lesbos. It is situated about the tniddlc of
the NE side of the island. Lat. S9 15 ,N.
Tlie ancient city was celebrated for its com-
merce, extent, wealth, and magnificence.
The modern city reiains some scattered
remains of foi*mer grandeur. See Jlli/ti-
hne.
*• Chambershurg, borough and seat of jus-
tice, P'ranklin county, Pennsylvania. Po-
pulation 1820, about 1000.
Chaihnm, county of Georgia. The po-
pulation of Chatiiam countj-, Georgia, iji
1813, including Savannari ought to read
13,550, inste.id'of 8320 ; and in 1820, the
same county including Savannah, ought to
read 14,737.
CluUhain, bay of Florida ; or a common
name for that part of the west coast of
that peuinsula,extendingfrom Punta Larga,
or Cape Roman to the mouth of Shark ri-
ver, between lat. 25 and 26°.
Chinalapa, river of Mexico, rising in
Oaxaca, and flowing S into the gulf of
Tehuantcpec.
Chisme. See Chlsme in the text. Since
the original article was written, and print-
ed, tl'.e following very remarkable circum-
stance has given additional historical in-
terest to this truly remarkable place. In
the summer of 1822, a Turkisli fleet com-
manded by the captain Pacha in person
was set on fire by the Greeks, by means
of fire ships, and nearly destroyed, with
great slaughter of tlie crews. The captain
Pacha died of his wounds, soon after reach-
ing the .shore.
Clarksburg, town and scat of justice,
Lewis county, Kentucky, on a creek of
Ohio river, 25 miles by land NNW from
Washington, Kentucky.
Clinton, post town and seat oF justice,
Jones county, Georgia, 25 miles SSW from
Milledgeville. Population 1820, 841.
Codesa, cape of Colombi;j, in Venezuela.
Lon. W C 11 5 E, lai. 10 31 N.
Columbia, district of, page 220. Tlie
reader is desired to consider as cancelled
the 10th line of the 2d column, in these
^vords, " Add to the above." And also
the 15th line, in these words ami fisfures
"Total population 1820, 37,152." These
errors were made in making up the tables.
The real population of the district of Co-
lumbia, 1820, was 33,039 as stated in the
9th line.
Coo(jnasro, NW, and m:iin branch of De-
laware river, rises in Delaware county,
New York, flows SW to near the I\ E cor-
ner on Pennsylvania, where it turns abruot-
ly to SE.
Cotton Gin Port, post village and seat of
justice, Motyoe county, Mississippi, on the
left bank of Tombigbee river at lat. 33 50
N, about i^O miles SW from Huntsville, in
Alabama.
E
Elba. Por the closing historical account
in this article, page 288, the reader is de-
sired to substitute, " on the 4th of iMay
following he landed with his suite, at Porto
Terajo the cspi'ial of the island, which he
left on the 26th of February 1815, on his
last expedi'.ion into France.
■ Espiritii Santo, bay of Florida, in the gulf
of Mexico It receives Ilillsboro' river
from the NE, and is the most spacious ha- ji
ven in the gulf of .Mexico, admitting ves- -^
sels of 24 feet draft. Lat. o7 40 N, lon.
W C 5 40 W.
Evansville, post town and seat of justice,
Vandeburgh ''ounty, Illinois, 54 miles south
from \iiicennes, 187 miles below Louis-
ville, and 55 miles above the mouth of
Wabasli.
Faivn Grove, post office, York county,
Pennsylvania, 25 mile* south of York.
Forked Deer, river of Tennessee, rises in
the counties of Henderson, Carroll, and
Madison, and flowing west between Big
Ilatchy and Obians river, falls into the Mis-
sissippi at N lat. 55 45.
Fort Deposit, village of Cecil county,
Maryland, on the left bank of the Susque-
h.Tunab, at the head of steam boat naviga-
tion, four miles above Havre de Grace.
Francois Jiiver, Upper Canada, runs SW
from lake Nipissing into lake Huron : it
lias several portages ; tiiat nearest to lake
Xipissing is called Portage de Trois Chau-
diers, in length about half a mile.
Green-wood, township of Columbia coun-
ty, Peimsylvania, between Madison and
Sugar Loaf, 12 miles XXE from Danville.
Popuhnion in 1820. 1078.
Gvoton, t'iwnsbip of Tompkin? county,
New Yoik. Population in 1820, 2742.
Guasacitnlco, river of iMexico. See arti-
cle Jili'xico, page 592.
Gz/ert;.'/H?», city of Guitimula. See Soco-
nasco.
GiiiaqniJ, river and bay of South Ameri-
ca, on tlie Pacific coast. I'he river rises
from the foot of Ciiimborazo, and flows
nearly south into the bay. The latter is a
wide opening of t!ie Pacific at the SW ex-
tremity of the Republic of Colombia, on
that Ocean. See Gniaqnilcitii, page 380.
H
TfiilfJlFoon, township of Saratoga county
New York, on the Hudson above Water-
ford. Population in 1820, 4024.
I/amilfonvillf, village of Huntingdon
f-f^unty, Pennsvlvana, on the left bank f
L E H
]V[ O S
juniata river, 15 miles by land below Hun- November, 1755, the brothers and sis-
tin?don. ters were surprised and murdered by a
Hampshire, county of Virginia. "When party of French Indians. Their grave
making out the general description of, and is still marked by a large stone, with a
population table for Hampshire county, most pathetic inscription ; the grave is
Virginia, the superficial area of Morgan on the hill, to the south of the village,
county was inadvertently included. This Nearly opposite Gnaden Hutton, on the
reduced the comparative population of east side of the river, stood old fort Al-
Hampshire to eight to the square mile, in len. There is a wooden bridge across
place of 13^, which it actually possesses, the Lehigh, 214 feet long, and 25 feet
See HampBhire and Morgan counties. wide.
Haatinsrs, county of Upper Canada, oppo- lAttle Fort, post village near the cen-
site he bay of Quinte, and west from l.e- trc of Shenandoah county, Virginia,
nox ( ou ity ; extending the bay of Quinte
M
Mauchckunk, post village of North-
ampton county, Pennsylvania ; on the
right bank cf the Lehigh, 30 miles by
land above Bethleh^ m. It is the land-
ing for the coal procured on a moan-
tain of the same name The mountain
extends from the village SW, and rises
about 1000 feet above the Lehigh. See
j\''orthamfiton county^ Pennsylvania.
Mateovjan, the Indian name of Fishkill
creek, in Duchess county, New York. It
is an excellent mill stream, and near its mouth
the Messrs. Schenck's have erected, and
for many years kept in operation, a fine
cotton factory, lo which they have given
the : ame of Mateowan.
M'Kee's port, post town of Alleghany
county, Pennsylvania ; in the township of
Versailles It occupies the point ou the
Kendall, post town in Perry township, Monongahela and Youghiogany rivers, be-
Stark county, Ohio, seven miles west from low their junction, 10 miles SE from Pitts-
Canton, and near the eastern side of TuS- burg.
carawas river, it contiins 106 inhabitants, Mecklenburg, county of Virginia, and
and an extensive factory for the fabrication Mecklenburg couiity in North Carolina.
of woollen cloths. In this place, and its The tables for tliese two counties in page
to OuaAa river.
Helium, township Oi'York coiint)', Penn-
sylvania, between Codoms and Grist creeks,
and opposite t:< Marietta in Lancaster coun-
ty. Popvdation in 1820, 2062.
Hellersto-ivn, post town, Northampton
county, Pennsylvania, about the size of
StroudsbUrg, situated ia Lower Saucon,
near the extreme southern angle of the
county, and four miles south-east from
Bethlehem.
Henrico, county of Virginia. The popu-
lation of this county as given in page 406,
is exclusive of that part of the city of Rich-
mond. See Henrico and Richmond.
Holladaysbnrg, village of Huntingdon
county, Pennsylvania, three miles SW by
W from Franitstown.
K
vicinity, are kept several very extt-nsive
flocks of sheep, of from 100 to 1000 in each.
581, are respectively misplaced, an error
the reader can easily remedy, by using the
table attHcli«d to any one, with the descrip-
tive part of the other.
The comparative population of these
co'.mties corrected, arc :
Mecklenburg Virginia, to tlie square
mile. 33.
Mecklenburg North Carolina, to the
square mile, 21.
Milhrsto-.m, post village of Lehigh coun-
ty, Peniisylv.iniK ; on Little Lehigh, seven
Lehighton, village in Northampton
county, Pennsylvania ; on the west bank
of the Lehigh river, about half a mile
above the mouih of Mahoning creek. It
is 36 miles WNW from Easton. In the
neighbourhood of this village are some
very strong chalybeate springs. The ^ » ^,,,,o .......... w.. ^.
vicinity is in the highest degree roman- niilesabove Allentown.
tic, and from the elevation of the ground, Millerstoivn, post town of Perry county,
might become a most salubrious and el- penasylvania ; on the left bank of the Ju-
ligible watering place in summer. The „iata river, 29 miles above Hwrrisburg.
stone coal landing, or Mauchchunk, is MUton, large village in Litchfield coun-
three miles above, on the same side of tv, Connecticut ; five miles west of Litch-
ttie Lehigh. Near this town stood the field. In this village there is an elegant
old Moravian settlement of Gnaden Hut- Gothick church, belonging to the Episco-
ten, on the north bank of the Mahoning, palians, built after the"" draught of Trinity
about 100 perches from its mouth, where church, in New York,
the old church is still standing. Here Jliosw/, city of Asiatic Turkey, in tiie pa-
a treaty of amity was held in .luly, 1752, chalic of Hagdad, on the riglit b:ink ol the
between the Moravian brethren, and the Tigris, opposite the village of Nunia, sup-
Sbawnese Indians ; and on the 24th of posed to hr\ the sUc of the ancicPt Nincvi.
POT
POT
Mosul is a mart of extenshe trade, inhabi-
ted by about 35,000 persons, composed of
Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Curds,
and Arabs. Lat. 36 21 N.
N
JVet/ierlands. This kingdom was omit-
ted in the first column of page 203, in
the enumeration of the states of Europe.
See Keiherlands.
JVew Glangoxv, post town in Amherst
county, Virginia j situated 20 miles nor h of
Lynchburg, and 115 miles west of Rich-
mond, coiitaining about 20 dwelling hou-
ses, principally of wood, and about 200 in-
habitants. In tliis place there is an acade-
my, consisting of two departments, male
and female.
Potomac, river of Virginia, Maryland, and
Pennsylvania, is a stream of incalculable
importance in tlie ulterior or inland naviga-
tion of The United States. If we turn our
eye to a map of Virginia, we perceive the
extreme north-western sources of James
river flowing to the SW along the moun-
tain valleys, and extending our view
to the head waters of Potomac, we be-
hold them flowing parallel to each other
NE, also down the mountain valleys ;
and in the latter case we are struck with
the very remarkable fact, that the I'oto-
mac rises west of all tlie ridges of the
Appalachian system, except that denomi-
nated Laurel Hill. The SW angle of Mary-
land, or extreme western source of the Po-
tomac, having the residue of the collate-
ral ridges to pierce in its progress towards
its recipient, the Cliesapeak ^ay. This
peculiar structure of the river valleys of the
United Stales yields an unequalled facility
of forming inland water communication
through a very bioad chain of mountains.
Before proceeding to describe the I'oto-
mac, it may be remarked, that the Appa-
lachian, or Alleeaiiy system of mountains,
does not form the dividing ridge which se-
parate the!,water flowing into the Atlantic
ocean from those whioh enter the Missis-
sippi basin ; but that the separ.'iting river
line cuts the mountains obliquely.
The Potomac, draining the valleys of
the Appalachian mountains from N iat. 38
25 to 40 0, unites its various branches be-
fore piercing tiie Blue R^dge, which it fi-
nally ali'ects at Harper's Ferry, 60 miles
NW from Washing! on city. Below its
passage through the Blue llidge to its
egress into Chesapeak bay is about 200
miles, following the windings of the stream.
The tide ascends to Georgetown, three
miles above the capital in Washington,
where it is arrested by the gneiss range of
rocks. Ships of the largest class are navi-
gated to the Navy yard, one mile below
the capitol. Like all other tributaries of
Chesapeak bay, the Potomac, below the
head of tide water, opens gradually into
a long narrow bay. By a singular caprice
of custom, the Susquebannah is considered
as terminating at the head of tide water,
whilst in nature, what is known by the
name of Chesapeak bay is merely the con-
tinuation of that noble river ; and in
strictness, James' river, York river, Rap-
pahunrtoc river, and Potomac, are its tri-
butaries.
The sources of Cheat river branch of
the Monongahela rise in Randolph county
in Virginia, in the same valley with the
Potomac, and those ol the Youghiogany,
with a single in' ervening ridge, separating
them from tiiose of Potomac, pai-tly in Ran-
dolph and M;nongihela counties in Vir-
ginia, and partly in Allegany county in
Maryland. Tims, here again occurs the
second instance of advancing from tiie
S to N of the origin of waters, flow-
Ing into the two opposite systems of the
Mexx;--n Go if and Atlantic ocean, with-
out an intervening mijuntain, and yet amidst
the Appalachian ridges. The peculiar
features we have noticed in this section of
country has drawn the attention of persons
inquiring into the subject of canal connex-
ion between the two nver systems.
The SE and main source of the Poto-
mac rises in Pendleton county in Virginia,
at lat. 31 25 N, and the nt-xt considerable
siream of the valley, the Shenandoah, rises
in Augusta county, as far 3 as N lat. 38 0.
The latter overheads the sources of York
and Rappahannoc rivers, and interlocks
with the sources of James' river : the mid-
dle ridge of the Appalachian, or the moun-
tain properly called the Kittatinny, ranges
between the Potomac Proper, and the She-
nandoah. Both rivers and all their branches
flow to the NE down the mountain val-
leys. The Potomac continues in that di-
rection as far as N lat. 39 41, within two
miles of tiie S boundary of Pennsylvania,
whence it turns at right angles, jiierces the
Kittatinny mountain, and flows to the SE.
Forty miles by comparative courses, be-
low its passage through the Kittatinny, the
Potomac receives the Shenandoah from the
SW, and the united waters here pierce the
Blue Ridge. This latter passage of the Po-
tomac through another of the Appalachian
ridges is known as the celebrated Harper's
Ferry. At their junction, the Potomac
has flowed by comparative courses 160,
and the Shenandoah 120 miles.
From Harper's Ferry to the head of
tide water, or to where the Potomac quits
the primitive and enters the alluvial sea
border formation,' is 50 mile'', and then''©
A L
\V O O
continuing by a general course SE, and by
comparative courses 100 miles, that river
is lost in the Chesapeak bay at N lat. 38 0,
having regained exactly the latitude of tlie
sources of Shenandoah. The entire length
of the Potomac valley is 300 miles, pre-
senting a very remaikable navigable chan-
nel. Many of its inmor valleys are com-
posed of -' ,;y f , -ill :.ive soil, and already
an immense amount of pioduce is reared
within it, and transported to the Atlantic
ports.
It may be remarked that tobacco, as a
staple commodity in large quantities, may
be considered as limited by this valley,
whilst wheat, rye, and the apple, as staples,
may be viewed as commencing. From
the peculiar form of the valley, and from
the very great difference of elevation of its
parts, it presents a greater variety vf cli-
mate than could be, at a first glance upon
its extent and position on a map, believed
probable. If climate and the features of
nature are both taken into the account, the
Potomac presents the most favourable fa-
cilities of any river in the Susquehannah
basin to effect a water communication be-
tween the Atlantic ocean and the valley of
Ohio. , . ,
The Potomac, in its natural state, is the
most navigable branch of the Susquehan-
nah. Ships of any burthen can be brought
up to the Navy yard at Washington, five
miles below the extreme head of tide wa-
ter. Washington is upwards of 100 miles
in a direct line ; and following the Chesa-
peak bay and Potomac river, about 200
miles distant from the Atlantic ocean.
Washington is therefore the point in the
United States, to which the largest vessels
can be navigated the farthest into the in-
terior of the continent.
R
Jiio Grande, del Mrte. Page 394.
S
Sak7n, village of New Haven county,
Connecticut, in Waterbury, 16 miles NN W
from New Haven. It stands on the left or
east bank or Nangatuck, or Waterbury ri-
ver, on the main turnpike road from New
Haven to Litchfield. A fine wooden bridge
here crosses the Nangatuck.
W
Warrenstotun, township of Somerset coUH"
ty, Maine. Population 1820, uncertain.
H'aterford, township of Oxiord county,
Maine ; 12 miles SW from Paris. Popu-
lation 1810, 860; and in 1820, 1035.
Watenvorks. Fairmount dam, locks, and
reservoir, presents one of the most stupen-
dous collections of machinery in the Uni-
ted States. They are s/.j-Ated immediately
above the Schuylkill upper bridge. The
locks are on the right bank of the river,
and the machinery on the left, nearly op-
posite. The water is raised by the force
of wheel work, and thrown into a reservoir
placed on a hill 100 feet above the level
of the water in the dam, and above most
of the houses in the city. As the power of
elevation is capable of any assignable in-
crease, the supply of water can be made
commensurate to any demand. The old
reservoir is 310 feet long, 150 feet wide,
and 111 feet deep ; and contains, when re-
plenished, 581,625 solid cubic feet of water.
The new reservoir is 330 feet long, 171
feet wide, and contains564,300 cubic feet of
water. Except in times of flood the Schuyl-
kill water is pure and limpid.*
* It was my wish to have been more
ample in the description of a work so use-
ful and honourable to Philadelphia, but no
information could be procured on the sub-
ject from the superintendant. The above
article was framed from a hasty survey
made by myself. The results are, I trust,
sufficiently accurate for general purposes ;
and as the press was stopped during the
operation, the necessary haste will render
any trifling Inaccuracy the more excusa*
ble.
Weld, township of Oxford county, Maine;
27 miles N from Paris. Population 1820,
489.
Whitejield, township of Lincoln county,
Maine ; 15 miles N from Wiscasset. Po-
pulation 1810, 995 ; and in 1820, 1429.
fVinslo-zo, township of Kennebec county,
Maine ; 16 miles N from Augusta, and op-
posite Waterville. Population 1810, 658 ;
and in 1820, 935.
Wiltcn, township of Kennebec county,"
Maine ; 38 miles NW from Augusta. Po»
pulation 1810, 770 ; and in 1820, 1115.
Woodstock, township of Oxford county,
Maine, Population 1820, 392.
1119
GRIGGS y DICKINSON, Printer?,
Whitehall.
®®sr^^iiipis^a®si^ai i^^ws
COMPRISING THE
liEClbAUaTlOX 0¥ l.Xl>iaPI^^'Ti¥»XCE-,
'Hlcticte^ of Confebecatiou ;
Constitution ot tlie "United states -^
THE SEVERAL STATES COMPOSING THE UNION,
MASSACHUSETTS,
NEW HAMPSHIRE,
RHODE ISLAND,
CONNECTICUT,
NEW YORK,
NEW JERSEY,
PENNSYLVANIA,
DELAWARE,
MARYLAND,
VIRGINIA,
NORTH CAROLINA,
SOUTH CAROLINA,
GEORGIA,
VERMONT,
KENTUCKY,
TENNESSEE,
OHIO,
INDIANA,
LOUISIANA,
MISSISSIPPI,
ILLINOIS,
AL VBAMA,
MAINE,
MISSOURI
PHILADELPHIA
PUBLISHED BY BENNETT & WAXTONj
>'0. 37, MiRKET STREET.
1822,
BECLARATTOISr OF mDEPENDENCE.
In Congress, Jult 4, lt76.
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
WHEN, in the course of human events, it bepomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another, and to as-
sume, amon^ the powers of the eaith, the separate
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of na-
ture's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions
of mankind requires that they should declare the causes
which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident:— that all men
are created eq.ial, that they are endowed by their Crea-
tor with certain unalienable rights ; that among; these
are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to
secure these rights, geveniments are instituted among
men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed ; that w henever any form of government be-
comes destractive of these ends, it is the ngiit of the peo-
ple to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new govern-
ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and or-
ganizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru-
dence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long esta-
blished should not be changed for light and transient
causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that
mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are suf-
ferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms
to which they are accustomed. But when a long train
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same
object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute
despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to tlirow off
such government, and to provide new guards for their
future security. Such has been the patient sufferance
of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which
constrains them to alter their former systems of govern-
ment. The history of the present king of Great Bii-
itain,is a history of repeated injuries and usuipatio.ns, all
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute
tyranny over these states. To prove tliis, let facts be
submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome
and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme-
diate and pressing irapoitancc, unless suspended in
their operation, till his assent should be obtained; and
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them. He l-.as refused to pass other laws for the ac-
commodation of large districts of people, unless those
jieople would relinquish the right of representation in
the legislature— a tight inestimable to them, and formi-
dable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places un-
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of
their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing
them nito compliance with his measures.
He lias dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for
opposing, with manly firmness. Ids invasions on the rights
of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions^
to cause othei-s to be elected ; whereby the legislative
powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the
people at large, for their exercise, the state remaining,
in the mean t^me, exposed to ail the dangers of invasion
from w'thout, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these
states ; lor that purpose obstructing the laws for iia-
tuialization of foreigners; refusing to pa»s others to en-
courage theii' migration hither, and raising the condi-
tions of new appropriiti'.ons of lands.
He has obstructed the ad'iiinistration of .justice, by
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary
powers.
He has made judges dependenton his will alone, for
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment
of their salarie:. -
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent
hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat
out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar-
mies, without the consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the militaiy independent of.
and superior to, the eivil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a juris-
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged
by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended
legislation :
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among
us :
I''or protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish-
ment for any miirdei's which they should commit on the
inhabitants of these states:
For cutting off our trade with ail parts of the vporld :
For imposing taxes on us without our consent :
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of
trial by jury:
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre-
tended offences :
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a
neighbouring province, establishing therein an arbitrai-y
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren-
der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro-
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies :
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most va-
luable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of
our governments :
For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all
cases « liatsoe\'er.
He has abdicated government here, by declaiing us
out of his protection, and waring war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coiists, burnt
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time tiansporting large armies of foreign
mercenaries to complete the works of de.Tth, desolation,
and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cru-
elty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barba-
rous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to
become the executioners of their freinds and bretJiren,
or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insunections amongst us, and
has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our fron-
tiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of
warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,
sexes, and conditions.
In evei-y stage of these oppressions we have petitioned
for redress in the most humble teriiis : our repeated pe-
titions have been answered only by repeated injury. A
prince, whose character u tliiis marked by every act
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a
free peo i .t.
Nor have wf been wanting in attentions to our British
brethren. We have warned them, from ti'iie to time, of
attempts by their legislature toexteiid an iinwarravtable
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded then', of the
circumstances of our emii;iation a>id settlement hfre.
We have appealed to their native justice and ir.aguani.
mity, and we have co;iju\ed shenj by the lies of our
common kindied to disavow these iisurpa.io'is, wliich
wo'ild inevitably iiteiriipt our conntxioiis and coive-
spfiMlviice. They too hare been deaf to ihe voice of
justice and (if consangiiiiiitj. We must, there fjiv, ac-
quiesce in the necessity which denounctsour separation,
and hold them, as we hold the rest of maukind-^eneraies
in war, in peace friertds.
Wf. therefore, th- representatives of the ITnitefi
AHTlLLtS Oi- cOXFirLDEKATION.
States of America, in general congress assembled, ap-
tieaiing to the Supreme Judge of" tlie worlil, for the rec-
tiiudi of our inteutioi.s, do, ii» the name and by the au-
thority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly
publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and
of rightouffhttobe, free and independent states , that
they ai-e absolved from all allegiance to the British
ciown, and that all political connexion bi-tween them
and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, to-
tally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent
Slates, they have full power to le\-y war, conclude peace,
contract alliances, establish commerce,aud to doall other
acts and things which independent states may of right
do. And for the support of thi? declaration, with a firm
reliance on the protection of Divine Providt-nce. we mu-
ttiaily pledge to each other oar lives, our fortunes, and
oMr sacred honour.
JOHN HANCOCK.
XF.W HA^tP tllllE.
•Tosiah Baitlett,
Y/i!liam Whipple,
>Iatthew Thomton.
^tASSACllUSETTS BAT.
Samuel Adams,
John Adams,
Robert Treat Paine,
Elbridge Gerry.
HHODE ISLA>-r), &C.
Siephen Hopkins,
■\Viliiam EUery.
CONNECTICUT.
Roger Sherman,
Siimuel Huntingdon,
■\Vir.iam Williams,
Oliver Wokotf.
NEW YORK.
\Vllliam Floyd,
Philip Livingston,
Francis Lew is,
Lewis Morris.
NKW JKRSEY.
Richard Stockton,
John Withersjioon,
Francis Hopkinson,
John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
Pl.>\SYLVAiriA.
P^obert Morris,
Benjamin Rnsh,
Benjamin Franklin,
John Morton,
George Clyraer,
James Smith,
George Taylor,
James Wilson,
George Ross.
DELAWARE.
Ctesar Rodney,
George Read,
'i'hoinas M'Kean.
MAllTLASI).
Samuel Chase,
William Paea,
Thomas Stone,
Chas. Carroll, of CarroUton.
VIRGIJTIA.
George Wythe,
Richard Heniy Lee,
Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas Nelson, jr.
Francis Lightlbot Lee,
Carter Braxton.
NORTH CAROLINA.
William Hooper,
Joseph Hewes,
John Penn.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Edward Rutledge,
Thomas He) ».ard,jr.
Thomas Lynch, jr.
Artiiur Middleton.
GEORGIA.
Euiton Gwinnett,
Lyinan Hall,
George Wa'trn.
AIITICLES OF CONFEDERATIO]^'.
In CosGiiEss, July 8, 177S.
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION.
Between the states of New Hanipshire, Massachusetts
Bull, R.'iofte Island anil Hrovideuce P/onfntions, Con-
jiectirtif. Ken- Turk, NnvJeraey, fennstjlvania, Dela-
ware, Manj'fiiift, Vir^him, Nort/i Canlina, South Ca-
rotitia, and Genixin,
Ait;c!e I. llie style of this confederacy shall be,
" The United Suites of America.''''
An. 2, Kach slate retains its sovei-eignty, freedom,
and independence, and every power, juridieticm, and
right, which is not by this confederation expressly dele-
gated to the United States in congi-ess assembled.
Art. 3. rill said slates hereby severally enter into a
firm league of fiieiidship with each oilier, for tlif H" crm-
nion dvtince, the security of their liberties, aiul c!ieir
mutual and general welfare, bindingthemseUes to as!st
each other against all force offered to, or attacks ir.ade
upon them, or any of them, on account of relif ion, so-
veieigi ty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.
Art. 4. 5 1. The bitter to secure and perpetuate
mutual friendship and intercourse araon^ the people of
the different states in ihis union, the free inhabitants of
each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives
from justice excepted, sliall be entitied to all privileges
and iiiimiiiiitiis of free citizens in the several states ;
and the people of each state shall have fire ingress and
regiess to and from any other state, and shall enjoy
therein all the piivih gt s of trade and commerce, subjett
to the same duties, impositions, and i-estnctions, as the
inha!)Uants ihtr, ff n sp' ctivtlx ; provided that such re-
strictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the re-
moval of property importi d inio any state, to any other
state of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided
also, that noi-np' sition, luties, or restriciion, shull he
laid by any stvUe on the propert; of the Uriited States,
or either of thi m.
§ 2. If anv person giii'ty of, or charged with treason,
felony, or other high ir.isdi mtitnorin any state, hsii the
from Justice, and be found in imy of thi Unitei! States,
he shal:, upon ilie demand of the t;overiior or execuiive
povceiof til Stat from >vhieh he fled, he delivered up
and removed to the slate having jurisdiction of his of-
fente.
i3. Full faith and cre-dit shall, he given in each of
these states, to the ri cords, acts, and judicial proceed-
ing? of the coorls and magistrates of every other slate;
Art. 5. J I. For the more convenient management of
the general interests of the United States, delegates shall
be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature
of each s'ate shall direct, to meet in congress on the first
Monday in November in every year, with a power re-
served to each state to recai its delegates, or any of them .
at any time w ithin the year, and to send otliers in theii-
stead, for the remainder of the year.
J 2. No state shall be represented in congress by less
than two, nor move than seven members; and no per-
son shall be capable of beiu^ a delegate for more than
three yeai-s, in any term of six years ; nor shall any per-
son, beinga (lelt-g.tte, he capable of holding any office
under the United States, for w hich he, or any (ither for
his benefit, recei^esany salary, fees, or emolument, of
any kind.
j 3. Each state shall raaintainlts own delegates in a
meeting of the states, .tnd while thej .^ct as members of
the committee of the states.
§ 4. Ill determining questions in the United States in
congress assembled, each state shall ha\e one vote.
f S. Freedom of speech and debate in congress shall
not be imptachid or questioned in any court or place
out of congress, and the members of congress shall be
protected in their persons from arrests and imprison-
ments during the lime of ihtir going to and from, and
attendance on congress, except for titason, felony, or
breach of the peace.
Art. 6. § 1. No state, without the consent of the
United States in congress assembled, shall send any em-
bassy to, or reciiA e any embassy from, or enter into any
confereno , agreen)cnt,all!ance, or treaty, with any
king, prince or state ; nor shall any jieison holding any
office of profit or tnisT under the Uniied Statrs, or any of
them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title,
<;f any kind \\ [latevrr, from any king, prince, or foreign
stuti.-; nor shall the United States in congress asst.mbied,
or any of ttiem, graiii any tiiie of nobiiity.
^2'. No two or more states sliail iitier into any treaty,
confederation, or ali'.ariee whatever, between them,
williout the consent of the United Stiites in congress as-
sembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which
the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall con-
tinue.
6 3, No state shall lay any imposts or duties which
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.
may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entei-td day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their
into by the United States in congress assembled, with lasvful agtuts, who slia I then be directed to appoint, by
any kin?, prince, or stafe, in pi rsuance of any t eatifs jonit coiiseiit, commissmners or judges to constitute a
ah-eady proposed by congress to tlie courts of Fi-ance court tor hiariiig and deiennining the matter in ques-
and Spain. tioa ; but if they cannot ag^ree, congress shall name
§ 4. \o vessels of war shall bekept\ipin time of neace three persons out of each of the United States, and
by any Stat., 1 xeept su h niiinbcroniv iis shall be aei'm- from the list of such oemnis each party shall alter-
ed necessary by the United States iiicongr. ssasser.ibled, nately strike out one, the peiitioners berioning, until
for the defence of sudi state, or its trade : nor shal 1 any the nuuibt r sliail be n duced to thirteen ; and from that
body of forces he kL-pt up, by any slate, in time of number not less than sevtn nor more than nine names,
peaci-, except such number oniy as, in the judgment of as congixss shall direct, shall, in the presence of con-
the Uniti-d States in congress assembled, shall bediemed griss, he drawn out by lot; and the persons whose
requisite to garrison th.- forts necessary for the dtfence naiui-s shall Ks-i draun, or any five of them, shall he
of such state but every slate shall always keep up a commissioners or jiidgis, to hear and finally determine
well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently arm<'d the controveisj, so always as a lUMJor part of the juOges
and accoutred, and shall provide and constant, y have who shall hear tin cause, shall agree in the determina-
rt-ad) fir use, in public stores, a due number of l^ed- tion : and if either parij shall neglect to atti iid at the
pieces and tents, :\nd a proper quantity of arms, annnu- day appointed, wiihout siiowing reasons which congress
nition, and camp equipage. shail judge sufficii-nt, or b ing present, shall refuse to
5 5. No stiite shall engage in any war without the con- strike, the congri ss sha.l proceed to nominate three
sent of ihe United States in eongivss asserabletl, unless pei-sons out of each state-, and the secretary of congress
such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have shal stiike in behalf of such |)arty absent or refusing;
received certain advice of a resolution beint; formed by and thejudgnient and sentence of the court, to beap-
some nation of Indians to invade such stair, and the poiiJted in the manner before prescribed, shall be final
danger is so imminent as not to admit of delay till the and conclusive ; anil if any of ihe parties shall refuse to
United States in congri ss assembled can be consulted ; subuiit to the authority of such court, or to appear or
nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or di fend their claim or cause, tlie court shall nevertheless
yo-sels of war, nor letters of muique or reprisal, except procei-d to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which
it be after a declaration of war by the United States in shall in like manner he final and decisnv ; the judg-
coiigress assembled, and then only against the kingdom inent or sentence anti other proceedings being in either
or state, and the subjects thiieof, against which war case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts
lias ))een so declared, and under such regulations as of congress, for the security of the parties concerned:
shall be established by the United States in congress as- provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in
sembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by
which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that oc- one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of
casion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or the state wliere the cause shall be tried, " well and truly
until the United States in congress assembled shall de- to hear and determine the matter in question, according
lermine otherwise. to the best of bis judgment, without favour, affection.
Art. 7. When land forces are raised by any state for or hope of iv w ard." Pro^^ded also that no state shall
the common defence, all oiBoers of or under the rank of be depiived of territory for the benefit of the United
colonel shall be appointed by the legislature of each States.
state respectively by whom such forces shall be raiseti, § 3. All controversies concerning the private right of
or in such manner as such state shail direct, and all va- soil claimid under different grants of tw o or more states,
cancies shall be filled up by the state which first made whosejurisdiction, as they may respect such lands, and
the appointment. the statts w hich passed such grants are adjusted, the said
Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses grants or either of them being at the same time claimed
thatshall be incurred for the common defence or general to have originated antecedent to suoh settlement of ju-
welfare, and allowed by the United States in congress risdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the
assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, congress of the United Slates, be finally determined, as
which shall be supidied by the several slates, in propor- near as may be, in the same manner as is before pre-
tion to the value of all land within each state, granted scribed for diciding disputes respecting territorial ju-
to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the risdictlgu; between different states,
buildings and improvements thereo.'i shall be estimated, § 4. The United States in congress assembled shall
according to such mode as the Unitt d States in congress also have the sole and exclusive right and power of re-
assembled shail, from time to time dnect and appoint, giilating the alloy and value of coih struck by their
Thetasesfot paying that proportion sliail be laid and own authority, or by that of the respective states; iix-
levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures ing the standard of weights and measures throughout
of the several states within the time agreed upon by the the United States ; regulating the trade and managing
United States in congress assembled. all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the
Alt. 9. §1. The United States in congress assembled states; provided (hat the legislative right of any state,
shall have the sole am! exclusive right and power of de- within its own limits, be not infringed or violated ; esta-
termining on peace and war, except in the cases men- blishing and regulating post offices from one state to
tioned in the sixth article: of sending and receiving another, throughout all the Unittd Stf.tes, and exacting
ambassadors; entering into tre.aties ami alliances, pro- such postage on the papers passing through the same, as
vided that no treaty of comraerceshall he made, whereby may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said of-
the legislative power of the respective states shall be re- fice ; appointing all officers of the land forces in the
strained from imposing such imposts and duties on fo- service of the United Stales, excepting regimental offi-
reigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from cers ; appointing all the officers of^ihe naval forces, and
proliibiting the exportation or importation of any species commissioning all officers w liatever in the service of the
of goiids or commodities whatsoever; of estahhshing United States : making rules for the government and
rules for deciding in all cases, what captui-es on land or regulation of the said land and naval forces, anil direct-
water shall be ieo;al, and in what manner prizes taken 'ng their operations.
by land or naval forces in the service of the United § S. The United States in Congress assembled, shall
States shall be divided or appropriated ; of granting have authority to appoint a comnuttee, to sit in the re-
letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace; ap- cess of Congress, to be denominated, " A Coimmttee of
pointing courts tor the trial of piracies and felonies com- the States,''' and to consist of one delegate from each
mitted on the high seas ; and establishing courts for re- state; and to appoint such other committees and civil
ceiving and detrminiug finally appeals in all cases of officers as may be necessary for managing the general
captures ; provided that no member of congi-ess shall affairs of the United States under their direction ; to
be appoinied a judge of any of the said courts. appoint one of their number to preside; provided that
§ 2. I'he United States in congress assembled shall no person be allowed to serve in tlie otHce of president
also be the last resort on appeal in all tlisputes and dif- more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascer-
ferences now subsisting, or that hereafter nia\ arist be- tain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the
Iween two or more states concerning boundary, juris- service of the United States, ana to appropriate and
diction, or any other cause whatever; which authority apply the same for defraying the public expenses ; to
shill always be exercised in the manner following: borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United
Whenever the legislative or executive authority or law- States, transmitiing every half year to the respective
ful agent of any state in controversy with another, shall states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or
present a petition to congress, staling the matter in emit led ; to build and equip a navy ; to agree uptm the
question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall number of land forces, ami to make requisitions from
be given bjr order of congress to the legislative or execu- each state for its t^uota, in proportion to tlie number of
tive authority of the other state in controversy, and a white inhabitants in such state, which requisition shal!
CONSriTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
be binding ; and thei-eiipon the legislature of each state
shall appoint the regimental officci-s, raise the men,
clothe, arm, and equip tbera, in a soldierlike manner, at
the expense of the United States ; and the officers .and
men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to
the place appointed, and within the tirae agreed on by
the Uinted StatirS m conf^iiss as< mblid ; but if the
■United States in congress assembled shall, on eonsi-
deration of circumstances, j' dge proper that any state
should not raise men, or sho:ild raisL a smaller number
tlian its quota, and that any other state should raise a
greater number of men ihun the quota thereof, such
extra number shall be vaise»l, officered, clothed, armed,
and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such
state, unless the legislature of such state sliall. judge that
such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the
same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm,
and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge
can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed,
armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appoint-
ed, and within the time agreed on by tlie Unitt «' States
1!) congress assembled.
5 6. The United States in congress assembled shall
never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and
repiisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or
alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
thereof, nor aseertaui the sums and expenses nee- ssary
ibr the defence and welfare of the United States, or any-
cf them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the cre-
dit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor
agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or
purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be
raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army
or navy^ unless nine states assent to the same: nor shall
a question on any other point, except for adjourning
from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of
a majonty of the United Siates in congress assembled.
i^ 7. The congress of the United States shall have
power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to
any place within the United Stales, so that no period of
adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of
six months, and shall publish the journal of their pro-
ceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to
treaties, alliances, or militaiy operations, as in their
judgment require secresy; and the yeas and nays of
the dilegates of each state, on any question, shall be en-
tered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate;
and tiie delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or
their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the
said journul, except such parts as are above excepted, to
lay before the legisl.atures of the several states.
Art. 10, The committee of the states, or any nine of
them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of
congress, such of the powers of congress as the United
States, in congress assembled, by the consent of nine
states, shall, from time to tiirne, think expedient to vest
them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the
said committee, forthe exercise of which, by the articles
of confederation, the voice of nine states, in the con-
gress of the United States assembled, is requisite.
Art. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and
joining in the measures of the United States, shall be
:idmitted into, and entitled to all tiie advantages of this
union : But no other colony shall be admitted into the
sanie, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states
Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed,
and debts contracted by or under the authority of con-
gress, before the assembling of the United States, in
pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed
ynd considered as a charge against the United States, for
payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States
and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
Alt. 13. Every state shall abide by the determination
of the United States in congress assembled, in all ques-
tions which by this confederation are submitted to them.
And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably
observed by every state, and the union shall be perpe-
tual; 'ior shall any alteration at any time hereafter be
made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed
to in a congress of the United States, and be al tenvards
confirmed by the legislature of eveiy state.
And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of
the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we
lespectively represent in congress; to approve of, and to
authorise us to ratify the said articles of confederation
and perpetual union. Know ye, that we, the under-
signed tielegates, by virtue of the power and authority
to' us given ibr that purpose, do, by these presents, in the
name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully
and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the
said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and
all and singular the matters and things therein contain-
ed. (Ind we do further solemnly plight and engage«he
faith of our respectiveconstituents, that they shall abide
by the determinations of the United States in congress
assemb'.id, m all questions which by the said confedera-
tion are submitted to them ; and that the anicles thereof
shall be inviolably observed by the states we respectively
represent, and that the union shail be perpetual. In
witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands in
congress.
Do7ie fit PhUaMphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, the
9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in
the third year of the Irukfiendet^e of America^
NEW HATIIPSaiUE,
Josiah Bartlett,
John Wentworth, jun.
MAS-ilVfUrSETTS BAT.
John Hancock,
Samuel Adams,
Elbridge Gerry,
Francis Dana,
James Lovell,
Samuel Holten.
KUODE ISLAlfD, Sec.
William Ellery,
Henry Marchant,
John Collins.
CONMECTICX/T.
Roger Sherman.
Samuel Huntington,
Oliver Wolcott.
'J'itus Hosmev,
Andrew Adams.
KEW TORK.
Jas. Duane,
Fva. Lewis,
"Win. Duer,
GouA'. Slorris,
NEW JERSET.
Jno. Witherepoon,
Nath, Scudder.
TENXSTLVANIA.
Robt. Jlonis,
Daniel Roberdeau,
Jona. Bayard Smitli,
William Clingan,
Joseph Reed.
DELAWARE.
Thos. M'Kean,
John Dickinson,
Nicholas Van Dyke.
MAHTtAND.
John Hanson,
Daniel Carroll.
TIUGINIA.
Richard Henry Lee,
John Banister,
Thomas Adams,
Jno. Harvicj
Francis Lightfoot Lee.
NOHTH CAROIINA.
John I'enn,
Cons. Harnett,
Jno. Williams.
SOUTH CAnOLINA.
Henry Laurens,
William Heni'v Drayton.
Jno. Mathews,
Richard Hutson,
Thos, Heyward, jun.
GEOItGIA.
Jno. Walton, »
Edwd. Telfair,
Edwd. Langworthy.
CONSTITITION OF THE UNITED STATES.
WE, the people of the United States, in order to form
a more perfect union, establish justice, ensuie domestic
tranquillity, provide fur the common defence, promote
the genernl welfare, and secure the bii ssings of iibi7rty
tooursei' ■ and our posterity, do oidain and establish
this constitution for the United States of America.
AUriCLE I.— SECTION 1.
1. AH legislative powers herein granted, shall be
vested in a congress of the United States, which shall
ronsist of a senate and house of rejiresentatives.
SECTION 2.
1. The house of representatives shall be composed of
members ciosen every si cond yirar by the peop.e of the
severe; sta'es ; and the eh crovs in each slat; shall have
the qualitications requisite for eJectoi-s of tlie most nu-
merous biam h of the state legislature.
2. No person shall be a representative who shall not
have attained lo the age ol twenty-five jears, and been
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in
M hich he shall be chosen.
CONSTITUTION OF THK UNITEi* o ,
Z. llepieseiitatives and direct taxes shall be appor-
tioned among the several states which may be included
within this union, according to their respective num-
bers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
number of free persons, including those bound to sci^
vice for a terra of years, and excludinf; Indians not
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enu-
meration shall be made within three years after the first
meeting of the congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as
they shall by law direct. The number of representa-
tives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but
each state shall have at least one representative; and
nntil such enumeration shall be made, the state of Jfey
Hampshire shaU be entitled to choose three ; Massachu-
setts eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
one; Connecticut fiye ; NeivTork six; NcwJersei/ four;
Pennsylvania e'l^ht; Delaware one, Maryland sik; Vir-
ginia ten ; North Carolina five ; South Carolina five ;
and Georgia three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue
writs of election to fill such vacancies.
5. The house of representatives shall choose their
speaker and other oflicers, and shall have the sole power
, of impeachment.
SECTION 3.
1. Tlie senate of the United States sliall be composed
of two senators from each state, chosen by the leg:isla-
ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have
one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse-
quence of the first election, they shall be divided, as
equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the
- senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expir.i-
tion of the second year, of the second class at the expira-
tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex-
piration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen
every second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resigna-
tion or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of
any state, the executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature,
■\ynieh shall then fill snch vacancies.
3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have at-
tained to the age of thirty years, ana been nine years a
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for :yhich he shall
be chosen.
4. The vice president of the United States shall be
president of the seuate, but shall have no vote, unless
jhey be equally divided.
5. The senate shall chopse their other oflicers, and
also a president pro temporetSn the absence of the vice
S resident, or when he shall exercise the office of presi-
ent of the United States.
6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im-
peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall
be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the
United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside;
and no person shall be convicted without the concur-
rence of tw'j-thiids of the membei-s present.
7. Judgment in cas^s of impeachment shall not ex-
tend further than to re'iio% al from office, and disqualifi-
cation to hold and enjoy any oftice of honour, trust, or
profit, under the United States; but the partj- con-
victed shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indlK-
ntent) trial, judgment, and punishment, aceordinPio
SECTION 4.
1. Thetimss, places, and manner of holding elections
for senators and representatives, shal! he prescribed in
each state by the legislature thereof; but the congress
may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regula-
tions, except as to the places of choosing senators.
2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every
year, and such meeting shall beonthefirst Moiniay m
December, unless they shall by law appoint a different
day.
SECTION' 5.
1. EUtch house shall be the judge of the elections, re-
turns, and qualifications of its own uiem1>ers ; and a
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi-
ness ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to
day, and may be authorised to coinpti the attendance of
absent members, in such manner and under such penal-
ties as eaah house may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed-
ings, punish its membei's for disorderly behaviour, and,
with tne concurrence of t^vo-tlurds, expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such
parts as may in their .judgm?ni require secrcsy ; and the
yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any
question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those pre-
sent, be entered on the journal.
4. Neither house, during the session of congress,
shall, without the consent ofthe other, adjourn for more
than three da\ s, nor to any other place than that in
Vrhich the two'houses shall be sitting.
SECTION 6.
1. The senators and representatives shall receive a
compensation fortheir services, to be ascertained by law,
and paid out ol the treasury ofthe United Stales. They
shail,inallcases, except treason, felony, and breach of
the peace, be privileged from anest during their attend-
ance at the session of their respective houses, and in
going to or returning from the same ; and for any speech
or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in
any other place.
2. No senator or representative shall, dv"ing the lime
for which he was electetl, be appointed to any civil of-
fice under the authority of the United States, which
sliall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
shall have been increased, during such time; and no
person holding any office under the United States shall
be a member of either house duiing his continuance in
office.
SECTION 7.
■■ 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the
house of representatives ; but the senate may propose ot
concur with amendments, as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of re-
presentatives and the senate, shall, before it become a
law , be presented to the president ofthe United States ;
if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall re-
turn it, with his objections, to that house in which it
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at
large on their journal, and proceed to re-consider it.
If, after such re-consideration, two-thirds of that house
shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together
with the objections, to thf other house, by which it shall
likewise be re-cousidered, and if approved by two-thirds
of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such
cises, tlie votes of both houses shall be determined by-
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for
and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of
each house respectively. If any bill shall nut be re-
turned by the president within ten days (Sundays ex-
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the
same shall be a law in like raanner as if he had signed if,
unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its re-
turn, in which case it shaii not he a law.
3. Evei-y order, resolution, or vote, to which the con-
currence of the senate and house of representatives may
be necessaiy, (excejit on a question of adjournment,)
shall be presented to the president ot the United States;
and before the sa-ne shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or being disapproved by him, 'hall be repassed
by tAvo-thirds ofthe sf nate and house of representatives,
according to the rules and liuiitations pi'escribed m the
case of a bill.
SECTION S.
The congress shal! have powtr—
1. To lay and collect taxts, duties, imposts, aud ex-
cises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common de-
fence and general welfare ot the United States ; but all
duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform through-
out the United States:
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United
States :
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and
among the several states, and with the Indian tribes:
4. To establish a unifonn rule of naturalization, and
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout
the United States.
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and mea-
sures : J
6. To provide for the puiiishment of counterfeiting
the secunties and current coin of the United States :
7. To establish post offici s and post roads :
8. To_promote the progress of ■>cience and useful arts,
by securing, for limited times, to authors and invenloi-s,
the exclusive right «(i their respective writings and dis-
coveries ;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme
court : To define and punish piracies and felonies com-
mitted on the high seas, and offences against the law of
nations :
10. To de«lare war, grant letters of marque and re-
prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and
water :
11. To raise nnd support annies; but no appropria.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITKD STAl'ES.
tjon of money to that use shall be for a longer term than
two years:
12. To provide and maintain a nary :
IS. To make rules for t'le government and regulation
of the land and nava. forci s :
14. I'o provide foicaliiiif: forth the militia to execute
tlie aws of the union, suppress insureeciions, and repel
invasions :
15. To provide for organizing, arming, and disci-
plining the militia, and for governing;.sucli part of them
as may be employed in the service of the United States,
reserving to thi- states respectively, the a)ipointraent of
the officers, and !he aiithnrity of training the iniiitia ac-
cording to the discip.ia. prescribed by congress;
16. To exercise exe'usive legislation in all cases what-
soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles
square) as may, by ce\sion of particular states, and the
acceptance of congress, become the seat ol" government
of the United States, and to exercisi' like atithoiit) over
all places purchased, by the consent of the legisl.'tnre of
the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of
forts, magazines, ai'senals, dock-yiirds, and other need-
ful bui dings: — and,
17. To make a 1 laws which shall be necessary and
proper forcarrjing into execution the foreejoir.g powers,
and all other powers vi sted by this constitution in the
government of the United States, or in any dei)artraeuf
pr officer thereof.
SECTIOK 9.
1. The migration or importation of such persons as
any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad-
mit, shall not be prohibited by the congress pnor to the
year one thousand eight huntlred and eight, but a tax
or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex-
ceeding ten dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the wiit of habeas corpus shall
not be suspended, unh'ss when, in cases of rebellion or
invasion, the public safety may require it.
3. No bill 01 attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be
passed.
4. No capitation or other diiect tax shall lie laid, un-
less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein
before directed to be taken.
5. No tax or duty shall he laid on articles expoited
from any state. No preference shal 1 be given bj' any re-
gulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one
state over ihose of another : nor shall vessels bound to or
fhjin one state, br obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
in another.
6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in
oonsequcnce of appropriations made by law ; and a re-
gular statement and account of the receipts and exjien-
ditures of all public money shall be published from time
to time.
7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States, and no person holding any office of profit or
trust under them, shall, without the consent of the con-
gress, accept of any jiresent, emolument, office, or title
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or fo-
reign state.
SECTION 10.
1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin
money ; emit bills of credit ; m.ake any thing but gold
and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any
bill of attainder, ex post facto law. or law impairing the
obligation of contracts ; or grant any title ot nobility.
2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress,
lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except
■what may he absolutely necessary for executing its in-
spection laws ; and theneat produce of all duties and im-
posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be
}br the use of the treasury of the United States, and all
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of
the congress. No state shall, without the consent of
congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships
of war in time of peace, enter inlo any agreement or
compact with anothi'r state, or v/ith a foreign power, or
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im-
minent danger as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE Il.-SECTION 1.
1. The executive power shal i be ^rested in a president
of the United States of Ameiica. He shall hold his of-
fice during the term of four }-ears, and, together with
the vice president, chosen for' the same term, be elected
as follows:
2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the
legis'ature tliereof may direct, a number of electors,
equal to the whole number of senators and representa-
tives to which the state may be entitled in the congress ;
hut no senator or representative, or person holding an
office of trustor profit under the Urited States, sfaali
be appointed an elector.
3. The eleetore shall meet in their respective states,
and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least
shall not be an inhabitant of tlie same state with them'
selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons
voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which
list they shall sign and certify, and transmit Scaled to ihe
seat of the government of the United States, directed
to tlie president of the senate. The president of the
senate shall, in the presence of the senate, and house of
representatives, open all tlie certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest
number of votes shall be the president, if such number
be a majority of the whole nuinberof electors appointed ;
and if there be more than one who have such majority,
and have an equal number of votes, then the house cf
representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one
of them for president; and if no person have a ma-
jority, then, from the five highest on the list, tlie said
house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But,
in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by
states, the representation from each state having one
vote ; a quorun; for tliis purpose shall consist of a mem-
ber or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma-
jority of all tlie states shall be necessary to a choice. In
every case, alter the choice of the prt sideiit, the pt I'son
ba%iiig the greatest number of votes of the electors,
shall oe the vice president. But if there should re-
main two or more who have eqiiai votes, the senate
shall choose fro.n them, by ballot, the vice president.
4. The congress may determine the time of choosing-
the electors, and the day on which they shall give their
votts; which day shall be the same throughout the
United States. . ,
5. No person, except a natural bom citizen, or a citi-
zen of the United States at the time of the adoption of
this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of presi-
dent : neither shall any person be eligible to that otfice,
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five
years, and been fourteen years a resitlent within the
Unit' d States.
6. In CLise of the removal of the president from office,
or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de-
volve on the vice president, and the congress may, by
law, provide for the case of removal, death, resigna-
tion, or inability, both of the president and vice presi-
dent, declaiirg what officer shall then act as president,
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disabi-
lity be removed, or a president shall be eleated.
7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his
services a compensation, which shall neither be in-
creased nor diminished during the period for which he
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within
that period any otheremolument fiom the United States,
or any of them.
8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he
shall take the following oath or affirmation :
9. " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) tliat I will faitli-
fully execute the office of president of the United States,
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect,
and deieud, the constitution of the United SUtes."
SECTION 2.
The president shall be commander in chief of th<;
y and navy of the United States, and of the militia
oT?he several states, when called into the actual service
of the United States; he may require the opinion, in
writing, of the principal officer in each of the execiilive^
depaitnients, upon any subject relating to the duties of
their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant
reprieves and pardons for offences against the United
States, exct pt in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice ami
consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-
thirdsVif the senators present concur: and ht shall no-
minate, and. by and with the advice and consent fif the
senate, shall api>oint ambassadors, other public n.inis- '
teis and consul-, judges of the supreme court, and all tj
other officers of the United States, \viiose appointments ■
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall '
be established by law. But the congiess may, hy Jaw.
vest the appointment of sucii inferior officers as they
think proper, in th^ president alone, in the courts Of
law, or ill the heads of d' partmcnts. <
3. The president shall have pi)« er to fill up all vacan- 4
ciis that may happen during the rtcissof the senate, by
gran:ing commissions which shall expire at the end of
tht ir next session.
SECTION 3.
T. ilcsliallj from time to timc^ give to l^p congre '
COXSTiTUTiON UK lill-: UMiKD b i'ATES.
..liuniiation of the state of t!ie Union, a«(\ recommend
to their consideration such measures as he shall .i'ldije
necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary oc-
casions, convene both houses, or eilher oftheni, and,
in case of disafijreement I)etween them, with resp'^-ct to
tlie time of adjournment, he may adjourn them l<> such
time as he shafl ihi'ik projier; he sliall receive anibassa-
dors and other pulilic ministei-s; he shall take care tliat
the laws be faithfulU executed; and sliali commission all
the officers of the Ujiitc J States.
SKCTION 4.
1. The pi-csidfnt, vice president, and all civil ofilcers
of the United States, sliall be removed from oHice on
impeachment fur, and conviction of, ti-eason, bribery,
or other higrh crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III.-SEC TIOM 1.
1. The judicial power of the United States shall be
vesied in one supreme court, and in such infeiiur courts
as the coiif^ress may, from tune to time, ordain and
establish. The judt^es, botli of the su;)rHme and infe-
rior courts, sliall hold thtir ofti-jes during; eruod be-
liaviour; and shall, at stated times, rec»ive for tJieir ser-
vices a compensation \\hieh shall not be diuiiuislied
duTiiig their continuance in office.
SECT10>f 2.
1. 'Ihe judicial power shall extend to all cases in law
and equity, arising under tliis constitution, the laws of
the Unitecl States, and treaties made, or which sha:! be
made, under their authoiity: to all cases afr--ctiiip; am-
bassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to contro-
versies to which the United States shall be a party; to
controversies between two or more statis; between a
state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of
difterent states; between citizens of the same stale claim-
injj lands under grants of difftrent states ; and between a
state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens,
or subjects,
2. In all cases a.Tecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, a.;dthose in which a state shall be
a party, thesupremecourt sha'l haveoii.^inal jurisdic-
tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the su-
preme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to
law and fact, with such ^jxceptions, and under such re-
gulations, as the congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in eases of impeach-
ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in
tlie slate where the said crimes shall have been com-
mitted; but when not committed within any state, the
trial shall be at such placoor p'aces as the congress may
by law have directed.
SECTION- 3.
1. Treason against the United States shall consist only
in levying war against them, or in adhering fo their ene-
mies, giving them aid and comfiu't. No person shall be
convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit-
nesses to the same overt art, or on confession in open
court.
2. The congress shall have pov/ef to declare the pu-
nishment of treason; but nu attainder of treason shall
work corrii ption of blood, or forfeiture, except dining
the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV.— SECTIOV ].
1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to
tiie public' acts, records, and judicial proceedings of
every other state. And the congress may, by general
laws, pivscribe the manner in which such acts, records,
And proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect tliereof.
SECTION 2.
1. The citizens of each slate shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several
states.
2. A iierion charged in any state with treason, felon/,
or other crim-, who shall flee from justice, and he found
in another state, shall, on demand of the executive au-
thority of the slate from which he tied, be delivered up,to
be removed to the state having juvisdiction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labour in one state un-
der the laws thereof, escaping- into another, shall, in
consequence of any law or regulation thereiti, be- dis-
charged from such service or labour ; but shall be deli-
xered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
labour mav be due.
SECTION 3.
1. New states maybe admitted by the congress into
this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected
within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state
be formed by the junction of two or more states, or
parts of states, xvithout the consent of the legislatures
of thf- stai'es concerned, as well as of the coiigre's.
2. The congress shall have power to dispMe 6f^!)n,l
make all needful rules and regu'ations respectliig the
U;rritory or ether property belonging to the Unitid
States ; and nothing in this constitulion shall be so con-
strued as to prejudice any claims of thi- United Stales,
or of any particular state.
SECTION 4.
1. The Uuiifd States shall guaranty to e\-ej-j- stale iu
this union, a republican form of government, arul sliall
protect each of thim against invasion; and, on appli-
cat'oii of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the
legislature cannot be convent^d.) against domestic vio-
lence,
ARTICLE v.
1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to
this constitution ; or. on the application of tlie legisla-
tures of two-tliirds of the several states, shall call a cou-
vcntidii for proposing amendments, which, iti eitlier
case, shall he valid to all intr-nts and pui-poses, as pait
of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of
thre.'-fonit'is of the several states, or by conventions in
three-fouiths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ra-
tiliciiiion may he jiroposed by the congi^ess; provided,
that no amendment whicll' may be made prior to the
year one thousand eight hiu^dred and eight, shall in any
manner affict the tirsi atid fjuilh clauses in the ninth
section of the first article : Riid that no state, without its
consent, shall be deprived of its equal sufTrage in the
senate.
ARTICLE VI.
1," All debts contracted and eji.gageraents entered info,
before tlie adoption of this constitution, shall be .as valid
against the United States under this constitution, as un-
der the confederation.
2. This constitution, and lh?laws of the United States
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all trea-
ties made, or which shall be made, under the authority
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the
land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound
thereby; any thing in tiie constitution or laws of any
state to the contrary notwithstanding.
3. The senators and representatives before mentioned,
and the members of the several state legislatures, and
all executive and judicial ofiicei-s, both of the United
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath
or affirmation to support this constitution : but no reli-
gious test shall ever he required as a qualification to any
office or public trust under the United States.
ARTICLE Vir,
1. The ratification of ilie conventions of nine states
shall he suflicient f.ir the establishment of this constitu-
tion between the states so ratifying the same.
Done in convention, by Ihe unanimous consent of the
states present, the' seveiueenth day of September,
ill the year of our Lord one thosisaud seven hundred
and eighty-seven, and cf the Independence of the
United Slates of Auierica, the twelfth. In witness
w hereof, We have hereunto subscribed our names.
GEORGE WASHINGION,
President mid deputy from Virginia.
DF.LAWAHE.
George Read,
Gunning Hedford,jun.
John Dickinson,
Richard Bassett,
.lacob Broom.
.Tames M' Henry,
Danii'l of St. Iho. Jenifer,
Daniel Carroll.
riURIMA.
■Tuhn Riair.
J.imes Madison, jun,
NOHTII CAIlOHNii.
William Blount,
Richard Dobbs Spaiglit,
Hugh Williamson,
SOUTH CAROLINA.
.lohn Rutledge,
Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney,
Charles Pinckney,
I'ierce Butler.
GKOBGIA.
William Few,
Abraham Baldwin.
.1.1 AM JACKSON, Secretunj.
NEW KAMPSiURK,
.Tohn Langdon,
Nichidas tjilman.
■MASS\CHtJSK.TTS,
Nathaniel Ciorham,
K.ufus King.
COVXF.CTICUT.
William Samuel Johnson,
K.oger Shcripan.
^'HW yoiiK.
Alexander Hamilton.
PTKW .IKllSEV.
William Livingston,
David Brearly,
William Pattei-son,
Jonathan Dayton.
rfi.VXSVT.VANfA.
Benjamin Franklin,
Thomas MilBin,
Robert Morris,
George Clymcr,
Thomas Fitzsimons,
Jared Ingersoll,
James Wilson,
Governeur Monis.
Jrd:::'. ■\VII
ooxsrni. ,v. , ^/r MASSAOii-u^swrrs.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
Ar>. 1. Congress stiall make no !a-.v respecting an
establishment of religfion, or proliibitinp; the free exer-
cise thereof; or abriilo-ing the freedom of speech, or of
liie press ; or the ri^ht of the people peaceably to as-
semble, and to petition the g;overnnKiit for a redress of
grievances.
Art. 3. A well rcRii'atcd miiitia beitia: necessary to
tlie seeiirity o( a free state, the ri-^ht of the people to
keep and bear arms sha! I not be infrinced.
Art. 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be qnar-
tered in any house without the consent of the owner;
nor in time of war, bist in a manner to be prescribed by
]a>v.
Art. 4. The right of the peop'e to be sccr.re in their
persons, linages, papers, and effect,-, aj^-ainst unreason,
able searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no
warrants shall issue but upon probable caiise. sup])orted
by oath or affirmation, and particularly desefibi'ij^ the
place to be searched, aixd the persons or tilings to be
seized.
Art. 5. Xo person shall be held to answer for a capital
«v otherwise infamnis crime, unless on a presentment
or indictment of a Errand jc.rj-. <xeept in cases avisin,^
ill the land or naval iorces, or ili the mi'itia, when in ae-
tu.".l service, in time of war or public dimfjer ; nor shall
any person be subject for the same offtiice to be twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor sliall be compelled,
in any criminal case, to be a witness a2;ainst himstif,
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or properf)-. without
due process of law ; nor shall private proneily be taken
f.jr public use, without just compensation.
Art. 6. In all criminal prosecutions the aecused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an im-
partial jury of the state and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained bylaw, and to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation : to be con-
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have com-
pulsorj- process for obtainin,^ witnesses in his favour;
and to have the assistance of counsel fir his defence.
Art. 7. In suits at common law, wliere the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollar^ the viftht of
trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a
jury shall be otherwise re-examined inatiy coiu't of the
United States, than according to the rules of tlie com-
mon law.
Art. 8. Excessl-vT? bail shall not be rec|uired, nor ex-
cessive fines imposed, ncr cruel and unusual punish-
ments inflicted.
Art. 9. The enumeration in the constitution of cer-
tain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage
others retained by the people.
Art. 10. The powers not delegated to] the United
States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to tTip
statis, are reserved to the states respectively, ovlothe
people.
A'rt. 1 1. The judicial irower of the United States sliall
not be construed to extend to any stiitin law or equity,
commeiretd or prosi ciited agninst one o{ the United
Sotesby citizns of another state, or by citizens or snb-
JLX-ts of anv fbrei;::n state.
Art 13. § 1. The electors shall meet in their respec-
tive states, and vote by ballot for president and vice
jnesident, <ine of whom, at least, shall not be an inha-
bitant of the same state with themselvpt ; they shall
name in their ballots the person voted for as president,
;nnd in djitinct ballots the person voted for as vice pri'si-
dent; aifd thfy sh:iH nial^e distinct lists of all persons
voted for as president, and of ail persons voted for as
vice president, and of the number of votes for each,
which lists they shall sig;n ami certify, and transmit
sealed to the r.eat of the c:<>vernme)'.t of the Unitec".
S'ates, directed to the president of the senate; the pre-
sid'-nt f)f the senate shall, in the presence of the senate
aiid h;iuse of representatives, open all tlie certificates,
and the votes shnl! then be countiti; the person having
the grratest number of votes for president, shall be the
P'.esidenr, if such number be a majority of the Mhole
jinnihi-r of electors appointed: ami if no person have
sucli majority, then from the persons having the highest
numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted
ibr as president, the house of representatives sliall choose
immediately, by ballot, the president. But, in choosing
the pvesi;!enr. the votes shall be taken by states, the rc-
])resenialiou from eacli state having one vote; a quo-
rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem-
bers from f.vo-thi!v!3 of the states, and a majority of all
tlie states siiall he necessary to a choice. And \l the
house of representatiies shall not choose a presi'dent
whenever tiie rii-ht of choice shall devolve upon them,
before the fourth day of March next following, then the
^•iee president shall act as prcsiijent, as in the case of the
death or other constitutional disability of the president.
2. The iierson having the greatest number of voles as
vice president, shall be the vice president, if such num-
ber l>e a majority of the whole n+iraber of elec<ors ap-
poiriti d ; and if no person have a majoiity, then from
tlie two highest numbers on the list, the senate sliaU
choose the vice president: a quorum for the pui-pose
shall eovsist of two-tliirds of the whole number of se-
nators, and a majoiity of the whole number shall he ne-
cessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the
ofHce of president, shall he eligible to that of vice pre?
sidcnt of tlic United btates.
CONSTITUTIOjST of MASSACHUSETTS,
vi constitution, or frani? of i^ovfiriimcnt, a^ reed
upon by tJic delegates of tlie people of 'Jlas-
sachiisells liav^ in convention, begtui and
held at Cambridge, on the first of September,
1779, and continued, by adjournment, to the
second of JMarc/i, 1 780.
PREAMBLE.
THE eiKl of the iiislitiitlon, maintenance, and admi-
nistration of government, is to secure the existent-e of
the body politic, to ];rotect it, and to furnish the indivi-
duals who compose it, with the power of rnjoyiiig, in
safetj' and tranquillity, their natural rights and the
blessings of life : and whenever these great objects are
not obtained, the people have a right to alter the govern-
ment, and to take measures necessary for their safety,
prosperity, and happiness.
The body politic is fornied bv a vcluntary afsneialion
of individuals. It is a social compact, by whith tliC
whole people covenants witli each citizen,andeaeh citi-
zen with fhe whole people, that all shall i»e governed
by Certain laws for the common good. 11 is the duty of
the people ibeivfore, i:i framing a constitution of go-
vernment, to provide for an e<|uilal)!e mode of making
lav.s. as well as for an impartial interpretation and a
faithful txecution of them ; that every man may, at all
times, find his security in ihejn.
We, therefrtre, the people of Massachusetts, acknow-
ledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Great
Legislator of the universe, in affording us. in the course
of his providence, an opportunity, deliberately and
pcacfiably, without fraud, violence, or surprise, of en-
tering into an original, expiicit, and solemn compact
M itii each other ; ami of forming a new constitution of
civil government, for otii-selvcs and posterity; and_ de-
voutly imploring his direction in so interesting a design,
do agree upon, ordain, and establish, the following de-
claration of rights and frame of government, as the con-
stitution of thi- commoinveahh of ATassnchusetts.
CONSllTLTlOX OF MASSACHLbtll 1
TAUT 1.
w lion tlieir protection, salvi'.y, piwpv i ay, and liavpir.i - ,
renuiwit. .
8. In t.iilerto jiievetit tliose vlio are vested «ith av-
•il Deciaralion of IlisrhtS of the inhabiU.n'.S of thoiiiy iVom becoicinK oppitssois, ihe iieoi)le have a
thfi Commonio^nhk of \Tas^achusetis "i-'^'' ^t stich jieriods aim lu «iich manner a> they shail
lilt. LOmmomoeaUll OJ ^uassacnusuis. t«,Wiili by the ft-amc of Rovemment, to cause tlitu"
All mci> are born free and equal , and have P'- h ic officers to return to private life : a''^ to Wi ui>
tura;, essential, and unalienahle ri-h.s : vaca-.it places by certam m.d regular elteUons ai:d ai-
Article 1.
ferlain, iiatur , , ,
-itaiong which maybe reckoned the rislit of eiijoyiiiij pointnienls. ,..!.<• . „„ i .11 ,i„. :. i«v.-
^ ■ .'';o„ >: , ' ,• . , ,•■ ^.: . .'^v.. .£• A.:..:.? 9. AM elections ought to be f.-ce; and all the iiiliah;-
taiits of this coninion\\caUh, having such <jualificati;n,s
as tlicy shall tstabliOi by their frame of governmen!.
and defending then- lives and lilnrties ; that of acqiiir-
int;, posiessiiif, and protecting pro])evty : in fine, that
of seekitig and obtaining theij' safety afid happiness.
2. It is the right, as well as the duty, of ail men in so-
ciety, \)ublicly and at stated seasons, to worship the Su-
j)reme Being, the Great Cieator and Preserver of the
universe. And no subject shall be hurt, nioiested, or
have an equal right to electoiHcers, and to be elected fer
public employments.
10. Each individual of the society has a right to be
pnnecU'd by it, in the er.ioyuienl of his life, liberty.
.restrained, in liis person, liberty, or estate, for wor- and properly, acconlin<r to the standing l.t\\s. He is
shipping God in the manner ami seasons most agreeable obliged, consequei.tiy, to contriluite Ins suaie to .lie t\-
lo Sie dictates of his own conscience ; or for hisieligious peiiseof this protection; to give his i.e-isonal service, or
i.rofession or sentiments ; provided he doth not disuirb an equivnicnt, rtheii necessary. I.ut no p.ut ot tne
the public pence, or obsuuct others in their religious prr.perty of any individual car. witli justrce, btf isken
worship IVom him, or ajiplied to the public use, Mithout his own
to promote their happiness, and to secure the good or- to puhnc uses, he shall receive a ivasonab.e con.pt iisa-
der and preservation oftheir government, the people of tioii then for. ,.. ^ j
this eommonwe«!th have a right to invest their legisla- H. Every sub.iect of the commonwi a.lh ought to lind
ture with power to authorise and reqiiii e, and the legiv a certain remedy, by having recourse to tlie L^w s, lor all
iaturc shall, from time to time, authorise and re<iuire the injuiit^ or vv rungs « Inch he may receive, in Ins peisop,
several towns, parishe^s, precincts.and other bodies po!i- propertv, or character. He "Ught to obtain ngbl ana
tic, or religious societies, to make suitable piovision, at justice heely, ai'd without benig obliged to purcl!a:,K it
their own expense, for the institution of the public wor- —completely, and without any denial— promptiy, and
ship of God, and for the support and maintenance of without delay— conformably to tJie laws.
public protestant teachers of piety, re!igio!i,and morali- 12. No person shall he held to answer for any crime oi-
ty, in all cases, whei-e such provision sjiall not be made offence, until the same is fully and p cin.y, substantiahy
voluntarily. and formally, desciibed to him ; or be compehed toac-
AII the peopleof the commonwertlth havcalso a right cuse or fuHiish eviih nee against himself. And every
to, and do, invest their legislature n iih authority to en- J>erson siiall liave a right to produce a.. prooJs tnat uy.y
join upon all the subjects an attenilnnce upon the in- i!*-- favourable to him; to meet the- witnesses agauiit
structions of the puhllc teachers, as aforesaid, at stated him, face to face, ar.d be iuliy heard ni his di teiice, by
times and seasons, if there be anv one w hose instructions himself, oi- his counsel, at ins election. And no person
Light of electing their public teachers, and of eoiitrnct- or the law of the land. . , „
ing with them for their supuoit and n:aintenance. And the legislature shall not make any law that sliaj
All moneys paid hv the subject to the support of pub- subject any person to a capita! or lutamous punishment
lie worship,' and of the pubic teachei-s aforesaid, shall, (e^ceptiIlg i-r the government ot the army and nav^}
if he require it, be uniformly applied to the support of wi'hctit trial by jury. -c •
ihe public teacher or traehers of his own religious s(-ct 13. In ciiniiiial jirosecutions the venficition of facts,
or denomination, providid there be anv, on whose in- in Die viciiiily v hei-e tliej hajipen, is one of the greatest
structions he attends, otlierw ise it may be paid towards SLCurilies ef the life, liberty, and property ot the citizea.
the si-pport of the teaclier or teachers ot tlie parish or 1 1. Every person lias a right to be secure from all un-
pieciiict in wh'cli the said moneys are raised. i-e.tsoni'ble searches and seizures of his pei-son, his houses.
And every denomination of "Christians, dtmeairing his papers, and all his possessions. All warrants, there-
themselves peaceably, and as good subjects of the com- fore, are contrary to this right, if the cause or (bundaiion
monwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the of them be not previously supjiorted by oath or afTii-iua-
law ; andnosuboi-dina'ionofany sect or denomination tion; and if the order, in a warrant to a civil officer, to
to another shall ewr be established by law. make search in all suspectttl places, or to arrest one or
4. The people of this commonwealth have the sole more suspected persons, or to seize their property, be
and e\c!usive right of governing themselv-es, as a free, not accompanied with a special designation of the per-
sovereign, and independent state: and do, and for ever sons or objects of search, arrest, or seizure. And no
hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, juris- warrant ought to be issued but in such cases, and with
diction, and right, which is not.or niavTiot hei-enfier be, the formalities prescribed by the laws.
bv them expressly delegated to the United States of IS. In all controversies concerning property, and in
America in congtess assembletk all suits betweiii two or more jiei-sons, (except in cases in
5. All pow er residing originally in the people, and which it has heretofore been otherwise used and prac-
being derived from tliem, the several inagiilrates and tised)the parties have a right to a trial by a jury; and
officers of government vested with authority, whether this method of procedure shall be held sacred;— unless,
legislative, executive, or judicial, are their substitutes in cases arising on the high seas, and such as relate to
and agents, and are at all times accountable to them. mariners' wages, the legislatureshall hereafter fiud-it ne-
6. No man,or cprpoi-ation,orassoeiat':onof inen,have cessan- to alter it.
any other UJle to obtain advantages, or jtarticular and 16. The liberty of the press is essential to security of
exclusive privileges, distinct from tliose of t!ie commu- ft-cedom in a slate ; it ought not therefore, to be le-
nity, than what arises I'roiii the consideration of services strained in this conimonweaUh.
i-emlered to the public. And ihis title, being, in nature, 1 7. The people have a right to keep and to bear arms
neither herc-ditary nor transmissible to children, or de- for the common defence. And as, in time ef peace, ai--
sccndants, or relations of blood, the idea of a man boi-n mies.iredangerous to liberty, they ought not to be inaiii-
H magisu-ate, lawgiver, or judge, is absurd and unn?.- t;iin<d, without the consent of the lepslature: ami the
tural. military power shall alwa) s be held m exact siihordina-
7. Government is instituted for the common good; tion to the civil authority,'and be governed by it.
for the protection, safety, prosperity, and happiness of 13. A frequent recurrence to tlie fundamental princi-
the people: and not for the profit, honour, or private pits of the constitution, ixi'A a constant adherence to
intere-st of any oKe man, family, or any ore class of men. those of piet)', justice, moderation, temperance, indus-
T'herefore, tlie people alone liave an 'incoun-stible, un- tiT, and frugality, are absolutely iiecessju-y to preserre
alienable, and indefeasible right to institute govei-n- the advantages of liberty, and to maintain a free j^o-
iU^.-nt, and 10 rffurm. !>!ter, or totsllv change the sin:.-, vernnient. Tin- peoj):e ought, conseq'jeutly, (o bi^c- *
COXSTITUTiOxN OF .MASSACHUSETTS.
pai'liculav attention to all those principles, in the choice
of their officers and representatives ; and ilieyhave a
rji^ht to require of their lawgivers and magistrates, an
exact and constant observance of (hem, in the formation
and execution of ail laws necessarj for the good admi-
nistration of the coinmonwealtli.
V). riie people have a right, in an orderly and peace-
able manner, to assemble to consult upon tlie common
good; ^ve instructions to their representatives; and to
request of the legislative body, by the way of addresses,
liPlitions, or remonstrances, redress of the wrongs done
them, and of the grievances they suSlr.
20. The power of suspending the laws, or the exe-
cution of tiie laws, ongtit never to be exercised but by
the legislature; or by authority derived from it, to be
exercised in such paiticiilar cases only as the legislature
shall expressly provide for.
21. The freedom of deliberation^ speech, and debate,
in either house of the legislature, is so essential to the
rights of the people, that it cannot be the foiimiation of
any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in
any other court or place whatsoever.
22. The legislature otight frequently to assemble, fur
the redress of grievances, for correcting, strengthening-,
and confirming the laws, and for making new laws, as
the common good may require.
23. No subsidy, charge, tax, impost, or duties, ought
to be established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pre-
text whatever, without the consent of the people, or
their representatives in the legislature.
24. Laws made to punish for actions done before the
existence of such laws, and which have not been de-
clared crimes by preceding laws, are unjust, oppressi\ e,
and inconsistent with the fundamental principles of a
fi-ee government.
25. No person ought, in any case, or in any time, to be
declared guilty of treason or felony by the legislature.
25. No magistrate, or court of law, shall demand ex-
cessive bail or sureties, impose excessive fines, or inilict
cruel or unusual punishments.
27. In time of peace, no soldier ought to be quartered
in any house, without the consent of the owner; and in
time of war, such quarters ought not to be made, but by
the civil magistrate, in manner ordaLued by the legisla-
ture.
23. No pei-son can, in any case, be subjected to law
martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that
law (except those employed in the army or navy, and
except the militia in actual service,) but by the authority
of the legislature.
29. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of
every individual, his life, liberty, property, and charac-
ter, that there be an impartial interin-etation of the laws,
and administration of justice. It is the right of every
citizen to be tried by judges as free, impartial, and inde-
pendent, as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, there-
fore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the
rightsof the people, and of ever)- citizen, that the judges
di' the supreme judicial courts should hold their offices
as long as they behave themselves well; and that they
should have honourable salaries, ascertained and esta-
blislicd by standing laws.
30. In the government of this commonwealth, the le-
gislative department shall never exercise the CKecutive
and judicial powei-s, or either of them : the executive
shall never exercise the legislative and judicial powers,
or either of them : the judicial shall never exercise the
legislative and executive powers, or either of them : to
the end that it may be a government of laws, and not of
men.
PART 2.
FRAME OF GOTERNMEXT.
The people inhabiting the territory formerly called
the province of Massachusetts Bay, do hereby solemnly
and mutually agree with each other to form themselves
into a free, sovereign, and independent body politic, or
state, by the name o{—The Comntonneallh of' Massachu-
setts.
CHAP. 1. — SECTIOX 1,
THE LEGISLATIVE POWER.
The Genernl Courl.
Article 3. The department of legislation shall be
formed by two branches, a senate and house of re))re-
sentatives : each of which shall have a negative on the
other.
The legislative body shall assemble every yea)', on the
last Wednesday of May, and at such other times as they
shall judge necessaiy ; and shall dissolve and be dis-
solved on the day next preceding the said last Wednes-
day in May; and shall be styled. The Ceiieral Court of
Massachiiselts.
2. No bill or resolve of the senate or house of repie-
sentaiives shall become a law, and have fo.'ce as such,
until it shall have been laid before the governor for his
revisal ; and if he, upon such revision, approve thereof,
he sliall signify his approbation by signing the same.
But, if he liave any objection to the passing of such bill
or resolve, he sl^^ll retuVn the same, together with liis ob-
jections tliereto, in writing, to the senate or house of
representatives, in whichsot\ er the same shall have ori-
ginated ; who shall enter the objections sent dow n by
the governor, at large on their records, and pi-oePtfd,to
reconsider the said bill or resolve : but i^ after such re-
consideration, two-thirds of the said senate or house of
reprcseiitatives, shall, notwithstanding the said objec-
tions, agree to pass the same, it shall, together with the
objections, be sent lo theother branch of the legislature,
where it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved by
two-third of the members present, it shall hai e the force
of a law : but in all such cast s the votes of both houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names
of the persons voting for or against the said bill or re-
solve, shall be entered upon the publick records of the
commonwealth.
And, in order to prevent unnecessarj^ delays, if any
bill or resolve shall not be returned by the governor
within fire days after it shall have been presented, the
same shall have the force of a law.
3. The general court shall for ever have full power
and authority to erect and constitute judicatories, and
courts of record, or other courts, to be held in the name
of the commonwealth, for the hearing, trjing, and de-
termining of all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, pi-o-
cesses, plaints, actions, matters, causes, and things,
whatsoever, arising or happening within the coninioiL-
wealth, or between or concerning persons inhabiting or
residing, or brought within the same : whether the same
be criminal or ci^il ; or whether the said crimes be ca-
pital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real,
personal, or mixed; and for the aw aiding and making
out of execution thereupon: to v.hich courts and ju-
dicatories, are hereby given and granted full power and
authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or af-
finnations, for the better discovery of truth in any mat-
ter in controvei-sy or depending before them.
4. And further, full power and authority are hereby
given and granted to the said general court, from time
to time, to make, ordain, and establish, all manner of
wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, and or-
dinances, directions, and instructions, either with penal-
ties or without, (so as the same be not repugnant or con-
trary to this constitution,) as they shall judge to be for
the good and welfare of this commonwealth, and for the
government and ordering thereof, and of the citizens of
the same, and for the necessary support and defence of
tlie government thereof : and to name and settle annu-
al!}-, or provide by fixed laws for the naming andsettling
all civil officers, within the said commonwealth, the elee*-
tion and constitution of wliom are not hereafter, in this
form of government, otherwise provided ibr : and to set
forth the several duties, powers, and limits of the several
civil and militai-j- officers of this commonwealth, and
the forms of such oaths or affirmations shall be respec-
tively administered unto them for the execution of their
several offices and places, so as the same be not repug-
nant or contrary to this constitution ; and to impose and
levy proportional and ivasonable assessments, rates, and
taxes, upon all the inhabitants of, and pei-sons resident,
and estates lying within the said commonwealth ; and
also to impose and levy reasonable duties and excises
upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandises, and
commodities whatsoever, broiightinto, produced, manu-
factui-ed, or being within the same ; to be issued and
disposed of by warrant under the hand of the governor
of this commonwealth for the time being, with the ad-
vice and consent of the council, for the public service, in
the necessarj' defence and support of the government of
the said commonwealth, and the protection and preser-
vation of the citizens thereof, according to such acts as
are, or shall be in force within the sarfte.
And v.hile the public charges of government, or any
part thereof, shall be assessed on polls and estates in the
manner that has liitherto been practised ; in order that
such assessments maybe made with equality, there shall
be a valuation of estates within the commonwealth ta-
ken anew once in every ten years, at the least, and n«
r.iuch oftener as the general court ihallovdi-r.
CONSTITUTION OF AIASSACILUSET IS.
where tlioy shall he assessed, ami bo iiolified of ihe place
of mfetini?, by the selcctmtu of iho town, where they
shall be asse 'ssul, for that puipi>se, acccniinijly.
3, And that tht re may bea due conxeutK.n of stnators
... - ,, ,. ■ „.„,;,_„ summons to SUCH pi .» , , ,
Dito which the commoiiwealth niaj liom lime to timt ^^^^ majoruy of votes to attend on that day aud
be divided by the general court for that purpose. And ^y^^^ ^^J ^^ aecoidinely : providttl, nevertheless, that, ibi
the general court, in assigning tlie ntimbei-s to be e.eet- ^j^^, Jj..^^ ^^^, ^'^^g^.^]^ n turned cupies shall be exaininfl
ed by the representative districts, shall govern tliem- . ^^'^^ ,„v>iident and five of tht- eouucil of the former
selvfs by the proportion of the public taxes paid by the g,';„s,„ ' ;„„ ,iigo>crnment: and the said pres"'dentsha!i,
saiddistricts;andtinielyiri!»keknov.'ntothemhalntaiils jjj ijjjg „ia„uer isr,
of the commonwealth, the lijiiits of each district.and the ^.[^.pj^.j dj^f ,|j(.'y ^.^y ^
number of counsellors and senators to be chosen there- Thi' st<intesh-ill hi
ccmstuutionoigovt-
• ills summons to the persons so
_ ' take their seals as afbr* said.
:- - -.- -r- ., , r i. .• , v.c =1 all im - The senateshallV the final judge of t!ie elections
in: provided that the number of such districts shall I'e j.^.,,,.,,, and niia'ifieatiiMis of tlieir own members, as
never less than thirteen ; and that no distticl be so large „^,i„tj.j out in the constitution ; and shall, on the said
as to entitle the same to choose more than six senators. {^^^ Wednesdav in Mav, annually, determine and de-
And the several counties in this commonwealth shall, ^^^„^ ^^.|^^ ^^.^ eleeted by each district, to be senators, by
until the general court shall determine it necessary to j, ;,,„jo,.ijyof votes- and in case there shall not appear to
alter the said districts, be districts to.- tlioice of counsel- . ^ ^'jJ^ fj,|, mimijer of scrators returned, elected by a
los-s and senators, (except that the counnes ot Dukes- „aj„,.i,*f votes for any district, the deficiency shall be
county aiirt Nantucket shah form one district lor that supolicd in the following manner, viz. The members of
purpose,) and shall elect the following numberforeouu- ,!,J.'h„„se of representatives, and such senators as shall
sellors and senators, viz, j^i^. declared elected, shall lake the names of such per-
Suttblk SIX I \ork two ^^^^^ ^^ ^^j^j, ^^ j-y^nj ^o have the highest number of
Essex SIX I Diikcs-conntyand7 one votes in such district, and not elected, amounting to
Middlesex nve Nantucket 3 twice the nninljcr of senators wanting, if tliere be so
Hampshire four j Worcester Jive ni-,„y ^otcd for; and out of these shall elect, by ballot,
Plymouth tln-ee I Cumberland one „ „u,„i„.j.ofsj.na,o,.s sumeient to fill up the vacancie,iu
Uamstable one J-'nt^o n one ^^.^ district; and in tliis manner all such vacancies shall
Bristol three I Uerksliirc two j,^ cut-tj •„, tvery district of tlte commonwealth; and, m
2. The senate shall be the first branch of ihe Irgisla- like manner, all vacancies in the senate, arising by
ture; and the senators shall be chosen in the following death, removal out of the state, or otherwise, shall be
manner, viz. There shall be a meeting on the first Jlon- supplied as soon as maybe, after such vacancies shall
day in April, annually, for ever, of the inhabitants of happen:—
each town of the several counties of this commonwealth; 5. Piovided, nevertheless, that no person shall be en.-
to be called by the select men, and warned in due course pable of being elected as a senator, who is not seized in
of law, at least seven days before the fti-st Monday in iils own right of a freehold within this commonwealth of
April, for the purpose of electing persons to be senators the value of three hundred ])Ouiuls at least, or possessed
and counsellors. And at such meetings every male in- of personal estate to the value of six hundred pounds at
habitant, of twenty-one years and upwards, having a least, or of both to the amount of the same sum ; and
freehold estate within the commonwealth of the anntjal w'ho has i>ot been an inhabitant of this commonwealth
incomeofthreepounds,or any estate of tbe value of si\- for the space of five years immediately preceding his
ty pounds, shall have a right to give in his vote for the election ; and at the time of his election he shall be an
senators for the district of which he is an inhabitant, inhabitant in the district for which he shall be chosen.
And to remove all doubts concerning the word "inhabi- 6, The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves,
tant" in this constitution, every person shall be consider- provided such adjournments do not exceed two days at
ed as an inhabitant (for the purpose of electing and be- a time.
ing elected into any office or place within this state) in 7. The senate shall choose its own president, appoint
that town, district,'or plantation, where lie dweiicth or its own officers, and determine its ov> n rules of proceed-
hath his home. , ings.
The selectmen of the several towns shall preside at g. The senate shall he a court wiili full authority to
such meetings impailially; and shall receive the votes hearand deterniineallimpeaclunentsinade by thehouse
of all theinhabitantsofsuchtownsjprrscntandqualified of representatives, .igainst any ofiicer or officers of the
to vote for senators; and shall sort and count them in commonwealth, for misconduct and inaleadministratiou
open town meeting, and, in presence of the town cicrk, ^^ tlieir offices. But, previous to the trial of every im-
who shall make a fair record, in presence of the select- pcachmeut, the rnembersof thesenate shall i-especiivcly
men, and in open town meeting, of the name of evei^ be sworn, truly and inipaniaily to try and determine
person voted fur, and of the numbir of votes against his the cliarge in qinslion, according to evidence. Their
name • and a fair copy of this record shall be attested by judgment, however,shali not extend further, than to re-
the selectmen and the town clerk, and shall be sealed moval from office, and disqualificaiion to hold or enjoy
up, directed to the secretary of the commonwealth for anyplace of honour, trnst,or profit, under this common'
the time being, with a superscription, e:<pressing the wealth: but the party so convicted shall be, neverthe-
purports of the contents thereof, and delivtTcd by the Uss, liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish-
town clerk of such town to the sherifi'ijf the county in nitnt. accord#ig to the laws of il'ie land.
which such town lies, thirty days at least before the last 9. Not less ttiari sixteen members of the senate shall
Wednesd.ty in May, annually; or it shall be delivered constitute a tjuorum for doing business.
into the secretary's ofRco seventeen days at least before
the said last Wednesilay in May ; and the sheriff of each CHAP. 1. SECTION 3.
county shall deliver all such certificates by him received
into the secretary-s ofiice,seventeen days before the said JIouss of lic'ircscntctivcs.
last Wednesday in May. ' •' / ."
And the inhabitants of plantations unincorporated. Article 1. There sha.l he, m the legislature of this
(qualified as this constitution provides.) w ho are or shall eeminonwealth, a representation nf the people, annually
be empowered and required to assess taxes upon them- elected, and founded upon the pi ineiple of equality,
selves, toward the support of government, shall have 2. And in order to piovulc for a representation of the
the same privilege ofvoting for counsellors and senators citizins of this commonwealth, foui.ded on the princi-
in the plantations where they reside, as town inhabi- pies of equality, every corporate town containing one
tants have in their respective towns ; and the plantation hundred and fifty rateable polls, ninj- tlect one repre-
meetings for that purpose shall be held annually on the sentativc : every coqiorale town containing three hun-
same first Monday in April, at such place in th.e planta- dred and seve'ity-five rateable polls, may elect two re-
tions respectively as the assessors thereof shall direct ; presentativts : evei-y corporate town containing six hun-
which assessoi-s shall have like authority for notifying dred rateable polls, n.ay elect ihrc'c representatives ; and
the electors, collecting and returning the votes, as' the proceeding in that manner, making two hundred and
selectmen and town elerks have in their several towns, twenty-five rateable polls the mean increasing raimbef
by this constitution; and .all other persons living in for cvei7 additional representative :
places tuiincorporated, (qualified as aforesaid,) who shall Provided, nevertheless, that each town now ineorpo-
be assessed to the support of government by the assess- rated, not having one hundred and fifty rateable polls,
ors of an adjacent town, shall have the privilege of giv- may elect one representative. But no place shall licre-
nig in iheirvotes for counsellors and senators in the town alter be incorporated with the privilege of electing a re-
i^OXS'iiTUiiU^ OF MX^SACnVbEiiS.
pvosc-atative, unless tliore are, ■wilhin tlie same, one lueof one tlioiisand pounds; and unless he slialUkciiirc
luindred and fifty lateabje polls. liiniself to be of the Ciiiiitian it lis'ion.
And the house of represjntntivps shall liave power, 3. Those persons vvh<> shall be qiiaiihed to vote for se-
fvom ijme to time, to impuse fines upon such towns as nators and reprcsematives, within the several towns of
" use and return members to the same, this commonwealth, shall, at a meeting to be callcil tor
shall neglect to choo
r;gi-eeably to this constitution-
that purpose, on the fust Monday of April, annually.
he can, in the judguient of the house, and docs not d^- and formalist of the perSDiis voted h;!-, wilh the »i>'nj''Yi
part without leave. ef votes for each person, against li:s name, and shall
3. Every member of the hoi;sc of repnsentntives shall make a fair record of the same in the town books, and ii
town he shall be chosen to represent, or any ra'.eable at least before the last Wednesday in May: and the she-
estate, to the value of two hniidred pounds; arid he shall vitf shall transmit the same to the secretnyy s ofhce se-
cease to represent the said town immL-diatel-r on his veuteen days at least before the said last \Adnesilay in
eeasing to be qualified as aforesaid. ' May ; or the selectmen may cause returns of thesame to
4. Every male person (being twenty-one years of ape, be made to the office of the secreiaiy o. the eommoii-
and resident of any particular town in this common- wealth, seventeen days .at least betore the said day ; ami
wea!lh,f<;r the space of one year next precedingl having llie secretary shall lay the same before the senate and
P. freehold est;ite within the same town, of lUc aifeual in- bouse of representatives on the last Wwinesday m Mav,
come ef three pounds, or any estate of the vaUie of sixty to he by thtn, examined : and in case of an election bv a
iiounds, shall have a right to vole in the choice of a re- majorily of all the votes returned, the choice shall be hy
inestntative, or representatives, for the said'town. them declared and pubiished. But if no i>erson shall
- The members ofthe house of representatives shall have a majority of votes, the house of i-epresentatives
l:y tiietr., shar. De her.rrt and tnen i>j
7. Ail money bills shall ori,q;inaie in the house of re
jiresentatives : but the senate may propose or concur
wilh amendments, as on other bills.
8. 'l"he lioiise of representatives shall have power to
w ho shall be (ieclared (rovirnor.
4, 'I'he governor shall have authority fiora time to
time, at his discretion, to assemble and call together tiir
connseilors of this cominonwealth for the time lioing:
s. 1 he house oi representatives s>iaii liave power to v>iiui=< ■iv'.> «. ....> v.„.. ......... ^. ..- ■---- - ---o
adiotirn themselves; provided such adjounimeut shall and the governor, with the sa.d eouRsellors, oil; »;«<>.
not exceed two days at a time. them at leastjShall, ami may from time to t me, ho.d a d
9. Not less than sixty members of the house of rcpre- kecpa council, fortheordering and d:recting the affa s
ntatives shall constitute a quorum fordoing business, of the commonvvealth, agreeably to the consutution and
repres!n(ati^>■s shall he the judge of the laws of the land.
IS, and nualilicalion (.fits own mem- *• T'if goveruor, with the ad>.cc of coi
:t in the constilotion ; shall choose have lull power and authority, during the se
council, shall
ssion of the
ssntativt
30. The house of r
the returns, elections,
bers, as pointed out
thci
tie
house.
t*i!!iUy of iUsrtTpi'cV7o\h7lio"iscrb^":'">>y «^is"n^^^^^^^^ ^"^"' '"'"^ ^P time, not exceeding ninety days in any one
contemptuous behaviour in its presence; or who, in" the recess ; and to call u together s-joner than the time to
or who shall assault or arrest any w itness, or other per.
son, ordered to attend the house, in his way in going or
ivturniiig; or who shall leicue any person arrested by
the order of the hnuse.
And no member of the house of representatives shall
any cause happening, whereby danger may arise to the
health or lives of the members,' from their at tendance, he
may direct the session to be held at some other of the
iijost convenient places w ithin the state.
And the governor shall dissolve the said general toint
And noniemuer 01 tnenouse oi represeniauves snaii -■;"' v'^ "-^ — ," — ,. ■ \ -.i- T ■ \t
h- anvsted or held to bail on mesne prociss, during his on tlie day r.extprecedmg the ast ^^ td.usda} m Maj .
I'ointr into, returniug from,Oi'i:is attending to the gent- .6; I" ta^es ol disagreement between the two houses,
ral assembly «> ' t. » ^..^^,1 1-..^,.,,.,] to the necessity, f xpcdienc)-, cr time of ai.-
1 \. The senate shall have the same powers in the like journmcnt.or proregation, the governor, with advice of
CH\1* '^ SFCTIO.V 1 txi>el,andpursue, byforceof arms, as wellby seaas by
,.,,", TT'i'w.rx, T.,^,.7T^r. hnid, wiar.norwithouttheliniitscfthiscommnnwialih;
};\i-jLV ll\ kj I'OW'tjK. ;,,„1 aUo to kill slay, and destruy, if necessary, and con •
f '■■ffrnnr qucr, by all fitting ways, enterprises, and means, wha!-
ijO^einO) , soever, all and every such pei-son or persons, as shall at
Article I. There shall be a supreme executive mag'is- any time hereafter, "in ahnsliie nianner, attempt oren-
Irate, who shall be styled, the Gowrvor of the Common- terprise the destruction, invasion, detriment, or annoy-
ivcalthot' Massuchusctts ; and v.hose title shall be. His ance of this commonwealth ; and to use and exercise,
ZxcelUnci/, <;vcr the army and navy, ai.d over the imlnia in actual
2 The" governor shall be chosen annually ; and no service, the law martial, in time of w ar or invasion,
nerson shad be eligible to this office, niiless, at the time and also in time of rebellion, (declared by the legislatun:
of his election, he shall have been .tii inhabitant of this to exist,) as occasion shall necessarily retiune ; and to
commonwealth for seven 5 eai-s next preceding ; and iiii- lake and surjirise, by all w ays and means w haisoever,
less l;e shall, at the same time, he seized, in his ow n all and every such person dr persons (with tlieii- ships,
j-i-'ht, of a freehold within the commonwealth of the va- r'rms, ainirmnitiopj.aiid goods; as •djalljiu a h.csule m:u.
CONSriTUTiOX OF ilASSACIiUS.'L i i o.
Tier, invaile, or auempt tiie in va>Iii>!r< conquering, or an- j)ropcrty whatever, under thciv rare rcsi)cetiveiy ; (li;-
iio) ing this commomveaUJi : and tlmt the governor bt tinoiiisiiiiiK the quanuty, uiimlx r, quality, and land of
•-ntius!. (t with all 4hese and other jmwers incident to lath, a> particularly as may be ; toi,'ethir with the eon-
tlieofncesol' vaptKin general, and coiriinandtr in cbicf, dilion of" such iiirts an J Rarfisoiis. And I'ae said com-
aird admiral, to be exerciseil agreeabh- to the riiles and mtindin? officer shall exhibit to the governor, when re-
r/gij'atioiis of the eonstitution, and tlie" laws of the land, qn'.red by bini, tree and exact plans otsiichforts, and uf
and not other« ise. the land or sea , harbour or harbours, ad. jacent.
Provided, that the said governor shall not, at any And the said boards and all public officers shall con>
time hereafter, by virtue of any power bj tliit consii'u- municate to tlie&overnor, as soon as may be, after recei-
tion granted, or hertafter to be granted'to him by the ving tlie same, all despatches, and intelligence of a pub-
legisfatui-e, transport any of the inhabitants of this com- lie nature, which shall be directed to them respective'.y.
monwealth, or oblige them to march out of the liniiis of 13. As the pubiia good requires that the governor
the same, without their free and voluntary consejit, or should not be undi r the undue influence of any of ilie
the consent of tlie general court; except so far as maybe ii;em!)ers of the general court, by a dependence on tiieni
necessary to march or transport them by land or w ater, for his support : liiat he-should in all cases act with free-
for the defence of such part of the state, to which they do:u for the btiief.t of the public : that he shouhi not
cannot other-.visj conveniently iuive access. have his attention necessarily diverteil from that object,
8. 'I'he power of pardoning ofiences, except such as to his private concerns: and that he should maintain <he
jiersons may he cf^-n itted of before the senate by an ini- diirnity of the commonwealth, in the character of its
lieichment of the house, sh.all be in the governor, by and ciiief magisliatc— it is lu'cessavj that heshouM have an
with the advice of ccuncil: but no charter of pardon, honourable siated sa'ary, of a fi\ed and permanent va-
granicd by the governor, w ith advice of the toiincil, be- liie, amply sufficient fur those purposrs, and established
fore conviction, slial I avail the party pleading the same, hy standiiig iaw;; and it shall ue among the first acts of
notw ithstanciinf^ any genera! or paiticular expressions tlie general court, after the commencement of this con-
contained therein, descriptive of the offence or offences stilulion, to esiabiisii such saiaiT by law accordingly,
intended to be pai'doned. Permanent and honourable salaries shall also be esta-
?. All judicial officers, the attorney general, the soli- biished by law for the justices of the supreme judicial
citor general, all sheriffs, coroners, and registers of pro- court.
bate, shall he nominated and apjiointed by theigoyemor, And if it shall be found that any of the salaries aforc-
by and with the advice and consent of the council; and said, so established, are insuftleient, they shall, froiu
evcrj' suclinomiiiation shall be made by the giivcraor, time to time, be enlargetl, as the g^ceral court shall
and made at least seven days prior to se.ch appointment, j uuge proper.
10. The captains and subaltorns of the militia shall be /-,it » t»
elected hv the written votes of the train band .->.nda!arm CIxAP. 2. — SECTION C.
list of their respective co;npanies,of tv.cr.ty-one yearsof
" age and upwards. The field ofiicers of regiments sjiall jLijUienant Governor.
be elected bv the written votes of the captains and su- .,.„.. , „, ,, . , ,-
balternsof their respective regiments. The brigadiers Artic.e 1. -Iheresbadbeanmiallyelectedaiieutenant
shall be elected in like manner, by the field officers of g:Gyen:or m the commonwealth of Massachusetts, whose
their respective brigades. And such ofiicers, so elected, ^'''.^ "''all *>;> '/'^ honour; and who shall bequalified, ni
shall be commissioned by the governor, who shall deter- PO"" "^ religion, property, and residence m the corn-
mine their r.ani:. . monwealth, m the sanie manner with the governor; and
" The legislature shall, by standing laws, direct the time '!'« <''a5; ar^ mantier of his election, and the qualifica-
and manner of convening the electors, and of collecting tions of the electors, shail be the same as are required in
votes, and of certifying to the govenior the officers the election of a governor. Ihe return of the voIm for
electetl. thi5 0ihcer,andthedee!ar.ition of his election, snail be
The major generals shall be appointed by the senate inthe same manner: and if noone person shall befound
and house of representatives, each having a negative up- tobayeamajcntyofall the votes returned, the vacancy
on the other ; and be commissioned bv the g.n ernor. ^'l»'l be hlled bythe senate and houseot representatives.
And if the electors of brigadiers, field oCicers, can- m the same manner as the governor is to be elected, in
tains, or sub:.Itcnis, shall neglect or refuse to make such <^a't no one pei-son shall have a majority of the votes oi
elections,after being dulv notified according to the laws the people, to be governor.
of the time being, then the governor, with the advice of ^- "^'"^ govcir.or, and, in Ins absence, the lietenant
council, shall appoint suitable persons to Jill such of- pvenior, shall be the president oithecouncil; butshall
f[(^Pg, have no vote in council ; and the lieutenant governor
And no oaicer,duly commissioned to command in the ^ha" always be a member of the council, except when
militia, shall be removed from his office, but hv the ad- t""" chair of the governi.r shal. be vacant.
di-ess of lioth hotises to the governor, or by fair trial in , 3. AV henevsr the eliair of the governor shall be vacant
court martial,pursuanttotUe)awsofthecomir.onwealth ^r '"easo" "^ "^ death, or absence from the common-
for the time being. wealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant goveraor for the
The commanding officers of regiments shall appoint »'""? ''""S *''?"» duri-ig such vacancy, perform all the
their adjutants and qiiartermaste«: the brigadiers their 'loiies incumbent upon the governor, and shall have
brigade' majoif ; and the major generals the.r aids ; and ^'>A exercise all the power and authonties winch, by this
the governor shall appoint the adje.tant general. constituuon, the governor is vested with, when perso:>
Tlie jjovernov, with advice of council, shall appoint ally present.
all officers ofthe continental army, whom (by the confe- r'M\P o q--rTrnv T
deration of ihe United States) it is provided lliat this V^llAl . -• i>i,OiJ.o>. J.
cummonwea'tti shall appoint, as also all oflictrs of forts ^, ■? i jl r i,j\, ? <• l
and garrisons. Co:i!icu, and the manner of settlnig elections oj
The divisions of the niUilia into brigades, regiments, ifie legislutlire.
and companies, made in pursMance of the militia laws '^
now in fiirc'% shall be considered as the proper di%isions Article 1. There shall be a council for advising the
ofthe militia of this commonwealth, until the same shall governor in the executive part of government, to consist
be altered in pursuance of some future law. of nine persons, besides the lieutenant governor, whom
11. No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of the govenior, for the time being, shall have fiill power
this commonwealth, and disposed of (except such sums and authority, from time to time, at his discretion, to as-
as may be appropriated for the redemption of bills of semble and call together : and the governor, with the
creditor treasurer's not.^^, orfor the paymem of interest said counsellors, or five of them at least, shall and may,
arising thereon) but by warrant, under the liand of liie from time to time, hold &nd keep a council, for the o'r-
goverhor fiir the time being, with the adviceand consent dering and directing the afliiirs of the commonw eallh,
ofthe council, for the necessai'y defence and support of aecoixling to the laws of the land.
the coramonweallh, and forthe protection and preserva- 2. Nine counsellors shall be annually chosen from
tion ofthe inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the act and among the jiersons returntd for the counsellors and se-
resolves of the general court. nators, on the last Wednesday in May, by the joint bal-
12. All public boards, the commissary general, all su- lot ofthe senators and representatives, assembled in one
pevintending officers of public raagaiines, and stcies, room: and in case there shall not be found, upon the
belonging to this commonwealth, alid all commanding first choice, the whole number ofnine persons, w ho will
officers of foris and gamsons within the same,shall, once aceeptaseat in the coiincil.the deficiency shall be made
in everr three months, officially, and without reqnisi- up by tlie electors aforesaid, from among the people at
tion, aiid at other times, when required bythe governor, lai-ge ; and the number of senators left shall constitute
deliver to him an account of all goods, stores, provisions, the senate for the year. The scats of the persons thus
ammunition, cannon, with their appendages, and small elected from the senate, and accepting the trust, shall bu
ami!, with thnr :!ecoMtr<'ments. and of all -ither public vacated in the senate.
coNsmuiiON or massachusktts.
3. 1 he counsellors, in the civil arratiKements of the
rommonwealth, shall liave rank next after tlie lieutenant
governor.
4. N'Jt more than t« o counsellors shall be chosen out
of any one distiict of this eommon« ealth.
5. The resolutions and advice of the council sliall be
secorded in a register, and signed by the members i)re-
seiit ; and this record may be called for at any time by
either house of the legislr.tiire ; and any lueinbi r of the
council may insert his opinioiij cotitraiy to the resolu-
tion of the niajoritv-.
6. Whenever the office of the pfovernor and lieutenant
governor shall be vacant, by reason of death, ai)se!ice,or
otherwise, then the coiiiieii, or the major part of tiiem,
shall, during such vacancy, have full power an<I autho-
rity to do and execute all and every such acts, matters,
and things, as the gfovernor or lieutenant governor nii,s;lu.
or could, by virtue of this constitution, do or extcute, if
tiiey or either of them were ptrsotially present.
7. And wiiereas the elections appointed to be made by
this constitution, on the last V/edntsday in May annual-
ly, by the two houses of the legislature, may not be com-
nleted on that day, the said elections may be adjourned
from day to day,until the same shall becompieted. And
the order of election shall be ai follows: the vacancies in
the senate, if any, shall Srst be filled up; the governor
and lieutenant governor shall then be elected, provided
there shall b? n;) choice of theui by the people ; and af-
terwards the two houses shall proceed to the election of
the council'.
CHAP. 2 — SECT) ox 4.
Secretary, Treasurer, Commissari', &*(:.
Article 1. The seerecretaiy, treasurer, and receiver
general, and the commissary general, notaries public,
and naval officers, shall be chosen annually, by joint
ballot of the senators and representatives, in o)ie room:
and that the citizens of this commonwealth may be as-
sured, from time to time, tbat the moneys remaining in
the public treasury,upon thesettlement and liquidation
of the public accounts, are their property, no man shall
be eligible as treasurer and receiver general more than
five years successively.
2. The records of the commonwealth shall be kept in
the office of the secretary, who may appoint his deputies,
for whose conduct he shall be accountable: and he shall
attend the governor and council, the s(uate and house of
representatives, in person, or by h.is dfjiuties, as they
shall respectively require.
CHAP. 3.
Judiciary Pc-.i-er.
Article I. Ti-.e tentu'etbat&I! commission officers shall
by law, have in their uft5ces, shall be expressed in their
respective counnissions ; all judicial officers, duly ap-
pointed, commissioned, and sworn, shall hold their of-
fices dui ing good beha^ iour ; excepting such concern-
ing whom there is different provi-,iun made in this oou-
stitution : Provided, ?.8vertheless, the governor, w itii
consent of the council, mav reinoi e them upon tfee ad-
dress of both houses nt theVg'slature.
2. Each branch of the legislature, as well as the go-
vernor and council, shall have authority to retjuire the
opinions of the justices of the supreme Judicial court,
upon important (iueilions of law, and upon solemn oc-
casions.
3. In order that the people may not sufter from the
long continuance in place of any justice of the peace,
who shall fail ot discharging tlie important duties of his
office with abilitv or fidelity, all commissions of justices
of the peace shall expire and become void in the term of
seven years from their respective dates: and upon the
expiration of any commission, the same may, if necessa-
ry, be renewed, or another person appointed, as shall
most conduce to the well being of the commonwealth.
4. The judges of probates of wills, and for granting
letters of administration, shall hold their courts at such
place or places, on fixed days, as the convenience of the
people shall require: and the legislature shall, from time
to time hereafter, appoint such times and places : until
which appointments, the said courts shall beholden at
the times and places which the respective judges shall
direct.
5. All causes of marriage, divorce, and alimony, and
atl appealsfroin the judges of probate, shall be'heard
and determined by the governor and council, until the
legislature shall, by law, make ether nrovision.
CHAP. 4-
Delegates to Congress.
The delegates of this commonwealth to the congress
of the United States shall, sometime in the montli of
Jtine annually, be elected by joint ballot of the senate
and house of representatives, assembled together in one
loom ; to serve in congress for one year, to commence
on the first Monday in November then next ensuing.
They shall have commissions under the hand of the go-
vernor, and the great seal of the commonwealth ; but
may be recalled at any time within the je^r, and others
chosen and coinraissioiied in the sa:ne manner, in their
stead,
CHAP. 5.
Tlie University at Cambridge, and Encouragc-
vifiit of Literature, &c.
SECTION 1. THK TJKITEIlSITr.
Article 1. 'Wliei-eas our wise and pious ancestors, so
early as tlie year one thousand six hundred and thirty-
six, laid the foundation of Harvard college, in which
university many pei-sons of great eminence have, by the
blessing of God, been initiated into those arts and sci-
ences which qualified them for |)ublic enrployments,
both in church and state: and whereas the encourage-
ment of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends
lo thehonour of God, the advantage of the Christian re-
ligion, and the great benefit of this and the other United
States of America, it is dec!:irtd that the presidmt and
fellows of Harvard college, in their corporate capacity,
and their successors in that capacity, their officei-s and
servants, shall have, hokij use, exercise, and enjoy, all
the imwers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges, im-
munities, and franchises, which they now have, or are
entitled to have, hold, use, e\ercise, and enjoy: and the
same are hereby ratified and confirmed unto them, the
said president and fellows of Harvard college, and to
their successors, and to their officers and servants, respec-
tively, for ever.
2. And whereas there have been, at sundry times, by
divers persons, gifts, grants, devises of houses, lands, te-
nements, goads, chattels, legacies, and conveyances,
heretofore made, either to liarvard college, in Cam-
bridge, in New England, or to the president and fellows
of Harvard college, or to the said college, by some other
description, under several charges successively— it is de-
clared, that all the said gifts, grants, devises, legacies,
and ~l!onv('yances. are hereby for ever confirmed unto
the president and fellows of Harvard college, and to their
successors in the capacityaforesa;d,accord!ngto the true
intent and meaning of the donor or donors, grantor or
grantors, devisor or devison,
3. And w hercas, by an act of the general court of the
colony of Massachusetts Bay, passed in the year one
thousand six hundred and Ibrty-two, the governor and
deputy governor for the time being, and all the magis-
trates of that jurisdiction, were, with the ((resident and
a number of the clergy in the said act described, consti-
tuted the overseers of Harvard college : and it being ne-
cessary in this new constitution of government, to ascer-
tain who shall be deemed successors to the said govern-
or, depttty governor, and magistrates, it is declared that
the governor, lieutenant governor, council, and senate
ot this commonwealth, are, and shall be deemed their
successors : v.lio, with the president of Harvard college,
lor the time being, together with the ministers ot the
congregational churches in the towns of Cambridge,
AVatertown, Charleston, Boston, Roxbury,and Dorches-
ter, mentioned in the said act, shall be, and hereby are,
vested with all the powers and authority belonging, or
in any way appertaining to the overseers of Harvard
college : prorided, that nothing hen in shall be construed
to prevent- the legislature of this commonwealth from
making such alterations in the government of the said
university as shall be conducive to its advantage, and
the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a man-
ner as might have been done by the lejfislature of the
Jate province of the Massachusetts Bay.
CHAP. 5 — SECTION 2.
The Encouragement of Literature.
Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused
generally among the body of the people, being necessa-
ry for the pveservation of their rights and liberties, and
as these depend on spreading the opportunities and ad-
vaiila.^es of education in the various parts of the coun-
CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS.
17
try, and among the different orders of the people, it shall
he the duty of the legislatures and magistrates, in all fu-
ture periods of this conimnnwealth, to cherish the inter-
est of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of
them; especially the universit) at Cambridge, public
schools and grammar schools in tlietowns ; to encourage
private societies and public iiistitmions, by rewards and
immunities for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sci-
ences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a jiatunil
history of the couuiry; to countenance and inculcate
the principles of liumauity ai d i;einrai ben> voknce,
public and private charity, i'ldustryand fnigalit), ho-
nesty and punci'.iaiity in their dealings : sincerity, good
liumou ■, and all social affections aiid generous senti-
ments among the people.
CHAP. 6.
Oaths nnd subscripuonn ; iucoiiipatibilily of, andextlusions
from, offices; pecuniary quaOJiculions ; eoinmissiom ;
torils ;coiijii-)i>alwnoj'laxi's ; /la'/eris corpus ; t/teetincling
style; continuance of officers ; provision for a future re-
xnsal of Die comtitution, <b'c.
Article 1. Any pei-son chosen governor, or lieutenant
governor, counsellor, senator, or repres«ntali\ e, and au-
cepting the trust, shall, before he proceed to execute the
duties of his place or office, take, make, and subscntje
the following declaration, viz.
" I, A B, do declare that I believe the Christian reli-
gion, and have a firm persuasion of its truth ; and
that 1 am seized and possessed, in i:i\ own right, of
the properly required by the constitution, as one
qualiiication for the office or place to which I am
elected."
And the governor, lieutenant governor, and counsel-
lors, shall make and subscribe the said declaration in the
presence of the two liousesof assembly ; and the senaiois
and representatives tirst elected under this constitution,
before the president anil live of the council of the for-
mer constitution ; and, for ever afterwards, before the
governor and council for the time being.
And ever) person cliusen to either of the places or of-
fices aforesaid, as also any person appointed or commis-
sioned to any judicial, executive, military, or other of-
fice, under the government, shall, betbre lie entei on the
discharge of the business of his place or office, take and
subscribe the following declaration and oaths, or affirm-
ations, viz.
*' I, A B, do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess,
testify, and declare, that the coinmonwealtli of Mas-
sachusetts is, and of right ought to be, a free, sove-
reign, and independent state ; and I do swear that I
will bear true taitli and uliegianee to the said coni-
^nionwealth, and that 1 will defend the same against
traitor. )us conspiracies, and all hostile attempts
what'ioever: and that 1 do renounce and abjure all
allegiance, subjection, and obedience to the kiiii^,
queen, or ffuveminent of tireat Britain, as tlie ca.te
may be, and every otln r foreign power v.liaisoL'vei-:
and tliat no foreign prince, person, prelate^ siate,or
potentate, hath, or ought to have, any jurisdiction,
superiority, |)re-e^nineiice, autliority, d'spensinff or
other power, in any matter, civil, ecclesiastical, or
spiritual, within this commonwealth, except the au-
thority and pow er w hich is or may be vested by their
constituents in the congress of the United States:
And I do further testify and declare, that no man or
body of men hatli or can have any right to absolve
or discharge rae from the obligation oi this oath, de-
claration, or affirmation: and that 1 do make this
ackiiowledgraent, profession, testimony, declara-
tion, denial, renunciation, and abjuration, heartily
and truly, according to the common meaning anal
acceptation of the foregoing words, without any
equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation
w liatsoever. So help me Goit."
■"I, A B, do solemnly swear and affirm that I will
faithfully and impartiall) discharge and perlbrm all
theduties incumbeut onnie as ,accoi'd-
ing to the best of my abilities and understanding,
agreeably to the rules and regulations of the consti-
tution, and the laws of this comiiionweallh. So help
me Gjtl.
Provided always, that when any pei'son chosen or ap-
pointed as aforesaid slirxll be of the de.ioinination of the
.people called (Quakers, and s.'iaU decline taking the said
oaths, he shall make his afflimaiiun, in the fbreg.iiiig
form, and subseribL th' sime, omitting the words, ' / ilo
swear,'' *atid abjure^ ' un'A,' ' and abjuraiion,^ in the ..rst
oath ;and in the second oath, thewords swear and,^ .iiid
in each of them the words 'io lielp me ^od ;' subjoining
"instead thereof, ' This I do under the p-iins and pi nal ics
ef perjury."
And the said oaths or afKrmatiuns shall be taken ami
subscribed by the governor, lieutenant governor, and
counsellors, before the president of the senate, in the
presence of the twahouses of assembly: and by the se-
nators and representatives first elected under this con-
stitution, before the jiresident and five of the council of
the former constitution ^and, fore verafierw aids, before
the governor and counc'l for the time being; and by the
resiciue of the officers afoR saitl, be/<ire such persons as,
from time to tinie,i6hall be prescribed by the legisla-
ture.
2. No governor, lieutenant governor, or judge of the
supreme judicial court, shall hold any other office or
place under the authority of this commonw ealth, except
such as b) this constitution they are admitted to hold,
saving th.it the judges of the said court may hold the of-
fices of justices of the peace throughout the state ; nor
shall they hold any otherTilace or office, or receive any
pt nsion or s-i lary, from any other state, or government,
or jKiwer whatever.
No person shall be capable of ho'dingor exercising, at
the same lime, more than one of the fbllowing offices
within this state, viz. judge of probate, sheriff, i-egisttr
of jsrobate, or register o4" deeds: and never more than
any two offices, sihich are to be held by appointment of
the governor, or the governor and c>;uncil,or the senate,
or the house of representatives, or by election of the
peopleof the state at large, orof the people of any coun-
ty, (militaiT officer anil the office ofjustice ol the (leace
excepted,) shall be held by one prrsoii.
No person holding the i.fflce of judge of the supreme
jtidieial court, seeretar} , attoriicy general, solicitor ge-
neral, tre.asurer or receiver general, judge of jnobate,
commissary general, president, professor, or instructor
of Harvard college, sheriff', clerk of the house of repre-
sentatives, register of probate, register of deeds, clerk of
the supreme judicial court, clerk of the inferior court of
common pleas, or officer oi' the customs, (including in
this description naval officers,) shall ai the same time
have a seat in the senate or house of representatives ;
but, their being chosen or appointed to, ar.d accepting
tl;e same, shall operate as a resignation of their seat in
the senate or house of representatives ; and tlie place so
va.ated shall be iiiled op.
And the same rule shtill take place in case any judge
of the said supreme judicial court, or judge of probate,
shall accept a seat in council ; or cnycouusellor shalfac-
cept of either of those offices or (ilaces.
And no person shall ever be adiuitted to hold a seat
in the legislature, or any office of trust or importance
under the government of this eommomvealtli, who shall,
in the due course of law, have been convicted of bribe-
ry or corruption, in obtaining an election or appoint-
ment.
3. In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in
tills conslitulioii, the value thereof shall be compuled in
silver, at i\\ shillings and eijiht pence per ounce; and it
nnd it shall be in the power of the legislature, from time
to lime, to increase such qualifications, as to property,
of the persons to he elftted into offices, as the circum-
sLinees of the coirmionwealth shall require.
4. All commissions shad be in the name of the com-
monweaUh of Massachusetts, signed by the governor,
and attested by the secretary or his deputy,and have the
gnat seal of the cDmiuonwealth affixe.i thereto.
.'. All writs issuing out of the clerk's office, in any of
the courts of law, shall be in the na.ne of the coinmon-
wealtli of Massachusetts; they shall be under llie seal of
the court from whence tliey issue ; they shall bear test of
the first justice of the court to which they shall be re-
turnable, (who is not a party,) and be signed by the clerk
of such court.
6. All the laws which have heretofore been adopted,
used, and approved of in the province, colony, or state of
Massachusetts Bay, and usually oractised on in the
courts of law, shall still remain and be in full force, un-
til altered or repealed by the legislature : such part* on-
ly excepted as aie repugnant to the rights and liberties
contained in this constitution.
7. Tiie privilege and benefit of the writ of habeas
corpus shall be enjoyed in this commonwealth in the
most free, easy, cheap, expeditious, and ample manner ;
and shall not be suspend d by the legislature, except
on the most urgent ami [uessing occasions, and for a li-
mited time, not exceeding twelve months.
8. I'hex'nacting style, ill makingand passing all acts,
statutes, and laws, shall be. Be it enacrcl by I'le senate ami
h'Mise of re/jiesentatives, in vencral court assembled,' anti
by the uut/icri/ij of the same.
y. To tiie end there may be no failure ofjustice, or
danger .arise to the commonwealth, from a change of the
form of government, all officers, civil and military,
holdinp curaniissions under thf fOTcnnnent and people
IS
GONSTITUTIOX OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
•f Massathtisetts Bay, in New England, and all other
officers of said government and peopli-, at the time this
constitution shall take tSlct, shall have, hold, use, exer-
cise, and enjoy, all the powers an^ authority to thtrn
granted or committed, until other persons shall be a:)-
pointed in their stead : and all coiiits of law shall pro-
ceed in the execution of the business of their respective
departments: and ail the executive and legislative offi-
cers, bodies, and powers, shall coutintie in full lorce in
the enjoyment and exercise of all t^eir trusts, employ-
went, and authority, until the f^eneral court, and the
supreme and executive officei-s, under this ccmstitution,
are designated and invested with their respective trusts,
powers, and authority.
10. In order the more effectually to adhere to the
principles of the constitution, and correct those viola-
tions which by any means may be made therein, as well
as to form such alterations as from experience shall be
found necessary, the general court which shall be in the
year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and nine-
ty-five, sh.'iU issue precepts to the selectmen of tht seve-
l"al towns, and to the assessors of the unincorjjorated
plantations, directing thPm to convene the qualified vo-
ters of their respective towns and plantations, for the
piitpose of collecting their sentiments on the necessity
or expediency of revising the constitution, in order to
amendments.
And if it shall appear, by the rctuiT.s made, that two-
thirds of the qualified voters throughout the state, who
shall assemble and vote in consequence of the said pre-
cepts, are iii favour of such revision or amendment, the
general court shall issue precepts, or direct them to be
issued from the secrecary's office, to the several towns,
to eii ct delegates to meet in convention, for the purpose
aforesaid.
The said delegates to be chosen in the same manner
and proportion, as their representatives in the second
branch of the legislature are by this constitution to be
chosen.
11. This form of government shall be enrolled on
parchment, and deposited in the secreiai-y's office, and
be a part of the laws of the land : and printed copies
thereof shall be prefixed to the book containing the laws
of this commonwealth, in all future editions of the said
laws.
JAMES BOWUOIN, PresuIenU
Attest, SAMUEL BARRET, Secretary.
CONSTITUTIOIN^ OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
The Cmistilution ofS\'nu ffampshire, as altered
and amended by a convention of delegates^
held (it Concord, in said state by adjo^irn-
ment, on the second JVednesday of February,
PxVRT 1.
BILL OF RltJHTS.
Article 1. All men are born equally free and indepen-
dent; Tbcrelore, all govennnent, of right, originates
from the people, is founded in consent, and instituted
for the general good.
2. All men have certain natural, essential, and inher-
ent rights— .".mong which ,".re the enjoying and ilefend-
ing life and liberty ; acquiring, possessin;;-, and protect-
ing property : and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining
happiness.
3. When men enter into a state of society, they sur-
render up some of their natural rights to that society, in
order to ensure the protection ^f others; and without
such an equivalent the surrenaer is ^id.
4. Among the natunil rights, some are in their very
rattire unalienable, bec;'use no equivalent cm be given
or received for them. Of tliis kind are the rigiUs oj con-
itience. ^
_ 5. Every individual has a iiatural and unalienaTiIe
right to worship God according tothedictatesof hisof.n
conscience, and reason; and no person shall be hurt,
molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate,
for worshipping Crod in the manner most agreeable to
the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious
profession, sentiment', or pei-suasion ; provided lie doth
Tiot disturb the public peace, or disturb others in their
religious worship.
_ 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded onevange-
lical principles, will be the best and greatest security to
government, and wili lay, in the hearts of men, the
strongest obligations to due subjection ; and as the
knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated
through a society, by the insiitutioii of the public wor-
ship of the Deity, and of public instnietion in morality
and religion; therefore, to promote these important pur-
poses, the people of this state Iiave a ri.jht to empower,
and do hereby fully empon er, the legislature, to author-
ire, from time to time, the several townSj parishes, bo-
dies corporate, or religious societies, within this state, to
make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the
support and maintenance of public protestant teachei-s
«i" piety, religion, and morality :
Provided, not-wilhatanding. That the several towns,
parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies, shall at
all times have the exclusive right of electing their own
public teachers, and of contracting with them for their
BUj^ort and maintenance. And no pei^on, of any one
particular religious sect or denomination, shall ever be
compelled to pay towards the support of the teacher or
teachers of auotliei persuasion, sect, or denomination.
But this shall not be construed to free pei-sons from
the obligations ot his own contract, on his pretence of
changiiit,- his religious persuasion after making the con-
tract. . .
And whenever a minister is settled by any incorpora-
ted town ir parish, any person dissenting shall have
liberty, either at the meeting, or previous to the ordina-
tion of the minister, or within one month after the vote
obtained for his settlement, to enter his dissent with the
town or parish clerk against paying, or contiibuting to-
wards the*upport of the said minister; and all minoi-s
who, after such settUmeut, shall comeof age,and all in-
haliitanis of such town or parish w ho are absent from
the same at the time of such meeting or settlement, and
all persons who, after such settlement move into such
town or parish to reside, shall have three months Sfom
the tim.'of theircomingof full age, returning into town,
ormov ing into, reside as aforesaid, respectively, to enter
their dissent, with the town or parish clerk, asaforesaid.
And all persons who do not enter their dissent, as
aforesaid, sliali be bound by the major vote of such town
or parish; audit shall be considered as their voluiitary
contract : but all persons who enter their dissent, as
aforesaid^ shall not be bound by the vote of such tow n or
parish, nr considered a party to such contract, or in any
way be compelled to contribute towards the support of
tlie min.ster ; nor shall any pe!-s!>n be compelled to con-
tribute towards the support of the minister, who shall
change from the sect or denomination of which he pro-
fessed to be when he settled, to any other persuasion,
sect, or denomination.
And every denomination of Christians, demeaning
themselves quietly, and as good citizens of the state,
shall he equally under the protection of the law ; and
ni^ subordination ofanj one sect ordenomination to ano-
ther, shall ever be established by law.
And nothing herein shall be undei'stood to affect any
former contracts made for the support of the ministry ;
but all sueh contracts shall remain, and be in the same
state, as if this constitution had not been made.
7. The people of this state have the sole and exclusive
right of governing themselves as a free, sovere^ign, and
independent state ; and do, and for ever hereafter shall,
exercise and enjoy every jiower, jisrisdiction, and right,
pertaining thereto, which is not, or may not hereafter
be, by them expressly delegated to the United States of
America in congress assembled.
8. All power residing originally in, and being derived
from, the people, all the magistrates and officei-s of go-
vennnent, are thtir substitutes and agents, and at all
times accountable to them.
9. No office or place whatsoever, in government, shall
be hereditary— the abilities and integrityrequisitein all,
not being ininsmissibie to posterity or relations.
10. Government being instituted for the common br-
COXSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHHiE. 19
aefit, ]>iotection, and secmitj- of the whole commmiity, and practised, the parties liave a light to a trial by jury;
and not for the private interest or emolumesit of any and this rielit shall be deemed sacred ami inviolable j
one man, family, or class of men ; therefore, wlienever but the legislature may, by theconstitntion, be enipow-
the ends of govenniient are perverted, or pnl>lic libirty end to make such regulations as will prevent parties
manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress from having as many trials by jurj', in the same suit or
are ineffectual, the people may, and of right oughl lo, nction, as hath been heretofore allowed and practised,
refonn the old, or establish a new goveriniient. 'I'he and to extend the civil jurisdiction of justices of the
doctrine of non-iesistance against arbitrary power and peace to the trials of suits where the sum demanded in
oppression, is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the damages doth not exceed four pounds, saving the right
good and happiness of mankind. • of appeal to either party. Rut no sntli regulations shall
n. All elections ought to be free, and every inliabi- takeauay the right of trial by jury, in any case not in
taut of the stale, having the proper qualifications, has this article before excepted, \inless in cases respecting
an equal right to elect, and be elected, into office. mariners' wages.
12. Every member of the community has a right to be 21. In order to reap the fullest advantage of the ines-
protected by it,in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and tiraable privilege of the trial by jury, great care ought
property; he is therefore bound to contribute his share to be taken, that none but qualified persons should be
to the expense of such protection, and to yield his per- appointed to serve; and such ought to be fully compen-
sonal service, whqn necessary, or an equivalent. But no sated for their travel, time, and attendance.
jiart of a man's propertyshall be taken from him, or np- 22. The lihtrty of the press is essential to the sectirity
plied to public usts, without his own consent, or that of of freedom in a state: it ought, therefore, to be inriola-
the representative body of the people. Nor are the in- biy preserved.
h.abitants of this state controllable by any other laws 23. Retrospective laws are highly icjurious, oypres-
than those to which they, or their representative body, sive, and unjust. No such laws, therefore, should be
havegivtn their consent. made, either for the decision of civil causes, or thepun-
13. No person whoisconacienciouslyscruptilonsabout ishment ofoffcnces.
the lawfntnessof bearing arms, shall be compelled there- 24. A well regulated militia is the proper, n&turalf
to, provided he will pay an equivalent. and sure defince, of a state.
14. Every citizen of this state is entitled to a certain 25. Standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and
remedy, by having recourse to the laws for all injuries ought not to be raised, or kept up, withoyt the consent
he may receive in his person, property, or character; to of the legislature.
obtain right and justice freely, without teiiig oblige<l 2c5. In all cases, and at all times, the military ought to
to pnrchaseit; completely, and without de.iial ; prompt- be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the
ly, and without delay, conformable to the laws. civil power.
15. No person shall be held to answer for any crime 27. No soldier, in time of peace, shall be quartered in
, or offence, until the same is fully and plainly, substan- any house, without the consent of the owner ; and in
tially and formally, described to him : nor be compelled time of war. such qtiarters ought not to be made but by
to accuse or furnish evidence against himself. And eve- the civil ma;-istrate, in a manner ordained by the legis-
ry person shall have a right to produce all proofs that lature.
may be favourable to himself; to meet the witnesses 2". No subsidy, charge, tajc, impost, or duty, shall be
against him, face to face; a:nd to be fully heavl in his established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext
defence, by himself, and counsel. And no person shall whatsoever, without the consent of the people, or their
be arrestee], imprisoned, despoiled, or deprived of his representatives in the legislature, or authority derived
property, immunities, or privileges, put out of the pro- from that body.
tection of the law. exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, 29. The power of suspending the laws, or the execu-
or estate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law tion of them, ought never to be exercised but by the le-
of the land. gislalure, or by authority deriv ed therefrom, to be exer-
16. No person shall be liable to be tried, after an ac- cised in such particular casesonly as the legislature shall
quittal,for the same crime or offence. Nor shall the le- expressly provide for.
gislature make any law that shall subiect any person to 30. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate,
a capital punishment, (excepting for the government of in either house of the legislature, is so essential to the
the army and navy, and the militia in actual service,) rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of
■without trial by jury. any 'action, complaint, or prosecution, in any other
17. In cvioiin.il prosecutions, the trial of facts, in the c(*rt or place whatsoever.
vicinity where they happen, is so cssei-.tiiil to the seen- 31. The legislature shall assemble for the redress of
rity of the life, liberty, and estate, of the citi/eiis, that public grievances, and for making such laws as the puh-
no'erime or offence ought lo be tried in any other coun- lie good may require.
ty than that in which it is commi'ted, except in cases of 32. The people have a right, in an orderly and peace-
general insurrection in any jiaiiicular county, when it able manner, to assemble and consult upon the public
shall appt-ar to the judges of the superior courts tlmt an good, give instructions to their representatives, and to
impartial trial cannot be had in the county where the request of the legislative body, by way of petition or re-
omnce may be committed, and upon their report, the monstrance, redress of the wrongs donethem, and of the
legislature Vhall think proper to direct the trial in the grievances they suffer.
nearest county in which an impartial trial can be ob- 33. No magistrate or court of law shall demand exces-
tiiined. sive bail ir sureties, impose excessive fines, or inflict.
18. All penalties onght to be proportioned to the na- cruel o:' uuiisual punishments.
tureof the offence. No wise legislature will affix the 34. No person can in any case be subjected to law
same punishrtient to the crimes of theft, forgery, and martial, or to any jiains or penalties by virtue of that
the like, « hich they do to those of uiurder and treason, law, except those employed in the army or navy, and
"Where the same undistinguished severity is exerted except the militia in actual service, but by authority of
against all offences, the people are led to forget the the legislature.
real distinction in thf crimes themselves, and to commit 35. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of
the most flagrant with as little compunction as they do every iiulividual.his life, liberty, property, and charac-
the Ijghtisi offences. For the same reason, a iniiltittide ter.thrt tliere be an impartial interpretation of the laws
of sanguinary laws is both impolitic and uiijust. The and administration of justice. It is the right of every
true design of all punishments being to reform, not to citizen to be tried by judges as impartial as the lot of
cxtirminate, mankind. humanity will admit. It is theref ue not only the best
10. Every pel-son bath H ripht !o he secure from all policy, but for the security of the rights of the people,
unreasonable searches and sei/.ures of his person, his that the judges of the supreme judicial court should
houses, his papers, and all liis po^sl■s^io:ls. Therefore, hold tin. ir offices so long as they behavn well ; subject,
all warrants to seared suspected places, or arrest a per- however, to such limitations, mvaj'count of age, asmay
son for examination or trial, in prosicutions for criminal be provided by the constitution of the state; and that
matters, are contrary to this right, if the cause or fouu- they should have honourable salaries, a.scertained and
dation of them be not previously supported by oath, ov establishi-d by standing laws.
affirmation ; and if the order in a warrant ofa civil offi- 36. licmiomy b;inga most essentkil virtue in all states«
eer, to make search in siispicted places, or to ainstoue especially in a young one ; no pension shall be granted
or more suspected persons, or to seize thc^ir property, be but in consideralion of actual services ; and such pen-
not accompanied with a special designation of the per- sinus ouglii to be granted with great caution by the le-
sonsor objects of search, arrest, or seizure; and no war- gislature, and never for more than one year at .a time,
rautousiit to Ix' issued, but in cases, and with the for- 37. In the gtSernment of this stale, the three essen-
malities, prescribed by law. tial powers tlHreiif,towit,ihelegislative,exeCHtive,and
20. In all controversi'.s concerning properly, and in judicial, ought to be ki-ptas separate from.anditidepen-
all suits between two or more persons, excelling in dent of, each other, as the nature ofa free government
tases wrtercin it Jjatii been bowfofore otherwise used will admit, ov as is cunsisfcnl with thr.tcUah; of comies-
so
COXSTITITTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
ion tti^t binds the whole Gibric of the constitution in one
indissoluble bond of unity and amity.
• 38. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental prin-
ciples of the constitution, and a constant adherence to
justice, moderation, temperance, industry, fiug;ality,
and all the social virtuer, are indispensably necessary to
pi-escrve the blessings of libertj' and good government ;
the people ought, therefore, to have a particular regard
to all those i>rinciples in the choice of their officers and
representatives: And they have a rij,'ht to require of
their lawgivers and magistrates an exact aiid constant
observance of them in the formation and execution of
the laws necessary for the good administration of the go-
▼ernraent.
PART 2.
rORM OF fiOTEIlXMEJfT.
The people inhabiting the territory formerly called
the province of New Hampshire, do hereby solemnly
and mutually agree with each other to form 'themselves
into a free, sovereign, and independent bod) politic, or
state, by the name of the Slate of New Hamp.ilure.
rexehal coniT.
The supreme legislative power, within this state, shall
be vested in the senate and house of representatives,
each of which shall have a negative on the other.
Th* senate and horse shall assemble every year on
the last Wednesday of October,and a. such other times
as th-y may judge necessary; and shall dissolve, and
be dissolved, sevtn days next preceding the said last
Wednesi'ay of October ; and shall be styled The Gene-
ral CouTi of Neiu /fampj Aicf.
The general conr' shall for ever have full power end
authority to erect and constitute jndicatcrits and courts
of record, or other courts, tobe'hoklen in ih^' name of
the state, for the hearing, trj-ing, and determitig ali
nianntr of crimes, offences, pleas, processes. ])laints, ac-
tions, catises. matters, and things whatsoi ver, arising or
hapjieuing within this state, or between or conceroing
perscns inhabiting or residing, or brought within the
same, whether the same be criminal or civil, o ■ whether
the crimes be c.ipital or noi capital, and whether the
said pleas be real, persona!, or mixed -. and for awarding
and issuing extciition thereon. To which einiits ai 3
judicatorit?, are hereby given and granttd, fuli pouer
and authority, from time to time, to adininiter oaths or
affirmations, for the bttter discovery of truth in any
matter in controversy, r.rdt pending l>if re them.
And farther, fn I' pcwi rand authority ar> henby given
and granted to th» said gtm ni court, from time to^time,
to make, oidnin, and establish all ninnner of w holesonie
and veasonable orders, laws, statutes, ordinances, direc-
tions, and instructions, <ither with penalties or without,
so as the same bt- not repugnant o' contrary to this e<m-
slitution, as thi> may judge tor the Ixnefit and welfare
of tl.is state,«nd for the govei-ningand ordering then of,
and of the ciliaens of the same, for the necessary sup-
port and defence i;f the government 'hereof; and to
ii.".me and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws for
the naming and settling all ci\il officers within this
slate: such officers excepted, the election and aispoint-
n.ent of whom are hereafter in this form of government
otherwise provided for : and to set forth the si veral du-
ties, powei', Hiid liiiiit''. of the seveia' civi; and military
officers of this state,;) ml the forms of such oaths or affiiin-
alions as shall he respectively administered unto them,
for the execution of their several offices and places, so
as the sami' be not repuLiiant or contraiyto this consti-
tution ; and also to impose fines, mn'cts, imprisonments,
and other punishments ; and to ii^ipose and levy pro-
portional and reasoi^able assessments, rates, and taxes
upon all the inhabitants of, and residents within, the
said state; and upon all esttites within the same; to be
issued and dispoied of by warraiu, under the hand of
the goven-.orof this s ate for the time being, with the ad-
vice and consent of the council, for the public service,
in 'he ni cessary defence and support of the government
of this state, anil the protection and preservation of the
citizens thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be,
ii'.itbrce within the same.
And while the public charges of government, or any
; nrt thereof, slmll be assessed on jioin mid estates, in the
II anner that lia» been heretofore practistd, in order that
f iiih assessments may be made with equality, tbereshall
l.e a valuation of the estates within the state, taken anew
< nee in every five years at least, and as much oftener as
the general court shall order.
No member of tfii general courts shal^ake fees, be of
c( tinsel or act as advocate, in any causp before either
b-aach of the lef;islntiiie ; and upon due proof thereof,
sneli member shall forfeit his se.tt in the legislature.
'i he doors of tlie galleries of each house of the legisla-
ture shall be kept open to all persons who behave de'
cently,exceptwhen the welfare of the state, in the opin-
ion of either branch, shall require secrecy.
The senate shall consistof thirteen members, who shall
hold their offices for one year, from the last Wednesday
of October next ensuing their election.
And that the state may be equally represented in the
senate, the legislature shall, from time to time, divide
the state into thirteen districts, as nearly equal as may be
without dividing to ivns and unincorporated places; and
in making this division, they shall govern themselves by
the proportion of public taxes paid by the said districts, j
and timely make known to the inhabitants of the state m
the limits of each district. "
The freeholders and oiher inhabitants of each district,
qualified as in this constitution is (irovided, shall annu-
ally give in their votes for a senator, at some meeting
holden in the month of March.
The senate shall be the first branch ofthe ICgialaturc:
and the senators shall be chosen in the following man-
ner, viz. Every male inhabitant of each town, and pa-
rish with town privilejjes, and places unincorporated, in
this stRte,oftwenty-one years of age and upwards,except-
ing paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at
their own reqiiestjShall have a right,at the annual or other
meetings of the inhabitants of said towns and pnrishes,
to be duly warned and holden annually for ever in the
month of March, to vote in the town or parish wherein
he dwells, for tlw' senators in the county or district
whereof he is a member.
Provided, nevertheless, that no person shall be capable
of being elected a senator, who is not seized of a freehold
estnte, in his own right, ofthe Taiue of two hundred
poiiiids, lying within this state, who is not of the age of
thirty year'i. and who shall not have been an inhabitant
of this state for seven years immediatelj preceding his
election, and at the time thereof he shall bean inhabi-
tant of the district for which he shall be chos n.
And every person, qualified as the constitution pro-
Tides, shall be considered an inhabitant for the piirpose
of electing or beinpelected into any office or place with-
in this state, in the town, parish, and plantation, where
he dwei'eth. and hath his home.
And the inhabitants of plantations and places uuin-
corpnraitd. qua fied as this constitution provides, who
are or shall be required to assess taxes upon themselves,
towards the support of government, or shsll be taxed
therefor, shall have the same privilege ol voting for se-
nators.in the plantations and placeswhei-ein they reside,
as the inhabitants of the respective towns and parishes
aforesaid hHve. And the meetings of such plantations
and places for that purpose shall be hi Iden annually in
the month of March, at such places respectively therein
as the assessors thtreof shall direct • which assessors shall
have like authority for notifying the electors, collecting
and returning the votes, as the seSectsien and town clerks
have ill their si vi-rat towns by this constitution.
The meetings for the choice of governor, council, and
senators, sliail he warned, by warrant, from the select-
men, and governed by a moilerator, who shall, in the
prist nee of the selectmen, (whose duty it shall be to at-
tend.; in 0]>en meeting, receive the votes of ail the inha-
bitants of such towns and p.irishes present,and qualified
to vote for senators; and shall, in said meetings, in pre-
sence ofthe said selectmen and of the town clerk, in said
meeting, sort and count the said votes, and make a pub-
lie declaration thereof, with the name of every jierson
voted for, and the number of votes for each jierson : and
the 'own clerk shnl! make a fair record of the same at
large, in the tow n book, and shall make out a fairattest-
ed copy thereof, to be by him sealed ii]), and directed to
the secretary ofthe state, with a superscription, exjiress-
iiig the purport thereof : and the said tnwn clerk shall
cause such attested copy to be delivered to the sheriff of
the county in which such town or parish shall lie. forty
days at least before the last Wednesday of October ; or
to the secretary of the state at least thirtydays before the
said last Wednesday of October • and the sheriff of each
county, or his deputy, shall deliver all such certificates
by hini received, into tlie secretary's office, at least thirty
days before th" last Wednesday of October.
And that there may be a due meeting of senators on
the last Wi dnesday of October annually, the governor,
and H majority of the council for the time being, shall,
as soon as ma\ be. examine the returned copies of such
records, and, fourteen days before tht said ast Wednes-
day of October, he shall issue his summons to such per-
sons as appear to be chosen senators by a majority of
votes, to attend and lake their seats on that day.
Provided, nevertheless. That for the first year the said
returned copies shall be examined by the presid(*nt a;id
CONSTITUTION OF NKW HAMPSHIRE.
2i
ft majovify nf tbe'coimcil then in office: Aml^the said
prtsident shalt, in lil<e ;iianiier, notif'j the i>ersons elect-
ed, to attend and tak ■ I'dir s' ais ntt-ording-lj.
And ill cas- iheit "hall not ai>|>rav to bi- a senator
elected by a iiiajf.n!> of votes fur ait\ d -ti-ii'l, the dt fi-
ciency sliail be supplied in the f<il!f)win'j; manner, viz.
The ni"nil)i IS ofth 'dii^ • of )•• pnsi : lativc'S, and siivh
seiiaiois as shall be declared elected, shall take the
names of tiie two person-i havirip; ;lvi' li'tjl'.esl nimiherof
votes ni the ciistnef, ami one of tliem sl>a!l eleet by joint
ballot the stnal(,r wanted for such <listnct ; and in this
manner all sncli vacancies shall be filled up in t-very
district of tlie state; and in like manner ali vacuncies in
the senate, aosii ; by death, removal out of the state, or
otherwise, siia'l be supplied as soon as may be after such
vacancies Iwipotii.
The senate shall be final judges of the elections, re-
turns,aiid qualificatiotisof ilieir own members, as point-
ed out in this coiisiitn'ion.
The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves,
jjrovided such adjournment do not exceed tw o daj-s at a
time.
PmyidciJ, nevertheless, that whenever they shall sit on
thetrial of any impeachment, they may adjourn to such
time and place as they may think proper, 'a!thong;h the
les^islature lie notiasscmbled on such day or at such
place.
The senate 'shall appoint their president and other
officers, and determine tieir own rules of pruceedimrs :
and not less than seven members of ih' senate shall
make a quorum for doing l-wsiness : and ' hen less than
eig;ht senatoi-s shall he present, the asseni ic fiv< af least
shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings
valid.
The senate shall ben^oiirt. with full power and an-
thority to 111 ar, try, and determine, a\' impeachments
made hy the house of representatives against an-, ;offic( r
or officers of the state, for bribtiy, corruption, maleprac-
tice, or nialeadministration, in offici- ; with full power
to issue summons, or compulsory process, for convening
■witnesses liefore them, with all necessary powers inci-
dent to a court of trials : but, prcviotis to the trial of any
such imi)eaehment, the menibers of the senate shall be
respectively sworn truly a'nd^mpnrlially to try and de-
termine the charge in question, according to evidence.
And every officer, impeached lor bribery, corruption,
malepraclice, or maleadministration in office, shall he
served with an attested copy of thi- impeachment, and
order of the senate thereon, with such citation as th. se-
nate may direct, setiing forth the time and placeof their
sitting to try the impeachment ; whicli service shall be
madeljy the sheriflF, or such other sworn officer as the
senate may appoint, at least fourteen days previous to
the time of trial; and such citation being dr.ly served
and returned, the senate may proceed in hearing of the
impeachment, giving the person impeached, if he shall
appear, full liberty of producing witnesses and proofs,
and of making his defence, by himfelf and counsel ; and
may also, upon his refusing or neglecting to appear,
hear the proofs in support of the impeachment, and ren-
der judgment thereon, his non-appiarance notv.ith-
standing; and such judgment shall have the same force
and e.f ct as if the person impeached;had nppea . d and
pleaded in the trial. Their judgment, howevn-. shall
not extend further than removal from office, disqualifi-
cation to hold or enjoy any place of honour, trust, or
profit under this state ; but the party so convicted shall
nevertheless be liable to iiidictni'-nt, trial, judgment, and
punishment, according to the laws of the land.
\Vhenever the governor shall be iuipeached, the chief
justice of the supreme judicial court shall, during tlie
trial, preside in the senate, but have no vote therein.
HOUSE OF EEPnESENTATIVKS.
There shall be, in the legislature of this state, a repre-
sentation of the people, annually elected, and founded
upon principles of equality; and in oidtr that such re-
presentation may be as equal as circumstances will ad-
mit, every town, parish, or place, eutiiK d to town privi-
leges, having one huiulred and fiftj ^at^able nialr polls,
of twenty-one years of age, and upwards, may elect one
represenfative : if four hundred and fifty rateable male
polls, may elect two representatives; and so jnoceediiig,
m that proportion, make three htiii'!i<d such rateahio
polls the mean of increasing number, for every addition-
al representative.
Such towns, parishes, or places, as have less tlian one
hundred and filty rateable polls, shall be cias«ed by the
general assembly, for the purpose of choosing a repre-
sentative, and seasonably notified thereof. And in eve-
ry class formed for the above-mentioned purpose, the
liast attnual meeting shall be held in the town, patjsh,or
place, wherein most of the rateable polls reside ; and af^
tiTwai-ds in that which has the next hia-hest number;
and so on, annually, hy rotaiii.n, throi.gh the several
towns, parishes, or pia"es, forming the di-trict.
Wheiii ver any tow n, parish, or i)l,iCe, < iiiUled lotown
priviirges as afo'isiiid, shall not have (mi hundred and
fifty rateable |)olls, and be so situated as to render the
classing Ihiaerif with any oth^r town, parish, or place
very inconveiiic i.l, the ereneral assembly may, upon ap-
p icaiion of a niajoiii) of ihe vott rsof such town, parish,
or p ace, is<iie a writ fir their selecting and sending a
n'presentative to the general court. \^
The me lienor the house of re])resentativcs shall be
chosen annually, in the month of March, and shall hv.
the second branch of the legislature.
All persiuis qualified to vote in the election of sena-
tors shall be entitled to vote within the district where
they dwell, in the choice of representatives. Evei-y
member of the house of representatives shall be chosen
by ballot: and for two years at least next preceding his
election, shall have been an inhabitant of this state: shall
have an estate within th<' district which he may be cho-
sen to represent, of th<' value of one hundred pounds.,
one half of which to be a freehold, whereof he is seized
in his own riirht ; shall be, at thi time of his election, an
iiihahitant of the district he may be chosen to represent,
and shall cease 'o represent such di'trict immediately
on his ceasiog^ to be qiia'ified as afor; said.
The members of both h<iuses of the lepslature shall
be compensat (1 for their services out of the treasury of
thf slate, by a law made for that purpose; such members
attending siasimab y,anil not departingwithout license.
All intermediate vacancies, in the house of representa-
tives, ma\ be* filled up from time to time, in the same
manner as annual elections are made.
The house of representatives shall be the grand in-
quest of the state ; and all impeachments made by them
sliatl be heard and trii d by the senate.
All money-bills shall originate in the house of repre-
sentatives: but the senate may propose or concur with
amendments, as on other bills.
The house of reiiresentatives shall have the power to
ad journ themsnl ves,bu t no loe.ger than tw o days at a time
A majority of the members of the house of represent-
atives shall lie a quorum for doing business ; but when
less than two-thirdsof the house of i-i'presentatives elect-
ed shall be present, the asstnt of two-thirds of those
members shall be necessary to render their acts and pro-
ceedings valid.
No member of the house of representatives or senate
shall be aiTested or held to bail, on mesne process, du-
ring his going to, retumjrom, or attendance upon the
court.
'I'he house of representatives shall choose their own
speaker, ai)point their own officers, and settle the rules
of proeeedinsrs in their own house : and shall be judge
of the return, elections, and qualifications of its mem-
bers, as pointid out in this constitution. They shall have
authority to punish, by imprisonment, every' person who
shall be sruilty of disrespect to the house, in its presence,
by any disorderly or contem]>lU'Oiis behaviour, or bj
threatening or ill treating any of its membei-s; or by
obstructing its deliberations- every person guilty of a
breach of its piiviUge^, in makinp: arrests (or debt, or by
assau ting any nieniber durine: his auendance at any
session; in assaultingordisturbing anyone of its officers
in the execution of any order or procedmeof the house;
in assaultinf; any witness or other person ordered to at-
tend by, and during his attendance on, the house ; or in
rescuing any person arrested by order of the house,
knowing them to be such. The senate, governor, and
council, shall have the same powers in like cases: pro-
vided that no imprisonment by either for any offence
exceed ten days,
Tlie journals of the proceedings, and all the public
actsof bi><h houses of the legislature, shall be printed
and publislud immediately after rvei')' adjournment or
prorogation and upon motion made by any one mem-
ber, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be enter-
ed in the journals : and any member of the senate or
house of represi ntatives shall have a right, on motion
made at the time fiir that purpose, to have his protestor
dissent, with the reasons against any vote, resolve, or
bill passed, entered on the journals.
EXECU ! IVE POWER.
OOVETINOI!.
The governor shall be chosen annually, in the month
of March ; and the votes for governor shall be received,
counted, certified, and returned in the same manner as
the votes for senators ; and the secretary shall lay the
same before the senate and house of representatives sn
CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
the last Wednesday of October, to be by them examined;
and in case of an election bya majority (ifvotes tbioiigli
the state, the choice shall be by them declared and pub-
lished.
And the qualifications of electors of the governor sliall
be the same as those for senators ; and if no per^iin shall
have a majority of votes, the senate and house of repre-
sentatives shall, by Joint ballot, elect one of the two per-
sons ha\'ing the highest number of votes, who shall be
declared governor.
And no person shall be eligible to this office, unless, at
the time of hiselection, heshall have been an inhabitant
of this state for seven years next preceding, and unless
heshall be of the age of thirty years, and unless he shall,
at thesametime, have an estate of the value of live hun-
dred pounds, one half of which shall consist of a free-
hold, in his own right, within this state.
In cases of disagreement between the two houses, with
regard to the time or place of adjournment, or proroga-
tion, the governor, with advice of council, shall have a
right to adjourn or prorogue the general cotn't, not ex-
ceeding seven months at any one time, as he may deter-
mine tile public gnod may require, to meet at the place
where the general court shall be at that time sitting ;
and he shall dissolve the same seven days before the said
last Wednesday in October.
And, in case of any infectious distemiier prevailing in
the place where the said court at any time is to convene,
or any other cause whereby dangers n.ay arise to the
health or lives of the mcmbei-s from their attendance,
the governor may direct the session to be holdcn at some
other, the nvjst convenient ])lace within the state.
Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the
general conn Oiall, before it becomes a law, be present-
sented to the governor : if he approve, he shall sign it,
but if not, he shall return it, with his objectiens, to that
house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter
the objections at large on their lournal, :ind proceed to
reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, two-thirds
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
together with such objections, to the other house, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved
by iwo-thirds of that house, shall become a law. But in
all siich cases.the voles of botbhouses shall be determin-
ed by yeas and nays,and the names of the persons voting
for or against the hill shall he entered on the journal of
each house respectively. If any bill shall not be return-
ed by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted)
after it shall have been presented to bin, the same shall
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unhss the
legislature by their adjournment pri-vent its return, in
which case it shall not be a liuv.
Every resolve shall be prewited to the governor, and
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by
him, or beinsr disajiproved by him, shall be repassed by
tlie senate and house of representatives, according to the
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
All judicial otficers, the attorney general, solicitors,all
sherins, coronei-s, registers of probate, and all officers of
the navy, and general and field officers of the militia,
shall b'' nominated iind appoint- d by tWe governor and
council; and every such nomination shall be made at
least three days prior to such appointment ; and no ap-
pointment shall take place, uiijess a majority of the
council agree thereto. The governor and council shall
have a negative on each other, both in the noniiiiations
and appointments. Eveiy nomination and appointment
shall be signed by the governor aoil council, every nega-
tive shall be also signed by the go> ernqr or council who
made the same.
The captains and subalterns in the respective regi-
ments shall be nominated by the field officers, and if ap-
proved by the'governor. shall he appointed by liini.
Whenever thcchair of ihe governor shall become va-
cant, by reason of his death, absence from the state, or
otherwise, the president of the senate shall, during such
vac incy, have and exeicis" all ihe powers and authori-
ties which, by this constitution, the governor is vested
with, when personally present ; but wiien the presid.ii.'
of the senateshall exercise the office of governor, he sluill
not hold his office in the senate.
The governor, with the advice of council, shall have
full po'vei and authority in the recess of the general
court, to proi' gue the same, from time to time, not ex-
ceeding seven months, in any one recess of said court ;
and during the session of said coart, to adjourn or pro-
rogue it to any time the two houses may desire, and to
call it together sooner than the tiine to which it may be
adjouruedorproroguedjif the welfiire of the state should
require the same.
The governor of this state, for the time being, shall be
comiiiaiiderin chief of the army and navy, and all the
militaiy forces of the state, by sea and land; and shall
have full power, by himself, or by any chief commander,
or other officer or officers, from time to time, to train,
instruct, exercise, and govern the militia and nav)' ; and
for the special defence and safety of this state, to assem-
ble in martial array, and put in warlike posture the in-
habitants thereof, and to lead and conduct them, and
with them to encounter, repulse, repel, resist, and pur-
sue, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within
and without the limits of this state; and also to kill, slay,
and destroy, if necessary, and conquer, by all fitting
ways, enterprises, ai d means, all and every such person
and persons", as shall at any time hereafter, in a hostile
manner, attempt or enterprisi- the destruction, invasion,
detriment, or annoyance of this state; and to use aiid
exercise, over the army and navy,and over the militia in
actual service, the law martial, in time of war or inva-
sion, and also in rebellion, (declared by the legislature
to exist,) as occasion shall necessarily require : and sur-
prise, by all ways and means whatsoever, all and every
such person or persons, u itli their ships, arms, aramuni-
tion,:iiid othergoo<ls,as slia!l,in a hostile manner, invade,
or attempt the invading, conquering, or annoying thi'
state : and, in tine, tiie governor is hereby entrusted
with all other jiowers incident to the offices of captain
general, and commander in chief, and admiral, to be ex-
ercised agreeably to the rules and regulations of the con-
stitution, and the laws of the land : Piovided, that the
governor shall not, at anv time hereafter, by virtue of
.".ny power bj this constitution granted, or hereafter to
be granted to him by the legislature, transport any of
the inhabitants of this state, or oblige them to march out
of the imils of the •iame, without their free and volun-
tary consent, or the consent of the general court ; nor
grant commissions fur exercising the law martial in any
case, without the advice and consent of the council.
The jiower of pardoning offences, except such as per-
sons may be convicted of before the senate, by impeach-
ment of the house, shall be in the governor, by aisd with
tlie advice of council: but no charter of pardon, granted
by the governor, with advice of council, before convic-
tion, shall avail the party pleading the same, notwith-
standing any general or ]>arlicular exinessions contained
therein, descriptive of the offence or offences intended
to be jiardoned. • *
No officer, duly commissioned to command in the
militia, shall be removed froni his office, but by the ad-
dress of both houses to the governor, or by fair trial in
court martial, pursuant to the laws of the state for the
time being.
The commanding olieers of regiments shall appoint
their adjutants and quarlcrmasteris: the brigadiers, their
brigEfde majors ; the mnior generals tlieir aids ; the cap-
tains and subalterns, their non-commissioned officers.
The governor,and council, shall appoint all officers of
the continental army, w hom (by the confederation of the
United Stales) it is provided that this state shall appoint;
as also all officers of Ibrts ami garrisons.
The division of the .militia into brigades, regiments,
and companies, made in pursuance of the militia laws
now in force, shall be considered as the proper divisions
of the militia of this state, until the same shall be altered
bj some future la«'.
No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of this
state, and disposed of except such sums as maybe ap-
ptopriated for the ledeniption of bills of credit or trea-
.siirer's notes-, or for Ihe i>aynienl of interest arising there-
on, by warrant, under Ihe hand of the governor for the
time being, by and with the advice and consent of the
council, for thi^ necessai-y support and defe^nceof this
state, and for the necessary protection and preservation
of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and
resolves of the genera! court.
All public ho.irds, the commissary general, all super-
intending offieei-s of public magazines and stores, be-
longing to this slate, and all commanding officers of
forts and garrisons \\ ithin the same, shall, once in every
three months, o){lcia!ly, and h itliout requisition, and at
other times when required by the governor, deliver to
him an accoilnt of all goods, stores, pi-ovisions,ammnni-
tion, cannon, with ilicir appendages, and small arms,
with their accoutrements, and ofall Other ixiblic proper-
ty under their care respectively ; distinguishing the
quaniityand kind of each, as particularly as may be;
together with the condition of sudi forts and garrisons.:
and the commanding officer shall exhibit to the govern-
or, when required by hiui, true and exact plans of such
forts, and oi the laud and sea, or hi'.rbour or harbours
adjacent.
The governor and council shall be compensated for
tin ir services from time to time, by such grants as the
general court shall think reasoiiabh .
Permanent and honouiable salaries shall be ostabHsIi-
cd by law for the justices of tlie supreme court.
CONSTITUTION OP NEW HAMPSHIRE. 23
COTJKCII. ^'" ^''^ "^^ °^ *^^ *'^^*-'' '"'^ ^^^ punctual performance of
his trust.
There shall lie aninially electedj by ballot, five coun- COUNTY TllEAStinKR 8cc.
scllors, for advising tlif governor in the txecutivi- j)art ' '
of the governmeni. t he freeholders and other inliabi- The county treasurers, and registers of deeds, shall
tants in each county, qualified to vole for senators, shall, be elected by the inhabitants of ilie several towns in the
sometime in ilie nionih of March, give in their votes for several counties in the state, aocorduig to the method
one counsellor; which voles shall be received, sorted, now practised, and the laws of ilie slate,
counted, certified, and returned to the sccretao's office, Provit/eil, nevcrt/iekss. The iegislatiire shall have an-
in the same manneras the votesfor senators, to he by the thorily to alter the manner of certifying the vott-s, and
secretary laid before tlie senate and house of represeuta- tlie mode of electing these officers ; but not so as to de-
livts, on the last Wednesday in October. pri\e the people ot the right the) now have of electing
And the person ha\ ino: a inajcnity of votes in any coun- them,
tv shall be considered as duly elected a counsellor ; but And the legislature, on the application of the major
if no person shall have a majoriuof votesin mi v county, part of the inhabitants of any county, shall have autho-
the senate and house of representativts siiall "tal;e tlk- rity to divide the same into two districts for registering
names of tlie two pi-rsons who have the highest number deeds, if to them it shall appear necessary ; each district
of votes in each county and not elected, and outof those to elect a register of deeds : and before they enter upon
two shall elect, bv.joiiit ballot, the counsellor wanted for the business of their office, shall be respectively sworn
such county. ' liiithfully to discharge the duties thereot, and shall seve-
Pruvldeil,nevcrlhekss, Thatno person shall be capable rally give bonds, with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable
of being elected a counsellor who has not an estat.; of the sujii, for the useof the county, for the punctual perform-
value of five hundred pounds w iihin this state, three aiice of their respective trusts,
hundred pounds of which (or r.iore) shall be a f. eehold IL'DICIAUY POWER
in his own right, and who is not thirtv years of age; and
who shall not have hn-n an inhabitant of this state for It shall be the duty of the general court to make a re-
seven yeai-s immediately preceding his election ; and at form in the judiciary sysltm, that justice may be admi-
the time of his election an inhabitant of the county in nistered in a more cheap and expeditious manner than
which he is elected. " is now practised, and that no pailj- shall have a review
The secretary shall annually, seventeen days before afterthe cause has been determinedagainsthimlwice by
the last Wednesday in October, give notice of the choice jury,
of persons elected.' The general court is hereby empowered to make al-
If any pei-son shall be elected g-.- emcr, or memberof teratious in the power of jurisdieiion of die courts of
either branch of the legislature, and shall not accept the common pleas, and general sessions of the peace, respec-
trust;or if any person ekcttda counsellor shall refiiseto lively; or, if they shall judge it necessarj for the public
accept the office ; orin Ciise of the death, resignation, or good, to abolish those courts, or either ot them, and in-
removal of any counsellor out of the state, the governor vest such other courts, as tliej may establish, with the
may issue a precept for the election of a new counsellor jurisdiction and powers now vested in the court of com-
in that county where such vacancy shall hajipen : and mon pleas, and courts of general sessions otthe peace,as
the choice shall be in the same manner as bei ne direct- the general court may, from time to time, judge expedi-
ed: and the governor shall have full powerand authori- ent for the due administration of law and justice,
ty to convene the council, from lime to lime, at his dis- And it shall be the duly of the general court to vest in
cretion; and, with them, or the majority of them, may, such court or couits of law, as to them may appear ex-
and shall, from time to timejho>d a council, fiir ordering pedient, the power of granting new trials, or a inal after
and directing the affairs of the slate according to the judgment, eiiher upon verdict of a jury, default, non-
laws of the land. suit, orcomp.aint, for affirmation of judgment, n» all
The members of the council maybe impeached by the cases where substantial justice has not been do.'ie, except
house, and tried by the senate, for bribery, corruption, as belore excepted, in such manner, and mule r such re-
malepraclice, or malcadministratiou. strictions ami regulations, as to the general court may
The Its jiutions and advice of the council sliall be re- appear for the public good; provided, application be
corded by the secretarj', in a register, and signed by all made for sucli review oimrial within one ) ear from the
the members present agreeing tliereio ; and this record rendition of Judgmeijs.
may be called for at any time i)y either house of the le- For ihc more eilectual preserving llie proper separa-
gislature ; and any member of ihe council may enter his tion of the thiee great powers of go\ ernment, agreeably
opinion contrary to the resolutions of the majority, with to the ihirtj -seventh article in tiie bill of rights, the jiow-
the reasons for such opinion. er of hearing and deciding in cases of equit) , shall be
The legislature maj',if the public good shall hereafter vested either in some judicial court or courts, or in some
require it, divide the suite into five districts, as nearly court to be established specially for that jiuriiose : pro-
equal a< may b.> governing themselves by the numberof vided no power shall be granted to any sucii courts, in-
rateable polls, anil proportion of public taxes : each dis- compatible with the bill of rights and constitution. And
trict to elect a counsellor ; and in case of such division, the pow ers of sr.id court shad be limited and defined by
the manner of the choice shall be conformabie to the express laws; and no suit in equity shall be sustained
jiresent mode of election in counties. where clear and adequate remedy may be had at law.
And whereas the elections appointed to be made by 'Ihe genera: court are empoui red to give to jitsiices
this constitulion, on the last Wednesday of October an- of the peace jurisdiction in civil causes, when thv dania-
iiuall}', by the two houses of the legislature, may not be ges demanded shall not t\ctiri.l four floundi; and title of
completed on that day, the said elections may be ad- real esuue is not concerned ; but with right of ajjpeal to
journed from day lo day, until the same may be com- either party to some other court, so that a trial by jury
pleted ; and the order of ihe elections shall be as follows: in the last lesori may be had.
the vacancies in the senate, if any, shall be fim filled up; No person shall hold the office of a judge in any courf,
the governor shall then he elected, providird there shall or judge of probate, or sheriff of aiiy counn , after he
be no choice of him by the ^leojile ; and afterwards the has attained the age of seventy years,
two houses shall proceed to fill up the vacancy, if any. No judge of any court, or justice of the peace, shall
in the council. ' act as attorney, or be of counsel, to any party, or origi-
nate any civil suit, in matters which shall come or be
SECnETAUY, TREASUBER, COMMISSARY GEKE- brought before him as judge, or justice of the peace.
UAL SiC ■'^" 'uatters relating to the proliate of wills, andgrant-
ing letters of adminisliation, siiall be exercised By Ihe
The secretary, treasurer, and commissary general, judges of probate, in such niamier as the legislature have
shall be chosen by joint ballot of the senators and repre- directed, or may hereafter direct ; and the judges of
seniatives, afisembled in one room. probate shall hold their courts at such place or places,
The records of the state shall be kept in ihe office of on such fixed days as theconvenieucy of the people may
thesecretary,and he shall attend the governor and coun- require, and the legislature from time lo time appoint,
cil, the senate and representatives, in person, orbyde- No judge or register of prohate shall be of counsel,
puty, as they may r< quire. act as advocate, or receive any fees as advocate or coun-
The secretary of ihe state shall, at ail times, have a sel, in any [)roliate business which is jiendiiig, or may be
deputy, to be b^nrn appointed ; for whose conduct in bruughi into any eourt of probate in thecountj of which
office he shall be re-poiisible. And in case of the death, heis judge or register.
leraoyal, or inability of the secretary, his deputy shall r i r n .r e <ir inini'i- m.
exercise all the duties of the office of secretary of this (.LERIi-S OF toURl. *
state, until another shall be appointed. The secivtarv. The judges of the courts (those of the probate except*
before he enters upon the business of liis oince, shall ed, shall appoint their respective cierks, lo noidtheirof-
giTe bond, with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable sum, fice during pleasure ; and no such clerks siiall act .ns an
e4
CONSTITUriOX OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
attorney, or be of counsel, in any cause in the court of
which hi" is clerk,nor shall he draw any writ originating
a civil action.
ENCOURAGEMEXT OF LITERATITRK, &C
Kn;>wl<'df?caiid learniiitr, g^'nel•aUy diifiistd through
a comiiiuiiity, being es»cnii.i! to thi jiii-strvatioii of a
fvef govt rnii'unt ; and spVLadiiig thi. i>ppariuj".itii-s asid
adiaiitagis of edcuatioii through thv various parts ol ihe
countj'j , btirig iii^hiy coudiifive to promute this end : it
ehail bt th. doty oi the legisiato:sand magistvatrs, iu ail
futun periods of this govermutnt, to elu-nsli the inteii st
of litemiure and the sciences, ami aa senuiiarKs aii<l
pubiie schuois, to encourage pri\atcand puliiic institu-
tions, rewards, and immunities for the proiuotion ol ag-
I'iculture, arts, scieu.'es, toiumerce, trades, manufic-
tures, and natural histo.y of the couiitij ; to counte-
nance ami iiiciiicate the pniicipies ofhu.ijanity and ge-
neral bciievoieiice, pub/icund private charil>, industry
and economy, honesty and punctuality, sinci lit), sobri-
ety, and all social affectious ajid generous sentiments
among the p* opie.
Oath and snbsiiijdions ; exclusion from offices ; commii-
sioiis ; ivrifs ; conjinnwiuii ■J'laivs ; habeas corpus ; tlie
enactiuij styie ; cuntlnuance of uffueis ; piuvtsioii for a
future 7-eviscon of the institution, drc.
Any pi rson chosen govtrnor, counsellor, senator, or
representative, ni<litur> or civii officer, (town ufficeis
excepted,) accepting the trust, shad, before he proceeds
to execute the duties of his office, make and subseriOe
«he following declaration, viz.
I, A B, do solemnly Svvear, that 1 will bear faith and
true alii glance to the state ot New Hampshire, and
Will support the constitution thereol. So litlp me
God.
I, A B, do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm,
that 1 will faithfully and impartially dischargf and
perform al. the duties incumbent on me as
according to the best of n.y abilitirs. agreeably to
the rules and regulations of this eon.titution, and
the laws of the state of New Hampshire. So l.tlp me
God.
Any person having taken and subscribed the oath of
allegiance, and the same being filed in the secretary's
offlc' , he shall not be obliged to take said oatli again.
Pruviikd always, Whenany person chosen or appoint-
ed as atbie»aid, shall be of the denomiiiaiioii called (Qua-
kers, or shall be scrupulous of swearing, and shall de-
dine taking the said oaths, sueli^ghal! take and subscribe
them, omitting tlie word swciir. and likew is,.- llie words
BO help me G(i(/,sui>joiiiiiig iiibt>ad fliereof,tAii IdounUer
the pains and ptnaltics if perjury.
And the oaths or affiruialioiis shall be taken and sulv
scribed by the governor, before the president of the se-
nate, in "presence of both housi s of the legislature, and
by the senators and represeiitJitives first elected under
this constitution, as altered and amended, before the
president of the state, and a m;ijority of the council t ,en
in office, and for ever afcerwards before the governor
and council for the fnm being ; and by all ofherofficers,
before such persons, and in such manner as the legisla-
ture shall from time to time appoint.
All commissions shall be in the name of the state of
New Hampshire, signed by the governor, and attested
by the secretary or his deputy, and shall have the great
seal of the state affixed thereto.
All writs issuinn out of the clerk's office in any of the
courts of law, shall be in the name of the state of New
Hampshire ; shall be under the seal of the court whence
they issue, and bear test of the chief, first, or senior jus-
tice of the court; but when such justice shall bei;iterest-
ed, then the writ shall bear test of some oiher justice of
the court, to which the same shall be returnable; and be
sigiitd by the clerk of such court.
All indictments, presentments, and informations, shall
conclude, against the peace and dignity of the state.
The estiUe of such persons as may destroy their own
lives,shkll not, for that otfence,be forfeited, but descend
or ascend in the same manner as if such pei-sons had
died in a natural way. Nor shall any article which shaU
accidentally occasion the death of any person, be hence-
forth deemed a tleodand, or in anywise forfeited on ac-
count of such misfortune.
All the laws w hich have herelolbre been adopted, used,
and approved, in the province, colony, or state of New
Hampshire, and usually practised on in the courts of
law, shall remani and be in full force until altered and
^^calf.d by the legislature: such parts thereof only ex-
^pted, as are repugnant to the rights and liberties con-
tained in this constitution. : Provided that nothing lierc-
jn contained, when coinpand with the twenty-third ar-
ticle in the bill of rights, shall be construed to afiect tLe
laws already made respecting the persons or estates of
absentees.
The privilege and benefit of the habeas corpus shall
be enjoy, d in this state, in the most free, easy, eheap,ex-
peditious, and amp e manner, and shall not In suspend-
ed by ;h( legislate re, except upon the most urgetil and
pressing occasions, and for a time not exceeding three
months. ,
I'he enacting style, in liiaUing and passine; acts, sta-
tutes, and laws, shall hi —Be it enacted by the senati and
house oj represeii'alives, ingenerai court lojivened.
No governor, oi judge oi the Mipi"' mejudicial court,
shall hod any office or plaCf uiuh r the anti.urily oi this
stale, e.Ncejn sucli as by this constiiution they are admit-
ted to ho.u ; saving tha: the judges of the said court may
hold I he offices of justice of the peace throughout the
state ; nor sha.l they hoii any place or office, or leceive
any pension or salary , from any other state, governnieiit,
or power whati ver.
No person shall be capable of exercising, at the same
time, more than one of the following offices within this
state, viz. judge of probate, sheriff, register of deeds;
and never more than two offices of profit, which may be
held by appointment of the governor, or govei'norand
council, or senate and house of representatives, or supe-
rior or inferior cour.s, railitarj offices, and offices of jus-
tices of the peace, excepted.
No person holding the ffice of judge of any court,
(except special j udges,) secretary, treasurer of the state,
attorney general, commissary general, military officers
receiving pay from the coi.tiiieiit or this state, (t ac pt-
ingoffic is ot' the mil i til ecasionaily called lorth on an
e.'uernency,)register of deeds, sheriff, ov officers oi the
custoius, including iiava, officers, collectors ot excise,
and state and coulmental taxes, hereafter appointed,
and not having settled their :<ccoiints with the respective
officers with whom it is their duty to settle such ac-
counts, members of congress, or any person holding any
office under the United States, shall, at the same time,
bold the otTice of governor, or have a seat in the senate,
Ol house of lepri seiitatives, or council ; but bis being
chosen or apooniied to, anil accepting the same, shall
operate as a resignation of his seat in the chair, senate,
of house ot represeiitativi s, or council ; and the places so
vacated shall be filled up. No member of the council
shall have a seat in the senate or house of representa-
tive s.
No person shall ever be admitted to ho'd a seat in the
legislature, or any office of trust or importance under
this government, who, in the due couneof law, hasbeen
convicted of bribery or corruption in obtaining an elec-
tion or appointment.
In all eases where sums of luoney are mentioned in tliis
constitution, the va.ue thereof shall be computed in sil-
ver, at six shilliii/^s and eij;ht fience per ounce.
To the end that there may be no failure of justice, or
danger to the state, by the alteration and amendments
made in the constitution, the general court is hereby
fully authorised and directed to fix the time when the
alterations and amendments shall take effect, and make
the ni/cessary arrangements accordingly.
It shall be the duty of the selectmen and assessors of
the several towns and places in this stale, in warning the
first annual meeting for the choice of senators, after the
expiration of seven years from the adoption of chis con-
stitution, as amended, to assert expressly in the warrant,
this purpose, among the others for the meeting, to wit :
to take the sense of the qualified voters on the subject of
a revision of the constitution ; and the meeting being
warned accordingly, and not otherwise, the moderator
shall take the sense of the qualified voters present, as to
the necessity of a revision : and a return ot the number
of votes for ana against such ik cessity, shall be made by
the clerk, sealed up, and directed to the general court,
at their next session ; and if itshall appear tothegeiieral
court, by sucli return, that the sense of the people of the
state has been taken, and that, in the opinion of the
majority of the qualified voters in the state, present and
voting at said meetings, there is a necessity for a revision
of the constitution, it shall be the duty of the general
court to call a convention for that purpose; otherwise
the general court shall direct the sense of the people to
be taken, and then proceed in the manner before-men-
tioned. The delegates to be chosen in ihe same manner,
and propori'.oii. d as the representatives to the general
court; proxided, that no alterations Aall be made in
this constitution, before ihe same shall be laid before the
towns antl unincorporated places, and approved by two-
thirds of the qualified voters piesen. and voting on the
subject.
And the same method of taking the senae of the peoi.
pie as to a revision of the constitution, and calling a coii-
CHARTER OF RHODE ISLAND.
25
tentioii for that puipose, shall be observed afterwarils,at sbnU be prefixed to the books containing the laws of tins
the expiration of every seven years. state, in all future editions thereof.
This for.Ti of jjovemment shall be enrolled on parch- JOHN PICKERIN'G, Pirjit/enf P.T-
ment, and deposited in the secretary's office, and be a r, » t tt-e- c ' ' '
part of the laws of the land ; and printed copies thereof Attest, JOHN CALFE, iccretnry.
CHARTER OF RHODE ISLAND,
Granted bij lining Charles 11. in the fourteenth year of his reign.
<^uintadecima pars Fatentium Anno Regni Regnis Caroli Secundi Quintotlecimo.
CHARLES the Second, by the grace of ttod, 8je. to
all to whom these presents shall come, greetinej: Where-
as we have been informed, by the petitition of ourtrusty
and well beloved subjects, John Clark, on the behalfof
Benedict Arnold, William Brenton, William Codinj;-
ton, Nicholas Easton, William Bocilston, John Porter,
John Smith, Samuel Gorton. John Weekes, Roger Wil-
liams, Thomas OIney, Gregory Uexter, Jchn Cogeshall,
Joseph Clarke, Randall Houlden, John Greene, John
Roome.Samuel Wildliore, William Field.James Barker,
Richard Tew, Thomas Harris, and William Dyre. and
the rest of the purchasers and free inhabitants of our
island called Rhode Island, and the rest of the colony of
Providence Plantations, in the Narraganset Bay, in New
England, in America — That they, pursuing with peace
and loyal minds their sober, serious, and religious inten-
tions, of godly edifying themselves and one another in
the holy Christian faith and w orship, as they w ere per-
stiaded, together with the gaining oAer and convei-sion
of the poor ignorant Indian natives, in those parts of
America, to the sincere profession and obedience of the
same faith and worship, did not only, by the consent
and good encouragement of our royal progenitors, trans-
port themselves out of this kingdom of Rngland, into
America; but also, since their arrival there, after their
tirsl settlement amongst oMier of our subjects in those
parts, for the avoiding of di=?or(I, oml these many evils
which w ere li.kely to er.sue upon those our subjects, not
being able to bear, in those remote pans, thf-ir diftlrent
apprehensions in religious eo^eernmeiiis: and in pursu-
ance of the nfori said ends, did ^rice Hgainleave Iheir de-
sirable stations and habitations, and, with excessive la-
hour aiul travail, hazard, ai:d ehaiKc, did transplant
ihemsi Ives into the niiilsl i.f the Indian nstive-% w ho, as
■n-e are informed, arc tlie most potent prjices and people
of all that country : w here, by the good providtnce nf
God, (from whom the plantations have t;iken their
name.) upon their labour and industn-, they have not
only been preserved to admiration, hut have increased
and prospered, and are seized and possessed, by pin-
vhaseand consent of said natives, to th( ir full content,
uf such lands, islands, rivers, harbours, and n>a<ls. as are
very cor.vt nient both for plantations and al^o for build-
ing of ships, supplying of pipe-staves, and other mer-
chandise, which lie very commodious, in many respects,
fur commerce, and to accommodate our sotitheni plant-
ations, and may much advance the trade of this our
realm, and greatly eiiiiirge the territories thereof; they
iiaving, by near neighhourhood to, ans? fiiendly society
with, the great body ofXarraganset Indians, giveii them
eneouiT.geinent, of thiir own accord, to subject theni-
Sf ives, their people and land, unto us ; \i hereby, as is
Iioped. there may, in time, bj' the blcstingof God upon
their endeavours, be laid a sure foundation of happiness
to all America:
And whereas, in their humble address, they have free-
ly declared thit it is much on their hearts (if they be
permitteil) to hold fuvtlia lively expi riment thatthemo^t
liourisiiiiig civil state may stand, and best he maintaiu -d,
;ind that among our English subjects w ith a full iiberfy
in religious concernments ; and that true piety, rightly
grounded upon gospel principles, will give the hi st anil
greatest security to sovertigntj'. and will lay in the
hearts of men the strongest obligations to true loyalty:—
Now know ye, that «•<•, being willing to encourage the
hopelul undertaking of our said loyal and loving siib-
jects, and to secure thcni in the free exercise and enjoy-
uient of all the civil and religio'is rights appertaining to
them, as our loving subjects: and to preserve unto them
that liberty in the true Christian tiiith and worship of
God which they have sought, with so much travail, and
with peaceable' minds and loyal subjection to our royal
progenitors and ourselves, to enjoy : and because some
of the people and inhabitants of'th'e same colony cannot,
in thiir private opinion, conform to the public exercise
of religion, according to the liturgy, foviii, and ceremo-
nies of the church of England, to'take or subscribe the
oaths and articles madf and established in that behalf;
and for that tlv same, by reason of the remote distances
of those places, will, as wehope, benobreaehof theuni-
tv and uniformity established in this nation, have there-
fore thought fit, and do hereby publish, grant, ordain,
and declare, that our royal will and pleasure is,
I'hat no person w ilhin the said colony, at any time
hereafter, shall be anywise molested, punished, disquiet-
ed, or called in question, for any differences in opinion
in mattersof religion, who do not actually disturb ilie ci-
vil peace of our said colony ; but that all and every per-
son and persons may, from time to time, and at all times
hereafter, freely and fully have and enjoy his own and
their judgments and consciences, in matters of religious
concernments, thromrhout the tract of land hereafter
mentioned, they behaving themselves peaceably and
quietly, and not using this liberty to liceittiousness and
profaiienes's. nor to the civil injury or outward disturb-
ance of others ; any law, statute, or clause therein con-
tained, or io be contained, usage, or custom, of this
realm, to the contrai^ hereof, in anywise notwithstand-
ing.
And that they may be in the better capacity to defend
themselves, in their just rights and liberties, againstall
the enemies of the Christian faith, and others, in all re-
spects, we have further thought fit, and at the humble
petition of the persons aforesaid, are graciously pleased
to declare.
That they shall liave and enjoy the benefit of our late
act of indemnity and free iiardoi*, as the rest of our sub-
jects i!> our othi r dominions and territoiies have; and to
create o make them a body politic or corporate, witli
the powers and piivileges hereinafter mentiiined. And,
accordingiy, oov will and pleasure is, and ofotirespecial
grace, certain knowledge, and mere nmtien, we have
ordain«l. constituted, and declared, and, by these pre-
sents, for us, our hei s, and successors, do ordain, consti-
tute, and declare, that they, the said William Brenton,
Wihiam Codington, Nicholas Easton, Benedict Arnold,
William Roulston. John Porter, Samuel Gonon, John
Smith, John Weekes, Roger Williams, Thomas Olney,
Grec;ory Dexter, .lohn Cog'shail. .Joseph Clarke, Ran-
liall Hiiiildin, John ■ one, John Ronme, William Dyre,
Samurl Wiklbore, Richard Tew, AVillinm Field, Tho-
mas Karris. James Barker, Rainsborrow, — — .
Williams, and John Nickso;i, and all such others as are
now, or hereafter shall be, admitted free of the company
and society of oin- colony of Providence Plantations, in
the NariT.gan^et Bay, in New England, s'lnll be, from
time to time, and for evei- hereafter, a body eoi-[ioraie
and p^ilitic, in fact and name, by the n:inie ui'Tliet^over-
1101- anil cdinprmy nf the Eui;li It colon;/ of Rhode Island
and Providence Plant at ion.i, in N, re Enf;(n!id. hi Ameri-
ca; anil th:it liy the same name they and their successors
shall and may have perpetual succesdon, and shall and
may he persons able and capable in the law to sue aiu!
he sued, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and to be
answered unto, to defend and to be defindcd, in all and
sineuSar -ults. cause?, quarrels, nutters, actions, and
-CHARTER OP RHODE ISLAND.
thin]3:s,of«iiat kind and iiatiiie soever ; andaUoloIiavc,
take, possess, acquire, and purchase lands, ten<;inents,or
hertditams-iits. or any goods or chattels, and the same to
lease, grant, d( niiso. alien, bargain, sell, and dispose of,
at their own «ill and pleasure, is other our liege pcop'e
of this our realm of England, or any corporation or body
politic within the same, may lawfully do.
And further, that they, the said go\ emor and compa-
ny, and their successors, shall and may, for ever hereaf-
te'r, have a common seal, to serve and u^e for all matters,
causes, things, and affairs whatsoever, of them and their
succcssots : and the same seal to alter, ehantce. break,
and make nt w, from time to liit-e, at tlieir will and plea-
sure, as thtv shall think fit.
And further, we will and ordain, and, by these pre-
sents, for t!s, our heirs, and successors, declare and ap-
point, that, for the better ordering; and manacitipr of the
affairs and business of the said company and their suc-
cessors, there sljall be one ftO\'ernor, one deputy govern-
or, and ten asssistants, to be from time to time constitu-
ted, elected, and chosen, out of the freemen cf the said
company, foi the lime being, in such manner and forni
as is hereafter in these presents expressed; which Siiid
officers shall apply themselves to take care for the best
disposing and orderine: of the general b:isiness and af-
fairs of, and concerning the lands and hereditaments
liereiiiafter mentioned to be granted, and the plantation
thereof, and the government of the people there.
And, for the better execution of our royal pleasure
herein, we do, for us, our heirs, and successors, assigii,
7)ame, constitute, and appoint the aforesaid Beneilict
Arnold to be the first and present governor of the said
coin-pany ; and the said William Brenton to be the depu-
ty governor ; and thesaiil AViiliam IJoulston, John Por-
ter, Roger Willi,ams, Thomas OIney, John Smitli,_John
Greene, John Cogeshall, James Barker, William i-'ield,
and Joseph Clarke, to bo the ten present assistants of the
said company, to continue in the said several ofiices re-
spectively, until the first Wednesday which shall be in
the moath of May now next coming.
And further, we will, and by these presents, for us,
our t.eirs, and successors, do ordain and grant, that the
governor of the said company, for the time b' ing, or. in
his absence, by occasion of sicI:T<ess or otherwise, b)^ his
leave or permission, the deputy governor for the time
being shall and may, from time to time, upon all occa-
sions, give orders for the assembling of th.' said compa-
ny, ami calling them together to consu't and advise of
the business and aftairs of the said company ; and that
for ever hereafter twice in every year, that is to say. on
every first VVtdnesday in the month of May, and on
every hist Wednesday in Octol)er, or ofkener,'in case it
shall be requisite. ; V- assistants, and such of the fn-emen
of the said compa;iy. not exceetling six persons for New-
port, four per-voes for each of the respective towns of
Providence, Por!smoi;th,and Warw ick, and two persons
for each other place, tow n, or city, who shall I.e, f;-;im
time to time,thereimto elected or'deptited, by the ii::i jor
part of the fnemenof the respective townsor places, for
which they shall be so elected or deputed, shall have a
general meeting or nsscnibly. then and ihi le to consult,
advise, and deterniine.in and about the aiX.irs and busi-
ness of the said company and plantations.
And further, we do, Of our especial grace, certain
loiowl'd (.;<•. and m.-rejnotion, give and grant unto the
said gov: riuir and cotnpany of the English colony of
Rhode lOaixl.and Providence Plantations, in \'ew Eng-
land, in America, and tin ir successors, that the govern-
or, in his absence, or by his permission, the deputy go-
vernor of the s'^id comjianj', fur the time being, the as-
sistants and such of the freetnen of the said company, :«
shall besoalbiesiid elected or deputed, or so many yf
them as shall be present at such meeting or assembly, as
aforesaid, shall be culled the gelieral assembly ; and that
they, or the greatest pait of them then present (whereof
the governor, or deputy governor, and six of the assist-
ants at least, tobeseveii) shall h ve, and have heri by
given and granttd unto them, full power and authority,
from time to time, and at all times hereafter, to appoint,
alter, atid change such da>s, times, and places of meet-
ing and general assembly, as they shall think fit ; and to
choose, nominate, and appoint such and so many per-
sons as they 'ihall think fit,a)id shall be willing to accejit
the same, to be free of the s;iid eoTnnany and body poli-
tic, antl them into the same to admit; and to elect and
constitute such offices and officers, and to grant sueh
needful commissions as theyshall think fit and requisite,
for ordering, managing, and despatching of the affairs < f
the said governor and company, and their succtssors:
and fram time to time to make, ordain, constitute, and
repesjj, such laws, ^talutts, orders, and ordinances, forms,
and ceremonies of government and magistracy, as to
thtJin shall seem mcctj fuv i.he good and w elfare of the
said company, and for t'le government and ordering of
the lands and hereditaments herein after mentioned to
be gianted, and-of the people that do, or at any time
hereafter shall, inhabit or be within the same ; so as such
laws, ordinances, and eonstitutiens, so made, be not con-
trary and repugn<;nt unto, but (as near as may be) agree-
able to the laws of this our .-ealm of England, consider-
ing the nature and constitution of tlie place and people
there ; and also to appoint, order, and direct, erect and
settle such places and courts of jurisdiction, for hearing
and deterniiningofall actions, cases, matters, and things,
happening within the said colony and plantation, which
shall be in dispute, and depending there, as theyshall
think fit ; and also to distinguish and set forth the seve>
ral names and titles, duties, powers, and limits, of each
court, office, and officer, superior and inferior; and also
to contrive and appoint such forms of oaths and attest-
ations, not repugnant, but (as nearas maybe) agreeable,
as aforesaid, to the laws and statutes of this our realm, as
are convenient and requisite, with respect to the due ad-
ministration of justice, and due execution and discharge
of all offices and places of trust, by the persons that shall
be therein coticeiT.ed ; and also to regulate and order
the way and manner of al! elections to offices and places
of trust, ami to prescribe, limit, and distinguish the
numberand bounds of all places, towns, and cities, with-
in the limits and bounds herein aftermentioned,andnot
herein partictilarly named, that have or shall have the
pow er of electing and sendhtg of freemen to the said
general assembly; and also to order,direct,and authoinze
the imposing of lawful and reasonable fines, mulcts,ini-
prisonment, and, executing other punishments, pecuni-
ary and co!-poral, upon offenders and delinquents, ac-
cording to the course of other corporations, within this
our kingdom of England ; and again, to alter, revoke,
annul, or pardon, under their common seal, or nther-
wise,such fines, mulcts, imprisonments,sentences, judg-
ments, and condemnations, as shall be thought fit ; and
to direct, ritle, order, and dispose of all other niatteis
and things, and particularly that which relates to the
making of pin-chases of the native Indians, as to ihein
shall seem meet ; whereby our said people and ii'habi-
tants in the said plantations, may be so religiously, peace-
ably, and civilly governed, as that, by their good life,
ami orderly conversation, they may win and incite the
native Indians of the country to the knowledge and obe-
dience of the only true God and Saviour of mankind;
w iliing, commanding, and by these presents, for us, our
heirs,ar.d successors, ordaining,and appointing, that all
sttch laws, st.itutes, orders, and ordinances, instructions,
impositions, and directions,asshallbeso madebythe go-
vernor, deptity, assistant, and freemen, or such number
of them as aforesaid, and published in writing under
their common seal, shall he carefully and duly observed,
kept, performed, and put in execution, according to the
true intent and meaning of the same. And these our
1( tters jjatcnt, or the duplicate of exemplification there-
of, shall be, to all and ev^y such officers, superior or in-
ferior, fVom time to time, for the putting of the same or-
ders, laws, statutes, i.idim^nees, instructions, and direc-
tions indue execution, against us, our heirs, and succes-
sors, a sufficient warrant and discharge.
And fiirilur, our will ard pleasure is, and we do
hereby, for Us, our heirs, and successors, establish and
ovdain, that yearly, once in the year for ever hereafter,
nauiely, tlie aforesaid Wednesday in May, and at the
town of Nenjiort, or elsewhere, if urgent occasion do
require, the governor, deputy governor, and assistants,
of thcsKid company, and other officers of the said com-
pany, or such of them as the general assembly shall think
fit, shall be in the said general court or assembly, tote
held from that day or time, newly chosen for the year
ensuing, by the greater part of the said company for the
time being, as shall be then there present. Andif itshall
iiappen tliat the jiresent governor, deputy governor,
and assistants, by th( se presents appointed, or any such
as shall hereafter he newly chosen into their respective
roimis, or any of them, or any other of the officers of the
said coni]CTny, shall die, or be removed from his or their
several offices or places, before the said general day of
election, (whom we do hereby declare for a misdemean-
or or default tube removable bythe governor, assistants,
and company, or such greater partof them, in any of the
said public courts to be assembled as aforesaid) that then
ai'd in every such case, it shall and may be la'^vful to and
for the said governor, deputy governor, assistants, and
company aforesaid, or such greater part of them, so to
1)C assembled, as is aforesaid, in any of their assemblies,
to proceed to a new election of one or more of their
company in the room or place, rooms or places, of such
ofllcer or officers, so dying, or removed, according to
their directions. And immediately upon or after such
election or elections made of such g'oreriicr, deputy go-
CHARTER OF RHODE ISLAND.
vcmov, assistant or assistants, ov any otlier ofBcer of tlie
said company, in niauner and loini aforesaid, the auilio-
rity, office, and power, before given to tlielbrmer gover-
nor, deputy governor, and otlier oflieer or officers so re-
moved, in wliose stead and place nv.v s)iall be chosen,
shall, as to hiai and them, and every of them respec-
tively, cease and determine : Provided always, and our
will and pleasure is, that as wel sueli asare by tliesi;
pre-sents appointed to be the present (governor, deputy
^vernor, and assistants of the said company, as those
V'faicli shall succeed (hem,and al hither ofiicei-s to be ap-
pointed and chosen as aibresaid, shall, before the under-
taking the execution of the said offices and places re-
spectively, {fire their solenni encja^ement, by oath or
otherwise, for the due ami faithful performance of their
duties, in their several offices and piacis, belbre such
person or persons as are by these present!) hereafter ap-
pointed to lake ami receive the same : that is to say, the
said Benedict Arnold, who is herein before nominated
and appointed the present gu\ernor of the said eomjia-
ny, shall (five the aforesaid engagement before William
}5reuton, or any two of the said assistants, of the said
company, unto whom we do by these presents give full
power and authority to require and receive the same :
and the said William Breiiton, who is hereby before
Hominated and appointed the present deputy governor
of the saidcompany,shall (five tlr aroivsaid engagement
belbre the said Benedict Arnold, or any two of the assist-
ants of the said company, unto w horn we do,by these pie-
sents, give full power and authority to require and re-
ceive the same: and the said William Boulston, John
I'orter, Roger Williams, Thomas Olney, .loUn Smith,
.'ohn Greene, John Cogeshall, James Barker. \Villi:im
Field, and Josepli Clarke, w lio are herein befon- uomi-
nated and appointed the present assistants, of the com-
pany, shall give the said engagement to tlieiroftic.es and
jilaces respectively beloiitfing, before the said Benedict
Arnold and William Ureatoii, or one of ilieiu, to w lioiii
respectively we do hereby give full powei- and uutliority
to require, administer, or receive the same : anil further,
our w ill ami pleasure is, that all and every other I'ulure
governor, or deputy governor, to be elected and cliosen
by virtue of these presents, shall givethesaid engage-
]nent before t\\ o or more of the said assistants of the said
company,(br the time being, unto w hom we df>,^y these
presents, give full iiower and authority to requite, ad-
minister, or receive the'same: and the said assistants,
and every of them, and ail and evei7 other officer or of-
ficers, to be hereafter elected and chosen by virtue of
lliese presents, from time to time, shall give the like en-
gagements to their offices and places respectively be-
longing, before the governor, or deputy governor, for
the time being, unto which the said governor, or deputy
governor, we do by these presents give full power and
authority to require, administer, or receive the same ac-
cordingly.
And we do likewise, for ns, our heirs and successors,
j^ive and grant unto the said governor and company and
their successoi-s, by these presents, that for the more
peaceably and orderly government of the said i>lanta-
tions, it shall and may be lawful fur the governor, depu-
ty governor, assistants, and all other ollicers and minis-
ters of the said company, in the ad miuislra lion of justice,
and exercise of government, and the said (ilanlations, to
use, exercise, and put in execution, such methods, or-
ders, rules, and directions, (not being contrary and re-
Iiugiianttothelawsand statutes of this our realm,) as
lave been heretofore given, used, and accustomed in
such cases respectively, to be put in practice, until at the
next, or some other r^neral assembly, especial provision
shall be made in the cases aforesaid.
And we do further, for us, our heii-5 and successors,
give and grant unto the said governor and company,
and their successors, by these priseiits, that it shall and
may be lawful to and tor the said governor, or, in his ab-
sence, the deput> governor, and luajor part of the said
assistants for the time being, at any iime, when the saiel
general assembly is not sitting, to nominate, appoint,
and constitute such and so many commanders, govern-
ors,and military offieeisjas to them shall seem leouisite,
for the leading, conducting, and training m> the nihabi-
lants of the said jilantations in martial affairs, and for
the defence and safeguard of the said jilaulations; that
it shall and may be lawful to and for all and every such
commander, governor, and militar)' officer, that shall be
so as aforesaid, or by ihe governor, or, in his absence,
the deputy governor, and six of tlie aisisiams, and major
part of the freemen of said coin;jany, present at any ge-
neral assemblies, nominated. uppuinud,;i:id coiistiiiited,
according to th>: tPiior of !:•> and ih'.ir respective com-
missions and directions, to a-.seiiilne, eseicise in aims,
marshal, array, and put in warlike posture, the inhabi-
tants of said colony, for their especial defence and safe-
ty ; and to lead and conduct the said inhabitants, antl to
encounter, repulse, and resist, by force of arms, as well
by sea as by land, to kill, slay, and destroy, by all fitting
ways, enterprises, and means whatsoever, all and every
such person or pirsons as shall at any time hereafter at-
tempt or enterprise the deslruclion, invasion, detriment,
or annoyance of the said itihabltaiifs, or pluntations ;
and to use and exercise the law marn.d, in such cases
only as occasion may necessiuily recjuire ; and to take
and surprise, by all ways and means w batsoever, all and
every such person or persons, with their ship, or ships,
armour, ainiuunition, or other goods of such persoin, as
shall in hostile manner inva<le, oi altenipi the defeating
of the said plantation, or the huit of the said company
and inhabitants; and uponjusi cause, to iii\adeand dl'-
stioy the native Indians, or oilier enemies of the said co-
lony.
Nevertheless, our will and p leas ;i re is, and wedo here-
by declare to the rest of our colonies in New Kngland,
that it shail not be lawful fur this our said colony of
Rhode Island and I'lovidence I'laiitations, in America,
in Xew Kngiaiid, to invade tlie natives inhabiting willw
in the boniidsand limits of the said colonies, without the
KliowUdgeaiid consent of the said oilier colonies. And
it is hereby declared, that it shall nut iie lawful to or for
the rest of the colonies to invade or molest the native
Indians, or any other inhabitants, inhabiting within tlie
Ivjunds or iimi'ts hereafter mentioned, (they liaving stjlv'
jected tliemselves unto us, and being by us takm into
our special protection,) without the knowledge and eon-
sent of the governor and company of our colony of
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Also, our will and pleasure is, and wedo hereby de-
clare unto all Christian kings, princes, and states, that,
if any pei-son, w ho shall hereafter be of ill." said compa-
ny or platiiation, or any other, by apiMiintmint of the
said governor and company, for the tiiiu- being, shall, at
any time or times hereafter, rob or spoil, by sea or land,
or do any hurt, or unlawful hostility, lb any of the sub-
jects of us, our heirs and successors, or to any of the sub-
jects of any prince or state, being then in league with
uSj our heirs and successors, upon complaint of sucli
injury done to any such prince or state, or their subjects,
we, our heirs and successors, will make open proclama-
tion, within any part of our realm of Kngland, fit for
that purpose,that the person or persons committing any
sueli robbery or spoil shall, wiihiii tiie time limited by
such proclamation, make full restitution or satisfaction
of all such inje.ries done or committed, so as the said
prlnee, or others, so complaining, maj be fully satisfied
and contented; and if the said person or persons, who
shall commit any such robbery or spoil, shail not make
satisfaction accordingly, within such time so to be limit-
ed, that then, w e, our heirs and successors, will put such
person or persons out of our allegiance ami proieclion ;
and, that then it .shall and lua) be lawful and free for all
priiices and others to prosecute with hostility sucti of-
fenders, and every of them, their and every of their pro-
curers, aiders, abettors, and counsellors, in that khalf.
Provided, also, and our express will atid pleasure is,
and we do, by these presents, for us. our heirs, and stic-
eessors, ordain and appoint, tliat these presents shall not
in any manner hinder any of our loving- subjects what-
soever from using and exercising the trade of fishing
upon the coast of New England, iiiAiiiirica; but that
they, and evvry or any of them, shall have full and free
power and liberty to continue and use the trade of tisji-
i\ij; upon the said coast, in any of the seas thereunto atl-
joiuing, or any arms of the sea, or salt water rivei-s and
creeks, where they have been accastomc.i to fi>h; and to
build and set upon the waste land, belonging to thesaid
colony and plantations, such w harves, stages, and work-
houses, as shall be necessary for the salting, drying, and
keejiing of their iisli, to be taken or gotten upon that
coast.
And further, for the encouragement of the inhabitants
of our said colony of Providence Plantations to set upon
the businessof taking whales,it sli.ill be lawful for them,
or any of them, having struck a whale, dubertus, or
other great (ish, it or them to pui-suc unto that coast, or
into any ba)', river, co\e, creek, or shore, l)el9iigiDg
thert'to, and itor them upon the said coast, or in the said
bay, river, cove, creek, or shore, belonging thereto, to
kill and order liir the best advantage, without molesta-
tion, they making no wilful waste or spoil ; any tlii .jj in
these presents contained, or aiij other matter or thing,
I J ;!i'j contrary notwitlistanding.
And furilio:r, also, we are graciously pleased, and do
hereby declare, that (fsliiy of the inluiiitants of uursnid
Colony lio set upon the planting of vineyards, (the soil
and ei!:.iate both sce.ni.ig nuturaliy to coi>cur to tiie
production of vines,) or be industrious in the discovery
of fishing banks, in or about the said colony, we will.
i-S
f.HARTER OL' RHOlJK ISLAM).
IVomtlme to time, j;lveaiKl allow all due and fitting- tn-
couragemtiit theriin, as to otliers in cases of a like
na'ure.
And fuithevjofoiiv more ample grace, certain kiiow-
lcdjje,and mere motion, we have given and grantetl.and
by these presents, for us, our heirs, and suecessors, do
give and grant to the said governor and company of tiie
English colony of Khode Island and Providtuce Planta-
tions, in the Narraganset Bay, in New P^ngland, in
America, and to every inhabitant there, and to every
person and persons trading thiilier, and to every such
person or persons as are or sliall be free of the said colony ,
lull power and authority, from time to lime, and at all
times hereafter, to take, sluj), trans jiort, and carry away
out of any of our realms and dominioni, for and towards
the plantation and dctence of the said colony, such and
so many of our loving subjects and sir:inge;s,as sliail or
■win, willingly, atoompany- them in and to tlitir said co-
lony and plantations, except sueli person or persons as
arc or shall be therein restrained by U'., our heirs, and
successors, or any law or statute of this realm : and also
to ship and transport all and all manner uf gooiis, chat-
tels, merchandise, and other ilmigs whaisoever, that are
or shall be useful ornecessary for the said plantations,
and defence thereof, and usually transport, d, and not
prohibited by any law or slatuuol'lins our rcaan ; yield-
ing and pa} ing unto us, our heirs, and successors, such
duties, customs, and subsidies, as are or ought to be paid
or payable for the same.
And tiirtlier, our will and pleasure is, and we do, for
us, our heirs,"and successors, ordain, <leclare, and grant,
unto the said governor and company, and tlieir succes-
sors, that all and every the^uhjects of us, our hens, and
successors, whichjire already piaint d and settled within
our said colony of Provid':-iice Plantations, or winch shall
hereafter go to inlialiit within the said colony, and ail
and ever} of their children w Inch have been born there,
or which shali happen hereafter to be born there, or on
the sea going thither, or returning from thence, shall
have and enjoy dll liberties and imMiiinuies of free and
natural subjects, within any of the doniinions of us, oiir
heirs, and successors, to all interns, constructions, and
purposes whatsoever, as if thej and every of them were
born within the realm of Kngiar.d.
And further, know ye, that we, of our more abundant
grace, certain know ledge, and mere motion, havt given,
granted, and confirmed, and, by these jn-csents, lor us,
our heirs, and successors, do give, grant, and confirm
unto the said governor and co: pan), and their succes-
sors, all that part of our dominions, in New England, in
America, containing the Nahaniitk and Nanhygansei
alias Narraganset bay,aud countiKsand parts adjacent,
bounded on the west or westerh , to the middle or chan-
nel of a river there, commoniy called and know n by the
name of Pawcatuck alias Paw Ci-.w tuck nver ; and so,
along the siid riverj as tlie greater or middie stream
thereof stretches or lies up into the uurlh countiy north-
ward unto the head thereof,and IVoniiliencc, by a straight
line draw n due iiorlh, until it meet with the south line of
the Massachusetts colony ; and on the north or northerly
by the aforesaid south or smitherly line of the Massachu-
setts colony or plantation, and extending towards the
east or eastwardly three Kiiglisli miles, to the east am!
iiorih-east of the most eastern and north-eastern parts of
the aibresaid Narraganset bay, as the said bay lieih or
extendetli itself from the ocean ou the south or south-
wardly, unto the mouth of the river which runneili to-
wards die town of Providence ; and from thence, along
the eastwardly side or bank of the said river (iiighcr
called by the name ol Seacunck,) up to the tails called
Patuckel Kails, being the most westwardly line of Ply-
month colony ; and so, from the said llilis, in a straight
line,diienorl'h, until n meet with the aioresaid line of the
Massachusetts colon} . and boundeil on the south by the
ocean, and in particular the lands belonging to the town
of Providence, Patuxit,Warwick,ivlis(>uaiumacock, alias
Pswcat lick, and the rest upon the mam iaud,in the tract
aforesaid, together with Khode Island, Block Island, and
all the rest of the islands and banks in Narraganset ba) ,
and bordering upon the coast of the tract atoresaul,
(Fisher's Island only excepted,) tog.ther with all tirm
lands, soils, grounds, havens, ports, rivers, waters, fish-
ings, mints royal, and all other mines, niiuerals, precious
stones, quarries, woods, wood-grounds, rocks, slates, and
all and singular other commodities, jurisdictions, royal-
ties, privileges, franchises, pre-eminencts, and hertdita-
nients whatsoever, within the same tract, bounds, lauds,
and islands aforesaid, to theoi or any of them belonging;.
or in any wise appertaiiung : to have and to hold ihr
same, unto the said gover;ior and company, and theit'
successors for ever, upon trust, for the use and benefit of
themselves and their associates, freemen of the said co-
lony, their heirs and assigns ; to be holden of us, our
heirs, and successoi"s,as of the manor of East Greenwicli,
in our county of Kent, in five and common soccage, and
notin capite, norby knight's service ;— yielding and pay-
ing thereforto us, our heirs, and successors,only the fifth
part of all the ore of gold and silver which, from time to
time, ami at all times hereafter, shall be there gotten,
had, or obtained, in lieu and satisfaction of all services,
duties, fines, forfeitures, made or to be made, claims, or
demands whatsoever, to be to us, our heirs, or succes-
sors, therefore or thereabout rendered, made, or paid ;
any grant or clause in a late grant to the governor antl
company of Connecticut colony, in America, to the con-
trary iheieof in any wise notwithstanding; the aforesaid
Pawcatuck river having been yielded, after much de-
bate, for the fixed and certain bounds betw een these our
said colonies, by the agents thereof, whohave also agreed,
that the said Pawcatuck river sh.ill also be called alias
Narogancelt or Narraganset river, and to prevent future
disputes that otherwise might arise thereby, for ever
hereafter sliall be construed, deemed, and taken to be
the Navragancelt river, in our late grant to Connecti-
cut colon} , mentioned as the easterlv bounds of tliat co-
lony.
And further, oiir w ill and pleasure is, that, in all mat-
ters of public controversies, vv liich may fi»ll out between
our colony of Providence Plantations, to make their ap-
peal therein to us, our heirs, and successors, lor redress
in such Ciiscs, within this our realm of England ; a!ul
that it shall be law ful to and for the inhabitants of the
said (xilony of Providence Plantations, without let or
molesiaiiun, }u pass and repass with freedom into and
through the rest of the English colonies, upon their law-
ful and civil occasions, and to converse and hold com-
merce and trade with such of the inhubstants of our
other English colonies, as shall Ixf willing to admit them
thereunto, they behaving themselves peaceably among
theni ; any act, clause, or sentence in any of the said co-
lonies provided, or that shall be providetl, to the contra-
ry in any w ise noiwitlisianding.
And lastly, we do, for us, our heirs, and successors, or-
dain and grant, unto the said governor and company,
and tiR'ir successors, by these presents, that these our
letters patent shall be firm, good, ert'ectual, and availa-
ble, in all things in the law, to all intents, constructions,
and purposes whatsoever, according to our true intent
and meaning ht rein before declared, and shall be con-
strued, reputed, and adjudged, in all cases most favour-
able ui. the behalt, ami for the best benefit and behoof
ol the said governor and company, aud their successors,
although express mention, &.c. in witness, &c.
Wiuiess, &c. Per IpiUiii Hcguni.
[Tlie state of Khode Island and Providence Planta-
tions has notassuiiied a form of government difTerent
from that contained in the foregoing charter. For in
that, the king ceded to the governor and company all
powers, legislative, executive, and judicial, reserving to
himself, as an acknortlednieut of Ids sovereignty, a ren-
der of liie fifth part of the gold and silverore tliatshould
be found w itliin the territory. The governor, chief ma-
gistrates, and legislators, are chosen by the lieemen, as
usual, and all judicial and executive otticers are annual-
ly elected by the governor and company, or upper and
lower house of assembly. All processes, original and
judicial, formerly issued in the kuig's name, but they
now issue in the name of the governor and compaii}.
Ihe oaths of allegiance and of oific* are made contorm-
able to tlie principles of the revolution. Ihe go\ ernor.
in his legislative capacity, cannot givea negative to any
act of the two houses ; but, in common with the other
magistrates, has one voice only.
1 he state is divided into five counties,ineachof which
there is a court of common pleas and genera! sessions of
the peace, held twice every jear, for the trial of all
causes not capital, that arise will, in their limits; from
w hieh an appeal lies to the superior court ol judicature,
court of assize and general jail delivery, whose juris-
diction extends over the whole state, and who also sit
twice a year in each county. The constitution admits
not of religious establishments, any further than de-
pends upon the voluntary choice of individuals. All men
inofessiii" a belief in one Supreme Being, are equally
protected°by the laws ; and no particular sect can claim
pre-eminence.]
CONSTITUTION OF CONNECTICUT.
PREAMBLE. i l^- '^'o person shall be attainted of treason or fllony
by the legialaturc.
The people of Connecticut, acknowledging with gra- (. 16. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable man-
tituile, the good providence uf God, in having permitted neV, to assemble for then- common good, and to apply to
them toenjovaiiee government, do, in order more ef- those invested with ihe iiowers ol government lor rc-
fectually to define, secure, and perpetuate the liberties, dress of grievances, or other proper purposes, by peti-
rights, and privileges wliich they have derived from their tioii, address, or remonstrance.
ancestoi-s, hereby, after a careful consideration and re- } 17. Every citi/.en has a right to bear arms in defence
vision, ordain and establish the following constitution of himself and the state.
and form of civil government. § 18. The military shall, in all cases, and at all times,
bein strict subordination to the civil power.
ARTICLE 1. 5 19' Nosoldiershall,iu time of peace, be quartered
in an v house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in
HECLAUATMN of BIGUTS. time of war, but in a mamier to be prescribed by law .
^ 20. No hereditary emoluments, privileges, or ho-
Tbat the great and essential principles of liberty and nours, shall ever be granted or conferred in this state,
free government may be recognized and established, we ^ 21. The right ot tiial by jury shall remain inviolate,
declare :
§1. Tliat all men, when they form a social compact, ARilCLE 2.
are equal in rights ; and that no man. or set of men, are
entitled to exclusive imblic emoluments or privileges OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS,
from the cumuiunitT.
J 2. That a'l political power is inherent in the peoiile, The powers of govcraraeut shall be divided into three
and all free governments are founded on their authority, distinct departments, and each of them confided U) a se-
and instituted for their benefit ; and llifit they liave at all pai'ate magistracy, to wit ;— those which are legislative,
times an undeniable and indefeasible right to alter their 10 one ; those w hicli are executive, to another ; and those
form of government in such nianner as they may think w hieh are judicial, to another.
? 3. 'Ihe exercise and enjoyment of religious profes- ARllULlli o,
sion and worship, without discrimination, shall forever
be free to all persons in this state, provided that the right OF THE LEGISLATIVE DEPAUTMENT.
hercbydeclaredand established shall not be so construed ., . ,. , . , „, .
as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or to justify practices i I- The legis.ative power oi this state shall be vested
inconsistent w ith the peace and s;ifet\ of the st.-ite. m two disunct houses or branches ; the one to he styled
§•4. No preference shall be given by law to any Chris- the senate, the other the house ot representatives, and
rian sect or mode of worship. both together the general assembly. The style ot the
§ 5. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and pub- la« s shall be : Be it enacted by the senate and house of re-
lisb his sentiments on all subjects, being resi/onsible for preventatives inf^eneral assembly convened.
the abuse of that liberty. i 2. There shall be one slated session of the general as-
i 6. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain sembly, to be holden c-ach year, alternately at Hartford
the liberty of speech or of the i)icss. and New Haven, on the first Wednesday ot May, and
§ 7. In all prosecutions or imlictn-.ents for libels, the at such other limes as the general assembly shall judge
truth raav be given in evidence, and the jury shall have necessary : the first session to beholdenat Harttord ; but
the right'to determine the law and the facts, under the the person administering the office of governor, may, on
direction of the court. special emergencies, convene the general assembly at
§8. Thepeop;eshallbesecureinthfcirperso:is,houses, eitherof said places, c.t any other time. And in case of
papei-s, and possessions, from unreasonable searches or danger from the prevalence of contagious diseases in ei-
seizures ; and no warrant to search anyplace or to seize tlier of said places, or other circumstances, the person
any pei-son or things, shall issue, wiilsout describing administering the olKcc of governor, may, by proclama-
them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, tion, Convene said assembly at any other place ni tins
supported by oath or affirmation. state. . . „ ,
§ 9. In all criiain.al prosecutions, the accused shall § 3. Tlieliouseof representativesshall consist of elect-
liave a right to be heard, bv himself and by counsel ; to ors residing in towns from which they are tiected. Ihe
demand the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be number oi' rep;eseniati\es from each town shall be the
confronted by tlic witnesses against him ; to have com- same as at present practiseil and allowed. In case a new
pulsoi7 process to obtain witnesses in his favour; and in town shall hereafter i)e incorporated, such iievv town
all prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy shall be entitled to one lepitsentative only ; and if such
public trial by an impartial jury. He shall not be com- new town shall be made trom one or more towns, the
pelled to give evidence ag:i;iist himself, nor be deprived town or towns from which the same shall be made, shall
uf life, liberty, or propenv, but bvdue course of law. be entitled to the same number of representatives as at
And no person shall be ho'klen to answer for any crime, present allowed, unless the number shall be reduced by
the punishment of which may be dtath or imprisonment tiie consent of such town or towns,
fur life, unless on a presentment or an hidictmentof a J 4- Thesenateshall consist of twelve memberj, to be
grand jury ; except in tlie land or naval forces, or in the chosen annually by the electors.
inilitiii, when in actual service, in time of war or public § 5. At the meetings of the electors, lieUl in the seve-
danger. mi towns in this state, in April annually, alterthe elec-
ij 10, No person shall be arrested, detaiie,!, or pu- tion of representatives.the electors present shall be call-
nislied, except in cases clearlv warranted by i:iv.-. ed upon to bring in their writien ballots lor senators,
§11. The property of no 'person shall be taken for Thepresidiiigofticer shall receive the votes of the elect-
pu'blie nse, without jiist compensation therefor. ors. and count and declare theiii in open meeting. The
§ 12. All courts shall be ojieu, and every person, for presidhig ofiicer shall also make duplicate lists of the
an injury done him, in his jierson, properly, or reputa- persons voted for, and of the number of votes (breach,
tion. shall have remedy by tine course of law, and right which shall lie certified by the piesiding officer; one of
and justice administered without sale, denial, or delay, wliich lists sM! be delivered to the town clerk, and the
§ 13. Excessi\c hail shall not be required, nor exces- other, withiffeji days after said meeting, shall be deli-
sive fines imposed. vered, under sial, eidier to tliesecretancr to the sherifi'
§ 1-1. Ail prisoners shall, licf.ire conviction, be bailable of the countv i;i which sjid t,)wn is situated : which list
by sufficient sureties, except for capi'al otleiices, where shad be directed to the secretary, with a superscription
the proof is evident, or the piesuinplion great ; and the expressing the purport of t!ie contents thereof. And
privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- each sheriff who shad receive such votes shall, within fif-
jiended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion the teen days after said meeting, deliver, or cause them to
■public safetymayrequireitj-nor inany case, but bv the be delivered, to the secretary,
legislature. " ' S*^- The treasurer, seeretarv. and comptroller, for the
COXSTITUflON OF COXNEeTICUT.
tiraebeiiig,shaU canvass the Totes puhlicly. The twelve
persons having the greatest iiiiinber of voles for senators
sliall be declared to be elected. But, in cases where no
ehoice is made by the electors, in consequence of an
equality of votes, the liouse of representative shall desig-
nate, by ballot, which of the candidates having such
tqual number of votes shall be decland to be elected.
The return of votes, and tlie result of the cam ass, shall
be submitted to the liouse of representatives, and also
to the senate, on the first day of the session of the gene-
ral assembly, and each house shall be the final judjje of
the election returns and qualifications of its own mem-
bers.
§ 7. The house of representatives, when assembled,
shall choose a speaker, clerk, and other officers. The
senate shall thoose its clerk, and other officers, except
the president. A majoiiry of each house shall constitute
a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may ad-
journ from day to day, and compel the attendance of
absent members in such manner, and under such penal-
ties, as each house may prescribe.
§8. Each house shall determine the rules of its own
proceedings, punish membei-s for disoi-derly tonduct,
and, with the consent of two-thiids, expel a member, but
jtot a second time for the same cause; and shall have all
ulher powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of
a free and independent state.
f 9. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed-
ings, and publish the same wiien required by one-fifili
of Its members, except such parts as, m the judgment of
a majority, require secrecy. The yeas and nays of the
members of either house shali, at the desire of one-fifth
of those present, be entered on the journals.
§ 10. I'he senators and representatives shall, in all
cases of civil process, be i)ri\iltgcd from arrest during
the session of the general assembly, and for four days
b»fore tlie e )mraencement and after the termination of
of any session the reofi And for any speech or ilebate in
either house they shali not be questioned in any other
place.
f 11. The debates of each house shali be public, except
on such occasions as in the opinion of the house may
require secrecy.
ARTICLE 4.
OF THE JiXECUTITE DEPAHTMEXT.
5 1. The supreme executive power of the state shall
be vested in a go vernor, who shall be chosen by the eleet-
oreof the state,and shall hold hisoffice forone year from
the first Wednesday of May next succeeding his election,
and until his successors be duly qualified. No person
who is not an elector of this state, and vvho has uot arri-
ved at the age of thirlj years, «hall be eligible.
§ 2. At the meetings of the electors in the respective
towns, in the month of April in each year, immediately
after the election of senators, the presiding officers sliall
call upon the electors to bniiij in their ballots for him
whom they would elect to be governor, with his name
fairly written. When such ballots shall have been re-
ceived and counted, in tlie presence of the electors, du-
plicate lists of the persons voted for, and of the number
of votes given for each, shall be made and certified by
the presiding officer, one of which lists shall be deposit-
ed in the office of the town clerk, within three days, and
the other, within ten days after said election, shall be
transmitted to theseeretary, or to the sheriff of the coun-
ty in whicli such election shall have been held. The
sheriff receiving said votes shall deliver, or cause them
to be delivered, to the secietary,wiihiii fifteen days next
after said election. The voiessb returned shall be count-
ed by the treasurer, secretary, and comptroller, within
the month of April. A fiiir list of the persons and num-
ber of votes given for each, together with the returns of
ihe presiding officers, shall bt, by the treasurer, secreta-
ry, and coiuptroller, madt; and laid before the general
assembly then next to be holdtn, on the first day of the
session thereof; and said assembly shall, after examina-
tion of the same, declare the person whom they shall find
to be legally chosen, and give him notice accordingly.
If no person shall have a majority of the whole number
of said votes, or if two or more shall ha\e an equal and
the greatest number of said votes, thensaii^seiiibly, on
the second day of their session, by johit l|||pot of both
houses, shall proceed, wiiJiout debate, to choose a gover-
nor from a list of the names of the two persons having
the greatest number of votes, or of tlie names of the per-
sons having an equal and highest number of votes so rr-
turned as aforesaid. The gem-ral assembly shall by law
prescribe the manner in which ail questions conctining
the election of a governor or lieutenant governor shall
bedeiermined.
i 3. -■> I till- iinuual meetings of the electors, immedi-
ately after the election of governor, there shall also be
chosen, in the same manner as is herein before provided
for the election of governor, a lieutenant governor, who
shall continue in office for the same time, and possess
the same qualifications.
§ 4. I'he compensations of the governor, lieutenant
governor, senators, and representatives, shall be esta-
blislied by law, and shall not be varied so as to take ef-
fect until after an election which shall next succeed the
passage of the Jaw establishing said compensations.
§ 5. The governor shall be captain general of the mi-
litia of the state, except \\ hen called into the service of
the Unitetl States.
5 6. He may require information, in writing, from the
officers in the executive department, on any subject re*
lating to the duties of their respective offices.
§ 7. I'he governor, in case of a disagreement between
the two houses of the general assembly, respecting the
time of adjournment, may adjourn them to such time
as he shall think projier, not beyond the day of the next
stated session.
§ S. He shall, from time to time, give to the general as-
seuibly information of the state of the government, and
recommend to their consideration such measures as he
shall deem expedient.
§9. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully ex-
ecuted.
j 10. The governor shall have power to grant re- "
pneves, after conviction, in all cases except those of im-
peachment, until the end of the next session of the gene-
ral assembly, and no longer.
{11. All commissions shall he in the name and by au-
thority of the state of Connecticut ; shall be sealed with
the state seal, signed by the governor, and attested by
the secretary.
i 12. Every bill w hich shall have passed both houses
of the general assembly, shall be presented to the gover-
nor. If lie approves, he shall sign and transmit it to the
secretary; but if not, he shall reiurn it to the house in
which it originated, with his objections, which shall be
enternl on tlie journals of the house ; who shall proceed
to reconsider the bill. If, aftersuch reconsideration, that
house shall again pass it, it shall be sent, with the objec-
tions, to the other house, which shall also reeonside»it.
If approved, it shall become a law. But, in such cases,
the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and
nays ; and the names of the members voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each
house respectively. If the bill shall not be returned by
the governor within three days (Sundays exceptedjafter
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a
law in like manner as if he had sigued it ; unless the ge-
neral assembly, by their adjournment, prevents its rc-
tiirn ; in which case it shall not be a law.
§ 13. The lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his
office, be pri sident of tlie senate, and have, w hen in com-
mittee of the whole, a right to debate, and, when the se-
nate is equally divided, to give the casting vote.
§ 14. In case of the death, resignation, refusal to serve,
or removal from office of thegovernor,orof his fmpeach-
nient, or absence from the state, the lieutenantgovernor
shall exercise the power) and authority appertaining to
the office of governor, until another be chosen at the
next periodical election for governor, and be duly qua-
lified ; or until the governor impeached or absent, shall
be acquitted or reium.
J 15. Wlien the government shall he administered by
the lieutenant gove'nior, or he shall be unable to attend
as president of the senate, the senate shall elect one of
their members as jiresident pro tempore. And if, during
liie vacancy of the office of governor, the lieutenant go-
vernor shali die, resign, refuse to serve, or be removed
from office, or if he shall be imjieacjied, or absent from
the state, the president of the senate pi-o temporeshall, in
like manner, administer the government until he be su-
perceded by a governor or lieutenant governor.
5 16. II i-e lieutenantgovernor shall be required to
administer the government, and shall while in such ad-
ministration, die or resign during the recess oi the gene-
ral as>embly, it shall be the duty of the secretary, forthe
time being, to convene the senate for the purpose of
choosing a president pro tempiire.
§ 17. A treasurer shall annual ly be chosen by the elect-
on at their meeting in April ; and the votes shall be re-
turned, counted, canvassed, and declared, in tiie same
manner as is pi-ovided for the election of governor and
lieutenant governor: but the votes for treasurer shall be
canvassed by the secretary and comptroller only. He
shall receive all UiOneys belonging lo the s ate, and dis-
burse the same only as he may be directed by law. He
shall pjiy no warrant Of order for the disbursement of
public money, until the same has been registered in the
office of the comptroller.
CONSTIl'Ui lOX OF COXNEG flCU I'
31
i 13. A spurelary shall be chosen next after the trea-
sure)-, and in the same manner ; and the votes for secvc-
taiy shall be returned to, and counted, ciinva';>td,aiid
tleelared by, the tr asnrer and complmller. lie shall
have the safe keeping and custody of tlie public records
and documents, and particularly of the acts, resolutions,
and orders of the general assembly, and record the same ;
and perform all such duties as shall be prescribed by law.
He shall be the keeper of the seal of the state, which
shall not be altered.
§ 19. A comptroller of the public accounts shall be
annually ajiponited by the g-eneral assembly. He shall
adjust and settle nil public sccounts and demands, ex-
cept granff :nid orders of the general assembly. He shall
prescribe the mode of keeping and rendi-ringal! public
accounts. He shall, f.r officio, be one of the auditors of
tlie accounts of the trtasurer. The general assembly
may .assign to him other duties in relation to his office,
and to that of the treasurer,and shall prescribe the man-
ner in uhich his duties shall be performed.
5 20. A sheriff shall be appointed in each county, by
the general assembly, who shall hold liis office for three
yiars, removable by said assembly, and shall become
bound, with sufficient sureties, to tbi- treasurer of llie
state, for the faithful discharge of the do ties of his office,
ni such manner as shall be j)rescrihed by law : in case
the sheriffof any county shall die or resign, the govern-
or may fill the vacancy occasion'^ th< n by, until the
same shall be filled by tbe gtneral ass* mbly.'
9 21. A statement of all receipts, payments, funds,and
debts of the state, sbal' be publishc d.'from time to time,
in such manner, and at such peiiods, as shall be pre-
scribed by law.
ARTICLE 5.
CF THE JUDICIAL nKPAHTMEXT.
§ U The judicial power of the state shall be vested in
a supreme court of errors, a superior court, and such in-
ferior courts as the general assembly shall, from time to
time, ordain and establish ; the powers and jurisdiction
of which fourts shall be defined by law.
5 2. There shall be appointed in each county a suffi-
cient number of justices of the peace, with such juris-
diction in civil and criminal cases as the general assem-
bly may prescribe.
§ 3. Thejudtres of t!\e supreme court of errors, of the
supeiior and inferior courts, and all justices of the peace,
shall be appointed by the general .assembly, in such
manner as shall by law be prescribed. The .judges of
the supreme court, and of the supeiior court, shall hold
their offices during good behaviour ; but may be re-
moved by impeachment : and the governor shall also re-
move them on the address of two-thirds of the members
of each house of the general assembly ; all other judges
.and justices of the peace shall be appointed annually.
N'o judge or jusliceof the peace shallbe capable of liold-
ing his office after he shall arrive at the age of seventy
years.
ARTICLE 6.
OF rnr. aUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTORS.
§ 1. All pei-sons who have been, or shall hereafter,
pi-evious to the ratification of this constitution, be, ad-
mitted freemen, according to the existing laws of this
state, shall be electors.
52. Every white male citizen of the United States,
who shall have gained a settlement in this state, attained
the age of twenty-one years, and reside<l in the town in
whicb he may offer himself to he admitted to the privi-
lege of an elector at least six montlis preceding, and
have a freehold estate of the yearly value of seyen dol-
lars, in this state ; or having been eiu-olh d in the militia,
shall have performed military duty therein, for the term
of one year next preceding the time he shall offer him-
self for admission, or being liable thereto, shall have been,
by authority by law, excused therefrom, or shall have
paid a state tax within the year next preceding the lime
be shall present himself for such adniission, and sl.al I
sustain a good moral character, shall, on his taking such
oaili as may be prescribed by law, be an elec'tor.
5 3. The privileges of an eleetiu- shall be forfeited, by
a conviction nf bribery, forgery, perj u ry, d uelling, fraud-
ulent bankruptcy, theft, or other ofTeiice, ibr which an
int;imous punishment is inflicted.
5 4. Every elector shall he eligible to any offic in this
st.ate, except in cases provided for in tl-.is constitution.
y 5. Theselectmenand town clerk of theseveral towns
shall decide on the qualifications of electors, at such
times, and in such manner, as may be prescrilxd bylaw.
§6. Laws shall be made to support tlje privilege of
iree suffrage, prescribing the raauiier cf irgolatins; ami
conducting meetings of the electors, and prohibiting,
under adequate penalties, all undue influence therein,
from power, bribery, tumult, and other iinpi-oper con-
duct.
§ 7. In all elections of ofiiccrs of tlie state, or members
of the general assembly, the votes of the electors shall
be by ballot.
§ S. At all elections of offlcersofthestate, or members
of the general assembly, the electors shall be privilegeif
from arrest duri-ig their attendance upon, and going to
ami returning from, the same, on any civil process.
§ 9. The meetings of the electors for the election of
the several state officers, by law annually to be elected,
and members of the general assembly of ibis state, shall
be holden on the first Monday of April in each year.
ARTICLE r.
OF RELIGlOy.
j 1. It being the duty of all men to worship the Su-
preme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the
universe, and their right to render that worshi]) in the
mode most consistent with the dictates of their con-
sciences: no person shall, by law, be compelled to join
or support, nor be classed with, or associated to, anv
congregation, church, or religious association. But eve-
ry person now belonging to such congregation, church,
or religious association, shall remain a member thereof,
until be shall have separated hiinself therefrom, in thj
maimer herein after provided. And each and every so-
ciety or denomination of Christians in this state, shall
have and enjoy the sauie and equal powers, rights, and
privileges ; and shall have power and authority to sup-
port and maintain the ministers or teachers of their re-
spective denominations, and til build and repair houses
for i)ublic worship, by a tax on the members of anysuch
society only, to be laid by a major vote of the legal voters
assembled at any society meeting, wanied and held ac-
cording to law, or in any other manner.
§2. If anypeisonshall choose to separatehimself from
the society or denomination of Christians to which he
may belong, and shall leave a written notice thereof
w ith the clerk of such society, be shall thereupon be bo
longer liable for any future expenses which may be in-
curred by said society.
ARTICLE 8.
OF EDUCATrOX,
^ 3. The charter of Yale college, as motlified by agree-
ment with the corporation thereof, in pursuance of an
act of the general assembly, passed in May, 1792, is here-
by confirmed.
5 2. The fund, called the Sc/iool Fund, shall remain a
perpetual fund, the interest of which shall be inriolablv
appropriated to the support and encouragement of the
public or common schools throughout the state, and fbr
the equal bent fit of all the people thereof. The value
and amount of said fund shall, as soon as practicable, be
ascenaintd in such manner as the general assembly may
prescribe, published, and recorded in the comptroller's
office ; and no law shall ever be made authorising said
fund to be diverted to any other use than the encourage,
ment and support of public or common schools, among
the several school societies, as justice and equity shall
require.
ARTICLE 9.
OF IMPEACH7HENT.
{ 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole
power of impeachinf;.
J 2, All impeachments shall be tried by the senate.
■\Vlien sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or
affirmation. No person shall be convicted w ithout the
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
When the governor is impeached, the chief justice shall
preside.
§3. The governor, and all other executiveand judicial
officers, shall be liable to impeachment ; but judgments
in such cases sli.tll not extend further than'to remov.al
from office, and disqualification to hold any office of
honour, trust, or profit, under this state. The party con-
vieti d shall, nevertbi-less, be liable and subjectlo indict-
ment, trial, and punishment, according to law.
54. Treason against the state shall consist only in le-
vying war against them, adhering to its eneniies. giving
them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of
treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to tlie
same overt act, or on confession in open court. No con-
viction of treason, or attainder, shall work corruption
of bJoodj or farfeiture,
32
CONSlii iJJiON' OF xNEW YORK.
ARTICLE 10.
GKNEKAL PllOTISIOXS.
■} I. Jlembers of the pjenera! assembly, and all officers,
executive and judicial, shall, before they enter on the
duties of their respective offices, take the following oath
or affirmation, to wit :
Yoii do solemnly swear, (or affirm, as the case may
be,) that you will support the constitution of the United
States, and the constitution of the state of Connecticut,
so Ions; as you continue a citizen thereof; and that you
will faithfully discharg;e, accoi-ding to Saw, the duties of
the office of ' to the best of your abilities. So
help you Gud.
52. Each town shall annually elect selectmen, and
such officers of local police, as the laws may prescribe.
§ 3. The rig^hts and duties of all corporations shall re-
main, as if this constitution had not Iieen adopted ; w ith
the exception of such regulations and rcFtrictions as are
contained in this constitution. All judicial and civil
officers now in office, who have been appointed by the
Efeneral assembly, and coniinissioiied according to law,
and all such officers as shall be appointed by the said as-
sembly, and commissioned as aforesaid, before the first
"Wednesday of May next, shall continue to hold their of-
fices until the first day of June next, unless they shall,
before that time, resign, or be removed from office ac-
cording; to law. The treasurer and secretary shall con-
tinue in office \intil a treasurer and secretary shall be
appointed under this constitution. All military officers
shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offi-
ces, until they shall resign or be remove*! according to
law. All laws not contraiT to, or inconsistent with, the
provisions of this constitution, shall remain in force un-
til they expire by their own limitation, or shall be alter-
ed or repealed by the general assembly, in pursuance of
this constitution. The validity of all bonds, debts, con-
tracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, or
the state, of all suits, actions, or rights of action, both in
lawand equity,shall continue as if no changehad taken
place. The governor, lieutenant govemsr.and general
assembly, which is to be formed in October next, shall
have and possess, all the powers and authorities not re-
pugnant to.or inconsistentwith.this constitution, which
they now have and possess, until the first Wednesday of
]Maynest.
§ 4. No judge of the superior court, or of the supreme
court of errors ; no member of congress ; no person hold-
ing any office under the authority of the United States ;
no person holding the office of treasurer, secretary, or
comptroller ; no sheriff or sheriff's deputy ; shall be a
member of the general assembly.
ATITTCLE 11.
OF a:>IE>'DME>!TS of the COS STITUTIOX.
Wlienever a majority of the house of representatives
shall deem it neccssarj- to alter or amend this constitu-
tion, they may propose such alterations and amend-
ments ; which proposed amendments shail be continued
to the next general assembly, and be published with the
laws which may have been passed at the same session ;
and if two-thirds of each house, at the next session of
said assembly, shall approve the amendments proposed,
by yeas and m\ s. said amendments shall, by the secreta-
ry, be transmitted to (he town ckrk in each town in this
state ; whose duty it shall be to present the same to the
inhabitants tiiereof, for their consideration, at a town-
meeting, legally warned and held for that purpose ; and
if it shall appear,in a manner to be provided by law, that
a majority of the electors present at such meetings shall
have approved such amendments, the same shall be va-
lid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of this constitu-
tion.
Done in convention, on theffteenlh rlay of September, in
the year of our Loril nnc thuusand ei^ht /iiinilred and
eighteen, nnd of the independence of the United States the
furt'j-third.
By order of tiie convention.
OLIVER AVOLCO XT, Presiden'.
James Lanman, 7 _, ,
Robert Fairchild, 5''"^*^'
COINSTITUTION OF NEW YORK.
In Convention of the Rppresentatives of the state of JWa York.
KiNGSTox, 20th April, 1T7T.
WHEREAS the many tyrannical and oppvessiye but the whole force of that kingdom, aided by foreign
usurpations of the king and parliamtntof Great Britain mercenaries, is to be exerted for the destruction of the
on the rights and liberties of the people of the American good people of these colonies : And whereas it appears
colonies, had reduced them to the necessity of introdti- absolutely ineconcileable to reason and good conscience
eing a government by crngi-ess and committees, astern- for the people of these colonies now 10 take the oaths
porary expedients, .ind to e\ist no longer than the grie- and affirmations necessai-y (or the support of any gfo-
vanct's of the people should remain without reilress : vemnient luider the crown of Great Britain ; and it is
And w hereas the congress of the colony of New York necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority
did,on the ihirty-Qvst dayof May,now last past, resolve under the said crown should be totally suppressed, and
as follows, viz. all the (inw crs of government exerted under the authn-
" Whereas the present government of this colony, by riiy of the ]>eople of the colonies, for the preservation of
congress and committees, was instituted while the i'lrmer internal peace, virtue, and good order, as well as for the
government, under the crown of Gi-eat Britain, existed defence of our lives, liberties, and properties, against
in full force; and was established for the sole imrposc of the hostile invasions and cruel depredations of our ene-
opposing the usurpation of (he British parliament, and mies : Therefore,
was intended to expire on a reconciliation with Great ' Resolved, That it be recommended to the respective
Britain, which il was then apprehended would soon take assemblies nnd conventions of the united colonies, where
place, but is now considered as remote and uncertain: no government sufficient to the exig<?ncies of their af-
" .\nd whereas many and great inconveniences at- fairs has been Iiithi-rio establishtd, to adopt such govern-
tended the s,Vid mode of government, by congress and ment as snail, in the opinion of the representatives of
committees, as, of necessity, in many instances, legisla- the people, Kst conduce to the happiness and safety of
tive, judicial, and executive powers have been vested their constituents in particular, and America in gene-
therein, especially since the dissolution of the former ral.'
government, by the .alxlication of the late governor, :;nd " And whereas doubts have arisen whether this con-
the exclusion of this colony froin the protection of the press are invested w ith sufficient power and authority to
king of Great Britain: deliberate and determine on so important a subject as
"And whereas the continental congiess did resolve as the neci ssity ol'evectinc and constituting a new form of
followeth, to wit : government and internal police, to the exclusion of nil
' Whereas his Britannic majesty, in conjunction with foreign jurisdiction, domuiioii, and control whatever :
the lords and eomnions of Great i3ritain. has, by a late And where.is it appertains of right solely to the pcopla
act of parliament, excluded the inhribltanis of these of this colony to determine the said doubts: Therefore,
tinited colonies from the protection of his crow n ; Ami »• liesulrci!. 1 hat it be recommended to the electors in
whereas no answer whatever to the humble petition of the several counties in this colony, by election in the
the colonies, for redress of grievances and reconciliation manner and form prescribed for the election of the prc-
-vith Gve?.t Britain, has been. (.•;■ ij likely to be given; sent congiTss, either to authorise 'in addition to ths
CONSTlTUTiON OF NEW YORK.
^oweis vested in this coiigiessj tlieir jireseiit depiilies, or
olliersinstead of their present deputies, or eitlier of them,
to take into consideration the neceisit}- and proprieiy
of instituting; siith new {government :is in and by the said
resolution of the continental eon-^issis descril)id and
recommended : And, if the majority of the counties, by
their deputies in provincial congress, sliall be of opinion
tliat such new government ought to be instituted and
established, then to institute and establisli such a go-
verument 89 tiny shall deem best calculated to secure
the rights, liberties, and happiness of tlie good people of
this colony; and to continue in force until a future peace
w ith Great Britain sliall render the same unnecessary.
And,
"ii«o/t)erf. That the said elections in the several coun-
ties ought to be had on such a day, and at such i)lace or
places, as, by the committe of each county respectively,
shall be determined. And it is recommended to the said
committees to fix such early days for the said elections,
as that all the deputies to be elected have suffleicnt
tiuie to repair to the city of New York by the second
Monday in July next ; on which dayall the said deputies
ou^ht punctually to give their attendance.
"And whereas tiieobjcctof the albresoin^ resolutions
is of the utmost importance to the good people of this
colony :
" Resolved, That it be, and it is hereby earnestly re-
commended to the committees, freeholders, and other
electors, in the different counties in this colony, dili-
gently to carry the same into execution."
And v.hereas the poed people of the said colony, in
pursuance i>f the said resolution, and reposing; special
tru'st and coulidence in the members of this convention,
Jiave appointed, authorised, and empowered them for
the purposes, and in the manner, and with the powers
m and by the said resolve specified, declaretl, and nicu-
tJoned.
And whereas the delegates of the United America;!
States, in general congress convened, did. on the fourth
day of July now last past, solemnly publish and declare,
in the words following, to wit :
[Here follows the declaration of American indepen-
dence.]
And whereas this convention, having taken this de-
claration into their most serious consideration, did, on
the ninth day of July last past, tinanimously resolve that
the reasons assigned by the continental congress, for de-
claring the united colonies free and independent states,
are cogent and conclusive ; and that, while we lament
the cruel necessity which has rendered ihat measure un-
avoidable, we approve the same, and will, at the risk of
our lives and fortinies, join with the other colonies in
supporting it.
By virtue of which several acts, declarations, and pro-
ceedings, mentioned and contained in the afore-recited
resolves or resolutions of the general congress of the
United American States, and of the congress or conven-
tions of this state, all power whatever therein liath re-
verted to the people thereof, and this convention hath,
l»y their suffrages and fl-ee choice, been ajipointed, and,
among other things, authorised to institute and establish
such a government p.s theyshall deem be=t calculated to
secure the rights and liberties of thfe good people of this
state, most conducive of the hap|)iness and safety of their
constituents in particular, and of America in general.
1. This convention, in the nume and by the atithority
of tlie good people of this state, doth ordain, determine,
and declare, that no authority shall, on any pretence
whatever, be exercised over the people or members of
this state, but such as shall be derived from, and grant-
ed by, them.
2. 'Ibis convention doth further, in the name and by
the authority of the good people of this sti'.te,ordain, de-
termine, and declare, that the supreme legislative power
within litis state shall be vested m two separate and dis-
tinct bodies of men— the one to be called tlie assembly of
the state of New York—the other to be called the senate
of the state of New York— who, together, shall form the
legislature, and meet once at least in everj- year, lor the
despatch of business.
3. And w hereas laws, inconsistent witii the spirit of
this constitution, or with the public guod,nmy bo hastily
and unadvisutlly jiassed ; be it ordained, tliat the gover-
nor, for the time being, tVie chancellor, and tlie judges
of the supreme court, or any two ol' ttieiu, together with
the governor, shall be, and hereby are constituted, a
council, to revise all bills about to be passed itito laws
by the legislature; and for that purpose skill assemble
themselves, from timeto time, when the legislatui-eshall
be coiiv ened ; for \\ hich, nevertheless, they shall not re-
ceive any salary or consideration, under any pretence
■whatl'\^r. And that all bills which hav'- passed tlie se-
nate and assembly shall, before they become laws, be
pi-esented to the said council fi^r their rcvisat .and consi-
deration : and if, upon such revision and consideration,
it should appear improper to the said council, or a majo-
rity of tliem, that the said bil' should become a law of
this state, that they return the same, together with their
objections thereto iii writing, to the senate or house of
assembly, (in whichsoever the same shall have origina-
ted,) who shall enter the objections set down by the
council, at large in their minutes, and pioceed to recon-
sider the said bill. But if, after such reconsideration,
two-thirds of the said senate or house of assembly shall,
notwitlistanding the said objections, agree to pass the
sauie, it siiali, together with the objections, be sent to
the other branch of the legislature, « here it shall also be
reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of the mem-
bers present, shall be a law.
And in order to prevent any unnecessar) delays, be it
further ordained, that if any bill shall not be returned
by the council v\ithiii ten days after it sliail have been
presented, the same shall be a law, unless the legislature
shall, by their adjournment, render a return of the said
bill, within ten days, impracticable ; in which case the
bill sliall be retuined on the first day of the meeting of
the legislature, after the expiration of the said ten days.
4. That the assembly shall consist of at least seventy
members, to be annual ly chosen in the several counties,
in the proportion foUov, ing, viz.
For the city and county of New York, nine.
'l"he city and county of Albany, ten.
The county of Duchess, ieveii.
'I'lie county of Westchester, six.
The county of Ulster, sir.
The county of Suftblk,_/;tr.
1'he county of Queens, ,/(»!/;•.
The count)' of Orange, /oi/r.
The county of Kings, ttuo.
'['he county of Richmond, two.
The county of Tryon, six.
The county of Charlotte, /o»r.
'Ihe county of Cumberland, 1/iree.
The county of Gloucester, Uvo.
5. That as soon after the expiration of seven years
(subsequent to the terminatioji of the present war) as
may be, a census of the electors and inhabitants of this
state shall be taken, under the direction of the legisla-
ture. And if, on such census, it shall appear that the
number of representatives in assembly, from the said
counties, is not justly proportioned to the number of
electors in the said counties respectively, that the legis-
lature do adjust and apiiortion the same by that rule.
And further, that, once in every seven years, after the
taking of the said first census,a just accountof theelect-
ors resident in each county shall be taken; and if it shall
thereupon appear that the number of electors in any
county shall have inciwsed or diminished, one or more
seventieth parts of the whole nuinberof electors, which,
on the said first census, shall be found in this state, the
number of represfiilatives for such county shall be in-
creased or diminished accordingly — that is to say, one
rcprest iitative for every seventieth part af(«res,aid.
tj. And whereas an opinion hath long prevaikd among
divers of the good jieople of this state, that voting at
elections by ballot would tend more to nresei-ve the li-
berty and equal freedom of the people, than voting cJra
rare .—to the end, therefore, that a fair experiment be
made, which of those two methods of voting is to be pre-
ferred :
Be it ordained, that, as soon as may be after the ter-
mination of the present war between the United States
of America and Great Britain, an act or acts be passed
by the legislature of this state, lor causing all elections
thereafter to be held in this state, for senators and repre-
sentatives in nsseuibly,to be by ballot, and directing the
manner in which Rie same shall be conducted. And
whereas it is possible that, after all the care of the legis-
lature, in framing ^le said act or acts, certain inconve-
niences and miscliTcfs, unforeseen at this day, maybe
tbiiiKBAO atlt nd the said mode of electing by ballot :
It is further ordained, that if, after a full and fair ex-
periment shall be made of voting by ballot aforesaid, the
same shall be found less conducive to the safety or inter-
est of the state, than the method of voting vivn voce, it
shall be lawful and constitutional for the legisiature to
alwlish the same ; imn ided, t\\ o thirds of the members
))resen! in each house respective!)'^ shall concur therein;
and further, that, dii; ing the cor.tinuance of the present
war, and until the legisiature of this state shall provide
for the election of senators and representatives inassem-
bly b) bujlot, the said elettiuui sU-j,!] be isade z'iX'U voci.
COXSTHU IION OF AEW YORK.
7. That evciy male inhabitant, of full a^e, who shall
havepersonalljiesiiled within oneuf the counties of this
state for six months immediately preceding the day of
election, shall, at such election", be entitled to vote for
representatives of the said county in assembly: if, duriojj
the time aforesaid, he shall have been a freeholder, pos-
sessing a freehold of the vaU;-- of twenty pounds, within
the said county, or havermttd a tenement therein, of
the yearly value of forty shillings, and been rated and
actually paid ta:;is to this state : Provided ah\ ays, that
evei-y person w ho now is a freeinaii of the citj' of Alba-
ny, or who was made a freeman of the cityof Xew York
on or before the fourteenth day of October, in ihe year
of our Lord one thousand seven hundrid and seventy-
five, and shall be actually and usually resident in the
said cities respectiveh, shall he entitled to vote for re-
presentatives in asseiiibly w ithiu his said place of resi-
dence.
8. That every elector, before he is admitted to vote,
shall,if required by the returning officer, or either of the
inspectors, take an oath, or, if of llie people called Qua-
kers, an affirmation, of alh glance to the state.
9. That the assembly, thus constituted, shall choose
their own speaker, be judges of their own members,
and enjoy the same prii ileges, and proceed in doing
bnsiness in like manner, as the assemblies of the colony
of New York of right formi rly did ; and that a majority
of the said members shall, from time to time, constitute
a house to proceed upon business.
10. And this convention doth further, in the name and
by the authoiity of the good people of this state, ordain,
determine, and declare, that the senate of the state of
New York shall consist of twenty-four freeholders, to be
chosen out of the body ofthe freeholders, and that they
be chosen by the freholders of this state, possessed of
freeholds of the value of one hundred pounds, over and
above all debts charged thereon.
11. That the members of the senate be elected for
four years, and, immediately after the first election,
they be divided Ly lot into four classes, six in each class,
and numbered one, two, three, four; that the seats of
the members of the first class shall be vacated at the ex-
piration of till- first year, the second class the second
year, and so on continually : to the end, that the fourth
part of the senate, as nearly as possible, siay be annually
chosen.
12. '1 hat the election of senators s' all be after this
manner; that so much of this state as is now parcelled
into counties, be divided into four great districts; the
southern district to comiivehend the city and county of
New York, Suffolk, West Chester, King's, Queen's, and
Richmond counties ; the middle district to comjjrehend
tlie counties of Dueliess, Ulster, and Orange; the west-
ern district, the city and county of Alban> , and Tryon
county; and the eastern distnct the couiitics of Char-
lotte, Ciunber'aiid, and Gloucester. That the senators
shall be elected by the freeholders of the said disiiicts,
<iualified .as af av-said, in the proportions followiiii,, viz.
in the southern district, nine ; in the middle district, six ;
in the western distiict, six; and in the eastern district,
three : And be it ordained, that a census shall be taken
as soon as may be, after the expiration of seven years
from the terroiiiation of the present war, under the di-
rection of the legislature ; ond if, on such census, it
shall appear that the number of senators is not justly
proportioned lo the several districts, that the legislatiu-e
adjust the proportion, as near as may be, to the num-
ber of freeholders, qualified as aforesaid in each district.
That when the niunber of electors within any of the
said districts shall have increased one twenty-fourth
part ofthc? wlioli' number of electors which by the said
census shall be found to be in this state, an additional
senator shall be chosi-n by the electors of such district
Thata n.ajovityof the ..umber of senators, to be chosen
as aforesaid, shall be necessary to constitute a senate
sufficient to proceed upon business ;tlind that the senate
shall, in liki manner with the assembly, be the judges
of its own members. And be it ordained, that ii shall
be in the power of ihi future legislatures of this state,
for the advantage and coiiveniciice ofthe cood people
thereof, to divide the same into si;ch further ancl otiier
counties and distiicts, as shall to them appear neces-
sary.
13. And this convention doth further, in the name
and by the authoiity ot the good people of this state,
crdaiii, ''etermine, and declare, thst no member of this
state shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the
rights or privileges secured to the subjects of tiiis state
by this constitution, unless by the law ofthe land or the
judgment of his peers.
14. That neither the assembly nor the senates hall
iiave the power to adjourn themselves for any longer
time than two days, without the mutual conseat o.
both,
15. That, « henevcr the assembly and senate disagree,
a conference sh.dl beheld in the presence of both, and
he managed by committees, to be by them respectively
chosen by ballot. That thedooti, both of the assembly
and the senate, shall at all times be kgpt open to all
persons, except w iien the welfare ofthe stale shall re-
quire their debates to be kept secret. And the journals
of ail their proceedings shall be kept in the manner
heretofore aecustomtd by the general assembly of the
colony of New York ; and, except such parts as they
shall, as a'oresaid, respectively determine not to make
public, be, from day to day, if the business of the legis-
lature will permit, published.
16. It is, nevertheless, provided, that the number of
senators shall never exceed one hundred, nor the num-
ber of assembly three hundred; but that, whenever
the number of senators shall amount to one hundre<!,
or ofthe assembly to three hundred, then, and in such
case, the legislature sh-II, from time to time thereaf^
ter, by laws for that purpose, apportion and distribute
the said one hundred senators and three hundred re-
presentatives among th'j grtat districts and counties of
this state, in proportion to the number of tbeir respec-
tive electors, so that the representation of the good
I>eople of this state, both in the senate and assembly,
shall for ever remain proportionate and adequate.
17. And this convention doth further, in the name
and by the authority of the good people of this state,
ordain, determine, and declare, that the supreme ex-
ecutive power and authority of this state shall be vest-
ed in a governor ; and that, STaledly,once in every three
years, and as often as the seat of govei'nment shall lie-
come vacant, a w-ise and discreet freeholder of this slate
shall be, by ballot, elected governor, by the freeholders
of this state, qualified as before described to elect se-
nators, which elrctions shall be always held at the times
and places of choosing representatives in assembly for
each respective county ; and that the person wholialh
the greatestnumberof votes within the said state, shall
be governor thereof.
18. That the governor shall continue in ofBce three
years, and shall, by virtue of his office, be general and
eommandei'-in-chief of all the militia, and admiral of
the navy, of this state; that he shall have power to
convene the assembly and senate on extraordinary
occisions; to prorogue them from time |to time, pro-
vided such prorogations shall not exceed sixty days, in
the space of any one year; and, at his discretion, to
grant reprieves and pardons to persons convicted of
criiiies other than treason or murder, in which he may
suspend the execution of the sentence, until it shall be
reported to the legislature, at their subsequent meet-
ing : and they shall either pnrdon, or direct the e.xecu-
lioii of ihe criminal, or grant a further reprieve.
I'l. That it shall be the duty of the governor to in-
form the legislature, at every session, ofthe condition
ofthe state, so far as may respect his department ; to
recommend such matters to their consideration as shall
appear to him to concern its good government, welfare,
and prosperity ; to correspond with the continental
congress, and other states ; to transact all necessary
business wiih the officers of government, civil and mi-
litary ; to take care that the laws are faithfully execu-
ted, til the best of his ability ; and to expedite all such
measures as may be resolved upon by the legislature.
2n. Thata lieutenant governor shall, at every elec-
tion of a governor, and as otten as the lieutenant go-
vernor shall die, resign, or b;' removed from office, be
elected in the same manner with the governor, to con-
tinue in office until the next ehetioii of a governor;
and such lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his of-
fice, be president ofthe senate, and, upon an equal di-
vision, have a easting voice in their decisions, but not
vote on any other occasion.
And in case of the iiripeachment of the governor, or
his removal Ironi office, death, resignation, or absence
from ihestEle, Ihe lieutenant governor shall exercise
all the powi r and authority appertaining to the office
of govtrnor, until anotbt r be chosen, or tUe governor
absent, or impeach; d, shall return or be acquitted.
Provided, that where the governor shall, with the con-
sent of the leirislatiire, be out of tlie slate, in time of
war, at the head of the i«ilitai7 force thereof, he shall
still continue in his command of all the military force
of the state, both by sea and land. ^,
21. That whenever the government shall flc admi-
cistercd by the lieutenant governor, or he shall be itii-
CONSTITUTION OF XEW YORK.
35
able to atteud as pvesiJentof Uie senate, the senatoi's
tUall Ijave power to elect one ottlieir own members to
tbe office of president of the senate, which he shsU ex-
ercise pro hac riro. And if, during sucli vacancy of the
office of gove/nor, the lieutenant governor shall be im-
peached, displaced, resign, die, or be absent from tlie
state, the president of the- senate shall, in like mnnner
as the litutenani g^overnor. xdminisler the government,
until others shall be elected by the suftiage of the peo-
ple, at the succetding election.
22. And this convention doth further, in the name
and by the authority of the good p-ople of this state,
ordain, di-termiiie, and declare, that the treasurer of
'.his state shall be appointed by act of the legislature,
to originate with tht- assembly : provided, that he shall
be not elect! d out of either branch of the legislature.
23. That all oHicers, other than those who, by this
constitution, are directed ta be olhi rwise appointed,
shall be appointed in the manner following, to wit:
The assembly shall, once in every year, openly nomi-
rate and appoint one ol the senators frcm each great
<iistricf, which senators shall form .1 council, lor the ap-
pointment ot the said officers, o! which the govi rnor,
for the time biing, or the lieuttnant governor, or the
president of the senate, (when they shall respectively
administer the government.) shall he president, and
have a casting voice, but no other vote ; and, with the
advice and consent of the said council, sinll appoint all
the said officers ; and th-.t a majority of the said coun-
cil be a quorum : and, fiu'ther, the said sen.. tors shall
not be eligible to the said council for two years succes-
sively.
24. That all military officers be apjiointed during
pleasure : tliat all comniissioned officers, civil and mili-
tary, be connnissioned liy the governor^ and tli.it the
chancellor, the judges of the supreme court, and tirst
.judge of the county court in every county, hold their
offices during good behaviour, or till they have resptc-
tively attained the age o( si.\ty year":.
25. That the chancellor and judi;es of the supreme
court, 3h«ll not, at the same time, hold any other of-
fice, excepting that ofdelegatL- to the general congress,
upon special occasions ; and that the first judges of tin;
county courts, in the several coumies, sliail. i;ot, at the
same time, hold any other office, e\ce|)ting th:it of se-
nator^ or delegate to the general ceiigress. But if the
chancellor, or either of tiie said judges, be elected or
appointed to any other office, i vcepting as before ex-
cepted, it sh 11 be at his opti.in in wh.ch to serve.
26. That the sheriffs and coroners be annually ap-
pointed ; and that no person shall be capable o! holding
either of the said offices for more than four years suc-
cessively ; nor the sherifi's of holding any oilier i.ffice
at the same timi-.
27. And be it further ordained, that the register, and
clerks in chancery, beappoiiit'd by the chaiice!li;r; the
clerks of the supreme court, by the judges of th.' said
court ; the clerk of the court of probate, by the judge
of the said court ; and the n gisier and niars'ial of the
court of admiralty, by the judge of the admiralty. 'I'he
said marshals, r, gisters, and clerks, to continue in office
during tbe pleasure of those by whom they are to be
appointed as aforesaid.
And that all attorneys, solicitors, and counsellors at
lav/, hereafter to be appointed, be appointed by the
court, and licensed by tlie first judge of the court in
which they shall respectively plead or practise ; and be
regulated by the rides and orders of tlie saiil courts.
2S. And be it further ordained, that where, by this
convention, the duration of any office shall not be as-
certained, such office shall be constru d lo be held du-
ring the pleasure of the council of appointment : Pro-
vided, that new commissions shall be issued to jtid^jesof
the county courts (other than to the first judje) and to
justices of the peace, once at least in every three years.
29. That town clerks, supervisors, assessor?, consta-
bles, collectors, and all other offieers, heretofore eligible
by the people, shall always continue to be so eligible,
in the manner directed by the present or future acts of
the legislature.
That loan officers, county treasurers, and clerks of
the supervisors, continue to be appointed in the man-
ner directed by the present or future acts of the legis-
lature.
3D. That delegates to represent this state in the ge-
neral congress of the Ur.iled States of America, be an-
nually appointed, as follows, to wit : The senate and
assenlhly shall each openly nominate as many persons
as shall be equal to the wipde number of de'e^^ttes to
be-apptiintcd; after which nomination ihc-y shall meet
together, and those persons named in both lists shall be
delegates ; and out ef those persons whose names are
not in both lists, one half shall bt chosen by the joint
ballot of the senators and me.aibers of assembly, so met
together as aforCiaid.
31. That the style of all laws siiall be as foilows to
wit ; " Be il enaclcdbtj tlie lieojde ql'l/iCitate nj NeviYurk,
represented in senate awl n^sembltj f and that all writs
and other proci eding shall run in the name of The peo-
ple of the state nfNcrv J'ork, and be tested in the name of
the cbuncellor, or chief justice oftlie court from whence
they shall issue.
32. And this conv^-ntion doth furllier, in the nan e
and by the authority of the guti! pi ople of this st4te,
ordain, determine, and declare, that a court shall be in-
stituted for the trial of imptachnunts and the correc-
tion of errors, under the regti!a:Jor.s which shall be es-
tablished by the legislatur , and to consist of the pre-
sident of th ■ senate for tht :im<» bein^. ar.-d ihc sena-
tors, chancellor, and judges of the suprune court, or
the major part uf tliem ; (.\eept ihptwhensn iinpeach-
ment shall be prosecuted against the chancellor, or ei-
ther of the juilges of the supreme court, the person so
impeached shall be suspended from exercising his of-
fice, until his acquitthl : and, in like manner, when an
appi-al, from a decree in cr,uity, shall be beard, the
chancellor shall inform the court of the reasons of his
decree, but shall not have a voice in the final sentence-
And if the cans ■ to be determined shall be brought tip
by writ of error, on a question of law, on a judgment
in the supreme court, the judges of that court shall as-
sign the reasons of sucli their judgment, but shall not
have a voice for its affirmance or reversal.
33. That the jKiwer of impeaching all ofileers of the
state, for mal and corrupt toiiduct in tlieir respective
offices be vested in the representatives ot the people in
asseml,ly; but that it shall always be necessary that
two-thii'd parts of the meiT^bers present shall consent
to and agree in sttch impiaehmeiit. That, previousto
the trial of every i'lipeachment, the members of the
saiil cour; shall respectively be sworn truly and impar-
tially to try and deti rroine the charge in question, ac-
cording to evidence ; and that no judgment of the said
court shall be valid unU'ss it be ass.-iited to by two-third
parts of the meue. ers then present ; nor shall it extend
further th.ui to remoial from office and disqualification
to hold and enjoy any place of honour, trust, or profit,
under this stat-. But the party so convicted shall be,
nevertheless, iiabh .iid subject to indictment, trial,
judgment, and punishment, according tothelaws of the
land.
34. And it isfe.r.her ordained, that in every trial on
impeachmMit, or indictment for crimes or misdemean-
riur, the p-.rty impeached or indicted shall be allowed
council, as i,, civ^l aeiioiis.
35. And this eonventkin eloth furilitr, in the name
and by the authority of the good people of this state,
ordain, determine, and declare, that such parts of the
common law of i'-ii;.';laiid, and of the statute law of Eng-
lard and rrieat Britain, and of the acts of the legisla-
ture <i)i he colony of New York, as togetht .did lorra the
laA- of the said colony on the I<)lh of April, in (he year
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-
five, shall l>e and continue the law of this state, subject
to such alteratiois and provisions as thi legislature of
this state shall, from time- to t me, mcke coucerniiig
the saiTie. 'J'hat such -if the .-.aid acts 'S are temporary
sliall expire at the ti.nes United for their duration re-
spectively. That all such parts of the said common
law, and .ill such of the said statutes -.nd acts ai'oresaid,
or parts thereof, us may be construed to establish or
maintain any particular denomination of Christians or
their ministers or concern the allegiance heretofore
yielded to, and the supremacy, sovereignty, govern-
ment, or jirerogativcJ, ciaimed or exercised by the king
of Great Bi-itain and Iiis predecessors, over the colony
of New York or its inhabitants, or are repugnant to this
constitution, be, and they hcreliy are, abrogated and re-
jected. And this convention doth further ordain, that tlie
resolves or resolutions of the congress of the colony of
New York, and of the convention of the state of New
Y'ork, now in force, and not repugnant to the govern-
ment established by this constitution, shall be consider-
ed as making part oi' the laws of this state ; .subject,
nevevtlirless, to such alterations and provisions as the
legislature of the state may, fi'o.u time to' time, make
concerning the same.
3'), All I be it fuvjh.'T ordained, that all ^wiiU of
.-tfj COXSniLTION Ui- iNbvV i'ORK.
lands M irhin this state, nsacli- ^>5' the Uin? of Great Bri- sent war •j_and that such acts shall uot work a eonup«
lain, or iiersons acting uiulev his auihority, after the tion of blood. And further, that the iegi-lp'iire ot this
tbiirtocntii (lay orOotoher,oi>.e thoinand seven hundivd siateshall, at no Un^n hureafttr, insiituu- an> ik-\\ court
and sevL'nty-fiv>:-, siiall be niiU anri void ; but that no- or courts, but iueh 4S shall i>rcceed according to the
thing- in this constitution coniainied, shall be conslrmd course ot the eoinmop law.
til aff.ct any grants of land, within this state, made by -IZ. And this convei.tion doth further, in the nameand
the authority of the said kin^' or his pitdccessors, or by itir authority of the good peopleof this sta;e, ordain,
to annul any charters to bodies politic, by him or them, determine, atid dt clare, that it shall be in the discretitjn
or any of them, made prior lo that day. And that none of the legislature to naturalize all such persons, and in
of the said charters shall be adjuogcd to be void, by ri .v such manner, as they shall think proper ; provided all
son of any nonuser or misuser of.any of their -.ospective such of the persons, so to be by them naturalized, as,
rights or privileges, betwten the nineteenth day of b:ing bi;rn ii parts lieyond sea, and out of the United
April, in the year of our I.oid one thousand seven hun- States of America, shall come lo settle in, and become
dredaud seventy-five, and the publication of this con- subjects of ihjs slate, shall take an oath of allegiance to
stitution. And further, that all such of the officers, this state, and abjure and rtnounce all allegiance and
dfJCTibed in the said charters resj>ectiyelv, as, by the subjection to all and every foreign king, prince, potcn-
lerms of the said charters, were to be appointed by ilie t.ite, and state, in all matters, tcclesiasiieal as well as
severnor of the culonv of New York, with ur wiiliout civil.
tlie advice and consent of the council of the said king,
in the said colony, shall hi.nceforth be appointed by the
cotincil est:obli%h<d by this constitution for theappoinr-
Jiient of officers in this state, until otherwise directed
fcy the legislature.
37. And whereas it is of grt .it importance to the safe-
ty «f this state that peace and aniits with the Indians
within the same be at all times supported and main-
tained : and whereas the frauds, too often practised to-
Btj Older :
LEONARD GANSEVOORT, Pies. pro. tern.
AMENDMENTS.
In convention of the delegates of the state oflfc-tv Tork.
Albany, October 27, ISOl -
Whereas the legislature of this state, by their act
wards the s.iid Indians, in coiitracts made for their passed the sixth day of April last, did propose to the cl-
lands, hive, in divers i!istances,heen prcductive ofdaii- tizens of this state to elect by ballot dt legates to meet
Rerous discontents and animosities; Be it ordaini-d.that jn convention " lor the purpose ol considi ring the parts
no purchases or contracts for the sale of hinds, made „f the constitution of this state, respecting the number
since the fourteenth day ot October, incite jear of our of senators and members of assembly in this state, and
Lord one thousand seven hundred and ^ventj-live, or with power to reduce and limit the number of them as
which heivafter may be made with or of the said In- the said coiivrntion might deem proper: and also lor
dians, within the limits of this state, sliiill be binding on the )iU'poie of consiilering and determining the true
fh<^ said Indians, or deemed valid, unless made under construction of the twenty-thiid article of the constitn-
the authority and with the consent of the legislafure of tion o; this state, relative to the right of nomination to
this state. i/ffice:—
38. And whereas we are required, by the benevolent And whereas the prople of this state have elected the
jtrinciphs of rational liberty, not only to expel civil ty- members of this convention, for the purpose above ex-
ranny, but also to giiaid against that spiritual oppies- pressed ; and this convention having maturely consi-
sionandintolerancc where with the bigotry and ambition dered the subject, thus submitted to their determina-
of weak and w icked (uiesis and princes has'e scourged tion, do, in the name and by the authority of the people
mankind: this conventioii dotli liirther, in the name of this state. ordi;in, determine, and declare;
and by the auihority of the good people of this state, ]. That the number of the members of the assembly
ordaiii, determine, :ind declan-, that the free exercise hereafter to be elected shall be one hundred, and shall
andenjoyment of religious proi'ssion and worship, with- never exc ed one hundred and lift)',
out discrimination or pri ( "^rence, shall for ever hereal- 2. That the legislature at their ne\t session shall ap-
ter be allyweil within this state to all mankind ; Pro- portion lhes:iid one hundred members of the assembly
vided, that the liberty of conscience hereby granted among the several counties of this state, as near>y as
shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentious- may be, according to the number of electors which shall
ness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peaceor be tound to be in each county, by the census directed to
safety of this state. be taken in the present year.
3'^ And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by 3. That, from the lirst'Moi day in July next, the num-
their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the her of the senators shall be peruianently thirty-two, and
care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the that the present number of senators shall he reduced
great duties ot their function therefore, no minister of to thirty-two, in the following manner, that is to say :
the gospel, .or priest of atiy denomination whatsoever. The seals of tlie eleven senators composing the first
shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or de- das?, whose time of service will expire on the first Mon-
scription whatever,beeligil)le to. or capable of holding, dayiti .Inly next, shall not be tilled up; and out of the
any civil or military office or place within this state. gi cntid class the seats of ont senator from the middle
40. And whereas it is of the utinosl importance to the district, and of one senator from the southern district,
safety of every state, that it should always be in a con- shall he vacated by the senators of those districts, be-
dition of defence ; and it is th- duty of every man who longing to that class, casting lots among themselves ;
enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and out of the third class, the seats of two senators from the
willing to defend it ; this convention, llierefure, in the n.iddle district, and of one senator from the easterii dis-
tiame and by the authority o'" the good people of this trict, shall be vacated in the same manner; out of the
state, doth ordain, determine, and declare, that the mi- ftnirth class, the seals of one senator from the middle^
litia of this state, at all times hereafter, as well in peace district, of one senator from the eastern district, and of
as in war, shall be arm<d, and disciplined, and in rea- one senator from the weatern district, shall be >'acattd
diness for service. Thai all such of the inhabitants of in the same manner; and if any of the said classes shall
this state (btiigof the people c.-i'led Quakers) as. from neglect to cast tots, the senate shall in such case proceed
scruples of conscience, may be avt rse to the beaiing of to cast lots for such class or classes so neglecting. And
arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature, and do that tight senators shall he chosen at the next ekction,
pay to the state such sums of money, iit lieu of their in such districts as the leeislattire shall direct, for the
personal service, as the sanie may, in the jtldgment of pnrpose of apportioning the whole number of senators
the legislafure, be worth : And that a proper magazine amongst the four gieat districts of the state, as nearly
of warlike stores, proj-ortionatt to the number oj inha- as maybe according to theinimber of electors qualified
bitants, be, for ever htieafter, at the expense of this to vote foi senators, which shall be found to he in each
state, and by acts of the legislature, established, main- of the said districts, by the census above-mentioned;
tained, and continued, in every county in this state. which eight senators so to be chosen shall form the first
41. And this Crnvention doth foriliei ordain, defer- class,
mine, and declare, in the i>ame and by the authority, of 4. That, from the first Monday in July next, and on
the good people of this state, that tricl by jury, in all the return of every census thereafter, the ntimber of
cases, in which it hath heretofore been used in the co- the assembly shall be increased at the rate of two nieni-
iony of New York, shall he established, and remain in- hers for every year, nntil the whole number shall
violate for ever. Ami that no acts of attainder shall be amount to one hundred and fifty ; and that, upon the
passed by the legislattire of this state, lor tfimes other return of every such census, the legislature shall appor-
than these comitiitted before the termination of the pre- tion the senators and members of the assembly amotigst
C'JXSTrTUTION OF .\tW .TERSE\. 3f
tJe !;Teat districts and counties ot tlie state, as nearly by the constitution are directed to be otherwise ap-
as may be, accordingto the number of their respective pointed, is vested concurrently in the person adn.mis-
elcctors ; Provided, that the leRislatiire shall not be pro- tering the government of '.his state for tht time !■»: iig,
hibited by any thing herein contained, from allowing and in each of the members of the council of appoim-
one member of assembly to each county heretofore nient.
erected within this state.' ' By order :
^. And this convention do further, in the name and A. BURR, Prest. of the Convention,
by the authority of the people of this state, ordain, de- and delegate from Orange county.
termine, and declare, that, by the Rue construction of Attest,
the twenty-third article of the constitution of this state, .Tames Van Ingen, ~f Seeretnr'e^
the right to nominate all officers other than those who Joseph Constant, 5
CONSTITUTION OF NEW JERSEY.
"WHEREAS all the constitutional authority ever pos- tion, the council and assembly shall separately meet,
sessed by the kings of Great Britain over these'eolonies,* and that the consent of both houses shall be necessary to
or their other dominions, was, by compact, derived from every law ; provided, that seven shall be a quorum of the
the people, and held of them, for the common interest council for doing business, and that no law shall pass,
of tlie w hole society ; allegiance and protection are, in unless there be a majority of all^the representatives of
the nature of things, reciprocal ties, each equally de- each body personally present, and aRreeiug thereto:
pending upon the otlier, and liable to be dissolved by Provided, always, that if a majority of the iepresenta-
assenting to suiidi-j-acts of the British parliament, at- orprojjortion of the membersofassemblyforany county
tempted to subject them to the absolute dominion of or counties in this colony, then, and in such case, the
that body ; and has also made war upon them, in the same may, on the principles of more equal representa-
niost cruel and unnatural manner, for no other cause, tion, be lawfully done, any thing in this charter to the
than asserting their just rights— all civil authority under contrary notwithstanding; so that the whole number ef
him is necessarily at an end,and a dissolution of govern- representatives in assemblyshall not, at anytime, be less
nient in each colony has consequently taken place. than thirty-nine.
And whereas, in the present deplorable situation of 4. That all inhabitants of this colony, of ftiU age, who
these colonies, exposed to the furj- of a cruel and relent- are worth fifty pounds, proclamation money, clear estate
less enemy, some form of government is absolutely ne- in the same,and have resided within the county in which
cessar5-, not only for the p.-eservation rff good order, but they claim a vote for twelve months immediately pre-
also the more etfectually to unite the people,and eftable ceding the election, shall be entitled to vote for repre-
them to exert their whole force in their own necessary sentatives in council and assembly ; and also for all other
defence: and as the honourable the continental con- public officers that shall be elected by the people of the
gress,the supreme council of the American colonics, has county at large.
advised sucli of the colonies as have not yet gone into 5. That the assembly, when met, shall have power to
measures, to adopt for themselves respectively, such go- choose a speaker, and other iheir officers ; to be judges
vernraent as shall best conduce to their own happiness of the qualifications and elections of their own mem-
and safety, and the well being of America in general :— bers ; sit u])on their o«n adjournments ; prepare bills to
We, the representatives of the colony of New Jersey, be passed into laws ; and to empower their speaker to
having been elected by all the counties, in the freest c( nvene them whenever any extraurdinai-y occurrence
manner, and in congress assembled, have, after mature shall render it necessary-.
deliberation, ajrreed upon a set of charter rights,and the. 6. That the council shall also have power to prepare
form of a constitution, in the manner following, viz. bills to pass into laws, and have other like powere as the
1. TUat thegovennnentof this province shall be vest- assembly, and in all respects be a free and indepen-
cd in a governor, legislative council, and general assem- dent branch of the legislature of this colony ; save only
b'y- . _ that they shall not prejmre or alter anv money bill —
2. That the said legislative council and general as- which shall be the privilege of the assenibly ; that tlie
seinbly shall be chosen, for the first time, on the second council shall, from time to time, be convened by the go-
Tuesday of August next; the membei-s whereof shall be vernoror vice president, but must be convened at all
the same in number and qualifications as is hereinafter times when the assembly sits ; foi which purpose the
mentioned \ and shall be and remain vested with all the speaker of the house of assembly shall always, immedi-
powers and authority to be held by any ftitnie legisla- ately after an adjournment, give notice to the governor,
live council and assembly of this colony until the second or vice president, of the time and place to which the
Tuesday in October, which shall lie ii'i the year of our house is adjourned.
Lordonethous -.nil seven hundred and seventy-seven. 7. Tbat'the council and assemblv, jointly, at tlieir
3. That, on the second Tuesday in October yearly, firstmeetingafter each annual election', shall, bv a ma-
andeve;-j' year for ever, (with the privilege of adjourn- jority of votes, elect some fit pei-son within tfi'e colo-
jng from day to day, as occasion may require,) tlie coun- n v to be governor for one year, w ho shall he constant
ties shall severally choose one person, to be a member of pp'sident of the council, and have a casting vote in their
the legislative council of this colony, who shall be, and proceedings; and that the council themselves shall
have been for one whole year next before the election, choose a vice president, who shall act as such in the ah-
an inhabitant and freeholder in the county in which he sence of the governor.
is chosen, and worth at least one thousand' pounds, pro- 8. That the governor, or. in his absence, the vice pre-
clamation money^f real and personal estate, within the sident of the council, shall have the ^uprciue executive
same county ; th^at the same time, each county shall power, be chancellor of the colony, and act as captain
also choose three fTieiTiI)er3 of assembly ; provided, that general and commander-in-chief of all the militia, and
no person shall beentitled toa seat in the said assembly, other military force, in this colony ; and that any three
unless he be, and have been, for one whole year next lit- or more of the council shall at all times be a pri vv eoun-
fore the election, an inhabitant of the county he is tn re- oil to .advise the governor in all rases where he m'av find
present, and worth five hundred pounds proclamation it necessary co consult them; and that the governor be
money, m real and personal estate, in tiie same county ; ordinary or surrogate general.
that, on the second Tuesday next after the day of cle'c- 9. That the govri-ndr and council (seven whereof shall
be a quorum) be the court of appeals, in the last resort,
• On the 20th of September, 1777, an act of the legis- in all causes of law. as heretofitre ; and that they possess
Jature was passed substituting the word stale for the the power of granting pardons to criminals, after con-
wonlfo^ony, in commissions, writs, ?tc.— No other alter- demnation, in all cases of ireason, felony, or a< her of-
Et:on lp;ii tafieu place in the constitution. fences.
CONSTITUTION OP NEW JERSEY.
10. Tliat captains, and all other inferior officers of the
militia, shall be chosen by the companies in the respec
tive counties ; bnt field and general ofiicers, by the
council and assembl) .
11. That the council and .issembly shall have power
to make the great seal of this colony, which shall be kept
by the governor, or, in his absence, by the vice president
of the council, to be used by them as occasion may re-
<)uire ; and it shall be called the great seal cj the colvtnj of
Xerv Jersey.
13. That the judges of the supreme court shall conti-
nue in office for seven years ; the j';dges uf the inferior
court of common picas in the several counties, justices
of the peace, clerks of the supreme court, clerks of the
inferior courts of common pleas and quarter sessions, the
attorney genera!, ar.d provincial secretary, shall conti-
nue in office for five years, and the provincial treasurer
shall continue in office for one year ; and that they shall
be severally appointed by the council and assembly, in
manner aforesaid, and commissioned by the governor,
or, in his absence, by the vice prtsident of the council.
Provided, always, that the said officers, severally, shall
he capable of being re-appointed, at theendof the terms
severallv before limited ; and that any of the said officers
shall be liable to be dismissed, when adjudged guilty of
misbehaviour by the council, on an impeachment of the
assembly.
13. That the inhabitants of each county qualified to
vote as aforesaid, shall, &t the time and place of electing
their representatives, annually elect one sheriff, and one
or more coroners ; and that they may re-elect the same
person to such offices until he shall have served three
years, but no longer; after which, three years must
elapse before the same person is capable of bemg elected
again. When the election is certified to the governor,
or vice president, under the hands of six fi-eeholders of
the county fur which they were elected, they shall he
immediately commissioned to serve in their respective
offices.
14. That the townships, at their annual town meet-
ings for electing other officers, shall choose constables
for the districts respectively ; and also three or more ju-
dicious freeholders, of good character, to hear and final-
ly determine all appeals, relative to unjust assessments,
incases of public taxation; which commissions of appeal
shall, for that purpose,sit at some suitable time ortimes,
to be by them appointed, and made known to the peo-
ple by advertisements.
IS.That the laws of this colony shall begin in the fol-
lowini? style, viz.—" Be it enacted by the council and
genei^l assembly of this colony, and it Is hereby enacted
by the authority of the same:" that all commissions
granted by the "governor or vice president, shall run
thus : " The colony of New .leisey to A B, &c. greet-
ing :" and that all writs shall likewise run in the name
of the colony; and that all indictments shall conclude
in the following manner, viz. "Against the peace of this
colonv, the government and dignity of the same."
10. That all criminals shall be admitted to the same
privileges of witnesses and counsel, as their prosecutoi-s
are or shall be entitleil to.
17. That tlie estates of such persons as shall destroy
their own lives, shall not, for that offence, be forfeited ;
but shall descend in the same manner as they would
have done had such persons died in a natural way: nor
shall any article which may occasion accidentally tlie
death of any one, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in
anywise forfeited, on account of such misfortune.
la. That no person shall ever, within this colony, be
deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping
Almighty God. in a manner agreeable to the dictates of
his own conscience : nor, under .tny pretence whatever,
be compelled to attend any place of worship, conti-ary
to his own fiilth and judgment ; nor shall any per^on
within this colonv ever be obliged to pay tythes, taxes,
or any other r.ites,for the purpose of buiiditig or re; aii
ing any other church or churches, place or places wt
worship, or for the maintenance of aui minister or mi-
nistry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has
deliberately and voluntarily engaged himself to perform.
19. That there shall be no establishment of any one
religious sect in this province, in preference to another ;
and that no protestaiit inhabitant of this colony shall be
denied the enjoyment of any civil right, merely on ac-
count of his religious principles ; but that all persons,
professing a belief in the faith of any proti slant sect,
who shall demean themselves peaceably under the go-
vernment, as hereby established, shall be capable of be-
ing elected into any office of profit or trust, or being a
jnember of either branch of the legislature, and shall
fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity
enjoyed by others their fellow -subjects.
20. I'liat the legislative department of this colony
may, as much as possible, he presened from all suspi-
cion of corruption, none of the judges of the supreme or
other court, sheritFs, or nnj' other person or persons, pos-
sessed of any pest of profit under the government, other
than justices of the peace, shall be entitled to a seat in
assembly; but that, on his being elected, and taking his
seat, his office or post shall be considered as vacant.
21. That all the laws of this province, eonuiined in the
edition lately published by Mr. Allison, shall be and re-
main in full foice, until altered by the legislature of this
colony, such only excepted, as are incompatible with
this charter, and shall be, accoi'ding as heretofore, re-
garded in all respects, by all civil officers and others,
the good people of this province.
22. That the common law of England, as well as so
much of the statute law as has been heretofore practised
in this colony, shall still remain in force, until they shall
be altered by a future law of the legislature ; such p.arts
onlj- excepted as are repugnant to the rights and privi-
leges contained in this charter ; and that the inestimable
right of trial by jui-y shall remain confirmed, as a part
of the law of this colony, without repeal, for ever.
23. That every person who shall be elected, as afore-
said, to be a member of the legislative council or house
of assembly, shall, previous to his taking his seat in
council or assembly, take the following oath or affirma-
tion, viz.
" I, A B, do soVninly declare, that, as a member of the
legislative council (or assembly, as the case may be) of
the colony of New Jersey, I will not assent to any law,
vote, or proceeding, which shall appear to me injurious
to the public welfare of said colony, nor that shall annul
or repeal that part of the third section, in the charter of
this colony, which establishes that the elections of mem-
bers of the legislative council and assembly shall be an-
nual ; nor that part of the twenty-second section in said
charter, respecting the trial by jury, nor that shall an-
nul, repeal, or alter, any part or parts of the eighteenth
or nineteenth sections of the same.
And any person or persons who shall he elected as
aforesaid, is hereby empowered to administer to the said
members the said oath or affirmation.
Provided, always, and it is the true intent and mean-
ing of this congress, that, if a reconciliation between
Great Britain and these colonies should take place, and
the latter be again taken under the protection and go-
vernment of the crown of Great Britain, this charter
shall be null and void, otherivise to remain firm and in-
violable.
In Provincial Congress, "^
Burlington, July 2, 1776.3
Btj order of C»ngres-s :
SAMUEL TUCKER, President.
Extract from the minutes.
■William Pattersouj Secretrinj.
CONSTITUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA,
Js ratified in convention, the 2d day of September, 1790.
WK, the people of the commonwealth of PennsyWr.- pore, when (he speaker shall exercise the office of go-
nia,ordaiu and establish this constitution for its govern- vernor. , „. . „ ,, it .•„„„<■;»=
ment. 12. Each house shall judge of the qualifications of its
membei-s. CoiHcsted elections shall be determined by »
AUTICLE 1. committee, to be selected, tbrmed, and regulated iiisuch
5 1. The legislative powerof this eonimonweallh shall manner as shall be directed by law. A raajoiity of each
be'vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a house shall constituie a qnonim to do business ; but a
senate and house of representatives. smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may
2. The I'epresentatives shall be chosen annually, by be authorised, by law, to compel the atter.dancr ot ab-
the citizens of the city of Philadelphia, and of each stnt members, in such manner, and under such penal-
county respeetivelv, on the second Tuesday of October, ties, as may be provided, , ^•
3. No person shall be a representative who shall not 13. Each house may detei-raine the rules ol its prn-
hnve attained the Si^e of twentv-one yc-aw, and have eeedings; punish Us members for disorderly behaviour;
been a citizen and inhabitant of the state three vcars and, with the coneuireiice of two-thirds, expel a raein-
next preceding? his election, and the last year thereof an her; but not a second time ior the same cause, and shall
inhabitant of the city or county in which he shall be have all other jiowers necessary for a branch of the le-
chosen ; unless he shall have been absent on the public gislature of a free state. . , e- j-
business of the United States, or of this state. No per- 14. Each house shall ketpajournal of its proceedings,
son residing within any city, town, or borough, which and publish them weekly, except sucli parts as may re-
shall be entitled to a separate representation, shall be quire secrecy. And the- yeas and nays of the members,
elected a member for any county ; nor shall any person on any q>Lstion, shall, at the desire of any two of them,
residing without the limits ofany such city, town, or bo- be entered on the journals.
rough, be elected a member therefor. 15. 'I'he dooi-s of each house, and of committees ot the
4. Within three yc ,rs after the first meetinp- of the whole, shall be open, unless wh .-u the business shall be
general assembly, and within evervsubsequent'terra of such as ought to be kept secret.
seven years, an enumeration of the taxable inhabitants 16. Neither house shall, without the consent ot the
shall be mule, in such manneras shall be directed by othei-,adjourn for more than threedays,nor to anyothev
law, Tlie number of representatives shall, at the several l>lace than that m winch the two liouses shall be sitting,
periods of making such enumeration, be fixed bv the le- 17. The senators and representatives shall receive a
gislature, and apportioned among the city of P'hiladel- compensation for their services, to be ascertained by
phia and the several counties, according to the number law, and paid out of the treasury of the commonwealth,
of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never be less They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and
than sixty, nor greater than one hundred. Each county breach or surety of the peace, be free from airest,during
shall have at least one representative ; but no county their attendance at the session of the respective pnvi-
hereafter erected, shall be entitled to a separate repre- Itged houses, and n> going to and returning from the
sentation, until a sufficient number of taxable inhabi- same. And for any speech or debate m cither house^
tants shall be contained within it to entitle them to one they shall not be questioned m any other place,
representative, agreeable to the ratio which shall then 18. No senator or representative shall,during thetime
be established. for wliich he shall have been elected, be apiiouited to
5. The senators shall be ehosen for four rears, by the any civil 'jffice, under this commonwealth, which shall
cisizens of Philadelphia and of the several counties, at have been created, or the emoluments of which shall
the same time, in the same manner, and at the same have been incn ased, during such time ; and no member
places where they shall vote for representatives. of congress, or other person holding any office, except
6. Thenumberofsenatorsslia!l,attheseveral periods of attorney at law, and m the iiiMtia, under the United
of making the enumeration b?fore-mentioned, be fixed States or this commonwealth, shall be a member ot
by the legislature, and apportioned among the districts either house, durivig his continuance in congress, or m
formed as herein after directed, according to the num- office. ...
ber of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never be 19. When vacancies happen m either house, the
less than one-fourth, nor greater than one-third, of the speaker shall issue writs of election to fill such vacan-
uumber of representatives. cies.
7. The senators shall be chosen in districts, to be 20. All bills for raising revenue shall originate m the
formed by the legislature ; each district containing such house of representatives ; but the senate may propose
a number of ta\able inhabitants as shall be entitled to amendments, as in otiier bills,
elect not more than four senators. When a district shall 21. No money shall be drawn from the tirnsary, but
be composed of two or more counties, they shall be ad- in consequence of appropriations made by law.
joining. Neither the cilvof Philadil])hi3, iicranycoun- 22. Every bill, which shall have passed both houses,
"ty, shall be divided, in forming a district. shall be pr. seiited to the governor. If he approve, he
8. No pei-son shall be a senator who shall not have al- shall sign it; but if he shall not approve, he shall return
tained the age of twenty-five years, and have been a it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have
citizen and inhabitant o'f the slate Cniv years next be- oriijinated, who shall enter the objections at large iii>oii
fore his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant their je.uriials, and proceed to n consider it. If, alter
of the district for which he shall have been ehosen ; un- such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree
less he shall have been absent on the public biiiiness of to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to
the United States, or of this state. the other house, by w hlcli, likewise, it shall be reconsi-
0. Immediately after tfie senators shall be assembled, <kTed ; and if approved by two-thirds of thai house, it
in consequence of the first cKction, suhstqiieiit to the shall be a law. But, in such cases, the votes of bath
first enumeration, they shall bedivided, by lot, asequal- houses shall be determined by yeas and nays : .and thu
ly as mav be, into four classes. Tlie seats of the senators names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall
of the first class shall be vaeati'd ai the expiration of the be emend on the journals of each house respectively. If
firstyear; of the second class, at i he expiration of the anybill shall not be returned by ihe governor within tea
second year; of the third class, al t!ie txjiiration of the days ^Sundays excepted) after it shall be presented to
third year; and of the fourth c'ass, at tiie expiratiuii of him, it shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed
fourth year; so that one-fourth maybe chosen evtrj- it, unless the general assembly, by their adjournment,
year. prevent its return ; in which case, it shall be a law, nn-
10. The general assembly shall meet on tlie first Tuis- less sent back within three days after their next meeting,
day of December in everv year, unless sooner convened 23. Ever)- order, resolution, or vote, to which the con-
by' the governor. ' ' currence of both houses may be necessary, (except on a
H. Each house shall choose its speaker and other ofTi- 'question of adjournment,) shall bs presented to the go-
cers; and the scuate shall aUo choos-i a speaker, //.••o.'t.r.- veraor ; and,, b'.fore it shall take elTectj be apjutrved by
tONSTlTUriOX OF I'liNXSYLV AMA.
him; or, hciiipr disapproved, shall be repassed by two- pers, minutes, and voncbers relative thereto, bei'ore ei-
thii'ds of both houses, accoidin)!; to t!ie ruics and liniita- tlier branch of the legislature ; and shall peiibrra such
tiens prescribed in case of a bill. other duties as shall be enjoined him by law.
ARTICT.K ■;.
§ 1. The supreme executive power of this common-
wealth shall be vested in a governor.
2. The governor shall be chosen on the second Tues-
day of October, by the citizens of the coramonwealth,
at the places where th'"5 shall respeclively vote for re-
presentatives. I'Ue returns of every election for go-
vernor, shall be sealed up and transmitted to the scat of
STovernment, directed to the speaker of the senate, who
shall open and publish them, in the presence of the
members of both houses of the legislature. The person
having the highest number of votes shall be goveniuL.
But, if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes,
one of them shall be chosen governor by the joint vote
of the members of both houses. Contested elections shall
be determined by a committee, to be selected from both
houses of the legislature, and formed and regulated in
such manner as shall be directed by law.
3. The governor shall hold his office during three
years from the third Tuesday of December next ensuing
Lis election ; and shall not be capable of holding it long-
er than nine in any term of twelve years.
4. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and have
been a citizen and inhabitant of this state seveji years
next before his election; unless he shall have been ab-
sent on the public business of the United States, or of
this state.
5. No member of congress, or person holding any of-
fice under the United States, or this state, shall exercise
the office of governor.
6. The governor shall, at stated times, leceive for his
servicesa compensation, which shall be neither increased
nor diminished duiing the period for which he shall
have been elected.
7. He shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of this common wealtli, and of the militia ; except
when they shall be called Into the actual service of the
United States.
8. He shall apj)oint all officers whose offices dre esta-
blished by this constitution, or shall lie established by
law, and whose appointments are not herein othervvase
provided fur ; but no pei-son shall be appointed to an of-
fice within any county, who shall not have been a oili-
zBn and inhabitant therein one year nest before his ap-
pointment, if tlie county shall have been so long erect-
ed ; but, if it shall not have.been so long erected, then
■within the limits of the county or counties out of winch
it shall have been taken. No member of congress from
this state, or any person holding or exercising any office
of trust or profit under the United States, shall, at the
same time, hold or exercise the office of .judge, secreta-
ry, treasurer, prothonotary, register of wills, recoriler of
deeds, sheriff, or any office in this state, to which a salary
is by law annexed, or any other office which future le-
gislatures shall declare incompatible with offices or ap-
pointments under the United States.
9. He shall have power to remit lines and forfeitures,
and grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of im-
peachment.
10. He may require information, in writing, from the
officers in the executive depanmeut, upon any subject
relating to the duties of then' respective offices.
11. He shall, from time to time, give to the general as-
sembly information of the state of' the commonwealth,
and recommend to their consideration such measures as
he shall judge exjjedient.
12. He may, on extraordinarj' occasions, convene the
general assembly : and, in case of disagreement between
the two houses, with respect to the time of adjourn-
ment, adjourn to such time as he shall think proper, ndl
e.\ceeding four months.
13. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe-
cuted.
14. In case of the death or resignation of the governor,
or of his removal from office, the speaker of the senate
shall exercise the office of governor, until another go-
vernor shall be duly qualified. And if the trial of a con-
tested election shall continue longer than until the third
Tuesday in December next ensuing the election of go-
vernor, the governor of the last year, or the speaker of
the senate, who may be in the exercise of the exi cutive
authority, shall continue therein until the uetermiiiation
of such contested election, and until a governor shall be
qualified as aforesaid.
15. A secretary shall be appointed and commissioned
daring the governor's continuance in office, if he shall
so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair regis-
ter of all the official acts and proceedings of the govern-
or, and shall, vhcu reiiuireU, lay tlie same, and all pa-'
AiiTictr. 3.
i] 1. In elections by the citizens, every freeman, of the
age of twenty-one years, having resided in the stale two
years next before tiie t lection, and within that time paid
a state or county tax, which shall have been assessed at
lsa»st six months before the election, shall enjoy the
rights of an elector : Provided, that the sons of persons
qualified as aforesaid, between the ages of twenty-ojie
and twenty-two years, sliall be entitled to vote, although
they shall not have paid taxes.
2. All elections shall be by ballot, except those by per-
sons in their representative capacities, who shall vote
viva voce.
3. Electors shall, in all eases, except treason, felony,
and breach or sm-ety of the peace, be privileged Iroin
arrest during their attendance on electiDns,and in going
to and returning from them.
AKTICLK 4.
§ 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole
power of impeaching.
2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate.
When sitting for that purpose, ti.e senators shall be
upon oath or affirmation. No person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members
present.
3. I'he governor, and all other civil officers under this
commonwealth, shall he liable to impeachment for any
misdemeanor in office. But judgment in such cases shall
not extend further than to removal from office, and dis-
qualification to hold any office of honour, trust, or pro-
fit, under this conimonwealth. The party, whether
convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable to
indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, accord-
ing to law.
ARTICtE 5.
§ I. The judicial power of this commonwealth shall
be vested in a supreme court, in courts of oyer and ter-
miner and general jail delivery, in a court of common
pleas, orphans' court, register's court, and a court of
quarter sessions of the peace, for each county, in jus-
tices of the peace, and in such other courts as tlie legis-
lature may, from tiiue to time, establish.
2. The judgi's of the supreme court, and of the seve-
ral courts of common pleas,shaU hold their offices during
good behaviour. But, lor any reasonable cause, which
shall not be sufficient ground of impeachment, the go-
vernor may remove any of them, on the address of two-
thirds of each branch of the legislature. The judges of
the supreme court, and the president of the several
courts of common pleas, shall, at stated times, receive
for their services an adequate compensation, to be fixed
by law, which shall not be diminished during their con-
tinuance in office ; but they shall receive no fees or per-
quisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit un-
der this conunonwealth.
3. The jurisdiction of the supreme court sliall extend
over the state ; and the judges thereof shall, by virtue of
their offices, be justices of oyer and terminer and gene-
ral jail delivery, in the several counties.
•J. Until it shall be otherwise directed bylaw, the se-
veral courts of common pleas shall be established in the
following manner: The governor shall appoint, in each
county, notfewer than three, nor more than four judges,
who, Suring their continuance ill office, shall reside in
such county. The state sTiall be divided, by law, into
circuits, none of which shall include more than six, nor
fewer than three counties. A president shall be appoint-
ed of the courts in each circuit, who, during his conti-
nuance in office, shall reside therein. 'I'he president
and judges, any two of whom shall be a quorum, shall
compose the r':i.pective courts of common pleas.
5. 1 he Judires of the court of common pleas in each
county shall, ))y virtue of their offices, be justices of
oyer and ter.jiiner.and general jail delivery, for the trial
of capital and other offenders therein: any two of the
said judges, the president being (me, shall be a quorum;
but tliey shall not hold a court of oyer and terminer or
jail delivery in any county, when the judges of the su-
preme court, or any of them, shall bt sitting in the same
county. The party accused, as well as the commBii-
wealth, may, under such regulations as shall be prescri-
bed by law, remove the indictinent and proceedings, or
a transcript thereof, into the supreme court.
6. The siijireme court, and the several courts of com-
mon pleas, shall, beside the powers heretofore usually
exercised by them, have the powers of a court of chan-
cery, so far as relates to the perpetuating testimony,
CONSTITUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA.
41
fhe olitaining of evidence from places not within this
state, and the care of the persons and estates of those
who ai-e non compos mentis; ami the legislature shall
vest in the said coiuls such other jmiwcts, to grant n-litf
ill equity, as shall be found nect ssarj- ; and may, fronv
time to time, enlarge or diminish those powers, or vest
them in such other courts as they shall judge proper, for
the^ue aduiinistriition of justice.
7. The judges of tin: coin-t of common pleas of each
county, any two of wliom shall be a (inorum, shall com-
pose the c-oiirt of q uarter sessions of the peace, and or-
phans' court thereof: and the register of wills, together
with the said judges, or any two of them, shall compose
the register's court of each county.
8. The judges of the courts of common pleas shall,
within thi-ir respective counties, have the like powers
with the judgi-s of the supiemt- com-t, to issue writs of
certiorari to the justices of the peace, and to cause their
proceedings to be brought before them, and the like
right and j ustice to be done.
9. The president of the court in each circuit, within
such circuit, and the judges of the court of common
pleas, within their respective counties, shall be justices
of the peace, so far as relates to criminal matters.
10. The governor shall appoint a competent number
of justices of the peace, in such convenient districts, in
each county, as are or sliall be directed by law : th(-y
shall be commissioned during good behaviour ; but may
be removed on conviction of niisbehti\'iour in office, or
of any infamous crime, or on the address of both houses
of the legislature.
tl. A register's office, for the probate of wills, and
granting letters of administration, and an offici- for the
recording of deeds, shall be kept in each county.
12. The style of all process shall be, lite comtnontvealth
of Pennsyivanin ; all prosecutions shall be carried on in
the name and by the authority of the commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, and conclude, ojoinj? the peace and digni-
fy of the same<
AnTICI.K 6.
$ 1. Sheriffs and coroners sliall,at the times and places
of election of representatives, be clinsen by the citi7,ens
of each county. 'I'wo persons shall be chosen for each
office, one of whom, for each respective! v, shall be ap-
pointed by the governor. They shall hold their offices
for three years, if they shall so long behave themselves
well, and until a successor be duly qualified : but no
person shall be twicechosen orappointed sheriff, in any
fenn of six years. Vacancies in either of the said offici s
shall be filled by a new appointment, to be made by the
governor, to continue until the next general election,
and until a successor shall be chosen and ijualilied as
nforesaid.
2. The freemen of this commonwealth shall be armed
and disciplined for its defence. Those wiio conscien-
tiously scruple to fiear arms, shall not be compelled to
do so ; but shall pay an rouivalent for personal service.
The militia officers shall De apoiiited in such manner,
and for such time, as shall be directed by law.
3. Prothonotaries, clerks rf the peace, and orphans'
courts, recorders of deeds, registers of wills, and sherifTs,
shall keep their offices in the county town of the county
hi which they respectively shall be officers ; unless when
flie governor shall, for sj>etial reasons, dispense therc^
with, for any term not exceeding five years, afttr the
county shall have been erected. •
-1. .'Vll commissions shall be in the name and by the
authority of the comiuonweaith of Pennsylvania, and
be sealed with the state seal, and signed by the go-
vernor.
5. The state tri-asiirer shall be appointed annnallj,hy
the joint vote of the members of both houses. All olheV
, officers in the treasin^ dejinrtment. attorneys at law ,
election officers, officers relating to taxes, to the pour,
and liighvvajs, constables, and other Unvnship officers,
shall be appointed in such manner as is or shall bedirect-
«1 by law.
articlt; 7.
^ 1. The legislature shall , as soon as conveniently may
be, provide by law for the est;ibli»liiiieiit of schools
throughout the slate, in such manner that the poor may
be taught gratis.
2. The arts and sciences sliall be promoted, in one or
more seminaries of learning.
3. The rights, privileges, immunities, and estates, of
religious societies and corporate bodies, shall remain as
if the constitution of this slate had not been altered or
amendetl.
AUTicti; 8.
- Xeiabei-s of tlte general assijmbly . r.nd al! cfliccis, cse-
cutive and judicial, shall be bound, by oath or afiirma-
tion, to support the constitution of this commonwealth,
and to perform the duties of their respective offices with
fidelity.
ARTICLE 9.
Tltat thegeneraU great, and tsiential principles of liberty
and frie gotiernment may be recognized and unalterably
established, we declare :
1. That all men are born equally free and indepen-
dent, and have cert.nin inherent and indefeasible rights,
among w hich are those of enjoying and defending life
and liberty, of acquiring, possessing, and protecting
property and reputation, and of pursuing their own
hapjiiness.
2. That all power is inherent in the people; and all
free governments are founded on their authority, and
instituted fur their peace, safety, and happiness. For the
advanceiueiit of those ends, they have, at all times, an
unalienable and indefessible right to alter, reform, or
abolish their government, in such manner as they may
think proper.
3. That all men have a natural and indefeasiVle right
to worship Almighty God according to ilie dictates of
their own consciences : and no man can, of right, be
compelled to attend, erect, or support any p!ace of wor-
ship, or to maintain any ministry, against nis consent ;
that no human authority can, in any case whatever, con-
trol or interfere w ith the rights of conscience ; and that
no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any reli-
gious establishments or modes of worship.
4. That no person, who acknowledges the being of a
God, and a future state of rewards and punishments,
shall, on account of bis religious sentimtiits, be disqua-
lified to hold .any office or place of trust or profit under
this commonwealth.
5. That elections shall be free and equal.
6. The trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the
right thereof remain inviolate.
7. That the printing presses shall be free to everyper-
son who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the
legislature, or any branch of gov evnment ; and no law
shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The
free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of
the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen may
freely sneak, write, and print on any subject, being re-
sponsible for the abuse of that liberty. In ]>rosecutions
for the publication of papers invtstigatiiig the official
conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or where
the mailer published is proper for public infumation,
the truth thereof may be given in evidence. And, in all
indictments for libels, the jui-y shall have a right to de-
termine the law and the facts, under the direction of the
court, as in other cases,
8. That the pe(,ple shall be secure in their persons,
houses, pajiers, a>id possessions, from uni-easonable
searches and seizures: and that no warrant to search
any place, it to se'Ze any person or things, shall issue,
without describing ;'iem as nearly ;\s mav be, nor with-
out probab;e causi-, supported tiy oath or affirmation.
9. That.in all ciin-.iiial pros; cutions, theacciisedhath
a right to be heard hv himseif and his counsel : to de-
mand the nature and cause of the accusatien against
him : to meet the witnesses face to face : to have com-
jmlsory process for oiitaining witnesses in his favour ;
and, in prosecuiions by indictment or information, a
speedy, public tiial, by an impartial jury of the vicin-
age : that he cannot be compelled to give evidence
against himself, nor can he be cteprived of his life, liber-
ty, or property, unless by the judgment of his peers, o
the law of the land,
10. That no persons shall, for any indictable offence
be proceeded :igainst criminally by information, excep
in cases arising mi the land or naval forces, or in the mi
litia when in actual service, in time of war or publi
danger, or, by leave of the conrt,for oiipiession andrnis
demeanor in office. No perscm shall, for the same of
fence, f)e twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor sha
any man's ;iiop> ify be taken or applied to pnblick use.
without the consent of his representatives, and withoii'
just compensation being made.
11. That all comts shall be open; and every man, fiii
an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or repu-
tation, sli;»i ! have re le eily by the due course of law, an '
right and justice adniinistered without sale, denial, o;
delay. Suits may be brought ag.ainst the commonwealtii
in such manner, in such courts, and i>i such cases, as tht
legislature may by law direct.
12. That no power of suspending laws shall be exer-
cised unless by the legislature or its authority.
13. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex-
cessive fines imposed} nor cruel punishments iaflisted.
4-2 (JOXS'ilTUllON OF I'KXXSYLA'AMA.
14. That all prisoners sliall be|bai!able by sufficient 7. Tliat the first senate shall consist of eiffiiiem mem»
sureties, unless for eajjital offences, where the pronf is bers, to be chosen in districts, fonned as follows, to wit :
evident, or presumption ppreat ; and the pviv;ieB;e of the The city of Philadelphia and the counties of Philadel-
writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unl-^ss phia and Delaware shall he a district, and elect three
when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety senators : the county of Chester shall be a district, and
may require it. shall elect one senator : the county of Bucks shall be a
15. That no commission of oyer and terminer or jail district, and shall elect one senator : the county of Mont-
delivery shall be issued. Efomei^ shall be a district, and shall elect otie senator :
16. That the person of a debtor, where there is not the county of Northampton shall be a district, and shall
strong: presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in elect one senator : the counties of Lancaster and York
prison after deliverinjj up his estates for the benefit of shall be a district, and shall elect three senators ; the
ins creditors in such manner as shall be prescribed by counties of Berks and Dauphin shall be a district, and
law. shall elect two senators: the counties of Cumberland
17. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing and Mifflin shall be a district, and shall elect one sena-
contracts, shall be made. tor : the counties of Northumberland, Luzerne, and
18. That no person shall be attainted of treason or fe- HiiiitinE:don, shall be a district, and shall elect one sena-
lony by the legislature. tor: tlie counties of Bedford and Franklin shall be a dis-
19. That nn attainder shall work errmption of blood, trict, and shall elect one senator : the counties of West-
nor, except jlurina; the life of the offender. Forfeiture of moreland and AHegliany shall be a district, and shall
estate to tlie commonwealth ■ that the instates of such fleet one senator: and the counties of Washington and
persons as shall destroy their own !i>es, shall descend or Fayette shall be a district, and shall elect two senators :
vest as in case of natural death ; and if any person shall which senatoi-s shall serve until the first enumeration
be killed by casualty, there shall he no forfeiture by rea- befi>re-mentioned shall be made, and the representation
sun thereof. in both houses of the legislattire shall be established by
20. Tliat the citizens have a right, in a peaceable man- law, and chosen as in the constitution is directed. Any
ner, to assemble together for their common good, and vacancies which shall happen in the senate within the
to apply to those invested with the powers of govern- said time, shall he supplied as prescribed in the nine-
ir.ent for redress of grievatices. or other proper purposes, teenth section of the first article.
b)' petition, address, or remonstrance. 8. That the elections of senators shall he conducted,
21. That the right of the citizens to bear arms, inde- and the returns thereof made to the senate, in the same
fence of themselves and the state, shall not be ques- manner as is presciibcd by the election laws of the state
tioncd. for conducting and making returns of the election of re-
22. That no standing armv shall, in time of peace, be presentatives. In those districts which consist of niore
kept up, without the consent of the legislature; and the than one county, the judges of the district elections
military shall, in all cases, and at all limes, he in strict within each county, after having formed a return of the
subordination to thi' civil powe'-. whole election within that county, in such manner as is
23. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quarter- directed by law, shall send the same, by one or more of
ed in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor, their number, to the places herein after mentioned with-
in time (if war, but in a manner to be jireseribed by law. in the district, of which such count}- is a i)art. Avherethe
24. That the legislature shall not grantanytitleof no- judges, so met, shall compare and cast up the several
bility or hereditaiT distinction, nor create aiiv office the county returns, and execute, under their hands and
appointment to v hich shall be for a longer term than seals, one general and true return for the whole district;
during good behaviour. that is to say, the judges of the district composed of the
25. That emigration from the state shall not be pro- city of Philadelphia, and the counties of Philadelphia
liibited. and Delaware, shall meet in the state house in the city
26. To guard against transgressions of the high now- of Philadelphia ; the judges of the district composed o'f
ers which w" hsve delegated, we declare, that every the counties of Lancaster and York, shall meet at the
thing in this article. Is exoenled out of tlie general pow- coint house in the county of Lancaster; the judges of
ers of govemmeiil, and shall for ever remain inviolate, the district composed of the counties of Berks and Dau-
phin, shall meet at Middletown in the county of Berks ;
SCHEDULE. the judges of the district composed of the counties of
. Cuniberlandand Mifflin, shall meetin Greenwood town-
Thnt no inconvenience mnt, arise Jrom the alterat/ons and ship, county of Cumberland, at the house now occupied
atnemlmenti in the cons!>tution oj tins commomiealth, i,y David Miller ; the judges of the district composed of
flj/f/, in onlcrlocarnj the same into coTjiptete operation, ihe counties of Northumberland, Luzerne, and Hunt-
it is herf.hu L'er'arerland m/iaincit: ingdon, shall meet in the town of Sunburj-; the judges
1. That all laws of this coniinonwcalth, in force at the of the district composed of the counties of Bedford and
time of making the said alterations and amendments in Franklin, shall meet at the house now occupied hj' John
the said constitution, and not inconsistent therewith, Dickey, in Air township, Bedford county; the judges
and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and con- of the district composed of the counties of Westmore-
tracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall land and Alleghany, shall meet in Westmorehand coun-
pontinue as if the said alterations and amendments had ty, at the court house in the town of Greensborough ;
not been made. 'he iudges of the district coinposed of the counties of
2. That the president and supreme executive council ^Vas'llington and Fayette, shall meet at the courthouse
shall continue to exercise the executive authority of this in the town of Washington, in Washington county, on
commonwealth, as heretofore, until the third Tuesday the thir 1 Tuesday of October respectively, for the pur-
of December next ; but no intermediate ^•acancies in the poses aforesaid.
council shall be supplied by new elec ions. 9. That the e'ection of the govenior shall be conduct-
3. Tliat all officers in the appointment of the execu- ed in the several ccuntics. in the maimer prescribed by
tire department, shall continue in the exercise of the the laws of the state for the election ttf representatives :
duties of their respective offlces until the first day of and the returns in each county shall be sealed by the
September, one thoiis:tnd seven hundred and ninety- judges of the elections, and transmitted to the president
one, unless their commissions shall sooner exjiire by of the supreme executive council, directed to the speak-
iheir own limitations, or the said offices become vacant er of the senate, as soon after the election as may be.
by death or resignation, and no lon-rer, unless re-ap- Done in convi-itioii. the srcv.nd dat of September, in
pomteil and f immi-.sion' d by the governor; >xcept that ^v,g ypgr of our Lord one tliousand seven hundred
the judges of the supreme court shall hold their offices ^„^ ninety, and of the Independence of the United
for the terms in their commissions respectively <'x- statesof America Ihefifteenth. In testimony where-
pressed, of v\e liave hereunto subscribed our names.
4. That justice shall be administered m the several -i umv/rAc tutttut txt d „ -.u^i
counties of this state until the period aforesaid, by the ^ HOMAS MIFl- LIN, President.
same jtist'ces. in the same courts, and in the same man- .Tames Wilson, William Gibbons,
ner, as heretofore. Hilary Baker, Thomas Bull,
5. That no person now in commission as sheriff, shall William Lev. is, James Boyd,
be eligible at the next election fiir a longer term than Thomas M'Kean, F.dward Hand,
will, with the time which he shall have served in the George Gray, Bobert Coleman,
said office, coiuplete the term of three yeai's. William Robinson.jr. Sebastian Graff,
6. That, until the first enumeration shall be made, as Robert Hare, .lohn Hubley,
directed in the fourth section of the first article of the Enoch Edwards, .lohn Breckbill,
constitution established by this convention, the city of Samuel Ogilen, Henry Miller,
Philadelphia and the several counties shall be respee- Thomas .lenks, jr. Heniy Slagle.
lively efiiiitled to elect the same number of representa- -lohn Barclay, David Reddick.
lives as is r.ow tirescribed by lav.'. -Abraham Stcti', ,7ames Ross.
Juhn Srnilie.
Albert Gallatin,
Jamts M'Lene,
George Matthews,
James Morris,
Liiidsey Coats,
.lonathanSboemaker,
William Reed,
Benjamin Tyson,
Eeiijamin Pedaii,
Matthew Dill,
CONSTITUTION OF DELAWARE. 43
AVilliam Irvine, John Piper, ^Vi^ianl Brown,
James Power, Charles Smith, • Alexander Gra\ don,
Joseph Heister,' Simon Snyder, Timothy Pickering,
Christian Lower, William Findley, Andrew Henderson,
Abraham Lincoln, William Todd, John Gibson,
Paul tJroscop, Alexander Anderson, Thomas Beale,
BakzerGehr, John Hogc, John Sellers,
Samiul Sitgieaves, John Gloninger, Nathaniel NewHn.
John Amdt, Attest, Joseph Redman, Secretary,
Peler Rhoads, Jacob Shallus, Assistant SKKtar'j,
Joseph Powell,
CONSTITUTIOIS" OF DELAWARE.
lie, the People, hereliy ordiitn ami establish and no person shall be ior the same oflence twice put m
A; /-. ,-. ,• r ry ^r ji ,„t jeopardy oflife or limb : nor shall any man's property
this C07ls/Mltlon of Government Jor the state -^e fakeii or applied to public use, without the consent
of Delatvare. of his representatives, and without compensation being
made.
THROUGH divine goodness, all men have by nature § 9, All courts shall be open ; and every man, for au
the rights of worshipping and serving their Creator ac- iiijur\- done him in his reputation, person, moveable or
cording to the dictates of their consciences, of enjoying immoveable possessions, shall have remedy by due
and deft?ndiug life and liberty, of acquiring and protect- course of law, and justice administered accoi'ding to the
ing reputation and property, and, in general, of attain- very right'of the cause, and the law of the land, without
ing objects suitable to their condition, without injury sale, denial, or unreasonable delay or espense ; and eve-
bj one to another ; and as these rights are essentia! to ry action shall be tried in the county in which it shall
their welfare, for the due exercise thereof, power is in- be commenced, unless when the judges of the court in
herent in them ; and, therefore, all just authority in the which the cause is to be tried, shall determine that an
institutions of political society is derived from the peo- impartial trial thereof cannot be had*n that county,
pie, and established with their consent, to advance their Suits may be brought against the state, according to
happiness : and they may, for this end, as circumstances
require, from time to time, alter their constitution of go-
vernment. '
such regulations as shall be made by law.
§ 10. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised,
but b}- authority of the legislature.
„,,. J §11. Excessive bail shall not be required, norexces-
. Kiit-L, . 1. sive fines imposed, norcrue! punishments inflicted; and
§ 1. Although it is the dut>- of sU men frequently to in the construction of jails, a proper regard shall be had
assemble together for the public wiu-ship of the Author to the health of prisoners.
of the Universe, and piety and morality, im which the } 12. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sure-
prosperity of communities depentls, are thereby promo- ties, unless for caj)ital offences, w hen .'he proof is posi-
ted : yet, no man shall or ought to be compelled to at- five or the presumption great; and when persons are
tend any religious worship, to contribute to the erection confined on accusation for such ofleiices, their friends
or support ot any place of worship, or to the mainle- and counsel may at proper seasons have access to them,
nance of any ministry, against his own free will and §13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall
consent : and no power shall or ought to be vested in or not l>e suspeiidi d, unless when in cases of rebellion or
assumed by any magistrate, that shall in any case inter- invasion the public safi^t>' shall require it.
fere with, or in any m,anncr control, the rights of con- § 14. No comir.ission of o}T;r and terminer or jail deli-
science, in the free exercise of religious worship, nor a very shall be issued.
preference given by law to any religious societies, deno- § 15. No attainder sTir.!! work corruption orblood,nor,
minations, or modes of worship. exceptduringthelileof the offender, forfeiture of estate.
§ 2. No religious test shall be required as a qualifica- ^Ike estates of those who destroy their own lives, shall
tion to any office, or public trust, under this state. ^^Scend or v^st as in case of natural death, and if any
S3. AU elections shall be free and equal. person be killed by accident, no forfeiture shall be
I 4. Trial by jiu'y shall be as heretofore. thereby ii>eurifd.
§5. The press shall be free to every citizen who nn- 5 Ifi. Although disobedience to the laws by a part of
dertakes to examine the official conduct of nu^n acting the people, upon suggestions of impolicy or injustice in
in a public capacity ; and any citizen may print on any tbeiii, tends, by immediate efi'ect and ihe iuHiience of
subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. exain;:.le, not only to endanger the public welfare and
In prosecutions for publications investigating the pro- safety, but also, in governments of a republican form,
ceMings ot officers, or where the matter published is contravenes the social pvinciples of such governments,
proper for public information, the truth thereof may be founded on common consent for common good ; yet the
given in evidence ; and in all indictments for libels, the citizens have a right, in an orderly manner, to meet
jury may determine the facts and the law, as in other together, and to apply to persons intrusted with the
ea'ies. powers of government, fm' redress of grievances, or
§ 6. The people shall be secure in their persons, other proper purposes, by petition, remonstrance, or ad-
hou!es, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable dress.
searches and seizures; and no warrant to search any §17. No standing army shall be kept up without the
place, or to seize any person or thnigs, shall issue, with- consent of the legislature ; and the iiiilitar)' shall in all
cut describing them as particularly as maybe; northen, cases and at all ti;ues; be in strict subordination to the
nnhss there be probable cause, supported bv oath or af- civil power,
tirmation. ' §18. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quarteied
§ 7. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a in any house without the consent of the owner; uor in
right to be heard by himself and his counsel, to be plain- time of war, but by a civil uiagisti ate, in a manner to be
ly and fully informed of the nature and cause of the ac- presciibed by law.
cusation against him, to meet the witnesses in their ex- § 19- No hereditary distinction shall be granted ; nor
amination face to face, to have compulsory process in any office created or exercised, the appointment to,
due time on application by himself, his friends, or coun- which shall bi; for a longer term than dunng good beha-
sel, for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and a speedy viour; and no person holding any office tinder this st^ite,
and public trial by an impartial jury : he shall not be shall acceiit of any office, or title of any kind whatever,
compelled to give evidence against himself; nor shall be Irom any king, prince, or foreign state.
^'■PT'Jfi',''-'^ ''''"' '''"''^>' ?'■ pi'')P<;it3;, unless by the judg- ive declare that every f./iiri/; in this article is reserved out
of t.!te general poiccrs of •government herein after men-
tioned.
AllTICLF. 2.
i I. Tlie legislative power of this state shall be ve>ted
meat of his peers or the law of the land.
§ 8. No person shall, for any indictable offence, be
proceeded aiyainst criminally by information, except in,
cases ai'ising 111 the land or naval forces, or in the militia
vhen in actiialservite, intimecf waror public dauge.-;
CUNSTULllOX OF Df.L.WV.VUF..
in a genera! assembly, which shall consist oi" & senate time for which he shall have been citcleti, be appointed
and house of representatives. to any eivil office under this stiie, which shall have
} 2. The I'^presentativesihali be chosen annually by been created, or the emoluments of which shall have
the ciiiz'-.:s residing in the- several counties respectively, been increased, during such time. No person concern-
on the firs. I'iiesday of October. ed in any army or navy contract, no member of eon-
No person shall be a representative who shall not giess, nor any person holding any oftice under this state,
have attained to the age of tuenty-four years, and ha\e or (he United Slates, except the" attorney general, offi-
a freehold iu the county in '.vliich he shall be chosen, cers usually appointed by the courts ot justice respee-
have been a citizen and inhaiitant of the state three tively, attorneys at law, and officers in the militia, hold-
years next piecedii.g thv fir-ii liiet ting of the legislature ing no disqualifjing office,shall, during his continuance
after his election, and the la-.i year of that term an ii;ha- in congrtss or in i.ffice, hv a senator or repieseutativc.
bitant of the county in which ht aliall be chosen, unless § l3. When vacancies happen in either house, writs of
he shah have been absent on the public business of the (lection shall he issued by tht- speakers respectively, or.
United States, or ol' tiiis slate. in cases of necessity, in such other manner as shall be
There shall be seven representatives chosen in each provided for by la»'; and the persons thereupon chosen
county, until a greater number of representativt-s -hail shall hod their seats as long as those in whose stead they
by the general assembly be judged necessary; and then, aiefiejted might have done, if such vacancies had net
two-thirds of each branch of the leLri3:ature eo;<carriitg, happened.
they may by law make provision for increasing their j u. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the
Stimber. Iiouse of representatives ■ but the senate may projiose al-
J 3. I'he senators shall be chosen for three years by terutions, as on other bills ; anjl no bill, from the opera-
the citizens resUling in the several counties respective- tioii of which, when passed into a law, revenue may in-
ly, having right to vote for representatives, at the same cidentally arise, shall be accounted a bill for raising re-
time when they shall vote for representatives, in the venue; nor shall any matter or clause whatever, not
same manner, and at the satne places. immediately relating to and necessary for raising reve-
Nopersonshallbea senator who shall not have attain- nue, be in any manner blended with ov annexed to a bill
ed to the age of tuenty-seven yeais, and have in the for raising revenue.
county in which he shall be chosen a freehold estate, in $ l^- No money shall be drawn from the trcasurvj but
two hundred acres of land, or an estate in real and per- in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a
sonal property,or in either, of the value of one tiiou^fiul regular ^tateme-nt and account of the veceipts and ex-
pounds at least, and have been a citizen and inhubitr n; p -nditures of ail public money shall be published annu-
of the state three years next preceding the first m> . lius ^'-ly-
of the legislature after his election, and the last year of
that term an inhabitant of the county in which he shall
be chosen, unless he shall have been absent on the pub-
lic business of the United States, or of this state.
There shall Bfe three senators chosen in each county,
ARTICIE 3.
§ 1. The supreme executive power of the state aliall
be vested in a governor.
§2. The governor shall be chose/1 on the first Tuesday
■When a greater nu.nber of senators shall bv the general ol October, by the citizens of the state having a right to
assembly bejudgid necessary, two-thirds o^e'ach branch *'"te lor representatives, in the counties where they re-
concurring.'they iii:iy by lav/ make provision for increa- speciiveiy reside, at the places where they shall vote for
sing their num'jer; but the number of senators shall ne- representatives. •
ver be greater than one half, nor less than one third, of i'he returns of evei^ election for governor shall be
the nnmljer of representatives. staled up anil imraedialeiy delivere-d by the returning
Immediately after the senators shall be ajsemb! eel in orticei-s of tii- several connties to the speaker of these-
eonsequence of the fii-st election, (he senators ■csuang nate, or, in case of his deaih. to the speaker of the house
in each count), sliall be divided by lotinto ihi'ecliisses. of representatives, who shall keep the same until a
The seats of the srjiators of the first class shul be vacated speaker cf ihe senate shuH be appointed, to whom they
at the e^pi;■ation of the first year; of tin second ela^s at sliiili be .;..!ii. viia.elj d; livereii after his appointment,
the expiration of the second > ear ; and of the third ciass who shaa open and publish the same in the presence of
at the expiration ol ihethiid year; so that one third may tlie memlx-i-s of botli houses of the legislature. Dupli-
be chosen every y ar. cates of the said returns shall also be immediately lodged
§ 4. I'he general assembly shall meei on the first rtilh the prothonoiary of ea>.h county. The person hav-
Tuesdayof January in every year, unless sooner con- ing lie highest number of voles shall be governor: but,
▼ened by the governor. ' if two or iiiore shall be equal in the highest number of
§ 5. Each Iiouse shall choose its speaker and other of- voies, the numbers of the two houses shall, by joint bal-
ficers; and also eaeii house h host spt uKer shall ixereise lot, choose one of them to be governor ; and if, upon such
theofficeof governor, may choose a speaker pro tempore, ballot, two or more of them shall still be equal and high-
§ fi. Each house sha.l judge ut the eleoion ;, r< turj^est in votes, the speaker of the senate shall have an adtli-
and <iualitications, of iis own miinbers , uu-.l a u: ■ioii^l»i'J"al casting vote.
of each shall coiistiiiue a quoriini to do hii- i;iess; but a Contested elections of a governor shall be determined
smaller number maj adjourn from day to nay, a;id shall by a joint committee-, consisting of one-third of all the
be authorised to coiiipel the attendance o; absent mem- members of each biaiichof the legislature, to be selected
bars, in such manmr, and under such penalties, as shall •>> ballot of the iioiises respectively : every person of the
be deemed expedient. committee shall take an oath or affirmation, that, in de-
57, Each house may determine the rule's of its pro- termining the said election, he v ill faithfully discharge
ceedings, punish any of its meinhers for disorderly beha- the trust reposed in him ; and the committee shall always
ing three
years from the third Tuesday of January next ensuing
his election; and shall not be capable of holding it loug-
viour, and, with the eoncurience of iwo-tliirds, e^pel a sil w ith open doors.
member ; and shall have all other powers nece'-sarv for ' f 3. The governor shall hold his office duri
a branch of the legislature of a free «iid independent
state.
§ 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ev than three in any term of six yea
ings, and publish them immediately after every session, § 4. He shall be at least thirty-siX years of age, and
except such parts as may require secrecy : and the yeas have been a citizen and inhabitant of the United States
and nays of the members on any question shall, at the twelve years next before the first meeting of the legisla-
desire of a-.y member, he entered on the journal. ture after his election, and the last six of that term an
§ 9. The doors of each house,and of committees of tlie inhabitant of this state, unless he shall have been absent
whole, shall be open, unless when the liusiuess is such as on the public business of the United States, or of this
ought to be kept secret. stale.
§ 10. Neither house shall, without the consent of the § *• No member of congress, nor penon holding any
other, adjourn more than three days, nor to any other office under the United States orthis state, shall exercise
place than that in which the iwo houses shall be sitting, the office of governor.
§11. The senators and ri'pivsentalive's shall receive a §6. The governor shalt,atstated times, receive for his
compensation for then services, to be ascertained by law, services an adequate salary, to be fixed by law, which
and paid out of the treasui-y of the state ; but no law, va- shall be neither increased nor diminished during the pe-
rying the compensation, shall take effect till an election
of representatives shall have intervened. They shall in
all cases, except, treason, felon) , or breach of the peace,
be privilegt d from arrest during their attendance at the
session of their respective houses, and in going to, and
riid for which he shall have been elected.
§ 7. He shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of this state, anil of the militia ; except when they
shall be called into the service of the United States.
f 8. He shall appoint all officers whose offices are es-
leturniug from the same ; and for any speech or debate tablished by this constitution, or shall be established by
m either house, ihey shall not be questioned in any other law, and whose appointments are not herein otherwise
place. provided for ; but no person shall be appointed to an of-
* 12. Ne senator or representative shall, during- the nee within a county w ho shall not have a right to vote
constitution; Ul-' DVA .\\VAll\i.
4br repicsen(;irivc-s, and liavc been an inhabitant tlicreiu
one veap next before his appointment, nor hold the of-
fice 'longer than he continues to reside in the county.
No mt-iiiber of eoiigivss, nor any person, holdinjj or ex-
ei-eisiii!;- anv office undirtlie United Stales, shall, at the
same lime, hold or exercise Iheoffiee of judge, trcasiu'er,
attorney general, seci-etary, clerk of the supreme court,
prothonotary,rcpister for the probate of wills and g^nt-
inc letters of atfministratioTi, recorder, sheriff", or any
office under this state, with a salary by law annexed to
it, or any other office which the lepslaiure shall declare
incompatible with offices or appointments under the
United States. No person shall hold more than one of
the following offices at the same time, to wit : treasurer,
attorney s;enc ral, clerk of the supreme court, prothono-
tary, register, siieriff. All commissions shall be in the
name of the state, shall be sealed with the great seal,
and be signed and tested by the governor.
§9. He shal 1 h.ave power to remit fines and forfeitures;
and to gi-ant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of
iinpeacliment.
5 10. He may reqtiire informatioii, in writing, f:»jra
the officers in the executive department, npon any sub-
ject relating to the duties of their lespective offices.
5 11. He shall, from time to lime, give to the general
assembly information of affairs concerning the state ;
and recommend to their consideration sucli measures as
he shall judge expedient.
§ 1 2. Tie may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
jyeneral assembly ; and, in case of disagreement between
the two houses, with respect to the timeof adjournment,
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not
exceeding three ffionths.
} 13. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully ex-
ecuted. #
§ 14. On the death or resignation of the governor, or
his removal from office on impeachment, or lor inability,
the speaker of the senate, at that time, shall exercise the
office of governor nnril a new governor shall be duly
qualified; and on the death or resignation of the speaker
of the senate, the speaker of the house of representatives
at that time, shall exercise the office, until it be regular-
ly vested in a new governor. If the trial of a contested
election shall continue longer than the third Tuesday of
-January next ensuing the election of a governor, the go-
vernor of the last year, or the speaker of the senate or of
the house of representatives, who may then be in the
exercise of the executive atilhority,shaU continue there-
in until a determination of such contested election.
Thegovernor sliall not be reVnoved from his office for
inability, but with the concurrence of tv.o-tliirds of ail
the members of each branch of the hgisiature.
§ IS. A secretary shall be anpointed and commission-
ed during the govenioi's cominiiance in office, if he
shall so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair
register of all the official acts aud proceedings of the go-
vernor ; and sliall, when required by either branch of
the legislature, lay the same, and aliptipers, minutes,
and vouchers relative thereto, before them; and shall
Jierform such other duties as shall be enjoined him by
aw. He shall have a compensation fur his services, to
be fixed by law.
ARTICLE 4.
5 1. All elections of governor, senators, and repre-
sentatives, shall be by ballot; and, in such elections,
every white freeman, of the age of twenty-one years,
haviii™ resided in the state two years next before the
election, and within that time paid astate or county tax,
v.hieh shall have been assessed at least six months before
the electicm, shall enjoy th" right ol an elector ; and the
sons of persons so f[!ialified shall, between the ages of
twt.nty-one and twenty-two years, be entitled to vote,
althoiigli they shall not have paiil taxes.
$2, Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,
or breach ol the [leace, he privileged from arrest during
their attendance at elections, and in going to and re-
f ll^nin^J from them.
ARTICLE 5.
•', ;. The house of representative.^ shall have the sole
powerof impeachin|»; but two-thirds ol all the members
must concur in an impeachment. All impeac.'imems
shall he tried by tiie senate; and, when sitting lor that
purpose, the senate shall be upon oath or afiirination to
do justice according to the evidence. No person shall be
convicted without the eoneurrence of two-thirds of all
the senators.
j 2. The governor, and all other civil officers under
this state, slia'.l be liable to impeachment for treason,
bribery, or any high crime or misdemeanor iu office,
■./tidgnient in siich cases shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold any of-
fice of honour, trust, or profit under this state ; but the
party convicted shall, nevertheless, be subject to indict-
ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to
law.
J 3, Treason against this state, shall coi^sist only iti le-
vying war against it, or in adhering to the enemies of
tie,- government, giving thera aid and comfort. No per-
son shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimo-
ny ot two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confes-
sion in open court.
AHTICLE 6.
§ 1. The judicial powerof this state shall be vested in
a ci/ort of chancer)', a supreme court, and courts of oyer
and terminer and general jail deliver;-, in a court of
common pleas, and in an orphans' court, register's couit,
and a court of quarter sessions of tlie peace for each
county,injusticesof the peace, and in such other courts
as the legislature, two-thirds of all the members of each
branch concurring, may, from time to time, establish.
§ 2. The chancellor and the judges of the supreme
court, and of the court of common pleas, shall hold their
offices during good behaviour: but, for any reasonable
cause which shall not be a sufficient ground for an im-
peachment, the governor may, in his discretion, remove
any of them, on tlic adilress o'ftwo-thirds of all the mem-
bers of each brand; of the legislature. They shall, ai
staled times, receive for their services adequate salaries,
to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during
their continuance in office, and shall be pay.able quar-
terly to their respective orders upon the treasurer, out
of any moneys in the treasury ; but they shall hold no
other office of profit, nor i eceii e any fees or perquisites,
except such fees as shall be fixed by law for business to
be done out of court.
§ 3. Thejudges of the supreme court shall be not few-
er than three, nor more than four, one of whom shall be
the chief iustice. There shall be a judge residing in
each county, 'i he jurisdiction of this court shall extend
over the sta"te. Tlie judges shall, by virtue of their of-
fices, be justices of oyer and terminer, and general jail
delivery, in the several counties. Any two of the judges
may act as if ail were present,
J 4. The judges of the court of common pleas sh.all lie
not fewer tiian three, nor more than four, one of whom
shall be chief justice. There shall be a judge residing
in each county. The jurisdiction of this court shall ex-
tend over the state. Any two of the judges may act as
if all were present.
§ 5. The chancellor, or any judge of the supreme
court, or of the court of common pleas, shall issue the
M'lit of habeas corpus, in vacation tii.je, and outof term,
when duly ajiplied f.ir, which shall be immediately
obeyed.
5 6. Any jitdge of the supreme court, or of the court
of common pleas, may, unless the legislature shall other-
wise provide by law, out of court, take the acknowledg-
ment of deeds ; and the same being theregn certified,
under his hand, such deed shall be recorded, and have
the same effect as if acknowledged in open court.
§ 7. In civil causes, when pending, the supreme court
and court of common pleas shall have the power, before
judgment, of directing, upon such terms as they shall
deem reasonablt-, amendments in pleadings and Ugal
proceedings, so that by error in any of them, the deter-
fiiination of causes, according to their real merits, shall
not be hindered ; and also of directing the examination
of witnesses that are aged, very infirm, or going out of
the stati', upiii interrogatories ile bene esse, to be read irr
evidence in c;:se of the death or departure of the wit-
nesses before the trial, or inability by reason of age, sick-
ness, bodily infirmity, or imprisonment, then to attend ;
and also life power of obtaining evidence from places not
within the 'jtate.
§ 8. Suits may originate in the supreme court or court
of common pleas.
( 9. Ofie judge of the supreme court or of the court of
common pleas may, if the other judgt-s come not, open
and adjonni the court, and may also make the necessa-
ry rules preparatory respectively to the trial orargument
of causes.
^10, At any lime pending an action for debt or da-
mages, the deiendant may bring into court a sum of mo-
ney for dischargingthesame and the costs thnn accrued,
and the plaintiff not accepting therei'f, it sliall he deli-
vered for his use to the clerk or prothonotai-j- of the
court ; and if, upon the final decision of the cause, the
plaintiff' shall not recover a greater sum than that paid
uito court for him, he shall not recover any costs accrn-
ing after such payment, e>;cept where ijje idaititiff is an
executor or ud:ninistralor.
4G
CONSTITUTION OF DELAWARE.
5 11. By llie dealli of any party, no suit in chancery
or at law, wliere the cause of action surv-ives,sliall abate ;
but, until the legislature shall otlicrvvise provide, sug-
gestion of such death being entered of record, the exe-
cutor or administrator of a deceased petitioner, or plain-
tiff, may prosecute the said suit ; and li a respondent or
defendant dies, the executor or administrator, being du-
ly served with a scire facias, thirty days before the return
thereof, shall be considered as a party to the suit, in the
same manner as if he had voluntarily made himself a
party; and in any of those eas -s the court shall pass a
decree, or render juds;meut for o;- against executors or
administrators as to right appertains. Bii t «here an ex-
ecutor or administrator of a deceased respondent or de-
fendant becomes a party, the court, upon motion, shall
j^rant such a continuance of the cause as to the judges
shall appear proper.
§ 12. Whenever a person, not being an executor or
administrator, appeals from a decree of the cliancellor,
or applies for a writ of error, such appeal or writ shall
be no stay of proceeding in the chancery, or the court
to which the writ issues, unless the appellant orplaintiff
in error shall give sufficient security, to be approved re-
spectively by the chancellor, or by a judge of the court
from which the writ issues, that the appellant or plain-
tiff in error shnl! prosecute respectively his appeal or
writ to effect, and pay the eondemnatitin inoney and all
costs, or otherwise abide tlie decree in appeal or the
judgment in error, if he fail to make his plea good.
i 13. No writ of error shall be brought uponuny judg-
ment heretofore confessed, entered, or rendered, but
within five years from this ti.ne; nor upon any judg-
ment hereafter to be confessed, entered,orrendered,but
within five years after the confessing, entering, or ren-
dering thereof, unless tlie person entitled to such writ
bean infant, femrae convert, iion compos mentis, or a
prisoner, and then within five years exclusive of the
time of such disability.
5 14. She equity jurisdiction heretofore exercised by
the jiidg« of the court of common |)leas, shall be sepa-
rated from the common law jurisdiction, and vested in
a chancellor, ulio shall hold courts of chancery in the
several counties of this state. In cases of equity juris-
diction, where the chancellor is interested, the cogni-
znnco thereof shall belong to theeourtof common pleas,
with an appeal to the high court of errors and appeals.
§ 15. The judges of the court of common pleas, or any
two of them, shall compose the orphans' court of each
county, and may exercise the equity jurisdiction hereto-
fbre exercised by the orphans' courts', except as to ad-
justing and settling executors, administrators, and guar-
dians' accounts; in which cases they shall have an ap-
pellate jurisdiciionfrom the sentence or decree of the
register. This court may issue process throughout the
state, to compel the attendance of witnesses. Appeals
may be made from the orphans" court, in cases where
that court has original jurisdiction, to the supreme court,
^^hose decision shall be final.
^ 16. An executor, administrator, or guardian, shall
file every account witft the register for the county, who
shall, as soon as conveniently may be, carefully examine
the particulars, with the proofs tliereof, in the j)resence
of sucheNecntor, admiinstrator, or guardian, and shall
adjust and settle the siime, accordhig to the very right
of the matter, and tlx law of the land : which account,
so settled, shall remain in his office for inspection; and
the executor, administrator, or guardian shall, within
three months after such settlement, give due notice, in
writing, to all jiei-sons entitled to shares of the estate, or
to their gaurdians respectively, if residing within tlie
state, that the account is lodged in the said office for in-
spection; and the judges of the orphans' court shall hear
theexcepti<insof any persons concerned, if any be made,
and theieupon allow no demand whatever against the
estate of the deceased, unless, upon consideration of all
circumstances, they shall be fully convinced that the
same is iherev ith justly chargeable.
5 17. 'IJie registers oftheseveral counties shall respec-
tively hold tlie register's court in each county. Upon
the litiga'.ion of a cause, the depositions of the witnesses
examined shall be taken at large in writing, and make
part of the proceedings in the cause. This court may
issue process throughout the state to compel the attend-
ance of >vitnesses. Appeals may be made from the re-
;;ister's court to the supreme court, whose decision shall
be final. In cases where a register is intertsted in ques-
tions concerning the probate of wills, the granting let-
ters of administration, or executors, administrators, or
guardians' accounts, the cognizance thereof shall be-
long to the oriihans" court, with an appeal to tlie supreme
court, whose decision shall be final.
§ IS. The prothonotariesof theeourtof common pleas
may issue processes as heretofore, take recognizances of
bail, and sign confessions of judgment ; and the cleiUi
of the supreme court shall have the like powers. Ko
judgment in the supreme court or court of common
pleas, held for one county, shall bind lands or tene-
ments in another, until a testatum fieri facias being is-
sued, shall be entered of record in the office of the pro-
thonotai-}' of the county wherein the lands or tenements
are situated.
§ 19. The judges of the court of common pleas shall,
by virtue of tlieir offices, compose the courts of general
quarter sessions of the peace, and jail delivery, within
the several counties. Any two of the said judges shall
be a quorum,
^ 20. The governor shall appointa competent number
of persons to the office of justice of the peace, not ex-
ceeding twelve in each county, until two-thinls of both
houses of the legislature shall, by law, direct an addition
to the number, who shall be commissioned for seven
years, if so long they shall behave themselves well : but
may be removed by the governor within that time, on
conviction of misbehaviour in office, or on the address
of both houses of the legislature.
§ 21. The style in all process and public acts shall be,
the \t'ite of Delmtrarc. Prosecutions shall be carried on
in the name of the state, and shall conclude, against the
peace ami dignify of the state.
ARTICLE 7.
§ 1 . There shall be a court, st yled the high court of er-
rors and appeals, which shall consist of the chancellor
and of the judges of the supreme court, and court of
common pitas. Any four of the judges of this court may
proceed on business; but any smaller number may open
and adjourn the court. If'^ any of them has rendered
judgment or passed a decree iiwany cause before remo-
val, he shall not sit judicially upon the hearing of tlie
same in this court, but may assign the reasons upon
which such judgment v.as rendered, or such decree
passed. 'Ihe- chancellor shall preside, except when he
cannot sit judicially; and in such cases,or in his absence,
the chief justice of the supreme court ; but ii' he is so
disqualified or absent, then the chief justice of the
court of conunon pleas shall preside ; and it he is so dis-
qualified or absent, then the next eldest judge, ac-
cording to priority in date of commissions, if present,
and not disqualified as aforesaid, shall preside. This
court shall have power to issue writs of error to the su-
preme court, and to the court of common pleas, and to
receive and determine appeals from interlocutory or
final orders or decrees of the chancellor. Krrors shall
be assigned, and causes of appeal exhibited in writing,
speedily, and citations duly served on adverse parties.
§ 2. Upon the reversal of a judgment of the supreiBe
court, or of the court of common pleas, or a decree of
the chancellor, this court shall respectively render such
judgment, or pass such decree, as the supreme court, or
the court of common jileas, or the chancellor, ought to
have rendered or passed, except where the reversal is iu
favour of the plaintifl' or petitioner in the original suit,
and the damages to be assessed, or the matters to be de-
creed, are uncertain. In any of which cases, the causes
shall be remanded, in order to a final decision.
§ 3. The judges of this court may issue all process pro-
per for bringing records fully before them, and for car-
rying their determinations into execution.
AHTICLE 8.
5 1. The members of the senate and house of repre-
sentatives, the chancellor, the judges of the supreme
court, and the court of common pleas, and the attorney
general, shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators
of the peace thi-cughout the state ; and the treasurer, se-
cretary, clerks of the supreme court, jirothonotaries, re-
gisters, recorders, sheriffs, and coroneis, shall, by virtue
of their offiees,be conservators thereof, within the coun-
ties respectively in which they reside.
§ 2. The iepresentative,and when there shall be more
than one, the representativt s, of the people of this state
in congress, shall be voted for at the same places where
representatives in the state legislature are votedfor,and
in thesarae rcanner. .
§3. The state treasurer shall be appointed annually
by the house of representatives, with the concurrence of
the senate. No person who hath served in the office of
state treasurer, shall be efigihle to a seat in either house
of the legislaiure, until he shall have made a final settle-
ment of his accounts as treasurer, and discharged the ba-
l.tnce, if any, thereon due.
§ 4. Two pci-sons for the office of sheriff, and two for
the office ol^ coroner, shall be chosen by the citizens re-
siding in each county, and having right to vote for re-
pix-sentalives, at the time .and places of election of re-
CONSTITL riON OF DF.LAWAIJL'..
prciontativcs, one of \\ Iiom, for each oftice respectively,
shall he appointed hy the ffovenior. They shall hold
their oflices for three years, if so loiif: they shall behave
themselves well, and until successors be duly (jiialifiid ;
but no person shall be twice appointed shentf, upon
election by the citizens, in any temi of six years. The
governor shall fill vacancies in these offices by new n\>-
pointraents, to continue unto the next tjeneral election,
and until successors shall be chosen and duly qualified.
The legislature, two-tliirds of each branch concurring,
may, when it shall be judged expedient, vest the ap-
pointment of sheriffs and corouei-s in the ejovemor; but
no person shall be twice appointed sheritt, in any term
of six years.
$ 5. TheattorneygeneraI,clerksof tliesupremecourt,
prothonotaries, registers, clerks of the ori)Uans' courts
and of the peace, sliall respectively be commissioned for
five years, if so lonRthey shall behave themselves well ;
but may be removed by th<' governor within that time,
on conviction of misbiliaviouv in office, or on the ad-
dress of botli houses of the le.^islature. Prothonotaries,
clerks of the supreme court, of the orphans' courts, re-
psters, recorders, and sheriffs, shall keep their offices in
the town or place in each county in which the supreme
court and the court of common jileas are usually held.
} 6. Attorneys at law, all inferior offices in the treasu-
ry department,elee(ionofficers,offieers relating to tdlks,
to the poor, and to the liighways, constables and hun-
dred officers, shall be appointed in such manner as is or
may be directed by law.
J 7. All salai-ies and fees annexed to offices shall be
moderate; and no officer shall receive any fees whatever,
without fjiving; to the person who pays, a receipt for
them, if required, therein specifvin<j every particular,
-and the charge for it.
§ 8. No costs shall be paid by a person accused, on a
bill heing returned ignoramus ; nor an acquittal by a
jur5> unless a raajoritj' of the judges present at the trial,
certify that there was probaljle cause for the prosecu-
tion.
§9. The rights, privileges, immunities, and estates of
religious societies and corporate bodies, shall remain as
if the constitution of this state had not been altered. No
clergj-man or preacher of the gospel, of any denomina-
tion, shall he capable of holding any ciWl office in this
state, or of being a member of either branch of the legis-
lature, while he continues in the exercise of the iiastoral
or clerical functions.
5 10. All the laws of this state, existing at tlie time of
making this constitution, and not inconsistent with it,
shall remain in force, unless they shall be altered by fu-
ture laws ; and all actions ar.d prosecutions now pend-
ing, shall proceed as if this constitution had not been
made.
} 11. This constitution shall be prefixed to every edi-
tion of the laws made by direction of the legislature.
J 12. The legislature sliall, as soon as conveniently may
be, provide by law for ascertaining what statutes anil
parts of statutes shall continue to be in iorce within this
state ; for reducing them and all acts of the general as-
sembly, into such order, and publishing them in such
manner, that thereby flie knowledge of them may be
generally diffused; for choosing inspectors and judges
of elections, and regulating the same, in such rnamier
as shall most effectually guard the rights of the citizens
entitled to vote; for bitter seen ring pei-sona! liberty , and
easily and speedily redressing all wrongful restraints
thereof; for more certainly obtaining returns of impar-
tial juries; for dividinjj lands and tenements in sales by
shenffs, where they will he^r a division, into as many
parcels as maybe, without spoiling the whole, and for
advertising and making the sales, in such manner and at
such times and nl.ices, as may render them most benefi-
cial to all persons concerned; and for establishing schools,
and promoting arts and sciences.
ARTICLK 9.
Members of the general assembly, and all officers, ex-
ecutive and judicial, shall be hound, by oath or affirma-
tion, to support the constitution ofthis state, and to per-
fonn the duties of their respective offices with fideliry.
AHTICLB 10.
The general assembly, whenever two-thirds of each
house shall deem it necessary, mny, with the approbation
of the governor, propose amenilVneuts to this constitu-
tion, and at least three, and not more than six months,
before the next general election of npresenlalivi s, diilv
publish them in print, for the co?isideration of the p o-
ple; and, if three-fouilhs of each branch of the IcjislatuiB
shall, after such an election, and before another, ratify
the same amendments, they shall he valid to all intents
and piiiposes,as parts oi'this constitution. No convention
shall be called but by the authority of thi people ; and
an unexceptionable modeof making their sense known,
will be forthera,at a general election of representatives,
to vote also, by ballot, _/i/)' or against a convention, as
theyshall severally choose to do; and if,thereupon,it shall
appear, that a majority of all the citizens in the state,
having right to vote for representatives, have voted for
a convention, the general assembly shall, accordingly.at
their next sessions, call a convention, to consist at least
of as many members as there are in both houses of the
legislature, to he chosen in the same manner, at the
same places, and at the same time, tliat representatives
are. by the citizens entitled to vote for ivpresentatives,
on due notice given for one month, and to meet within
three months after they shall be elected.
SCHEDULE.
That no inconveniences may arise fro mdie aUeraiiont of
the constitution of this state, and in ortkr to carry the
same into complete operation, it is heredy declared antt
ordained:
§ 1. That the president, or, in case of his death, inabi-
lity, or absence from the state, the speaker of the legis-
lative council, at that time, and in case of his death, in-
ability, or absence from the state, I he speaker of the
house of assembly, at that time, shall respectively, with
the privy council, exercise the executive authority of
this state, until the third Tuesday in January next. If
the death, inability, or absence of the president, shall
happen after the first Tuesday of next October, and be-
fore the fii-st Tuesday in next January, then the execu-
tive authority shall devolve upon the person who was
speaker of the council at the next ])receding session of
the general assembly ; and in case of his deatii, inability,
or absence, upon th e person who was speaker of the house
of assembly at the said next preceding session.
J 2. TlL-it all persons holding offices to which, under
this constitution, appointments are to be made by the
governor, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of
their respective officts, until the first Tuesday of Octo-
ber, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, un-
less their commissions shall sooner expire by their own
limitations, or the said offices shall become' vacant by
death or resignation, and no longer, unless rc-appointea
and comiiiissihned by the governor.
§ 3, That justice shall be administered in tlie several
counties of this state, until the period last mentioned,
hy the same justices, in the same courts, and in the same
manner, as heretofore.
6 4. That the sheriffs elected at October next shall
hold their respective commissions two yeai-s, and no long-
er, from that time, or until new sheriffs are elected and
appointed ; and such persons shall not he again eligible
until the expiration ofthree years after their commissions
ctase.
J 5. That the elections of governor, senaloi-s, and re-
presentatives, shall be conducted by the same persons,
and in thi- same manner as is prescribed by the election
laws of this state, concerning the election of members
of the couneil, and of the house of assembly ; and the re-
turns then of shall be made respectively to the person
exercising the executive authority, to the senate, and t»
the house of representatives.
} 6, The first meeting of the legislature, under this
constitution, shall be at the town of Dover.
Done in convention, the tw-lfih day of June, in the
year of our Lord one thousai:d seven liundred and
ninety-two, and of the Independence of the United
States of Air.erica the sixtef nth. In testimony where-
of, we have hereunto subsci ibed our names.
THOMAS MONTGOMERY, President.
.Tohn Dickinson, Robert Coram,
Robert Armstrong, Kensiy Johns,
Edward Roche, Nicholas Ridgely,
William Johnson, John Clayton,
Robert Uaughey, Thomas White,
George Monroe, Maiilove Emerson,
James Morris, George Mitchell,
Richard Basset, John W. Batson,
Benjamin Dill, Rhoads Shankland,
Henry MoUiston, Isaac Beaucliamp,
Andrew Han-att, Daniel Polk.
Isaac Cooper,'
Attest.
James Booth, Secretari',
4S
COxVSTITUTION OF ^MARYLAND.
AMENDMENT.
adjusting and settling; executors, adiniiiislralors, am
. . J , t «,j CT guardians' accounts, in which case he shall have an ap
The follou-tfig section 7va.; adoflterl on the 22rf ■;/ January „^.^]^^^. jurisilietion from the sentence and decree of thi
and 51 h of February, 1802, in lieu of the 15th section of
the 6th article of the constitution :
register: This coui't may issue process tbronghout the
state to compel the attendance of witnesses. Appeals
5 15. The chancellor shall compose the orphans' court may be made from the orphans' court, in cases where
of each county.and exercise tlieequltyjtirisdictionhere- that court 1ms original jurisdiction, to tiicsupreniecourt,
tofore exercised by the orphans' court, except as to the whose decision sliail be final.
CONSTl i UTIO]S" OF MARYLAND.
The Declaration of Eights and the Constitution and Form of Government
of the state of Mar ij land.
THE DECLARATION OF IlIGHTS.
THE parliament of Great Britain, by a declaratory
act, having assumed a right to make laws to bind the co-
lonies in all cases whatsoever, and in pursuance of such
claim, endeavoured, by force of arms, to subjugate the
united colonies to an unconditional submission to their
will and power, and having at length cemstrained them
to declare themselves independent states, and to assume
government under the authority of the people :— Thcre-
fove.
We, tjie delsgates of Maryland, in free and full con-
vention assembled, taking into our most serious consi-
deration the best means of establishing a good constitu-
tion in this state, for the sure foundation and more per-
manent security theieof. declare :
1. That all government of right originates from the
people, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely
for the good of the whole.
2. That the people of this state ought to have the sole
and exclusive right of regulating the internal govern-
ment and police thereof,
3. That the i-habitants of Maryland are entitled to the
common law of England, and the trial by jury, accord-
ing to the course of that law^,and to the benefit of such
of the English statutes, as existed at the time of their
first emigration, and which, by experience, have been
found applicable to their local and other circumstances,
and of such others as have been since made in England,
or Great Britain, and have been introduced, used, and
practised by the courts of law or equity ; and also t;> all
acts of assembly, in force on the first of June, seventeen
lunidred and seventy-fom-, excsjit such a» may have
since expired, or have been, or may be, altered by acts
of convention, or this declaration of rights— subject, ne-
vertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal
bv, the legislature of this state: and the inhabitants of
Hi.^ryland are also entitled to all property derived to
Ihem from or under the charter granted by his majesty
Charles I. to Caicilius Calvert, baron of Baltimore.
4. That all persons invested with the legislative or
executive powers of government, are the trusfet s of the
publie, and, as such, nccountable for their eondflct ;
wherefore, wiienever the ends of government are per-
verted, and the public liberty manifestly endangered,
.tiid all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people
may, and of right ought to, reform the old, or estiihlish
a new government. 1 he doctrine of non-resistance
against arbitrary power and oppressionisabsurd, slavish,
and destructive' of the good and hapjiiness of mankind.
5. That the right, in the people, to participate in the
Iegisiaturc,is the best security of li!)erty, and the found-
ation of all free government ; for this purpose, elections
ought to be free and frequent, and every man having
property in, a common inf-rcst with, and an attachment
to, the community, ought to have a right of suft'rage.
6. That the legislalivc,exeei;tive,and judicial powers
of government, ought tobeforever separate anddistinct
frsim each other.
7. That no powerof suspending laws or the execution
of laws, unless by, or derived tTom, the legislature,ouglit
to be exercised or allowed.
•Such parts of the original constitution, or the amend-
ments thereto, as have been altered or abolished, areen-
-iosi <! in brai;Lets.
8. Ihat freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings,
in the legislature, ought not to be impeaclied in any othe r
court of judicature.
9. That a place for the meeting of the legislaturt;
ought to be fixed, the most convenient to the members
thereof, and to the depositoryof public records ; and the
legislature ought not to be convened orheld at any other
place, but from evident necessity.
10. That. for redress of grievances, and fur amending,
strengthening, and presi-rving the laws, the legislature
ought to be frequently convened.
11. That every man hath a right to petition the legis-
lature, for the redress of grievances, In a peaceable and
orderly manner.
12. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen, fee or fees, ought
to be set, rated, or levied, under any pretence, without
consent of the legislature.
13. That the levying taxes bj- the poll is grievous and
oppressive, and ought to be abolished: that paupers ought
not to beasses-id for the support of govtrnraent : but eve-
ry other person in the state ought to contribute his pro-
portion of public taxes, for the support of government,
according to his actual worth, in real or personal pro-
perty, within the sttite; yet fines, duties, or taxes, may
properly and justly be imposed or laid, with political ;
vieft , for the good government and benefit of the com-
munity.
14. That sanguinaiy laws ought to be avoided, as far
as is consistent with the safety of the state; and no law to
inflict cruel and unusual pains and penalties ought tube
made in any case, or at any time hereafter. i
15. I'hat retrospective laws, punishing facts commit-
ted before the existt nee of such laws, and by them oidy ;
dt-clared criminal, are oppressive, unjust, and incompa- .
tible with liberty; wherefore, r.ofjrpojt /arte law ought
to be njade.
16. I'hat no law to attaint particular persons of trea-
son or felony, ought to be made in any «ase, or at an;'
time hereafter.
17. That evci-y freeman, for any injury done him in
his person or property, ought to have remedy, by the
course of the law of the land, andought to have justice
and right, freely, without sale, fully, w ithout any denial,
!-.nd spe. dily, W'ithout delay, accortling to the law of tlie
land.
18. That the trial of facts where the}- arise is one of ■
the greatest securities of the lives, liberties, and estates -.
of the people. t
19. That, in all criminal prnsecutions,every man hath
a right to be informed of the accusation against him; to
have a eopyof the indictment or charge in due time (if
required) to prepareforhis defencci to beallowed coun-
sel ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to
have process for his witnesses ; to examine the witnesses
(brand against him, on oath; and to a speedy trial by an
impartial jury, without whose unanimous consent he
ought not "to be found guilty.
20. That no man ought tii be cijnipelled to give evi-
dence against himself, in a court of common law, or in ;
any other court, hut in such cases as have been tisually
])i-:i'jl:sid in this state, or may hereafter be directed by i
the legisiatuiv. . J
21. That no freeman ought to be taken, or impnson- j
ed, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or ]
oui!a\\ '.-d ,or exiled,, or laanv manner destroyed, cr dc-
j>nreH of his life, liberty, or jiroperty, but by tiic; judg- co-jrt of t.ijs present ycp.r. to he hi '<! for the county m
jmeistof his peers, or hy the law of thelaii:!. •nhieh liii parish simll lie. or partly li<'. or for such time
22. That excessive bail ought not to he ivquired, Ti')i' as he liath remained iu, his' parish, and perSbrmed hiS
excessive tines imposid, nor cniel or luuisnal jmnish- (I'siy.
meuis indicted hy the courts of" law. .74. That every ^'ifr. sale cr <U visf eif lands, to any mi-
23. That all warrants, without oath or sftirmaiion^ to nisler, public teacher, or preacher of the jjospei, as sucl:.
searoh suspected places, or to seize any person or pro- or to any religious sect, order, er <!(noininat!on. or to or
perty, arc prievoiis and oppressive; Kiid'ail freneral •*■•■>-- fbrUie support, nse, or !>enefit o!'. or in trust for. any
•rants, to search siisi)ecle(l niaees, or to apprehend. s;is- minister, public teacher, or pi-eaehcrof thep;ar.pel, as
pecti-d pei-sniis, without na'inins: or dcseribiii" the place such, or any reli^jious sei-t, orilet, or denomination ; End
or the person in special, are illegfal and ought not to be every fjift or sale of priiiHls or chattels, to j;;o in succo?"
S^rantcd. sion, cr to take place after the death of the seller or do-
24. That there ou(?ht to he no f jrfeiture ofany part of nor, taor fjr such support, use, orl-enffit,anil also fcv€-
the estat-,- of any pei-son, for anv crime e>:pei>t inur^n-, n' devisr- of ijomls or cliattels to or for the suppoit. lise,
or treason a;^iinst the state, and then onlv in conviction or be.;! Sit ■■fapy ministlr, public teacher,or pre atl.er ol
and attainder. tl:e •;■''^;!'. '. as such, or any religious sect, order, or deno-
25. That a well regulated militia is the proner and na- ni". '■•''■•'.. ^ ithoi:t ilie leave of the legislature, shall be
tural defence of a free government. " . void, i \ei :>! ai«a)S any sale, ccifl, iease, or demise of any
2r,. Thatstan(iiuf:aru)iesaredantferoustoiiberly,and quantity of latul iiot cxct-edin;; t«o.acres,fora cliirth,
ought not to be raised or kept up without the consent of rheelinf:. or other house of wcvship, and for a burjins
the legislature. ' gr&tinil, which shall be improved, enjoyed, or used only
27. That, in all casc^, and at all times, tlie military for such purpose.orsuch sale,gift, lease, ordevise.shall
ought to be under strict subordination to, and control of be voi'^.
the ciu I power. 35. That no other test or qualificaiion oitg^ht to be rc«
29. Tliatnosoldicroughtto be quartered in atiy house quired, on adini-sion to any office of tmst orprofit.ihan
in time of peace, without ihe consent of the owner : and such oath of support nud fidelity to tiiis state, and such
in time of war in such manner only as the legislature oath of office, as shall be directed by this convention or
shall direct. th^' hipslarure of this ftate, and a decia.ation of a belief
29. 'J hat no person, evocpt regular soldiers, marinci?', in the Christian rSIig.on.
and marinei-s in the service of this state, or militia « hen 35. That '.he niainier of administering an oath to any
in actual service, ought in any case to be subject to. or person ought to bc-such as those of the religious persr.a-
punishable by, raartiai law. sion, prolV ssion, or denomination, of w hieb such pirvon
30. Thatthe inde|)er>de'.iCYand uprightness of fudges is one, generally estet to the most efTictual contirmalion
are essential to the impartia! aduiinistration of justice, by tiK- attestation of ihe Divine Keing; and that tliepeo-
^anda great seeuritv to" the r^giits and lilK-rties ' of the piecalltd ri;aker3,ihose cahed iui:ker;,andihosecalled
jM-ople; \vhe;-efor(,theeiiancvllorand judges ought to nienooisJs, holding it unlawrul to take an oath on any
hold commissions during <r<'od beh.avioiir; and the said cceasinn, <;iight to bf a'lowed to make tiieir solemn af-
chancelior and judges shail be removed foi niisbeha- formation in the manner that qr.akers have br-en hereto-
viour, on conviction in a court of law, and mav be re- 'ore allowed to afrirm ; and to be of the same avail as an
moved by the governor, upon th'- address of tiK' general oaih in all such cases as the :;ffir!i;ation of quakcrs liath
assembly ; provided, that two-thirds of all tlie isembers been allowed and accepted within this state instead of
of each h'luse concur in s'leh address. That salaries, !i- »n oaib. And further, on such afiirrjiation, warrants
beral. hut not profuse, ought to bo secured to the char- to search for stolen goods, or the apprehension or com-
cellor and the judges during the continuance* of their raitment of olfemleis. ought to be granted, or security
coinmissions. in such manner, and at such times, as the for the peace awarded, an 1 quakers. tur.kers. or menii-
legishiture shall hereafter direct, upon cmisideiation of nists, ought also, on their solemn animation aforesaid,
the circumstances of this state. No chancellor or jsidge to be admitted as witnesses in all criminal cases [notca-
ou^nt to hold any other ofnce, civil or militar)-, or re- ^j..,! i
eeivefeesorperquisiu-sofanyhii-.d. _ •* 37.' That the city of Annapolis ought to have all its
rights, priviliges, and benefits agreeable to its charter
aiid lite acts of assembly confirmiiig and reguhiting th©
sninp. subject, nevrri'ieless, to such alterations as may
be niaile by this c'onve:ition or any future legislature.
j8. That the lilxrty of the pre^s ought to be inviola-
bl y priserv'od.
30. That monopolies .nr? odious, contrary to the spi-
rit of a free govern;!!ei)t, and t.he piinciples of com-
31. That a longcoiitiutinnce in the first e?i;ee!itive de-
partment of powvr or trust, is dangerous to liberty; a ro-
tation,thert-roi-e,in thfiSe dtpr.rtineius. Is one of the best
jseeiirities of permanent fivcdoin.
32. That no person oi'.ght to bold, at tlie same time,
more than otie office of pKilit, nor ought any person in
public trust to receive any present IVum any foreign
prince or state, or fro'n the United States, or any of
them, without the appro'iarion of this state. ' , , , ,i. ,
33. That.asitistheduiyofeverymnntowoiviipGod merce, and onpht not tu l,e suf.eivd, ^
in such manner ns he ihinks most acceptable to hitn, all '*''• ' ^ ''^' "" ""'' '." ""'""*>'• "^ hereditary honours,
persons prons^ing the fhvistian ivligion are enuaJly cr- o"R''t 'o be grantctl im this state.
-■■'-•- . ■ . ■. - 41. Tl!.!t the snhsi'iiiiig resolves of this and the Severn!
conventi'ms held for this colony, oitght to be in firce as
laws, iiiiless altevetl by ijiis convention, cr the legisla-
ture of this state.
4.',. That this declarr; (ion of rights, or the form of ge»
vrmnen, to be established by this con' entiim, or any
lity, or injure others in thiir natural, eivji. or i-eligious' )>art of eiihf v ■.rthem.ouglit not tn lie altered, changrrti
rights: nor ought r.ny person to be compelled to (re- or abolish- d by the legislature of this si^ite, but in such
titled to protection in tlif ir religious liberty ; w herefbre,
no person oii;.;ht by any 'aw t<i be moh stcd' in Itis jierson
(•r estate, on sceo'uiit of his re!igioi;s persuasion iisj;ro-
fi-sMon, or for his religiotts 7iraetice • iiiiless, underdlpFni;'
of religion, any man shali disturb the g.iod order, neac..,
or saf.ty of the stale, or shall iiffringe the laws c)fn;o:-a-
«jiunr nr maiuttiin, or contribute, unh cs on enntract, tn
maintain any iiarlic'iiar place of worship oraiiyparii-
euiar ministi'y : [yet the It gisiatlire may. in their d'i•:e;•^■-
fion, lay a gi-neral and eqtial tax for the stipjiorl of the
Christian religion ; having to each inili-. idual the puwtT
of appointing the payment over of the ii.oney. collected
from hini. to the suppoit ofany ;)ai tieiiar plaeeof wor-
ship or minister, or fiir tlie benefit of the |
ranni-ras this cor.vpn'ion ^ball pvrscribeand direct.
Thistlfelai-ation of righ's was assented to and passedj
in convention of the delegates of the • freemen oS'
jNfarvland, besrnn and held at Annapolis, the 14tU
day of Aug«>t. A. V>. 1776.
By order of the convention :
.MAT. TILGH.MAN, PreiK
• poor of hisowii
denoaitnatiim, or the jir.or in geni'i-ai of any paiticular
county : | but the ehiu'cliLs chapi'h, g.'i bi-s, and all other
properly, now belonging to the t'liurch of Kngiand,
ought to remarti to the Church of England for •.-vc-r.
And all acts of assembly lately pas;rd, for collecting
Tnone5-s for building or repairing p!»i-tieular churches or
chapeln of ease, shall eontiniieiu force.and In- executed,
unless the iegislaiiiresliall. by not. sup; isede or repeal
the same: ' ....
of tolmccL, -.,...,_ „ ..,.,......-
tion of any vestry-men or church-ward'-ns ; and every county in which they offer to vote, and residing therein,
inrumb-.-nt of the Church of England, 'vho hath remain- »"<' '•'" freemt-n having property in this state above the
ed in his parish, and perlin-iued his duty,shall be entitled value of thirty luiunds cun-eiit ironcy, and having rpi
to receive the provision and support established by tlie sided in the county in w liich they oiler to vote one whole
act entitled "an act for the supjiort of the clergy of the year next preceding the election, shall have a right of"
C]iur«Uof jT.ijs'lijnd in this pn", .ice," till the Xo'vember sulTra^c in the e'cttioti of delegates for such eo'int' ;
t:i:: cnNr.TiTUTiON^ axd Foii?r of GOVE^:^f-.
3IF.NT.
1. That the legislalure consist of t^vo distinct branch»
PS, a senate and house of delegates, w hich shall be styled^
lh^• gencial Hssei.ibly of Marj laud.
2. I'hat th;- house of delegates shall be chosen in th&
he iegiilaii.re shall, by not. sup; isede or repeal , ^ 1 hat th;- hnus,r tit delegates shall be chosen m tli&
e: but no eountv court slniil .assess any qua:'tity f<>l'<'«ingm»nner: all freemen t«hove t\yenty-oneyear^
ceo, or Slim c-f inoiiev, hen after, on iheapplici-- f**' "!?'■> ''nv'ng a freehold ot fifty acres of land in the
CONS TfTUlIOX OF .MARYLAND.
and all freemen so] (iiiaUfKil shall, on thc'fiist Monday
of October, seventeen Iniadred and seventy-seven, and^
on the sameduy in every year thereafter, assemble in
the eouniiis in wliicli they are respectively qualified to
voff, [at rhe court house in the saiA counties, or at such
other pbec- as the legislaiu'.v shall direct;] and, when
asien;bl;d, they shall proceed to elvCt, [viva voce,] four
delet^ates for their respective countie , of the most wise,
seniibJr , atid diseret-t o',' tht- ji'Ojdc, resident in the
county wh re they are to■oeclill^tll one whole year next
prec-dins; the elt'ction, above twenty one years of age,
[and having in thu state real or jx rsoh;il prop- riy above
the value of five hundred pounds curri'nt money ;] and
upon the final castiitg of the polls, the tour persons who
shall appear to have the greatest number of legal votes,
shall be declared and returned duly elected for their re-
spective county.
3. [That th- sheriff of each county, or, in case of sick-
ness, his deputy, (summoning two justices of the coun-
ty, who are reiiuirul to atteiul lor the preservation of
the peace) shall be judge of the election, and may ad-
journ from day to day. if necessavy.tiU the same be finish-
ed, so that the' whole election shall be concluded in four
days : and slial! make his return thereof, undet' his hand,
to the chauet Ilor of this state for tlie time being.]
4. That l11 persons, qualified by the charter of the
city of Ai;ii"polis to vote tor burgesses, shall, on the
same first Mo. .day of October, seventeen hundred and
seventy.Etve;i, and on the same day in every vear for
ever tin reafter, elect, Ivivn von;] by a majority of vo;es,
two delegates, qualified agreeable to the said charter;
[that the mayor, recorder, ay.d ;i'(ii. riiien of the sM city,
orany ihrei; of th; m,l>e judges id" iht election, appo',i;t
the place in the said citv tor holdinc the same, and may
adjourn from day to day, as aforesaid ; and sl.all make
return thereof as ufai' said ; but the inhabitants of the
said city shall not br enti;lid to vote for uelegates for
Anne-Arutidal county, tiuless they h.^ve a freehold of
fifty acres of land in the county, distinct from the city.]
5'. rhat all persons, iidial-.itants of Baltimore town,
and having the same qualifications as electors in the
county, shall, on the same first Monday ot Octohtr, se-
venteen hundred and sf-venty-seven. and on the saire
day in every year (or ever thereafter, [at such place in
the saicl town as the judges shall appoint,] elect, [viva
rwce.] by a majority ofvotes, two delegates, [qualified as
aforesaid ;] but, if the. said inhabitants of the town shall
so decrease, as that the numi-:er of per-ons having a
right of suffrage therein shall have been, for the si)ace
of seven years successively, less than one half the num-
ber of voters in some one county in this state, such town
shall thenceforward cease to send two delegates or re-
j)resentntives to the house of delegates, until the said
town shall have one half of the number of voters in
some one county in this stat'".
6. That [the commissioners of the said town, or any
lhiccormoreofthtm,fc)rlhe time being, shall be judges
of tJie said election, and may adjourn as aforesaid, and
shall make return thereof as aforesaid ; but] (he inha-
bitants of the said town shall not be entitled to vote
for, or be elected, delegates for Baltimore county :
neither shall the inhabitants of Baltimore county, out
of the limits of Baltimore town, be entitled to vote fur,
or be elected, delegates for the said town.
7. That, on refusal, death, disqualification, resigna-
tion, or removal otit of this state, of any delegate, or on
his becoming governor or member of the council. a war-
rant of election shall issue by the speaU. r, for the elec-
tion of another in his place; ot which ten days' notice
at the least (excluding the day of notice and the day of
election) shall be given.
3. That not less than a majority of the delegates, with
their siieaker, (to be chosen by them by ballot.) consti-
tute a house for the transaction of any business, other
than that of adjourning
o. That the house of delegates shall judge of the
elections and qualifications ofdelegaies.
10. That the house of delegates may originate all mo-
ney bills, propose bilh to the senatt, or receive those
offered by that bod , and assent, dissent, or propose
amendments ; that they may inquire, on the oath of wit-
nesses, into all complaints, grievances, and offences, as
tlie grand inque.st of this state, and may commit any
person, for any crime, to the public jail, there to re-
inaiii till he be discharged by due course of law. They
may exp 1 any member for a gre:it misdemeanor, but
ii'it a second time for the same cause. They may exa-
11, -ne and pass all accounts of the state, relating either
ti) the collection or expenditure of the revenue, or ap-
point auditors to state and adjust the same. Tliey may
call for all public or official papers and records, anil
send for persons whom they may judge necessai-y >n
the course of their inquiries, concerning affairs relating
to the public interest ; and may direct all office bonds
which shall be made payable to the state, to be sued for
any breach of duty.
il. That the senate may be at full and perfect liberty
to exercise their judgment in passing laws ; and that
they may not be compelled by the house of delegates,
eitlier to reject a money bill, which the emergency of
aflairs may require, or to assent to some other acts of
legislation, in their conscience and judgment injurious
to the public-welfare, the house of delegates shall not,
on any occasion, or under any pretence, annex to, or
blend witii.a money bill, any matter, clausje, or thing,
not immediately relating to, and necessary for the im-
pesing, assessing, levying, or applying the taxes or sup-
plies to be raised for the support of government, or tbt-
current expenses of tl-.e state; and to prevent alterca-
tion about such bills, it is declared, that no bill imposing
duties or customs for the mere regulation of commerce,
or iniiicting fines for the reformation of morals, or to
enforce the execution of the laws, by which an inciden-
tal revenue may arise, shall be accounted a money bill ;
but every bill assessing, levying, or applying taxes or
supplies for the support of government or the cut^
Kent expenses of the state, or appropriating money in
the treasury, shall be deemed a m^ney bill.
12. That the house of delegate* may punish, by im-
prisonment, any person, who shall be guilty of a con-
tempt, in thsir view, by any disorderly or riotous beha-
viour, or by threats to, or abuse of, thiir members, or by
any olistruction to their proceedings. They may also
punish, by imprisonment, any person who shall be guil-
ty of a breach of privilege, by arresting on civil process,
or by asiaulling any of their members, during tlieir sit-
ting, or on their way to, or return from, the heuse of
delegates, or by any assault of, or obstruction to their
officers, in the execution of any order or process, or by
assaulting or obstructing any witness, or any other per-
son, attending on. or on their way to or from the house,
or by rescuing any person committed by the house: and
the senate may exercise the same power, in similar
cases.
13. That the treasurers (one for the western, and
another for the eastern shore) and the commissioners of
' the loan office, may be appointed by the house of dele-
gates, during their pleasure; and, in case of a refusal,
death, resignation, disqualification, or removal out of
the state, of any of the said commissioners or treasurers,
in the recess ol the general assembly, the governor, w Ith
the advice of the council, may appoint and commission
a fit and projier person to such vacant office, to hold
the same until the meeting of the next general assem-
bly.
1-1. That {he sen.ite he chosen in the following man-
ner: all persons quaiilied [as aforesaid.] to vote for
county delegates, sluH, on the first Monday of Septem-
b-r, 1781, and on the s-.me day in every fifth year for
everthereafter,eleet, [riua wficf.] by a majority of votes,
iwo nersous lor their respective counties (qualified [as
aforiftaid,] to be elected county delegates) to be electors
of the senate: [and the sheriff of each county, or, in
case of sickness, his deputy (summoning two justices of
the 80unty,who are r quired to attend, fiir the preser-
vution of peace) shall ho!d and b. juilge of the said elec-
tiim, and m.Tke letnrn thereol, iis aforesaid.] And all
persons qualified [as aforesaid] to vote for delegates for
the city of Annapolis and Baltimore town, shall, on the
same first Mond ly of September, 17S1, and on the ?anie
day, in every fifth yew tor ever thereafter, elect, Iviva
vore,] by a majoriiy ofvotes, one person for the said city
and town respectively, qualified [as aforesaid] to be
elected a delegite for the said city and town respec-
tively ; the said election to be held in the 9-.>me manner,
as the election of d< legates for the said city and town ;
the right to elect the said elector, with respect to Bal-
timore town, to continue as long as the right to elect
delegiites for the said town.
15. That the said electors of the senate meet at the
city of Annapolis, or such, other place as shall be ap-
pointed for convening the legislature, on the third Mon-
day in Septembir, 1781, and on the same day in every
fifth year lijr ever th.ereafter, and they, orany twenty-
four of them, so met, shall proceed to elect, by ballot,
either out of their own body, or the people at large,
fifteen senators, (nine of whom to be residents on the
western, and six to be residents on the eastern shore.'
coNsrn uTiox or Maryland.
51
men ol' tiie most wUilom, experience, and virtue, above
twenty-live years of age, residcnis of the state above
three whole years nfxt jirecedintj the election, [and
having therein ri al anil pergonal property, above the
value of one ihoiiiand pound^ curnrit money.]
16. That tht- senators shall be balloted for at one and
the same tinu-.anii out of the g. ntlemen residents of tlie
western shore, wlio shall be propo^'d a? senators, thf
nine who sh>ll, on strikiiij^ the ballots, appear to have
the greatest nu.nbirsin ilieiv fiivoui', sliall be actord-
inglj declared and returntd duly elected ; and out of
the gentk'inen, residents of the eastern shore, who shall
be pr(.po%ed :is senators, the six who shall, on striking"
the balliits, appear to have the gie .test numbers in
their favour, shull be accordingly di ciarrd and returned
duly ol'Cted ; and if two or mort , on the same shore,
shall ha\e an equal number of ballots in tluir favour,
by uhich the choice sh ill not be determined on the first
ballot, then the electors shall Hg«in haHot hefor- they
separate,iii which they shall be confiue<l to tbi' pt isons
who on the iirst ballot shall have had an equal num-
ber, and they who shall have the Rveatest number in
their favour on the second ballot, shall be accordingly
declared and retained duly elected ; and if the whole
number should not thus be made up, because of an cqua!
number on thes-cond hallot still being in favour of two
or more persons, then the election shall be determined
by lot between those who have equal numbers ; «liich
proceedings of the electors shall be certified under their
hands, and returned to the chancellor for the time be-
ing.
17. That the electors of senators shall .judge of th.e
qualifications and elections of members of their boiiy ;
and on a contested eieelioii shall admit to a seat, as an
elector.such qualified person as sh-tll appear to them to
have the gi'eatest number of legal votes in his favour.
i3. That the electors, immediately on their meeting,
and before they proceed t:> the election of senators, take
such oath of support and fidelity to this state.as this con-
vention or the legislature shall direct, and also an oath
" to elect without favour, aiVection, parliility, or pvejit-
cice, such persons fur senit<)rs,as they in their judgment
and conscience believe best qu.^.litied for the office."
19. That, ill case of refusal, death, resignatiim, dis-
qualification, or removal out of this state of any senator,
or on his becoming governor, or a member of the coun-
cil, the senate shall, iiumi diatciy thereupon, or at their
next meeting thereafter, elect by ballot (in the same
manner as the electors are above directed to choose
senators) another in his pi nee, for (he residue of the said
terra of five years.
20. That not less than a majority of the senate, with
their president, (io be chosen by them by ballot) shall
constitute a house for the transacting any business other
than that of adjourning.
21. That the senate shall judge of the elections and
qualification »'.' senators.
22. That the senate may originate any other, except
money bills, to which their assent or dissent only shall
be given: and nioy receive any other bills from the
house of delegates, and assent, dissent, or propose
amendments.
23. that the general assembly meet annually, [on the
first Monday of November,] si.d, if necessary, oftener. '
24. That eaclihoiise shall appoint its own officers, and
settle its own rules of proceeding.
25. That a person of wisdom, experience, and virtue,
shall be chosen governor, [on the second Monday of No-
vember, seventeen hundred and seventy-seven, and on
the second Monday in every year for ever thereafter.]
by the joint hallot of both houses, (to be taken in each
house respectively) deposited in a conference room ;
the boxes to be examined by a joint committee of both
houses, and the niimbf rs severally reported, that the
appointment may be entered; which mode of taking the
joint ballot ol both houses shall be adopted in all cases.
But if two or more shall have an equal number of bal-
lots in their favour, by which the choice shall not be
determined on the first bnllot, then a second ballot shall
be taken, which shall be confined to the persons who
on the first hallot shall have had an equal number; and
if the ballots should again be equal between two or
more persons, then the election of the governor shall
be determined liy lot between those who have equal
numbers; and if the person i liosen goVvinor shall die,
resign, remove out of the state, or refuse to act, (sitting
the general assembly.) the senate and house of delegates
sliall immediately thereupon proceed to a new clioicc ,
in n.anner aforesaid.
26. lltat the senators and delegates, [on the second
Tuesdav of November, seventeen hundred and soventj -
seven, and annually on the second Tuc-day of Noven-
ber. for ever thereafter,] elect by joint ballot (in the
same manner as senators are directed to be chosen) five
of the most sensible, discreet, and experienced men,
above twenty-five years of age, nsidents in the stoti-
above three years next preceding the election, [ami
having therc-in a freehold oflandsand tenements, :- hove
the value of cihe thousand pounds current money,] to
be the council to the governor, w hose proceeilings shall
be always entered on record, to any part whereof any
member may enter his dissent ; and the ir advice, if so
required by the governor, or any n)ember of the cour.-
cil, shall be given in writing, and sigiii d by the mem-
bers giving till same rcsiieciivi ly ; which proceedings
of the council shall h laid b lore the senate oi-*h(use
of delegates, when cale d for by them or < iih rof them.
The eotiucil ma\ appoint their own clerk, who shall
lake such oath oi' siippoit and fidelity to this state, as_
this convention, or the legislature, shall dire'ci imiii c,f
secrecy, in such matters as he shall be directed by the
board to keep secrt t.
27. [That the delegates to cof.jress from this state,
thall be chosen annuilly, or sup rsidcd in the mean
time, by the.joint ballot of both houses of assembly ja)id
that there be a rotation, in such maiinei, that at least
two of the number be annually changed ;and no person
shall be capable of being a delegate to congress for
more than three in any term of six years ; and no per-
son vv'ho holds any oflice of profit in the gift of congies
shall be eligible to sit in congress ; but if appointed to
any such ofiice, his seat shall be thereby vacated. That
no person, unless above twenty.five jtars of age, and a
resident in the state mure than five 5 ears next prece-
ding the election, and having real and personal estate
in this slate above the value of one thousand pounds
current moftey, shall be eligible to sit in congress ]
28. That the senators and delegates, immediately on
their annual meeting, and before they proceed to any
business, and every person hereafter elected a senatir
or delegate, before he acts as such, sliall take an oath
of support and fidelity to this state, as aforesaid ; and
before the election of a governor, or memljers of the
council, shall take an oath, " to elect without favour, af-
fection, partiality, or prejudice, such person as govern-
or, or nirmber of the council, as they, in their judgment
and conscience, believe best qualified lor theofiice."
29. That the senate and delegates may adjourn them-
selves resi)eeli\ely ; but if the two houses shall nut
agree on the same time, but adjourn to ditierent days,
then shall the governor appoint and notify one of those
days, or some daybetwi en ; and the assembly shall then
meet and be held accoixlingly : and he shiill, if neces-
sary, by advice of the council, call them before the tiinej
to which they siiall in any manner be adjourned, on
givinj; not less than ten days' notice thereof: but the
gove rnor shall not adjourn iheasseiiibly, otherwise than
as aforesaid, nor prorogue nor dissolve it at any lime.
30. That no person, unless above lwent)-five years of
age. a resident in this slate above five years next pre-
cetliKg the election, [and having in the state real and
jiersonal property above the value of five thousand
pounds ciiireiil money (one thousand pounds whereof;
at least, to be of ireehold estate] sliall be eligible as go-
vernor.
31. That the governor shall not continue in that of-
fice longer than three years successively, nor he eligi-
ble as governor until tlie expiration of four years after
he shall hnve been out of that office.
32. That, upon the death, r'esignalion, or removal out
of this state, of the governor, the first named of the
council, for the time being, shall act as governor, and
qualify in the same manner, [and shall imimdiate-
ly call a me-eling of] the general assembly [giving not
less than fourteen dajs" notice of the meeting, at which]
n.eetiiig,a governor shall lie appointed, in manner afore-
said, lor the residue of the year.
33. That the governor, hy and with the advice and
consent of the'countil. may embody the militia ; ar.d
when embodied, shall atone have the direction thereel ;
and shall also have the direction of all-the regular land
and sea forces, under the laws of this state, (but lie shall
not command in persim, unless advised thereto hy the
council, and then only so long as they ihalL approve
thereof;) and may alone exercise all other the execu-
tive powers of govtrnment, where the concurrence of
ihe council is not required, according to the laws of ihij
.stale, and grant reprieves or pardoib, for any crime, ex-
CONS 11 rU 11 ox OF .MARYLAND.
cv yi. ..1 iucli cases w here the law sUall otherw ise direct ;
[and may, during the recess of ilic gtheral sssenihjy,
Jay f mbar^oes to piivciit ihe depariuie oi any ship-
ping, oi' iJii^ c.Npoitatiyii of ally to..iuuHljiis, tor any
timt not e\c.e:Uuar thirty d.tys in ;iny ojn' y- ar, sum-
moning the gsiiei-alas.er.jiily to laeiLwiiMiiiheiiine of
the CoutiauaaCe ot'sucit r..:I)Hrgo ;] ami may also crilei"
and compel any vtrssi I to liile qi.al-rcuiiiu'. itSu.h ve<.-
Sel, 01' the port ficm whicii s!u shali h.ivr Coi-.-.e, sh.ill,
«n strong grounds, be siispecud ;o be ii^'ted >v!th the
plague; but thef;ovfniorsl!:i!l:iol. tUidfrauy prirteutf,
exercise any power or prero^aliv c, by viri ul- oi any l;:\v,
Statute, orciibto.i of r.iiglasid or Grtai Britain.
34. That the members oi'tlie council, or any three or
more oftheiis, when convent d, sliali cosislitutea board
for the transiciing oi busiiiesi ; iLiii the guvnuor, fur
the tiijie being, shall preside in the ej'.intil. aaJ be en-
titled to a vote on ail (luestious in which they sliali Lt-
■divided ill opinion ; and iu the ahseiiee oi the governor,
the first named of the cou:icil siiall jsreside; and, as
such, shall also vote in all cases where the other uuai-
hbVi disagree in their opinion.
35. That, ill case oi' refusal, death, resignation, dis-
qualification, or removal out ol" the state, by any person
ciiosen a ineniber tA the council, the members thereof,
iinniediatciy ittereupon, or at their next meeting there-
after, shall elect, by ballot, another person, qiial'tied
£as aloresaid,] in his place, for the reiidue of the year.
36. That the council shall have power to niahe the
great seat of t.'iis state, which shall Le ktpt by the chan-
cellor tor the tin.e being, ;iiul affi.Ked to ail laws, com-
missions, grants, and other piiblic testiint;nials, Si has
been heretofore practised in this state.
37. Ihat no senator, delegate of the assembly, or
member of the council if lie shall quiilit'y us such, shall
hold or execute any office ot profit, or receive the pro-
fits of any office exercised by any other person, during
the time tor which he shall "b- thctd; nqr shall any
governor be ciipabl." of holding any other ofKee of pro-
fit in this state, v. liilc he acts as such ; and no person,
holding a place of proiit.or receiving any part of the
profits thereof, or receiving the j.-roliis arising on any
Ugency for the supply of clothing or provision.?, for the
iarmy or navy, or holding any office under the United
States, or any of them— or a nii-;ister, or preacher of the
gospel, of ail) denomination— or any person eniph.ytd
in the regular land service, or marine, of this, or the
United States, shall have a stat in the general assem-
bly, or in the council of this stale.
33. Th»t evrfy governor, senator, deli gate to [con-
gress or] assembly, ai<ii_jeen:ber o!" the council, before
he acts as such, shall taUe an oath "that he will nut
receive, directly or iiidiiecily, at any time, any part of
the profits of any ofUce lit Id uy ai.y otfier person, during
his acting ill liis ofiice o! governor, senator, delig.ite
to [congress, or] assembly, or member uf the ccuneil. or
the profits, or any part o!' the profits, arising on any
agency, for the supply of clothing or pi'ovisioiis fur the
army or navy."
39. That, if any senator, delegate to [congress, or]
assenibly, or member of the council, shall hold or exf-
cute any office of jirofii, or receive, directly or indirect-
ly, at any time, the profits, or any jiart of the profits, of
any office exercised by iiny other }k rsoii, duriiig his
acting as senator, deleg.Tte to [coniriess, or] asseinWy,
t)r m^ mlM;r of the council— his seat (on cunvietio;; ir. a
tourt of law. by the oath of two creuitsihle witnesses,)
shall b- void; and. hi shell suffer the piniishment for
wiUu! hnd corrupt perjury, or he banished lliisr state for
■ever, or disqu.iliSed for ever from holding any oflict • ;
place of trust or pro.lt, as the court may adjudge.
40. That tile chancellor, [all judi^es.] the attorney
general, [clerks of the ii^eneral coi:rt,] the clerks of the
county courts, the registers of the land office, ar.d the
registers of wills, shall hold their commissions during
good behaviour, immovable only for mishebaviour, on
convicli.iii in a court of law.
41. That there he a register of wills appointed for
each county, who shall be commissioned by the govern-
or, on the joint rtcommendatiun of the senate and
house of deh gates ; and that, upon the death resigna-
tion, disqiialiticaiion, or removal otit of the county, by
any register of w ills, in the recess of the eeneral assem-
bly, the governor, with t!ie advieeof the couiuil. mav
appoint and commission a fit and proper jieison to sucfi
vacant office, to hold the same until ihi meeting of the
general assembly.
42. Tliat sheriffs shall be elected in each county, by
balUt, cvti^ iliird year ; that is to say, *\vo persons for
the office of sheriff for each county, the one of wfaoift
having the majority of votes, or if both have an equal
number, eiihero; thein, at the discretion oi the govern-
or, to be couimlssiomd by the gove.nor, lor tlie said
office and having served lor three years, such person
sliall bt in< hgible for the four years next sufcceiding ;
bond with security to be tnheii every ye.ir a.« usual:
aiirl no sh -rift" shall be qualified to act ijefore the same
is given. In case of death, itltisal, resignation, disqua-
lification, or reinov.il out of the county, before the cx-
pii-atioii of the ihr.e ye^irs, theathi r ; ersoii, chosen as
afbreswidj shiJI be commissioned by the governor, to ex-
ecute the said officf (or tiie residue of the said three
yiars; the said person giving bond with security as afore-
said ; and, in case of his death, ri fitsal, rcsigi:>ation, dis-
qualification, or removal out of the county, b.fore ihi;
e.spiratiou of the said thre years, the governor, with
the advice of council, may noiiinate and comniissioii a
fit and proper person to execute the said office for tho
residue of the said three years, the said person giving
bond and security as aforesaid. The election shall be
held at the same time and place apppiuted for "the elec-
tion of delegates ; [and the justices there summoned to
attend lor the preservation of the peace, shall be j udgt s
thereof, and of the qualification of Candida tes.w ho shaU
appoint a clerk to take the ballots. All freemen, above
the age of twenty-one years, having a freehold of fifty
acres of land in the county in which they ofier to bal-
lot, and residing therein— and all freemen, above the
age of twentyoni; years, and having property in the
state above the value of thirty pounds current mo;iey,
aiid having residid in the county in which they offer to
ballotone whole year next preeedingthe election— shall
have a right of <ufiVage.] No person to be eligible to
the office of sheriff for a cotnity, but an inhahitnnt of
the said county, above the age of twenty-one years,
[and having real and personal property in the statu
above the value of one thousand pounds current money.]
The justices [aforesaid] shall examine the ballots ; and
the two candidates properly qualifi-d, having in each
couiuy the majui-ity of legal ballots, shall be declared
duly elected for the 'office of sheriff for such county,and
returned to the governor and Council, w ith a certificate
of the number of ballots for each of there.
43. That everj' person w ho shall offer to vote for de-
legates, or for the electors of the senate, or for the she-
liif", shall, (if required by any three persons qualified
to vole,) before In. be admitted to poll, take such oath
■or atfiimation of support and fidelity to this state, as
this convention or the legislature shall direct.
44. That a justice of t.he peace may be eligible ns a
senator, delegate, or nietiiber of the council, and may
coatiinie to act as a justice ot the peace.
45. [That no field officer of the militia shall he elfgi»
b'e as a senator, delegate, or member of the council.]
46. That all civil officers, hereafter to be appointed
for the several counties of this state, shall have been
residents of the county respeciively for which they shall
be appointed, six months next before their appoint-
ment ; and shall continue residents of their county re-
spectively during their continuance in office.
47. That the jud;.;es of [the general court and justices
of] the county courts, may appoint the clerks of their
respective couit.s ; [and, in casL of refusal, death, re-
signation, disqualification, or removal cut of the state,
or fioiii their respective siiores. of the clerks of the ge-
neral court, or cither of thciii. in the vacation of tlie
s;i!d court]— and, iri case of refusal, death, resignation,
t!;;c|ti: lificatifiti.or removal out of the county, of any of
•'>! ■ ill r:our.i> clerks, ill the vacation of the county
e;.iir: '.t whicji he is cleik— the governor, with the ad-
viei ot '..he cotiiitil, may appoint and commissiim a tit
ai.d proper jieison to such' vKcaiit offiie respectively,
to hold the same until the meeting of the next [general
court, or] County cuurt, as the case niay lie.
■!8. That the governor, for the time being, with the
advice and consent of the council, niay appoint the
c'lancelior, and all judges and ju-tices. the attorney
gmeral, [naval officers,] officers in the regular land and
sta service, officers of the militia, registers of the land
ofiic( , surveyors, and all other civil officers of govem-
iiient, (assessors, constables, and overseers of the roads>
only f'xeepted,) and may also suspend or remove any
civil officer, who has not a comuiissinn during good be-
haviour; and may suspend any militia officer for one
nimth ; :ind n. ay also s' spei^d or renn.ve any regular
(f^'eer in the land or -.ea service j and the governor may
remove ur susj.eiid any militia officer, il) pursuance of
the judgment ofacouit martial.
COxXSTITUriON OF MAHVLIXD. 6:'
4i. That all civil oiKcers, of U.e appointment of llie attested by the cliancellor, uhli ilie seal ot' the state an-
^' •»•■•«>«">-• ' K\,. : _: ..a.o.I oiisonf nivifai-v nnH mi itia rninliussioiis. Which
peiso.. who shall be aiiiiointt-il and commissiomd in his .--^^ -j^^. ,;r^^ ^^. ,„.oprieiarv, shall go to the state-
stead shall be qualif.td. j_^^^. y„| . j^,^.}, a, ,(,(. .vonerai ussemblv luay abolish or
50. Ihat the guvenioi-.evirya.embr of the council, (,;i„,^vi,'. piovidefoi-.
and every jud^e and justice, brtoie thoy act as sucJi, jq_ ■j'ha(t!,isfui.„i ot'governmi'iit,and IhedLclaration
shiill respective !y take uii 0:1th "that lie wilj not, through ^f , ;o.]„s^ j,|,d ,,0 part thereof, shall be altered, changed,
favour, affection, or partiaiiiy, vole lor any person to oraholishsd, uniess a bill so to alter, change, or aboiish
office, and that he will vote lor such person as m bis jj,^ same, shall pass the general assembly, and be pub-
judgment and conscience he believes most fit and best iisi,^.j ^j (east three n)onths before a new election, and
qualified for the ofiiee : ai.d tliat l;e has not made, nor ^jjaU be coiitirnied by the general assembly, after a new
will make, any piomise or engagement to give his vote election of delegate's, in the first session after such ue^.•
or inlenst in favour oi any person." election : Provided, that nothing in this form of govern-
51. ThattherebetwurtgiiUrs of the land office, one inent, v/hieh relates to the eastern shore partieularly,
upon the western and one npon the eastern shore ; that shall at any time hereafter be altered, unless for the al-
short extracts of the grants and certificates of the land teration and confirmation thereof, at least tuo-thnds of
outhe western and eastern shores respectively, be made ail the members of each branch of the ge:ie,a! assembly
in separate books, at the public expense, and deposited shall concur. ,, , , .,
in the offices of the said registers, in such manner as CO. 'I hat every bill passed by the general assembly,
shall hereafter be provided bv the general assembly. when engro5sed,sliall be presented by the speaker oi the
52. That every chancellor; judge, register of wills , bouse of delegates, m the senate, to the governor for the
commissioner of-the loan offici, attorney general, slie- ti.,.e being, who shall s.gn the same, and the.elo affix
he vvill not, directl) m- indiree-Jy, tvceive any fee or re- ^ ^.^^.^ „,^:^ i„ „^s state,
ward for doing his office of , but what is, or
shall be, allowed by law ; nor will, dirtCtly or indirect-
ly, receive the profits, or any part ot the profits of any
office held by any other jiersun : ar.d that he does not
hold the same office iu trust, or for the benefit of any
other person."
53. That, if any governor, chancellor, judge, register
of wills, attorney general, register of the land office,
commissioners of the laud office, register of tlie chance-
ry court, or any clerk of the common law courts, trea-
surer, [naval officer,] sheriff, surveyor, or auditor of
public accounts, shall receive, directly or indirectly, at
any time, the profits, or any part of the profits of any
This form of govemraeut was assented to, and paised
in convention of the delegates of -the IVeemen of
Maryland, begun and held at the city of Annupo'ii,
the 14th day of August, A. D. 177f).
B>j order of the Co n vention :
M. TILGHSIAX, Presidait.
AMENDMENTS
TO THE CONSTITUTION OF MAIITIANJ).
Article 1. Be it enacted by the generai assembly of
office, held by any other person, during liis acting in the Maryland, [That all those parts of the constitution and
office to which be is appointed, his election, ai>po:nt- ibrni of government, that prevent a citizen consciei;-
ment, and commission, (on conviction in a court of law, tiously scritpnieus of t-.iking an oath i;i any case, end
by the oath of two credible witnesses,) shall be void, and v, lio are peniiitled by the constitution to iiffirm in cer-
lie shall suifer the pUnisiimeut fur wilful and corrupt tain cases, from taking a seat in the legislature, or from
perjuryjor be banished thisst;itefurever,ordisqr.allfied being an elector of the senate, witbout taking an oath
for ever from hcUling any oiFice or place of trust or of support to this government, shall be, and hereby an-
profit as the court may adjuge. i* pealed, .ibrogated , and made null and von! ; and here-
54. That, if any person shall give tiny bri!)r, present, after a solemn r.ffirrjaiion or declaration of support ■■■
ov rewarti,
ment or d:
obtain or
'''■.'- " u ' "■ • . i'.' <• .1 ;j,H-n...' constKUtioliloaiiirin 111 eeiiuiii eases.! — i-i;55eii -■. uieui-
or.iudge, or to be appointed to any ol the said offices, ^.^_ 42-confirmcd, 1789, ch. 1. *
or to any office of profit or trust, now created, or here- ^; That no member of congress, or person luilding an
after to he created, ,n ilns state-the person givir.g, and ^g.^^, „f n-ust or profit under the United Slates, shall be
the person receiving the same,(on conviction 111 1. court ^^ ^^,^1^. ^f having a seat iu the general asser.ibly, or bt-
ol law,) shall be for ever disquablied to boid any office ; ' ^j, elector of the scnate,or boldingany office of trust
of trust or inofit in tins state, or profit under this suite: and if any member of the ge-
55. Tliat every person aiipointcd to any office of pro- „e,al assenil.ly, elector of the senate, or person holding
fit or trust, shall, before he enters on the executit;u an ofi-te or irest of profit under this state, shall take his
ibereuf, take the fiillowii.g oath, to wit : " I, A B, do setiArii; congress, or accept of an office of trust or profit
svi/ear, that I do not hold myself bound in alleginnci; to under the United States. or being elected to eon;;ress,or
the king of Great Britain, and that I will be taithiul, appointed to an office of trust orprofit uiidertheUnited
and beur true aiiegiance, to the state of Maryland,'' states, not n.ake his nsignation of liis seat in congress,
and shall also stibscribe a declaration of his belief in the or of his office, as the case may be, within thirty days
Christian religion. after n;);ice of his eiection or appointment to office, as
5t). That there be a court of appeals, composeij of per- r.foreaiid, his sej.tinihe legislature of this stale, or as
sons of integrity and sound ludgmeiit in the law, whose elector of the senate, or of his office held under this state
judgment shall ho final and conclusive in all cases of as aforesaid, shall be void : Provided, that no person who
appeal [from the general eou rt, court of chancery, and is now or may be at any time when this act beecines part
court of admiralty:] that one person of integrity and of the constitution, a member both of congress and of
sound judgment iii the law be appointed chancellor: the legislature ef this state, or who now holds, nr may
[that three per.ons of intcgritv and saund judgiient in hold, at the time w hen this act becomes part of the eoii-
the l:i\v beappointedjiidgesuf the court now called the stitution, an office as aforesaid, biuh under this state
jimvincial court : and that the same court beliereafier and the United Slates, shall be affected by this act, if.
called and known by the name of the general court : williin fifteen days aft'.-r, the same sl-.:ill beec.me part of
wliich court shall sit on the western and eusteni shoiX'S, the eoiistityiion, he shall resign his stut iti congress, or
for transacting and determining the business of tlie re- his office held underthe United States.— I'assed 1791, ch.
speetive sliores, a: sueU times and places as the future 8U— confirmed 1792, ch. 22.
legislature of this state shall direct and appoint.] 3. 'I'hat every person, being a mend)er of either of the
57. Tliat thi'stvleof all laws rim t!ms:**Hc it enact- religious sects or societies called qiiakers, inenonists,
od bv the generaliissembly of Maryland ;" that all pub- tuukers, or nicolites. or new n.iiakers, and who shall be
lie comiuissjoiis and grants run thus : " The state of .Ma- eonscientiously seriiimlous of taking an oath on any oc-
i:vi?nd," ;!ic. :i;!d s'.ji: 1 be sigued liv the governor, and ctisiuii, ijtinj otherwise quttlifid, and duly elected a se-
!:.4 CONSTITUTiON OF MARYLAND.
aator, delegate, or elector of the senate, or being other- tlie election of such county or city, or either of theui.
%vise qualified and duly appointed or elected to any lur delegates to the general assembly, electors of the se-
ofRce of profit or trust, on making affirmation instead of iiate and sheriffs.]— Passed ISOl, eh. 90— confirmed 1802,
taking the several oaths appointed by the constitution cli. 20.
and form of government, and the several acts of assem- S. That Frederick countysliall be divided and laid off
biy of this state now in force, or thai hereafter may be into nine separate districts.— Passed 1802, ch. 82— con-
niaclc, such person may hold and exercise any oftice of firmed 1S03, ch. IP.
profit or trust to which'he may be appointed or elected, o. Tliat this slate shall bedivided into six judicial dis-
and may, by such affirmation, qualify himself to take a iriets, in maimer and form following, to wil : St. Mary's
seat in the legislature, and to act thei-ein as a member of Charles, and Prince George's counties shall be the first
the same in all cases \» Imtever, or to be an elector of the district ; Cecil, lient, Quceu Anne's, and Talbot coun-
senate, in as full and ample a manner, to all intents and ties, sha;' be the second district ; Calvert, Anne Arun-
purposes w hatever, as persons .ve now competent- and del, and .Montgomei-ycounties,shall b- thethird district;
qualified to act, who are not conscientiously scrujnilous Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset, and \yovcester counties,
of taking such oaths.— Passed, 1794, ch. 49— confirmed shall bethe fourth district ; Frederick, Washington,and
1795, ch. 11. Alleghany counties, shallbe the fifth district; Baltimore
4. [That the mayor and second branch of the city' and Harford counties s.iall be the sixth district; and
council ofthecity of Baltimore, or any three or more of there sluill be appointed for tach of the said judicial dis-
them, for the time being, shall be judges of the elections tricts, tliree persons of integrity and sound legal know-
for delegates of iliecityof Baltimore, and for elector of ledge, residentsof the state of Maryland, who shall, pre-
the senate, and shall have and exercise all the lights and vious to. and during their acting as judges, reside in the
.".uthorities respecting such elections, which were vested district for which they shall respectively be appointed,
in the commissioners of Baltimore town, in virtue of the one of whom shall be styled in the commission cliief
constitution and form of government.]— Passed 1797, judge, and the other two associate judges of the district
ch. 57— confirmed. 1798. ch. 2. for which they shall be appointed ; and the chief judge,
5. That the people clied quakers, those called nico- together with the two associate judges, shall compose
lites, or new quakers, those called tunkers, and those the county courts in each respective district ; and each
called raenonisis, holding it unlaw ful to taiie an oath on j udge sliall hold his commission during ^ood behaviour ;
any occasion, shall be allowed to make their solemn af- removable fur misbehaviour, on conviction in a court of
firmation as witnesses, in the manner that quakers have law, or shall be removed by the governor, ui)on the ad-
been heretofore allowed to affirm, which affirmation dress of the general assembly, provided that two thirds
shallbe of the same avail as an oath, to all intents and of all the membersol each hoiiseconcur in suchaddress;
purposes whatever, and the county courts, so as aforesaid established, shall
§2. Before any of the persons aforesaid shall be admit- have, hold, and exercise, in t!ie several counties of this
ted as a witness in .iny court of justice in this state, the slate, all and every the powers, authorities, and jurisdic-
court shall be satisfied, by sucli testimony as thev may lions, which the county courts of this state now have,
require, that such person IS one of those who profess to use, and exercise, and which shall be hereafter pre-
be conscientiously scrupulous of taking an oath.— Passed scribed bylaw; and the said county courts established
1797, ch. lis- confirmed 1798, ch. 8:. by this act, shall respectively hold their sessions in the
Art. 6. That the several counties of this state, for the several counties, at such times and places as the legisla-
purpose of holding ail future elections for delegates, ture sliall direct and appoint; and thesalariesof the said
electors of the senate, and sheritts of the several coun- judges shall not be diminiihed during the period of their
ties, shall be divided into separate districts, in the man- continuance in office.
ner hereni after directed, viz. St. Marj's county shall be J 2. In any suit or action at law hereafter to be com-
divided and laid offinto [three] separate districts, Kent nienced or instituted in any county court of this state,
county shall be divided and laid oiT into three separate the judges thereof,upon suggestion in writing, by either
districts ; Calvert county shall be divided and laid offin- of the parties thereto, supjjorted by affidavit, or other
to three Si parate districts; Charles county shall be di- proper evidence, thatafairand impartial trial cannot be
vidcd ard laid oft'into four separati' districts ; Talbot liad in the county court of the county v;heresuch suitor
county shall be divided and laid off nito four separate action is depending, shall and may order and direct the
districts ; Somei-set county sliall be divided and laid off record of iheir ])roceedings in such suit or action, to he
into three separate districts: Dorchester county shall be transmitted to the judges of any county court within the
divided and laid oft" into three separate districts ; Cecil district, for trial, a.'id the judges of such county court,
countysliall be divided and laid off into four stparate to whom the said record shall oe transmitted, shall hear
districts ; Prince George's coiuiiy shall be divided aisd and determine the same in like manner as if such suitor
laid ofi'into five sepra-ate districts ;" Queen Anne's county action liad been uriginally instituted therein ; provided,
shall bedivided and JaidofTintii thri:e separate districts; nevertheless, thatsuch suggestion shall be madeasalbrc-
Worcester county shall be divided and laid ofl" into five said, before or during the term in which the issue or is-
sejiarate districts; Frederick county shall be divided and sues may be joined in said si;it or action; and provided
Jaid off into [seven] separate districts ; Harford county also, that such further remedy may be provided by law
shallbe divided and laid ofi'into five separate districts ; in the premises, as the legislature shall, from time to
<;;aroline county shall be divided ar.d laid off into three time, direct and enact.
separate districts ; Washington county shall be divided § 3. If any party presented or indicted, in any of the
and laid otf into five separate districts; Montgomery county courts of this state, shall suggest, in writing, to
county shall be ilivided anil Laid off into five separate the court.in which such prosecution is depending, that
districts; Aikghany county shall be divided and laid off a fair and ini]iartial trial cannot be had in such court, it
into SIX separate districts ; Anne Arundel county in- shall and may be lawful for the said court to order and
eluding the city of Annapolis, shall be divided and laid direct the record of their proceedings in the said prose-
off into five separate districts ; Baltimore county, out of cution, to be transmitted to the judges of any adjoining
the limits of the city of Baltimore, shall be divided and county court, lor trial, and the Judges of such adjoining
laid otf into seven districts ; and that the city of Balti- county court shall hear and determine the same-j in the
more shall be laid off into eight districts. same manner as if such prosecution had been originally
12, Ail and every part of the constitution and form instituted therein : Provided, that such further and other
of government, relating to the judges, time, place, and remedy may be ))rovided by law in the premises, as the
manner of holding elections in the city of Baltimore, legislature may direct and enact.
and all and e^ery part of the second, third, fifth, four- § 4. If the attorney general, or the prosecutor for the
teentli,and fiirty-second sections of the constitution and state, shall suggest, in writing, to any county court be-
forni of government of this state, which relate to the fore whom an indictment is or may be depending, that
judges, place, time, and manner of holding the several the stale cannot have a fair and impartial trial in such
elections for delegates, electors of the senate, and the court, it shall and may be lawful for the said court, in
sheriffs of the several counties, be, and the same are their discretion, to order and direct the record of their
hereby abrogated, re])ealed, and annulled, and the same proceedings in the said |>ix)secution to be transmitted to
shall hereafter be regujated by law .—Passed 1798, ch. the judges of any adjoining county court for trial, and
lis— confirmc d 1799, cli. 48. the,)udgesofsuchcot;ntycourtsliali hiai'and determine
Art. 7. ['Ihat every free white male citizen of this the same, as if such iirusecution had been originally in-
state, and no oilier, above twenty-one years tf age, hav- stituted therein.
iiig resided twelve monihs in the' county next preceding § 5. There shall be a court of appeals, and the same
the election at which he offers to vete, and every free sliall lie composed of the cliiefjudges of theseveraljudl-
ivhite male citizen of this state, above twenty-one years eiai districts of the state, whicli said court of appeal shall
of age. and having obtained a i-tsidenci-of twelvemonths hold, use, and exercise, all and singular the powers, au-
next preceding the election, in the city of Baliin-.ore, or tliorilies, and jurisdictions, heretofore held, used, and
the tity of Annapolis, and at whicli he offers to vote, exercised by the court of a|)|iealsof this state, am! also
ihall have a right of suiTi iire, and shall vote l.y ballot. in the appellate jiirisdietinn I.eietofore us'.d Mid exercised
CONSlirLTIOX Ol- VIHGIXIA.
t>y t>R' G;cuera! cotiit; and the said court of appeals here-
by established, shall sit on the western and eastern shores,
for trans-ielinir and determining tlie business of the re-
spective shores, at such tinits and places as the fiitiire
legislature of this state shall direct and appoint ; and any
three of the said judges of the court of appeals sliall
form a quoriira, to hear and decide in all c.ises pending
in said court ; and the judge who has given a decision in
any case in the county court, shall withdraw from the
bench '.ipon the deciding of the sair.e caie before the
court of appeals; and the judges of the court of appeals
may appoint the clerks of said court for the western and
tastem shores respectively,\vho shall hold their appoint-
ments during good behaviour, removable only for mis-
behaviour, on conviction in a court of law ; and, in case
of death, resignation, disqualification, or removal out of
the state, or from their respective shores, of either of the
said clerks,in the vacation of the said comf, the govern-
or, with the advice of the cotmcil, may appoint and com-
mission a lit and proi)er person to such ^ acant office, to
hold the same until the next meeting of the said court;
and all laws passed after this act shall take effect, shall
be recorded in the office of the court of appeals of the
western shore. Passed 1S04, ch. 55— confirmed 180S, ch.
19.
Art. 10. That St. Mary's county shall be divided into
four separate districts, and that the additional district
shall be laid off adjoining and between the first and third
districts, as they are now numbered. — Passed 1806, ch.
29— confirmed 1807, ch. 8.
11. That, upon the death, resignation, or removal out
of this state, of the governor, it shall not be necessary to
call a meeting of the legislature, to fill the vacancy oc-
casioned thereby, but the first named of the council for
the time being shall qualify and act as governor, until
the next meeting of the general assembly, at which meet-
ing a governor shall be chosen in the manner heretofore
appointed and directed.
$2. No governor shall be capable of holding any other
office of profit during the time for which he shall be
elected.— Passed June, 1809, ch. 16— confirmed Novem-
ber, 1809, ch. 11.
Art. 12. That all such parts of the constitution and
form of government, as require a property qualification
in persons to be appointed or holdmg offices of profit or
trust in this state, and in persons elected members of the
legislature or electors of thesenate,sliaU be and the same
are hereby repealed and abolished.— Passed November,
1809, ch. 198— confirmed 1810, ch. IS.
1"!, That it shall not be lawful for tlie general assem-
bly of this state to lay an equal and general tax, or any
other tax, on the people of this state, for the support of
any reli-jion.- Passed Noveiaber, 180'.', ch. 167— confirm-
ed 18l0,'c!i. 24.
14. That evei7 free white male citizen of this state,
above iweniy-one years of age, and no otiier. having re-
sided twelve months within this state, and six months in
the county, or in the city of Annapolis or Baltimore,
next preCL-dins; the election at which heoftVrs to vote,
shall have a right of saftVage, and shall vote, by ballot,
ill the eleclioiiof such county or city, or either of them,
for electors of the president and vice president of the
United States, for representatives of this statein the con-
gress of the United States, for delegates to the general
assembly of this state, electors of the senate, and sherift's.
—Passed November, ISOQ, ch. 83— confirmed 1810, ch,
33.
15. That no person residing in the city of Annapolis
shall have a vote in the county of Anne Aruntlel, for de-
legates for the said county: and all and every part of
the constitution which enables persons holding fifty
acres of land to vote in said county, be and is hereby
abolished.— Passed November, 1809, ch. 33— confirmed
18 10, ch. 49.
16. That the forty-fifth article of the constitution and
form of govcinmeiit be and the same is hereby repealed
and utterlyabolished.— Passed November, 1809, ch. OS-
confirmed 1810, ch. 78.
17. That tlie time of the meeting of the general as-
sembly shall be on the first Monday in December, in
each year, instead of the first Monday in November, as
fis now] prescribed by the constitution and form of go-
vernment.
5 2. The governor of this state shall be chosen on the
second Monday of December, in e.ach and every year,
in the same maimer as is now prescribed by the consti-
tution and form of government ; and the council to the
governor shall be elected on the first Tuesday after thfe
second Monday of December, in each and evei-y year, in
the same manner as is now prescribed by the constitu-
tion and form of government.
§ 3. All annual appointments of civil officers in this
stale shall be made in the third week to December, in
every year, in the same manner as the constitution and
form of government now directs.— Passed 1311, ch.211—
confirmed November, 1312.
CONSTITUTIOTsT OF VIRGINIA.
The Constitution or Form of Government,
agreed to and resolved upon by the delegates
and representatives of the several cotmties
and corporations of Virginia, in a general
convention, held at WiUiamsbnrgh,onthe&th
of J^tay, and continued by adpurnments to
the 5th of July, 1776.
WE, the delegates and representatires of the good
people of Vir^nia, ilo declare the futureform of govern-
ment of Virginia, to be as followeth:
The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments
shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise
the powers properly belonging to the other; nor shall
any person exercise the powers of more than one of
them at the same time, except that the justices of the
county courts shall be eligible to either house of tlie as-
sembly.
The legislative shall be formed of twodistinct branch-
es, who, together, shall beacoraplete legislature. They
shall meet once oroftener, every year, and shall be call-
ed (fie general assembly of Virginia. One of these shall
be called the house of delegates, and consist of two repre-
sentatives, to be chosen for each co^iiity, and for the dis-
trict of West Atigusta,annually, of such men as actually
reside in. and are freeholders of tli? sui.i'-, or duK- niiali-
fied according to law, and also of one delegate ov repre-
sentative, to be chosen annually, for the city of Wil-
liamsburgb, and one for the borough of Norfolk, and a
represeiitativefor each of such otiier cities and boroughs
as may hereafter be allowed particular representation
by the legislature ; but n hen any city or borough shall
so decrease, as that the number of persons having right
of suffrage thereiii shall have been, for the space of seven
years successively, less than half the number of voters
m some one county in Virginia, such city or borough
thenceforward shall cease "to send a delegate or repre-
sentative to the assembly.
The other shall be called the senate, and consist of
twenty-four members, of whom thirteen shall constitute
a house to proceed on business ; for whose election, the
different counties shall be divided into twx-nty-fbur dis-
tricts: and each county of the respective district, at the
time of the election of its delegates, shall vote for one
senator, -.vh'i is actually a resident and freeholder within
the district, or duly (lualificd according to law, and is
iipw aids of twenty-five year- of age ; and the sheriffs of
each county, within five days at farthest, alter the last
county election in the dtstiict.sball meet at some conve-
nient place, and, from ihe poll so taken in their respec-
tive counties, return as a senator the man who shall have
the greatest number of votes in the whole district. To
keep up this assembly, by rotation, the districts shall be
equally divided into four classes, and numbered by lot.
At the '-nd of one year after t!ie general election, the six
uc, ^ CQXsnruriox of vinc-iixiA.
memliers eicctcd by the f5i"st division shall he displaced, have the direction of the iiiiiitla, untler the laws of t;i^
and the vacancies thereby occasioned supplied from ?iich country.
classesor divi inii, by iiiu' e'cctiun, in the luanner afore- The two houses of assembly shall, by .joint ballot, ap-
said. This, rotation shall be applied to ejch division, point judj^es of tlie supreme coirt of appeals, anil gene-
aecnrdingto its number, and continued in due ordera:i- ral court judges in chaiiccry,jud,q;cs of admiralty, secre-
nnaily. tary, and the attorney i>v::ie al, to be commissioned by
The right of suffrage in the election of members for the governor, ami cotitiuiie in clTiee diiriiit; good beha-
both houses shall remain as exercised at present ; and viour. In Ciise of dcai'i, incapacity, or resignation, the
each houseshal! ehoose its own speaker, appoint its own governoi', with the ailrice of the privy council, shall a'i-
offlcers, settle its own rules of proceeding, and direct point persons to succeed in office, to be approved or dis-
'.vrits of election, ibr the suppljing intermediate vaean- approved by both liouses. Theseofficers snail have fixed
cies. and adequate salaries, and, together with all otliirs
All laws sh?>ll originate in the house of delesfatea, to holding lucrative ofiices, and all ministers of the gospel,
beapprovedof or rejected by the senate, or to be amend- of every denomination, be incapable of being: elected
ed, with consent of the hotise of delesrates ; except mo- members of either house of assembly or the privy coun-
ney bills, wluch in no instance shall he aitored by the cii.
senate, but wholly approved or rejectfd. Tlie governor, with th'^ advice of the privy council^
A governor, or chief magistrate, shall be chosen annu- shall appoint justices of the peace for the counties: and
ally, bj- joint ballot of both hoTises, (to be taken in each in case of vacancies, or a necessity of increasing the
house respectively,) deposited in the confei-ence room ; number hereafter, such appointments to be made upon
thcboxesexamincdjoiutlybyacommittecofeaLhhotise, recommendation of the respective county courts. The
and the numbers severall j' reported to them, that the ap- present acting secretary in Virginia, and clerks of all the
pointments may be entered, (which shall be the mode of county courts, shall continue in office. Incaseof va-
taking the joint ballot of both houses, in all eases.) who cancies, either by death, incapacity, nr resignation, a
shall not ctmtinue in that office longer than three years secretary shall be appointed, as before directed : and the
successively, nor be eligible until the expiration of four clerks by the respective courts. The present and future
years after he shall have been out of that office. An ade- clerks shall hold their ofRstJs riiirhig good behaviour, to
(juate, but moderate salary, shall be settled on him dur- be judged of and determined in the general court. Tho
ing his continuance in office ; and he shall, with tiie ad- sherills and coronei-s shall be nominated by the respec-
rice of a council of state, exercise the executive jiowers 'ive courts, approved by the governor, with the advice
of government, according to the laws of this common- of the privy council, and commissioned by the governor,
■wealth ; and shall not, under any pretence, exercise any 'I'he justices shall appoint constables ; anil ail fees of »he
power or prerogative, by virtue' of any law. statute, or aforesaid officers be regulated bv law.
custom of England. But he shall, with the advice of the The governor, when he is out of office, and others, of-
counci! of state, have the power of granting repri'evcs or fending against the state, eitlier by maieadministratior,
pardons, except where the jjrosecution shall have been corruption, or other mearis, by which the safety of the
carrried on by the hou«e of delegates, or the law shall state may be endangered, sliall be imneachable by the
otherwise particularly direct ; in which cases, no ivprieve house of delegates. Such impeachments to be prosecu-
or pardon shall be granted, but by resolve of the house ted by the attorney general, or such other person or per-
of delegates. sons as the house may appoint, in the general court, ac-
Either house of tlie general assembly may adjoum cording to the laws of the land. If found guilty, he or
themselves respectively. The gnvtrnor shall not pro- they shall be either for ever disabled to hold afiy office
rogue or adjourn the assembly during their sitting, nor under government, or be removed from such office pro
dissolve them at any time ; but lie shall, if necessarv, tempore, or subjected to such pains or penalties as the
either by adviceof the council of state,or <m application laws shall direct.
of a iiiajority of the house of delegates, call them before If all or any of the judges of the general court should,
the time to which they shall stand prorogued or ad- oti good grcurils, (tobe judged of by the house of de-
Joumed. legates,) be accused of any of the crimes or offences
A privy council or council of state, consisting of eight above-mentioned, such house of delegates may, in like
members, shall be chosen by joint ballot of both houses manner, imptivoh the judge or judges so nccused, to be
of assembly, either from their o\?n members or the peo- prosecuted in the court of appeals ; and he or they, it
pie at large, to assist in th.e administration of govern- found guiltj^shali be punished in the same manner "as is
jnent. They shall annually choose, out of their omu prescribed in the jirecediiig clause,
members, a president, who, in ease of death, inability, or Commissions and grants shall sun " In the name nf the
absence of the governor, from the government, shall act comwomvcahh of F/r^hlm,''' and bear test by the go\crn-
as lieutemnt governor. Four members shall be suffi- or, with the seal of the commonwealth annexed. Writs
cienttoaet, and their advice and procenjup,s shall be shall run in the same manner, and bear test by the
entered on record, and signed by the niemhers present, clerics of the several courts. Indictments ihall conclude,
(to any part whereof any member may enter his dissent,) '" ngoinst the prwe nn'l ilisnil'i of rlie convnomvealth.''
t!5 he laid before the general assembly, when called for A treasurer shall be appointed annually, by joint bal-
bythem. 'ITiis council may appoint their own clerk, lot of both houses.
who shall have a salary settled by law. and take an oath All escheats, penalties, and foi-feitures, heretofore go-
of secrecy, in such matters as he shall be directed by the ing to the king, sliall go to the commonwealth, save only
board to conceal. A sum of money appropriated to that suth as the legislature mav abolish, or otherwise provide
purposeshallbedividedannually among the members, for.
in proportion to their attendance: and they shall be in- The territories, contained within the charters ereot-
i/apable, dtnin;^ their continuance in office, of sitting in ing the colonies of Maryland, Pcnnsjdvania, Korth and
either bouse ol asifinbly. Two members shall be re- South Carolina, are hereby ceded, released, and forever
moved, by joint ballot of both houses of assembly, at the cnTifirmed to the people of these colonies respectively,
end of e\ ery three years, and he ineligible for the three with all the rights of [iroperty,.jurisdiction. and govern-
next years. These vacancies as well as those occasioned meiit, and all other rights whatsoever, v.liieh might at
by death or incapacity, shall be supplitd by new elec- any lime heretofore have been claimed by Virginia, ex-
tions, in the same manner. ' cept the free navigation and use of the rivers Potomaque
Thedelegates for Virijinia to the conlii>ental congress and Pokomoke, with the property of the Virginia shores
shall be chosen .annually, or superseded in the liiean and strands borderingon either.cf the said riveis,and all
time, by joint ballot of both houses of assembly. improvements which have been, or shall be, madethere-
Tlie present militir; officers shall be continued, and on. The western and northern extent of Virginia shall,
vacancies supplied by appointment of the governor, Iti all other respects, stand as fixed by the charter of
with the advice of the pnvy council, on reeommenda- king .tames I. in the year one thousand' six hundred antl
tions from the respective county courts; but the govern- nine, :uid by the public treaty of peace between the
or and council shall have a power of stispcnding any courts of Britain and France, in the year one thousand
officer, and orderinj^ a court martial on complaint of seven hundred and sixty three; unless, by act of this lu-
misbehaviour or inability, or to supply vacancies of offi- gislature, oae or pore governments be established w est-
eers. happening when in actual ser\ice. ward of the Alleghany mountains. And no purchase of
The governor mavembody the militia, with theadvjce land shall be made of the Indian natives, hut on behalf
' 'f the privj- Qcuncil ; and, when embodied, shall alone of the public, by auihortt v of the general nssemhiyv ^
CONSTiTUTiOK OF NOMITI CAROLINA.
rhe Cunstiiution
Farm of C.-n-ernmsnt 21. Tli:it a fiequent recurrence to fundameiital piiii-
, -^ , '^';,^'^",f' ;"'' cipks, is •ib.olult'ly necessary to prtserve the blessings
agreed to and resolved iiUon by the Jicpre- of liberty.
icnlatives of the freemen of the state ofJ\'urth 22. That no liercditaryemoluments, privileges, or ho-
i-i I- I.I 11 r ^1 i i, . ,• noiirs. oiierht to be craiited or conferred m this state.
Carolina, elected and chosen Jor that parti- ""2" '•?!«" perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to
_„, .,.,.. (lerpetuit ,
Culur purpone, in compress assembled, at Ha- the genius of a dee state, and ought not to be allowed.
It far December IS. 1 776 24. That retrospective laws, punishing facts, comniit-
iijax, uecemuu 10, n 1 ^. ted before the eMSteuce of such laws, and by them only
i iiPfT judTiox OF uiRHTS &LC declared Criminal, ale op;,ressive, uii.j list, and iiicompa-
A DFXLAHA nOJ. OF llIGHTb, 6.C. ^.^^^^ ^^.^^^ |.^^^.|^. . ^.,,^^.^f^,,e, no CX t'OStfact,, law ought
1. Tliat all jiolitical power is vested in, and derived to be made.
from, the peo|)le only. 25. Tlie property of tlie soil, in a free government,
2. That the jieople of t}iis slate ought to have the sole being one of the essential rights of the collective body ot
and exclusive right of regulating llie internal govern- the people, it is necessary, in order to avoid tuturedis-
ment and police thereof. putes, that the limits of the state should be ascertained
3. Thatnoman,orsetofmen,are entitled to exclusive with i>recisioii : and as the former temporary line be-
er separate emoluments or ^)rivileges from the commu- tweeii North and South Carolina was c<mfirmed,and ex-
nily, but iu consideration ot public services, tended by commissioners, appointed by the legislatures
4. That the legislative, executive, and supreme judi- of the two states, agreeable to the order o. the late [\ioK
cial powei'S of government, ought to be for ever separate George II. in council, tliat line, and that only, should be
and distinct from each other. esteemed lite southern boundary of this state; that is to
5. That all powers of suspending laws, ortheexecu- say, beginning on the seaside, at a cedar stake, at or
tion of laws, by any authority, without consent of the near the mouth of little river, (being the southern ex-
representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, treniity of Urunwick county,) and running from thcnco
and ouglit not to be exercised. a north-west course, through the boniKlary house, which
6. That elections of mtnihers to serve as represeiita- stands in thirty-three degrees tifty-six minutes, to thirty-
lives in general assembly, ought to be free, fiv^degvets north Utitude ; and from thence a west
". That, in all criminal prosecutions, every man has a course, so far as is mentioned iu the charter of king
a right to be informed of the accusation against him, and Charles II. to the late proprietors of Carolina. There-
to confront the accusers and witnesses with other testi- fore, ail the territory, seas, waters, and harbours, with
mony, and shall not be compelled to give evidence thei- afipurtenances, lying batween the line above de-
against himself. scribed, and the southern line of the state of Virginia,
8. That no freeman shall be put to answer any crimi- which begins on the seashore, in thirty-six degrees ihir-
nalcharge, but by indictment, presentmentjorimpeach- ty minutt-s north latitude, and from thence runs west,
ment. . . ' ' '"'—■•' —
9. That no freeman shall be convicted of any crime,
but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good and law-
ful men, in open court, as heretofore used.
10. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex-
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments
inflicted.
11. That general warrants, whereby anomcer or mes-
senger may he commanded to search suspected places,
without evidence of the f icl committed, or to seize any
person or persons, not named, whose ofleiices aie not
i)arl!cularly described, and supported by evidence, are
dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be gianteil.
agreeable to the said charter of king Cliarles, are the
right and propeity of the people of this state, to be held
by them in sovereignty: any partial line, without the
consent of the legislature of tins state, at anytime there-
after directed or laid out. in any wise uotwithstanthng :
provided alwavs, that this deeiaration of right shall not
prejudice any nation or nations of Indians, from enjoy,
ing'sueh hunting grounds as may have been, or hereafter
shall be, secured to them, by any former or future Icgis-
latuiv of this state: And provided also, that it shall not
be construed so as to prevent the establishment of one
or more governments westward of this state, by consent
..^ ,, ,, „ ,,f ll,t. legislature: And provided further, that nothing
y2. That no freeman ought to be taken^ imprisoned, herein contained slia'.l ait'eet the titles or possessions of
or disseized of his freeholti, liberties, or privileges, or individuals holding or claimiie^ i:iulev the !avvs hereto-
outlawed or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or d-- fore in foi ee, or grants hevetof;(re made by 1 lie late king
privc d of his life, liberty, or property, but by the law of George II. or his predecessors, or the late lords, propri-
the land. etors, or any of them.
13. That every freemEn, restrained of his liberty, is
14. Thatin allcontrov.-rsies at law, ivspecimg pro- reeiprocas anu tiieone suouiu ui wguv. uc .iju:>cu «i
DCrtv, the ancient mode of trial bvjoiy,is one of ihebest the other is withdrawn: ,. ,,. -„
secu'riiies • f the ri'-hts of the people, and ought to le- And whereas George the 1 bird, kmgol G:-cat Bnl
m-in sacied and inviolable. . and iatesoveivignof the British Ainericaii coloines,h
"is. That the freedom of tlie press is one of the great not only withdrawn from them his protection, but, by
bulwarks of libertv, and therefore ought never to be re- an act of the Mntish legislatme,(leclaied the inhabitants
strained ' of these states out of the prolectionof the British crown.
am
haih
17. That the people have a right to bear arms, for the
delencc of the slate ; and as standing armies, in time of
peace, are dangerous to liberiy, lliey ought not lobe
kept up ; and that the ivulitary should be kept under
strict.subordination to, and governed by the civil power.
18. Tliat the people havea right I0 assemble together,
to consult for tlie common good, to instruct their repiv
for the purpose of rediieiug the inhabitants of the said
colonies to a state of abject slavery ; in con3^quence
whereof, all government, under the said king, within
the said colonies, hath ceased, and a total dissolution of
government, in many of them, hath taken place:
And whereas the continental congress, having consi-
dered till' premises, and other previous violations of the
seutatives, and to api)lv to the legislature for redress of rights of the good people of America, have iherefoie de-
•Tievanees. ' clarcd that the thirteen united colonies arc, of right,
" 10. That all men havea natural and tinalien.lble rigJit wholly absolved from all allegiance to the IJritish crown,
to worship Almighty God, according to the dicta'es of or any other foreign jiirisdiciion whatsoever ; and that
iheir own consciences. the said colonies now are, and for ever shall be, Iree and
20. 'Ihat. for redress of grievances, .^nd for amending independent states :
and streiig'hening the Laws, elections ouaht to lio often Wlier^-fore, in our present state, m order to prevent
1,^)<^. o - anarebv and coiiTusion, it becomes necessaiy that go-
11
.5 CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA.
venunent should be e^tablishetl in this state ; therefore, tenements, above the value of one thousand pounds^
we, the iiepresentatives of the freemen of North Caroli- shall be eligible as a governor.
na, chosen and assembled in congress, for the express 16. That the senate and house of commons, jointly, at
jiurpose of framing a constitution, under the authority tlieir first meeting, after each annual election, shall, by
of the people, most conducive to their happiness and ballot, elect seven persons, to be a council of state for
prosperity, do declare, that a government for this state one year ; whoshall advise the governor in the execution
sliali be established, in manner and form following, to of Ins office : and that four members shall be a quorum ;
int: their advice and proceedings shall be entered in a jour-
1. That the legislative authority shall be vested in two rial, to be kept for that purpose only, and signed by the
distinct branches, both dependent on the people, to 7vit, members present ; to any part of which any member pre-
9t senate 2l\\<\ house of com7no7is. sent may enter his dissent. And such journal shall be
2. That the senate shall be coiiiposed of representa- laid before the general assembly when called for by
lives, aiinnally chosen by ballot, one for each county in them.
the state. 17. That there shall be a seal of this state, which shall
3. That the house of commons sliall be composed of be kept by the governor, and used by him, as occasion
representatives annually chosen by ballot, two for each may riquife ; and shall be <:a,\\>iA,the great seal of the state
county, and one for each of the towns ofEdenton, New- of North Carolina, and be affixed to all grants and com-
bem, Wilmington, Salisbury, Hillsborough, and Hali- missions.
lax. 18. The governor, for the time being, shall be captain
4. That the senate and house of commons, assembled general and commander in chief of the militia; and, in
for the purpose of legislation, shall be denominated the the recess of the general assembly, shall have power, by
general assembly. and with tlie advice of the council of state, to embody
5. That each member of the senate shall have usually the militia, for the public safety.
resided in the county for which he is chosen for one year 19. The governor, for the time being, shall have pow-
inimediately piecediisg his election, and for the same er to draw for and supply such suras of money as shall
time shall have possessed, and continue to possess, in the be voted by the general assembly, for the contingencies
county which he represents, not less than three hundred of govemrnent,and be accountable to them for the same,
acres of land in fee. He also may, bv and with the advice of the council of
6. That each member of the house of commons shall state, lay embargoes, or jirohibit the exportation of any
have usually resided in the county in which he is chosen commodity, for any term not exceeding thirty days, at
for one year immediately preceding his election, and for any one time in the recess of the general assembly ; and
six months shall have possessed, and ccntijiue to possess, shall have the power of granting pardons and reprieves,
in the county which he represents, not (ess than one except where the prosecution shall be carried on by the
hiinured acres cf land in fee, or for the term of his own general assembly, or the law shall otherwise direct, in
Ijfe. which case, he may, in the recess, grant a reprieve until
7. That all freemen, of the age of twenty-one years, the next sitting of the general assembly ; and may exer-
whohave been inhabitants of any one county witliin tlie ciseall the other executive powers of government, limit-
state twelve months immediately preceding the day of ed and restrained , as by this constitution is mentioned,
any election, and possessed of a freehold, within the and according to the laws of the state. And, on his death,
same county, of fifty acres cf laud, for six months next inability, or absence from the state, the speaker of the
before, and at tiie day of election, shall be entitled to senate, for the time being ; and, in case of his death, in»
Vote for a member of the fcnate. ability, or absence from the state, the sneaker of the
3. That all freemen cf the age of twenty-one years, house of commons, shall exeicise the powers of goveiii-
■who have been inhabitants of any one county within ment, after such death, or during such absence or inabi-
tlie state twelve months immediately jireceding the day lity of the governor, or speaker of the senate, or until a
of any election, and shall have paid public taxes.shall be new nomination is made by the general assembly,
entitled to vote for members of the house of commons, 20. That, in every case, where any office, the right of
for the county in which he resides.. whose appointment is, by this constitution, vested in the
0. Thatall persons possessed ofa freehold, in any town general assembly, shall, during their recess, die, sr his
in this state, having a right of representation, and also office by other means become vacant, the governor shall
ail free)nen,w ho have been inhabitants of any such town have jiower, with the advice of the council of state, to fill
twelve months next before, and at the day of election, up such vacancy, by granting a temporary commission,
and shall have paid public taxes,shali be entitled to vote which shall expne at the end of the next session of the
for a member to represent such town in the house of general assembly.
conm«ms: provided, always, that tiiis section shall not 21. Tliat the governor, judgesof the supreme court of
entitle any inhabitant of such town to vote for members law and equity, judges of admiralty, and attorney gene-
of the houseof commons for thecountyinwhich he may ral, shall have adequate salai-ies, during their con tinu-
reside; nor any freeholder in such county, who resides ancc in office.
without or beyond the liuiits of such town, to vote for a 22. That the genera! assembly shall, by joint ballot of
member for said town. both houses, annually appoint a treasurer or treasurers
10. That thes'z-nateand houseof eommons,when met, f^r this state.
shall each have power to choose a speaker, and other 23. That the governor, and other officers, offending
tiicir officers: he judges of the qualifications and elec- against the state, by violating any part of this constitu-
tions of their membei-s ; sit upon tlieirown adjournments tion, nialeidministration, or corruption, may be prose-
froin day to day; and prepare l-.ills to be passed into laws, culcd, on the impeatnmcnt of the general assembly, or
The two liouses shall direct writs of election, for sup- presentment of the irrand jurv of any court of supreme
p!ving intermediate vacancies; and shall also jointly, by jurisdiction in this state,
bailot, adjourn themselves to any future day or place. ' 24. That the genera! assembly shall, by joint ballot of
11. That all bills shall be read three times m each both houses, triennially appoint a secretary for this
house, before they pass into lav.s, and be signed by the state.
Sj)eak-rs of both ho'.ises. 25. That no persons, who heretofore have been, or
12. That every person, who shall be chosen a member hereafti r may be, receiviTs of ijublic moneys, shall have
of the senate or house of commons, or appointed to any a seat in either house of genera! assembly, or be eligible
office or place of trust, bifore taking his seat, or enter- to any office in this state, until such person shall have
ing upon the execution of his office, shall take an oath fully accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all suras
to the state ; and all officers shall also take an oath of for which they may be accountable and liable.
office. 26. Tliat no treasurer shall have a seat, either in the
13. That the genf ral assembly shall, by joint ballot of senate, house of commons, or co^mcil of state,during his
both houses, appoint juds-.-s of the supr'en'.e courts of continuance in thatofiice,or before he shall have finally
law and equity, judges of :idmiralty,aiul attorney gene- settled his accounts with the public, for all the moneys
val, w ho shall be commissioneil by the governor, and which may be in his hands, at the expiration of his of-
lio!d th' ir offices dining goud behaviour. lice, belonging to the state, and hath paid the same into
14. That the s'liate and house of commons shall have the hands of the succeeding treasurer.
power to appoint the generals and field officers of the 27. That no officer in the regular army or navy, in the
militia, and all ofliveis of fhe re,:uiar army of this state, service and pay of the United States, of this state or any
15. That the ,s<-iiate audliouseof commons, jointly, at other state, nor any contractor or agent for supplying
their first meeili.g after each annual election, shall, by such army or navy with clothing or provisions, shall
ballot, elect a governor for one year, who sliall not be have a seat either ni the sL-nate, house of commons, or
eligible to that office h.-nger than three years, in six sue- council of state, or be eligible then to; and any member
cessive years; thai no p; reon under thirty years of age, of the senate, house of commons, or council of state, be-
and who has not been a resident in this state above five ing appointed to, and accepting of such office, shall
yeai's, and having, in the state, a freehold in lands and thereby \ acate his seat.
COXSTITUTIOX OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
59
28. That no member of the council of state shall have
a seat, either in the senate or house of commons.
29. lliat no judge of tlie supicme court of law or
equity, or jutlge of admiralty, sliall have a seat in the
senate, house of commons, or council ofstate.
30. That no secretary of this state, attorney general,
or clerk of any court of record, shall have a seat in the
senate, house of commons, or council of slate.
31. That no clergyman, or preacher of ilie gospel, of
any denomination, shall be capable of being a member
of either the senate, house of commons, or council of
state, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral
function.
32. That no pei"Son who shall denj- the b(;ing of God,
or the truth of the protestant religion, or the divine au-
thority of either the Old or New Testaments, or who
shall hold religious principles incompatible with the
freedom and safety of the stat", shall be capable of hold-
ing any office, or place of trust or profit, in the civil de-
partment, within this state.
33. That the justicesof the peace, within their respec-
tive counties in this state, shall in future be recommend-
ed^ to the governor for the time being, by the represent-
atives in general assembly ; and tlie governor shall com-
mission them accordingly: and the justices, when so
commissioned, shall hold their offices during good be-
haviour, and shall not be removed from office by the
general assembly, unless for misbehaviour, absence, or
inability.
34. That thereshall be no establishment of any one re-
ligious church or denomination in this state, in prefer-
ence to any other ; neither shall any person, on any pre-
tence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of
worship contraiyto his own faith or judgment, nor be
obliged to paj', for the purchase of any glebe, or the
building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance
of any minister or ministry, contrai'yto wliat he believes
right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to per-
form; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their
own mode of worship : Provided, that nothing herein
contained shall be construed to exempt preachei-s of
treasonable or seditious discourses, from legal trial and
punishment.
35. That no person in the state shall hold more than
one lucrative office at any one time: Provided, that w>
appointment in the miiitia, or the office of lustice of the
peace, shall be considered as a lucrative office.
36. That all commissions and grants shall run in the
name of tlie state of N'orth Carolina, and bear test, and
be signed by the governor. All writs shall run in the
same manner, and bs ar test, and be signed by the clerks
of the respective courts. Indictments shall conclude,
agaimt tlic peace antidignity of the state.
37. That the delegates for this state to the continental
congress, wliile necessary, shall be chosen annually by
the general assembly, by ballot ; but may be sui)trstded,
in the mean time, in the same manner; and no person
shall be elected to serve in that capacity f* more than
three years successively.
38. That there shall'be a sheriff, coroner, or coroners,
and constables, in each county witliin this state.
39. That the person of a debtor, where there is not a
strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in
prison after delivering up, bona fide, all his estate, real
and personal, for the use of his creditoi-s, in such man-
ner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. All iirisoners
shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital
otfences, w hen the proof is evident, or the presumption
great. »
40. That every foreigner who comes to settle in this
state, having fii-st taken an oath of allegiance to the
same, may purchase, or, by other just means, acquire,
hold, and transfer land, orotb^ real estiite; and after one
year's residence shali be deemed a free citizen.
11. Thataschool orschoolsshall beestablished bythe
legislature, for the convenient instruction of youth, with
such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may
enable them to inptriict at luw prices; and, all useful
learning shall be duly encouraged and prom.oted, in one
or more universities.
42. That no purchase of lands shall be made of the
Indian natives, but on behalf of the public, by authority
of the genera! assembly.
43. That the future legislature of this state shall regu-
late entails, in such a manner as to piwi-ut perpetuities.
44. That the declaration of rights is !;i-reb> declared
to be part of the constitution of this suite, and ought
never to be violated on any pretence whatsoever,
45. That any member, of either isouse of general as-
sembly, shall have liberty to dissi lit from, and protest
against any act or resolve, which he may think injurious
to the public, or any individual, and have the reasons of
hb dissent entered on the journals.
40. That neither house ot the general assembly shall
pioeeed upon public business, unless a majority of all
the members of s'lch house are actually present ; and
that, upon a motion made and seconded, the yeas and
nays, upon any question, shall be taken and entered on
the journals ; and that the journals of the proceedings
of both houses of the general assembly shall be primed,
and made public, immediately after their adjournment.
This constitution is not intended to preclude the pre-
sent congress from making a temporary provision, for
t!»e '.veil ordering of this state, until the general assem-
bly shall establish government,^ agreeable to the mode
herein before described.
RICHARD CASWELL, President.
December the eighteenth, one thousand seven hundred
and seventy-six, read the third time, and ratified in
open congress.
By order :
James Green, jun. Secret-anj.
COISSTITUTIOA^ OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
%VE, the delegates of the people of the state of South
Carolina, in general convention met, do ordain and esta-
blish this constitution for its government.
ARTICLE 1.
§ 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be vest-
edin a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate
and house of representatives.
2. The house of representatives shall 1)€ composed of
members, chosen by ballot, every second year, by the
citizens of this state, qualified as in this constitution is
provided.
3, The several election districts in this state shall elect
the following number of representatives, viz ;
Charleston, iiicluding St. Philip \ f,f,^^„ members
and St. Michael, 3
Christ Church three do
St. John, Berkely, three do
St. Andrew, three do
St. George, Dorchester, three do
St. James, Goose Creek, three do
St. Thomas and St. Dennis three do
St, Paul, three do
St. Bartholomew,
St. James, Santee,
St. Suhn, Colleton,
St, Stephen,
St. Helena,
St. Luke,
Piince William'
St. Peter,
All Saints, (includingits ancient ^
boundaries) $
Winyaw, (not including any pan >
of All Saints $
Kiiigston,(not includir-.g any par-. 1
of All Saints >
Wiiliamsburgh,
Liberty,
Marlborough,
Chesterfield,
Darlington,
York,
Chester,
Fairfield,
Richland,
three members
three
do
three
do
three
do
three
do
three
do
three
do
IJirce
do
one
do
three
do
two
do
two
do
two
do
two
do
two
do
two
do
three
do
tvvo
do
two
do
two
do
fi9
C.0JCS7ITU nox QF SOUTH CAROLIXA.
two members
two
<Io
t-AO
do
t wo
(to
tliree
do
thiv-e
do
three
do
three
(!n
two
do
two
do
t«i)
do
tliite
do
two
do
two
do
three
do
three
do
I.aiicastci',
Kershaw,
Claremoiif,
fMarendon,
Ahbevjile,
Edgefield,
>;ewbii!y,(includins the fork be-")
tween Broad and Salsida livers) 5
Laurens,
Union,
Spartan,
Oreenville,
Pendleton. ^
St. Matthew,
Orange,
■Winton.Cinoludin^thedistriet be- T
tween Savannah river, and the >
north fork of Kdisto) J
Saxe Gotha,
4. Every free white man. of the ape of twen!y-one
Tearsj being; a citizen of this state, and having; resided
therein two years previous to the day of e'eciion, and
■who hath a freeliol<! of fifty acres of land, or a town lot,
of which he hatli been legally seized and possessed, at
least six months before svichelection, or, not having such
IVeehold or tawTi lot, hath been a resident in the election
district, iTi_ which be olfers to sjive his vote, six months
before the said election, and hath paid a tax the prece-
ding year of tln-ce shillings srerlin^ towards the mi j;po;t
of this si.vertiraent, shall have a right to vote fora mem-
ber or memlKrs, to serve in either branch of the legisla-
ture, for the election district in which he liolds such
property, or is so resident.
5. The returning officer, or any other person present,
entitled to vote, may require any person who shall oflVr
Jiis Tote at an election, to produce a certificate ot his
citb^nship, and a receipt from the tax collector ryfhis
liaviu« p«jd a tax, entitling him to vote, or to swear, or
afllnn, that he is duly qualified to vote agreeably to this
t;onstitution.
6. No person shall he eligible to a scat in the house of
rqiresentatives, unless he is a free white man, of theage
<>r twenty-on«: yenrs, and hath been a citiz.en and resi-
dent in tliis state three years previous to his election. If
a resident in the election district, he shall not be eligible
to a seat in the house of represeiitaiives, unless he be le-
gally seiietl ami possessed, in his own rights, of a settled
freehold estate of five hundred acres of land, and ten
negroes; or of a real estate, of the value ofone hundred
and fifty pounds sterlin,g, clear of debt. If a non-resi-
dent, he shall be legally seized and possessed of a settled
freehold estate therein, of the value of five hundred
pounds sterling, clear of debt.
7. The senate shall be composed of membeis to be
chosen for four years, in the following proportions, by
the citizens of this state, qualified to elect members to
the house of representatives, at the same time, in t!ie
same manner, and at the same places, where they shall
%ote for representatives, viz :
Charleston, (including St. Philip'?
and St. Michael) 5
fhrist Church,
St. John, Berkely,
St. Andrew,
St. George,
St. James, Goose Creek,
St. Thomas and St. Dennis,
St. Paul.
St. Bartholomew,
St. James, Santee,
St. John, Colleton,
St. Stephen,
St. Helena,
St. Luke,
Prince William,
St. Peter,
All Saints,
Winyaw and VVilliamsburgli,
Liberty and Kingston,
Marlborough, Cliesterfield, '^
and Darluigton, S
York,
Fairfield, Richland, and Chester,
Lancaster and Kershaw,
Claremont and Clarendon,
Abbeville,
Edgefield,
Newbury, (including the fork be- 7
tween Broad and Saluda rivers) 3
Laurens,
Union,
Spartan,
Greenvillp,
two
membei-s
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
no
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
two
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
one
do
Pendleton, one meraViei'
St. Matthew and Orange, one do
Winton, (including the district be- ">
tween Savamiah river and the > one do
Nortli fork of Edisto J
Saxe Gotha one do
8. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the senate,
<n)lc5s he is a free w hire man, of the age of thirty years,
and hath been a citizen and resident in this state five
years pnvious to his election. If a resident in the elec-
tion disti-ict,he shall not be eligible, unless he be legally-
seized and possessed, in his own right, of a settled free-
hold estate of the value of three hundred pounds ster-
ling, clear of debt. If a non-resident in the election
district, he shall not be eligible unless liebe legally seized
and possessed, in his ow^l right, of a settled freehold estate,
in the said district, of the value of one thousand pounds
sterling, clear of debt.
9. Immediately after the senators shall be assembled,
in conseqoenee of'thefirstelection,theysha!l bedivided
by lot into two classes. The scats ef the senators of tlie
first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the se-
coinl year, and of the second class, at the expiration of
t!ie fourth year ; so that one half thereof, as near as pos-
sible, may be chosen, for ever thereafter, every second
year, for the term of four years.
10. Seua'oi-s.and members olthe house of representa-
tives, shall be chosen on the seconil Monday in October
next, and the day follow ing ; and on the same days in
every second y ar thereafter, in such manner, and at
such times, as are herern directed ; and shall meet oh
the fourth Monday in November annually, at Columbia,
(which shall remain the seat of government, initil other-
wise determined, hy the conciu'rence of two thirds of
both branches of the whole representation) unless the
casiialiies of war, or contagions disorders, should render
it unsafe to meet there : in either of w hich cxses, the go-
vernor, or commander in chief for th>- time being, may,
by proclamation, appoint a more secure and convenient
jjiace of meeting.
11. Each iu)use shail Judge of the elections, returns,
and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority
of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business ;
but a smaller number may adjoe.rn from day to day, ami
may be authorised to compel the attendance of absent
members in such maimer and under such penalties as
may he provided by laiv.
12. Each house shall choose by ballot its own oflicei's,
determine its rules of proceeding', punish its members
for disorderly behaviour, and. with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for
the same canst.
15. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during
sitting, any pei-son not a meiuDt-r, who shall be guilty of
disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or contemptu-
ous behaviour in its presence— or who, during the time
of its sitting, shall threaten harm to the bodj or estate of
any member, for anything said or done in either house;'
or who shall assault any of them therefor ; or who shall
assault or arrest any witness or other person ordered to
aitend the house, iii his going to or returning therefrom;
or w ho shall rescue any person arrested by order of the
house.
l<l. The members of both houses shall be protected in
their persons and estates during their attendance on,
going to, and returning from the legislature, and ten
days previous to their sitting, and ten days after the ad-
joiuument of the legislature. But these privileges shall
not he extended so ;is 10 ju-otcct any member who shall
be charged w ith treason, felony, or bieacli of the peace.
15. Bills tor raising a revenue shall originate in the
house of representatives ; but may be altered, amended,
or rejected, by the senate.
All other bills may originate in either house, and may
be amended, altered, or rejected by the other.
Ifi. No bill or ordinance shall have the force of law,
until it shall have been read three times, and on three
several days, in each house, has had the great seal af-
fixed to it, and has been signed, in the senate house, by
the president of the senate and speaker of the house of
representatives.
17. No money shall be drawn out of the public treasu-
ry, but by the legislati\'e authority of the state.
IS. The members of the legislature, who shall assem-
ble under this constitution, sjiall be entitled to receive
out of the public treasury, as a compensation for their
expenses, a sum not exceeding seven shillings sterling a
day, during their attendance on, going to, and returning
from the legislature : but the same may be increased or
diminished by law, if circumstances ref|uire : but no al-
terations shall be made by any legislature, to take effect
during the existence of the legislature which shall make
such alferatifin.
COXSTiTUTIOX OF SOUTH CAROLIX-1..
01
19. Niithev house shall, dnrins; tlieir session, ■« ithout
the consent of tlie other, ail.jouin for more than three
clays, nor to any other place ilian that in which the two
houses shall he sitting.
90. No hill or ordinance, which shall have been re-
jected by either house, shall be brought in again during
tlie sitting, without leave of the house, and notice of six
days being previously given.
21. No pei-sou shall be eligible to a seat in the legisla-
ture whilst he holds any oflice of profit or trust under
tJiis state, the United States, or either of them, or under
any other power — exeeptofficers in the militia, army, or
navy of this state, justices of the peace, or justices of the
county courts, while they receive no salaries ; nor shall
any contractor of the army or navy of this state, the
United States, or either of them, or the agents of such
contractor, be eligible to a seat in either house. And if
any member shallaccept or exercise any of the said dis-
qualifying offices, he shall vacate his seat.
22. If any election distiict shall neglect to choose a
member or members, on the days of election, or if any
])erson chosen a member ot either house shall refuse to
qualify and take his seat, or should die, depart the slate,
or accept of any disqualifying office, a writ of election
shall be issued by the president of the senate, or speaker
of the house of representatives, as the case may be, for
the jnivposeof filling up the vacancythereby occasioned,
lor the remainder of the terra for which the person so
refusing to qualify, dj-ing, depaiting the state, or accept-
ing a disqualifying office, was elected to serve.
23. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by
their profession, dedicated to the service of God, and the
care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the
^giieat duty of their functions: therefore, no minister of
the gospel, or public preacher, of any religious persua-
sion, whilst he continues in the extrcise of his jiastoral
functions, shall be eligible to the officeof governor, lieu-
tenant governor, or a seat in the senate or house of re-
presentatives.
ARTICLE 2.
§ 1. The executive authority of this state shall be in-
vested in a governor, to be chosen in minner following :
as soon as may be, after the tirst meeting of the senate
and boose of representatives, and at every fir^t meeting
of the house of representatives thereafter, when a majo-
rity of both houses shall be present, the senate and house
of representatives, shall jointly, in the house of repre-
sentatives, choose by ballot a governor, to continue for
two years, and until a new election shall be made.
2. No person shall be eligible to the oifice of govern-
or, unless he hath attained the age of thirty years, and
hath resided within this state, and been a citizen triere-
of, ten years, and unless he he seized and possessed of
a settled estate within the same, in his own right, of
the value of fifteen hundred pounds sterling, clear of
debt.
No person, having served two years as governoi-, shall
be re-eligible to that ofilce, till after the expiration of
four years.
No person shall hold the office of governor, and any
other office, or commission, civil or military, except in
the militia, either in this state,or under any state, or the
United States, or any other power, at one and the same
time.
3. A lieutenant governor shall be cliosen at the same
time, in the same manner, continue in office for the same
period, and be possesst'd of the same qualifications as the
governor.
4. A member of the senate or house of representatives
being chosen, and acting as governor or lieutenant go-
^emor, shall vacate h.is seat, and another person shall be
elected in liis stead.
5. In case of the impcadimcnt of the governor, or his
remos al fVom office, death, resignation, or absence from
the stiite, the lientenantitovernorshall succeed to his of-
fice. And in case of the impeachment of the lieutenant
governor, or his removal from office, death, resignation,
or absence from the state, the president of the senate
shall succeed to his office, till a nomination to those of-
fices respectively shall be made by the senate and house
of representatives, for tlie remainder of the time for
which the officer so impeached, removed from office, dy-
ing, resigning, or being absent, was elected.
6. The governor shall be commander in chief of the
army and navy of this state, and of the militia, except
when they shall be called into the actual service of the
United States.
7. He shall have powerto grant reprieves and pardons,
after conviction, except in cases of impeachment, in
such manner, on such terms, and under restrictions, a?
he shall think proper ; and he shall have power to remit
lines and foiTeituivs, unless otherwise directed bv law.
8. He shall take care that the laws he faithfully exe-
cuted in mercy.
0. He shall havepowev to i)roiriblf the exportation of
provision, for any time not exceeding thirty days.
10. He shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
compensation, w hich shall neither be increased or dimi-
nislied during the period for which he shall have been
elected.
11. All officers in the executive department, when re-
quired by I he governor, shall give him information in
writing, iipon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices.
12. The go\ernor shall, from lime to time, give to the
general assembly information of the condition of the
state ; and recommend to their consideration such mea-
sures as he shall judge necessary or expedient.
13. He may, on e\traordinavy occasions, convene the
general assembly ; and, in case of disagreement between
the two houses, w itli respect to thetiraeof adjournment,
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not
beyond the fourtli :Moiiday in the month of November
then ensuing.
AliTIfLE.').
§ 1. The judicial jiower shall be vested in such supc-
riorand inferior courts of law and equity, as the legisla-
ture shall, from time to time, direct and establish.
The judges of each shall hold their comr.iissions dur-
ing good behaviour ; and judges of the superior courts
shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for their
ser\'ices, which shall neither be increased or diminished
during their continuanc- in office; but they shall receive
no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office
of profit or trust under this state, the United States, or
any other power.
2. Ihesryleof all processes shall be, " The state of
South Carolina.''' All prosecutions shall be carried on in
the name and by the authority of the itate of South Ca-_
rolina, and conclude,— 'S.-^'ainji the peace and dignity of
the same.'''
ARTICLE 4.
All persons who shall be chcscn or appointed to any
office of profit or trust, before entering on the execution
thereof, shall take the following oath : " I do swear (or
affirm) that I am duly qualified, according to the consti-
tution of this state, to exercise the office to which I have
been appointed, arid will, to the best of my abilities, dis-
charge the duties thereof, and preserve, protect, and
defend the constitution of this state, and ol the United
States."
ARTICLE 5.
J 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole
power of impeaching; hut no impeachment shall be
)iia<Ie, unless with the concurrence of two-thirds of the
house of representatives.
2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate:
when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be on
oath or affirmation : and no person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of t« o-thirds of the members
present.
3. The governor, lieutenant governor, and all tlie
civil officers, shall be liable to impeachment for any mis-
demeanor in office. But judgment in such cases shall
not extend further than to a removal from office, and
disqualification to hold any office of honour, trust, or
profit, under this state. The i^arty. con^icIed shall, ne-
vertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and
ptinishinent, according to law .
ARTICLE 6.
(j 1. The judges of the superior courts, commissioners
of the treasury, secretary of the state, and survevov ge-
neral, sfiall be elected' by the joint ballot of both
houses, in the house of representaiives. The commis-
sioners of the treasury, secretary of this state, and sm-vey-
or general, shall hold their offices for four years : but
shall not be eligible again for four years after the expi-
ration of the lime for which they shall have been elect-
ed.
2. All other officers shall be appointed as they hitherto
have been, until otherwise directed by law; but sherilTs
shall hold their offici.s for four years, and not be again
eligible for four years after the term for which they shall
have been elected.
3. All commissions shall be in the name and by the
authority of the state of South Carolina, and be sealed
with the'seal of the slate, and be signed by the governor.
ARTICLE 7.
All laws in force in this slate at the passing of this con-
stitution, shall so continue until altered or repeated bv
63
GONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA.
the legislabsre ; except where they are temporarj-, in
which case they sliall expire at the times respectively
liirdted for their duration, if not continued by act of the
legislature.
ARTICLE 8.
} 1. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious pro-
fession and isorship, without discrimination or prefer-
ence, shall, for ever hereafter, be allowed within this
state to all mnnkind : Provided, that the liberty of eon-
science therebj declared, shali not be so coiistrued as to
excuse acts of licentiousness, or justifj- practices incon-
sistent with the peace or safety of this state.
2. Tlie rights, privileges, immunities, and estates, of
both civil and religious societies and of coi-porate bodies,
shall remain as if ^he constitution of this state had not
been altered or amended.
AUTICLE 9.
§1. All power is originally vested in the people; and
all free governments are founded on their authority,
and are instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness.
2. Xo freeman of this state shall be taken or imprison-
ed or disseized of his freehold, libertiesj or privileges, or
outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or de-
prived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the .judg-
ment of his peers, or by the law of the land : nor shall
any bill of attainder,e:i-/;orf/firfo law,or law impairing
the obligation of contracts, ever be passed by the legis-
lature of this state.
3. The military shall be subordinate to the civil pow-
er.
4. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.
5. The legislature shall not grant any title of nobility
or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, the ap-
pointment to which shall be for any longer term than
during good behaviour.
6. 'i'lie trial by jury, as heretofore used in this state,
and the liberty of the press, shall be for ever inviolably
preseiTed.
ARTICLE 10.
§ 1. The business of the treasurj- shall be in future con-
ducted by two treasurers, one of w hom sliall hold his of-
fice and reside in Columb)a;theothershall hold his office
and reside in Charleston.
2. The secretary of state and surveyor general shall
hold their offices both in Columbia and in Charleston.
They shall reside at one place, and their deputies at the
other.
3. At the conclusion of the circuits, the judges shall
meet and sit at Columbia, forthc pui'pose of hearing and
derermining all motions which may be made for new
trials, and in arrest of judgments,and such points of law
as may be submitted to thtm. From Columbia they shall
proceed to Chnrkston, and there bear and determine all
sucii motions for new trials and in arrest of judgment,
and such points uf law, as ma> be submitted to them.
4. The governorshall always reside, during the sitting
of the legislature, at the place where their sessions may
be held, and at all other times, wherever, in his opinion,
the public good may reqtiire.
5. The legislature shall, assoon asmaybeconvenient,
pass laws for the abolition of the rights of primogeniture,
and for giving an equitable distribution of the real estates
of intestates.
ARTICLE 11.
No convention of the people shad be called, unless by
the concurrence of two-thiids of both branches of the
whole representation.
No part of this constitution shall be altered, unless a
bill to alter the same shall have been read three times in
the house of representatives, and three times in the se-
nate, and agreed to by two-thirds of both branches of the
whole representation ; neither shall any alteration take
place until the bill so agreed to, be published three
months previous to a new election for members to the
house of representatives ; and if the alteration proposed
by the legislature shall be agreed to in their first session,
by two-thirds of the whole representation in both branch-
es of the legislature, after the same shall have been read
three times, on three several days in each house, then,
and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the
constitution.
Done in com-ention, at Columbia, in the state of South
Carolina, the third day of June, in the year of our
Lord 1790, and in the fourteenth year of the Inde-
pendence of the United States of America.
By tlie unanimous order of the convention.
CHARLES PINCKNEY, President.
A BILL
To alter the fourth section of the. first article of llie consli-
t'lttian of the state of South Carolina.
Be it enacted by the honourable the senate and house
of representatives, now met and sitting in general as-
sembly, and by the authority of the same, That the
fourth section of the first article of the constitution of
this state be altered and amended, to read as follows :
Every free white man, of the age of twenty-one yeai's,
]>aupers, and non-commissioned officers, and private sol-
diers oi the army of the United States excepted, being a
citizen of this state,and having resided therein two years
previous to the day of election, and who hath a freehold
of fifty acres of land, or a town lot, of which he hath
been legally seized and possessed at least six months be-
fore such election, or not having such treehold or town
lot, hatli been a resident in the election district in which
be offers to give his vote six months before the said elec-
tion,shall have a right to vote for a member or members
to serve in either branch of the legislature, for the elec-
tion district in which he holds such property, or is so re-
sident.
CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA.
The CoTistihition of the state of Georgia, as
revised, amended, and compiled, by the con-
ventio7i of the state, at Louisville, on the 30th
day of May, 1798.
ARTICLE 1 .
§ 1. The legislative, executive, and judiciary depart-
ments of government shall be distinct, and each depart-
ment shall be confided to a separate body of magistracy;
and no person or collection of persons, being of one of
those departments, shall exercise any power properlyat-
tached to either of the others, except in the instances
herein expressly permitted.
§ 2. The legislative power shall be vested in two sepa-
rate and distinct branches, to wit : a senate and house of
-representatives, t« be styled, " The penrrnl nsstivhty."'
§ 3. The senate shall be elected annually, on the first
Monday in November, until such day of election be al-
tered by law; and shall be composed of one memberfrom
each county, to be chosen by the electors thereof.
5 4. No person shall be a senator, who shall not have
attained to the age of twenty-five yt-ars i and have lieeii
nine 5ears a citizen of the United States, and three
years an inhabitant of this state, and shall have usually
resided within the county for which he shall be retunned,
at least one year immediately preceding his election,
(except persons who way have been absent on public
business of this state or ot the United States,) and is and
shall have been possessed, in his own right, of a settled
freehold estate of the value of five hundred dollars, or of
taxable property to the amount of one thousand dollars,
within the county, for one year preceding his election ;
and whose estate shall.on a reasonable estimation, be ful-
ly competent to the discharge of his just debts, over and
above that sum.
CONSTITUTION OF C^EORGIA. C
^ S. The senate shall elect, by ballot, a president, out any thing said or d.-ine in either house, or who shall as-
of their own body. saiilt any of them therefor; or who shall atsault or arrest
5 6. The si-nate shall have thesole power to try all im- any witness in goinp: to or returning; from, or who shall
neaehments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall rescue any person arrested by order of either house,
be on oath or afiinnai ion : and no person shall be eon- j U. No senator or representative shall be liable to be
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the arrested during his attendance on the general assembly,
members present :— judgment in eases of inipeachuR'nt or for ten days previous to its sitting, or for ten days af-
shall not extend further than removal from office and ter the rising thereof, except for treason, felony, or
disiiualification to hold and enjoy any office ot honour, breach of the peace ; nor shall any member be liable to
trust, or profit, within this state : but the party convict- answer for any thing- snoken in debate in either house,
ed shall, nevertheless, be subject to indictment, trial, in any court or place elsewhere ; hut shall, nevertheless,
judgment, and punishment, according to law. be bound to answer for perjury, briberj-, or corruption.
5 7. The house of representatives shall be composed of 5 15. Each house shall keep a journal of its procecd-
members from all the counties which now are or liere- ings, and publish them immediately after tlieir adjourn-
after may be included within this slate, according to mem.; and the yeas and navs of the members on any
their respective numbers of free white persons, and in- question shall, at the desire of any two members, be en-
cluding three-fifths of all the people of colour. Theac- tered on the journals.
tual enumeration shall be made within two years, and §I6. All bills for raising revenue or appropiiaiing mo-
within every subsequent term of seven years thereafter, neys shall originate in the house of representatives ; but
and at such time and in such manner as this convention the senate shall propose or concur with amendments, as
may direct. Each county containing three thousand in other bills.
persons, agreeably to the foregoing plan of enumeva- Mr f 17- Every bill shall be read three times and on three
tion, shall be entitled to two members ; seven thousand, ^jiarate days, in each branch of the genera! assembly,
to three members ; and twelve thousand, to four mem- btfove it shall pass, unless in cases of actual invasion or
bars ; but each county shall have at least one, and not insurrection ; nor shall any law or ordinance pass, con-
more than four members ; the representatives shall be taining any matter different from what is expressed in
chosen annually, on the first Monday in November, un- the title thereof; and all acts shall be signed \>y the pre-
til such day of election be altered by law. Until the sident in the senate, and speaker in the house of repre-
aforesaid enumeration shall be made, the several coun- sentatives : No bill or ordinance which shall have been
ties shall be entitled to the following niunber of repre- rejected by either house, shall be brought in again dur-
sentatives, resi)ectively : Camden two ; Glynn two ; Li- ing the sessioit, under the same or any oiher title, with-
berty three ; M'Intosh two ; Bryan one ; Chatham four; oiit the consent of two-ttiirds of each branch.
Effingham two ; Scriven two ; Montgomery two ; Burke § 18. Each senator and representative, before he be
-three ; Bullock one ; Jefferson three ; Lincoln two ; El- permitted to take his seat, shall take an oath, or make
bert three; Jackson two; Richmond three; Wilkes four; afnnaation, that he hath not practised any unlawful
Columbia three; Warren tliree ; Washington three ; means, either directly or indirectly, to procure his elec-
Hancockfour; Greene three; Oglethorpe three; and tion; an^l every person shall bedisqualifiedfromserving
Franklin two. as a senator or representative, for the term for which he
§ 8. No person shall be a representative who shall not shall have been elected, who shall be convicted of having-
have attained to the age of twenty-one years, and have given or offered any bribe or treat, or canvassed forsuch
been seven years a citizen of tlie United States, three election; and every candidate employing like means,
yeare an inhabitant of this state, and have usually re- and not elected, shall, on conviction, be ineligible to
sided in the county in which he shall be cliosen one hold a seat in either house, or to hold any office of ho-
year immediately preceding his election, (unless he nour or profit Jbr the term of one year, and to such
shall have been absent on public business of this state or other disabilities or penalties, as may be prescribed by
of the United States,) and shall be possessed in his own law.
right of a settled freehold estate of the value of two ^ 19. Every member of the senate or house of reprc-
hundred and fifty dollars, or of taxable property to the sentatives shall, before he takes his seat, take tlic follow-
ainountof five hundred dollars within the county, for ing oath or affirmation, to wit : " I, A B. do solemnly
oi\e year preceding his election ; anil whose estate shall, swear (or afflrm, as the case may be) that I have not ob-
on a reasonable estimation, he competent to the dis- tained my election by bribery, treats, canvassing, or
chargeof his just debts, over and above that sum. other undue or unlawful means,' used by myself, or
$ 9. The house of repi-esentatives shall choose tlieir others by my desire or approbation, for that purpose ;
speaker and other officers. that I consider myself constitutionally nualified as a se-
§ 10. They shall have solely the power to impeach all nator, or representative ; and that, on all questions and
persons who have been or may be in office. measures which may come before me, I will give my
§ ll. No person holding any military commission or vote, and so conduct myself, as may, in myjtidgment,
other appointment, having any emolument or compen- appear most conducive to the interest and prosperity of
sation annexed thereto, under this state or the United this state ; and that I will bear true faith and allegiance
States, or either of them, except justices of the inferior to the same ; and to the utmost of my power and ability
court, justices of the peace, and officers of the militia, observe, conform to, support, and defend the constitu-
nor any pei-son who has had charge of public moneys tion thereof."
belonging to the state, unaccounted for, and unpaid, or § 20. No person who hatli been or may be convicted of
who has not paid all legal taxes or contributions to the felony before any court of this state, or any of the Uni-
government, required of him, shall have a seat in either ted States, shall be eligible to any office or appointment
branch of the general assembly ; nor shall any senator or of honour, profit, or trust, within this state,
representative be elected to any office or appointment ^21. Neither house, during the session of the general
by the legislature, having any emolument or compensa- assembly,shall,without the consent of the other, adjourn
tion annexed thereto,during the time for \v1iich he shall for more than three days, nor to any other place than
have been elected, with the above exceptions, unless he that at which the two brandies shall be sitting ; and in
shall decline accepting his seat, by notice to the execu- case of disagreement between ihe senate and house of
tive within twenty days after he shall have been elect- representatives, with respect to their adjournment, the
ed ; nor shall any member, after having taken his seat, governor may adjourn them.
be eligible to any of the aforesaid offices or appoint- f. 22. The genera! assembly shall have power to make
ments during the time for which he shall have been all laws and ordinances which they shall deem necessai-y
elected. and proper for the g;ood of the state, which shall not be
§12. The meeting of the general assembly shall be repugnant to 'his e institution,
annually, on the second Tuesday in Januaryj until such § 23. They siall have power to alter the boundaries of
day of meeting be altered bylaw: a ma jonty of each the present counties, and to lay off new ones, as well out
branch shall be authorised to pi-uceed to business ; but a of the counties alroady laid off, as out of the other terri-
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and com- torj belonging to tlie state : but the property of the soil,
pel the attendance of their members m such manner as in a free government, being one of the essential rights
each house may prescribe. of a free people, it is necessary, in order to avoid dis-
J 13. Each house shall be the judges of the elections, putC'S, that the limits of this state should be ascertained
returns, and qualifications of its own members; with with precision and exactness; and thisconvention,coni-
powei-s to expel or punish, by censuring, fining, and im- posed of the immediate reiiresentatives of the people,
prisoning, or eillier, for disorderly behiiviouv ; and may chosen by them to assert their rights, to revise the pow-
espel any person convicted of any felonious or iufamoas ers givenby them to ihe governriient, and from whoso
offence ; each house may punish by iuipi-is-.ir.iiu nt. dur- w ill all ruling authority of right flows, doth assert ami
ing session, any person not a member, wiio shall be declare, the boundaries of tjiis stale shall be as follows,
guiltyof disj-espect by any disorderly or tontemptuous that is to say ; the limits, boundaries, jurisdictions, and
behaviour in its presence, ok who, during session, shall authority of the state of Georgia, do, and did, and of
tlueatcn hanii tu the body w estate of any member, for right on iht to, extend from th'scaov mouth of the rivei-
lii t^UXalli LllOA OF (jfc-UJt<..lA.
bavannali, along tlie i>orlhei-ii branch /ir stream thereof, the same to the clerks of the superior courts of tlie sev;-
to the fork or eoiilluenee of the rivers HOW called Tuga- ral counties, certified under their hands, on or before
!o aitd Keowee, and from thence alonfc the most north- the first day of December next; the ]>ersons so ajipoinl-
erii branch or stream of the said riNer Tuj^alo, till it in- ed, being first severally sworn before the said justices,
lersect the northern boundaiy line of South Carolina, if or either of them, duly and faithfully to perform the
the said branch or stream of Tugalo extends so far north, trust reposed in them; and it shall be the d\ity of the said
reserving; all the islands in the said river Savaiuiah and clerks to transmit all such returns, under seal, directetl
Tugfalo to Georgia ; but, if the head sprin;^ or source of to the speaker of the house of representatives, at the first
any bi'ancli orslream of the said river Tngalo does not session of the legislature thereafter. And it shall bathe
extend to the north boundaiy line of South Carolina, duty of the general assembly, at their said fiist session,
then a west line to the Mississippi, to be drawn from the to apportion the members of the house of repi-esenta-
head spring or source of the said b'.anch or stream of tives among the several counties, aojreeably to tlie plan
Tugalo river, which extends to the highest northern la- prescribed by this constitution, and to provide an ade-
titudc ; thence down the middle of the said river Missis- quate eom])ensaticn for the taking of the said census,
sippi, until it shall intersect the northernmost i>artof Eve;-ypei-son whose usual place of abode shall be in any
the thiity-first degree of north laiitnde; south, by a line family on the first Monday in July next, shall be return-
drawn due east, from the termination of the litie last ed as of such family, and every person occasionally ab-
mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degretsnorth of sent at the time of taking tlieeimmeration, as belonging
the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicols, or to that place in which he usually resides. The general
Chatahoochee ; thence, along the middle thereof, to its assemblyshall, bylaw, direct t'le nwnneroftakingsnch
junction with Flint river ; thence, straight to the head census or ennmeration, within every subsequent term of
"of St. Mary's rivei ; and thence, along the middle of SMfceven years, in conformity to this constitution. And it
Mary's river, to the Atlantic Ocean, and from thence t^ns declared to be the duty of all officers, civil and milita-
the mouth or inlet of Savannah river, the place of be- ry, throughout this state, to be aiding and assisting in
ginning: including and comprehending all the lands the true and faithful execution thereof. In case the jus-
and waters within tlie said limits, boundaries, and juris- tices of the inferior courts should fail to make such ap-
dictional rights ; and also all the islands wiihin twenty i)oiiitments, or if there should not be a sufBcient num-
leagues of the sea coast. And this convention doth fur- ber of such justices in any cotiuty, then the justices of
ther declare and assert, that all the territory witliout the tlie peace, or any three of ihem, shall have and exercise
present temporary line, and within the limits aforesaid, like powers and authority respecting the said census ;
is now, of right, the property of the free citizens of this and if the census or ennmeration of any county shall not
state, and held by them in soveK-ignty, inalienable but be so taken and returned, then, and in that case, the gc-
by their consent. Provided, nevertheless. That nothing neral assembly shall .tpportion the representation of
herein contained shall be construed so as to prevent a such county according to the best evidence in their
sale to, or contract « ith, the United States, by the legis- power, relative to its population,
lature of this statn, ofand for all oraiiy partof the west- Ai Tirrr "
eru territwy of this state, lying westward of the river ii . -.
ChatahoocIiec,onsuc!i terms as may be beneficial to both § 1. The executive power shall be vested in a goveni-
partits ; and may procure an extension of settlement, or, who shall hold his office during the term of two
and extinguishment of Indian claims, in and to the va- years, and until such time as a successor shall be chosen
cant territory of this state to the east and north of the and qualified. He shall have a competent salary, esla-
said river Chatahoochee, to which the territory, such blished by law, which shall not be increased or dimi-
powerof contract or sale, by the legislature, shall not nished during the period for which he shall have been
extend : And provided also. The legislature may give its elected ; neither shall he receive, within that period,any
consent to the establishment of one or more govern- other emolument from the United States, or either of
ments westward thereof; but monopolies of land by in- them, or from any foreign power.
Uividuals being contiary to the spirit of our free govern- § 2. The governor shall be elected by the general as-
ment, no sale of territory of this state, or any part there- sembly, at their second annual session after the rising of
of, shall take p'ace to individuals or private companies, this convention, and at every second annual session
unless a count}' or counties shal 1 have been first laid off, thereafter, on the second day aftt r the two houses shall
including such territory, and the Indian rights shall be organized .and competent to proceed to business,
have been extinguished thereto. § 3. No person sliall be eligible to the office of go-
521. The foregoing section of this article having de- venior, who shall i;ot have been a citizen of the United
clared the cominonrights of ihe free citizens of thisstate States twelve years, and an inhabitant of this state six,
in and to all the teriitoiy without the present tempora- years, and who hath not attained to the age of thirty
17 boundary line, and within the limits of this state years, and who does not possess five hundred acres of
thereby defined, by which the contemplated purchases land, in his own right, within this state, and other pro-
of certain comjianies of a considerable portion thereof ptrty to the amount of four thousand dollars,aiHl whose
are become constitutionally void; and justice and good estate shall no!, on a reasonable estimation, be compe-
f hith re<(nire, that the state should not detain a cunside- tent to the discharge of his debts, over and above that
ration for a contract which has failed ; the legis!ature,at sum.
their next session, shall make provision by law for re- (1 4. In case of the death, resignation, or disability of
turning to any person or persons who has or have bona the governor, the jnesident of the senate shall exercise
fiile dejjosited nionc) s for such purposes in the treasuiy the executive powers of government until such disabili-
of this state: Provided, That the same shall :i0t have ty be removed, or until the next meeting of the general
been drawn therefrom in terms of the act passed the assembly.
thirteenth dayof February, one thousand seven hu:i- §5. 1 he governor shall, before he enters on the duties
dred antl ninety-six, commonly called the rescinding of his office, take the following oath or affirmation: "I
act, or the appropriation law sof the years one thousand do solemnly swear (or alTirm. as the case may be) that I
seven hundred and ninety-six, and one thousand seven w ill faitlifully execute the office of governor of the state
hundred and niiielj -seven: nor shall the moneys jiaid of Georgia; and will, to thebestof my abilities, preserve,
for such purchases ever be deemed a part of the funds of protect, and defend the said state, and cause justice to
this state, or be liable to appropriation as such ; but until be executed in mercy therein, according to the coustitu-
sueh moneys be drawn from the treasury, they shall be tion and la\vs tliireot"."
consitlered altog'ther at the risk of the pei-sons who have f 6. He shall be commander in chief of the array and
deposited the s:tme. No money shall be drawn out of the navy of this state, and of the militia thereof,
trtasuryor from the jiublic fuiidsof this state, except by ^7. He shall l:ave power to grant reprieves for of-
appiopriation made bylaw: and a reg^ilar statement fencesag;iinst the slate, except iiicasesof impeachment,
and account of the receipts and expenditures of all pub- and to grant pardons or to remit any part of a sentence,
lie moneys shall be published from time to time. No in all c:ises :if>er conviction, except liu- treason or mur-
vote, resolution, law, or ordir, shall pass the general as- der, in which cases he may respite tlie execution, and
sembly, granting a donatioit or gratuity in favourof any make report tliereof to the next geneial assembly, by
pei-son whatever, but by the concurrence of two-thirds whom a pardon may be granted,
of the general asseiubly. } 8. He shall issue writs of election to fill up all va-
5 25. It shall be the lUity of the justices of the inferior caneiis that hapi>en in the senate or house of represent-
courtjOrany three of them, in each county respectively, atives ; and shall have power to convene the general as-
within sixty days after the adjournment of" this conveii- sembly on exti-acrtlinary occasions ; and shall give them,
lion, to appoint one or more lit persons in each county, from time to time, inlbrmatiou of the state of the rejiub-
liot exceeding one tor each battalion district, whose duty lie. and recommend to their consideration such measures
it shall be to take a full and ac.urate census or enume- as he m:iy deem iKcessary and expedient,
ratiunof all free white persons and peopleof colourre- J 9. When any office shall become vacant by death,
siding I herein, distinguishing, in separate columns, the resignation, or otherwise^^e governor shall have tlf
free -.vliiteptrspns frojn pprsyns of colour, and return power to fill stich vacanc^p-aiul pprsons so appninttl
L OXSTiTUfiON OF <.,KOiiC.(A.
tij
sliall continue ill office until a successor is appointed, county for h bich llfy sliall be a])i>uintcd, unless remo-
Bgreeably to the mode pointed out by tliis constitution ^ed by souteuce on impeachment, oi- by the governor,
or by the legislature. ' on the aJilress of two-tiiirds of each braiicb of the geiie-
^ io. He shall have the revision (if all bills passed by ral assembly. They may be compensated for their ser-
both housiss, before the same shall become laws; but vicesinsiich maiiiierasthelegislatnremay by law direct,
two-thirds of Iwth houses may pass a law notwitJistand- ^i 5. The Justices of the peace shall be nominated by
ing his dissent ; and if any bill should not be v<;turned the inferior courts of the several counties, a)id connnis-
by the governor « itliin tive days after it hath been pre- siomd by the governor, and there shall be two justices
sented to him, the same ^hall be a la«', unless the gene- of the |)eace in each captain's diatiict, either or both ot
i«l assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent its re- whom sliall have power to try all cases of a civil nature
turn. ' " within their district, where the debt or litigated demand
J U. Every vote, resolution, or order, to which the does not exceed thirty dollars, in such manner as the le-
ooncurrence of both Iiouses may be necessaiy, except gislature may by law direct. They shall hold their ap-
on a question of adjournment, shall lie presented to the pointments during good behaviour, or until they shall
.ETOvenior ; and, before it shall take e.Tect, be approved be removed by conviction, oii indietmcutiu the superior
by him : oi-, being disapproved, maybe repassed by two- court, for maiepractice in oftUe, orfor any feloniou-i cr
thirds of both Iiouses, according]to" the rules and limit- infamoiis crime, or by the governor, on the address of
ations prescribed in case of a bill. tw o-ihirils of each branch ot the legislature.
§ 12. There shall be a secretai-y of the state, a treasu- ^ 6. '1 he powers of a court of ordinal"}' or register «C
rer, and a surveyor general, ai)p<iinted in the s;une niau- probates, shall be invested in the inferior courts of each
ner and at ihesame session of the legi'^lature, and they counly, from whose deciiiou there may be an appeal t6
shall hold their offices for the liko period as the govern- the superior court, under such vestriciions and regula-
or, and shall have a competent salary, including such lions as ihe general as.cmbly may by law direct ; but
emoluments as maybe established bylaw, which shall the inferior court shall have power to vcit the care of
not be increased or diminished during the period for the records, a:ul other proceedings therein, in the clerk,
which they shall have been elected. or such other p^i-son as they may appoint, and any one
§ 13. The greatseal of the state shall be deposited in or more j'l-U.'is of the said court, with such clerk or
theofliceofthesecretaiyof state, and shall not be affix- other persnii, may issue citations and ^rant temporary
ed to any instrument of writing, bi;t by order of the go- letters, in <ime of vacation, to hold until the next meet-
vernor or general assembly: and the general assembly ing of ihe said court; and such clerk or other persott
shall, at their first session after the rising of this conven- may grsnt marriage licenses.
tion, cause the great seal to be altered by law. § 7. Ihe judges of tlie superior courts, or any one of
$ 14. The governor shall have power to appoint liis them, shall have power to issue writs of tnanriamus, pi-o-
cwn secretai'ies. liibiticn, wire facias, and all other writs which may be
, __, ^ ,. ^ n^eess-irv for oiiri-ying their powers fully into eifect.
AiiriCLt o. ^g \ViUiiii five yearsaftcr the adoption of this consti-
v 1. The judicial powers of this state shall he vested in tution,tl>e body of our laws, civil and criminal, shall be
a superior court, and in such infciior jurisdictions as i!ie revised, digested, and arranged under jiroper heads, and
legislature shall, from time to time, oi-dain and establish, promulgated in such manner as the legislature may di-
The judges of the superior courts shall be elected for red; and no jierson shall be debarred from advocating
the term of three years, reniovable by the governor, on or defending his cause, before any court or tribunal^
the address of two-thirds of both houses forthat purpose, either by biMi«elf or counsel, or both.
or by impeachment and conviction thereon. The su- §9. Divorces shall not be granted by the legislature,
jierior court shall have exclusive and final jurisdiction until the parties shall have had a fair tnal before the su-
m all criminal cases whieli shall be tried in the toiinty perior court, and a verdict shall have been obtained, au-
wherein the ci'ime was committed, and in all cases re- ihorising a divorce upon legal principles. And in sucU
■specting titles to land, which shall be tried in the county cases, two-thiids of each branch of the legislature may
where the land lies; and shall have power to correct er- pa«s acts of divorce accordingly.
vors in inferiorjudicatories by \vritsof<-er/i(()(7)7',as well § 10. The clerks of the superior and inferior totirts
as errors in the superior courts, and to order new trials shall be appointed in such manner as the legislature
on proper and legal grounds : Provided, That such new may by law direct, shall be comniisioned by the govera-
trials shall be di tennined, and such erriu's corrected, in or, and shall continue in office during good beiiaviour.
the superior court of the county in which such action § 11. Sheriffs shall be appointed in sucii manner as
originated. And the said court shall also lune appella- the general assembly may by law direct, and shall hold
tive jurisdiction in such other cas's as the legislature their ajjpointmeiits for the term of two years, unless
may by lav/ direct, which shall in no case tend lo remove sooner rem.oved by sentence on impeachment, or by the
the cause from the county in w '-.ich the action origina- governor, on the addi'ess of two-thirds of thejtistices of
ted ; and ih.e judges then-of, in all cases of ap]>lication the inferior court and of the peace in the county ; but
for new trials, or correction of errors, shall enter their no pei-son shall be twice elected sheriff within any terra
opinions on the minutes of the court. The inferior of four years ; and no county officer after the next elec-
eourts shall have cognizance of all other civil cases, tion shall he chosen at the time of electing a senator oc
-which shall be tried in the county wherein the defend-
ant resides, except in cases of joint obligors, residing in
diifcrent counties, which maybe commenced in eilher
county: and aco])yof the petition and jn'ocess, served on
Ihe party or parties residing out of the cov.nty in which
epresertauve.
ARTICIE 4.
V 1. The c!ecto!"s of memljers of ihe general assembly
shall be citizen:) and inhabitants of this state, and shall
the suit maybe commenced, shall be deemed sufficient have attained the age of twenty-one years, and have
service, iiiiiler si;ch rules and regulations :is tiie legisla- paid all tiixes which may have been required of thein,
tiire may direct; but the legislature may, by law, to and which tli^y ">'*>' ''^^'e had an opportiiiiity of paying,
which iv.'o-iliirds of e:tch branch shall concur, give con- agreeably to law, > r the year preceding the election,
current jtirisdietiim to the superior courts. Thesupe- and shallhave resided six months within the county:
rior and inPerior courts siiail sit in each county twice in 'Piovided, that, in ease of invasion, and the inhabitants
every year, at sucii staled times as the legislature shall shall be (h-iven from any cotiuty, so as to prevent au
appoiilt. ' election tiiertin, such refuge-.Mnhabitants, beingamai-
V 2. The judges sliall have.salaries adetjiiate to their jority of llie vbtei-s of such county, may meet under tlife
services, established hv law, which shall not be increased direction of any three justices cf the peace thereof, in
or diminished during their continuance in office ; but theueanst county, not in a state of alarm, and proceed
shall not receive any other pertjiiisites or emoluments loan election, withoot having paid such tax sorequired
whatever, frimi paities or others, on account of ai;y duly of electors, and the persons elected thereat shall be eu-
re((uired of Iherti, titled to rhcir seats.
t 3. There shall be a state's attorney and,solicitors ap- J 2. AU elections by the general assembly shall be by
pointed by the legislature, and commissioned bv the go- joint ballot of both branches of the legislature ; and when
venior, who shall hold their offices for the term' of three the senate and house of rem-esentatives unite for the
rears, unless removed by sen'ence nn impeachment, or pui-jiose ol'electiiig, they shall meet in the representative
by the governor, on the addiess of tw(!-tlurd3 of each chambei-, and the jiresident of the senate shalUn such
1). anch of the general assembly. They shall have saia- case preside, receive the ballots, and declare tlie person
ries adequate to their services established by law, which or persons elected. In all elections by the people, the
shall not be increased or diminished during their conti- electois shall vote viva voce, until the legiilature shall
nuance in office. otherwise direct. '
§ 4. Justices of the inferior courts shall be appointed § '• 'i'he general officers of the militia shall he elected
by the general assembly, and be cominissioncd by the by the general assembly, and shall be commissioned by
governor, and shall liold their commissions during good tlie governor. All other offic^-rs of the militia shall be
ktiliaviour, or as long as they respectively reside in tlie elected in such mauner as the h;gistature njiy dijtett
66'
CONSTITUTIOX OP GEOliGl.v.
and shall lie commissioned by the governor ; and all mi-
Htia officers now in commission, and those which may
be hereafter commissioned, shall hold their commissions
during their usual residence within the division, hii-
gade, regiment, battalion, or comiiany, to which they
belong, unless removed by sentence ofa court martial,
or by the governor, on the address of two-thirds of each
branch of the general a^sembl)'.
J 4. All persons appointed by the legislature to till
■vacancies shall continue in office only so long as to com-
plete the time for which their predecessors were ap-
pointed.
{ 5. Freedom of the press, and trial by jury, as here-
tofore used in this state, shall remain inviolate, and no
ex post facto law shall be passed.
f 6. No person who heretofore hath been, or hereafter
may be, a collector, or holder of public moneys, shall be
eligible to any office in this state, until such person shall
have accounted for and paid into the treasury all stuns
for which he may be accountable or liable.
§ 7. The person ofa debtor, where there is not a
strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in
prison after delivering up, bona Jlik, all his estate, real
and personal, for the use of liis creditors, in such man-
ner as shall hereafter be regiilateu by law,
§ 8. Convictions on impeachments which have hereto-
fore taken place, are hereby released, and persons Ijing
■under such convictions restored to citizenship.
\ 9. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in case of rebellion or invasion the public
safety may require it.
§ 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pre-
tencej be deprived of the inestimable privilege of >vor-
shippmg God in a raamier agreeable to his own con-
science, norbe compelled to atleiidany place of worship
contrary to his own faith anrt Judgment; nor shall he
ever be obliged to pay tythes, taxes, or any other rate,for
the building or repairing any place of woi-ship, or for
the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to
■what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged
to do. No one religious society shall ever be established
in this state, in preference to any other ; nor shall any
person be denied theenjoyment of any civil right, mere-
ly on account of his religious principles.
§ 11. I'here shall be no future importations of slaves
into this state, from Africa or any foreign place, after
the first day of October next. The legislature shall have
no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves,
without the consent of each of their respective owners,
previous to sueli emancipation. They shall have no
power to prevent emigrants from either of the United
States to this state, from bringing with tliem such per-
sons as may be deemed slaves by the laws of any one of
the United States.
§ 12. Any person wlio shall maliciously dismember or
deprive a slave of his life, shall suffer such punishment
as would be inflicted in case the like offence had been
committed on a free white pei-son, and on the like proof,
except in case of insurrection by such slave, and unless
such death should happen by accident, in gi.ing such
slave moderate correction,
§ 13. 'I'he arts and sciences shall be promoted, in one
or more seminaries of learning ; and the legislature shall,
as soon as conveniently may be, give such further tlona-
tions and privileges to those already established, as may
be necessary to secure the objects of their institution ;
and it shall be the duty of the general assemblv, at their
next session, to provide effectual measures for the im-
provement and permanent security of the funds and en-
dowments of such institutions.
§ 14. All civil officers shall conti.iue in the exercise of
the duties of their several offices, during the periods for
which they were appointed, or until they shall be super-
seded by appointments made in conformity to this con-
stitution : And all laws now in force shall continue tn
o_perate, so far as they are compatible with this constitu-
tion, until repealed ; and it shall be the duty of the gene-
ral assembly to pass all necessary laws and regulation*
for carrying this constitution into full effect.
5 IS. No part of this constitution shall be altered, un-
less a bill for that purposv, specifying the alterations in-
tended to be ii>ade, shall have been read three times in
the house of representatives, and three times in the
senate, on three se^■eral days in each house, and agreed
to by two-thirds of each house respectively; and when
any such bill shall be passed in manner aforesaid, the
same shall be pubiislied at least six months previous to
the next ensuing annual election for membei-s of the ge-
neral assembly ; and if such alterations, or any of iliem,
so proposed, shall be agreed to, i.i their first session
thereafter, by two-tliird» of each branch of the general
assembly,after the same shall have been read three times,
on three separate days, in each respective house, then,
and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of this
constitution.
■yVe, the underwritten delegates of the people of the
state of Georgia, chosen and authorised by them to
revise, alter, or amend the powers or principles of
their goveinraent, do declare, ordain, and ratify the
several srticlcs and sections contained in the six
pages hereunto prefixed, as the constitution of this
state ; and the same shall be in operation from the
dale hereof.
In testimony whereof, -vve, and each of us, respective-
ly, have hereunto set our hands, at Louisville, the
seat of government, this thirteenth day of May, in
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and ninety-eight, and in the twenty-second year of
the Independence of the United •'Stales of America ;
and have caused the great seal of the state to be af-
fixed thereto.
Article 4th, section 11th, a.id first line, the following^
words being interlined, to wit—" after the first day of
October next."
JARED IRWIN, President.
Joseph Clay, jun. Thomas Gi bert,
J. B. Maxwell", John Burnett,
John Pray, John Coiiper,
Beiijamiin Davis, Thomas Spalding,
John Morrison, James H. Rutherford,
Johti Milton, James Oliver,
Ja:rie9 Bird, John Watts,
Andrew E. Wells, George Franklin;
Chillies M'Call,juD. ,Tohn Lawson,
G W. Foster, ' George Wilson,
Jonas Fauche, James Pitmann,
James Nisbet, .Toseph Humpheris,
Chas. .\bircrombee, James Cochran,
Thomas Lamar, James Powell,
Malt. Rabun, Jaracs Dunwodv,
Peter J. Cariies, Henry Ware,
Wilbam Fleming, Gibson 'VVoodridge,
R. D. Gray, .Tared Gore,
James Seagrove, John H. M'liitosh,
Thomas Stafford, ,Tames Gignilliat,
James Jackson, Beiij.tmiii Harrison,
James Jones, John Watts,
George Jones, .lohn Jones,
James Simms, John Lumpkin,
W;«, Drane. I'homas Duke,
James M'Ntil, Burwell Pope,
John King, Robert Watkins,
John London, Abraham Jones,
Thomas Polhil!, Lewis Lanier,
AVilliam Barnctt, Arthur Fort,
R- Hunt, W. Sith, jun.
Benjamin Mosely, Matthew Talbot,
A. Franklin, Jesse Mercer,
Robert Walters, Benjamin Taliaferror
Attest,
James M. Simmons, Secretanj.
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.
ADOPTED BY IHE CONVENTION HOLDEN AT WINDSOR, July 4th, 179o
CHAP. 1.
. 1 Declaration of Rights of the Inhabitants of
the state of Vermont.
ARTICLE 1.
THAT ail men are borti equally free and indepen-
dent, and have cei-tain natural, inherent, and unalit-na-
ble rights, aniongst « hich are the enjoying and defend-
ing life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protect-
ing proptrty, and pursuing and obtaining happiness
and safety: therefore, no male person, born in this
country, Of brought from over sea, ought to be holden
by law to serve any person as a servant, slave, or ap-
prentice, after he arrives to the age ot twenty-one years,
nov female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age
of eighteen years, unless they are hound by their own
consent after they arrive to such age, or bound by law
for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the
like.
That private properly ought to be subservient to
public uses, when necessity requires it ; neveitheless.
When any person's propt rty is taken for the use of the
public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in
money.
AIITILLE 3.
That all men have a natural and unalienable right to
worship Almighty God accordintr to the dictates oflheir
own consciences and understandings, as in their opinion
shall be regulateil by the word of God : and that no
man ought to, or of right can. be compelled to attend
any religious worship, or erect or support any jtlace of
worship, cr maintain any minister, contrary to the dic-
tates of his conscience ; nor can any man be justly de-
prived or abridged nf any eivil right ns a citizen, on ac-
count of his religious sentiments or peculiar n.ode of re-
ligious worship; and that no authority can or ought lobe
vested in, or assumed by, any power whatever, that hall
in any- case interfere with, or in any manner control,
the rights of conscience in the free exercise of religious
worship. Nevertheless, every sect or <l( nomination of
Christians ought to observe the Sabbath, or Lord's day,
and keep up some sort of religious worship, which to
them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of
God.
ARTICLE 4.
Every person within this state ought to find a certain
remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries
or wrongs which he may receive in his person, proper-
ty, or character: he ought to obtain right and justice
freely, and without being obliged to purchase it ; com-
pletely, and without any denial ; promptly, and without
delay ; conformably to the law.
ARTICLE 5.
That the people of this state, by their legal repre-
sentatives, have the sole, inherent, anil exclusive right
of govevifing and regulating the internal police o£ the
same.
ARTICLE 6.
That all power being originally inherent iu,and con-
sequently derived from, the jieople, therefore, all offi-
cers of government, whether legislative or executive,
are their trustees and servants, and at all limes, in a
legal way, accountable to them.
ARTICLE 7.
That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the
common benelit, protection, and security of the people,
nation, or conunanity, and not for the particular emo-
lument or advantage of any single man, fan.il}', or set
of men, who are a part oidy of that community ; and
that the community hath an indubitable, uiialienable,
and indefeasible rig-lit to refcrin or alter government,
in stich manner as shall be. b^ that community, judged
most conducive to the public weal.
ARTICLE 8.
That all elections ought to be free and without cor-
ruption, and that all freemen, having a sufRcient evi-
dence, common interest with, and attachnunt to the
community, have a right to elect ofiicersjand be elect-
ed into office, agreeably to the regulations made in this
constitution.
ARTICLE 9.
That every member of society hath a right to he pi"o»
tected in the enjoyment ot life, liberty, and property,
and therefore is bound to contribute his proportion to-
wards the expense of that protection, and ) 'x Id his pei--
sonal service, wh n necessary, or an equivalent thereto;
but no part of an) person's props rty can be justly taken
from him, or appli- d to pulilic uses without his consent,
or that of tl'.e represtntative body of freemen ; nor can
any man, who is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing
arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such
equivalent ; nor are the people bound by ai.y law, but
such as they have in like manner assented to, for their
common good ; and pi-evious to any law being made to
raise a tax, the purpose for which it is to be raised ought
to appear evident to the legislature to be of more ser-
vice to the community, than the money would be if not
collected.
ARTICLE 10.
rhat,in all prosecutions forcriminal ofrences,a person
hath arighi to be heard by himself and his counsel ; to
deniand the cause and nature of his accusation; to be
confronted with the witnesses ; to call for evidence in
his favour, and a speedy public trial, by an impartial
jury of his country; witliout the unanimous consent of
which jury, he cannot be found guilty ; nor can he he
compelled to give evidence against biniscif; nor can
any person be justly deprived of his Uberiy, except by
the laws of the land, or the jiidgmeiil of his peers,
ARTICLE 11.
That the people have a right to hold tbemsel>-es,
thf ir houses, papers, and possessions, tree from seaivh
or seizure ; and, therefore, warrar^ts. without oath or
affirmation first made, aflbidii'g suffieieiit foundation
for them, and whereby any officer ov messenger may be
commanded or required to search susp" etej places, . ■
to seize any person or peisons. his, iier, oi their propei ■
ty, not particularly described,are contrary 'to that rigiir,
and ought not to be .granted.
ARTICLE 12.
That v. hen any issue in fact, proper for the cogii;.
zance of jury, is joined in a court of law, the parties
have a right to trial by Jury, which ought to be held
sacred.
ARTICLE 13.
That the people have a right to freedom of speech,
and of writing and publibhing their sentiments, con-
cerning the transactions of government, and thcreibie
the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained.
ARTICLE 14.
The fieo<lom of delilicration, speech, and dehatf, in
the legislature, is so essential to the rights of thepeoj-ie,
that it cannot he the foundation of any accusation v:
prosecution, action, cv conijil.iint. in any other auxix'. • ■
place \vhat.so.evcr.
u
(OXSTlTUnoN OF A'£K:\I0\-T.
AUTicti: 15.
Tlie power of suspending laws, or the execiuion of
laws, ouijht never to be exeicis»;d but by the legislaiiu-e,
or by authority derived frciii it, to be exfrcisfd in such
particular cases as this coastitution, or the legislature,
shall provide for.
AKTICIE 16.
That the people have a right to bear arms for the ik--
fence of themselves and the state ; and, as staiidiiig ar-
mies in time of peace are dangerous to libtrty. they
ought not to be kept up ; and the military should be
kept under strict subordination to, and govenitd by,
tiie civil power.
ARTICXE 17.
Tliat no person in this state can, in any east, be sub-
jected to law martia!, or to any penaltic-i or pains by
virtue of that law. except those enipl'>>cd in the army,
and the militia in actual service.
ARTICLE 18.
The frequent recurrence to fundanicntal princip'.es,
and firm adherence to juslicf, modt-ration, tempciaiicf,
industi-y, and frugnlit}', arc absolutely necessary to pre-
serve the blessings of liberty, and keep government
free ; the people ought, thtrelove, to pay particular at-
tention to these points, in the choice of officers and re-
presentatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact
a due and constant regard to them, from thtir legislators
and magistrates, in niakingand executing such luw^as
are necessary for the good government of the stnte.
AUTlCir. 19.
That all people hare a natural sad inherert ri^lit to
emigrate from one state to another that will receive
them.
AXTlrLH 20.
I'hat the people have a right to assemble together to
consult lov their common gtod : to inttiiict tlieir repre-
sentatives : auJ apply to the legislature for redress of
grievances, by addrcs':, petition, or remonstituice.
Afit-ICLE 21.
That no person shall be liable to be transported out
ef this state, for trial for anyoftence comn;itt.';d within
the same.
CHAP. 2.
Plan or Form of Governmsnt.
§ T. The commonwealth or state of Vermont shall be
governed hereafter by a governor or lieutenant govern-
or, council, and an assembly of the representatives of
the freemen of the same, in manner and form following:
J 2. The supreme legislative power shall be vesttd
in a house of representatives, of the freemen of the
commonwealth or state of Vermoiit.
5 3. The supreme executive power shall be vested in
a governor, or, in his absence, a lieutenant governor,
and council.
I 4. Courts of justice shall be maintained in every
county in this state, and also in new counties, when
formed ; which courts shall be open lor the trial ot all
causes proper ("or their cognizance ; and justice shall be
therein impartially administered, without eoiTuption or
unnecessary delay. The .judges of the supreme court
shall be justices of the peace throughout the state; and
the several judges of the county courts, in their respec-
tive counties, by virtue of their offices, except in the
trial of such causes as may be appealed to the county
court.
J 5. A future legislature may, when they shall con-
ceive the same to be expedient and necessary, erect a
court of chancerj-, with such powers as are usually exer-
cised by that court, or as shall appear for the interest of
the commonxveallh : Provided, they do not constitute
themselves the judges of the said court.
$ 6. The legislative, executive, and judiciary depart-
ments, shall be separate and distinct, so that neither
exercise the powers properly belonging to the other.
5 7. In order that the freemen of this state might en-
joy the benefit of election, as equally as may be, each
town within this state, that consists or may consist of
eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary, or se-
ven years next after the establishing this constitution,
may hold elections therein, and choose each Os'o repre-
sentatives; and each other inhabited town m tuis slai'.
may, in like manner, choose each one reipresentative tn
represent them in general assembly, during the saitl
septenary, or seven jtars ; and after tliat, each inhabited
town may, in like manner, hoid sucih election, and
choose ea'cli one representative, for ever thereafter.
§ 8. The house of representatives of the freemen of
this state shall consist ot persons most noted for wisdom
and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of
every town in this state, respectively, on the first Tues-
d;iy in S ptemher, annually, for ever.
\ 9. 1 he represmtatives so chosen, a majority of
whom shall constitute a quorum for transacting any
other business than raising a state tax, for which iwo-
thiids of the members elected r.hall be present, siial!
meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding Octo-
Xkw and shall be styled, TItc General Assembly of the state
ofrermant .- they shall have pov.er to choose their speak-
er, secretary of state, th^iir'cleik, atid other necessary
officers of the house— sit on tlieir own adjournments—
prepare bills, and enact them into lav,'s, judge of the
elections and qualilications of their own memberi.: iliey
may e.\pel members, but not for causes known to their
own constituents antecedent to their own elections :
they msy administer oaths and aflirmalions in matters
depending before them, redress grievances, impeach
state criminals, grant charters of incorporation, consti-
tute towns, boroughs, cities, and counties : thej- may,
annually, on their first .session afttr their election, in
coiijunciion with the council, or oftener if need be, elect
judges ot the supreme nnd several county and probate
courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace ; and also with
till- council may elect major generals, and brigadier
generals, from time lo time, as often as there shall be
occasion ; and they shall hove all other powers necessa-
ry for the legislature of a free and sovereign state ; but
they shall have no power to add lo, alter, abolish, or in-
fringe any part of this constitution.
f 10. The supiirine executive council of this state shall
consist of a governor, lieutenant governor, and twelve
persons, chosen in the following manner, viz. The free-
men of each town shall, oil the day of the election, for
choosing representatiies to attend the general assem-
bly, bring in their votes for governor, with his name
fairly written, to the constable, who shall seal them up,
and Y^rite on them, voles for the governor, and deliver
them to the l■ep^■esentati^■es chosen toattend the general
assembly; and at the opening of the general assembly
there shall be a committee appointed out of the council
and assembly, who. after being duly sworn to the faith-
ful discharge of thtir (rust, shall proceed to receive, sort,
and count the votes for the governor, and declare the
person who has the major part of the votes to be go-
vernor for the year ensuing. And if there be no choice
made, then the council and general assembly, by their
joint ballot, shall make choice of a governor. The lien-
tenant governor and treasurer shall be chosen in the
manner above directed. And each freeman shall give
in twelve votes, fiir twelve counsellors, in the same man-
ner, and the twelve highest in nomination shall serve
for tlie ensuinp year as counsellors.
§11. 'I'he governor, and,in his absence, the lieutenant
governor, witii the council, a major part of whom, in-
cluding the gov.;rnor, or lit utenant governor, shall be a
quorum to transact businiss, shall have power to com-
mission all ot^icf IS, and also to appoint officers, except
where provision is, or, shall be otherwise made by law,
or this frame of government ; and shall supply every
vacancy in any otace, occasioned by death or other-
wise, until the office can be filled in the manner direct-
ed bylaw or this constitution.
They are to correspond with other states, transact
business with officers of government, civil and military,
and to prepare such business as may appear to them
necessary to lay tiefore the generalassembly. They shall
sit as judges to hear and determine on impeachments,
taking to their assistance, for advice only, »he judges
of the supreme court. And shall have power to grant
pardons, and remit lines, in all cases whatsover, except
in treason and murder : in which they shall have power
to grant reprieves, but not lo pardon, until after the end
of the next session ot assembly ; and except in cases of
impeachment, in which there shall bv uo remission or
mitigation of punishment, but by act of legislation.
They are also to take care that the laws he faithfully
executetK They are to expedite the execution of such
measures as may be resolved upon by the general as-
sembly. And they may draw uixui^he treasury for such
sums as may be appropnatcil by thehausc of represent-
(;ONSTITUTION Or VEliMONl
atives. They may aho lay embargoes, ov proliiliit the
exportation of any commodity, fov any time not exceed-
ing thirty days, in the recess of tht- hon«' onlj-. They
may triaiit such licenses as shall 'ou directed bylaw! «n<l
shall havepowtrr to call togtthtT the general assembly,
when necessary, belbre the day to which they shall
stand adjourned. The governor shall be captain gene-
ral and comTiander in chief of the forces of the state,
but shall not command in person, except advised there-
to by the conned, and then only so long as they shall
approve thereof. And the lieutenant governor shall,
liy virtue ot his office, be lieuts-ant general of all the
Jbrces of the state. The governor, or lieutenant govern-
or, and the council, shall meet at the time and place
■with the general assembly ; the lieutenant governor
■shall, during the pi-esence'of the commander in chief,
vote and act as one of the council .■ and the governor,
and, iir his absence, the lieuienani governor, shall, by
virtue of tiK'ir offices, presi<Ie in council, and have a
casting, ()ut no other vote. Every member oi' the coun-
cil shall be a justice of the peitee, for the whole state,
by virtue of his office. The governor and council shall
have a secretary, and keep fair books of their proceed-
ings, wherein any counsellor may enter his dissent,
>vith his reasons to support it ; aiid the governor may
appoint a secretary for liimself and his council.
5 12. The representatives, h:;ving met and chosen
iheir speaker and clerk, shall, each of them, before they
proceed to business, take and subscribe, as well the oath
or affirmation of allegiance herein after directed, except
where they shall produce certificates of their having
heretofore taken and subscribed the same, as thefoUow-
" lowing oath or affirmation, viz.
" You , do solemnly swear (or affirm,) th.it, as a
member of this assembly, you will not propose or assent
to any bill, vole, or resolution, which shall appear to
you injurious to the people, nor do or consent to any
act or thing whatsoever that shall have a tendency to
lessen or abridge iheir rights and privileges, as declared
by the constitution of this state; but will, in all things,
conduct yourself as a faithful, honest representative,
and guarilian of the people, according to the best of
yonr judgment and abilities ; (in case of an oat!i) so help
you God. {And in case of mi affirmation) under the pains
and penalties of perjury.'"
J 13. The doors of the house in which the general as-
sembly of this commonwealth shall sit, shall be open
lor the admission of ail persons who behave decently,
except only when the welfare of the state may require
them to be' shut.
§ 14. The votes and proceedings of the general as-
sembly shall be printed, when one third of the mem-
bers think it necessary, as soon as convenient after the
end of each session, with theycasand nays on any ((ues-
tion, when required by any nieml>er, except where the
Votes shall be taken by ballot, in which case every mem-
ber shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote
upon the minutes.
§ IS. The style of the laws of this state, in future to
be passed, shall be ; It is hereby enacted by t/ie^cneral as-
nemfily of t/ie state of Vermont.
5 16. To the end that laws, before they are enacted,
may be more maturely considered, and the inconve-
nience of hasty detcrminalions, as much as possible,
prevented, all bills v. hicli ovigiiiate in the assembly shall
be laid before the governor and council, for their revi-
sion and concurrence or proposals of amendment ; who
shall return the same to the assembly, with, their pro-
posals of amendment, if any, in writing; and if the
same are not agreed to by the assembly, it shall be in
the power of the governor and council to suspend the
passing of such bills until the next session of the legis-
lature : Provided, that if the goA ernor and council shrill
neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the ?,ssera-
bly, with written proposals of amendment, within five
days, or before the rising of the legislature, the same
shall become a law. ^
§ 17. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury,
unless first appropriated by act of legislation.
5 18. No person shall be elected a representative until
he has resided t« o years in this state ; the last of which
shall be in the town for which he is elected.
} 19. No member of the council or house of represent-
atives shall, directly or indirectly, receive any fee or re-
ward to bring forward or advocate any bill, petition, or
other business to be transacted in the legislature ; or
nilvocate any cause, as counsel, in either house of legis-
):iiion, except when employed in behalf of the state.
•• 20. No person Ought. \n any casre or in anv time, to
m
be declared guilty of treason or felony by the legisla-
ture.
5 21, Every man, of the full age of twenty-one years,
having resided in this state for the space ol one whole
\ ear next before tlie election of repr. sentatives, and is
of a quiet and peaceable behaviour, aad will take the
ibllowiiigoalb or affirojation, shall be entitled to all the
privileges of a freeman of thisstate:
<■• You solemnly swear (or affirm.) that whenever you
give your vote or suffrage touching any matter that
coiicerus the state of Virmont, yuu will do it so as in
your eonseience you shall judge will most conduce to the
best good of the same, as established by the constitution,
without fear or favour of any man."
§ 22. The inhabitants of this state shall be trained
and armed for its defence, under such regulations, re-
strictions, and exceptions, as congress, agreeably to the
constitution of the United States, and the legislature
of this state, shall direct. The several companies of
militia shall, as often as vacancies happen, elec! their
captain and other officers, and the captains and subal
terns shall nominate and recommend the field officers
of their respective regiments, who shall ajipoint their
staff officers.
^ 23. All commissions shall be in the name of the
freemen of the state of Vermont, sealed with the state
Sh-al, signed by the governor, ami, in his absence, the
lieutenant governor, and attested by the secretary;
wliich seal shall be kej)t by the goveruor.
§ 2 !. Every officer of state, v.'In.tlier judicial or ex-
ecutive, shall be liable to be imiieachid by the general
assembly, either wheii in office or after his resigtiation
or removal, for raaleadministiation. All impeachments
slitill be before the governor, or lieutenant governor,
and council, who shall hear and determine the same,
and may award costs ; and no trial or impeachment
shall be a bar to a prosecution at law.
§ 25. As every fneman, to preserve his indei)endence,
if without a sufficient estate, ought to hare some pro-
fession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he may honestly
subsist, thtre can be no necessity lor, iior use in estab-
lishing offices of profit, the usual etiircts of which are
dependence and servility, unbeeoiuing freemen, in the
possessors or expectants, and faction, contention, and
discord among the people. But, if any man is called
into public service, to the prejudice of his private af-
fairs, he has a right to a rea onable compensation : and
whenever an office, through increase of fees or other-
wise, become so profitable as to occasion many to apply
for it, the profits ouglit to be lesseived by the legislature.
And if any officer shall wittingly and wilfully take
greater ft es than the law allows him, it shall ever after
disqualify him from holding any oface in this state, un-
til he shall be restored by act of legislation.
§ 26. No person in this state shall he capable of hoW'
iiig or ex(;rcising more than one of the following offices
at the same time, viz. governor, lieutenant governor,
judge of the supreme court, treasurer of the stale, mem-
ber of the council, member of the general assembly,
surveyor general, or sheriiT. Nor shall any person,
holding any office of profit or trust under the authority
of congress, be eligible to any appointment in the le-
gislature, or of holihng any executive or judiciary office
under this state.
§ 27. 'I'he treasurer of the state shall, before the go-
vernor and council, give sufficient security to the se-
cretary of the state, in behalf of the general assembly ;
and each high sheriff, before the first judge of the coun-
ty court, to the treasurer of their respective counties,
previous to their respectively entering upon the execu-
tion of their offices, in such manner, and in such sums,
as shall be directed by the legislature.
528 The treasurer's itccounts shall be annually au-
dited, and a fair state thereof laid before the general as-
sembly, at their session in October.
§ 29. Every officer, whetlier judicial, executive, or
military, in authority under this state, before he enters
upon the execution of his office, shall take and sub-
scribe to the following oath or affirmation of allegiance
to this state, unless he shall produce evidence that he
has before taken the same ; and also the following oath
or affirmation of office, except military officers, ami
such as shall bo exempted by the legislature.
The Oath or Affirmation of allegiance.
" Vou do solemnly swear (or affirm,) that you will he
true and faithful to the state of Venr.ont, and that you
will not. directly or indirectly, do any act or thing inju-
rious to the constitution or government thereofj as es-
t.tblishrd by conveatioTi : 'ffmi aal'i'^ so help vou God-
ro
(Ifan affirmation) under the pains and iH-naUics of pei:-
jnry."
The Oath or Affirmation of office.
" Yoii, —, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you
will faiihfully execute ilie office of" tor tlie of
; and will ihtreiu do <;q>.al right and justice to all
men, to the best of your judgment and abilities, accord-
ing to law : {If an oath) so help you God. Ifanajffrm-
fl(i07i) under the pains and penalties of perjury."
§ 30. No person sliall ha eligible to the office of go-
vernor or lieutenant governor, until he shall have re-
sided in this state four years next preceding the day
of his election.
§ 31. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a
^ury, in the supreme and county courts, shall be by jury,
excci)t where parties otherwise agree ; and great care
ought to be taken to prevent corruption or partiality
in the choice and return or appointment of juries.
{ 32. All prosecutions shall commence, by the authori-
ty qftlte state of Vermont ; all indictments shall conclude
with these words: against Ih; peace ami tligmty of the
state. And all fines shall be proportioned to the of-
fences.
§ 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not
strong presumptirn of fraud, shall not be continued in
prison after delivering up and assigning over, bonafde,
all his estate, real and personal, in pussefsion, reversion,
or remainder, for the use ol his eieditors, in such man-
ner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all
prisoners, unless in execution, or committed lor capital
oftences, when tlie proof is evident, or presumption
£reat, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties ; nor shall
excessive bail be exacted for bailable oJiVnces.
$ 34. All elections, whether by the people or the le-
.£;islature, shall be free and voluntary ; and any elector,
*vho shall receive any gift or reward for his vole, in
meat, drink, moneys, or othi-rwise, shall forfeit his right
to elect at that time, and softer such other penalty as
the law shall direct ; and any person who shftll, diri-ctly
or indirectly, give, promise, or bestow, any such re-
Avards, to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapa-
^)le to sp.rve for the ensuing year, and be subject to such
lurlher punishment as a luture legislature shall direct.
i) 35. All deeds and conveyances ot land sliall be re-
torded in the to\ui clerk's office, in their respective
towns ; and for want thereof, in the county clerk's of-
fice of the same county.
§ 36. The legislature shall regulate entails in such
manner as to prevent perpetuities.
5 37. To deter more efti^ctually from the commission
of crimes, by continued visible punishments of long du-
jation, and to make sanguinary punishments less ne-
cessary, means ought to be provided tor punishing by
l.ard labour those who shall be convicted of crimes not
capital, whereby the criminal sliall be employed for the
benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries
ilone 10 private persons : and all persons, at proper times,
ought to be perniitttd to see them at their labour.
}38. The estates of such persons as may destroy (heir
own lives shall not for that oflTence be forfeited, but
descend or ascend in the same manner as if such per-
sons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article,
which shall accident.-illy occasion the death of any per-
son, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or iu anywise
forleited on account of such misfortune.
§ 39. Every person of good character, wlio comes to
settle in this state, having first taken an oaih or affirm-
ation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by
other just means acquire, hold, and transfer land, or
«ther real estate; and, after one year's residence, shall
be deemed a free denizen thereof, and entitled to all
rights of a natural born subject of this state, except
\hat he shall not be capable of being elected go>ernor,
iieutenant governor, treasurer, counsellor, or represent-
ative iu assembly, until after two years' residt;ace.
CONSTITUTION OP YERMOKT.
§ 40. The inhabitants of this state sliall have libertjj
in seasonable times, to hunt and fowl on the lands they
hold, and on other lands not enclosed ; and in like raan-
ner, to fish in all beatable and other waters, not private
projierty, under jiroper regulations, to be hereafter
niade and provided by the general assembly.
§ 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and pre-
vention of vice and imnioiality, ought to be constantly
kept iu force, and duly executed •- and a competent num-
ber of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for
the convenient instruction of youth : and one or more
grammar schools be incorporated, and properly sup-
ported, in each county in this state. And all religious
societieh or bodies of men, that may be hereafter united
or incorporated for the advancement of religion and
learning, or for other pious ami charitable purposes,^
shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of
the privileges, immunities, and estates, which they iu
justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the
general assembly of this state shall direct.
5 42. The declaration of the political rights and pri-
vileges of the inhabitants of this state, is hereby declared
to be a part of the constitution of this commonwealth,
and ought not to be violated on any pretence whatso-
ever.
} 43. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth
niay be preserved inviolate for ever, there shall be cho-
sen, by li.illnt, by the tVeemen of this state, on the last
Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand seven
hundred and ninety-nine, and on the last Wednesday in
March, in every seven yeais thereafter, thirteen per-
sons, who shall be chosen in the same manner thecouii-
cil is chostn, excejit they shall not be out of the council
or general assembly, to be called the council of censors ;
who shall meet together on the first Wednesday iu
June next ensuing tlitir election, the majority of whom
shall be a quorum in every case, except as to calling a
convention, in which, two-thirds of the whole number
elected shall agree, and w bote duty it shall be to inquire,
whether the consiitutien has been preserved inviolate
in every part duiing the last septenary, including the
year of their service, and whether the legislative and
executive branches of govenimei.t have performed their
duty, as guardians of the people, or assumed to them-
selves, or exercised, other or greater powers than they
are entitled to by the cnnstituiiou : 'I hey are also to in-
quire, whether the public taxes have been justly laid
and collected in all parts of this commonwealth ; in
what manner the public moneys have been disposed of;
and whether the laws have been duly executed. For
these purposes, they shall have power to semi for per-
sons, papers, and records: they shall have authority to
pass public censures, to order impeachments, and to
rtcomniend to the legislature the repealing such laws
as shall appear to them to hav been passed contrary to
the piincipl' s of the constitution : These powers they
shall coniinue to have tor aud during the space of one
year from the day of ilieir eleciion, and no longer. The
said council of censors shall also have power to call a
convention, to meet withiii two years after their sitting,
it there appears to them an absolute necessity of amend-
ing any article of this constitution, which may be de-
fective : explaining such as may be thought not clearly
expressed : and of adding such as are necessary for the
preservation of the rights and hajipiness of the people :
but the articles to be amended, and the amendments
proposed, and such articles as arc projiosed to be added
or abolished shall be promulgated at least sis months
before the day appointed for the election of such con-
vention, for the previous consideration of the people,
that they may have an opportunity of instructing their
delegates on the subject.
By oriler of the Convention, July 9th. 1793.
THOMAS CHIT7 KNDEN, President,
Attest, Lewis R. Morris, Secretary.
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY
The ComHtniion or Form of Gorernment, Z^^J^^^^:^^^^^^^^^^^
J or the state of Aeittucky, residuuins when added togt-therwiil amount to such ra-
,,,„ ., . .• V .u 1 r.i .«.^„p tio, in that casL- one representative shall be added to
WE, the vepi-escutatiyes of the people of the state of ' "' , i ' „ , ,i,„ u-n-. ct .•,.c;.iii,,m
Kentucky, in Ljvention assemble^, tS secut-e to all the tha -->,;-■- jJ^J^lJ.'-^taiUhoose it. speak-
titizens thei-eiif the enioyment of tlie right ot life, liber- ! ti fficers
ty, and P|operry, and of pursuing happiness, do ordain ''''gTln aUelectionsVor representatives, everyfree male
and establish this constitution for its government: citizen (rieKr<,.s, mulattoel, and Indians escepted) who,
ARTifip 1 nt ""O time bein?,hath attained to the affe of twenty-one
*' • ye;irs, and rcsiatd in the state two years, or the county
ri ■ ji T ■ t .■ 71. J .J or town in which he oifers to vole one year next prece-
Concernms^ the Legislative Departmen!. LTthee'ection, shall enjoy the right of an elector: but
§ 1. The powers of the government of the state of no person shall be entitled to vote, except in the county
Kentucky shall he divided into three distinct depart- or town in which hemay actually reside at the tirne ot
ments,andeachofthembeconfidedtoaseparateb<jdyof the election, except as is herein otherwise providea.
magistracy, to w it : those which are legislative, to oiie ; Electoi-s shall, in all cases,except treason, felony, breach
those which are executive, to another ; and those which or iiircty of the peace, be privileged from arrest during
are judiciai-y, to another. their attendance at, going to, and returning from elec-
2. No person, or collection of persons, being one of tions.
those departments, shall exercise any power properly 9. The members of t!ie senate shall be chosen for the
beloiigingtoeither of theothers: excei>tintheinstances term of fouryears; and when assembled shall have the
hereinafter expresslv directed or permitted. jiower to choose its officers annually.
10. At til!? first session of the general assembly after
ARTICLE 2. this constitution takes effect, the senators shall be divi-
ded by lot, as equally as may be, into four classes : the
Concer?linP the distribution of the Po-wers of seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at
thp rm-prr)n,^f the expiration of the first year; of the second class, at
me (joreinweni. ^^^^ expiration of the second year ; of the third class,
§ 1. The legislati\e power of this commonwealth shall at the expiration of the third year ; and of the fourth
be vested in two distinct branches ; the one to be styled class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; ?o that one
the house of representatives, the other the senate, and fourth shall be chosen every year, and a rotation thereby
both together, the general assembbj of the commomvealth kept up perpetually.
of Kenlucky. II. I'he senate shall consist of twenty-four memhers
2. The members of the house of representatives shall at least, and for every three members above fifty -eight,
continue in sei-vice for the term of one year from the day which shall be added to the houseof representatives, one
of the commencement of the general election, and no member shall be added to tiie senate.
longer. 12. The same number of senatorial districts shall,
3. Representatives shall be chosen on the first Mnn- from time to time, be established by the legislature, as
day in the month of August in every year ; but the pre- there may then !>■■ senators allotted to the state ; which
siding ofiieers of the several elections shall continue the shall be so formed as to contain, as near as may be, art
same for three days, at the request of any one of the equal number of free male inliabitants in each, above
candidates. the age of twenty-one yeai-s. and so that no county shall
4. No jiei-son shall be a representatlv:>, who at the be divided, or form more than one district ; and where
time of his election is not a citi/.en of the United States, two or more counties compose a district, they shall be
and hath not attained to the age of twenty-four years, adjoining.
and resided in this state two years next precediiig his i3. When an additional sjnator may be added to the
election, and the last year thereof in the county or town senate, he shall be annexed by lot to one of the four
for wliich he may be chosen. classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal in number as
5. Elections for representali^■es P;r the several coun- possible.
ties entitled to representation shall be held at the places 14. One senator for each district shall be elected by
of holding their respective courts, or in the several elee- those qualified to vote for representatives therein, who
tion precincts into which the legislature may think shall give their votes at the several places in the eoun-
proper, from time to time, to divide any or all of those ties or to^v^s where elections are by law directed to bo
counties: Provided, that when it shall appear to the le- held.
gislature that any town hath a number of qualified vo- 15. No person shall be a senator, who, at the time of
ters equal to the ratio then fi<ed, such town shall be his election, is not a citizen of the United States, and
invested with the privilege of a separate representation, wlioliath not attained to the age of thirty-five years, and
which shall be retained so long as such town shall con- resided in this state six years next preceding his election,
tain a number of qualified voters equal to the ratio and the last year thereof in the district from which he
which mayfrom time to time be fixed by law, and thi".x«- may ^e chosen.
after elections, for the county in which such town is sit- 16. The first election for senators shall he general
uated. shall not be held therein. throughout the state, and at the same time that the gen-
6. Representation shall be equal and uniform in this eral election for ivpresentatives 19 held ; and thereafter
commonwealth ; and shall be for ever regulated and as- there shall, in like nianner,bean annual election for se-
ceitaini^d by the number of qualified electors therein, nator-i, to fill the places of those whose time of service
In the year eighteen hundred and three,and everv fourth may have expired.
year thereafter, an enumeration of all the free male in- 1". The general nssembly shall convene on the first
habitants of the state, above twentj-one years of age, Monday in the month of November in ever)' year, un-
shall be made, in such manner as shall b:" directed by less a different day be appointed by law ; and their scs-
law. The numberof representatives shall, in the scvera'l sions shall be held" at the seat of government,
years of making these enumerations, be so fixed as not IS. Not less than a majority of the members of each
to be less than fifty-eight, nor more than one hundred, house of the general assembly shall constitute a quorum
and they shall be apjiortiontd for the four years next fol- to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from
lowing,' as near as maybe, amongthe stveral counties day to day, and shall be authorized by law to compel
and towns, in proportion to the number of qualified the attendance of absent membei-s, in such manner, and
electors : but, when a county may not have a sufficient under such penalties, as may be prescribed thereby,
number of qualified electors to entitle it to one repre- V. Each house of the general assembly shall judge of
stntative, and when the adjacent county or counties the qualifications, elections, and returns of its members;
may not have a residuum or residtiums. which, when but a contested election shall be determined in such
added to the small county, would entitle it to a separate manner as shall be directed by law.
3'epresentation, it shall then be in the powerof the legis- 20. Each bouse of the geueral assembly may deter-
iatuie to join two ov wore together, for the purpose of mine the rules of its proeeedings ; punish a member fin*
•jcndhig a representative: PtWv.ided, that vhen th°i-." disorderly b.chavjcur; .nmh with thp coticurn;n?eort\\c«-
CON.STlilJ''ritJN 01«' Ivi-^MUGk'i .
thiL-ds, expL-l a iiifiulicr, but not a second time for the
same cause. , , , „ , ,
21. Eacli lioitse of tlie general assembly shall keep and
publish, weekly, a journal of its^noceedinsrs, and the
veas and navs of the members on any question shail, at
the desire of any two of them, be entered on their jour-
nal. .
22. Neither house, during tlie session of the general
assembly,shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn
for more than three days, nor to any other place' than
that in which they may be sitting.
23. The members of the general assembly shall seve-
rally receive from the public treasury a compensation
for their services, which shall be one dollar and a half a
day, during their attendance on, going to, or returning
from the sessions of their respective houses: Provided,
that the same may be increased or dimished by law ; but
no alteration shall take effect during the session at which
sueh alteration shall be made.
24. The members of the general assembly s)iall,in all
cases, except treason, felony, breach or surety of the
peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attend-
ance at the sessions of their respeetivt houses, and in
going to, and returning from the same ; and for any
speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be ques-
tioned in any other place.
25. Nosenator or representative sha!l,dnring the term
for which he was elected, nor for one year thereafter,
he appointed or elected to any civil office of profit un-
der this coriimonw^ealth, whicli shall have been created,
or the emoluments of which shall have been increased,
during the time such senator or representative was in
ofHce, except to such oftices or appointments as may be
made or filled by the elections of the people.
26. No person, while he continues to exercise the
functions of a clergyman, priest, or teacher of any reli-
gions persuasion, society, or sect ; nor whilst he holds or
exercises any office of profit under this cosnmonwealth,
shall be eligible to the general assembly; except attor-
neys at law, justices of the peace, and militia ofncers :
Provided, that justices of the courts of quarter sessions
shall be inelip^ible so long as any compensation may be
allowed them for their services: 'Provided, also, that at-
torneys for the commonwealth, who receive a fixed an-
nual salary from the public treasury, shall be ineligible.
27. No person who at any time may have bneji a col-
lector of taxes for the state, or the assistant or deputy of
such collector, shall be eligible to the general assembly
until he shall have obtained a quietus for the amount of
such collection, and for all public moneys for which he
may be responsible.
2S. No bill shall have the force of a law until on three
several days it be read over in each house of the general
assembly, "and free discussion allowed thereon; unless,
incases of urgency, four fifths of the house where the
bill shall be depending, may deem it expedient to ilis-
pense with this rule.
29. All bills for laising revenne shall originate in the
house of representatives ; but the senate may propose
amendments, as in other bills: Provided, that they Miall
not introduce any new matter, under the colour of an
amendment, which does not relate to raising a revenue.
30. I'he general assembly shall regulate bylaw, by
whom, and in what manner, writs of election shali be
issued, to fill the vacancies which may happen in either
branch thereof.
Concerning the Executive Department
§ 1. The supreme executive power of the comnio'i-
wealth shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall
lie styled the governor of the commonwealth of Ken-
tucky.
2. The governor shall be elected for the term of four
veal's, by the citizens entitled to suflVa^je, at the time
and places where they shall respectively vote for repre-
sentatives. The person having the highest number of
votes shallbe governor; butiftwoovmoresliall be equal
and highest in votes, the election shail be determined by
lot, in such manner -.is the legislaiurc may direei.
3. The governor shall be ineligible for the succeeding
seven years after the expiration of the time for h hicii
lie shall have been elected.
4. He shall be at least thirty-five years of age, and a
citizen of llie United States, and have been an inhabi-
tant of this state at least six years next precrtiiug his
election.
5. He sha'l commence the execution of his office on
ihefotirth Tuesday succeeding the day of the commence-
ment of the general election on which he shall be cho-
sen, and shall ebntmue in the execution thereof until
the end of ibur wwk? next 'ntcceeding the election of
his successor, and uutii his successor shall, have takeii
the oaths or aflirmations prescribed by this constitution.
6. No member of congress, or jicrson holding any of-
fice under the United States, nor nsinister of any reli-
gious society, shall be eligible to the office of governor.
7. The governor shail, at stated times, receive for his
services a conipensaiion, \v hith shall neither be increased
or diminished during the term for which he shall have
been elected.
S. He shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of this commoinvtallh, and of the militia thereof,
except when they shall be called into tlie service of the
United States: but he shall not command personally ia
the field, unless he shall be advised so to do by a resolu-
tion of the general assembly.
9. He shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and
consent of the senate, appoint all officei-s whose offices
are established by this constitution or shall be established
by law, .inti whose appointments are not herein other-
wise provided for : Provided, that no person shall be so
appointed to an office within any county, who shall not
have been a citizen and inl'.abitant therein one year
next before his appointment, if the county shall have
been so long ei-ected, but if it shall not have been so
long erected, then within the limits of the county or
couiities from whi ch it shall have been taken : Provided,
also, that the county courts be authorized by law to ap-
l)oint inspectors, collectors, and their deputies, survey-
ors of the high ways, constables, jailors, and such other
inferior officers, whose jurisdiction may be confined
within t!ie limits of a county,
10. Tfie governor shall have power to fill up vacan-
cies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by
granting commissions, which shall expire at the end ot
the next session.
H. He shall have ])o\ver to remit fines and forfeitures,
grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeach-
ment. In cases of treason, he shall have power to grant
reprieves until the end of the next session of the general
assembly ; in whicli the power of pardoning shall be
vested.
12. He may require informatlou in writing from the
officers in the executive department, upon any subject
relating to duties of their respective offices.
13. l^e sliaII,from lime to time, give to the general as-
sembly information of the state of the commonwealth :
and recommend to their consideration such measures a>^
he shall deem expedient.
14. He may, on exiraordina-,-)- occasions, convene ili' •
general assembly at t^e seat of goverinnent, or at a di!-
ferent place, if that should have become, since their last
adjouniineut, dangerous from an enemy, or from coiila-
gibus disorders ; and, in c:ise of disagreement between
the two houses, with respect to the tinie of adjournment,
adjourn them to such time as he shall think in-oper, not
exceeding four mouths.
15. He shall take care that the law s be faillifutly cxc -
cuted.
16. A lieutenant governor shall be chosen at evciy
election for a governor, in the same manner, continue in
office for the same time, and possess the same qualifica-
tions, lu \ oting for governor, or lieutenant governor,
tlie electors shall distinguish whom they vcte for as gi-
vernor, and v. horn as lietiteiiajit governor.
17. He shall, by virtue of his office, be speaker of tir
senate, have a right, when in committee of the who'. ,
to debate and vote on all subjects ; and, wlien the seiir;v.-
are equally divided, to give tlu' casting vote.
18. lu c'ase of the impeachment of the governor, his
removal from oflice, death, refusal to qualify, resigna-
tion, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor
sliall exercise all the power and autliority appertaining
to the office of goveriior,until another be duly qualified,
or the governor absent or irjptached shall return or be
acquitted.
19. Whene\ec the government siiall be administered
by the Iieutei;:;nt governor, or he shall be unable to at^
tendiis sj^jaUer of the senate, the senators sliall elect
one of th< ir :>u'ii members as sjieaker, for that oecasiuiu
And if, duri:ig the vacancy the ufnce of governor, the
the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, removed
from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or bt; absent
from tlie state, the speaker of the senate shall, in like
manner, jidmliiister the goveniraent.
20. 'I'he lieutenant governor, while he acts as sjjeaker
to the senate, shall receive for his services the same com-
jiensiition which shall for the same period be allowed lo
the speakerof thehouseof reprtsentatives,ai!d no more;
and during the time he administers the government, as
i;ovenior, shall receive the same coivipensalion which
the governor would have x-eceived and been entitled to,
liad he lieen employed in the duties of his office.
21. T!ie >.peaVer fjru Cejnporc of the S'-nate. during the
CONSlTfUTIOxS' OF KE^sTUClvi.
time be administers the governinent, sliall receive, iii
like manner, tlie same compensation w hicli the governor
Would have received, had he been enijiloyed in the du-
ties of liis oilice.
22. If the lieutenant g^overnor shall be called upon to
administer tlie ijovex-nment, and shall, while in ?uch ad-
ministration, resign, die, or be absent from the state
during: the recess of the preneral assembly, it shall be the
duty of tlie secretary, for the time being, to convene the
senate for the purpose of choosing a speaker.
23. An attorney general, and such other attorneys for
the commonwealth as may be necissary, shall be ap-
pointed, whose duty shall be regulated by law. Attor-
neys for the commonwealth, fur the several counties,
shall be appointed by the respective courts having juris-
diction therein.
24. A secretary shall be appointed and commissioned
during the terra for which the governor shall have been
elected, if he shall so long behave himself well. He shall
keep a fair register, and attest all the official acts and
proceedings of the governor, and shall, when required,
lay the same, and all papers, n'inutfs, and vouchers, re-
lative thereto, before either house of the gencial assem-
bly, and shall perform such other duties .is may be en-
joined him by law.
25. Every bill which shall have passed both houses
shall he presented to the governor; if he approve, he
shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objec-
tions to the house in which it shall have originated, who
shall enter the objections at large upon the jour;'.al, and
proceed to reconsider it ; if, after such reconsideration,
a majority of all the members elected to that house shall
sigreetopa^sthebill, it shall be sent, with the objec-
tions, to the other house, by which it shall be likewise
considered, and if approved by a mniority of all the
members elected to that house, it thallbe a law ; but in
sucli cases the votes of both houses shall be determined
by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting
for and against the bill shall be entered on the jotmial
of each house respectively; if any bill shall not be re-
turned by the governor, within ten d.avs (Sundays ex-
cepted) after it shall have been presented to hini,itshall
be a law, in like manner as if he had -igned it, unless
the general assembly by their adjournment pn-vent its
i-etiim ; in which case it shall be a law, unless sent back
within three days after their next meeting.
28. Everyoriler, resolution, or vote, to which the con-
ciirience of both houses may be necessai-v, except on a
tiutstion of adjournment, shall be presented to the go-
vernor, and before it shall take effect, he api)roved by
liim ; or, being disapproved, shall he repassed, by a ma-
jority of all the inembi rs electtd to both housi s, accord-
ing to the rules and iiniiiations presciibed in case of a bil I.
27. Contesttd elections for a governor and lieutenant
governor, shall be determined by a committee to be se-
lected from both houses of the general assembly, and
formed and regulated in such manner as shall be direct-
ed by law. '
28. The freemen of this commonwealth, (negroes,
muiattoes, and Indians excepted,) shall be armed and
disciplined for its defence. Those who conscientiously
scruple to bear arms, shall not be compelled to do so,
but shall pay an equivalent for personal service.
29. The connnaudiiig officers of the respective regi-
ments shall appoint the regimental staff; brigadier gen-
erals, their brigade majors ; major generals, their aids ;
and captains, the non-commissioned officers of compa-
nies.
30. A majority of the field officers and captains in
eaeli i-egiimnt shall nominate the connnissioned officers
in each company, who shall be commissioned by the
governor: Provided, that no nomination shall be made,
iMilcss two at least of the field efficers are present; and
*hen two or more persons hare an equal and the high-
est number of votes, the field officer present, who may
be highest in commission, shall decide the nomination.
31. Sheriffs shall be hereafter appointed in the follow-
ing manner : When tlie time of a sheriff for any county
may be about to expire, the county court for the same,
a majority of a'.l its .justices being presL'nt, shall, in the
months of September, October, or November, next
preceding thereto, recommend to the governor two pro-
per persons to till the office, who are then justices of
the county court ; and who shall in such recommenda-
tion pay a just regard to seniority in office, and a regu-
lar rotiition. One of the persons so n commended shall
be commissioned by the governor, and shall hold his of-
fice for two years, if he to long liehave well, and until a
successor be duly qualified. If the couiiiy courts shall
omit in the months aforesaid, to make such recommend-
ation, the governor shall then nominate, and, by and
with the advice and consent of the senate, appoint a fit
P£H£in to fill suoh office.
ABTICT.E 1.
Concerning the Judicial Hepavlment.
5 1. Thejudieiary power of this commonwealth, both
as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in one
supreme court, which shall bestykd the court of ap-
peals, and in such inferior courts as the general assem-
bly may, from time to time, erect and establish.
2. The court of appeals, except in cases otherwise di-
rected by this constitution, shall have appellate juris-
diction only ; which shall be co-extensive with the state,
under such i-eslrictions and regulations, not repugnant
to this constitution, as may, from time to time, be pre-
scribed by law.
3. The judges, both of thesupreme and inferior courts,
shall hold tbtirofficts during good behaviour : but for
any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient
gionud of impeachment, the governor shall remove any
of them on the address of two thirds of each house of the
general assembly : Provided, how ever, that the cause or
causes for which snch rt^moval maybe required, shall be
stated at length in such address, and on the journal of
each house. They shall at stated times receive for their
setvices an adequate compensation to be fixed by law.
4. Tlie judges shall, by virtue of their office, be con-
servators of the peace throughout the state. The style
of all process shall be, " the commonwealth of Kentuc-
ky." All pro';ecutions shall be carried on in the name,
and by the authority, of the commonwealth of Kentuc-
ky, and conclude, against the peace and dignity of the
same.
5. There shall be established in each county, now, or
which may hereafter be erected, within this common-
wealth, a county court.
(j. A competent number of justices of the peace shall
be appointed in each county; they shall be commission-
ed during good behaviour, but may be removed on con-
viction of misbehaviour in office, orany infamous crime,
or on the address of two thirds of each houseof the gene-
ral assembly : Provided, however, that the cause or
causes for uhich such removal may- be required, shall he-
stated at length in such address, and on the journal of
each bouse.
7. The number of the justices of tUe peace, to wliich
the se\eral counties of this commonwealth now esta-
blished, or w hicli may hereafter be established, ought to
be entitled, shall, from time to time, be regulated by law.
8. When a surveyor, coroner, or justice of the peace,
shall be needed in any county, the county court for the
same, a majority of ail its justices concurring therein,
shall recommend to the governor two proper persons to
fill the office, one of whom he shall appoint thereto: Pro-
vided, however, that if the county court shall for twelve
months omit to make such recommendation, after bein^
requested by the governor to recommend proper per-
sons, he shall then noiuinate, and, by and with the ad-
vice and consent of the senaLe, appoint a fit person to
fill such office.
0. When a new county shall he erected, a competent
number of justices of the peace, a sheriff, and coroner
therefore, shall be recommended to the governor by a
majority of all tlie members of the house of representa-
tives, from the senatorial district or districts m which
the county is situated ; and if either of the persons thus
recommended shall be rejected by the goremoror the
senate.aiuither person shall immediately be recommend'
ed as aforesaid.
10. Each ciuirt sbali appoint its own clerk, who shall
hold his office during good behaviour; but no person
shall be appointed clerk nn\y pro iemliore, who shall not
produce to the couil appoiiiting him a certificate from a
majority of the judges of the court of appeals, that he
hati been examined by their clerk in their presence,and
under their direction, and that they judge him to be
well qualified to execute the office of clerk of any court
of the same dignity with that for which he offers himself.
I hey shall be removable for breach of good behaviour,
by the court of appeals only, who shall be judges of the
fact as well as of the law. Two thirds of the members
present must concur in the st-ntence.
n. All commissions shall lie in the name, and by the
authority of the state of Kentucky, and sealed with the
state seal, a!id signed by the [governor.
12. The state treasurer, and printer or printers for the
commonweal til, shall be appointed annually by the joint
vote of both houses of the general assembly: Pi'ov'ided,
that, during the recess of the same, the governor shall
have power to fill vacancies which may happen in eithcj"
of the said offices.
ARTICLE 5.
Concernii^g Impeachments.
5 1. The bouse of representatives shall have the sd'T
nowcr of impeacJun^.
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY.
2. All impeachments iliall be iricd by the senate:
when sitting furthat purpose, the senators shall be upon
oath or affiririation : No person shall be convitteil « ith-
out the eoiicurieiice of two-thirds of the ii|embii-s pre-
sent.
3. The ^vemor, and all civil officers, shaii be liable
to impeachmi^Tit for any misdemeanor in otnte , but
judgment in such cast s slmll not extend fiirlh' r than to
remova! f.om uffic .and disqiialilieation lo ho'.d any of-
fice of honour, trii'^t, or profit, nnder: his coiiioioii wealth;
but the party, eon\icted shall, never! he!t ss.be liable and
subject lo indictment, trial, and piinishnieut, according
to faw.
AKTrCLE 6.
Genera' Provisions.
{\ 1. Members of the general assembly and all officers,
executive and judici?!, before they enter upon tin- exe-
cution of their respective ofHces, shall take the fol los-
ing oath or affirmation : " I do solenmiy swear(oraf5irm,
as the ease may be) '.hat T will be faithful and true to
the commonweal lb of Kentneky. so lona; as Icontinuea
citizen thereof, and that I will faithfully execute, to the
best of rayabilities, the office of , according to law."
2. Treason against the commonwealth shall consist
only in levying war against it. or in adhering to its ene-
nsies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be
convicted of treasmi, unless on the testimony of two
witnesses to the saiae overt act, or his own confession in
open court.
3. Every person sbn.'l be disqualified from serving as
a governor, fioutenanr governor, senator, or represents-
tive, for the term for wir.ch he shall have been elected,
who shall be convicted of having given or offered any
bribe or treat to procure his election.
4. Laws sliall be maile to exclude fi-om office, and
from suffiage, tliose who shall thereafter be com icted of
bribery, peri ury, forgery, or other high crimes or misde-
meanors. The jn-ivi 'ege of free su !fi aci' sh:i 1 1 be sii p))oited
by laws ivgulating elections, and iiroliil'iting.nndtr adi -
quate penalties, all -.indue iiillurnc- tht iioii, from pow-
er bribery, tumult, or other improper practices.
5. No money shall In- dra^^ n from the treasury, but in
pursuance of appropriations made by law, nor shall any
appropriations of money, for the support of an army, be
made for a longer time than one year; and a regular
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures
of all public monev shall be jiublished annually.
6. Tiie general" assembl. >:hall direct by law in what
manner, and in what courts, suits shall be brought
agitinst the commonwi-alili.
7. The manner of -administering an oalli or afR rraa-
lion, shall be such as is most consistent v. ith the con-
science of the d'-ponent, and shall be esteemed by the
general assembly the most solemn appeal to God,
8. All laws, which, on the first day of June, one thou-
sand seven hundred and nint-ty-two, wei-e in force in the
state of Virginia, and which are of a general naiine,-dnd
not local to that state, and not repugnant to this consti-
tution, nor to the laws v. Iiich have been enacted by th2
legislature of this coramonwt.alth, shall be in force with-
in this state, until they shall be altered or repealed by
the general aisembly.
9. The compact with tlie state of Virginia, subject to
such alterations -.js maybe made therein, agreeably to
the mr)de prescribed by the said compact, sliall be con-
sidered as part of this constitution.
10. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass
such lav.s as mfiv Ir- necessary and proper to decide dif-
ferences by Ribitratoi-s, to be appointed by the jiarties
who may choose ibat summary mode of adjestment.
11. A'i- ci'.il -iflicers fcr the coninier.wealih at large
shall reside wititin the state, and all district, county, or
town oftict-rs, \vitlii7i their i< sn cfivi districts, cc^uiui. s.
or towns, (trusties of towns ixeeptrd,) and sliall keep
their respective offices at such pl:ic-s therein as i:.ay be
required bylaw; and all militia officei-s shall reside in
the bounds of the division, brijrad'-, t-cgimeiit, battalion,
or company, to which they may severally belong
12. The attorney general, and other attoiiievs for this
commonwealth, who receive a fixed annual salary from
the public treasury,,) udges, a iidclerk-i of courts, J usi ices
of the peace, stirvryors of lands, a.ul all coinniissioned
militia officers, shall hold th ir respective "ffic s ijuring
^or.d iK-haviour, and the con'iniMince of their respective
courts, under tli'j exceptions contained in this constitu-
tion.
13. Absence on the business of this state,or the United
States, shall not forfeit a residence once obtained, so as
to deprive any one of the riglit of stifTrage, or of being
elected or appointetl to any ofHce under this common^
wealth, under the exceptions coiilained in tlus constitit-
tion.
14i It shall be the duty of the general assembly to re-
gulate bylaw in what cases and what deduction from
tin; saiarii s of public officers sha:i be mad( forneglect
of duly iii ti.eir official capacity.
15. Returns of all eleetioivs for governor, lieutenant
governor, and me.iibers of tht general assembly,shaU be
wade to the secrt tai y, for the time being.
16. In all elections by the people, and also by the se-
nate and house of representatives, jointly or separately,
the votes shall be personally and publicly given, viva
voce.
17. No member of congress, nor person holding or
exercising any ofiice of trust or profit under the United
Stales, or either of them, or under any foreign power,
shall be eligible as a mcmlier of the general assembly of
this commonwealth, or hold or exercise any office of
trust or profit, under the same.
1 8. The general assembly shall direct by law how per-
sons who now are, or may hereafter become, securities
for public officers, may be relieved or discharged on ac-
count of such securityship.
AHTfCLE 7.
Concerning Slaves.
§ 1. The general assembly sliall have no power to pass
laws for the emancipation of slavt s, without the consent
of their owners, or without paying their owners, jircvi-
ous to such emancipation, a full equivalent in money
for the s'aves'so emancipated. Thi y shall have no pow-
er to prevent emigrants to this state fiom bringing witli
them such jjersons as are deemed slaves by the laws of
any one of the United States, so long as any person of
the same age oi description shall be coiitlimed in slavery
by the laws of this state. They shall pass laws to permit
the owners of slaves to emancipate tht m, saving tin
rights of creditors, and preventing them from becomiii-
a charge to any county in this commonwealth. Tin -
shall have full power to prevent slaves being brcught
into this state as merchandise, ''hey shall have liiU
))Ower to prevent any slaves being hronght in this state,
w ho have been, since the first day of January, one thou-
sand seven hundred and eightj -nine, or may hereafter
be, imported into any of the United States, from a fo-
reign country. And they sb?ll have full power to pass
such laws as maybe necessary to oblige the owners of
slaves to treat them with humanity, to provide for them
necessary clothing and provision, to abstain iioui all in-
juries to them extending to life, or limb, and in case of
their in gleet or refusal to comply with the directions of
such laws, to have such slave or slaves sold for the bene-
fit of their owner or owners.
2. In the prosecution of slaves for felony, no inquest
by a grand jury shall be necessary, but the proceedings
in such prosecutions shall be regulated by law: except
that the general assembly shallhave no powertodeprive
them of the privilege of an impartial trial by a petit
jury.
AtiTICLH 8.
§1. The seat of government shall continue in the
to«n of Frankfort, until it shall be removed by law :
Provided, however, that two thirds of all the members
elected lo each house of the genera! assembly shall con-
cur in the passing of such law.
AllTICLE 9.
.Mode of Rexdsinrr the Constitution,
§'1. When experience shall p-jiiit out the necessiu- of
amending this constilution, and when a majority of all
the members elected to each house of the;,";;neral assem-
bly shall, within the first twenty days of their stated an-
nual session, concur in p-,issing"a law, specifying the al-
terations intended to be made, for taking the sense of
the good people of iliis state, as to the necessity and ex-
pediency of calling a coiivtntioti, it shall be the duty of
the several shf litis, and other returning oHicei-s, at the
next general election wliich shall be held for lepitsent-
atives after the passing cf such !itw, to open a poll for,
ami make ivturn to the si crttary, for the lime beingf, of,
the names of ail those entitled tovotelbrrejiresentatives,
who have voted for calling a convention; and if theiv-
upon it shall appear tliat a :najurii\ of all the citizens of
this state enlitltd to vot. for represintativi s have voted
fora convention, tliegeniral.as3emblyshall direct fuai a
similar poll shall ber>i>. mi' and laku) for the itxty--'!!'
and if tin veupon it shall appearthata nLijority of a; the
citizens of ihi* s;rite- tl-h d to v ti for rep escntaiii s
have voted for a convention, the genera! assembly shaiLat
then- next session, call a convention, to consis' of as maiiy
meinbersa"; there shall be in the house of representatives
CONSriTUTION OF KEN I'UCKY. i'a
and no liinre; to he chosen in the same manner and pro- IS. That excessive bail shall not be reijuised. nor r\-
pui-tioi), at the same places, ami at the same time, that cessive fines imposed, nor tiiiel punishments luflitted.
representatives are, by eili/.tns entitled to vote for re- 16. That all prisoners shail be bailable hy suflicient
all tbe citizens entitled to vote for representatives, did niav require it.
not vote for a convention, a convention shall not be 17. That the person of a debtor, where there is not
called. strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued m
prison after deli\erinK up his ■nau- for the henfit of his
AtiTfrT F 1 0 creditors, in such manner as slia'l be pveseriluM by law.
18. 1 hat no ex post fa'to law, nor any law impairing
That the general, R-reat, and essential principles of contracli, shall bi iiiadt. . , r v
liberty and free government may be recognized and cs- 19. 1 luu no i)Lrsr,n shall be attainted of treason or te-
taWished, we declare: iony by [he legisli.iui.-. , „ , • ru. . -
« I. That all freemen, when they form a social com- 20. That no attainder sh:-,il «o.k eurniptiOH ot blooil.
pact, are equal ; and that no man. or set of men, are en- nor, except dMing the life of the oaeiuler, lorleiture ot
titled to exclusive, separate, pubiie emoluments or pri- estate to the commonwealtli.
vileges, from the community, but in consideration of 21. 1 hat the .states oC si:ch persons as shall destroy
public services. ' tluir own lives, shall disceml or vest as in cabcol natu-
2. That all power is inherent in the i>eOj)le, and all ral death ; and d' any jursoa slml! be killed by casualty,
free governments are founded . n thtir autliorily, and there shall be no Ibrkitiiiv by le.-isni fhereo!.
instituted for their peace,safetv . and happiness : Fortlu; 22. Vhat the citizens have a nsht, in a peaceable man-
advancement of these vmls, tliej ha>'e at all times an ner, to assinible together, for theiv common wod, and
unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or to apply to thos; mv.sted with the powers ot goverii-
abolish their government, in such manner as thev may ment for redress of grievances or other proper purposes,
think proper. ^)' oetition, add. iss, or ri-monsiranee.
3. That all men have a nattna! and indef. asible right 23. That the right of the citizens to bear arms, in de-
to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates o. fence of themse ves and the state shall not be questioij-
their own consciences ; that no man shall be compelled ed. , ,, • • r i,
to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to 24. That no standing army shnll, m time of peace, be
maintain any ministry against hii consent ; that no hu- kept uj), without the consent oi the legis atiire; and the
. man authority ought, in any case whatever, to control military shall. ui all cases and at all tunes be in strict sii-
or interfere with the lights of conscience; and that no bordinalion to the civil power.
preference shall ever be given by law to any religious 25. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar-
societies or modes of worship. toed in any house witoout the consent ot the owner,
4. That the civil rights, pri vilege9,or capacities of any nor in ti.iie of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by
eiti/.en shall in no wise be diminished or enlarged on law. , ,. . ■., ».
account of his religion. 26^ That the legislature shall not grant any title ot
5. That all elections shall be free and equal. nobility, or hereditaiy distmcliori, not- create any othce,
6. That the ancient mode of trial by jury shall be held the a)>i.ointment to mIiicIi shall be for a longer term
sacred, and the right thereof remain inviolate^ than during good liehanonr.
7. That printing presses shall be free to every person .27. That emigration from tins state shall not be pro-
who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the le- hibi'i d. .. ,\ , • ,
gislature, or any branch of governmtnt ; and no law 28. To guard against trniisgri ssions ot tW high pow-
shall ever be made to restrain the ri.ht ihtreof. The efs which we have delegated, we declare, that every
free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of thing in this article is txeepled out of the general pow-
the invaluable rights of" man, and every citizen may ers of govv-rnment, and sh.iil fur ever remain inviolate ;
freely speak, write, and print, on ariv subject, being re- and that all laws coutravy thereto, or contrary to this
sponsible for the abuse of that liberty. constitution, shall be vo:i!.
8. In prosecutions for the publication of papers inves-
ttgatiiig tlie official conduct of ofiict rfl,or men in a jiuh- B~ua«»
lie capacity, or where the matter published is proper SPHFliTTI F
for public information, the truth thereof may be given ^ -'"'^ j<j i-r.-
jn evidence. And in all indictments for libels, the jury That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations
shall have a right to deter.mine the lav/ and the facts, ami amendments made in the coi:suiUti<m of this com-
nnder the direction of the court, as in other cases. monwealth, and in order to carry the same into com-
9. That the people shall be secure in tiieir persons, pletc operation, it is hereby declared and ordained:
houses, papers, and possessions, from unnasonable sei- ■{, j. Thatall laws of this commonHialih, in force at
/.ures and searches; and that no warrant to search a:. y ihetimeof niakingthesaid aiterationsandamendmtnts,
place, or to seize any person or things, shall issue w ith- an,! not inconsistent therewiih, and all rights, actions,
out describing them as nearly as maybe, nor wiihout prosecutions, claims, and contracts, as well of individu-
probable cause, supported by oalh oraffiimation. alsasof bodies corporate, shall continue as if the said
10. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused alterations and amendments had not bein made.
hath a right to he heard by himself and counsel : to de- 2. That all officers now ii;liiig any office or appoint-
niaiid the nature and cause of the accusation against meut,shali continue in the e\erciseofihedutiesoftht-ir
him : to meet the witnesses face to face : to have com- respective offices or appointments f jr the terms therein
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour; expressed, unless by this constitution it is otherwise di-
and, in prosecutions by indictment or information, a reeled.
speedy public trial, by an impartial Jury of the vicinage ; 3. The oaths of office herein directed to he taken, may
that he cannot be compelled to give evidence against be administered by any justice of the peace, until the
himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liherty, or legislature shall otiievwise direct.
Tiroperty, unless by the judgment of his peers, or the 4. The general assembly, to he- held in Novemlrer next,
law of the land. shall api>ortion the represeiiiativtsand senatov3,and lay
11. That no person shall, for any indictable oifence, off the state into senaloriat districts conformable to the
he proceeded against criminally hy information, except legulatioiis pn scribed by this coiistitution. lij fixing
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or the militia, those apportionments, and in estabiisUing those districts,
when in actual service, in the time of war or public tliey shnll take for their guide the enumeration directed
danger, by leave of the court, for oppression or misde- by law to be made in the present ytar, by the commis-
meai.or in office. sinners of the tax, and iheapporiionments thus made
12. No i>erson shall, for the same offence, be twice put shall remain unaltered until the end ofthe statetl annu-
in jeopardy of his life or limb, nor shall any man's pro- al sessions of the general assembly in the year eighteen
pertyoc taken or applied to public use, without the con- hundred and three.
sent of his representatives, and without Just cornpensa- s. In order that no inconvenience mav arise from the
tion being previously made to him. change made by this coiistimtion in the time of holding
13. Thatall courts shall be open, and every person for the general election,, it is hereby ordained that the first
anyinjurydone him In his !ands,goods,p •rson,or repn- electiov. for governor, lieutin;'iit guviinor, and laetn-
tation, shall have remedy by the due course of law ; and hers ofthe general assembly, sbal! ci/mmcnce on the first
right aiul justice adininiste'ix-d without sale, denial, or Mmiday in Jlay, in the year eighteen hundred. The
. delay. persons tlien elected shall continue in oflice during the
14. Tliat no power of suspending laws shall be rvf :•- several terms of service prescribed hy this coiistiiiuion,
'■'ed, unless by the legishiture or its authoritv. uul nntil the next general election which shall be held
76
t;OXSTlTUTiO:j> of TEXXESSEE;
after thcii- said terms shall liav8 vesppctivcly expired.
The returns for the said first election of govcinor and
lieutenantfjovernorshall be made to the secretary, with-
in fifteen days from tlie day of election, who shall, as
soon as may be, examine and co<int the same, in the
presence of at least two judges of the court of appeals,
or district courts, and shall declare who are the persons
thereby duly elected, and give them official notice of
their election; and if any person shall be equal and
highest on the poll, the said judges and secretary shall
•letermine the election by lot.
6. This constitution, except so much thereof as is
therein otherwise directed, sli.il I not be in force until
the first day of June, in the year eighteen hundred ; on
which day the whole theres'f shall take full and com-
plete effect.
Done in convention,at Frankfort, theserenteenth day
of August, one thousandsevcn hinidr^d and ninety-
nine, and of the Independence ol the United States
of America the twenty-fourth.
ALEXANDER S. BULLIT, P. C.
John Allen,
Charles Smith,
Robert Vi'ilmot,
James Duncan,
William Griffith,
Nathaniel Rogers,
William Sudduth,
Young Kwing,
John Breckeiiridge,
John M'Dowell,
John Beii,
H. Harrison,
B. Thurston,
Waller CaiT,
}Iarris Innes,
John Logan,
Phileniou Thomas,
Philip BucUner,
Thomas Sandford,
Robert Clark,
R. Hickman,
Thomas Miirshall.ji
Joshua Baker,
Peter Briinner,
John Adair,
Thomas Allen,
Samuel Taylor,
Green Clay,
Thomas Clay,
■W^illiam lr\Tiie,
Jilson Payne,
John Rowan,
George Stockton,
William M.Bledsoe,
William Casey,
Henry Coleman,
William Elliot Boswell,
Richard Taylor,
John Piice, "
William Logan,
N. Huston,
John Bailey,
Reuben Ewing,
Richard Prather,
Nicolas Minor,
Benjamin lyog^n,
Abraham 0«en,
William Heniy,
Robert Johnson,
Caleb Wallace,
William Steel,
Felix Gnnidv,
Robert Abell,
Alexander Davidson.
TiaarmiT— «'^'**--**'w»p*^ffiTr^»B««
CONSTITUTIOIS" OF TENNESSEE.
Tlie Constitniion of the state of Tennessee^
unan.imo7islij established in convention, at
Knoxvillc, on the sixth day of Febntary,
one thousand seven hnndred and ninety-six
WE, the people of the territory of the United States
south of the river Ohio, having' the right of admission
into the government, as a member state thereof, consist-
ent with the constitution of the United Stales, and the
act of cession of the state of North Ciroiina, recognizing
the ordinance for the government of the territory ol the
United States north-west of the river Ohio, do ordain
and establish the following constitution, or fown of go-
Ternment ; and do mutually agree with each other to
form ourselves into a free and independent state, by the
name of The state of Tennessee.
ARTICLE 1.
5 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be vest-
ed in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate
and house of representatives, both dependent on the
people.
2. Within three years after the first meeting of the
general assembly, and within eveiT subsequent tenn of
seven years, an enumeration of the taxable inhabitants
shall be made, in such a manner Jis shall be directed l>y
law; the number of representatives shall, at the several
periods of making such enunieratio:), be fixed by the
legislature, apportioned among the several coinuies, ac-
cording to the number of ta\abie inhabitants in each ;
and shall never be less than twen'y-two nor greater
than twenty-six, until the number of t:isable inhabitants
shall be forty thousand ; and after that event, at such
ratio that the whole number of lepreseutativei shall ne-
ver exceed fortj-.
3. The number of senators shall, at th'' several perir.d^.
ef making the enumeration ijefore-mentioned, be fixed
by the legislature, and apportioned among the districts
formed as hereinafter directed, according to the number
of taxable inhabitants in each, and shall never be less
than one third, nor more than one half of the number of
representatives.
4. The senators shall be chosen by districts, to be
formed by the legislature, each district containing such
a number of taxable inhabitants as slioll be entitled to
elect not more than threesenators. When a district shall
be composed of two or more counties, they shall be ad-
joining, and no county shall be divided in forming a
district.
5. The first election for senators anil representatives
shall commence on the second Thursday of March next,
}>r)d shall continue for that and the succeetlingday ; and
the next election shall commence on the first Thursday
of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-se-
ven, and shall continue on that and the succeeding daj-;
and for ever thereafter, elections shall be held once in
two veal's, commencing on the first Tliursday in Au-
gust, and terminating the succeeding day.
6. The fii-st session of the general assembly shall com-
mence on the last Monday of March next. The second
on the third Monday of September, one thousand seven
hundred and ninety-seven. And for ever thereafter the
general assembly shall meet on the third Monday of Sep-
tember next ensuing the then election, and at no other
period, unless as provided for by this constitution.
7. I'hat no person shall be eligible to a seat in the
general assembly, unless he shall have resided three
yeai-s in the Ftate, and one year in the county immedi-
ately preceding the election, and shall possess, in his
own right, in the county w hich he represents, not less
than two hundred acres of land, and shall have attained
to the age of twenty-one years.
S. The senate and house of representatives, when as-
sembled, shall each choose a speaker and its other offi-
cers, be judges of the qualifications and elections, of its
members ; and sit upon its own adjoiimments from day
to day. Two thirds of each house shall constitutea quo-
rum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn
from day to day, and may be authoiizt d bj' law to com-
pel the attendance of absent members.
9. Each house may determine the rules of its pro-
ceedings, i)iinish its members for disorderly behaviour,
and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a mem-
ber, but not a second time for the same on'ence, and
shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature
of a free state.
10. Se:iators and representatives shall in all cases,
exci |ii treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi-
leged from arrest during the session of the general as-
sembly, and in going to, and returning from, the same ;
and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall
not be questioned in any other place.
11. Each bouse may punish by imprisonment, during
their session, any pei-son, not a member, w ho shall be
guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or
contemptuous behaviour in their ])resence.
12. When vacancies happen in either house, the go-
vernor, for the time being, shall issue writs of election
to fill such vacancies.
13. Neither^iouse shall, during their session, adjourn
V ithout consent o( the other, for more than three days,
nor to an) other place than that in which the two houses
shall be sitting.
1"!. Bills may originate in either house, but may be
amendi-d, altered, or refertei!. by tlip nt'her.
CONSTITtrnON OP TENNESSEE.
15. Evei-y bill shall be read three times, on three dif-
ferent days, in each house, and be signed by the respec-
tive speakers, before it becomes a law.
16. .\fter a bill has been rejected, no bill containini^
the same substance shall be passed into a law during the
same session.
17. The style of the laws of this stateshall be, Beit en-
acted by the general assemhlij of the state of Tennessee.
18. Each house shall keep ajournalof its proceedings,
and publish them, except such parts as the welfare of the
state may require to be kept secret ; and the yeas and
nays of the members on any question shall, at the re-
quest of any two of them, be entered on the journals.
19. The doors of each house; and committees of the
whole, shall be kept open, unless when the business
shall be such as ought to be kept secret.
20. The legislature of this stateshall not allow the fol-
lowing officers of government greater annual salaries
than as follows, until the year one thousand eight hun-
dred and four, to wit :
The governor not more than seven hundred and fifty
dollars.
The judges of the supreme courts not more than six
hundred dollars each.
The secretai-y not more than four hundred dollars.
The treasurer or treasurers, not more than four pep
cent, for receiving and paying out all moneys.
The attorney or attorneys for the state shall receive
a compensation for their sennces not exceeding fifty
dollars for each superior court which he sliall attend.
No member of the legislature shall receive more than
one dollar and seventy-live cents per day, nor more for
every twenty-five miles he shall travel in going to, and
leturniug from, the genera! assembly,
21. No money shall be drawn from the treasui-y, but
in consequence of appropriations made by law.
22. No pei-son, who heretofore hath been, or hereaf-
ter may be, a collectorovholder of the public moneys,
shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly,
nntil such person shall have accounted for, and paid in-
to the treasury, all sums for which he may be accounta-
ble or liable.
23. No judge of any court of law or equity, secretary
of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court of
record, or person holding any office under the authority
of the United States, shall have a seat in the general as-
sembly, nor shall any person, in this state, hold more
than one lucrative office at one and the same time : Pro-
vided, that no appointment in the militia, or the otfice
of justice of the peace, shall be considered as a lucrative
office.
24. No member of the general assembly shall be eligi-
ble to any office or place of trust, except to the office of
a justice of the peace, or trustee of any literary institu-
tion, where the jjower of appointment to such office or
place of trust is vested in their own body.
25. Any memberof either house of the general assem-
bly shall have liberty todissent from, and protest against,
any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the
public or any individual, and have the reasons of hisdis-
sent entered on the journals,
26. All lands liable to taxation in this state, held by
deed, grant, or entry, shall be taxed equal and uniform,
in such manner that no one hundred acres shall be taxed
higher than another, except town lots, which shall not
be taxed higher than two hundred acres of land each ;
no freeman shall be taxed higher than one bund red acres,
and no slave higher than two hundred acres, on each
poll.
97. No article manufactured of the produce of this
state, shall be taxed otherwise than to pay inspection
fees.
AllTICLK 2.
Si. The supreme executive power of this stateshall
be' vested in a governor.
2. The governor shall be chosen by the electors of the
members of the general assembly, at the times and places
where they sbalt respectively vote for the membei-s
thereof. The returns of everj'electicm for governor sliall
be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of goveniment,
by the returning officers, directed to the speaker of the
senate, who shall open and publish them in tin- presence
of a majority of the members of each house of the gene-
ral assembly. The person having the highest number
of votes shall be governor ; but if two or more shall be
equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be chosen
■ governor by joint ballot of both houses of the general
assembly. Contested elections for governor shall be de-
termined by both houses of the general assembly, in
such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
3, He shall be at least thirty-five vesn-s of age, and
possess a freehold estate of five hundred acres of land^
and have been a citizen or inhabitant of this state four
years next before his election, imless he shall have been
absent on the public business of the United States or of
this state.
<l. The first governor shall hold his ofiice until the
fourth Tuesday of September, one thousand seven hun-
dred and ninety-seven,and until another governorshall
be elected and qualified to office; and for ever after, the
governor shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until another governor shall be elected and quali-
fied ; but shall not be eligible more than six years in any
term of eight.
5. He shall be commander in chief of the army and
naN'y of this state, and of the militia, except when they
shall be called into the service of the United States.
6. He shall have power to grant repiieves and par-
dons, after conviction, except in cases of impeachment.
7. He shall at stated times receive a compensation for
his ser\'ices, which shall not be increased or diminished
during the period for which he shall have been elected.
8. He may reqtiire information, in writing, from the
officers in the executive department, upon any subject
relating to the duties of their respective offices.
9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
general assembly, by proclamation, aud shall stale to
them, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall
have been convened.
10. He shall take care that the laws shall be faithfully-
executed.
11. He shall, from time to time, give to the genera!
assembly, information of the slate of the government,
and recommend to their consideration sucli measures as
he shall judge expedient.
12. In caseof hisdeath,orresignation,orremovalfrom
office, the speaker of the senate shall exercise the office
of governor, until another governor shall be qualified,
13. No member of congress, or person holding any
office under the Unite<l States, or this state, shall execute
the office of governor.
14. When any officer, the right of whose appointment
is, by this constitution, vested in the general assembly,
shall, duiing tlie recess, die, or his office by other
means become vacant, the governor shall have power to
fill up such vacancy, by gi'aiitinga temporai-y commis-
sion, which shall expire at the end of the next session of
the legislature.
15 There shall be a seal of the state, which shall be
kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and
shall be called the great seal of the state of Tennessee.
16. All giants and commissions shall be in the name
and by the authority of the state of Tennessee, be sealed
with the state seal, and signed by the governor.
1?. A secretary of this state shall be appointed and
commissioned during the term of four years. He shall
keep a fair register of all the official acts and proceed-
ing, of the governor; and shall when required lay the
same, and all papers minutes, and vouchers, relative
thereto, before the general assembly, and shall pertbrin
such other duties as shall be enjoined him by law,
ARTICLK 3.
§ 1, Evei-y freeman, of the age of twenty-one years
and upwards, possessing a freehold iii the county where-
in he may vote, and being an inhabitant of this state,
and everyfreeman, being an inhabitant of any one coun-
ty in the state six months immediately preceding the
day of election, shall be entitled to vote for membei-s of
the general assembly for the county in which he shall
reside,
2, Electors shall, in all eases except treason, feIony,or
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest duiing
their attendance at elections, and in going to, and re-
turning from them.
3. All elections shiill be by ballot.
ARTICLE 4.
§ 1. The liouse of representatives shall liave the sole
power of impeachment.
2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate :
when sitting tor that purpose, thesenators shall be upon
oath or affirmation.
3. No person shall be convicted without the concur-
rence of two thirds of the members of the whole house.
4. The governot, and all civil officers under tiiis state,
shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in
office ; but judgment in siich cases shall not extend fur-
ther than removal from office, and disqiialitieation to
hold any office of honour, trust, or profit under this
state. The party shall, nevertheless, in all cases, be
liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment,
according; to law.
78
CONSTITUTION OF TENNESSEE.
ARTICLE D,
Jl. Thejudicjary power of this state siiall be vested in
such superior and inferior courts of law and equity, as
t!>e legislature sliall, from timo to time, direct and csta-
lilish.
2. Tlie general assembly shall, by ioint ballot of both
houses, appoint juda;es of the several courts of law and
equity ; also an attorney or attomejs fur the state, who
shall hold their r;-speetive offices during good beha-
viour.
3. The judges of the supeiior court shall, at stated
times, receive a compensation for their services, to be
ascertained by law j but siiall nut be allowed any fees or
perquisites of office, nor shall they bold any other office
of trust or profit under this state, or the United States.
4. The judges of the superior courts shall be justices
of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery through-
out the state.
5. Thejudgesofthe superior and inferior courts shall
not charge juries «ith respect to matters of fact, Ijut
may state the testimony ami declare the law.
6. The judges of the superior couits shall have power
in all civil cases to issue writs of certiorari, to remove
any cause, or a transcript thereof, from any inferior
court of record into the superior, on sufficient cause,
supported by oath or affirmation,
7. The judges or justices of the iivferior courts of law
shall have power, in all cases, to issue writs ttt'cerliorari, ■
to remove any cause, or a transcript thereof, from any
inferior jurisdiction, into theircourt, on sufficient cause,
supported by oath or affirmation.
8. No judge shall sit on the trial of any cause where
the parties shall be connected with him, by affinity or
consanguinity, except by consent of parties. In case
all the judges of the superior court shall be interested
in the event of any cause, or related to al! or either of
the parties, the governor of the state shall, in such c.ise,
specially commission three men, of law knowledge, for
the determination thereof.
9. All writs and other process shal I run, in the naine of
the state of Tennessee ; and bear test and be signed by
the respective clerks. Indictments shall conclude,
against the peace and rt/gnity of the stale.
10. Each coiut shall appoint its own clerk, who may
liold his office during good behaviour.
H. No fine siiall be laid on any citizen of this state
that shall exceed fifty dollars, unless it shall be assessed
bya jury ef his peers, who sliall assess tlie fine at the
time they find the fact, if they think the fine ought to
be more than fifty dollars.
12. There shall be justices of the peace appointed for
each county, not e\ceeding two for each capiain's com-
pany, except for the company which includes the coun-
ty town, which shall not exceed three, w ho shall hold
their offices during good behaviour.
ARTICLE 6.
§ 1. There shall be appointed in each county, by the
county court, one sheriff, one coroner, one trustee, and
a sufficient number of consl.ibles, who shall hold their
offices for two years. They shall also liave power to ap-
point one register, and ranger for the county, who shall
hold their offices during good behaviour. The sheriff,
and coroner, shall be commissioned by the governor.
2. There shall be a treasurer or treasurers appointed
for the state, who shall hold his or their offices for two
years.
3. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise di-
rected by this constitution, shall be vested in the legis-
lature.
1. Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned offi-
cers, shall be elected by those citizens, in their respec-
tive districts, who are subject to militaiy duty.
2. All field officers of the militia shall be elected by
those citizens in their respective counties who are sub-
ject to military duty.
3. Brig.idiers gener.al shall be elected by the field offi-
cers of their respective brigades.
4. Majors general shall be elected bv the brigadiers
and field officers of tlie respective divisions.
5. The governor shall appoint the adjutant general ;
the majors general shall appoint their aids ; the brig.i-
diers general shall appoint their brigade majors ; and
the commanding officers of regiments, their adjutants
and quarter masters.
6. Thecaptains and the subalterns of the caT.ilry shall
be appointed by the troops enrolled in their respective
companies, and the field officers of the districts shall be
appointed by the said captain: and subalterns ; provided .
that whenever any new county is laid off, that the field
officers of said eavairy shall appoint the captain and
other officei's therein, pro tempore, until the company is
filled up and complected, at which time the election of
the captains and subalterns shall take place as aforesaid.
7. The legislature shall pass laws exempting citizens
belonging to any sect or denomination of religion, the
tenets of which are known to be opposed to the bearing
of arms, from attending private and general musters.
auticl^; 8
§ 1. Whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their
profession, dedicated to God and the care of souls, and
ought not to be diverted from the ^reat duties of their
functions ; therefore, no minister ot the gospel, or priest
of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to a seat
in either house of the legislature.
2. No person who denies the being of God, or a future
state of rexvarfh and punishments, shall hold any office
in the civil department of this state.
Alt TICLE 9.
5> 1, That every person » ho shall be chosen or appoint-
ed to any office of^ trust or profit, shall, before entering
on the execution thereof, take an oath to support the
constitution of this suite, and also an oath of office.
2. That each member of the senate and house of re-
presentatives, shall, before they proceed to business,
take an oath or affirmation to support the constitution
of this state, and also the following oath :
1. A E. do solemnly su ear, (or affirm) that, as a mem-
ber of this general assembly, I will in all appointments
vote without favour, aff etion, partiality, or prejudice,
and that I will not propose or assent to any bill, vote,
or resolution, which shall appear to me injurious to the
people, or consent to any act or thmg whatever, that
shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge tlieir rights
and privileg-es, as declared by the constitution of this
state.
3. Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward
for his vote, in meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall
suffer such punishment as the laws shall direct. And
any person who shall, directly or indirectly, give, pro-
mise, or bestow, any such reward to be elected, shall
thereby be rendered incapable, for two years, to serve
in the office for which he was elected, and be subject to
such further punishment as the lesjisiature shall direct.
4. No new county shall be established by (he general
assembly, which sli.ill reduce the county or counties, or
either of them, from which it shall be taken, to a less
content than six hundred and twenty-five square miles.
Nor shall any new county be laid off, of le-ss contents.
All new counties, as to the right of suffrage and repre-
sentation, shall be considered as a part of the county or
counties from which it was taken, until entitled by
numbers to the right of representation. No bill shall be
passed into a law, for the establishment of a new coun-
ty, except ujion a petition to the genera' assembly for
that purpose, signed by two hundred of the free male
inhabitants within the limits or bounds of such new
county prayed to be laid off.
ARTICLE 10.
5 1. Knoxville shall be the seat of government until
the year one thousand eight hundred and tn o.
2. All laws and ordinances now in force and use in
this teritory, not inconsistent with this constitution,
shall continue to be in force and use in this state, until
they shall expire, be altered, or I'epealed by the legisla-
ture.
3. That whenever two thirds of the general assembly
shall think it necessary to amend or change this consti-
tution, they shall recommend to ihe electors, at the next
election for members to the general assciiibiy, to vote
for or agiiinst the convention ; and if it shall appear that
a majority of all the citizens of the staie, voting for re-
presentati\es, have voted (or a coiivenlioii, the general
assembly shall, at their next session, call a conve^ntion,
to consist of as many members as there may be in the
general assembly, to be chosen in the same manner, at
thesame place, and by the same electors that choose the
general assembly, who shall a-ieet within three months
after the said election, for the pu rpose of revising.amend-
iiig, or changing the constitution.
4. The decLaialioii of rights heo'to annexed, is de-
clared to be a part of the cimsiitulion of this state, and
shall never be violated on any pretence whatever. And
to guard against transgressions of thehigh powers which
we h,ave delegated, we declare, that every thing in the
bill of rights contained, and every other right not here-
CONSTITUTION OF TENNESSEE. 79
by delejjated, is excepted cut of the general powei's of cwditor or creditors, in such manner as sliall be pre-
governtnent, and shall for ever remain inviolate. scribed by law.
19. That the printing presses shall be free to every
AUTICLE 11. person \vlio niidtitaUes to e-.aiiiine the proceedings of
71 .„7,.« !.• ^c m^^i,!.. tbe legislatMrL, or of any blanch 01- officer of eovem-
nfcJarnlton of Jil^atS. „„,„j .^„_„j „„'.„^^, ^,,3,, ;.,.,,,. ^^ ,„ade to restrain the
51. That all power is inherent in the people; and all nsht thereof. The fre<- comuiiinicaiion of thoughts
free governments are founded on their authority, anil and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man, and
instituted for their peace, safety. ar.iX happiness ; for the every citizen may freely speak, write, and print, on any
advancement of tliust- ends, tin y have at all times an subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty,
unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or But, in prosecutions for \\i\ |>ublicatiun »f papei-s in-
abolish the government, in such manner as thej may vestigaiiiig the official conduct of officers or men in
think pi'oper. public capacity, the truth thereof niay be given in evi-
2. That governrtient being instituted for the common dence ; and in all indictments for libels, the jury shall
benefit, the doctriue of non-resistance against arbitrary have a right to determiiie tbe law and the facts, under
power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive the direction of the murt, as in other cases.
to the good and happiness of mankind. 20. That no reti-ospeeiive law, or law impairing the
3. That all men have a uatui-al and indefeasible right obligation of contracts, shall be made.
to xyorship Almighty God according to the dictates of 21. That no man's particular services shall be de-
their own conscience; (hat no man can of right be com- raaiuled, or property taken, or applied to public use,
pelled to attend, erect, or support any place of woi-ship, without thf consent of his representatives, or without
or to maintain any ministry against his consent; that no just compensation being made therefore,
human authority can, in any case wbateve.-. control or 22. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable
interfere with the rights of conscience ; and that no p,-e- manner, to assiinble together, for their common good,
ference shall ever be given by law to any religious esta- to instruct their representatives, and to ap|»iy to those
blishments or modes of worship. invested with the powers ot government for redress of
4. That no religious test shall ever be required as a grievances, or other proper purposes, by address or re-
qualification to any ofRce, or public trust, under this monstrance.
state. 23. That perpetuities and mof.opolies are contrai-y to
5. That elections shall be free and equal. the g.-nius cf a free state, and shall liot be allowed.
6. That the right of trial by jury shall remain iimo- 24. That the sure and certain defence of a free people
late. ■ is a well i-egulated niililia: and, as standing armies in
7. That the people shall be secure in their persons, time of peace are dangerous to freedom, they ought to
houses, pajiers, and possessions, from unreasonable be avoided, as far as the circumstances and safetj' of the
searches and seizures, and that general warrants, where- community will auutit ; ai.d that in all cases tliemilitary
by an officer may be commanded to search suspected s!)a!l bt- kept in strict subordination to the civil autho-
places, without evidence of the fact com.mitted. or to rity.
seize any pei^on or pei-sons, not nained, w hose otTences 25. That no citizen in this state, except such as are
are not particularly described and supported by evi- employed in the army of the United States, or militia in
dence, are dangerous to iiborty, and ought not'to be actual service, shall be stibjected to corporeal punish-
granted. ment under the mania! law.
8. That no freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or 26. That the freemen of this state have a right to keep
disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or out- and to bear arms for their common defence.
lawed, or exiled, orinnuymannerdeslroyed,ordeprivtd 27. That no soldier shall, in timeof peace, beq;iarter-
of his life, liberty, or property, bntby the judgment of ed in any house without the consent of the owner, nor
his peei-s, or the law of the land. in time of war. but in a manner prescribed by law-
9. That, in all criminal prosecutions,the accused hath 28. That no citizen of this state shall be compelled to
a right to be heard by himself and his counsel ; to de- bear arm«, provided he will pay an equivalent, to be as-
mand the nature and cause of the accusation against certained by law.
him, and to have a copy thereof ; to meet the witnesses 29. iliat an equal participation of the free naviga-
face to face : to have compulsory process for obtaining tion of the Mississippi, is one of the inherent rights of
witnesses in his favour ; arid, in prosecutions by indict- the citizens of this state ; it cannot, therefore, be con-
mentor presentment, a speedy public trial, by an impar- ceded to any prince, potentate, power, person, or per-
tial jury of thecountyordisiriet in which the crime shall sons whatever.
have been committed ; and shall not be compelled to give 30. i hat no hereditary emoluments, privilejjes, or ho-
evidence against hiniself. nours, shall ever be granted or coniernd in this state.
10. That no person shall, for the same offence, be 31. That the people residing south of French Br-oad
twice put in jeopardy of his life or limb. and Holston, between the rivers Tennessee and the Big
H. The laws made for the punishnient of facts com- Pigeon, are entitled to the right of pre-emption and oc-
mitted previous to the existence of such laws, and by cupancy in that tract.
them only declared criminal, are contrary to the princi- 32. That the limits and boundaries of this state be
pies of a free government ; whttciove, no ex post facto ascertained, it is declared they are as hereafter men-
law shall be made. tioned, that is to say :— Beginning on the extreme
12. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood height of the Stone mountain, s: the place where the
or forfeiture of estate. The estate of such persons as bne of Virginia intersects it, in 'atitudt thirty-six de-
shall destroy their own lives, shall descend or vest as in gi-ees aiid thirtv minutes north— running thenee, along
case of natural death. If any person be killed by casu- the extreme height of the said mountain, to the place
ally, there shall be no forfeiture in consequence thereof, where Watauga river breaks through it ; thence a di-
13. That DO person arrested or confined in jail, shall rect course, to the tO)) of the Yellow mountain, where
be treated w ith unnecessary rigour. Brigbt's road crosses the same ; thence, along the ridge
14. That no fi-eeman shall be put to answer any cr:mi- of said mountains, between the waters of Doe river and
nal charge, but by presentment nidictuient, or impeach the waters of Rock creek, to the place where the road
ment. crosses the Iron mountain ; from thence, along the ex-
15. That all prisoneri shall be bailable bv sufficient treme height of said mountain, to the place where Noli-
sureties, unless for capital offences, when the proof is chuky river runs through the same ; thence, to the top
evident or the presumption great. And the privilege of of the B;'ld mountain; thence.along the extreme height
the writ of habeas corpus shall not be susnendt d. unless of said mountain, to the Painted Rock, on French Broad
when in case of rebellion, or inv asion, the public safety river . thence, along the highest ridge of said mountain,
may require it. to the place where it is call' d the Great Irqn or Smoky
16. That excessive bail shall not be reqt:ircd, nor ex- mountain; thence, along the extreme height of said
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- mountain, to the p:ac(vvhere it is called Unicoi or Una-
ments inflicted. ka mountain, between th^ ludian tov\ns of Cowee and
17. That all courts shall be open: and every man, for Old Chota; hence, a'on;; the main ridge of the said
an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or i-epti- mouiitain, to the southern bo>indai-y "f this state, as de-
tation,shall have remedvbyduecoiirseoflaw,and right scribed in the act of cession of North Carolina to the
and justice adminlstei-ed without sale, denial, or delay. United States of Aii.niea ; and that all the territory,
Suits may be brought against the state in such manner, lands, and waters, lying west of the said hue, as befcre-
and in such courts, as the legislature roa\ bv law direct, mentioned, and contained within the chartei-cd Innits of
provi'lfd, 'hf right of bringing suit be limited to the ci- the state of North Carolina, are within the boundaries
tizens of this state. and limits of this suite, over which the people have the
18. That the ' ' ■ -• • - '•
strong presumii
prisun nU«r dcliveving up
8.0
CONSliTUTiON OF OHIO.
of rights, and constitution of North Carolina, the cession
act of the said state, and ordinance of the late congress,
for the government of the territory north-west of the
Ohio : Provided, nothing herein contained shall extend
to aifect the claim or claims of individuals, to any part
of the soil which is recognized to them by the aforesaid
cession act.
SCHEDULE.
S 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of
the temporary to a permanent state government, it is de-
clared, that all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and
contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate,
shall continue as if no change had talien place in the
administration of government.
2. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owing
to the territorv or the United States of America, south
of the river Ohio, shall inure to the use of the state.
All bonds for performance, executed to the governor of
the said territory, shall be and pass over to the governor
of this state, and his successors in office, for the use of
the state, or by him or them respectively to be assigned
over to the use of those concerned, as the case maj be.
3. The governor, secretary, judges, and brigadiers
general, have a right by virtue of their appointments,
under the authority of the United States, to continue in
the exercise of the duties of their respective offices, in
their several departments, until the said officers are su-
persetled under the authority of this constitution.
4. All officers, ciwl and military, who have been ap-
pointed by the governor, shall continue to exercise then-
respective offices until the second Monday in June, and
until successors in office shall be appointed under the
authority of this constitution, and duly qualified.
5. The governor shall make use of his private seal
until a state seal shall be provided.
6 until the first enumeration shall be made, as di-
rected in the second section of the first article of this
constitution, the several counties shall be respectively
entitled to elect one senator and two rppresentatives :
Provided, that no new county shall be entitled to sepa-
rate representation, previous to taking the enumera-
tion. .
7. That the next election for representauves and other
officers, to be held for Uie county of Tennessee, shall 1/?
held at the house of William Miles.
8, Until a land office shall be opened, so as to enable
the citizens south of French Broad and Holston, be-
rween the rivers Tennessee and Big Pigeon, to obtain
titles upon their claims of occupancy and pre-emption,
those who hold lands by \irtue of siich claims shall be
eligible to serve in all capacities where a freehold is by
this constitution made a rec^iiisite qualification.
Done in convention, at Knoxville, by unanimous con-
sent, on the sixth day of February, in the year of
our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninty-
six, and of the Independence of the United States
of America the twentieth. In testimony whereof,
we have hereunto subscribed our names :
WILLIAM BLOUNT, PresUknt.
David Craig, William Rankin,
•Tames Greenaway, Elisha Baker,
Joseph Black, John Galbreath,
James Houston, Alexander Outlaw,
Samuel Glass, .Tosejih Anderson,
John M'Nairy, George Doherty,
Andrew Jackson, James Uoddye,
James Robertson, Archibald Roane,
'I'homas Hardiman, Peter Bryan,
Joel Lewis, Samuel Wier,
Spencer Clack, W.Douglass,
John Clack, Edward Douglass,
Thomas Buckenham, Daniel Smith,
James Berry, Thomas Johnson,
Joseph M'Min, James Ford,
Thomas Henderson, ^^'illiam Fort,
William Cocke, AVilliam Prince,
Richard Mitchell, Robert Prince,
David Shelby, John Tipton,
Isaac Walton, Samuel Handy,
Georgi' Rutlege, Lecroy Taylor,
William C.C. Claiborne, Landon Carter,
Richard Gammon, James Stuart,
John Shelby, jun. JaiMCs White,
John Rhea, Charles M'Clung,
Samuel Frazier, John Crawford,
Stephen Brooks, John Adair.
Attest.
William Mechlin, Stcretanj.
coisrsTiTUTioisr of ohio.
Done in convention, begun and held at Chili-
cothe, on Monday, the 1st of jYovember,
A. D- 1802, and of the independence of the
United States the 27th.
AVE, the people of the eastern di\'ision of the territory
of United States nortli-west of the river Ohio, having
the right of admission into the genei'al goverrmient, as
a member of the Union, consistent with the constitution
of the United States, the ordinance of congress of one
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and the law
of Congress, entitled, " An act to enable the people of
the eastern division of the territory of the United States
north-west of the river Ohio to form a constitution and
state government, and for the admission of such state
into the Union, on an equal footing with the original
states, and for other purposes ;" in order to establish
.justice, promote the welfare and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity,do ordain and esta-
blish the following constitution or form of government,
and do mutually agree with each other to form ourselves
into a free and independent state, by the name of T/ie
State of Ohio.
AnXICLU 1.
5 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be
vested in a general assembly, which shall shall consist of
a senate and house of representatives, both to be elected
Ijy the people.
J- Within one year after the first meeting of the ge-
neral assembly, and within every subsequent term of
four years, an enumeration of all the while male inha-
bitants above twenty-one years of age shall be made, in
such manner as shall be directed by law. The number
of representatives shall, at the several periods of making
such enumeration, be fixed by the legislature, and ap-
portioned among the several counties according to the
number ot white male inhabitants above tv.enty-one
years of age in each ; and shall never be less than twen-
ty-four, nor greater than thirty-six, until the number of
white male inhabitants of above twenty-one years of age
shall be twenty-two thousand— and after that event, at
such ratio that the whole number of representatives
shall never be less than thirty-six, nor exceed seventy-
two.
3. The representatives shall be chosen annually, by
the citizens of . ach county respectively, on the second
Tuesday of Octob;r.
4. No persun shall be a representative who shall not
have attaitied the age of twenty-five years, and be a
citizen of the United States and an inhabitant of this
state; shall also have resided within the limits of the
county in which he shall be chosen one year next pre-
ceding his election, unless he shall have been absent on
the public business of the United States or of this state,
and shall have paid a state or count;,- tax.
5. The senators shall be chosen biennially, by quali-
fied voters for representatives; and, on their being con-
vened in consequence oi the first election, they shall be
divided by lot from their respective counties or districts,
as near as can be, into two classes : the seats ot the sena-
tors of the first class shall be vacated at iheexpii-aiion o''
00>iSllX UTJON OP OHIO. SI
Uie Rrtt year, anu of the second class, at the expiration 22. An accurate slatcment of the receipts and expen-
of the second year; so that one half thereof, as near as dltures of the puhlic money, sliali be attached to and
possible, maj' he annually chosen for ever thereafter. publisheil with the laws, annually.
6. The number of senators shall, at the several peri- 23. The house of representatives shall have the sole
ods of making the enumenitioii btfore-menlioned, be powcrofimpeachinp;, but a majority of all the members
fixed bv the legislatin-e, and apportioned amons the se- must concur in an impeachment. All impeachments
veral counties or districts to be established bylaw, ac- shall be triid by the senate, and when sitting lor that
cording to the number ofwhite male inli:ibitants of the purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation to do jus-
ape of twenty-one years in each, and shall never be less tice aceordinpr to law and evidence : no person shall be
than one third nor more than one half of the number of convicted without the concun-ence of two-thirds of all
representatives. the senators.
7. No person shall be a senator who has not arrived at 24. The povermr, and all other civil officers under
the age of thirty -sears, and is a citizen of the United this state, shall be liable to impeachment for any misde-
States; shall have resided two years in the county or raeanorin office; hut judgment in such cases shall not
district immediatelv piecedinsj the election, unless he extend further than removal from office and disqualifi-
shall have been absent on the ]niblie business of the cation to hold any offic,eofhonoiu-,prolit,or trust, nndei"
United States or of this state, and shall, moreover, have this state. The party, whether convicted or acquitted,
paid a state or counly ta.\. shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judg-
8. The senate and house of representatives, when as- ment,and punishment, according to law.
sembled. shall each choose a speaker and its other offi- 25. The first session of the general assemWy, shall
eers, be judges of the qualifications and elections of its commence on the first Tuesday of March next ; and for
members,aml sit uponilsown adjournments; two thirds ever thereafter the general assembly shall meet on the
of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, first Monday of December in evei-y year, and at no
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and other period, unless directed by law, or provided lor by
compel the attendance of absent i.iembeis.' this constitution.
9. Each hoiiseshall keep a jonnial of its proceedings, 26. >7o judge of any court of law or equity, secretary
and publish them. The yeas" and nays of the members, of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court
on any question, shall, at the desire of any two of them, of record, sherifi'or collector, member of either house of
be entered on the journals. congress, or person holding any lucrative office under
10. Anv two members of cither house shall Iiave liber- the United States or this state, provided that the ap-
ty to dissent from, and protest against, anv net or reso- pointments in the militia or justices of the peace shall
liition, which they mav think in| iirious to the public or not be considered lucrative offices, shall be eligible as a
any individual, and haVe the reasons of their dissent en- "candidate for, or have a seat in, the general assembly,
tered on the journals. 27. No person shall be appointed to any office within
11. Eacli house may determine the rules of its pro- any county, who shall not have been a citizen and in-
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, habitant therein one year next before his appointment,
and, \vitli the concurrence of two thirds, expp| a mem- if the county shall have been so long erected ; but if the
ber, but not a second time for the same cause ; and sliall county shall not have been so long erected, then within
have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legis- the limits of the county or counties out of which it shall
iatiire of a free and independent state. have been taken.
12. When vacancies happen in either house, the go- 28. Xo person who heretofore hath been, or hereaftei'
vernor, or he person exercising the power of the go- may be, a collector or holder of public moneys, shall
vernor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies, have a seat in either house of the geneia! assembly, un-
13. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, til such person shall have accounted for and paid into
e?;cept treason, felony, or breach of the i)eace, be privi- the treasury all sums for which he may be accountable
legeti from arrest during the session of the general as- or liable.
semhly, and in going to, and returning fioin, the same; ARTICLE 2.
and for any speech or debate, in either house, thev shall ■" ' ~"
not be questioned in any other iilace. " J 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall
14. Each house may punish, bj- imp; isotimi/nt, during be vested in a governor.
their session, any person, not a'member. who shall be 2. The governor shall be chosen by the electors of the
guilty of disrespect to the house, by anv disorderly or membirs of the general assembly, on the second Tues-
contemptiious behaviour in their presence ; provided, day of October, at the same places and in the same man-
such imprisonment shall not, at any one lime, exceed ner that they shall vespectivelyvote for members there^
twemy-four hours. of. The returns of every election for governor shall be
15. I'he doors of each house, and of commictees of sealed up and transmitted to tlie seat of govemment,
the whole, shall be kept oin n, except in such cases as, by the returning officers, directed to the 'iiraker of the
intheopinion of the house, require secrecy. Neither senate, wboshallopen and publish them lu the presence
houseshail, without the consent of theolher, adjourn of a majority of themembersofeachhonseofthegeneral
forinoretliantwodnvs, nor to anv othw place than that assembly. The person having the highest number of
in which the two houses shall be sitting. votis shall be governor; butif twoormoreshallbeequal
16. Bills may originate in either house, but m.iy be and highest in votes, then one of them shall be chosen
altered, amended, or rejr-cted, bv the other. governor by joint ballot of both housess of the general
17. Every bill shall \r~: read on" three difflient days, in assembly. Contested elections for governor shall he de-
each house, unless, in can' of urgency, rhtx-e fourths of termined by botli houses of l;he general assembly, in
the house where such hill is so depend'ing shall deem it such m.anner as shall be prescribed by iaw._
expedient to disjieuse with this rule: and every bill, 3. The fast governor shall hold his office until the
haviiig passed both ho:;ses, shall be signed by the speak- first Monday of December, one tlioiis;ind eight hundred
ITS of their respective houses. and five, and until another governor shall be elected
18. I he siyle of the laws of this state shall be, " Be it and qualified lo office ; and for ever after the governor
enacted bi; lUe general assembly cf the stale nfOhio.'" shall hold his ofiice for the term of two years, and until
19. Tlie hirislattire of this staU" shall not allow the another governor shall be elected and qualified; but he
followingofficersofgnvernment greater annual salaries shall not be eligible more than six years m anyterra of
than as follows, until the vear one thmisaml eight bun- eight years. He shall be at least thirty years ot age, and
dred and eight, to wit : the' governor not mote than one haie been a ciiizm of the United States twelve years,
thousand dollars ; the judges of the supr( me court not and an iiihabitant of this state four years next preceding
more than onethousand do. lars each; tlie presidents of his election. . . ,
the courts of common pleas not more than eight bun- 4. He sliall,Ti-om time to time, ^ive to the general as-
dred dollars each ; the s^ en inrv of state not more than sembly information of the state ot the government, and
five hundrtd dollars ; the audittir of public accounts not lecoinmeiid to their consideration such measures as he
more than seven hundred and fifty-lollars; thetreasurer shall deem expedient.
not more than four hiindrtd and fifty dollars; no mem- 5. He shall have the power to grant reprieves and par-
ber of the legisl.atiire shall receive more than two dollars dons, after conviction, except in eases o, impeachment,
per day during his attendance on the legislature, nor 6. 1 he governor shall, at stated times, receive for his
more for everv twenty-five miles he shall travel in. going serviccsa compensation, whichshall neither be increased
to and returning from the general assembly. nor diminished during the term Icr which he shall have
20. No senator or representative shall, dining thetime been elected. . . ...
for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to 7. He may require information, in writing, Irom the
any civil office under this state, which shall have been officers in the executive d^■paltment, upon any subject
created, or the emolnments of which shall have been in- relating to tlie duties of theiirespectiveofiices, andsball
creased, during such time. take care that the laws be iailhfully executed.
21. No money shall be drawn from the trcasnrv, btit 8. When an officer, the nght oi whose appointment
in e.onseqiience of .ippwpri.itior.'; made bv law. ' is. by tliis constitution, vested in the general asscmTiTy,
*
Sa CONSTITUTION OF OHIO.
shall, during- the recess, die, or his office by any means theirofBces,becouscrvatoi-solthepeaee throughout tuc
become vacant, the governor sliall have power to fill state. The presidents of the court of common picas,
such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall sha'l, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the
expire at the end of the n''xt session of the legislature, peace in their respective circuits, and the .judges of the
9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the court of common pleas shall, by virtue of their offices,
general assembly, by proclamation, and shall slate to be conservators of the peace iji their respective coun-
them, when assembled, the purposes for which they shall ties.
have been cojivened. 3. The judges of the supreme court, the presidents,
10. He shall be commander in chief of the army and and the associate judges of the courts of common pleas,
navy of this state, and of the militia, except when they shall be appointed by a joint ballot of both houses of the
shall be called into the service of the United States. general assembly, and shall hold their offices for the
11. In case of disagreement between the two houses, term of seven years, if so long they behave well. The
« ith respect to the time of adjournment, the governor judges of the supreme coin't, and the presidents of the
shall have the power to adjourn the general assembly courts of common pleas, shall at stated times receive for
to such time as he thinks proper, provided it be not a their services an adequate compensation, to be fixed by
period beyond the annual meeting of the legisialure. law, which shall not be diminished during their conti-
12. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, or nuance in office; but they shall receive no fees or per-
the removal of the governor from office, the spe:iker of quisites of office, nor liold any other office of profit or
the senate shall exercise the office of governor, uiitii he trust under the authority of this state or the United States,
be acquitted, or another governor shall be duly qualifi- 9. Each court shall appoint its own clerk, for the term
ed. In case ofimpeachmentof the s])eaker oftlie senate, of seven years ; but no person shall be appointed clerk,
or his death, removal from office, resignation, or absence except pro tempore, who shall not produce to the court
from the state, the speaker of the house of reprcsenta- appointing him a certificate from a majority of the
tives shiill succeed to the office, and exercise the duties judges of the supreme court, that they judge him to be
thereof, until a governor sliall be elected and qualified, "well qualified to execute the duties oi' the office of clerk
13. No member of congress, or person holding any to any court of the same dignity with that for which he
office under the United States, or this state shall execute offers' himself. Thcv shall be removable for breach of
the office of governor. good behaviour, at any time, by the judges of the re-
14. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be spective courts.
kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and 10. The supreme court shall be held once a year, in
shall be called The great seal of the state of Ohio. each county ; and the courts of common pleas shall be
15. All grants and commissions shall be in the name holden in each county at such times and places as shall
and by the authority of Ihe state of Ohio, sealed with be prescribed by law.
the seal, signed by the governor, and countersigned by 11. A competent number of justices of the peace shall
the secretary. be elected by the qualified electors in each township in
16. A secretary of state shall be appointed by joint the several counties, and shall continue in office three
ballot of the senate and house of representatives, who years, whose powers and duties shall, from time to time,
shall continue in office three years, if he shall so long be regulated and defined by law.
behave himself well. He shall keep a fair register of all 12. The style of all process shall be. The State of
the official acts and proceedings of the governor; and Ohio ; and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the
shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, name and by the authority of the state of Ohio ; and all
minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before either indictments shall conclude, against the iieace and dig-*
branch of the legislature, and shall perform such other nity of the same,
duties as shall be assigned him by law. AltTlCtE 4
AUTICLE o. j j_ jj, ,j^i elections, all white male inhabitants, above
§ 1. Thejudicia! power of this state, both as to matters the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the state
of lawand equity, shall he vested in a supreme court, in one year next preceding the election, and who have
courts of common pleas for each county, in justices of paid, or are charged with, a state or county tax, shall
tiie pe.ace, and in such other courts as tlie legislature enjoy the right of an elector; but no person shall be en-
may, from time to time, establish. titled w vote, except in the county or district in which
3. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, he shall actually reside at the time of the election,
any two of whom shall ccnslitute a quorum. They shall 2. All elections shall be by ballot,
liave original and appellate jurisdiction, both in com- 3. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,
nion law and chancerv, in siich cases as shall be direct- or breach of the peace, he privileged from arrest during
cd by law : provided,that nothing herein contained shall their attendance at elections, and ingoing to and re-
prevent the general assembly from adding another judge turning from the same.
to the supreme court after the term of five years, in 4. The legislature shall have full power to exclude
which case the judges may divide the state into two cir- from the jirivilege of electing, or of being elected, any
cuits, within which any two of the judges may hold a |ierson convicted of bribery, perjurj-, or any other in-
court. famous crime.
3. The several courts of common pleas shall consistof 5. Nothing contained in this article shall be so con-
a president and associate judges. The state shall be di- strucd as to prevent white male persons, above the age
vidtd by law into three circuits : there shall be appoint- of twenty-one years, who are compelled to labour on the
vdin each circuit a president of the courts, who, during roads of their respective townships or counties, and who
his continuance in office, shall reside therein. There have reside d one year in the state, from having the right
shall bo appointed in each county, not more than three of an elector.
nor less than two associate judges, who, during their ARTICLF 5
continuance in office, shall reside therein. 'Ihe presi-
dent and associate judges, in their I'cspective counties, § 1. Captains and subalterns in the militia shall be
anytbreeof whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the elected by those persons in their respective company
court of common pleas, which court shall have comii.on districts subject to military duty,
law and chancery jurisdieti.>ii, in ii!l such cases as shall 2. Majors shall be elected by the captains and subal-
be directed by law'; pro\ided. that nothinij herein con- terns of the battalion.
tained shall be construid to prevent the legislature from 3. Colonels shall be elected by the majors, captains,
increasing the number of circuits and presidents after and subaltems of the regiment,
the term of five years. 4. Brigadiers genera! shall be elected by the 'commis-
4. The judges of the supreme court, and court of sioned officers of their respective brigades.
common pleas, shall have complete criminal jurisdic- 5. Majors general and quarter mastei-s genera! shall
tion in such cases, and in such manner as may be point- be appointed by joint ballot of both houses of the legis-
ed out by law. lature.
5. Th^ court of common pleas in each county shall 6. The governor shall appoint the adjutants general,
have jurisdiction of all pro'iUe and testamentary mat- The majors general shall appoint tlieir aids, and other
ters, granting udministiation, and the appointment of division officers. The brigadiers their majors; the bri-
guardians, .ind such oilier cases as shall be prescribed ga-.i' majors their staff officers; commanders of regi-
by law. nitnts shall appoint their adjutants, quarter niastei-s,
6. The judges of the court of common pleas shall, and other regimental staff officei-s ; ninl th( ruptainsand
within their respective counties, have the same powers subalterns shall appoint thtir non-comniissio;.eil officers
with the judges of the supreme court, to issue writs of and musicians.
cer^soiwi', to the justices oftlie |)"ace, and to cause their 7. Ihe captains and subalterns of the artillery and
proceedings to lie brought before them, and the like cavalry shall be elected by the persons enrolled in tlieir
right and ^justice to be' done. respective corps, and the majors and colonels shall be
7. The Judges of thesupreraec.oui'tshall.byvijtne of appointed in such mamver as shall be directed bvJaw.
CONSTITUllOiSr QP OHIO.
8$
Tlie colonels shall appoint their regimental staff, and
the captains and subaftefns their non-commissioned of-
ficers and musicians.
ARTICLE 6.
J 1. There shall be elects d in each county one sheriff
and one coroner, by the citizens thereof who are quali-
fied to vote for members of the assembly : they shall be
elected at the time and place of holding elections for
members of assembly; they shall continue in office two
years, if they shall s'o long behave well, and until suc-
cessoi-s be chosen and duly qualified : provided, that no
person shall be eligible as sheriff for a longer term than
four years in any term of six yeai-s.
2. The state treasurer and auditor shall be triennially
appointed, by a jofnt ballot of both houses of the legisla-
ture.
3. All town and township officers shall be chosen an-
nually, by the inhabitants thereof duly qualified to vote
for members of the assembly, i:t such'time and place as
may be directed by law.
4. The appointment of all civil officers, not otherwise
directed by this constitution, shall be made in such man-
ner as may be directed by law.
ARTICLE 7 .
J 1. Every person who shall be chosen op appointed
to any office of trust or profit under the authority of the
state, shall, before the enterini^on the execution therct.f,
take an oath or affirmation lo suppoii ilic constitution
of the United States and thi> state, and also an oath of
office.
2. Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward
for hisTote, in meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall
suffer such punishment as tlie laws shall direct; and any
person who shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or
bestow, any such reward to be elected, shall th< I'tby be
rendered incapable for two years to serve in tlie office
for which he was elected, and be subject to such other
■punishment as shall be directed by law.
3. No new county shall he established by the general
assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or
either of them, from which it shall be taken, to less con-
tents than four hundred square miles, nor shall any
county be laid off of less contents. Every new county,
as to the right of suffrage and representation, shall be
considered as a part of the county or counties from
which it was taken, until entitled by numbers to the
right of representation.
4. Chilicothe shall he the seat of government until the
year one thousand eight hundred and eight. No money
shall be raised until the yea.- one thousand eight hun-
dred and nine, by the legislature of tliis state, for the
pinT)Ose of erecting public buildings for the aeuommo-
dalion of the legislature.
5. Thai, after the year one thousand eight hundred
and six, whenever two thirds of the general assembly
shall think it necessary to amend or change this consti-
tution, they shall recommend to tlie electors, at the next
election for members to the general assembly, to vote for
or against a convention ; and if it shall appear that a
majority of the citizens of the state, voting for repre-
sentatives, have voted for a convention, the general as-
sembly shall, at their next session, call a convention, to
consist of as many members as there may be in the gene-
I'a! assembly, to be chosen in the same manner, at the
same places, and by the same electors that choose ths
general assembly, who shall meet w ithin three months
after the said election, for tlie purpose of revising,
amending, or changing the cotistitution. But no alter-
ation of this constitution shall ever take place, so as to
introduce slavery or involuntary servitude into this
state.
6. That the limits and boundaries of this state be as-
ceitained, it is declared, that they are as hereafter men-
tioned— that is to say, bounded on the east by the Penn-
sylvania line ; on the south by the Ohio river to the
mouth of the Great Miami river; on the wescbythe line
drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami
aforesaid ; and on the north by an ea<t and west line,
drawn through thesoutherly extreir.e of Lake Michigan,
running east after intersectmg the due north line afore-
said, from the mouth ef the Great Miami, until it shall
intersect Lake Erie, or the territorial line, and thence
with the same through Lake Erie to thi- Pennsylvania
line aforesaid : Provided, always, and it is hereby fully
liiulerstood and declared by this convention, that if the
southerly bt-iul or extreme of Lake Michigan should ex-
tend so tar south, that a line drawn due east from it
should not intersect Lake Erie, or if it should intersect
the said Lake Erie east of the mouth of the Miami river
of the Lake, then, and in that case, with the assent of
ahe congress of the United States, the northern .boun-
dary of this state shall be established by, and extending
to, a direct line, rumiing from the soiithern extremity
of Lake Michigan, to the must northerly cape of the
Jliami bay, after intersecting the due north line from
the mouth of the Great Miami river as aforesaid, thence
north-east to the territorial, and by the (.aid territorial
line to the Pennsylvania line.
AUTtCLE 8.
That the general, great, and essential principles of
liberty and free government may be recognized, and for
ever unalterably established, «'e declare,
\ 1. That all men are bom < qually free and indepen-
dent, and have certain, natural, inherent, and unaliena-
ble rights, amongst which are the enjo>ingand defend-
ing life and liberty, .icquiring, possessing, and protecting
property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and
safely ; 'and eveiy free republican goxernment, being
founded on their sole authority, and organized for the
purpose of protecting their liberties, and securing their
independence : to effect these ends they have at all times
Q complete j)0\x er to alter, reform, or abolish their go-
vernment, whenever ihey may deem it necessai-y.
2. There shall be neitlier siavei-y nor involuntary ser-
vitude, in this state, otherwise than for the punishment
of crimes, whereof the i>arty shall have been duly con-
victed ; nor shall any male person, arrived »t the age of
tw enty-one years, nor fenuile person, arrived at the age
of eighteen yeari, he held to serve any person as a ser-
vant, under pretence of indenture, or otherwise, unless
such person shall enter into such indenture w hile in a
stale of perfect freedom, and on condition of a buna fuh
consideration, received, or lo be received, f.ir their ser-
lice, except as before excepted. Nor shall ativ intlentui'e
of any negro or mulatto hereafter made and executed,
out of this state, or, if made in the state, where the term
of service exceeds one year, be of the least i-alidity, ex-
cept those given in the case of apprenticeships.
3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right
to worship AIi»ighty God according to the dictates of
tlieir conscience ; that no human authority can. in any
case whatever, coutrnl or interfere w illi the rights of
conscience; that no man shall be compelled to attend,
erect, or supj^ort, any place of worship, or to maintain
any ministry, against his consent ; and that no jirefer-
ence shall ever be given by law to any religious society
or mode of worship ; and no religious test shall be re-
qui'.-ed, as a qualification to any office of tnist or profit.
Hut religion, molality, and knowledge, being essentially
necessary to the good government, and the happiness of
mankind, schools, and the means of instruction, shall for
ever be encouraged by legislative provision, not incon-
sistent with the rights of conscience.
4. Private projierty ought, and shall ever be held in-
violate, but always subservient to the public welfare,
provided a compensation in money be made to the own-
er.
5. That the people shall be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and possessions, from all unwarrantable
searches and seizeres ; and thai general w ar.ants, where-
by an officer rnay be commanded to search suspected
places, wiihout probable evidence of the fact commit-
ted, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose
offences are not jiarticularly described, and without oath
or affirmation,are dangerous lo liberty, and shall not be
granted.
6. That the printing presses shall be open and free to
every citizen, who w ivhes to examine the proceedings of
any branch of government, or the conduct of any public
officer; and no law shall ever restrain the right thereof.
Evei-y citizen has an indisputable right to sptak, write,
or print, upon any subject, as he thinks proper, being
liable for the abuse of that liberty. In prosecutions for
any publication respectinEC ihe official conduct of men
ill a public cnp.aclty. or where the m.itter published is
proper for public information, the truth thereof may al-
ways be given in evidence; and in all indictments for
libels, the jury shall have a right to determine tlie law
and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other
cases.
7. That all courts shall be open, and every person, for
an injury done him in his iands, groods, person, or repu-
tation, shall have remedy by the due course of law, and
right and justice administered without denial oi delay.
8. riiat the right of trial by jury shall be inviolatcl
9. That no priwer smpending the laws shall be exer-
cised, unless by the legislature.
10. That no person arrested or confined in Jai! shall be
treated witli unnecessary rigour, or be put to answer
anv criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment,
or impeachment.
11. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused
hath a right »o be heard by hiuiself and his Mitnse!. to
S4
CONS'J ITUTION of 0HIQ.
demand the nature ami cause of the accusation against
liirn, and to have a copy thereof; to incut the witnesses
face to face ; to have coinpulsoiy process for obtaining
witnesses in his favour; and, in prosecutions by indict-
ment or presentment, a speedy public trial, by an im-
partial jury ofthe county or district in which the offence
shall have been committed, and shall not be compelled
to give evidence against hniistlf— nor shall he be twice
put in jeopardy for the same offence.
12. I'hat all persons shall be bailable by sufficient
sureties, unless for capital oiunces, where the proof is
evident or the presumption great ; and the privilege of
the writ of AaieoicorpMJ shall not be suspended, unless
Yihen in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety
may require it.
13. Excessive bail shail not he required, excessive
fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel and unusual pu-
jiishments inflicted.
14. All penalties shall be jiroportioned to the nature
of the offence. No wise le^slature will afEx the same
punishment to the crimes of theft, forgery, and the like,
which they do to those of mui-der and treason. When
the same undistinguished severity is exerted afjainst all
offences, the people are led to forget the real distinction
in the crimes themselves, and to commit tlie most fla-
grant >\'ith as little compunction as they do tlie lightest
offences. For the same reasons, a multitude of sangui-
uary laws are both impolitic and unjust ; the true design
of all punishments being to reform, not to extirminate
mankind.
15. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison
s\fter delivering up his estate for the ben. fit of his cre-
ditor or creditors, ia such man:ier as shall be prescribed
by law.
16. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the
validity of contracis,shai! ever be made ; anu no convic-
tion shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of
estate.
17. That no pereon shall be liable to be transjjorted
out of this state, for any offence committed within the
state.
18. That a frequent recurrence to the fundamental
principles of civil government is absolutely necessary to
ipreserve the blessings of liberty.
19. That the people have a right to assemble together,
iu a peaceable manner, to consult for their common
good, to instruct their representatives, and to apply to
the legislature for redress of grievances.
20. That the people have a right to bear arms for the
defence of tliemselves and the state ; and as standing
armies, in time of peace, are davigerous to liberty, they
shall not be kept up, and that the niilitar) shall lie kept
under strict subordination to the civil power.
21. That no person in this state, except such as are
employed in the army or navy of the United States, or
militia in actual service, shall be subject to corporeal
l)unishment under the railitai-y law.
22. That no soldier, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in
time of war, but in the manner prescribed by law.
23. That tl>e levying taxes by the poll is grie\-ous
and oppressive ; therefore, the legislature shall never
levy a poll tax for county or state purposes.
24. That no hereditary emolumenis, privilegfes, or
liouours, shall ever be granted or conferred by this
slate.
25. That no law shall be passed to prevent the poor
in the several counties and townships within this staicj
from an equal participation in the schools, academies,
colleges, and universities, within this state, which are
endowed, in whole or in part, from the revenue arising
from the donations made by the United Stales for the
support of schools and colleges ; and the doors of tlie
said schools, academies, and universiiies, shall be open
for the reception of scholars, students, and tcacliers, of
every grade, without any distinction oi preference what-
ever, contrary to the intent lor which the said donations
were made.
26. That laws shall be passed by the legislatnre which
sltall secure to each and every denomination of reli-
gious societies, in each surveyed township, which nuw
is, or may hereafter be, termed in the state, an equ.il
participation, according to their number of adherents,
of the profits arising from the land granted by congrtss
for the support of religion, agreeably to the ordinance
or act of congi-ess making the appropriation.
27. That every association of p- rsons, when regularly
formed within tliis state, and having given tliemselves
a name, may, on application to the legislature, be enti-
tled to receive letters of incorporation, to enable tliem
to hold estat'.s, real and persona), for the support of
their schools, academies, colleges, universiiies, and other
purposes.
2S. To guard against the transgressions of the high
powers which we have delegated, we declare, that aU
powers not hereby delegated remain with the people.
SCHEDULE.
§ 1. That no evils or inconveniences may arise from
the change of a territorial government to a permanent
slate government, it is declared by this convention,
that all rights, suits, actions, prosecutions, claims, and
contracts, both as it respects individuals and bodies cor-
porate, shall continue as if no change had taken place
in this government.
2. All lines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owing
to the teriiiory of the tFnilcd States north-west of the
river Ohio, shall inure to the use of the state. All
bonds executed to the governor, or any other officer in
liis official capaciiy in the territory, shall pass over to
the governor, or the other officers of the state, and their
successors in off.ce, for the use of the state, or by him
or them to be respectively assigned over to the use of
those concerned, as the case may be.
3. The governor, secretary, and judges, and all other
officers under the territorialgovernmeut, shall continue
in the exercise of the duties uf their respective depart-
ments until the s.iid officers are superseded under the
authority i.f this c.instiiiition.
4. Ail laws and ports of laws now iu force in this
territory, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall
continue and remain in full effect until repealed by
the legislature, except so much of the act entitled " An
act ri gulating the admission and practice of attorneys
and counsellors at law ;" and of the act made amenda-
lorj thereto, as relates to the terra of time which the
applicant shall have studied law, his residence wiihiu
the tetritory, and the term of time which he shall have
practised as an attorney at law, before he can be ad-
mitted to the degree of a counsellor at law.
5. The governor of the state shall make use of his
private seal, until a state seal be procured.
6. The president of the couveution shall issue writs
of I lection to ihe sheriffs of the several counties, re-
quiring them to proceed to the election of a governor,
members of the general assembly, sherifts, and coro-
ners, at the respective election districts in each county,
on the second Tuesday of January next, wliich elections
shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the ex-
isting election laws of this territory ; and the members
of the general assembly, sheriffs,' and coroners, then
elected, shall continue to exercise the duties of their re-
specrixe offices until the ne.xt annua! or biennial elec-
tion thereafter, as prescribed iu this constitution, and
no longer.
7. Until the first enumeration shall he made, as di-
rected in the second section of the first article of this
constitution, the county of Hamilton shall be entitled
to four senators and eight representatives ; the county
of Clermont, one senator and two representatives ; the
county of Adams,one senator and three representatives ;
the county of Hoss, two senators and four re|)resenta-
tives i the county of Fairlield, one senator and two re-
presentatives; the count) of Washington, two senators
and three representatives ; the county of Belmont, one
senator and two representatives.; the county of Jeifer-
son, two senators and four representatives ) and the
county of Trumbull, one senator and two representa-
tives.
Done in convention, at Chilicothe, on the 29lh day of
November, in the year of our Lord 1802, and of the
independence of the United Stales of America the
2Tth.
In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed
our names.
EDWARD TIFFIN, President.
Jos. Darlington, John W. Browne,
Israel Donaldson, Charles W. Byrd,
'I'ho Kirker, Fva. Dunlavy,
James Caldwell, \Vm. Goforth,
John Reily, John Kilchell,
John Smith, Jer. Morrow,
John Wilson, Jolui Paul,
Uudulph Bear, John M'Int'.re,
Klijah Woods, Geo. Humphry,
Philip Gatch, John Milligan,'
James Sargent, Naih. Updegraff,
Henry Abiams, Bavs. Wells,
Em. Carpenter, :Micli. Baldwin,
James Giubb,
Nath. Massie,
T, Wortliington,
CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA.
85
David Abbot,
Sam. Huntington,
Eph. Cutler,
Ben. Ives Gilmauj
Attest,
Thomas Scott, Sec rttarir
Rufas Putnam.
CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA.
WE, the representatives of the people of the territo- The free communication of thoughts and opinions is
ry of Indiana, in convention met, at Corydon, on Mon- one of the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen
day the 10th day of June, in the year of our Lord eigh- may freely speak, write, and print, on any subject, be-
teen hundred and sixteen, and of the independence of ing responsible for the abuse of that liberty,
the United States the fortieth, having the right of ad- 10. In prosecutions for the publication of papers in-
mission into the general government, as a member of vestigatiag the official conduct of officers or men in a
the Union, consistent with the constitution of the Uni- public capacity, or where the matter published is pro-
ted States, the ordinance of congress of one thousand per for the public information, the truth thereof may
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and the law of con- be giv n in evidence; and, in all indictments for libels,
gress, entitled, " An act to enable the people of the In- the jury shall have a right to deterra'me the law and the
diana ten-itory to form a constitution and state govern, facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases,
ment, and for the admission of such state into the Union, 11. That all courts shall be open, and evei-y person,
on an equal tooting with the original states;" in order for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or
to establish justice, promote the welfare and secure the reputation, shall have remedy by the due course of law,
blessingsof liberty to ourselves and our posterity , do or- and right and justice administered without denial or
dain and establish the following constitution or form of delay. .....
government, and do mutually agree with each other to 12, That no person arrested or confined in jail shall
form ourselves into a free and independent state, by die be treated with unnecessary rigour, or be put to answer
name of T/ie stale of Indiana. any criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment,
or impeacl'.ment.
ARTICLE 1. 13. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accuseil
hath aright to be heard by himself and counsel ; to de-
§1. That the general, great, and essential principles mand the nature and cause of the accusation against
of liberty and !iee government may be recognized and him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses
unalterably established, we declare; That all men are (iacetoface; to have compulsory xirocess for obtaining
born equal ly free and independent, and have certain na- witnesses in his favour, and in prosecutions by indict-
tural, inherent, and unalienable rights, among which ment or presentment, a speedy public trial, by an im-
are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, and of partialjuiyof the county or district in which the offence
acquiring, possessing, and protecting property,' and pur- shall have been committed, and shall not be compelled
suing and obtaining happiness and safety. to give evidence ag-ainst himself; nor shall be twice
2. That all power is inherent in the people ; and all put in jeopardy foe the same offence.
free governments are founded on their aiuhority, and 14. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient
instituted for thtir peace, safety, and happiness For sureties, unless for capital offences, when the proof is
the advancement of these ends, they have, at all times, evident or tlie presumption great; and the privilege of
an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter or reibrni the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless,
their government, in such manner as they may deem in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
proper. require it.
3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right is. Excessive bail shall not be required ; excessive
to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of fines shall not be imposed ; nor cruel and unusual pti-
their own consciences: that no man shall be compelled nishments inflicted.
to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to 16. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature
maintain any ministry, against his consent : that no hu- of the offence.
man authority can, in any case whatever, control or in- 17. The person of a debtor, where there is not
terfere with the rights of conscience : and that no pre- strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in
ference shall ever be given by law to any religious soci- prison after delivering up his estate, for the benefit of
eties or modes of worship; and no religious test shall his creditor or creditors, in such manner as shall be
be required as a qualification to any office of trust or prescribed by law.
profit. 18. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the
4. That elections shall be free and equal. validity of contracts, shall ever be made ; and no con-
5. That, in all civil cases, v.here the value in contro- viction shall work corruption of blood nor forteiture uf
versy shall exceed the sum of twenty dollars, and in alt estate.
criminal cases, except in petit misdemeanors, which 19, That the people have a right to assemble together,
shall be punishable by fine only, not exceeding three in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common
dollars, in such manner as the legislature may prescribe good ; to instruct their representatives ; and to apply to
by law, the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, the legislature for a redress of grievances.
6. That no power of suspending the operation of the 20. That the people have a right to bear arms for tlie
laws shall be exercised, except by the legislature or its defence of themselves and the slate ; and that the mjli-
authority. tary shall be kept m strict subordination to the civil
7. That no man's particular servicesshall be demand- power.
ed, or property taken or applied to public use, without 21. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar-
the consent of his representatives, or without a just tered in any house, without the consent of the owner,
compensation being made therefor. nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by
8. The rights of the people to be secure in their per- law.
sons, houses, papers, and effects, against inireasonable 22. That the legislature shall not grant any title of
searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no war- nobility, or hereditary distinctions ; nor create any of^
rant shall issue hut upon probable cause, supported by fice, the appointment to which shall be for a longer
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the term than good behaviour.
place to be searched, and the person cr things to be 23. That emigration from the state shall not be pro-
seiz. d. hibited.
9. That the printing presses shall be free to every 24. To guard against any encroachments on the
person who imdertakes to examine the proceedings of rights herein retained, we declare, that every thing in
the legislature, or any branch of government ; and no this article is excepted out of the general powers of go-
lav,' shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof, vernment, and shill for ever remain inviolable.
^0 CO>fSTlTUTl0S? 01? l&DIANA,
ARTICLE 2. ^'*' ^"y °"^ member of either bouse shall have iibei:-
ty to dissent from and protest againsit any act or reso-
Thepowcrsof the gfovernment of Indiana shall be di- lution which he may think injurious to the public, or
vided into three distinct dcpurtniects, and each of them any individual or individuals, and have the reason of
be confiiifd to a separate body of magistracy, to wit : his dissent entered on the journals.
Those which are legislative, to one ; tliose which are 11. Each house -Tiay determine the rules of its pro-
executive, to another ; and those which are judiciary, ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour,
to another: And nu jKrson, or collection of persons, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a mem-
being of one of those departments, shall exercise any ber, but not a second time for the same cause ; and shall
power properly attached to either ol the others, except have all other |)Owers necessary for a branch of the lo-
in the instances herein expressly pevmitted. gislature of a free and independent state.
AIITICLE 3 ^^' ^^•'^n vacancies happen in either branch of the
general assembly, the governor, or the person exercising
§ 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be the power of governor, shall issue writs of election to
vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a fill such vacancies.
senate and house of representatives, both to be elected 13. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases,
by the people. except tre:json, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi-
2. The general assembly may, within two years after leged from arrest during the session of the general as-
their first meeting, and shall, in the year eighteen hiin- scmbly, and in going to or returning from the same ;
dred and twenty, and every subsequent term of five and for any speech or debaie, in either house, they shall
years, cause an enumeration to be made of all the white not be questioned in any other place.
male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years- 14 Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during
The number of representatives shall, at the several pe- their session, any person, not a member, who shall be
riods of making such enumerations, be fixed by the guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or
general assembly, and apportioned among the several contemptuous behaviour in their presence: Provided,
counties according to the number of white male inha- such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed
bitants above twenty-one years of age in c ach ; and shall twenty-four hours.
never be less than twenty-five, nor greater than thirty- is. The doors of each house, and of committees of
six, until the number of white male inhabitants, above the whole, shalt be kept open, except in such cases as,
twenty-one years of age, shal 1 be twenty-two thousand ; in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. Nei-
and after that event, at such ratio that the whole num- ther house shall, without the consent of the other, ad-
ber of representatives shall never be less than thirty-six, journ for more than two days, nor to any other place
nor exceed one hundred. than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
3. The representatives shall be chosen annually, by ig. Bills may originate in either house, but may be
the qualified electors of each county respectively, on altered, amended, or rejected, by the other.
the first Monday of August. .' 17, Every bill shall be read on three different days in
4. No person shall bearepresentative, unless he shall each house, unless, in case of urgency, two thirds of the
have attained the f.ge of twenty-one years and shall house where such bill may be depending shall deem it
be a citizen of the United states, and an inhabitant of expedient to dispense with this rule ; and every bill,
this state ; shall also have resided within the limits of having passed both houses, shall be signed by the presi-
the county in which he shall be chosen one year next <jent and speaker of their respective houses,
preceding his election, if the county shall have been so 18. The style of the laws ef this state shall be, " Be it
long erected ; but if not, then within the limits of the enacted by the general nssemb'.ii of the state of Indiana."'
county or counties out of which it shall have been ta- 19. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the
ken, unless he shall have been absent on the public honseof representatives, but the senate may amend or
business of the United States or of this state, and shall reject, as in other bills.
have paid a state or county tax. 20. No person holding any office under the authority
5. The senators shall be chosen for three years, on the of the president of the United States, or of this state,
first Monday in August, by the qualified vott rs for re- militia officers excepted, shall be ehgible to a seat in
presentatives ; and. on their being convened in conse- either branch of the general assembly, unless he resign
<iuenee of the first election, they shall be divided by his office previous to his election; nor shall any member
lotfrom their respective counties or districts, as near as of either branch of the general assembly, during the
can be, into three classes ; the seats of the senators of time for which he is elected, be eligible to any office,
the first class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the the appointment of which is vested in the general as-
first year; and of the second class, at the expiration of sembly; Provided, that nothing in this constitution shall
the second year ; and of the third class, at the expira- be so construed as to prevent any member of the first
tion of the third year ; so that one third thereof, as near sessioiB of the first general assembly from accepting any
as possible, may be annually chosen for ever thereafter, office that is created by this constitution, or the consti-
6. The number of senators shall, at the several peri- tution of the United States, and the salaries of which
ods of making the enumeration before-mentioned, b^ are established.
fixed by the general assembly, and apportioned among 21. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but
the several counties or districts to be established by law, in consequence of approjn-iations made by law.
according to the number of white male inhabitants, of 22. An accurate statement of the receipts and ex-
the age of twenty-one years, in each, and shall never be penditures of the public money shall be attached to and
less than one third nor more than one half of the num- published with the laws, at every annual session of the
ber of representatives. general assembly.
7. No person shall be a senator unless he shall have 2?. The house of representatives shall have the sole
attained the agre of twenty-five years, and shall be a ci- power of impeaching, but a majority of all the members
tizen of the United States ; and shall, next preceding elected must concur in such impeachment. All ira-
the election, have resided two years in the state, the peachments shall be tried by the senate; and, when sit-
last twelve months of which, in the county or district ting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon osth or
in which he may be elected, if the county or district affirmation to do justice accoitlingto law and evidence ;
shall have been so long erected ; but if not,'then within no person shall be convicted without the concurrence
the limits of the county or counties, district ordistricts, of a majority of all the senators elected.
out of which the same shall have been taken ; unless 24, The governor, and all civil officers of the state,
[le shall have been absent on t'ne public business of the shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
United States or this state, and shall moreover have conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crinies
paid a state or county tax. and misdemeanors ; but judgment in such cases shall
8. Thehouseofrepresentatives, when assembled. shall not extend further than removal from office, and dis-
choosca speaker and its other officers ; and the senate qualification to hold any office of honour, profit, or
shall choose its officers, except the president ; and each trust, under this state. The party, whether convicted
shall be juilges of the qualifications and elections of its or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be li.ible to indictment,
members, and sit upon its own adjournments; two trial, jui'ement, and punishment, according tn law.
thirds of each house shall constitute a quorum to do 25. Th- fir.it session of the general assembly shall
business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day commence on the first Monday of November next ; and
to day, and compel the attendance of absent members, for ever after, thi general assembl) shall meet on the
0. Kachhousesballkeepa journal of its proceedings, first Monday in December in every year, and at no
and publish them. The yeas and nays of the members, otlier period, unless directed by law, or provided for by
on any question, shall, at the request of any two of this constitution,
tbem. be entered on the jnumsls. 26, N" Rerson who hereafter may he a col lector or
CONSTiTUTIOX OF INDIANA.
»f
holder of public money, shall have a seat in either vemor.theelectorsshalldistinguishwiiom they vote for
house of the general assembly, until such person shall as governor, and whom as I'eutenant gcTemor.
have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums
for which he may be accountable.
ARTICLE 4.
16. He shall, by virtue ot his office, be president of
the senate ; have a right, when in committee of the
whole, to debate, and vote on all subjects, and, when
the senate are equally divided, to give the casting vote.
17. In case of impeachnient of the jrovernov, his re-
§ 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall moval from officr, death, refusal to qualify, resignation,
be vested in a governor, who shall be styled, the go- or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor shall
vernor of the state of Indiana. exercise all the powers and authority appertaining to
2. The governor shall be chosen bv the qualified the office of governer, unti! another be duly qualified,
electors on the first Monday in August, at the places or the governor absent or impeached, shall return or
where they shall respectively vote for represtutatives be acquitted.
thereof. The returns of every election tor governor ]8. Wheuevev the government shall be administered
shall be sealed up and transmitted to the srat of go- by the lieutenant governor, or he shall be unable to at-
vernra.nt, directed to the speaker of the house ol'repre- tend as president of the senate, the senate shall elect
sentatives, who shall open and publisli them in presence one of their own members as president lor that occasion,
of both houses of the geneial assembly; the person And if, during the vacancy of the office of governor,
having the highest number of votes shall be governor: the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, removed
but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or be absent
one of them shall he chosen governor by the joint vote from the state, the president of the senate, /(ro tempore
of the members of both houses. Contested elections sliall, in like manner, administer the government, until
shall be determined by a committee to be selected IVoni he shall be superseded by a governor or lieutenant go-
both hou»es of the general assembly, and formed and vernor. The lieutenant governor, while he acts as pre-
regnlated in such manner as shall be directed by law. sident of the senate, shall receive for his services the
3. The governor shall hold his office during three same compensation which shall, for ihesame period, be
years, from and after the third day of the first session allowed to the speaker of the house of representatives,
of the general assembly next ensuing his election, and and no more : And during the time he administers the
until a successor shall be chosen and qualified ; and government, as governor, shall receive the same com=
shall not be capable of holding it longer than six years pensation which the governor would have received and
in any term of nine years. been entitled to, had he been employed in the duUes of
4. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and shall his office, and no more.
have been a citizen of the United States lor ten years. 19. The president pro tempore of the senate, during
and have resided in the state five years next preceding the time he administers the government, shall receive,
bis election ; unless he shall have been absent on the in like manner, the same compensation which the go-
business of this state oi>of the United States : Provided, vernor would have reci ived, had he been employed in
that this shall not disqualify any person from the office the duties of his office, and no more,
ofgovernor, who shall be a citizen of theUnitetl States, 20. If the lieutenant governor shall be called upon
and shall have resided in the Indiana territory two to administer the government, and shall, while in such
years next preceding the adoption o* this constitution, administration, resign, die, or be absent from the state,
5. No member of congress, or person holding any of- during the recess of the general assembly, it shall be
fice under the United States, or this state, shall exercise the duty of the secretary of state, for the time being,
the office ofgovernor or lieutenant governor. to convene the senate for the purpose of choosing a
6. The governor shall, at stated times, receive for his president pro tempore.
services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 21. A secretary of state shall be chosen by the joint
creased nor diminished during the term (or which be ballot of both houses of the general assembly, and be
shall have been eUcted. commissioned by the governor, for four years, or until
7. He shall be commander in chief of the army and a new secretary be chosen and qualified. He shall keep
navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, except a fair register, and attest all the official acts and pro-
when they shall be called into the service of the United ceedings of the governor; and shall, when required, lay
States; but he shall not command personally in the the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers, rela-
Seld. unless he shall be .-idvised so to do by a resolution tive thereto, before either house of the general assem-
of thie general assembly. bly ; and shall perform such other duties as may be en-
8. lie shall nominate, and, by and with the advice joined him by law.
and consent of the senate, appoint and commission all 22. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of
officers, the appointment of which is not otherwise di- the general assembly, shall be presented to the govern-
rected by this constitution ; and all offices which may or; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall
be created by the general «ssembly shall be filled in return it, with his objections, to the house in which it
such manner as may he directed bylaw. shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at
9. Vacancies that may happen in offices, the ap- large upon their journals, and proceed to reconsider
pointraent of which is vested in the governor and se- it ; if after such reconsideration, a majority of all the
nate, or in the general assembly, shall be filled by the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the
governor, during the recess of the general assembly, by bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the othev
granting commissions that shall expire at the end of house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and
the next session. if approved by a majority of all the members elected to
10. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, that house, it shall be a law ; but in such cases the votes
grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of im- of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays,
peachment. and the names of the persons voting for and against
11. He may require information, in writing, from the the bill, shall be entered on the journals of each house
officers in the executive department, upon any subject respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the
relating to the duties of their respective offices. governor, within five days cSundays excepted) after it
12. He shall, from time to time, give to the general shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law, in
assembly information of the affairs of the slate, and re- like manner as if he had signed it ; unless the general
commend to their consideration such measures as he assembly, by its adjournment, prevents its retuni, in
shall deem expedient. which case it shall be a law, unless sent back within
13. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the three days after their next meeting.
general assembly at the seat of government, or at a dif- 23. Every resolution, to which the concurrence of
ferent place, if that shall have become, since their last both houses may be necessary, shall be presented to the
adjournment, dangerous from an enemy, or from con- governor, and betbre it shall take effect, be approved
tagious disorders ; and, in caseof disagreement between by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by a
the two houses, with respect to the time of adjoui'n- majority of all the members elected to both houses, ac-
ment, adjourn them to such time as he shall think pro- cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in case
per, not beyond tlie time of the next ai nual session. of a bill.
lA. He shall take care that the laws be railhlully ex- 24. There shall be elected, by joint ballot of both
eeuted. houses of the general assembly, a tre.as'irer and audi-
15. A lieutenant governor shall be chosen at every tor, whose powers and duties shall be [jrtscribed by law,
election lor a governor, in the same manner, continue and who sliall hold their offices three year*, and until
in office for the same time, and possess the same quali- their successors be appointed and qualified,
fications. InyoliitgfQr goTi:nigs ami lifutenaut go- 2J. There sia).! be elected in each county, bytUe
88 GONStiTUtlON OF INDIANA.
qualified electors thereof, one shcriflF and one coroner, be appointed in the same manner as Ixercin before pre-
at the times and places of holding elections for mem- scri&d, wlio shall hold his office for the period which
hers of the general assembly. Ihey shall continue in his predecessor had to serve, and no longer, unless re-
office two years, and until successors shall be chosen appointed.
and duly qualified : Provided, that no person shall be U- The style of all process shall be, The State of In-
eligible to the office of sheriff more than four years in diana. All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name
any term of six years. and by the authority of the state of Indiana; and all in-
26. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be dictraents shall conclude, against the peace and dignity
kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and *'•'" ^^"if.
shall becalled, t/ie sea! of the state of Indiana. ^ ^^,- ^ competent number of justices of thepeace shall
be elected by the qualified electors in each township in
ARTICLE 5. ^^^ several counties, and sliall continue in office five
r- r..!. • J- • «.. , t years, if they shall so long behave well ; whose powers
5 1. The judiciary power of this state, both as to mat- and duties shall, from time to time, be regulated and de-
ters of law and equity, shall be vested in one lupreme fined by law.
court, in circuit courts, and in such other inferior courts
as the general assembly may, from time to time, direct ARTICLE 6.
and establish. r t ,i , ■
2. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, ? \ ^".^'' elections not otherwise provided for by this
any two of whom shall form a quorum, and shall have constitution, every wlute male citizen of the United
appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co.extensive ^V^"' ^ ^^f j'^ °, ^^^^nty-one years and upwards,
^Wth the limits olthe state, under such restrictions and ^!.V ''"t ^'^^'''^'^ '" *''<^ *'^^f o"^ y'^^l• immediately pre-
regulations, not repugnant to this constitution, as may, if''^? 'T** l'^'^'""?^ ^'"'" ^^ T*",^^'' *^ IT '",*^^
frLtimetotime,Ji|^
thing in th s article shall be so construed as to prevent g. All elections shall be by ballot : Provided, that the
the general assembly from givmg the supreine court general assembly may, (if they deem it more expedient,)
original jurisdiction in capital eases and «ases in chan- ^t their session in eighteen hundred and twenty-one,
eery, where the president of the circuit court may be change the mode, so as to vote viva voce ; after which
interested or prejudiced. time it shall remain unalterable.
3. The circuit courts shall each consist of a president 3. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,
and two associate judges. The state shall be divided or breach of tlie peace, be free from arrest in going to,
by law into three circuits, for each of which a president during their attendanceat, and in returning home from,
shall be appointed, who, during his continuance in of- elections.
fice, shall reside therein. The president and associate 4. The general assembly shall have full power to ex-
judges, in their respective counties, shall have common elude from electing, or being elected, any person eon-
law and chancery jurisdiction, as also complete crimi- victed of any infamous crime.
nal jurisdiction, in all such cases, and in such manner, 5. Nothing in this article shall be so construed as to
as may be prescribed by law. The president alone, in prevent citizens of the United States, who were actual
the absence of the associate judges, or the president and residents at the time of adopting this constitution, and
one of the associate judges, in the absence of the other, ^^o, by the existing laws of this territory, are entitled
shall be competent to hold a court, as also the two as- *° y?*^' O'" persons who have been absent from home on
sociate judges, in the absence of the president, shall be ayisitor necessary business, from the privileges of elect-
competent to hold a court, except in capital cases, and *'"'.
cases in chancei-y : Provided, that nothing herein con- AUTICIE 7.
tained shal 1 prevent the general assembly from increa-
sing the number of the circuits and presidents, as the J 1. The militia of the state of Indiana shall consist of
exigencies of the state may, from time to time, require, all free, able-bodied male pt isoiis, (negroes, mulattoes,
4. The judges of the supreme court, the circuit, and and Indians exeejited,) residents in ^e said state, be-
other inferior courts, shall hold their ~
terra of seven years, if they shall so 1
and shall, at stated times, receive fo ^. „ . ,, , ....
compensation, which shall not be diminished durinp- shall be armed, equipped, and tiained, as the general
their continuance in office. assembly may provide by law.
respective counties. . law; and shall be equal, as near as may be, to the lowest
fi. The supreme court shall hold Its sessions at the seat fines assessed on those privates in militia, who may ne-
ot govfi-nmeut. at such times as shall be prescribed by „]ect or refuse to perform military duty,
law ; and the circuit courts shall be held m the respec- 3. Captains and subalteras shall be elected bv those
tive counties as may be directed by law. persons in their respective company districts who are
7. The judges of the supreme court shall be appoint- subject to perforin militia duty : and the captain of each
ed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent company shall appoint the non-commissioned officei-s to
of the senate. The presidents of the circuit courts shall said company.
be appointed by joint ballot of both branches of the 4. Majors shall be elected by those persons within the
general assembly ; and the associate judges of the cir- boniids of their respective battalion districts, subject to
cuit courts shall be elected by tlie qualified electors in perform militia duty; and colonels shall be elected by
the respective counties. those persons within the bounds of their respective regi-
8. The supreme court shall appoint its own clerk ; mental districts, subject to perform militia duty.
and the clerks of the circuit court, in the several coun- 5. Brigadiers general shall be elected by the commis-
ties, shall be elected by the qualified electors in the se- sioned officers within the bounds of their resi,>ecti>e bri-
veral counties; but no person shall be eligible to the gades; and majors general shall be elected by the corn-
office of clerk of the circuit court,in any county, unless missioned nffit-.trs v.ithin the bounds of their respective
heshallhavefirstobtainedfromoneormoreofthejudges divisions. , , - , , . ..
of the supreme court, or from one or more of the presi- 6. Troop, anil squadrons of cavalry and companies o{
dents of the circuit courts, a certificate that he is quali- artillery, nflemen, gTenadiers, or liglit infantry, may he
pointing a clerk pro tern, until a qualihe.l clerk may be g,, ^.j^j,';,, j,,^.^;^ s,ate, shall elect their own officers,
duly ' lected : And provided also that the said clerks re- 7^ .,-[,p Governor shall appoint the adjutant general
spectwely, when qualified and elected, sh;ill hold their a^,] q„a,-ter masters general, as also his aids-de-camp,
offices seven years, and no longer, unless re-appointed. 3. Majors general shall appoint their aids-de-camp,
9. All clerks shall be removable by impeachment, as and all other division staff officers ; brigadiers general
in lither cases. shaM appoint their I)iigademajors,and allother brigade
10. When any vacancies happen in any of the courts, stafTufficers ; and colonels shall appoint their regiment-
occasioned by the death, resignation, or removal from al staff officers.
ofHce, of any judge of the supreme or circuit courts, or 9. AH militia officers shall be commissioned by the
any of the clerks of »he said courts, a successor shall govenior. and shall hold iheir coir.iiiissir.ns during ^r><^
GONS'l'ITU I'lON OF INDIANA.
Sd
iw'iiaviour, or until tlicy shall arrive at the age of sixty
years.
10. The general asiemblyshall,byiaw,fixtlie!netlio<l
"t" (liviiliiifj the militia of llit state into divisions, liri-
(cades, I't'giment^, <'iHtia)i')n<i. and cniiipauies, and (hall
iiiso lis the rank of all staff ortict-rs.
ARTICLE 8.
Every twelfth year after this constitution shall have
taktn effect, at the general election held for go\ ernor,
there shall be a poll opened, in which the qualified
electoriof the state shall espvfss, by vote, whether they
arein favour of calling aconveniioiiornot; andil there
should be a majority of all the votes g-iven at such elec-
tion, in favour of a convention, the j;'Overiior shall in-
form the uAt frenei-a! assembly thereof, whose dutyll
shall be to j)rovide by law for tiie election of the mem-
bers to tlve conveiition, the number thereof, and the
time and nlaeeofthtir meeting; which l;\w shiill not be
passed uuless agieed tobya majority ofall the members
elected to both branches of the general assemhiy; and
■which convention, when met, shall have it in their pow-
er to revise,amend, or change the conitituiion. But, as
the holdingany panof thehuman creation ins!avery,or
involuntary servitude, can only originate in usiirpaiiiin
and tyranny, no alteration of this constituiion shall ever
take place, jo as to introduce slavery or involuntary
servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punish-
ment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duiv
''onTicted.
ARTICLE 9,
i 1.. Knowledge and leiuiiing generally diR'iised
^ (hroiigh a community, being essential to theprtscrva-
tion of a free government, and spveading the o|ii>ortu-
nities and advantag'.'s of education thio'igh tin- various
parts ofthc country being highly conducive to this end.
It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide
by law for the itnprovement of such lands as are, or
liereafter may be, granted by the United Slates to tliis
state, for the use of schools, and to apply any funds
whicli may be raised from such lands, or from any othi r
quarter, to the accomplishment of the grand object for
which they are or maybe intendt-d. But no Irmds grant-
ed for the use oi' schools or stminarits of learning shall
he sold, by authority of this state, prior to the yi-ar eigh-
teen hundred and twenty; and the mone5-s which may
be raised out of the sale of any s;ich lands, or o'h' rwisc
obtained for the purposes aibresaiil. shall be and remain
a fund lor the exclusive purposi of promoting the inte-
rests of literature and the sciences, and for the supJ)ort
of seminaries and the public sehnois. The general as-
sembly sha'!, from time to time, pass such laws as shall
be calculated to encourage intellectual, scientiflcil.and
Rgricultural iinprbvcim nt, by allowing rewards and im-
munities for the pramolion and improvement of arts,
sciences, commerce, manutiK'tures, and natural Iiistoiy;
and to countenance and encour.ige the piincipltsofhu-
inanity, industr}, and movalitj-.
2. It shall be theduty of the general assembly, as soon
as circumsiarices will permit, to provide by law for a
Ejeneral system of education, ascending in a regular
gradation from township schtKjIs to a s:,-,tc luiiversity,
wherein tuition shali be gratis, and equally open to all.
3. And for th" promotion of such saliiiai-v end, the
money, which shall be paid as an equivalejit, fjy persons
.xi'mpt from militia duty, except in times of war, shall
he e.iLclusively, and in equal pBBjjwtioiis, applitd to the
support of county seminaries; also, all fin;s assess^'d for
any breach of the penal laws, shall b<" applied to said se-
minaries, in the counties whei'ein they slia i ht as«ssed.
4. It shall be theduty cf the general assemlily, as soon
as eircumstanees will permit, to fonn a penal eode,
founded on the principles of refornration, ami not of
vindictive justice: And also, to provide one or more
iiirms, to Sean asylum for those persons. « ho, by i-eason
of age, iufinnity.or other misfortuni";, may have a claim
tipon the aid antl b< nefiCi iice ofsociriy, on such princi-
ples that such perso:is may therein find employment
anil every i-easonabie comfort, and lose, by their useful-
ness, the dcgiadiii" sense of depeiulence.
5. The general Kssembly, at the tiuie they lay ofV a
new county, shall cause at least ten per cei^t. lo be re-
served out of the proceeds of the sale of town lots,
in the seat of justice of such county, for the use of a
f. vublic library for such county ; and at the same session
1 bey shall incorporate a library company, under such
Tales and ix'p^ulations .as will btstsecure its periuaBien.cCj
and ci tend its benefits. ^ ' ' '
« I. TUereshall not be established nor incoi^orated in
^i> State atrj-baulc orbwikinj tomprmy. or moneyed
institution, for the purpose of issuing bills of credit, or
bills payable to order or bearer: Provided, that nothing
herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent the
general assembly from establishing a state bank, and
branches, not exceeding one branch for any three
counties, to be established at Such place within such
counties as the directors of the state bank may select ;
provided, there be subscribed and paid in speeie,on the
pan of individuals, a sum equal to thirty thousand dol-
lars: Provided, also, that the uaukat V)n'cennes,a!id the
Farmers and Mechanics'' bank of Indiana, at Madison,
shall he considered as incorporattd banks, according to
the true tenor of the charters granted to said banks
by the Vgisiature of the Indiana territory: Provided,
that nothing lierein cantainen sball be so construed as
to prevt nt the g< lieral assembly troni adopting either of
the aforesaid banks, a"s the state bank; and in case ei-
ther of them shall he adopted as the state bank, the
otin-r may become a branch, under the rules and reglii
laiiuns herein before prescribed.
ARTICLE II.
J 1. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed
to any ofilce of trust er profit under the authority of this
state, shall, before entering on the duties of said office,
take an oath or afHrmation, belore any pei-sou lawfully
authorized to administer oaihs, to support the constitu-
tinn of the United States and the constitution of this
Slate, and also an oath of office.
2. Ticasoti .against this st.ite shall consistonly in levy-
in? war against it. in adhering to its enemies, or giving
them aid and comfort.
3. So person shall be convicted of treason, unless on
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or
his own confession in open court.
4. The uiiumer of adn)iiiistering an oath oraflirma--
ti.in shall be such as is most consistent with the con-
science of the deponent, and shall be esteemed the most;
solemn appeal to Ciod.
5. Every person shall be disqualified from serving as
governor, lieutenant governor, senator, or representa-
tive, for the term for which h-:- shall have been elected,
who shall have been convicted of having given or offer-
ed any bribe, treat, or reward, to procure bis election.
6. All officers shall reside within the st."ite ; and all
district, couiity,or town officers, within their resjiective
districts, counties, or towns, (the triis'tees of the town of
Clarksvillc excpted.) and shall keep their respective
offices at such place? therein as in.Tv be directed bylaw;
and all militia officers shall reside within the bounds of
the division, brigade, regiment, battalion, or company,
to which they may severally belong.
7. There shall be neither slavery nor involuutarj' ser-
vitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment
of eriir.es. w hereof the party shall have been duly con-
victed. Nor shall any indenture of any negro or mulat-
to, hereafter made and executed, out of the hounds ef
this state, be of any validity wiihin the state.
3. No act of the general asstmbly sliall be in force un-
til it shall have been published in print, uuiess in cases
of emergency.
9. All coiniuis?;ons shall he in the name and by the
authoiityof the state of Indiana, and sealed with the
state seal, and signed by the governor, and attested by
the secretary of state.
10. There shall be elected in each county a recorderj
whoshaM hold his office during the term of'seven years,
if he sliall so long hi have well : Prn^^ded, that nothing
herein contained shall prevent the clerks of the circuit
courts from holding the office of recorder.
11. Coryilon, in Harrison comity, shall be the seat of
government of the state of Indiana, until the year eigh-
teen hu:idred and twenty-five, antl until removed by
law.
12- The general assembly, when tiiey lay of}" any new
county, shall not reduce the old county or eo'intiesfrom
which the same shall be taken, to a less content than
four hutidred square miles.
13. Xo person shall hold more than one lucrative oj^
fice at the same time, except as in this constitution es,"
pressly permitted.
14. No person shall he appointed as a county officer,
within any county, who shall not have been a citizen
aiid an inhabitant tlierein one year next preceding his
appointment, if the county shall have ueen so long
ervcted ; but if the county si'ia'l not have been so long
erected, then within the limits of the county or counties
out of which it shall have Ijeen 'aken.
15. All town and township officers shall he apiioiatetl
in such manner as shall be directed by law.
15. The following officers of g^venimeut shall not bp
allowed greater annual salaries, until the year eighteen,
himclvcd and rinej^en, ihau ii? follows : the g'l-erndi--
coNsrn uTioN of Indiana.
uiie tliousaiul dollars; the secivlaiy of stale, Iburhun-
i led Jollars ; the auditor of public accounts, four hun-
dred dollars; the treasurer, four hundred dollars; the
j udges of the supreme court, ei?lit hundred dollars each ;
ihe presidents of the circuit crjiats, eight hundred doi-
;;us each ; and the members oi' the g'eiieral assembly, not
?;ceedinp two dollars per day,eac!r,durlng their attend-
hiice on the same: a)iil two dollars for every twentj'-fire
liiiles they shallseverally travel, on the nmst usual route,
;i going to and returriirig from the general assembly; af-
loi- which time their pay shall he refrulattd by law. But
::c> law, passed to jncrense the pay of the members of the
general assemhly, shall take effect until after the close
o{ the session at which such law shall !r ve hten passed.
17. In order that the boundaries of the state of In-
diana may more clearly he known and estaiilished, it is
Icreby ordained and declared, that the following shall
1 e and for ever remain the boundaries of tlie said state,
to wit: Rounded on theeast, by the meridian linewhich
lorms the western boundary of the slate of Ohio ; on the
south, hy the Ohio river, fomthe mouth of the Great
Miami river to the niOuth of the river Wabash ; on the
west, hy a line drawn aloin^ the middle of the Wabash
river, from its mouth to a point where a due north line,
drawn from the town of Vincennes, wouM last touch
the north-western shore of the s.aid Wabash river ; and
from ther.ce, by a due north line, until the same shall
intersect an east and west line drawn through a point
ten miles north of the southern extreme ofLiJke Jliehi-
cmi ; on the north, by the said tast and west line, jint jl
'ie same shall intersect the first mentioned meridian
Vne, which forms t5ie western boundary of the state of
AKTICLB 12.
• cvilsorinconvenience roayarisefioratlie
clian;; ■ -n?. lurritorial government to a pern.anent state
jjGverumcnt, it is declared, by iliis coiistitution, that all
vii^hts, suits, act'Ons. prosecutions, recognizances, con-
tracts and claims, botli as it respects individuals and
h-jdies corporate, shall continue as if no chai;ge had
taken place in this government.
2. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owinfj
to the tenitorv of Indiana, or any coiinly therein, sliall
i.uin- to the use of the state or county. All bonds ex-
ecut 'd ta the goTenior, or anj other orRcer, in hisjoffi-
cial capacitv, 'in the territoi ) , shall pass over to the go-
vernor, or oiher ofHcei's of the state, or county, and
rheir siiccessors in ofKce,for the useof the sta_ie,of coun-
ty, or hyhim or them to he respectively assigned over
to the use of those concerned, as the case may be.
3. The governor, secretary, and judges, and all other
ofllccrs, bosh civil and military, ijndt r the territorial
government, sliall continue in the exercise of the duties
of their i-espective departments, nntil the said officers
are superseded under the authority of this constitution.
4., All laws and parts of la« s now in force in tiii* ter-
ritory, not inconsistent with this constitutioii. shall
continue and remain in full force and efitcf, until they
expire, or be repealed.
5. The governor shall use l:is private seal until astate
seal be procured.
6. Tlie governor, secretary of state, auditor of public
accounts, and treasurer, sliall severally reside and keep
the public records, books, and papers,.in any manner
relating to their respective offices, at the seat of goveni-
laent: Provided, notwithstanding, that nothing herein
contained shall be so construed as to affect the residence
of the governor for the space of six months, and until
buildings suitable for his accommodation shail be pro-
cured, at ihe expense of the state.
7. All si.its, pU as, plaints, and other proceedings,no\v
depending in any court of record, or justices' courts,
sl'.ailbc prosecuted to final judgment and execution i
and (l! appeals, writs of error, certiorari, injunction, or
other proceedings v.hatever, shall progress, and be car-
ried on, in the respective court or courts, in the same
manner as is now provided hy .aw, anil a proceedings
had therein, in as full and complete a manner as if this
constitution weiv not adopted. And appeals and writs
of eri-or may be taken from the circuit court and gent-
vaX court, now established in the Indiana territory, to
the supreme court, in such manner as shall be provided
for by law.
8. The president of this convention shall issue writs
of election, directed is the several sheriffs of the several
counties, rc'4uinng ihem to cause an election to be hi id
for governor, lieutenant governor, representative to the
coi.gress of thv Liiited States, m: inliers of the general
' ^e nb'T.dii lifTs- and coronei-s, at the respective election
liis;..--.!:"! -.a tavii county, on tlie fii-st Monday in August
next : which elections shau be conducted in the manner
■nrcscvibeil byihe existiufj eiection i..ws of the Imljavia
territory ; and the said governor, lieutenant governoi ■
members of the general assembly, sheriffs, and coronets,
then duly elected, shall continue to exercise the duties
of their respective offices for the time prescribed by this
constitution, and until their successor or successors are
qualitied, and no longer.
9. LTntit the first enumeration shall be made, as di-
rected by this constitution, the county of Wayne shall
be entitled to one senator and three rejiresentatives ;
the county of Franklin, one senator and three repre-
sentatives ; the comity of Dearborn, one senator and
two representatives ; the county of Switzerland, one re-
presentative ; and the county of Jefferson and Switzer-
land, one senator; and the county of Jefferson, two re-
presentatives ; the county of Clark, one senator and
three representatives ; the county of Harrison, one sena-
tor and three representatives ; the counties of Washing-
ton, Orange, and Jackson, one senator, and the county
of Washirigton, two representatives ; the counties of
Orr.nge and Jackson, one representative each ; the coun-
ty of Knox, one senaiX5r and three representatives ; the
county of Gibson, one senator and two representatives ;
the counties of Posey, Warrick, and Perry, one senator,
and each of the aforesaid counties of Posey, AVarrick,
and Perr)'. one representative.
10. All books, records, documents, warrants, and pa-
pei-s, appertaiiiirg and belonging to the office of terri-
torial treasurer of the Indiana temtory, and all moneys
therein, and all jiapers and documents in the office of
tlie secretary of said territory, shall be disposed of as the
general assembly of this state may direct.
11. All suits, actions, pleas, plaints, prosecutions, and
caiises w hatsoeVer, and all records, books, papers, and
documents, now in the general court, may be trunsfer-
retl to the supreme court established by this constitution:
And all causes, suits, actions, pleas, plaints, and prose-
cutions whatsoever, now existing or pending in the cir-
cuit courts of this territoi^, or, w hich may be therein at
the change of government, and all records, bonks, pa-
pers, anu documents, relating to the said suits, or filed
m the said courts, may he transferred over to the circuit
courts established by this constitution, under such rules
and regulations as the general assembly may direct.
Done in convention,at Corydon, on the twenty-ninth
day of June, in the year of our Lord eighteen hun-
dreil and sixteen, and of the Independence of the
United States the fortieth.
In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our
names:
.TONATHAN JENNINGS,
President of the Canveniion^
Thomas Carr, Nathaniel Hunt,
John K. Graham, David H. Maxwell,
James Lemon, Samuel Smock,
James Scott, John Badollet,
James Dill, John Eenefiel,
K/.ra Ferris, Jno. Johnson,
Solomon Manwaring, Wm. Polke,
James Brownlee, B. Parke,
V/illiam H. Eads, Charies Polke,
Robert Hanna, Dann L>Tin,
F.ncch M'Carty, William Cotton,
James Noble, John De Pauw,
Alexander Devin, AVilliam Graham,
Fred. Rapp, William Lowe,
David Robb, Samuel Milroy,
James Smith, Robert M'lntire,
John Roone, Patrick Baird,
Da\is Floyd, Jeremiah Cox,
Daiiiet C.Lane, Hugh Cull,
Dennis Pennington, Joseph Holhian.
Patrick Shields,
Attest.
■\Viliiain Hendricks, Secretary.
ORDINANCE.
Be it ordained, bythe rejiresentatives of the people of the
terri/urij of Indiana, in convention met, at Cort/doh, on
Monilaij, the tenth daij of June, in the year of our Lord
eighteen hvndrcd and sixteen. That we do, for ourselves
and our posterity,agree, determine, declare, and ordain,
that we will, and do hereby, accept the propositions of
the congress of the United States, as made and contain-
ed in their act of the Jiineteenth day of April, eighteen
hundred and sixteen, entitled, " An act to enalile the
people of t'.ie Indiana territory to form a state govern-
ment and constitution, and for the admission of such
statie into the Uaiwi-,on ail e<Tual ftot'rag with the origi-
r;:il ,ta'os."
CONSTITUTION OF LOUISIANA.
91
And we do further, for ourselves and our posterity,
Hiereby ratify, confirm, and establish the boundaries of
the said state of Indiana, as fited, prescribed, laid down,
and established, in the act of congress aforesaid; and we
do, also, further, for ourselves and our posterity, liereby
agree, determine, declare, and ordain, that each and
every tract of land, sold ny the United States, lyinp
within the said state, and which shall be sold from and
after the first day of December next, shall be and re-
main exempt from any tax laid by order or under any
authority of the said state of Indiana, or by or under the
authorit) of the general assembly thereof, whiherfor
state, coanty, or township, wr any other purpose what-
ever, for the term of five years from and after the day of
sale of any such tract of land i and we do, moreover, for
ourselves and our posterity, hereby declare and ordain,
that tiiis ordinance, aiKl every part"thereof,shall torever
be and remain irrevocable and inviolate, v/itliout the
consentot'thcUniteil States,in congress assembled, first
had and obtained for the alteration thereof, or any part
thereof.
JOXATHA?J JENNINGS,
President of tl,e Cor.venfiov.
June 29th, 1816.
Attest, "William HendriclcsjSwete'l/-
CONSTITUTION" OF LOUISIAWA.
Constitution or Form of Government of the
state of Louimana.
WE, the representatives of tlie people of all that part
of the territory or country ceded under the name of
Louisiana, by the treaty made at Paris, on the thirtieth
day of April, 1803, between tlie United States and
France, contained in the following limits, to wit: Be-
ginning at the mouth of the river Sabine; thence, by a
nue to be drawn along the middle of said river, inclu-
ding all islands, to the thirty-second degree of latitude ;
thence, due noith, to the nortliernniost part of the thir-
ty-third degree of north latitude; thence, along the said
parallel of latitude, to the river Mississippi ; thence,
down the said river, to the river Iberville, and from
thence, along tJie middle of the said river, and lakes
Meurepas and Poncliartrain, to the gulf of Mexico;
thence, bounded by the said gulf, to the place of begin-
ning, including all islands within three leagues of the
coast ; in convention assembled, by virtue of an act of
congress, entitled, " an act to enable the people of the
territory of Orleans to form a constitution and state go-
vernment, and for the admission of the said state into
the Union, on an equal foocing with the original states,
and for other purposes ;" in order to secui'e to all the ci-
tizens thereof the enjoyment of the rights of life, liber-
ty, and property, do ordain and establish tlie following
constitution or form of government ; and do mutually
agree with each other to form ourselves into a free and
independent state, by the name of the state of Louisi-
ana.
AKTICtE 1.
Concerning the distribution of the Poxeers of
Gover?i;nent.
§ 1. The powers of the government of the state of
Louisiana shall be divided into three distinct depart-
in«its,and each of them be confided to a separate body of
magistracy, to wit : those vvb.ich are legislative, to one ;
those which are executive, to another ; and those which
are judiciary, to another.
2. No person, or collection of persons, being one of
those departmeni^. shall exercise any power properly
beJonging to either of t lie others: except in the instances
hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.
Concrrning the JjegisJative Department.
^ 1. The lei^islative power of this stateshail be vested
in two distinct branches; the one to be called the house
of representatives, the other the senate ; and both toge-
ther, the general assernhlrj nf the stale of Louisiana.
2. The members of the house of representatives shall
continue inser^'ice ibr the term of two years from the day
of the commencement of the general election.
3. Representatives s!iall be chosen on the first Mon-
day in July every two years; and the general assembly
shall convene on the first Monday in January, in every
year, unless a different daj be appointed by law ; and
their sessions shall be held at the seat of government.
4. No person shall he a representative wIio,at the time
of his election, is not a five white male citizen of the
fnited States, and hath not attained the ao'e oftwcnty-
one years, and resided in the state two yeais next pre-
ceding his election, and the last year thereof in the
county of wiiicli he may be chosen, or in the district for
which he is eiect'.d, in case the said counties may be di;
vided into separate districts of election, and has not held
for one year, in the said county or district, landed pro-
perty, to the value of five hundred dollars, agreeably to
the tax list.
5. Electi(ms for reprisentatires for the sevevrJ conn-
tiesentitled to representation, shall be held at tlie places
of holding their respective coiirti,or in iht seveiai elec-
tion precincts into which the legisialun- i>i:>.y tliiul; pro-
per from time to time to divide any or all of those coun-
ties.
6. Representation shall be equal and uniform in this
state ; and shall be for ever regul.tted and ascertained
by the number of qualified electors therein. In the year
one thousand eight hundred and thirti en, and every
four years thereafter, an enumeration of alt the electors
shall be made in such manner as shall be directed by law.
Thenumber of representatives shall, in the several years
of making the enumerations, be so fixed as not to be
less than twenty-five nor more than fifty.
7. The houseof representatives shall choose its speak-
er and other officers.
8. In all elections for representatives, evei-y free white
male citizen of the United Stat»s, « ho, at the time be-
ing, bath attained to the age of twenty-one years, and
resided in the county in which he offers to vote one year
next preceding the election, and who m the last six
month prior to the said elect.on, sliall have paid a state
tax, shall enjoy the rights of_an elector: Provided, how-
ever, that everv free white male citizen of the United
States, who shad have purchased lands from the United
States, shall have the right of voting whenever he shall
have the other qualifications of age and residence above
prescrihi'd. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason,
feiony, breach or surely of the peace, be privileged from
arrest during tin ir attendance at, going to, or return-
ing from elections. •
9. 'I'lie members of the senate shall be chosen for the
term of four 5 ears; and when assembled shall have the
power to ehocse its ofKcers annual ly.
10. The Slate shall he divided into fourteen senatorial
districts, which shall forever remain indivisible, as fol-
lows: the parish of St. Bernard and Plaqiiemine, in-
cluding the country above as f:,r as the canal (des pe-
cheursjon the ea-.t of the Mississippi, and on the west
as far as Bevuody's canal, sliail form one district. The
city of New Orleans, beginning at the Nuns' Plantation
above, and extending below as far as the above-men-
tioned canal, (des pechours)includingthe inhabitants of
the Bayou St. John, shall form the second district. The
remainder of the county of Orleans shail form the third
district. The counties of German Coast, Acadia, La-
fourche, Iberville, Point Coupee, Concordia, Attacka-
pas, Oppelousas, Rapides, Nachitoches, and Ouachitta,
shail each form one district, and each district shall elect
a senator.
11. At the first session of the general assembly after
this constitution takes eflf'Ct, the senators shall be divi-
d' d by lot, as equally as may be, inio two classes : the
seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at
the expiration of the second year, and of the second class
at the expiration of the fourth year: so that a rrtfar-oi;
'.I-J
CdXSTITLTTIOX OP LOUISIANA.
shall be chosen every year, and one half thereby be kept
up perpetually.
12. No i)erson sJiall he a senator, who, at Hie time of
his election, is not a citizen of the UuiteJ States, and
who hath not attained to the av;e of tw einy-seveu years ;
resided in this state four years next jireceding liis elec-
tion, and one year in ihe district in which he may bech.o-
sen ; and unless he liolds with ibe samealandcd nroper-
tyof one thousand dollars, agre«;:!h'.y to the tax list.
13. Tlie first election for senators shall be i^eneral
throughout the state, and at the same time thatthe gen-
eral election for r.|ireseiitatives is held ; and thereafter
there sliall be a biennial election of senators, to fill the
places of those whose timr of service may have exjjircd.
14. Not less than a majority of the members ot each
house of the g:eneral assembly shall form a qiiorum to
do business; but a smaller number may ailjouiu from
clay to day, and shall be authorized by law to compel
the attenjance of absent members, in such manner, and
under such penalties, as may be prescribed thereby.
15. Each house of the general assembly shall, fudj^e of
the quaiificaticns, elections, and relurnsuf its members ;
but a contested election shall be determined in such
manner as shall be directed by law.
16. £ach house of the general assembly may deter-
mine the rules of its proceedings • punish a member for
disorderly bthaviour; and, with the concurrence of two
thirds, expf 1 a member, but not a second time for the
same offence.
17. Each house of thegeneralasserably shall ketp and
l)»blisii, weekly, a journal of its proceedings, and the
yeas and nays of the memljers on any qui-stion shall, at
the desire of any two ot them, be enieivd on thvir jour-
nal.
IS. Neither house, during tht session of the general
assembly, shall, without tli- consent of the other, adjourn
for more than three days, nor to any other place than
that in which thsy maj besiitin!>-.
10. I'he membei's ot' the general assembly shall seve-
rally receive from the public treasury a compensation
for their services, which shall be four dollars ptv day,
during their attenrUince at, going to,and returning'; from
thesessious of their respective houses: Frovided, that
the same may be increased or diminished by law ; but no
^ alteration shall take effect during the period of service
of the members of the house of representatives by whom
such aiteratioii shall have beeninade.
20. I'he members of the geiierai assembly shall, in all
cases, excejjt treason, felony, breach or surety of the
pe.ice, be privileged from arrest, during their attend-
ance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in
going to, or returning from the same -, and for any
speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be ques-
tioned in any other pi.ice.
21. Nosenator or representative shall, duringthetevjii
lor which be was elected, uor for one year thereafter,
l«i appointed orelectid to any civil office of jmitit un-
der this state, which shall have been created, or the emo-
luments of « hith shal. have been increased. tUliing the
time such senator or ri pnsentative was in office, except
to sucli offices or appolutraents as may be tilled by the
elections ol the people.
22. No person, while he continues to exercise the
functions of a ciergyinaii, priest, or teacher of any reli-
gious jiersuasiun, societ) , or sect, sliall be eligible to the
general assembly, or to any otKce of profit or trust un-
der this state.
23. No person who at any time ir:a)' have been a col-
lector of taxes for the state, or t!ie assistant or diputy of
such collector, shall be eligible t*) the general assembly
until he shall have obtaini u a quietus tiir the amount of
such collection, and for all public moneys for which he
may be responsible.
24. No bill shall have the; force of a law until on three
several days it be read over in eacli h'mse of the geiierai
assembly, and free discussion allowed tin. reon; unless,
in case of urgency, four tilths of the house where tlie
bill shall be depeniiiiig, may deem it expedient to dis-
pense with this ruie.
25. AH bills for raising revenue shall originate in the
house of represenuitives ; but the senate may propose
amendmenis, as in other bills : Provided, that they shall
not introduce any new matter, under the colour of an
amendment, which does not relate to raising a revenue.
26. 'I'he general assembly shall regulate by law, by
whom, and in what manner, writs of election shall be
issued, to hll the vaciincies which niay happen in either
branch thereof.
AUTICLi; 3.
Concerning tite Executive Department,
^ X, The supreme executive poTs^er of tTiissate sliallf
be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled flio
governor of the state of Louisiana.
2. 'I'he governor shall be elected for the term of four
years, ill the following maniit r : the citizens entitled to
vote for representatives sliai! vote fbt a governor, at the
time and place of voting for representatives and sena-
tors. Their votes shall be returned by the jiersoi-.s pre-
siding over the elections to the seal of government, ad-
dressed to the president of the senate ; and on the second
day of the g'eneral assembly the members of the two
houses shall meet in the house of representatives, and,
immediately after, the two candidates who shall have
obtained the greatest number of vot< s shall be balloted
for, and the one having a majority of votes shall be go-
vernor: Prnvidcdj however, that if more than two can-
didates have obtained the highest number of votes, it
shall be the dutj of the general assembly to ballot for
them in ihe manner ahove prescribed : and in case seve-
ral candidates should obtain an equal number of votes
next to the candidate who has obtained the highest num-
ber, it shall be the duty of the general aisemhl) to select
in the same manner the candidate w ho is to be balloted
for, with him who has obtained the highest number of
votes.
3. I'he governor shall be ineligible fbr the succeeding
four jeais after the expiration of the time for which he
shall have been elected.
4. He shall be at least thirty-five years of age, and a
citizen of the United States, and have been an inhabi-
tant of this state at least six years preceding his election,
and shall hold in his own right a landed estate of five
thousand dollars value, agreeably to tht tax list.
5. He shall commence the execution of his office on
the fourtli Monday succeeding (he day ol his election,
aii<l shall continue in the execution thereof until the
end of four weeks next suecettling the election of his
successor, and until his successor shall have taken the
oath or afBrmation prescribed by this constitution.
e. No menAer of congress, or person holding any of-
fice under the United States, Or minister of any reli-
gious sociiiy, shall be eligible to the office of governor.
7. I'he governor shall, at stated times, receive for his
services a compensation, whichshall neither be increased
nor (Jiminished during the term for w hich he shall have
been elected.
8. He shall be commander in chief of thc~army and
navyof this state and of the miiitia thereof, except when
they shall be called into the service of the United States:
but he sliall not command personally in the field, unless
he shall be advised so to do by a resolution of the general
assembly.
0. He shall nominate and apjioint, with the advice
and consent of the senate,judges, sherifi's, and all other
officers whose offices are established by this constitution,
and whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro-
vided tor : Provided, however, that the legislature shall
have a right to preseiibe the mode of appointment to at!
other offices to be established by law.
10. The governor shall have power to fill up vacan-
cies that may happen during the recessof the legislature,
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end
of the next session.
1 1. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures.,
and, except in cases of impeachment, to grant rc]>rieves
and pardons, with the approbation of the seriate. In
cases of treason, he shall have power to grant'repriSTes
until the end of the next session of the general assembly;
in u hieli the power of pardoning shall he vested.
12. He may require information in w riting Irom the
officers in the executive department, upon any subject
relating to duties of their respective offices.
13. He sli&ll,froin time to time, give to the general as-
sembly inlormation respecting the situation of the state,
and recommend to their consideration sucli measures as
he iiiaj deem expedient.
14. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
general assenibly at the seat of government, or at n dif-
ferent place, if tiiatshould have become dangerous from
an enemy, or from contagions disorders ; and, in case of
disagreenient betwee"n the two houses, with respect to
the time of ad_)onrnraent, he may adjourn them to such
time as he may think proper, not exceeding four months.
15. He shall take care tliat the lavi s be faithfully exe-
cuted.
16. It shall be his duty to visit the ditferent counties
at least once in every two years, to iniiinu himself of tho
state of the niililia,'_and of tlie general condition of the
eoiintry.
17. Incase of the impeachment of the goveiiior, his
vemo valtVomoffice,dtath, refusal to qiialily, resignation,
or absence from the state, the president of the senate
-shall eteR-ise all tTie power niid auUiority apperdtirtiiri?
CONSTITUTION OF LOUISIANA.
93
to Uio ofiicc of governor, until another bediily qualified,
or tlie puveroor absent or impeached shall return or be
ae((uitiir(l.
IS. The president of the sen-ite, during the time he
ndiniiiisti-rs the government, sliall receive the same com-
pensation which iheg-overnor would have received, had
he been employtd in the dutiis of his office.
19. A secrctarj- of state shall he appointed and com-
missioned duriufj the term for which the ^ovc rnor shall
have been elicted, if he shall so long behave himself
well. He shall keep a fair res^ister, and attest all the
official acts and proceedings of the go^ ernor, and sliall,
■when required, lay the same, and all pap&s, minutes,
and vouchers, relative thereto, before either house of the
geneial assembly, and shall perform such other duties
as may be enjoined him by law.
20. Every bill which shall have passed both houses
shall he presented to the governor ; if he approve, he
shall sign it : if not, he shall return it with his objec-
tions to the house in which it shall have originated, who
shall enter the objections at Urge upon the journal, and
proceed to reconsider it ; if, after such reconsideration,
two thirds of ail the members elected to that house shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objec-
tipns, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be
re-considered, and if approved by two thirds of all the
members elected to that house, it'thail be a law ; but in
such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined
by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting
for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal
of each house respectively; if any bill shall not be re-
turned by the governor, within ten days (Sundays es-
ceptetl) after it shall have been presented to him,itshall
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
thegenei-al assembly by their adjournment prevent its
return ; in which case it shall be a law, unless sent back
within three days after their neM meeting.
21. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the con-
currence of both bouses may be necessary, except on a
question of adjournment, shall be presented to the go-
vernor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by
him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed, by two
thirds of both houses.
22. The flee while men of this state shall be armed
and disciplined for its defence; but those who belong to
religious societies, whose tenets forbid them to cany
arms, shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay au
equivalent for personal service.
23. The militia of this state shall be organized in such
manner as may hereafter be deemed most expedient by
the legislature.
ARTICLE 4.
Concerning the Judiciary Department.
§ -1. The j udieiary power shall be rested in a supreme
court and inferior courts.
2. The supreme court shall have appellate jurisdic-
tion only; which jurisdiction shall extend to all civil
cases, when the matter in dispute shall exceed the sura
of (hvee hundred dollai's.
3. The supreme court shall consist of not less than
three j udges, nor more than five ; the majority of w hom
shall form a quorum; each of said judges shall receive
a salar\K)f five thousand dollars annually. The supreme
court shall hold iis sessions at the places herein after
mentioned ; and for that purpose the state is hereby di-
vided into two districts of appellate jurisdiction, in
each of which the supreme court shall administer jus-
tice, in the manner hereafter prescribed. The eastern
district to consist of the counties of New Orleans, Ger-
man Coast. Acadia, l.afbiirche, Iberville, and Point
Coupee. The western district to consist of the counties
of Attakapas.Oppelousas, Rapides', Concordia, Natchi-
toches, and Ouacbitta. The supreme court shall hold
its sessions in each year, for the eastern district, in De-
cember, January, February, March, April, May, .Inne,
and July ; and for the western district, at the Oppelon-
sas, during the months of August, September, and Oc-
tober, for five years: Provided, however, that every five
years the legislature may change the place of holding
said court in the western district. The said court shall
appoint its own c!ei-ks.
4. The legislature is authorized to establish such in-
ferior courts .as may be convenient to the administration
of justice.
5. 'I'hejudfjes.hothofihesupreiv.eanduiferiorcourts,
shall hold their offices iluring good behaviour: but for
any reason.able cause, which shall not be sufficient
g-round forim\)eachmeiit, the governor shall remove any
of them on the address of three fourths of eacfi liouse of
*ej,'enerHl assembly: Provided, however, that the eaiisc
or causes for whicli such removal may be veouired, shall
be stated at length in the address, aiid inserted on the
journal of each house.
6. I'he judges, by virtue of their office, shall be con-
servators of the peace throughout the state. The style
o!" all proct-ss shall be, " the state of Louisiana." All
prosecutions shall be carried on in the name, and by the
authorit), of the stale of Louisiana, and conclude,
against the peace and dignity of the same.
7. Tlieie shall be an attorney general for the state,
and as many other prosecuting attorneys for the state
as maybe hereafter found necessary. The said attor-
neys sliall be appointed by the governor, with the ad-
vice and approbation of the senate. Their duties shall
be determined by law.
8. All commissions shall be in the name, and by the
authority of the sta:e of Louisiana, and sealed with the
state seal, and signed by the governor.
9. The state treasurer, and printer or printers of tlie
state, shall be appointed annually by the joint vote of
both houses of the general assembly : Pr<)vided, that,
during the recess of the same, the governor shall have
power to fill vacancies which may happen fti either of
the said offices.
10. The clerks of the several courts shall be remova-
blefor breach of good behaviour by the court of appeals
only, .who shall be judge of the fact as well as of the
law.
11. The existing laws in this territory, when this con-
stitution goes into effect, shall -continue to be in force
until altered or abolished by the legislature: Provided,
however, that the legislature shall never adopt any sys-
tem or code of laws, by a general reference to the said
system or code; but,in all cases,sha!l specify the several
provisions of the laws it may enact.
li. The judges of all courts within this state shall, as
often .as it may be possible so to do, in every definite
judgment, refer to the particular law,invirttlecf whiclv
such judgment is founded.
ARTICIE 5.
Concerning Impeachments.
5 1. The power of impeachment shall be vested in the
house of representatives afone.
2. All impeaciiments shall be tried by the senate;
when sitting tiirthat purpose, the senators shall be upon
oath or affirmation : No person shaii he convicted with-
out the concurreaice of two-thirds of the members pre-
sent.
3. The governor, and allthecivilofficers, sliall be lia-
ble to impeachment for any niisdeineanor in office ; but
judgment in such cases shall not extend iiirlher than to
removal fVom office, and disqualification to hold any
office of honour, trust, or profit, under this state ; hut
the parties, comicied shall, nevertheless, be liable and
subject to indictment, trial, and punishuient, according
to law.
AllTiCLE (3.
Gejif'ral I'rovisions.
§ 1. Members of the general assembly,and all officers,
executive and ju<lieial, before they enter upon the exe-
cution of their lesjiective offi.ces. shall t:ike the follow-
ing oath or affiriiialion : "I, (A B) do solemnly swear
(oraffirm) thai I will taithfullyand impartially diicharge
and perform ail the dutits incumbent on me as ,
accoi-diiig to the best of my abilities and understanding,
Egreeabl>- to the rules and regulations of the constitu-
tion, and the laws of this state ; so help me God."
_ '2. Treason against the state shall consist only in levy-
ing war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving-
them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of
treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the
same overt act, or his confession in open court.
3. Every person shall be disqualified from serving as
governor, senator, or representative, fiir the term for
which he shall have been elected, whosliall beconvicted
of having given or offt;redany bribe to procure his elec-
tion.
4. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, and
from sufTrage. those who shall thereafter be convicted of
bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes or misde-
meanors. The privilege office suifi-.tge shall he supported
by laws regulating elections,and prohibiting, under ade-
quate penalties, all undue iiiHuence thereon, from pow-
er, bribery, tuoiult, or other imjuoper practices.
5. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, hiitin
pursuance of appropriations made by law. nor sliall any
approimation of money, for the support of an army, he
inadpfnra longer time than nw year: and a rpgulari
CONSTITUTION OF LOUISIANA.
Hi
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures
of all public money shall he published annually.
6. It shall be the duty of the gencia! assenably to pass
such laws as may be necessary and proper to decide <
ferences by arbitrators, to be appointed by the par
who may <^t}°9^^ ^^f '''^':'"Z\ZtVfi^^etX^^^^^^ Tni^inbers elected Vo each house of the general assemblv
■!^ M "",1. ^. H »1 riistr^ct^- countv officer^ wTt^^ shall, « ithin the first twenty days of their stated annual
wthin the state, and a'j^d^^'fl'^to. county <^ft,cer^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ,^^ specifying the alte.-a-
dif-
ties
AHTICZE 7.
Mode of Revising the Constitution,
$ 1. When experience shall point out the necessity of
amending this constitution, and a majority of all the
members elected to each house of the general assembly
shall, within the first twenty days of their stated annual
and ^r*^ '°7^":'^V Xrs of both houses"^ except those ent led to voteToJ representatives, who havt. voted for
two thuds °f;'?e members ""^^^^l^^^^'^l;^^^ calling a convention ; and if thereupon it shall appear
the removal of whom has been otherwise proMdea lo. ^,^^4 jje^^^-^.;, ^,43^1,^ citizens of this state entitled to
*'''«*'"aV'^°"^"*"^'??; l>„.:np« nf this state or the United vote forrepres'entatives "have voted for a convention, the
,« I.. 1 „ii K^ti,» -i,.T^ cf thp p-PTi».i<il assemWv to re- convention, the general assembly shall, at their next ses-
^1°; ^ , '''firfnwh.t^aL and whafctXTtion from sion. call a convention, to consist of as many membei-s as
residence. ^^ ^,,^j ^^ ,.„,^ f„^. representatives, did not vote for a con-
«ateandhousro7ieprlsenXe?s, jointly or separately, vention, a convention shall not be called,
the votes shall be given by ballot.
14. No member of congress, nor person holding or
exercising any oflHce of trust or profit under the United
States, or either of them, or under any foreign powei>
shall be eligible as a member of the general assembly ot
this state, or hold or exercise any office of trust or profit,
under the same.
SCHEDULE.
5 1. Thatnoinconveniences may arise from the change
of a territorial to a permanent state governmejit, it is
declared by the convention, that all rights, suits, ac-
ten nroeeedings of the same, shall be proniuigateu, pre- -'» ■« ..u^..-..^- •-" ....^-.. k—-
s*e?vld! and' conducted, in 'the language in which the ^'""« "♦.•^'^'^^^^^.^es^andfo
constitution of the United States, is written. 2. All hnes, pen.ilties, and to
''■ '^^l^"^:^:^^]^^^^^^^^ r\'t;trAl?b°o*nd°e=ed\o the governor, or anv
f^r^piblicXe ; ma"h1 .'"t^/^ or'SaJged on a?- other officer in h.s official -P-j{yi»th-^terntory, shall
jur |)uui.>- VI ',•',. ° nass over to the governor or to the oincers Gt tnestate,
„ _, J, , forfeitures, due and owing
to the ten-itory of Orleans, shall Inure to the use of
count of such securityship.
pass over
'^f ^o now-erof susneAdine the laws of this state and their successors in office, for Uie use of the state, by
sJ{;-hfe^Kd,''f..S?l^llSsll^;reoritsautho ^^^y^Z:^^^:^^^:^'^. "^'^^ " '""^
*'*5* _ „ . . , ,;._. ., „„,i ,i.„n 3. The govenior, secretary, and judges, and all other
..^^\l''?V,ZT^t.lT^TZlMtoTlL^f- oilicelsundertheterntorial government, shall continue
^^rtmL^l?.^^ ?L na ur^-rj'cause of t L acc^s^^^^^^^^^^^ in the exercise of the duties of their respective depart-
fg=^n" Wm "Lnne^ ng tWitn'sef ^^^^^ to face'V of ments, until the said officers are supei-seded under the
Pn^r^'^^h^^"^^::^^^ ^•t^lflall'i^rre'^ th. territory, notincon-
fonSn 'a speedy P^ hi c u aTby a^ .^^^^^^^^^ sistent with this constitution, shall continue ^.d remain
f;:;'rr,'^f Lr7h.^l. hebecoaJelled to'^ive evideLe ^f^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of his
the vicinage: nor shall he be compelled to give
against himself.
ties
dent
iT Au'prisoners shall he bailable by sufficient securi- pvi>ate seal, until a state seal bej.rocm«l
t unless for capital offences, where the proof is evi- 6. The oaths of office herein directed tobe afcen,
;^orpresump^ongreat;andthepnvilegeonbe^vnt -/jdministered hj^iiy jusnc^^^ the peac., unt.
may
I the
of Aa6ec?f»r/.».9 shall not be suspended, unless when in legislature shall otherwise direct.
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 7. At the expiration of the "'"'^.''ff ' ^V. f-lv aiW o^--
Ill-pit stitutionistogomtooperation, or immediately alter ot-
^20: No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the iicial information shall have been received that cong^ss
r^wlc^a-inn of contracts shall be nassed. l.ave approved of the same, the president ot the conveii-
2,"Xithirpre s^^^^^ person who tion shliil issue writs of election to the proper officers ...
un]crrak3Jxamine the proceedings oKhe legisla- ^l.e d.tterent counties, enjoimngthe-n to cause a^^^^^^^^
K..„„„i. „p oo..pr,.mpnf • and nn law dial tion to beheld tor governor and members ot the gent. ai
have the right of appointing the several public officers tion to cause the saia elettioti to ^^' ^^i''?^ '"^"^5^1^*'
ecessary for the administration and the police of the the secretary of the convention shall discharge the du-
saW city , pursuant to the niode of election which shall ties hereby imposed on the president ; and in that caseof
be prescribed bv the legislature : Provide.l, that the the absence of the secretary, a com.mttee of Messrs.
mayor and recorder shall be ineligible to a seat in Uie Blanque, Rrown, and Urquhart, or * ''"• °"'y,"J«''™'
"eneial assembly shall discharge the duties herein imposed on the secre-
" 24. The seat of government shall continue at New tary of the convention ; and the ULenibas of the P-:-|«;ra'
Orleans until removed bv law. assembly thus elecud, snail assemble on th*^ «'"''''
2S. All laws contrary to this constitution shall be nu'l Slonday thereafter, at the seat of goyeiiime .t. |he go-
andvoid. ' vernor 2nd members of the geneial asswfibly. tor this
CONSirrUTiON UF MlSSISSii 'l^I.
95'
time only, shall enter upi)n the duties of their respec-
tive offices immediately after their election, and shall
continue in office in the same manner, and during the
same period .they would have done had they been elect-
ed on the rirs! Monday of .July, 1812.
8. Until thcfirslenumeration shall be made, as direct-
ed in the sixth section of the second article of this con-
stitution, the county of New Orleans shall be entitled to
six representatives, to be elected as follows : one by the
first senatorial district within the said county, four by
the second district, and one by the third district ; the
county of German Coast to two representatives ; the
county of Acadia to two representatives; the county
of Ibberville to two representatives ; the county of La-
fourche to two ix'presentatives, to be elected as follows:
one bv the parish of Assumption, and the other by the
parish of the Interior; the county of Kapides to two re-
presentatives ; the county of Natchitoches to one repre-
sentative ; the county of Concordia to one representa-
tive; the county of Ouachitta to one representative; the
county of Oppelousas to two representatives; the coun-
ty of Attakapas to three representatives, to beelec'ed
as follows : two by the parish of St. Martin, and the
third by the parish of St. Mary ; and the resi>ective se-
natorial districts, created by this constitution, to one se-
nator each.
Done in convention, at New Orleans, the 22d day of
the month of January, in the year of our Lord 18 12,
and of the independence of the United States of
America the 36th.
J. POYDRAS, President ef the Convention.
.I.D. Degoutin Belksschase, G. Roussin,
^ J. Bianqiie, Amant Hebert,
F. J. Le Bi-eton D'Orggnoj-, Wm. Wikofi', jr.
Mgre. Guiciianl, Wm. Goforth,
S. Henderson, Bela Hubbard, jr.
P. Denis De La Ronde, St. Martin,
F. Livandais, H. S. Thibodaux,
Bernard Marigny, S. Hiriart,
Thomsrs Urnuhait, Robert Hall,
J. ViUere, T. F. Oliver,
John Waikiin, Levi Wells,
Samuel Winter, P. Bossier Prud'liomme,
James Brown, James Dunlap,
.T. N. Destrehan, D. B. Morgan,
Andre La Branche, Henry Bry,
Michel Cantrelle, Allen B. Magruder,
D. J. Sutton, W. C. MaqUille,
John Thompson, Charles Oliver,
Louis Dp Bfaiie, Alexandei Porter, jr.
Henry Johnson, M. L. Reynaud,
Attest,
Elijius Fromentin, Secretary to the Convention,.
AN ORDINANCE relating to the public lands of the
United States, and the lands of the non-resident fjvnprie-
tors,citizensiiJ said statexuit/un the territory of Orleans'
BE it ordained, by the representatives of the people
of the territoi7 of Orleans, in convention assembled,
agreeably to an act of congress, entitled, " An act to
enable the people of the territory of Orleans to fomi
a constitution and state government, and for the
admission of such state into the Union, on an equal
footing with the original states, and for other purposes,"
that the people inhabiting the said territory do agree
and declare, that they do for ever disclaim all right or
title to the waste or unappropriated lands lying within
the said territory ; and that the same shall be and re-
main at the sole entire disposition of the United
States.
And be it further ordained, by the atithority aforesaid,
that each and every tract of land sold by congress shall
be and remain exempt from any tax, laid by the order,
or under the autliority of the state of Louisiana, whether
for state, connty, township, parish, or any other purpose
whate%er, for the term of five years, from and after the
respective days of the sales thereof; and that the lands
belonging to the citizens of the United States, residing
without the said state, shall never be taxed higher than
the lands belonging to persons residing therein ; and
tiiat no taxes shall be imposed on lands the inoperty of
the United States.
And be it further ordained, by the authority aforesaid,
that this ordinance shall never be revoked, without the
consent of the United States, in congress assembled, be-
ing first obtained for that purpose.
By the unanimous order of the convention :
J. POYDRAS, President of tlie Convention^
Eiijius Fromentin, Sea-etary to the Convention.
Done in convention, at New Orleans, this 28th day of
Januarj', in the year of our Lord 1812, and of the
independence of the United States the 36th.
CONSTITUTION OF MISSISSIPPI.
WE, the representatives of the people inhabiting the
western partof the TMississippi territory, contained with-
in the following limits, to wit: Beginning on the river
Mississippi, at the point where the southern boundary
line of the state of Tennessee strikes the same; thence,
east, along tlie said boundai^ line, to the Tennessee ri-
ver; thence, up the same, to the mouth o! Bear creek ;
thence, by a direct line, to the noith-wtst corner of the
county of Washington ; thence, due south, to the Gulf
of Mexico ; thence, westwaitlly, including all islands
within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern
junction of Pearl river with lake Borgiie ; tiicnee, up
said river, to. the thirty-first degree of north latitude ;
thenccj west, along the said degree of latitude, to the
Mississippi river ; thence, up the sanie, to the beginning
—assembled in convention, at the town nf Washington,
on Monday, the seventh day of July, one thousand eight
hundred and seventeen, in pursuance of an act of con-
gress, entitled, "An act to enable thepeojile of the west-
em part of the Mississippi territorv to form a constitu-
tion and state government, and for the admission of
such state into tiic Union, on an equal footing with the
original states ;" in order to secure to the citizens there-
of the tights of life, liberty, and property, do oitluin
and establisli the following constitution, and form of go-
vernment ; and do mutually agree with each other to
form ourselves into a free and independent state, bv the
naitie of The state of Mis5issit>p!.
ARTICLE 1 .
Declaration of Rights.
That the general, great, and essential principles of
liberty and free government jnay be recognized and es-
tablished, we declare :
§ 1. That all freemen, when they form a social com-
pact, are eq(ual in rights ; and that no man, or set of
men, are entitletl to exclusive, separate, public emolu-
ments or privileges, from the community, but in con-
sideration of public services.
2. That all political power is inherent in the people,
and all free ;^uvernments are founded on their authori-
ty, and instituted for their benefit : and therefore, they
have at all times an unalienable and indefeasible right
to alter or abolish their form of government, in such
manner as they may think expedient.
3. 'Ihe exercise and enjoyraent of religious profession
and worship, without discrimination, shall for ever be
free to all persons in this state : Provided, that the right
hereby declared and established shall not be so construed
:i3 to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices
inconsistent with the peace and safety of this'state.
4. No preference shall ever be git en by law to any re-
ligious sect or mode of w orship.
5. That no person shall be molested for his opinion'
on any subject whgtj^cr, nor suffer any civil or political
so CONSTITUriON OF MISSISSIPPI.
iacapacitr, or act^'iive any civil or politics' advantage, before any trilunial in this state, by bim or hevselfj o=J
in consec(i!eni:e ot such opinions, except in cases pro- counsel, or boili.
videdfiir in this constitution.
6. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish COXCtrsiOJf.
liis sen:iment3 on aii subjects, being responsible for the
abuse of that ii!)eit}'. To guard a;^ainst transgressions of the higlj powers
7. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain herein delegated, we declare, tliat every thing in this
the liberty of speech or of the )>ress. article is excepted out of the genei-al pow ers of goveni-
8. In all prosecutions or indictments for libels, the mem, and^hall for ever remain inviolate ; and that all
truth may be givin in evidence; and the Jury shall la»'s toiMrary thereto, or to the following prc-.iSious,
have the right to dntermine the law and the facts', under shall be void.
the direction of the ccurt. • ARTim-' '^'
9. That the peopU shall be secure in their persons, akih.i. ^ ~,
hovist!,, yr> ■'••, a:iii possessions, from nr.ieasonable sci- , JOistribniion of Poivers.
zures or searches; and that no wanant to search any _ ,. , „
place, or to seize any person or things, shall issue w ith- § '• The powers of the government ot the state ot
out describing them as nearly as maybe, nor without Mississippi shall be divided into three distinct depart-
piobable cause, supported bv oath or affii mation. ments, and each of them confided to a separate body ot
10. That, in all ciiminarprostcutions. the accused magistracy, to wit : those which are legislauve, to one :
hatharighttobeheaid by hiinseif and counsel : to de- those which are executive, to another; and those which
mand the nature and caiise ol the accusation : to be ^^^ .pidicial, to another.
confronted by the » itnesses against him : to have com- 2. No person, or colieclion of persons, being of one ot
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour ; ''^'"'^ departments, shall exercise any pow er properly
and, in al! prosecutions bv indictment or information, a >)e!onging to either of the others, except in the instances
speedy public trial, by an impartial.jury of the county ; hereinafter expressly dut cted or peiinitted.
that he cannot be compelled to give evidence agaiiist , _f a
himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, libertv, or AIlTICLE o.
property, but by due coui-se of law. ' Lrfrzi'nti7!P Ttpbartmetit
11. No person shall be accus.d, arrested, or detained, J^ngis.au.e uepcirimem.
except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the § 1. Every fi'ee white male pei-soiijof the age of twen-
forms which the same has presciibed ; and no person ty-one years or upwards, who shall be a citizen of the
shall be punished but in \-irtiie of a law establisheil and United States, and shall hare resided' in this state one
promulgated prior to the offence, and legally applied. year next preceding an election, and the last six months
12. That no pei-son shall, for any indictable offence, within the county, city, m- town in which he offers to
be proceeded against criminally b) information, except vote, and shall be enrolled in the militia thereof, except
in cases arising in the land or naval forces.cr the militia, exempted by law frcm military service ; or, having the
■when in actual service,or by leave of the court, for ims- aforesaid qualifications of citizenship and residence,
Uemeanor in office. shall have paid a state or county tax, shall be deemed a
13. No pei-son shall, for the same offence, be twice put qualified elector. No elector shall be entitled to vote,
in jeopardy'of life or limb, nor shall any person's proper- except in the county, city, or town, (entitled to sepai'ate
ty be taken or applied to public use, without the con- representation) in which he may reside at the time of
sent of his representatives, and without just compens.a- the election,
tion being made therefor. ' 2. Electors shall, in all cases except in those of trea-
14. I'hat all courts shall be open, and every person for son, ft lony, or breach of tlie peace, he privileged from
any injury done him in his lands, goods, piisoii, orre- arrest during their attendance al elections, and ingoing
putat'.on, shall have remedy by due course of law ; and to, and retui-ning from the same.
right and justice administered without sale, denial, or 3. The fire* election shall be by ballot, and all future
tlelay. elections shall be regulated by law.
15. That no power of suspending laws shall be exer- 4. The lepislafive power .of this state sh.lll be vested
eised, except by the legislature or its authority. in two distinct bmnclns: theone to be styled the senate,
16. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- the othei the house of ivpresentatives, and both toge-
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted. ther, " the general assembly of the state of Mississippi."
17. That al! prisoners shall, before conviction.be bail- And the style of their laws shall he, ^^ Be it enacted by
able by safRcient securities, except for capital offences, flie sfiiaU and house of i-ftiresentati-ces 'S the state of Mis'
when the proof is evident, or the presumption great; sissipfji. in general assembly convened."
and the privilege of the w lit of habeas coipns shall not 5. The members of the house of representatives shall
be suspended, unless v. hen in case of rebellion or inva- be chosen V.y the qualified clectoi-s, and shall serve for
sion the public safi'ty may require it. the term of one year, from the day of the commence-'
13. That the person of a debtor, where there is not ment of tlie general election, and no longer,
strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in 6. The representatives shall be chosen every year, on
prison .ifter delivering up his tstate for the benfit of his the first Monday and the day following in Atigust.
creditors, in such manner as sliall be prescribed by law. ] 7. No person shall be a representaiive unless he be a
19. That no ex post facto law, lior law impairing the citizen of the United States and shall have been an inha-
obligation of a contract, shall be made. bitantof this stale two yeai-s next preceding his election,
20. That no person shall ht; attainted of treason or fe- and the last year thereof a resident of the county, city,
lony by the legislature. or town, for w hich lie shall be chosen, and shall haveat-
21. That the estates of suicides shall descend or vest tained to tlieageof twenty-two years; andalso,uiilesshe
as in cases of natural death; and if any person shall be siiall hold, in his own right, within this state, one hun-
IviUed by casualty, there shall be no forfeiture by rt^son dred and fifty acres of '.:ind, or an interest in real estate
thereof.' of the value of five hundred dollai'St at the time of his
22. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable man- election, and for six mouihs previr.us thereto. ■
ner, to assemble together, for tlieir common good, and S. Elections fo'- representatives for the srveral coun-
to apply to those invested with the powers of govern- "ties shall be held at tlie places of holding their res])ec-
mentfor redress of grievances or other proper jiurposes, tive courts, or in the several election districts into « huh
by petition, address, or remonstrance. the legislature may divide any county: Provided, that
23. Every citizen has a right to bear anns, in defence when it shall appesr to the 1. gislature tli;U any city
of himself and the state. , or town hath a number of free white inlsahitaiits equal
24. No siandinp army shall be kept up, without the to the ratio then fixed, such city or lowir shall liave a
consent of the legislature; and the military shall, in all separate representation, accordin-r to the number of
cases and at all times be in strict subordination to the ei- fr>re w i-ite inhabitants therein, which sh.",1 1 be retained
vil power. so long as such city or town shall contain a iiimiber of
25. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- free « bite injiabitants, equal to t!ie existing ratio ; and
tered in any house without the const nt of the owner, thereafter and during the existence of the rifjht of sepa-
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by rate representation in such city or town, elections forthe
law. county in which such city or town entitled to a separate
26. lliat no hereditary emohiments, privileges, or lio- repicentation i$ situated, shai! not be held in such city.
aoiirs, shall ever be granted or eonfeiTcd in tliis state. or town: And pioVided.that, if the residuum or fi'action
27. No citizen of this state shall be exiled, or prevent- cf any citj or town entitled t<) separate lepresentalion
ed from emigrating, on any pretence whatever. shall, when added to the residuum in the county iu
23. The right of trial by jiav sliall remain inviolate. which it may lie, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for
29. No person shall he debarred from prosecuting or ""e icj)resen!ative, then the aferesaid county, city, or
flefendins any civil cause, for or a^inst him'or herself, towii_. having Uie larjest residiuimj shall be entitled te
UOXSTirUTIOK OF MISSISSIPPI. 91-
Sucli representation: And provided, also, that when or disordprly beiiaviour in its'presonce, or for obstruct-
there are two or nioie counties adjoining-, which have iiij^anyof Us proceedings: Provided, such iniprison-
residuuras over and above the ratio then fixed bylaw, meut shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight
if said residiiums, « hen added together, will amount lo hours,
such ratio,in that ease one representative shall be added 21. The doors of each house shall be open, except on
to tliai county having the largest residuum. such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, niny re'
9. The general assembly shall, at their first meeting, quire secrecy.
and in the rear one t!)Ousand eight htindred and twenty, 22. Neither house shall, without the consent of the
aud in not less than every, three nor more tiian every other,adjourn for more thanthreedays,nortoanyother
five years thereafter, caust an ennmeratior. to be made place ihan that in which they may be sitting.
of all.thefi-ee white inhabitants of the state ; and the 23. Bills may originate in either house,aiid be amend-
who!e number of representatives shall, at the several ed, altered, or rejected, by the other ; but no bit! shall
periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by the have the force of a law until, on three several days, it
general assembly-, and apportioned among the several he read in each house, and free discussion be allowed
counties, cities, or towns, entitled to separate repre- thereon, unless, in cases of urgency, four fifths of tin;
sentation, according to the number of free white inha- house in which the bill shall be depending may deem it
bitants in each ; and stiall not be less than tnenty-four, expedient to dispense with this rule ; and every bill,
nor greater than thirty-six, until the number of free having passrd both houses, shall be signed by the speak-
-white inhabitants shall lie eighty thousand ; and after er and president of their respective houses,
that event, at such ratio that the whole number of re- 24. All bills for raising revenue shall oi-iginate in the
presentatives shall never be less than thirty-six, nor house of representatives, but the senate may amend Or
more than one hundred : Provided, however, that each reject them as other biils.
county shall always be entitled to at least one repre- 25. Each member of the general assembly shall re-
sentative, ceive from the public treasury a compensation for his
10. The wholenumberof senators shall, at the several services, which may bs increased or diminished by law;
periods of making the enumeration before-mentioned, but no increaseof compensation shall take effect during
befixedbythe generala!sembly,Hndapportionedamoiig 'he session at which such increase shall have been
the several districts to be established by law, according niade. SB
to the number of free white taxable inhabitants in each, 26. .MBsenator or representative shall, during the
and shall never be less than one foiiith, nor more th'an term roPSH'hich he shall have been elected, nor for one
one third of the whole ntimbei- of representatives. year thereafter, be appointed to any civil office of profit
11. The senators shall be chosen by the qualified under this state, which shall have been created, or the
-electors, for three yejirs; and, on their being convened cmolumenis of which shall hare been increased during
in consequence ofthe first election, they shall be divided such term; except such offices as may be filled by elec-
by lot from their respective districts, into three classes, tions by the people ; and no member of either house of
as nearly equal as can be. The seats of the senators of the general assembly shall, after the commencement of
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the the first session of the legislature alter his election, and
first year : and of the second class, at the expiration of during the remainder of the term for which he is eleet-
the second year; and ofthe third class, at theexpii-ation ed be eligible to any office or place, the appointment to
ofthe third year : so that one third thereof may be an- which may be made in whole or in part by either branch
Dually chosen thereafter. of the general assembly.
12. Such mode of classifying new additional senators 27. No judge of any court of law or equity, secretary
shall be observed, as will, as nearly as possible, preserve of state, attorney general, clerk of any court of record,
an equality of numbers in each class. sheriff, or collecto;-, or any person holding a lucrative
13. When a senatorial district shall be composed of ofl^ce under the United States, (the office of post master
two or more counties, it shall not be entirely separated excepted,) or this state shall be eligible to the general
by any county belonging to another district: and no assembly: Provided, that offices in tlie militia, to which
county shall be divided in forming a district. there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice
14. No pr'.-son stia'.l be a senator unless he be a citizen of the peace, or ofthe quorum, shall be not be deemed
ofthe United States ; and shall hare been an inhabitant .uciative.
of this state four years next preceding his election, and 28. No person, who hath heretofore been, or horeaf™
the last yeai- Jlsereofa resident of the district for which ter may be, a collector or holder of public moneys, shall
he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to the .age of have a seat in either house of the general assembly, until
twenty-six years; and also, unless he shall hold, in his such person shall have accounted for, and paid into thtJ
own right, within thisstae, three hundred acres ofland, tieasiiry, all s-.tms fiir which he may be accountable,
or au interest in real estate of the value of one thousand 29. The first electicm for senators'and representatives
dollars, at the time of his election, and for six months shall be general throughout the slate, and shall be held
previous thereto. on the first Monday and Tuesday in September next ;
15. The house of representatives, when assembled, and thereafter, thei-e shall be an annual election for
shall choose a sneaker and its other ofiieers; and these- senators, to fill the places of those whose term of service
nnte shall choose its officers, -xcept the president ; asid may have expired.
each house shall judge of the qualifications and eke- 30. The first session of the general assembly shall
tions of its own members ; but a contested election shall commence on the first Monday in October next, and be
be determined in such manner as shall be directed by held at the city of Natchez, and tiure.after atsuchplace
law. A majority of each house shall constitute a quo- as may he diiected by law; and thereafter (he general
rum to do business ; but a smaller niiinber may adjourn assembly shall meet on the first Monday in November
from day to day, and mny compel the attendance of ab- in every year, and at no other period, unless directed
sent members, in such manner and under st;eh penal- by law, or provided for by this co:istituliun.
ties as each house may provide. ^ ^
18. Each house ii.ay^ determine the ruJes of its own AKTICL.. v.
proceedings, pi.nish members for disorderly behaviour, ExeCUiive Department.
and, with the consent or two thirus, expel a member, '
but not a second time for the same cause, and shall § 1. The supreme executive power of this state shJU.i
iave all other powers necessary for a branch of the le- he vestid in a governor, who shall be elected by the
gislature of a iree and indep'-ndeiit state. qualified electors, and slr'.ll hold his ofiiee lijr two years
17. Eaehhonseshall keepa journal of its iiroceedings, from the time of his installation, and until his successor
andpublish the sarae.esceptingsueh partsasinitsjiidg- be duly qualified.
tnent may require secrecy; and the ye.is and nays </f 2. 1 he r. turns of every election for governor shall be
the merabei-s. of either house, on any question shall, at sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government,
the desire of any three raeinliers present, be entered on directed to the secretary ofslate, v. ho shall deliver theni
the journals. to the speaker ofthe house of representatives, at the
18. When vacancies hajipen in either house, tliego- next ensuing session of the general assembly duringthi;
vernor, or the person exercising the pov.errs of the go- first v.eek of which session the said speaker shall open
vemor,shan issue writs of election to fill such vacancies, aiui publish them in the presence of both houses of the
19. Senators and representatives shall in all cases, e.x- general assembly. The person having the highest nuni-.
cept of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi- her of votes shall be governor ; hut if iwo or more shall
teged from arrest during the session of the general as- be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be cho-
sembly, and in going to, and returning from the same; sen governor by the joint ballot of both houses,
allowing one d^iy for every twenty miles such member Contested elections for governor shall be determineiJ
may reside from the placeat which the general assembly by both houses ofthe giiieral assenibl}', in such manner
is convened. as shall be prescribed by law.
20. Each housemay punish by imprisonment, during 3. The governor sliafi be at least thirty years of ager
'"•'■: r.-ss'inn, any pr.Tsmv^not'a member, for disTCTperlf'tl 'sTiail hTive been a citizen of 'he United States for t^tfiv^
'JS eONSTlTUTiON OF MISSISSIFPI.
ty yeai's, shall have j-esidcd iu Jhis state at least five inspectors, collectors, and their deputies, surveyors ^^
years next preceding fh^' day of hiseltction, and shall highways, constables, and such other inferior officers,
be seized in his own right of a freehold estate of six whose jurisdiction may be confined within the limits of
hundred acres of land, or of reai estate of the value of the county.
two thousand dollars, at the time of his election, and -IS. There shall be also a lieutenant governor, who shall
twelve months previous thereto. be chosen at ev( ly el: ction for a governor, bv the same
4. He 'hallat stated tiir.es vf ceive a compensation for pei-sons, in the same manner, continue in office for the
his services, which shall not be increased or diminished same time, and possess the same qualifications. In
during the term for which he shall have been elected. voting for governor, and lieutentint governor, the elect-
5. He shall be commander in ciiief of thearmy and ors sliall distinguish whom thty vote for as governor,
navy of this state, and of the militia, except when they and whom as lieutenant governor.
shall be called into the service of the United States. ;<). The lieutenant governor, shall, by virtue of his of-
6. He may require information, in w ritnig, from the. fice, be president of the senate, and have, when in com-
ofBcers in the executive department, on any subject mitree of the whole, a right to debate and vote on all
relating to the duties of iheir respective offices, questions ; and, when the s.-nate is equally divided, to
7. He may, on e.xtraordinaiy occasions, convene the give the casting vote.
general assembly, at the seat <jf government or at a dif- 20. In case of the death, resignation, refusal to serve,
ierent place, if that shall have become, since their last or removal from office, of the governor, or of his im-
adjournment.dangerous from an enemy, or from conta- peaehment or absence from 'he state, the lieutenant
gious disorders ; and in case of disagreement between governor shall exercise the powers and authority ap-
the two houses, with respect to the time of adjourn- peruiining to the office of governor, until another be
ment, adjoui-n them to such time as he shall think pro- chosen at the next piriodicai election for a governor,
per, not beyond the day of the next annual meeting of and be duly qualified ; or until ihe governor impeached
the general assembly. or absent shall be acquitted or reium.
8. He shall, from time to time, give to the general 21. Whenever the government shall b^ administered
assembl)-, information of the state of the government, by the lieutenant guvernor^ or he shall be unable to al-
and recommend to their consideration such measures as tend as presidentof thesenate.the senate shall elect one
he shall deem expedient. J^t^ "^ their own members as pi"esident/)j'o tempore.
e. He shall take care that the laws be n||nlly ese- And if, during the vacancy of the office of governor,
cuted. ^Hi^ '^^ lieuti nant governorshalldie, resign, refuse to serve,
10. In all criminal and penal cases, exceptwthoseof or be removed from office, or if he shall be impeached,
treason and impeachment, he shall have power to grant or absent from the state, the president of (he senate pro
reprieves aud pardons, and ivrait fines and forfeitures, tem/iirre shall, in like manner, adr. inist.r the govern-
Under such rules and regnlations as shall be prescribed ment, until he shall be superseded by a governor orlieu-
by law. In cases of treason, he shall havi power to grant tenant governor. The lieutenant governor sha^l, whilst
reprieves and pardons, by and with the ad>ice and con- he acts as president of the senate, receive for his services
sent of the senate, but may respite the sentence until the same compensation which shall, for thesarae period,
the end of the next session of the general assembly. be allowed to the speaker of the house of representatives,
11. All commissions shall be in the name and by the and no more ; and during th<- time he administers the
authority of the state of Mississippi, be sealed w ith tlie government, as governor, ^hall receive the same com-
stateseal, and signed by the governor, and attested by pensation which the governor would have received had
the secretary of slate. he been employed iu the duties of his ofiice, and no
12. rhert shall he a seal of this state, which shall be more.
kept by the governor, and used. by him officially, and 22. The president pro tempore of the senate, shall
shall tie cal.'eil tl»' g'vat siai of t'u state of .Mississippi, during the lime he administers the government, receivej
13. vVh •.» .tT.icaacj Sua'! happen in any office during in like manner, th." same compensation which the go-
the recess of rh>- ge leia' asie:n5ir, the gcn'eriior shall vernor would have received, h»d he been employed in
have po.ver co fill the sami-, by granting a commission, the duties of his ofiice, and no more,
whiehshallexpn-eatthe^ndof the next session of the 23. If the lieutenant governor shall be required toad-
gene, ai assei;ibiy, except in eases otherwise directed by minister the government, and shall, whilst in such ad-
xhis coiisntiitioii. ministration, die, resign, or be absent from the state,
14. A secretaiy of state shall be appointed, who shall during the recess of the general as.serably, it shall be the
continue m uflice duiing the term ol two years. He duty of the secretary of stal. , for the time being, to con-
shall keep a fan- register ot ail the official acts and pro- vene the senate for (he pmpose of choosing a president
ceedings of the governor; and shail,nlien required, lay pro temliore.
ihe same, and all papers, nnimUs, and vouchers, rela- 24. .A sheriff", and one or more coroners, shall be elect-
tivfc thereto, b' fore the general assembi) , and shall per- ed in each coiintv by the qualified electors (hereof, who
form such other duties as may be required of him by shall hold their offices for two years, unless sooner re-
law-, moved.
15. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of 25, A state treasurer, and an auditor of public ac-
tbe geneiv.! assembly, shall be presented to the govern- counts, shall be annually appointed.
or; if he appro-.-e, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall TlJTt'
return it. with his objections, to the house in which it JrllU^Ul.
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at {ll. The genera! assembly shall provide by law for or-
large upon the journals, and proceed to reconsider ganizing and disciplining the militia of this state, in
it; if after such reconsideiatioii, two thirds o! (bat such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incom-
house shall agree to pass the bill, it sh'all be sent, with patible with the constitution and laws of the United
the objections to the other house, by which it shall States, in relation thereto.
likewise be reionsidered ; if approved by two thirds of 2. Officers of the mi;itia shall be elected or appointed
that house, it shall become a law ; but in such cases the '" '"'^'^ manner as the legislature shall from time to
votes ot both houses shall be determined by yeas and "■"'' direct, and shall be commissioned by the governor.
nays, and the names of the inemb. rs voting for aed ^- Those persons who conscientioulsy scruple to bear
law, in like manner as if he had signed it ; unless the S"r'^'^'='-^°n'' a""-! ''^P'^l '
general assembU, by their adjounim. nt, prevent its re- ARTICLE 5.
turn, in which ease it shall not be a law.
16. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the .Tiulicial Deparimeili.
concurrence of both houses niay be necessary, e^cept ,^ j. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in
on questions of adiourn.nent. shall be presented to the onesupreraecourt,andsuch superior and inferiorcourts
governor, and before it shall take ttfect. be approved of law and equity, as the legislature may, from time to
by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by time, direct and estabUsh.
both houses, according to the rules and limitations 3. There shall be ajipointed in this state not less than
prescribed in case of a bill. four nor more than eight j udges of the supreme and su-
17. I lie apiiointmeni of all officers, not othern ise di- perior courts, who shall receive for their services a com-
rected by this consiltutim, shall be by the joint vote of pensation, which shall be fixed by law, and shall not be
both houses of the general assembly; the votes shall be diminished during their continuance in office : Provi-
Siven -viva voce, and recorded in the public journal of ded, that the judge w hose decision is under considera-
e&ch house: Provided, that the general assembly be lion in the supreme court, shall notconstitule one of the'
authorized t.'> provide by law for the flppointmf nt of aji osuci »o detenauiry the question on such desisiojii b'U It
CONSTITUTION OP MISSISSIPPI. 99
■shallbethediityofsueh judge to rejiort to the supreme executive and judieial, before tliey enter on tlie esecu-
court the reasons upon which his opinion was founded, tion of their respective ofBci s, shall take the following
3. The state shall V-diviJed into convenient d'~tricts, oath or ufflnnation.to wit : "' I solenmly s\vear(oraffirra,
and each distiict shall contain not hss than three nor as the caso may be) ihat I will support the eonslitutiou
more than six counties. For each district there shall be of the United States, and the coiistiuuiun of the state'
appointed a jud^e, who shall, after his appointment, otMississipni, so loiigjas I continuea citizen thereof,and
reside in the district for which lu- is appoirtted. that I will fiuthfull> discharge, to the best of my abili-
4. The superior court shall have ori^nal jurisdiction ties, the duties of the office of , according'to la%y.
in all matters, civil and criminal, within this state ; but. So help me God."
in civil cases, only where the matter or sum in contro- 2. The general assembly shall have power to pass
versy exceeds fifty dollars. such penal laws to suppress the evil practice of duel-
5. A superior court shall be held in each county in liiig, extending to disqualification from office or tlie tC'r
tlie state at least tw ice in evei-y year, Ihe judges of the nure tlieivof, as they may deem expedient.
several superior courts may hold courts for each other 3. Treason against the state sliail consist only in le-
ivhen the}- may deem it expedient, or as thjy may be vying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies,
directed by law. giving iheni aid and comfort. No person shall be con-
6. TlK-legislaturcshallhavepowertoestablishacouvt victtd of treason unless on the testimony of two wit-
or courts of chancery, with ixclusivt original equity nesses to the same overt act, or his ov.ji confession in
jurisdiction ; and^unti: the establishment of such court open court.
or courts, the said jurisdiction shall be vested in the su- 4. Evei->- person shall be disoualitied from holding an
perior courts respectively. offic ,or place of honour or profit, under the authority
7. The legislature shall have power to establish in of this state, whoshall be coiivictid of having given or
each county within this state a court of probate, for the offered any bribe to procure bis election.
granting of letters testamentary, a^id of adniinisti-ation, 5. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, and
fororphans'business, for county poiiee,and for the trial from suffrage, those who shall thereafter be convicted
of slaves. of bribery, forgery, peijurj-, or other high crimes .ir mis-
8. A competent number of justices of the peace shall demeanors. The privilege of free suffiage shall be sup-
be appointt d in and for each county, in such mod.-, ported bylaws regulating elections, arid prohibiting,
and for such term of office, as th;, legislature shall di- under ailequate pe-naltii s, all ui^due influence thereon,
feet. Theirjurisdiction, in civil cases, shall be limited f:-ompo\ver,bvibery,tur.iiiit,orotberimproperconduct.
to causts in which the amount in contniversy shall not 6. No person who denies the being ol'God or a future
exceed fifty dollars. And in all cases tried by a justice state of rt wards iind punishments, shall hold any ofiice
of the peace, right of appeal shall be secured, under in the civil department of this state.
such rules and regulations as shall be prescribi-dby law. 7. ISIiuisters of the gospel, being by their professiou
9. The judges of the several courts of this state shall dedicated to God and the care of souts, ought not to be
hold their offices during good bt haviour. And for «il- diverted from th;- great duties eftheii- functions ; there-
ful neglect of duty, or other reasonable cause, which fore, no mini-ter of the gosp. .orpiiistof any denonii-
shall not be sufficient ground for an impeacliment, the nation whatever.shail be efiinbie tiv ilie nfficrof govent-
governor shall remove any of tbem on the addr-..'ss of or. lieutenant governor, or to a seat in either branch ul"
two thirds of each house of the general assembly Pin- the general assembly.
vided, however, that the cause or causes for which such 8. No money shall be draw-n from the treasury, butisj
vemoval shall be required, shall be stated at length in consequence of an appropriation made by law, nor
such address, and on the journals of each honse; and shall any apjnopriation of iDoney. for tlie support of an
provided further, that the jiidge so intended to be re- army, be m.ade for a longer term than Oiie year; and a
moved, shall be notified, and adr.iitted to a bearing in regular statement and account of the receipts and ex-
his own defence, before any vote for such address shall penditures of al! public money shall be publislied annu-
pass. ally.
10. No person who shall have arrived at the age of 9. No bank shall be incorporated by the legislature
sixty-five years shall be appointed to, or continue in, without the reservation of a right to siibscribe for, in
the office of judge in this state. behalf of the state, at least one fiieirlh part of the capital
il. Each court shall appoint its own clerk, who shall stock thereof, and the appointment of a proportion of
hold his offite during good behaviour, but shall be rt- the directors, equal to the stock se.bscrihed for.
movable therefrom for neglect of duty, or misdemeanor ^ If. I'he general assembly shall pass no law impairing
in office, by the supreme court, which court shall deter- Oie obligation of contracts, prior to the year one thou- •
mine both the law and the fact : Providetl, that the sand eight hundred and iwentj-one, on account of the
clerk so appointed shall have been a resident of the rate of niterest, fairly agreed on in writing between tlie
county in wliieh he is clerk, at least six mouths previous contracting parties, far a bona Jide loan of money ; but
to his appointment. they shall have power to regulate the rate of interest
12. '1 he judges of the supreme and superior court where np special cor.tmct exists in -.elation thereto,
shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the 11. The g-ener.ii assembly shall direct by \&\\ m w hat
peace throughout the state. mnnner.andinwhatcourts, suits maybe broughtagainst
13. The style ofall process shall be, "the state of Mis- the state.
sissippi," and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the 12. All officers of the state, the term of whose appuint-
name and by the authoi-ity of " the state of Mississippi," meiit is not otherwise directed by this constitution, shall
and shall conclude, " against the peace and dignity of hold their offices during good behaviour,
the same." 13. Absence on business of this state, or of the UniteJ
14. There shall be an attorney general for the state. Slate';; or on a visit, or necessary private business, shall
and as many district attorneys as the general assembly not cause a forfeiture of a residence once obtained,
may deem necessary, who shall hold their offices for the 1-1 It shall be the duty of the general .assembly to re-
term of four years, and shall receive for their services a gulate by law the cases in which deductions shall be
compensation, which shall not be diminished during made from the salaries of public officers for neglect of
their continuance in office, duty in their official capacity, and tlie amount of such
T.J deduction.
Imppacnments. 15. jjo member of congress, nor any person holding
} 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole any office of profit, or trust, under the United States, or
power of impeaching.- either of them, the office of post master excepted, or un-
2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate: der any foreign power, shall hold or exercise any office
■when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be on of trust, or p;-ofit, under this state,
oath or affirmation. No person shall be convicted with- 16. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being neces-
outtheconcurrenceof two thirds of the members pre- sary to good government, the preservation of iibertv.
sent. and the happiness of mankind— schools, and the means
3_. The governor, and a\\ civil officers shall be liable of education, shall for ever be encouraged in this state.
to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but 17. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not
judgment in such cases shall not extend further than be granted, but in cases provided for by law-, hj' suit in
to removal from office, and disc^ualitication to holdany chancery: Provided, that no decree for such divorce
office of honour, trust, or proht under this slate ; but shall have effect, until the same shall be sanctioned by
the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and t"o thirds of both branches of ihc general assembly,
subject to indictment, trial, and punishment, according 13. Returns of all election* by the people shall be
to law, as in other cases. made to the secretarj- of state.
an rr ■ fi 19. No new county shall be established by the general
ARTICLE O. • , assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or
General Provisions. '''"^'^'' °*' ,^'"^"i' *^''';'" '*,''''i^' \ '"'''> ^^ t.iken, to a less
content than five hundred and sevent3-six square mileSo
1 Al?m>!(T9 of the g^nei'al a'sseroblv and 9II dfTiCCTt, nor shall anv ne,w coiintv he laid off of less conft^un.
ItiO
tOXSTl'FDriON CJiF MlSSISialPPL
20. That tiie general assembly shall take measures to
preserve from unnecessary waste or damage suc-li lands
as are or maj- hereafter be granted by the United States
for tlic use of schools, within each towiishij) in this state,
and apply the funds which may be raised from sneh
lands, by rent or lease, in strict conformity to the object
of sncli grant ; but no lands g;ranted for the use of such
towiiship schools shall erer be sold by any authority in
Ihis stale.
Slaves.
J 1. The general assemblyshall have no pow er to i)£Ss
Jaws for tb/emancipation of slaves, without ihe conseiit
of their owners, unless wliere a slave shall have rmder-
ed to the state some distinguished service, in which case
the owner shall be paid a full equivalent for the slavt s
so emancipated. They shall have no power to prevent
emigrants to tliis state from bringing with them such
persons as are deemed slaves by the law s <.f any one of
the United States, so long as any person of the same age
OF description shiil ba continued in slavery by the laws
of this state: Provided, that such person or slave Ijf the
ionajide property of such emigrants; and provided,
also, laws may be passed to prohibit the introduction
jnts the state of slaves who have comraiUed high crimes
in other states. They shall have power to pass laws to
permit ttie owners of slaves to emanc'|>ate them, sitving
the rights of creditors, and prei-eming them fre-Ti be
coming a public charge. They shall have full power to
prevent slaves frout being brought into this state as
merchandise ; and also, to oblige the owners of slaves
10 treat them with humanity, to provide for them nect s-
sary ctathing and provision, to abstain from all injuries
to them extending to life or limb, and in case of th.eir
neglect or refusal to comply with the directions of such
laws, to have such slave or slaves sold fur the benefit of
the owner or owners.
2. In the prosecution of slaves for crimes, no inquest
by a grand jury shall be necessary, but the proceedings
jn such casts shall be regulated by law : except that, ni
capital cases, the general assembly shall have no power
to deprive them ol' an impartial trial by a petit jury.
jllode of Reviiiing the Constitittion
That, TcheneTer two thirds of the general assembly
shall deem it necessary to amend or change this consti-
tution, they shall recommend to the electors, at the
nest election for members of the general assembly, to
Tote for or against a conveniion ; and it it shall appear
that a majority of the citizens of the state, voting for
representatives, have voted tor a convention, t he general
assembly shall, at their next session, call a convention,
to consist or as many n.embers as there may be in the*
general assembly, to be eliosen by the qualitied eltciors,
jn the manner, and at the times and places, of choosing
members of the general assembly, which convention
shall meet within three months aUer the said election,
lor the purpose of revising, amending, or changing the
constitution.
SCHEDULE.
5 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change
of territorial to a permanent state government, it is de-
clared, that all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, anjl
contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate,
shall continue -.ts it no such change bad taken place.
2. All lines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accru-
ing to the Mississippi territory, within the limits of this
State, shall inure to the use of tht state.
S. 'iho validity of all bonds and rt cognizances, exe-
cuted to the governor oi the Mississippi territory, shall
not be impaired by the change of goveniment, but may
be sued for and recovered in the name of the governor
of the state of Mississippi, and his successors in ofi<ce ;
and all criminal or penal actions, arising or now de-
pending within the limits of this state, shall be prose-
cuted to judgment and execution, in the name ot tht.
said state. All causes of action, arising to individuals
and all suits at law, or in equity, now depi nding in the
several courts, within the limits of this state, and not
already barred by law, may be commenced in, or trans-
ferred to, such court as may have jurisdiction thereof
Bonds, recognizances, and other papers and wiituigs,
properly belonging to the eastern section of the Mis-
sissippi territory, not comprised within the limits of this
state, shall be tranferred to the offices to which they
ceverally belong.
4. AU officers, civil and military, now holding com-
Jfiissipns tinder the authority of the United States^ or of
the Mississippi territory, w ithin this state,shall continuL
to hold and e.\evcise their respective offices, uniler th"
authority of this state, until tliey shall be superseded
under the authority of ihis constitution ; and shall re-
ceive from the treasury of this state the same compen-
sation which the> hen-tolore received for their services,
in proportion .to the time they shall be so employed.
The governor shall have jiower to fill vacnncies by
coinndssious, to expire so soo'i as elections or appoint-
ments can be made to such office, by the authority of
this constitution.
A, All laws and parts of laws, now in force in the
Mississippi territory, and not repugnant to the piovi-
sions of this constitution, shall continue and remain in
force as the laws ot' this state, Uutil they expire by their
own limitation, or shaii be altered or repealed by the
legislature lh( reof.
0. Ever)- tree white male person, above the age of
twenty-one years, who shall be a citizen of the United
Sl:!tes, and resident in this state at the time of the
adoprion of this constitution, shall be deemed a quali-
fifd elector, a' the first election to be held in this stale;
any thing in the constituti.n to the contrary notwith-
standini;.
7. Tlie president of this convention shall issue writs
of election, diiv cted to the sheriffs of the several coun-
tiin, requiring them to cause an election to be held for
a governor, lieutenant governor, representative to the
congress of the United States, members of the general
asseoibly, and sherifls of the respective counties, at the
resp ctive places of elections, in said counties, except in
the county of Warren, in which county th; election
shall be held at the court house, instead of the place
provided by la>v, on the first Mimday and the day fol-
lowing in September next; which elections shall be
conductid i:i the manner prt scribed hy the existing
election laws of the Mississippi territory; and the s:iid
governor, lieut^iant governor, and members of the
gi-nei-al assembly, ihen duly elected, shall continue to
disch.irge the duties of their respective offices for the
time prescribed by this constitution, and until their suc-
cessors be duly qualified.
C. Until the first enumeration shall be made, as direct-
ed by this constitution, the comity ol' Warren shall be
entitled to one reprrsentative, the county of Claiborne
to two representatives, the county of Jefferson to two
representativ-s, thi- county of Adams to four represent-
atives, the county of FranUlin to one representative,
the county of Wilkinson to three r^ presentatives, the
county of Amite to three representatives, the county of
Pike to two representatives, the county of Lawrence to
one repres- ntafive, ihe county of Marion to one repre-
sentitive, the county of Hancock to one representative,
the countj'of Gredi to one representative, the county
of Wayne to one reprf sentative, the county of lackson
to one n piesentaiive. The counties of Warren and
Claiborne shall be entitl <1 to one senator, the county
of Ailams to one senator, the county of Jifferson to one
senator, the county of Wilkir.son to one senator, the
county of Amite to one senator, the counties of Frank-
lin and Pike to one senator, the counties of Lawrence,
Marion, and Hancock, to one senator, the counties of
Greene, Wayne, and .tackson, to one senator.
9. Thegiivcnior may appoint and commission an ad-
ditional judge, or one of the former judges of the snpe-
rior court, whose commission shall expire so soon as
appointments can be made under Ihe constitution. It
shall be the duty of the judge so appointed, or one of
the former territorial judges, to hold superior courts in
the counties of Jackson, Green, Wayne, and Hancock,
at the time herttotbre prescribed bylaw: Provided,
that, if either of the 'ormer territorial judges, in addi-
tion to his duty in the western counties, perform such
dutj, and no additional judge b;- appointed, he shall re-
ceive an extra com pensatioii, proportioned to iheamount
of his salaiy,aiid tt rni of suvice rendered. Ifanaddi-
tioual jutige be appointed, he shall receive the same
compensation for hisselTicesasthe otherjudgesof the
superior court-
JO. The sheriff of Warren count} shall, within ten
days after the election, make return of the number of
voti'S for senator in his county, to the sherifl' of Clai-
borne county, who shall be the returning officer for the
district. The sherifl' of Pike county shall, within ten
days after tht election, make return of the number of
votes for senator in bis county, to the sheritiof Franklin
county, who shall be the returning officer for the dis-
trict The sheriffs ot Hancock and Lawrence counties
shall, within ten days after the election, make returu
of the number of votes fbr srnafiqr in fBelr respecfive
CONSTITUTION 0F ILLINOIS:
iOl
aunties, to the sheriff of Marion county, who shall be
the retiiining officer for tlie district. The shei-iffs ol
Jacksouaiiu Wayne counties shall, within ten Hays af-
ter the election, make rttimi oi' the uuinber of votes
for senator, in their respitctive counties, to the sherift'
of Green county, who shall be the returning officer for
the district.
ORDINANCE.
Whereas it is i-equired by the act of congress, under
vhich this convention is assembled, that certain jiron-
sions should be made by an ordinance of this conven-
tion:
Therefore, this convention, for and in behalf of the
people ir.habitine; this state, do oi-dain, ag;ree, and de-
clare, that they for ever disclaim all right or title to the
waste or unappropriated lands lying nithin the state of
Mississippi, and that the same shall he and remain at the
sole and entire disposition of the United States, and,
moreover, tliat each and every tract of land sold by con-
gress shall be and remain exempt from any tax laid by
the order, or under the authority, of this state, whether
for state, county, township, parish, or other purposes
whatevei-, for the term of hve years, from and after the
respective days of sale thereof, and that the lands be-
longing to citizens of the United States, residing with-
out this state,sha!l never be taxed hif;her than the lands
belonging to pei-sons residing within the same; that no
taxes shall be imposed on lands the property of the
United States, and that the ri%er Mississippi, and the
navigable rivers and waters leading into the same, or
into the gulf of Mexico, shall be common highways,and
for ever free, as well to the inhabitants of this state, as
to other citizens of the United Statts, without any duty,
tax, impost, or toll therefor, iaiposed by this state: And
this ordinance is hereby declared irrevocable, without
the consent of the United States.
Done in convention, at the town of Washington, the
15ih day of August, in the year of our Lord 1817,
and in the forty-second year of the Independence
of the United States of America.
DAVID HOLMES, PresUlent.
Josiah Simpson, David Dickson,
James C. Wilklns, Cowles Mead,
John Taylor, Hezekiah J. Balch,
Christopher Rankin, Joseph E. Davis,
Edward Turner, Walter Leake,
Joseph Sessions, Thomas Barnes,
John Steel, Daniel Burnet,
Henry D. Downs, Joshua G. Clark,
Andrew Glass, William J. Minfon,
Jauies Knos, James Y. M'Nabb,
George Poindexter, Haronn Riinn*?ls,
Daniel Williams, George W. King,
Abram M. Scott, John Ford,
John Joor, Doiigal M'Laughlui,
Cierard C. Brandon, Noel Jourdan,
Joseph Johnson, Amos Burnet,
Henry Hanna, Jismes Patton,
Thomas Batchelor, Cinch Gray,
John Burton, Lnughlin M'Kar,
Thomas Ton-ence, John M'Rea,
Angus Wilkinson, John M'Leod,
William Lattimore, Thomas Bilbo.
Louis Winston, Secreiartj, .J^
CONSTiXm^lON OF ILLINOIS.
riiC Co7istitntio7i ofihs state of Illinois adopted
in convention, at Kaakaskia, on the twenty-
sixth day of August, in the year ofow Lord
one thousand eight hundred and eighteen,
and of the independence of the United States
the forty third.
THEpeopleof the Illinois territory, having the right
of admission into the general government, as a member
of the Union, consistent with the constitution of the
United States, the ordinance of congress of 1787, and
the law of congress, " approved April 18lh. 1818," ehti-
tled, " An act to enable the people of the Illinois terri-
tory to form a constitution and state government, and
for the admission of such state into the Union, on an
equal footing w ith the oritcinal states, and for other pur-
poses ;" in order to establish justice, promote the wel-
fare and secure the blessings" of liberty to themselves
and their posterity, do, by tlieir rt presentatives in con-
vention, ordain and estabjisli the follow ing constitution
orform of goveriiment.anddomutiiallyagreewith each
other to form themselves into a ft e and independent
state, by the name of The state of I linois. And they do
hereby ratify the bonndanes assigned to such state by
theatt of congress aforesaid, which are as follows, to
wit : beginning at the mouth of the Wabash river,
thence, up the same, and with the line of Indiana, to
the north-west corner of said state; thence, east, with
the line of the same state, to the middle of Lake Michi-
gan ; thence, north, along the middle of said lake, to
north latitude forty-two degrees and thirty minutes ;
thence, west, to the middle of^the Mississippi river; and
thence, down, along the middle of that river, to its con-
fluence with the Ohio river, and thence, up the latter
river,along its north-w esteni shore, to the beginning,
AUTItLE 1.
Concerning the Distribution of the Po~vers of
Government.
Jl. The powers of the govemnientof the state of Illi-
nois Sliall be dintled into three distrncf ^^partpients.
and each of them be confided to a separate body of ma-
gistracy, to wit : those whieli are legislaiive, to one ;
those which are executive, to another; and those which
are judiciary, to another.
2. No person or collection of persons, being one of
those departments, shall exercise any power properly
belonging to either of the others, except as hereinafter
expressly directed or permitted.
ATlTICLi; 2.
}l. The legislative at: thority of this state sliall be vest-
ed in a general assembly, which shall consist of asenate
and hotise of representatives, both to be elected by the
people.
2. The first election for senatoi's and representatives
shall comnience on the third fliursday of September
next, and continue for that andtlietwosucceediiigdays;
and the next election shall be held on the first Jlonday
in August, one thousand eight hundred and twenty;
and for ever after, elections shall be held once in two
years, on the first Monday of A ugust, in each and every
county, at such places therein as may be provided by
law.
3. No person shall be a representative who shall not
haveattained the age of twenty-one years, who shall not
be a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of
this state ; who shall not have resided w ithin the limits
of the county or district in which he shall be chosen
twelve months nest preceding his election,if such coun-
ty or district shall have been so long erected ; butj|toot.
then within the limits of4he county or counties, diKict
or districts. out of whichtbesameshallhave been taken,
unless he shall have been absent on the public business
of the United States, or of this state; and who, moreover,
shall not have paid a state or county tax.
4. The senators, at their first session herein priviided
for,shall be divided by lot from their respective counties
or districts, as near as can be, into two classes : the seats
of the senators of the first class shall be \acated at the
expiraliim of the second year ; and those of the second
class, at the expiration ef the fourth year ; so that one
half thereof, as near as possible, may be biennially cht)-
sen for ewr thereafter.
102 CONSTITUTION OP ILLINOIS.
5. The number of senators and representatives shall, 22. The house of representatives sliall have the sole
at the first session of the general assiinbly, holden after power of impeaching, but a majority of al! the members
the retunis herein provided for are made, be fixed by present must concur in an impeachment. All inipeach-
the general assembly, and apportioned among the seve- ments shall be tried by the senate, and when sitlnig for
ral counties or districts to be established by law, accord- the ])urpose, the senators shall be upon oalli oi affirina-
ing to the number of white inhabitai.ts. The mimber tiou to do justice according to law and evidence. No
of representatives shaV not be less than twenty-sevi-n, person shall be convicted without the concun-ence of
nor more than thirty six, until the numberoT inhabitants two- thirds of all the senators present,
withmthisstateshallaraount to one hundred thousand; 23. The governor, and all other civil officers under
and the number of senators shall never be less than one this state, shall be liable to impeachment for any misde-
third uor move than one half of the number of repre- meanoi- in office ; but judgment in such eases shall not
sentatives. extend further than to removalfrom office and disqualifi-
6. No person shall be a senator who has not arrivtd at cation to hold any officeofhonour,profit,or trust, under
the age of twenty-five years, who shall not be a citizen this state. The party, whether convicted or acquitted,
of the United States, and who shall not have resided one shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judg-
year in the county or district in which he shall be cho- ment,and punishment, according to !aw.
sen immediately preceding his election, if such county 24 the first session of the general assembly, shall
or district shall luive been so long erected ; but if not, commence on the first Mojiday of October next; and for
then within the limits of the county or counties, district ever after the general assembly shall meet on the first
ordistrictSjOUt of which thesame shall have been taken; Monday in Ueetmber next ensuing the election of the
unless he shall have betn absent on the public business members thereof, and at no other period, unless as pro-
of the United States, or of this state, and shall not, more- provided by this constitution,
over, have paid a state or county tax. 25. No jiidge of any ci.urt of law or equity, secretary
7. Tl»e senate and house of representatives, when as- of state, attorney general, attorney for tlie state, regis-
sembled, shall each choose a speaker and its othei' offi- ter, clerk of any court of record, sheriff, or collector,
cers, (the speaker of the senate excepted ;) each house member of either house of congress, or person holding
shall judge of the qualifications and elections of its any lucrative office under the United Slates or this state,
members,and sit upon its ownadjomnments : two thirds (provided that appointments in the militia, postmasters,
of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller or justices of the peace shall not be considered lucrative
number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the offices,) shall have a seat in the general assembly: nov
attendanceof absent members! ' shall any person holding an office of honour or proht
8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, under the govenment of the United States, hold any of-
and publish them : the yeas and nays of the members, ficeof honour or profit under the authority of this state,
on any question, shall, at the desire of any two of them, 26. EveiT person who shall be chosi n or appointed to
1^ entered on the journals. any office o'f trust ov profit, shall, before entering upon
9. Any two members of either house shall have liber- the duties thereof, take an oath to stipport the constitu-
ty to dissent from, and protest against, any act or reso- tion of the United States, and of this state, and also an
■•rtf'in, which they may think in|uiiou> tu the public or oath of office.
to any individual, and' have the reasons of their dissent 27. In all elections, all wliite male inhabitants, above
entered on the journals. the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the state
10. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy the
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, right of an elector; but no person shall be entitled to
and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a mem- vote, except in the county or district in which h& shall
ber, but not a second time for the same cause. actually reside at the time of the election.
11. When vacancies happen in either house, the go- 28. All votes shall be given viva core, until altered by
vemor, or he person exercising the jiowers of governor, the general assembly.
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 29. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,
12. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, or breach of the peace, be prinleged from arrest during
except treasiin, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi- their attendance at elections, and ingoing to ond re-
leged from arrest duruig the session of the general as- turning from the same.
seinbly, and in going to, and returning fiom, the same ; 30. The general assenibl^' shall have full power to ex-
and foranv speech or debate, in either house, they shall elude from the jirivilege of electing, or being elected,
not be que'stioned in any other place. any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or any other
IS. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during infamous crime,
its session, any person, not a inemlxr, who sliall be 31. In the year one thousand eight hundred and twen-
guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disordei ly or ty, and every fifth year thereafter, an enumeration of
contemptuous behaviour in their presence : provided, all the white inhabitants of the stale shall be made, in
such imprisonment sliall not, at any one time, exceed such manner as shall be directed by law.
twenty-four hours. 32. All bills forraisingarevenueshall originatein the
14. The doors of each house, and of committees of house of representatives, subject, however, to araend-
the whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as, ment or rejection, as in other cases.
in the opinion of the house, require secrecy. Neither A-aTrrrv 'X
houseshall, without the consent of theother, adjourn Attiii-j.^ o.
for more than tw odays, nor to any other place than that § I. The executive power of this state shall be vested
in which the two houses shall be sitting. in a governor.
15. Bills may originate in either house, but may he 2. The first election of governor shall commence on
altered, amended, or rejected, by the other. the third Thursday of September next,and continuefor
16. Every bill sliall be read on three different days, in that and the two suceeedingdays; and the nextelection
each Iiouse, unless, in case of urgency, three fourths of shall be held on the first Monda) of August, in the year
the house where such bill is so depending shall deem it of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
expedient to dispense with this rule : and evei-y bill, two. And for ever after, elections for governor shall
having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speak- be held once in lour years, on the first Monday of Au-
ers of their respective houses. gust. The governor shall bt chosen by the electors of
17. The style of the laws of this state shall be, " Be it the members of the general assembly, at the same places
enacted by the people of the state of Illinois, representee/ in and in the same manner that they shai 1 respecti^ ely vote
the general asiemlihj.'^ for members thereof. The returns for every election of
18. The generarassembly of this jtate shall not allow governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat
the following officers of government greater or smaller of government, by the returning ofticei-s,directed to the
annual salaries than as follows, until the year one thou- speaker of the house of representatives, whoshallopen
saiuBjeht hundred and twenty-four: the governor one and publish them in the presence of a majority of the
thuuHnd dollars ; and the secretary of state, six hundred members of each house of the general assembly. The
dollars. person having the highest number of vores shall be go-
19. No senator or representative shall, during the time vernor; but if two or more be equa! and highest in votes,
for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to then one of them shall be chosen governor by joint bal-
any civil office under this state, which shall have been lot of both houses of the general assembly. Contested
created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- elections shall he determined by both Iiouses of the de-
creased, during such time. neral assembly, insucli manner as shall be prescribed by
20. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but law.
in consequence of sippi'opriations made by law. 3. The fii-st governor shall hold his office tmtil the
21. An accurate statement of the receipts and expen- first Monday of December, in the year of our Lord one
ditures of the public money, shall be attached to and ' thousand eight hundred and twenty-two, and until an-
published with the laws, at the rising of each session of other governor shall be elected and qualified to office ;
the ceneral ao'»inb!y. and for ever after the go'Crnor shall hohl his ofiiee toy
CONSTITUTION OF ILLflNOlS.
103
liie term of four yeare, ami until another governor shall
be elected ami qualified; but he shall not lie eligible for
more than four years in any term of ei.c;ht vi ars. He
shall be at least thirty vears of ag;e, and have been a ci-
tizen of the United' States thirty yca:s, two years of
which, next precediiisf his e'ection, he shall hare re-
sided within the limits of thisstate.
•1. He shall, from time to time, s;lre the ^neral as-
sembly information of the state of the goveniment, and
recommend to their consideration such measures as he
shall deem expedient.
5. He shall have power to grant reprieves and par-
dons, after conviction, except in eases of impeachment.
(3. The g:overuorsliall,at stated times, receive a salary
for his services, which shall neither be increased nor di-
minished during the terra for which he shall have been
elected.
7. He may require information, in writing, from the
officeis in the executive department, upon any subject
relating to the duties of theirrespectiveoffices, andsDali
take care that the laws be faithfully executed.
8. When any officer, the ripht of w hose appointment
is, by this constitution, vested in the neneral assembly,
or in the governor and senate, shall, during the recess,
die, or his office by any means become vacant, the go-
vernor shall have power to fill such vacancy.by jrrantiiig
a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next
session of the general assembly.
9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
general assembly, by proclamation, and shall state to
them, when assembled, the purpose for w hich they shall
have been convened.
10. He shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of this state, and of the militia, except when they
shall be called into the service of the United States.
11. There shall be elected in each and every county
in the said state, by those who are qualified to vote for
members of the general assembly, and at the same times
and places where the elections for such members shall
be held, one sheriflf and one coroner, whose election
shall be subject to such rules and regulations as shall te
prescribed by law. The said sheriffs and coroners re-
spectively, when elected, shall continue in office two
yean, be subject to removal and disqualification, and
such other rules and regulations as maybe,from time to
time, prescribed by law.
12. In case of disagreement between the two houses,
with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor
shall have power to adjouni the general assembly to
such time as he thinks proper, provided it be not to a
period bejond the next constitutional meeting of the
same.
13. A lieutenant governor shall be chosen at every
election for a governor, in the same manner, continue
in office for the same time, and possess the same quali-
fication«. In voting for governor and ht-utenant go-
vernor, the electors shall distinguish whom they vote for
as governor, and whom ai lieut nant governor.
14. He shall, by virtue o! his office, be speaker of
the senate ; have a right, when in committee of the
whole, to debate, and vote on all subjects, and, when
ever the senate are equally divided, to give the casting
vote.
15. AVhcnevcr the government shall he administered
by the lieutenant go>ernor, or he shall be unable to at-
tend as speaker of the senate, the senate shall elect
one ot their own members as speaker for that occasion.
And if, duriitg the vacancy of the office of govenior,
the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, removed
from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or be absent
from the state, the speaker of the senate, shall, in like
manner, administer the government.
16. The lieutenant governor, while he.Tcts as s;ieak-
er of the senate, shall receive for his services the same
compen|ation which shall, for the same period, be
allowed'to the speaker of the house ofieprc-i^ntatives,
and no more : And during the lime he ad'iiiiiisters the
government, as governor, he shall receive the same com-
pensation which the govrmor would have received had
he been employed in the duties of liis office.
17. If the lieutenant governor shall he called upon
to administer the government, and shall, while in such
administration, resign, die, or beahsint from the state,
during the recess of the general assembly, it shall be
the duty of the secretary, for the time being, to convene
the senate for the purpose of choosing a speaker.
18. In caseofan impeachment of the !';overnor, his re-
moval from office, death, refusal to qtialily, resignation,
or absence from ilie state, the lieutenant governor shall
exercise all the power and authority appertaining to
the offit^e of governor, until tUe time voint?.d nut bv this
constitution for the election of governor stall arrive,
unless the general assembly shall provide by law (ov
the election of a governor to fill such vacancy.
19. The governor, for the time being, and the Judges
of the supreme court, or a major part of them, together
with the governor, shall be and are hereby constituted
a council to revise all bills about to be passed into laws
by the general assembly ; and for that purpose shall as-
semble themselves from time to time, when the general
asseiiibly shall be convened ; for which, nevertheless,
they shall not receive any salary or consideration, un-
dir any pretence whatever ; and all bills which have
passrd the senate and house of representatives; shall,
before they become law?, bi presented to the said coun-
cil for thtir revisal ^nd consideration ; and if, upon such
revisal and consideration, it should appear improper
to the said council, or a majority of them, that the bill
should become a law ot this state, thi y shall return the
same, together with tiieirohjectioiis thereto, in writing,
to the senate or house oJ repiesentatives, (in whichso-
ever the same shall have originaied) who shall enter
the objections set down by the council, at large, in their
minutes, and proc ed to nconsider the said bill. But
if, alter such reconsideration, the said senate or house
of representatives shall, notwithstanding the said objec-
tions, agree to pass the same, by a majority of the whole
number of members elected, it shalC together with the
said objections, be sent to the other branch of the gene-
ral ass -nibly, where it shall also be reconsid' red ; and,
if approved by a majority of all the menibers elected, it
shall becon.e a law It any bill shall not be returned
within ten days after it shtll have been presented, the
samt shall b. a law ; unless th^ gemral assembly shall,
by th( ir adjournment, render a iviurn of the said bill,
in ten days, impracticable; in which case the said bill
shall be returned on the first day of the meeting of the
general assembly after the expiration ot the said ten
days, or be a law.
20. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with
the advice and consent oi the senate, appoint a secre-
tary of state, who shall keep a fair register of the offi-
cial acts of the governor ; and , when required, shall lay
the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers, relative
thereto, before either branch of the general assembly,
and shall perform such other duties as shall he assigned
him by law.
21. Thr state trca5urer,and ptiblic printer or printers
for the state, shall lie appointed biennially, by the joint
vote of both brsnches of the general assembly: Provided,
that during the r -cess of the same, the governor shall
have power to fill such vacancies as may happen iu
either of said offices.
22. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with
the adnce and consent of the senate, appoint all officers
whose offices are established by this constitution, or
shall be established by law, and whose appointments ■
are not herein otherwise provided for : Provided, how-
ever, that inspectors, Cdlitctors, and their deputies, sur-
veyors of tlie highways, constables, jailors, and such in-
ferior officers whose jurisdiction may be confined within
the limits of the county, shall lie appointed in such
manner as the general assembly shall presqribe.
AHTICLE 4.
« 1. The judicial power of this state shall be vested
in one supreme court, and such inferior courts as ihe
general assembly shall, from time to time, ordain and
establish.
2. The supreme co'ivt shall beholdenattheseatof go-
vernment,and shall have an appellate jurisdiction only;
except in cases relating to the revenue, in cases of nion-
Jainus, and in such cases of impeachment as maybe re-
quired to he tried before it.
S. rhe supreme court shall consist of a cliief justice,
and three associates, any two of whom shall form a quo-
rum. The number of justices may, however, be in-
creased, by the gejieral assembly, after tlie year one
thousand eight hundred and twenty-four.
4. The justices of the supreme court, and the judges
of the inferior courts, shall be appointed by joint ballot
of both branches of the general assembly, and commis-
sioned by the governor, and s'nall hold their offices dur-
ing good behaviour, until the end of the first session of
the general assembly, which shall be begun and held
after the first d.iy of January, in the year of our Lortl
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four, at which
times their commissions shall expire : and until the ex-
piratin'n of which time, the said justices respectively
shall ho'd circuit coiuts in the several counties, in such
njaiiriLi'- sntl ar such i.imts, art! shall haVe and o.\eiciji5
1W4
C0NSTITUTI03T OP ILLIKOIS,
such juvisdielion, as the generalassembly shall bylaw
prescribe. But ever after tlie afotesaid period , the jus-
tices of the supreme court shall be commissioned during
good behaviour, and the jtistices thereof shall not liold
circtiit courts, unless required by law.
5, The judges of the Inferior courts shall hold their
ofRcts durii^ good behaviour : but for any reasonable
cause, which shall not be uufHcient ground for impeach-
ment, both the j ndees of the su jireme and inferior con rts
shall be removed from office, on the address of two
thirds of each branch of the general assembly: Provided,
always, that no member of either house of the general
assemblv, nor any person connected with a member by
consanguinity or affinity, shall be appointed to fill the
vacancy occasioned by such reraoviil. The said.justices
of the supreme court, during their temporary appoint-
ments, shall receive an annual salary of one thousand
dollars, payable quarter-yearly out of tlie public trea-
sury. The judges of the iiiferior courts, and the justices
of the supreme courts, who may be appointed after the
end of the first session of the general assembly, which
shall be begun and held after the first day o'' .Tinuary,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hunurcd ana
twenty-four, shall have adeq uate and competent sr laries,
which shall not be diminished di:vinp thcjr continu inte
in office.
6, The supreme court, or a majority of the justices
thereof, the circuit coe.rts, or the justices thereof, shall
respectively appoint their own clerks.
7, All process, writs, and other proceeding, sluill run
in the name of, "the people of the state of Illinois."
All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by
the authority of " the people of thestate of IHir.ois;" and
conclude, " against t)ie peace and dignity of the same."
8, A com])etent number of justices of the peace shall
be appointed in each county,'in such manner as the ge-
neral assembly may direct, whose time of service, pow-
er, and duties, shall be i-egulated and defined by law.
And justices of the peace, when so appointed, shall he
commissioned by the governor.
ARTICLE 5.
§ 1. The militia of the state of Illinois shall consist of
all free, male able-bodied persons, (negx-oes, mulat-
toes, and Indians excepted.) resident in the state, be-
tween the ages of eighteen and forty-five years; except
such persons as now are, or hereafter may be, exempted
by the laws of the United States, or of this state : and
shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the general
assembly may provide by law.
2. No person or pei-sons conscientiously scrupulous of
bearing arms shaH be compelled to do militia duty in
time of peace, provided such person or persons shall pay
an equivalent for such exemption.
3. Company, battalion, and regimental officers, staff
officers excepted, shall be elected by the persons coni-
posing their several companies, battalions, and regi-
ments.
4. Brigadier and majors general shall be elected by
the officers of tlieir brigades and divisions respectively.
5. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the
governor, antl may hold their commissions during good
beha-\-iour,or until they arrive at the age of sixty years.
6. The militia shall, in all cases, except treason, felo-
ny, or breach of tiie peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at musters, and elections of ofTi-
ccrs, and in going to and returning from the same.
AKTICLE 6.
5 1. Neither slaveiy nor involuntary servitude shall
hereafter be introduced into this state, otherwise than
for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party sliall
have been duly convicted : nor shall any male person,
arrived at the age of twenty-one years, nor female per-
son,arrived at the ageof eiglitetn 3ears,beheld to serve
any person, as a servant, uniler an) indenture hi nafter
made, unless such person shall enter into such indinture
while in a state of perfect freedom, and on condition of a
bona f.ile consideration, i eceived, or to be received, for
their service. Nor shall any indenture of any negro or
mulatto, hereafter made and executed out of this state,
or, if made in this state, where (he term of service exceeds
one year, be of the least validity, except those given in
cases <<f apprenticeship.
2. No person bound to labour in any other state shall
be hired 10 labour in thi? state, except within thetrjct
reserved ibrthff salt woiIcs,near Sliawncetown ; nor even
at that place for a longer period than one year at any
one time : nor shall it beallowed there afier llie year
cr.e thousand eight hundred and tv;enty-five ; any visi-
lation of this article shall effect the emancipation of
sncli person frCfTi ni? obli^^ion to sr-rviee.
3. Each and every person who has been bound to sef'
\\ce bj- contract or indenture, in virtue of the laws of
the Illinois territorj', heretofore existing,and in confor-
mity to the provisions of the same, without fraud or
collusion, shall beheld toaspecific performance of their
contracts or indentures ; and such nearroes and mulat-
toes as have been registered, in conformity with the
aforesaid laws, shall serve out tlie time appointedby said
laws : Provided, however, that the children hereafter
born of such persons, negroes or mulattoes, shall be-
come free, the males at the age of twenty-one years, the
females ar the age of eighteen yeai-s. Each and every
child born of indentured parents shall be entered witU
the clerk of the county in which they reside, by their
owners, within sis months after the birtli of said child.
AUTICtE 7.
J 1. Wlienever two thirds of the general assembly
shall think it necessary to alter or amend this consti-
tution, they shall recoiiunend to the electors, at the next
election of members ot the general assembly, to vote Ibr
or against a convention ; and if it shall appear that a
majority of all the citizenscf thestate, voting for repre-
sentatives, have vot.eri for -a convention, the general as-
sembly shall, at their next session, call a convention, to
consist of as many members as there may be in the gene-
ral assembly, to be chosen in the same manner, at the
same place, and by the same electors that choose the
general assembly, and which convention shall meet
within three months after the said election, for the pur-
pose of revising, altering, or amending this constitu-
tion.
ARTICLK 8.
That the general, great, and essential principles of
liberty and free government may be recognized and un-
alterably established, we declare,
5 1. That all men are born equally free and indepen-
dent, and have certain inherent and indefeasible rights;
among which are those of enjoying and defending life
and libert5-,and of acquiring,possessing, and protecting
property and reputation, and of pursuing tlieir own
happiness.
2. That all power is inherent in the people ; and all
free governments are founded on their authority, and
instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness.
3. Tliat all men "lave a natural and indefeasible right
to woi-ahip Almighty God according to the dictates of
tlieir own conscience's ; ihat no man can of right be com-
pelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worshiji,
or to maint.iin any ministry against his consent; that no
human authoritv can, in any case whateve;*, control or
interfere with tlie rights of conscience ; and that no pre-
ference shall ever be given by law to any religious esta-
blishments or modes of worship.
4. That no religious test shall ever he required as a
qualification to any office, or public trust, under this
state.
5. That elections shall be free and equal.
6. That the right of the trial by jury shall remain in-
violate.
7. That the people shall be secure in tlieir persons,
houses, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable
searches and seiziiris, and that general w arraiits, w here-
by an officer may be commanded to search suspected
places, without evidence of the fact committed, or to
seize any pei-son or persons, not named, whose oifeuces
are not particularly <lescribed and supported by evi-
dence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be
granted.
S. That no freeman shall be imprisoned, or disseized
of !iisfre(li;)!d, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or
exiled, or in nny manner deprived of his life, liberty, or
property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law
of the land. ,\ nd all 'lands which have been g^ranted as
a common to the iiilis-.bitaiits of any town, hpmlet, vil-
lage, or corporation, by any person, body politic or cor-
porate, or bv any government having power to make
such grant, shall for ever remain common to the inha-
bit;ii.fsof such town, hamlet, village, or corporation ;
and the said commons shall not be Icnsed, sold, ordivj-
d'd. under nnv pretence whatever: Provided, however,
that nothing in this section shall be so construed as to
affect the commons of Cahokia orPrairie Oupont: Pro-
viih'd, also, that the general assembly shall have povrer
and authority to grant ti.e same privilege to the inha-
bit.ints of the said villages of Cahokia and Prairie Du-
poiit as are hereby granted to the inhabitants of other
towns, I'.amkts, and villages.
U. That, in all criminarpiosecutions,theaccusedhatU
a right to be heard by himself and counsel ; to demanct
the nrttt'.rc p.Titl oni:'' " ' -— 'ni?!ii.<on a^alrtsl Iiitu i
COXSTfTUTiOK OF ILLIISOIb,
^103
to meet llic witnesses iace to face ; to have coniptiUory
process to coaipel the attendance of witnesses in his fa-
vour ; and, in prosecutions by indictment or intbrma-
tion, n speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the
vicina;je ; aiid that he shall not be compelled to give
evidence as^ainst Iiimself.
10. That no person shall, for any indiclahle olTence,
he proceeded against criminally, by infonriation, except
in eases arising in the land or naval forces, or the militia
when in actual service, in time of war or public dan-
ger, by leave of the courts, for oppression or misdemean-
or in office.
11. No ppison shall, for the same offence, be twice
pat in jeopardy of his life or limb; nor shall any raan''s
property be taken or applied to public use without the
consent of his represtrntaiives in the general assembly,
nor without ji;st compensation being; made to him.
12. Every pei-son within this state oui;ht to find a cer-
tain remedy in the laws for all injuries or wronps which
he may receive in his person, property, or character;
he ought to obtain right and justice freely, and without
being obliged to purchase it ; completely, and without
denial, promptlyand without delay, conformably to the
laws.
13. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient
sureties, unless for capital oflences, where the proof is
evident or the presumption great : and the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless
when in casesof rebellion, or invasion, the public safety
may require it.
14. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature
of the offence— the true design of all punishments being
to refonu, not to exterminate mankind.
15. No person shall be impris<med for debt. Unless
"upon refusal to deliver up his estate for the benefit of
his crediton, in such manner as shall be prtscribed by
!bw, or in cases where there is strong presumption of
fraud.
16. No ex post facto law, nov any law impairing tlie
validity of^ contracts, shall ever be made ; and no con-
viction shall work Corruption of blood, or forfeiture of
estate.
17. That no pei-son shall be liable to be tmnsported
out of this state, for any offence committed w.thin the
same.
18. That a frequent recurrence to the fundamental
principles of civil government is absolutely necessary to
preserve the blessings of liberty.
19. That the people have a right to assemble together,
in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common
good, to instruct their representatives, and to appiy to
thegeneral assembly for redress of grievances.
20. Tliat the mode of levying a tax shall be by valua-
tion ; so that every person shall jiay a tax in proportion
to the value of the property he or she has in his or her
possession.
21. That there shall be no other bnnks or moneyed
institutions in this state, but those already provided by
law, except a state bank and its braiiehes, which gnny
be established and rega'.atcd by the general assimbly of
the state, as they may think proper.
22. The printing presses shall be free to every person
who undertaJces to eiarnine the proceedings of tlic ge-
neral assembly, or of any branch of government ; and
no law shall ever be m.Hde to restrain the right thereof.
The free communication of thoughts and opinions i*
one of the invaluable rights of man, and every' citizen
may freely speak, write, and print, on any subject, be-
ing responsible for the abuse of that liberty.
S?. In prosecutions for the publication of papers m-
vtstigaiing the offlcial conduct of ufficers or of o-.tnact-
ing in a public capacity, or v. here the matter published
is proper for public iiii'u-mati<;n, the truth tln-reoi'iiiay
be given in evidence ; and in all indictments for libels,
the juiy shall have the right of determining both the
law and the fact, under the direction of the court, as
in other cases.
SCHEDULE.
y 1. That no in conveniences may arisefrom thechanfje
of a territorial to a permanent state government, it is
declared by the convention, that all rights, suits, ac-
tions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts, both as it re-
spects individuals and bodies corporate, shall continue
as if no change had taken place in this government, in
virtue of the laws now in force.
2. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owing
to the territory of Illinois, shall Inure to the use of
the state. All bonds executed to the governor, or to aov
ether officer in his ofRcial capacity in t'he taritory, sliafl
pass over to the governor or to the officers of tlie state^
and their successors in office, for the use of the state, by
him or by them to be respectively assigned over to the
use of those concerned, as the case may be.
3. No sheriff, or collector of public moneys, shall be
eligible to any office in this state, until they have paid
over, according to law,all moneys which tliey may have
collected, by virtue of their respective offices.
4. Thereshall beelected in each county three county
commissioncrs,for the pui^pose of transacting all county
business, whose time of ser\ ice, power, and duties,shaU
be regulated and defined by law.
5. The governor, secretai-y, and judges, and all other
oflicers under the territorial government, shall continue
in the exercise of the duti«s of their respective depart-
ments, until the said officers are superseded under the
authority of tliis constitution.
6. The governor of this state shall make use of his
private seal, until a state seal shall be provided.
7. The oaths of office herein directed to be taken, may
be administered by any justice of the peace, until tbc
general assembly shall otherwise direct.
8 Until the first census shall be taken, as directed by
this con'.tiU'tion, the county of Madison shall be entitled
to one senator and three lepresentatives; thecotintyof
St. Claii- 10 one senator and three representatives ; the
county of Bond to one senator and one representative ;
the county of Washington to one senator and one repre-
sentative ; the county of Monroe to one senator and one
representatives ; the cor.nty of Randolph to one senator
and two representatives; the county of Jackson to one
si-'iator and one representative ; the counties of John-
son and Franklin to form one senatorial district, and to
be untitled to one senator, and each county to one re-
presentative ; the county of Union to one senator and
two representativt-s ; the county of Pope to one senator
and two representatives ; the county of Gallatin to one
senator and three representatives ; the county of White
to one senator and three representatives ; the county of
Edwards to one senator and two representatives ; and
the county of Crawford to one senator and two repre«
seutatives.
9. The president of the convention shall issue wrifS
of election, directed to the several sheriffs of the several
counties, or in case of the absence or disability of any
sheriff, then to the deputy sht;rifF, and in case of the ab-
sence or disability of the deputy sheriff, then such writ
to be directed to tlie coroner, requiring them to cause
an election to be held for governor, lieutenant govern-
or, representative to the present congress of the United
States, and members of the general assembly, and she-
riifs and coroners, in the respective counties ; such elec-
tion to commence on the third Thursday of September
next, and to continue for that and the two succeeding
days ; and which election shall be conducted in the man-
ner prescribed b5 the existing election laws of the Illi-
nois territory ; and the said goveraor, lieutenant govern-
or, members of the general assembly, sheriffs, and core-
neis, then duly elected, shall continue to exercise the
duties of their respective offices for the time prescribed
by this constitution, and until their successor or sueces-
sovs arr qualified, aud no longer.
10. Ail auditor oi public accounts, an attorney gene-
ral, and such other officers for the state as may be ne-
cessary, mpy be appointed by the general assembly,
whose duties may be regulated by law.
il. It shall be'the duty of the general ^sembly to en-
act such !av\ s as uiay be necessary and proper to prevent
the pi~actice of duelling.
li. AUwliite male imiabitants, above the age of twen-
tj'-one years, who sliali be actual residents of tl.is state
at the signing ot this coiistitutioi:, shall have a right to
a voti- at iiie election to be held on the third Thursday,
and the two following days, of September next.
13. The sea: of government for the state shall be at
Kaskaskia, until the gener.-il asstmbly shall othenvise
provide. The general assembly, at their first session,
ho'deii under the authority of this constitution, shall
petition the c ongress of the United States to grant to
this state aquanlity of laud, to consist of not more than
four nor less than one section, or to give to this state the
right of pre-emption ir. the purchase of the said quaD-»
lily of tand. The said land to be situate on the Kaskas-
kia river, and, as near as may be, east of the third prin-
cipa! meridian on said river. Should the prayer of such
jietition be granted, the general assembly, at their next
session thereafter, shall provide fiir the appointment of
five conniiissioners to make the selection of said land so
granted; and shall further provide for laying out a town
upon the land so selected , which town, so laid out,shalI
be the seat of government of this state for the term of
twenty rears. Should, however, the prayer of said pe-
tition ntrt hp grantetl, fhe gtTif?iM aSPlmbly sbaJl \a.-"s
IQC
C0N5T1TUT10X OF ALABAMA.
power to make suth provision for a permaneDt seat of
government as may be nccessai")', and sball fix the same
where they may think best.
14. Any person of thirty years of age, who is a citizen
of the United States, and has resided within the limits
of tills state two years next precedinp: his election, shall
he eligible to the office of lieuteaantgovernor,anything;
in the thirteenth section of the third article of this con-
stitution contained, to the contrai-y notwithstanding.
Done in convention, at Kaskaskia, the twenty-sixth
day of August, in the ycaroi'ourLord one thousand
eight hundred and eighteen, and of the Indepen-
dence ol the United States of America the forty-
thirc!.
In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed
cur names :
JESSE B. THOMAS,
President nfthe Convention.
John Messinger, Seth Gaid,
.Tames Lcmen, jr. Levi Compton,
George Fisher, Willis Hargrave,
Elias Kent Kane, Wm. M'Henry,
Caldwell Carnes, Conrad AVill,
Enoch Moore, James Hall, jr.
Samuel Omelveny, Joseph Kitchell,
Hamlet Ferguson, Ed. N. Culloni,
B. Stephenson, Thos. Kirkpatrick,
Joseph Borough, Samuel G. Morse,
Abraham Prickett, William Echols,
Michael Jones, John Wliiteaker,
Leonard White, Andrew Bankson,
Adolphus F. Hubbard, Isham Harrison,
Hezekiah West, Thomas Roberts.
William M'Fatridge,
Attest,
William C. Greenup, Secretary to the Convention.
AN ORDINANCE.
Whereas the congress of the United States, in the act
entitled, " An aet to enable the people of the Illinois
territory to form a constitution and state government,
and for the admission of such state into the Union, on
an equal footing with the original states, passed the 18th
of April, 1818," haveoffered to this convention, for their
free acceptance,orrejeetion, the following propositions,
which, if accepted by the convention, are to be obliga-
tory upon the United States, viz :
'* 1st. That section numbered sixteen, in every town-
ship, and when such section has been sold, or otherwise
disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as con-
tiguous as may be, shall he granted to the state, for the
use of the inhabitants of such township, for tlie use of
schools.
" 2d. That all salt springs within such state, and the
lands reserved for the use of the same, shall be granted
to the said state for the use of the said state, and the
same to be used under such terms, and conditions, and
regulations, as the legislature of said state shall direct;
provided the legislature shall never sell nor lease the
same for a longer period than ten years, at any one
time.
" 3d. That five per cent, of the neat proceeds of the
land lying witliin such state, and which shall be sold by
congress, from and after the first day of January, on?
thousand eight hundred and nineteen, after deducting
all expenst s incident to the same, shall be reserved for
the purposes following, viz : 'I'wo fifths to be disbursed
under tlie direction of congress, in making; roads lead-
ing to the state, the residue to be appropriated by the
legislature of the state for the encouragement of learn-
ing, of which one sixth part shall be exclusively bestow-
ed on a college or university.
"4ih. That thirty-six seeno»is,oroneentire township,
which shall be desijjnatedby thepresidentof the United
States, together with the one heretofore reserved for
that pui-pose, shall be reserved for the use of a seminary
of learning, and vested in the legislature of the said
state, to be appiuprialed solely to the use of such semi-
nary, by the said legislature.
And whereas the f()iir foregoing propositions are offer-
ed on the condition that this convention shall provide,
by ordinance, irrevocable without the consent of the
United Slates, that every and each tract of land sold by
the United States, from and after the first day of Janu-
ry, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, shall re-
niain exempt from any tax, laid by order, or under the
authority ot the state, whether for state, county, or town-
ship, or any other purpose whatever, for the term of five
years, from and after the day of sale. And further, that
the bounty lands'granted, or hereafter to be granted,
for militaiy services, during the late war, shall, while
they continue to be held by the patentees, or their heirs,
remain exempt, as aforesaid, from all taxes.for the term
of three years, from and after the dale of the patents
respectively: And that all the lands belonging to the
citizens of the United States, residing without the said
state, shall never be taxed higher than lands belonging
to persons residing therein.
'I'heretbre, this convention, on behalf of, and by the
authority of the people of the state, do accept of the
foregoing propositions ; and do further oi-daiu and de-
clare, that everj- and each tract ofland sold by the United
States, from and after the first day of January, one thou-
sand eight hundred and nineteen, shall remain exempt
from any tax laid by order or under any authority of the
state, whether for state, county, or township, or any
pnr]>ose \\ hatcver, for the term of five years from and
after the day of sale. And tliat the bounty lands grant-
ed, or hereafter to be granted, for military services,
during the late war, shall, while they continue to be
held by the patentees or their heirs, remain exempt, as
aforesaid, from all taxes, for the term of three years
from and after the date of the patents respectively ; and
that all the lands belonging to the citizens of the United
States, residing w ithout the said state, shall never be
taxed higher than lands belonging to persons residing
therein. And this convention do further ordpin and de-
clare that the ibreguing ordinance shall not be revoked,
without the consent of the United States.
Done in convention, at Kaskaskia, the 25th day of
August, in the year of our Lord 1318, and of the
Bidependence of the United States of America the
43d.
JESSE B. THOMAS,
President of the Convention.
Attest,
Win. C. Greenup,
Secretary to the Convention.^
CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA.
WE, the peeple of the Alabama territorj', having the
right of admission into the general government, as a
member of the Union, consistent with the constitution
and laws of of the United States,by our representatives,
assembled in convention, at the town of Huntsville, on
Monday, the fifth day of July, one thousand eight hun-
dred aiid nineteen, in pui-suance of an act of congress,
entitled, " An act to enable the people of the Alabama
territory to form a constitution and state government,
and for the admission of such state into the Union, on
an equal footing with the original states ;" in order to
estatnish justice, ensure tranquillity, provide for tlie
common defence, promote the general welfare, and se-
cure to ourselves and our posterity the rights of life,
liberty,and property, do ordainand establish thefollow-
ing constitution, or form of government ; and do mu-
tually agree with each other to foiTn ourselves into a
free and independent state, by the name of " the state
of Alabama." And we do hereby recognize, confirm,
and establish the boundaries assigned to said state by
the act of congress aforesaid, "to wit: Beginning at the
point where tlie thirly-fii-st degree of north latitude in-
tei-sects the Perdido river ; thence, east, to the western
botuidary line of the state of Georgia ; thence, along
CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA. 107
■said line to the southern boundary line of the state of tation, shall have lemcdy by due course of law, and
Tennessee ; thence, west, along said boundary line, to right and justice administered without sale, denial, or
the Tennessee river; thence, up the same, to the mouth delay.
o( Bear creek; thence, by a direct line.to the north-west is. No powerof suspending laws shall be exercisefl,
comer of Washington county ; thence, due south, to except by the general assembly, or its authority,
the Gulf of Mexico ■ thence, eastwaitlly, including all iq. Excessive b.iil shall not be required nor excessive
islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdulo fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted,
river; and thence, up the same, lo the beginning"— ^^ ^11 persons shall, before conviction b.- bailable by
subject to such alteration as is piovnlfd in the ili.rd sufficient securities, except tor capital oftences, when
I^ri'Z.?,^ '! ^'^^ t "*"f?,'"^ "i"^ ^"''J^<=» t° *"'='' en; the proof is evident or the presumption great ; and the
i„^^To • as niay be made by aw la consequence of „,;^\f^„^ „,- ^5,^ ^^it of Imhens corfms shall not be sus-
of ^hem '^ ^ ^^ ^°"*"^ ^'"'''' °' ''"''^'' penriecrunless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion,
the public safety may require it.
ARTICLE 1. 13. The person of a debtor, where there is rot
T, , .. /• n- 7. strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in
Uectaration oj Rights. j„.i,o^ .',ftp,. jeliveving up his estate, for the benefit ot
That the general, great, and essentia! principles of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by
liberty and free government may be recognized and law.
established, we declare ; 19. No ex fiost facto law, nor law impairing the ohh-
J I. That all freemen, when they foi-m a social com- gation of contracts, shall be made,
pact, are equal in rights ; and that no man, or set of 20. No person shall be attainted of tre.ison or felony
men, are entitled to exclusive, separate public emolu- by the general asseTi.bly. No attainder shall work cor-
ments or privileges, but in consideration of public ser- ruption of blood, nor forfeiture of estate,
vices. 21. The estates of suicides shall descend or vest as m
2. All political power is inherent in the people ; and cases of natural death ; if any person shall be killed by-
all free governments are founded on their authority , and cssualty, there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof,
instituted for their benefit ; and therefore, they have, . 22. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner,
at all times, an unaliLnable and indefeasible right to al- to assemble together, for their common good ; and to
ter, reform.or .-ibolish their form of government, in such app'y '» '''"''' invested with the powers of governmeiit
manner as they may think <\pedient. *'or redress of grievances, or other proper purposes, by
3. No person within this state shall, upon any pre- petition, address, or lemonstranee.
tence, be deprivi-d of the inestimable privilege of wor- 23. Every citizen has a right to bear arms in defence
shipping God in the manner most agreeable to his own of himsell and the state.
conscience ; nor be compelled to attend any place of 24. No standing army shall be kept up, without the
worship ; nor shall any one ever be obliged to pay any consent of the general assembly ; and, in that case, no
tythes, taxes, or other rate, for the building or repair- appropriation of money for its support shall be for a
ing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of longer term than one year ; and the military shall, in
any minister or ministry. all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to
4. No human authority ought, in any case whatever, the civil power.
to control or interfere w ith the rights of conscience. 25. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
5. No person shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in
in his religious profession, sentiments, or persuasions, t'nie of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
provided he does not disturb others in their religious 26. No title of nobility, or hereditary distinction,
worship. privilege, honour, or emolument, shall ever be granted
6. The civil rights, privileges, or capacities of any or conferred in this state ; nor shall any office be created
citizen, shall in no way be diminished, or enlarged, on »'«-' appointment of which shall be for a longer term
account of his religious principles. than during good behaviour.
7. There shall be no establishment of religion by Law; 27. Emigration from this state shall not be prohibit-
no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious '^•l- "or shall any citizen be exiled.
sect, society, d' nomination, or mode of worship ; and no 28. The right of trial by iury shall remain inviolate,
religious test shall ever b'^ required as a qualification to 29. No person shall be debarred from prosecuting or
any office or public trust under this state. defending any civil cause, for or against him or herself,
8. Every citizen may tVeily speak, write, and publish tefore any tribunal in this state, by him or herself, or
his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the counsel.
abuse of that liberty. 30. This enumeration of certain rights shall not he
9. The peopleshallhesecurein their persons,house3, construed to deny or disparage others retained by the
papers, and possessions, from unreasonable seizures people : and to guard against any encroachments on the
or searches ; and no warrant to search any place, or to lights herein retained, or any transgi'ession of any of
seizeany person or thing, shall issue without describing 'he high powers herein delegated, we declare, that eve-
thera as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, i"/ thing in this article is excepted out of the general
supported by oath or affirmation. powers of government, and shall for ever remain invio-
10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a '«te ; and that all laws contrary thereto, or to the fol-
right to be heard by himself and counsel ; to demand lowing provisions, shall be void,
thenatureandcauseof the accusation, and have a copy ARTICtF 2
thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him ;
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in I}lstribution of Powers.
his favour, and, in all prosecutions by indictment or in- t , rri,„ .> .„„_„ „r .t.« , ...„<,„> «p .i,„ ..*„. o
formation, a speedy pibl.c trial, by an impartial ju .y of - L ^^^^ Powers of the government of the state of
the county or district in which the offence shall have Alabama shall be dmded ""0 three dm.nct depart-
been committed ; he shall not be compelled to give '"^"-'l' ^""^ ^'"=''-^' »?""' "l"^h ' . '.^^^'^'^ ^°'*y "^
, ; , „ ;„„. i.:m.,oic. ■,^-„i,„ii>,„K„i • J r, ■ magistracy,to wit: those which are legislative, to one;
evidence against him elf . nor sha he bedepnved of h.s j„„^ i^ executive, to another ;\nd those which
life, liberty, or property, out by due course of law. „. ■.i:„-_i .„ .,,
11. No person shall he accused, arrested, or detained, "''« .1"''":'»'. to ""other.
except in cases ascertained by law, and according to , ^- ^? P""""' "'' '^^o "ection of persons, being of one of
;i. F ,„.. „,h:^u thccorno K<..^^,.l,/,•l „!i ._"'"""' '" tliose departments, shall exercise any power properly
*^ hnMhJnnn IhPrt hMtin Ji,^ I f f .T t^J belonging to either of the otheis.except in theinstanc«
son sha I be punished, out in virtue ot a law, established ■ • c. 1 j- .„j .,z>.~,-...,i
and promulgated priir to the offence, and legally ap- '^"eniatter expressly directed or permitted.
plie<l. ARTICLE S.
12. No person shall, for any indictable offence, bo T prn-lnti",-' nphnrtmprt
proceeded against criminally, hy information; except J ^ei;iMii. ..<. Jtepui uneiu.
in cases arising in the land and naval forces, or the mi- f !• The legislative powerof this stateshallbe vested
litia when in actual service, or, by leave of the court, in two distinct branches ; the one to be styled the se-
for oppression or misdemeanor in office. nate, the other the house of representatives, and both
13. No person shall, for the same oifence, be twice together " the general assembly of the state of Alaba-
put in jeopardy of Hfe or limb { nor shall any person's ma ; and the style of their laws shall be, " Be it enacted
property be taken or applied to public use, unless just by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
compensation be made therefor. State of Alabama, in General Assembly convened."
14. All courts shall be open, and every person, for 2. Themembetsof the house of representatives shall
an injury done him in hi? laud?:, goods, person, or repu- be chosen by the qualified electors, and shall serve for
m
tlie term of one year, iVora the day of Uie toniineiice-
ment of the general election, and no Icingtr.
3. The reyi-cstntalives shall be chosen every year, on
the first Monday aiid the d:iy following in August, until
otherwise directed hy liiw.
4. No person shall bea lepresentative, unless he be a
white man, a citiz-n of the United •itatcs, and shall
liave been an inhabitant of this state two years next
preceding his election ; and the last year thereof a re-
sident of the county, city, or town, lor wliiBh he shall
be chosen, and shall have attained the age of fweiity-
one years.
5. Every uhite male person of the age of twcniy-one
years, or upwards, wlio shall be a citizen oi the United
Slates, andj shall have resided in tins stale one year
oext preceding an eleciio;i, and the last tliiei- niontlis
within the county city, or town, in vvhieli he oflVrs to
vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector : FruTided,
that no soldier, seaman, or marine, in the rrgular army
or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote
at any election in this state ; and provided, also, that no
elector shall be entitled to vote except in the county,
city, or town, (entitled to separate representation) in
which he may reside at the tiine ot the election.
6. Electors shall, in all cases, except in those of trea-
son, felony, or breach of the peace, be privilegi d from
arrest during their attendance at elections, and in go-,
Sng to ar.d returning from the same.
7. In all elections by tilt- people, the electors shall
vote by '.lallot, until the general assembly shall olhrr-
vise direct.
3. E!ecti(ms for representatives for the several emin-
ties shall be held at the place of lidding their n-sjicc-
tive court3,and atsuch otiierplaeesns may bepresenbcd
ty law : Provided, that w hen it slia'l ajipear to the ge-
neral assembly that any city or tow n ijiall have a num.
bev of white inhabitants equal to the ratio then fixed,
such city or town shall have a separatq representation,
according to the number of write inhabitants therein ;
which shall be retained so long as such city or town
shall contain a number of white inhabitants equal to the
ratio which may, trom time to time, be fix^d by law ; ami
thereafter and during the existence of the rigiit of scpa-
late representation,insuoh city OI town, <l<ctioi!sfur!he
county in which such city or town (eJUitled to such se-
jwrate representation) is situated, shall lol be held in
such city or town ; but it is understood, and hereby de-
clared, that no city or town shall be etititled to separate
representation, unless the number of white inhabitants
in the county in which such city or town is situated, re-
siding out of the limits of sai'l city or town bet qua! to
the existing ratio ; or unless the residuum or fraction of
such city or town sliall, when added to the while inha-
bitants of the county residing out of the limits of said
city or town, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for one
representative; And provided, that, if the residuum or
fraction of any city or town, entitled to separate r. pn -
sentation, shall, when added to the residuum of the
county in which it niay lie, be equal to the ratiofixed b)
law for one representative, then the aferesaid count)',
city, or town, having the largest residiium, shall be en-
titled to such representation : And provided, also, that
when there are two or more c^iunties adjoining, which
have residnums or fractions over and above the ratio
then fixed by law, if said reslduunis or fractions, when
added together, will amount to such ratio, in that ease
one representative shall be added to that county having
the largest residuum.
9. The general assembly shall, at their first meeting,
and in the yearsone thoiis.ind eight hundred and twenty,
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-three, one
thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, and every six
six years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made
of all the inhabitants of the state ; and the whole num-
ber of the representatives shall, at thi first session held,
after making every such enumeration, be fixed by
the general assembly, and apportioned among the seve-
ral counties, cities, or towns, entitlt d to separate repre-
sentation, according to their resp.ttive numbe is of while
inhabitants; and the said apportionment, when made,
shall not be subject to alteration, until after the m xt
census shall be taken. The house of representatives
shall not consist of less than forty-four, nor mort thui.
sixty members, until the number of white inhabitants
shall be one hundred thousand : and after that ev nt,
the whole number of representatives shall never be less
than sixty, nor more than one hundred : Hiovided, how-
ever, that each county shall be entitled to at least one
representative.
10. The general assembly shall, at the first session
after inaUing every sudi enmneratioB, Ji\ by law cftc
toNS rrruTioN 6F Alabama.
whole number of senators, and sliall di vide the state into
the san.e number of districts, as nearly equal in the
nunibtr of white inliibitanis as may he, each of which
districts shall be entitled to one senator and no more:
provided, that the whole number of senators shall never
be less than one fourth, nor more than one third, of the
whole number of representatives.
11. When a senatorial district shall be composed of
two or more counties, the couniies of which such dis-
trict consists shall not be eniiiely sepaiated by any
county belonging to .tnother district ; and no county
shall be divided in forming a district.
12. Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors^
fur the term of three years, at the same lime, in ihn
same manner, and at the sanje places, where thi y may
vote for members of the house of representatives ; and
no person shall be a senator, unless he be a white mim,
a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an
inhabitant of this state two years next pieceding his
election, and the last year thertot a ri-sident of the dis-
trict for which he shall be clsosen, and shall have at-
tained to the age of twenty-seven years.
13. The sfnators, chosen according to the apjKirtion-
ment under the census ordered to be taken in one thou-
sand eight hundred and twenty-six, when convened,
shall be dividt-d by lot into three classes, as nearly
e([ual as may be : the seats of the senators of the first
class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year;
those of the second clas^, at the expiration of the si-eond
y.ar; and those of tlie thiid class, at the expirniion of
tlif third year; so that one tliiid may be annually chos.-n
thereafter, and a rotation iliereby Uept up perpetually.
Such mode of classifying new udditional senators shall
be observed hs will, as nearly as possible, preserve an
equiiliiy of iuembers in earh class.
14. 'Ihe house of representatives, when asserohUtl,
shall choose a speaker and its other officers ; and the
si'iiEte shall, annually, clnose a presidnit. and its other
officers; each liouse sliall judge of the qualifieaiions,
elections, and returns, of its own memi>ers ; but a con-
tested election shall be deicrniintd in such manner as
sh«il i)e directtd by law.
15. A majority of each house shall constitnle a quo-
rum to do business, but a smaller number may adjuiim
from day to day, and may c.onipel the atttiidai.ce of
abstiit members, in such iwanner, and under such pe-
nalties, as each house may jnovide.
16. Each house may determine the rules of its own
proceedings, punish mendjers for disordt rly behaviour,
and, with the consent of two thirds, ex:. el a mcii.ber,
but not a second time for the same cause ; and shall have
all otinr powers nec.ssavy for a branch of the legisla-
ture of a free and independent state.
17. Each house, during the session, may punish, by
imprisonment, any person, not a meniber, for disre-
spectful or disorderly behaviour in its presence, or liir
obstructing any of its proceedings: Provided, that such
imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-
eight hours.
18. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed-
ings, and cau.se the same to be published immediately
after its adjournment, excepting such parts as, in its
jiidgraent, niriy require secrecy ; and the yeas and u:iys
of the members o! either house, on any question, shall,
at the desire of any two members pn sini, he entered
on the journals. And any member of. either house
shall have liberty to dissent from or protest againttany
act or resolution which he may think injurious to tho
piildic, or an individual, and have the reasons of his
dissent entered on th,- journ-ls.
19. Senators and repiesentatives shall, in all casis,
except treason, felony, or breach ot the peace, he jirivi-
leged from arrest during the session of the geiitial as-
sembly, and in going to and returning fiom the same ;
allowing pne day for every twenty miles such member
may reside from the place nt wjhich the gei.eial asseii.-
bly is convened ; nor shall any meniber be liable to
answer for any thing spoken in debaio in either house,
in any court or place elscviliere.
20. When vacancies happen in either house, the go-
vernor, or the persons exercising the powers of tlie go-
vernor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacan-
cies.
21. The doors of "each house shall he open, except
on such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, may
require secrecy.
22 Ni-ither house shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other plijcc tftiin titat ')n whitrh .th«y may be eitfftl^>
eONSTlTUTION OP ALABAMA.
ia9
E3. Bills may originate in either house, and be
ameiuled, altered, or rejected, by the other : but no bill
shall have the force o a law until on three several days
it be read in each house, and free discussion allowed
thereon ; unless, in cases of urgency, tour fifths of the
house in which the bill shall be depending may deem it
expedient to dispense with this rule ; and every bill,
bavinp: passed both houses, shall be signed by the speak-
er and president of tliciv respective houses: Proviiitd,
that all bills for raisini; revenue shall originate in the
lionse of representatives, but the senate may amend or
reject then), as othr-r bills.
24. Each member of the general assembly shall re-
ceive from the public treasury such compensation for
his services as may be fixed by law ; but no increase of
compensation shall take effect during the session at
which such increase shall have been made.
25. No senator or representative shall, during the
term for which he shall have been elected, be appoinied
to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall
have been created, or the emoluments of which shall
have been increased, during such lerm ; except such
offices as may be filled by elections by the people.
26. No person holding any lucrative ofiice under the
United States, (the ofiice of postmaster excepted,} this
state, or any other power, shall be elij^ibk- to the gene-
ral assembly ; Providid, that offices in the miiitia to
which there is attached no annual salary, or the office
of justice of the peace, or that of the quoru:n or county
court, while it has no salavy, shall not be deemetl lucra-
tive.
27. No person who may hereafter be a collector or
bolder of public money, shall have a seat in either
house of the general assembly, or be eligible lo any ol-
fice of trustor profit under this state, until he shall have
accounted for and paid into the tieasury all sums for
which he may be accountable.
28. The first election for senators and representatives
shall be general throughout the state; and shall beheld
on the third Monday and Tuesday in September next.
2'J. The first si ssion of the general assembly shall
commence on the fourth Monday in October next ; and
be held at the town of Huntsvil'le, and all subsequent
sessions at the town of Cahawba. until the end of the
first session of the general assembly to he held in the
year one thousand eight hundreil and twenty-five;
during that session the general assembly shall have
power to designate by law (to which the executive con-
currence shall not be required) the permanent seat of
govennnent, wliich shall not thereafter be changed:
Provided, however, that unless such designation be
then made by law, the goverinnenl shall continue per-
manently at the town of Cahawba ; and provided, also,
that the gen-ral assembly shall make no appropriations
previous to the year one thousand eight hundred and
twenty-five, for the building of any other state house
tiiau that now provided for by law.
ARTICLE 4.
Executive Department.
§ 1. The supreme executive power of this stato shall
be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled,
the governor of the state of Alabama.
2. The governor shall be elected by the qualified
electors, at the time and places, when they shall re-
spectively vole for representatives.
3. The returns of every election for goveruor shell
he sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern-
ment, directed to the sneaker of the house of repre-
sentatives, who shall, during the first week of the ses-
sion, open and publish them in presence of both houses
of the general assembly. The person having the highest
number of votes shall be governor : but if two or more
shall be equal and highestin votes, one of themshall be
chosen governor by the joint vote of both houses. Con-
tested elections for governor shall be delernnn.'-d by both
houses ofthe general assembly, in such manner as shall
be pHkcribed by law.
4. The governor shall hold his office for the tei m of
two years, from the time of his installation, and until
his successor shall be duly qualified ; but shall not he
eligible for more than four years in any terra of six
years. He simll be at least thirty years of age, shall
be a native cuizen of the United Slates and shall have
I'esided in this state at least four years next preceding
the day of his election.
5. He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation
f9e m siei;Tices', vhtv-fe sfiall not he ijfireaseci or dimi-
nished during tlie term for which he shall have been
elected.
6. He shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, except
when they shall be called into the service of the United
Slates; and when acting in the service of the United
States, the general assembly shall fix his rank.
7. He may require infonnation, in writing, from the
officers in the executive department, on any subject
relating to the duties of their respective ofiices.
3. He may, by proclamation, on extraordinary occa-
sions, convene the gei.eral assembly at the seat of go-
vernment, or at a difi'ereiit place, if that shall have be-
come, since their last adjournment, dangerous from an
enemy, or from contagious disorders ; in case of disa-
greement I'etween the two houses, with respect to the
time of adjournment, he may i.djourn them to such
time as he shall think proper, not beyond the day of
the next annual meeting of the general assemblj-.
9. He shall, froni time to tiii>e, give to the general
assembly information of the state of the government,
and ri cumiiieiid to their consideration such measures
as he may deem expedient.
10. He shall take care that the laws he faithfully ex-
ecuted.
n. In all criminal and penal cases, except in those of
treason and impeachment, he shidl have power to grant
reprieves and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures,
nndersuch rules and reguiatiuns as shal be prescribed
bylaw. lu cases of treason, he shall have power, b> and
with the advice and consent of the senate, tb grant re-
prieves and pardons ; and he may, in the recess of the
senate, respite the sentence, until the end of the next
session of the general assembly.
12. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be
kept by the governor, and used by hira officially, and
the i)resent seal of tlie- territory shall be the seal of the
state, uutil otherwise directed by the general assembly.
13. .\.ll coi!iniissions shall be in the name and by the
authority of the slate of Ahibama, be staled with the
state sf al, signed by the governor, and attested by the
secretary of state.
14. There ^hali be a secretaiy of slate, appointed by
joint vote of both houses of the general assi iiibly, w]io
shall continue in office duriii:; the term of two years.
He shall keep a fair regfster of all the offlciiil acts and
proceedings of the governor, and shall, w hen required,
lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers,
relative thereto, before the geneial assembly, and shall
perform such otl-.er duties as may be required of him
by law.
IS Vacancies that may happen in offices, the ap-
pointinent to which is vested in the general assembly,
shall be filled by the governor, during th. recess of the
general assembly, by granting commissions which shall
expire at the end of the next session.
10. Every bill which shall have passed both houses
of the g< neral assembly, shall be presented lo the go-
vernor: if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not. he shall
return it with hie otjjections to the house in which it
shall h:ive originated, who shuH enter the objections at
large upon the jour>al, and proceed to reconsider it ; if,
after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole
number elected to that house shall agree to pass the biii,
it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house,
by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; if approved
byamajority of thewholenuniber elected to tiial house,
it thall become a law; but in such cases the votes of both
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the
names of the menibeis voting for or against the bill
shall be entered on the journals of each hoiise respec-
lively : if any bill shall not be returned by the governor,
within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have
been presented to him, the sanie shall be a law, in like
manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assem-
bly by their adjournment prevent its return ; in which
case it shall not be a law.
17. E\ery order, resolution, or vote, to which the con-
currence of both houses may be necessary, except on
questions of adjournment, shall hi presented to the go-
vernor, and, before it shall take effeet, be approved by
him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed, by both
houses according to the rules and limitations prescribed
in the eases of a bill.
18. In case of the impeachment of the governor, his
remo val from ofiice,dtath, refusal to qualify, resignation,
or absence from the state, the president of the senate
shall exercise all the power and authority .ippertainiug
to the office of govewidr, until the time pointed out by
tills constitution for the election of governor shall ar-
r^e, unless the general assetnbly shall provide by law
l^t Ihe eftictjonof a goTejnor tt> fill such yacancv. ok
110
GQNSTITUTION OP ALABAMA.
until the cpovevnor absent oi impeached sliall returu or
be acquitted.
19. If, daring the vacancy of the office (if ffovernoi-,
the president of the senate shall be impeached, removed
from office, refuse to qualify, resig-n, die, or be absent
from the state, the speaker of tlie house of represeiit.i-
tives shall, in like manner administer the government.
20. The president of the ^natc and epeaktr of the
house of representatives, during tlie time they respec-
tively administer thegovernment,sha:l nceivethe same
compensation which the governor would have received,
had he been employed in the duties of his office.
21. The governor shall always reside, during the ses-
sion of the general assembly, at the place where their
session may be held, and at all other times, wherever, in
their opinion, public good may require.
22. No person shall hold tlie office of g-yernor, and
any other office or commission, civil or military, either
in this state, or under any state, or the United btates, or
any other power, at one and tlie same time.
23. A state treasurer and a comptroller of public ac-
coinits, shall be annually elected, by joint vote cf both
houses of the general assembly.
24. A sheriff shall be elected in c.ieh county by the
qualified electors thereof, who shall hold Iiis office for
the term of three years, unless sooner removci', and
whoshallnotbeeligible to serve either as principal or
deputy for the three succeeding years. Should a va-
cancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be filled
by the governor, a>i in other cases, and the per<;on so ap-
pointed shall continue in office until the next general
election, when such vacancy shall be filled by the quali-
fied electors, and the sheiift then elected shall continue
in office for three years,
§ 1. The general assembly sha'.l provide by law for
organizing and disciplining the militia of lliis state, in
such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incom-
patible with the constitution and laws of the United
States in relation thereto.
2. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear
arms shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an
equivalent for personal service.
3. The governor shall have power to call foith the
militia to execute the laws of jiu; state, to suppress in-
surrections, and repel invasions.
4. All officers of the militia shall be elected or ap-
pointed in such manner as may be prescribed by law- :
Provided, that the general assembly shiill not make any
Buch elections or appointments, other than tliose of ad-
jutants general, and qe.arter masters general.
5. The governor shall appoint his aids-de-camp; ma-
jors general, their aids-de-camp, and all other division
staff officers: brigadiers general shall appoint ibciraids,
and all other brigade staff officers; and colonels shall
appoint their regimental staff officers.
6. The general assembly shall fix by law the mttliod
of dividing tl.r- iniUtla into divisions, brigades, regi-
ments, battalions, and companies ; and shall fixthe rank
of all staff officers.
ARTICLE 5.
Judicial Department.
§1. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in
one supreme court, circuit courts to be held in each
county in the state, and such inferior courts of law and
equity, to consist of not more than five members, as the
general assembly may, from time totime, direct,onlain,
and establish.
2. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise di-
rected by tins constitution, shall have appellate juris-
diction only, which shall be co-extensive with the state,
under such restrictions and regulations, not ri pugnant
to this constitution, as may, from time to time, be pi-e-
scribcd by law : Provided, that the supreme court shall
have power to issuewrits of injunction, mandamHs,qiio-
■warranto, habeas corpus, and such other remedial and
original w rits, as may be necessary to give it a general
superintendance and control of inferior jurisdictions.
3. Until the general assembly shall otherwise pre-
scribe, the powers of the supreme court shall be vested
in, and its duties shall be performed by, the judgis of
the sevei-al circuit courts within this state ; and they, or
a majority of them, shall hold such sessions of the su-
preme court, and at such times, as may be directed by
law : Provided, that no judge of the supreme court
shall be appointed before the commencement of the first
session of the general assembly which shall be begun
and held after the first day of January, in the year one
thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.
-}. The supreme eniut shall be liolden at the seat of
government, but may adjourn to a different place, if
that shall have become dangerous from an enemy or
from disease.
5. The yate shall be divided into convenient circuits,
and each cireuit shall contain not less than three, nor
more than six counties; and for each circuit there shall
be appointed a judge, who shall, after his appointment,
reside in the circuit for which he may be appointed.
G. The circuit court shall have original jurisdiction
in al' matters, civil and criminal, within this state, not
othtrwi^e txcepted in this constitution ; bur in civil
cases, only when the matter or sum in controversy ex-
ceeds fifty dollars.
7. A circuit court shall be held in each county in the
state, at least twice in every year, and the judges of the
several circuit courts may hold courts for f aeh other,
when they may deem it expedient, and shall do so when
directed by law.
8. The general assembly shall have power to establish
a court or courts of chancery, w ith original and appel-
late equity jurisdiction ; and until the establishment of
such court orcourts, the saidjurisdiction shall be vested
in the judges of the circuit courts respectively: Pro-
vided, that the judges of the several circuit courts shall
have power to issue writs of injunction, returnable into
the coiirtsof chancery.
9. The general assembly shall have powerto establish
in each county within this" state, a court of probate, for
the granting of letters testamentary and of^ administra-
tion, and for orphans' business.
10. A competentnumberofjusticesofthepeace shall
be appointed in and for each county, insuchmode,and
fi.r such term of office, as the general assembly may di-
rect. Their jurisdiction in civil cases shall be limited
to causes in which the amount in controversy shall not
exbeed fifty dollars. And in all cases tried by a justice
of the peace, right of appeal shall be secured, under
such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law.
11. Judges of the supreme and circuit courts, and
courts of chancei-y, shall, at stated times, receive for
their services a compensation, which shall be fixed by
law, and shall not be diiuinislied during their continu-
ance in office ; but they shall receive no fees or perqui-
sites of office, nor hold any other office of profit or trust
under this state, the United States, or .any other power.
12. Chancellors, judges of the supreme court, judges
of the circuit courts, and judges of the inferior courts,
shall he elected by joint vote of both houses of the gene-
ral assembly.
13. The .judges nf the several courts in this state shall
hold their offices during good behaviour; and for wil-
ful neglect of duly, or other reasonable cause, which
shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the go-
vernor shall remove any of them, on the adilress of tw o
thirds of each house of the general assembly : Provided,
Iiowever, that the cause or causes for which such remo-
val shall be required, shall he stated at length in such
addii ss, and entered on thejoiirnals of each house; and
l[.rovided further, that the cause or causes shall be noti-
fied to the judge so intended to be removed, and he
shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defence, be-
fore any vote for such address shall pass ; and in all such
cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and en-
tered on the journals of each house respectively ; and
provided also, that the judges of the several circuit
courts who shall be appointed before the commence-
ment of the first session of the general assembly w liich
shall be begun and held alter the first day of January,
in the yearof our Lord onethousand eighthundrcd and
twenty-five, shall only hold their offices during good
behaviour, until the end of the said session, at which
time their commissions shall expire.
31. No person who shall have arrived at the age of
sevtiity years, shall be appointed to, or continue in, the
office of judge in this stale.
15. Clerks of the circuit and inferior courts in this
state shall he elected by the qualified electors in each
county, for the term of four years, and may be removed
from office for such causes and in such manner as may
be prescribed bylaw ; and should a vacancy occur, sub-
sequent to an election, it shall be filh d by the judge or
judges of the courts in which such vacancy exists and
the person so appointed shall hold his office nnV the
next general election : Pro\ ided, how ever, that after the
year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, the
general assembly may prescribe a different mode of ap-
pointment, but shall'not make such appointment,
15. The judges of the supreme court shall, by virtue
of their offices, be consenators of the peace throughout
the state; as also the judges of the circuit courts in their
respective districts, and judges of the inferior courts in
their respective counties.
17. The stvie of all TlrooPss sTiall be, "the state nf
CONS JTl UTION OF ALABAMA. Ill
Alabama ;" and all jjroseeuiioiis shall be cavritd on iu chancery ; and no decree for such divorce shall liave
Ihe uame and by the authority of tiie state of Alabama ; cft'ect, iiiilii the same shall be sanctioned by two thiids
and shall conclude, " aganist the jieace and dignity of of both houses of the general assembly,
the same. 14. In prosecutions for the publishing of papers in-
18. There shall be an attorney general for the state, vtstigaiing the official conduct of officers or men in
aadasmany solicitors as the general assembly may deem public capacjt);, or when the matter published is pro-
necessary, t'j be 'lected by a joint vote thereof, who per for jiubiic information, the truth thereof may be
shall hold their offices for the "teri.i of four years, and ^-ivtn in evidence : and, in all indictnieiits i'ur libels, the
shall receive for their services a compensation, which jury shall have a right to determine the law and the
shall not be diminished during their continuance iu facts, under the direction of the courts,
office. IS. Returns of all elections for officers who are to be
Tmi,^„rl„„ent^ Commissioned by the governor, and for members of the
j.iiipcuLamciui>. general assembly, shall be made to the secretary of
$ I. The house of representatives shall have the sole state,
power of impeaching. 16. No new county shall be established by the general
2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate: assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or
when sitting fur that purpose, the senators shall be on either of them, fium which it maybe taken, to a less
oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted content than nine hundred square miles ; nor shall any
without the concurrence of two thirds of the members county be laid off cjf less contents. Every new county,
present. as to the right of suffrage and representation, shall be
3. Thegovernor, anii all thecivi!officers,shallbelia- considered as a part of the county or counties from
b!e to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but which it was taken, until entitled by numbers to the
judgment in such cases shall not extend further than right of separate representation.
removal from office, and to disqualification to hold any 17. The general assembly shall, at their first session,
office of honour, trust, or profit, under this state ; but which may be liolden in the year eighteen hundred aud
the party, convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and twcnty-eiglir, or at the next succeedingsession, arrange
subject to iiidiclmcnt, trial, and i)unishmeutj according and designate boundarits for the several counties with-
to law. in the limits of this state, to which the Indian title shall
f l>avc been extinguished, iu such manner as they may
Ai^iit.i-i. u. tlet-m expedient, which boundaries shall r.ot beafter-
f, J -rs • ■ wards altered, unless by the agreement of two thirds of
Lreiieral irovistons, both branches of the general assembly; and, in ali cases
^ I. The members of the general assemblv, and all of teded territory acquired by the state, the general as-
offieers executive and judicia!, before they enter on the seinbiy may maUe such arrangements and designations
execution of their respective offices, shall take the fol- "' ^"'-' bouii;!anes of counties within such ceded territo-
lowingoath oraffirruation, to wit : "■ I solemnly swear(or ""5 ' ■^ j-'^^y may deem expedient, which shall only be al-
affirm, as the ease may he) that I will support the con- t'^i'-'d in like manner : I'rovided, that no county iiereal-
siitution of the United State-,, and coubtitution of the \^'' \'^ b"-' formed shall be of less extent than nine hun-
siateof Alabama, so long as 1 contiuuea citizen thereof, "''"^" sqtiare miles.
and that I will faithfully discharge, to the best of my Ip- It shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass
abilities, tht duties of , according to law. So help *"<=" 'a"s as may be necessary and jn-oper to dt cide dif-
me God." leiences bj arbitrators, to be appoiiittd by the parties
2. Treason against the state shall consist only in le- '"^" '"ay choose that summary mode of ad j estment.
v-j'ing war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, ^^' It.shall be the duty of the general' assembly, as
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- ^''■on as circumstances will permit, to forni a penal code,
victed of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- f?""d'^<J on pwnciples of reformation, and not of vindic-
nessestothe same overt act, or his own confession in tive justice.
open court. 20. Within five years after the adoption of this consti-
3. The general assembly shall have power to pass tution. the body of our laws, civil and criminal, shall
such penal laws to suppress the evil practice of duel- ^"^ revised, digested, and arranged, under proper heads,
ling, extending to disqualification from office or the te- and promulgated in such manner as the general assem-
nurc thereof, as they may deem expedient. biy may direct ; and a like revision, digest, and promul-
4. Every person shall be disqualified from holding gation, shall be made within every subsequent period of
any office, or place of honour or profit, under the au- ten years.
thorityof the state, who shall be convicted of having 21. The general assemblysliali make provision by law
given or offered any bribe to procure bis election or ap- fof obtaining; correct kiiowledge of the several objects
pointment. ' proper for improvement in relation to the navig-able
5. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, from waters, and to the roads in this state, and for making a
suffrage, and from serving as jurors, those who shall systematic and economical application of the means ap-
hereafter be convicted of bribel^, perjury, forgery, or propriated to those objects.
other high crimes or misdemtanors. The privilege of 23. In the event of the annexation of any foreign ter-
free suffi-age shall be supported by laws regulating elec- ritory to this state, by a cession from the United States,
tions, and prohibiting, under adequatepenalties, all UD- laws maybe passed, extending to the inhabitants of
due influence thereon, froin power, bribery, tumult, or such territory ail the rights and privileges which may be
other improper conduct. required by the terms of such cession, any thing in this
6. In all elections by the general assembly, the nicm- constitution to the contrary notwiihstandijig.
bers thereof shall vote -vu'U voce, aud the votes shall be Vr1-,i^r,tin^-,
entered on the journals. r^at^cauon.
7. No money shall be drawn from the treasui7, but in Schools, and the means of education, shall for ever be
consequence of an appropriation made by law ; and a encouraged in this state ; and the general assembly shall
regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- take measures to preserve, from unnecessary waste or
penditures of all public money shall be published annu- damage, such lands as are or hereafter may be granted
ally. by the United States, for the »ise of schools, within each
8. All lands liable to t.ixation in this state, shall be township inthissiate,andapply the funds which maybe
faxed in proportion to their value. raised from such lands, in strict conformity to t!ie object
9. The general assembly shall direct by law in what of such grant. The general assembly shall take like
manner,andinwhatcourts, suitsraaybebroughtagainst measures for the improvement of such lands as have
the state. been or may be hereafter granted by the United States
10. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to re- to this state, for the support of a seminary of learning,
gulate by law the cases in which deductions shall be and the moneys which may be raised from such lands,
made from the salaries of public officers for neg;lect of by rent, lease, or sale, or from any other quarter, for
duty in their official capacities, and the amount of such the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for
deduction. the exclusive support of a state university, forthepro-
11. Absence oji business of this state, or of the United motion of the arts, literature, and the sciences ; and it
States, or on a visit, or necessary private business, shall shall be the duty of the general assembly, as early as
not cause a forfe.ture of a residence once obtained. maj be, to provide effectual means for the nnprovement
12. No member of congress, nor any person holding i-nd permanent security of the funds and endowments
any office of profit, or trust, under the United States, of such institution.
(theofficeof post master excepted,)or either of them, or i^^t ,j,j,- t„,„„i .^Tf. 7
any foreign power, shall hold or exercise any office of Estabhshmenl oj Banks.
profit, under this state. \ 1. One state bank may be established, with such
13. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not number of branches as the general assembly may, from
he granted, but In cases provided tbr by law, by suit in time to time, deem expedient : Trovided, tbat noDranch
fltJ
COXS WTUTION (iV ALABAMA.
bank shall be established, nor bank charter renewed,
under the authority of this state, without the concur-
rence of two thirds of both houses of the general assem-
bly; and provided, also, that not more than one hank
nor braiieli bank shall be established, nor bank charter
renewed, at any one session of the fjeijeral assembly ;
nor shall any bank or branch bank be established, or
bank charter renewed, but in conformity with the fol-
lowing rules:
1. At least two fifths of the capital stock shall be re-
served for the stiite.
2. A proportion of pov/erin the direction of thebank
shall be reserved to the state, equal at least to its pro-
portion of stock therein.
3. The state, and the indiiidual stockholders, shall
be liable, respectively, for the debts of the bank, in pro-
portion to their stock liolden therein.
4. The remedy for collecting debts shall be recipro-
cal, for and aijain'st the bank.
5. No bank shall cominencr operations until half of
the capital stock subscribed for be actually paid in sjold
or silver, which amount shall, in no case, be less than
one hundred thousand dollars.
6. In case any bank or branch bank shall neglect or
refuse to pay, on demand, any bill, note, or obligation,
issued'by the corporation, aceordinq; to the promise
therein expressed, the holder of any such note, bill, or
obligation, shall be entitled to receive and recover in-
terest thereon, until the same shall be paid, or specie
payments are restvmed, by said bank, at the rate of
twelve per cent, per annum from the date of such de-
mand, unless the general assembly shall sanction such
stispension of specie payments ; and the general assem-
bly shall have power, after such neg'ect or refusal, to
adopt such measures as they may deem proper, to pro-
tect and secure the rights of all concerned ; and to de-
Clare the charter of such bank forfeited,
7. After the establishment of a general state bank,
the banks of this state now existing may be admitted as
branches thereof, upon such terms as the legislature
and the said banks may agree; subject, nevertheless, to
the preceding rules.
Slaves.
§ 1. The general assembly shall have no power to pass
laws for the emancipation of slaves, without the consent
of their owners, or w itiiout paying tht ir ownei-s, previ-
ous to such emancipation, a full ecjuivalent in money
for the slaves so emancipated. Tiny shall have no pow-
er to prevent emigrants to this state from bringing w ith
them such persons as are deemed slaves by tlie la« s of
any one of the United States, so long as any person of
the same age or description shall be continued in slave-
ry by the laws of this state :. Provided, that such pei-son
or slave be the buna , fide property of such emigrants ;
and providedj also, (hat laws may be passed to prohibit
the introduction into this state ofslaves, who have com-
mitted high crimi-s in other states or territories. They
shall h.ave power to 1)359 laws to permit the owners of
slaves to emancipate them, savingtherights of creditors,
and preventing them from becoming a public charge.
They shall hawf full jiower to prevent slaves from being
brought into ihis state as merchandise; and also, tooblige
the owners ofslaves to tr^at them with humanity, to
provide for them necessary food i'nd clothing.to abstain
from all injuries to them extending to life or limb, and,
in case of their neglect or refusal to comply with the
directions of such laws, to have such slave or slaves sold
for the benefit of the owner or ow ners.
2. In the prosecution o£ slaves for crimes, of a higher
grade than petit larceny, the general assembly shall
have no power to deprive them ol' an impartial trial by
a petit jury.
3. Any person who shall maliciously dismember or
deprive a slave of life, shall suffer such punishment as
would be inflicted in case the like offence had been
committed on a free white pers'.-n, and on the like
proof; except in case of insurrection of such slave.
J^Iode of Amfmlin^ and Revising the Consti-
tution.
The g -neral assembly, whenever two thirds of cch
house shall deem it necessary, may propose amend-
Bienls to this constitution; which ])roposed amend-
ments shall be duly published in print, at least three
months bofore the next general election of representa-
tives, for the consideration of the people, and it shall
be the duty of the several returning officers, at the next
general election which shall be held for representatives,
to open a poll for, and make a return to the secretary
of state for the lime being, of the names of all those
voting for representatives who have voted on such pro-
TttUgfTaraerrdiitcnts •. sjj^ if therejip^ if shaU api>eav
that a majority of all the citizens of this state, votiUf;
for representatives, have voted in favour of such pro-
posed amendments ; and two thirds of each house of
the next general assembly shall, after such an election,
and before another, ratitythe same amendments by yeas
and nays, thev shall be vaii,d, to all intents and purposes,
as part's of liiis constitution: Provided, that the said
proposed amendments shall, at eachof the saiil sessions,
have been read three times, on three sever.M days, iii
each house.
SCHEDULE.
§ 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change
of territorial to a peiraanent state government, it is de-
clared, that all lights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and
contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate,
shall continue as if no such change had taken place ;
and all process which shall, before the third Mouday
in September next, be issuetl in the name of the Ala-
bama territory, shall be as valid as if issued in the name
of the state.
2. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accru-
ing to the Alabama territory, shall accrue to the use of
the slate.
3. The validity of all bonds and recognizances, exe-
cuted to the governor of the Alabama territory, sliall
not be impaired by the change of government, but may
be sued for and recovered in the name of the governor
of the state of Alabama, and his successors in office ;
and all criminal or penal actions, arising or now de-
pending within the limits of this state, shall be prose-
cuted to judgment and execution, in the name of the
said state. All causes of action, arising to individual?,
and ail suits at law, or in equity, now depi-nding in the
several courts, within the limits of this state, and not
already barred by law, may be commenced in, or trans-
ferred to, such court as may have jurisdiction thereof.
4. AU officers, civil or military, now holding com-
missions tinder the authority of the United States, or of
the Alabama territory, within this state, shr.ll continue
to hold and exercise their respective offices, under the
authority of this state, until they shall be superseded
under the authority of this constitution ; and shall re-
ceive from the treasury of this state the same compen-
sation which thi') heretofore received, in proportion
to the time they shall be so employed. The governor
shall have power to fill vacancies by commissions, to
expire so soon as elections or appointments can be
made to such offices, by authority of this constitution.
5. All laws and parts of laws, now in force in the
Alabama territory, which are not repugnant to the pro-
visions of this constitution, shall continue and remain in
force as the laws of this state. Until they expire by their
own limitation, or shall be altered or repealed by the
legislature thireof.
6. Every white male person, above the age of twen-
ty-one years, who shall be a citizen of the United
States, and resident in this stafe at the time of the
adoption of this constitution, shall be deemed a quali-
fied elector, at the first election to he holden in this
state. And every white male person, who shall reside
within the limits of this state at the time of the adop-
tion of this constitution, and shall be oth.erwise quali-
fied, shall be entitled to hold any office or place of hn-
nour, trust, or profit, under this state, anything in this
constitution to the contrary notwithstanding.
7. The president of this convention shall issue writs
of election, directed to the sheriffs of the several coun-
ties, requiring them to cause an election to be held for
governor, representative to the congress of the United
States, members of the general assembly, clerks of the
several courts, snid sheriffs of the respective counties, at
the respc ctive places of election, in said counties,on the
third Monday and the day following in September
next; which elections shall he conducted in the man-
ner prescribed hy the existing election laws of the Ala-
bama territory; and the said governor, and members
of the general assembly, then duly elected, shall cen-
tinue todischirge the duties of their respeivive offices,
for the time prescrilied by this constitution, and until
their successors shall be duly qualified.
8. Until the first enumeration shall iji made.as direct-
ed by this constitution, the county of Autauga shall be
entitled to two representatives, the county of Baldwin
to one representative, the county of Blount to three re-
presentatives, (he county of Cahawba to one represent-
ative, the county of Clark to two representatives, the
cpjintj' of Chnfitah to twb i-H'.vessinjatVvtT, Utc-ccaaty
CONSTITUTION OF MAINE, Ua
of Cotaco to two representatives, the county of Dallas tliey ibv ever disclaim all right and title to the waste or
to two fepnsentatives, the county of Franklin to two unappropinated lands lying with.n this state; ancl that
repre«ntktives, the county of Lauderdale to two repre- the same shall be and .|mam at the ,^°'e "'"^ « "^^^^ "
sentstives, the county of I^wrence to two reprcsenta- P°T''''-"V''^^ f" . M nld l^vThP^h^eH Stnt« l?t^^^^^
tives,thecou„tyofjnesto„etothveerej.resentatives, ^'h^sVL^^fVeUtl^^^^^^^^
presentatives, the county of Mobile to one rcpresenta- ^^^^^ thereof; and that the lands belonging to the citizens
live, the countj of St. Clair to one representative, the ^f jj^^ united States, residing out of the limits of this
county of Shelby to two representatives, the county of 5,.,je^ 51,^11 never be taxed higher than the lands belong-
Tiiscaloosa to three representatives, and the county of j„'g j„ peisons residing therein : and that no tax shall
Washington to two representatives. And each county be imposed on lands the property of the United States ;
shall be entitled to one senator, who shall serve for one a„(i that all navigable watew within this state shall for
terra. ever remain public highvi-ays, free to the citizens of this
9. The oaths of office, herein directed to be taken, state and of the United States, without any tax, dutj,
maybe administered by any justice of the peace, until impost, or toll therefor, imposed by this slate: And this
the general assembly shall otherwise direct. ordinance is hereby declared irrevocable, without the
consent of the United States.
"^^•■^ Done in convention, at Huntsville, this second day of
nr? nrxr 1 fjnv August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
UltUlJN .\INt^t(. hundred and nineteen, and of American Indepen-
This convention,for and in behalf of the people inha- '•'^"''^ «*'<^ forty-fourth,
biting this state, do accept the proposition offered by J- W. WALKER,
the act of congress, under which they are assembled ; President of the Convention,
and this con^vention, for and in behalf of ihe people in- Attest,
habiting this* state, do ordain, agree, and declare, that John Campbell, Secretanj.
COIS^STITUTIOIS" OF MAINE,
For7ne(l in convention, at Portland, 29th October, 1819, and of the Indepe7idencc of tlie United
States the forty fourth, and recommended to the people for their adoption, in town meetings, on
the 6th of December.
WE, the people of Maine, in order to establish justice, under this state; and all religious societies in this state«
ensure tranquillity, provide for our mutual defence, whetherincorporateorunineorporate, shall at all times
promote our common welfare, and secure to ourselves have the exclusive right of electing their public teach-
andourposteritytheblessingsofliberty,acknowledging ers, and contracting with them for their support and
with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Sovereign Ru- maintenance.
ler of the tiniverse, in affording us an opportunity so 4. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and pub-
favonrable to the design ; and imploring his aid and di- Ijsh his sentiments on any subject, being responsible
vection in its accomplishment, do agree to form our- for the abuse of this libertj'. No laws shall be passed re-
selves into a free and independent state, by the style s;ulating or restraining the freedom of the press ; and,
andtitleof The State of Maine, and do ordain and esta- in prosecutions for any publication respecting theofli-
blish the following constitution for the government of cial conduct of men in public capacity, or the qualili-
the same : cations of those who are candidates for the suffrages of
the people, or where the matter published is proper for
ARTICLE 1. public information, the truth thereof may be given in
, . e o- 1 A evidence; and in all indictments for libels, the jury,
Jjeclaration of HigntS. after having received the direction of the court, shall
5 1. All men are born equall} free and independent, have a rifht to determine, at their discretion, the law
and have pertain natural, inherent, and unalienable and the fact. . , .
rights among which are those of enjoying and defend- 5. The people shall be secure in theirpersons,houses,
inglifeandliberty, acquiring, possessing, and protect- papers, and possessions, from unreasonable searches
ing property,and of pursuing and obtaining safety and and seizures; and no warrant to search any place, or
happiness. seize any person or thing, shall issue without a special
2 All power is inherent in the people ; all free go- designation of the place to be searched, and the person
vernments are founded in their authority, and instituted or thing to be seized, nor without probable cause, sup-
fortheir benefit: they have, therefore, an unalienable ported by oalh or afflimation. j ,_ „
and indefeasible right to institute government, and to 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
alter reform, or totally change the same, when their have a right to be heard by himself and his counsel, or
safety and happiness require it- either, at his election : to demand the nattire and cause
3. All men have a natural and unalienable right to of the accusation, and have a copy thereof :
worship Almighty God according to the dictatesof their To be confronted by the witnesses a^inst him :
own consciences, and no one shall be hurt, molested, or To have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses
restrained, inhisperson,libertv, or estate, for worship- in his favour: ., • , j
ping God in the manner and season most agreeable to To have a speedy, public, and impartial trial ; and,
the dictates of his ov. n conscience, nor for his religious except in trials by martial law or impeachment, by a
professions or sentiments, provided he does not disturb jury of the vicinity. He shall not be compelled to lur-
the nublic peace, nor obstruct others in their religious nishorgive evidence against himself, nor be deprived
worship;-and all persons demeaning themselves peace- ofhis life, liberty, property, or privileges, but byjudg-
ably, as good members of the state, shall be equal lyun- ment of Ins peers, or the law of the land. _
der the protection of the laws,and no subordination nor 7. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or
preference, of any one sect or denomination to another, infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment
shall ever be established by law, nor shall any religious of a grand jurj > except m cases of impeachment, or m
test be required as a qualification for aiiy office 01- trast> such cases of offences as are usually cognizaMe by a
114
COXSI'ITUTION OF MAINE.
justice of tlie peace, or in cases arising in the army or right of suffi-aKe in the town or plantation where sucii
navy, or in the militia when in aetual'service, in time seminary is established.
of war or public aaiiirer. The legislature shall provide 2. Electois shall, in all cases except treason, fclonv,
bylaw a suitable and impartial moileof selecting juries, or breach of the peace, lie privileged from arrest on the
and their usual unmber and unanimity, in indictments days of election, during their attendance at, going to,
and convictions, shall be held i'ldispeusable. and returning thereiVom.
8. No person, for the same offence shall, be twice put 3. No elector shall be obliged to do duty in the railitia
in jeopardy of life or limb. on any day of election, except in time of war or public
9. Sanguinary laws shall not be passed: all penalties danger.
and punishments shall be proportiDiied to the offence : 4. The election of governor, senators, and rejirescnt-
Gxcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines atives, shall be on the second Monday oi September, an-
imposed, nov cruel nor unusual punishments inflicted, nually, for ever.
10. All persons, before conviction, shall be bailable,
except for capital offences, where the proof is evident,
or the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ
of habeas cor/nis shall not he suspended, unless when in
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re-
quire it.
ARTICir. O.
Bistnhntio7i of Poivers.
J 1. The powers of this government shall he divided
into three distinct departments, the legislative, execu-
11. The legislature shall pass no hill of attainder, ex tivc, and ;')U<ticiaU
post facto law, nor law impsiiring the obligation of eon- 2. No person or persons, belonging to one of these de-
tracts, and no attainder shall work corruption of blood partments, shall exercise any of the powers properly he-
nor forfeiture of estate. longing to either of tlie others, ?xcept in the cases herein
12. Treason against this state shall consist only in expressly directed or permuted,
levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, giving
them aid and comfort. Vn p rson shall be convicted of
treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the
same overt act, or confession in open court.
13. The laws shall not be suspended, but by the le-
gislatnre or its authority.
ARTICtK 4. — PAHT THE FIEST.
Litgislaiive p07c-er. — House of Representatives.
} 1. The legislative power shall be vested in two dis-
, ,,-, .. , , ., tinct branches; a house of representatives, and a senate,
14. No person shall he subject to corporeal punish- each to have a neiative on the other ; and both to be
ment under military law, except sucli as are emplojed 3„ ied, the LesiHolure of Maine : and the stvle of their
m the army or navy, or m the inihtia when in actual .,cts and laws shall be, " Be itenactedby the Senate and
service, in time of war or public danger. jj^^^^g ^f Representatives in legislature assembled."
15. rhepeoplehavearight,atall times, man orderly j The house of lepresentatives shall consist of not
and peaceable manner, to assemble to consult upon the j^J ^^.^^^ <,^p hundred, nor more than two hundred
common good, to give instructions to their representa- „,e,nV>ers to be elected by the qualified electors for one
tives, and to request of either department of the go- . ^j.^^J t,,p „j.xt day iireceding the animal meeting
vemment by petition or remonstrance, redress of their ^f jj^p legislature-.— The legislature which shall first be
wrongs and grievances. convened iimier this constitution shall, on or before the
16. Every citizen has a right to keen and bear arms fifteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one
for the common defence ; and this right shall never be thousand eigl-.t hundred and twenty one, and the legis-
questioned. „ , , . . „ lature within every subsequent period of at most ten
17. No standing army shall be kept up m time of ypa^s, and at least five, cause the number of the inha-
peace, without the consent of the legislature ; and the ^jtants of the state to be ascertained, exclusive of fo-
military shall, in all eases, and at all times, be in strict rpj,,„f., s not natuializ<d, and Indians not taxed. Tiie
subordination to the ci\il power. number of representatives shall, at the several periods
18. No soldier shall, m time of peace, be quartered ^f making such enumeration, be fixed and apportioned
in any house, without the consent of the owner or oc- j,mong the several counties, as near as m!iy he, accord-
cupant, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- jj^^ („ j],^ -,iuraber ot inhabitants, having regard to the
scribed by law, relative increase of population. The number of repre-
19. Every person for an injui^ done him in his per- sentatlves shall, on said first apportionment, be not less
son, reputation, property, or immunities, shall have re- {(,3,, 0,,^ hundrednor more than one hundred and fifty;
medy by due course of law ; and right and justice shall „„j^ whenever the number of representativtjs shall be
be administered freely and withont sale, comjjjctely and ^y^.fy hundred, at the next annual meetings of elections,
without denial, promptly and without delay. which shall thereafter be had, and at every subsequent
20. In all civil suits, and in all controversies con- pt.ri„(l of ten years the iveople shall give in their votes
cerningproperty, the parlies shall havea right toa trial lyj^ether the number of representatives shall be in-
by jurv, except in cases where it has heretofore been (.,.^.3,;^,^ q,. diminished ; and if a majority of votes are in
otherwise practised : the party claiming the right may favour thereof, it shall be the duty" of the next legisla-
be heard by himself and his counsel, or either, at his f„,.g thereafter to increase or diminish the number by
election. , «. , ,. the rule hereinafter prescribed.
21. Piivatepropertyshallnotbe taken for public uses 3^ j-^gi^ town, Slaving fifteen hundred inhabitants,
without just compensation ; nor unless the public txi- ^iiav elect one representative ; each town, having three
gencies require it. „, . ... , thousand seven hundred and fifty, may elect two ; each
22. No tax or duty shall he imposed without the con- town, having six thousand seven hundred and fifty,
sentoJ the people orof their representatives in the legis- j^^y pj^^j.^ three; each town, having ten thousand five
lature. . . . hundred, may elect four ; eacli town, having fiiteen
23. No title of nobility or hereditary distinction, j>n- ^jjcsapd may elect five ; each town, having twenty
vilege, honour, or emolument, shall ever be granted or thousand'two hundred and fifty, may elect six ; each
confirmed ; nor shall any office be created, the appoint- tj^y,,^ liaving twenty-six thousand two hundred and fif-
ment to which shall be i'or a longer time than during ^ inhabitants, may elect seven ; but no town shall
good behaviour. gyer be entitled to more than seven representatives ;
and towns and plantations, duly organized, not having
24. The enumeration of certain rights shall not im-
pair nov deny others retained by the people.
AllTICLE 2.
Electors.
fifteen hundred inhabitants, shall he classed, as conve-
niently as niav be, into districts, containing that num-
ber, and so as'not to divide towns ; and each such dis-
trict may elect one representative ; and when, on this
apportionment, the number of representatives shall he
i 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the tAvo Iiundred,adifferent apportionment shall take place
;e of twenty-one years and upwards, excepting i>au- upon the above principle ; and, in case the fitteen hiiu-
in the town or plantation where his residence is so esta- ever any town or towns, plantation or plantations, not
blished, and the elections shall be bv written ballot, entiled to elect a representative, shall determine against
But pei-sons in the militai-y, naval, or marine service of a classification with any other town or plantation, the
the United States, or this state, shall not be considered legislature may, at each apportionment ot representa-
as having obtained such established residence by being tives,on the application of such town or plantation, au-
stationed in any garf rison, barrack, or military place, thorize it to elect a representative for such portion ol
in any town or plantation : nor shall the residence of a time, and such periods,as shall be equal to its portion ot
student at any seminary of learning, entitle him to the representiitionj and the right of representation, so esta-
CONSTiTUTIO?f OF MAINE.
115
uiiiiiod, shall not be altered until the next general ap-
portionment.
4. No person shall be a member of the house of repre-
sentatives, unless he shall, at the commencement of the
period for whicli he is elected, have been five years a
citizen of the United States; have arrived at the age of
twenty-one years; have been a resident in this state one
year, or from the adoption of this conslitiuion ; and, for
the three months next preceding the time of his elec-
tion, shall have been, and during" the period for which
he is elected, shall continue to l)e,a resident in the town
or district which he represents.
5. The meetings for the choice of representatives shall
be warned, indue course of law, by the selectmen of the
several towns, seven days, at least, before the election ;
and the selectmen thereof shall preside impartially at
such meetings, receive the votes of all the qualified
electors present, sort, count, and declai'e them, in open
town meeting, and, in the presence of the town clei'k,
who shall form a list of ihe persons voted for, with the
number of votes for each person aga'tust his name, shall
make a fair record thereof in the presence of the select-
men, and in open town meeting ; and a fair copy of this
list shall be attested by the selectmen and town clerk,
and delivered by said selectmen to each representative,
within ten days next after such election. And the tou ns
and plantations, organized by law, belonging to any
class herein provided, shall hold their meetings at the
same time in the respective towns and plantation-, ; and
the town and plantation meetings in such towns and
Jilantations, shall be notified, held, and regulated, the
votes received, sorted, coimted, and declared, in the
same manner. And the assessors and clerks of planta-
- tions shall have all the powei-s, and be subject to all the
duties, wliich selectmen and town clerks have, and are
subject to, by this constitution. And the selectmen of
such towns, and the .tssessors of such plantations, so
classed, shall, within four days next after snch meeting,
meet at some place, to he prescribed and notified by
the selectmen or assessors of the eldest town or planta-
tion in such class, ■'"^'^ ''''^ copies of said lists shall be
then examined and cmpared ; and, in case any person
shall be elected" by a majority of all the ^otes, the se-
lectmen or assessors shall deliver the certified copies of
such lists to the person so elected, within ten days nex»
after such election ; and the clerks of towns and plant-
ations, respectively, shall sea! up copies of alt such hits,
and cause them to be delivered into the secretary's of-
fice twenty days at least before the first Wednesday in
.Tanuary, annually; but, in case no person shall have a
Jnajority of votes, the selectmen and assessors shall, as
soon as may be, notify another meeting, and the same
proceeding: shall be had at every future meeting, until
an election shall have been effected : pi"ovided, that the
legislature may, by law, prescribe a difterent mode of
returning, examining, and ascertaining, the election of
the representatives in such classes.
6. Whenever the seat of a member shall be vacated,
by death, resignation, or otherwise, the vacancy may be
filled by a new election.
7. The house of representatives shall choose their
speaker, clerk, and other officers.
8. The house of representatives shall have the sole
power of impeaeluuent.
AETICLE 4. — PAIIT SECOJTI).
Senate.
(f 1. The senate shall consist of not less than twenty,
nor more than thirty-one members ; elected at the same
time, and for the same term, as the representatives, by
the qualified electors of the districts into which the state
shall, from time to time, be divided.
2. The legislature which shall be first convened un-
der this constitution shall, on or before the fifteenth
day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and twenty-one, and the legislature at
every subsequent period often years, cause the state to
be divided into districts for the choice of senators. The
district shall conform, us nii.'r as maybe, to county lines,
and be appoitioned according to the number of inhabi-
tants. Tfie number of senators shall not exceed twenty
at the fii"st apportionment, and shall, at each apporfion-
raent, be increased, until they shall amount to thirty-
one, according to the increase in the house of repre-
sentatives.
3. The meetings for the election of senators shall be
notified, held, and regulated, and the votes received,
sorted, counted, declared, and recorded, in the same
manner as those fur representatives. And fair copies of
the lists of votes shall be attested by the selectmen and
town clerks of towns, and the assessors and clerks of
plantations, and sealed up in open town and plantation
meetings ; and the town and plantation clerks, respec-
tively, shall cause the same to he delivered into the se-
cretary's office, thirty days at least befoiv the first Wed-
nesday of January. All other qualified electors, living
in places unincorporated, who'shall be assessed to the
support of governiiient, by the assessors of an adjacent
town, shall have the privilege of voting for senatoi-s, re-
Iiresentatives, and governor, in siuh town ; and shall be
notified by the selectmen thereof, for the pm-pose, ac-
cordingly,
4. The governor and council shall, as soon as maybe,
examine the returned copies of such lists, and, twenty
days before the said first Wednesday of January, issue a
summons to such persons as shall appear to be sleeted
by a majority of the votes in each district, to attend that
day and take their seats,
5. The senate shall, on the said fa ;t Wednesday of
Januarv, annually, determine who are t-Jected by a ma-
jority of votes to be senators in each district; and, in
case the full number of senators to be elected from each
district shall not have b.eii so elected, the members of
the house of representatives, and such senatoi"s as shall
have been elected, shall, from the highest numbers of
the persons voted for, on said lists, equal to twice the
number of senators deficient, in every district, if there
be so many voted for, elect, by joint ballot, the numbev
of senators required; and in this manner all vacancies
in the senate shall he supplied, as soon as may be, after
snch vaeancif s happen.
6. The senators shall be twenty-five years of age at
the commencement of the term for which they are elect"
ed, and in all other respects their qualifications shall be
the same as those of the representatives.
7. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im-
peachments ; anti, when sitting for that purpose, shall
be on oath or affirmation ; and no person shall be con-
^icted without the concurrence of two thirds of the
members present, 1 heir judgment, however, shall not
extend further than to removal from office, an<l disqua-
lification to hold or enjoy any office of honour, trust, or
profit under this state ; but the party, whether con-
victed or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable to in-
dictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according
to law.
8. The senate shall choose their president, secretary,
and other officers.
ARTICLE 4, rAIlT THIRD.
Legislative Power.
§ 1. The legislature shall convene on the first "Wed-
nesday of January, annually, and shall have full power
to make and establish all reasonable laws and regula-
tions for the deieuce and benefit of the people of this
state, not repugnant to this constitution, nor to that of
the Vnited States.
2. Every bill or resolution, having the force of law,
to which the concurrence of both houses maybe neces-
sary, except on a question of adjournment, which shall
have jrassed both houses, shall be presented to the go-
vernor, and, if he approve, he shall sign it ; if not, he
shall return it, with his objection?, to the house in which
it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections
at large on its journals, and proceed to reconsider
it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that
house shall agree to pass it, it shall be sent, together
with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall
be recoMsidered ; and, if approved by two thirds of that
house, it shall have the same effect as if it had been
signed by the governor ; but, in all such cases, the votes
ot both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the
names of the persons voting for and against the bill or
resolution, shall be entered on the journals of both
houses, respectively. If the bill or resolution shall not
be returned by the governor, within five days (Sundays
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, it
shall have the same force and effect as if he had signed
it ; unless the legislature, by their adjournment, pre*
vent its return, in which case it shall have such force
and eftVct, unless returned within three days after theif
nest meeting. .
3. Each house shall be the judge of the elections and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority shall
constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller num-
ber may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the
atteiidanc^lDf absent members, in such manner and un-
der such penalties as each house shall provide.
4. Each house may determine the rules of its pro-
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour,
and, witli theconcurreheeof two thirds, expel amen! ■
her, btit not a spcond time for the same catiw>
liO CONSTITUTION OF MAINE,
5. Each bouse shall keep a journal, and, from time to services a compensation, which shall not be increased
time, publish its procecding;s', except such parts as, in or diminished during his continuance m office.
their judgment may require secrecy ; and the yeas and 7. He shail be commander in chief of the army and
nays of the members of either hoitse, ou any qiu-stion, navy of the state, and of the militia, except m hen called
shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be en- into the actual service of the United States ; but heshall
tered on the journals. not march nor convey any of the citizens out of the
6. Each house, during its session, may punish, by ira- state wijhout their consent, or that of the legislature,
prisonment, any person, not a member, for disresptctful unless it shall become neccssa^', in order to march or
or disorderly behaviour in its presence ; for obstructing transport th.jm from one part of the state to another,
anv of its proceedings ; threatening, assau King, or abu - for the defence thereof.
sing any of its members for any thing said, done, or do- 8. Heshall nomii)ate,and,\vith tlie ad vice and consent
jug, in either house: Provided, that no imprisonment of the council, appoint, all judicial.officers, the attor-
bhall extend beyond the period of the same session. ney general, the slierifls. coroners, registers of probate,
7. The senato'rs and representatives shall receive such anil notaries ]mblic ; and lie shaii also nominate, and,
compensation as shall be established by law ; but nolaw with the advice and consent ol'tlie council, appoint, all
increasing their compensation shall take effect during other civil and military officers, whose appointment is
the existence of the legislature which enacted it. The not, by this constitution, or shall not, by la%y, be other-
expenses of the members of the house of vf prestntatives w ise provided for : and every such nomination shall be
ill travelling to the legislature and returning thert from, made seven dajs at least prior to such appointnient.
once in each session, and no more, shall be paid by the 9. He shall, from time to time, give the legislature in-
state, oat of the public treasury, to every member"who formation of the condition of the state and recommend
shall seasonably attend, in the judgment of the house, to their consideratiun such measures as he ma) judge
and does not depart therefrom without leave. expedient.
8. Vh.senatorsandrepresentativesshali, in all cases, 10. He may require information from any military of-
except treason, feloi;y, or breach of the |>eace, be privi- fieer, or anj officer in tht' executive department, upon
legedtVum arrest during their attendance at, going to, any subject relating to the duties ot their respective
and re: iirning from, each session of thi-" legislature, and offices.
no m 'uijer shall be liable to answer for any thing spo- 11. He shall have power, with the advice and consent
Icen ill debate in either house, in any court or place else- of the council, to remit after conviction, all tbrfeitures,
where. and penalties, and to grant reprieves and pardons, ex-
9. Biis, orders, or resolutions, may originate in cither ci pt ni cases of impeachmtnt.
house, a. id may be altered, amended, cr iv|ected, in the 12. He siiall take care that the laws be feithfully exe-
other ; but all bills for raising a revenue shall originate cuted.
in the house of ivpresentaiives, but tl.t senate may pio- H. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
pose araendinents as in other cases; provided, that they legislature; and, in case of disagreement between the
shall nor, under colour of amenrtineni, introduce any two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment,
new matter, v/hich does not relate to raising a revenue, adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not
)0. No senator or representative shall, during the be>ond the day of the next annual meeting; and if,
term for which he shal i have been elected, be appointed since their iast adjournment, the place w here the legis-
to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall lature were next to convene shall have become danger-
have beenereated, or theemolumentsof which increased ous from an enemy, or contagious sickness, may direct
during such term; except such offices as may be filled the session to be held at some other convenient place
by elections by the peo]ile: provided, that this prohibi- within the state.
lion shall not extend to the members of the first legisla- 14. Whenever the office of governor shall become va-
ttirc. cant, by death, resignation, removal from office, or
11. No member of congress, nor person holding any otherwise, the ])resideiit of the senate shall exercise the
office under the United States, (post officers excepted) office of governor until another governor shall be duly
nor officeof profit under this state,justices of the peace, qualified; and, in case of the death, resignation, remo-
iiotaries public, coroners, and officers of the militia ex- valfrom office,or other disqualification of the president
cepted, shall have a seat in either house during his be- of the senate, so exercising the office of governor, the
ing such member of congress, or his continuing in such speaker of the house of representatives shall exercise
office. the office, until a president of the senate shall have been
12. Neither house shall, during the session, without chosen; and whin the office of governor, [uesident of
the consent ol the other, adjourn for more than two the senate, and speaker of the house, shail become va-
days, nor to any other place than that in which tlie cant, in the recess of the senate, the person acting as se-
houses shall be sitting. cretary of state, for the time being, shall, by proclama-
,„_.„._ /; Di-DT xTTioT tioH, convcnc thc seiKite, that ft presideiu uiHy lic cho"
Ji.UiiK.i.1. J. PAKT iJKST. ^^^ to exercise the office of governor. And whenever
Executive Poiuer. either the president of the senate, or speaker of the
, _, . _ ,. house, shall so exercise said office, he shall receive onlv
5 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall the compensation of governor, but his duties as presi-
be vested m a governor. , . . dent or speaker shall be suspended ; and the senate or
2. The governor shall be elected by the quahfied house shall fill the vacancy, until his duties as governor
electors, and shall hol<i his office one year from the first shall cease.
Wednesday of Januai^ in each year.
3. The meetings for election o"f governor shall beno- ATn-rr-v t p mit svrn-fn
tificd, held, and regulated, and votes shall be received, ARTICLE O — PAIir SECOM).
sorted, counted, declared, and recorded, in the same ^ w
manner as those for senatoi-s and representatives. They t^oinictt.
shall be sealed and returaed into tlie secretai^'s office § 1. There shall be a council, to consist of seven per-
in the same manner, and at the same time, as those for sons, citizens of the United States, and resident of this
senators. And the secretary of state, for the lime being, state, to advise the governor in the executive part of
shall, on the first Wednesday of January then next, lay government, whom the governor shall have full power,
the lists before the senate and house of representatives, at his discretion, to assemble ; and he, with the counsel-
to be by them examined; and, in case of a choice by a lors, or a majority of them, may, from lime to lime,
majority of all the votes returned, they shall declare hold and keep a council, for ordering and directing the
aud pubiisli the same. But, if no person shall have a affairsof state, according to law.
majority of votes, the house of i-epresenvatives shall, by 2. The counsellors shall be chosen annually, on the
ballot, from the persons having the four highest nuni- first Wednesday of January, by joint ballot of tlie sena-
bers of votes on the lists, if so many there be, elect two tors and representatives in convention ; and vacancies,
persons, and make returns of their names to the senate, which shall afterwards hapjien, shall be filled in the
of whom the senate shall, by ballot, elect one, who shall same manner ; hut not more than one counsellor shall
be declared the governor. be elected frmn any district prescribed for the election
4. The governor shall, at the commencement of his of senators; and they shall be privileged from arrest in
term, be not less than thirty years of age ; a natural the same manner as senators and representatives,
bom citizen of the United States ; have been five years, 3. The resolutions and advice of council shall be re-
or from the adoption of this constitution, a resident of corded in a register, and signed by the members agree-
thestate;and,atthetimeof his election, aniduiing the ing thereto, which maybe called for by either house of
term for which he is elected, be a resident oreaid state, the legislature ; and any counsellor may enter Iiis dis-
5. No person holding any office or place under the sent to the resolution oftlie majority.
United States, this state, or any other power, sliall ex- 4. No member of congress, or ot the legislature of
ercise the office of governor. this state, nor any person holding any office under the
6. The governor skall, at stated times receive for his United States, (post officers excepted.) nor anv civil of-
ties, as they shall respectively 1-equire. _ ^ bylaw
CONSTITUTION OP MAINE. 117
ficers under this state, Hustices of the peace and nota- quartermaster general, until otherwise directed by law.
ries public excepted.) shall be counsellors. And no The major generals and origadier generals, and the
counsellor shall be appointed to any office during the commanding officers ut regmiems and battalions, shall
time for which he shail have been elected. appoint their repectiye staff oflicers ; and all military
officers shall be commissioned bv the j^ovenior.
ARTICLE O.*— PAllT TilJKD. j. The militia, as divided into'divisions, brigades, re-
„ gimcnts, battalions, and companies, pursuant to the
i^ecreiary. j»^^^^ ^^^ j^^ force, shall remain so orgauiztd, until the
§ 1. The secretary of state shall be chosen aimually, same shail be altered by the legislature.
at the fii-st session of the legislature, byjoini baliotof the 5. Peisons of the denominations of quakers and sha-
senators and representatives in convention. . kers, justices of the supreme judicial court, and miiiis-
2. The records of the state shall be kept in the office tcrs of the gospel, may be exempted fioni mditary duty,
of the secretary, who may appoint his dcjputies, for hut no otiier pei-son of the age of eighteen and under
whose conduct he shall be aceounubie. the age of forty-iive years, excepting officers of the rai-
3. He shall attend the governor and council, senate Utia, who have been honourably discharged, shall be so
and house of representatives, in person, or by lii^ depu- exempted, unless he shall pay an equivalent, to be fixed
"' ;s, as they shall respectively require. ' "
4. He shall carefullykeep and preserve the records of
all the official acts and proceedings of the governor and
council, senate and house of representatives ; and, when Literature,
required, .ay the same before either branch of the legis-
lature, and perform such other duties as are enjoined A general diffusion of the advantages 01 education
by this constitution, or shaifbe required by law. being essential to the preservation of the rights and
liberties of the people ; to promote this important oh-
AJtTICLE 5.~PA11T FOUIITH. ji^ct, the legislature.are authorized, and it shall be their
fTi„ _„,..,„,, dutv, to require the several towns to make suitable pro-
X I cu^a. CI . vision, at their own expense, for the support .and main-
§1. Tlie treasurer shall be chosen annually, at the tenance of public schools ; and ilsliaUfuitlier be their
first session of the legislature, by joint ballot of the se- duty to encourage and suitably endow, from time to
nators and representatives in convention, but shail not time, as the eiicumstaiices of the people may authorize,
be eligible mure than five yeai's successively. all acaderr.ies, colleges, and seminaries of learning,
2. 'I'he treasurer shall, before entering on the duties within the state : provided, that no donation, grant, or
of his office, give bond to the state, with sureties, to the endowment, sliall at any time be made by the legisla-
satisfaction of the legislature, for the faithful discharge ture, to any literary institution now established, or
of his trust. ■ which may lit- n-after bt- established, tniless, at the time
3. The treasurer shall not, during h\i continuance in of making biich endowment, the legislature of the state
office, engage in any business of trade or commerte, or shall have the right to grant any fuither powers to al-
as a broker, nor as an agent or factor for any merchant ter, limit, or restrain, any of the powers vesied in, any
or trader, such literary institution, as shall be judged necessary to
4. No money shall be drawn from the treasurj-, but promote the best interests thereof.
by warrant from the governor and council, and iu,con- a r xirr "^ 9
sequence ofappropriations made by law; and a regular . Aus:i.\,i.r. .
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures General Pro'visions.
of all public money shall be published at the commence- , , . , ., „
mem of the annual session of the legislature. \ 1- Every person elected or ajipoinlcd to eituer of
_ the places or offices provided in this constitution, and
AllTICLE D. every person, elected, appointed, or commissioned, to
7" /,7)V;^/ P/i- <n-n ^"y judicial, executive, military, or other office under
.lUUiCiai 1 o,aei . -I^jj ^^^^^^^ j[,^„^ before he enter on the discharge of the
V 1. The judicial power of this state shall he vested in duties of his place or ofKce, take and subscribe the fol-
a supreme judicial court, and such other courts as the lowing oath or affirmation: "I, ^, do swear, that
legislature shall, from time to time, establish. I will support tlie constitution of the United States and
2. The justices of the supreme judicial court shall, at of this state, so long as I shall continue a citizen there-
stated times, receive a compensation, which sliall not of. So help me God."
be diminished during their tominuanee in office, but "I, , do swear, that I wilHiiithfuily discharge,
they shall receive no other fee or reward. to the best of my abilities, the duties incumbent on me
3. They shall be obliged to give thtir opinion upon as , according to tlie constitution and the laws
important qtiestionsof law, and upon solemn occasion >, of the state: so help me Gcd :''provided, that .nn affirm-
when required by the governor, councii, senate, or ation in the aliove forms may be substituted, whin the
house of representatives. pti-son shall be consciemiously scrupulous of taking
4. All judicial officers, except justices of the peace, and subscribing an oath.
shall hold their offices during good behaviour, biit not 'iheoaths oraffirinationsshall betaken and siibsciibed
beyond the age of seventy years. by the governor and counsellors before the iiresiding of-
5. Justices of tlie peace and notaries public shall hold ficer of tiie senate, in the presence of both hsuses of the
their offices during seven jcars, if they so long behave legislature, and by the senatois and representatives be-
themselves well, at the expiration of which term, the\' fore the governor and council, and by the reaidue of said
may be re-appointeil, or otiiers appointed, as the public officers befoiestich persons r.s shall lie prescribed by the
interest may require. legislature; and, whenever the governor or any coun-
6. The justices of the supreme judicial court shall seller shall not be able to attend, during the session of
lioid no office under the United States, nor any state, the legislature, to take and subscribe said oaths or af-
nor any other office under tliis state, except that of -jus- firniations, such oaths or afiirmations may be taken and
tice of the peace. ' subscribed, in the recess of the legislature, before any
.p-rTi"v7 justice of the suiMT'me judicial court: provided, that
AP.TICi.., t . jjij^ senators and rcjiresentatives first elected under this
Jllllita''t' constitution shall take and subscribe such oaths or af-
" ' firmations, before I lie i)resideiit of ihe convention.
§ 1. The captains .ind subalterns of the militia shall 2. No person holding the office of justice of the su-
be elected by the written votes of the members of their preme judicial court, or of any infinior court, attorney
respective companies. The field officers of regiments general, coiuity attornev, treasurer of the state, adju-
by the written votes of the captains and subalterns of taut general, judge of p'lobute, register of probate, 're-
their respective regiments. The brigadier generals, in pister of deed's, sheriffs or their deputies, clerks of the,
like manner, by the field officers of their respective hri- .judicial coi.rts, slinll be a niendur of the legislature ;
gades. . and ain person holding either of the fm-egohig offices,
2. rhe legislature shall, by law, direct tV.e manner of elected to and actepliiTg a seat in the congress of the
notifying the electors, conducting the ehctitnis, and United Slat.s, shall thereby vuente said office; a;id no
making the returns to the governor of the officers (.-lect- person shail be capable of holding or exercising, at the
cd ; and, if the electors shall neglect or refuse to make same time, within this state, more than oneof the offices
such elections, after being duly notified according to before-mentiomd.
law, tl^ governor shall appoint suitable persons to fill 3. All commissions shall be in tl;c name of the state,
such omces. signed by liie governor, attested by the secretan- or his
3. The major generals shall be elected by the senate deputy, and have the s'.al of the state thereto affixed,
and house of representatives, each having a neg.itive on 4. And in case the elections required bv this coiisti-
the other. The adjutant general and riuarterinaster ge- fittion, on the first Wednesday of January, annually, by
neral shall be appointed by the governor and council; fhetwohnusesof the legislaturc.shall iiot be completed
our the adiufant general shall nn-fJirm Th«> flnties of -m ^hv.t d.iv: the ■J.ime m)vh,''af?TO''ni''df'-r.r, davfn
118
G0^'STITU^IO^' of maine.
day until completed, in the following order: tlie vacan-
cies in the senate shall first be filled fthe governor shall
then be elected, if there be no choice by the people ;
and, afterwards, the two houses shall elect the council.
5. Every person Ijoidinjf any civil office under this
state may be removed, by iinpeachmeiit, formisdemcan-
or in office ; and every person holding any office maybe
removed by the governor, wilh the advice of the coun-
cil, on the address of botli branches of the legislature.
But, before stich address shall pass either house, the
causes of removal shall be stated and entered on the
journal of tlie house in which it originated, and a copy
tliereof served on- the person in office, that he maybe
admitted to a hearing in his defence.
6. The tenurccf all offices, which are npt or shall not
be otherwise provided for, shall be during the pleasure
of the governor and council.
7. While the public expenses shall be assessed on polls
and estates, a general valuation shall be taken at least
once in ten years.
S. All taxes upon real estate, assessed by authority of
this state, shall be apportioned and assessed equally, ac-
cording to the just value thereof.
ATITICLE 10.
Schechde.
5 1. The first legislature shall meet on the last Wed-
nesday in May next. The elections on the second Mon-
day in September, annually, shall not covnraence until
the year one thousand eight hundred and twentj-one,
and, in the mean time, the election for governor.'sena-
tors, and representatives, shall be on the first Monday
in April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and twenty; and at this election the same pro-
ceedings shall be had as are required at the elections
provided for in this constitution, on the second Monday
in September, annually,and the lists of the votes for the
governor and senators shall be transmitted, by the town
and plantation clerks, respectively, to the secretary of
state, pro tempore, seventeen days at least befoi-e the last
■\V'ednesday in May next ; and the president of the con-
vention shall, in presence of the secretary of state, pro
tempore, open and examine the attested copies of said
lists, so returrnl ibr senators, and shall have all the
powers, and be subject to all the duties, in ascertaining,
notifying, and summoning, the senators who appear to
be elected, as the governor and council have, and are
subject to, by this constitution: provided, he shall no-
tify said senators fourteen days at least before the last
Wednesday in M.iy, and vacancies shall be ascertained
and filled in the manner herein provided : and thesena-
tors to be elected on the said first Monday of April
shall be apportioned as follows :
The county of York shall elect three ; the county of
Cumberland shall elect three; the county of Lincoln
shall elect three; the county of Hancock shall elect two;
thecounty of Washi;!gtoiisliall elect one; the county
of Kennebec shall elect three ; the county of Oxford
shall elect two ; the county of Somerset shall elect two ;
the county of I'enobstot shall elect one.
And the members of the liouseof representatives shall
be elected, ascertained, and returned, in the same man-
ner as herein provided at elections on the second Mon-
dayof September; andthefirst hotise of representatives
shall consist of the following number, to be elected as
follows :
County of 2'</rA-.— The towns of York and Wells may
each elect two representatives; and each of the remain-
ing towns may elect one. ,
County of Cumha-tcind.~1\\e: town of Portland may
elect three representatives; North Yarmouth, two";
Brunswick, two; Goiham, two; Freeportand Pownal,
two; Raymond and OtisfieUt, one; Biidgton, Baldwin,
and Harrison, one; Poland and Danville, one ; and each
remaining town, one.
County of Lincoln.— The. towns of Georgetown and
Phipsburg may elect one representative; Lewiston and
Wales, one ; St. George, Custiing, and Friendship, one ;
Hope and Applelon Ridge, one; .Tefferson, Putnam,
and Patricktown Plantation, one; AInaand Whittfield,
one; Montville, Palermo^ and Mcmtville Plantation,
one; Woolwich and Dresden, one; and each remaining
town, one.
Csuji^i/ o/■//ancoc^•.— The town of Bucksport may elect
one representative; Deer Islaud one;"Casline and
Brooksville, one ; Orland and Penobscot, one; Mount
Desert and Eden, one; Vinalhaven and Isleboroiigh,
one: Sedgwick and Bluehill, one: Gouldsborough, Sul-
livan, and plantation. No. Sand 9, north of Sullivan,
one: Surry, Ellsworth, rienton,and plantation of Ma-
riaville, one: Lincolnville, Searsmont, and Belmont,
one : Belfast and Northport, one : Prospect antl Swan-
villeone: Frankfort and Monroe, one: Kuox, Brooks,
Jackson, and Thomdike, one.
County of lVashington.—T\\e towns of Steuben, Cher-
ryfield, and Hamngton, may elect one representative;
Addison, Columbia, and Joncsborough, one : Machias,
one: Lubec,Dennysville, plantations No 9, No. 10, No.
11, No. 12, one: Eastpovt, one : Perry, Robinson, Calais,
plantations No. 3, No. 6, No. 7, No. 15, and No. 16, one.
County of Kennebec.— the towns of Belg-rade and Dear-
born inay elect one representative: Chesterville, Vien-
na, aniS Rome, one: AVayne and Fayette, one: Temple
and Wilton one: Winslow and China, one : Fairfax and
Freedom, one: Unity, Joy, and Twenty-five mile Pond
plantation, one : Harlem' and Malta, one : and each re-
maining town, one.
County of Oxford.— T\\c towns of Dixfield, Mexico,
Weld, and plaiitations Nes. 1 and 4, may elect one re-
presentative: Jay and Hartford, one: Livermore, one:
Rninford, East Andover, and plantations Nos. 7 and 8,
one : Turner, one: Woodstock, Paris, and Greenwood,
one : Hebron and Norway, one : Gilead, Bethel, Newry,
Albany, and Howard's GOre, one: Porter, Hiram, and
Brownfield, one : Waterford, Sweden, and Lovell, one ;
Denmark, Fryelnirg, and Fryeburg Addition, one:
Buckfield and Sumner, one.
County of Somerset.— The town of Fairfield may elect
one representative; Norridgwock and Blooinfieid,one:
Starks and Mercer, one : Industry, Strong, and New
Vinevard,one: Avon,Phi!lips, Freeman, and Kingfield,
one:'Anson, New Portland, Embden, and plantation
No. 1, one : Canaan, Warsaw, Palmyra, St. Albans, and
Corinna,one: Madison, Solon, Bingham, Moscow, and
Northill, one; Comville, Athens, Harmony, Ripley,
and Warrenstov.n,one. *
County of Penofiscot.— The towns of Hampden and
Newbuvg may elect one representative ; Orrington,
Brewer, and Eddington, and plantations adjacent, on
the east side of Penobscot river, one: Bangor, Orono,
and Siinkhaze plantation, one: Dixmont, Nevyport,
Carniel, Herraon, Stetson, and plantations No. 4, in the
6th range, one: Levant, Corinth. Exeter, New Charles-
town, Blakesburgh, plantation No. 1, in 3d rang-e, and
plantation No. 1, in 4th range, one: Dexter, Garland,
Guilford, Sangerville, and xjlantation No. 3, in 6th
range, one : Atkinson, Sebec, Foxcroft, Browuville,
Williamsbmgh, plantation No. 1, in 7th range, and
plantation No. 3, in 7th range, one.
And the secretary of state,p/o tempore, shall have the
same powers and besubject to the same duties, in rela-
tion to the votes for governor, as the secretary of state
has, and is subject to, by this constitution : and the elec-
tion of goveriior shall, on the said last Wednesday in
May, be determined and declared, in t'le same manner
as other elections of governor are by this constitution :
and, in case of vacancy in said office, the president of
the senate, and speaker of the house of representatives,
shall exercise the office as herein otherwise provided,
and the counsellors, secretary, and treasurer, shall also
be elected on said day, and have the same powers, and
be subject to Ihe same duties, as is provided in this con-
stitution ; and in case of the death or other disqualifica-
tion of the president of this convention, or of the secre-
tary of state, pro tempore, before the election and quali-
fication of the governor, or secretary of state, under this
constitution, the persons to be designated by this con-
vention, at their session in January next, shall have all
the powers, and perforin all the duties, which the presi-
dent of this convention, or tlie secretary pro tempore, to
be by them appointed, shall have and perform.
2. rhe penod for which the governor, senators, and
representatives counsellors, secretary, and treasurer,
first elected, or appointed, are to serve in their respec-
tive offiees and placesjShall commence on the last Wed-
nesday in May, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and twenty, and continue until the first
AVcdnesday of January, m the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.
3. All laws now in force in this state, and not repug-
nant to this constitution, shall remain and be in force,
until altered or repealed by the legislature, or shall ex-
pire by their own limitation.
4. Thelegislature,whenevertwothirdsof both houses
shall deem it necessary, may propose amendments to
this constitution ; and when any amendment shall be so
agreed upon, a resolulion shall be passed and sent to
the selectmen of the several towns, and the assessors of
the several plantations, empowering and directing
them to notify the inhabitants of their respective towns
and plantation's, in the manner prescribed by law, at
their next annual meetings in the month of September,
to give in their votes on the question whether such
amendment shall be made ; and if it sliall appear that a
majority of the inhabitants voting on the question arc
CONSTITUTION 01-^ MAIXF., 119
IB favour of such amendment, it shall become a part of portion oftlie prothielive property so held bj; said com-
this constitution, niou\veaIth,asan equivalentand indemnification to said
5. All officers provided for in the sixth section of an Qonimonweallh for all such debts, annuities, or Indian
act of the commonwealth of MsuSHcluisetts, passed on subsidies, or claims, which may then remain due, or
the nineteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord one unsatisfied ; and all the surplus of the said property, so
thousand eight hmidred and nineteen, entitled, " An holdcn, as aforesaid, shall be divided between the said
act relating to the s>rparaiion of the district of Maine, commonwi-alth and the said district ot Maine, in the pro-
from Massachusetts proper, and forming the same into portion of two thirds to the said commonwealth and one
a separate and independent state," shall continue in third to the said district ; and i!', in the judi^ment of the
office, as therein provided ; and the following provi- said commissioners, the whole of said property, so held,
sions of said act shall be a part of this constitution ; as a fund and security, shall not be sufficient indemni-
.subject, however, to be modified, or annulled, as there- fication for the purpose, the said district shall be liable
in is prescribed, and not otherwise, to wit : for, and shall pay to said commonwealth, one third of
" Sect. 1. AVhereas it has been represented to this tlie deficiency,
legislature, that a majority of the people of thr district " Fifth, The new state shall, as soon as the necessary
of Maine are desirous of eslaulishing a separate and in- arrangements can be made for that purpose, assume
dependent government within said district : Therefore, and perform all the duties and obligations of this com-
" Be it enacted hijthe Senate and House of Represeuia- raonwealth, towai'ds tiie Indians Avithin said district of
tives, in general court nssembled, and by the aiithortty Maine, whether the same arise from treaties or other-
ojthesame. That theconsent of this commonwealth be, wise; and. tor this purpose, shall obtain the assent of
and the same is hereby given, that the district of Maine said Indians, and their release to this commonwealth of
may be formed and erected into a separate and inde- claims and stipulations arising under the treaty at pre-
pendent state, if the people of the said district sl:all, in sent existing between the said commonwealth and said
the manner, and by the majority hereinafter mention- Indians; and, as indemnification to such new state
ed, express their consent and agreement thereto, upon therefor, this commonwealth, when such arrangements
the following terms and conditions : And, provided the shall be completed, and the said duties and obligations
congress of the United States shall give its consent assumed, shall pay to said new statt tlie \plue of thirty
thereto before the fourth day of March next; which thousand dollars, in manner following, viz: The said
terms and conditions are as follows, viz. commissioners shall set off, by metes and bounds, so
'• First. All the lands and buildings belonging to the much of any part of the land, within the said district,
commonwealth, within Massachusetts proper, shall falling to ths commonwealth, in the division of the pub"
continue to belong to said commo..\vealtii, and all the lie lands hereinalter picTid"' 'm. ai. in their estima-
lands belonging to the commonwealth within the dis- ti on. shall be of the value of tiiiriy thousand dollars;
trict of Maine shall belong, the one half thereof to the and this commonwealth shall, thereupon, assign the
said commonwealth, and the other half thereof to the same to the said new slate, or, in lieu thereof, may pay
state to be formed within the said district, to be divided the sum of thirty thousand dollars, at its election, which
as is hereinafter mentioned ; and the lands within the election of the said commonwealth shall be made with-
said district, which shall belong to the said common- in one year from the time that notice of the doings of
wealth, shall be free from taxaiion, while the title to the commissioners, on this subject, shall be made known
the said lands remains in the commonwealth : and the to the governor and council, and, if not made within
rights of the commonwealth to their lands, within said that time, the election shall be with the new state,
district, and the remedies for the recovery thereof, shall " Stjctli- Commissioners, with the powers, and for the
continue the same, within the proposed state, and in purposes mentioned in this act, shall be appointed in
the courts thereof, as they now are within the said com- manner following : The executive authority of each
tnonwealth, and in the courts thereof; for which pur- state shall appoint two ; and the four srf appointed, or
poses, and for tht^ maintenance of its rights, and reco- the major pan of them, shall appoint two more ; hut, if
very of its lands, the said commonwealth shall be enti- they cannot agree in the appointment, the executive of
tied to all other proper and legal remedies, and may each state shall appoint one in addition ; not, however,
appear in the courts of the proposed state, and in the in that case, to be a citizen of its own state. And any
courts of the United States holden therein ; and all vacancy happening, with respect to the commissioners,
nghts of action for or entry into lands, and of actions shall be supplied in the manner provided for their ori-
upon bonds, for the breach of the performance of the ginal appointment ; and, in addition to the powers here-
condition of settling duties, so called, which have ac- in before given to said commissioners, they shall have
crued, or may accrue, shall remain in (his common- full power and authority to divide all the public lands
wealth, to be enforced, commuted, released, or other- within the district, between the respective slates, in
wise disposed of, in such manner as this commonwealth equal shares, or moieties, in severalty, having regard
may hereafter determine : provided, however, that to quantity, situation, and quality; they shall determine
whatever this cotnmonwealth may hereafter receive or what lands shall be surveyed and divided, from time to
obtain on account thereof, if any thing shall, after de- time, the expense of which surveys and of the commis-
dncting all reasonable charges relating thereto, be tlj- sioners, shall be borne equ:il!y by the two states. They
vided, one third part thereof to the new state, and two shall heep fair records of their doings, and of the sur-
third parts thereof to this co'timonwealth. veys made by their direction, copies of which records,
" Second. All the arms which '.-xve been received by authenticated by them, shall be deposited, from time to
this Commonwealth from the United States, under the time, in thearcliivcs of therespectivestates;transcripts
law of congress, entitled, " An act making provision for of which, properly certified, may be adinitttd in evi-
arming aad equipping the whole body of militia of the dence, in all questions touching the subject to which
United States, passed April the twenty-third, one thou- they relate. The exeeutiveauthority of each state may
sand eight hundred and eight, shall, as soon as the said revoke the power of either or both its commissioners ;
district shal! become a separate state, he divided he- having, however, first appointed a substitute, or substi-
tween the two states, in proportion to the returns of the tntes. and may fill any vacancy happening w ith respect
militia, according to which the said arms have been re- to its own commissioners ; four of said commissioners
ceived from the United States as aforesaid. shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of busi-
" Third. All money, stock, or other proceeds, hereaf- ness ; their decision shall be final upon all subjects with-
ter derived from the United States, on account of the in their cognizance. In case said commission shall ex-
Claim of this commonwealth, for disbursements made, pire, the same not having been completed, apd either
and expenses incurred, for the defence of the state dur- stateshall request the renewal orfillingnp of thesame,
ing the late war with Great Britain, shall be received it shall he renewed or filled up in the same manner as
by this commonwealth; and. when received, shall be is herein provided for filling the same in the first in-
divided between the two states, in the proportion of stance, and with the like powers ; and if either state
two thirds to this commonwealth, and one third to the shall, after six months' notice, neglect or refuse to ap-
new state. point its commissioners, the other (jiay fill up the whole
"Fourth. All other property, of every description, be- commission,
longing to the commonwealth, shall be holden and re- ^'Seventh. All grants of lands, franchises, immunities
ceivalile by the same, as a fund and security for all debts, corporate or other rights, and all contracts for, or grants,
annuities, and Indian subsidies, or claims due by said of lands not jet located, w hich have been, or may be,
commonwealth; and, within two years after the said mailebylhe said commonwealth, before the separation
district shall have become a separate state, the commis- of said district shall take place, and having or to have
sioners to be appointed, as hereinafter provided, if the cflect within the said district, shall continue in fuU
said states cannot othervise agree, shnll assign a just force, after the said district shall become a separate
120
CONSTITUTION OP MISSOURI.
state. But the grant which has been made to the pre-
sident and trustees of Bowdoin college, out of the tax
laid upon the banks within this commonweahh, shall
be charg^ed upon the tax upon the banks within the saitl
district of M.iine, and paid according to the terms of
said grant ; and the prtsident and trustees, and the
overseers of said col|ee;e, shall have, hold, and enjoy,
their powers and privileges in all respects; so that the
same shall not be subject to be altered, limited, annull-
ed, or restrained, exceft by judicial process, according
to the principles of law ; and, in all grants hereafter to
be made, by either state, of unlocated land within the
said district, the same reservations shall be made for the
benefit of schools, and of the ministry, as have hereto-
fore been usu^>l in giants made by this comroonwealth.
And all lands heretofore granted by this comixionweajth
to any religious, literary, or eleemosynary corporation,
or society, shall be free from taxation, while the same
continues to be owned by such corporation, or society.
" Eighth. No laws shall be passed in the proposed
state, with rejjard to taxes, actions, or remedies at law,
or bars, or limitations thereof, or otherwise making any
distinction bet w> en the lands and rights of property of
proprietors, not resident in, or not citizens of, snid pro-
posed state, and the lands and rights of property of the
citizens of the proposed state, resident tht rein ; and the
rights and liabiti'ii s of all persons shall, after the said
separation, continue the same as if the said district was
still a part of this commonwealth, in all suits pending,
or judgments remaining unsatisfied, on the fifteenth
day of March next, where the suits have been cpm-
menced in iVIassachiiselts Proper, and process has been
served within the district of Maine ; or commenced in
the district of Maine, and process has been served in
Massachusetts Proper, either by taking bail, making at-
tachments, arresting and detaining persons, or other-
wise, where execution remains to be done ; and in such
suits, the courts within Massachusetts Proper, and with-
in the proposed state, shall continue to have the same
jurisdiction as if the said district had still remained a
part of the commonwealth. And this commonwealth
shall have the same remedies within the proposed state
as it now has, for the collection of all taxes, b^iids, or
debts, which may be assessed, due, made, or contracted,
by, to, or with, the commonwealth, on or before the*
said fifteenth day of March, within the said district of
Maine ; and all officers within Massachusetts Proper
and the district of Maine shall conduct themselves ac-
cordingly.
"■Ninth These terms and conditions, as here set forth,
when the said district shall become a separate and in-
dependent state, shall, ifiso facto., be incorporated into,
and become, and be a part of any constitution, provi-
sional or other, under which the g<ivernment of the said
proposed state shall, at any time hereafter, be adminis-
tered ; subject, however, to be modified, or annulled, by
the agreenient of the legislsture of both the said states ;
but by no other power or body whatsoever."
§6. This constitution shall bi enrolled on parchmert,
deposited in the secretary's office, and be the supreme
law of the state ; and printed copies thereof shall be
prefixed to the books containing the laws of this state.
Done in convention, October 29. 1819.
WILLIAM KING,
President of the convention-
Attest, ROBERT C. VOSE, Secietafj.
CONSTITUTIOlSr OF MISSOURI.
WE, the people of Missouri, iuhabitiug the limits
hereinafter designated, by our representatives in con-
vention assembled, at St.Louis, on Monday, the 12th
day of June, 1820, do miitualiy agree to form and esta-
blish a free and independent republic, by the name of
the " State of Missouri," and for the governmentthereof
do ordain and establish tiiis constitution.
AUTICLE 1.
Of Bowidarics.
We do declare, establish ratify, and confirm, the fol-
lowing as the permanent boundaries of said stale, that
is to say: " Beginning in the middle oi the Missisippi
river, on the parallel of thirty-six degrees of north lati-
tude; thence, west, along the said parallel of lati-
ttide, to St. Fr.tncois river; thence up, and following
the course of that liver, in the middle of the main
channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six
degrees and thirty minutes ; thence, west, along the
same to a point where the said jiarallel is intei-sected by
a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth
of the Kansas river, where the same empties into the
Missouri river; thence, from the point aforesaid, north,
along the said meridian line, to the intersection of the
parallel of latitude Which passes through the rapids of
the river Des ISIoines, making the said line correspond
with the Indian boundary line : thence, east, from the
point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said paral-
lel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the main
fork of the said river Des Moines ; thence, down and
along the middle of the main channel of the said river
Des Moines to the mouth of the same, where it empties
into the ^Iississippi river ; thence, due east, to the mid-
dle of the main channel of the Mississippi river ; thence,
down, and following the course of the Mississippi river,
in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the place
of beginning."
ARTICLE 2.
Of the Diatribntiun of Po~vers.
The powers of government shall be divided into three
distinct departments ; each of which shall be confided
toa separate magistracy; and no person changed with
the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of
those departments, shall exercise any power properly
belonguig to either of the others, except in the instances
hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.
ARTICI.E 3.
Of the Legislative JPower.
§ 1. The legislative powershall be vested in a " Gene ■
ral assembly which shall consist of a " Senate," and of
a " House of Representatives."
2. The house of representatives shall consist of mem-
bers to he cliosen every second year, by the qualified
electors of the several counties Each county shall have
at least one representative ; but the whole number of
representatives shall never exceed one hundred.
3. No penon shall be a member of the house of repre-
sentatives who shall not have attained to the age of
twenty-four years ; wlio shall -.lot be a free white male
citizen of the United States ; who shall not have been
an inhabitant of the state two years, ,ind of the county
which he represents one year next before his election, if
such county shall have been so long established, but if
not, then of tlie county or counties from which the same
shall have been taken; and who shall not, moreover,
have paid a state or county tax.
4. The general assembly, at their first session, and in
the yeais one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two,
and one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four, re-
spectively, and every fourth year thereafter, shall cause
an enumciaiion of the inhabitants of this state to be
made: and at the first session after such enumeration,
shall apportion the number of representatives among
the several counties, according to the number of free
white male inhabitants therein.
5. The senators shall be chosen by the qualified elect-
ors, for the term of four years. No person shall be a
senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty
years ; who shall not be a free white male citizen of the
United States ; who shall not have been an inhabitant
of this state four years, and of the district which he may
be chosen to representone yearnext before his election,
if such district shall have been so long established, hut if
Dot. then of the district or districts from which thcsame
CONSJ II UT19N OF iMISSOURI. 121
shaji have been talien ; and who shall not, moreover, ceedings, except sucli parts as may, iu their opinion,
have paid a state oi county tax. requiie secrecy ; and the yeas and nays on any question
6. The senate shall consist of not less than fourteen shall be enteved on the journal, at the desire of any two
nor more than thirty-three members; for the election of members.
whom the state shall be divided into convenient dis- 19. The doors of each house, and of committees of
tricts, which may be altered, fi-om time to time, and new the whole, shall be kept open, except in cases which
districts established, as public convenience may requiif; may require secrecy; and each house may punish, by
and the senators shall be apportioned amon? the sevu- fine or imprisonment, a?iy person, not a member, who
va! districts according to the number of free white male shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disor-
iuhabitants in each: provided, that when a senatorial deity or contemptuous behaviour in their presence, dur-
district shall be composed of two or more counties, the ing their session : provided, that such fine shall not ex-
counties of which such district consi^u shall not be en- ceed three hundred dollars, and such imprisonment
firely separated by any county bi longing to another shall not exceed forty-eight hours for one often-je.
district, and no county shall be divided ui forming a dis- 20. Neither housf shall, without the consent of the
*'i'^'' other, adjourn for more than two days, at anyone time,
7. At the first session of the general assembly, the se- nor to any other place than to that iu which the two
nators shall be divided by lot, as equally as may be, into houses may be sitting.
two classes. The seats of the first class shall be vacated 21. Bills may originate in either house, and may be
at the end of the second year, and the seats of the se- altered, amended, or rejected, by the other; and every
cond class at tlie end of the fourth year ; so that one bill shall be read on three different days, in each houses
half of the senators shall be chosen every second year, unless two thirds of the house where the same is depend-
8. After the first day of Jamiat^, one thousand eight ing shall dispense with this rule; and every bill, having
hundred and twenty-two, all general elections shall passed both houses, shall be signed by the speaker of the
commence on the first Monday in August, and shall be house of representatives and by the president of tlie
held biennially ; and the electors, in all cases, except of senate.
treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privi- 22. When any ofiicer, civil or military, shall be ap-
leged from arrest during their continuance at elections, pointed by the joint er concurrent vote of both houses,
and in going to, and returning from the same. or by the separate vote of either house of the general
9. The governor shall issue writs of election, to fill assembly, the votes shall be publicly given, viva voce,
such vacancies as may occur in either house of the ge- and entered on the journals. The whole list of mem-
neral assemblj . hers shall be called, and the names of absentees shall be
10. Every free white male citizen of the United noted and published with the journal.
States, who shall have attained to the age of twenty-one 23. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases,
years, and who shall have resided in this state one year except of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be pri-
before an election, the last three months whereof shall vileged from arrest during the session of the general as-
have been in the county or district in which he offers to sembly, and for fifteen days next before the coramence-
vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector of all elective ment, and after the termination of each session; and
offices : provided, that no soldier, seaman, or marine, in for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not
the regular array or navy of ^[£ United States, shall be be questioned in any other place,
entitled to vote at any electioffin this state. 24. The members of the general assembly shall seve-
11. Nojudgeofany court of law or equity, secretary rally receive from the public treasury a compensation
of state, attorney general, state auditor, state or coimty for their services, which may, from time to time, be in-
treasurer, register, or recorder, clerk of any court of re- creased or diminished by law ; but no alteration, increa-
cord, sheriff, coroner, member of congress, nor other sing or tending to increase the compensation of mem-
person holding any lucrative office under the United bers, Shall take effect during the session at which such
States 01' this state, militia officei-s, justices of the peace alteration shall be made.
and postmasters excepted, shall be eligible to either 25. The genei-al assembly shall direct by law in what
house of the general assembly. manner,andin what courts,suits may be brought against
12. No penoii who now is, or hereafter may be a col- the state.
lector or holder of public money, nor any assistant or 26, The general assembly shall have no power to pass
deputy of such collector or holderof public money,shall laws,
be eligible to either house of the general assembly, nor 1. For the emancipaticm of slaves without the consent
to any office of profit or trust tuitil he shall have ac- of their owners ; or without paying them, before such
counted for and paid all sums for which he may be ac- emancipation, a full equivalent for such slaves so eman-
countable. cipated ; and,
13. No person, while he continues to exercise the 2. To prevent 6onn .^rfe emigrants to this state, or ac-
functious of a bishop, priest, clergyman, or teacher of tual settlers therein, from brining from any of the
any religious persuasion, denomination, society, orseet. United States, or from any of their territories, such per-
Nvhatsocver, shall be eligible to eiliser house of the ge- sons as may there be deemed to be slaves, so long as any
neral assembly ; nor shall he be appointed to any office persons of the same description are allowed to be held
of profit within the state, the office of justice of the as slaves by the laws of this state.
peace excepted. They shall have power to pass laws,
14. The general assemblyshallhave power to exclude 1. To prohibit the introduction into this state of any
from every office of honour, trust, or profit v. ithin this slaves w ho may have committed any high crime in any
state, and from the right of suffrage, all persons con- other state or territory.
victed'of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime. 2. To prohibit the introduction of any slave for the
15. Evei-y person who shall be convicted of having, purpose of specii lation, or as an article of trade or mer-
directly or indirectly, given or sfVered any bribe to pro- chandise.
cure his election or' appointment, shall lie disqualified 3. To prohibit the introduction of any slave or the
for any office of honour, trust, or profit, under this oft'springof any slave, who heretofore may have been,
state; and any person vvbo shall give or offer any bribe or who hereafter may be imported from any fweign
to procure the election or apjiointiTient of anv person, country into the United States, or any territory thereof,
shall, on conviction thereof, be disqualified for an elect- in contravention of any existing statute of the United
or, or for any office of honour, trust, or profit, under States; and,
this state, for ten years after such connetion. 4. To permit the owners of slaves to emancij'ate
16. No senator or representative shall, during the term them, saving the right of creditors, where the peison so
for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to emancipating will give security that the slave "> ewan-
any civil office under this state, which shall have been cipated shall not become a public charge.
created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- It shall be their duty, as soon as may be to pass sucn
creased, during his continuance in office, except to laws as may he necessary, .
such offices as shall be filled by electious of the people. 1. To prevent free negroes and mulf»*°"'™'° coming
17. Each house shall appoint its own officers, anU to, and settling in this state, under -"y Pretext whatso-
shall judgeof the qualifications, elections, and returns ever; and, ,
of its own members. A majority of each house shall 2. To oblige the ow ners of si»^es to treat ttiem with
constitute a quorum to do business ; hut a smaller nr.m- humanity, and to abst.^in iVo'' !*" injuries to tliein ex-
Tjer may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the lending to life or limb. . . . ,v ,
attendance of absent members, in such manner, and 27. In prosecutions ibr'T'^t's, slaves suali not be de-
under such penalties, as each house may inovide. prive<l of an impartial ' '^' "7 I "^'^'^ , ^ slave convict-
18. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- ed of a capital offei^e shall suffer the same degree of
ceWllngs ; punish its membei-s for disorderiy behaviour ; punishment, and n» uther, that woiild be inflicted on a
and, with the concurrence oftwo thirds of all themera- white person foi a like offence; and courts of justice,
bers elected, expel a member, but no member shall be before whom sUves shall be tncu, shall assign them
expelletl a second time for the same cause. They shall ccTunsel for their defence. . .
eai'h. f'-i,,. .4;T,f> rn ,i,r,o. publish a jonvnal of the5v pvt)- 29. Any pa-nn who shall raaliciptisly deprive of life.
ouIsbirrUTlQN OF MiSSOUllI.
qr dismemfaei: a slave, shall sufter such punisbmcnt as
would he inflicted for tlw like offence iSit were comniit-
led on a free white j)crsons
29. The govenior, lieiitoiar.t govenior, secretary of
state, auditor, treasurer, attormv general, and all j udges
of the courts of law and eqiiitj-, shall be liable to im-
peachment for any luisderaeanor in office; bat judg-
ment in such cases shall not extend furtiier than remo-
val from office and disqualification to hold any office of
honour, trust, or orofit, under this slate. * I'lie party im-
pieached, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, never-
theless, be liable to be indicted, tritd, and punished, ac-
cordiiijj to law.
3D. The house of representatives shall have the sole
power of i.apeachmeat. All irapeachuients shall be
tried by the senate; and, when sittin;; for that purpose,
the senators shall be on oath or affirmation to do justice
according to law anaeAidence. When tiie jjovernor
shall be tried, the presiding judge of the supreiue court
shall preside ; and no j)erson siiall be convicted with-
out the concurrence of two thirds of all the senators
present.
31. A state treasurci- shall be biennially appointed by
joint vote of tlie two houses of the general assembly,
who shall keejp his office at the seat of government.
Xo money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in con-
sequence of appropriations made by law ; and an accu-
rate account of the receipts and expenditures of the
public money shall be annually published.
32. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise di-
rected by tliis constitution, shall be inade in such man-
ner as may be prescribed by law ; and all officers, both
civil and military, under the authority of this slate,
shall, before entering on the duiies of their respective
offices, take an oath or affirmation lo support the con-
stitution of the United States, and of this state, and to
demean themselves faithfully in office.
33. 'Ihe general assembly shall nie^t on the third
Mondayiu September next: on the first Mondayin No-
vember eighteen hundred and twenty-one ; on the first
Monday in November eighteen hundred and twenty-
two, and thereafter the gtneral asseml;ly ihall meet
once in every two years, and such meeting shall be on
tlie first Monday in November, unless a difterent day
shall be appointed by law.
34. No county now established by law shall ever be
reduced, by the establishmi'ut of new counties, to Itss
tlian twenty miles square ; tior shall any county hereaf-
ter be established, which shall contain less than four
hundred squai-e miles.
35. Withinfiveyearsaftertheadoption of tills consti-
tution, all the statute laws of a general nature, both
cirW and criminal, shall be revised, digested, and pro-
mulgated, in such manner as the general assembly shall
direct, and a like revision, digest, and jiromulgation
shall be made at the expiration of every subsequent pe-
liod of ten years.
36. Thestyleofthe laws ofthis state shall be, '•^Bcit
oracted by the general asaembbj of the state of Missouri."
ARTICLE 4.
Of the Executive Porter.
5 1. Tlie supreme executive power shall be vested in
a chief magisa-ate, who shall be styled, '• the Governor
of the state of Missouri."
2. The governor shall be at least thirty -five years of
age, and a natural born citizen of the United States,
or a citizen at the adoption of the constitution of the
United states, or an inhabitant of that (lart of Louisiana
now JRcluded in the state of Missouri at the time of the
cession thereof from France to the United States, and
shall have been a resident of the same at least four years
n«xt before his election.
3- The governor shall hold his office for four j'ears,
and uuji a successor be duly appointed and qualified.
He shall <]e elected in the manner following: At the
time and p'nce of voting for members of the house of
representatlv^s, the qualified electors sha!l vote for a
governor ; and vjjen two or more persons have an equal
nuraberof votes, ajj a higher number than any person,
the election shall bttiecided between them by a joint
vote of both houses (f the general assembly, at their
next session.
4. The governor sliall h» ineligible for the next four
years after the expiration oU^a term of service.
5. The governor shall be co^miaiider in chief of the
militia and navy of this state, \vccpt when they shall
be called into the service of the t\iied States; but he
need not command in person, uiii^ss advised so to do
l>y a resolution of the general assembly.
6. The governor shall have power tftaemit fines and
forfeitures; and, except in cases of im^seacluneut. to
grant i-epnf>vos anjl jiaidon?.
7. The governor shall, from time to time, give to the
general assembly infcvmation relative to the state of the
government, and sliall recommend to their considera-
tion such measures as he shall deem necessary and ex-
l)edient. On extraordinary occasions, he may convene
the general assembly, by proclamation, aud shall state
to them the purposes for which they are convened.
8. The governor shall take care that the laws be dis-
tributed and faithfully executed : and he shall be a con-
servator of the peace throughout the state.
9. When any office sbail become vacant, the govern-
or shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall
continue in office until a successor be duly appointed
and qualified according to law.
10. Every bill which shall have been passed by both
houses of the general assembly, shall, before it becomes
a law, be presented to tlie go\ ernor for his approbation.
If he approve, he shall sign it ; if not, he shall return i'.
with his objections to the house in which it shall have
originated, and the house sliail cause the objections to
be entered at large on its journals, and shall proceed to
reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, a
niajerity of all the members elected to that house shall
agree to pass thesame, it shall be sen t, together wiih the
objections, to the other house, by which it shall be in
lik'.- manner reconsidered, and if approved by a majo-
rity of all the members elected to that house, it shall
become a Irw. In all such cases the votes of both houses
shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the
members voting for and again'sithe bill siiall be entered
on the journal of each house rc5i)eciivel}'. If any bill
shall not be relumed by the governor wiiliiii ten days
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented
to him,'the same shah become a law, in like manner as
if the govenior had sigiietl it ; unless the general assent-
b!y, by its adjournment, shall prevent its return, in
w hich case it shall not become a law.
n. Every resolution tojtliich the concurrence of the
senate and house of reaJPent-itives may be necessary,
except on cases of adjotirhmem, shall be presented to
the govenior, and before the same shall take eflect shalt
be proceeded upon in the same maimer as in the case of
a bill.
12. There shall be an auditor of piibiic accounts,
whom the goveriior,by and w ith ihead^ice and consent
of the stnatf, shall appoint. He shall continue in office
four ) ears, and shall perform such duties as may be pre-
scribed by law. His office shall be kept at the seat of
government.
13. The governor shall, at stated times.receive for hi3
services an adetitiate salary, to be fixed by law, whicli
shall neither he increased nor diminished during his
continuance in office, .iiid which shall never be less
than two thousand dollars annually.
14. There shall be a lieutenant "governor, who shall
be elected at the same time, in the samemanner, for the
same term, and shall possess the same qualifications as
the governor. The electors shall distinguish for whom
they vote as governor, and for Mhoin as lieutenant go-
vernor.
15. The lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his
office be i>resident of the senate. — In committee of the
whole he may debate on all questions ; and when there
is an equal division, he shall give the casting vote in
s. nate, and also in joint votes of both houses.
16. When the office of governor sha! I become vacant,
by death, resignation, absence from the state, remoAal
from office, refusal to (jualify, impeachment, or other-
wise, the lieutenant governor; <)r,in case of like disabi-
lity oil Ills part, the president of the senate /iro tanpore ;
ov, if tiiere be no president of the senate pfo tempore,
the speaker of the house of representatives, shall possess
all the powers, and discharge all the duties, of govern-
or, and shall receive for his services the like compensa-
tion, until such vacancy be filled, or the governor, so
absent or impeached, shall return or be ac(iuitted.
17. Whenever the office of governor shall become va-
cant, by death, resignation, removal from office, or
otherwise, the lieutenant governor,or other person exer-
cising the powers of governor for the time being, shall,
as soon as may be, cause aii election to be held to fill
such vacancy, giving three mouths previous notice
thereof; and the person elected shall not thereby be
remlered ineligible to the office of governor for the next
succeeding term. Nevertheless, if such vacancy shall
happen within eighteen months of the end of the term
for which the late governor shall have been elected, the
same shall not be filled.
18. The lieutenant governor, ov president of the se-
nate pro tempore, while presiding in the senate, shall
receive the same compensation as shall be allowed tij
the speaker of the house of representatives.
1? TIr: r°'.''.ni5 of a!! elections of governor and li"';-
CONSllTUTiON OF MlSSOUUl.
.1-23
iiiiu governoi", shall be made to the secietary ol'state,
in such manner as may be prescribeil by law.
20. Contested elections of governor and lieutenant
governor, shall be decided by joint vote of both houses
of the gjtnerai assembly, in sucli manner as may be pre-
scribed by law.
21. I'here shall be a secretary of state, whom the go-
vernor, by and with ilu- advice and consent of the se-
nate, shall appoint. He shall hold his ofRce four years,
unless sooner removed on impeachment. He shall keep
a register of all the oflicial acts and proceedmgs of the
jjovenior, and when necessary shall attest them ; and
lie shall lay the same, together with all papers relative
thereto, before either liouse of the general assembly,
whenever required so to do, and shall peiform such
other duties as may be enjidned on him by law.
22. The secretary of state shall, as soon as may be,
procure a seal of state, with such emblems and devices
as shall be directed by law, which shall not be subject
to change. It shall be called "the great seal of the state
of Missouri;" shall be kept by the sceret;iry of state, and
and all official acts of the governor, his approbation of
the laws excepteil, shall be thereby authenticated.
23. There sliall be appointed in each county a sheritf
and coroner, who, until the general assembly shall
otherwise provide, shall be elected by the qualified
electors, at the time and place of electing representa-
tives. They shall serve for two years, and until a suc-
cessor be duly appointed and qualified, unless sooner
removed for misdemeanor in office, and shall be ineligi-
ble four years in any term of eight years. The sheriff
and Cormier shall each give security for the faithful
jlischarge of the duties of his office in such manner as
shall be prescribed bylaw. Whenever a county shall
be hei-eauer established, the governor shall appoint a
sheriiT and coixiner therein. \vLo shall each contiime in
office until the next iueceeding general election be, and
until a successor shall be duly quahfied.
24. When vacancies happen in the office of sheriff or
coroner, they shall be filled by appointment of the go-
vernor; and the persons so appointed shall continue in
office until successors shall be duly qualified, and shall
not be thereby rendered ineligible for the next succeed-
ing term.
25. In all elections of sheriff and coroner, when two
or more persons have an equal number of votes, and a
higher number than any other person, the circuit courts
of the counties respectively, shall give the existing vote ;
and all contested elections for the said offices shall be
decided by the circuit courts respectively, in such man-
ner as the general assembly may by law prescribe.
AllTiCLE 3.
Of
the Judicial JPoxuer.
j 1. The judicial powers, as to matters of law and
equity, shail be vested in a " supreme eourt," in a
" chancellor," in " circuit courts," and in such inferior
tribunals as tfce general assembly may, from tune to
time, ordaiu and establish.
2. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise di-
rected by this constitution, shall have appellate juris-
diction only, w Well shall be co-extensive with the state,
under the .-estrictions and liniiutions in this constitu-
tion provided.
3. The supreme court shall have a general superin-
tending control over all inferior courts of law. It shall
have power to issue writs of hnl/eas corpus, yt.amlnmus,
quo varrante, certiorari, and other original remedial
writs ; and to hear and determine the same.
4. The supreme couit shail consist of three judges,
any two of whom shall beaquorum; and the said judges
shall be conservators of the peace throughout the state.
5. The state shall be divined into convenient districts,
not to exceed lour ; in each of which the supreme court
shall hold two sessions annually, at such place as the
general assembly shall appoint; and when sitting in ei-
ther district, it shall exercise jurisdiction over causes
originating in that district only: provided, however, that
the general assembly may, at any time hereafter, direct
by law, that the said cou^t shall be held at one place
only.
6. The circuit court shall have jurisdiction over all
criminal eases which shall not be otherwise provided for
bylaw; and exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil
cases which shall not be cognizable before justices of
the peace, until otherwise diiected by the, general as-
sembly. It shall hold its terms in such place in each
county as may be by law directed.
7. The state shall be divided into convenient circuits,
for each of which a judge shall be appointed, whoafter
his appointment, shall reside, and be a conservator of
the peace within the circuit for which he shall be ap-
pointed.
8. The circuit courts shall rxortisp a superintending
control over .tU such inferior tribunals as the general
assembly may establish, and over justices of the peace
in each county in their rtspectivL' circuits.
9. The jurisdiction of the couit of chancery shall be
co-extensive with the state, and the times and places of
holding its sessions shall he regulated in the same man-
ner as those of the supreme court.
10. The court of chancery shall have original and
appellate jurisdiction in all mattei-s of equity, and ft
general control over execu tor, administrator5,guardians,
and minors, subject to appeal, in all cases, to the su-
preme court, under such limitations as the genei-al as-
sembly may by law provide.
U. Until the general assembly shall deem it expedi-
ent to establish inferior courts of^ chancery, the circuit
courts shall have jurisdiction in matters of equity, sub-
ject to appeal to the court of chancery, in such manner,
and under such restrictions, as shall be prescribed by
law.
12. Inferior tribunals shall be established in each
county, for the transaction of all county business ; for
appointing guavtiians ; for granting letters testamenta-
ry, and of administration ; and for settling the accounts
of executors, administrators, and guardian;.
13. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with
theadviceand consent of thesenate, appoint the judges
of the superior ecu rt, the judges of t!if circuit courts,
and the chancellor, each of whom shall hold his ofiice
during good behaviour, and shall receive fov his services
a compensation, whicfj shall not be diminished during
his continuance in office, and which shall not be les*
than two thousand dollars annually.
14. No person shail be appointed a judge of the su-
preme court, nor of a circuit court, nor chancellor, be-
fore he shall have attained to the age of thirty years;
nor shall any pei-son continue to exercise the duties of
any of said offices after he shall have attained to the age
of sixty-five yeai-s.
15. The courts respectively shall appoint their clerks,
who shall hold their offices during good behaviour. Fov
aiiy misdemeanor in office, they shall be liable to he
tried and removed by the supreme court, in such man-
ner as the general assembly shall by law provide.
16. Any judge of the supreme court or of the circuit
court, or the chancellor, may be removed fi'om office
on theaddressof two thirds of each house of the general
assembly to the governor for that jnirpose ; but each
house shall state on its respective journal the cause for
which it shail wish the removal of such judge or chan-
cellor, and give him notice thereof, and he shall have
the right to be heard in bis defence in such maimer as
the general assembly shall by law direct ; br.t no judge
nor chancellor shall he removed in this manner for any
cause for which he might have been impeached.
17. In each county there sliall be appointed as many
justices of the peace as the public good may be thought
to require. Their powers and duties, and their duration
in office, shall be regulated by law.
18. An attorney general shali be appointed by the go-
vernor, by and with theadviceand couseut of the se-
nate. He shail remain in office f'lur years, and shall
perform such duties as shall be requiitd of him by law.
19. All writs and process shali run, and all prosecu-
tions shall be conducted in the name of the " state of
Missouri;" all writs shall be tested l>y the clerk of the
court Ironi which they shall he issued, and all indict-
ments shall conclude, "against the peace and dignity
of the state."
xuricLT. 6.
Of Education.
§ 1. Schools, and the means of education, shall for
ever be encouraged in this state; and the general as-
sembly shall take measures to pi-esei-ve from waste or
damage such lands as have beeii^ or hereafter may he
granted by the United States for the use of schools
w itbin each township in this state, and shall apply the
funds which may arise from such lands in strict confor-
mity to the object of the grant ; and one school, or more,
shall be established in each township as seon as practi-
cable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught
gratis.
2. The general assembly shall take measures for the
improvement of such lands as have been, or hereafter
may be granted by the United Slates to this state, for the
support of a semiiiaryof learning; and the funds acci-uing
from such lands, bj rent or lease, or in any other man-
ner, or which may be obtained from any other source,
for the purposes aforesaid, shali be and remain a pci-
uianent fund to support a university, iiir the promotioa
of literature, and of the arts and sciences; and it shall be
the duty of the general assembly, as soon as may be, to
CONSTlTUriON <tF MlSSOUkl.
1:^4
provide effectual means for the improvement and per-
inanent security of the funds and endowments of such
institution.
AKTICLE 7.
Of Internal Improvement.
Internal improvement sliall for ever be cncouvag'-d
by ilie government of this state; and it sh.ili be thi, duly
of the general assembly, as soon as may be, to make
provision by law for ascertaininj"- the most pi-optr oh-
lects of improvement, in relation both to roads and na-
vigable waters ; and it shall also be th-ir duty to pro-
vide by law for a systematic and ecvinomical application
of the funds apprbpiiated to these objects.
AIITICT.E 8.
Of Bunks.
The general assembly may incorporate one banking
company, and no more, to be in operation at the same
time.
The bank to be incorporated may have any number
of branches not to exceed five, to bs.- established by law;
and not more than one braneli steal! be established at
any one session of the penerai assembly. The -japital
stock of the bank to be incorporated shall never escetd
five millions of dollars, at least one half of which shall
be reserved for the use of the state.
auticle 9
Of the J\riUtia
§ 1. Field officers and company officers shall be elect-
by the persons subject to militia duty within their re-
spective command. Brigadiers gtneral shall be elect-
ed by the field officers of their rtspective biig;adc-s and
majors general by the brigadiers and field officers of
their respective divisions, until otherwise directed by
law.
2. General and field officers shall appoint their offi-
cers of the staff.
3. The governor shall appoint an adjutant general,
and all other militia officers, whose appointments are
not otherwise provided for in this constitution.
ARTICLE 10.
Of JVEscellaneous Provisions
{•. 1. The general assembly of this state shall never in-
tc'.'fere with the primary disposal of the soil of the
L nited States, nor with any regulation congress may
find necessary for securing the title in such soil to
the bona Ji'le purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on
lands the property of the United States, nor shall lauds
belonging to persons residing out of the limits of this
state ever be taxed higher than the lands belonging to
persons residing withm this state,
2. The state shall have conei:rient jurisdiction on
the river Mississippi, and on every other river bordering
on the said state, so far as the said river shall fonn a
common boundary to the said state, and any other slate
or states, now or hereafter to be formed, and bounded iiy
the same; and the said river Mississippi, and the navi-
gable rivers and waters leading into the same, v. hether
bordering on or within this state, shal 1 be common lrif;h-
ways, and fo ever free to the citi/.ens of this state and
of the United States, without any tax, duty, impost, or
toll therefor imposed by the state.
ARTICLE 11
Of the permanent Seat of Government.
§ 1. The general assembly, at their first session, s'lall
appoint five commissioners for the purpose of selecting
a place for the permanent seat of government, whose
duty it shall be to select f'cur sections of the land of the
United States which shal! not have been exposed to
public sale.
2. If the commissioners believe the four sections of
land, so by them to be selected, be noi a suitable and
proper situation for the permanent scat of government,
they shall s«lect such other place as they deem most
properfor thut. ptirpose, and report the saine to ilie {^t-
nera! a vsembly, at the time of makirg rheir report pro-
vided for in the fim section of thi'; article ; provide d,
that no place shall be s.»Iccted which is n*ot situated 0!i
the bSLnk of the Missouri river, and within forty mjics
of the mouth of the river Osage.
3. if the general assembly determine that the four
sections of land which may he select, d by autlvoilty of
the first section of this article, be a suitable anil proper
pla ce for the permanent seat of government, the said
.commissioners shall I.ay out a town tbereftn, under ftie
direction of'thegeneral assembly : lot ii' the genrsal as-
sembly del m it most expcdie;.t ^o fix th (H-rmhiient
seat of government at the place to be seiecf^d by autho-
rity of the second section of this article, they shall so
dt-termine, and in that event shall authorize the said
commissioners to purchase any quantity of land, not
exceeding six hundred and forty acres, which may be
necessary for the purpose aforesaid ; and the place so
selected shall be the permanent seat of government of
this state from and after the first day of October, one
thousand eight hundred and twenty-six.
4. The general assembly, in selecting th'- above-men-
tioned commissioners, shall choose one from each ex-
treme part of the state, and one f iom the centre, and it
shall require the concurrence ol .".t least three of the
commissioners to decide upon any part of the duties as-
siigued them.
ARTICLK 12.
Mode of Amending the Constttuiion
The general assembly may at any time propose such
amendments to ihis constitution .■»s two thirds of each
house shall deem expedient; which shall be published
in all the newspapers published in this state three seve-
ral times, at least twelve months before th> next general
election ; and if, at the first session of the general as-
seorbly afiersuch general election, two tliirds of each
Iiouse shall, bv yeas and nays, ratify such proptised
amendments, they shall be valid, to all intents and pur-
r.;<s«is,as parts of this coostitntion: provid;^d, that such
proposed amendments shall be read on three several
tUiVE, in each house, as well when the same are pro-
posed, as when they are finally ratified.
ARTICLE 13.
Declaration of Rights i
That the general, great, and essential principles of
liberty and free government may be recognized and
established, we declare:
§ 1. That all political jiowtris vested in, and derived
from the i>eople.
2. That the people of this state have the inherent,
sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal go-
vernment and poliee thereof; and of altering and abo-
lishing their constitution and form of governuient,
whenever it may be necessary to their safety and hap-
pini ss.
3. That the people have the right peace:,bly to as-
semble for their common good, and to apply to those
vested with the powers of government for redress of
grievances, by petition or remonstrance ; and that their
right to hear arms in defence of themselves and of the
state cannot he questioned.
4. That all men have a natural and iwlofeasible right
to worship Almighty God according to tVe dictates of
their own consciences ; that no nii-n can be compelled
to erect, support, or attend any place of worship, or to
maintain any minister of the gospel or teacher of tcU-
gion ; that no human authority can control or interfere
with the rights of conscience; that no person can ever
be hurt, molested, or rest .ained, in his religious profes-
sion, or sentiments, if he do not disturb others in their
religious worship.
5. That no person, on account of his religious opin-
ions, can be rendered ineligible to any office cf trust
or profit under this state; that no preference can ever
be given by law to any sect or mode of worship; and
that no religioDs corporation can ever be established in
this state.
o. That all elections s.hall be free and equal.
7. That courts of justice ought to be open to every
person, and certain remedy afforded for every injury to
person, property, or character ; and that right and jus-
tice ought to be administered without sale, denial, or
delay ; and that no pri» ate property ought to be taken
or applied to public use without just compensation.
8. 'I'hat the right of trial by jurv shall remain invio-
late.
9. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has
the iighr to be heard by himseli and his counsel ; to
demand the nature and cause of accusation, to have
conipulsfny process tor witnesses in his favour; to meet
the Witnesses against him face to face ; and, in prose-
cutions on presentment or indictment, to a speedy trial,
by an imp.artial jury of the vicinage ; that the accused
cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself ;
nor be deprived oi life, liberty, or property, but by the
Judgment of his peers, or thel.iw of the land.
CONSTITUl'ION OF MiSSOURL
125
10. That no person, after having been once acr|uitted
by a jury, can, for the same offence, be again put in
jeopardy of lite or limb; but if in any criminal prosecu-
tion the jury be divided in opinion at the end of tlie
term, the court before which the trial shall be had,
may, in its discretion, discharge the jury, and commit
or bail the accused tor trial at the aext term of suth
court.
11. That all pirsons shall be liailable by sufficient
sureties, except for capital olVcnces, when the proof is
evident or the presumption great; and tlie privilege of
the writ of haheas corjjin- cannot be suspemied, unless
when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safe-
ty may require it.
12. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex-
cessive fines imposed, tJor cruel and unusual punish-
ments inflicted.
13. That the people ought to be secure in their per-
sons, papers, houses, and effects, from unreasonable
searches ami seizures; and no warrant to search any
place, or to seize any person or thing, can issue without
describing the place to be searched, or the person or
thing to be seized, as nearly as may be, nor without
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.
11. That no person can, lor an indictable oltenccj
be proceeded against ctiaiinally, by information ; ex-
cept in cases arising in ihe land or naval forces, or in
the militia v.'hen in actual service, in time of w.ir or
public danger, or by leave of the court, for oppression
or misdemeanor in office.
15. That treason against the state can consist only
in levying war against it, or in adiiering to its enemies,
giving thera aid and comfort ; that no person can bt'
fonvict-d of in-ason unless on the testimony of two wit-
nesses to the samp ovurt act, or on his own confession
in open court ; thai no person can be attainted of
treason or felony by the general assembly ; that no
conviction can work corruption of blood, or forftiture
of estate ; that the estates of stich persons as may de-
stroy their own lives shall duscend or vest as in cases of
natural death ; and when any person sliall be killed by
casualty, there ought to be no forfeiture by reason
thereof.
16. That tV.e free communication of thoughts and
opinions is one of the invaluable rights o! man, and
that every person may fre -ly speak, write, and print oti
any subject, being responsible for the abuse of inal li-
berty ; that, in all prosecutions (or libels, the truth
thereof may be given in evidence, and the jury may
determine the law and the tiicts, under the direttloti
of the court.
17. That uo expott fad o]aw. nor law impairing tlse
obligation of contracts, or retrospective in ilsoperaiion,
can be passed ; nor can the person of a debtor be im-
prisoned for debt after he shall have surrendered his
property for the benefit ot his creditors, in such manner
as may be prescribed by law.
18. That no person who is religiously scrupulous of
bearing arins, can be compelled to do so, but may be
cornpelled to pay an equivalent for military service, in
such manner as shall be ;>rescvibed by law, and that no
priest, preacher of the gospel, or teacher ot any reli-
gious persuasion or sect, regularly ordaim-rt as such, be
subject to militia duty, or compelled to bear arms.
19. That all property, subject to taxation in tliis
state, shall be taxed in proportion to its value.
20. That no title of nobility, hereditary emolument,
privilege, or distinction, shall be granted ; nor any of-
fice created the duration of which shall be longer than
the good behaviour of ttie officer appointed to fill the
same.
21. That emigration from this state cannot be prohi-
hihited.
22. That the military is, and in all cass, and at all
times, shall be in strict subordination to the civil pow-
er; that no soldier can, in time of peace, he quartered
in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in
time of war, but in such inanner as may he prescribed
bylaw ; nor can any ai)propriatinn for the support of
an army be made for a longer period than two years.
SCHEDULE.
§ 1. That no inconvenience may arise from theehange
of government, we declare, thatall writs, actions, prose-
CHtions,judgme!Us, cLiims, and contracts, of individuals
and of bodies corporate, shall eontiuue as if no change
had taken place; and all process which inaj", hei'oie
the third Monday in September next, be issued under
the authority of the territory of Mis'jomi, shall be »s va-
lid as if issticd in the iinr" ■ ef t^" •':.<<■
2. All laws now in force in the tcrritorj- of Missouri^
which av not repugnant to this constitution, shall re*
main in force until they expire by their own limitations,
or be altered or repealed by the general assembly.
3. Ail fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accru-
ing to the territory of Missouri, shall accrue to the use of
the state.
4. All recognizances heretofore taken, or which may
be taken before the third Monday in September next,
shall iviiiain valid, and shall pass over to and may be
prosecuted in the name of the state : and all bonds ex-
ecuted to the governor of the territory ^jor to any other
officer or court in his official cai)acity, sh.all pass over
to the governor, or other proper state authority, and to
their successors in office, tor the uses therein respec-
tively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered
accordingly All criminal prosecutioiis and |ieual ac-
tions, w hich have arisen, or which may arise before the
third Jiloi'.d.iy in September next, and which shall then
be depending, shall be prosecuted to judgment and ex-
ecution in the name of the state. AH actions at iaw
which now arc, or which, on the third Monday in Sep-
tember ne.\t, may be depending in any of the courts of
record iu the territory of Missouri, may be coinmenced
in, or transferred to any court of recoitl of the state
which shall have jurisdiction of the subject matter
thereof; and all suits in equity may, in like manner, be
commenced in, or transferred to the court of chancery.
5. AH officers, civil and militr.sy, !iOW holding com-
missions under the authority of the United States, or of
the territory of Missouri, shall continue to hold and ex-
ercise their' respective offices, until they shall be sii-
persedt d under the authority of the state ; and all such
officers holding commissions under the authority of the
territory of Missouri, shall receive the sanie compensa-
tion which they hitherto received, in proportion to
the time they shall be so employed.
6. The first meeting of the general assembly shall
be at St. Louis, with j;o\ver to adjourn to any other
place; and the general assembly, at the first session
thereof, sliall fix the seat of government until the first
day of October, eighteen hundred and twenty-six ; and
the first session of the general assembly shall li.'ive pow-
er to fix the compensation of the members thereof, any
thing iu the constitution to the contrary notviithstand-
iiig.
7. Until the first enumeratioti shall be made,as direct-
ed in this constitution, the county of Howard shall be
entitled to eight representatives, the county of Cooper
to four representatives, the county of Montgomery to
t« o representatives, the county of Lnicoln to one repre-
sentative, the county of Pike to two represent fives, the
county of St. Charles to three representatives, the coun-
ty of ,St, Louis to six representatives, the county of
Franklin to two representatives, the county of Jefferson
to one representative the county of Washington to two
representatives, the county of St. Genevieve to four
iepr.fsentatives, the count)- of Cape Girardieau to four
representatives, the county of New Madrid to two re-
presentatives, the county of Madison to one iv presenta-
tive, the county of Wayne to one representative, and
that part of the county of St. Lawrence situated within
this state, shall attach to, and form ])art ot the county
of Wayne until otherwise provided by law ; and the
sheriff of the county of Wayne shall appoint the judges
of the first election, and the place of holding the same,
in the part thus attached ; and any person who shall
have resided within the jiniiis of this state five months
previous to the adoption of this constitution, and who
shall be othtrwise qualified as prescribed in the third
section of the third article theriof, shall be eligible to
the house of representatives, any thing in this eonstitw-
lion to the contrary notwithstanding.
8. For the first election of senators, the state shall be
divided into districts, and the apportionment shall be as
follows, that is to say : ihe tonuties of Howard and
Cooper shall compose one district, and elect (bur se-
nators, the counties of Montgomery and Franklin shall
compose one district and elect one senator. Ihe county
of St. Charles shall compose one district and elect one
scnatoi', the counties of Lincoln and Pii<e shall com-
pose one district and elect one senator, the county of
St. Louis shall compose one district and el-et two se-
nators, the counti;'S of Washington and .J -flVrson shall
compose one district and elect otie senator, the coun-
ty of St. Genevieve shall compose one district and elect
one senator, the counties of Madison and Wayne shall
compose one district and elect one senator, the cotsn-
ties of Cape Girardiean and New Madrid shall compose
one di'triet and elect two •^■■i -"rr.-.-- -^rA in nil cases
12Q
CO!,S ilTUTIO^- OP MISSOURI.
where a senatorial district consists oi' more than one
county, it shall be the duty of the clerk of the county
second named in that district to cerliiy the returns of
the senatorial election within their proper county, to
the clerk of the county first named, within five days
after he shall have received the same ; and any person
■n-ho shall have resided within the limits of this state
five months previous to the adoption of this constitu-
tion, and who shall be otherwise qualified as prescribed
in the fifth section oi the tiiird article thereof, shall be
eligible to the senate of this state, any thing in this
constitution to the contrary notwithstanding.
9. The president of the convention shall issue writs
of election to the sheriffs of tlie several countins, or, in
case of vacancy, to the coroners, requiring them to
cause an election to be held on the fourth Monday in
August next, for a governor, a lieutenant governor, a
representative in the congress of the United States, for
the residue of the sixteenth congress, a representative
for the seventeenth congress, senators and representa-
tives for the general assembly, slierifts and coroners,and
the returns of all township elections, held in pursuance
thereof, shall be made to the clerks of the proper county
■within five days alter the day of election ; and auy per-
son who shall reside within the limits of this state at
tlie time of the adoption of this constitution, and who
shall be otherwise qualified as prescribed in the tenth
section of the third article thereol', shall be deemed a
qualified elector, any thing in this constitution to the
contrary notwithstanding.
10. The elections shall he conducted according to the
existing laws of the Jlissouri territory, 'i'lie clerks of
the circuit courts ot the several counties shall certify
the returns of the election of governor and lieutenant
governor, and transmit the same to the speaker of the
house of representatives, at the temporary seat of go-
\ernnient, in such time that they may be received on
tlie third Monday of September next. As soon as the
general assembly shall be organized, tjie speaker of
the houseof representatives, and the president /);-o /f/H-
fiorc of the senate shall, in the presence ot both houses,
examine the returns, and declare who are duly elected
to till those offic. 8 ; and if any two or more persons shall
have an equal number of votes, and a higher number
than any other person, the general assembly shall de-
termine the election in the manner herein provided ;
and the returns of the election for members of congress
shall be made to the secretary of state within thirty
days after the day of election .
11. The oaths of office, lurein directed to he taken,
may be administered by auy judge or justice of the
peace, until the general assembly shall otherwise direct.
12. Until a seal of state be provided, the governor
may use his private sea!.
DAVID BARTON, I'resUlent of the Convention.
Att-'st, Wm. G. Pettiis, Secretary to the Convention,
AN ORDINANCE,
Dcclarh)!'. the assent of tin: people of t/ir state of Missouri,
by their rclircsentatives in conveittion assembled, to cer-
tain conditions and frovisions in the act of congress of
the sixtfi of March, one thousand eight hundred and
twenty, cntitled,^^ An act to authorize thepeo/ile of Mis-
sottri territory to form a cotuiStution arulstiite govern-
ment, and for the admission of such state into the Union
on an equal footing with the original states, and to pro-
hihil slavery in certain territories.
AViicreas the act of conjrress of tlie United States of
America, approved March the sixth, one thous.ind eight
hundred and twenty, entitled, " An act to aulliuvize
the people of Missouri territory to form a constitiilioii
and state government, and for the admission of such
state into the Union, on an equal footing witli the origi-
nal states, and to proh.ibit slavery in certain territories,"
contains certain req ubitions and provislonsjjind, ainong
other tbinpfs, has offered to this convention, vihen form-
ed, for and in behalf ol»the people inhabiting this state,
for their free acceptance, or rejectio:!, the five following
piopositions, and which, if accepted by this convention
in behalt of the people as atoresaid, are to he obligatory
on the United States, viz :
•' 1st. 'that section numbered sixteen, in every town-
ship, and when such section has been sold; or otherwise
disposed of, other lands e<[iiivaient thereto, and as coi;-
tiguous as may be, shall be granted to the state, fcir the
use of the inhabitants of such township, for the use of
schools.
"2d. 'Xliat all salt springs, not exceeding twelve in
number, with six sections of land adjoining to each,
shall be granted to the sftid siate lor flie use of the said
state, the same to be selected by iho legislature of said
state, on or before the first day of January, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, and the
same when so selected, to be used under such terras,
conditions, and regulations, as the legislature of said
state shall direct : provided, that no salt spring, the right
whereof now is, or hereafter shall be confirme<l or ad-
judged to any individual or individuals, shall by this
section be granted to said state ; and provided also, that
the legislature shall never sell nor lease the same, at
any one time, for a longer period than ten years, with-
out the consent of congress.
>' 3d. That five per cent, of the neat proceeds of the
sale of lands lying within the said territory or state, and
which shall be sold by congress, from and after the fii-st
day of January next, after deducting all expenses inci-
dent to the same, shall be reserved for mating public
roads and cinals, of which three fifths shall be applied
to those objects within the state, under the direction of
the legislature thereof, and the other two fifths in de-
fraying, under the direction of congress, the expenses
to he incurred in making of a road or roads, canal or
canals, leading to the said state.
•'4lh. That four entire sections of land he, and the
same are hereby granted to the said state, for the pur-
pose of fixing their seat of government thereon ; which
said sections shall, under the direction of the legis-
lature of said state, be located, as near as may be, in
one body, at any time, in such townships and ranges as
the legislature aforesaid may select, on any of the pub-
lic lands of the United States : provided, that such lo-
cation shall he made prior to the public sale of the lands
of the United States surrounding such location.
" 5th. Tiiat thirty-six seelions,'jrone entire township,
which shall be designated by the president of the United
Sti^tes, together with the other lands heretofore reserved
for that purpose, sliail be reserved for the use of a semi-
nary of learning, and vested in the legislature of said
state, to be appropriated solely for the use of such semi-
nary, by the legislature."
Now, this convention, for and in behalf of the people
inhabiting this state, and by the authority of the said
people, do accept the five before recited propositions,
offered by the act of congress under which they are as-
sembled ; and, in pursuance of the conditions, requisi*
tions, and other provisions in the before recited act ot
congress contained, this convention, for and in behalf
of the people inhabiting this state, do ordain, agree, ai»d
declare, that every and each tract of land sold by the
United States, from and after the first day of January
next, shall remain exempt from any tax laid by order or
wider the authority of the state, whether for state,
county, or township, or any other pmijose whatever,
for the term of five years from and after the respective
days of sale thereof. And that the bounty lands grant-
ed, or hereafter to be granted, for military services,
during the late war, shall, while they contuiue to be
held by the patentees or their heirs, remain exempt, as
aforesaid, from taxation, for the term of three years
from and after th.e date of the patents respectively : pro-
\ided, nevertheless, that if the congress of the United
States shall consent to repeal and revoke the following
clause in the fifth proposiiiou of the sixth section of the
act of congress before recited, and in these words, viz :
That every and each tract of land sold by the United
States, from and after the first day; of January next,
shall remain exempt from any tax, iaid by order, or un-
der the authority of the state, v.hcther for'state, county,
or township, or any other purpose whatever, for the
term of five years, from and after the day of sale, and
further"— that this convention, for and beJialf of the
people of the state of Missouri, do hereby oi'dain, con-
sent, and agree, that the same be so revoked and re-
pealed, without which consent of the congress as afore-
said, the said clause to remain in full force and opera-
tion as first above provided for in this ordinance : and
this convention doth hereby request the congress of the
United States so to modify their third proposition, that
the whole amount of five per cent, on the sale of public
lands therein offered, may be aj)piied to the construc-
tion of roads and canals, and the promotion of educa-
tion within this state, under the direction of the legisla-
ture thereof. And this convention, for and in behalf ot
the people inhabiting this state, and by the authority of
the saul ptoi>!e, do further ordain, agree, and declare,
that this ordinance shall be irrevocable, without the
consent of the United States.
Done in convention, at St. Louis, in the state of Misr
souri, this nineteenth day of July, in the year of
our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty,
and of the independence of the United States of
America the forty-fifth.
By order of the convention:
DAVID BARTON, PresUtent.
Attest, Wm. G. P^t^is-, Sicretruin
^jp]i>ii®riDas
iBy inadvevlauce the firmer Consiituimi of A'cw York was printdd in this edition. The
■mistake being discovered, ike Editor -wrote to Governor Clinton, luho poUtelij forwarded
an authentic coprj of the JWw Constitution of that state, -Kith the foiloioing note :
' JJear Sir —
" I have sent by this daifs Mail, a correct copy of our J^'exu Coiistitvtion. It
has been revie-Jied and compared luith the original, by the depiciy secretary of slate -
Signed "DEHTF CLJ.YTOJV
*' Albany, October oOih, 1^22."}
CONSTITUTION" OF NEW YORK.
AS AMENDED.
WE, tlie people of the state of Xew York, acknow- Steuben, Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara, EriCj
ipdginjir with s;ratitude the grace and beneficence of Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Chautauq<ie.
God, m permittip, us to malie choice of our form of And as soon as the senate shall meet, after the fii-st
governmeat, do establish this constiturion. election to be held in piu-suance of this constitution,
1 they shall cause the senators to be divided by lot, into
AUTICLE 1. jjiu^. glasses, of eight in each, so that every district shall
§ 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested have one senator of each class ; the classes to Ije num.
in a senate and an assemblv. I)ered. cne, two, three, and four. And the seats.of the
2. The senate shall consist of thirty-two members, first class shall be vacated at the end of the first year ;
The senators shall be thosen for four years, and shall be of the second class,at the end of the second year; of the
freeholdei-s. The assembly shall consist of one hundred third class, at the end of the third year; of the fourth
and twenty-eight members, who shall be annually elect- class, at the end of the fourth year ; m order that one
ed. senator be annually elected in each senate district.
3. Amajorityofeach house shall constitute a quorum 6. Anenumerationof theinhabitantsof thestateshall
to do business. Each house shall determine the rules of be taken, under the direction of the legislatiue, in the
its own proceedings, and be the judge of the qualifica- year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-live, and
tions of its own members. Each house shall choose its at the end of every ten years thereaiter; and the said
own officers ; and the senate shall choose a temporary districts shall be so altered by the legislature, at the
president, when the lieutenant governor shall not at- first session alter the return of every enumeration, that
tend as president, or shall act as governor. each senate disUiet shall contain, as nearly as may be,
•J. Each himse shallkeep a journal of its proceeding's, an equal number of inhabitants, excluihng aliens, jiau-
and publish the same, except such parts as may require pers, and persons of colour not laxed ; and slial! remain
secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, unaltered, until the return of another enumeiaiion,
except when the public welfare shall require secrecy, and shall at all times consist of contiguous ternlory; and
Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, no county shall be divided m the torniation ot a senate
adjourn for more than two days, district. tii.ni u i
5. The state shall be divided into eiglit districts, to 7. The members of the assembly shall oe chosen bj
be called senate districts, each of which shall choose four counties, and shall be apportioned aincng the several
senators. counties of the state, as nearly as nia^ be, according :o
The first district shall consist of the counties of Suf- the numbers of their respective inhabitants, excludj-ig
folk. Queens, Kings, Richmond, and New York. aliens, jiaupers, and pei-sons ot colour not taxed. An
The second district shall consist of the counties of apportionment of members ot assemhiy shall be lULc
Westchester, Putnam, Duchess, Rockland, Orange, bv tl!e legislature, at its fii-st session after the ret.rn ot
Ulster, and Sullivan. e^ery enumeration ; and, when made, shall rexwnmi-
The third district shall consist of the counties of altered until another enumerauon shall haw ui en ta-
Greene, Columbia, Albany, Rensselaer, Schoharie, and ken. But an apportionment ot meuibers ol mc assem-
bchenectadv. ' " hly shall be made by the Kvescnt legislature, accoiduig
— .-„..„.! .i;,.,.:„, .v„ii „„,„:;ct ^f ft,e ..r.„r.f;cc ^f <;n. f,> thr. last pnumeration. taken under the autiionty ot
Wnr^^d Tioga ^""*""So, ^^o^-e, v.uiu.i.u, ..... ,^-;;.--„-J-^,,bii„ -3,,^ by ore house, may be ameid-
The scventS district shall consist of the counties of ^d by the ofi.en ,egy.ature shall receive for
Onondago, Cayuga, Seneca, and Ontario, . „ , "• ^ " ■ !• „ ,„ k» ^tpprtaiin-rl hi- Imv
The ciKbt}5 district shaU consist of the wuntles of thtii' services a compensation; '0 be asceitaintct b> U^^ ,
i'28 APPEND! V.
and paid out of t'liJ pubHc treasury ; but no increase of and paid a tax thereon, shall be entitled to %ote at any
the compensation shall take effect during- the year in such election. And no person of colour shall be sub-
which it shall have been made. And no law shall be ject to direct taxation, unless lie shall be seized and pos-
passed, increasing the compensation of the members of sessed of such real estate as aforesaid,
the legislature, beyond the sum of three dollars a day. 2. Laws may be passed, excluding from the right of
10. No member of the legislature shall receive any suffrage, persons who have been, or may be, con\ietcd
civil appointment from the governor and senate, or of infamous crimes.
from the legislature, (iari:!~ the term for which he shall 3. Laws shall be made for ascertaining by proper
have been elected. proofs, the citizens v. ho shall be entitled to the right of
n. No person, btin;,' a member of congress, or hoW- suffrage, hereby established,
ing any judicial or military office under the United 4. All elections by the citizens shall be by ballot, s-x-
States,'shal! hold a seat in tlie legislature. And if any cept for such town officers, as may by law be directed
person shall, while a member of the legislature, be elect- to be otherwise chosen.
ed to congress, or appointed to any office, civil or mill- AnTTri.F 1
tary, under the United States ; his accepUmce thereof, ah i n i.r. ^j.
shall vacate his seat. f. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a govcrn-
12. Every bill wiiich shall have passed the senate and or. • He shall hold his office for two years ; aiid a lieu-
assembly, shall, before it become a laWj be presented to tenant governor shall be chosen at the same time, and
the governor: if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, for the same term.
he shall retinn it with his objections to that house in 2. No peisoji, except a native citizen of the United
which it shall have originated, who shall enter tlie ob- States, shall be eligible to the office of governor ; nor
jections at large on their joursal, and proceed to recon- sliali any person be eligible to that office, who shall not
sider it : if, after such reconsideration, two thirds of the be a freeholder, and shall not have attained the age of
members present shall agi-ee to pass the bill, it shall be thirty years, and have been five yeai-s a resident within
sent, together with the objections, to the other house, this state ; unless he shall have been absent during that
by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and if ap- time, on ijublic business of the United States, or of this
proved by two thirds of the members present, it shall stale.
become a law; but in all such cases, the votes of both 3, The governor and lieutenant governor shall be
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and llie elected at tlie times and places of choosing members of
names of the persons voting for and against tlie bill the legislature. The persons respectively having the
shall be entered on the journals of each house respec- highest numberof votesfor governor and lieutenant go-
tively : if any bill shall not be returned by the governor, vernor, shall be elected ; but in case two or more siiall
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have have an equal and the highest number of votes for go-
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like venior, or for lieutenant governor, the two houses of
manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature the legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the
shall,bvtlicivadiouniment prevent its return ; in which said pei-sons, so having an equal and the highest num-
case it shall not'be a law. ber of votes, for governor or lieutenant governor.
13. All officers, holding their offices during good be- 4, The govenior shall be general and commant'er in
haviour, may be removed by joint resolution of the two chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy of the
houses of the legislature, if two thirds of all the mem- state. He shall have power to convene the legislature,
bers elected to the assembly, and a majority of all the (or the senate only,) on extraordinary occasions. He
members elected tc the senate, concur therem. shall communicate, by message to the legislature at
14. The political year shall begin on the tirst day of every session, the condition 01 the state; and recom-
January ; and the legislature shall every year- assemble mend such matters to them as he shall judge expedient.
on the nr<t Tuesday cf Januarj , unless a different day He shall transact all necessary business with the officers
shall be appointed by law. of government, civil and militarx . He shall expedite ail
15. The next election for governor, lieutenant go- such mca'sures as may be resolved upon by the legisla-
vernor, senators, and members of assembly, shall com- ture, and shall take care that the la\«3 are faithfully ex-
mence on the first Monday of November, one thousand ecuted. He shall, at stated times, receive for his ser-
eight hundred .ind twenty-two ; and all subsequent vices a compensation, which shall neither be increased
elections shall be held at such time, in the month of nor diminished, duringthe term forwhich he shall have
October, or November, as the legislature shall by law been elected.
proWde. 5. The governor shall have power to grant reprieves
15. The governor, lieutenant governor, senators, and and pardons after conviction, for all offences, except
memhersot'assembly, first elected, under this constitu- treason and cases of impeachment. Upon convictions
tion, shall enter on the duties of their respective offict s, for treason, he shall have power to suspend the exccu-
on the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred tion of the sentence, until the case shall be reported to
and t*cnty-th.ee ; and the governor, lieutenant govern- the legislature at its next meeting ; when the le^slature
or, senators, and members of assembly, now in office, shall either pardon, ordirect the execution of tue crimi-
shall continue to hold the same, until the first day of nal, or grant a farther reprieve.
January, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-three, 6. In case of the impeachment of the governor, or his
and no longer. " removal from office, death, resignation, or absence from
,-,„^„-„ 9 the state, the powers and duties of the office shall de-
■ ■ ~" volve upon the lieutenant governor, for the residue of
the term, or until the governor absent or impeachcil,
shall return or be acquitted. But when the governor
year preceding any election, and tor the iast six montiis shall, with the consent of the legislature, be out of the
a resident of the town or county where he may offer liis stat^- in time of war, at the head of a military force
vote ; and shall have, within the year next pivceding thereof, he shall still continue commander in chief of all'
the election, paid a tax to the state or county, assessi-d the military foicc of the state.
upon his real or personal property; or shall by lav. be 7. The lieutenant govenior shall be president of the
exempted from taxation ; or being armed and equipped senate, but shall have only a casting vote therein. If,
according to law, shaU have performed v.iihin thai during a vacancy of the office of govenior; the lieute-
year, military duty in the militia of this state ; or -.v!u> nant governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign,
shk'.'i be exempted from performing militia duty in eon- die.or be absent from the state, the president of tlie se-
seq>ience of being a fireman in aiiy city, towii, or vil- nate shall act as governor, until the vacancy shall be
lagein this state : And also, every male citizen of tiic filled, or the disability shall cease,
ageottweiity-oneyears, who shall have been, for three » AIITICLE 4.
years l\ext preceding such election, an inhabitant nf ■ ' '
this statV; and for the last year, a resident in the town S' '• M'litia officers shall be chosen, or appointed, as
or count^\ where he mav ofi'ir his vote; and shall have follows: Captains, subalterns, and non-commisioned
been, \mhi<) the last yiar, sifcsessed to labour upon the ojflcers, shah be chosen by the written votes of the mem-
public high\'>ays, and sb;in have perfrvmcd the labour, bers of tlieir respective companies. Field officers of re-
or paid an equivalent ihirefor, Recording to law ; shall giments, and separate battalions, by the written votes
be entitled to vtte in the town or ward where he aetu- of the commissioned officers of the respective regiments,
ally resides, and act elsewhere, for all officers that luiw and separate baltaiiims. Brigaditr genei-als, by the
are, or hereafter saay be, elective by the people: but field officers of their respective brigades. Major gene-
no man of colour, unless lie shall have been for three rals, brigadier generals, and commanding officers of re-
years a citizen of thiastati , and for one year next pre- giments or separate battalions, shall appoint the staff
ceding aii.y election, sliall he seized .Tiid possessed of a offieersof theirrt'speetivedivisions,brigades,re^ment'<,
freehfSd estate of the value of two hundred and fifty or separate battalions.
dollars, over and above all debu and incumbrances 2. The governor shall nominate, and, with the con
o'laveed theror.n t ard shall h^-.-r. Iir m ae'inllv vated. ^ent nf tlieseiiatp. appoint all major generals, brigad'
APPEKDIS,. VJ^
iiVspcciors, and cliicls iiuhc staft'UeiJai'tinents, except appointed anmially by the eoflMiion councils of their
the adjutant general and coiiniiissary general. The ad- respective cities.
jutant general shall he appointed by the governor. 11. So many coroners as the legislature may direct,
3. The legislature shall, by law, direct the time and not exceeding four in each county, shall be elected in
manner of electing militia ofiicers, and ot certifying the same manner as ■sheriffs, and sball hold their offices
their elections to the governor. for the same terra, and be removable in like manner.
•1. The commissioned officei's of the militia shall he 12. The governor shall nominate, and, with the con-
Commissioned by the governor; and no commissioned sent of the senate, appoint masters and examiners in
officer shall be removed from office, unless by the se- chancery; who shall hold their offices for three years,
nate, on the recommendation of the governor, stating unless sooner removed by the senate, on the recom-
the grounds on which such removal is recommended, or mendation of the governor. The registei-s, and assistant
by the decision of a court martial, pursuant to law. registers, shall be appointed by the chancellor, and hold
The present officei-s of the militia shall hold their com- their offices during his pleasure,
missions, subject to removal, as hefon? pi'ovided, 13. The clerk of the court of oyer and terminer, and
5. In case the mode of election and appointment of general sessions of the peace, in and for the city and
militia officers hereby directed, sliall not be found con- county of New York, shall be appointed by the court ot"
duciveto the improvement of the militia, the legisla- general sessions of the peace in said city, and hold his
ture may abolish the same, and provide by law for their office during the pleasure of said court : and such clerks
appointment, and removal, if two thirds of the members and other officers of courts, whose appointment is not
present in each house, shall concur therein. herein provided for, shall be appointed by the several
6. The secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, at- courts, or by the governor, with the consent of the se--
tomey general, surveyor general, and commissary ge- nate, as may be directed by law.
nerftl, shall be appointed as follows: The senate and 14. The special justices, and the assistant justices,
assembly shall each openly nominate one person fiir the and their clerks, in the city of New York, shall be ap-
said offices respectively: after which, tiiey shall meet to- pointed by the common council of the said city; and
gethcr, and if they shall agree in their nominations, the shall hold their offices for the same term that the jus-
person so nominated shall be appointed to the office for tices of the peace, in the other counties of this state,
which he shall be nominated. If they shall disagree, hold their offices, and shall be removable in like man-
the appointment shall be made bythe joint ballot of the ner.
senators and members of assembly. The treasurer shall 15. All officers heretofore elective bythe people shall
lie chosen annually. The secretary of state, comptrol- continue to be elected ; and all other officers, whose ap-
ler, attorner general, surveyor general, and commissary pointment is not ])rovided for by this constitution, and
general, shall hold their offices for three years, unless all officers, whose offices may be hereafter created by
stjoner removed by concurrent resolution of the senate law, shall be elected bythe people, or appointed, as
and assembly. may by law be directed.
7. The governor shall nominate, by message, in writ- 16. Where the duration of any office is not pi-escrihed
ing, and, with the consent of the senate, shall appoint by this constitution, it may be declared by law; and if
all judicial officei-s, except justices of the peace, who not so declared, such ofHce shall he held during the
shall be appointed in manner following, that is to say : pleasure of the authority maliing the appointment.
The board of supervisors in every county in this state, ATJTirTT 'i
sTiall, at such tiroes as the legislature may direct, meet akiii,!.!. o.
together ; and they, or a majority of them so assembled, J 1. The court for the trial of impeachments, and the
shall nominate so many persons as shall be equal to the correction of errors, shall consist oithe president of the
number ofjustices of the peace, to be appointed in the senate, the senators, the chancellor, and the justices ot"
several towns in the respective counties. And the thesupreraecourl,or the major partof them": butwhen
judges of the respective county courts, or a majority of an impeachment shall be prosecuted against the cban-
"them, shall also meet and nominate a like number of cellor, or any justice of the supreme court, the persoa
persons ; and it shall he the duty of the said board of su- so impeached shall be s\ispended from exercising his of-
pervisors, and judges of countj' courts, to compare such fice, until his acquittal ; and when an appeal from a de-
nominations, at such time and place, as the legislature cree in chancery shall be heard, the chancellor shall
may direct : and if, on such comparison, the said hoards inform the court of the reasons lor his decree, but shall
of supervisors and judges of county courts, shall agree have no voice in the final sentence; and when a writ of
in their nominations, in all or in part, they shall file a error shall be brought, on a judgment of the supreme
certificate of the nominations in which they shall agree, court, the justices of that court shall assign tlie reasons
in the office of the clerk of the county; and the person for their judgment, but shall not have a voice for its af-
or pereons named in such certificates, shall be justices firmance or reversal.
of the peace ; and in case of disagreement in whole, or 2. The assembly shall have the power of impeaching
in partj it shall be the farther duty of the said boards of all civil officers of this state for male and corrupt con-
supervisors and judges, respectively, to transmit their duct in office, and for high crimes and tnisdemeanors :
said nominations, so far as they disagree in the same, to but a majority of all the members elected sliall concui:
the governor, who shall select from the said nomina- in an impeachment. Before the trial of an impeach-
tions, and appointso many justices of the peace, as shall ment, the members of the court shall take an oath or
be reijuisite to fill the vacancies. Evei-y person appoint- affirmation, truly and impartially to try and determine
ed a justice of the peace, shall hold his office for four the charge in question, according to evidence : and no
yeai-s, unless removed by the county court, for causes person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of
particularly assigned bythe judges of the said court, two thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases
And no justice of the peace shall be removed, until he of impeachment, shall not extend further than the re-
shall have notice of the charges made against him, and moval from office, and disqualification to hold and en-
an opportunity of being heard in his defence. joy any office of honour, trust, or profit under this state;
6. Sheriflis, and clerks of counties, including there- but the party, cuiivicted sliall, be liable to indictment
gister, and clerk of the city and county of New York, and punishment, according to law.
shall be chosen by the electors of the respective coun- 3. The chancellor, and justices of the supreme court,
ties, once in every three years, and as often as vacancies shall hold their offices during good behaviour, or until
shall happen. Sherifi's shall hold no other office, and they shall attain the age of sixty years,
be ineligible for tlie next three jears after the termina- 4. '1 he supreme court shall consist of a chief justice
tion of their offices. They may be required by law to and two justices, any of whom may hold the court,
renew their security, from time to time ; and in default 5. The state shall he divided, by law, into a conveni-
of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed ent number of circuits, not less than four nor exceeding
vacant. But the county shall never be made responsi- eight, subject to alteration, by the legislature, ftoni
ble for the acts of the sheriff. And the governor may re- time to time, as the public good may require ; for eacli
move any such sheriff, clerk, or register, at any time of which a circuit judge shall be appointed, in the
within the three years for which he shall be elected, same manner, and hold his office by the same tenure,
giving to such sheriff, clerk, or register, a copy of the as the justices of the supreme court ; and who shall
charge against him, and an op])ortunity of being heard possess the powers of a justice of the supreme court at
in his defence, before any removal shall be made. chambers, and in the trial of issues joined in the su-
9. The clerks of courts, except those clerks whose ap- preme court ; and in courts of oyer and terminer and
■pointment is provided for in the preceding section, shall jail delivery. And such equity powers may be vested
be appointed by the courts of which they respectively in the said circuit judges, or in the county courts, or in
ai-e clerks ; and district attorneys, by the county courts, such other subordinate courts as the Iftf islature may by
Clerks of courts, and district attorneys, shall hold their law direct, subject to the appellate jurisdiction of tlie
offices for three yeai-s, unless so«nier removed by the chancellor.
tourts appointing them. 6. Judges of thecounly courts, and recoiiIei'S of cities,
10. The mayors of all t"he cities in this state shall i>e sliai! bold their offices ttr five yeai-s. but mav be xe^
'^-<i APPENDIX.
moTCd by the senate, on the recommendation of the ry bill appropriating the public moneys or pioperJr,
^oveiaor, tor causes to be stated in such recommenda- for local or pri^'ate purposes, or creating, continuing,
,"■„.. , ^ „ altering:, or renewing, any bodv politic or corporate.
/. >eithertliechancellor.nor,iusticesoftliesupreme 10. The proceeds of all lands belonging to this state,
court, nor any cu'cifit judge, shall bold any other office except such pans thereof as may be reserved or appro-
or public trust. All votes (or any elective office, given priated to public use, or ceded to the United States,
uy ttie legislature or the people, for the chancellor, or which shall hereafter be sold or disposed of, together
ajustice ol the supreme court, or circuit judge, dnring with the fund denominated the common school fund,
BIS continuance in his judicial office, shall be void. shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest oi
f. w hich, shall be inviolably appropriated and applied to
ARTICLE D, the support of common schools throughout this state.
J 1. Membci's of the legislature, and all officers ex- '*''*^^ °^ *""' ""' '*"" **'^" ^^°^'^ agreed to by the canal
ecntive and judicial, e:»cept such inferior officers as fo">missioners, and set forth in their report to the legis-
may by law be exinipted, shall, before they enter' on '^'"•'^ °f <'>e twelfth of March, one thousand eight
the duties of their respective offices, take and suisscribe Ji'iiKlfrd and twenty-cne, shall be imposed on, and coi-
the following oath or affinnation • lected trom, all parts of the navigable communication
I do solemnly swear, (or affimi as the case may be.) ^et^een the great western and northern lakes and the
that I will support the constitution ofthe United States, Atlantic ocean, which now are, or hereafter shall be
quired as a qtialitication for .any office or public trust, auction, excepting therefrom the sum of thirty-three
thousand five hundred dollars, otherwise appropriated
ATITICLE r. ^J. ^^^ ^^'"^ ^'^^ '■ Wt' tlic amount of the revenue, esta-
blished by the act of the legislature of the thirtieth of
j 1. No member of this state shall be disfranchised, or IMarch, one thousand eight hundred and twenty, in
deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to lieu of the tax upon steam-boat passengers; shall be and
any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land or the remain inviolably appropriated and applied to thecom-
judgraent of his peers. pletion of such navigable communications, and to the
2. The trial by jury, in all cases in which it has been payment of the interest, and reimbursement of the ca-
heretofore used, shall remain inviolate for ever ; and no pital, of the money already borrowed, or which hereaf-
new court shall be instituted, but such as shall proceed ter shall be borrowed, to make and complete the same,
according to the course of the common law ; except And neither the rates of toll on the said navigable corn-
such courts of equity as the legislature is herein autho- muncations, nor the duties on the manufacture of salt
ri/.cd to establish. aforesaid, nor the duties on goods sold at auction, as esta-
3. The free exercise and enjoyinent of religious pro- blished by the act of the fifteenth of April, one thousand
fession and worship, without discrimination or prefer- eight hundred and seventeen; nor the amount of the
ence, shall for ever be allowed in this state, to all man- vevenue.establishedby the act of March the thirtieth,one
kind; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured, thousandeight hundred and twenty, in lieu of the tax
shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentious- upon steam-boat passengers ; shall be reduced or divert-
ness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or ed, at any time before the full and complete payment of
satety of this state. the principle and interest of the money borrowed, or to
4. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by bcborrowed,asaforesaid. Andthelegis!atureshallnever
thei^ profession, dedicated tothe service of God, and sell, ordispose of the salt springs belonging to thisstate,
the care of souls, aiul ought not to be diverted from the nor the lands contiguous thereto, which may be neces-
great duties of their functions ; therefore, no minister of sary or convenient for their use, nor the said navigable
the Hospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, communications, or any part or section thereof; but
shall at any time hereafter, under any pretence or de- the same shall be and remain the property of this state,
scription whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding n. No lottery shall hereafter be authorized in this
any civil or military office or place within thi? state. state ; and the legislature shall pass laws to prevent the
5. The militia of this state shall, at all times herealVr, saleofall lottery tickets within this state, exceiit in lot-
be armed and disciplined, and in readiness lor service ; teries already provided for bj- law.
but all such inhabitants of this state, of any religious 12. No purchase or contract for the sale of lands in
denomination whatever, as from scruples of conscience this state, made since the fourteenth day of October,
may be averse to bearing arms, shall he excused there- one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, or which
from, by paying to the state an equivalent in money ; may hereafter be made, of or with the Indians in this
and the legislature shall provide by law for the collec- state, shall he valid, unless made under the authcritj',
tion of such equivalent, to be estimated according to and with the consent of the legislature,
the expense in time and money, of an ordinarj-able bo- 13. Such parts of the common law, and of the acts of
died militia man. the legislature of the colony of New York, as together
6. The privilege of the writ ot habeas rorpui.%ha.\\ not did form the law of the saiil colony, on the nineteenth
lie suspended, unless v. hen, in cases of rebellion or in- day of April, one thousand seven hnndred and seventy-
vasion, the public safety may require its suspension. five, and the resolutions of the congress of the said colo-
7. No nerson shall he held to answer for a capital, or ny, and of the convention of the state of New York, in
other infamous crime, (except in cases of impeachment, force on the twentieth day of April, one thousand seven
and in cases of the militia w hen in actual senice ; and hundred and seventy-seven, which hare not since ex-
the land and naval forces in time of war, or which this pired, or been repealed, or altered ; and such acts of tlie
state may keep, with the consent of congress, in time legislature of this state as are now in force, shall be and
of peace, and in cases of petit larceny, under the regii- continue the law of this state, subject to such altera-
lationof the legislature;) unless on presentment, or in- tions, as the legislature shall make concerning the
dictmentofagraudjury;andineverytrial nn impeach- same. But all such parts oftheeommon law,andsuch
ment or indictment, the party accused shall be allowed f>f the said acts, or parts thereof, as are repugnant to
counsel as in civil actions. No person shall be subject, this constitution, are hereby abrogated.
for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life 14, All grants of lands within this state, made bj- the
or limb ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, king of Great Britain, or persons acting under his au-
to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, thority, after the fourteenth day of October, one thou-
liberty, or pi-operty, without due process of law : nor sand seven hundred and seventy-five, shall be null and
shall private property be taken for public use, without void : but nothing contained in this constitution shall
'ust compensation. affect any grants of land within this state, made by the
8. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and pub- authority of the said king or his predecessors, or shall
lish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible for annul any charters to bodies politic and corporate, by
the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to him or them made before that day : or shall affect any
restrain or abridge the liberty ofspeechjorof the press, such giants or charters since made by this state, or by
In all prosecutions, or indictments for libels, the truth persons acting under its authority ; or shall impair the
may be given in evidence to the jury ; and if it shall obligation of any debts contracted by the state, or indi-
appear to the j urv, that the matter charged as libellous viduals, or bodies corporate, or any other rights of pro-
is true, and was published with good motives, and for perty, or any suits, actions, rights of action, or othci;
.rjstifiable ends, the party shall he acquitted ; and the proceedings, in courts of justice.
jury shall have the right to determine the law and the ARTICLE 8.
9. Tbcassent of two thirds of the members elected to § 1. Any amendment, or amendraents to this con-
oach brancli of the Tegislatttre- shall he requisite to eve- stif ution? tnay be proposed in the senate or assembly ;
APPENDIX. 131
aiid if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the sball be in force and take efteet from tlie last day ot
juembers elected to each of the two houses, such pro- Februan' next. 'I'he members of the present legisla-
posed amendment, or amendments, shall be entered on tiire shall, on tlje first Monday of March ntxt, take and
their journals, with the yeas and nays taken tliereon, subscribe an oath or affirmation to siijipoit the consti-
and referred to the legislature then next to be chosen ; ttition, so far iis the same shall then be in force. She-
and shall be published, forihree months previovis to the riffs, clerks ot coimtics. and coroiifrs, shall be elected
time of making svich choice ; and, if in the legislature at the election hereby directed to commence on the first
next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment, or Monday of November, in the year one thousand eight
amendments, shall be agreed to by two thirds of all the hundrtd and twenty-two ; but they shall not enter oii
members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty the duties of their offices, before thef.rst day of .lanna-
of the legislature to submit such proposed amendment, ry then next following. The commissions of all per-
or amendments, to the people, in such manner, and at sons holding civil offices on the last day of December,
such time, as the legislature shall prescribe : and if the one thousand eight hundred and tw enty-two, shall es-
people shall approve and ratify such amendment, or pire on that day; but the officers then in commission
amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to may respectively continue to hold their said offices,
voteformemhersofthelegislature, voting thereon,sucli until new appointments or elections sliail take place
amendment, or amendments, shall become part of the under this constitution.
constitution. 2. The existing laws, reLitive to the manner of noti-
ATiTTr T- Q ^y*"?! holding, and conducting elections, making re-
ARTICLE i/, turns, and canvassing votes, shall be in force and ob-
§1. This constitution shall be in force ffcm the last day served, in respect of the elections hereby directed to
of December, in the year one thousand eight hundred commence on the first Monday of November, in the
and twenty-two. But all those parts of the same which year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two ; so
lelate to the right of suffrage, the division of the state tar as the same are applicable. And the present legis-
into senate districts, the number of members of the as- lature shall pass such otlierandfurther laws, as maybe
sembly to be elected in pursuance of this constitution, requisite for the execution of the provisions of this eoii-
the apportionment of members of assembly, the elec- stitution, in respect to elections.
tions hereby directed to commence on the first Monday jjQj^g ;„ convention, at the capifol, in the city of Al-
of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred b^ny^ tj.p tenth dav of November, in the year one
and twent3-two, the continuance of the members of thousand eight liundred and twenty-one,andof the.
the present legislature m office until the first day ot independence of the United States of America the
January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fort^sixth
i=^;S^bi;^,rSi^^SSSthSiJ^ m witnes^wke..of; we have hereunto subscribed our
^^S^lZS^^^^^lZ^:^^'!^^;^; " " ' ^^^^^ p. TOMPKINS. P;«:d.«^
politic or corporate, without the assent of two thirds of John F. B.acon, 7 Secretaries
the mejnbers elected to each branch of the legislature, Samuel S, Gardiner, ",
AMENDMENTS
TO THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Proclamation of governor Brooks, ofMassa- vernments in any coroorate town or towns in this com-
, _^ -' '^ . .1 . 11- J^ J monwealth, and to grant to the mhabitaiits thereof such
ChusettS, annonncmg to the public the amend- powers, privileges, and immunities, not repugnant to
ments lately made by the convention to the the constitution, as tlie general court shall deem neces-
rnnifitji'im! nf that itate anil-whirh hehiP' sary or expedient, for the regulation and government
COnmtUvlon OJ inai state, ana -w.ucn, oemg thereof, and to prescribe the manner of calling and
ratifiad by the people, no-w form a pari of the holding public meetings of the inhabitants in wards, or
constitution of the said state. otherwise, for the election of officers, under the consti-
•' tntit)n, and the manner ot returning the votes given at
Whereas sundi-y resolutions passed the legislature on such meetings : provided, that no such government
the fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thou- shall be erected or constituted in any town not contain-
sand eight hundred and twenty-one, in the words fol- iug twelve thousand inhabitants, nor unless it be with
lowing, viz: the consent, and on the application of a majoi'ity of the
" Whereas the convention of the delegates of the peo- inhabitants of such town, present and voting thereon,
pie, assembled at Boston on the third Wednesday of pursuant to a vote at a meeting duly warned and hold-
November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight en for that purpose: and provided, also, that all by-
hundred and twenty, for the purpose of revising and laws, made by such municipal or city government,
amending the constitution of the commonwealth, pur- shall be subject, at all times, to be annuIledDy the gene-
suant to an act of the general court, passed on the six- ral court.
teenth day of June, in the year aforesaid, submitted Art. 3, Every male citizen of twenty one years of age
certain articles of amendruent of the constitution to the -and upwards, (excepting paupers and persons under
people, for their ratification and adoption ; and whereas guardianship,) who shall have resided within the com-
It appears by a certificate of the committee of the said monwealth one year, and within the town or district, in
convention, that the foilowing articles of amendment, which he may claim a right to vote, six callendav
so submitted, as aforesaid, have been ratified and adopt- months, next preceding any election of governor, lieu-
ed by tlie people, in the manner directed by the said tenant governor, senators, or representatives, and who
convention, and have thereby become a part of the con- shall have paid, by himself or his parent, master or
stitution of this common weakli, to wit. guardian, any state or county lax, which shall, within
Article 1. If any bill or resolve shall be objected to, two years next preceding such election, have been as-
and not approved by the governor; and if the general sessed upon him, in any town or district of this corn-
court shall adjourn within five days after the same shall monwealth ; and also every citizen, who shall be by law
have been laid before the governor for his approbation, exempted from taxation, and who shall be in all other
and thereby prevent his returning it, with his objec- respects qualified as above-mentioned, shall have a
tions, as provided by the constitution; such bill or re- right to vote in such election of governor and lieutenant
solve shall not become a law, nor have force as such. governor, senators, and representatives; and no other
Art. 2. The general court shall have full power and person shall be entitled to vote in such elections.
nwhoritv to erect or rnnstitute municipal or city gn- Art. ,1. Notaries psiblir shall be appointed by the go-
1.32
APPEXDlX.
Vemoi', in tlic sameinaimer as judicial officers are ap-
pointed, and sliall hold tlieir ofilct s during seven years,
unless sooner removed by the govcrnur, « ith the con-
sent of the council, and upon the address of both houses
of the legislature.
In ease the office of secretary or treasurer of the com-
mouwealth, shall become vacant from any cause, during
the recess of the general court, the governor, with the
consent of the council, shall nominate and appoint, un-
der such regulations as may be prescribed by law , a
competent and suitable person to such vacant oflice,
who shall hold the same until a successor shall he ap-
pointed by the general court.
Whenever the exigen.eies of the commonwealth shall
require the appointment of a commissary general, he
shall be nominated, ajipointed, and commissioned, in
suchmanner asthe legislatuie may, bylaw, prescribe.
All officers commissioned to command in the militia,
niay be removed from office in such manner as the le-
gislature may, by law, prescribe.
Art. 5. In the elections of captains and subalterns of
themilitia, all the members of their respective compa-
nies, as well those under, as those above the age of twen-
ty one years, shall have a right to vote.
Art. 6. Instead of the oath of allegiance, prescribed
by the constitution, tlie following oath shall be taken
and subscribed by every person chosen or appointed to
any office, civil or military, under the government of
this commonwealth, before he shall enter on the duties
of his office, to wit :
" I, A B, do solemnly swear, that I will bear ti'ue
faith and allegiance to the commonwealth of Massachu-
setts, and will support the constitution thereof. So heh>
ine God." "
Provided, that w hen aiU' person shall be of the deno-
mination called quakers, and shall deiline taking said
oath, he shall make liis affimiation in the foregoing
form, omitting tlie word " swear," and inserting, instead
thereof, the word " affirm," and omitting the words "so
help me God," and subjoining, instead thereof, the
words, " this I do under the pains and penalties of ptr-
3 "-!>•>•*' . . .
Art. 7. No oath, declaration, or subscription, except-
ing the oath prescribed in the jireceding article, and
the oath of office, shall be required of the governor,
lieutenant governor, counsellors, senators, or represent-
atives, to qualify them to perform the duties of their re-
spective offices.
Art. 8. No judge of any court of this commonwealth,
(except the court of sessions,) and no person holding
any office under the authority of the United States,
(post masters eNCepted,) shall, at the same time, hold
tiie office of governor, lieutenant governor, or counsel-
lor, or have a seat in the senaie or house of representa-
tives of this commonwealth; and nojudgeof any ceurt
in this commonwealth, (except the court of sessions,)
nor the attorney general, solicitor general, county at-
torney, clerk of any court,sherifF, treasurerand receiver
general, register of probate, nor register of deetls, shall
continue to hold his said office after being elected a
member of the congress of the United States, and ac-
cepting that trust; but the acceptance of such trust, by
any of the officers aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken
to be a resignation of his said office; and judges of the
courts of common pleas shall hold no other office, under
the government of this commonwealth, the office of
justice of the peace and militia officers excepted.
Art. 9. If, at any time hereafter, any specihc and par-
ticular amendment or amendments to the constitution
be proposed, in the general court, and agreed to by a
majority of the senators, and two thirds of the members
of the house of representatives present and voting there^
on, such proposed atnendment or amendments shall be
entered on the journals of the two houses, with the yeas
and nays taken thereon, and refeiTed to the general
court then next to be chosen, and shall be published;
and if in the general court then next chosen, as afore-
said, such proposed amendment or amendments shall
be agreed to bya majority of the senators and two thirds
of the members of the house of representatives present
and voting thereon ; then it shall be the duty of the ge-
neral court to submit such proposed amendment or
amendments to the people; and if they shall be ap-
proved and ratified by a majority of the qualified voters
voting thereon, at meetings legally warned and holden
for that purpose, they shall become part of the constitu-
tion of this commonwealth.
Resolved, That the above recited articles of amend-
ment, shall be enrolled on parchment, and deposited in
the secretary's office, as a part of the constitution and
fundamental laws of this commonwealth, and publish-
ed in immediate connexion therew ith, in all future edi-
tions of the laws of this commouw ealth, printed by pnb»
lie authority. And in order that the said amendments
may be promulgated and made known to the people of
this commonwealth without delay, it is further
Resolved, That his excellency ,'the governor, be, and
he hereby is authorized and requested to issue his pro-
clamation, reciting the articles aforesaid ; announcing
that the same have been duly adopted and ratified by
the people of this commonwealth, and become a paW of
the constitution thereof; and requiring all magistrates,
officers civil and militaiy, and all the citizens of this
eommonwealth, to take notice tliereof, and govern
themselves accordingly."'
Now, therefore, I. John Brooks, governor of the com-
monwealth of Massachusetts, by virtue of the authority
to me given by the resolution last above written, do is-
sue this my proclamation, and I do hereby announce,
that the several articles aforesaid have been duly rati-
fied and adopted by the people of this commonwealth,
and have becoraeapart of the constitution thereof. And
all magisti-ates,JofficersJcivil and military, and all the
citizens of the commonwealth, are required to take nO'
notice thereof, and govern themselves accordingly.
Given at the eoinieil chamber in Boston, the day and
year first above w ritten, and in the forty-fifth year
cf the independence of the United States.
By his excellency the governor,
JOHN BROOKS.
Alden Bradford, Secretary.
God savejthe comraouwealth of iiXasSteliusettsJ
AMENDMENTS
TO THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
.Amendments ratified December 17, 1808.
The following sections, in amendrhent of the third,
«venth, and ninth sections of the first article of the
constitvition'of the state, sliall be, and they are hereby
declared to be, valid parts nf the said constitution ; and
the said third, seventh, and ninth sections, orsuch parts
tliereof as are repugnant to such amendments, are here-
by repealed and made void.
The house of rejiresentatives shall consist of one
hundred and twenty-four membei-s ; to be apportioned
among the sever.il election districts of the state, accord-
ing to the number of white inhabitants contained, and
the amount of all taxes raised by the legislature, whe-
ther direct or indirect, or of whatever species, paid in
each, deducting therefrom all taxes paid on account of
property held iti any other di^aict, and adding thereto
all taxes elsewhere paid on account of property held in
such district. An enumeration of the white inhabitants,
for this purpose, shall be mad<' in the year one thousand
eight hundred and nine, and in the course of every
tenth'year thereafter, in such manner as shall be by law
directed -■•''and representatives shall be assigned to the
different districts in the above-mentioned ])roportion,
by act of the legislature, at the session immediately suc-
ceeding the above enumeration.
If the enumeration- herein directed should not be
made in the course of the year appointetl for the pur-
pose by these amendments, it shall be the duty of the
governor to have it effi-cted as'sooii thereafter' as shall
be practicable.
In assigning representatives to tbe'several districts of
the state, the legislature shall allow one repvesciuative
for everj' sixty-second part of the whole number of whit e
ri'ia')"' Cants in (he state ; and one representative also foe
APPKN'terX. 135-
01 trj- sixiy-seccn J part of ilie whole taxes raised by the chad, to which shall be allowed two senators, as hereto-
lesislature of the state. The legislature shall further fore.
allow one rei>i"esentative for such tractions of the sixty- The seats of those senators who under the constitu-
socond part of the white inhabitants of the state, and of tion shall represent two or more election districts, on
the sixty-second part of the taxes raised by the legisla- the day preceding the second Monday of October, which
tureofthe state, as, when added together, form a unit, will be in the year one thousand eight hundred and ten,
In every apportionment of representation under these shall be vacated on that day, and the new senators who
amendments, which shall take j)lace after the first ap- shall represent such districts under these amendments,
poilionmen:, the amount of taxes shall he estimated shall, immediately after they shall have been assembled
Irom the average of the ten preceding yews; biit the under the first election, be divided by lots into two
first apportionment shall befouiuled upon the tax of the classes; the seats of the senators of the first class shall be
precedmg year, excluding from the amount thereof the vacated at the expiration of the second year, and of the
•whole produce of the tax on sales at public auction. second class at the expiration of the fourth year: and
If, in the apportionment of representatives under the number in these classes shall be so proportioned,
these amendments, any election district shall appear that one half of the whole number of senators may, as
not to be entitled, from its population and its taxes, to a nearly as possible, continue to be chosen thareafter eve-
representative, such election district shall, nevertheless, ry second year.
send one representative; and, if there should be still a Noneofthese amendments becoming parts of thecon-
deficiency of the number of representatives required by stitution of this%tate shall be altered, unless a bill to al-
these amendments, such deficiency shall be supplied by ter the same shall have been read on three several days
assigning representatives to those election districts in thehouseof represeiitatives,andonthreeseveraldays
havuig the largest surplus fractious ; whether those in the senate, and agreed to on the second and third
fractions consist of a combination of population and of reading, by two thirds of the whole representation in
taxes, or of population or of taxes separately, until the each branch of the legislature; neither shall any altera-
number of one hundred and tv. enty-four members be tion take place, until the bill so agreed to be published
provided. three months previous to a new election for members to
No apportionment, under these amendments, shall be the house of representatives, and if the alteration pro-
construed to take effect, in any manner, until the gene- posed by the legislature shall be agreed to in their first
ral election whicli shall succeed such apportionment. session, by two thirds of the whole representation, in
The election districts, for members of the house of re- each branch of the legislature, after the same shall have
presentatives, shall he and remain as heretofore esfa- been read on three several daysin each house, then, and
blished, except Saxegotha and Newberry, in which the not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the con-
boundaries shall be altered, as follows, viz ; That part stitution.
of Lexington in the fork of Broad and Saluda rivers
shall no longer compose a part of the election district of umi.j.i^ii
Kewberry, but shallbe henceforth attached to and form
" P"" 'if saxegotha. And, also, except Orange .-wd Amendme7its ratified December 19, 1816.
Barnwell, or vViaton, m which the boundaries shall be ''
altered, as follows, viz : 1 hat part of Orange in the
forii of Edisto shall no longer compose a part of the That the third section of the tenth article of the
election district of Barnwell, or Winton, but shall be constitution of this state be altered and amended, to
henceforth attached to and form a part of Orange elec- read as follows: The judges shall, at such times and
tiou district. places as shall be prescribed by act of the legislature of
The senate shall be composed of one member from this state, meet and sit for the purpose of heating and
each election district, as now established by the election determining all motions which maybe made for new
of membersof thehouseof representatives, except the trials, and in arrest of judgment, and such points of law
district formed by the parishes of St. Pliilip and St. Jli- as may be submitted to them.
AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA.
A recent amendment of the fourth and fifth sec- in each county, to preside in the inferior courts of
tions of the third article of tiie constitution of GeorsJa, the county ; and justices of the peace shall be elected,
providesj substantially, as follows: Five justices of annually, by the voters in everv' militia captain's d'ss-
the inferior court shall be elected, annually, by voters trict.
AMKNDilENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Since this edition of the Constitutions was published, spective commissions— all judicial officers, duly ap-
wehave been furnished with a corrected copy of the pointed, commissioned, and sworn, shall hold their of-
«onstitution of New Hampshire. It difters from that hces during good behaviour, excepting those concern-
here printed in many verbal partictilars, but it is deem- ing whom there is a different provision made in this
ed unnecessary to point out to the reader any other constitution: P7-(roi(/<?rf, neDert/jri«*, the governor, with
than the following alteraions. consent of council, may remove them upon the address
In page 18, omit, in the sixth section, the three para- of both houses of the legislattire.
grai>hs following the first. "Each branch of the legislature,aswell as the govern-
In page 20, where the time is prescribed for the as- or and council, shall have authority to require the opin-
sembiing of the general court, instead of the "last ions of the justices of the superior court, upon import-
Wednesday of October," read x\\n first ll^cdiiesih'jin ant questions of law, and upon solemn occasions.
^Mns, and make the alteration throughout, wherever it "In order that the people may not suffer from the
occurs, to correspond. long continuance in place of any justice of the peace.
In page 20, second column, read " the senate shall who shall fail in discharging the important duties of
cuBsist of <ite/t)e members," and, '• the legislature shall his office with ability and fidelity, all commissions of
divide the state into Uvelve districts," &c. justices of the peace shall become void at the expiration
In page 22, line 22, first column, instead of " seven of five years from their respective dates : and upon tlie
months, read Tina*!/ </aw. , expiration of any commission, the same may, if neces-
In page 22, 9 lines from the bottom, first column, sary, be renewed, or another pei-son appointed, as shall
read ninety days instead of" seven months." most conduce to the well being of the state.
Inpage23, under the head of "Judicial^ Power," ex- "All causes of marriage, divorce, and alimony, and
pnnge the four tii-st paragraphs, and read as follows : all appeals from the respective judges of probate, shall
"The tenure that all commissioned officers shall have be heard and tried by the superior court, nntil the legjs-
by law in tlieir ofltces, shall be expressed in theiv ye- lature shall by law make other provision."
umm
TO THE CONSTITUTIONS.
"Beeg^ci"' -t
Alabama, - - - page 106 to 113
Connecticut, - - - - 29 to 32
Delaware, - - - - 43 to 48
Georgia, 62 to 66
Georgia, amendments, Appen-
dix, - - - - 133
Illinois, 101 to 105
Indiana, - - - - - 85 to 91
Kentucky, 71 to 76
Louisiana, - - - - 91 to 95
Maine, 113 to 120
Maryland, - - - - 48 to 55
Massachusetts, - - • - 10 to 18
Massachusetts, amendments, Ap-
pendix, - - - - 131 to 132
Mississippi, ... - 95 to 101
Missouri, - - - - 120 to 126
New Hampshire, - - - 18 to 25
New Hampshire, amendments, Ap-
pendix, - - page 133
New Jersey, - - - -
New York, Constitution of 1777,
New York, amendments.
New York, Constitution of 1821,
Appendix, - . -
North Carolina, - - -
Ohio,
Pennsylvania, - - - .
Rhode Island, Charter of.
South Carolina, ...
South Carolina, amendments, Ap-
pendix, ....
Tennessee, . . - -
United States, . . - -
Vermont, . . - -
Virginia,
37 to
38
32 to
36
36 to
37
127 to 131
57 to
59
80 to
85
39 to
43
25 to
28
59 to
62
132 to 133
77 to
80
2 to
10
66 to
70
55 to
56
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