Skip to main content

Full text of "Stead's Review"

See other formats 


Sold    by    Cheml^^ts    and     Pei-fUir^idrs    throughout    the    World. 


•^  Indian)  Perfume  (■  •g;»rered.) 

^■xi.      .>..ont    par   excellence    of   the 
■  C  Season." 


PHUL-NANA 


A   Bouqi 
Patronised 


Flowers, 
in  A  f  xandra. 


Pei-fiViue,  ijoap,  Sachet 
J.     GROSSMITH     &     SON.     WHOLES  XLE     PERFUMERS.     NEWQeTE     STREET,     LONDON. 


i»MiiVffl;iviUV^i 


DECEMBER,  > 
1902.        i 


^ 


[Registered  »t  th«  G»n»r«l   Po»t   •■•«.   l^«Hif»rM«.    tor    tranamiHloii    by    post   as    ft   newspaper.] 
BV     ROVAL     APPOINTMENT     SO'.K     BLAOK     LEAD     MAKER     TO     HIS     MAJESTY     THE     KINQ. 

NIXEY'S    BLACK   lead. 

FIFTY-FIVE    YEARS'    REPUTATION.       TW0USAN08   OF    TESTIMONIALS.       STILL    THE    BEST    IN    THE  WORLD. 


nrrinr  of  7?r)i'  hx.  tO'12/02. 


Accurate=to=the=Second . 


>> 


DUEBER-HAMPDEN 

,.  WATCHES  .. 


For  Discriminating  People  who  want  *'The  Best." 


"  All  advertise  watches,  but  no 
one  makes  watches  in  America 
but  the  '  Dueber-Hampden  Com- 
pany.' Some  make  Watcli 
Movements,  some  make  Watch 
C'as-cs;  no  one  can  guarantee  a 
watcli  who  makes  one-half  of 
il  only." 


"  Lever  Set"  and  Cannot  "Set"  in  the  Pocket.  Made  in  the  only  factory 
in  the  world  where  a  complete  watch  (both  case  and  movement)  is  made. 
Rvery  Watch  Guaranteed  (Case  as  well  as  Movement). 

"The  400,"   The   Ladies'   Watch. 

"John   Hancock"   21   Jewels,  The  Gentlemen's   Watch. 

"Special  Railway,"  2!   and  23  Jewels,  for  Railway  Men,  etc. 

Look   for  the  name   "  Dueber "   in  the  case. 
Wiite  for  our  "  Cruide   to  Watch   Buyers." 


THE 


DUEBER=  HAMPDEN   WATCH    WORKS, 

CANTON,    OHIO. 


F*-    ••utwai  MlVAiit 


«Hri««  ••  an  Aavsi-tiaar 


■nuan  «na  Keviaw  ot  ..evievws. 


December  20,  igo2. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


COULDN'T  MAKE  IT  OUT. 
The  Chick:  "  So  that's  your  mother,  eh?    Well! 
I  don't  see  what  your  father  wanted  to  marry  a 
creature  like  that  for." 


"CYCLONE" 
WOVEN    WIRE    GATES. 

Light,  Strong:,  and  Rabbit  Proof. 

Made    of    STEEL    TUBE,  with    Malleable    IRON 
FITTINGS;  with  Galvanised  Steel  Wire  woven 

on  to  the  frames. 

CANT  SAG  OR  PULL  THE  POSTS  OVER. 


Weight  of  a  9-foot  Gate  undf^r  50  lbs.     Hinges,  Catchet, 
and  Stops  complete.     Can  be  hung  in  a  few  minutea. 


Send  for  Illustrated  Catalosua 
of  Fence,  Gates,  and   Droppers. 


"CYCLONE" 

WOVEN    WIRE    FENCE    COMPANY, 

128   FRANKLIN   ST.,   MELBOURNE. 


I"!  NEW 


QUAKER"  THERMAL  BATH  CABINET  1^%:^^^ 

A  Perfect  Sanitary  Thermal  Bathing  Appliance,  self-supported  by  a 
folding  steel  frame  with  a  covering  of  Antiseptic,  Hygienic  Cloth, 
Rubber  lined.  Ready  for  instant  use  when  received.  No  setting  up. 
No  trouble.  You  can  have  at  home  in  your  own  room  Turkish,  Rus- 
sian, Hot  Air,  Vapour,  Medicated,  Perfumed,  Mineral,  Salt,  Quinine, 
Hop,  or  Sulphur  Baths  at  a  cost  of  about  IM.  per  bath.  Produces 
cleanliness,  vigour,  vitality,  and  a  clear  skin.  Benefits  and  cures 
Nervous  Troubles,  Debility,  Sleeplessness,  Obesity,  La  Grippe,  Neu- 
ralgia, Rheumatism,  Liver  and  Eadney  Troubles,  Blood  and  Skin 
Diseases.  Cures  a  hard  cold  with  one  bath.  These  baths  are  highly 
endorsed  by  physicians  and  such  eminent  authorities  as  Dr.  Ruddock, 
Dr.  Kellogg,^  Sir  Erasmus  Wilson.  F.R.S..  Dr.  V.  R.  Pierce,  G.  F. 
Adams,  M.D.,  Sir  John  Fyfe,  Malcolm  Morris,  Oliver  Johnson,  Dr. 
Brereton,  Alice  B.  Stockhohn  ATD..  .Tpuness  Miller,  Dr.  Madden,  Dr. 
Fowler,  and  thousands 
of  other  people. 

STYLE  1903.— Quaker 
Cabinet,  complete,  -with 
door,  steel  frame,  best 
spirit  stove,  witff  attach- 
ments, rack,  and  vapour 
cup;  also  valuable  for- 
mulas for  different  baths 
and  various  ailments, 
and  plain  directions, 
ready  for  instant  use,  so 
anj-one  can  operate  it  as 
soon  as  received.     Price 

_^  reduced  to  25s. 

1903  Stvle  Quaker  Head  and  Face  Steaming  Attachment,  price  only 

3s.  6d. 
PRICE,  STYLE  1904,  complete  with  best  Spirit  Stove,  Rack,  Handle 

and  Vapour  Cup,   directions,   formulas,   ready   foi'  instant   use  when 

received,  reduced  to  45s. 
Double-walled  Face  Steaming  Attachment  to  match  Cabinet,  free. 
Be  particular  to  state  in  your  order  Style  1904  Quaker  Double-walled 

Black  Cabinet. 

We  pay  freight  to  any  railway  station  in  Victoria,  New  South  Wales, 

or  South  Australia,  or  by  steamer  to  any  port  in  Australia,  Tasmania, 

or  New  Zealand.  address— 

STAR  NOVELTY  CO.,  Premier  Buildings,  229-231  Collins  St.,  IVIelbourne. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igok 


Absolutely  Cure 

BILIOUSNESS 

SICK   HEADACHE. 

TORPID    LIVER. 

INDIGESTION. 
p.^  CONSTIPATION. 
"'     '^  FURRED  TONGUE. 

DIZZINESS. 

SALLOW  SKIN. 


LIVER 


There's  SECURITY  in 

ARTERS 

ITTLE 
IVER 


They  TOUCH  the 

Be  Sure  they  are 


Small  Pill.       Small  Dose.       Small  Price. 

Carter's 


I^  STEEL  STAR 
WINDMILL, 


TRUE    AS    STEEL 

(OF  WHICH  IT  IS  MADE), 

Is  galvanised  after  being  put  together.  This 
galvanises  every  rivet  and  bolt  in  its  position, 
protecting  the  bolts  and  tlie  cut  edges  from 
rust.  This  galvanising  business  is  a  great 
feature — increasing  the  life  of  the  MILL. 

1 1     YOU   SEE   IT,    DON'T  YOU? 

They  have  ball  beahings,  which   is  another 
valuable  point. 


AGENTS- 

JOHN    DANKS    &    SON 

PROPRIETARY    LIMITED, 

Bourke  St.,   Melbourne.         Pitt  St.,  Sydney. 


The  "Enterprise 
Rubber 

Massage 
Roller 

Makes,  Keeps  and  Restores 
Beauty  in  Nature's  own  way. 

The  cup-shaped  teeth  have  a  suction 
effect  on  the  skin  that  smooths  out 
wrinkles,  rounds  out  the  beauty  mus- 
cles, and  gives  perfect  circulation  of 
the  blood. 

It  is  so  constructed  that  it  treats 
every  portion  of  the  face  and  neck  per- 
fectly, even  to  the  "  crow's  feet "  in 
the  corners  of  the  eyes. 

Sample  Jar  of  "SKIN  FOOD"  /^ 

Given    Away  with  each    RoUer.     4/" 
Roller  and  Sample  Jar     -     -     Post  Free. 


>) 


THE   ENTERPRISE   CO^ 

Box  133,  Q.P.O.  MELBOURNE. 


For  mutual  advantaKe  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Revie  v  of  Reviews 


December  20,  ipop. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEW'S. 


'%.  - 


London  "  Punch."] 

Lady  Customer  (at  Bric-a-brae  Shop):  "I  think 
you  are  very,  very  dear!" 

Proprietor:  "  Hush!  Not  so  loud.  Miss.  My 
old  'oman  be  powerful  jealous!" 


MR.  EDISON'S  LATEST 
IMPROVEMENTS. 

1st.— The  New  MOULDED  Records,  made  of  a  harder 
material,  which  is  more  durable,  and  wears  better  than 
the  old  type,  is  not  damaged  by  handling,  and  is  more 
natural  in  tone,  more  distinct,  and  of  exceptional  loud- 
ness. 

2nd.— The  new  Model  "  C  "  Reproducer,  for  all  ma- 
chines (except  Gem),  which  has  two  absolutely  new  and 
important  features,  viz.:  a  built-up,  indestructible  dia- 
phragm, very  highly  sensitive,  and  a  new  form  of 
sapphire,  shaped  like  a  button,  and  so  placed  in  the  Re- 
producer arm  that  the  edge  of  the  sapphire  tracks  in  the 
groove  of  the  Record;  the  contact  surface  is  very  much 
smaller  than  that  of  the  old  ball  type,  and  in  conse- 
quence can  follow  the  undulations  of  the  Record  without 
that  tendency  to  jump  from  crest  to  crest  so  often  the 
case  with  the  old  style.  That  harshness  which  has 
hitherto  characterised  the  reproduction  of  the  Phono- 
graph and  kindred  machines  is  now  entirely  overcome, 
the  result  being  a  perfectly  natural  and  musical  eflfect 
most  pleasing  to  the  ear. 

In  future  the  "Gem"  will  be  equipped  with  the  Model 
B  Automatic  Reproducer,  as  previously  supplied  with 
the  higher-priced  machines.  This  will  materially  improve 
the  reproduction  of  the  Gem,  both  with  the  present  style 
and  the  new  Moulded  Record. 

PRICES     ON     APPLICATION. 


EDISON    PHONOGRAPH    CO., 

Universal  Chambers, 

325    COLLINS    STREET,    MELBOURNE. 

Telephone  505. 


WERTHEIM' 

..PBECIOSA" 
KNITTING 
MACHINES. 

MANOUES 


s 


Wonderful 
Sewing  Machines 


Hapsburg  Pianos 
ElectraCycles. 


CATALOGUES 

ON    APPLICATION. 


VVEBTHEIM'S 

„e,d  owe 

173  \N\LUM*  ST. 

"Z  every  To*" 


® 


INSPECTION 
INVITED. 


For  mutual  advantEise  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews^ 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  1902. 


Most  people  love  Pets. 

Most  people  have  Pets. 

Most  people  have  Pet   Corns. 

All    people  wish  they  hadn't. 
Why  keep  such 

troublesome  Pets 

when  .  .  . 

"THE  PET  CORN  CURE" 

is  within  reach  of  all. 

Post   Free,   any   Address,    IN- 


SOLE   AGENT, 

E.      H.      L  E  K  T  K, 

Cbemist  &,  2)ruggi6t, 
443  BRUNSWICK  ST.,  FITZROY. 

TEL.    NO.    1926. 


RUBY  KEROSENE  GAS 

'   COOKING  APPARATUS. 

Cooking 
with   Com- 
fort   Abso- 
lutely    un- 
surpassed. 

Simple, 
Effective, 
Economical 
Cleanly. 

Will  do  ALL  THE  COOKING  for  a  household 

for  ONE  SHILLING  k  WEEK. 

Every  Apparatus  fitted  with  the  silent  '     rimus." 

Prices  from  38/6  to  7    -. 


CHAMBERS  &  SEYMOUR 

is,oiT3yi:oisrc3-EE,s , 
Corner  of  Collins  and  Swanston  Sts., 


MELBOURNE. 


tt3::e]      TATOnsriD-E-R.I^TJL 


MUSICAL 

INSTRUMENT 

IN  THE  WORLD, 


\   50/-  INSTRUMENT 
FOR 

ONLY  32  6 

DUTY     FREE 
CARRIAGE  PAID. 


"pHIS  WONDEEFtJL  OEQANETTE  i 

and  Ful)  Sized  Reeds.     The  rnusii 


a  Eeed  InBtrament,  coDstructed  on  the  same  principle  as  an  Organ,  with  Bellows 
consists  of  p«rtonited  sheets,  which  are  put  into  the  Orgaiiette,  furnishing  either  a 
nnished  Solo  Performance,  a  Rich  Accompaniment  to  the  Voice,  or  Harmonioos  Orchestral  Effects.  It  is  a  marvel  of 
Musical  iDTWjtion.  aii.l  combines  in  itseif  all  the  priucipiea  upon  which  Autoiii.T,tic  Organs.  Ornauettes,  *c.,  are  now  being 
roa.le,  requiring  no  skill  in  the  performer.  Any  child  old  enough  to  use  its  hamis  iutelligeutly  cmi  play,  and  the  Kange  of 
Miuic  Is  absolutely  unllcJted.  Onx  lUt  includes  hundreds  of  popular  airs,  hymn  tunes,  dances,  &c.,  costing  only  a  few 
pence  per  piece.  We  w:sh  to  introduce  these  Orcaneltea  everywhere,  and  in  order  to  do  so  speedily  have  decided  to  sell 
a  Limited  Nomber  to  the  readers  of  this  paper  at  Only  32J6  each,  but  >our  order  must  be  received  before  the  28th 
February  next,  as  we  shall  place  the  Organetteii  £J  lOsejich  after  that  date.  We  make  this  special  otln  to  introduce  this  Flrst- 
CTass  Organatta,  well  knowing  that  after  one  is  received  in  a  ueighDourhood  we  will  sell  several  at  Our  Regular  Price.  We  are 
the  Sole  Proprietors  of  The  Wonderful  Peerless  Organette,  and  you  must  order  direct  from  us  or  our  Authorised  Agents. 
Remember,  the  Womierful  Peerless  organettes  are  Very  Powerful  Inatrumenta,  built  in  the  most  durable  style,  highly 
polished,  and  decorated  in  gold,  the  reeds  being  so  powerful  that  they  proauce  sufficient  volume  of  music  for  the  Chapel,  Parluur, 
Lodge,  Ball  Room,  or  Picnic  Party.  There  is  nothing  aboui  them  to  get  out  oJ  order;  in  fact  they  produce  a  richer  and  a  sweeter 
sound  after  having  been  used  a  few  years.  For  Home  Entelaainments  they  are  unsurpassed  The  illustration  gives  you  hut  a 
faint  idea  of  the  Size  and  Finish  of  this  beauti^ll  iustniment,  but  we  will  returu  the  money  ana  pay  carriage  to  any  one 
who  is  not  perfectly  satisfied  upon  receiving  it  It  Sings  its  Own  Praises.  With  each  Organette  we  give  a  selection  of 
favorite  tnnes,  fr»e,  and  pack  all  in  a  strong  box.  If  you  wish  to  act  as  an  agent  for  us  seiul  At  Once  and  secure  the  agency  for 
your  district  Ton  can  easily  aell  the  Instruments  at  £3  each.  Hondreds  of  Testimonials  received.  Cut  this  adver- 
tisement ont  at  once,  as  it  may  not  appear  again,  and  send  it  with  your  order.  WE  PAT  ALL  CUSTOMS  DUTT,  and 
there  is  no  extra  charge  ef  any  kind,  as  the  price  stated.  32  6,  Incltides  all  eost  of  delivery  at  any  address  in  Australia, 
Tasmania,  or  New  Zealand,  if  ordered  not  later  than  28th  Febni».«Tr  next.  Send  money  In  Registered  Letter  by  Postal 
Order  or  Cheque,   crossed    "London    Bank    of  Austra!ia,'    to 

The  Union  Manufacturing  &.  Agency  Co.,  359-361  Collins  street,  Melbourne. 


A  Few  Testimonials 

Mr.  D.  p.  Thomas,  of  Scales 
Bay,  South  Australia,  writes  :  — 
'  Dear  Sirs, — I  purchased  an  Or- 
sjanette  from  you  some  eight  years 
ago,  and  it  is  still  in  good  order. 
Please  forward  me  your  latest  list 
of  music." 

Mr.  George  C.  Sawers,  of 
Cobrico  Victoria,  writes  t— "I  am 
highly  pleased  with  the  Organette. 
It  is  a  wonderful  instrument,  anu 
I  can  highly  recommend  it  to  any- 
one as  a  nice  entertainment  for  an 
evening's  amusement." 

Mrs.  G.  LAPSLEY.of  Buln  Buln, 
Victoria,  writes:—"  I  received  the 
Organette  quite  safely,  and  I  am 
very  pleased  with  it.  It  is  really  a 
wonderful  instrument.  My  friends 
are  very  much  taken  with  it.'' 

Mr.  W.  R.  Eaudains.  of  Dun- 
oUy,  Victoria  writes  :—"  1  he 
Peerless  is  gaining  great  favor  for 
the  sweet  music  that  it  gives  out." 
Mk.  T.  E.  Fairburn.  of  Keri- 
keri.  Bay  of  Islands,  N.Z.,  writes  : 
"  I  have  received  the  Organette, 
and  find  thai  the  instrument  is 
all  that   it  is  said  to  be  " 

Mr.  N.  Moon,  of  Broken  Hill, 
N.S.W.  writes  :— "  I  have  received 
the  Organette  and  music  I'he 
instrument  is  much  better  tnan  I 
expected  it  to  be.  It  is  a  beauty." 
Mrs.  M'Cabe.  of  Ni  Ni  East, 
■Victoria,  writes:— "We  are  well 
pleased  with  the  Organette.  and 
fiiRl  u  splendid  company  in  the 
bush." 


For  mutual  advantage  when  yo«^'  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  i.evlews. 


PcLinber  20.  igc. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEIVS. 


HEARNE'S    BRONCHITIS    CURE 


FAMOUS  REMEDY  for 


Has  the  Largest  Sale  of  any  Chest  Medicir 


COUGHS,     BRONCHITIS,     ASTHMA    AND    CONSUMPTION. 

Those  who  have  taken  this  iiiedicine  are  amazed  at  its  wonderful  influence.  Sufferers  from  any  form  of  Bronchitis,  Oough,  Difficulty  el 
Breathing,  Hoarseness,  Tain  or  Soreness  in  the  Chest,  experience  delightful  and  immediate  relief ;  and  to  those  who  are  subject  to  Colds  on  the 
Obeet  it  is  invaluable,  as  it  effects  a  Complete  Cure.  It  is  most  comforting  in  allaying  irritation  in  the  throat  and  giving  strength  to  the  voice, 
ftnd  it  neither  allows  a  Cough  or  Asthma  to  become  Chronic,  nor  Consumption  to  develop.  Coneumption  has  never  been  known  to  exist  where 
"Ooughs"  have  been  properly  treated  with  this  medicine.  No  house  should  be  without  it,  as,  taken  at  the  beginning,  a  dose  is  generally 
•Dffioient,  and  a  Complete  Cure  iu  certain.  

Remember  that  every  disease  has  its  commencement,  and  ConsumytiOD 
is  no  exception  to  this  rule. 


BEWARE    OF    COUGHS! 


CONSUMPTION. 

TOO  ILL  TO   LEAVE    HIS   BED. 
A  COMPLETE   CURE. 


"Mr.  W.  G.  Hearne— Deir  Sir,— I  am  writing  to  tell  you  about  the 
wonderful  cure  your  medicine  has  effected  in  my  case.  About  three 
years  ago  I  began  to  coutrh.  At  tirsi  the  cough  was  not  severe,  but  it 
jrkdually  got  worse,  and  I  became  very  weak  and  troubled  with  night 
■weate,  pam  in  my  chest,  and  great  quantities  of  phlegm.  On  several 
•ooMions  there  was  blood  in  the  expectorated  matter.  I  had  been 
treated  by  a  doctor,  who  pronounced  my  case  to  be  Consumption,  and 
rariOUB  other  treatments  had  been  tried,  but  without  benefit.  It  was 
»t  thie  stage  that  I  heard  of  your  Bronchitis  Cure,  and  sent  to  you  (or 
»  oonree  of  the  medicine.  When  it  arrived  I  was  too  ill  to  leave  my 
bed,  but  I  commenced  taking  it  at  once,  and  gradually  improved.  I 
■m  glad  to  say  that  the  two  lots  of  medicine  you  sent  have  effected  a 
ownplete  cure,  for  which  accept  my  very  best  thanks— Yours  grate- 
folly,  "J.  BLAIR. 

"Westminster,  Bridge-road,  S  E.,  London." 


AGONISING   COUGH. -NINE   MONTHS'   TORTURE. 

RELIEVED   by   ONE    DOSE   of    HEARNE'S    BRONCHITIS 

CURE.     CURED   by   TWO    BOTTLES. 

"  Dergholm,  Victorta. 

"Dear  Sir,— I  wish  to  add  my  testimony  to  the  wonderful  effect  ol 
ySHr  Bronohiris  Cure.  I  suffered  fo'-  nine  months,  and  the  cough  was 
■0  distressingly  bad  at  nights  I  was  obliged  to  get  up  and  sit  by  the 
Are.  I  had  medical  advice,  and  tried  other  '  remedies,'  without  avail. 
I  tried  yours,  and  never  had  a  fit  of  coughing  after  taking  the  first 
4ote,  and  though  I  have  had  but  two  bottles  I  feel  I  am  a  different 
man,  and  the  cough  has  vanished.  You  may  depend  upon  my  making 
k»own  the  efficacy  of  your  wonderful  remedy  to  anvone  I  see  afflicted. 
"Yours  faithfully,  JAMES  ASTBURY." 


GRATITUDE   AND   APPRECIATION. 

HUNDREDS   CURED  IN   THEIR  OWN   CIROLI. 


"The  Scientific  Aistralian  Office,  169  Queen-st.,  Melbourne. 
"  Dear  Mr.  Hearne,— The  silent  workers  are  frequently  the  most 
•Ceotive,  and  if  there  is  anybody  in  Victoria  who  during  the  last  few 
yMfS  has  been  repeatedly  working  for  and  singing  the  praises  of 
Hearne's  Bronchitis  Cure,  it  is  our  Mr.  Phillips.  This  gentleman, 
■ome  three  yeais  airo,  was  recommended  to  try  vour  Bronchitis  Cure 
ym  Mr.  Barham,  ao^oontant,  Collins-street,  and  the  effect  that  it  had 
«M  80  marked  ihai  ne  has  ever  since  been  continually  recommending 
It  to  others  We  are  glad  to  add  this  our  testimony  to  the  value  of 
Hearns's  most  valuable  Bronchitis  Cure,  which  has  eased  the  sufferings 
•1  hundreds  and  hundreds  of  people  even  in  our  own  circle  of  acquaint- 
Miee.    '^siisve  us  always  to  be  yours  most  faithfully, 

TIIILLIPS,    ORMONDE    &    CO." 

QUEENSLAND    TESTIMONY. 

FROM    BRISBANE    WHOLESALE   CHEMISTS. 

"69  Qneen-st.,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
"Mr.  W.  O.  Hearne.    Dear  Sir,  — Please  send  us  36  dozen  Bronchitis 
Oure  by  first  boat.     We  enclose  our  cheque  tn  cover  amount  of  order. 
We  often  hear  your  Bronchitis  Cure  spoken  well  of.    A  gentleman  told 
OS  to-day  that  he  had  given  it  to  a  child  of  his  with  most  remarkable 
rMult,  the  child  being  quite  cured  by  three  dos.  s. 
"We  are,  faithfullv  vours, 
"THOMASON,    CH.ATER    &   CO.,    Wholesale   Chemists." 

\st  the  undersigned,  have  had  occasion  to  obtain  Hearne's  Bron- 
chitis Cure,  and  we  oertifv  that  it  was  perfectly  and  rapidly  successful 
nnder  circumstances  which  undoubttd'v  prove  its  distinct  healing 
power.  Signed  by  the  Rev.  JOHN  SINCLAIR,  Myers-street,  Geelong, 
and  fifty-nine  other  leading  residents. 


ASTHMA. 

PREVIOUS  TREXTMENT  FAILED.  A  SEVENTEEN  TEARS- 
CASE   CURED    BY   THREE    BOTTLES. 

Mr.  Alex.  J.  Anderson,  of  Oak  Park,  Charlesville,  Queensland, 
writes:— "  After  suffering  from  Asthma  for  seventeen  years,  and 
having  been  under  a  great  many  different  treatments  without  benefit, 
I  was  induced  to  try  Hearne's  medicine  for  Asthma.  After  taking 
three  liottles  of  this  medicine  I  quite  got  rid  of  the  Asthma,  and  sinoe 
then,  which  was  in  the  beginning  of  18S3  (15  years  ago),  I  have  not 
had  the  slightest  return  of  it.  The  medicine  quite  cured  me,  and  I 
have  much  pleasure  in  recommending  it." 

Writing  again  on  the  4th  April,  1899,  he  states: — "1  am  keepiof 
very  well  now     Never  have  the  slightest  return  of  the  Asthma." 

A  FEW  EXTRACTS  FROM  LETTERS. 

"  I  used  your  Bronchitis  Cure  for  three  of  my  family,  and  it  cured 
each  of  them  in  from  one  to  three  doses.- P.  F.  MULLINS,  Cowie'i 
Creek,  Victoria  " 

"Your  Bronchitis  Cure  relieved  my  son  wonderfully  quick  I  only 
gave  him  four  doses,  and  have  some  of  the  medicine  yet ;  but  I  aa 
•ending  for  another  bottle  in  case  I  should  want  it.— D  "'DONALD, 
Trinky,  via  Quirindi,  N.S.  W." 

"  My  wife  is  82  years  old,  and  I  am  79,  and  I  am  glad  to  inform  yoa 
that  your  Bronchitis  Cure  has  done  us  both  a  wonderful  deal  of  good, 
it  having  quickly  cured  us  both.— R.  BASSET,  Strath  Creek,  via 
Broadford,  Victoria." 

"  I  have  used  one  bottle  of  your  Bronchitis  Cure  with  great  benefit 
to  myself,  as  the  smothering:  has  completely  left  me. — (Mrs  )  JOHl? 
RAHILLY,  Glenmaggie,  Victoria." 

"  I  have  finished  the  Bronchitis  Cure  you  sent,  and  am  amazed  at 
what  it  has  done  in  the  time.  The  difficulty  of  breathing  has  all  gone. 
—J.  HARRINGTON,  Bingegong,  Morundah,  N.S.W." 

•  I  lately  .idministered  some  of  your  Bronchitis  Cure  to  a  son  o< 
mine,  with  splendid  effect.  The  cure  was  absolutely  miraculous. — D. 
A.  PACKER,  Quiera.  Neutral  Bay,  Sydney,  N.S.W." 

"Your  Bronchitis  Cure,  as  usual,  acted  splendidly. — O.  H. 
RADFORD,  Casterton.  Victoria." 

"Kindly  forward  another  bottle  of  your  famous  Bronchitis  Oure 
without  delay,  as  I  find  it  to  be  a  most  valuable  medicine— (Mrs.)  J. 
SLATER,  Warragul,  Victoria." 

"I  am  very  pleased  with  your  Bronchitis  Cure.  The  result  wm 
marvellous.  It  eased  me  right  off  at  once.  -G.  SEYTEB,  Bourka, 
N.S.W." 

"  Your  medicine  for  Asthma  is  worth  £1  a  bottle.— W.  LETTS,  Hey- 
wood,  Victoria." 

"  I  have  tried  lots  of  medicine,  but  yours  is  the  best  I  ever  had.  I 
am  recommending  it  to  everybody.— S.  STEELE,  Yanko  Siding, 
NS.W" 

"  I  suffered  from  Chronic  Asthma  and  Bronchitis,  for  which  I  ob- 
tained no  relief  until  I  tried  your  medicine,  but  I  can  truly  say  that  I 
am  astonished  at  mv  present  freedom,  as  a  direct  result  of  my  bri«» 
trial. -JOHN  C  TRELAWNEY,  Severn  River,  via  Inverell,  N.S.W." 

"  Last  year  I  suffered  severely  from  Bronchitis,  and  the  doctor,  to 
whom  I  paid  seven  guineas,  did  not  do  me  .iny  good  ;  but  I  heard  o* 
your  Bronchitis  Cure,  and  two  bottles  of  it  made  me  quite  well.— H 
HOOD,  Brooklands,  Avoca-street,  South  Yarra,  Melbourne." 

"  Please  send  me  half-a-dozen  of  your  Bronchitis  Cure.  This  medi- 
cine cured  me  in  the  winter,  and  has  now  cured  a  friend  of  mine  of  » 
very  bad  Bronchitis —A   ALLEN,  Ozone  House,  Lome,  Victoria." 

'•  Tour  Bronchitis  Cure  has  done  me  much  good.  This  is  a  new  ex- 
perience, for  all  the  medicine  I  previously  took  made  me  much  wor«e. 
I  am  satisfied. that  the  two  bottles  of  Bronchitis  Cure  I  got  from  yoB 
have  pulled  me  through  a  long  and  dangerous  illness.— HENRY 
WURLOD,  Alma,  near  Maryborough,  Victoria" 

"The  bottle  of  Bronchitis  Cure  I  got  from  you  was  magica!  in  it* 
effects  — CHAS.  WHYBROW,  Enoch's  Point,  via  Dariingford,  Vio- 
toria." 

"  Upon  looking  through  our  books  we  are  struck  with  the  steady 
and  rapid  increase  in  the  sales  of  your  Bronchitis  (Jure —ELLIOTT 
BROS.,  Ltd.,  Wholesale  Druggists,  Sydney,  N.S.W." 


Preparer  only,  and  sold  wholesale  and  retail,  by  the  Proprietor,  W.  G.  HEARNE,  Chemist,  Geelong:.  Vic*orl«. 

■•nail si"   7««.  6d. :  Uto-^  4.««.  fid.     ■J'^H  hv  i"!hpmi«a  anH  Modini"*  v«ndor»    '  Forwarded  by  post  to  anv  addreu  whe»  not  obtainable  looaUr. 


For  mutual  aov 


to  an  advertiser 


lentlon  the  Review  of      eviews. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


*^?Jo?'s  STEEL  WINDMILLS 


PATENT 


PATENT 
STEEL 
WATER 
TROUGHS 

Manufactu- 
rer and    im- 
porter of  all 
Requisites 
for  Watering 
Stock, 
House,  or 
Garden. 
The  Cheapest, 
Simplest,  and 
Most  Durable 

>  ILL 
Manufactured. 

Awarded  8  Gold 

Medals. 

Hundreds  cf 

Testimonials. 

The  Largest 

Manufacturer 

and  Supplier  in 

the  Australian 

Colonies. 

Cataloffues  Free 

on  Application. 

Specially  adapt- 
ed for  Stock 


Water  Supply. 

^'*"' JAMES  ALSTON, 

Near  ^^uken's  Bridge.       South     Melbourne. 


HAS 

No  Equal. 

The  Most 
Lasting. 

The  Most 
Reliable. 


PRICES  :-^ 

10/6, 

12/6,  {6/6^1/- 
25/-  to  £20. 

Of  all 

Stationers. 

Ask  for 

The  '  SWAN: 


CATALOGUE   POST   FREE. 

MABIE,  TODD,  &  BARD, 

93,  Cheapside,  London,  Eng. 


GOLD  CURE 


hor 


ALCOHOLISM 


and  the 


MORPHIA  HABIT. 


Tui. 
BI-OHUORIDE  OF  GOLD  TREATMENT 
FOR   VICTORIA, 

Eaubllshed  TEN  yearn  ago  by   Kr   Wolfenden,  is  now  in  th« 
h»nd»of  lh«  CENTRAL  MISSION,  MELBOURNE. 

REV.  A.  R.  EDQAR,  Superintendent. 
This  is  its  Gdarantek  of  Good  Faith. 


THE  TREATMENT  which  ie  conducted  at  the  Insti- 
tute, "OriKA."  JoLimiNT  Sqi'ARB  Jolimont,  in 
private  and  pleasant  sui  roundinv;),  i;ompletely  de- 
stroys the  cravinj;  and  desire  for  drink  and  druijB,  and 
cats  their  viciim  free  At  the  game  time  it  tones  up 
bis  tyBlem  and  malies  him  a  better  man  ph.vHically.  A 
leading  Collini-street  physician  watches  each  case. 


Sei.d  for  Pamphlet  {gratis)      Address  to  the  Institute,  or  to 
Mr.  A.  J.  UiRRiCK,  Central  MiK^ion,  Melbourne. 

MK.NTION    this    r'AIRk. 


jBlocc  s 


mutual  advantage 


you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews 


December  20,  igoi 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REV  IE  VS. 


'mO^i,:^ 


'idi^"^ 


"  Judge     J 

HIS  IDEA. 
*'  What  is  the  congress  of  mothers?" 
■'  I   believe  it   is  an   association  of   women 
discuss  how  to  t-^'c  care  of  ch'Mren   while 
husbands  are  at  home  doing  it." 


w:io 
heir 


30  DAYS'  TRIAL. 

^yE  grant  every  purchaser  of  our  ELECTRIC  BELTS  and 
APPLIA^■CES  a  trial  of  Thirty  Days  before  payment, 

which  is  fully  explained  in  our  "ELECTRIC  ERA."  Our 
Electric  Belta  will  cure  all 
NERVOUS  and  other  DIS- 
EASES in  all  stages,  however 
caused,  and  restore  the 
wearer  to  ROBUST  HEALTH. 

Our  Marvellous  Electric 
Belts  give  a  steady  soothing 
current  that  can  be  felt  by  the 
wearer  through  all  WEAK 
PARTS.  REMEMBER,  we  give 
a  written  guarantee  with  each 
Electric  Belt  that  it  will  per- 
manently cure  j-ou.  If  it  does 
not  we  wiU  promptly  return 
the  full  amount  paid.  We 
mean  exactly  what  we  say, 
and  do  precisely  what  we 
promise. 

NOTICE.— Before  purchasing  we  prefer  that  you  send  for 

our  "ELECTRIC  ERA"  and  Price  List  (post  free),  giving 

illustrations  of  different  appliances  for  BOTH  SEXES,  also 

TESTIMONY  which  will  convince  the  most  sceptical. 

Address— 

German  Electric  Belt  Agency, 

63    ELIZABETH    STREET,    SYDNEY. 


UNDER    THE  ROYAL    PATRONAGE    OF 

H.U.     THE     QUEEN     OF     QREECE.  ^  H.R.H.     THE     DUCHESS     OF     SPARTA. 

M.R.H.     PRINCESS     MARIE     OF     QREECE.  CjjQ  H.R.H.     PRINCESS     HOHENLOHE. 

H.R.H.     THE     DUKE     OF     SPARTA.  ^  H.R.H.     PRINCE     QEORQE     OP     QREEOM 


ii 


HARLENE 


(Hi^h  Commiaeioner  ol  CieU,  ato.,  ato.) 

EDWARDS 
"  FOR 


THE 


THE    QREAT 
HAIR    PRODUCER   AND    RESTORER. 

Tha  FIneat  Dressing  Specially  Prepared  and 

Delicately  Pertumad. 

A  Luxury  and  a  Necessity  to  Every  Modern  Tollat. 

"HARLENE" 

Prodaoei  Luxuriant    Hair.      Prevent*   Ita   Falling   Off  or 
Tnxnlng  Grey.     Unequalled  for  Promoting  th«  Growth  of 
th*   Beard   and   Moustacha.      The  Renowned   Remedy  for 
BaldaeBi.     For  Pregerving,  Strengthening,  and  Rendering 
tha  Hair  Beautifully  Soft;  for  Bemoring  Scarf,  Dandrofl, 
etc.,  alio  for  restoring  grey  hair  to  its  Original  Colour. 
Fall  Description  and  Direction  for  use  in  20  Languagee 
supplied  with  erery  Bottle. 
Is.,  2s.  6d.,  and  t3  times  2b.  6d.  size)  48.  6d.  per  Bottle, 
from  Chemists,  Ualrdrea^er8,  and  Stores  al)  over  the  World. 


EDWARDS'  "HARLENE"  CO..  95  &  96  High  Holborn.  Londo 


<ertiser  oiease  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews 


THE  REVIEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  IQ02. 


^lhiDICESTION& 

Biliousness 


HO 


^  Infants 
AND  Invalids. 


.'rjfl^ 


For  mutuaJ  advantac 


idveitiser  pleeise  mentiw       «>  Review  of  Revl« 


December  20,  ipo2. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  Cat:   "  Now  I  know  why  my  milk  rations 
have  been  cut  down." 


BROOKS 
ROBINSON    «> 


AND  CO.  LTD. 


THE    NEW 
WALL    TILING. 

Beautiful  and  EverUstinf. 

Always  Clean. 

For  Bathroom*,  Lavatori4 
etc.,  etc. 


ARTISTIG 


mall  Papers 


ALL    GRADES. 


Leaded  and  Embossed  Glass. 
Higfh-Relief  Ceiling  Decorations. 
Mantelpieces,  Hearth  Tiles,  Grates. 
Stained  Glass  and  Tiles. 


59   to   65    ELIZABETH    STREET, 

MELBOURNE. 


**A  PERFECT    Food    for    Infants." 

Mes.  ADA  S.  BALLIN, 

Editress  of  "Baby." 


Over  70  Years'  Established  Reputation. 

Neave's 

Food 

For  INFANTS  and   INVALIDS. 

"  Very    carefully  prepared    and  highly  nutritious."— 
LANCET. 

"  Admirably  adapted  to  the  wants  of  infants  and  young 
persons."— Sir  CHAS.  A.  CAMERON,  C.B.,  M.D. 
Ex-President  of  ihe  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  Ireland. 


USED   IN    1  HE 

RUSSIAN      IMPERIAL      NURSERY. 

GOLD   MEDAL 

Woman's   International    Exhibition, 
London.    1900. 

Manufacturers :    JOSIAH    E.    NEAVE    &  CO  , 
Fordingbridge,  England. 


RUPTURE  r/„SuT 

^^-^         operation,    pain     or     dependence 
f^)  upon   Trusses. 

^/ -^    The  only  humane  treatment 

^».  Immediate  Relief  and  Permanent 
Cure  is  obtained  by  my  improved 
combined  treatment.  Send  for 
Treatise,  "Rupture  and  its  Cure." 
SURGEON    LANGSTON. 

M.R.C.S.,  ENG., 
Throw  away 
jour  Truss.     COR  .  R  U  SSELL  A  COLLINS   STS.,   MELB 


For  Kfutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Kevlew  of  Reviews. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igoi 


There    is    Only    One 

California 


♦  ♦  ♦  ♦ 


Syrup  of  Tigs. 


But    there    are    bad    imitations    and    cheap 
substitutes    in    plenty. 

The    Original    and    Genuine,    now    known 
throughout  the   English-speaking  world  as 

nature's  Pleasant  Caxatlve" 

Is    the    one    perfect 
Strengthening  laxative. 

eieansind  tbe  System  effectually. 

Dispelling  golds  and  Readacbes.    Preventing  fevers. 

Overcoming  l)abitual  Constipation  Permanently. 


Its  freedom  from  every  objectionable  substance,  and  acting  on  the 
kidneys,  liver  and  bowels,  gently,  yet  promptly,  without  weakening  or 
irritating  them,  make  it  the  ideal  laxative.  In  order  to  get  its  beneficial 
effects,  ask  for  CALIFORNIA  SYRUP  OF  FIGS,  and  look  for  the  name 
printed  on  the  front  of  the  package. 


CALIFORNIA     FIG    SYRUP    COMPANY. 

Of  all  Chemists,  Is.  Ud.  and  1/9.  Depot:    32  SNOW  HILL,  LONDON,  EC. 

Australian   Branch  :    7  BARRACK  STREET.  SYDNEY. 


For  mutual  advantage  wnen  you  write  to  an  aavertiser  please  ment 


December  20,  1902. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REV  I E IV  S. 


HIS  PRACTICAL  V1L\,  . 

Deacou  Johnson. — "  Does  yo"  be'.ieve  in  iatant 
damnation,  Brudder  Jackson?"' 

Brother  Jackson.— "  Deedy,  no!  Dey'll  p'.ck 
up  cuss  words  enough  widout  being  swored  at 
ly   deyr   parents." — CPuk.    I 


VISITORS    TO    LONDON 


Shoitld  Stat  at  th»  MAONincBNX 

HOTEL  METROPOLE 

TRAFALGAR    SQUARE. 


Position  most  Central.     Charges  Moderate. 

Rooms,  including  light  and  attendance,  from  6/- 

p«r  day. 


A    HOTEL  OF  THE   HIGHEST  ORDER. 
PATRONISED   BY   THE   BEST  CLASSES. 


PROPRIETORS  : 
GORDON    HOTELS,    LIMITED. 


Hudson's  Eumenthol  Jujubes. 


(REGISTERED.) 


For 

COUGHS,     COLDS, 

BRONCHITIS, 

and  all 

AFFECTIONS  of  the 

THROAT  and 

LUNGS. 


The  Great  Antiseptic 
Remedy  for  the  Cure  of 
INFLUENZA,  and  Pre- 
vention of  CONSUMP- 
TION. Invaluable  for 
Singers  and  Public 
Speakers. 


SOLD    ONLY    IN    TINS. 


Sold  by  all  Chemists,  Is.  6cl.,  op  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Stamps  of  any  State, 
from  tne  Proprietor, 

G.    HUDSON,    CHEMIST,    IPSWICH,    QUEENSLAND. 

SYDNEY    DEPOT:     5    and    7    QUEENS    PLACE; 
And    FELTON.    GRIMWADE   Sc    CO.,    MELBOURNE,    AGENTS 


They  ease  a  Tired  Throat,  and  are  heip-Ful  in    Indigestion   and    Dyspepsia. 

The  AUSTRALASIAN  MEDICAL  GAZETTE  says:  "  Of  great  service  in  affections 
of  the  throat  and  voice." 


For  mutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  Diease  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1902. 


THE  QUEEN  OF  AUSTRALASIAN  COLLEGES  1 

/llbctbo&iet  3La&iee'  College, 


HAWTHORN,   VICTORIA. 


"If  there  is  a  Collegre  in  Australia  that  trains  its  srirls  to  be  ladies  It  Is  the  Methodist  Ladles' 
Oeilegre."— A  Parent  in  New  South  Wales. 

••The  best  praise  of  the  College  is  that  it  trains  its  girls  in  character.  This  Is  what  a  parent 
values."— A  Victorian  Parent. 


PRESIDENT    -    REV.  W.  H.  FITCHEH,  B.A..  LL.D.         HEAD  MASIER    -    J.  REFORD  CORR.  M.A.,  LIB. 


THE  COLLEGE  consists  of  stately  buildings  (on 
which  nearly  £40,000  has  been  spent),  stand- 
ing in  Spacious  Grounds,  and  furnished  with 
the  latest  and  most  perfect  educational  appli- 
ances. It  includes  Gymnasium,  Art  Studio, 
Swimming  Bath,  Tennis  Ckjurt,  etc. 

THE  ORDINARY  STAFF  numbers  fifteen,  and 
includes  six  University  Graduates,  making  it 
the  strongest  Teaching  Staff  of  any  Girls' 
School  in  Australia. 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS.— The  Visiting  Staff  con- 
sists of  eighteen  experts  of  the  highest  stand- 
ing, including  the  very  best  Teachers  in  Music, 
Singing,  and  all  forms  of  Art. 

BOARDERS  are  assured  of  wise  training  in  so- 
cial habits,  perfect  comfort,  refined  com- 
panions, and  a  happy  College  life. 

RELIGIOUS  TRAINING.— Each  Boarder  attends 
the  Church  to  which  her  parents  belong,  and  is 
under  the  Pastoral  Charge  of  its  Minister. 
Regular  Scripture  teaching  by  the  President. 


BOARDERS    FROM    A    DISTANCE.— G  i  r  1  » 

are  attracted  by  the  reputation  of  the  College, 
and  by  the  pre-eminent  advantages  in  Health, 
Happiness,  and  Education  it  offers,  from  all 
the  Seven  States. 

SPECIAL  STUDENTS.— Young  Ladies  are  re- 
ceived who  wish  to  pursue  Special  Lines  of 
Study  without  taking  up  the  full  course  of  or- 
dinary school  work. 

UNIVERSITY  SUCCESSES.— At  the  last  Ma- 
triculation Examinations,  fourteen  students  of 
the  M.L.C.  passed,  out  of  seventeen  oflBcially 
"  sent  up,"  and  two  of  the  unsuccessful  missed 
by  only  one  point  each!  This  is  the  highest 
proportion  of  passes  secured  by  any  college. 
There  were  no  failures  in  Greek,  Algebra, 
French,  German,  Botany,  Geography,  and 
Music,  and  only  one  in  English  and  Physiology. 
Thirteen  "  Honours  "  were  obtained  in  English, 
French,  and  German. 


The  following  are  unsought  testimonials  to  the 
work  of  the  College,  taken  from  letters  of  parents 
received  during  1901.  They  are  samplas,  it  may  be 
added,  of  scores  of  similar  letters  received: 

A  parent  whose  girls  have  been,  for  some  years, 
day-girls  at  the  College,  writes: 

"  Now  that  their  school  years  are  coming  to  an  end, 
it  IB  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  be  able  to  say  what  I 
kope  will  be  the  life-long  benefit  they  have  derived  from 
being  alumnae  of  the  M.L.C.  Their  progress  amply 
repays  my  wife  and  myself  for  any  sacrifice  we  have 
made  to  secure  them  this  great  advantage." 

A  country  banker,  whose  two  daughters  were  re- 
sident students,  writes: 

"  I  am  satisfied  that  my  daughters  have  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  where  they  have  every  advantage  that  talent. 
tone,  and  exceptional  kindness  can  give  to  school-girlB. 

From  a  country  minister: 

"  The  College  was  a  very  happy  home  to  eur  girl 
for  tb«»  two  years  she  was  there.     She  is  never  weary 


telling  us  of  the  great  kindness  and   care  she  alwayt 
received." 

A  South  Australian  lady  writes: 

"  I  wanted  my  girl  to  be  brought  up  amongst  lady- 
like companions,  and  to  be  happy;  and  I  must  con- 
gratulate you  on  accomplishing  what  is  not  only  my 
desire,  but  what,  I  am  sure,  is  the  desire  of  hundreds  of 
ether  mothers  as  well." 

From  a  parent  whose  daughters  have  been  daj- 
students: 

"  I  look  upon  the  M.L.C.  as  a  real  temple  of  purity, 
kindness,    and    happy   girl-life." 


The  "  Young  Man  "  (England) : 

"  British  readers  will  probably  have  but  little  ides 
of  the  national  importance  of  this  institution.  It  haa 
earned  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best  High 
Schools  for  girls,  not  in  Australia  only,  but  in  all  th« 
world."  ^ 


,END    POSTCARD     FOR    COLLEQE     HANDBOOK,     WITH    PHOTOGRAPHS. 


December  20,  1902.  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Dainty 

and 

Nourishing.  ^^^ 

SAVE 


THESE 
PANELS, 


Quaker  Oats 

ON    SUMMER    MORNINGS. 


it  introduces 

Your  Stomach 

To  Your  Breakfast, 


Circular  in  every  pacltet  referring  to  our   Watcii,   Spoon  and 
Foric  Distribution.    Read  it  carefully  and  save  the 
Trade  Marks. 


For  mutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  R«vlew  of  Reviews 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  1Q02. 


W.  SUMMERSCALES  &  SONS  Ltd. 

PHOENIX    FOUNDRY,    KEIGHLEY,    YORKSHIRK 

Makers  of  High-Class  Laundry  Machinery  and  Cook- 
ing Apparatus  for  Asylums,  Hotels,  Mansions,  Public 
and  Private  Laundries,  etc.,  etc 


Largest  Makers 
in  the  World 

of 

WASHING, 

WRINGING 

AND 

MANGLING 

MACHINES. 


Established  1350. 


SOLE    AUSTRALASLAJ-T    AGENTS: 


JOLLY  BROS.,  Cromwell  Buildings,  Melbourne. 


o 

u 

z 

< 

< 

(d 

02 

",^H 

^^ 

z 

as 

o 

<ls^ 

^  ■■ 

UJ 

s 

c 

fi? 

H 

HI 

> 

c 

^ 

(U| 

w 

^J        iJ 

g 

CO 

R 

ton* 

^ 

c 

H 

THE    LION    BRAND. 


approach 
il: 


LjU. 
Of  riCE5 1  CiAReNceSt 

<}.W0Rt<5'  KeNT§T 


nufacturingConfectioner. 


< 

i  i 

a.   3 

CQ   .^ 

o  ^t 

C/3   §^ 
t/3  ^1 


>  1^ 

O  -as 

z 

o 


092 
<(0 


For  mutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews 


December  20.  IQ02. 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


"  Leslie's  Weekly."] 

BUSINESS   INTERESTS   FIRST. 
Terrified   Old   Lady:    "The     District    Council 
ought  to  put  up  a  notice  on  that  hill  saying  it's 
dangerous  to  cyclists." 

Stolid  Milkman:  "Well,  mann,  you  see  there's 
an  undertaker  on  the  Board,  an'  he  won't  let 
them." 


ACTS    LIKE    MAGIC! 

Has  Never  Been   Known  to  Fall  to  Cure  Horses  of 

SPLINTS,  WINDGALLS,  SPRAINS,  SORE  BACKS,  SORE 

SHOULDERS,   BROKEN   KNEES,  GREASY  HEELS, 

STRAINS,  SWELLINGS,  Etc. 

EVIDENCE. 

Sebastopol,  March  4,  1902. 
Dear  Sirs,— We  have  used  Solomon  Solution  for  a 
number  of  years,  for  sore  backs,  girth  galls,  sore  shoul- 
ders, greasy  heels,  and  for  all  kinds  of  wounds  and 
■praina  in  horses  and  cattle.  We  have  great  pleasure 
in  recommending  it.  No  stable  should  be  without  it. 
Yours  truly, 

D.  HANRAHAN  &  SONS. 


SOLOMON    SOLUTION    CURES. 

Price  2/6  and   5/-  jar. 
Obtainable  of  All  Chemists,  Storekeepers,  Saddlera. 


Patentees  and  Sole  Manufacturers 

SOLOMON    COX    &    SON. 

422    BOURKE    STREET.  MELBOURNE. 


Recommended  by  Three  Phy- 
sicians to 


Up. 


Her  Late  Majesty  the  Queen 
and  H.M.  the  King. 


Have  you  a  strong  will?       Have  you  plenty  of  energy? 

If  you  are  deficient  of  either,  or  both,  you  should 
call  to  your  help  Nature's  best  aid  in  such  cases 
(Drugs  will  not  build  up  energy  and  will  power.) 
Nature's  own  Vitality  is  the  electrical  energy  which  permeates 
every  living  thing,  and  you  can  obtain  your  share  by  using 
as  the  necessary  connection  one  of 

PULVERM  ACKER'S 

Calvamc  Appliances. 

ESTABLISHED  OVER  50  YEARS. 

Illustrated  Pamphlet  of  interesting  scientific  information  and 
testimonials  Post  Free  from  Osborn  &  Jerdan,  393,  George 
Street,  Svdney,  N.S.W.,  and  211,  Queen  Street,  Brisbane; 
Frost  &  Shipham,  411,  Hay  Street,  Perth,  West  Australia;  or 

J.  L.  Pulvermacher  &  Co.  Ltd. 

194,  Regent  Street,  London,  W. 


advantage  wnen  you  write  to  an  aavertiser  piease  mention  tne  Keview  of  reviews. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


EVERY  HOUSEHOLD  AMD  TRAVELLING  TRUNK  OUGHT  TO  GONTAIN  A  BOTTLE  OF 

ENO'S   FRUIT  SALT' 


A    SIMPLE     REMEDY     FOR     PREVENTING     AND    CURING 
BY     NATURAL     MEANS 

All  Functional  Derangements  of  the  Liver,   Temporary  Con- 
gestion arising  from  Alcoholic  Beverages,  Errors  in  Diet, 
Biliousness,    Sick    Headache,    Giddiness,    Vomiting.    Heartburn, 

Sourness  of  the  Stomach,  Consiiipatton,  Thirst, 
Skin  Eruptions,  Boils,  Feverish  Cc!d  with  High  Temperature 
and  Quick  Pulse,  Influenza,  Throat  Affections  and 
Fevers  of  all  kinds. 


INDIGESTION,  BILIOUSNESS,  SICKNESS,  etc.— "I  have  often  thought  of -writing  to  tell 
you  what  'FRUIT  SALT'  has  done  for  me.  I  used  to  be  a  perfect  martyr  to  Indigestion  and  Biliousness. 
About  six  or  seven  years  back  my  husband  suggested  I  should  try  '  FEUIT  SALT.'  I  did  so,  and  the 
result  has  been  marvellous ;  I  never  have  the  terrible  pains  and  sickness  I  used  to  have ;  I  can  eat  almost 
anything  now.  I  always  keep  it  in  the  house  and  recommend  it  to  my  friends,  as  it  is  such  an  invaluable 
pick-me-up  if  you  have  a  headache  or  don't  feel  jure  r:-ght.  '       "  Tours  truly, (August  8,  1900)." 

The  efTect  of  ENO'S  •FRUIT  SALT'  on  a  Disordered,  Sleepless,  and  Feverish  Condition  is  simply 
marvellous.      It  is,  in  -Fact,  Nature's  Own  Remedy,  and  an  Unsurpassed  One. 

CAUTION. — See  capsule  marked  Eno'S  ♦  Fruit  Salt.'    Without  it  you  have  a  Wobthless  Imitation, 
Prepared  onl.v  by  J.  C.  ENO,  Ltd.,  at  the  'FRUIT  SALT'  WORKS,  LONDON,  by  J.  C.  ENO'S  Patent. 


THe  Oldsmobile 

Runs  ev^eryvvhere — snow,  slush;  mud.  hills,  valleys,  rough  roads,  smooth  tracks — the 
practical,  perfected  motor  vehicle 

Simple  in  construction,  strong  in  driving  force,  economical  in  operation,  ever  reliable, 
the  ideal  in  Automobiles. 

Flexible  in  gear,  instant  in  response  to  the  will  of  the  operator.  No  vibration  nor 
noise,  it  runs  smooth  as  velvet  speeding  from  10  to  25  miles  per  hour,  the  class  of  roads  not 
entering  into  consideration.     The  best  thing  on  wheels. 

The  lowest  price  reliable  Automobile  made.  Write  for  descriptive  booklet  toDept.  5. 
Oliis  Motor  "WorRs,  Detroit,  MicHigan,  U.  S.  A. 


For  mutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  aavertiser  piecise  nnentlon  the  Review  of  Reviews 


December  20,  ipoi 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


"Judge."] 

AT    THE    SHORE. 

She:   "  Have  you  seen  all  the  sights  here?" 
He:  "Are  there  others?" 


OMEGA. 

Cure  f«rDrunkennc$$. 

THE   LATEST  AMERICAN  REMEDY. 

No  Hypodermic  Injections.     No  restriction  from     j 
usual  work.  ; 


No.    1    for    Mild    Cases,    £1     Is. 

(Posted.) 

No.  2  for  Severe     Cases,    £5  5s. 


A  certain  Cure   if  dire^  tions  are  followed   out.     Omeg.a 
Co.,  li  Brunbwick  Street,  East  Melbourne. 

HERBAL  REMEDIES  for  ALL  DISEASES. 

Forwarded    to    all    parts    of    Australia. 
(5s.  packet  a  week's  supply.) 


MR.  Q.  BUXTON  HEWER, 

American     Herbalist, 

14      BRUNSWICK     STREET, 


EAST     MELBOURNE. 


STARVATION 


White  Bread  sta.'vation  is 
the  unsuspected  cause  of 
wide-spread  v/eakness  and 
debility.  The  strength  of 
Wheat  lies  largely  in  the 
Bran-Phosphates,  which  are, 
however,  removed  in  making 
White  Flour,  but  can  be 
restored  to  the  diet  by  using 
CEREBOS  SALT  at  table 
and  in  cooking. 

FROM    GROCERS   AND    STORES. 

Jf-ha/t'sak'    Acf>i's:-fc-t.-rsc'u   e-   Co., 


Bonnington's 
Carrageen 
Irish  M055. 

FOR  STUBBORN  COUGHS  AND  COLDS. 

The  above  preparation  has  the  largest  sale  of 
any  cough  medicine  in  Australasia.  It  is  a  safe 
and  valuable  remedy  for  Bronchitis,  Asthma, 
Whooping  Cough,  and  Chest  Affections  gene- 
rally. 

The  "  Irish  Moss  "  is  used  largely  bj'  public 
speakers  and  singers  as  a  voice  restorative.  It 
removes  all  huskiness,  and  increases  the  power 
and  flexibility  of  the  voice. 

SOLD   EVERYWHERE 
In  Large  and  Small  Bottles. 

— ^— — ^—   PREPARKD  Br  ^— ^— — . 


QEORQE    BONNINQTON,    CHEMIST, 
Christchurch,  N.Z. 


F«r  mutual  advantcige  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of     eviews. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  IQ02. 


IF   YOU    HAVE 

something  good  to  tell,  there  is  no  need  to  delude  the  unwary  into  reading  an  apparently 
interesting  story  which  proves  to  be  a  prelude  to  an  advertisement.  The  startling  story 
and  the  thrilling  "testimonial"  do  not  add  to  the  merit  of •  the  article  advertised.  If 
you    are   troubled    with 

BAD    DIGESTION,    IIVIPURE    BLOOD, 
LANGUOR,    INACTIVE    LIVER, 
SICK    HEADACHE, 

or  other  such  ailments  which  arise  from  a  Disordered  Stomach  imperfectly  doing  its 
work,  you  need  not  experiment  with  the  many  medicines  so  plausibly  put  before  you— take 

BEECHAM'S   PILLS 

and  you  have  a  reliable  remedy,  proved  oy  thousands  of  sufferers  to  be  unequalled  for 
dispelling  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Liver.  It  is  not  necessary  to  bring  BEECHAM'S 
PILLS  before  your  notice  surreptitiously,  as  they  are  openly  recommended  by  those  who 
have  found  that  BEECHAM'S  PILLS  will  do  all  that  is  claimed  for  them— hence  they  have 
the  largest  sale  of  any  Patent  Medicine  in  the  World. 


Sold  Everywhere,  in  Boxes,  price  Is.  Hd.  (56  Pills)  and  2s.  9d.  (168  Pills). 


THE  POPULAR  PICTORIAL  NEWS  AND   FAMILY  PAPER. 

PRICE    THREEPENCE. 


ADMIRABLE     ILLUSTRATIONS,     FASCINATi^G 

FICTION,  THE  WTIEK'S  CABLE  AND  GENERAL 

INTELLIGENCE;     lAY^    STOCK,      GRAIN      AND 

GENERAL  MARKET  REPORTS. 


A    PAPER    FOR    THE   PEOPLE    OF    TOWN    AND 
COUNTRY,   for   the   Citizen   and   the   Set- 
tler,   the  Farmer  and  the  Miner. 


THE    WEEKLY    TIMES, 

PRICE    THREEPENCE. 

AN  ATTRACTIVE  JOURNAL.    PROFITABLE  AND 
HELPFUL  TO  ITS  READERS. 


THE  PAPER  FOR  THE  HOME,  with  Excellent  Fea- 
tures of  Special  Interest  to  Both  Old  and  Young. 


TERMS    OF    SUBSCRIPTION: 

Posted  direct  to  subscribers  in  any  part  of  the  Aus- 
tralian Commonwealth: 

TERMS   (PAYABLE  IN  ADVANCE). 

Quarterly     3s.  6d. 

Half-Yearly     7s.  Od. 

Yearly 13s.  Od. 


All  Business  Communications  to  be  addressed  to  the  Manager,  "Weekly  Times".] 

Office,  Melbourne. 

With  its  Large  and  Widespread  Circulation  THE   WEEKLY  TIMES  is  an  EXCELLENT 
MEDIUM    FOR    ADVERTISEMENTS. 

For  mutual  advantage  wnen  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews. 


December  20,  1902.  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


WHEN  HE  NEEDS  HE«T. 
"  By  Jove!    It's  a  good  thing  a  man's  vacation 
comes  just  after  he  packs  up!" 


A  Toy  Sewing 

Machine 
for  only  10/6 

EXCELLENT  FOR 
LEARNERS. 

Does  good  work, 
and  makes  indus- 
trious girls. 

Carefully  packed  in 
a  box,  and  forwarded 
(carnage  paid  by 
parcels  post )  to  any 
address  in  Australia, 
Tasmania,  or  New 
Zealand. 

STAR  NOVELTY  COMPANY,  229-23  J  Collins  St.,  Melbourne. 

MEDICAL  GALVANISM, 

"MESSRS.  HALE  AND  SON'S  FIRM  has  distinguished  itself 
in  the  development  of  ELECTRICAL  SCIENCE  as  a  MEDICAL 
AGENT.  By  an  entirely  NEW  METHOD  of  application  they 
have  succeeded  in  producing  an  ELECTRIC  BODY  BELT, 
which  for  COMFORT,  EPPiCACY  and  GENUINENESS  is 
unquestionably  far  superior  to  any  previ.  us  invention.  Yet  the 
whole  appliance  is  so  compact  that  it  only  weighs  a  few  ounces. 
In  this  age  of  shams  it  is  something  to  get  an  article  that  has 
some  power  apart  from  imagination."—"  Medical  Monthly." 

HALE'S  IMPROVED  ELECTRIC  BELTS  have  conquered 
the  most  OBSTINATE  cases  of  NERVOUS  and  other  DISEASES 
after  all  other  remedies  have  FAILED.  OUR  SPECIAL 
ELECTRIC  BELT  WITH  SUSPENSOR  FOR  GENTLEMEN 
HAS  NO  EQUAL.  Catalogue  and  Price  Li-t  gratis.  CON- 
SULTATION FREE. 

HALE  &  SON,  Medical  Galvanists, 

44   CASTLEREAGH   STREET,    SYDNEY. 


DR.    RICORD'S 

PI  LA 

CURES    PILES. 

"  PILA  "  is  a  Sure  and  Permanent  Cure  for  Blind 
and  Bleeding  Piles.  Sufferers  should  not  fail  to  (rive 
this  valuable  remedy  a  trial.  Tt  has  cured  thousands 
of  the  very  worst  cases!  Saved  many  a  painful  opera- 
tion, and  given  immediate  reUef  from  pain.  "  Pila  " 
is  taken  internally,  and  is  specially  recommended  to 
delicate  constitutions.  Price,  5s.  per  jar,  postage  Is. 
-rtra.  Send  for  "Dr.  Ricord'a  Treatise  on  Piles," 
and  testimonials  free  on  receipt  of  stamped  ddressed 
envelope.  If  not  obtainable  at  your  cherei  t  apply 
direct  to   Co. 

AGENTS: 
PERRY  &  CO.,  47  QUEEN  STREET.  MELBOURNE. 

SUB-AGENTS: 
R.  W.  Beddome  in  Co.,  254  Bourke  Street.  SOUTH 
AUSTRALIA— F.  H.  Faulding  &  Co.,  Druggists,  Ade- 
laide. WESTERN  AUSTRALIA-F.  H.  Faulding  & 
Co.,  341  Murray  Street,  Perth.  NEW  SOUTH  WALES 
— F.  H.  Faulding  &  Co.,  16  O'Connell  Street.  Sydney. 


Will  develop  or  reduce 


WiKoii  Gibbs' 


BEAUTIFIEB     AND 

REMOVER 
OF    WRINKLES 


THE     ONLT 


Electric 


Massage  Roller. 


VPatented  United  States,  Europe, 
Canada.) 

'  Its  work  is  not  confined  to  the  face 
alone,  but  will  do  good  to  any  part  of  the  body  to  which  it  is 
applied,  developing  or  reducing  as  desirei.  It  is  a  very  pretty 
addition  to  the  toilet  table."— Chicago  Tribune.  "  This  delicate 
Electric  Beautifier  removes  all  facial  blemishes.  It  is  tbe  only 
positive  remover  of  wrinkles  and  crow's  feet.  It  never  fwils  to 
perform  all  that  is  exoected." — Chicago  Times  Herald.  "  The 
Electric  Roller  is  certainly  productive  of  good  results.  I  believe 
it  the  best  of  any  appliances  It  is  safe  and  effective." — Harriet 
Hubbard  Ayer,  New  York  World. 

For  Massage  and  Curative  Purposes  an  Electric  Roller  is  all  the 
term  implies.  The  invention  of  a  physician  and  elecrician  known 
throughout  America  and  Europe.  A  perfect  complexion  beautifier. 
Will  remove  wrinkles,  "crow's  feet"  (premature  or  from  age), 
and  all  facial  blemishes.  Whenever  electricity  is  to  be  used  for 
mass iging  or  curative  purposes,  it  has  no  equal.  No  charging. 
Always  ready  for  use  on  all  parts  of  the  body,  for  all  di  eases.  For 
Rheumatism,  Sciatica,  Neuralga,  Nervous  and  Circulatory  Diseases 
a  specific.  Price — Gold,  21/-;  Silver,  16/-.  Pamphlets  Free, 
Sole  agents  for  Australasia— The  Amerijan  Agjncy,  Boz  440, 
G.P.O.,  IVIelbourne. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  .?o,  too?. 


ANOTHER  CURE  BY 

VITADATIO. 


POVERTY  OF  BLOOD  AND  GENERAL  WEAK- 
NESS. 

428  Church  St.,  Richmond, 

August  15,  1902. 
Mr.  S.  A.  PAI.MER. 

Dear  Sir, — About  six  year.?  ago  T  became  very  ill, 
sufTering  from  poverty  of  blood  and  general  M-eakness. 
My  medical  adviser  ordered  me  to  the  Ararat  Hospital. 
I  remained  there  for  one  month,  then  left,  remo\nng 
to  Ballarat.  where  I  became  much  worse  and  very  weak. 
About  four  years  ago  I  returned  to  Melbourne,  and 
eventually  became  so  weak  I  had  to  take  to  my  bed, 
and  remained  there  eight  weeks.  Having  read  a  great 
deal  about  Webber's  VITADATIO,  I  made  up  my 
mind  to  give  it  a  trial.  The  first  bottle  upset  me  very 
much,  and  T  laid  it  aside  for  a  fortnight,  then  I  called 
to  see  you  at  Bourke  Street,  when  you  strongly  advised 
me  to  continue  it.  stating  that  it  would  certainly  cure 
me;  so  I  persevered,  and  after  I  had  taken  the  fifth 
bottle  I  began  to  feel  much  stronger,  and  by  continuing 
my  health  was  completely  restored.  It  is  now  three 
years  since  I  took  the  last  bottle,  and  I  can  truthfully 
say  I  would  have  been  in  my  grave  long  ago  had  it  not 
been  for  "^TTADATIO.  T  can  recommend  it  to  anyone 
suffering  as  1  did.  and  hand  you  this  to  make  use  of  as 
you  please  for  the  benefit  of  other  sufferers.  I  will  be 
pleased  to  answer  any  questions,  either  by  letter  or 
personally  at  above  address. 

Yours  faithfullv, 

MARJORIE  SMITH. 

I  have  known  Mrs.  Smith  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
can  truthfully  certify  that  her  statement  is  true  in 
every  particular.  She  was  very  low  and  weak,  when 
she  commenced  taking  VITADATIO.  and  the  effect 
was  marvellous.  Being  my  next-door  neighbour,  I  saw 
her  daily  until  she  was  quite  well.  I  consider  her  case 
a  wonderful  cure. 

MARY  FRY. 

61  O'Grady  Street,  Albert  Park. 


VITADATIO 

VICTORIOUS. 


HAS  CURED 
TUBERCULOSIS  ABSCESSES. 

Dnnumond  Street.  North  Carlton, 

August  15.  1902. 
Mr.  S.  A.  PALMER. 

I  have  .suffered  from  internal  abscesses  on  and  off 
for  five  years.  On  two  different  occasions  I  was  in  the 
hospital;  the  first  time  was  treated  for  Tuberculosis 
Peritonitis,  the  second  time  for  Tuberculosis  Ab- 
scesses. I  underwent  two  operations;  was  told  they 
had  done  all  they  could  do,  but  could  not  cure  me,  and 
after  I  left  used  to  suffer  intense  agony,  and  could 
scarcely  lift  my  hands  to  my  head.  I  was  induced 
to  give  VITADATIO  a  trial,  and  took  four  bottles, 
which  gave  no  relief,  and  after  the  seventh  bottle  I 
got  relief,  and  continued  taking,  with  the  result  that 
after  about  eight  or  nine  bottles  an  abscess  broke,  and 
after  a  great  dischai-ge  I  got  great  relief.  Four  weeks 
after  this  another  abscess  broke  and  discharged,  and 
after  this  my  former  health  returned.  I  have  now  had 
good  health  for  two  years,  and  not  the  slightest  indi- 
cation of  a  return  of  the  old  complaint.  You  are  at 
liberty  to  use  this  as  you  please,  hoping  it  may  lead 
some  other  sufferers  to  regain  their  lost  health  by 
taking  VITADATIO. 

MRS.    WILLIAMS. 

I  have  known  Mrs.  Williams  for  ten  years,  and  can 
testify  to  the  whole  of  the  above  statement. 


JXO.  C.  ASHFORD. 


382  Station  Street,  N.  Carlton. 


FOR    FURTHER    PARTICULARS 


S.  A.   PALMER, 


Head  Office:    Clarendon  St,   N.,   South  Melbourne, 

(Retail  Depot,  45  and  47  Bourke  Street.) 

CORRESPONDENCE  INVITED.  WRITE  FOR  TESTIMONIALS. 

The  Price  of  Medicine  is  5/6  and  3/6  per  Bottle. 


For  mutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews 


December  20,  IQ02. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


"  Here's  a  lettei-  from  ^lirandy  at  college.  She 
says   she's   in  love  with   Ping-Pong." 

'■  She  is,  hey?  Well,  she'd  better  give  him 
uj):  we  ain't  goin'  to  stand  no  Chinaman  marry- 
in'  inter  this  family." 


AMERICAN  GOODS 

AND 

MANUFACTURES 


SUPRUEO    BY 

HILL    &    PURINGTON    CO. 

(I^•CORPORATBD), 

119-121     LA    SALLE    ST.,    CHICAGO,    ILL.,    U.S.A. 

Cable  Address:  "Hill,"  Chicago. 

The  Australasian  public  is  respectfully  so- 
licited to  correspond  with  us  in  regard  to 
any  goods  or  manufactured  articles,  of  what- 
soever kind,  desired  from  America.  We 
furnish  distributors,  and  sell  wholesale  and 
retail  at  producers'  prices,  our  sources  of  sup- 
ply being  the  best,  and  of  exceptionally  high 
character.  Any  required  information  will 
be  cheerfully  furnished. 

HILL    &   PURINGTON   CO., 

119-121    LA    SALLE    ST.,     CHICAGO,     ILL.,    U.S.A. 


'Sllcnbuiy  s  Food& 

A  PROGRESSIVE  DIETARY,  unique  in  providing  nourishment  suiteci  to  the  growing:  digestive  powers 
of  YOUNG  INFANTS  from  birth  upwards,  and  free  from  dangerous  germs. 


The  "  AUenburys "  Milk    Food    No.  i 

—^^^——'—  Specially  adapted  to  the  first  three  months  of  life. 

The  "  Allenburys  "  Milk    Food    No.  2 

'""^■~"  similarly  adapted  to  the  second  three  months  of  life. 


Complete  Foods, 

STERILIZED,  and 

needing  the  addition  of 

hot  water  only. 


To  be  prepared  for  use  by  the 
addition  of  COWS  MILK, 
according  to  directions  given. 


The  "  AUenburys  "  Malted  Food    No.  3 

~^'^~°~°^^"^~  For  Infants  over  six  months  of  age. 

No.  3  Food  is  strongly  recommended  for  Convalescents,  Invalids,  the  Aged,  and  all  requiring  a  light  and  easily 

digested  diet.       The  "London  Medical  Record"  writes  of  it  that— "  No  Better  Food  Exists." 
PAMPHLET  ON    INFANT  FEEDING  Free  on  r.pplication  to  the  Wholesale  Depot,  484  COLLINS   ST.,  MELBOURNE. 

ALLEN  &  HANBURYS  Ltd.,  LONDON,  ENGLAND. 


Eaye's 
WorsdeU's 

BEST    FAMILY     ^*T|-, 
MEDICINE.  JrlllS. 

They  Purify  the  Blood,  and  as  a  Mild  but  eflectaal  Aperient 
»re  unequalled,  and  beyond  this,  they  brace  up  ttie  nerves  and  set 
•  very  organ  in  healthy  action,  tuns  ensuring  complete  restoration 

to  perfect  health. 
They  are  a  CERTAIN    CURE    for   INDIGESTION,    BILIOUS- 
NESS,    HEADACHE,    DYSPEPSIA,    CONSTIPATION, 
LIVER  a.nd  KIDNEY    COMPLAINTS.   Etc. 
Tor  Ladies  of  all  Afies  they  are  invaluat^.    Sold  bv  all  Stores.  1/8. 


TOOTH  ACHE 


CURED     INSTANTLY     BY 


SLEEPLESS     nilCZHTt 

PREvervrED. 


Bunter's 


PREVENTS      DECAY. 
SAVES     EXTRACTION. 

G 

deca> 

G. 

b^  ct 
Dr 
high  u^iijuon  as  to  the 


..o.,  t  .E.S.,  L.F.R.M.S.,  says :  "  I  Lhv 
_^_  ^  tiou  of  Bunter's  Nervine  to  allay  pi 

lt°i8  doubtless  the  best  remeily  for  Tooth-ache." 

SOLD    BY    ALL    STORES,    118. 


For 


lu-tual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser 


mention  the  Rev.ew  of  Reviews 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  IQ02. 


THE  CELEBRATED 


(".  R  CORSETS 


Have  far  and  away  the  LARGEST  SALE  OF  ANY 
CORSET,  British  or  Foreign,  in  the  "World. 


C  ompel  the  approval  of  Corset  "Wearers  everywhere, 
B  eyond  comparison  the  most  perfect  Corsets  extant. 
'   Combine  unique  principles  of  Corset  manufacture. 
^J  f  their  kind  the  most  popular  competitive  speciality. 
Representative  of  the  highest  standard  of  excellence. 
Stocked  in  good  assortment, command  an  immediate  sale. 
E  ach  season  marks  an  enormous  increase  in  their  popularity. 
I  housands  of  Drapers  recognise  their  unrivalled  merit. 
Sold  by  the  retail  Drapery  Trade  to  over  4,000,000  wearers. 


GOLD     MEDAL,     HEALTH     EXHIBITION,     LONDON. 


FOOD 

For  Infants 
Invalids  and  the  Adprf 


Delicious,    Nutritious,    and     Digestible. 


"  Mr.     Benger's    admirable    preparations. 

—  The  Lancet. 
"  Retained   when   all  other  Foods  are  rejected.     It 
is  \n\a\ua.\>\c.'  —Londcn  j\ledical  Recor.i. 


"  Benger's    Food   has  by  its  excellence  established 
a  reputation  of  its  own." —The  British  Med.  Journal. 
"  Deserving  of  the  highest  praise." 

—  The  Practitioner. 


Bcnffer's    Food    fs    Sold    in    Tins    by    Chemists,     Ac,     everywhere. 


Granular  Lids. 


CURED   WITHOUT   OPERATION 


Ectropian. 


T.  R.  PROCTER, 


OCULIST 
OPTICIAN 
476  Albert  'Street,  Melbourne. 

A     SPECIALIST     IN     ALL     EYE    CCMPLAINTS. 


"m^i'i^^ 


%J. 


'^^^^m  '  i'  ':^ 


T.  R.  Procter  would  remind  his  Patients 
throughout  Australia  that,  having  once  measured  their 
eyes,  he  can  calculate  with  exactitude  the  alteration 
produced  by  increasing  age,  and  adjust  spectacles 
required  during  life  without  further  measurement. 
POCter's  Universal  Eye  Ointment  as  a  family  Salve  has  no  equal;  cures  Blight,  sore  and  inflamed  E^^?.: 

Granular  Eyelids,  Ulceration  of  the  Eyeball,  and  restores  Eyelashes.     2/6,  post  free  to  any  pan  of  ihe  Colonies 
i  careful  housewife  should   be  without   Procter's    Eye    Lotion,  more  especially  in  the  country  placeS;   isG 
jnflammation  is  generally  the  forerxumer  of  all  diseases  of  the  Eje,    An  early  application  would  cure  and  prevtffiti 
*iay  hurther  teouble  with  th«  Eyes.     Bottles  2/-  and  3/6,  post  iretj  to  any  part  a\  t  n-  Colf>r." 

-.  .._,/....^..„  3  ,«.i.;.i  you  writt.  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  of  i^cvlews 


December  20,  ipo2. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


lllllu  Tik, 
London  "  Punch."] 
Scientific    and    Nervous    Visitor    at    Country 
Hotel:  "  I  suppose  there's  no  '  ptomaine  '  in  this 
pie?" 

Waiter  (quite  equal  to  the  occasion) :  "  No, 
sir.  We  never  puts  that  in  unless  specially 
ordered!" 


GOOD  HAIR  FOR  ALL. 


HOLLAND'S 
MARVELLOUS  HAIR  RESTORER 

ITas  gained  a  world-^v'ide  reputa'-ion  for  arresting  the  premature 
decay,  promoting  the  growth  and  giving  lustre  to  the  hair.  It  youx 
hair  "is  falling  off,  try  it.     If  it  is  ihin,  try  it 

Price  38.,  4s.,  5s.     Postage  9cl.  extra. 


HOLLAND'S    PARASENE, 

For  Ekizema,  Ringworm,  and  all  Parasitical  Diseases  of  the  Head, 
for  making  Hair  gr  av  on  Bald  Patches. 
Price  5s.     Postagre  9cl.  extra. 


HOLLAND  S  NATURALINE  for  restoring  Gpey  Half 

to  its  original  colour. 

Acts  quickly,  naturally,  and  effectively.  Price  5s.  6d.  Postage  9d.  extra 

Consult  E.  HOLLAND  for  all  Diseases  of  the  Hair. 

Sold  by  all  Chemists  and  by  Washington  Soul  &  Co.,  Pitt-st.,  Sydney. 

E.  HOLLAND,  Hair  Specialist, 

193   COLLINS   STREET,    MELBOURNE. 


Alcoholic  Excess 


DRINK    and 


DRUG     HABITS   and    resultant    Nervous    Diseases   eradicated   at   home 
without    inconvenience    by 

TURVEY'S    TREATMENT, 

Assured  results.  Either  sex.  Adaptable  to  every  case.  Success  testified  by  Officials  of  London  Diocesan  Branch  of 
CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY. 
THOMAS  HOLMES,  the  famous  North  London  Missionary,  Author  of  "Pictures  and  Problems  of  the  London  Police 
Courts,"  writes:  "I  wish  to  bear  my  testimony  to  the  great  value  of  your  remedy.  I  selected  only  those  cases  that  are 
acknowledged  to  be  at  once  the  most  difficult  and  the  most  hopeless.  In  the  lowest  depths  I  met  them.  I  soon  saw  the  beneficial 
effects  of  vcur  remedy,  their  physical  condition  rapidly  improved,  their  depression  of  mind  passed  away,  they  became  bright  and 
hopeful — in  fact,  new  men." 

A     FEW     PRESS    OPINIONS. 

"  The  Treatment  succeeds  in  ninety-seven  cases  out  of  a  hundred.  The  Faculty  acknowledges  itself  amazed  at  the 
"  marvellous  success  of  this  new  remedy,  which  destroys  the  taste  for  alcohol  and  kindred  drugs,  making  them  absolutely 
"abhorrent  to  the  patient.  A  strong  point  about  this  proved  cure  is  that  it  can  be  taken  as  ordinary  medicine,  and  in  no  way 
"interferes  with  general  habits,  while  the  inebriate  home  becomes  practically  a  thing  of  the  past." — Whitehall  Review. 


'The  Advertiser  is  able  to  adduce  definite  evidence  that  his  method  has  had 


good 


ilts."— Troth. 


The  "REVIEW   OF    REVIEWS"    (London),  in  an  Article  entitled  "Where  the  English 
are  holdings  their  own,"— says  :— 

"For  some  years  the  Gold  Cure  as  a  remedy  for  inveterate  drunkenness  held  the  field.  This  American  method  of  treatment, 
"although  achieving  considerable  success  in  rnany  cases,  is  far  from  being  a  universal  specific.  It  entails  a  long  and  costly 
"treatment,  involving  subcutaneous  injections  and  residence  in  an  institute  during  the  time  of  treatment.  The  competing 
"system  to  which  I  am  now  calling  attention  is  simpler,  and  appears  to  be  not  less  efficacious.  The  Tacquaru  Company, 
"alttiough  in  its  infancy,  claims  already  to  have  effected  a  cure  of  nearly  3,000  cases  of  those  who  suffer  from  alcoholic  excess. 

"The  Company  has  its  own  medical  men,  who  examine  every  case,  and  who  vary  what  may  be  called  the  supplementary 
'ingredients  of  the  specific  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case  with  which  they  are  dealing.  Unlike  the  Gold  Cure, 
•'  it  necessitates  no  subcutaneous  injectiori,   and  patients  can  be  treated  in  their  own  homes." 

Pamphlets,    etc.,   can    be   obtained   from    THE    TACQUARU   CO.,    73   Amberley    House, 
Norfolk  Street,  London,  W.C.,  or  from  "TacQuaru,"  Box  133,  G.P.O.,  Melbourne. 


For  mutual  advantage 


an  advertiser  please  mentla^  the  Review  of  Reviews 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ipo2. 


ONLY  .  .  . 


Carriage  Paid 


A    WONDERFUL    INVENTION 


The    NEW   '< AEOLIAN    HARP" 
ZITHER,  or   Piano   Harp. 

Grand  Piano-like  tone.  Anyone  who  can  read  plays  ■ 
it  at  sight.  Observe  the  diagonally  crossed  strings,  al- 
most the  same  as  in  piano,  the  melody  strings  passing 
over  the  chord  strings.  By  means  of  this  improvement 
i?i  construction  the  similarity  and  tone  and  volume  of 
the  piano  is  produced.  It  is  the  easiest  to  learn  of  any 
musical  instrument  in  existence  ;  a  child  who  can  read 
figures  can  play  it  at  sight,  although  unacquainted  with . 
music.  The  music  is  supplied  on  strong  cards,  which 
are  placed  under  the  wires  ;  each  note  in  the  music  is 
by  numbers,  starting  from  1,  and  the  chords  are  indi- 
cated by  a  ca.i>ital  letter,  hence  all  one  has  to  do  to  ren- 
der the  most  difficult  selections  is  to  follow  the  numbers 
and  play  on  the  strings  indicated ;  beautifully  sweet 
music  is  the  result.  The  ease  with  which  anyone  can 
learn  to  play  well,  the  grand  music  you  can  produce, . 
makes  it  certain  that  no  one  will  part  with  the  "Aeolian 
Harp'  Zither.  Its  deep  sympathetic  tones  penetrate 
evtn  iliose  insensible  to  the  charms  of  ordinary  music. 

PRICE. — Ebonised (beautiful  black),  piano  finish,  gold ' 
decoration  round  sound  hole,  25  melody  strings  (com- 
plete chromatic  scale  for  two  octaves),  5  chords  (total  45 
strings),  2  picks,  key,  case,  and  lot  of  figure  music  on 
cards,  35s.,  carnage  paid  (by  parcels  pos  to  any  par 
of  Australia.  __ 

Letters, laccoiupanied  by  money  order. 


Size  of  "  Aeohau  Harp  "  Zither,  li  luchcs.by  ^U  inclies.  ljetters„accoujpanied  by  money  order,  in  registered  letter,  should  be  addr(."sse( 

STAR  NOVELTY  COMPANY,lPremier  Buildings,   229-231   Collins   Street.  Melbourne 

SOLE    AGENTS. 


American   Hann 
Hamnnocks. 


Instantly  convertible  from  sitting  to 
reclining      position.        Holds      its      full 
width    at    all     times.      Has   adjustable 
arms  and  padded  head  rest.    A  Swing- 
ing    Arm     Chair,     conforming    to    the 
body,   and   rests  you   all   over.      Made 
of    fancy     striped     duck,     and     strong 
enough  for  heavy  people. 
Size — 7  feet  x  31  inches. 
Packs  into  a  space  31  inches  x  1  foot  x  4  inches. 
PEICE:— 
No.  1,  no  fringe,  coarser  material    . .    . .   17s.  6d. 
Xo.   40,   better  material,   with   fringe    . .  21s.  Od. 
No.  50,  best  quality  material,  with  hand- 
some vallance  and  fringe 25s.  Od. 

Carriage  paid  (by  Parcels  Post  where  neces- 
sary) to  any  address  in  Australia,  Tasmania  or 
New  Zealand. 

Star  IRovcItv  (Tompanp, 

PEEMIER  BUH.DIXGS,  229-231  COLLINS 
STREET.   MELBOURNE. 


-  ■  -  -   ■     -__  ^3j  ^^_^-  ---,  ^^^,E=^=^Eh        A  ^\r\Q  Birthday  or 
riaifi.ii.rrrTiT--i--frrl    -    )         '  Chfistmas    Presciit  for 

your   Boy. 

The  20th  Century  "Daisy"  Air  Rifle 

With  pistol  grip,  peep  sights,  exquisite    nickel    finish,    polished    walnut    stock,    thev    look 
ifle.      Simple,    strong    and    handsome— ready  to  make  a  boy's  eyes  sparkle.    Use  either  BB  shot 
of  2nth   Century   "Daisy"    Air   Rifle,  only  5s.   lid.     Carriage   paid  to   any  address   m  Aus- 
ralia.    Tasmania    or    New    Zealand. 

Star  1R0VClt\>  (IOmpan\),  Premier  Buildings,  229-231  Collins  St.,  Melbourne. 


THE    HARMLESS    PISTOL 

WITH    RUBBER   VACUUINI    TIPPED   ARROW. 
Forms  the  basis  for  a  social  game  for  all  ages.    Perfectly  harmless.     In- 
tensely  amusing.      Rubber  tipped  arrow  adheres  to  the  target  by  the  force 
of  the  vacuum.    Trains  the  eve.    Cultivates  the  judgment.    No  boy  or  girl 
.-liould  grow  up  without  it.    Price  (including  splendid  coloured  target),  2s. 
lid.     Post   fioe  to  any  address  in  Australia,  Tasmania  or  iSiew  Zealand. 

Star  mov>elt\?  Companv^ 

PRE^riER  BUILDINGS,  229-231  COLLINS  STREET,  MELBOURNE. 


December  20.  Tgo2. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


271'  Value  for  18\6. 

We  are  now  offering  an  extraordinary  bargain  in 
this  splendid  Watch.  The  same  quality  Watch  is  now 
being  sold  by  others  at  from  20s.  to  25s.  We  also  in- 
clude a  2s.  Double  Albert  Chain,  all  for  18s.  6d.  This 
is  a  sremiine  offer,  and  we  invite  experts  to  examine 
the  Watch;  the  result  can  only  bear  out  our  claim 
that  it  is  a  genuine  bargain.  It  is  only  by  selling  large 
numbers  that  it  can  pay  us  at  all. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  WATCH.— Lever  movement, 
jewelled  in  seven  holes,  splendid  timekeepers,  non- 
magnetic, visible  ruby  pallets,  keyless,  hand-set  at 
side.  A  handsome,  well-finished  Watch  that  any  gen- 
tleman can  wear  with  perfect  satisfaction.  Guaranteed 
two  years,  but  last  a  lifetime.  Used  by  squatters, 
graziers,  and  others,  when  riding  and  when  rough  usage 
is  essential — they  stand  the  test. 

PRICES.— Gent.'s  Open-face,  Gun  Metal  or  Nickel. 
18s.  6d.  Gent.'s  Open-face,  Silver,  30s.  Gent.'s  Hunt- 
ing   Case,    Silver,    .35s. 

SPECIAL.— With  the  next  gross  of  these  Watches 
sold  we  will  send  free  (one  with  each  Watch)  a  very 
handsome  curb  pattern  Afghan  Silver  Double  Albert 
Chain,  to  still  further  advei'tise  our  business.  The 
chains  are  warranted  to  wear  white,  and  they  appear 
in  every  respect  like  a  genuine  silver  chain. 

Carefully  packed,  and  sent  by  Registered  Packet  Post 
to  any  address  in  Australia,  Tasmania  or  New  Zealand, 
on  receipt  of  ]Money  Order  for  the  amount. 

Star  IRovelU:  Co., 

PREMIER  BUILDINGS.  229-231  COLLINS  STREET, 
MELBOURNE. 


The 
"  Marguerite  " 
Swinging 
Chair 

WITH   ADJUSTABLE 
HEAD  REST. 

Instantly  adjusted  to  any  de- 
sired height  of  seat.  Strong 
enough  for  grown  people.  Folds 
into  space  6  inches  x  2  feet. 


No.    1,   PRICE   6s.   6d. 
Carriage    paid. 


Star  1RoveIt\)  Co., 

Premier     Buildings,     229-231 
Collins     Street,     Melbourne. 


The 
Harp- 
Shaped 
Zither. 


Very  loud  tone.  Plays  in  an  upi'ight  position,  and 
need  not  be  placed  flat  on  a  table  like  ordinary 
Zithers.  Has  10  strings  and  3  chords.  Size:— 10  in.  x 
18  in.  Anyone  can  learn  to  play.  Full  directions  and 
a  lot  of  figure  music,  complete  with  full  directions,  2 
picks,  and  keys. 

Sent  carriage  paid  by  Parcels  Post  to  any  address  :n 
Australia,  Tasmania   or  New  Zealand  for  only  25s. 


The 
Harp-O- 
Chord, 

Latest  Musical 
Sensation. 


A  WHOLE  BAND  IN 
ONE  INSTRUMENT. 

A    Mouth    Organ    with 
Zither   accompaniment. 

Play  on  the  Mouth  Or- 
gan and  at  the  same  time 
vamp  on  the  Zither 
strings.  With  a  little 
practice  mouth  organ 
players  become  expert  on 
the  new  instrument. 
I'luc  (.ompku  with  mouth  organ,  only  18s.  6d. 
Caiiidge  paid  b\  Pair  els  Post  to  any  address  in  Aus- 
tralia, Tasmania  or  New  Zealand.  Size: — 17  in.  long^ 
8  in.  wide:  Aveight,  40  cz.  Substantially  constructed, 
elegantly  finished  and  decorated,  strung  with  copper 
spun  and  silver-steel  springs,  blue  steel  pins,  poUshed 
Full  instructions  with   each  instrument. 


A    NICE    PRESENT. 


The  New  Combination  Pin- 
cushion, Thimble  and  Reel 
Holder,  nickel  plated,  plush  top.. 

Clamps  on  to  any  table  by  mean* 
of  spring.    PRICE,  only  2/-;  post  free. 

STAR    NOVELTY  CO.. 
229-231  CoUins-st.,  Melb. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  IQ02. 


PURE,    NON-POISONOUS,    BRILLIANT  and  DURABLE. 

DON'T   USE   POISONOUS   LEAD   PAINTS.    OR    COMMON   RESINOUS   SO-CALLED 
ENAMEL.      INSIST   ON    HAVING   THE 

GENUINE    ARTICLE:     IT'S    CHEAPER    IN    THE    END. 


MANUFACTURED     BY 


ASPINALL'S    ENAMEL   LTD.,   New  Cross,  London,  England. 


This  Popular  English  Sweet 
is  shipped  regfularly  to  the 
principal  ports  of  Australia. 


F>2,^?^ 


BUTTER-SCOTI 

(The  Celebrated  Sweet  for  Children) 


Absolutely  Pure.     Delicious  Flavour. 


SOLD  BY  ALL  CONFECTIONERS 
AND  STORES. 


WORKT  0         m         LONDON,     ENGLAND. 


M 


KODAKS 


Are  the  most  convenient  cameras. 
They  are  loaded  and  unloaded  in 
daylight. 


All  Prices  :    6/"  ^o   £19     lOS. 


Send  for  Art  Catalogue. 

To  be  obtained  of  all  Dealers  or  of 

KODAK    Ltd., 

284  Collins  Street, 
Melbourne. 


G 
I 

F 

T 
S 


®    KODAKS 


For  mutual  advantage  when  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  the  Review  or  Reviews. 


THE    REVIEW    OF    REVIEWS    FOR    AUSTRALASIA, 


CONTENTS    FOR    DECEMBER,    t902. 


The  lU-f ated  **  EHngamite  " 

Frontispiece. 

PAGE. 

History  of  the  Month 

513 

Correspondence  Department 

.1-26 

Humour  of  the  Month           

527 

History  of  the  Month  in  Caricature 

529 

The  Naval  Defence  of  Australia    ... 

.539 

The  Local  Option  Poll  in  New  Zealand 

o44 

By  F.  W.  Isitt. 

"War  Sketches: 

The  German  as  a  Fighting  Man    . . 

..545 

By   "  Linesman." 

Character  Sketch: 

Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P 

..548 

By  W.  T.  Stead. 

Topics  of  the  Month: 

I. — The    Great    Coal    Strike    in    America    and 

the  Man   That  Ended  It 

II. — Mr.  Carnegie  and  the  Future  of  the  World 

Some  Notable  Books  of  the  Month : 

How  to  Cure  Disease  by  Suggestion 

Some  Books  of  the  Month  : 

The  Life  of  the  Rev.  John  Mackenzie 
The  Index  to  Periodicals  for  1901 
Naked  and — Very  jSIuch — Unashamed 
Some  Novels  of  the  Month . . 

Mutual   Aid         

Some  Historical  Works: 

The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne 

Letters  of  Princess  Lieven     . . 

Bishop    Creighton's    Essays     . . 
Books  of  Travel: 

An  Australian  Girl  in  London 
Two  on  Their  Travels 
Political    Economy 
Poetrv        


555 


562 


507 
567 
568 


570 

570 
.571 
.571 
571 


Leading  Articles  in  the  Reviews: 

A  Submarine  Salvage  Boat  . . 
The  White   Slave  Trade 
Self-indulgent    Oxford 

What   is   Life? 

A  Panorama  of  the  Human  Race.. 

How  Young  Royalty  is  Brought  Up 

Ine  Chapel   of  the  Ascension 

A  Good    True  Word  for  the  Russians 

Railways   in    Cloudland 

Which  are  the  Best  Pictures  in  the  World' 

The  Making  of  America       . . 

A  Hampshire  Valley  of  Hinnom . . 

The  Boers  and  the  Empire  . . 

The  Labour  Question  in  South  Africa 

Where  Russia  Leads  the  World   . . 

The  Schoolmaster  of  Asia    . . 

Mitchell,  the  Hero  of  the  Coal  War 

The  Triumphs  of  America's  President 

Lord  Salisbury 

The   Education   Controversy 

The  Spanish  Friars  in  the  Philippines 

The  Index  Expurgatorius     . . 

What   is   Crime? 

America  Mistress  of  the  Universe 

The   Triumphant  Turk 

China   and    Her   Mysteries 

Sir  William  Richmond  and  His  Work 

Lessons   from    the   German    Manoeuvres 

The      Inventor      of      the      Chinese      Numeral 

Alphabet        

The  Life  of  Matter 

Motors  and  Motorists 

Emile  Zola  and  His  Life-Work 

The  Mechanism  of  a  Modern  Hotel 

Religion   in   Italy  

What  is   Clairvoyance? 

The  Literature  of  the  Nineteenth  Century 

The  Art  of  Deep  Breathing  

The  Reviews  Reviewed         

Business  Department: 

The  Financial  History  of  the  Month     


V.  H.  FITCHETT,  B.A.,  LL.D., 

"Review   of  Reviews  for  Australasia.' 


W. 

English 


'    STEAD, 

'Review  of  Reviews/* 


573 
573 
.574 
574 
574 
575 
575 


577 
577 
578 

580 
581 
582 
582 
584 
584 
585 
586 
587 
587 


590 
590 
591 
592 
593 
593 
594 

595 


(UO 


DRi   ALBERT  SHAW, 

'American    Monthly    Review    of    Rev 


The  Best  Present  for  Home!      Absolutely  the  Latest  Patent! 

KNIFE  AND    FORlTPOLISHING    MACHINE 


Is  the  Greatest  Invention  of  the 

Ag'e.  Such  a  Domestic  Machine  is  as 
necessary  in  a  house  as  the  food  you 
eat  ;  one  of  the  first  things  that  catches 
the  eye  when  you  sit  down  at  the  table 
is  a  dirty  knife  and  forli ;  such  a  sight 
causes  disgust  with  your  food,  and 
yo  ur  appetite  is  gone. 

CLEANLINESS  18  THE   FLOWER 
OF    HEALTH! 

Cheap,  DurablOi  Simple  and 
Reliable. 

Twelve  Knives  cau  be  polished 
lime  than  it  takes  to  put  six  knives  in  an 
old  Barrel  Knife  Cleaner,  which  is  con- 
tinually getting  out  of  order  and  costs 
thr-je  limes  the  amount. 


Seeine  the  Machine  is 


40  -   EACH. 

Size  when  fi.xed  on  a  Table,  17  in. 


Used  in  HOTEL  AUSTRALIA,  GRAND 
CENTRAL,  and  all  other  Leading  Hotels 
and  Restaurants  in  New  South  Wales. 

Sole  Agents  for  Victoria,  South  Aus- 
tralia, and  West  Australia : 


Peerless  manufacturing  Co., 

333  COLLINS  ST.,  MELBOURNE. 

And  at  SYDNEi"  and  LAUNOESTON. 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1Q02. 


iMim 


nup  ? 


No,  because  I've  taken  some  already. 

You  often  say,  as  I  did,  "  I'm  out  of 
sorts,  'run  down,  below  tone.  I  find 
work  a  burden,  am  .-^^  myself,  a  bit 
miserable,  under  a  cloud.  /  NEED  A 
FILIP." 

That's  so;  you've  got  "  nerves  "  and 
need  "  pick) n£^  up."  Now,  do  as  I  did, 
get  rid  of  your  depression  and  "  out- 
of-sorts-ness,"  dyspepsia,  rheumatsm, 
sleeplessness,  melancholia,  and  brain 
fag,  by  admitting  the  fact  that  you  are 
a  burden  to  yourself,  an  affliction  to 
others,  and  say,  "  Well,  the  fact  is:  '  I 
NEED  A  FILIP,'"  and  gostraisht  away 
to  the  chemist  and  .say  — 

INEEDA     FILIP. 

and  see  that   you   ati   it,  for  there 
other  like  it. 

UNEEDSUm  niflNUFflCTURING  CO., 


If  he  hasn't  it,  tell  him  to  send  for  it 
to  address  below  ;  or  write  yourself  and 
get  it  by  post. 

It's  the  very  tonic  you  need.  Get  it, 
and  now.  If  you  are  of  my  sex,  you  are 
losing  your  beauty  and  your  vivacity, 
your  power  to  please,  by  not  "  toning- 
up."  If  you  are  a  man,  you  are  losing 
money  by  going  to  work  tired  and 
depressed. 

I've  found 

INEEDA     FILIP 

to  be  the  purest  and  best  tonic  on  the 
market.  It  will  make  your  nerves  as 
true  as  a  well-sjrung  harp-string,  give  a 
pleasant  "  tang  '  to  life,  and  make  you 
stout  of  heart  to  grapple  with  life's 
difficulties. 

T'rice,2s  6d.;  posted  to  any  address,  3s. 


SALISBURY     BUILDINGS 
OURKE    &    QUuEN     STS.,    MELB. 


aawantase  wheo  you  write  to  an  advertiser  please  mention  tt>~  Review  of  Reviews.. 


December  20,  igo2. 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


A   STATELY   MELBOURNE   BUILDING. 


THE  NEW  OFFICES   OF  THE    CITIZENS'   LIFE   ASSURANCE  COMPANY  LIMITED. 


This  progressive  company  last  month  went  into  occu- 
pation of  its  handsome  new  premises  in  Collins  Street, 
and  it  might  well  be  proud  of  one  of  the  most  imposing 
architectural  adornments  of  this,  the  most  important 
thoroughfare  m  Melbourne. 

The  building  consists  of  five  stories  and  basement,  of 
a  bold  design,  and  has  a  central  entrance  affording 
access  to  the  ground 
floor  offices  occupied 
by  the  company,  and 
to  the  offices  occu- 
pied by  tenants  up- 
stairs. A  fast-run- 
ning elevator  affords 
communication  with 
the  upstairs  offices, 
of  which  there  are 
over  fifty;  and  a 
conspicuous  feature 
of  the  building  is 
the  excellent  light 
obtained    in    all    the 

'oms.  This  will 
prove  a  very  great 
attraction  to  those 
seeking  their  ten- 
ancv. 

Some  few  notes  of 
the  rapid  growth  of 
the  Citizens'  Life 
Assurance  Company 
will  be  of  interest. 
Established  in  Syd- 
ney in  1887  by  the 
late  Mr.  James  P. 
Garvan  (ex-Colonial' 
Treasurer  of  New 
South  Wales),  it 
was  wisely  seen 
that  to  achieve  suc- 
cess in  the  fierce 
competition  of  the 
Insurance  field,  its 
foundation  and  work- 
ing from  the  very 
start  must  be  on  the 
soundest  and  safest 
lines.  This  step, 
added  to  the  indo- 
mitable     energy      of 

the  officers  connected  with  the  company  in  its  in- 
fancy, accounts  for  its  remarkable  development  to- 
day, although  it  has  been  but  fifteen  years  in  exist- 
ence. 

Its  business  has  been  extended  to  all  the  States  of 
the  Commonwealth,  and  last  year  a  branch  was  opened 
in   London.     At   every   centre  the   same   tale  is  told— 


THE   NEW   PREMISES    OF   THE    CITIZENS'    LIFE   ASSURANCE 
CO.    LTD. 


ever-increasing  success.  Notwithstanding  the  heavy 
drain  on  its  resources  incidental  to  the  opening  up 
and  establishing  of  its  many  branches,  the  company 
has  amassed  assets  exceeding  £800,000,  and  it  is  con- 
fidently expected  that  at  the  date  of  its  next  Annual 
Meeting,  these  will  total  a  Million  Sterling.  The  new 
business — the  life-blood  of  a  Life  Assurance  Company- 
has  for  a  number  of 
years  past  exceeded 
a  ^Million  Sterling  a 
year,  a  result  only 
achieved  by  one 
other  Australian  of- 
fice confining  its 
work  to  these  States. 
Such  a  result  from  a 
company  of  fifteen 
years'  standing  is  a 
great   record. 

The  confidence  im- 
posed in  the  com- 
pany can  be  guaged 
from  the  names  of 
its  Directors  at  the 
various  branches. 
Amongst  these  will 
l)e  found  Sir  John 
See,  Sir  Wm.  Lsme, 
K.C.M.G.,  Sir  W. 
Manning,  Sir  F.  W. 
Holder,  Sir  Langdon 
Ikinython,  Sir  Jen- 
kin  Coles,  the  Hon. 
C.  J.  Ham,  the  Hon. 
N.  Fitzgerald,  Mr. 
Edward  Fanning  and 
others. 

A  great  gathering 
met  at  the  Vienna 
Cafe,  Melbourne,  on 
the  12th  ult.,  when 
the  Local  Directors 
entertained  the  Lo- 
cal Staff,  in  order  to 
celebrate  the  open- 
ing of  the  new  pre- 
mises. The  Hon.  N. 
Fitzgerald,  M.L.C., 
and  Mr.  Edward 
Fanning  were  the 
hosts,  the  Hon.  C.  J  Ham  being  unable  to  be  present 
through  illness. 

There  were  present  the  Hon.  Sir  W.  J.  Lyne, 
K.C.M.G.,  Federal  Minister  for  Home  Affairs;  the 
^ledical  Officers,  Drs.  R.  Tate  Sutherland,  Mailer  and 
McGee;  Messrs.  Neave  (of  Messrs.  Snowden  and 
Neave,  the  companj^'s  solicitors  at  Melbourne),  A.  M. 


THE  Rf.VfFJy  OF  REVIEWS.  December  20,  1902. 


RESIDENT    SECRETARY'S    OFFICE. 

Eedy  (General  Secretary),  and  A.  G.  Copeland  (Resi- 
dent Secretary),  the  superintendents  and  inspectors, 
and  over  one  hundred  agents.  Stirring  addresses  were 
given  bv  the  Hon.  N.  Fitzgerald,  M.L.C.,  the  Hon. 
Sir  W.  Lyne,  Mr.  A.  M.  Eedy,  and  Mr.  A.  G.  Cope- 
land. 

We  reproduce  several  photographs  showing  the  new 
building  and  some  of  the  principal  offices.  The  Board- 
room and  Office  of  the  Resident  Secretary,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  illustration,  is  sumptuously  furnished, 
and  is  well  in  keeping  with  the  high  position  of  the 
company  in  the  Life  A.ssurance  world.  The  General 
Office    is    a    magnificent    chamV)er.    and    i>    75    feet    in 


BOARD   ROOM. 

length,  and  nearly  30  feet  in  breadth.  It  is  hand- 
somely decorated  and  furnished  throughout,  the  fibrous 
plaster  ceilings  being  specially  elaborate  and  effective. 
The  fittings  are  of  polished  cedar  and  blackwood,  every 
convenience  being  given  for  the  working  of  the  com- 
pany's large  business,  wnne  ornamental  brass  tablets 
point  out  the  different  departments  for  the  informa- 
tion of  tne  company's  customers. 

The  whole  scheme  of  the  new  building  has  been 
planned  with  the  view  of  securing  the  maximum  of 
convenience  on  the  various  floors,  and  the  Citizens' 
new  premises  rank  as  a  worthy  addition  to  the  archi- 
tecture of  modern  Melbourne. 


GENERAL  OFFICE   OF  THE  CITIZENS'    LIFE   ASSURANCE   CO.    LTD. 


Review  of  Reviews.  20/12/OS. 


The  N.Z.  Graphic."]  THE  ILL-FATED  "  ELINGAMITE." 

I.  Occupants  of  Captain  Reid^  boat.  3.  The  Raft   (half  a  mile  from  the  "Penguin." 

2.  :Mr.  Xeale.  4.  The  Rnft. 


THE  REVIEW  OF   REVIEWS 


FOR    AUSTRALAS/A. 


HEAD    OFFICE 


167-169    QUEEN    STREET,    MELBOURNE. 


Editor:  W.  H.  FItchett,  B.A..  LL.O.  Manager:  T.  SJiaw  Fitchett. 

Annual  Subscription  to  all  Colonies  (except  Queensland),  8s.  6d.     Queensland,  los.  6d, 


Vol.  XXI.     No.  6.         DECEMBER  20,   1902. 


Price,  Ninepence. 


THE    HISTORY   OF  THE    MONTH 


Mr.  Seddon  emerges  triumphant 
Mr.  Seddon  ^^'^^  the  dust  aiid  turmoil  of  the 
general  election.  If  the  battalions 
which  follow  him  are  not  quite  as 
big  as  those  which  marched  beneath  his  ban- 
ner in  1899,  they  are  yet  big  enough  to  give 
him  a  new  term  of  what  is  practically  a  politi- 
cal dictatorship.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
six  new  seats  were  added  to  the  House  by  the 
re-distribution  of  electorates ;  and  this  is  how 
the  late  Parliament  and  the  present  compare : 

1899.      190:i. 

Government 49     . .     48 

Opposition 18     ..     22 

Independent 3     . .       6 

70     . .     76 

Mr.  Seddon's  victory  wrecks  all  political  re- 
cords. The  present  Ministry  has  practically 
been  in  power  for  eleven  years,  and  ]SIr.  Sed- 
don has  been  its  leader  for  nearly  ten  years. 
Colonial  Cabinets,  it  must  be  remembered,  die 
young  and  easily.  The  average  leng<"li  ^f  a 
New  Zealand  Cabinet  is  less  than  two  years. 
Mr.  Gladstone's  longest  term  of  ofitice  was 
only  six  years.  We  must  go  back,  indeed,  to 
the  time  of  Pitt  to  find  an  unbroken  stretch  of 
power  such  as  that  which  yir.  Seddon  has  en- 
joyed, and  which  the  recent  elections  have  re- 
newed. In  New  Zealand  itself  the  journals 
speculate  curiously  as  to  whether  "  policy, 
personality,  or  party "  is  the  secret  of  Mr. 
Seddon's  long  reign.  But  the  three  P's  put 
together  hardly  explain  it.  A  wise  policy, 
administered  by  a  man  of  commanding  per- 
sonality, and  sustained  by  a  fine  degree  of 
party  loyalty,  would  hardly  have  kept  a  Minis- 
try in  power  so  long  if  fortune  had  been  ad- 
verse and  New  Zealand  had  been  shaken  by 
disaster.  As  it  is,  the  whole  State  is  pros- 
perous in  a  very  high  degree,  and  prosperity 
is  perhaps  the  fourth   "  P'"  which  completes 


Prohibition 


the  explanation  of  the  unbroken  reign  of  the 
Seddon  Cabinet. 

A  very  striking  feature  of  the  New 
Zealand  elections  is  the  scale  and 
power  of  the  vote  cast  for  prohibi- 
tion. It  is  difficult  to  get  the  ex- 
act numbers  at  the  moment  we  write ;  but  the 
incomplete  returns  show  that  130,756  votes 
were  cast  for  the  continuance  of  the  licensing 
system,  123,026  for  reduction,  and  137,206  for 
prohibition.  These  figures  are  incomplete, 
but  their  significance  is  clear.  The  voting 
paper  put  three  issues  before  the  elector : — (i) 
That  the  number  of  licenses  continue  as  at 
present ;  (2)  that  the  number  be  reduced ;  (3) 
that  no  license  be  issued.  An  elector  opposed 
to  the  traffic  struck  out  the  first  of  these  three 
questions,  and  his  vote  was  counted  in  favour 
of  both  (2)  and  (3),  but  a  three-fifths  majority 
was  needed  to  make  (3)  effective.  If  he  struck 
out  (i)  and  (2),  he  "plumped"  for  prohibition. 
The  figures  show  broadly  that  one-half  the 
electors  of  New  Zealand  are  anxious  to  try  the 
great  experiment  of  prohibition.  That  experi- 
ment is  already  being  tried  in  patches.  In  half 
a  dozen  districts,  that  is,  a  three-fifths  majority 
declared  in  favour  of  prohibition,  and  this  be- 
comes locally  effective  at  once.  It  is  clear 
that  the  extreme  wing  of  the  temperance  party 
— the  party  for  prohibition  rather  than  for  re- 
duction— has  obtained  the  lead.  The  "  no 
licence  "  vote  has  risen  from  99,917  in  1896  to 
over  140,000  in  1902.  Three  years  more  of 
such  growth  will  put  New  Zealand  in  the  palm 
of  the  "no-license  party ;"  and  politics  in  New 
Zealand  will  then  grow  interesting. 

The  liquor  question  is  finding  odd 

Social      developments    in    Australia    itself. 

^^nts      In  Victoria,  the  Trades  Hall    and 

the      Churches      have     practically 

agreed  upon  a  common  policy.       Five  years' 


514 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


notice  is  to  be  given  to  the  liquor  trade  that 
no  new  licenses,  on  the  old  conditions  at  all 
events,  will  be  granted,  and  that  some  new 
form  of  State  control,  at  the  end  of  that  period, 
will  be  adopted.  A  State  public-house  has 
already  emerged  in  Western  Australia.  At 
Gwalia.  a  license  has  been  applied  for  in  the 
name  of  the  Minister  of  Lands ;  a  model  build- 
ing is  to  be  erected,  and  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing liquors  will  be  carried  on  beneath  its  roof 
under  State  control,  and  on  model  lines.  This 
may  well  prove  a  tiny  seed  from  which  a 
mighty  tree  will  grow.  Australia  is  naturally 
the  field  of  social  and  political  experiments  of 
every  kind :  and  some  great  experiment — per- 
haps manv  experiments — in  the  control  of  the 
liquor  trafific  is  certain  to  be  undertaken. 

There  has  been  throughout  Aus- 
Fencing:  off  tralia  much  agitation  over  the 
the  wortd  ^ase  of  six  hatters  who  were  en- 
gaged in  London  by  a  Sydney 
manufacturer,  and  had  been  brought  to  Syd- 
ney under  contract  to  work  there.  The  men 
were  British  subjects,  coming  to  a  British  pro- 
vince ;  they  had  a  clearance  from  their  own 
union  in  London,  and  were  to  work  at  union 
wages  in  Sydney.  But  a  clause  in  the  Im- 
migration Restriction  Act  directs  that  any 
persons  under  an  agreement  to  perform 
manual  labour  within  the  Commonwealth 
shall  be  forbidden  to  land  on  its  soil.  If  these 
half  dozen  hatters,  that  is,  came  here  in  search 
of  work  they  would  be  free  to  land ;  but  since 
work  waits  for  them,  which  they  have  con- 
tracted to  do,  they  must  be  treated  as  criminals, 
and  the  police  forbid  them  to  land !  A  clause 
in  the  Act  provides  that  a  Minister  may  ex- 
empt workmen  if  they  "  possess  special  skill 
required  in  the  Commonwealth."  The  spec- 
tacle of  a  cluster  of  respectable  British  work- 
men forbidden  to  land  in  Australia  because 
they  have  work  waiting  for  them  is  sufH- 
ciently  startling.  It  has  aroused  much  angry 
feeling  throughout  Australia ;  it  may  well  pro- 
voke graver  anger  on  the  other  side  of  the 
sea. 

Sir  Edmund  Barton  has  been  as- 
who  is  to    sailed  vehemently  because  he  did 
Blame      not   instantly  grant   the   men    per- 
mission   to    land ;    but    the    anger 
kindled  against  him  on  this  ground  is  not  very 
reasonable.       He    must    administer    the  law ; 
and  the  law  is  quite  peremptory.      The  men 
can  only  be  exempt  on  its  being  shown  that 
they    "  possess    special    skill    required  by    the 
Commonwealth."      The  Prime  Minister  could 
hardly  exempt  them  as  his  own  act,  and  with- 


out any  such  grounds  being  shown.  Sir 
Edmund  Barton  finally  allowed  the  men  to 
land ;  but  required  evidence  first  to  shov,'  that 
there  was  locally  nobody  unemployed  in  the 
trade  to  which  these  men  belong.  This  is  an 
interpretation  of  the  Act  which  will  delight  all 
the  Trades  Halls  of  Australia — and  disgust 
everybody  else. 

The  real  ofTence,  however,  lies  in 
The  Real  the  Act  itself  rather  than  in  the 
ofFence  present  administration  of  it.  The 
•clause  was  not  in  the  Immigration 
Restriction  Act.  But.  as  introduced  by 
Ministers,  it  was  added,  on  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Watson,  the  leader  of  the  Labour  party ;  and 
is  another  example  of  the  triumphant  applica- 
tion of  "  labour  ideas  "  to  politics.  No  other 
example  of  such  a  clause  is  to  be  found  in  any 
civilised  land.  The  law  of  the  United  States, 
it  is  true,  forbids  immigrants  under  contract 
to  land ;  but  then  this  applies  only  to  foreign- 
ers. No  State  of  the  L'^nion  forbids  by  law 
workmen  from  another  State  under  contract 
to  labour  to  cross  its  boundaries.  The 
ofTence  of  the  Australian  clause  is  that  it  is 
applied,  not  only  to  foreigners,  but  to  British 
citizens.  To  be  logical,  every  Australian 
State,  in  turn,  should  fence  itself  ofT  from  its 
sister  States,  and  insist  on  keeping  all  its  own 
work  for  its  own  sons ;  thus  reproducing  the 
Chinese  "  likin  "  system  in  a  new  realm ! 

The  incident  shows  how  power- 
Canadian  fully  "  labour  ideas  "  are  cramp- 
Poiicy       ing    Australian    development.      It 

makes  visible  the  diverging  lines 
of  policy  on  which  Canada  and  Australia  are 
proceeding.  Canada  believes  in  "  the  open 
door:"  Australia,  under  labour  ideals,  sighs 
for  the  shut  gate.  The  Dominion  knows 
that  an  expanding  population  means  expand- 
ing wealth ;  and  it  takes  every  pains  to  attract 
immigrants.  Australia — or,  rather,  the  Aus- 
tralian Labour  party — looks  on  every  new 
arrival  as  a  competitor,  and  a  possible  enemy. 
Last  year  68.000  immigrants — nearly  all 
British,  nearly  all  young,  strong  and  healthy 
— landed  in  Canada :  this  year  the  flow  of 
population  into  the  Dominion  will  be  greater 
than  ever.  A  new  and  great  city — as  great 
as  Newcastle,  or  Dunedin,  or  Ballarat — is 
thus  added  every  year  to  Canada.  A  single 
steamer,  which  recently  arrived  at  Quebec, 
brought  1. 000  immigrants,  all  of  whom  went 
straight  into  the  country  districts.  It  is  easy 
to  say  which  policy,  fifty  years  hence,  will 
create  the  greatest  nation. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  MONTH. 


515 


The   wreck   of   the   "  Elingamite," 

A  Sea      off  the  Three  Kings,  is  a  tale  of  sea 

Tragredy    disaster  which  will  live  in  history 

as  long  as,  say,  the  tale  of  the 
wreck  of  the  "  Medusa."  The  ship 
crashed  into  the  rocky  cluster  of  islets 
at  the  northern  end  tip  of  New  Zea- 
land, in  a  dense  fog  on  Sunday,  November 
9;  the  passengers  and  crew  escaped  from  the 
wreck  in  boats  or  on  rafts ;  and  what  has 
stamped  the  tale  on  the  shuddering  imagina- 
tion of  mankind  is  the  long  drawn  out  senrch 
which  followed.  Some  of  the  boats  reached 
land  almost  at  once ;  but  the  last  raft  was  only 
picked  up  on  the  following  Thursday.  And 
during  those  days  all  Australia  was  listening 
with  breathless  interest  to  every  whisper  of 
news  that  came  from  the  ships  on  search.  The 
search  had  practically  been  abandoned ;  the 
U.S.S.  "  Omapire,"  which  had  taken  the 
widest  sweep  northward,  spoke  H.M.S.  "Pen- 
guin" on  Thursday,  reported  no  sign  of  the 
derelicts,  and  gave  up  the  search.  The  "  Pen- 
guin." with  a  fine  persistency,  pushed  on,  and 
at  a  little  after  four  a  keen-eyed  look-out 
caught  a  glimpse  of  the  drifting  raft. 

The  raft  was  about  twelve  feet  by 

The  Scene  seven ;  upon  it  sixteen  people  had 

**Ra*ft*      been    crowded    for    four    days  and 

nights ;  they  had  neither  food 
nor  water ;  were  half  submerged  be- 
neath the  waves,  and  had  drifted 
some  sixty-three  miles  in  a  north-easterly 
direction.  One  by  one  the  unhappy  cast- 
aways died  of  thirst,  of  exposure,  or  of  mere 
despair  until  only  eight  survivors  were  left. 
On  that  little  frame  of  drifting  wood  was 
played  out  a  tragedy  as  dreadful  as  human 
nature  can  know.  There  was  one  woman 
on  the  raft,  amongst  the  bravest  and  most 
patient  of  the  group.  Three  men  jumped 
into  the  sea,  driven  mad  by  suffering,  and 
perished.  Once  they  caught  a  glimpse  of  the 
smoke  of  a  distant  steamer,  and  saw  the 
friendly  stain  in  the  sky  die  out.  Sometimes 
they  were  mocked  by  visions  of  rescuing 
ships,  that  disappeared  like  dreams.  "Where 
is  your  God  now?"  one  despairing  wretch 
asked  of  a  comrade  who  had  just  been  pray- 
ing. But  the  man  who  prayed  was  one  of  the 
rescued,  the  poor  wretch  who  challenged  his 
prayer  leaped  into  the  waves  and  perished. 
The  scene  when  the  "  Penguin  "  brought  the 
rescued  survivors  into  Auckland,  and  they 
were  carried  ashore,  a  cluster  of  blistered 
skeletons,  was  very  memorable.  An  inquiry 
into  the  cause  of  the  wreck  is  proceeding,  and 


there  is  a  curious  conflict  of  testimony  on  the 
point  of  whether  the  ship  crashed  on  the  rocks 
because  the  engines  refused  to  act,  or  whether 
the  engines  refused  to  act  because  the  ship  was 
already  ashore.  According  to  the  charts, 
there  should  be  a  strong  southerly  set  off  the 
Three  Kings,  and  the  captain  acted  on  that 
theory.  He  now  believes  that,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  set  of  the  current  was  northerly; 
and  the  circumstance  that  the  raft,  picked  up 
by  the  "  Penguin,"  was  sixty-three  miles  to 
the  north-east  from  the  point  where  the 
"  Elingamite  "  struck,  goes  far  to  justify  that 
theory. 

The    temperature    rises    to  a  very 

state       high  level  in  the  New  South  Wales 

Finance     Assembly  as  the  session  draws  to 

its  close.  There  have  been 
"  scenes"  in  the  Chamber,  and  one  member  of 
the  Cabinet,  Mr.  Crick,  has,  on  the  floor  of 
the  House,  proposed  to  confute,  or  convince, 
hon.  members  by  very  primitive  arguments  in- 
deed !  The  Bill  for  the  reform  of  the  consti- 
tution has  been  introduced.  It  reduces  the 
numbers  of  members  from  125  to  93,  and 
makes  elaborate  provision  for  the  redistribu- 
tion of  electorates.  The  most  notable  Bill, 
however,  is  one  authorising  the  Government 
to  raise  £4,000,000  by  treasury  bills,  at  a  rate 
of  interest  not  exceeding  five  per  cent.  The 
proposal  to  raise  this  large  sum  by  treasury 
bills  is  a  tacit  acknowledgment  that  the  Lon- 
don market  is  practically  closed ;  but  the  high 
maximum  of  interest  fixed  is  capable  of  a  still 
more  disquieting  interpretation.  It  may  well 
affect  all  existing  State  securities.  The  public 
revenue  of  the  State  for  the  year  is  over 
£  IT, 000,000;  great  loans  have  already  been 
raised ;  and  that  the  session  closes  with  a  pro- 
posal to  borrow  £4,000,000  more,  in  the  local 
market,  and  at  a  high  rate  of  interest,  are 
facts  which  will  tell  their  own  tale.  Either 
circumstances  have  been  very  cruel  to  the  See 
Cabinet,  or  its  management  of  public  finances 
is  disastrous. 

The    two    greatest    of    Australian 

Civic       cities,     Sydney     and     Melbourne, 

Honours    havc    gained    a    step  in  municipal 

dignity.  The  King  has  conferred 
the  title  of  Lord  Mayor  on  the  municipal  head 
of  these  two  cities.  It  may  seem  a  little  thing, 
perhaps,  that  a  more  glittering  label  is  thus  at- 
tached to  Svdney  and  Melbourne;  that  the 
Mavor  of  each  of  these  cities  enjoys  the  cour- 
tesy title  of  "  Right  Honourable,"  and  may  be 
addressed  while  in  his  robes  as  "  Mv  Lord 
Mavor."    and    that    even    his    wife  will  walk 


5i6 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


amongst  womenkind  adorned  with  the  title  of 
'  Lady  Mayoress."  But  the  new  title  has 
.aome  real  meaning-  behind  it.  Only  eight 
cities  in  England  and  two  in  Ireland  enjoy  the 
title  conferred  on  Sydney  and  Melbourne. 
And  the  King's  act  means  that  the  two  chief 
cities  of  Australia  are  granted  an  official  place 
amongst  the  great  cities  of  the  Empire.  Never 
before  in  British  history,  at  least,  have  cities 
so  youthful  climbed  to  a  distinction  so  great. 

The  new  honour,  however,  has 
Political  brought  with  it  a  mild  political 
Disputes  squabble.  Mr.  Irvine,  the  Vic- 
torian Premier,  objects  to  the  dis- 
tinction itself,  since  it  places  the  Mayor  of 
Melbourne  in  social  rank  above  the  President 
A  the  Legislative  Council  and  the  Speaker  of 
the  Assembly.  These  gentlemen  are  merely 
"  Honourables,"  while  the  Mayor  becomes 
"  Right  Honourable."  But  even  more  seri- 
ously Mr.  Irvine  objects  to  the  channel 
through  which  the  new  dignitaries  arrive.  It 
came  through  the  Federal  Cabinet ;  and  what, 
asks  Mr.  Irvine,  has  the  Federal  Government 
to  do  with  a  matter  so  purely  domestic  as  the 
status  of  a  Victorian  city?  The  question 
raised,  in  fact,  is  the  relative  spheres  of  Fede- 
ral and  State  Government.  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain wishes  to  treat  with  the  Commonwealth, 
not  with  the  six  States  who  constitute  it ;  and 
Sir  Edmund  Barton  naturally  favours  that 
view.  But  ]\Ir.  Irvine  protests  against  the 
assumption  that  "  outside  the  specific  matters 
^'ntrusted  to  that  Government  by  the  partner- 
ship compact,  a  kind  of  general  parental  con- 
trol over  States  themselves  is  vested  in  it. 
The  conflicting  boundaries  of  Federal  and  of 
State  authority  will,  no  doubt,  get  themselves 
defined  in  due  time,  in  the  characteristically 
clumsy  British  fashion,  and  by  the  rough  logic 
of  facts.  Meanwhile,  these  boundaries  are 
vague ;  they  overlap ;  and  they  are  the  breed- 
ing-ground of  disputes. 

The  State  has  larger  functions    in 
Tho  Civil     A  ygjj.^ljg    and    New  Zealand  than 

Servant  and  111 

the  State  anywhere  else ;  and,  as  a  natural 
consequence,  the  Civil  Service  is 
larger  in  proportion  to  the  population  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  civilised  world.  The 
State,  in  a  word,  is  the  largest  employer  of 
labour  in  the  whole  community.  Its  servants, 
since  they  are  citizens  and  voters,  are  also  its 
masters ;  and  this  inevitably  leads  to  some  odd 
complications.  A  civil  servant,  who  is  also 
a  voter,  is  naturally  opposed  to  any  policy  of 


retrenchment.  It  afifects  him  doubly.  He 
has  to  pay  additional  taxes  as  a  citizen,  and  to 
see  his  salary  reduced  as  a  State  servant.  It 
is  almost  inevitable,  therefore,  that  in  times  of 
retrenchment  the  whole  Civil  Service  vote 
.  will  be  cast  against  a  Government  that  repre- 
sent such  a  policy ;  under  such  conditions  as 
these,  there  is  a  natural,  but  unconfessed  and 
almost  unconscious,  alliance  betwixt  the 
Labour  party  and  the  Civil  Service.  And 
both  votes,  if  cast  in  the  scale  together,  may 
make  and  unmake  Cabinets.  So  the  political 
relation  betwixt  the  Civil  Service  and  the  com- 
munity i?  one  charged  with  uneasiness,  and, 
under  some  conditions,  with  peril.  Mr.  Irvine, 
the  Victorian  Premier,  undertakes  to  solve  the 
problem  by  giving  civil  servants  separate 
representation  as  a  class,  and  forbidding  them 
to  take  part  in  local  elections. 

This  policy  has  been  adopted  in 
Is  it  a  the  Victorian  Assembly  by  a  ma- 
Remedy?   jority  of  eleven  votes,  and  will  be 

probably  carried  in  the  Legislative 
Council.  It  is  naturally  and  keenly  resented 
by  the  Civil  servants  themselves.  They  are, 
they  complain,  being  disfranchised,  if  not  de- 
graded;  they  are  robbed  of  their  citizenship, 
etc.  The  Labour  party  resents  the  policy 
with  equal  energy,  for  it  robs  them  of  a  pos- 
sible ally.  The  Civil  servants,  however,  are 
not  disfranchised ;  they  will,  like  the  great 
Universities  in  England,  have  representatives 
of  their  own.  Two  seats  in  the  reduced 
House  of  fifty-six,  will  be  specifically  assigned 
to  the  Civil  Service.  Whether  the' Victorian 
policy  will  be  adopted  in  the  other  States  is 
doubtful ;  it  would  not  be  possible  in  Victoria 
but  for  the  wave  of  public  sentiment  v^hich  has 
thrown  up  a  Parliament  which  is  heroically 
bent  on  both  retrenchment  and  reform ;  which 
has  been  swept  clear  for  the  moment — or  al- 
most clear — of  professional  politicians,  and  in 
which  the  Labour  party  has  no  authority. 
^Ir.  Irvine's  new  measure  touches  one  of  the 
perplexed  problems  in  the  politics  of  all  the 
Australasian  States ;  whether  it  solves  the 
problem  time  alone  can  tell. 

Australia,    as    a    whole,    is  already 
Women  in    Under  women's  suffrage,  as  far  as 
Politics     fj-ig  Commonwealth   is  concerned ; 
and    this    makes     it    certain    that 
sooner  or  later  women  will  have  a  vote  in  all 
the  States.      For  it  is  impossible  that  the  fran- 
chise of  any  State  should  be  in  permanent  dis- 
cord with  the  Federal   franchise.       Three  of 
the     Australian    States    have    alreadv    called 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  MONTH. 


517 


women  into  full  partnership  with  civic  duties ; 
in  Victoria  this  is  a  feature  of  the  Irvine 
policy,  but  it  is  being  strongly  resisted.  The 
women's  vote  in  that  State  would  certainly 
bring  with  it  some  curious  results.  Women, 
for  example,  outnumber  men  there — the  only 
Australasiain  State  in  which  this  state  of 
things  exists.  There  are  317,000  women  of 
voting  age,  as  against  307,000  men ;  so  that  if 
women  voted  as  a  sex  Victoria  would  ofifer  the 
one  example  known  to  history  of  a  British 
community  absolutely  under  petticoat  rule ! 
Of  course,  women  will  not  vote  as  a  sex — or 
strange  political  possibilities  would  emerge. 
But  women's  franchise  would  certainly  shift 
the  political  centre  of  power  in  that  State. 
Women  are  city  dwellers  in  an  overwhelming 
proportion.  Of  317,000  women  voters,  194,000 
reside  in  Melbourne,  123,000  in  other  towns, 
and  only  70,000  in  country  districts.  The 
new  franchise  would  thus  give  an  additional 
70,000  votes  to  the  city  constituencies.  At 
present  the  one  serious  line  of  political  divi- 
sion in  the  State  is  that  which  parts  city  in- 
terests from  country  interests ;  and  the  accept- 
ance of  women's  franchise  would  almost 
change  the  centre  of  power,  and  might  seri- 
ously deflect  the  whole  course  of  State  politics 
in  Victoria.  This,  however,  is  a  circumstance 
which  increases  the  ardour  of  the  Labour 
pprtv  in  favour  of  the  women's  franchise. 

A  curious  table  has  been  compiled, 
The  Cost  of  from  offtcial  sources,  showing  the 
'*  cost    of    the    Australian    Govern- 

ments for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1903.  We  are  a  population  of  less  than  four 
millions,  but,  to  transact  our  public  affairs,  we 
have  fourteen  Houses  of  Parliament,  forty-eight 
Cabinet  Ministers,  and  752  members  of  Parlia- 
ment. We  have  a  total  population,  that  is, 
much  smaller  than  that  of  London,  and  more 
members  of  Parliament  than  the  House  of 
Commons !  The  total  cost  of  our  Parlia- 
ments is  £500,454  per  annum.  Of  this  sum 
£163.700  consists  of  members'  salaries; 
£23,048  was  spent  in  reporting  their  speeches; 
the  printing  bill  is  £46,538.  The  refreshment 
rooms  of  our  politicians  cost  £6,107;  the 
libraries  maintained  for  their  instruction  cost 
£7.679.  On  that  contribution  to  literature 
made  by  their  own  speeches,  hon.  members 
thus  spend  nearly  ten  times  as  much  as  they 
do  on  all  the  rest  of  the  literature  of  the  race ! 
The  cost  of  the  Parliamentary  machine  is  for 
the  Commonwealth,  £134,205;  for  each  of  the 
States    it    is    as  follows : — New  South  Wales, 


£110,897;  Victoria,  £83,329;  Queensland, 
£65,694 ;  South  Australia,  £37,709 ;  Western 
Australia,  £46,774;  Tasmania,  £21,766.  South 
Australia  is  the  most  cheaply  administered 
State  of  the  group ;  Western  Australia  is,  for 
its  numbers,  the  most  extravagant. 

In  Sydney,  two  important  labour 
Labour  Conferences — the  Commonwealth 
Policy      Trades    Union    Congress,  and    the 

Australian  Political  Labour  Con- 
ference— have  been  held  during  the  month.  The 
first  conference  voted,  by  a  majority  of  14  to 
4,  in  favour  of  the  nationalisation  of  the  liquor 
trade ;  a  circumstance  which,  with  others  of 
the  like  sort,  shows  how  decisively  labour 
sentiment  is  flowing  in  this  direction.  The 
Political  Labour  Conference  adopted  a  federal 
pledge,  binding  each  labour  representative  to 
vote  as  a  majority  of  the  Parliamentary  party 
may  decide  on  all  questions  affecting  the  party 
platform.  It  adopted,  but  only  after  a  keen 
debate  and  by  a  narrow  majority — 13  votes  to 
10 — a  resolution  demanding  that  all  industrial 
legislation  be  taken  over  by  the  Federal  Par- 
liament. The  "  fighting  platform  "  of  the 
party— the  principles,  that  is.  which  are 
counted  vital — number  seven ;  ranging  from 
"  a  white  Australia  "  to  the  nationalisation  of 
all  monopolies.  The  general  platform  in- 
cludes an  Australian-owned  navy,  a  Com- 
monwealth bank  of  deposit  and  issue.  On 
the  fiscal  question  the  Labour  party  leaves  its 
members  a  free  hand.  Some  of  the  "planks  " 
are,  of  course,  only  platitudes.  The  most 
significant  feature  in  the  conference  was  the 
sharp  divergence  of  opinion  revealed  in  the 
Labour  party  itself  on  the  question  whether 
industrial  legislation  ought  to  be  vested  in  the 
Federal  Parliament.  •  If  Labour  members 
were  only  confident  they  would  continue  to 
rule  that  Parliament  they  would  eagerly  vote 
for  vesting  all  industrial  legislation  in  it.  Vic- 
tor}- there  would  mean  victory  everywhere. 
But  defeat  there  would,  just  as  surely,  mean 
defeat  everywhere :  and  the  risk  is  great ! 

In  Victoria,  the  policy  represented 
Wages      by  the  Wages  Boards  has  received 
Boards     a    decided,    if    temporary,    check. 
The  Legislative  Council  refused  to 
pass,   without   serious   modifications,  the  Act 
which  was  to  continue  the  system  until  the  re- 
port of  the  Royal  Commission  on  its  working 
has   been  presented.       A  conference  betwixt 
the  two  Houses  was  held,  and  a  compromise 
agreed  upon.      The  Act  is  to  expire  on  Octo- 


5i8 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1902. 


ber  31.  1903:  no  new  boards  are  to  be  ap- 
pointed ;  one  board — that  of  the  feHmongers — 
was  cancelled,  and  with  reg-ard  to  eight  boards 
an  entirely  new  principle  is  adopted.  The  de- 
terminations in  the  case  of  these  must  be,  by 
a  majority  of  four  out  of  a  board  of  ten,  and 
two  votes,  at  least,  out  of  the  decisive  four 
must  come  from  the  dissenting  sections  of  the 
board.  Previously,  if  each  side  voted  solid, 
the  matter  was  settled  by  the  casting  vote  of 
the  chairman,  who  was  usually  a  partisan. 
This  was  practically  a  one  man  rule,  and 
worked  badly.  The  report  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  the  system  will  shortly  be 
completed,  and  it  is  understood  that  it  pro- 
nounces in  favour  of  the  New  Zealand,  rather 
than  the  ^^ictorian  system. 

The  Balmain  South  election    is    a 

A  Labour    curious  incident  in  the  history  of 

Split        the  Australian  Labour  party.     Mr. 

S.  J.  Law  was  a  labour  represen- 
tative in  the  New  South  Wales  Assembly. 
The  members  of  that  party  are  pledged  to  vote 
in  solid  platoons :  and  it  is  not  surprising  that 
Mr.  Law  found  that  pledge  both  galled  his 
conscience  and  shocked  his  common  sense. 
It  confiscated  his  freedom  as  a  representative. 
He  might  consider  a  measure  mischievous,  or 
a  Cabinet  corrupt ;  but  if  a  caucus  of  the  party 
agreed  to  support  the  measure,  or  the  Cabi- 
net, Mr.  Law  had  to  part  company  with  his 
own  judgment  and  consceince  and  vote  that 
to  be  white  which  he  knew  to  be  black.  The 
Friedman  case  brought  Mr.  Law  to  the 
■'  jumping-ofT  "  place.  He  resigned  his  seat 
in  the  Assembly,  and  asked  his  constituency 
to  re-elect  him  as  an  independent  member. 
The  Labour  party  does  not  easily  forgive  a 
member  who  "  bolts,"  and  they  fought  the 
election  with  great  energy ;  but  ^Ir  Law  won 
his  seat,  and  with  it  his  freedom,  by  a  majority 
of  376  votes.  The  Labour  party,  being  in  a 
minority  in  all  the  Parliaments,  can  only  make 
itself  effective  by  what  it  terms  "discipline ;" 
a  discipline  which  makes  the  labour  vote  a 
unit,  and,  it  may  be  added,  a  vendible 
unit,  employed  for  strictly  party  uses,  and 
under  absolute  party  control.  Any  member 
who  does  not  possess  what  may  be  called  a 
transferable  conscience  and  judgment  is,  for 
the  Labour  party,  a  mere  nuisance. 

The  drought  has  not  finally  emi- 
x».»  B=i-«  .grated,  but  at  least  the  rains  have 

The   Rasns  P  ,      r   n  -r-  j       •  i 

begun  to  fall.      J:^ar  and  wide,  over 

grassless    plains    and    dustv    river 

beds  and  desolated  farms,  the  soft  whisper  of 


the  rain  has  been  heard.  At  some  points  ihe 
rainfall  has  been  great,  and  it  covers  a  wider 
area  than  has  been  known  for  many  arid  and 
melancholy  years.  The  most  smitten  part  of 
New  South  Wales,  its  western  division,  is  al- 
ready faintly  flushed  with  green — the  soft 
green  of  the  springing  grass — as  a  result  of  the 
rain.  Southern  Queensland  has  had  an  aver- 
age rainfall  of  two  inches  ;  on  the  Downs  the 
rainfall  has  been  even  greater,  and  even  the 
parched  West  has  been  swept  by  cooling 
showers,  and  begins  to  hear  once  more  the 
almost  forgotten  sound  of  running  waters. 
The  rainfall  will  not  call  back  to  life  the 
perished  (locks  and  herds,  nor  wash  away 
what  must  be  the  long-enduring  scars  of  the 
great  disaster ;  but  at  least  it  revives  hope. 
And  perhaps  the  great  rainfall  is  only  just  be- 
gun. 

What  may  be  called  the  arithmetic 

The  Cost  of  of     the    drought — any    exact    esti- 

i*  mate  of  the  loss   it  represents — is 

as  yet  unattainable ;  the  real  scale 
of  the  loss  will  never,  perhaps,  be  fully  known. 
But  the  separate  items — or  such  of  them  as 
can  be  estimated — are  black  enough.  Last 
vear.  for  example.  Queensland  had  a  splendid 
wheat  crop;  an  average  of  19^  bushels  to  the 
acre,  and  a  total  yield  of  1,692,222  bushels. 
This  year  the  whole  Darling  Downs  will  not 
vield  500  bags !  There  will  not  be  seed  wheat 
for  the  next  sowing.  In  Victoria,  through- 
out almost  the  whole  ]\Iallee,  there  is  neither 
crops,  nor  cattle,  nor  money,  and— in  many 
districts — not  even  food.  In  patches,  at  least, 
there  would  be  actual  famine,  but  for  the 
generous  and  organised  help  which  is  being 
sent  from  every  side.  In  some  districts  tht 
churches  are  closed ;  since  the  horses  in  the 
district  are  dead,  the  congregations  cannot  as- 
semble. The  spirit  of  generous  sympathy 
evoked  is  very  remarkable.  In  New  Zealand 
large  gifts  of  fodder  and  of  seed  wheat 
have  been  made,  and  Mr.  Seddon  cabled  to 
.\ustralia  that  the  State  would  bear  the  cost 
of  collecting  and  forwarding  these  gifts. 

The    greatest    relief    to    the    com- 

The  Food    munity,  as  a  whole,  would  be  the 

Tax        suspension    of   the   high  duties   on 

wheat,  fodder,  etc. ;  but  this  is 
stronglv  o])posed  bv  some  sections  of  the  com- 
munitv.  Protectionists  of  the  heroic  sort 
hold  that,  not  the  consumer,  but  the  importer, 
pavs  the  duty;  and  so  high  duties  do  not  mean 
high  prices.  To  suspend  the  duties  on  wheat 
and  fodder  at  the  present  moment  would  leave 
that  theory  in  a  condition   of  hopeless  ruin! 


Revieic  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  MONTH. 


519 


The  Murray 


The  drought  itself,  too.  while  it  means  ruin 
temporarily  to  the  classes  directly  smitten  by 
it,  spells  fortune  to  those  districts — and  they 
are  many — where  the  rain  has  fallen  and  crops 
are  abundant.  A  shower  of  gold,  for  example, 
has  fallen  on  the  potato  fields  of  Tasmania  as  a 
result  of  the  Australian  drought.  South  Aus- 
tralia, too,  will  have  a  splendid  wheat  harvest; 
and  the  very  misfortunes  of  the  neighbouring 
States  mean  high  prices  and  full  pockets  for 
all  South  Australian  wheat  growers.  They 
naturally  object  to  anything  which  would  spoil 
these  golden  prospects.  Under  the  old  State- 
divided  system  each  section  of  Australia  would 
have  acted  for  itself :  but  now  that  the  conti- 
nent is  a  political  unit,  under  a  common  tariff, 
it  is  difihcult  to  adjust  the  general  policv  for 
particular  and  local  needs. 

The  Murray  is  the  only  decent 
, asset  in  the  way  of  a  river  the  Aus- 
tralian continent  possesses.  Mea- 
sured by  length,  indeed,  it  is  one 
of  the  great  rivers  of  the  planet,  and  though  its 
stream,  fed  by  no  great  mountain  range,  is 
somewhat  eccentric  in  volume,  yet  it  pours 
yearly  into  the  sea  a  flood  of  waters  sufficient 
almost  to  irrigate  the  Sahara  itself.  A  scien- 
tific commission,  in  which  the  three  States 
concerned — -New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and 
South  Australia — are  represented,  has  pre- 
pared what  may  well  prove  to  be  a 
history-making  report  on  the  best 
way  of  utilising  the  Murray  waters. 
The  commission  is  divided,  it  is  true, 
on  the  question  whether  navigation  or  irriga- 
tion ought  to  come  first  in  order  of  import- 
ance. South  Australia  commands  the  outlet 
of  the  Murray,  and  has  naturally  the  greatest 
interest  in  its  carrying  trade,  and  its  represen- 
tative on  the  commission.  Mr.  Burchall,  would 
postpone  irrigation  to  navigation.  His  col- 
leagues hold  the  opposite  policy.  But  as  to 
the  scale  on  which  the  Murray  can  be  used  to 
fertilise  the  vast  plains  through  which  it  flows, 
and  the  methods  of  doing  this,  the  commission 
is  unanimous ;  and  it  is  plain  that  by  the  ap- 
plication of  bold  and  scientific  methods  the 
Murray  could  be  turned  into  a  sort  of  river  of 
gold. 

When  the  volume  of  water  which 
Great  runs  bctwixt  the  banks  of  the  ^lur- 
possibiiitiesj-ay  is  computed,  it  is  found  that, 
after  providing  for  keeping  the 
stream  at  a  navigable  level  during  the  neces- 
sary months  of  the  year,  there  remains  suffi- 
cient to  irrigate  some  45,000,000  acres  in  New 
South  Wales,  4,000,000  acres  in  A^ictoria,  and 


2,500,000  acres  in  South  Australia.  This  reck- 
oning takes  in  the  Darling,  the  Lachlan,  and 
the  Murrumbidgee,  with  their  tributaries,  as 
well  as  the  Murray;  but  all  are  included  in 
what  may  be  called  the  "  Murray  basin,"  and 
the  greater  part  of  this  vast  area  is  irrigable 
by  gravitation  only.  The  committee  recom- 
mends the  construction  of  great  reservoirs  at 
certain  points  at  a  cost  of  £1,323,000;  a  fur- 
ther sum  of  £760,000  would  provide  for  the 
construction  of  eight  great  locks,  the  begin- 
ning of  a  scheme  for  making  the  Murray  per- 
manently navigable.  The  report  is  sure  to 
bear  fruity  and  makes  it  clear  that  such  a  loan, 
for  example,  as  that  of  £4,000,000,  which  New 
South  Wales  is  just  about  to  float  for  local  and 
temporary  ends,  if  applied  to  utilising  the 
waters  of  the  Murray,  would  revolutionise  the 
commercial  future  of  Australia. 


LONDON,  Nov.  3. 
What  iwir.    The  announcement  thatMr.  Cham- 
chamber-  berlain  finds  it  necessary  to  spend 
jou'r^ney    ^^''^^^     winter     months    in    South 
Means      Africa  has  been  the  occasion    for 
much  comment;  but  none  of  the  commenta- 
tors seem  to  have  grasped  the  real  significance 
of  his  visit.      Everyone  approves  of  it,  and  the 
fact  that  public  opinion  should  be  so  unani- 
mous indicates  the  general  consciousness  that 
governing  from  Dov.ming  Street — or,  in  other 
words,  the  old  theory  of  the  British  Empire — 
has  broken  down.       Mr.  Chamberlain's  visit 
entails,  among  other  things,  his  absence  from 
the  Colonial  Office  for  nearly  five  months.  For 
the  last  five  years  he  has  hardly  been  absent 
five    weeks    at    a  time,  and  during  the  brief 
periods  when  his  body  was  not  there  he  was 
never  out  of  the  range  of  red  boxes  and  official 


Wtstmiiutfr  Caxettt.) 

Going  "  Nap "  ca  Afeica. 

But  be  is  z^tZ  zs,  ihe  great  PatT-'.-.to 


520 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1902. 


telegrams.  For  a  period  of  six  weeks  he  will 
be  on  the  high  seas,  he  is  going  by  the  East 
Coast,  and  for  three  months  he  will  be  travel- 
ling about  South  Africa — six  thousand  miles 
distant  from  the  office  from  which  he  has 
hitherto  governed  the  colonies  of  the  Empire 
of  Great  Britain.  Before  the  war,  everyone 
would  have  declared  that  such  a  journey 
would  have  been  impossible.  Now,  every- 
one declares  it  is  natural,  right  and  proper. 

Mr.  Chamberlain's  journey  is  an 
"f-orbein^*"  admission  that,  notwithstanding 
on**the%'p^t  submarine  cables  and  wireless  tele- 
graphy, the  problem  of  governing 
human  beings  is  not  one  which  can  be  solved 
at  a  distance.  The  Government  must  not  be 
at  Downing  Street,  it  must  be  on  the  spot.  As 
long  as  there  is  no  need  for  governing — that  is 
to  say,  so  long  as  local  populations  are  left 
free  to  govern  themselves,  and  there  is  no- 
thing for  Downing  Street  to  do — Downing 
Street  can  do  it  very  well.  But  v/hen  ques- 
tions become  acute  and  grave  difficulties  have 
to  be  faced  and  overcome,  if  Downing  Street 
asserts  a  right  to  a  supreme  voice  in  the  solu- 
tion of  this  question,  then  the  master  of 
Downing  Street  must  quit  his  official  sanctum 
and  settle  the  question  on  the  spot.  It  is  all 
very  well  to  steer  the  ship  from  the  shore  when 
the  captain  and  crew  are  in  close  touch  with 
the  owner,  the  skies  are  blue  and  the  seas 
smooth,  but  when  storm.s  arise  and  there  is 
a  mutiny  on  board,  if  you  want  to  have  any 
control  over  your  ship  you  must  be  on  deck. 
Mr.  Chamberlain  is  going  on  deck.  But  his 
departure  is  an  advertisement,  known  and 
read  of  all  men.  of  the  abandonment  of 
the  old  idea  that  a  man  seated  in  an  office  on 
the  banks  of  the  Thames  can  wisely  adminis- 
ter the  -afifairs  of  dim  and  distant  populations 
at  the  other  end  of  the  world. 

When  Mr.   What  is  to  happen  in  the  Colonial 
Chamber-   Offi.cc    during    Mr.  Chamberlain's 
lain  is      absence?        He     will     spend,     no 
*'*'^y       doubt,   a   small   fortune   in   cables, 
but  even  telegraphing,  regardless  of  expense, 
will    not    enable    Mr.    Chamberlain  to  make 
South  Africa  the  governing  centre  of  the  Em- 
pire.      Colonial    questions,  which    may    arise 
during  his  absence,  must  either  be  dealt  with 
by  the  permanent  stafT.  or  hung  up  until    his 
return.       That  is  to  say,  while  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain's   departure    to    South  Africa  brings    the 
holder  of  supreme  power  nearer  to  the  place 
where  it  is  exercised,  so  far  as  South  Africa 
is  concerned,  it  removes  him  farther  awav  than 


ever  from  the  other  colonies  with  whose  af- 
fairs he  has  l:)een  accustomed  to  deal.  If  no 
question  of  importance  arises,  well  and  good, 
the  system  will  work  well  enough  when  there 
is  nothing  for  it  to  do;  but  if  anything  turns 
up — and  anything  may  turn  up  at  a  moment's 
notice — Mr.  Chamberlain  may  yet  have  occa- 
sion to  repeat  the  oft-quoted  saying  of  King 
Harold,  when  the  news  reached  him  after  his 
victory  over  Harold  Hardrada  in  Yorkshire, 
of  the  landing  of  the  Normans  in  Pevensey 
Bay :  "  If  I  had  been  there  this  had  not  hap- 
pened, but  it  is  not  given  to  one  man  to  be  in 
two  places  at  one  time." 

This  indicates  the  true  direction  of 
Is  the       Imperial  evolution.      The  Empire 

Empire  too       .,{  .   ,  .  ^. 

Big  Will  perish,  must  of  necessity 
perish,  if  it  cannot  be  transformed 
into  a  very  loose  federation  of  independent  re- 
publics. But  even  such  an  Empire  may  be 
too  big  for  the  intellect  and  energy  of  those 
who,  at  the  centre  of  afifairs,  are  entrusted  with 
the  management  of  matters  which  are  recog- 
nised as  of  common  concern.  No  matter 
how  the  Empire  may  be  developed  in  the 
direction  of  a  federation  of  republics,  there 
must    be    some    centre  where  there  are    men 


"  Westminster   Gazette,"]  [Oct.   15. 

HOW  THE   PALLMALLATHERIUM   LOST   ITS  WEAK 
SPOTS. 

So  the  pardonably  flabbergasted  and  quite  undeservingly 
censured  Pallmallatlierium  got  hold  of  as  many  horses  and 
mules  as  the  Army  could  use— and  a  great  many  that  it 
couldn't— and  dealt  with  all  imaginable  sorts  of  people 
much  more  gi-asping  than  itself,  and  overworked  itself 
generally,  so  that  it  came  out  in  weak  spots  all  over,  and 
contracted  proboscial  irritation  from  having  paid  so 
much  through  the  nose. 

Then  they  said,  We  can't  have  this  maculose  and  fear- 
fully conspicuous  object  wandering  about  out  of  harmony 
with  all  its  surroundings;  let  us  make  it  into  an  al- 
bino. So  they  took  the  Pallmallatherium  and  whitewashed 
it  from  end  to  end  as  well  as  they  knew  how. 

And  that  is  how  the  Pallmallatherium  lost  its  spots. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.         HISTORY  OF   THE  MONTH. 


521 


charg^ed  with  preparation  for  Imperial  defence. 
The  War  Office  and  the  AdmiraUy  will  sur- 
vive even  if  Downing  Street  becomes  little 
more  than  a  clearing-house  for  the  Agents- 
General  of  the  colonies.  But  it  is  unfortu- 
nately at  the  War  Office  where  the  Imperial 
break-down  has  been  the  most  signal.  The 
men  who  have  been  charged  with  the  direction 
of  the  military  afTairs  of  the  Empire  have  been 
proved  to  be  inadequate  to  the  task  to  which 
they  were  entrusted.  No  one  can  read  the 
report  of  the  Remount  Commission,  or  attend 
the  meetings  of  the  War  Commission,  without 
having  it  forced  upon  him  that  the  expansion 
of  the  Empire  has  outrun  the  growth  of  the 
minds  of  those  who  were  supposed  to  direct 
its  forces — in  other  words,  the  Empire  is  too 
big  for  the  cajiacity  of  the  men  who  direct  it. 

Little  Englanders  may  gloat  over 
A  Simple  this  discovery,  but  I  confess  I  re- 
Test  gard  it  with  infinite  regret.  No 
such  political  organisation  as  the 
British  Empire  has  ever  existed  which 
gathered  together  so  many  lands  within  one 
political  system,  and  which  secured  the  local 
populations  so  much  liberty  in  managing  their 
own  aiifairs.  To  extend  the  area  of  absolute 
local  self-government,  and  to  protect  it 
against  all  aggression  from  Powers  less 
devoted  to  the  principles  of  liberty,  has 
ever  been  the  cherished  ideal  of  the 
"  Review  of  Reviews ;"'  but  the  convicti  on 
is  daily  being  more  and  more  driven  home  to 
us  that  our  governing  men  are  incapable  of 
rising  to  the  height  of  their  position.  Take 
one  simple  test :  the  Empire,  whose  frontiers 
may  be  attacked  at  any  moment,  ought  cer- 
tainly not  to  extend  its  frontiers  faster  than  it 
can,  to  say  the  least,  construct  the  maps  which 
are  indispensable  for  their  defence.  But  our 
Empire-makers  have  left  the  r»ap-makers  far 
in  the  rear.  Until  the  map-makers  catch  up, 
the  makers  of  new  frontiers  had  better  take  a 
rest. 

It  is  hardly  too  much  to  say  that 
the  evidence  taken  before  the  two 
Commissions  amounts  to  the  de- 
monstration of  the  existence  of 
paralysis  at  the  centre  of  the  Empire.  Tliere 
seems  to  be  no  communication  between  the 
various  lobes  of  the  brain  of  the  Empire — in 
other  words,  there  is  no  governing  brain,  no 
organ  which  keeps  all  the  departments  in 
touch  and  secures  harmonious  concerted 
action.  One  department  will  play  for  war, 
while  the  other  department,  which  ought  to 
prepare  for  war,  refuses  to  contemplate    the 


Paralysis 
at  the 
Centre 


possibility  of  such  a  contingency  .  There  is 
no  correlation  between  the  War  (jffice  and  the 
Admiralty  and  Foreign  and  Colonial  Offices. 
The  result  is  inevitable  disaster.  We  have 
got  a  Defence  Committee  of  the  Cabinet 
which  is  supposed  to  represent  an  approxima- 
tion towards  a  guiding  brain.  But  that  com- 
mittee has  no  relation  with  the  Intelligence 
Department  of  the  War  Office,  and  no  control 
over  the  direction  of  Imperial  policy.  Every- 
thing seems  to  have  gone  to  pieces,  and  the 
supreme  duty  of  the  hour,  if  the  Empire  is  to 
be  saved,  is  to  create  some  kind  of  Govern- 
ment which  will  be  the  brain  of  the  Empire. 
At  present  there  is  no  such  organ. 

The        j|.  jg  ^j^jg  if^^j-  ^j-,ich  gives  such  im- 

Importance  ,  "     ,.  .     , 

of  the  portance  to  the  proceedmgs  of  the 
War  Com-  Commission  which  is  investigating 
mission  behind  closed  doors  the  conduct  of 
the  late  war.  Some  ill-informed  criticism  has 
been  passed  upon  the  decision  of  the  Com- 
mission to  exclude  the  public  from  its  investi- 
gations. If  it  had  decided  otherwise  its  pro- 
ceedings would  have  been  abortive.  Its  first 
function  is  to  ascertain  how  it  is  that  the  war 
came  about  without  any  preparations  having 


Mr. 


NO    ADMITTANCE    EVEN    ON    BUSINESS. 
Br-dr-ek:    "  Can't    admit    you    while    it's    going    on. 


We'll   tell   you    all   about   it   afterwards. 

John  Bull:    "  Look  here.       You've  taken  my  money,   and 
I  mean  to   come   in." 
(By    permission    of   the    proprietors    of   London    "  Punch.") 


522 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  IQO- 


been  made  for  a  contingency  which  was  al- 
ways possible.  Such  an  inquiry  could  no 
more  be  conducted  with  open  doors  than  re- 
porters could  be  admitted  to  the  confidential 
deliberations  of  the  Cabinet.  Secrecy  was 
the  first  condition  of  success.  The  most  im- 
portant witnesses  would  have  been  dumb  if 
every  word  they  uttered  were  to  appear  in  the 
papers  next  morning.  The  Commission 
must  also,  in  pursuing  its  inquiries,  glance,  at 
least,  at  the  many  contingencies  of  possible 
future  wars,  which  it  would  be  madness  to  dis- 
cuss publicly  in  the  hearing  of  the  nations  con- 
cerned. The  exclusion  of  reporters  was, 
therefore,  of  hopeful  augury.  At  last  we 
seem  to  have  got  a  Commission  courageous 
enough  to  probe  the  wound  to  the  bottom. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  exaggerate  the  magni- 
tude of  the  responsibility  which  lies  upon 
Lord  Elgin  and  his  colleagues ;  upon  them 
more  than  any  other  body  of  men  in  the  Em- 
pire depends  the  future  of  the  great  Imperial 
system  which  has  been  built  up  by  our  fore- 
fathers, but  which  seems  to  be  crumbling  to 
pieces  in  our  hands. 

The  Foreign  ^^^^  extent  to  which  Government 
Office  War  officcs  get  out  of  touch  was  curi- 
with  the  ouslv  illustrated  last  month  when 
Mad  Mullah  ^j^^  Foreign  Office  sent  to  the 
newspapers  the  report  of  the  defeat  of  a  Bri- 
tish force  by  the  Mad  Mullah,  of  which  several 
hours  later  the  War  Office  had  heard  nothing. 
The  Foreign  Office,  it  seems,  with  the  aid  of 
the  India  Office,  is  conducting  a  punitive  cam- 
paign against  the  Mad  Mullah,  so-called — a 
native  chief  residing  within  the  Italian  sphere 
of  influence,  who  has  a  weakness  for  stealing 
camels  from  natives  over  whom  we  profess  to 
exercise  "  a  kind  of  protectorate  "  in  Somali- 
land.  Colonel  Swayne,  who  was  leading  a 
colunm.  chiefly  composed  of  native  levies,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  ambushed  by  the  Mad 
Mullali  on  October  6  at  a  place  called  Erego. 
Two  British  officers  were  killed  and  fifty  men, 
while  one  hundred  men  and  two  officers  were 
wounded.  Colonel  Swayne  was  able  to  efifect 
his  retreat  unmolested,  but  the  Mad  Mullah 
is  master  of  the  situation.  Next  year  a  force 
of  5.000  men  is  to  be  despatched  to  teach  him 
to  behave — when,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  the 
Foreign  Office  will  condescend  to  take  the 
War  Office  into  its  counsels. 

If  the  War  Office  cannot  keep  in 
^"'^^•J^l^*"^  touch  with  the  Colonial  Office  and 
Indictment  the  Foreign  Office,  it  seems  to  be 

peculiarly  accessible  from  other 
quarters.       Sir  M.  Hicks  Reach  signalised  his 


liberation  from  the  trammels  of  office  by  mak- 
ing a  speech,  in  which,  after  warning  the  pub- 
lic that  the  present  rate  of  expenditure  was 
ruinous  and  wasteful,  he  made  the  following 
cryptic  allusion  to  the  state  of  the  Foreign 
Office  :— 

The  country  wanted  a  drastic  reform  at  the  War 
Office,  and  this  reform  was  wanted  in  the  military 
rather  than  in  the  civil  element.  But  they  would 
never  reform  the  War  Office  or  the  army  until  they 
made  the  great  mass  of  military  officers  pay  more  atten- 
tion to  the  duties  of  their  profession,  and  devote  their 
lives  to  them  as  did  our  navy  officers,  and  until  they 
removed  all  those  outside  influences  which  now  inter- 
fered in  the  management  of  the  army  and  with  the 
selection  for  appointments  and  promotion — interferences 
which  would  never  be  tolerated  in  any  well-organised 
department  of  the  Civil  Service. 

What  are  these  "'  outside  influences  '"  ?  Black 
Michael,  questioned  on  this  point,  preserves 
an  obstinate  silence.  But  it  is  to  be  assumed 
that  the  ex-Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  does 
not  make  such  an  accusation  without  warrant. 


"  Daily  Dispatch,"]  [Manchester. 

THE   BURDEN   OF   EMPIRE. 

The  Latest  Little  Addition  to  the  Load. 

Lord  Rosebery  at  last,  after 
Efficiency  preaching  efficiency  to  others,  ap- 
Lib^ralism  P^ars  to  havc  begun  to  realise  the 
fact  that  it  was  time  he  did  some- 
thing to  restore  efficiency  to  his  own  party. 
He  somewhat  petulantly  refused  the  olive 
branch  tendered  him  by  Mr.  Black,  M.P.,  at 
the  beginning  of  October,  but  on  November  i 
he  was  in  a  more  conciliatory  mood.  He 
said : — 


ieir  of  Reviews,  20/12/02 


HISTORY  OF  THE  MONTH. 


523 


"  Westminster    Gazette."] 


[Oct. 


SEVEN  YEARS  OF  SIN. 
Sir  Michael:  I've  been  livin'  in  sin  for  seven  long  years. 
And  the  money  I've  wasted  like  water: 
But  now  Im  repentin'  in  sackcloth  and  tears, 
And  in  future  I'll  live  as  I  oughter. 
Sir  William:   Ah!   I  knew  he'd  repent  one  day! 

[In  the  last  seven  years  our  expenditure  had  increased 
at  the  rate  of  no  less  than  five  and  a  half  millions  a 
year;  and  we  could  not  go  on  in  that  way.— Sir  M.  Hicks- 
Beach  at  Bristol,  September  29,  1902.] 

I  welcome  more  especially  the  suggestion  of  the  asso- 
ciation that  a  conference  .should  be  held  between  the 
Liberal  leaders  to  consider  as  to  a  common  plan  of 
campaign  against  the  Conservative  Government.  I,  as 
far  as  in  me  lies,  will  promote  the  success  of  that  sug- 
gestions, and  urge  on  my  political  friends  who  come 
under  the  category  of  Liberal  leaders  to  join  any  such 
conferences  or  those  to  which  they  may  be  summoned. 

Good  as  far  as  it  g^oes ;  but  how  far  does  it  ,^0  ? 

The  chief  obstacles  in  the  wav  of 

'•The  Clean  co-operation  between  them  is  Lord 

Slate"      Rosebery's      repudiation     of      the 

Newcastle  prog^ramme  and  his  de- 
nunciation of  Home  Rule.  At  Edinburgh  he 
thus  explained  away  his  demand  for  a  clean 
slate.  After  speakino^  of  the  questions  dealt 
with  in  the  Newcastle  programme,  he  said : — 
By  the  "  clean  slate "  I  do  not  mean  to  wipe  out 
those  questions  from  consideration,  but  rather  that 
they  should  be  approached  in  the  newest  spirit  with 
the  best  lights  at  the  time  when  they  required  to  be 
practically  dealt  with.  My  point  is  that  for  a  political 
programme  that  you  mean  to  carry  into  action  you 
must  have  it  short,  you  must  have  it  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  time,  and,  therefore,  you  must  not  pro- 
claim it  months,  years,  perhaps  decades  before  you  are 
actually  going  to  apply  any  power  to  its  solution. 

To  which  the  answer  is,  that  there  are  pro- 
grammes and  programmes — programmes  for 
to-day,  programmes  for  to-morrow,  and  pro- 
grarnmes  for  the  day  after.  A  good  compe- 
hensive  programme  for  the  century  is  one 
thing.      A  programme  on  which  to  fight  next 


General  Election  is  another.  If,  instead  of 
talking  about  cleaning  the  slate,  Lord  Rose- 
bery  had  only  insisted  upon  dating  it.  how 
much  fuss  would  have  been  spared ! 

The  first  case  tried  under  the 
Progress  of  ^^^^"^  Convention  came  to  a 
Arbitration  Satisfactory  close  last  month,  when 

the  Court  unanimously  decided 
that  the  Mexican  Government  was  in  the 
wrong  in  its  controversy  with  the  United 
States  as  to  the  Right  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  in  California  to  one-half  of  the  Pious 
Fund  which  in  1869  Sir  Edward  Thornton  de- 
cided was  her  due.  The  Tribunal  ordered 
the  Mexican  Government  to  pay  £285.000  in- 
terest accruing  since  Sir  Edward  Thornton's 
award,  and  a  further  sum  of  £14,000  a  year  in 
perpetuity.  The  doctrine  of  res  judicata  in 
voked  by  the  United  States  Government  was 
unanimously  upheld  by  the  five  arbitrators. 
After  the  hearing  was  over  the  Court  privately 
drew  up  with  equal  unanimity  a  series  of  re- 
conmiendations  to  the  signatories  of  the  Con- 
ventions as  to  slight  amendments  which  were 
desirable  in  the  procedure  of  the  Court.  It 
was  suggested,  for  instance,  that  there  should 
be  a  preliminary  agreement  as  to  the  language 
to  be  used  in  court,  and  also  that  it  should  not 
be  obligatory  for  the  LImpire  always  to  preside 
over  the  Tribunal.  It  has  been  agreed  to 
refer  to  the  Hague  Tribunal  the  dispute  be- 
tween Japan  and  the  three  Powers,  England, 
France  and  Germany,  as  to  the  right  of  Japan 
to  levy  house  tax  upon  buildings  standing  on 
land  ceded  to  Foreign  Governments  in  the 
treaty  ports.  The  Japanese  Ambassador  at 
Paris.  Count  Motono.  will  be  the  Japanese 
arbitrator.  M.  Renault  will  be  the  represen- 
tative of  the  three  Powers.  Germany  nomin- 
ated Dr.  von  Martitz,  and  England  Sir  Ed- 
ward Fry.  The  three  Powers  drew  lots,  and 
France  won  the  right  to  nominate  jNI.  Renault. 
The  arbitration  will  not  come  on  for  more 
than  twelve  months,  owing  to  the  time  neces- 
sary for  the  preparation  of  the  case.  Last 
month  King  Oscar  decided  the  dispute  be- 
tween Germany  and  the  L'nited  States  as  to 
damage  done  by  American  troops  in  Samoa  in 
favour  of  Germany. 

There  is  fortunately  no  need  to 
France  and  refer  the  dispute  between  France 
siam  3,-1(1  Siam  to  the  Hague  Tribunal. 
For  France  and  Siam  have  come 
to  terms,  and  the  dispute  is  at  an  end.  Siam 
cedes  to  France  20,000  square  kilometres  of 
territorv.       In     return,     France    promises    to 


;^4 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


Photograph   by]  [R.   A.   Shield. 

THEIR     MAJESTIES     PASSING     THROUGH     THE     CITY 

ON  OCTOBER  25. 

evacuate  Chantabun  and  restores  to  Siam  tlie 
right  to  occupy  the  25  kilometre  zone  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mekong.  The  surrendered 
territory  is  contained  in  a  triangle  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  River  ^Mekong,  with  the  Hne  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Stang  Rolnos  on  the  lake  to 
Bassak  as  its  base,  and  includes  a  slice  of  the 
province  of  Ankor  and  the  provinces  of  Melu- 
prey  and  Bassak.  France  also  obtains  a  spe- 
cial provision,  in  that  if  Siam  wishes  to  make 
ports,  canals,  or  railways  on  her  portion  of  the 
Mekong  basin  she  must  either  do  it  with  her 
own  resources  or  "come  to  an  agreement"  on 
the  subject  with  the  Government  of  France. 
The  King  of  Luang  Prabang  continues  to  be 
vassal  of  both  France  and  Siam. 

Mr.    Morrison,    of    the   "  Times," 
Russia      having  at    last  been  permitted    to 

and  -.  r  1         •  ,  1   • 

Manchuria  cross  Manchuria.  reports  to  his 
newspaper  that  Russia  is  strictly 
and  literally  fulfilling  her  treaty  obligations  in 
that  country.  As  Mr.  Alfred  Stead  pointed 
out  six  months  ago  in  the  "  Times."  her  evac- 
uation of  the  country  was  a  concentration  on 
the  railroad  which  left  Russia  as  absolutely 
mistress  of  the  situation  as  we  are  in  Egypt. 


The  only  difiference  is  that  Russia  has  an  un 
disputed'  treaty  right  to  garrison  the  whoL 
line  of  railway,  whereas  we  have  no  treat; 
right  whatever  to  occupy  Egypt.  That,  how' 
ever,  in  no  way  prevented  the  usual  outer 
against  Russian  bad  faith,  etc.,  etc.  Ther 
seems  to  be  literally  no  limit  to  Jingo  stupidity 

^     ,     A  pleasant  spectacle  was  afifordec 
Progress    the  people  of  London  on  Saturday 
through  the  and   Sunday,   October  25  and  26 
^'*y        when  the  King  and  Queen  mad 
their  long-delayed  progress  through  the  cit} 
and  South  London.    The  procession,  like  th 
Coronation,  was  accompanied  by  none  of  th 
riotous  scenes  of  popular  intoxication  whicl 
would  certainly  have  been  witnessed  in  Jun( 
if  the  original   programme  had  been  carriec 
out.     The  illness  of  the  King  toned  down  the 
exuberance  of  popular    excitement,  and    the 
procession  passed  ofif  without  any  incident  oi 
ill-omen  or  outbreak  of  drunken  delirium.   Tht 
King,  who  appeared  to  be  in  the  best  of  health 
accompanied  by  the  Queen,  drove  in  an  open 
carriage  in  the  midst  of  an  imposing  militarv 
cavalcade,  and  were  received  everywhere  with 
great  enthusiasm.      Addresses  were  presented 
to  the  King  by  the  London  County  Councii 
and    the  city  of    London    and    the    borough? 
which   were   created  in  the  last  years  of  hi--^ 
predecessor's  reign.      On  Sunday  he  attendee^ 
a  thanksgiving  service  for  his  recovery  in  St\ 
Paul's  Cathedral.      On  Monday  he  reviewed 
the  Guards  and  addressed  them  in  a  characj 
teristic  speech — brief,  hearty,  and  full  of  tact^ 


In  Parliament  hardly  anything  has 
i...  ^''t-       l^een  discussed  save  the  Education 

Education    _. .,,  ,  .    ,     ,         ,  i  i  ' 

Bill  Bill ;  the  eighth  clause  has  been 
considered,  amended,  and  stands  as 
part  of  the  Bill.  It  is  not  necessary  here  to 
follow  in  detail  the  course  of  the  discussion; 
suffice  it  to  say  that  the  Government  absolutely 
refused  to  make  any  concession  whatever  as 
to  what  Mr.  Balfour  rightly  described  as  the 
root  of  the  whole  Bill — namely,  the  determina- 
tion to  give  to  the  non-elected  majority  of  the 
managers  of  the  denominational  schools  the 
right  of  appointing  the  teachers.  All  the  pro- 
posals of  the  Opposition,  to  make  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  elected  authority  a  majority 
of  the  managers,  were  defeated.  The  efifect 
of  this  is  to  re-estabHsh  religious  tests  for  a 
great  body  of  civil  servants,  the  whole  of 
whose  salaries  are  paid  by  the  State.  In  the 
majority  of  the  public  elementary  schools  of< 
this  country  no  one  but  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England  can  hope  for  employment. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/l'P,/02. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  MONTH. 


525 


5ome  trivial  concessions  were  made,  giving 
he  local  authorities  right  to  interfere  in  the 
ase  of  the  dismissal  of  teachers,  or  in  the  case 
/here  sectarian  interests  led  the  managers  to 
ippoint  the  worse  of  two  applicants,  from  the 
"ducational  point  of  view.  There  was  also 
mother  concession  as  to  the  appointment  of 
)upil  teachers.  But  these  concessions  in  no 
vay  affected  the  root  of  the  Bill.  Other  conces- 
ions  were  made,  and  as  a  set-off  on  the  other 
ide  must  be  counted  the  permission  given  to 
lenominational  managers  to  exact  rent  for  the 
ise  of  the  teacher's  house,  which  has  hereto- 
ore  been  considered  as  part  of  the  school 
)uildings.  By  this  the  denominationalists  will 
)e  able  to  charge  the  local  authority  sufficient 
ent  to  defray  the  cost  of  repairing  the  school 
mildings.  an  obligation  imposed  upon  them 
)y  the  Bill.  Despite  threats  of  drastic  use  of 
he  closure,  it  is  probable  that  the  discussion 
vill  continue  till  December ;  the  Bill  will  then 
j-o  to  the  House  of  Lords,  where  it  will  prob- 
ibly  be  altered  still  more  in  the  interests  of 
he  denominationalists,  and  will  finally  become 
aw  in  such  a  shape  as  to  light  up  the  flarres 
if  sectarian  war  in  every  county. 

The  discontent  of  the  Nonconform- 
""mLI-**  ist  Liberal  Unionists  at  Birming- 
contents  ham  led  Mr.  Chamberlain  to  swoop 
down  upon  the  malcontents,  and  in 
1  speech  of  characteristic  plausibility  leading 
jp  to  a  series  of  leading  questions,  carefully 
ramed  so  as  to  conceal  the  real  animus  of  the 
Bill,  he  succeeded  in  scoring  an  apparent  vic- 
:ory.  It  was,  however,  somewhat  marred  by 
the  action  of  Mr.  Titterton,  who  persisted  in 
asking  the  Conference,  "Are  you  in  favour  of 
:he  proposal  that  the  majority  of  the  Manage- 
ment Committee  of  each  of  the  voluntary 
schools  should  be  popularly  elected?"'  The 
Conference  promptly  answered  "  Yes  "  by  a 
sweeping  majoritv.  and  thereby  condemned 
the  very  root  of  the  Government  Bill.  Non- 
conformists, however,  who  are  so  false  to  their 
traditions  as  to  become  Liberal  Unionists  and 
to  support  the  war  in  South  Africa,  will  com- 
mand little  sympathy  when  they  are  maltreated 
bv  their  political  allies.  In  the  battle  against 
the  Bill,  Mr.  Bryce  has  won  golden  opinions 
by  his  pertinacitv,  his  luciditv.  and  his  resolu- 
tion. On  this  subject  Lord  Rosebery — who 
declares  in  favour  of  resistance  to  the  death — 
Sir  H.  Campbell-Bannerman  and  Mr.  Asquith 
are  all  of  one  mind. 


The  first  man  to  conduct  a  propa- 
"  Municipal  ganda  in  the  press  in  favour  of 
Socialism"  "  Municipal  Socialism  "  was  Alfred 

Milner,  now  Lord  Milner.  High 
Commissioner  in  South  Africa,  but  then  my 
assistant  editor  on  the  "  Pall  Mall  Gazette." 
"  Socialism  of  the  Chair  "  he  used  to  call  it  in 
those  days.  Dr.  Alfred  Shaw,  now  editor  of 
the  "American  Review  of  Reviews,"  took  up 
the  subject  in  the  later  eighties,  and  popular- 
ised the  idea  throughout  the  United  States. 
There  are,  therefore,  few  persons  more  inter- 
ested than  I  in  the  success  of  the  Municipal 
Socialism  which  has  now  experienced  its  first 
serious  baptism  of  fire  in  the  shape  of  a  broad- 
side of  a  score  of  articles  published  by  the 
"  Times  "  "  from  a  correspondent."  We  al- 
ways have  more  cause  to  be  grateful  to  our 
enemies  than  to  our  friends,  and  we  owe  the 
"  Times  a  debt  of  gratitude  if  only  because  its 
articles  have  provoked  the  Lord  Provost  of 
Glasgow  to  state  the  facts  about  municipalisa- 
tion  in  Glasgow  for  the  information  of  every- 
bodv.  Municipal  Socialism,  which  gives  the 
citizen  gas  at  2s.  3d.  per  1,000  feet  instead  of 
5s,  5d.,  water  at  a  5d.  rate  instead  of  is.  4d., 
and  tram-rides  at  id.  instead  of  3d.,  only  needs 
to  be  well  advertised  to  become  universally  in 
demand.  And  the  "  Municipal  Socialism  " 
articles  in  the  "  Times  "  are  a  first-class  ad- 
vertisement. 

It  is  in  vain  the  Canute  of  Printing 
London:  Its  j^Q^gg  Square  attempts  to  stem 
""Ifs^Po^rr  the  rising  tide  of  Municipal  Social- 
ism. The  breakdown  of  the  rival 
promoters  who  were  contending  for  the  privi- 
lege of  constructing  the  tube  system  of  Lon- 
don has  opened  the  door  for  the  entrance  of 
the  London  Countv  Council  upon  the  scene. 
It  is  none  too  soon.  The  Committee  to  which 
the  whole  subject  has  been  referred  will,  it  is 
to  be  hoped,  draw  up  a  comprehensive  scheme 
framed  in  the  interest  of  the  public  and  not  of 
the  speculator,  by  which  the  control  of  under- 
ground London  may  be  secured  to  the  Coun- 
cil. Next  year  we  ought  to  have  our  muni- 
cipal steamers.  The  question  of  the  control 
of  the  Thames,  which  stands  in  imminent  dan- 
ger of  losing  its  trade  to  Southampton  and 
Liverpool,  will  also  come  up  next  session,  and 
it  is  more  likely  than  not  that  the  municipal 
Socialists  mav  have  to  intervene  to  save  the 
Port  of  London  from  perishing; 


526 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


CORRESPONDENCE    DEPARTMENT. 


Federal  Politics. 

"C.  C."  writes: 

"  Sir  William  McMillan  does  not  fairly  describe  '  The 
First  Session  of  the  Federal  Parliament,"  by  omitting 
all  refence  to  the  reception  which  he  and  his  Free 
Trade  party  gave,  at  the  first  General  Election,  to  Mr. 
Barton's  neutral  fiscal  policy.  They  at  once  repudiated 
it,  and  fought  the  elections  for  pure  Free  Trade.  Mr. 
Barton  and  his  party  had  no  choice  but  to  fight  for 
Protection.  That  was  the  trouble;  and  the  Free- 
Trade  press  and  party  of  New  South  Wales  led  the 
attack.  They  followed  it  up  by  a  motion  of  censure, 
on  Free  Trade  lines,  the  moment  the  tariff  was  in- 
troduced. Sir  William  McMillan's  remarks  respect- 
ing the  Labour  party,  and  Ministers'  subservience  to 
it,  are  equally  disingenuous,  because  the  basis  of  that 
subserviency  (and  it  undoubtedly  existed)  was  the  in- 
variable readiness  of  the  Free  Trade  party  to  vote  with 
the  Labour  partj'  whenever  there  was  a  prospect  of 
turning  out  the  Barton  Ministry." 


A  Gjrrection. 

Mrs.  A.  A.  Wing  (Glenelg,  South  Australia)  writes: 
,"  Allow  me  to  point  out  a  mistake  in  the  '  Review  of 
Reviews  for  Australasia  '  for  November.  The  King 
of  the  Belgians  has  still  two  daughters:  Stephanie, 
Crown  Princess  of  Austria,  and  Princess  Clementine, 
now  Countess  Lonyay.  The  Emperor  of  Austria 
has  had  several  children — the  late  Crown  Prince  Ru- 
doloh    and    Archduchess   Pierla,    and   another." 


An  Imperial  Council  for  the  Empire. 

Mr.  Christopher  Crisp  (Bacchus  Marsh.  Vic.j,  writes: 
"  Mr.  J.  H.  Shaw,  01  Okoroire,  New  Zealand,  was  not 
the  first  to  write  a  pamphlet  on  'An  Imperial  Council 
for  the  Empire.'  He  dates  his  claim  from  February, 
1902.  I  published  a  pamphlet  upon  the  subject  in  1895, 
and  the  Federation  League  of  Melbourne  circulated 
some  100  copies  of  it.  The  idea  is  as  old  as  the 
heptarchy  (in  fact,  the  cave-dwellers  must  have  acted 
upon  it) ;  but  methods  of  carrying  it  out  vary,  of 
course.  Permit  me  to  quote  my  proposals  (in  part) 
as  follows:  '  Schemes  for  Imperial  Federation  should 
always  be  subordinated  to  retaining  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  Kingdom  as  the  central  entity,  enshrin- 
ing the  self-governing  genius  of  the  whole  English- 
speaking  race  and  their  subject  peoples.  Otherwise, 
Imperial  Federation  would  merge  into  amalgamation, 
with  all  its  balance  of  voting  power  difficulties;  or 
degenerate  into  mere  optional  affiliation  or  every-day 
treaty  bargaining.  Decentralisation,  in  all  its  Home 
Rule  forms,  can  be  permitted  with  the  greatest  liber- 
ality and  safety,  if  the  central  Imperial  Executive,  as 


it  now  exists,  both  ^'arliamentary  and  extra-Parli 
mentary,  be  strengthened  in  its  intellectual  or  mor 
sense  by  the  creation  of  an  Imperial  Consultative  Coui 
cil  of  the  Empire,  consisting  of  representatives  a] 
pointed  by  the  Governments  of  all  the  beyond-se< 
dependencies  of  the  British  Empire,  presided  over  l 
the  head  of  the  Imperial  Cabinet,  and  convened  b 
hill'  at  his  pleasure,  with  the  proviso  that  it  mus 
be  called  together  at  least  once  in  each  period 
five  years,  which  should  be  maue  the  duration  of  eac 
House  of  Commons,  instead  of  seven  years.  This  In 
perial  Consultative  Council  should  not  have  any  execi 
five  or  sovereign  powers,  which  should  remain,  as  a 
present,  with  the  Imperial  Cabinet,  as  the  creation  c 
the  British  Parliamentary  system.  The  opinions  c 
such  a  Council  would  not  need  any  extraneous  aid  fror 
mere  voting  power.  They  would  be  on  the  plane  c 
the  highest  wisdom,  and  permanently  far-reaching  p£ 
triotism.  Therefore,  all  fleeting  and  subordinate  e: 
ecutive  .jodies,  from  the  humblest  colonial  popular  As 
sembly  to  the  House  of  Lords,  and  the  occupant  of  th 
throne,  would  reject  the  wishes  of  that  Council  at  th 
peril  of  destroying  the  Empire.'  I  could  quote  more 
but  you  would  probably  object.  I  claim  for  m 
pamphlet,  from  first  word  to  last,  that  it  is  the  mos 
important  ever  published.  It  is  now  out  of  prin' 
The  Imperial  Consultative  Council  is  now  establishec 
exactly  (or  nearly  so),  as  I  wished  it  to  be." 


Naval  Defence. 

"An  Australian  Officer"  writes: 

"  It  is  natural  and  desirable  to  see  Australians  df 
sire  to  be  actively  associated  with  the  fleets  of  Grea 
Britain  in  naval  defence;  but  the  obstacles  to  thi 
are  insuperable — conditions  of  pay,  etc.  However,  ther 
is  a  way  out,  which  promises  even  a  greater  degre 
of  benefit.  Australia  has,  at  the  present  time,  a  fore- 
of  naval  reserves,  with  a  plant  which  cannot  be  consid 
ered  as  effective;  but,  at  the  same  time,  of  some  valu 
for  coastal  defence  in  war  time — as  floating  gun  pla1 
forms.  Let  the  mother  country  place  three  ships  a 
Australia's  disposal,  to  be  manned  and  kept  up  by  Aus 
tralia,  for  the  purpose  of  training  as  naval  reserves  oui 
young  men  desirous  of  serving  in  the  marine  forces. 
At  the  present  time  the  Empire's  greatest  weakness  i 
want  of  men.  One  shudders  to  realise  what  wouk 
be  the  result  of  the  British  fleet  in  Chinese  water 
suffering  heavy  losses  among  its  crews  in  an  engage 
ment,  there  being  no  place  in  the  Southern  Hemispheri 
where  they  could  replace  with  trained  men.  In  sucl 
case  the  value  of  the  British  possessions  and  coloniei 
is  shown,  being  points  where  reinforcements  of  mei 
might  be  looked  for.  If  these  afforded  men.  material 
and  facilities  of  repairs,  it  were  more  than  monej 
subsidy,  and  would  be  a  result  satisfying  to  true  Brit 
ishers." 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


527 


THE    HUMOUR    OF    THE    MONTH. 


KIPLING    ON    THE    EVOLUTION    OF    THE    KANGAROO. 


Humour  is  not  'Sh.  Kiijlinsi">  ^irong  poiiu ;  but  in 
his  "  Just  So  Stories  "  Mr.  Kipling  undertakes,  with 
pen  and  pencil,  to  explain  how  the  Kangaroo  came  by 
his  tail  and  by  his  jumping  gifts.  The  effort  is  de- 
cidedly humorous,  and  may  well  amuse  all  Austra- 
lians:— 

The  Sing-Song  of  Old  Man  Kangaroo. 

Not  always  was  the  Kangaroo  as  now  we  do  behold 
him,  but  a  Different  Animal  with  four  short  legs.  He 
was  grey  and  he  was  woolly,  and  his  pride  was  inordi- 
nate: he  danced  on  an  outcrop  in  the  middle  of  Aus- 
tralia, and  he  went  to  the  Little  God  Nqa. 

He  went  to  Nqa  at  six  before  breakfast,  saying. 
"  ]\I,ike  me  different  from  all  other  animals  by  five 
this  afternoon." 

Up  jumped  Nqa  from  his  seat  on  the  sand-flat,  and 
shouted,  "Go  away!" 

He  was  grey  and  he  was  woolly,  and  his  pride  was 
inordinate:  he  danced  on  a  rock-ledge  in  the  middle 
of  Australia,  and  he  went  to  the  Middle  God 
Nquing. 

He  went  to  Nquing  at  eight  after  breakfast,  say- 
ing. ■'  Make  me  different  from  all  other  animals;  make 
me.  also,  wonderfully  popular  by  five  this  afternoon." 

Up  jumned  Nquing  irom  his  burrow  in  the  spinifex, 
and  shouted,  "  Go  away!" 

He  was  grey  and  he  was  woolly,  and  his  pride  was 
inordinate:  he  danced  on  a  sandbank  in  the  middle  of 
Australia,  and  he  went  to  the  Big  God  Nqong.   , 

He  went  to  Nqong  at  ten  before  dinner-time,  say- 
ing, "  Make  me  different  from  all  other  animals;  make 
me  popular  and  wonderfully  run  after  by  five  this 
afternoon." 

Up  jumped  Nqong  from  his  bath  in  the  salt-pan.  and 
shouted,  "Yes.  I  will!" 

Nqong  called  Dingo— Yellow-Dog;  Dingo— always 
hungry,  dusty  in  the  sunshine,  and  showed  him  Kan- 
garoo. Nqong  said.  "Dingo!  Wake  up.  Dingo!  Do 
you  see  that  gentleman  dancing  on  an  ashpit?  He 
wants  to  be  popular  and  very  truly  run  after.  Dingo, 
make  him  so!" 

Up  jumped  Dingo— Yellow-Dog  Dingo— and  said. 
"  ^Vhat,  that  cat-rabbit?" 

Off  ran  Dingo— Yellow-Dog  Dingo— always  hungry, 
grinning   like   a    coal-scuttle— ran   after    Kangaroo. 

Off  went  the  proud  Kangaroo  on  his  four  little  legs 
like  a  bunny. 

This,  O  be'.oved  of  mine,  ends  the  first  part  of  the 
tale! 

He  ran  through  tke  desert;  he  ran  through  the 
mountains;  he  ran  through  the  salt-pans;  he  ran 
through  the  reed-beds;  he  ran  through  the  blue  gums; 
he  ran  through  the  spinifex;  he  ran  till  his  front  legs 
ached. 


He  had  to! 

Still  ran  Dingo — Yellow-Dog  Dingo — always  hungry, 
grinning  like  a  rat-trap,  never  getting  nearer,  never 
getting  farther, — ran  after  Kangaroo. 

He   had   to! 

Still  ran  Kangaroo— Old  Man  Kangaroo.  He  ran 
through  the  ti-trees;  he  ran  through  the  mulga;  he 
ran  through  the  long  grass;  he  ran  through  the  short 
grass;  he  ran  through  the  Tropics  of  Capricorn  and 
Cancer;  he  ran  till  his  hind  legs  ached. 

He  had  to! 

Still  ran  Dingo — Yellow-Dog  Dingo — hungrier  and 
hungrier,  grinning  like  a  horse-collar,  never  getting 
nearer,  never  getting  farther;  and  they  came  to  the 
Wollgong  River. 

Now,  there  wasn't  any  bridge,  and  there  wasn't  any 
ferry-boat,  and  Kangaroo  didn't  know  how  to  get  over; 
so  he  stood  on  his  legs  and  hopped. 
He  had  to! 


This  is  a  picture  of  Old  Man  Kangaroo  wlien  he  was  the 
Different  Animal  with  four  short  legs.  I  have  drawn 
him  grey  and  woolly,  and  you  can  see  that  he  is  very 
proud  because  he  has  a  wreath  of  flowers  m  his  hair.  He 
is  dancing  on  an  outcrop  (that  means  a  ledge  of  rock)  in 
the  middle  of  Australia  at  six  o'clock  before  breakfast. 
You  can  see  that  it  is  six  o'clock,  because  the  sun  is  just 
getting  up.  The  thing  with  the  ears  and  the  open  mouth 
is  Little  God  Nqa.  Nqa  is  very  much  surprised,  because 
he  has  never  seen  a  Kangaroo  dance  like  that  before. 
Little  God  Nqa  is  just  saying,  "  Go  away,  but  the  Kan- 
garoo is  so  busy  dancing  that  he  has  not  heard  him  yet. 

The  Kangaroo  hasn't  any  real  name  except  Boomer.  He 
lost  it  because  he  was  so  proud. 


528 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


He  hopped  through  the  Flinders;  he  hopped  through 
the  Cinders;  lie  hopped  through  the  deserts  in  the 
middle  of  Australia.     He  hopped  like  a  Kangaroo. 

First  he  hopped  one  yard;  then  he  hopped  three 
yards;  tnen  he  hopped  five  yards;  his  legs  growing 
stronger;  his  legs  growing  longer.  He  hadn't  any  time 
for  rest  or  refreshment,  and  he  wanted  them  very 
much. 

Still  ran  Dingo— Yellow-Dog  Dingo— very  much  be- 
wildered, very  much  hungry,  and  wondering  what  in 
the  world  or  out  of  it  made  Old  Man  Kangaroo  hop. 

For  he  hopped  like  a  cricket;  like  a  pea  in  a  sauce- 
pan; or  a  new  rubber  ball  on  a  nursery  floor. 


This  is  the  picture  of  Old  Man  Kangaroo  at  five  in  the 
afternoon,  when  he  had  got  his  beautiful  hind  legs  just 
as  Big  God  Nqong  had  promised.  You  can  see  that  it  is 
five  o'clock,  because  Big  God  Nqong's  pet  tame  clock  says 
so  That  is  Nqong,  in  his  bath,  sticking  his  feet  out. 
Old  Man  Kangaroo  is  being  rude  to  Yellow-Dog  Dingo. 
Yellow-Dog  Dingo  has  been  trying  to  catch  Kangaroo  all 
across  Australia.  You  can  see  the  marks  of  Kangaroo's 
big  new  feet  running  ever  so  far  back  over  the  bare  hills. 
Yellow-Dog  Dingo  is  drawn  black,  because  I  am  not  al- 
lowed to  paint  these  pictures  with  real  colours  out  of  the 
paint-box;  and  besides,  Yellow-Dog  Dingo  got  dreadfully 
black  and  dusty  after  running  through  the  Flinders  and  the 
Cinders. 

I  don't  know  the  names  of  the  flowers  growing  round 
Nqong's  bath.  The  two  little  squatty  things  out  in  the 
desert  are  the  other  two  gods  that  Old  Man  Kangaroo 
spoke  to  early  in  the  morning.  That  thing  with  the  let- 
ters on  it  is  Old  Man  Kangaroo's  pouch.  He  had  to 
have  a  pouch  just  as  he  had  to  have  legs. 


He  had  to! 

He  tucked  up  his  front  legs;  he  hopped  on  his  hind 
legs;  he  stuck  out  his  tail  for  a  balance-weight  behind 
him;  and  he  hopped  through  the  Darling  Downs. 

He  had  to! 

Still  ran  Dingo— Tired-Dog  Dingo— hungrier  and  hun- 
grier, very  much  bewildered,  and  wondering  when  in 
the  world  or  out  of  it  would  Old  Man  Kangaroo  stop. 

Then  came  Nqong  from  his  bath  in  the  salt-pans, 
and  said,  "  It's  five  o'clock." 

Down  sat  Dingo— Poor-Dog  Dingo— always  hungry, 
dusty  in  the  sunshine;  hung  out  his  tongue  and 
howled. 

DoAvn  sat  Kangaroo— Old  Man  Kangaroo— stuck  out 
his  *:ail  like  a  milking-stool  behind  him,  and  said, 
"  Thank  goodness  that's  finished!" 

Then  said  Nqong,  who  is  always  a  gentleman,  "Why 
aren't  you  grateful  to  Yellow-Dog  Dingo?  Why  don't 
you  thank  him  for  all  he  has  done  for  you?" 

Then  said  Kangaroo— Tired  Old  Kangaroo—"  He's 
chased  me  out  of  the  homes  of  my  childhood;  he's 
chased  me  out  of  my  regular  meal-times;  he's  altered 
my  shape  so  I'll  never  get  it  back;  and  he's  played 
Old  Scratch  with  my  legs." 

Then  said  Nqong.  "  Perhaps  I'm  mistaken,  but  didn't 
you  ask  me  to  make  you  different  from  all  other  ani- 
mals, as  well  as  to  make  you  very  truly  sought  after? 
And  now  it  is  five  o'clock." 

'■  Yes,"  said  Kangaroo.  "  I  wish  that  I  hadn't.  I 
thought  you  would  do  it  by  charms  and  incantations, 
but  this  is  a  practical  jolie." 

"  Joke!"  said  Nqong,  from  his  bath  in  the  blue 
gums.  "  Say  that  again  and  I'll  whistle  up  Dingo  and 
run  your  hind  legs  off." 

"  No,"  said  the  Kangaroo.  "  I  must  apologise.  Legs 
are  legs,  and  you  needn't  alter  'em  so  far  as  I  am 
concerned.  I  only  meant  to  explain  to  Your  Lordli- 
ness that  I've  had  nothing  to  eat  since  morning,  and 
I'm  very  empty  indeed." 

"  Yes,"  said  Dingo — Yellow-Dog  Dingo, — "  I  am  just 
in  the  same  situation.  I've  made  him  different  from 
all  other  animals;  but  what  may  I  have  for  my  tea?" 

Then  said  Nqong  from  his  bath  in  the  salt-pan, 
"  Come  and  ask  me  about  it  to-morrow,  because  I'm 
going  to  wash." 

So  they  were  left  in  the  middle  of  Australia,  Old 
Man  Kangaroo  and  Yellow-Dog  Dingo,  and  each  said, 
"  That's  your  fault." 


Jicvh'H-  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.  529 

THE   HISTORY   OF   THE   MONTH   IN    CARICA'J'URE 


To  ?/\RS0NT(Qvvi^i7? '     ■^^''    ''^ 


WILFULLY  DEAF. 
After  George  Cruikshank's  "  Deaf  Postillion. 


Westminster  Gazette."]  A  CLEAR  WAY.— Finis  Coronat  0i)us. 


530 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


Wtslmrnj/rrGme/te)  fOcl    ■} 

Chamberlain  Pasha  gets  news  of  a  rising  in  the 
Birmingham  Balkans. 


Weslmins/frCj::er'e.\  (Oct    lo 

Rival  Exp(»itors. 

Three.  Leaves  from  ove  Book 
Thk    Archbishop   of    Ca-.ter-  Mr.   Balfour   (al    Mancheste 

E' 


BURY  (at  Ashford';  'It  is  a  fact 
that  we  pjy  for  kotdtng  the  {Volttn^ 
tary]  schoo's  in  our  tnvn  kands  " 

The  Little  Edlcatios  Bill  :  "  Papa  Balfoui  brought  me  in  to  pic 
Giardpapa  CanSerbury  They  don't  seem  to  say  the  same  things  about  i 
but  I  know  they  are  both  very  fond  of  me." 


giMng  to  the  peoDle 

v'^   schools    they   do 

possess  '■ 


,in,ter  Ga, 

,11, 

1 

lOct    « 

A 

Gift  with 

Limitations. 

ALPOLR     B 

ou  with  a 

F 

w      "I   have 
y.  which   I  tr 

rescued,    Ma.ter    Bull   Sandford, 
jst   may  be  a  valuable  aid  to  you 

ediJCatiao.  As  ii  will  be  your  properly,  you  will  of  course  be  eipeclecf  to 
defray  the  cost  of  stabling  and  keep  out  of  your  own  pocket  oioney  Bui 
you  will  not  ride  it — ihtl  will  be  rese'^ed  as  an  exclusive  privilege  for  Masiei 
Canterbury  Merton." 


WfStr^irulfr  G 


Women  not  Wanted. 


yyntmiustrr  Cautti  ] 


Three  Blind  Mice. 


lyestminsler  Gaullr  )  [Oct.  n. 

The  Natural  Consequence  of  Going  Blind. 


MR.    GOULD    ON    THE    EDUCATION    DEBATE. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.       CARICATURES   OF   THE  MONTH. 


531 


b  the  Oil  Trust,  a  modern  Bill  Sykes  ; 

He  defies  the  Police,  and  docs  just  as  he  likes. 


s  the  PiaDo  Trust  .   when  he  ■"appssrs  " 
And  plays  to  the  People,  he  moves  them  to  tears. 


To  run  over  Ibe  People,  and  get  thai  last  dime. 


532 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS.  December  20,  1902. 


Is  the  Lumber  Trust.     T,,ke  a  straight  tip:— 
Hell  grab  your  last  cent  if  ^ou  get  in  his  grip. 


Is  the  Coal  Trust,  a  greedy  old  bindit. 

Who  squeezes  the  people.     How  long  «ill  they  stand 


JugeKd] 


J  876 


1330  1902 

The  Evolution  of  Social  Democracy  in  Germany. 


[Sept.  24. 


Review  ot  Reviews,  20/12/02.       CARICATURES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


533 


"CARRYING  COALS  TO  NEWCASTLE." -From  the  yorth  American  (Philadelphia). 
(Apropos  of  the  order  by  the  magnates  of  the  new  shipping  trust  to  buy  50,000  tons  of  coal  in  England,  said  to  have  been  for 

the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  New  York.) 


"Why,  I  CAN  rf:.me.mbeh  when  they  sold  coal  at  six  dollars  a  tonV 
"What!  a.vd  »id  thev  deliver  it.  TOO?"-From  the  Plain  Dralcr  (Cleveland^. 


534 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igoi 


1 

,^0J^,   ^ 

1  4|lj^\v. 

'^^jfchitl    ; 

i^^^^^ 

^f^^^Y 

«<*^^K 

^%-^A^ 

W' 

w 

h 


Review  of  Reineics.m/ 12/02.        CARICATURES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


535 


^.-nai-J  Tart.Jjc-   ^ 


A  MAN  OF  HIS  WORD. 
Eussian   Bear    (still   in  Manchuria):    "I   said   I'd   go  and— here  I  am!' 
(By  permission  of  the  proprietors  of  "  London  Punch.") 


536 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2^ 


ReviewoineviexoB,20inl02.    CARICATURES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


537 


THE  SHADOW   IN   THE  GRASS 


HE  REVIEW  or  REVIEWS. 


Oecpmber  .?o,  IQO^ 


C^^  WeitY 


-m:^' 


THE  PROHIHIlloX    \  ICTORY  IN   NEW  ZEA- 
LAND. 


SLOW  REFORM. 
Nanki  Poo,  M.L.A.  (to  Koko  Irvinf,  High  Executioner).— 
For  Heaven's  sake,  hurry  up.     Since  you  must  decipitate 
me.  get  it  done  quickly  1 " 

KoKo.— "  No,  no,  no,  I  can.t ;  I  am  a  humane  man.    I  must 
work  up  to  it.      I  don't  go  about  prepared  to  slay  M.L.A. 's  at  a 
^^^  moment's  notice." 

(1,   "  Otago   Witness."      2  and  3,   "  Bulletin."      4,  Melbourne  "  Punch.") 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


539 


THE    NAVAL   DEFENCE   OF   AUSTRALIA. 


]  In  the  "  United  Service  Magazine  "  for  Septem- 
ber and  October  appear  articles  by  Lieutenant 
lordern,  R.N.  (Gold  Medallist  for  the  year),  on 
'  Imperial  Defence  and  Colonial  Responsibilities." 
"■he  articles  are  able,  and  have  attracted  much  at- 
ention;  but  they  reflect  what  may  be  called  the 
ifficial — not  to  say  pedantic — view  of  the  prob- 
em,  and  are  hostile  to  any  development  of  an 
Australian  element  in  the  British  navy.  In  case 
f  a  war,  all  hostile  fleets  are  to  be  penned  up  in 
heir  own  ports,  after  the  heroic  fashion  of  the 
(ays  of  Jervis  and  of  Nelson.  Captain  Cresswell's 
jcheme  for  Australian  participation  in  the  naval 
lefence  of  the  Empire  is  sharply  criticised  by 
Lieutenant  Hordern.  A  correspondent,  signing 
limself  "  Q.,"  sends  us  the  following  reply  to 
^^ieutenant  Hordern; 

THE   AUSTRALIAN   VIEW, 

"  The  idea  of  a  naval  front  of  battle-ship  fleets, 
cruisers,  and  coaling  stations  from  Halifax  to 
rapan  and  Vancouver  through  the  Mediterranean, 
.0  pen  up  our  enemies  in  Europe,  is  a  great  but 
lardly  practicable  one.  The  mere  blockade  of  a 
)ort  is,  under  modern  conditions,  regarded  as  im- 
)racticable,  and  still  less  the  penning  up  of  our 
inemies  north  of  any  world-extended  theoretical 
ine.  The  numbers  of  our  foes  who  would  suc- 
:eed  in  breaking  through,  requiring  squadrons  to 
)e  detached  in  pursuit,  would  in  a  short  time 
10  '  gap '  the  '  front  formation  '  by  pursuing  de- 
achments  that  as  a  line  it  must  soon  cease  to  be. 
Ve  should  always  have  the  further  and  crushing 
lisadvantage  of  immense  interests  to  defend, 
v^hile  pitted  against  enemies  with  practically  no- 
hing  at  sea  to  defend  or  distract  them  from  at- 
ack.  As  in  the  later  stages  of  the  Cape  War, 
.nd  indeed  throughout  its  whole  course,  our 
Leeds  would  compel  us  to  conform  our  tactics 
,nd  strategy  to  the  enemy's.  The  unhampered 
nemy  in  small  bands  in  that  war  threatened  and 
ttacked  our  line  of  communications  everywhere, 
ompelling  us  to  break  our  army  up  into  '  col- 
mns.'  In  sea  war  we  should  not  even  have  the 
econdary  advantage  of  the  possession  of  points 
nd  districts  whence  we  have  hunted  the  enemy's 
jmmandos.  There  would  be  none  such  on  the 
pen  sea.  At  all  risks  the  flow  of  food  and  raw 
laterial  to  the  United  Kingdom  must  be  unim- 
eded.  Nowadays  we  all  know  that  the  ships 
onveying  it  may  be  best  protected  by  a  fleet 
tiey  may  never  see — by  fleets  off  Brest,  Toulon, 
nd   other  places.     Still,   the  'observed'   port   can- 


not be  sealed  hermetically.  Escape  from  it  is 
certain,  and  the  resulting  danger  scarcely  cal- 
culable. At  all  costs  the  escaping  raiders  must 
be  followed.  '  No  chances '  can  be  taken,  and 
so  there  must  be  a  break  in  our  '  fronc."  Even 
the  British  fleet  is  limited  in  numbers. 

Australia's  Power  to  Help. 

"  Lieutenant  Hordern,  with  many  other  critics, 
if  in  a  less  degree,  holds  cheaply  Australian 
powers  to  assist  the  Navy  of  the  Empire.  Though 
he  qualifies  the  Admiralty  policy  of  suppression 
rather  than  development,  we  frankly  admit  all 
the  faults  consequent  on  our  present  unfederated 
local  Navies.  But  they  are  a  mere  phase — some- 
thing to  be  grown  out  of — a  stage  that  all  Navies 
must  go  through.  Instead  of  damning  them  out  of 
existence  as  pernicious,  because  hampered  by  the 
long  clothes  of  babydom,  rather  should  we  see 
how  we  can  best  effect  their  development  from 
this  embryo  period  into  strong  and  efficient  sea 
forces.  And,  secondly,  it  would  be  wise  to  study 
how,  in  the  growing  stage,  we  can  best  make  use 
of  them,  and  so  make  them  of  definite  value  in 
relieving  some  of  the  overstrain  on  the  Imperial 
world-service  fleet. 

"  Why  this  fanatical  prejudice  against  Austra- 
lians afloat?  Why  these  diatribes  against  Aus- 
tralia's naval  weakness,  due  almost  entirely  to 
Home  misleading  and  Admiralty  discouragement? 
We  know  that  (1)  all  navies  hvtjan  by  being  local 
navies,  and  (2)  how  very  recently  England  has 
learned  that  the  Navy  is  vital  to  national  exist- 
ence. Its  primary  importance  Australia  has  yet 
to  learn.  Unfortunately,  under  England's  mis- 
leading and  misdirection,  as  Sir  J.  Colomb  has  so 
plainly  shown,  the  Army  bias  has  been  given  to 
these  colonies*: 

■'  '  AVe  gave  them  skilled  military  advice,  for 
which  we  made  them  pay,  as  to  how  they  could 
cork  themselves  up  scientifically.  We  are  respon- 
sible for  making  these  young  and  impressionable 
communities  disbelieve  in  the  complete  efllcacy 
of  the  sea  command.  It  was  we  who  taugnt  them 
to  hide  behind  fortifications  as  their  only  hope  of 
salvation  if  maritime  peace  was  broken.  We  have 
no  right  to  be  surprised  that  outlay  on  prepara- 
tion to  fight  it  out  on  the  open  sea,  and  clear  it  of 
hostile  ships,  is  now  repugnant  to  uoionial  ideas 
of  duty  to  the  Empire.' 

*'•  'British  Dangers,'  Sir  J.  Colomb,  K.C.M.G.,  M.l^. 


540 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ipo2 


"  They  have  beea  taught  that  their  safety  lies 
in  bottling  themselves  up  in  watertight  compart- 
ments. Colonists  are  busy  people;  this  is  a  busy 
and  absorbed  community.  Their  attention  cannot 
be  engaged  to  consider  abstract  questions  of  De- 
fence. Point  to  something  fixed  and  of  definite 
service  in  defence  that  ships  icill  do,  and  colo- 
nists will  support  it;  but  talk  to  them  aT)out  '  sea 
power,'  '  the  enemy's  coast  our  frontier,'  '  Mahan 
and  all  his  laws,'  and  they  will  look  absently 
away,  or  remember  something  more  important 
to  be  attended  to  elsewhere. 

The  New  Naval  Agreement. 

"  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  very  strong  support 
indeed  will  be  accorded  to  any  proposal  for  de- 
fending the  shipping  on  our  coasts  with  our  own 
ships  and  our  own  people;  but  a  very  cold  recep- 
tion awaits  the  new  Naval  Agreement.  It  is  a 
direct  subsidy  to  the  British  Fleet,  with  little  of 
a  special  nature  to  safeguard  Australian  sea  inte- 
rests more  than  Canada's,  which  contributes  no- 
thing. It  is  ten  thousand  pities  the  proposal  was 
ever  made.  When  the  debates  on  this  new  agree- 
ment come  to  be  read,  they  will  go  far  to  undo, 
in  foreign  opinion,  the  good  resulting  from  the 
Cape  War,  the  evidence  that  it  gave  the  world 
that  the  nation — mother  country  and  colonies — is 
solid.  The  Australian  army  was  established  for 
local  defence;  it  is  now  an  Imperial  asset.  A 
navy  established  for  Australian  defence  primarily 
would  follow  the  same  line  of  development. 

That  in  war  there  must  be  one  head  and  one  con- 
trolling power,  is  an  opinion,  a  truth  firmly  held  in 
Australia,  though  often  credited  with  the  contrary. 
No  other  condicion  is  even  sane.  Further,  it  may 
be  admitted  that  better  value  for  expenditure  is 
perhaps  possible  in  ways  other  than  those  Aus- 
tralia proposes,  but  unfortunately  it  is  not  ob- 
tainable. The  present  mistake  on  the  part  of  the 
powers  that  be  at  Home  is  in  sacrificing,  not  to 
say  spurning,  so  much  that  would  be  freely  given, 
and  given  with  a  certain  amount  of  enthusiasm, 
because  it  is  not  perfectly  ideal  from  the  Admi- 
ralty point  of  view,  for  something  far  less  than 
its  equivalent,  and  given  very  grudgingly.  This 
pushing  aside  of  Australian  naval  resources,  cap- 
able of  great  expansion  and  development,  in  fa- 
vour of  a  policy  which,  judging  by  the  last  ten 
years,  is  incapable  of  either,  and  has  fallen  every 
year  in  public  favour,  is  indeed  nervously  short- 
sighted. Moreover,  it  is  certain  that,  though  the 
rejected  but  popularly  favoured  Australian  idea 
of  contributing  to  the  nation's  sea  power  by  Aus- 
tralian ships  manned  and  officered  by  Australians 
may  not  be  ideally  perfect  according  to  Naval 
orthodoxy,  it  is  certain  it  would  gradually  become 
so,  and  the  present  phase  with,  in  the  Admiralty 
eyes,  of  the  taint  of  '  narrow  localising  '  would  be 


a  brief  one.  A  less  uncompromising,  but  far-s 
ing,  Admiralty  might  say,  '  Let  us  see  what  A 
tralia  has  to  offer,  and  how  can  it  be  used.' 

The  Sea-road  to  be  Guarded. 

'•  Captain  Mahan,  who  is  a  trustworthy  autl 
rity,  says,   in   effect,   '  the   most  Australia  has 
fear,    given    a    proper    distribution    of    our    fit 
strength,  is  an  occasional  raiding  cruiser  or  t 
that  may   break   through    and    appear    on   th 
coasts   to   harry   their   commerce.'     Mahan,    cu 
ously  enough,  proposes  just  what  the  Australia 
do  to  meet  this,  viz.,  a  force  of  cruisers,  resting 
Australia  as  their  base,  which  he  apparently  i 
sumes,  as  a  matter  of  course,  will  be  manned  a 
provided  by  Australia.     So  far,  then,  the  Aust: 
lian  proposal  is  in  perfect  accord  with  the  fi 
authority    on    strategy    in    Sea    War,    and    the 
should  be  nothing  here  to  alarm  the  Admiral 
The  Australian  ships  are  to  protect  commerce 
Australian  seas.     '  But,'  quoth  the  Admiralty  ( 
signer,    when    specially    designed    ships   are 
posed  for  Australia,  '  this  is  localising,  and  the ' 
must  be  nothing  to  prevent  our  ships  acting  ar 
where.'     Quite  true  in  principle,   but   a   princii 
carried  to  extremes  is  too  often  an  absurdity,  a 
harmful.     The   localising   evil    is   surely   qualifi 
where  the  locale  is  so  immense,  one  that  woi 
cover  a  far  greater  distance  than  from  Plymou 
or  Portsmouth  to  Suez.     From  Fremantle,  sou 
about,  to  Thursday  Island,  is  over  5,000  miles,  a 
there  are  points  about  this  sea  road  worth  notii 
It   is   5,000   miles   of   road   that   carries    both    t 
ocean  trade  to  Europe,  to  India  and  the  East,  a 
all  the  colonial  and  intercolonial  coasting  trai 
A  large  field  to   cover,   and   surely   scope   and 
spare  for  the  effective   service   of  commerce-pi 
tecting  cruisers.    The  trade  here  must  be  guard 
—on  the  spot,  as  well  as  by  the  fleets  of  batt 
ships  and  squadrons  of  cruisers  placed  accord 
to     Mahan's     '  universal     naval     position.'      T 
enemy's  raiding  cruisers  will  get  through  our  lii 
and  without  due  protection  at  the  enemy's  obj< 
tive,  there  could  be  no  defence.     What  was  t 
lesson  of  the  'Alabama'  and  consorts?     Why; 
spite  of  the  great  Federal    containing    squadro 
hemming  in  all  the  ports  of  the  Southern  Stat 
with  their  '  frontier  on  the  enemy's  coast,'  we 
know    what    occurred.     The    '  Alabama '    met 
resistance    at    the    objective,    and    destroyed    t 
Federal  merchant  navy.     We  might  as  well  pi 
football  without  '  backs  '  or  a  goalkeeper.     Sur( 
service  on  this  5,000  miles  of  trade  route  must 
a  definite   portion   of  any   defence   scheme;     i 
mention  of  its  defence  need  not  entail  its  bei 
thrown  out  of  court  as  '  localising  naval  defenc 
Further,   there   is   no   reason   to   suppose  for   o 
moment   that,   for  supreme   efforts   or   in   urge 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.     XAVAL  DEFENCE  OF  AUSTRALIA. 


541 


imes  of  national  peril,  the  Australian  ships 
'^ould  be  held  back  from  service  elsewhere.  There 
3,  indeed,  every  precedent  in  favour  of  their 
,  eing  placed  without  restriction  whatsoever  at  the 
I  isposal  of  the  officer  in  command  of  the  King's 
lea  forces. 

I  "A  great  authority  has  said  that,  in  war,  we 
nust  provide  against  what  is  probable.  In  the 
Ldrairalty  policy  towards  Australia  quite  the  op- 
osite  course  seems  to  have  obtained.  The  •  prob- 
lible  '  in  the  present  case  is  that,  in  war,  ships 
'vill  be  required  to  act  in  Australian  waters. 
Vustralian  naval  effort  is  discouraged  and  even 
dvised  to  be  suppressed,  because  it  is  thought,  if 
11  ships  were  required  to  act  elsewhere  (which 
o  not  the  'probable'),  those  provided  by  Aus- 
ralia  would  be  held  back  (and  this,  again,  is  not 
a-obable).  Naval  development  in  Australia  is 
herefore  to  cease  on  the  chance  of  the  occurring 
)f  an  improbability,  itself  based  upon  what  is 
lighly  improbable.  The  reason  for  the  condem- 
.lation  of  naval  development  and  capacity  for  sea 
lefence  by  4,000,000  people  of  British  race,  13,000 
Qiles  from  the  Empire's  central  base,  is  out  of  all 
eason  insufficient. 

Special  Ships  for  Special  Conditions* 

"  Although  it  is  only  a  point  of  detail,  objection 
las  been  raised  to  the  proposal  to  provide  ships 
pf  a  special  class  for  Australian  service.  The 
difference  proposed  was,  shortly,  to  devote  a 
(greater  proportion  of  tonnage  to  guns  and  arma- 
jnent,  and  less  to  coal  and  stores.  The  reduction 
it  bunker  capacity  is  a  serious  consideration,  and 
jvvill  be  carefully  considered.  In  stores,  and  space 
'■"or  store-rooms,  it  is  certain  handsome  reduc- 
tions could  be  effected.  Why?  How  will  this  add 
o  a  ship's  fighting  power?  Given  two  ships  of 
jqual  tonnage  acting  on  5,000  miles  of  coast 
riendly  to  one  of  them,  that  is,  more  than  two 
lays'  steaming  from  a  coal  depot,  rarely  so  far. 
^he  vessel  to  whom  the  coast  is  unfriendly  can 
;et  no  coal  or  stores,  has  some  thousands  of  miles 
^o  steam  to  get  there,  and,  of  course,  to  return, 
.rhe  advantage  to  the  ship  that  commands  coal 
md  stores  close  at  hand  is  obviously  immense. 
,'he  question  is,  how  best  to  use  it?  Fighting 
)Ower  is  the  first  consideration.  If  her  fighting 
power  can  be  increased,  she  is  making  the  best 
ise  of  her  advantageous  conditions.  '  Why,'  quoth 
.he  Australian  designer.  '  use  room  for  stores  to 
ast  for  months  of  paint,  ropes,  oil,  bath  brick, 
grooms,  etc.,  all  things  dear  to  the  heart  of  the 
varrant-officer  in  charge  of  stores,  when  my  ship 
vvill  never  be  more  than  a  few  days  from  a  port 
vLere  all  these  are  procurable?'  This  enormous 
ptore  space,  even  in  ships  designed  for  service  in 
"distant  seas  in  our  Navy,  is  carried  to  an  extra- 


ordinarily unnecessary  extent— a  survival  of  '  a 
commission  round  the  Horn  '  in  a  sailing  ship,  or 
masted  ship.  And,  again,  why  on  earth  carry  six 
months'  provisions  in  casks  of  salt  beef  and  pork 
— the  most  extravagant  of  stowage  space,  the 
least  nourishing,  bulk  for  bulk,  of  food— when 
every  foot  of  space  can  be  economised  with  cases 
of  tinned  beef  and  biscuit,  and.  lastly  (but  care- 
fully), with  coal?  Shall  I  possibly  want  more 
than  four  or  five  days'  full  power,  equal  to  fifteen 
days'  half-power,  against  an  enemy  who  cannot 
have  even  three  days  at  top  speed  available,  un- 
less he  wants  to  empty  his  bunkers,  when  he 
might  as  well  haul  his  flag  down! 

•'  "The  above  economies,  if  carried  out,  would 
permit  of  an  armament  at  least  doubling  that  of  ;i 
vessel  of  equal  toTinage,  and  for  the  supreme  effort 
at  a  distance,  there  are  always  means  of  carrying 
extra  coal  if  required.  It  is  the  most  senseless  and 
extravagant  waste  of  fighting  power  for  a  vessel, 
acting  on  a  long  line  of  friendly  coast,  with  coal 
ports  at  short  intervals  under  her  lee,  to  devote 
such  a  needless  proportion  of  tonnage  to  material 
useless  when  she  meets  an  enemy. 

Australia  and  Japan. 

"And.  lastly,  we  come  to  the  one  feature  of 
British  naval  and  national  policy  that  has  puzzled 
and  surprised  Australians,  and  left  them  in  a 
curious  condition  of  mind — the  Naval  Alliance 
with  .Japan.  In  itself  it  is  excellent  ajid  ap- 
nroved,  but  it  contains,  and  in  a  far  greater  degree, 
every  objection  brought  forward  against  Aus- 
tralia's active  share  in  fieet  work.  1st.  The  di- 
vided control.  That  is,  if  existent  in  Australia, 
visionary  and  theoretical,  but  always  urged 
against  an  Australian  squadron.  It  exists  to  the 
fullest  degree  in  the  Japanese  Alliance.  2nd.  Ser- 
vice in  a  restricted  area.  Can  it  be  questioned 
that  .Japan  would  not  consider  first  her  own  im- 
mediate needs?  Geographical  position  is  in  fa- 
vour of  Japan  in  the  present  condition  of  world 
politics  and  the  East,  but  all  else  would  be  in 
favour  of  the  belief  that  a  fleet  of  something  far 
less  in  strength,  manned  by  our  own  people, 
would  form  a  more  genuine  '  alliance,'  and 
sounder  '  knit '  than  one  with  even  such  a  brave 
and  enterprising  folk  as  the  Japs.  We  are  left 
with  the  uncomfortable  thought  that  all  that  we 
in  Australia  have  proffered  has  been  refused,  and 
our  naval  aspirations  suppressed,  wnile  .Japan  has 
been  joyfully  accepted  with  open  arms  as  a  worthy 
ally  afloat.  Why?  Did  Mr.  Arnold  White  lately, 
in  the  '  Daily  Chronicle,'  again  express  an  in- 
spired opinion  when  he  declaimed  against  Aus- 
tralian ships  of  war,  giving  as  his  reason  fhat 
Australia  was  unfit  to  be  trusted  with  such  edged 
tools,  and  would  embroil  the  country  in  war?   We 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1-^02. 


hope  not;  but  it  is  a  solution  that  fits  closely. 
'  The  Japs,'  the  '  White  '  school  will  say,  '  would 
be  responsible  for  their  own  misdoings;  Australia 
might  involve  the  Empire."  However,  there  is  for 
Australians  this  mucn  of  encouragement — Japan 
was  accepted  so  enthusiastically  mainly  because 
she  has  a  strong  and  efficient  little  navy,  and  Aus- 
tralia, we  may  be  sure,  with  something  far  less  of 
a  fleet,  would  be  too  valuablo  an  addition  to  be 
passed  by.  That  lesson  has  not  been  lost  upon 
us. 

"  Sir  J  Colomb  has  told  us  pretty  plainly  why 
we  have  been  so  backward  in  naval  matters.  It 
is  pitiable  to  think  how  different  might  be  our 
condition  to-day  had  our  defence  measures  and 
resources  been  guided  into  true  lines  of  develop- 
ment for  an  island  people.  To-day  our  defence 
expenditure,  nearly  three-fourths  of  a  million, 
would,  if  applied  to  our  true  needs,  acd  not  to  the 
•  bottling-up  scheme,'  give  Australia  her  right 
place  in  the  Empire,  a  powerful  outpost,  instead 
of,  as  "we  are,  miserably  and  plaintively  bargain- 
ing for  our  safety  by  an  annual  payment,  a  con- 
dition novel  indeed  for  any  branch  of  the  British 
race.  Here  we  are.  4,000,000  people,  absolutely 
impotent  for  defence  against  the  only  form  of  at- 
tack to  which  we  are  liable. 

"  'Advance,'  Australia!  The  joker's  interpre- 
tation Is  too  literally  accurate! 

"  Q." 


A  GREAT  SAILOR'S   VIEW. 

Vice-Admiral  C.  C.  Penrose  Fitz-Gerald,  one  of 
the  ablest  of  living  seamen,  writes  in  the  Novem- 
ber issue  of  the  "  United  Service  Magazine,"  giv- 
in?  another  view  of  this  subject.    He  asks: 

"  How  can  the  Colonies  most  effectually  assist 
in  the  defence  of  our  scattered  Empire?  They 
have  lately  shown  their  spirit  and  their  willingness 
to  a.ssist.  and  their  ability  to  do  so  as  soldiers. 
But  the  great  war  for  the  defence  of  the  British 
Empire  will  not  be  fought  on  land;  it  will  be  a 
sailor's  war.  If  the  sailors  win  their  pan  of  th^^ 
game,  it  will  then  perhaps  be  possible  for  the 
soldiers  to  do  some  fighting;  but  if  the  sailors 
lose,  then  th©  soldiers  may  lay  down  their  arms, 
for  they  will  be  of  no  further  use  to  them,  save 
to  fire  a  volley  in  the  air  over  the  Empire's 
grave.  .   . 

".\ustralia  and  New  Zealand  at  any  rate  have 
shown  their  earnest  desire  to  assist  in  the  naval 
defence  of  the  Empire;  they  have  recognised  that 
the  question  of  '  Imperial  Defence  '  is  mainly  a 
naval  one;  they  have  thoroughly  ttssimllated  the 
aphorism  (for  it  has  become  an  aphorism),  'By 
her  Navy  she  must  stand  or  fall.'  Probably  their 
insular— not  to  say  isolated— position  has  brought 
the  fact  home  to  them   more   forcibly   than   has 


been  the  case  with  Canada.     They  hare,  in  shor 
frequently  expressed  their  wish  to  assist,  but  tht 
have    not   yet   discovered    a   plan   by    which   the , 
can  give  any  really  effective  naval  heip.     The 
money   contributions   to    the   Imperial   Navy   ar 
insignificant;      a      mere      drop      in      the      ocea 
of      the      millions      paid      by      the      taxpayei 
of      the      United      Kingdom.       Moreover,       Au: 
tralians    are    not    satisfied    with   a   mere   mone 
payment  to  the  mother  country  for  the  defenc 
of  their  naval  interests;   they  are  fired  uy  a  ver 
natural  and  proper  ambition  to  take  a  persons  ^'' 
share  in  naval  defence;  but  it  is  just  here  that  tL 
great,   and   hitherto   unsolved,    difficulty   present 
itself;  or,  rather,  it  would  be  more  correct  to  sa 
difficulties,  for  there  are  several  of  them.     First 
tliere  is  the  wages  question.     The  difference  be 
tween  the  daily  pay  of  an  A.B.  in  the  British  Nav 
and  the  wages  earned  in  Australia  oy  any  able 
bodied  man  in  a  similar  position  is  too  great  tc 
admit   of  an   amalgamation   of  the   personnel   01 
the   Australian   station.     It  would   be   subversive'' 
of   all    discipline,    contentment,    and    good-fellow 
ship,   to   have   two   sets   of  men   doing  the   samt 
work,  holding  the  same  nominal  rank,  and  yet  re^ 
ceiving    two    totally    different    scales    of    pay    oif' 
board  one  of  His  Majesty's  ships.     We  could  no; 
in  justice  to  our  own  men,  permit  such  a  thing 
save  perhaps    as  a  very  temporary  expedient.     I( 
is  quite  different  with  regard  to  the  officers.     Th€ 
colonial  officers  who  enter  the  Royal  Navy  do  sc 
for  honour  and  glory,  not  for  pay.     They  necomv 
entirely  Anglicised— if  one   may  use  the   expre; 
sion  without  the  smallest  idea  of  giving  offence- 
and  their  numbers  are  so  small  that  they  do  not 
fulfil    the    ambition,    already    alluded    to,    of    the 
Australians  to  give  personal  service  in  the  navai 
defence  of  the  Empire — a  personal  service  some 
what  more  on  the  scale  of  the  military  assistance 
which   they   rendered    during   the    South    African 
War. 

Nervous  Imperialists. 

"  The  desire  of  the  Australians  to  render  per- 
sonal naval  service— rank  and  file  service 
coupled  with  the  wages  difficulty,  has  given  rise 
to  the  proposal  by  some  prominent  Australians, 
that  an  Australian  Navy  should  be  formed,  to  a 
certain  extent  independent  of  the  Imperial  Navy, 
with  Australian  rates  of  pay,  etc.,  and  to  be  under 
the  management  of  the  Commonwealth  Govern- 
ment. The  proposal  has  given  great  alarm  to 
some  of  our  most  earnest  and  devoted  Imperial- 
ists, who  seem  to  see  in  it  the  first  step  toward*, 
separation;  and  when  some  corresponflence  on  the 
subject  lately  appeared  in  the  '  Spectator,'  headed 
by  Mr.  Fitchett,  and  strongly  supported  by  thp 
editor,  the  said  nervous  Imperialists  raised  a  great 
outcry  against  anything  in  the  shape  of  an  Aus- 
tralian navy. 


Rcvieic  of  Reviews,  20/12/oi.    NAVAL  DEFENCE  OF  AUSTRALIA. 


543 


"  It  is  difficult  to  understand,  however,  why  an 
ustralian  navy  should  lead  to  separation  any 
ore  than  an  Australian  army;  and  it  is  certain 
lat  there  is  a  strong  feeling  ot  dissatisfaction 
iisting  in  Australia  against  the  continuance  of 
money  payment  to  the  mother  country  for  naval 
3fence,  instead  of  taking  a  personal  share  in  it 
lemselves. 

•  The  Australians  and  New  Zealanders  are  just 
3  proud  of  their  distinct  individuality,  as  Aus- 
alians  and  New  Zealanders  as  they  are  of  being 
embers  of  a  great  Empire;  and,  moreover,  the 
resent  arrangement,  of  a  money  payment  with- 
it  any  voice  in  the  naval  policy  of  the  Empire, 
mounts  to  taxation  without  representation,  and 
lis  must  always  bo  galling  to  self-governing 
immunities. 

"  It  would  appear  that,  for  the  present,  at  any 
ite,  the  most  effective  way  in  which  Australia 
nd  New  Zealand  can  assist  in  the  naval  defence 
C  the  Empire  will  be  by  supplying  well-protected 
aval  bases;  the  most  ample  facilities  for  coal- 
ig  with  all  the  most  recently  invented  appli- 
nces:  coal  gratis;  and,  later  on,  large  docking 
ccommodation,  with  factories  and  workshops  for 
3pairing  all  classes  of  ships.  They  will  find  the 
11  for  these  pretty  heavy,  and  their  personal  ser- 
ce  could  be  given  in  the  dockyards.  But  as  not 
ven  the  lucid  writings  of  a  Mahan  seem  capable 


of  driving  out  of  their  heads  false  ideas  concern- 
ing local  naval  defence,  they  might  build  or  buy 
a  few  so-called  harbour  defence  ships;  or  sub- 
marines, if  they  believe  in  them;  and  thus  form 
the  nucleus  of  that  Australian  navy  which  must 
undoubtedly  come  into  existence  during  the  pre- 
sent century.  But  whilst  venturing  to  put  for- 
ward these  suggestions,  I  would  most  earnestly 
urge  upon  our  ardent  Imperialists  in  this  country 
that  the  Colonies  should  be  allowed  to  work  out 
the  problem  of  their  naval  defence  according  to 
their  own  ideas,  without  too  much  advice  from 
the  mother  country;  remembering  the  high  autho- 
rity we  have  for  believing  that  Great  Britain 
would  require  at  least  as  strong  a  Navy  as  she 
has,  or  ought  to  have,  it  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land did  not  exist,  and  form  part  of  the  Empire. 
It  will  be  neither  in  accordance  with  good  taste 
nor  good  statesmanship  to  keep  on  reminding 
them  of  their  obligations;  they  are  well  ac- 
quainted with  these  obligations,  and  have  re- 
cently given  us  a  very  practical  demonstration  of 
the  Imperial  spirit  by  which  they  are  animated. 
They  will  probably  be  quite  ready  to  take  advice 
when  they  ask  for  it;  but,  like  most  other  people, 
they  do  not  like  having  it  forced  upon  them,  or 
even  offered  gratuitously.  The  nagging  fault- 
finding mother  does  not  usually  command  either 
the  respect  or  the  love  of  her  children." 


Australasian  "Women  "Writers. 

The  New  Idea  "  for  December,  the  new  home  jour- 
al  recently  launched  in  the  interests  of  the  Aus- 
■alasian  mistress  and  her  home,  publishes,  amongst  a 
ealth  of  capital  and  up-to-date  matter,  a  bright  chat 
ith  a  leading  literary  critic  on  "  The  Young  Lady  in 
iterature— An  Epicure's  Salad."  We  extract  the 
illowing: 

"  Poetry?  Yes,  there  are  a  lot  of  women  who  write 
ery  graceful  verse,  but  it  is  not  newspaper  verse— 1 
lean  verse  suitable  for  publication  in  the  newspapers, 
class  them  as  minor  poetesses. 

"Generally  speaking,  there  are  more  promising  women 
Titers  coming  forward  than  men. 

"  Ethel  Turner  I  should  place  as  about  the  best  and 
le  most  popular.  At  present  she  is,  perhaps,  the 
lost  successful  of  all  the  Australian  writers.  At  any 
ite,  I  question  if  anybody  is  experiencing  greater  suc- 
She  turns  out  clean,  wholesome  stuff— bright, 
ictui-es  of  gentle  domesticity — happy  representations 
childhood — and  the  public  appreciate  her  work. 
"  Louise  Mack  is  of  a  somewhat  smarter  type.  She 
ttempts  more,  but  achieves  less.  She  has  published 
)me  very  decent  verse. 

Ethel  Mills,  of  Brisbane,  again,  -^Tites  charming 
aort  stories.  Then  there  is  Miles  Franklin,  authoress 
[that  realistic  bush  story,  'My  Brilliant  Career.' 

Among  others  may  be  mentioned  Helen  Jerome, 
essie  Swanson,  and  Constance  Clyde.     Helen  Jerome 


rather  needs  restraint,  but  her  stories  and  verses  show 
some  good  touches.  Jessie  Swanson  is  a  story-writer, 
somewhat  of  the  novelette  type,  though  her  work  is 
sound  and  very  promising.  Constance  Clyde  hails 
from  New  Zealand,  but  has  done  most  of  her  recent 
work  in  Sydney.  She  belongs  chiefly  to  the  problem 
school  of  wi-iters. 

"  New  Zealand,  perhaps  less  than  Australia,  seems 
to  offer  little  scope  to  ladies  in  regard  to  distinctly 
literary  work.  The  avenues  of  employment  are  more 
restricted,  and  it  appears  to  be  the  natural  thing  for 
a  writer  vdth  ambition  to  itinerate  towards  Australia, 
or,  better  still,  towards  London.  For  there  is  no 
disguising  the  fact  that  the  best  Australasian  writers 
complain  that  if  they  want  butter  on  their  bread,  it 
is  easier  to  earn  it  abroad  than  at  home. 

"  Of  course,  what  is  kno\vn  as  the  penny  novelette 
(lass  of  literature  does  not  flourish  in  these  latitudes. 
There  is  no  demand  for  it.  If  there  were,  we  have 
plenty  of  men  quite  capable  of  doing  that  sort  of  thing! 

"No!  'The  woman  who  did'  type  shows  a  general 
decline.    The  problem  business  has  pretty  well  died  out. 

"  The  tendency  among  Australian  women  writers  is 
to  attempt  something  along  the  lines  of  Henry  Lawson 
—rugged  pictures  of  bush  life. 

"  Yes.  undoubtedly,  their  trend  is  toward  the  genre 
style — little  pictures  of  hfe — and  it  must  be  cheerfully 
admitted  that  some  remarkably  good  work  is  being 
done   in   that   direction." 


544 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  1002. 


THE   LOCAL   OPTION   POLL   IN   NEW   ZEALAND, 

in'  I'.  W.  ISiTT.  SECRETARY  OF  THE  NEW  ZEALAND  ALLIANCE. 


The  result  of  the  Local  Option  Poll  created  al- 
most universal  surprise  in  N.Z.  Th''  Publican 
party  had.  on  the  whole,  treated  the  efforts  of 
the  Temperance  party  with  contemptuous  indiffer- 
ence until  within  a  few  weeks  of  the  polling-day. 
Some  of  their  leaders  had,  it  is  true,  read  and 
interpreted  the  si^ns  of  the  times.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  N.Z.  Licensed  Victuallers  Association 
had  warned  them  in  May,  1901,  that  while  their 
own  Association  was  not  being  supported,  the  Pro- 
hibitionists were  importing  lecturers,  and  organis- 
ing: that  the  women  showed  a  tendency  to  vote 
in  the  direction  of  No-licence,  and  that  the  general 
outlook  was  sufficient  to  discourage  the  officers, 
although  he  could  not  advocate  that  they  should 
throw  up  the  sponge  The  "  Trade  Review  "  also 
adopted  a  monitory  attitude,  which  .iustifies  its 
plaint  in  its  issue  of  December  4,  that:  "If  the 
same  apathy,  over-confidence,  and  downright  lazi- 
ness are  repeated  during  the  next  three  years, 
there  will  be  no  'Trade  Review  '  to  offer  counsel  in 
1905,  because  there  will  be  hardly  any  trade  to 
counsel." 

The  No-license  party,  on  the  other  hand,  had 
not  been  over  sanguine.  They  had  worked  hard 
to  secure  victory,  employing  not  only  the  best 
workers  they  could  get  in  the  colony,  but  bringing 
to  their  aid  people  from  the  ends  of  all  the  earth — 
Miss  Balgarnie,  Mrs.  Harrison  Lee,  and  others 
from  England,  and  Mrs.  Clark  and  Mr.  Vale  from 
Australia.  But  they  had  not  dared  to  hope  for 
the  success  that  attended  their  effort :s.  A  few 
did  indulge  in  the  most  rosy  forecasts;  but,  gener- 
ally speaking,  they  were  very  careful  not  to  pro- 
phesy. Those  who  knew  how  much  solid  work 
was  really  being  done,  and  in  what  districts,  cher- 
ished the  hope  that  No-license  might  be  carried 
in  three  of  the  electorates,  possibly  in  more;  and 
that  the  No-license  vote  might  run  the  Liquor  vote 
closely,  perhaps  even  surpass  it. 

There  would  have  been  greater  confidence  if 
fair  play  at  the  ballot-box  could  have  been  looked 
for;  but,  for  some  time  before  the  poll  the  Tem- 
perance party  were  dissatisfied  with  various  mat- 
ters affecting  it,  especially  with  the  ease  with 
which  the  rolls  could  be  stuffed,  and  with  the 
character  and  qualifications  of  several  of  the  per- 
sons employed  as  registrars  and  returning  officers. 
Members  of  the  Government  were  interviewed,  but 
nothing  was  done,  and  the  foreseen  result  fol- 
lowed. None  who  were  behind  the  scenes  would 
dare  to  estimate  how  far  the  actual  vote  of  the 
people  has  been  smothered  by  the  votes  of  imper- 
sonators, of  those  illegally  enrolled,  and  by  the 
wrong  determination  of  polling  official.s.  who 
either  did  not  know  how  to  act,  or  wilfully  mis- 
used their  opportunities.  Many  thousands  of 
votes  have  undoubtedly  been  lost  to  the  No-license 
party  through  such  causes  as  these.  From  the 
mass  of  detailed  information  that  has  reached  the 
Alliance  office  during  the  last  fortnight,  it  is  evi- 
dent that,  great  as  was  the  dissatisfaction  that  ex- 
isted before  the  poll  with  regard  to  these  matters, 
it  is  ten  times  greater  now. 


Yet,  in  spite  of  all  disabilities,  the  No-license 
vote  has  leapt  from  120,500  in  1899  to  151.000  In 
1902,  v/hile  the  Liquor  vote,  which  was  144,000  in 
1899,  has  barely  reached  149,000  this  year;  and 
this  hardly  represents  an  increase  in  the  License 
vote  as,  in  1899,  there  were  three  uncontested 
scars,  and  there  the  License  party  did  not  poll  in 
any  number,  because,  where  half  the  voters  did 
not  vote,  the  poll  was  invalid,  and  things  remained 
as  they  were.  This  year  the  Alliance  took  care 
that  no  seat  should  remain  uncontested;  and  to 
that  end  they  nominated  their  secretary  for  nine 
electorates,  where  otherwise  it  was  thought  there 
would  be  only  one  candidate.  I  beat  the  record 
in  candidature,  and  assured  defeat  by  being  nomi- 
nated in  opposition  to  the  Premier,  the  Ministers 
for  Justice,  for  Public  Works,  and  for  Native 
Affairs,  as  well  as  the  Leader  of  the  Opposition 
and  five  other  candidates!  Another  agent  of 
the  Alliance  opposed  bir  Joseph  Ward,  thus  mak- 
ing the  half-poll  condition  unnecessary. 

The  progress  of  the  .L-.o-license  vote  will  be  in- 
dicated by  these  facts:  Between  1896  and  1899 
the  No-license  vote  made  a  leap  of  20,500,  while 
the  Liquor  vote  advanced  by  only  3,700;  from~TS99 
to  1902  our  leap,  as  has  been  stated,  has  been 
30,500,  while  the  liquor  vote  has  not  increased  by 
6,000.  In  1896  five  electorates  cast  a  majority 
vote  for  No-license;  in  1899,  fourteen  did  so;  in 
1902,  thirty-four  electorates,  half  the  number  in 
the  colony,  have  done  so,  and  the  colonial  vote 
for  No-license  exceeds  that  for  License  by  from 
2,000  to  3,000. 

No  wonder  that  the  Temperance  Party  is  elated, 
and  the  Liquor  Party  proportionately  depressed! 
Nor  is  there  any  chance  that  the  position  will  be 
reversed,  when  we  remember  that  in  1905,  55,000 
young  people  will  be  qualified  to  vote,  by  far  the 
greater  number  of  whom  will  stand  against  the 
liquor  traffic.  At  the  present  moment  that  traffic 
is  impressing  the  colony  with  its  total  disregard  of 
every  other  consideration  but  that  of  its  own  in- 
terests, as  it  fights  desperately  and  unscrupulously 
for  life  in  the  districts  where  the  people  have  de- 
creed that  it  shall  die. 

This  article  would  be  incomplete  without  refer- 
ence to  the  fact  that  Clutha  has  brilliantly  justi- 
fied the  position  it  took  up  in  1894,  when  it  cast 
its  first  three-fifths-majority  vote  for  No-license. 
That  majority  has  ever  since  then  steadily  in- 
creased, and  the  most  irrefutable  testimony  to  the 
value  of  No-license  is  shown  by  that,  and  by  the 
fact  that  Clutha's  neighbours  cast  the  heaviest 
votes  for  No-license.  Both  her  neighbours,  Bruce 
to  the  north,  and  Mataura  to  the  south,  have  car- 
ried No-license;  and  Mataura's  next  door  neigh- 
bours, Invercargill  and  Awarua,  have  only  failed 
to  do  so  by  a  very  few  votes;  while,  of  all  the 
provinces,  Otago  has  the  largest  majority  for  No- 
license. 

It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  the  object  lessons 
set  by  the  newly-won  areas  will  have  the  same 
effect;  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  if  the  law  be 
fairly  administered,  thev  will  do  so. 


J<ccicw  of  Rcvicus.  2U/12/UZ. 


545 


WAR    SKETCHES. 


THE    GERMAN    AS    A   FIGHTING   MAN. 

By  "  Linesman.  " 


In  "  Blackwood  "  for  NovemDer,  "  Linesman  " 
jives  a  brilliant  sketch  of  the  recent  German  mili- 
:ary  manoeuvres,  and  adds  a  study  of  Germany 
:s  a  oilitary  power,  and  the  probable  value  of 
German  tactics  under  the  conditions  of  modern 
ivar. 

"  The  German  Emperor,"  he  reminds  us,  "  has 
lominion  over  nearly  eight  millions  of  men 
3'  edged  to  fighting  for  him,  of  whom  half  are 
rained  to  arms  and  to  absolute  obedience  to  their 
Ifty-two  thousand  odd  officers.  Of  these,  609,000 
men  are  actually  in  uniform  in  fortress  and 
aarracks  at  the  present  moment,  organised  as  a 
standing  peace  army  of  625  battalions  of  infan- 
cy, 94  regiments  of  cavalry,  583  batteries  of  horse 
md  field  artillery,  with  3,498  guns,  38  regiments 
3f  foot  artillery,  with  26  different  patterns  of 
•annon  and  howitzers  in  their  charge,  and,  finally, 
50  battalions  of  scientific,  artificer,  and  transport 
roops." 

What  is  the  fighting  value  of  this  tremendous 
;orce? 

The  German  Soldier. 

Says  "  Linesman  ": 

"  There  is  much,  of  course,  in  the  German  army 
'or  which  no  praise  can  be  too  great.  The  work 
jf  the  staff,  for  instance;  how  perfect  the  manipu- 
ation  of  the  machine  which  owes  its  own  perfec- 
:ion  to  the  wise  heads  and  industrious  hands 
which  have  contrived  it.  To  a  Briton  an  officer 
:)f  the  German  general  staff  is  a  kind  of  admir- 
ible  monstrosity.  He  is  not  a  staff  officer  first, 
ind  other  things  afterwards, — a  sportsman  or  a 
nan  of  letters,  for  instance,  like  many  of  our 
)wn.  He  is  a  staff  officer  first,  and  nothing  after- 
yards;  he  is  all  staff  officer,  steeped  in  the  mul- 
ifarious  knowledge  the  term  implies,  and  in  love 
vith  his  knowledge.  To  him  no  greater  shame 
!Ould  come  than  a  military  exigency  to  which  he 
ound  himself  unequal.  Such  a  one  rarely  comes — 
t  never  comes.  Every  German  officer  '  knows 
lis  business,'  that  is  a  mere  commonplace  of  the 
rade,  and  attracts  no  attention  whatever;  but  the 
'erman  staff  officer  is  an  expert  in  his  business, 
.  man  whose  unremitting  application  has  been 
rowned  by  a  prize  he  must  still  toil  night  and 
ay  to  retain,  the  loss  of  which  he  would  not  care 
o  survive.     It  is  easy  to  understand  the  result. 

5 


'ihere  is  probably  not  in  all  trades,  profession*, 
or  societies  soever  a  group  of  men  more  sufficient 
for  the  work  to  be  done.  The  German  staff  is  a 
body  of  soldiers  already  the  most  learned  in  their 
profession  the  world  has  ever  seen,  yet  still  learn- 
ing and  still  keen  to  learn.  Their  humility  would 
be  surprising  were  it  not  a  common  attribute  of 
accomplished  gentlemen.  They  are  thus  twice 
blest,  for  knowledge  is  but  one  degree  a  greater 
power  than  the  desire  for  knowledge. 

"Of  the  regimental  officer  the  most  marked  fea- 
ture is  his  extraordinary  earnestness.  I  speak  as 
a  fool,  or  as  an  Englishman  speaking  of  the  pro- 
fession of  arms,  which  is  the  same  thing.  He, 
too,  is  in  business,  and  whether  on  manoeuvres  or 
pottering  about  amongst  his  silent  stubby  com- 
pany in  barracks,  very  much  on  business.  He 
appears  slow,  yet  it  is  the  slowness  of  a  lexicog- 
rapher— thorough,  searching,  industrious.  His 
pottering  has  no  vagueness  in  it,  but  rather  an  in- 
tensity of  method  which  would  probably  supply 
the  place  of  regulations  even  if  he  were  not  go- 
verned by  so  many  and  those  so  stringent.  An 
Englishman,  again,  might  wish  him  a  trifle  more 
bonhomie;  for  he  cannot  '  frivole,'  cannot  tlie 
German  officer;  his  uniform,  of  which  he  is  as 
proud  as  Punch,  precludes  that.  He  is  always  a 
little  stiff,  a  little  solemn,  a  little  sad.  Even  in  a 
cafe  he  must  keep  a  wary  and  respectful  eye  upon 
superior  rank  refreshing  itself  at  the  next  table: 
and  even  if  that  be  empty,  a  glance  downward  at 
his  brass  buttons  and  his  handsome  grey  cloak 
freezes  at  once  his  eye,  which  was  beginning  per- 
haps to  lighten  a  little  at  the  cheerfulness  and 
chatter  of  the  cafe  around  him.  But  he  is  true 
metal,  and  the  great  eight  million  man-power  en- 
gine to  which  he  belongs  loses  nothing  of  Its  effi- 
ciency through  him;  nor  of  its  dignity,  which, 
considering  his  life  in  uniform,  in  restaurant,  and 
public  garden,  is  little  short  of  a  marvel. 

"  Eight  million  man-power! 

"  Some  years  ago  the  imagination,  so  the  re- 
porters told  us.  was  apt  to  '  reel '  at  figures  like 
these.  It  does  not  reel  now,  it  rather  steadies  it- 
self to  calculate  coolly,  with  map  and  scale  and 
logarithms,  exactly  what  the  potentiality,  the 
foot-pound  force,  of  this  tremendous  docile  weight 
may  be.     .     . 


546 


THE  REl'IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


ibci 


'o,  igo: 


The  Value  of  It  AIL 

"  Of  the  German  man  behind  the  German  gun. 
though  every  military  particle  seem  to  be  known 
— his  boots,  the  contents  of  his  pockets,  his  en- 
durance, his  discipline — though  all  these  arc 
known,  and,  as  is  the  custom  of  Germans  deal- 
ing with  knowledge,  neatly  and  accurately  tabu- 
lated, yet  that  which  will  dominate  the  whole  m 
war.  his  human  naturalness  in  the  presence  of 
modern  war,  is  not  known,  and  this  the  writer 
made  some  effort  to  deduce  from  what  appeared 
of  it  during  the  greet  manoeuvres  whose  outlines 
have  been  sketched. 

••  The  history  of  his  battles  attests  the  bravery 
and  endurance  of  the  German  private  soldier;  ho 
has  been  stubborn  in  defence,  determinea  in  at- 
tack, stout  on  the  march,  a  formidable  fighting 
man.  Is  there,  then,  anything  in  his  nature 
which  may  render  him  less  formidable  under  the 
long  tension  of  modern  war,  under  the  high  ex- 
plosive shells  blowing  him  up  at  seven  miles, 
under  the  hose  of  musketry  playing  upon  him  for 
hours?  There  are,  or  appear  to  be,  some  things. 
Dependence  and  docility,  his  dominant  traits, 
were  never  the  most  valuable  of  military  quali- 
ties; the  greatest  feats  of  infantry  have  not  been 
owing  to  these  but  to  their  opposites.  What 
manner  of  men  were  they  who  charged  at  Al- 
buera,  and  hit  back  at  Soult  on  the  Corunna 
road,  may  be  gathered  from  the  letters  and  des- 
patches of  the  time.  Adaptability,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  capacity  of  the  individual  to  adjust  him- 
self rapidly  and  without  assistance  to  the  ever- 
varying  conditions  of  a  combat,  has  come  to  be  a 
necessity,  and  the  German  soldier  does  not  pos- 
sess it.  All  troops  have  their  genius,  which, 
bad  or  good,  is  not  to  be  exorcised.  That  of  the 
Germans  will  probably  preclude  for  ever  the  elas- 
ticity which  is  the  essence  of  successful  modern 
war.  Even  should  the  letter  of  the  loose,  shal- 
low, and  pliant  formations,  imperative  under  long- 
range  fire,  be  observed,  the  spirit  will  escape 
them.  For  it  is  counter  to  the  fighting  instinct  of 
the  private  soldier,  to  his  love  of  company,  of 
pompous  order,  and  visible,  audible  authority. 
The  long,  almost  ungovernable,  lines  of  attack 
will  be  composed  of  men  yearning  for  the  compact 
machinery  of  subjection,  which  is  more  necessary 
to  them  than  cover  itself.  Every  dreadful  inter- 
val blown  out  of  the  ranks— and  they  will  be 
many  and  wide — will  increase  the  desire  of  con- 
trol whilst  rendering  it  less  possible,  and  the  as- 
sault will  arrive  within  striking  distance  ragged, 
thinned,  and,  worst  of  all,  unsuperintended.  But 
it  will  arrive.  It  does  not  do,  as  many  do,  to 
ignore  old  war  in  guessing  at  the  new.  A  British 
battalion  moving  into  action  does  well  to  think 
of  Inkerman.   and  the  memory  of  that  old-fash- 


ioned fight  is  an  accession  of  strength  to  it;    so  . 
to  a  German  regiment  will  be  the  recollection  of  . 
St.  Privat  and  Mars  la  Tour.     The  sustaining  of 
terrible   losses  with   steadfastness   has   ever  been 
a  speciality  of  the  German  infantry. 

The  Strain  of  Modern  "War. 

"  Death  is  death,  whether  it  come  by  the  rough 
blow  of  a  chassepot  bullet  or  by  that  of  the 
swift  and  silent  Mauser.  It  is,  in  fact,  an  uglier 
thing  by  the  former,  and  it  is  the  ugliness  of 
death  even  more  than  the  frequency  or  its  visita- 
tions which  shakes  troops.  The  argument,  there- 
fore, common  with  foreign  critics  of  the  late  ma- 
noeuvres, that  the  men  simply  will  not  face  the 
losses  they  will  have  to  suffer  if  the  present  close, 
or  comparatively  close,  formations  shall  be  ad- 
hered to,  I  believe  to  be  erroneous.  They  will 
face  them,  but  it  is  probable  that  their  courage  wU 
but  render  the  failure  of  their  attacks  more  utt?r 
and  the  success  more  useless.  The  attack  require^ 
either  weight  or  length.  Weight  is  unattainable 
unless  the  preliminary  advance  can  be  preserved 
from  undue  losses,  which  it  cannot  be  in  deep  or 
close  formation,  whilst  length  is  a  mere  danger 
to  troops  uncomfortable  with  wide  intervals  an'l 
extensions,  as  I  surmise  the  German  troops  to  be. 
The  training  of  the  German  infantry  in  the  attack 
iS;  therefore,  somewhat  at  a  deadlock.  And  at- 
tack, let  it  be  remembered,  is  rightly  the  very  soul 
of  German  war;  all  else  is  subsidiary  to  it,  ali 
their  strategy  is  based  upon  it.  If  it  fail,  Sam- 
son's locks  are  shorn  indeed.  To  no  army  in 
Europe  is  the  discovery  of  the  power  of  the  maga- 
zine rifle  such  a  poser.  Yet  if,  which  God  forfend, 
their  millions  are  ever  again  called  to  arms,  the 
puzzle  must  be  solved  long  before.  For  the  Ger- 
man private  soldier  again,  however  much  he  may 
learn  before  a  war,  will  learn  nothing  in  war. 
His  mind  is  cast  in  a  different  mould  to  that  of 
our  own  Atkins,  a  most  malleable  fellow,  who  in 
South  Africa  took  to  new  conditions  like  a  duck 
to  water,  and  improved  upon  innovations  to  beat 
the  innovators.  What  the  German  has  learned  he 
has  learned  with  a  thoroughness  of  which  no 
other  human  being  is  capable.  What  he  has  not 
learned  the  fear  of  death  itself,  swift  tutor  though 
it  be,  will  not  induce  him  to  practise. 

"Where  the  British  Soldier  Excels. 
"  When  an  army  is  defeated  in  battle  its  salva- 
tion, let  the  text  books  say  what  they  will,  de- 
pends more  upon  the  innate  value  and  loyalty  of 
the  soldiers  than  upon  any  disciplinary  codes; 
and  the  larger  the  army  the  more  this  is  the 
case,  for  anarchy  lurks  ever  in  terrified  or  de- 
spondent mobs.     A  British  army  has  never  in  all 


Rcricw  of  Reviews,  20/12/02 


WAR  SKETCHES. 


547 


history  been  defeated  in  tlie  sense  of  iiaving  its 
power  of  recuperation  destroyed;  for  inextin- 
guishable loyalty,  the  child  of  free-will  and  the 
cause  of  free  service,  permeating  the  rank  and 
file,  has  rendered  a  drhaele  impossible.  Con- 
scription Is  a  great  juggler  in  the  Fatherland;  it 
takes  the  traders  and  leaves  trade  unin- 
jured; it  invades  without  dislocating  civil  life: 
it  seals  the  bodies  of  men  to  itself  without  either 
quenching  or  setting  fire  to  their  spirits — these 
are  wonderful  feats,  visible  to  all  beholders.    But 


it  is  impossible  to  help  doubting  the  genuineness 
of  its  greatest  miracle  of  all,  the  creation  of  a 
military  spirit,  whose  splendour  is  Impressed 
upon  you  by  every  German  soldier  with  an  in- 
sistence almost  pathetic,  quite  unconvincing. 
They  do  protest  too  much.  Conscription  as  yet 
has  herded  the  nation  only  to  success.  The  spirit 
which  bears  up  and  grows  stouter  under  dis- 
aster, the  inspiration  of  the  free  alone  in  every 
business  under  the  sun,  how  shall  it  dwell  In  mil- 
lions who  are  not  free?" 


Journalism  for  Girls* 


Miss  Low  continues,  in  the  "  Girl's  Realm "  for 
November,  the  capital  series  of  articles  she  began  in 
October  on  "  Journalism  for  Girls."  In  October  Miss 
Low  gave  from  the  wealth  of  her  own  wide  and  ex- 
tended experience  a  very  much  needed  caution  to  ideal- 
ist maidens  who  imagine  that  to  go  into  journalism 
is  to  have  a  free  and  fair  field  for  the  exercise  of  their 
best  faculties  and  for  realising  their  loftiest  aspira- 
tions. The  picture  of  the  decadence  of  modern  journal- 
ism— especially  of  feminine  journalism— may  have  been 
painted  in  too  sombre  colours,  but  no  one  has  better 
right  than  Miss  Low  to  express  an  opinron  on  this 
matter.  For  she  has  ever  striven  for  the  highest,  and 
it  is  the  very  brightness  of  her  own  ideal  which  makes 
her  resent  so  bitterly  the  miserable  rubbish  that  is 
printed  nowadays  in  newspapers  which  profess  to  cater 
chiefly  for  women.  In  her  November  article  there  is 
no  room  for  difference  of  opinion.  Miss  Low  condenses 
into  two  pages  of  small  type  the  very  best  kind  of 
advice  that  can  be  given  to  girls  who  are  thinking 
of  trying  to  make  their  way  in  the  press.  It  is  clear, 
brief,  practical,  sound,  and  to  the  point.  I  can  give  it 
no  higher  praise  than  to  say  that  I  shall  get  several 
copies  of  it  and  keep  it  on  hand  to  give  to  the  young 
women — whose  name  is  legion — who  come  to  Mowbray 
House  to  ask  for  advice  as  to  how  to  get  on  to  the 
papers.  I  know  of  no  better  compendium  of  com- 
mon sense  on  the  subject  in  the  English  or,  indeed,  in 
any  other  language. 


The  Evolution  of  the  Engine  Driver. 

The  Engine  Di'iver  is  the  subject  of  a  fascinating 
sketch  in  the  '"  Leisure  Hour "  by  Miss  Gertrude 
Bacon.  It  appears  that  the  driver  begins  as  a  "  bar- 
boy  "  at  fourteen  or  fifteen  years  of  age,  whose  duty  it 
is  to  clean  and  overhaul  the  firebox,  to  arrange  the  fire- 
bars, and  clean  out  the  clinkers.  On  passing  a  medical 
and  technical  examination  he  qualifies  as  a  fireman. 
As  fireman  he  serves  on  shunting  engines  in  the  goods 
yard.  Next  he  is  promoted  to  ''  firing "  on  a  goods 
train.  Eventually  he  becomes  a  fireman  on  a  "'  passen- 
ger." After  five  years  as  a  fireman,  he  passes  another 
and    severe    examination    and   becomes   a    driver.     The 


particular  man  whose  career  is  given  was  then  for  two 
years  pilot  man  on  a  shunting  engine  in  the  goods  yard, 
for  three  years  a  goods  driver,  and  the  last  fifteen 
years  a  driver  on  a  passenger  train.  Such  is  the 
gradual  and  guarded  order  of  promotion  to  one  of  the 
most  responsible  posts  which  human  beings  are  ever 
railed  upon  to  fill. 


The  "  Civilta  Cattolica,"  October  4,  publishes  an  in- 
structive summary  of  the  historical  development  of  the 
Roman  Index  of  prohibited  books,  from  which  we  learn 
that  the  first  book  to  be  officially  condemned  by  the 
Church  was  the  celebrated  "  Thalia,"  by  Arius.  The 
condemnation  was  promulgated  by  the  Council  of  Nice.i 
in  325.  The  Emperor  Constantine  threatened  every 
one  guilty  of  secreting  the  volume  with  the  death- 
penalty.  A  first  catalogue  of  condemned  writings  was 
issued  in  496,  and  Councils  and  Synods  continued  the 
work  of  condemnation  at  intervals — the  Council  of  Con- 
stance, for  instance,  pronounced  sentence  of  excom- 
munication against  anyone  reading  the  works  of  John 
Wycliffe.  It  was  not,  however,  till  the  close  of  the 
sixteenth  century  that  the  Congregation  of  the  Index, 
as  at  present  constituted,  was  formally  erected  by 
Gregory  XIII.  The  whole  work,  as  is  well  known,  has 
been  revised  by  Leo  XIII. ,  old  regulations  revoked, 
new  ones  laid  down,  and  the  Index  itself  thoroughly  re- 
vised, with  the  result  that  a  new  "  Index  Librorum 
Prohibitorum  "  Avas  issued  in  1900,  has  already  reached 
a  second  edition,  and  is  held  to  be  bindini  on  the  faith- 
ful. The  "Civilta"  for  October  18  begins  a  useful  series 
of  articles  on  "Trusts,"  tracing  out  the  lucroductory 
article  their  historical  development. 

A  charmingly  illustrated  and  well-written  article  in 
"  Emporium "  describes  the  lace-making  industry  in 
Venice,  both  in  its  glorious  past  and  in  its  present  most 
flourishing  revival.  To-day,  thanks  to  the  initiative  of 
Countess  Adriana  Marcello  and  to  the  well-known  firm 
of  Jesurum,  there  are  admirable  schools  for  teaching 
both  needle  and  bobbin  lace,  with  the  result  that  3,000 
women  and  girls  in  and  around  Venice  and  Burano 
earn  a  good  livelihood  through  this  industry.  Another 
illustrated  article  describes  the  ruins  of  Baalbec,  and 
I  iisse  Ortensi  writes  fully  and  enthusiastical'y  of  the 
genius  of  Maxim  Gorki. 


Revieic  of  Hcrieirs.  20  12  02. 


548 


CHARACTER    SKETCR 


MR,   T.   P.   O'CONNOR,   M.R 

By  W.  T.  Stead. 


It  is  now  more  than  twenty  years  since  I  frst 
met  T.  P..  or,  as  his  compatriots  call  him,  Tay  Pay. 
It  was  in  a  West-End  drawing-room.  "  Congratu- 
late me,"  he  was  saying  to  his  hostess;  "  I'm  hi 
luck!"  "And  what  is  your  good  fortune,  Mr. 
O'Connor?"  "  Oh,"  he  responded,  with  a  broad 
smile  illuminating  his  face,  "  I've  got  a  foil  in  the 
House  at  last.  You  know,  when  I  was  elected,  Mr. 
Parnell  said  that  I  would  be  useful  as  his  foil. 
People  would  look  at  me,  and  thank  God  that  Par- 
nell was  not  so  bad  as  that.  But  now  I've  got  a 
foil  of  my  own."  "And  who  is  that?"  "  Tim 
Healy,"  was  the  reply. 

Tay  Pay's  glee  at  no  longer  being  the  most 
abandoned  reprobate  in  the  House  was  very  amus- 
ing. Twenty  years  and  more  have  passed  since 
then.  Mr.  Parnell  has  gone  and  the  other  two  re- 
main, but  Mr.  Healy  has  long  ceased  to  be  any- 
one's foil  but  his  own,  and  Mr.  O'Connor  needs  no 
foil.  He  is  a  wee  bit  stouter  now  than  he  was 
then,  but  otherwise  he  is  unchanged.  He  has  be- 
come an  institution.  As  the  only  member  of  the 
Nationalist  Party  who  sits  for  an  English  con- 
stituency, he  occupies  a  unique  position  in  the 
House.  If  he  had  been  an  Englishman,  and  not 
merely  the  representative  of  an  English  constit- 
uency, he  would  long  ere  this  have  been  sitting 
on  the  front  Bench.  For  T.  P.  O'Connor  is  one  of 
the  ablest  men  in  the  House  of  Commons.  As  an 
orator  he  has  few  rivals,  and  no  superiors.  Ready 
of  speech  and  keen  of  wit,  who  is  there  among 
our  British  phalanx  who  can  compare  with  T.  P.? 
Alas,  I  know  not  one.  But  as  he  is  Irish  he  is 
doomed  to  be  forever  in  Opposition — a  stout,  mid- 
dle-aged peri  outside  the  gates  of  the  political 
paradise  of  Downing  Street,  seeking  consolations 
in  journalism,  not  without  success. 

The  Biographer  of  Lord  Beaconsfield. 

T.  P.'s  first  achievement  in  political  literature 
was  the  publication  of  his  mordant  "  Life  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield."  which  was  one  of  the  most  effective 
weapons  in  the  Liberal  arsenal  when  Mr.  Glad- 
stone summoned  the  hosts  of  the  Faithful  to  the 
battle  against  the  Jingoes  in  1880.  He  was  a  very 
young  man  when  he  ventured  into  the  lists  Like  a 
Hibernian  David  to  assail  the  .Jingo  Goliath.     His 


sling  was  trusty,  and  his  aim  was  sure,  and  al- 
though he  did  not  slay  the  giant,  he  mauled  him 
severely,  and  gave  those  of  us  who  were  out  on 
the  warpath  against  Jingodom  cause  for  grej. 
jubilation.  Nowadays,  even  the  "  Quarteriy  "  has 
forsaken  Lord  Beaconsfield,  and  there  are  none 
save  the  most  ignorant  Primrose  Dames  who  do 
him  reverence.  But  in  the  days  when  T.  P.  O'Con- 
nor wrote  his  "  Life  "  Lord  Beaconsfield  was  the 
demigod  of  Society  and  of  the  City— uur  modem 
Gog  and  Magog  of  political  heathendom.  The  silly 
and  hollow  fraud  of  "  Peace  with  Honour  "  at  Ber- 
lin had  not  then  been  exploded.  Lord  Beacons- 
field was  all  that  Mr.  Chamberlain  now  is,  and 
more  also,  alike  for  banning  and  for  blessing. 
He  was  to  the  Gladstonian  of  those  days  the  incar- 
nation of  all  that  was  false  and  detestable  in  poli- 
tics. He  was  a  kind  of  political  Satan  of  the 
period,  and  his  overthrow  in  1880  was  hailed  as  a 
harbinger  of  the  millennium. 

It  can  be  imagined  with  what  delight  the  rank 
and  file  of  the  Liberals  hailed  O'Connor's  '"  Life 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield."  For  it  was  "  red-hot  shot" 
indeed,  as  the  Americans  say.  For  sustained,  bril- 
liant, bitter,  unsparing  invective,  for  merciless 
analysis  of  charlatanism  and  bluff,  for  uncompro- 
mising savage  tomahawking,  there  has  been  no- 
thing like  it  in  our  time.  T.  P.  now  admits  that 
he  somewhat  exceeded  the  limits  of  severe  histo- 
rical accuracy  in  some  passages.  I  have  not  read 
the  book  for  years,  but  I  am  disposed  to  the  belief 
that  it  was  not  possible  for  any  mere  mortal  man 
to  be  quite  as  bad  as  Mr.  O'Connor's  "  Beacons- 
field." But  in  those  days,  when  our  blood  was  up 
and  the  battle  was  raging  between  the  Hosts  of 
Darkness  and  the  Children  of  Light,  it  was  im- 
possible to  paint  too  diabolically  black  "  the  lineal 
descendant  of  the  impenitent  thief "  who  com- 
manded the  Jingo  legions. 

T   P.  as  a  Journalist. 

]Mr.  O'Connor  is  busied  with  other  matters  at 
present.  He  gives  up  to  journalism  what  was 
meant  for  mankind,  and  instead  of  devoting  him- 
self to  Parliament  and  to  politics  he  is  bent  upon 
making  a  fortune  in  the  press.  Mr.  O'Connor 
wields  the  readiest  pen  of  the  ready  writer  of  any 


Rcrinr  of  Revietcs,  29/12/02. 


CHARACTER  SKETCH. 


549 


journalist  of  our  time,  using  a  typewriter,  of 
course,  with  lightning  rapidity.  Dr.  E.  J.  Dillon, 
another  Irishman,  is  almost  up  to  him  in  speed; 
but  T.  P.  probably  turns  out  more  copy  at  a  more 
rapid  rate  than  any  of  us.  Nor  is  it,  like  most 
swift  writing,  very  slow  reading.  T.  f.  is  always 
lively,  always  entertaining,  always  genial  and 
good-humoured.  If  he  does  now  and  then  betray 
the  spirit  of  the  political  gladiator,  it  is  but  sel- 
dom, and  on  grave  provocation.  This  is  no  de- 
traction from  the  tastiness  of  the  dainty  dish 
which  he  will  set  before  the  readers  of  his  new 
paper,  "  T.P.'s  Weekly,"  which  makes  its  appear- 
ance this  month.  In  "  M.A.P.,"  for  reasons  ob- 
vious but  unspoken,  he  too  often  had  to  leave  the 
vinegar  out  of  his  salad,  which,  as  Count  Moura- 
Tieff  reminded  me,  is  as  fatal  a  mistake  in  journal- 
ism as  in  the  kitchen. 

His  Parliamentary  Sketches  in  the  **  P.M.G. ' 

My  first  experience  of  T.  P.'s  journalistic  capa- 
city was  when  he  was  contributing  the  Parliamen- 
tary sketch  to  the  "  Pall  Mall  Gazette  "  in  the  days 
when  Mr.  Morley  was  editor.  It  was  one  of  the 
secrets  of  State  who  wrote  those  sketches,  and  it 
is  a  tribute  to  T.P.'s  rare  gift  of  assuming  impar- 
tiality that  friends  and  foes  alike  admitted  the 
justice  of  his  description  of  the  stormy  scenes  in 
which  he  took  part.  Very  few  surmised  that  the 
writer  of  these  vivid,  dispassionate  sketcbes  was 
one  of  the  most  turbulent  of  the  Irish  party  of 
obstruction,  Mr.  Parnell's  foil.  He  was  trained 
in  his  youth  in  the  art  of  self-suppression.  To 
report  Tory  Protestant  ascendency  for  "  Saun- 
ders's News  Letter "  three  years  on  end  was  a 
strict  if  not  a  liberal  education  in  one  of  the  most 
necessary  duties  of  a  journalist. 

An  Industrious  Lazy  Man. 

Mr.  O'Connor  is  one  of  the  most  industrious  lazy 
men  I  ever  met.  He  can  work  like  a  sieam  en- 
gine when  put  to  it.  But  it  is  not  his  nature  to. 
He  needs  the  goad  of  necessity  to  do  his  best  work. 
That  is  why,  I  suppose,  he  has  "  made  out,"  on 
the  whole,  better  in  the  press  than  in  Parliament. 
To  an  Irish  Nationalist  there  is  no  future.  He 
gets  all  the  kicks  and  none  of  the  ha'pence.  He 
may  be  as  wise  as  Solon,  as  eloquent  as  Demos- 
thenes, but  it  will  not  avail  him.  Not  for  him 
are  the  sweets  of  office,  the  pride  of  power.  He 
is  doomed  for  ever  to  haunt  the  cold  sbades  of 
perennial  Opposition.  Mr.  O'Connor  by  nature 
has  no  taste  for  cold  shades.  He  likes  the  warm 
fireside,  the  snug  sanctum.  He  pines  for  light 
and  warmth  and  encouragement.  He  is  a-  hu- 
mourist also,  and  is  quick  to  see  the  absurdity  of 
things.  In  Parliament  he  can  only  have  the  career 
pf  a  free-lance.    If  only  my  dream  of  a  Redmond 


Ministry  for  the  Empire  were  fulfilled,  T.  P.  would 
be  in  the  Cabinet,  and  everything  would  be  dif- 
ferent. But  until  the  bad  times  which  are  menac- 
ing us  on  the  horizon  actually  arrive,  there  is  no 
chance  of  a  Redmond  Ministry,  and  until  there  is 
a  Redmond  Administration,  Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor 
must  stay  out  in  the  cold — at  St.  Stephen's. 

His  Journalistic  Career, 

But  not  in  Fleet  Street.  There  Mr.  O'Connor 
has  always  been  privileged  to  bask  in  the  warm 
glow  of  journalistic  success.  He  has  served  in  all 
capacities,  and  has  done  well  in  everything  to 
which  he  has  turned  his  hand.  He  was  probably 
at  his  zenith — up  till  now — when  he  launched  the 
first  number  of  the  "  Star,"  and  edited  that  journal 
during  its  brilliant  burst  of  initial  success.  Finan- 
cially he  was  at  the  summit — till  now — when  he 
founded  and  edited  "  M.A.P.,"  a  weekly  newspaper 
of  gossip  Mainly  About  People.  He  now  hopes  to 
combine  the  journalistic  success  of  the  "  Star " 
and  the  financial  gains  of  "  M.A.P."  in  "  T.P.'s 
Weekly,"  the  new  journal  which  he  will  produce 
on  the  15th  of  November. 

An  Interview  in  Gaol. 

Mr.  O'Connor  came  to  see  me  when  I  was  in 
Holloway  Gaol,  and  we  had  a  long  and  pleasant 
chat  in  my  cell.  We  were  locked  in  together  by 
an  obliging  turnkey,  who  was  officially  supposed 
to  be  present. 

I  interviewed  Mr.  O'Connor  on  that  occasion — 
much  too  faithfully  for  his  liking.  He  told  an  in- 
terviewer for  the  "  Sketch  "  that  the  memory  of 
that  interview  in  Holloway  Gaol  scared  him.  He 
said: 

I  always  dread  a  chance  interviewer  like  you,  because 
you  put  my  thoughts  in  your  own  bright  and  vigorous 
language,  and  the  result  is  sometimes  startlingly  eg^itistie 
in  tone.  I  was  interviewed  once  by  Mr.  Stead,  when 
he  was  in  prison,  and  the  next  day  I  hid  myself;  I 
found  myself  addressing  the  world  after  so  infallible, 
cocksure,  and  lofty  a  fashion  that  I  blushed  at  my  own 
image.  I  was  Steadesque,  not  statuesque;  and  though 
I  admire  Mr.  Stead,  I  prefer  to  speak  my  own  charac- 
ter.     Pray,  don't  do  me  the  same  disfavour. 

Disfavour  indeed!  "  Oh  wad  some  power  the 
giftie  gie  us,  to  see  oursels  as  Ithers  see  us."  I 
am  not  to  blame  if  Mr.  O'Connor  did  not  like  the 
reflection  of  his  blushing  countenance  in  the 
mirror  of  my  interview.  If  Mr.  O'Connor  had  not 
the  opportunity  of  revising  the  proof  of  his  inter- 
view before  it  appeared,  the  omission  can  only  be 
explained  on  the  ground  that  I  was  in  durance 
vile  and  could  not  see  to  things.  It  was  the  in- 
exorable rule  at  the  "  Pall  Mall  Gazette  "  not  to 
publish  any  interview  until  the  proof  had  been  re- 
vised by  the  interviewed  one. 


550 


THE  RE]'IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  IQ02. 


The  Education  of  T.  P. 
T.  P.  O'Connor  was  born  in  Athlone,  Judge 
Keogh's  constituency,  on  October  5,  1848.  li  was 
the  year  of  the  European  revolution,  the  year  of 
Smith  O'Brien's  abortive  revolt  in  Irelana,  a  great 
year  in  which  to  be  born — at  least  when  one  is 
born  in  Ireland,  whose  politics  are  always  more  or 
less  revolutionary.  Thomas  Power  O'Connor,  how- 
ever, showed  little  sign  of  revolutionary  leanings 
in  his  boyhood.  His  father  was  a  strict  Catholic, 
and.  if  possible,  a  stricter  teetotaller,  and  T.  P. 
was  brought  up  on  spare  diet.  In  his  family  It 
was  held  almost  irreligious  to  fare  sumptuously 
any  day.  let  alone  every  day.  By  this  austere  up- 
bringing T.  P.  profited  greatly.  He  told  me  that 
when  a  small  boy.  walking  by  his  father's  side, 
someone  mentioned  that  an  English  visitor  at 
Athlone  had  been  guilty  of  the  unheard-of  extrava- 
gance of  having  beefsteak  for  breakrasi;.  "Ah," 
said  the  pious  O'Connor  senior,  "  some  men  have 
their  heaven  in  this  life."  Many  years  later,  when 
T.  P.  came  to  London,  he  found  it  difficult  to 
banish  the  thought  of  sin  when  partaking  of  good 
cheer.  On  one  occasion,  when  Father  Lockhart 
invited  him  and  some  other  young  Irishmen  to 
supper,  and  T.  P.  was  introduced  to  a  table  spread 
with  roast  beef  and  roast  potatoes,  he  experienced 
quite  a  shock.  "  Surely,"  he  said  to  himself.  "  this 
cannot  be  in  a  priest's  house."  These  ascetic  tra- 
ditions, however,  have  long  since  died  out.  He 
was  educated  at  the  College  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  in  Athlone.  When  fifteen  he  was  en- 
tered at  Queen's  College,  Galway,  where  three 
years  later  he  took  his  degrees  as  B.A.,  and  three 
or  four  years  afterwards  as  M.A.  He  was  a  dili- 
gent student.  His  classics  are  rusty  now,  but  there 
was  a  time  when  he  was  a  struggling  starveling 
in  the  purlieus  of  Fleet  Street,  when  he  would  get 
up-  at  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  in  order  to  revel 
in  the  enjoyment  of  Plato.  Of  more  use  to  him 
than  Latin  or  Greek  was  his  acquisition  of 
French,  German  and  shorthand. 

His  Apprenticeship  to  Jottmalism. 

rie  left  college  with  his  degrees  in  his  nineteenth 
year,  and  at  once  cast  about  for  some  occupation 
v.hich  would  keep  him  from  starving.  His  good 
fairy,  disguised  as  Sheer  Necessity,  led  him  to  the 
most  unlikely  place  in  the  world  from  which  to 
make  a  start.  In  all  Ireland  there  was  probably 
no  more  antiquated,  reactionary,  fossilised  news- 
paper than  "  Saunders's  News  Letter."  It  was  the 
organ  of  Tory  ascendency,  staunchly  Protestant, 
with  journalistic  traditions  as  fusty  as  its  politics. 
Here  it  was  that  the  young  Irish  M.A. — the  Na- 
tionalist leader  of  the  future — was  apprenticed  to 
the  art  and   mystery  of  the   craft   of  journalism. 


He  was  engaged  as  reporter  at  20s.  a  week  for  the 
first  year,  which  was  doubled  the  second.  In  re- 
turn for  this  modest  stipend  he  acquired  the  in- 
valuable experience  of  a  man-of-all-work.  He 
was  everything  by  turns.  Sometimes  in  a  single 
day  he  would  be  told  off  to  report  a  police  court 
case,  to  attend  an  inquest,  to  describe  a  horse 
show,  to  criticise  an  art  gallery,  and  notice  an 
Italian  opera.  For  three  years  he  toiled  in  this 
rough  journalistic  university;  and  then,  seeing  no 
prospect  of  a  further  rise  in  his  salary,  he  decided 
to  try  London,  that  Mecca  of  the  provincial  jour- 
nalist. 

His  Arrival  in  London. 
He  was  then  in  his  twenty-second  year.  When 
he  started  he  had  just  drawn  £6,  three  weeks' 
salary  paid  in  advance  to  cover  his  holidays.  Of 
these  he  spent  £2  in  buying  a  return  ticket  to 
London— a  piece  of  extravagant  forethought 
which  makes  him  wince  to  this  day — and  arrived 
in  London  in  July,  1870,  with  exactly  £4  in  his 
pocket.  T.  P.  has  often  told  the  story  of  his  ad- 
ventures when  he  first  came  to  London  to  seek 
his  fortune.  He  w^as  a  romantic  boy,  with  his 
head  full  of  books,  and  his  fertile  mind  teeming 
with  the  fervid  imaginings  of  youth.  He  arrived 
in  London,  after  a  long  night  journey,  at  5  o'clock 
in  the  morning.  He  succumbed  at  once  to  the 
spell  of  the  mighty  city.  He  traversed  the  streets 
for  six  hours  on  end  feasting  his  eyes  with  the 
sight  of  the  places  of  which  he  had  read  and 
dreamed,  and  which  were  now  actually  visible  and 
tangible  before  him.  In  a  charming  bit  of  auto- 
biography which  he  contributed  to  "  Great 
Thoughts,"  T.  P.  described  one  reminiscence  of 
that  first  hot  day  in  which  he  precipitated  himself 
upon  the  great  city  and  sought  to  devour  her 
beauty,  of  her  parks,  the  glory  of  her  palaces,  and 
the  wealth  of  her  ancient  associations  in  a  single 
day.      He  says: 

With  a  wonderful  power  of  detaching  myself  from 
my  surroundings  I  could  give  myself  over  wholly  to 
day-dreams  and  literary  musings.  I  remember  that,  on 
the  first  day  of  my  arrival  in  London,  after  having 
walked  about  for  six  hours  in  the  scorching  sun.  finding 
myself  in  Trafalgar  Square,  I  sat  down  on  the  ledge  of 
the  basin  and  listened  to  the  plash  of  the  cool  foun- 
tains. A  sense  of  inexpressible  calm  came  over  me. 
I  felt  as  though  all  the  fierce  noise  and  tumult  of  the 
great  ^Metropolis  were  far  removed  from  me.  I  con- 
jured up  the  scene  in  "  Esmond,"  where  Lord  Bohun 
stands  beside  the  fountain  the  day  before  his  death. 
Then  my  mind  reverted  to  the  passage  in  De  Quincey. 
in  which  he  describes  how,  under  the  influence  of 
opium,  he  sat  from  sunset  to  sunrise  without  moving  or 
wishing  to  move. 

Early  Struggles. 
There  was  an  old  police  sergeant  employed  at 
the  Lyceum  who  hailed  from  Athlone;   there  he 


Ltl/lK^Ll  tLK   ^KhlCh. 


"  T.    P.  '■    AND    HIS   DOGS. 

iad  been  a  great  friend  of  lire  family.  To  him 
went  young  Thomas,  and  ty  his  advice  he  took 
his  first  London  lodging,  a  small  bed  in  a  tiny 
room  in  Brydges  Street  (now  Catherine  Street), 
•Covent  Garden,  for  which  he  paid  a  shilling  a  day 
rent.  Having  thus  acquired  a  local  habitation. 
Tie  set  about  the  weary  search  for  work.  Morning 
and  late  he  toiled  up  and  down  the  streets,  haunt- 
ing newspaper  offices,  trying  to  make  his  way  into 
the  presence  of  editors;  for  six  weary  weeks  he 
tramped  after  work.  His  funds  ran  low,  despite 
the  utmost  economy.  His  breakfast  cost  him  two- 
pence, his  supper  the  same.  His  only  other  meal 
was  dinner,  which  made  a  big  hole  in  a  shilling 
Sometimes  he  would  economise  on  the  penny  mug 
of  coffee  and  munch  a  dry  loaf  in  his  own  room. 
Hope  deferred  made  his  heart  sick.  It  was  a 
scorching  summer,  and  he  suffered  much  from 
headache.     He  recalls  the  fact: 

Oftentimes  I  used,  in  the  afternoon,  to  have  to  lie 
down  on  the  quilt — made,  I  remember,  of  the  scraps 
of  soldiers'  uniforms — and  sleep  for  hours  in  the  ex- 
haustion produced  by  the  heat  and  my  long  and 
fruitless  walks. 

But  although  "  the  stony-hearted  stepmother  "■ 
was  harsh  and  cruel,  he  was  not  without  his  com- 
pensations: 


It  was  on  my  arrivai  in  London  tliat  j. 
read  "  The  Mill  on  the  Floss  "  for  the  first 
time.  It  would  be  impossible  for  me  to 
make  you  realise  with  what  rapture  I  read 
tliis  masterpiece.  Lying  on  my  quilt  iu 
my  tiny,  humble  bedroom,  absorbed  m  the 
trials  of  Maggie  Tulliver,  with  a  brown  loaf 
of  bread  and  a  pitcher  of  water  for  my 
evening  meal,  1  knew  such  hours  of  keen 
happiness  as  an  Emperor  might  well  envy. 

^^On  the  D.T/' 

At  last,  when  he  was  reduced  to  al- 
most his  last  shilling,  he  got  an  intro- 
duction through  Mr.  Charles  Mackey  to 
Mr.  Thornton  Hunt,  of  the  "  Daily  Tele- 
graph." His  knowledge  of  French  and 
German  stood  him  in  good  stead,  and  he 
was  appointed  as  junior  assistant  in  the 
foreign  editing  department  of  the  paper. 
His  very  first  task  was  to  translate  the 
German  oflBcial  telegram  reporting  th-a 
surrender  of  Napoleon,  at  Sedan,  into 
English.  He  was  now  at  least  safe  from 
starvation.  For  a  year  or  two  he  put 
in  very  regular  attendance  at  the  office. 
He  started  at  six  in  the  evenmg,  and 
stuck  to  his  desk  till  three  or  four  in 
the  morning.  When  his  task  was  done 
he  crept  home,  friendless  and  alone,  to 
his  attic,  where  he  lived  like  a  hermit, 
and  worked  like  a  horse. 


The  School  of  Adversity. 

After  a  time  there  was  a  change  in  the  organi- 
sation of  the  office,  and  T.  P.  found  himself  once 
more  at  a  loose  end.  As  usual,  it  was  his  good 
fairy  who  was  again  leading  him  to  his  real  voca- 
tion under  a  stern  disguise.  If  he  had  not  lost 
his  billet  he  would  have  probably  grown  up  a  shy, 
retiring,  unknown  journalistic  hack.  But  he  was 
fit  for  a  better  career,  and  so  he  was  driven  to- 
wards it  by  many  a  shrewd  and  biting  blow.  T.  P. 
Epys: 

It  was  not  until  I  was  thrown  out  of  steady  work, 
and  went  through  several  years  of  precarious  employ- 
ment and  infinite  hardships,  that  I  came  into  intimate 
contact  with  my  fellows.  It  was  that  curious  popula- 
tion which  haunts  Fleet  Street— a  brilliant  set  of  people, 
but  more  often  sad  than  cheerful,  more  frequently 
hungry  than  satisfied— to  which  I  became  attracted. 
For  the  nrst  time  in  my  life  I  was  taken  out  of  myself; 
I  began  to  know  life's  reahties  in  their  grimmest  form, 
and  I  became  the  fellow,  companion,  and  friend  of  the 
unfortunate.  Whatever  power  or  desire  to  make  the 
lot  of  the  poor  and  unfortunate  somewhat  brighter  and 
happier  I  may  have  since  exhibited  in  my  writings  or 
speeches,  1  owe  to  the  fact  that  there  is  scarcely  a 
sorrow  of  theirs  which  I  have  not  known  in  my  own 
l)erson. 


:^D^ 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  igo?. 


It  was  during  the  Bohemian  period  that  he  be- 
came a  constant  attendant  at  the  Debating  Clubs, 
which  were  more  numerous  then  than  now.  He- 
became  known  as  one  of  the  bright  and  shining 
lights  at  Coger's  Hall,  and  learnt  many  lessons 
at  the  forum  of  the  "  Horns,"  by  which  he  profited 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  driven  to  take 
all  kinds  of  work  by  which  the  pen  can  fill  the 
mouth.  Among  other  things,  he  wrote  "  penny 
dreadfuls,"  but  of  the  name  and  the  fame  of  these 
contributions  to  fiction  knoweth  no  man,  not  even 
Mr.  O'Connor  himself. 

His  **Life  of  Lord  Beaconsfield.^ 
He  first  struck  oil  by  what  appeared  the  merest 
chance.  He  was  casting  about  for  some  literary 
work,  when  it  was  suggested  to  him  that  he  might 
write  a  paying  book  on  "  Scenes  in  the  House." 
Somewhat  reluctantly  he  went  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum and  began  to  prepare  for  the  proposed 
■'  Scenes  "  by  reading  up  the  story  of  Disraeli's 
debut  in  the  House.  He  looked  up  the  papers  re- 
lating to  his  first  election,  and  the  subject  took 
hold  upon  him.  He  abandoned  "  Scenes  in  the 
House."  and  devoted  himself  to  the  production  of 
the  ■■  Life  of  Lord  Beaconsfield."  He 
worked  out  the  subject  with  a  feverish 
frenzy  which  sometimes  enabled  him  to 
put  in  twenty  hours'  work  in  the 
twenty-four.  When  at  last  he  finished 
it  he  was  prostrate  from  nervous  ex- 
haustion. The  book,  however,  was  an 
immediate  and  brilliant  success.  Edition 
after  edition  was  sold  out,  and  Mr.  T. 
P.  O'Connor  found  himself  not  only  fa- 
mous, but  comparatively  opulent. 


The  Man  for  Galway. 

His  friend.  Dr.  Ward,  who  sat  for 
Galway,  retired  in  1880,  and  T.  P.  was 
offered  the  vacant  seat.  Raising  £200 
from  the  proceeds  of  his  "'Life  of  Bea 
consfield  "  and  his  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Irish 
Literature,"  he  started  for  Galway.  and 
returned  to  take  his  seat  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  where  he  became  one  of 
the  most  energetic  and  brilliant  of  Mr. 
Parnell's  band  of  obstructives.  Of  his 
Parliamentary  career  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  speak  at  length. 

But  in  the  twenty-two  years  during 
which  he  has  occupied  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  he  has  done  not  a 
few  notable  things.  One  ot  the  most 
famous  of  his  Parliamentary  successes 
was  the  speech  in  which  he  replied  to 
Mr.  Forster's  terrific  onslaught  upon  Mr. 
Parnell.  Mr.  Forster,  being  unmuzzled 
/or    the    first    time,    simply    '•  savaged "' 


the  famous  Nationalist  leader,  who,  instead 
of  replying,  ordered  T.  P.  to  undertake  his  de- 
fence. Never  did  Mr.  Parnell  show  better  judg- 
ment or  more  ruthlessness.  T.  P.  was  appalled 
by  the  magnitude  of  the  task  thus  suddenly  sprung 
upon  him.  His  nervous  excitement  brought  on  a 
racking  headache;  but  his  chief  was  inexorable. 
When  Mr.  Forster  sat  down,  amid  a  storm  of 
savage  cheers,  T.  P.  stepped  downstairs  and  spent 
dinner-time  in  scribbling  a  few  notes  on  a  sheet  of 
notepaper.  At  10  o'clock  he  rose  to  reply,  and  de- 
livered what  Sir  George  Trevelyan  afterwards  de- 
clared was  the  most  effective  Parliamentary 
seech  he  had  ever  heard.  "  When  I  left  the  House 
to  dine,"  said  Trevelyan,  "  the  effect  of  Mr.  For- 
ster's passionate  invective  was  overwhelming. 
Anything  but  the  immediate  arrest  and  execution 
of  Mr.  Parnell  would  have  seemed  an  anti-climax. 
I  came  back  two  hours  later,  and,  to  my  amaze- 
ment, found  the  House  roaring  with  laughter,  and 
cheering  enthusiastically  Mr.  O'Connor's  uncom- 
promising defence  of  his  chief."  It  was  a  great 
Parliamentary  tour  de  force  when  Mr.  O'Connor, 
not  for  the  last  time,  was  able  to  play  off  the  pas- 
sion of  the  Tories  against  his  Liberal  assailants. 


Phoio  by] 


T.   P."   AT    HIS   REMINGTON. 


Revieir  of  Revieics,  20/12  02. 


CHARACTER  SKETCH. 


553 


Another  great  speech  of  his  owed  its  reception 
in  the  House  to  the  same  strategy.  It  was  after 
the  fall  of  Khartoum.  The  Irish  were  then  in  full 
revolt  against  Mr.  Gladstone,  and  T.  P.  made  a 
speech,  which  was  rapturously  cheered  by  the 
Tories.  Some  of  them  openly  expressed  their  en- 
vious regret  that  they  had  no  such  an  orator  as 
T.  P.  to  lead  them  in  place  of  the  worthy  Sir 
Stafford  Northcote. 

Since  then  T.  P.  has  not  been  much  cheered  by 
the  Tories.  He  has,  however,  been  hardly  less 
successful  in  the  last  two  years  in  his  attacks  upon 
the  Unionist  Administration.  But  whether  at- 
tacking Liberal  or  Tory,  T.  P.  has  been  to  one 
thing  constant  ever.  In  his  love  for  Ireland  and 
his  passion  for  Home  Rule  he  has  been  as  true 
as  the  needle  to  the  pole.  But  it  is  on  the  plat- 
form, when  the  heat  of  an  election  has  warmed 
up  an  audience,  that  T.  P.  is  in  his  glory.  No 
one  better  than  he  can  wield  at  will  the  fierce  de- 
mocracy. He  is  one  of  the  few  speakers  who  can 
lift  a  whole  crowded  assemblage  to  its  feet  in  the 
fervour  of  its  enthusiasm. 

He  has  been  diligent  in  business,  and  his  seat 
in  the  House  gave  his  pen  a  financial  vaiue  which 
it  wonld  otherwise  have  lacked.  But  no  one  ever 
has  complained  that  he  has  subordinated  the  duty 
he  owed  to  his  constituents  to  his  journalistic 
avocations.  And,  conversely,  no  one  has  ever 
alleged  that  he  allowed  his  political  convictions 
to  prejudice  his  descriptions  of  the  personalities 
of  his  fellow-legislators.  He  has  been  the  direct- 
ing brain  of  the  Home  Rule  organisation  in  Great 
Britain,  and  on  electioneering  platforms  no  orator 
is  more  persuasive  or  more  popular.  He  wrote 
the  manifesto  in  favour  of  Home  Rule  at  the 
General  Election  of  1885,  and  made  speeches  on  a 
hundred  platforms  in  support  of  the  Nationalist 
cause. 

As  a  Man  of  Letters. 

T.  P.  is  a  politician,  an  orator,  and  a  journalist. 
But  he  is  also  a  man  of  letters,  who,  if  he  had  not 
eclipsed  his  performances  as  a  writer  of  books  by 
his  exploits  on  the  platform,  in  Parliament,  and 
in  the  press,  would  be  counted  as  one  of  the  lite- 
rary notables  of  the  Victorian  era.  Of  his  "  Life 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield "  I  have  already  spoken. 
His  "  Life  of  Mr.  Parnell  "  was  more  of  an  im- 
pressionist sketch  or  reminiscence  than  a  laboured 
biography,  but  it  is  an  admirable  tribute  to  a 
great  leader.  His  "  Old  Love  Stories,"  part  of 
which  appeared  in  the  "  Sunday  Sun,"  was  a  work 
of  a  very  different  kind,  but  it  deservedly  com- 
manded a  wide  popularity.  He  has  translated  one 
of  Pierre  Loti's  books  into  English,  and  much  of 
his  critical  reviewing  is  high-class.  His  descrip- 
tions of  Parliamentary  debates  are  without  a  rival; 


for  instance,  his  account  of  the  defeat  of  the 
Gladstone  Government  "  By  one  who  was  in  at 
the  death,"  which  I  pulled  him  out  of  bed  to 
write  for  the  "  P.M.G.,"  is  as  good  of  its  kind  as 
anything  could  be. 

An  Old  ''Pall  MaUer." 
T.  P.  was  one  of  the  old  "  Pall  Mailers "  who, 
from  Morley  to  Milner,  have  left  so  deep  a  dent 
upon  the  history  of  our  time.  He  and  I  may  fairly 
claim  to  have  revolutionised  English  journalism. 
Most  of  the  younger  men  who  are  now  at  the 
front  among  the  successful  journalists  of  our  day 
learnt  their  lessons  from  the  old  "  Pall  Mall."  We 
broke  the  old  tradition  and  made  journalism  a 
living  thing,  palpitating  with  actuality,  in  touch 
with  life  at  all  points.  We  abolished  the  mystery 
of  the  editor,  who,  before  our  time,  was  a  kind 
of  invisible  Grand  Lama.  We  saw  everybody, 
went  everywhere,  and  did  every  mortal  thing 
which  seemed  to  us  worth  doing.  And  what  is 
more  surprising  perhaps  than  anything  else,  in 
doing  all  this  we  never  abated  a  jot  of  our  strong 
political  convictions,  or  lost  a  tittle  of  youthful 
enthusiasm. 

His  Newspaper  Record. 
But  it  is  ^h\  O'Connor  as  a  journalist  who  is 
most  interesting  just  now.  His  record  as  editor 
dates  from  the  foundation  of  the  "  Star,"  which  he 
edited  from  its  first  number  down  to  June  27, 
1890,  when  he  sold  out  his  interest  for  £15,0C0, 
and  bound  himself  not  to  start  an  evening  pap<^r 
in  London  for  three  years. 

His  next  venture  was  the  "  Sunday  Sun,"  which 
he  started  in  1891.  When  the  three  years  were  up 
he  started  the  "  Evening  Sun."  on  June  27,  189''., 
and  announced  that  in  less  than  twelve  months 
both  had  become  paying  properties.  He  near  y 
broke  down  with  overwork,  and  after  a  few  yecvs 
he  parted  with  the  "  Evening  Sun,"  and  some 
months  later  he  quitted  the  "  Sunday  Sun."  Oa 
June  18,  1898,  he  published  the  first  number  of 
"  M.A.P.,"  a  penny  weekly  of  pleasant  gossip,  per- 
sonal portraits,  and  social  news,  which  has  been,, 
and  is  to  this  day,  a  great  financial  success. 

His  Ideal  of  a  Newspaper. 

Mr.  O'Connor  has  frequently  stated  his  ideal 
of  journalism,  but  never  more  succinctly  than 
when,  in  1893,  he  said: 

My  ideal  of  a  newspaper  is  that  every  line  of  it  should 
be  readable;  that  it  should  be  terse,  picturesque,  and 
bring  out  the  dramatic  and  human  side  of  everything. 
Above  all,  a  newspaper  should  have  a  serious  and 
lioiiourable  purpose  in  reforming  grievances,  in  advanc- 
in<?  liberty,  and  striving  for  princip  es  that  will  make 
liiimanity  happier  and  better.  Personally— though  I 
make  it  a  rule  not  to  speak  much  about  this — a  newa- 
\i\\>er  to  me  is  mainly  attractive  because  of  the  oppor- 


554 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  1001 


tunity  it  affords  of  preaching  those  principles  which   I 
consider  to  be  right. 

Personal  Journalism. 

When  he  started  "  M.A.P."  he  proclaimed 
aloud: 

The  journal  will  be  purely  personal;  personal  from 
the  first  page  to  the  last — from  the  first  line  to  the 
last.  I  put  that  statement  in  the  forefront,  and  in 
the  broadest  and   blankest  way.       We   shall   touch   on 


every  department  of  human  life,  but  from  the  purely 
personal  point  of  view,  and  from  that  only.  I  shall 
not  write  about  politics,  but  about  politicians;  I  shall 
write  not  about  books,  but  about  their  authors;  not 
about  finance,  but  about  financiers;  not  of  plays,  but 
])laywrights:  not  of  acting,  but  of  actors. 

In  journalism  his  most  successful  feature  was 
the  weekly  gutting  of  a  Book  of  the  Week,  on  the 
lines  which  I  laid  down  in  our  review  of  the  Book 
of  the  Mon^h. 


International  Arbitration. 


The  Action  of  South  American  Republics. 

Professor  Beesly  writes  an  interesting  article  in  the 
"  Positivist  Review  "  upon  the  recent  Pan-American 
Congress  held  at  Mexico  last  winter.  The  most  im- 
portant business  done  at  the  Congress  was  the  adop- 
tion of  resolutions  in  favour  of  referring  disputes  to 
the  Hague  Tribunal.  Some  of  the  Eepubiics  wished 
to  constitute  a  neAV  tribunal  for  the  New  World  in 
rivalry  with  that  of  the  Hague.  But  Mexico  put 
an  end  to  the  discussion  by  announcing  that  she 
would  conclude  a  treaty  for  obligatory  arbitration  with 
no  State  that  would  not  accept  the  three  conventions 
of  the  Hague  Conference.  After  a  good  deal  of  dis- 
cussion all  the  Republics  accepted  all  tlie  Hague  rules, 
and  bound  themselves  to  submit  to  the  Hague  Tribunal 
all  claims  for  pecuniary  losses  or  damage  wnich  may 
be  presented  by  their  respective  citizens,  and  which 
cannot  be  amicably  adjusted  through  diplomatic  chan- 
nels. To  this  extent  arbitration  was  made  obliga- 
tory.     Many  of  the  Republics  wished  to  go  further: 

"  Most  of  the  States  rejfresented  at  Mexico  desired 
that  arbitration  should  be  obligatory  in  all  disputes 
not  affecting  vital  interests  or  honour.  To  this  pro- 
posal Chile  objected  for  the  reason  mentioned  above. 
It  was  also  opposed  by  the  United  States,  who  had 
warmly    advocated    it    at    the    Conference    of    1889-90. 

'■  Although  the  Conference,  as  a  whole,  left  arbitra- 
tion, except  as  just  mentioned,  optional,  ten  RepubUcs, 
on  the  proposal  of  Mexico,  agreed  to  make  it  obliga- 
tory, as  between  themselves.  These  were  Mexico,  Ar- 
gentina, Bolivia,  St.  Domingo,  Paraguay,  tfaivador,  Peru. 
Uruguay,  Guatemala,  and  Venezuela.  The  principal 
articles  of  this  treaty  are  worth  quoting: 

'•  '  Article  1.— The  High  Contracting  Parties  bind 
themselves  to  submit  to  the  decision  of  arbitrators 
all  controversies  that  exist  or  may  arise  among  them, 
which  cannot  be  settled  by  diplomacy,  provided  that 
neither  of  the  Nations  interested  considers  that  the 
said  controversies  affect  either  its  independence  or  its 
honour. 

"  '  Article  2.— National  independence  or  honour  shall 
not  be  considered  to  be  involved  in  controversies 
about  diplomatic  privileges,  boundaries,  rights  of  navi- 
gation, and  the  validity,  interpretation,  and  fulfilment 
of  treaties.' 

"  The  treaty  goes  on  to  provide  that  disputes  shall 
be  submitted   to  the  Hague  Tribunal,   or,   if  either  of 


the  parties  prefer,  to  special  arbitrators.  The  mode  of 
appointing  the  latter,  and  the  procedure  are  regulated. 
There  are  also  provisions  for  mediation  and  commis- 
sions of  inquiry. 

'■  The  States  which  did  not  sign  this  treaty  were 
Chile,  Colombia,  Haiti,  Costa  Rica,  Ecuador,  Hon- 
duras, Nicaragua,  and  the  United  States.  The  sig- 
natures of  Venezuela  and  Brazil  do  not  appear  in  the 
report,  for  the  reason  mentioned  above.  According  to 
the  writer  in  the  "  Hojas  Selectas,'  Venezuela  has  given 
her  adhesion.  What  Brazil  has  done  I  do  not  know. 
Chile  viewed  the  conclusion  of  this  treaty  with  ex- 
treme displeasure,  and  went  so  far  as  to  declare  that 
she  regarded  the  action  of  Mexico,  in  initiating  it,  as 
nnfriend'y    to    herself." 


xhe  '■  Nuova  Antologia  '"'  contains  no  article  of  re- 
markable merit  this  month.  Professor  Chiapelli  gives 
a  resume  of  the  teaching  of  Mr.  Herbert  Spencers, 
founded  on  his  latest  volume,  '"  Facts  and  Comments," 
and,  curiously  enough,  finds  points  of  contact  between 
him  and  Tolstoy,  both  in  the  doctrine  he  teaches  and 
in  the  courage  with  which  he  carries  his  theories  to 
theii-  extreme  conclusion.  Ugo  Ojetti  ^viites  pic- 
turesquely of  the  recent  Congress  of  Italian  Socialists  at 
Imoia,  sketching  the  leading  personalities^Turati, 
Ferri,  Prampolini,  Andrea  Costa,  and  others — and  de- 
scribing with  a  touch  of  sarcasm  the  rather  lutile  dis- 
cussions which  ended,  as  all  had  foreseen,  in  the 
triumph  of  the  reformers  over  the  revolutionaries,  of 
the  party  led  by  Turati  over  the  party  led  by  Ferri. 
In  the  mid-October  number  R.  Pantini  describes  and 
illustrates  the  work  of  the  "  Aemilia  Ars  "  Society, 
founded  at  Bologna  in  1898,  with  the  laudable  object  of 
improving  Italian  domestic  decoration.  It  seems  to 
have  already  accomplished  excellent  decorative  work  in 
fresco  and  terra-cotta,  as  well  as  in  the  "  crafts "  of 
beaten  ironwork,  silver  work,  embroidery,  and  lace- 
making. 

In  the  "Rassegna  Nazionale"  (October  16)  the  novelist 
Fogazzaro  publishes  one  of  the  few  sane  and  impartial 
criticisms  of  Zola  that  have  appeared  since  his  death, 
judging  him  from  a  literary  standpoint,  and  not  merely 
as  the  valiant  defender  of  Dreyfus,  G,  Grabinski  com- 
pletes his  able  study  of  Montalembert,  and  of  the 
struggle  for  freedom  of  education  in  France,  in  which 
he  took  a  leading  part;  and  there  are  no  less  than  two 
Dante  articles  for  the  instruction  of  Dante  students. 


Review  of  Review.?,  20/12  02 


55: 


TOPICS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


L— THE   GREAT  COAL  STRIKE  IN   AMERICA,   AND  THE  MAN   THAT 

ENDED  IT. 


It  is  many  years  since  auy  sa-ike  attracted  so 
much  attention  as  the  great  Coal  Strike  which  was 
brought  to  a  close  last  month  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  anthracite  coal  region  which  supplies  the 
cities  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  with  fuel,  all  the 
mines  are  under  the  control  of  a  strongly  orga- 
nised combination  of  seventy-five  mining  compa- 
nies, who  also  hold  a  controlling  interest  in  the 
railways  by  which  the  coal  is  brought  to  market. 
Last  May  a  dispute  arose  between  the  mine 
owners,  w^ho  in  America  are  called  '•  operators," 
and  their  workmen.  The  dispute  originally  arose 
about  a  demand  for  higher  wages  and  shorter 
hours.  "  It  merged,"  says  Mr.  Benjamin  Taylor, 
"  into  a  struggle  for  an  eight  hours  day  and  a 
minimum  wage,  the  latter  to  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  a  joint  Board  of  Conciliation,  it  chiefly 
concerned  formal  recognition  of.  Trade  Unionism 
as  an  element  in  the  economics  of  production. 
The  demand  for  an  increase  in  wages  was  re- 
jected because,  it  was  said,  wages  were  already 
10  per  cent,  above  those  current  a  year  ago,  and 
high    enough    in    relation    to    prices.      The    other 


claims  were  resisted  because  the  employers  would 
not  consent  to  Trade  Union  management  of  their 
collieries,  but  were  determined  to  uphold  the 
rights  of  free  labour." 

The  Civic  Federation,  with  Mr.  Hanna  at 
its  head,  did  its  best  to  induce  the  dis- 
puting parties  to  refer  the  matter  to  arbitration. 
The  operators,  however,  protested  that  there  was 
nothing  to  arbitrate  about,  which  is  the  customary 
formula  among  those  who  think  they  are  the 
stronger  party,  and  can,  therefore,  dictate  terms 
to  their  opponents.  The  workmen,  who  were  ver>' 
largely  foreigners,  being  recruited  chiefly  from 
the  Slavs  of  Hungary— although  they  are  said  to 
represent  twenty  different  nationalities  and  dia- 
lects— laid  down  their  tools,  and  on  May  10  work 
ceased  throughout  the  anthracite  region.  At 
first  public  interest  in  the  struggle  was  compara- 
tively small.  It  was  summer-time  in  America, 
and  when  the  sun  is  blazing,  the  threat  of  an 
empty  grate  does  not  appeal  to  the  imagination. 
And  so  the  operators  and  the  workmen  were  left 
to  fight  it  out.       It  soon  became  evident  that  be- 


19^1^'^ 


UxCLE  Sam  :  "I  wonder  how  much  longer  that  fellow  can  stand  iti  "-From  the  Journal  (Detroit). 


556 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Dcconbcr  20.  IQ02. 


-,  j^xr,  fmn^' 


■■  Inter-Ocean,"]  [Cmcago. 

The  Coal  Trust:  ■•  I  insist  upon  dealing  with  him  as  an 
individual." 

hind  the  struggle  about  wages  there  was  a  more 
serious  issue  between  the  parties.  It  was  the 
old  question  of  whether  the  employers  would  re- 
cognise the  Union,  and  deal  with  Union  leaders, 
who  commanded  the  confidence  of  the  men,  but 
who  were  not  themselves  actually  employed  in 
the  mines.  It  was  this  feature  in  the  case  which 
first  commended  the  cause  of  the  workmen  to  the 
sympathy  of  the  labouring  classes  throughout 
the  Republic.  They  were  fortunate  in  having  as 
their  leader  and  representative  Mr.  Mitchell,  a 
young  man  of  sterling  character  and  of  exceptional 
ability.  Subscriptions  began  to  pour  in,  not  very 
rapidly,  but  in  sufficient  amounts  to  enable  the 
men  out  of  work  to  keep  going.  The  operators 
made  desperate  efforts  to  introduce  "  free  work- 
men "— "  blacklegs  "  as  they  are  called  in  Eng- 
land, or  "  scabs,"  as  they  are  called  by  the 
Trade  Unionists  in  the  United  States.  It  was  no 
easy  matter.  The  Hungarian  Slav  who  had  turned 
out  on  strike  was  in  no  mood  to  see  his  place 
in  the  mine  taken  by  an  interloper.  The  attempt 
to  work  the  mines  with  fresh  hands  brought  from 
other  districts  was  met  in  some  cases  by  acts  of 
violence.  Up  to  October  4  there  had  been  69  riots 
in  which  at  least  14  men  were  killed  ana  152  in- 
jured. Thirty  buildings  had  been  burned,  includ- 
ing 3  washeries;  7  works,  4  bridges,  and  one  traia 
had  been  dynamited,  and  there  had  been  21  suc- 
cessful and  unsuccessful  attacks  on  railway  and 
trolley  trains. 

The  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  called  out 
the  militia  of  the  State  in  order  to  main- 
tain order.  Although  o  tward  order  migh^ 
be  maintained,  it  was  impossible,  with 
the   armed   force  at    the    disposal    of   the   autho- 


rities, to  overcome  the  dogged  and  savage  re- 
sistance of  the  strikers  to  the  introduction  of 
blacklegs.  There  was  no  need  for  such  a  display 
of  violence  on  either  side.  Trade  is  booming  ia 
the  United  States,  labour  is  well  employed,  and  it 
is  impossible  to  improvise  miners  at  a  moment's 
notice.  The  operators  might  possibly  have  se- 
cured 20,000  men  if  the  strikers  had  acquiesced  in 
whatever  action  was  taken;  but  20,000  raw  hands 
could  not  possibly  have  taken  the  places  filled  by 
150,000  skilled  miners.  As  it  was,  not  more  than 
10,000  could  be  found  to  face  the  risks  of  the  situ- 
ation. The  industry  therefore  remained  sus- 
pended, the  stores  of  anthracite  sank  every  day 
nearer  to  zero,  and  at  the  beginning  of  October 
the  American  public  woke  up  to  the  conviction 
that  the  cold  weather  was  close  at  hand,  and  that 
there  was  no  prospect  of  the  strike  coming  to  an 
end.  President  Roosevelt  recognised  that  the 
situation  was  one  with  which  he  alone  could  deal. 
He  personally  intervened  in  the  dispute,  sum- 
moned representatives  of  both  sides  to  Washing- 
ton, and  laboured — and  at  first  laboured  m  vain — 
to  secure  such  an  understanding  between  the  dis- 
putants as  would  enable  the  American  public  to 
have  coal  in  its  grate  for  the  winter.  The  first 
conference  was  abortive,  and  people  were  waiting 
with  great  interest  to  know  what  was  to  be  the 
next  move,  when  suddenly  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan 
appeared  on  the  scene.  He  was  not  one  of  the 
operators  in  anthracite  coal,  but,  as  he  is  behind 
nearly  everything  in  the  United  States,  it  was  felt 
that  the  final  decision  lay  with  him.  He  had  been 
repeatedly  appealed  to,  both  publicly  and  privately, 
but  up  to  the  beginning  of  October  he  had  main- 
tained a  position  of  absolute  reserve.  It  was  not 
his  business;  non-interference  was  his  declared 
policy.  So  he  said,  when  he  landed  in  New  York, 
on  his  return  from  Britain,  and  he  kept  on  saying 
the  same  thing  until  after  the  failure  of  President 
Roosevelt's  first  attempt  at  reconciliation.  Then 
suddenly,  in  response  to  an  imperative  summons 
from  President  Roosevelt,  he  threw  off  the  mask 
of  neutrality  which  he  had  hitherto  worn, 
and  revealed  himself  as  the  real  master  of 
the  situation.  The  mine  owners  had  refused  to 
listen  to  President  Roosevelt's  appeal  to  refer  the 
questions  in  dispute  to  arbitration.  But  they 
were  more  amenable  to  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan. 
They  appear  to  have  placed  themselves  in  his 
hands;  and  they  offered  to  allow  all  outstanding 
questions  in  dispute  to  be  referred  to  a  Commis- 
sion to  be  appointed  by  President  Roosevelt. 

Armed  with  these  conditions  of  surrender,  Mr. 
Morgan  hastened  to  Washington,  and  submitted 
the  offer  of  the  mine  owners  to  the  President.  By 
Mr.  Roosevelt  the  proposal  was  then  submitted 
to  the  miners,  who.  acting  on  the  arivice  of  rheir 


Review  of  Reviews,  20,12/Oi. 


TOPICS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


OD/ 


leader,  Mr.  Mitchell,  decided  to  accept  the  ar- 
rangement. The  danger  of  a  coal  famine  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  this  winter  has  disappeared,  the 
anthracite  region  is  once  more  busily  employed 
bringing  to  bank  the  fuel  necessary  not  only  for 
the  industries  of  the  country,  but  also  for  the 
very  existence  of  the  people.  The  long  strike 
was  over,  after  having  lasted  five  months,  and  all 
questions  at  issue  "  between  employers  and  em- 
ployed "  were  referred  to  a  Commission  of  six  or 
seven  members  appointed  by  the  President,  by 
whose  verdict  both  parties  pledge  themselves  to 
abide  for  three  years. 

The  strike  possesses  many  points  of  interest, 
from  which  two  stand  out  above  all  others.  One 
was  the  courageous  intervention  of  Mr.  Roosevelt, 
the  other  was  the  successful  intervention  of  Mr. 
Pierpont  Morgan.  The  action  of  the  head  of 
the  Executive  in  interfering  in  an  industrial  dis- 
:.,.ute  constitutes  a  new  departure  in  American  his- 
tory which  may  be  fraught  with  more  mo- 
mentous consequences  to  the  Republic  tnan  even 
the  other  new  departure  involved  in  the  acquisi- 
tion of  the  Philippines.  The  Americans,  hitherto, 
have  carried  the  policy  of  laisser  faire  to  its  ex- 
treme limits  in  all  disputes  between  Capital  and 
Labour.  But  for  the  President  to  intervene,  and 
to  use  the  whole  of  the  influence  and  prestige  at- 
tached to  his  high  office  in  order  to  induce  dis- 
putants to  come  to  terms,  is  a  thing  without  pre- 
cedent. Nevertheless,  in  view  of  the  emergency, 
it  is  difficult  to  see  what  other  course  he  could 
have  adopted.  His  intervention  in  the  Coal  Strike 
recalls  the  memory  of  Lord  Rosebery's  interven- 
tion, which  brought  the  last  great  English  Coal 
Strike  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion.  In  England, 
however,  there  is  no  such  inveterate  prejudice 
against  outside  intervention  in  what  is  regarded 
as  a  family  quarrel.  The  fact  that  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  was  compelled  to  interfere, 
and  did  interfere,  and  was  believed  to  have 
meditated  further  interference  if  the  masters  and 
men  could  not  be  got  to  agree,  was  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  struggle  brought  into  clear  relief,  and 
made  visible  to  all  men  that  there  is  a  third  party 
involved  in  a  trade  dispute,  whose  interests  may 
at  any  moment  become  paramount.  The  supply 
of  fuel  to  the  swarming  millions  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  is  a  necessity  of  life  quite  as  much  as 
the  supply  of  bread.  As  long  as  employers  and 
'■mployed  merely  injure  each  other,  they  might  be 
allowed  to  fight  out  their  quarrel  as  best  they 
could,  even  although  it  entailed  a  certain  amount 
of  loss  upon  the  public.  But  when  the  continu- 
ance of  an  industrial  dispute  absolutely  endan- 
gered the  lives  of  millions,  intervention  of  one 
kind  or  another  became  a  necessity.  There  is  al- 
ways  a   point   at   which    laisser   faire    will    break 


down,  and  it  seems  to  have  broken  down  in  the 
United  States  when  the  teeming  population  of 
the  States  were  confronted  with  the  possibility  of 
having  to  face  the  bitter  cold  of  an  American  win- 
ter with  a  fireless  grate. 

What  may  be  the  ultimate  development  of  thi.s 
new  departure  who  can  say?  It  is  always  the 
first  step  which  counts,  and  the  first  .step  has  been 
taken  this  time,  and  no  mistake!  and  it  Is  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  who  has  taken  that  first  step.  The 
ultimate  outcome  of  the  new  departure  must  be 
sought  for  in  the  future. 

What  is  of  more  immediate  interest  is  the  evi- 
dence which  it  afforded  to  the  world  of  the  extent 
to  which  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan  overshadows  all 
other  American  citizens,  not  excluding  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic.  The  most  striking  tribute 
to  his  ascendency  is.  Dr.  Shaw  assures  us,  that 
Mr.  John  Mitchell,  the  head  of  the  striking  Miners' 
Union,  went  so  far — though  this  fact  was  not  made 
public  at  the  time — as  to  offer  to  undertake  to 
persuade  the  miners  to  resume  work  at  once  on 
Mr.  Morgan's  promise  to  take  up  the  miners' 
claims  in  his  own  way,  and  to  render  a  aecision 
upon  the  questions  in  controversy.  This  remark- 
able offer  was  made  in  perfect  good  faith,  quix- 
otic though  it  might  seem  to  some  people.  The 
leader  of  one  compact  party  in  a  great  industrial 
conflict  proposed  to  lay  down  arms  on  condition 
that  the  one  really  controlling  head  of  the  equally 
compact  party  on  the  other  side  should,  himself, 
name  the  terms  upon  which  future  peace  could  be 
maintained.  It  is  not  ten  years  since  Mr.  Morgan 
was  only  known  as  a  banker  in  London  and  New 
York,  who  had  inherited  great  wealth,  and  had 
displayed  great  energy  and  business  capacity.  In 
ten  years  he  has  risen  to  a  position  or  being, 
without  exa'ggeration — after  the  German  Emperor 


Inter-Ooean,']  [Chicago 

Morgan:    "  Let  me  settle  the  strike." 


558 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igO: 


'■  MiDneapoHs    Journal."] 

BLESSED  IS  THE  PEACEMAKER. 

— the  most  conspicuous  man  in  tlie  world. 
Even  the  star  of  Kaiser  Wilhelm  in  some 
respects  pales  when  compared  with  the  me- 
teoric brilliance  of  the  American  financier. 
One  day  Mr.  Morgan  perfects  a  great 
railway  consolidation,  giving  him  control  of  a 
group  of  the  great  metal  highways  of  the  United 
States.  Next  day  he  creates  the  Steel  Tru5t, 
the  biggest  thing  of  its  kind  that  has  ever  ex- 
isted in  the  history  of  the  world. 

After  a  momentary  check  in  the  spring  of  last 
year,  Mr.  Morgan  pursued  his  giant  stride  across 
the  world.  The  purchase  of  the  Atlantic  liners 
first  brought  home  to  the  British  public  the  por- 
tent which  was  confronting  it.  The  Colossus  of 
South  African  had  no  sooner  fallen  than  his 
i:lace  was  taken  by  the  Colossus  of  Wall  Street. 
Like  Mr.  Rhodes,  he  was  feted  by  the  German  Em- 
peror, and  lionised  in  London.  His  hands  seemed 
to  be  in  every  great  financial  operation.  He  has 
been  striving  with  another  American,  Mr.  Yerkes, 
for  the  privilege  of  giving  cheap  transit  to  the 
capital  of  our  Empire.  He  is  behind  the  great 
Electrical  Trust,  which  is  waging  deadly  war 
against  municipal  enterprise  in  England.  Two  days 
after  the  King  rode  in  procession  through  the 
streets  of  London,  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  Man- 
sion House  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  state 
of  the  Thames  port,  and  suggesting  drastic  im- 
provements in  the  management  of  the  port.  It 
was  rumoured  that  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan  was  at 
the  bottom  of  this,  and  that  he  contemplated 
the  acquisition  of  the  Port  of  London  as  one  of  the 


unconsidered  trifies  which  he  take^  in  hand  lOr  lUe 
amusement  of  his  leisure  hours.  This  may,  of 
course,  be  an  exaggeration,  but  there  is  no  doubt 
that  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan  has  gone  pretty  far  to- 
wards realising  the  ambition  "  to  make  the  world 
his  pedestal.  Mankind  his  gazers,  the  sole  figure 
he." 

Yet  according  to  his  friends  and  admirers  in  the 
United  States  he  is  only  at  the  beginning  of  a 
career,  the  end  of  which  appears  to  be  nothing  less 
than  the  dominion  of  the  world.  Last  June,  Mr. 
John  W.  Gates,  the  well-known  American  finan- 
cier, declared  Mr.  Morgan  was  but  in  his  infancy 
— a  tolerably  old  infant,  it  must  be  admitted,  con- 
sidering that  Mr.  Morgan  is  in  his  sixty-sixth 
year.  '  Mr.  Morgan,"  says  Mr.  Gates,  "  is  the 
greatest  genius  for  finance  that  the  world  has  ever 
seen.  He  is  so  great  that  he  has  no  vanity.  I 
know  that  he  does  not  care  a  fillip  for  money  or 
for  distinctions.  He  has  a  big  mind  and  big  ideas, 
and  what  he  craves  is  big  projects  for  him  to  work 
out.  He  has  done  much;  he  will  do  more.  What 
he  has  done  is  nothing  compared  with  what  he 
means  to  do.  He  has  schemes  vaster  than  any 
the  public  has  yet  dreamed  of,  and  they  will  all  be 
carried  out  successfully.  Interests  all  over  the 
world  will  come  into  his  power  in  the  next  few 
years.  His  schemes  include  the  whole  world.  He 
is  an  American  to  the  core;  his  greatest  ambition 
is  to  see  his  own  country  have  in  its  grasp  the 
financial  and  commercial  power  of  the  globe.  If 
he  lives  he  will  see  it.  If  America  continues  to 
forge  ahead  for  the  next  thirty  years  as  she  has 
for  the  last  thirty,  then  we  shall  be  able  to  buy 
up  all  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  not  miss  the 
money." 

All  this  is  pretty  tall,  and  it  would  be  wrong 
to  hold  Mr.  Morgan  responsible  for  the  enthusias- 
tic predictions  of  his  friend  Mr.  Gates.  But  if  it 
be  true,  as  is  stated  by  the  "  Times  "  correspondent 
at  New  York,  that  the  Pierpont  Morgan  group  con- 
trol investments  amounting  to  £1,800.000,000,  it 
does  not  seem  altogether  impossible  that  Mr.  Mor- 
gan may  dream  dreams  as  vast  as  his  friend  fore- 
shadows. Railways,  steamships,  electrical  supply 
works,  ironworks — these  are  all  being  Morgan- 
eered  or  Morganised,  with  a  rapidity  and  an  ap- 
parent success  which  takes  away  the  breath  of  the 
humdrum  financier  of  the  Old  World.  Will  the 
pace  last?  Will  Mr.  Morgan  always  be  able  to 
buy  up  industrial  concerns  at  top  prices, 
and  then  induce  the  public  to  take  them  off  his 
hands  at  a  still  larger  figure,  and  leave  him  a 
handsome  profit?  Mr.  Morgan,  everyone  says,  is 
the  Napoleon  of  finance.  Will  he.  like  his  proto- 
type, find  his  Moscow,  and  end  his  days  in  some 
St.  Helena?  The  question  is  one  of  enormous  in- 
terest, both  financial,  political,  and  psychological. 


Review  of  Revieirs.  ,'(),  j.2'o.^. 


TOPICS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


559 


There  are  some  who  maintain  that  Mr.  Morgan 
is  the  John  Law  of  the  twentieth  century.  John 
Law  was  an  adventurous  scapegrace  of  a  Scotch- 
man, who  sliipped  his  country  to  escape  punish- 
ment for  having  liilled  his  man  in  a  duel. 
After  spending  some  more  or  less  impecunious 
years  on  the  Continent,  he  suddenly  blossomed  oui 
into  a  great  financier,  who  was  to  make  the  for- 
tunes of  everyone  in  France.  The  story  of  hi3 
great  chartered  company  for  the  colonisation  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  which  at  that  time  was  a 
French  possession,  and  the  enormous  but  tempor- 
ary success  which  followed  the  establishment  ot 
uis  supremacy  at  the  French  Court,  bears  a  some- 
what ominous  resemblance  to  the  position  of  Mr. 
Pierpont  Morgan  at  the  present  time.  Like  Mr. 
Pierpont  Morgan,  John  Law  was  a  man  of  vast 
ideas.  Like  him,  also,  for  a  time  everything  he 
touched  turned  to  gold,  and,  like  Mr.  Morgan,  he 
made  money  for  his  friends.  John  Law's  rocket- 
like rush  up  to  the  zenith  was  even  more  rapid 
than  that  of  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan,  but  the  pace 
was  too  rapid  to  last.  In  less  than  four  years 
the  bubble  had  burst.  When  the  crash  came,  and 
men  were  counting  up  their  losses,  they  marvelled 
that  they  could  have  been  induced  to  believe 
that  even  "  the  greatest  financial  genius  the  world 
had  ever  seen  "  could  coin  money  out  of  nothing. 
John  Law,  who  was  only  forty-seven  years  old 
when  he  was  master  of  the  Treasury  of  France, 
and  worshipped  as  the  modern  Midas,  died  in  pov- 
erty at  Venice,  ten  years  later,  long  before 
he  had  attained  the  age  of  Mr.  Pierpont 
Morgan.  John  Law  had  behind  him  the 
credit  of  the  French  monarchy.  Mr.  Pier- 
pont Morgan  has  more  solid  assets,  in  railways, 
steamships,  and  ironworks,  which  he  has  consoli 
dated,  in  accordance  with  his  watchword  of  "Unite 
and  Conquer."  Nevertheless,  even  Crcesus  may 
outrun  the  constable. 

What  the  result  would  be  if  anything  went 
wrong  with  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan,  the  mind  refuses 
even  to  imagine.  But  even  if  Mr.  Morgan  meets 
with  no  reverse,  and  continues  his  triumphal  ca- 
reer to  the  end,  that  end  cannot  be  far  off.  He 
is,  no  doubt,  marvellously  energetic  for  a  man 
within  four  years  of  the  Psalmist's  natural  limit  of 
human  life.  But  even  if  he  were  to  maintain 
his  faculties  unimpaired  until  he  was  eighty,  the 
period  of  fourteen  years  is  all  too  short  to  build 
up,  much  less  to  consolidate,  that  financial  em- 
pire of  the  world  at  which  he  appears  to  be  aim- 
ing.      The  more  his  phenomenal  financial  genius 


is  emphasised,  the  more  dubious  becomes  the  out- 
look in  the  future.  It  is  the  fashion,  no  doubt, 
especially  among  Americans,  to  speak  of  the 
genius  of  the  individual  as  if  it  counted  for  no- 
thing. The  steamship,  they  think,  would  continue 
to  function  all  right,  although  the  captain  had 
left  the  bridge,  and  a  stranger  was  in  command  -jf 
the  engine-room.  The  history  of  the  human  race 
affords  no  foundation  for  this  delusion;  but,  as 
the  Kaiser  seems  to  have  discovered,  Mr.  Morgan 
is  not  a  great  student  of  history.  When  the 
Kaiser  met   M.   Waldeck   Rousseau   on    board   the 


Minneapolis    Journal."] 

KING   COAL   INDEED. 

"  Hohenzollern "  this  Midsummer  he  expressed 
considerable  disappointment  with  the  limitations 
of  the  range  of  Mr.  Morgan's  ideas.  Mr.  Mor- 
gan's ideas  are  big  enough,  no  doubt,  but  they 
are  very  circumscribed  in  their  range;  and  it  is 
not  at  all  improbable  that  the  Kaiser  was  right  in 
saying  that  Mr.  Morgan  had  not  thought  it 
worth  while  to  take  Socialism  into  account.  Yet 
the  great  importance  of  Mr.  Morgan,  and  men  like 
Mr.  Morgan,  in  the  economic  history  of  the  world, 
may  be  entirely  due  to  the  extent  to  which  they 
have  prepared  the  way  for  the  advent  of  Socialism 
as  the  principal  factor  in  the  civilisation  of  the 
future. 


S6o 


THE  REJ'IEJV  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  igoi 


IL— MR.   CARNEGIE   AND   THE   FUTURE   OF    THE    WORLD. 


Mr.  Carnegie's  Rectorial  address  is  one  of  thP 
most  interesting  dissertations  which  he  has  ever 
addressed  to  the  world.  It  is  not  so  much  that 
there  is  anything  new  in  it,  for  Mr.  Carnegie  has 
already  said  in  one  form  or  another  most  of  the 
things  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  present  ad- 
dress. Mr.  Carnegie  has  seldom  condensed  into 
so  short  a  compass  the  net  results  of  his  prophetic 
fiurvej'  of  the  future  of  the  world. 

To-day  people  think  of  Mr.  Carnegie  chiefly  as  a 
millionaire  who  is  struggling  in  vain  by  the  whole- 
sale endowment  of  Free  Libraries  to  escape  the 
disgrace  which  he  is  popularly  supposed  to  have 
declared  to  be  the  lot  01  the  man  who  dies  rich. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  when  Mr.  Carnegie 
has  passed  from  our  midst  he  will  be  remembered 
much  more  for  the  shrewdness  of  his  political  fore- 
sight than  either  for  the  making  or  the  distribu- 
tion of  his  millions.  In  his  adress  to  the  students 
at  St.  Andrews  he  sets  forth  Carnegie  at  his  best. 
We  have  seen  so  many  of  Mr.  Carnegie's  prophe- 
cies come  true  that  we  listen  with  respect  to  the 
latest  utterances  of  the  seer  of  Skibo.  The  subject 
of  his  address,  which,  curiously  enough,  is  not 
stated  on  his  title-page,  are  the  economic  changes 
which  have  come  and  are  coming  into  the  relative 
position  and  power  of  the  nations.  He  begins  his 
discourse  by  a  rapid  survey  of  the  changes  which 
he  has  seen  in  his  lifetime  in  the  relative  position 
of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain.  Germany,  and 
the  other  nations  in  the  trade  of  the  world.  In  a 
few  vigorous  sentences  he  describes  how  the 
sceptre  of  material  supremacy  has  been  wrenched 
from  the  hand  of  Great  Britain  by  her  eldest  son 
and  rightful  heir,  who  now  wears  the  crown. 
The  supremacy  remains  in  the  family.  It  is  not 
altogether  lost  what  the  race  still  holds.  But  he 
fears  that  England  will  not  even  be  able  to  main- 
tain the  second  position.  By  the  end  of  ten  years 
Germany  will  run  Britain  close  for  the  second 
place  as  a  manufacturing  nation.  He  does  not 
think  much  of  the  manufacturing  future  either  of 
Canada  or  Australia.  Neither  the  Dominion  nor 
the  Commonwealth  is  ever  likely,  he  says,  so  far 
as  can  yet  be  seen,  to  be  important  factors  as 
manufacturers  for  the  world's  trade. 

Mr.  Carnegie  then  proceeds  to  call  attention  to 
various  considerations  which  affect  this  economic 
rivalry  of  the  nations.  He  first  insists  upon  the 
vital  fact  that  the  most  powerful  weapon  for  con- 
quering foreign  markets  is  a  profitable  home  mar- 
ket. The  nation  fortified  by  the  best  home  de- 
mand will  finally  conquer  the  world's  trade  in  the 
neutral  markets.  Those  possessing  a  profitable 
home  market  can  afford  to  supply  foreign  markets 
without  direct  profits,  or  even  at  a  loss  whenever 
necessary.     The   second   is  that   population   is   of 


prime  importance  in  considering  the  industrial 
development  of  nations.  Great  Britain  is  only  in- 
creasing at  the  rate  of  360,000  a  year,  Germany  at 
the  rate  of  550,000.  and  the  United  States  at  the 
rate  of  1,350,000.  Thirdly,  he  insists  upon  th'i 
great  law  of  the  dominating  influence  of  raw  ma- 
terials. It  is  the  raw  material  which  attracts 
capital  and  labour  from  all  parts  of  the  world  to 
the  place  in  which  it  is  to  be  found;  and  un- 
filled fertile  soil  attracts  and  increases  population. 
Mr.  Carnegie  then  proceeds  to  point  out  how  very 
much  more  important  is  the  home  market  than 
the  foreign  market.  He  says  that  the  American 
home  market  consumes  90  per  cent,  of  all  its  field 
crops  with  the  exception  of  cotton,  and  it  already 
manufactures  as  much  of  the  total  cotton  crop  as 
Great  Britain  imports: 

The  home  market  of  America  takes  ninety-.six  per 
cent,  of  all  manufactured  articles;  only  four  per  cent, 
goes  to  foreign  markets.  Even  Britain's  home-market 
takes  four-fifths  of  her  manufactures;  only  one-fifth 
goes  abroad.  Politicians  give  far  too  much  attention 
to  distant  foreign  markets,  which  can  never  amount  to 
much,  and  far  too  little  to  measures  for  improving 
conditions  at  home  which  would  increase  the  infinitely 
more  important  home-market.  If  the  people  of  the 
United  Kingdom  could  spend  even  £1  per  liead  move 
per  year,  her  Home  Commerce  would  be  increased  more 
than  the  total  value  ol  her  exports  to  all  of  Austral- 
asia, British  North  America,  and  China  combined. 
Truly  Foreign  Commerce  is  a  braggart  always  in  evi- 
dence, Home  Commerce  the  true  King. 

Speaking  of  the  conditions  which  govern  indus- 
trial success,  Mr.  Carnegie  lays  stress  upon  the 
efficiency  of  the  workmen.  The  American,  he 
thinks,  is  efficient  beyond  other  men  because  he 
is  compounded  of  the  best  of  other  nations,  and 
developed  in  a  climate  under  political  and  social 
conditions  stimulating  beyond  any  to  be  found 
elsewhere.  Britain  is  being  beaten  at  the  present 
time  because  employers  fail  to  give  business  their 
unremitting  attention,  and  regard  it  only  as  a 
means  to  win  entrance  to  another  rank  of  society. 
The  employed  think  too  much  of  how  little  they 
need  do,  and  too  little  of  how  much  they  can  do. 
Both  classes  take  life  too  easily.  He  thinks  that 
the  workmen  of  the  Continent  are  superior  to 
those  of  Great  Britain,  and  that  those  of  the 
United  States  are  superior  to  those  of  the  Conti- 
nent. The  superiority  of  the  Continental  work- 
men lies  in  thoroughness  and  in  method,  and  in 
their  greater  sobriety  and  more  regular  habits. 
Great  Britain  spends  £160,000,000  sterling  a  year 
in  drink,  and  £32,000,000  in  tobacco.  He  suggests 
that  employers  would  find  it  more  to  their  interest 
to  give  shares  in  the  business  to  their  best  em- 
ployes. The  great  secret  of  success  in  the  busi- 
ness of  million-making  is  to  make  partners  of 
va'uable  managers  of  ("epartments. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


TOPICS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


561 


Great  Britain's  prospect  of  success  in  the  future 
is  overclouded  by  the  fact  that  her  expenditure 
in  peace  time  is  70s.  per  head  per  annum,  as 
against  41s.  in  Germany,  35s.  in  Russia,  and  28s. 
in  the  United  States.  Nevertheless,  he  thinks  that 
the  wealth,  climate,  geographical  position  and  re- 
sources of  England  will  enable  her  to  hold  her 
own  if  only  her  people  become  as  industrious  as 
those  of  the  Continent.  We  buy  sixty  millions' 
worth  a  year  of  foreign  supplies  which  we  could 
produce  at  home.  This  represents  about  one- 
fourth  of  our  foreign  exports.  Bi-itain  is  strong  in 
her  coalfields,  but  her  ironstone  is  giving  out. 
He  fears  that  years  of  painful  lessons  are  before 
the  British  people,  but  the  lessons  will  be  salu- 
tary. 

The  future  of  the  world,  however,  belongs  to 
the  American  Union.  At  the  present  rate  of  pro- 
gress America  in  the  lifetime  of  many  living  men 
will  have  a  population  equal  to  that  of  all  Europe 
to-day,  with  the  exception  of  Russia.  The  United 
States  is  already  so  far  ahead  of  any  industrial 
nation  that  it  is  necessary  to  compare  her  not  with 
France,  Germany  or  Russia,  but  with  the  whole 
Continent.  Mr.  Carnegie  points  out  that  Europe 
maintains  9,000,000  soldiers,  whereas  the  American 
Union  has  only  67,000.  Europe  builds  and  equips 
410  battleships,  cruisers,  and  coast  defence  vessels, 
but  America  has  only  35.  The  Continent  of  the 
American  Union  is  emancipated  from  the  dread 
of  war  between  the  federated  States.  Between  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  seaboard  there  is  abso- 
lute Free  Trade.  The  business  man  dreads  neither 
interference  with  supplies,  hostile  legislation,  nor 
national  antipathies.  Business  is  carried  on  every- 
where under  the  same  conditions,  the  same  laws, 
the  same  flags,  and  there  are  free  markets  every- 
where. In  Europe  the  manufacturer  has  to  trade 
in  a  continent  divided  into  hostile  and  warring 
States,  with  different  laws  and  customs  and  tariffs 
at  every  frontier,  and  the  fear  of  war  hangs  over 
all.  In  the  United  States  the  inland  waterways 
and  railways  render  transportation  possible  at 
rates  unknown  in  this  country.  There  is  F^ee 
Trade  in  railroad  building,  and  with  regard  to  in- 
land waterways  the"  whole  country  is  treated  as  a 
unit.  All  articles  can  be  floated  or  towed  three  or 
four  thousand  miles  at  a  few  shillings  per  ton. 
Railway  rates  do  not  average  over  one-half,  some- 
times one-third,  of  those  of  Europe  for  long  dis- 
tances. Hence  Europe  is  hopelessly  handicapped 
in  competition  with  America. 

What,  asks  Mr.  Carnegie,  must  Europe  do  to 
improve  her  position?  He  says  there  is  only  one 
answer.  Europe  labours  in  vain  until  she  secures 
some  form  of  political  and  industrial  union  by 
which  peace  and  free  exchange  could  be  secured 
between  all  its  units.  Without  this  nothing  of  im- 
6 


portance  can  be  gained.  Mr.  Carnegie  exults  in 
the  establishment  of  the  Hague  Tribunal,  thanks 
to  the  initiative  of  the  enlightened,  peace-loving 
Emperor  of  Russia.  Still,  though  the  Hague  Tri- 
bunal offers  a  method  of  settling  international  dif- 
ferences, something  more  is  needed.  There  must  be 
an  alliance  to  secure  international  peace,  which 
must  precede  the  federation  of  Europe.  A  great 
man,  says  Mr.  Carnegie,  has  risen  in  Germany — 
the  Kaiser,  to  wit.  Here  is  a  personality,  a  power, 
potent  for  good  and  evil  in  the  world.  He  is  not 
only  the  Emperor,  but  he  is  the  vital  force  of  the 
Empire.  Mr.  Carnegie  wonders  whether  the  Kaiser 
may  not  be  inspired  to  devote  himself  to  the  fur- 
ther extension  of  the  German  Constitution.  All 
that  Germany  has  gained  by  consolidation  into 
an  Empire  Europe  would  gain,  and  even  more,  by 
combination  into  one.  A  combination  of  the  Ger- 
man and  American  Constitutions  seems  not  im- 
probable. The  smaller  merged  nations  would  lose 
little  and  gain  much  by  becoming  parts  of  larger 
areas.  Such  consolidations  are  certain  to  come. 
If  the  European  Powers,  with  the  exception  of 
Russia,  refuse  to  agree  to  enjoy  peaceful  security. 
Free  Trade  among  themselves,  and  to  act  as  a 
union,  they  will  have  to  revolve  like  so  many  Lili- 
putians  round  the  giant  Gulliver,  the  American 
Union,  soon  to  embrace  200,000,000  people  of  the 
English-speaking  race,  capable  of  supplying  most  of 
the  world's  wants  at  the  lowest  and  yet  profitable 
prices.  The  most  sanguine  predictions  in  regard 
to  the  advantages  and  coming  triumphs  of  the 
United  States,  industrial  and  commercial,  are,  in 
Mr.  Carnegie's  calm  judgment,  probably  destined 
to  be  exceeded.  Therefore  he  assumes  that  Conti- 
nental Europe  will  finally  be  compelled,  if  not  to 
federalise,  to  adopt  means  to  secure  peace  among 
themselves  which  would  lead  to  some  form  of 
federation  under  Free  Trade. 

There  comes  the  final  question  of  all,  namely, 
what  will  be  the  position  of  the  British  Empire 
when  a  federated  Europe  confronts  a  federated 
America?     Mr.  Carnegie  says: 

The  question  arises,  what  would  Britain  do  if  Con- 
tinental Europe  be  thus  relieved  from  internal  dangers 
and  under  free  trade  possessed  of  the  indispensable 
home-market,  and  were  finally  to  be  federated  into  one 
Zoilverein  or  great  Power?  Would  she  remain  a  small 
separate  island  nation  of  forty-five  or  fifty  millions, 
auainst  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  the  Continent?  Or, 
if  uivited,  become  a  member  of  the  European  Consoli- 
dation— our  race  submerged  by  Slav,  Teutonic,  and 
Latin  races?  Or  would  the  Mother-heart,  beating  fast 
within  her,  turn  her  gaze  longingly  to  her  children 
across  the  sea,  then  hundreds  of  millions  strong,  and, 
grasping  their  outstretched  hand,  murmur,  "  Whither- 
soever thou  goest  I  go,  thy  people  are  my  people"  ?  The 
English-speaking  race  thus  becoming  again  as  it  was 
before — for  offence  never,  for  defence  ever — one  and  in- 
separable. 


562 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  100. 


SOME    NOTABLE    BOOKS    OF    THE    MONTH. 

By  W.  T.  Stead. 


How  to  Cure  Disease  by  Suggestion.* 

Is  it  ever  right  to  tell  a  lie?  is  a  question  which 
has  afforded  a  topic  for  endless  discussion  to  casu- 
ists, both  clerical  and  lay.  But  one  phase  of  the 
matter  has  seldom  or  never  been  discussed.  We 
have  heard  much  about  the  sin  of  lying  to  your- 
self, and  lying  to  your  neighbour,  but  who  has 
ever  heard  anyone  discuss  whether  it  is  right  to 
lie  to  your  unconscious  self?  For,  reduced  to  its 
elements,  that  is  what  the  science  of  suggestion 
comes  to.  If  you  are  ill  or  in  pain,  stoutly  lie 
to  yourself  that  you  are  well  and  are  free  from 
pain,  and  lo!  your  unconscious  self  will  in  all  sim- 
plicity believe  what  you  say,  and  hey,  presto!  you 
are  cured.  Now,  is  it  right  to  cure  yourself,  say, 
of  toothache,  by  solemnly  assuring  your  uncon- 
scious self  that  you  have  no  toothache,  even  if  as 
the  result  of  such  falsehood  your  unconscious  self, 
in  order  to  save  your  reputation,  promptly  re- 
moves the  toothache? 

You  don't  believe  that  such  a  thing  is  possible? 
Then  read  the  three  books,  especially  the  second, 
named  at  foot,  and  ask  yourself  in  all  seriousness, 
is  it  right  to  cure  myself  by  saying  that  which 
is  not?  For  if  the  Suggestionists  be  correct, 
then  there  is  often  no  such  short  cut  to  health  as 
a  good  thumping  lie. 

The  Mental  Factor  in  Medicine. 

The  almost  simultaneous  publication  of  these 
three  books  is  a  sign  of  the  times.  Of 
the  three.  Dr.  Schofield's  is  much  the  most  signi- 
ficant. For  Dr.  Schofield  is  an  orthodox  medical 
practitioner,  an  M.D.  of  good  standing,  with  a 
large  practice  in  the  West-End  of  London;  and 
his  book  presents  us  with  a  very  carefully  com- 
piled array  of  medical  authorities  of  unimpeach- 
able orthodoxy  whose  names  can  be  invoked  in 
favour  of  the  demand  that  every  doctor  should 
regard  his  medical  education  as  incomplete  until 
he  has  carefully  studied  the  psychology  and  the 
influence  of  the  mind  upon  the  body.  Dr. 
Schofield  is  very  emphatic  in  repudiating  any  con- 


*(1)  "  The  Force  of  Mind;  or,  the  Mental  Factor  in 
Medicine."      By  A.  T.   Schofield,  M.D.      (London:    J. 

;ind  A.  Churchill.  309  pp.)  (2)  "  How  tn  Acquire  and 
Strengthen  Will-Power."  By  R.  J.  Ebbard.  Second 
Edition,  revised  by  F.  W.  Vogt.  (London:  Modern 
Medical  Publishing  Company,  57-58  Chancery  Lane,  275 
pp.;  price  5s.)  (3)  "Hypnotism  and  the  Doctors." 
]'.y  Richard  Harte.  Part  I.:  Animal  Magnetism,  from 
Mesmer  to  Dr.  Puysegur.  (London:  L.  L.  Fowler  and 
Co.;  128  pp.) 


nection  with  any  mind-curers,  mental  healers, 
Christian  Scientists,  hypnotists,  and  faith  healers. 
He  is  interested  in  nothing  professionally  except 
the  legitimate  practice  of  medicine  as  medicine. 
His  one  aim  in  writing  the  book  is  to  get  the  doc- 
tors' world  seriously  and  earnestly  to  study  the 
question  whether  disease  can  be  more  effectively 
cured  through  the  mind  than  through  any  of  its 
physical  organs.  Speaking  of  what  he  wishes  the 
faculty  to  do.  Dr.  Schofield  says:  "It  is  not  that  their 
practice  or  their  prescriptions  have  to  be  radically 
altered.  It  is  not  that  their  text-books  have  to 
be  cast  aside.  But  it  is  that  they  should  con- 
stantly and  at  all  times  have  before  them  the 
questions.  What  part  does  mind  play  in  causing 
this  disease,  and  how  can  it  be  made  to  assist  in 
its  cure?" 

This  is  a  subject  which  he  thinks  should  be 
taught  in  all  medical  schools. 

Ebbard's  "  Will-Power "  is  a  work  of  a  very 
different  nature;  and  yet  it  may  be  read  with 
gi-eat  advantage  after  Dr.   Schofield's. 

Hypnotism  and  the  Doctors. 
The  third  book  which  I  mention  is  that  by  Mr. 
Richard  Hai'te.  It  is  openly  hostile  to  the  medi- 
cal profession.  Mr.  Harte,  in  the  preface  to  his 
narrative  of  the  Rise  of  Mesmerism,  which  forms 
the  frst  part  of  a  series  of  three  which  are  to 
be  published  under  the  general  title  of  "  Hyp- 
notism and  the  Doctors  "  sets  forth  with  painstak- 
ing precision  the  reason  why  the  doctors  have 
lost  the  confidence  of  the  public.  He  gives  eleven 
reasons,  some  of  which  convince  him  tha-  the 
medical  profession  is  at  present  a  cross  between  a 
huge  trades-union  and  a  trust.  It  is  a  trades- 
union  in  regard  to  the  tyranny  which  it  exercises 
over  its  own  members,  in  its  prosecution  of  those 
who  practise  medicine  without  its  authority;  and 
it  is  a  trust  in  two  senses — first,  as  requiring  the 
public  to  take  it  on  trust,  and,  secondly,  in  en- 
deavouring to  secure  a  monopoly.  Mr.  Harte  as- 
serts that  the  doctors  are  now  reduced  to  legis- 
lation in  order  to  obtain  practice.  He  insists 
that  a  doctor's  diploma  ought  to  be  renewable  at 
least  once  a  year,  and  that  it  ought  to  be  endorsed 
with  a  record  of  his  last  year's  work.  He  com- 
plains that  the  doctors  have  introduced  many  des- 
tructive habits,  of  which  the  subcutaneous  injec- 
tion of  morphia  is  one  of  the  chief.  Mr.  Harte's 
theory  is  that  there  should  be  a  Minister  for  Pub- 
lic Health,  as  there  is  a  Minister  for  War,  who 
should    be    responsible   to    the   nation,    and    who 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


SOME  NOTABLE  BOOKS. 


563 


should  see  to  it  that  the  faculty  itself  should  be 
made  responsible  for  the  health  of  their  patients. 
I    This  is  sufficient  to  indicate   Mr.   Harte's  stand- 
point. 

The  Secret  of  the  Bold  Quack. 

Dr.  Schofield  begins  his  interesting  book 
by  a  quotation  from  a  letter  written 
by  Sir  James  Paget  as  far  back  as 
1866.  Sir  James,  speaking  of  one  of  his 
patients,  says:  "What  unsatisfactory  cases  these 
are!  This  clever,  charming,  and  widely-known 
lady  will  some  day  disgrace  us  by  being  juggled 
out  of  her  maladies  by  some  bold  quack,  who,  by 
mere  force  of  assertion,  will  give  her  the  will  to 
bear  or  forget  or  suppress  all  the  turbulences  of 
her  nervous  system."  Dr.  Schofield  ridicules  the 
amazing  picture  thus  represented  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished man  in  the  medical  profession  calmly 
Betting  himself  down  to  await  for  inevitable  dis- 
grace at  the  hands  of  some  bold  quack  by  the  cure 
of  a  patient  whom  they  all  seemed  powerless  to 
help. 

The  result  of  this  refusal  to  study  psychology  on 
the  part  of  the  medical  profession  is  to  leave  a 
vast  field  to  "  bold  quacks "  who,  especially  in 
America,  are  competing  very  successfully  with 
orthodox  doctors.  Their  cures  are  chiefly  brought 
about  by  the  fact  that  the  quack  has  realised  what 
the  doctor  is  only  beginning  to  discover,  namely, 
that  the  shortest,  simplest,  and  most  effective  way 
of  curing  disease  is  by  getting  at  it  through  the 
mind.  By  mind,  Dr.  Schofield  means  all  psychic 
action  which  takes  place  in  man.  The  uncon- 
scious mind  is  in  control  over  the  greatest  part  of 
the  body  of  man. 

Although  ordinary  practitioners  may  ad- 
mit that  mental  trouble  will  produce  dis- 
ease, they  are  very  slow  to  recognise 
that  the  same  agency  which  brought  on  ill-health 
may  very  easily  be  invoked  to  restore  to  health. 
The  discovery  of  this  truth  has  been  left  to  Mrs. 
Eddy,  Dr.  Dowie,  the  Faith  Healers,  Divine  Scien- 
tists, Christian  Scientists,  and  other  heretics,  who 
are  left  in  possession  of  the  whole  of  a  vast  field 
which  doctors  might  occupy  with  profit  both  to 
their  patients  and  to  themselves. 

How  the  Mind  Can  Heal  the  Body. 
Dr.  Schofield  says  there  are  at  least  four  ways 
in  which  the  mind  can  be  used  to  heal  the  body:  — 
(1)  By  the  direct  act  of  power  of  the  unconscious 
mind  inherent  in  itself,  which  is  generally  called 
"  vis  medicatrix  naturae."  (2)  By  the  unconscious 
mind  influenced  directly  by  surrounding  person- 
ages or  unconscious  agencies  acting  as  suggestion. 
(3)  By  the  unconscious  mind  influenced  indirectly 
by  the  conscious,  which  has  faith  in  persons,  sys- 
tems,   places,    etc.       (4)  By  the  unconscious  mind 


indirectly  acted  upon  by  distinct  effort  In  the  de- 
termination to  get  well,  to  shake  off  illness,  ig- 
nore pain,  etc.  The  influence  of  suggestion,  says 
Dr.  Schofield,  is  like  nitrogen,  which  forms  four- 
fifths  of  the  atmosphere,  but  which  we  cannot  use 
in  a  pure  state.  We  can  only  take  it  indirectly 
when  combined  with  other  substances.  So  it  is 
that  the  mind  cannot,  as  a  rule,  be  acted  on  di- 
rectly when  the  brain  is  itself  unhealthy.  Sug- 
gestion must  be  kept  up  by  objective  treatment, 
directed  ostensibly  and  vigorously  to  the  simulated 
disease. 

How  to  Expedite  Child-BIrth. 

Dr.  Schofield  gives  various  instances  of  the  effec, 
of  suggestion  in  the  healing  of  obstinate  and  long- 
continued  disease.  The  most  remarkable  of  all 
his  stories  is  that,  however,  in  which  he  describes 
the  result  of  an  experiment  which  he  conducted  in 
two  hundred  cases  of  ordinary  labour.  In  cases 
where  the  pangs  of  the  patients  were  very  irregu- 
lar and  slow,  Dr.  Schofleld  discovered  that  by  im- 
pressing the  woman  with  the  fact  that  the  con- 
traction must  begin  every  five  minutes  by  the 
watch,  and  last  two  minutes,  giving  three  minutes' 
interval,  he  could  ensure  in  the  case  of  a  patient 
of  average  mental  power  that  everything  came  up 
to  time.  Dr.  Schofield  says  that,  as  the  result 
of  making  this  suggestion,  the  duration  of  labour 
was  shortened,  on  an  average,  two  hours  in  one 
hundred  cases,  as  compared  with  its  duration  in 
the  other  hundred,  where  no  suggestion  was 
brought  in  to  control  the  irregularity  of  natural 
delivery. 

Here  at  least  is  a  solid  fact  vouched  for  by 
Dr.  Schofield  himself,  as  coming  within  his  own 
experience.  If  this  be  an  accurate  statement — 
and  Dr.  Schofield  has  every  right  to  expect  that 
his  word  will  be  taken  on  this  matter — what  an 
enormous  reduction  might  be  made  in  the  incal- 
culable sum  of  human  anguish  which  child-birth 
represents  in  the  sufferings  of  the  race.  And  yet 
it  is  so  simple  that  if  it  is  as  efficacious  as  Dr. 
Schofield's  experiments  would  imply,  the  practice 
of  suggestion  might  much  better  be  made  compul- 
sory than  the  use  of  vaccination. 

The  Science  of  Suggestion. 

So  much  for  Dr.  Schofield.  Now  let  us  turn 
to  Mr.  Ebbard's  book.  Mr.  Ebbard  treats  the 
question  of  suggestion  in  a  very  interesting 
fashion.  He  modestly  states  In  his  opening 
chapter  that  his  chief  object  is  to  explain  to  Eng- 
lish readers  the  theories  of  Dr.  Levy  of  the  Nancy 
School,  who  by  his  experiments  has  established 
the  immense  use  that  can  be  made  of  self-sugges- 
tion as  a  means  of  health  restoration. 

The  hungry  man  who  is  tempted  to 
steal      a      piece      of      bread      by      his      hunger. 


564 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  igoi 


is  restrained  by  liis  fear.  Where  hunger  and 
fear  are  equal,  says  Dr.  Ebbard,  the  dominion  over 
his  mind  may  be  decided  by  the  internal  increase 
of  the  pangs  or  by  the  extraneous  suggestion  of 
the  approach  of  a  policeman.  When  a  man  is 
halting  between  two  opinions  a  single  spoken  word 
would  probably  decide  him  one  way  or  the  other. 
That  is  to  say,  a  simple  auditory  stimulus  might 
touch  the  inmost  core  of  his  psychic  life,  and  make 
either  hunger  or  fear,  as  the  case  may  be,  the 
dominant  feature  of  his  mind  for  the  time  being. 

The  Fourfold  Road  to  the  Creation  of  Dominants. 

Suggestion,  says  Dr.  Bbbard,  is  but  a  procesK 
for  creating  Dominants  for  the  determination  of 
your  actions.  This  suggestion  operates  in  a  purely 
mechanical  way,  accoraing  to  fixed  laws,  owing  to 
which  its  action  becomes  sure  and  infallible.  Dr. 
Lievy,  of  Nancy,  and  his  fellow  physicians  through 
iheir  countless  experiments  and  happy  combina- 
tions, have  ascertained  the  operations  by  which 
the  correct  Dominants  may  be  most  quickly  found. 
He  then  proceeds  to  explain  how  it  is  that  we 
can  bring  our  minds  to  bear  upon  our  bodies. 
The  four  stages  of  suggestion  as  laid  down  by  Dr. 
Levy  are,  first,  the  stage  of  quiescence, 
in  which  you  quietly  suggest  to  yourself  some  idea 
which  you  vvish  to  become  dominant  in  your  mind. 
The  second  is  the  stage  in  which  the  suggestion 
is  reinforced  from  the  emotions  by  imagining  the 
realisation  of  what  you  want.  The  third  is,  the 
active  reinforcement  of  suggestion  by  actually  per- 
forming actions  and  making  the  movements  which 
would  be  made  if  the  idea  were  carried  out.  The 
fourth  method  is  that  which  is  known  as  pre- 
suggestion,  or  suggestion  in  advance. 
How  to  Cure  Yourself. 

Supposing  that  you  wish  to  cure  yourself 
of  any  particular  malady,  whether  it  is  in- 
somnia or  drowsiness,  sick  headache,  palpi- 
tation of  the  heart,  or  any  other  disease 
of  the  nervous  system,  the  following  are  the  direc- 
tions, which  are  very  curious.  At  night,  before 
you  go  to  sleep,  lie  down  comfortably,  withdraw 
your  attention  from  all  surrounding  objects,  and 
concentrate  your  mind  upon  the  idea  that  when 
you  awake  in  the  morning  you  will  be  quite  cured. 
Whatever  the  malady  is  from  which  the  patient 
suffers,  he  should  suggest  to  himself  that  in  the 
morning  he  will  be  quite  well.  He  should  do  this 
in  the  first  instance,  merely  thinking:  "  I  shall 
wake  up  to-morrow,  and  the  pain  will  be  gone." 
Secondly,  he  should  after  two  or  three  seconds 
say  four  times  to  himself,  softly:  "  To-morrow, 
when  I  wake  up,  I  shall  be  quite  well.  The  pain 
will  be  gone."  Then  three  times  in  an  undertone 
he  should  repeat  the  statement,  always  pausing 
two  or  three  seconds  between  each  assertion.   Then 


twice  he  should  repeat  aloud:  "  To-morrow  I  shall 
be  quite  well.  When  I  wake  up,  the  pain  will  be 
gone."  In  the  morning,  if  he  wakes  up  and  the 
pain  is  not  gone,  immediately  after  waking  he 
should  say  to  himself:  "  I  feel  no  pain  this  morn- 
ing. My  suggestion  last  night  has  entirely  taken 
away  the  pain  "  Then  he  should  repeat  six  times 
softly  to  himself:  "  I  feel  no  pain  to-day,"  and 
four  times  half  aloud  he  should  utter  the  same 
formula.  Then  twice  he  should  assert,  quite 
clearly  and  distinctly,  in  a  loud  voice:  "  I  have 
no  pain  to-day."  By  way  of  motive  reinforcement 
of  ihe  suggestion  he  should  imagine  how  delightful 
it  would  be  to  have  no  pain,  and  to  think  of  all  the 
pleasant  and  useful  things  he  would  do  iiow^  that 
the  pain  has  disappeared.  By  way  of  active 
reinforcement  he  may  rub  the  region  where  the 
pain  is  still  felt,  lightly  with  his  hand  from  left  to 
right,  and  from  right  to  left.  If  this  does  not 
succeed,  he  can  call  a  friend  in  who  will  tell  him 
six  times  over  with  tne  greatest  emphasis  and 
assertion  that  the  pain  is  entirely  gone  away,  and 
that  he  is  quite  well.  If  in  spite  of  all  this 
treatment  the  pain  should  still  linger,  he  should, 
after  a  time,  say  again  twice  mentally,  and  six 
times  softly,  and  four  times  half  aloud,  and  once 
quite  loud,  that  the  pain  is  quite  gone,  and  will 
not  return.  Under  no  circumstances  must  the 
patient  lie  down  and  resign  himself  to  his  pain. 
On  the  contrary,  the  moment  the  self-suggestion 
is  ended  he  must  seek  some  employment.  He 
must  work  at  something,  write  letters,  or  take 
part  in  cards  or  conversation.  In  other  words, 
after  suggesting  to  his  unconscious  mind  that  he 
ought  to  be  well,  he  should  then  compel  his  con- 
scious mind  to  set  his  body  to  work  as  if  he  were 
actually  well.  This  is  the  principle  which  Carey 
enforced  in  the  sermon  in  which  he  founded  mo- 
dern missionary  societies  in  England  when  he  de- 
clared that  we  must  ask  great  things  and  expect 
great  things  from  God.  So  Mr.  Ebbard  tells  us 
that,  having  given  in  quite  positive  accents  the 
suggestion  to  our  unconscious  self  that  our  body 
is  not  to  suffer  any  more,  we  must  at  once  proceed 
to  act,  with  every  confidence  that  our  orders  will 
be  really  carried  out. 

A  Sample  Case. 

Mr,  Ebbard  gives  an  account  of  how  he  cured 
himself  of  a  bad  head  which  was  brought  on  by 
smoking  a  strong  cigar  the  previous  night.  He 
was  suffering,  he  says,  from  a  big  head,  which 
means,  apparently,  that  he  had  got  a  sick  head- 
ache, and  he  suggested  it  away  in  the  following 
fashion: 

As  it  had  not  passed  away  about  9  o'clock,  I  resorted 
to  suggestion,  at  the  same  time  slowly  and  alternately 
rubbing  my  forehead  and  abdominal  region.  The  for- 
mulse  I  used  were  as  follows: 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


SOME  NOTABLE  BOOKS. 


565 


Once,  mentally:  "So  stupid!     What  do  I  want  with 
a  headache?" 
Once,  mentally:  "Absurd!" 
Once,   mentally:    "That   confounded   cigar!" 
Three  times,  softly:  "  The  headache  is  gone!" 
Three  times,  softly:  "  I  have  got  rid  of  it!" 
Twice  softly:  "  My  head  is  clear  again!" 
Twice,  half  aloud:  '•  It  is  the  fact.    My  head  is  quite 
clear!" 
Once,  aloud:  "  The  big  head  is  gone!" 
Once,  aloud:    "Gone,  gone!" 

Without  taking  any  further  heed  of  my  condition,  I 
set  about  my  work.  In  ten  minutes  I  experienced  relief. 
Half  an  hour  later  I  resumed  the  process  of  suggestion, 
stroldng  my  forehead  and  stomach  as  before,  and  speak- 
ing thus: 

Once,  mentally:  "Ah,  I  knew  that  neadache  would 
give  way!" 

Once,  mentally:   "It  is  gone,  that  stupid  headache!" 
Three  times,  softly:   "It  is  gone — quite  gone!" 
Three  times,  softly:  "  It  is  gone;  I  have  a  clear  head; 
Three  times,  softly:   "I  am  feeling  quite  well  now!" 
Three  times,  softly:   "  No  trace  of  any  indisposition 
left!" 
Four  times,  half  aloud:  "  It  is  gone,  quite  gone  now!" 
Once,  aloud:  "  That  stupid  headache,  it  is  gone  now!" 
Once,  aloud:  "  It  is  gone!" 
Once,  aloud:  "  I  feel  well  and  happy!" 
Once,  aloud:  "I  have  a  clear  head!" 
Once,  aloud:   "My  headache  is  gone!" 
This    suggestion    was    sufficient.      In    fifteen    minutes 
every  trace  of  sickness   had   disappeared.     In   half   an 
hour  my  head  was  perfectly  clear,  and  within  the  hour 
I  was  entirely  rid  of  my  headache.    It  will  therefore  be 
seen  it  is  a  matter  of  indifference  how  the  words  are 
selected,  provided  always  that  the  attention  is  wholly 
cen.iod  upon  the  improved  condition  which  is  tcilled. 

The  Utility  of  a  False  Assertion. 
There  you  have  the  whole  thing.  You  suffer.  Deny 
that  you  suffer,  and  you  won't  suffer.  The  Chris- 
tian Scientists  get  round  this  by  declaring  that  all 
pain  is  an  illusion.  Mr.  Bbbard  does  not  take  this 
extreme  view.  He  admits  that  you  suffer,  but 
says  that  you  should  lie  about  it  systematically, 
and  with  method,  and  when  you  have  told  yourself 
a  lie  about  half  a  dozen  times  the  effect  of  your 
assertion  will  be  to  expel  the  pain.  This  is  very 
much  like  doing  evil  that  good  may  come.  At 
the  same  time  I  do  not  think  that  anyone  would 
hesitate  to  try  the  experiment.  We  can  easily 
Quiet  the  uneasy  conscience  by  remarking  that 
to  make  an  obviously  false  statement  is  not  neces- 
sarily to  lie,  inasmuch  as  it  deceives  no  one,  and 
that  the  statement  is  made  in  a  prophetic  sense, 
as  in  Holy  Writ  prophets  constantly  spoke  of 
things  as  having  happened,  using  the  past  tense, 
v/hereas  in  reality  the  events  were  still  to  be 
brought  forth  by  the  future.  So  your  positive  as- 
sertions that  you  do  not  suffer  when  you  do  suffer 
may  be  regarded  as  prophecies.  But  Mr.  Ebbard 
is  very  emphatic  in  saying  that  you  must  never 


use  the  future  tense,  but  always  the  present. 
You  must  never  say,  "  I  will  be  "  or  "  I  will  do," 
but  always  "  I  am  "  or  "  I  do."  Such  assertions, 
if  repeated  ever  so  mechanically  or  dogmatically, 
will  ultimately  eat  themselves  into  your  conscious- 
ness, and  hence  the  whole  system  is  brought  into 
the  condition  implied  by  the  words  of  the  formula. 
The  effect  is  immensely  increased  if,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  self-suggestion,  the  subject  should  behave 
just  as  if  he  were  already  placed  in  the  position 
which  he  desires.  If  he  has  no  appetite  he  should 
go  through  all  the  motions  of  the  man  who  is  en- 
joying a  hearty  meal,  and  the  appetite  will  come. 
But  there  must  be  no  hurry  and  no  shouting,  and 
the  suggested  idea  must  have  time  to  take  effect. 
Too  tempestuous  pressing  scares  it  away.  Above 
all,  it  requires  time  for  its  evolution  and  realisa- 
tion. Suggestions  should  always  be  made  in  ad- 
vance. "  Such  suggestions  operate  with  absolute 
certainty." 

How  to  Wake  and  Sleep  at  Will. 
For  instance,  you  may  decide  to  wake  up  at 
a  given  hour  of  the  morning,  no  sooner  or  later. 
You  wake  up  as  punctually  as  a  clock.  If  pre- 
suggestion  is  well  performed  in  the  state  of  quies- 
cence, it  will  invariably  prove  an  effective  remedy 
for  insomnia  in  two  or  three  days'  time.  One 
should  use  suggestions  four  times  a  day— morning, 
forenoon,  afternoon,  evening.  The  main  thing 
in  suggestion  is  regularity.  The  moment  the  sug- 
gestion has  been  administered  the  patient  should 
immediately  turn  his  thoughts  to  other  subjects. 
If  he  gets  worrying  on  at  his  suggestions  he  spoils 
all  the  effect. 

Mr.  Ebbard  speaks  in  the  strongest  possible 
terms  as  to  the  powers  of  this  magic  method  which 
lies  within  the  range  of  everyone.  He  says  the 
pov;er  of  self-suggestion  over  our  psychic  being 
is  unlimited,  and  that  this  power  grows  with  our 
confidence  and  strength  of  will.  "  By  self-sug- 
gestion I  not  only  keep  under  control  all  minor 
physical  ailments  which  embitter  the  lives  of  the 
majority  of  mankind,  but  I  also  banish  all  the  od- 
dities of  my  character,  all  my  changing  moods.  I 
round  off  the  sharp  corners  in  my  conduct  and  de- 
portment. I  set  up  pure,  noble  relations  between 
myself  and  my  surroundings,  and.  above  all,  I 
establish  within  myself  peace  and  harmony,  and 
a  happy  feeling  of  physical  and  psychical  health 
and  freshness."  In  order  to  do  this,  the  main 
thing  is  that  you  should  close  your  eyes,  focus  your 
whole  attention  upon  the  purport  of  the  formula, 
and  utter  this  with  a  deep  and  earnest  conviction, 
speaking  slowly  and  impressively. 

A  Ping-Pong  Experiment. 
The  whole  subject,  however,  of  the  influence  .'>f 
mind  upon  matter  is  very  mysterious,  and  is  well 


566 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


worth  being  exhaustively  studied.  Mr.  Richard 
Harte,  In  his  book  upon  "  Hypnotism  and  the 
Doctors"  makes  the  somewhat  astounding  state- 
ment that  anyone  can  make  a  ping-pong  ball  come 
towards  him,  against  a  current  of  wind  set  in  mo- 
tion by  a  fan,  by  willing  it  to  come.  He  de- 
clares that  he  has  never  met  anyone  who  could 
not  succeed  in  this  experiment.  Some  people 
can  do  it  the  first  time  they  try,  others  only  after 
considerable  practice.  It  seems  to  depend  partly 
upon  confidence  and  partly  upon  finding  the  right 
attitude  of  mind.  You  begin  by  taking  a  simple 
palm-leaf  fan,  and  by  rapidly  moving  it,  create  a 
current  of  air  which  drives  the  ping-pong  ball  from 
you  across  the  table.  Having  thus  tested  the 
force  of  the  current  of  wind  set  in  motion  by  the 
fan,  you  bring  back  the  ball  to  its  old  place,  and 
taking  the  fan  in  hand  you  pause  for  a  moment, 
mentally  determining  that  the  ball  shall  come  to- 
wards you  when  you  fan  it.  Then  fan  the  ball, 
and  imagine,  as  you  do  so,  that  you  see  it  rolling 


towards  you.  Fan  gently  at  first,  gradually  in- 
crease the  strength  of  your  fanning,  and  you  will 
find  that  your  mind  gains  such  control  over  the 
ball  as  to  force  it  to  loll  towards  you  and  fall  at 
your  feet  on  the  floor,  although  you  are  producing 
as  strong  a  current  of  wind  as  you  can  in  the 
opposite  direction.  What  is  more,  Mr.  Harte 
maintains  that  until  you  can  concentrate  your 
thoughts  and  will  that  the  ball  shall  go  away  from 
you  it  will  always  come  to  you,  even  when  you 
have  ceased  actively  to  wish  it  to  do  so. 

Now,  if  yod  can  suggest  to  a  ping-pong  ball 
to  come  up  against  the  wind  at  your  suggestion, 
similar  force  of  suggestion  might  induce  tooth- 
ache, gout  or  some  other  disagreeable  malady  to 
take  itself  off.  It  would  certainly  be  a  great  sav- 
ing in  doctors'  bills  if  we  could  substitute  lying 
for  physic.  As  in  the  pharmacopoeia  many  of  the 
most  useful  medicines  are  made  out  of  deadly 
poisons,  so,  in  similar  fashion,  we  may  get  back 
to  health  by  a  system  of  elaborate  deceit. 


SOME    BOOKS    OF   THE    MONTH. 


The  Life  of  the  Rev.  John  Mackenzie.* 

John  Mackenzie,  the  missionary  of  the  Bechu- 
anas,  was  a  missionary-pioneer  of  Mr.  Rhodes  in 
the  extension  of  the  British  Empire  northward 
from  the  Cape  Colony.  The  two  men  did  not 
love  each  other.  One  of  the  minor  failures  of 
my  life  was  an  attempt  to  reconcile  them.  I 
arranged  a  meeting  on  one  occasion,  but  although 
Mr.  Mackenzie  turned  up,  Mr.  Rhodes  did  not,  and 
the  animosity  which  the  Colossus  cherished  for 
the  missionary  lasted  till  his  death.  This  antipa- 
thy to  Mr.  Mackenzie  Rhodes  shared  with  the 
Boers.  It  was  one  of  the  few  points  upon  which 
they  saw  eye  to  eye.  I  have  never  yet  met  a 
Boer  who  had  a  good  word  for  Mackenzie.  He 
thwarted  their  extension  in  Bechuanaland,  and  he 
was  the  champion  of  the  Kafiir,  and,  as  is  not 
unusual,  there  was  a  great  readiness  to  believe 
evil  of  him  in  many  quarters  in  South  Africa. 
I  knew  the  man,  however,  and  knew  him  to  be  a 
thoroughly  good,  faithful,  patriotic.  Christian 
Scotchman,  who  carried  perseverance  and  patience 
to  its  highest  point.  During  the  time  when  he 
was  striving  to  secure  the  road  to  the  Zambesi 
for  the  Empire,  I  saw  a  great  deal  of  him,  and 
he  left  upon  everyone  at  the  "  Pall  Mall,"  from  Mr. 
Morley  downwards,  the  impression  of  being  a  man 
of  sterling  grit  and  indomitable  resolution. 

*"  John  Mackenzie."  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.  564  pp. 
Price  7s.  6d.  net.) 


I  therefore  was  delighted  to  receive  from  Messrs. 
Hodder  and  Stoughton  the  "  Life  of  John  Macken- 
zie, South  African  Missionary  and  Statesman." 
It  is  written  by  his  son,  W.  D.  Mackenzie,  who  is 
a  professor  of  systematic  theology  in  Chicago 
Theological  Seminary.  The  book  is  a  record  of 
a  long  life  spent  in  the  faithful  discharge  of  duty 
both  as  a  missionary  and  as  a  statesman.  There 
are  some  very  amusing  passages  in  some  of  his 
letters.  One  which  has  been  very  generally 
quoted  describes  his  first  meeting  with  Mr.  Morley. 
I  introduced  him  to  Mr.  Morley,  who  was  some- 
what prejudiced  against  him,  but  who  afterwards 
learned  to  appreciate  his  worth.  Mr.  Morley  at 
one  time,  paraphrasing  Paul,  might  have  said  to 
Mr.  Mackenzie,  "Almost  thou  persuadest  me  to  be 
an  Imperialist  of  your  type,"  but  he  recoiled.  Mr. 
Mackenzie's  son  says: — "  Mr.  Morley  won  Mr. 
Mackenzie's  heart  with  his  kindness,  his  perfect 
sincerity,  his  willingness  to  listen  to  the  other 
side,  his  judicial  fairness."  For  a  time  it  looked 
as  if  Mr.  Morley  might  be  gained,  but,  alas!  for 
the  vanity  of  human  expectations.  He  was  al- 
most as  unsuccessful  with  Mr.  Morley  as  he  was 
with  Mr.  Courtney,  with  whom  he  laboured  in 
vain.  Mr.  Courtney,  he  says,  made  no  bones  about 
admitting  right  off  that  those  who  think  with  him 
want  to  clear  out  from  South  Africa  entirely,  and 
openly  said  he  believed  that  the  natives  would 
go  as  the  Chocktaws  had  done  after  the  English 
Government  had  left  America.      No  wonder  this 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.  SOME  BOOKS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


567 


phrase  about  the  Chocktaws  went  to  the  heart  of 
the  missionary  of  the  Bechuanas  like  a  knell.  It 
was  rather  a  foolish  observation  on  Mr.  Courtney's 
part,  for  while  the  Chocktaws  dwindled  the  Kaffirs 
multiply  and  increase. 

It  is  impossible  here  to  review  the  book.  All  I 
can  do  is  to  call  attention  to  it,  and  to  remind 
Mr.  Mackenzie's  many  friends  that  it  is  full  of 
delightful  reminiscences  of  the  sturdy  Scotchman 
who  succeeded  in  getting  Warren  sent  out  to  save 
the  great  north  road  to  the  land  of  Ophir  from 
being  "  jumped  "  by  the  filibusters  of  Stellaland. 
But  I  cannot  conclude  even  this  brief  notice  with- 
out called  attention  to  one  very  characteristic 
reference  to  Mr.  Garrett,  characteristic  in  both 
ways,  first  as  poking  fun  at  the  omniscience  com- 
mon to  all  old  "  Pall  MaU"-ers,  but  also  charac- 
teristic of  Mr.  Mackenzie  as  expressing  a  suspicion 
quite  unworthy  of  the  man,  and  altogether  unjus- 
tified. Writing  to  Mr.  Henry  Beard,  of  Cape 
Town,  in  1897,  he  says: 

You  have  got  a  certificate  of  character  from  Mr. 
Garrett  that  you  ought  to  be  in  the  Cape  Parliament. 
That  is  something,  even  although  he  adds  "  But  not 
for  Cape  Town!"  Why  is  there  no  one  to  tell  this 
young  man  that  there  are  limitations  to  most  men's 
eyesight?  His  sight  is  probably  not  always  good,  for 
he  can  see  no  difference,  or  he  will  see  no  difference, 
between  ivlr.  Rhodes  and  the  Imperial  Government. 
He  does  a  great  disservice  to  his  own  country  and  his 
own  Imperial  Government  by  constantly  making  it  and 
Mr.  Rhodes  convertible  terms.  That  sort  of  thing 
can  hardly  be  done  unconsciously.  Is  it  possible  that 
it  can  be  done  in  perfect  sincerity? 

I  only  hope  that  there  are  no  letters  anywhere 
in  which  Mr.  Mackenzie  expresses  the  same  sus- 
picion about  me.  I  deserve  it  quite  as  much,  or 
as  little,  as  Mr.  Garrett,  but  probably  if  Mr.  Mac- 
kenzie had  known  Mr.  Garrett  as  well  as  he  knew 
me  he  would  have  spared  us  this  question. 


The  Index  to  Periodicals  for  \90\* 

The  present  volume  of  the  Annual  Index  to  Peri- 
odicals deals  with  the  contents  of  the  periodical 
literature  of  the  year  1901.  In  Vol.  I.  (1890)  the 
contents  of  only  117  British  and  American  periodi- 
cals were  indexed,  whereas  in  Vol.  XII.  (1901)  the 
number  has  increased  to  196,  with  the  result  that 
the  new  volume  is  almost  four  times  the  size  of 
the  first  In  the  general  arrangement  and  classi- 
fication, too,  the  recent  issues  are  a  great  advance 
on  the  early  volumes,  and  no  reader  can  have 
the  slightest  difficulty  in  tracing  every  article, 
however  vague  and  misleading  its  title,  which  has 
appeared  on  any  subject,  or  any  branch  of  a  sub- 
ject, in  the  periodicals  of  the  past  decade. 

*"  Index  to  Periodicals,  1901."  Office  of  the  "  Review 
of  Reviews  for  Australasia."    15s.  net,  post  free. 


In  the  great  library  of  the  periodical  literature 
of  the  English-speaking  world  there  is  at  present 
no  librarian,  as  indeed  there  is  no  library.  In 
some  of  the  library  catalogues  the  leading  contents 
of  the  reviews  are  briefly  indicated,  but  nothing 
has  been  attempted  even  in  the  most  perfectly 
equipped  library  that  can  be  compared  ror  com- 
pleteness and  for  handiness  with  the  Annual  In- 
dex to  Periodicals. 

In  great  cities  and  great  centres  of  population, 
however,  where  most  newspapers  are  published, 
and  where  there  are  large  public  libraries,  the  An- 
nual Index  is  as  indispensable  as  the  "  Review  of 
Reviews."  It  should  not  only  be  at  the  right 
hand  of  every  public  librarian,  but  should  have  a 
place  on  the  reference  shelves  of  every  newspaper 
office.  I  often  marvel  at  the  ignorance  of  many 
struggling  writers  forthe  Press  who  are  laboriously 
endeavouring  to  grind  out  articles  with  which  to 
earn  their  daily  bread.  They  do  not  seem  ever 
to  have  dreamt  of  availing  themselves  of  an  in- 
dex, every  page  of  which  teems  with  useful  sug- 
gestions, not  only  as  to  the  sources  of  information, 
but  also  as  to  the  choice  of  subjects  which  would 
recommend  themselves  to  competent  and  experi- 
enced editors  as  calculated  to  interest  the  people. 

But  it  is  not  merely  journalists  who  neglect  this 
key  to  the  sources  of  information  which,  year  by 
year,  is  pressed  upon  their  attention.  All  public 
bodies,  especially  the  County  Councils  and  muni- 
cipalities in  England,  have  to  deal  with  questions 
on  which  it  is  of  the  very  first  importance  that 
their  surveyors,  engineers,  architects,  and  other 
officials  should  be  conversant  with  what  is  being 
done  in  their  respective  departments  in  other 
countries.  Many  valuable  hints  and  many  so- 
ciological discussions  which  go  to  the  very  root 
of  the  subject  which  may  be  under  consideration 
have  doubtless  appeared  at  various  times  in  the 
pages  of  different  magazines.  Except  for  some 
such  publication  as  the  Annual  Index  these  ar- 
ticles would  never  be  brought  to  the  notice  of 
those  who  are  dealing  practically  with  the  ques- 
tion, and  the  results  of  the  experiments  tried  in 
other  cities  and  other  lands  would  in  all  prob- 
ability remain  unknown. 


Naked  and — Very  Much — Unashamed.* 

Mr.  Grant  Richards  published  last  month  two 
books  written  by  women,  which  would  seem  to 
suggest  that  it  was  Adam,  not  Eve,  who  first  dis- 
covered the  use  of  the  fig-leaf.  We  have  In  "The 
Confessions  of  a  Wife  "  the  unveiling  of  the  ma- 
tron, and  In  "  The  Story  of  Mary  McLane "  the 


•"  The  Confessions  of  a  Wife."    By  Mary  Adams. 
"  The  Story  of  Mary  McLane."     By  herself.     (Grant 
Richards.) 


568 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


stark-nakedness  of  a  girl  of  nineteen.  Both 
books  come  from  beyond  the  Atlantic.  "  Frank- 
ness," says  the  Devil  to  Mary  McLane,  '*  is  in 
these  days  a  lost  art,"  to  which  she  responds, 
"  Yes,  I  am  beautifully  frank.  Out  of  the  count- 
less millions  of  the  Devil's  Anointed  I  am  the 
one  to  acknowledge  myself."  Frank  she  is,  but 
beautiful  is  the  last  adjective  to  be  applied  to 
the  exhibition.  Frankness,  it  must  be  admitted, 
is  not  an  art  with  these  ladies.  It  is  rather  a 
brutality.  Mary  McLane  tells  us  on  page  94: 
"  Periodically  I  fall  completely,  madly  in  love  with 
the  Devil."  All  through  her  "story"  she  is  con- 
stantly invoking  the  Devil — "I  would  like  to  throw 
myself  at  his  head.  I  would  make  him  a  dear 
little  wife."  And  at  the  end  of  one  chapter  she 
is  so  weary  of  waiting  for  his  coming  she  bursts 
out — "  Oh,  damn!  damn!  damn!  damn  every 
living  thing,  the  world! — the  universe  be  damned! 
Oh,  I  am  weary,  weary!  Can't  you  see  that  I 
am  weary,  and  pity  me  in  my  own  damnation?" 
Pity,  yes;  but  why  should  the  poor  thing  imagine 
that  it  is  a  mark  of  genius  to  take  an  emotional 
emetic  and  be  violently  sick  in  the  eyes  of  all 
mankind?  It  illustrates  very  forcibly  the  attrac- 
tion which  the  old  Witches'  Sabbath  used  to  have 
for  women  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Mary  McLane 
is  just  the  woman  to  have  ridden  on  a  broom- 
stick and  to  have  sold  her  soul  to  the  Devil  in 
order  to  share  in  the  infernal  revels  on  the 
Brocken. 

"The  Confessions  of  a  Wife"  is  a  very  .liffei- 
ent  kind  of  a  book.  The  wife  described  by  "Mary 
Adams"  is  not  a  woman  of  passion.  She  could 
see  no  reason  for  marrying;  she  preferred  an  en- 
gagement indefinitely  prolonged.  But  she  was 
a  woman  who  clung  to  her  husband  with  un- 
satisfied devotion  long  after  his  passion  was  sa- 
tiated. She  worshipped  him  as  if  he  were  a 
pagan  god,  and  she  had  no  other  god  but  her 
husband.  And  he  treated  her  as  pagan  gods  were 
wont  to  treat  their  adorers.  He  grew  tired  of  her 
exacting  love-making,  and  departed  to  South 
America  to  indulge  in  the  consolations  of  mor- 
phia. How  his  wife  felt  as  she  fell  from  fever 
heat  to  zero  in  the  thermometer  of  marital  ex- 
periences is  set  forth  with  much  spasmodic  feel- 
ing in  extracts  from  her  journal  and  her  innumer- 
able letters. 

Another  book,  somewhat  of  the  same  kind  as 
the  foregoing,  although  differing  in  that  it  has  a 
distinct  moral  purpose,  is  "  For  Her  Sex:  Ex- 
tracts from  a  Girl's  Diary,"  published  by  Heine- 
mann. 

The  diary  is  that  of  a  girl  who,  when  engaged 
to  be  married,  discovers  that  her  intended  hus- 
band had  kept  a  mistress,  and  had  generally  led 
a  loose  life.      "  Is  it  surprising,"  she  asks,  "  that 


an  untouched,  innocent  girl,  with  all  her  sensa- 
tions unspotted,  should  shudder  away  from  a  mar- 
ried life  on  this  basis  of  shame?"  Her  thoughts 
sear  her  brain  like  sharp-pointed  needles.  She 
asks  her  intended  husband,  "  George,  could  you 
marry  a  prostitute?"  He  shook  his  heaa.  She 
kept  silence,  but  she  said  to  herself,  "All  these 
men  are  no  better  than  prostitutes."  She  did  not 
cease  to  love  him,  but  she  felt  she  could  not 
live  with  him,  with  the  imperishable,  depraving 
knowledge  of  his  past.  Because  she  could  not 
live  with  him.,  and  could  not  live  without  him, 
she  committed  suicide.  The  book  is  translated 
from  the  German,  where  it  has  gone  through  ten 
editions.  The  editor  says  the  "  diary  is  not  an 
aesthetic  morsel  to  tickle  jaded  palates,  but  a  shrill 
cry  of  pain,  cried  with  the  crudeness  of  all  pain."" 


Some  Novels  of  the  Month. 

"  The  Traitors,"  by  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim 
(Ward,  Lock,  6s.) — A  fanciful  tale  of  the  Balkan 
States.  It  is  very  readable,  and  has  plenty  of 
exciting  incident  to  hold  the  attention  through- 
out. The  traitors  are  the  Duke  of  Reist  and  his- 
sister,  who  after  going  to  great  trouble  to  put 
IJghtred  of  Tyranus  on  the  throne  of  his  fathers,, 
conspire  against  him  in  a  reluctant  sort  of  way. 
A  young  English  journalist  plays  an  important 
part  in  the  story,  impersonating  the  king  at  first, 
and  discovering  plots  later.  When  the  country 
is  just  on  the  point  of  being  overrun  by  the 
Turks,  England  steps  in  and  saves  it. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  continues  his  new  series  of 
novels  in  the  "  First  Novel  Series."  Number 
three  of  this  excellent  series  is  entitled  "  From 
Behind  the  Arras,"  by  Mrs.  Philip  Champion  do 
Crespigny  (6s.),  and  treats  of  the  adventures  of 
a  young  lady,  Alaine  Victorine  de  St.  Cenis,  in 
that  fascinating  period  for  novelists,  tne  eigh- 
teenth century.  The  story  begins  with  the  hero- 
ine in  a  convent,  and  ends  on  page  304  with  her  in 
the  arms  of  the  Vicomte  d'Ambuisson,  who  was 
incontinently  disliked  in  the  earlier  portion  of  the 
book. 

Miss  Violet  Jacob  is  to  be  congratulated  upon 
her  book  "  The  Sheep  Stealers  "  (Heinemann,  6s.), 
which  is  both  strongly  and  often  brilliantly  writ- 
ten. Pictures  of  village  life  in  the  districts  near 
the  Wye  Valley  in  the  earlier  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  are  clever,  and  charmingly  inter- 
woven with  the  story  of  one    Rhys  Walters. 

The  hero  of  "A  Modern  Monarch,"  by  Frank  C. 
Lewis  (Unwin,  6s.),  is  in  reality  not  a  monarch, 
but  a  strong  man,  who,  appointed  as  State  Adviser 
to  the  Republic  of  Uralia,  brings  prosperity  and 
riches  to  the  country,  which  he  found  in  dire 
straits.    He  becomes  Premier,  and,  as  such,  passes 


Review  of  Reviewa,  20/12/02.       SOME  BOOKS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


569 


through  several  exciting  crises,  and  finally  his  ser- 
vices are  rewarded  by  a  Privy  Councillorship  in 
England,  from  which  country  he  had  gone  to  take 
up  his  first  position. 

"  The  Modern  Christian,"  by  Thomas  Le  Breton 
(Syd.  H.  E.  Foxwill,  6s.).— This  is  rather  a  pessi- 
mistic story.  The  scenes  are  laid  in  Fleet  Street 
newspaper  offices.  The  characters  are  selfish, 
mean,  and  miserable.  The  conclusion  of  the  book 
is  that  the  pushing,  competitive  life  of  struggling 
men  and  women  makes  impossible  the  spiritual 
life  of  Christianity. 


Mutual  Aid.* 

By  Prince  Kropotkm. 
There  are   few   more  delightful   books  to  read 
than  Prince  Kropotkin's  "  Mutual  Aid  as  a  Factor 
in   Evolution."       Without   denying  the   truth   of 
the  law  of  Natural  Selection,  or  the  survival  of 
the  fittest,  from  his  own  purely  scientific  stand- 
point, which  is  not  that  in  any  way  of  the  ortho- 
dox   believer.    Prince    Kropotkin    takes    up    his 
parable  against  the  gloomy  theory  that 
Nature  red  in  tooth  and  claw 
With  ravin,  shrieked  against  his  creed, 

the  creed  that  the  law  of  love  is  the  law  of  life. 
For  in  this  book  of  his  on  Mutual  Aid  he  main- 
tains that  the  evolution  of  the  higher  types  of 
existence  in  this  world  is  not  by  any  means  solely 
dominated  by  a  pitiless  war  to  the  knife  between 
each  species,  but  rather  by  the  instinct  of  mutual 
aid.  The  law  of  mutual  struggle  needs  as  its 
corollary  the  law  of  mutual  aid,  and  the  latter 
is  higher  than  the  former.  The  idea  first  struck 
Prince  Kropotkin  in  listening  to  a  lecture  by 
Dean  Kessler,  of  St.  Petersburg,  in  1880.  Since 
then  he  has  spent  many  years  in  collecting  ma- 
terials to  establish  first  of  all  the  importance  of 
the  mutual  aid  factor,  leaving  to  subsequent  ul- 
terior research  the  task  of  discovering  its  origin. 
Prince  Kropotkin,  characteristically  enough,  de- 
murs to  making  Love  the  basis  of  the  instinct  of 
solidarity.  He  maintains  that  it  is  not  Love,  not 
even  sympathy,  on  which  society  is  based  in  man- 
kind. It  is  the  unconscious  recognition  of  the 
forces  borrowed  by  each  man  from  the  practice 
of  mutual  aid,  of  the  close  dependency  of  every- 
one's happiness  upon  the  happiness  of  all.  "Upon 
this  broad  and  necessary  foundation  the  still 
higher  moral  feelings  are  developed." 

The  most  interesting  chapters  are  the  first 
eighty  pages,  in  which  he  traces  the  existence  of 
mutual  aid  among  animals.  Ascending  one  step 
further,  he  shows  the  large  part  it  plays  among 

*"  Mutual  Aid  as  a  Factor  in  Evolution."  By  Prince 
Kropotkin.     (Heinemann.)     Price  7s.  6d. 


savages,  and  then  among  barbarians.  From  the 
city  he  proceeds  to  study  mutual  aid  in  the 
mediaeval  cities,  and  then  he  concludes  by  a  sketch 
of  the  operation  of  mutual  aid  among  ourselves. 
It  is  a  good,  healthy,  cheerful,  delightful  book, 
which  does  one  good  to  read,  even  although  we 
may  not  be  able  always  to  accept  its  conclusiona. 
As  a  very  helpful  hint  to  ministers  of  religion  of 
all  denominations,  it  might  be  suggested  that  they 
should  read  and  meditate  on  this  book,  and  preach 
upon  it  to  their  congregations.  They  will  be  sur- 
prised to  find  what  a  freshness  and  charm  the 
illustrations  which  they  could  cull  from  its  pages 
would  give  to  their  belief  in  the  higher  law  which 
governs  the  evolution  of  the  world. 


Some  Historical  Works. 

**Thc  Reign  of  Qtieen  Anne.^^ 
"  The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,"  by  Justin  McCar- 
thy (Chatto  &  Windus,  2  vols.,  24s.)— Queen  Anne, 
as  perhaps  the  first  submissively  constitutional 
Sovereign  of  England,  quite  apart  from  the  tre- 
mendous international  importance  of  her  reign, 
takes  a  very  important  place  in  history.  "  The 
Reign  of  Queen  Anne  "  is  a  description  and  analy- 
sis of  the  Queen  as  v/oman  and  as  Sovereign,  and 
a  history  of  the  great  wars  which  played  such  a 
dominating  part  in  her  reign.  The  view  taken  by 
Mr.  McCarthy  of  the  Queen  is  that  as  a  woman  she 
was  a  Tory  and  a  Jacobite,  but  that  as  a  Sover- 
eign she  conformed  entirely  to  the  position  of  a 
constitutional  ruler.  She  had  a  devout  faith  in 
the  Divine  Right  of  Kings,  but  she  was  intelli- 
gent enough  to  recognise  established  facts,  and  to 
see  that  no  English  monarch  could  henceforth 
reign  without  popular  support.  Even  in  her  weak- 
est moods  she  had  a  far  better  understanding  of 
the  duties  of  a  constitutional  Sovereign  than  was 
shown  by  any  Sovereign  of  the  House  of  Hanover 
down  to  the  days  when  William  IV.  saw  himself 
compelled  to  surrender  his  most  cherished  convic- 
tions to  the  advice  of  his  Minister?.  As  a  politi- 
cal history  the  work  deals  at  length  with  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  the  famous  campaigns 
of  Peterborough  in  Spain,  and  with  the  Union 
with  Scotland.  But  not  less  interesting  is  its  social 
and  literary  side,  with  Swift,  the  "  Spectator," 
with  Pope,  and  the  great  literary  luminaries  of  the 
early  eighteenth  century. 


Letters  of  Princess  Lieven. 

Princess  Lieven,  the  Lutheran  wife  of  a  Russian 
Ambassador  at  the  Court  of  St.  James's,  Is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  figures  who  played  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  European  and  Anglo-Russian  po- 


S70 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1902. 


litics  in  the  first  quarter  of  last  century.  Some 
of  her  letters  to  Prince  Metternich  having  already- 
been  published,  Messrs.  Longmans  have  now 
brought  out  a  volume  of  the  letters  (414  pp.;  14s. 
net)  which  she  wrote  to  her  brother,  General 
Benckendorff,  during  her  residence  in  London 
from  1812  to  1834.  The  collection  is  edited  by  Mr. 
Lionel  G.  Robinson,  who  might  have  been  a  little 
more  sympathetic  to  the  lady  who  was  the 
heroine  of  the  book.  Mme.  Novikoff  in  the  close 
of  the  century  played  somewhat  the  same  part  as 
Princess  Lieven  at  its  opening;  and  it  will  be  very 
interesting  to  contrast  the  Russian  lady  diploma- 
tist of  our  time  with  her  famous  predecessor.  The 
book  has,  as  a  frontispiece,  a  reproduction  of  the 
portraits  of  Princess  Lieven  by  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence and  Mr.  G.  F.  Watts.  It  would  be  easy  to  fill 
many  pages  with  extracts  from  these  vivacious  let- 
ters, but  space  forbids.  Count  Benckendorfl,  who 
has  now  succeeded  M.  de  Staal  at  the  British  Em- 
bassy, inherits  a  great  tradition. 


Bishop  Creigfhton's  Essays. 

Mrs.  Creighton  has  performed  a  pious  duty  to 
her  husband's  memory  by  collecting  in  a  volume 
of  356  pages  the  "  Historical  Essays  and  Reviews  " 
of  the  late  Bishop  of  London.  They  are  published 
by  Messrs.  Longmans  at  5s.  net.  The  first  half  of 
the  volume  deals  with  the  Italian  subjects  which 
the  Bishop  made  his  own.  There  are  essays  on 
Dante,  ^neas  Silvius  (who  was  Pope  Pius  II.),  on 
Vittorino  (whom  he  calls  a  "  schoolmaster  of  the 
Renascence"),  and  on  Gismondo  Malatesta,  who 
ruled  over  Rimini  from  1432  to  1468.  Of  more 
interest  to  English  readers  are  the  essays  which 
deal  with  John  Wickliff,  and  those  in  which  he  de- 
scribed the  Border  which  he  studied  in  his  vic- 
arage at  Embleton,  and  the  fen-land  to  which  he 
was  introduced  when  Bishop  of  Peterborough. 
There  are  two  articles  of  the  special  correspondent 
class,  one  describing  the  Coronation  of  Nicholas 
II.  at  Moscow,  at  which  the  Bishop  was  present, 
and  the  other  the  Harvard  Anniversary,  which  he 
described  for  the  "  Times." 


All  those  who  have  had  the  pleasure  of  reading 
the  earlier  works  of  the  Countess  Evelyn  Marti- 
nengo  Cesaresco  on  Italy  will  welcome  her  new 
book  of  "  Lombard  Studies "  (Unwin,  16s.  net). 
This  is  a  collection  of  eleven  delightfully  written 
sketches  of  various  subjects  in  Lombardy  of  yes- 
terday and  of  to-day.  The  carefully  chosen  illus- 
trations add  much  to  the  charm  of  the  book,  which 
reflects  in  its  get-up  great  credit  also  upon  the 
good  taste  of  the  publisher. 

"Henry  Grattan,"  by  Percy  M.  Roxby  (T. 
Fisher  Unwin,  3s.  6d.),  the  Oxford  Gladstone  Prize 


Essay  for  1902,  is  a  very  ably  written  analysis  of 
the  chief  events  of  the  career  of  the  great  Irish- 
man. In  conclusion  Mr.  Roxby  points  out  that 
of  the  five  great  boons  which  Grattan  sought  for 
Ireland,  Free  Trade,  Parliamentary  Reform,  Com- 
mutation of  Tithes,  Catholic  Emancipation,  and 
Legislative  Independence,  all  but  the  last  are  ac- 
complished facts.  Grattan,  says  Mr.  Roxby,  proves 
conclusively  that  it  is  possible  to  be  an  Irish 
patriot  and  at  the  same  time  a  friend  of  England. 
Mr.  Edward  G.  Browne  has  succeeded  in  pro- 
ducing an  interesting  book  in  his  "A  Literary  His- 
tory of  Persia"  (Unwin,  16s.  net).  Setting  out 
with  the  aim  of  doing  for  Persian  intellectual  and 
literary  achievements  much  that  was  accom- 
plished with  regard  to  English  history  by  Green's 
"  Short  History  of  the  English  People,"  Mr. 
Browne  has  written  a  history  of  the  Persian 
people,  not  of  the  kings  and  dynasties,  and  he  has 
treated  them  from  a  literary  point  of  view.  An 
admirable  index  and  a  full  bibliography  add  much 
to  the  value  of  the  book. 


Books  of  Travel. 

An  Australian  Girl  in  London.* 

If  all  Australian  girls  are  like  Louise  Mack,  the 
more  of  them  who  come  to  London  the  better  it 
will  be  for  London  and  the  world.  This  book, 
published  by  Fisher  Unwin  (6s.),  is  a  delightful 
revelation  of  a  charming  personality.  Nothing  can 
be  more  fresh,  frank,  cheerful  and  entertaining 
than  these  letters  of  "  Sylvia."  The  first  part  of 
her  book  describes  her  journey  through  Italy;  but 
her  impressions  of  London  are  the  most  interest- 
ing part  of  the  book— at  least,  to  Londoners.  She 
is  even  enthusiastic  about  Bloomsbury.  But  the 
English,  especially  the  rural  English,  she  finds 
very  poor  compared  with  her  dear  Australians; 
"  where  the  Englishman  looks  wooden  and  shal- 
low, the  Australian  man  looks  green  and  deep." 
English  country-folk  give  her  a  shock;  every  one 
in  six  is  in  some  way  malformed,  and  Nature 
seems  to  be  reproducing  turnips,  carrots,  potatoes, 
and  radishes  in  their  countenances.  Louise  Mack 
is  a  poet,  and  her  poetic  soul  revels  in  dear,  beau- 
tiful, haunted  Bloomsbury.  No  one  who  reads  the 
book  will  regret  having  done  so.  It  is  a  fresh, 
bright  picture  of  the  Old  World  as  seen  by  an 
Australian  girl,  and  an  even  more  charming  pic- 
ture of  the  Australian  girl  herself,  with  her  pas- 
sionate Australian  patriotism,  her  childlike  en- 
thusiasm, all  lit  up  with  flashes  of  real  piercing 
insight,  which  gives  her  book  real  distinction. 

*Bv  Louise  Mack  (Mrs.  Creed).  (T.  Fisher  Unwin.) 
6s. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.        SOME  BOOKS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


571 


Two  on  Their  Travels.* 

A  gossipy  book,  copiously  illustrated  with  amus- 
ing sketches  by  the  authoress,  and  some  good  pic- 
tures, coloured  and  in  black  and  white.  The  "two" 
are  Mrs.  Ethel  Colquhoun  and  her  husband  An- 
drew. She  begins  to  describe  their  travels  at  Sin- 
gapore and  visits  Java,  Borneo,  the  Sulus,  the 
Philippines,  Japan  and  Vladivostock,  and  then  re- 
turns home  by  the  Siberian  Railway  to  Moscow. 
Mrs.  Colquhoun  is  a  lively  gossip,  and  given  to 
dissertations  by  the  way.  One  of  the  most  inte- 
resting and  characteristic  passages  is  that  In 
which  she  describes  the  difference  between  the 
American  and  English  wives.  American  women, 
she  says,  if  not  selfish  are  extraordinarily  self- 
centred;  they  are  better  talkers,  brighter  and  more 
amusing  socially  than  English  women,  but  too 
often  their  wares  are  all  in  their  shop  windows. 
Their  manners  in  society  are  brighter  and  more 
graceful  than  those  of  their  English  cousins,  but 
they  are  less  ready  with  the  little  acts  of  tact  and 
self-denial  which  constitute  true  politeness.  Ame- 
rican men  do  not  mind  being  treated  like  worms. 
In  Britain  the  male  thing  is  No.  1,  and  in  the 
States  the  female. 


Political  Economy. 

"  Problems  of  Modern  Industry,"  by  Sidney  and 
Beatrice  Webb  (London:  Longmans,  Green  & 
Co.,  286  pp.,  5s.).  Also  a  new  edition,  uniform 
with  the  1902  editions  of  "  The  History  of  Trade 
Unionism  "  and  "  Industrial  Democracy."  The 
book  is  brought  up  to  date  by  a  lengthy  preface, 
in  which  the  authors  discuss  the  problems  raised 
by  recent  industrial  developments,  notably  the  ex- 
tension of  the  American  Trust  system.  Mr.  Webb, 
while  insisting  upon  the  improvement  of  indus- 
trial organisation  implied  in  the  Trust,  thinks 
that  the  danger  of  the  consumer  not  getting  the 
benefit  of  this  improvement  is  exaggerated  and 
comparatively  unimportant.  Anything  like  an  ab- 
solute monopoly  of  the  staple  needs  of  the  masses 
is  impossible.  It  will  probably  pay  the  Trust 
better  to  reduce  prices  than  to  raise  them.  The 
remedy  for  any  oppressive  raising  of  prices  Is  to 
abolish  the  Customs  tariff— a  result  which  is  to 
be  expected  as  the  Trust  system  extends.  But  the 
chief  profits  of  the  Trust  represent  economies  in 
production  brought  about  by  its  own  formation. 

"  The  State  in  Its  Relation  to  Trade."  By  Lord 
Farrer.  With  Supplementary  Chapter  by  Sir  Ro- 
bert Giffen,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.  (London:  Macmillan 
&  Co.  Limited,  208  pp.,  3s.  6d.).  This  is  an  inte- 
resting and  suggestive  little  book,  dealing  with 
the  many  problems  implied  in  its  title.    The  book, 

*By  Ethel  Colquhoun.     (Heinemann.) 


among  other  things,  is  a  strong  protest  against 
Protectionist  fallacies.  It  is  not,  however,  easy 
to  agree  with  all  Lord  Farrer  says  as  to  the  limi- 
tations of  State  and  municipal  enterprise. 


Poetry. 

"A  Christmas  Posy  "  is  the  title  of  a  charming 
little  volume  of  carols,  songs,  and  other  pieces, 
several  of  which  are  translations  from  the  copious 
carol  and  Noel  literature  of  France  and  Germany. 
Lady  Lindsay  has  a  very  graceful,  sympathetic 
touch,  and  her  cradle-song  is  very  beautiful  with 
its  soothing  refrain.  But  the  poem  which  struck 
us  most  is  based  upon  the  tradition  of  the  Zuyder 
Zee,  which  explains  how  it  is  that  every  Christmas 
night  the  fishermen  hear  the  chiming  of  the 
Christmas  bells  beneath  the  waters.  Long  ago 
there  stood  a  city  of  wealth  and  pride  upon  the 
shore,  protected  from  the  waves  by  great  dykes 
along  which  God's  angels  stood  on  guard.  They 
prospered  exceedingly,  and  like  most  prosperous 
folk  they  forgot  God.  So  one  Christmas  night 
Our  Lord  appeared  to  them  first  as  an  old  man, 
who  begged  from  door  to  door,  and  then  as  a 
little  child  with  bleeding  feet,  in  both  cases  crav- 
ing bread  and  shelter  in  the  name  of  the  Christ 
that  was  born,  and  craving  it  in  vain.  So  the 
doom  fell  upon  the  proud  city: 

0    woe,    0    woe    for    the    city, 

That  city  of  pride  and  gain, 

Where  the  Lord  Christ  came  in  a  two-fold  guise. 

And    pleaded    and    prayed    in    vain. 

But    angels    ceased    to    guard    the    dykes. 

And  the  sea  rose  m  its  wrath, 

And  never  a  living  soul  escaped 

From  that  town  by  tne  Zuyder  Zee. 

And  the  rich  domains  and  the  palaces 

Lie  in  deep  seas  hid  away, 

Yet  the  fishermen  hear  the  chiming  bells 

On  each  Christmas  night  at  sea. 

The  Coronation  year  has  brought  out  many  pub- 
lications suggested  by  the  crowning  of  tne  King, 
but  the  book  published  by  Isbister  &  Co.,  entitled 
•"  The  Empire's  Greeting,"  is  the  most  character- 
istic, and  is  absolutely  unique.  "  Good  Words  " 
offered  prizes  for  an  ode  on  the  Coronation,  with 
the  result  that  they  received  no  fewer  than  1,084 
odes  from  all  parts  of  the  British  Empire.  From 
this  cartload  of  odes  the  Rev.  Donald  McLeod  has 
selected  sufficient  to  fill  286  pages,  and  encouraged 
by  the  discovery  of  how  rich  a  vein  of  verse  they 
have  tapped,  the  editor  now  offers  £85,  to  be 
divided  in  three  prizes,  for  the  three  best  Songs 
of  the  Empire,  which  are  to  utter  and  embody  the 
spirit  of  the  Empire,  of  its  grandeur,  power,  du- 
ties, and  responsibilities.  They  are  to  be  national 
poems,  in  the  sense  that  they  are  to  be  National 
Anthems. 


572 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  IN  THE  REVIEWS. 


A  Submarine  Salvage  Boat. 

The  Inventions  of  Signer  Pino. 

Dr.  Carlo  Iberti  contributes  to  the  "  Contemporary 
Keview "  a  very  interesting  article  concerning  the 
inventions  of  Signor  Pino,  who  is  likely  to  become 
almost  as  famous  as  Marconi.  He  is  an  en-ineer 
whose  working  submarine  boat  is  used,  not  foi-  destruc- 
tion, but  for  the  recoverj'  of  treasure  from  the  deep. 
His  boat  promises  to  make  an  immense  fortune  for  its 
inventor. 

A  Salvage  Boat. 

One  hundred  and  eighty  ships  are  sunk,  on  an 
average,  every  month  of  the  year,  and  with  all 
their  cargoes  they  are  lying  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 
Signor  Iberti  says: 

"  In  order  clearly  and  exactly  to  realise  the  value 
of  the  invention  under  notice,  the  following  facts  have 
to  be  considered: 

"  1.  That  every  kind  of  operation  for  the  salvage 
or  recoverj'  of  ships  or  objects  can  be  done  with  great 
ease  by  means  of  this  small  boat  of  about  three  metres 
diameter. 

"  2.  That  it  has  been  tested  to  a  depth  of  150  metres, 
and  that  the  inventor,  who  has  descended  in  it  to  the 
sea-bottom  at  least  140  times,  has  successfully  worked 
at  a  depth  of  130  metres. 

"  3.  That  two  persons  can  work  in  It  on  the  sea-bed 
for  twelve  hours  continuously,  without  needing  to  re- 
turn to  the  surface  for  air. 

"  4.  That  every  object  lying  in  the  sea  is  clearly 
and  distinctly  seen  from  it,  at  any  depth,  through 
windows  of  a  special  crystal. 

'■  5.  That  the  boat  (which  can  be  set  in  motion  or 
stopped  instantaneously)  ascends  or  descends  at  will, 
at  a  speed  of  3J  metres  per  second. 

"  6.  That  it  will  stop  and  remain  perfectly  immovable 
at  any  depth,  in  perfect  equilibrium,  and  for  any 
length   of  time. 

'■  7.  That  it  walks  on  the  sea-bed,  moving  freely  on 
an  ingenious  single  whee',  propelled  by  an  electric- 
driven   screw." 

The  Hydroscope. 

But  his  submarine  boat  is  not  so  wonderful  as  his 
other  invention,  cailea  the  hydroscope.       By  its  use — 

"  A  person  will  be  able: 

"1.  To  see  clearly  and  distinctly  any  object  in  the 
water  down  to  the  bed  of  the  sea,  and  practically  at 
any  depth; 

"  2.  To  take  clear  photographs  of  whatever  he  per- 
ceives   there;    and    thus 

"  3.  To  recover  therefrom  with  ease  and  at  very  small 
expense  anything  he  likes,  nowever  large  and  heavy  it 
may  be,  and  at  whatever  depth  it  may  lie. 
And  all  these  three  operations  will  be  performed  while 
standing  in  an  ordinary  small  boat  on  the  surface  of 
the  sea. 

"  A  private  experiment  was  made  some  days  ago,  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  only  one  person  being  present. 
The  result  was  simply  incredible;  a  large  volume  of 
water — about  15,000  cubic  metres — covering  an  area  of 


sea-bed  of  1,500  metres  perimeter — was  so  brilliantly 
illuminated  that  all  the  objects  moving  in  this  body  of 
water,  or  lying  on  the  illuminated  sea-bed,  were  clearly 
and  distinctly  seen." 

The  Treasure  Trove  of  the  Sea. 

By  the  aid  of  the  Pino  submarine  boat  and  the 
hydroscope  Dr.  Iberti  thinks  there  is  an  incalculable 
store  of  treasure  soon  to  be  brought  to  the  surface: 
He  says: 

"  Who  can  tell  the  value  of  all  the  precious  artistic 
objects  lying  on  the  sea-bottom,  for  example,  those 
statues — the  masterpieces  of  great  sculptors — which 
were  wrested  away  from  Athens  and  sunk  in  the 
Archipelago  during  the  Pompeian  wars— as  we  are  told 
by  Livy — and  which  Signor  Pino  has  just  been  urged 
by  the  Greek  Government  to  recover?  We  can  hardly 
realise  the  value  of  the  Persian  fleet  wrecked  in  the 
Dardanelles,  of  the  ships  sunk  in  the  Egyptian  waters 
during  tne  Napoleonic  wars,  of  the  Spanish  steamer 
foundered  in  the  Bahia  de  \  igo,  and  of  thousands  of 
other  ill-fated  ships.  In  order  to  get  a  very  faint  idea 
of  the  enormous  importance  of  Signor  Pino's  invention, 
it  may  suffice  to  recall  to  mind  the  wreck  of  the  great 
transatlantic  steamer  'Bourgogne,'  which  caused  a  loss 
of  twenty-four  million  francs,  and  contained  sixteen 
million  francs  in  zinc;  the  steamer  sunk  off  the  coast  of 
Holland,  with  gold  to  the  value  of  twenty-seven  mil- 
lion francs;  the  ship  wrecked  during  the  Xorth  Ameri- 
can war,  with  five  million  dollars  in  treasure;  the  vessel 
dashed  to  pieces  in  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  with  ingots 
to  the  value  of  62.5  million  francs;  the  armoured  ship 
'  Victoria,'  sunk  in  the  waters  of  Tripoli,  with  a  large 
treasure  in  go'd  and  modern  ordnance;  the  war-ship 
'  Black  Pritice,'  wrecked  during  the  Crimean  war  in 
the  Bay  of  Balaclava,  with  (according  to  the  most  re- 
liable historians)  forty  millions  in  grants,  money,  etc." 


The  White  Slave  Trade. 

The  'Contemporary  Review"  publishes  an  article 
suggested  by  the  holding  of  the  recent  Conference  at 
Frankfort,  on  the  subject  of  the  suppression  of  the 
traffic  in  young  women  for  immoral  purposes,  which  is 
usually  described  as  the  "  white  slave  trade."  The 
■n-riter  says: 

"  1  oung  girls  were  regularly  recruited,  especially  m 
the  poorer  Eastern  countries  of  Europe,  by  fraudulent 
promises  of  light,  respectable  service  at  good  wages, 
offered  by  agents  of  houses,  not  only  in  Western  Europe 
but  in  South  America  and  in  the  East,  agents  who 
found  it  worth  while  to  spend  large  sums  of  money 
and  to  undertake  regular  commercial  journeys;  so 
great  was  the  price  of  their  booty  in  the  markets  of 
Argentina  and  of  Constantinople.  Far  from  being 
merely  a  local  evil,  the  trade  derived  its  principal 
support  from  its  foreign  imports. 

"  It  is  a  true  slave  trade.  The  subjects  of  it  are 
usually  young  and  inexperienced  girls,  obtained  from 
among  the  poor  and  ignorant  classes.  Though  not 
seized  by  force,  they  are  cheated  into  starting,  and 
once  over  the  frontier  are  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
their   conductors.       Hardly   any   being   could   be   con- 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


573 


ceived  more  utterly  helpless  than  a  peasant  girl  on  a 
journey  through  a  foreign  land,  where  she  knows  no- 
body and  nothing,  and  is  unable  to  communicate 
even  with  a  casual  fellow-traveller.  Go  on  she  must, 
and  she  is  generally  far  away  from  home  and  friends, 
if  not  actually  delivered  over  to  her  ultimate  purchaser 
and  shut  up,  before  she  finds  out  what  is  intended 
to  be  done  with  her. 

The  fact  is  that  the  international  nature  of  the 
horrible  business  is  its  protection.  All  that  is  visible 
IS  an  ;>ccasional  party  of  travellers,  shipping  from  Bor- 
deaux or  Southampton,  which  appears  to  include  girls 
speaking  foreign  tongues,  who  seem  to  be  in  the  charge 
of  suspicious-looking  men." 

After  a  warm  tribute  to  the  zeal  and  energy  of 
Mr.  W.  A.  Coote,  a  short  account  is  given  of  the  suc- 
cessive steps  in  his  international  agitation,  which  led 
up  to  the  holding  of  the  International  Conference  at 
Paris  last  summer: 

"  M.  Delcasse,  at  the  instance  of  M.  Berenger,  en- 
tered warmly  into  the  project,  and  his  invitation  was 
accepted  by  all  the  Governments  of  Europe  excepting 
Turkey  and  the  Balkan  States;  also  by  Brazil.  The 
resolutions  of  this  Conference,  referred  to  the  several 
Governments  for  ratification,  have  not  yet  been  pub- 
lished. But  it  is  understood  that  they  fully  carry 
out  the  views  of  the  London  Congress,  and  "contain 
provisions  that  the  legislation  of  each  country  is  to 
be  so  amended,  if  necessary,  as  to  provide  uniVersally 
for  the  punishment  of  procurers— in  the  case  of  adults 
by  force,  fraud,  threat,  abuse  of  authority  or  other 
constraint,  and  in  the  case  of  minors  with  or  without 
these  conditions— even  when  the  crime  is  constituted 
by  several  acts  perpetrated  in  different  countries.  They 
also  provide  for  extradition  of  offenders  and  for  mutual 
assistance  in  obtaining  e\adence  and  other  matters. 
But  beyond  making  these  provisions,  which  are  in- 
tended to  take  effect  in  six  months,  the  Plenipoten- 
tiaries declare  that  they  are  only  a  minimum,  and  also 
that  imprisonment  ought  to  be  the  penalty  of  the  crime. 
Further,  they  have  sketched  out  a  plan  for  mutual 
arrangements  which,  if  carried  out,  will  undoubtedly 
put  enormous  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  traffic; 
for  example,  a  system  of  central  offices  in  communica- 
tion with  each  other,  a  general  surveillance  over  rail- 
way stations  and  ports,  the  employment  of  the  Consuls 
and  Diplomatic  Agents  to  check  the  trade,  and  the 
return  to  their  own  countries  of  girls  who  have  been 
enticed  away  or  of  foreign  women  of  immodest  life 
who  are  willing  to  go  back  home.  And  they  suggest 
the  surveillance  of  registry  offices  which  place  out 
foreigners." 


Self-indulgent  Oxford. 

"  Religion  in  Oxford "  is  the  title  of  a  piece  of 
mournful,  reading  in  the  "  Church  Quarterly  Review." 
The  writer  affirms  that  "  there  are  no  great  influences 
in  Oxford,"  least  of  all  on  its  religious  side.  He 
bewails  the  lack  of  serious  teaching  in  the  preaching 
at  Oxford.  This  is.  to  his  mind,  the  great  blot  on 
the  religious  provision  made.  It  is,  however,  encour- 
aging to  find  that  the  "  Church  Quarterly  Review " 
deals  faithfully  with  Oxford.  The  writer  says,  "  The 
University  is  a  very  efficient  school  of  self-indulgence." 
"  Self-indulgence,  in  a  general  sense,  seems  almost  a 
characteristic  of  the  place."  The  second  danger  is  the 
■'  affectation  of  elegant  indifference."  ''  We  learn  at 
Oxford,"  said  an  undergraduate,  "to  do  things  with  a 
graceful  air  of  not  caring  about  them." 


What  is  Life  ? 

The  Latest  Answer  to  the  Old  Riddle. 

Carl  Snyder  contributes  a  brief,  intensely  interesting 
paper  to  "Harper's"  for  November,  entitled  "  The 
Newest  Conceptions  of  Life."  He  declares  that  the 
physical  process  of  life  is  no  longer  a  riddle. 

A  Series  of  Fermentations. 
Physiology  has  now  solved  the  riddle;  the  answer  is 
that  life  is  simply  a  series  of  fermentations.  He  de- 
scribes the  various  stages  by  which  biologists  have, 
in  the  course  of  sixty  years,  arrived  at  the  conclusion 
that  for  every  vital  function  there  is  a  ferment,  and 
the  sum  of  their  activities,  which  we  call  life,  is  no 
more  than  a  series  of  fermentations.  It  is  an  English- 
man— Croft  Hill — who  three  or  four  years  ago  dis- 
covered that,  under  given  conditions,  the  destructive 
action  of  a  ferment  is  reversible.  Under  the  influence 
of  one  ferment  a  substance  can  be  broken  up,  and  the 
addition  of  another  ferment  will  put  these  products 
together  so  as  to  form  the  original  compound.  The 
biological  puzzle  of  the  hour  is  to  ascertain  what 
are  these  ferments.  So  far,  they  have  utterly  baffled 
inquirj-;  they  are  compounded  of  water,  air  and  car- 
Ion,  but  no  one  can  say  how  they  are  put  together. 

The    Manufacture    of   Fire. 

But  we  may  hear  of  their  chemical  sj-nthesis  in  our 
day,  and  that  will  be  but  a  prelude  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  life  in  the  laboratory.  This  new  conception 
of  life  leads  some  scientists  of  lively  and  daring  imagi- 
nation to  believe  that  perhaps  all  the  processes  of 
life  are  reversible;  that,  under  given  conditions,  the 
oak  would  become  an  acorn  and  the  grown  man  a 
child.  The  discovery  that  one  ferment  will  undo  the 
work  of  another  gives  Mr.  Snyder  reason  to  hope  that 
we  may  discover  in  our  day  the  veritable  fountain  of 
life.  What  we  call  growing  old  seems  merely  a  series 
of  destructive  fermentations? 

"As  the  discovery  of  the  constructive  ferments  gave 
at  last  a  clue  to  a  complete  account  of  the  T^hole  life 
process,  so  to  those  who  have  closely  and  reflectively 
followed  the  development  of  biochemistry,  the  dis- 
covery of  reversibility  in  fermentation  may  in  time 
disclose  the  reversibility  of  the  lite  process;  the  more 
concrete  phrase,  the  arrest  of  death,  the  prevention 
of  old  age,  the  preservation  of  youth." 

Mr.  Snyder  maintains  that  the  discoveries  of  the  last 
few  years — 

"  give  earnest  of  the  day  when,  the  mode  of  action  of 
the  ferments  being  as  well  known  as  the  working  of 
rennet  in  the  making  of  cheese  now,  the  action  of  the 
cellular  ferments  maj'  be  reversed  at  will;  the  fabric 
they  have  reared  would  go  down  piece  by  piece,  the 
separate  parts  shrink,  coalesce,  decrease,  until,  perhaps, 
naught  remained  save  a  formless  clot  of  jellv-like  stuff 
—the  jelly  of  life." 

Life  in  Crystals. 

In  connection  with  this  article  in  "  Harper's  "  may 
he  read  Signer  Giovanni  Colazza's  paper  in  the  "  Theo- 
sophica)  Review,"  which  Mrs.  Oakley  translates  from 
the  Italian.  It  is  entitled  "  Life  in  Crystals,"  and  's 
an  account  of  the  results  which  have  been  obtained  by 
Professor  von  Schron,  who  has  devoted  the  last 
eighteen  years  to  a  study  of  crystals.  As  Professor 
Bose  discovered  that  metals  have  feelings,  so  Pro- 
fessor von  Schron  maintains  that  the  barriers  between 
organic  and  inorganic  kingdoms  can  be  swept  away. 
Crystals  show  vital  phenomena — first,  individual  mo- 
tion; secondly,  a  structural  evolution  in  the  matter  of 


574 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ipoi 


which  they  are  constituted;  thirdly,  an  internal  charac- 
teristic movement  in  the  shape  of  vibrating  waves. 
Professor  von  Schron  has  derived  from  his  researches 
a  religious  conception  of  the  universe,  and  asserts  that 
his  religious  feeling  developed  itself  in  direct  propor- 
tion in  his  penetration  into  the  so-called  secrets  of 
nature. 

In  the  same  number  of  the  "  Theosophical  Review  " 
Mrs.  Besant  discusses  Professor  Bose's  discovery,  and 
maintains  that  his  exneriments  have  established,  on  a 
definite  basis  of  physical  facts,  the  teaching  of  occult 
science  as  to  the  universality  of  life. 


A  Panorama  of  the  Human  Race. 

In  a  dialogue  entitled  "The  End  of  It  All,"  Mr.  J. 
K.  Jerome  contributes  to  the  "Windsor  Magazine"  for 
November  a  panorama  of  the  human  race  as  it  has 
been,  is,  and  will  be.      He  says: 

"  What  is  the  picture  that  presents  itself?  Scat- 
tered here  and  there  over  the  wild,  voiceless  desert, 
first  the  holes  and  caves,  next  the  rude-built  huts,  the 
wigwams,  the  lake  dwellings  of  primitive  man.  Lonely, 
solitary,  followed  by  his  dam  and  brood,  he  creeps 
through  the  tall  grass,  ever  with  watchful,  terror- 
haunted  eyes;  satisfies  his  few  desires;  communicates, 
by  means  of  a  few  grunts  and  signs,  his  tiny  store 
of  knowledge  to  his  offspring;  then,  crawling  beneath  a, 
stone,  or  into  some  tangled  comer  of  the  jungle,  dies 
and  disappears.  We  look  again.  A  thousand  centuries 
have  flashed  and  faded.  The  surface  of  the  earth  is 
flecked  with  strange,  quivering  patches:  here,  where 
the  sun  shines  on  the  wood  and  sea,  close  together, 
almost  touching  one  another;  there,  among  the  shadows, 
far  apart.  The  tribe  has  formed  itself.  The  whole 
tiny  mass  moves  forward,  halts,  runs  backward,  stirred 
always  by  one  common  impulse.  Man  has  learnt  the 
secret  of  combination,  of  mutual  help.  The  city 
rises.  From  its  stone  centre  spreads  its  power;  the 
nation  leaps  to  life;  civilisation  springs  from  leisure; 
no  longer  is  each  man's  life  devoted  to  his  mere 
animal  necessities.  The  artificer,  the  thinker — his  fel- 
lows shall  protect  him.  Socrates  dreams,  Phidias 
carves  the  marble,  while  Pericles  maintains  the  law, 
and  Leonidas  holds  the  barbarian  at  bay.  Europe 
annexes  piece  by  piece  the  dark  places  of  the  earth, 
gives  to  them  her  laws.  The  Empire  swallows  the 
small  State;  Russia  stretches  her  arm  round  Asia.  In 
London  we  toast  the  union  of  the  English-speaking 
peoples;  in  Berlin  and  Vienna  we  rub  a  salamander 
to  the  deutscher  Bund;  in  Paris  we  whisper  of  a 
communion  of  the  Latin  races.  In  great  things  so 
in  small.  The  stores,  the  huge  emporium  displaces  the 
small  shopkeeper;  the  Trust  amalgamates  a  hundred 
firms;  the  Union  speaks  for  the  worker.  The  limits 
of  country,  of  language,  are  found  too  narrow  for  the 
new  ideas.  German,  American,  or  English — ^let  what 
yard  of  coloured  cotton  you  choose  float  from  the 
mizzenmast,  the  business  of  the  human  race  is  their 
captain.  One  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  old  Sam 
Johnson  waited  in  a  patron's  anteroom;  to-day  the 
entire  world  invites  him  to  growl  his  table  talk  the 
while  it  takes  its  dish  of  tea.  The  poet,  the  novelist, 
speak  in  twenty  languages.  Nationality — it  is  the 
County  Council  of  the  future.  The  world's  high-roads 
run  turnpike-free  from  pole  to  pole.  One  would  be 
blind  not  to  see  the  goal  towards  which  we  are 
rushing.  At  the  outside  it  is  but  a  generation  or  two 
off.  It  is  one  huge  murmuring  xiive — one  universal 
Hive  just  the  size  of  the  round  earth.  The  bees  have 
been  before  us;  they  have  solved  the  riddle  towards 
which  we,  in  darkness,  have  been  groping." 


How  Young  Royalty  is  Brought  Up. 

"  Our  Future  King "  is  the  title  of  an  interesting 
paper  in  the  "Girl's  Realm"  by  Alice  Stronach.  Ske 
tells  many  stories,  some  utw,  some  old,  of  the  children 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  It  is  pleasant  to  know  that 
their  parents  are  aware  of  the  pernicious  influences 
of  luxury  in  infancy: 

"  The  Princess  of  Wales,  remembering  her  own  free 
and  happy  childhood,  has  wisely  resolved  that  her  chil- 
dren s.hould  have  their  early  years  as  little  as  possible 
spoiled  by  the  accident  of  their  exalted  position.  So 
simplicity  of  surroundings,  of  diet,  of  clothing — a  sim- 
plicity that  would  astonish  parents  and  children  of 
some  of  our  upper  middle-classes— are  the  rule  in  the 
nurseries  of  Sandringham  and  York  House.  True, 
when  in  London,  the  little  Princes  and  their  sister  have 
to  submit  to  the  four  daily  repetitions  of  the  irksome 
process  of  being  dressed;  but  when  gardening  at 
Sandringham,  and  when  playing  on  the  shingle  at  Os- 
borne, they  are  not  denied  the  supreme  satisfaction  of 
getting  as  dirty  as  all  healthy  children  sometimes  love 
to  be." 

The  toys  with  which  the  Royal  nurseries  are  stocked 
are  dealt  with  in  a  way  which  may  be  commended  to 
other  than  Royal  parents: 

"  Toys  are  not  allowed  to  accumulate  in  the  nur- 
series of  York  Cottage  or  York  House.  Periodically, 
the  Princess  of  Wales  appears,  and  makes  a  clean 
sweep  of  her  children's  playthings  in  the  interests  of 
the    little    patients    of    the    London   hospitals." 

The  charge  made  against  the  British  people,  that 
they  refuse  to  master  foreign  tongues,  cannot  be  lev- 
elled against  the  Royal  Family  of  Great  Britain.  We 
read  that: 

"  From  their  earliest  years  the  little  Princes  have 
been  trained  to  speak  foreign  tongues.  Already  Prince 
Edward  and  Prince  Albert  speak  French  and  German 
with  almost  as  much  ease  as  English,  while  Princess 
Victoria  chatters  fluently  in  German,  that  being  the 
language  spoken  by  one  of  her  nurses.  For  some  time 
French  was  the  language  spoken  by  the  Princes  at 
mealtimes,  a  nurse  who  spoke  that  language  being  en- 
gaged for  the  purpose;  but  by  the  late  Queen's  wish 
German  was,  after  a  time,  substituted  as  the  language 
spoken  at  table,  even  grace  being  said  in  that 
tongue." 

History  and  geography  are  the  favourite  lessons 
of  the  young  Princes.  So  far,  none  except  the  baby 
Henry  display  any  taste  for  music.  All  except  Prince 
Albert  are  said  to  be  remarkably  sturdy,  and  free  from 
even  the  ordinary  illnesses  of  childhood. 


The  Chapel  of  the  Ascension. 

In  the  November  number  of  the  "Art  Journal  '* 
there  is  an  interesting  article,  by  Mrs.  Langridge,  on 
the  Chapel  of  the  Ascension  in  the  Bayswater  Road 
and  the  decorations  by  Mr.  Frederic  Shields.  Mrs. 
I^angridge   writes: 

"  Passengers  up  and  down  the  Bayswater  Road  must 
often  notice  a  red-brick  chapel  standing  aside  from  the 
road,  with  a  little  space  of  lawn  before  it.  There  is 
something  strangely  reminiscent  of  Italy  in  the  archi- 
tecture. A  door  to  the  left  of  the  chapel  entrance 
stands  open,  and  offers  a  glimpse  at  the  end  of  a  stone 
vestibule  of  what  would  appear  to  be  wide  garden 
precincts,  quite,  at  first  glance,  after  the  manner  of  an 
Italian  monastery  or  cloister.  This  hint  of  green  grass 
and  airy  spaces  in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness  of  bricks 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


575 


and  mortar,  as  one  sees  it  through  the  open  door,  has 
the  effect  of  stimulating  the  imagination  in  a  quite 
singular  degree.  No  stately  close  nor  flowery  garden 
is  behind  the  little  chapel,  but  only  a  disused  and 
melancholy  graveyard. 

"  Inside  the  chapel,  of  which  just  such  another  does 
not  exist  in  the  whole  world,  will  be  found  the  work 
of  Mr.  Frederic  Shields.  Never  has  more  complete 
harmony  of  mind  and  purpose  existed  between  artist 
and  patron.  Mr.  Shields  worked  with  untiring  ardour 
and  earnestness  to  forward  the  wishes  of  Mrs.  Russell 
Gurney,  and  it  would  almost  seem  that  they  had  but 
one  soul  between  them,  so  completely  did  one  realise 
the  purposes  of  the  other. 

"  Mrs.  Russell  Gurney  possessed  a  mind  of  cultured 
intelligence,  combined  with  a  nature  of  rare  spiritual 
beauty  and  intensity.  It  was  the  dream  of  her  life 
to  give  to  some  great  English  city  (London  preferably) 
a  chapel  for  silent  worship,  which  should  be  so  adorned 
■with  paintings  as  to  lead  men's  thoughts  upwards,  and 
fill  their  minds  with  the  beauty  of  the  life  and  teach- 
ing of  Christ. 

"  No  greater  present  has  been  offered  to  the  Chris- 
tianity no  less  than  tue  art  of  to-day  than  the  silent 
chapel  in  which  the  voice  of  the  preacher  and  the  song 
of  the  choir  will  never  be  heard.  It  is  for  London  to 
realise  and  acknowledge  the  magnitude  of  the  gift." 


A  Good  True  Word  for  the  Russians. 

Mr.  H.  D.  Pierce  writes  in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly" 
an  article  on  Russia,  in  which  he  says  a  good  many 
sensible  things.  The  only  one  that  we  have  room  to 
quote  relates  to  the  accusation  which  is  constantly 
brought  against  the  Russians  as  the  most  brutal  race 
in  the  world.      Mr.  Pierce  says: 

"  It  is  a  curious  circumstance  that  the  Russian 
people  seem  to  have  been  given,  in  the  Western  world, 
a  reputation  for  cruelty.  Nothing  could  be  further 
from  the  fact.  No  gentler,  kindlier,  more  courteous 
people  exists.  The  mujik  chats  to  his  horse  as  he 
drives  along,  calling  him  by  endearing  names,  and 
rarely  if  ever  strikes  him  with  the  little  toy  whip  he 
carries,  while  the  love  and  devotion  of  parents  for 
their  children  are  extremely  touching.  Toward  each 
other  men  and  women  of  all  classes  are  generally 
courteous,  and  often  demonstratively  affectionate,  men 
kissing  each  other  on  meeting  or  parting.  The  noble 
permits  and  encourages  a  degree  of  familiarity  from 
his  servants  unknown  in  the  Western  world.  The 
family  relations  of  the  rural  classes  are  patriarchal, 
parents  exercising  authority  over  their  children,  even 
though  the  latter  are  parents  themselves." 


Railways  in  Cloudland. 

In  the  "  Nouvelle  Revue"  M.  Desmarest  gives  a 
curious  account  of  those  railway  lines  which  lead  very 
literally  to  cloudland— that  is,  which  make  their  way 
up  the  sides  of  steep  mountains.  The  most  remark- 
able of  these  roads  are  in  America;  in  the  Andes  is 
one  line,  that  of  Oroya,  close  on  fifteen  thousand  feet 
above  the  sea.  This  railway,  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
eight  miles  in  length,  cost  two  hundred  millions  of 
francs  to  make!  In  Europe  the  record  belongs  to  the 
Zermatt-Gornergrat  line,  which  has  only  been  opened 
four  years,  and  which  is  worked  by  electricity,  some 
ten  thousand  feet  above  sea  level;  soon  this  line  will 
be  continued   to   the   Jungfrau.       When   this  work  is 


completed  it  will  be  worth  going  to  Switzerland  simply 
to  take  a  journey  on  this  extraordinary  railway,  liter- 
ally cut  out  of  the  living  rock.  The  work  goes  on  in 
winter  as  well  as  in  summer,  and  a  regular  industrial 
village  has  been  grouped  together  on  the  mountain- 
side, some  six  thousand  feet  above  the  plain;  and 
there,  for  months  together,  those  engaged  on 
this  curious  conquest  of  nature  have  to  be  satis- 
fied with  their  own  company,  for  communication  with 
the  villages  below  becomes  at  times  almost  impos- 
sible. In  France  there  are  two  cloudland  railways; 
the  one  is  the  Dauphine,  and  the  other,  traversing 
some  of  the  loveliest  mountain  scenery  in  Europe,  joins 
Fayet  and  Chamonix. 


Which  are  the  Best  Pictures  in  the 
World  ? 

Mr.  Frederick  Dolman  contributes  to  the  "  Strand 
Magazine "  for  November  the  result  of  an  inquiry 
which  he  made  as  to  which  are  the  most  precious 
pictures  in  the  world.  He  submitted  the  question 
to  the  curators  or  directors  of  all  the  best  picture- 
galleries  outside  Great  Britain,  and  he  embodies  in  his 
article  the  answers  he  received.  The  following  cata- 
logue of  pictures  is  interesting.  In  each  case  the 
selection  of  the  picture  has  been  made  by  the  oflBciil 
custodian  of  the  gallery  in  which  it  appears: 

"  The  Lou\Te:   Leonardo  da  Vinci's  Gioconda. 

"  The  Prado:  Velasquez's  Meninas. 

"The  Rijks  Museum,  Amsterdam:  Rembrandt's 
Night  Watch. 

"  The  Hague  Gallery:  Paul  Potter's  '  The  Young 
Bull.' 

"  The  Vienna   Belvidere:    Rubens'   Ildefonso  Altar. 

"The  Berlm  Gallery:  H.  and  J.  van  Eyck's  'Wor- 
ship of  the  Lamb.' 

"  The  Dresden  Gallery:  Raphael's  Madonna. 

"The  Munich  Pinakothek:  Murillo's  'The  Melon 
Eaters.' 

"  The  Antwerp  Museum :  Quentin  Matsjr'a  '  The 
Descent   from   the   Cross.' 

"  The  JD  lorence  Uffizi  Gallery:  Titmn's  Flora 

"  The  Florence  Pitti  Gallery:  Raphael's  '  La  Ma- 
donna della   Seggiola.' 

"The  Borghese  Gallery,  Rome:  Titian's  Sacred  and 
Profane   Love. 

•'  The  Academy  of  Fine  Art,  Venice:  Titian's  As- 
sumption of  the  Virgin. 


The  "  Economic  Review."  the  organ  of  the  Christian 
Social  Union,  rather  surprises  its  readers  this  month  by 
publishing  an  attack  on  model  employers  like  Messrs. 
Cadbury  and  Lever,  for  the  "  tyranny  "  carried  on  in 
model  villages  like  Bourneville  and  Port  Sunlight.  The 
next  step.s;  in  Social  poHcy,  now  that  peace  has  come, 
are,  according  to  the  Rev.  T.  C.  Fry,  who  assumes  that 
the  Education  Bill  will  pass:  CD  Housing,  C21  Reformed 
Taxation,  (31  Land  Reform.  (41  Temperance  Reform  on 
the  lines  of  the  Minority  Report  of  the  Licensine  Com- 
mission. The  American  Invasion  of  Canada  is  first 
denuded  by  Mr.  Alfred  Smith  of  the  exaggerated  fears 
which  have  gathered  round  it;  but  all  the  same  he  urges 
that  it  must  be  met  by  a  large  tide  of  emigration 
from  Great  Britain  into  what  he  describes  as  the  future 
granary  of  the  world.  Mr.  Walter  F.  Ford  regards 
Trusts  as  the  natural  outcome  of  Protection,  but  re- 
peats the  warning  of  John  Bright  that  "  it  would  be 
an  evil  day  for  England  if  the  United  States  adopted 
Free  Trade." 


576 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1902. 


The  Making  of  America. 


There  is  an  interesting  and  ivell-illustrated  paper  in 
the  "World's  Work"  for  October  entitled  "Americans 
in  the  Raw,"  by  Mr.  Edward  Lowry.  The  article  is 
topical  for  Americans,  for  Mr.  Lowry  begins  by  saying 
that  the  spring  flood  of  immigi-ants  in  1901  has  been 
the  greatest  for  twenty  years.  What  that  means  may 
be  seen  by  his  figures  for  1901,  when  there  landed  in 
New  York  no  less  than  388,931  immigrants. 

It  is  not  an  easy  thing  to  enter  the  United  States  as 
an  immigrant.  Persons  suffering  from  serious  diseases 
are  first  of  all  excluded,  and  much  greater  numbers  are 
packed  home  on  the  ground  that  they  are  likely  to 
become  public  charges.  The  manifests  which  the  steam- 
boats must  show  are  dossiers  which  practically  contain 
the  whole  private  history  of  every  immigrant: 

"  Full  name— age— sex— whether  married  or  single- 
calling  or  occupation— whether  able  to  read  or  write— 
nationality— last  residence— seaport  for  landing  in  the 
United  States— final  destination  in  the  United  States— 
whether  having  a  ticket  through  to  such  destination— 
whether  the  immigrant  has  paid  his  own  passage, 
or  whether  it  has  been  paid  by  other  persons,  or  by 
any  corporation,  society,  municipality,  or  government— 
whether  in  possession  of  money,  and  if  so,  whether  up- 
wards of  $30,  and  how  much,  if  $30  or  less— whether 
going  to  join  a  relative,  and  if  so,  what  relative,  and 
his  name  and  address— whether  ever  before  in  the 
United  States,  and,  if  so,  when  and  where— whether 
ever  in  prison  or  almshouse,  or  supported  by  charity — 
whether  a  polygamist— whether  under  contract,  ex- 
pressed or  implied,  to  perform  labour  in  the  United 
gtates— the  immigrant's  condition  of  health,  mentally 
and  physically,  and  whether  deformed  or  crippled;  and 
if  so,  from  what  cause.  It  is  a  searching  census   indeed." 

But  these  manifests  are  not  enough.  "S^Tien  the 
immigrant  lands,  he  undergoes  a  cross-examination  to 
see  whether  his  answers  tally  vnth.  the  entries.  Only 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  can  overrule  the  decision 
of  the  boards  of  inspectors.  While  awaiting  decision 
on  Ellis  Island,  the  immigrants  are  kept  in  big  deten- 
tion rooms,  and  fed  by  the  steamship  companies. 

Among  the  races  of  Northern  Europe,  says  Mr. 
Lowry,  are  found  the  best  citizens.  The  Scandinavians 
bring  most  baggage;  after  them  the  English  and  the 
French.  Immigrants  are  asked  to  show  their  money, 
of  which  they  brought  in  1901  an  average  of  $14.12.  The 
French  lead  with  $39.37,  and  the  Jews  ire  last.  The 
economic  gulf  between  Northern  and  Southern  Italy 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  North  Italians  .stand  in  this 
respect  third,  while  South  Italians  stand  twelfth,  being 
beaten  even  by  Armenians  and  Slovaks.  Irishmen  bring 
on  an  average  $17.10  to  add  to  the  wealth  of  the  State. 

There  is  an  immigrants'  bureau  of  employment,  in 
which  from  1,000  to  15,000  find  employment  everj' 
month.  If  an  immigrant  fails,  and  becomes  a  public 
charge  within  twelve  months,  he  is  deported  at  the 
expense  of  the  steamship  company.  The  better  class 
go  to  the  country,  the  worse  to  the  towns;  .')9  per  cent, 
settle  in  New  York  or  New  York  State,  24  per  cent, 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  remainder  chiefly  in  Illinois, 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Michi- 
gan, and  Minnesota. 

The  nationality  of  the  immigrants  is  a  question  of 
interest.  Grermany  stands  first,  sending  5,000,000  be- 
tween 1821  and  1900.  But  the  general  belief  that  lie- 
land  has  sent  many  times  more  than  Great  Britain  is 
apparently  wrong.  The  figures  for  the  same  period  are: 
Ireland,   3,870,000;    Great  Britain,   3,026,000.     Formerly 


the  stream  came  from  North  Europe;  >iow  it  comes 
from  the  Southern,  or  "undesirable,"  countries,  con- 
cludes Mr.  Lowry. 


A  Hampshire  Valley  of  Hinnom. 

In  a  very  interesting  paper  on  "  Our  Poisonous 
Plants,"  contributed  to  "  Longman's "  by  the  Rev. 
John  Vaughan,  occurs  a  sketch  of  a  desolate  and  dreary 
region  which  is  the  home  of  innumerable  poisonous 
plants.  For  obvious  reasons  the  whereabouts  of  the 
locality  are  not  given,  excepting  that  it  is  in  Hamp- 
shire: 

"  The  soil  is  parched  and  arid  in  the  extreme,  con- 
sisting of  coarse  sand  or  gravel,  with  here  and  there  a 
mixture  of  crumbling  chalk.  In  places  the  surface  is 
absolutely  bare,  as  bare  as  the  seashore,  but  for  the 
most  pari,  overspread  with  a  scanty  covering  of 
herbage,  with  pale  moss  and  sickly  lichens,  and  strange 
abundance  of  yellow  stonecrop.  Two  deep  depressions 
run  in  a  parallel  direction  across  the  Warren,  and,  like 
the  rest  of  this  weird  and  blighted  Avilderness,  are  en- 
tirely destitute  of  trees,  except  here  and  there  a 
gnarled  and  stunted  thorn  or  elder  heavily  laden  with 
grey  and  shaggy  lichens.  A  veritable  Valley  of  Hinnom 
is  this  Hampshire  Warren,  where  all  poisonous  and 
deadly  herbs  flourish  as  in  a  witch's  garden.  Here 
Atropa  belladonna  (the  deadly  nightshade)  may  be 
seen,  not  in  single  plants  scattered  about  here  and 
there,  but  in  lavish  and  incredible  abundance.  There 
are  thousands  of  lusty  plants.  ...  As  the  summer  ad- 
vances the  large  bushy  plants  become  loaded  with  their 
shining  black  berries,  and  make  a  show  not  readily  for- 
gotten. And  the  dale  has  other  deadly  plants  to  keep 
it  company.  Its  first  cousin,  the  henbane,  only  occa- 
siouallv  met  with  elsewhere  in  Hampsliire,  grows  plen- 
tifully'on  the  Warren.  It  is  almost  as  poisonous  as  the 
nightshade,  and  the  wuoie  plant,  as  Nicholas  Cul- 
pepper remarks,  '  has  a  very  heavy,  ill,  soporiferous 
smell,  someM'hat  offensive.'  Here,  too,  may  be  seen 
rank  masses  of  hemlock  and  nettles,  and  gorgeous  fox- 
gloves, from  which  the  deadly  drug  digitalis  is  ex- 
tracted. Scattered  along  the  lonely  waste  are  plants 
of  the  black  mullein  and  the  stinking  black  horehound, 
while  trailing  over  the  dry  and  naked  soil  will  be  seen 
in  wonderful  abundance  the  cucumber-like  stems  of  the 
common  or  red-berried  bryony.  This,  again,  is  a  plant 
of  ill-repute,  and  has  played  a  conspicuous  part  among 
quacks  and  herbalists. ' 


The  "  Church  Quarterly  Review "  for  October  is  a 
verv  good  number.  The  papers  on  the  religion  of  Italy, 
the' Third  Order  of  St.  Francis,  and  Religion  In  Oxford 
claim  special  mention.  The  problems  of  Christian 
Missions  in  India  are  well  stated,  and  in  a  way  likely 
to  be  profoundly  helpful  to  intending  missionaries.  In 
a  paper  on  Criticism,  Rational  and  Irrational,  the  re- 
viewer deals  more  gently  with  Dr.  Cheyne's  "  Encycio- 
pa?dia  Biblica  "  than  might  nave  been  expected  from  an 
exponent  of  High  Church  orthodoxy.  The  article  on 
the  Education  Bill  puts  the  Anglican  \-iew  of  the  agita- 
tion of  the  Nonconformists  in  a  nutshell.  "  Their  fore- 
fathers fought  to  gain  the  right  to  have  their  own  reli- 
gious teaching.  They  are  contending  to  prevent  others 
having  it.  Their  one  absorbing  thought  is  jealousy  of 
the  Church,  and  to  that  they  are  Avilling  to  sacrifice 
every  principle  of  liberty  and  justice.  Nonconformists 
are  no  longer  champions  of  religious  liberty." 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


577 


The  Boers  and  the  Empire. 

By  General  Botha, 

The  first  place  in  the  "  Contemporary  Review "  is 
allotted  to  an  article  signed  by  General  Botha,  under 
the  above  heading.  The  article  in  the  "  Contemporary 
Review"  is  meant  to  be  conciliatory,  and  General 
Botha  has  undoubtedly  gone  to  the  utmost  extreme  of 
friendly  apologetics. 

The  Claim  for  Compensation. 
General  Botha,  in  the  course  of  his  article,  says: 
"  We  rest  our  case  mainly  on  the  community  of  inte- 
rests between  the  two.  I  say  nothing  now  therefore 
of  the  other  arguments— that  the  Government,  having 
taken  over  our  assets  has,  ipso  facto,  assumed' our  lia- 
bilities as  well,  and  that  the  guarantee  it  gives  us  of  our 
lawful  property  covers  all  debts  due  to  the  subject  by 
solvent  debtors,  and  therefore  all  property  destroyed  by 
necessity  of  war." 

The  Reasons  for  the  Appeal. 

So  much  by  way  of  introduction.  General  Botha 
opens  his  article  by  sasang: 

■'  Swords  may  be  readily  beaten  into  pJoughshares, 
but  it  is  not  so  easy  to  turn  them  into  fine  pens,  nor 
is  the  rough  and  racy  language  of  soldiers  and  far- 
mers— serviceable  enough  for  the  everyday  needs  of 
the  people  of  South  Africa — a  suitable  medium  for  diplo- 
matic discussions  in  Europe." 

Notwithstanding  this  disadvantage,  the  Boer  Generals 
were  deputed  by  their  fellow-countrymen  to  come  over 
to  England  and  place  their  case  before  the  British  Go- 
vernment.   General  Botha  says: 

"  We  hoped  that  the  whole  subject  would  be  dealt 
with  in  a  humane,  in  a  generous  spirit.  We  were  all 
the  more  confident  of  it  that  in  this  case  generosity 
and  national  self-interest  converge  in  a  single  point. 
And  having  come  in  that  frame  of  mind  to  plead  a 
cause  which  seemed  to  speak  eloquently  enough  for 
itself,  we  were  sorely  disappointed  by  the  result.  At 
least  we  had  every  reason  to  consider  that  we  had 
failed  in  our  errand.  We  had  never  regarded  the  fund 
of  three  millions  mentioned  in  the  Peace  Articles  as 
sufficient  for  the  purposes  for  which,  we  understood,  it 
was  to  be  set  apart.  We  are  farmers,  not  financiers, 
and  the  subject  of  the  three  million  pounds — insufiicient 
for  the  purpose  to  which  it  was  to  be  devoted — to- 
gether with  the  loan  which  was  to  bear  interest  after 
two  years,  but  to  be  without  interest  until  then,  ap- 
peared to  us  to  be  wanting  in  clearness.  We  there- 
fore did  what  we  thought  was  necessary  and  sufficient 
in  order  to  have  light  shed  upon  the  matter.  But  the 
financial  question,  we  are  told,  was  not  to  be  re- 
opened. We  respected  that  decision  while  regretting 
it,  for  we  took  it  to  mean  that  no  appeals  for  help 
would  be  listened  to,  and  that  generosity  would  he 
compressed  within  the  limits  of  legal  obligation  under 
the  treaty.  We  may  have  been  mistaken  in  drawing 
this  inference  from  facts  which  apparently  admitted 
of  none  other.  But  if  so,  it  would  have  been  easy  to 
convince  us  of  our  error,  which  opened  before  us  a 
gloomy,  a  harrowing  prospect.  This  was  not  done, 
and  we  then  took  a  step  at  once  necessary  and  painful, 
in  a  direction  which  we  would  modify  to-morrow,  if 
the  fears  which  compelled  us  to  take  it  were  shown 
by  acts  to  be  no  longer  real." 

That  is  to  say,  they  decided  upon  making  an  appeal 
to  the  world  for  assistance.  General  Botha  repudiates 
the  nonsensical   proposition   gravely  advanced  in  some 


quarters  that  the  Boers  would  object  to  take  the 
needed  millions  as  a  loan.  Beggars  cannot  be  choosers; 
and  if  they  could  not  get  the  money  as  a  free  gift, 
they  were  very  willing  to  take  it  as  a  loan. 

An  Appeal  for  a  Commission. 

All  that  General  Botha  says  as  to  the  amount  of 
money  needed  is,  that  they  would  like  the  extent  of 
the  compensation  due  to  them  to  be  examined  by  an 
impartial  Commission.     He  says: 

"  The  number  of  farms  aestroyed  is  larger  far  than 
people  in  England— aye,  and  than  many  P'nglishman  in 
South  Africa— imagine.  We  ourselves,  who  know  the 
country  and  the  people,  are  reduced  to  estimates  which, 
laying  no  claim  to  absolute  accuracy,  would,  if  our  re- 
quest for  help  were  entertained,  require  to  be  officially 
verified  by  some  impartial  Commission.  By  the  report 
of  such  a  body  of  men  we  would  willingly  abide." 

Two  Points  of  Suspicion. 

Towards  the  close  of  his  article  General  Botha  al- 
ludes, but  Tvith  very  bated  breath,  to  two  of  the  points 
which  are  rankhng  in  the  minds  of  the  Boers: 

"  Most  01  our  people  in  the  new  colonies  have  their 
suspicions  aroused  by  the  action  of  the  Government  in 
still  maintaining  some  concentration  camps,  and  in 
buying  up  the  ground  of  the  Boers  there  and  of  others 
outside  the  camps  who,  had  they  been  assisted  a  little, 
could  and  would  have  resumed  their  peaceful  labours. 
'  For  whom,'  they  ask,  '  is  our  land  being  purchased? 
Is  some  vast  colonisation  scheme  being  matured,  and 
if  so,  why  are  we  eliminated  from  it?  Evidently  be- 
cause we  are  distrusted.'  Now  distrust,  especially  when 
unmerited,  is  not  an  element  of  harmony  in  a  country 
occupied  by  two  races  who  were  lately  at  war.  Neither 
does  a  policy  which  tends  to  cut  off  a  large  number  of 
farmers  from  the  land,  and  set  them  drifting  into  cities, 
contribute  to  peace  and  stability.  Their  stake  in  the 
common  weal  is  nil,  and  their  temptation  to  fish  in 
troubled  waters  is  great.  Lastly,  I  cannot  help  uttering: 
a  word  of  regret  that  the  delegates  of  the  late  South 
African  States  now  in  Europe  are  not  allowed  to  returu 
home.  At  the  conclusion  of  peace  it  was  well  under- 
stood and  stated  that  they  would  be  free  to  go  back 
after  the  war  was  over.  And  in  truth  there  seemed  no 
reason  why  any  obstacle  should  be  placed  in  their  way. 
When  they  came  to  Europe  they  were  genuine  dele- 
gates of  a  real  Government,  whose  orders  they  obeyed, 
just  as  my  comrades  and  myself  did,  and  whose  confi- 
dence they  fully  retained  to  the  very  last.  Would  it 
not  be  conducive  to  reciprocal  trust  "if  they  were  told 
that  they  might  return  to  their  native  country?  In 
any  and  every  case,  to  hinder  them  or  any  burghers 
from  going  home  is  an  act  which  cannot  be  reconciled 
with  the  spirit  or  with  the  clear  intent— as  we  all  under- 
stood it— of  the  Treaty  of  Peace." 


The  Labour  Question  in  South  Africa. 

A  Suggestion  by  Sir  Harry  Johnston. 

In  the  November  "  Nineteenth  Century  "  there  is  a 
very  important  paper  by  Sir  Harry  Johnston  as  to  the 
solution  of  the  labour  problem  in  South  Africa.  Sir 
Harry  Johnston's  suggestion  is  to  import  black  la- 
bourers from  the  Central  African  Protectorates  for 
temporary  engagements,  and  under  such  safeguards  as 
will  ensure  their  proper  treatment.  Sir  Harry  sees 
no  other  solution.  White  men  are  too  expensive  and 
too  unruly,  the  Colonists  are  opposed  to  Chinese  immi- 


578 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1^02. 


gration.  and  the  same  and  other  objections  apply  to 
Hindus  and  other  Asiatics.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
nonsense  to  talk  of  inducing  the  present  South  African 
natives  to  work;  there  are  not  more  than  500,000  able- 
bodied  Kaffirs,  and  the  great  majority  of  these  are  al- 
ready engaged,  if  not  at  mines,  as  farm  labourers  and 
domestic  servants. 

The  Kaffir  requires  £3  a  month  at  least.  The  natives 
of  Central  Africa  are  accustomed  to  receive  3s.  a  month, 
and  would  think  themselves  well  paid  with  £1  to  30s. 
a  month.  At  present  they  have  to  pay  8s.  a  year  in 
direct  taxation.  It  would  be  an  inestimable  benefit  if 
a  quarter  of  their  labour  could  be  turned  on  to  South 
Africa,  each  bringing  home  with  him  after  a  year's  ser- 
rice  -.0  or  £12  in  cash.  South  Ah-ica  and  Central 
Africa  would  benefit  equally. 

But  this  must  be  done  under  safeguards,  with  no  at- 
tempt at  compulsion.  Compulsion,  or  even  "  induce- 
ment "  in  the  South  African  sense,  will  nor  De  neces- 
sary. The  Government  should  establish  a  Labour  Bu- 
reau, employing  agents  of  repute.  The  men  should  be 
conveyed  by  steamer  to  the  East  Coast,  with  as  little 
walking  as  possible,  and  a  prohibition  against  walking 
more  than  fifteen  miles  a  day.  At  their  destination 
they  should  be  housed  in  separate  huts,  as  Central 
Africans  detest  the  barrack  system  in  force  in  South 
Africa.  When  well  treated  Central  African  negroes 
never  desert;  they  love  home  and  privacy,  and  like  to 
do  their  cooking  in  their  own  way.  More  than  twelve 
hours  a  day  should  be  prohibited,  and  Sunday  should 
be  regarded  as  a  day  of  reasonable  liberty.  The  mini- 
mum wage  should  be  £1  a  month,  and  only  10  per  cent, 
should  be  paid  to  the  men  as  pocket  money  during  their 
term  of  service.  Above  all.  private  contractors  should 
be  forbidden  to  interfere  and  spoil  the  market  by  for- 
feiting the  confidence  of  the  people. 

Picas  for  a  "White  Man's  Africa. 

Mr.  F.  H.  P.  Creswell,  writing  from  Joiiannesburg 
in  the  "  Nineteenth  Century,"  suggests  the  solution  of 
one  side  of  the  labour  problem  as  follows: 

"  Railways  are  badly  enough  wanted,  and  native  la- 
bour is  scarce  enough  for  the  Government  to  be  not  only 
justified  in  but  almost  compelled  to  import  labour. 
Why  should  it  not  take  the  bull  by  the  horns  and 
import  9,000  or  10,000  navvies  to  build  railways?  A  very 
large  number  would  certainly  remain  here  on  the 
completion  of  their  contract,  and  this  would  save  the 
cost  of  their  return  fare;  while  of  those  who  did  re- 
turn home,  it  may  be  safe  to  predict  that  the  great 
majority  would  be  back  here  in  a  very  few  months. 
That  the  cost  per  mile  of  the  new  railways  may  be 
greater  at  first  than  it  otherwise  would  be  snould  not 
be  allowed  to  stand  in  the  way,  as  the  benefit  to  the 
country  as  a  whole  will  be  cheap  at  the  pnce.  Let 
the  railways  commence  importing,  and  the  mines  Avill 
pretty  certainly  follow  suit  in  time." 

Mr.  AI.  J.  Farrelly  writes  on  "  South  Africa  and 
India "  in  the  "  New  Liberal  Review,"  the  following 
being  his  recommendations  for  solving  the  prob- 
lem: 

"  First.  The  encouragement  of  British  Immigration 
of  agriculturists,  by  everj-  possible  means  open  to  the 
State. 

"  Second.  The  arming  of  all  British  civilians  in  South 
Africa,  as  loyal  citizens  of  the  Empire. 

"  Third.    The  training  of  Kaffirs  to  labour. 

"  La.stly.    The  restriction  of  Asiatics  to  Asia." 

Mr.  Farrelly  combats  the  idea  that  South  Africa 
cannot  be  peopled  with  Britishers,  and  points  to  the 
Eastern  Provinces  of  Cape  Colony  as  an  example. 


Where  Russia  Leads  the  World. 

There  is  an  article  in  the  "  Nineteenth  Century  "  for 
November  which  cheers  the  heart  like  a  sudden  glint  of 
sunshine  coming  out  of  the  midst  of  a  storm-cast  sky. 
News  from  Russia  is  so  often  bad  news  that  the  sur- 
prise is  all  the  greater  when  you  suddenly  come  upon 
a  piece  of  intelligence  not  only  good  in  itself  but  better 
than  anything  of  the  kind  to  be  heard  of  in  any  other 
country.  Mr.  R.  E.  C.  Long  draws  up  the  curtain 
upon  one  phase  of  Russian  life  which  is  practically  un- 
known to  the  Western  World,  and  discloses  a  picture 
which  is  enough  to  make  ilr.  Williarn  Archer  shed 
tears  of  envious  despair;  for  the  Russians  have  suc- 
ceeded, alone  among  the  nations  of  the  world,  in  de- 
mocratising the  theatre. 

Theatres  in  Many  Villages. 
The  movement  to  which  ]Mr.  Long  calls  attention  is 
quite  recent  in  its  more  remarkable  developments.  It 
is  only  within  the  last  three  or  four  years  that  the  in- 
stitution of  the  people's  theatre  has  spread  to  the 
provincial  and  district  capitals,  and  still  more  recently 
to  the  villages.  Of  late  years  in  little  centres,  with  a 
population  of  3,000  souls  and  less,  miniature  theatres 
for  the  people  have  sprung  up  like  magic  palaces  in  a 
score  of  rem.ote  provinces;  village  theatres,  with  village 
actors  and  village  audiences,  are  already  in  existence, 
j-ue  Government  of  Samara  boasts  the  possession  of  a 
modern  village  theatre,  in  which  of  late  they  have  been 
playing  operas  with  the  village  orchestra  and  a  chorus 
of  thirty  trained  peasants.  In  these  village  theatres 
the  charge  for  admission  is  one  farthing.  The  building 
is  put  up  by  the  peasants;  they  have  peasant  decora- 
tors, peasant  scene  painters,  peasant  actors  and  ac- 
tresses trained  by  the  village  schoolmaster,  and  most 
of  the  costumes  are  made  by  the  village  artists.  "Very 
often  only  the  chief  actors  are  dressed  for  the  part, 
the  subordinates  appearing  in  their  ordinary  clothes. 
In  some  of  these  theatres  no  charge  is  made  for  ad- 
mittance, in  others  free  performances  are  periodically 
given  to  children.  The  basis  of  the  theatre  is  mainly 
personal  direction  and  manual  help  rather  than  mone- 
tary wealth.  The  cost  of  lighting  and  an  occasional  foe 
to  a  professional  elocutionist  are  the  only  charge  upon 
takings,  and  seldom  amount  to  more  than  lOs.  or  12s. 
a  performance.  When  we  ask  ho77  this  marvellous 
result  has  been  attained,  Mr.  Long  tells  us  that  the 
vast  majority  of  the  theatres  spring  from  the  co-opera- 
tive effort  of  private  societies  and  local  governing  bo- 
dies; educational  societies  lead,  individual  citizens  fol- 
low their  lead,  and  committees  are  formed  whose  espe- 
cial object  is  to  find  recreation  and  amusemen*-. 

The  Temperance  Boards  and  the  Theatres. 
Then  came  the  Temperance  Boards,  which  were  estab- 
lished by  M.  Witte  in  1894,  for  the  purpose  of  working 
counter-attractions  to  the  public-houses.  These  Tem- 
perance Boards  began  by  starting  tea-rooms,  where  non- 
intoxicating  drink  and  light  food  was  sold  at  cost 
prices.  These  tea-rooms  did  not  pay,  many  of  then^ 
were  either  shut  up  or  converted  into  free  libraries. 
Finding,  however,  that  the  popular  theatre  had  caught 
on,  they  decided  that  they  could  not  do  better  than 
subsidise  it,  and  finding  this  answered  well,  the  Tem- 
perance Boards  built  theatres  of  their  own.  They  then 
discovered  that,  while  the  tea-room  was  a  financial 
failure  by  itself,  it  paid  expenses  when  carried  on  in 
connection  with  the  theatre.  In  1899  it  was  officially 
reported  by  the  Russian  Government  that  it  has  beeii 
found  that  theatrical  representations,  concerts,  fetes, 
and  dances  are  regarded  with  so  much  sympathy  by  the 


Review  of  Rvvkics,  20/12/01 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


579 


working  classes,  that  they  not  only  almost  invariably 
pay  their  expenses,  but  even  bring  m  a  surplus  suffi- 
cient to  provide  for  the  extension  of  the  movement. 

Municipal   Assistance. 

Side  by  side  with  the  Temperance  Boards  worked  the 
Zemstvos,  the  municipalities,  the  schools,  ana  the  vil- 
lage communes.  Every  local  organisation  in  Ilussia 
which  has  the  control  of  public  funds  has  contributed, 
in  some  degree,  to  the  succcess  of  the  movement.  It  is 
the  common  practice  with  Russian  Zemstvos  and  muni- 
cipalities to  celebrate  anniversaries  of  the  births  and 
deaths  of  famous  men  by  founding  courses  of  lectures, 
building  free  libraries,  publishing  cheap  literaiure.  open- 
ing cheap  dining-rooms  for  working  men,  and  founding 
people's  theatres.  In  Odessa  the  people's  theatre 
was  founded  to  commemorate  the  millenary  of 
the  death  of  St.  Methodius;  in  the  first 
year  of  its  existence  the  Odessa  theatre  gave 
thirty-four  performances,  attended  by  28,000  persons, 
nearly  all  belonging  to  the  working  class.  In  Ekater- 
inoslav  there  is  not  only  a  theatre,  but  in  connection 
with  it  lecture-halls,  concert-room,  free  library,  cheap 
bookstall,  a  museum,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  children's 
hall,  in  which  free  pantomimes  are  performed.  The 
factory  theatre  is  another  institution  peculiar  to  Rus- 
Bia;  these  were  founded  by  wealthy  merchants  for  the 
benefit  of  their  workmen.  The  people's  theatre  is  often 
built  upon  land  given  as  a  free  grant  by  the  munici- 
pality, and  receives  an  annual  subsidy  from  rates;  but 
in  many  cases  they  are  self-supportihg.  In  towns  the 
people's  theatre  has  come  to  be  regarded  as  the  mark 
of  progressive  municipalities.  Most  of  the  theatres  are 
surrounded  by  parks,  in  which  an  open-air  stage  is 
erected  for  use  in  the  stifling  heat  of  the  Russian  sum- 
mer. 

How  Siberia  Led  the  Way. 

The  first  impetus  to  the  establishment  of  these 
theatres  came  from  Tomsk,  in  Siberia,  in  1884.  An 
illiterate  millionaire  supplied  funds,  ^vith  which  friends 
of  the  local  committee  of  Friends  of  Education  founded 
an  institute,  to  which  was  attached  a  small  theatre  for 
working-men.  The  experiment  was  so  successful  that 
the  revenue  of  the  society  was  trebled,  the  size  of  the 
theatre  doubled,  the  mu.seum  and  a  number  of  class- 
rooms were  added  to  the  institute.  At  the  same  time  a 
St.  Petersburg  society  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
organising  fetes  for  the  working  classes;  in  these  fetes 
the  chief  attraction  was  an  open-air  stage,  with  clowns, 
story-tellers  and  singers,  and  the  admission  was  2id. 
The  success  was  immediate  and  continuous.  The  work 
was  begun  in  1885  with  a  capital  of  less  than  £150. 
In  1900  the  society  had  a  reserve  capital  of  £17,000, 
and  they  had  built  out  of  their  profits  two  free  libra- 
ries, reading-rooms,  and  are  now  proposing  to  build 
cheap  bath-houses,  and  to  establish  rival  boats  and 
skating  rinks  on  the  Neva.  The  great  People's  Theatre 
of  Nicolas— the  second  in  St.  Petersburg— was  only 
opened  in  1900.  It  has  a  revenue  from  all  sources  of 
£o0,000,  which  covered  all  expenses  and  left  a  surplus. 
The  entrance  fee  is  2^d.,  which  covers  admission  to  the 
theatre  as  well  as  to  the  grounds,  libraries  and  lecture- 
halls.  As  many  as  20,000  persons  have  been  admitted 
on  one  day.  Forty-six  different  plays  and  nineteen 
operas  were  performed  in  1901. 


The  Schoolmaster  of  Asia 


In  "  Pearson's  Magazine  "  Mr.  Holbein  explains  how 
he  failed  to  swim  the  Channel.  For  four  hours  he 
swam  hard  without  making  the  slightest  progress,  owing 
to  the  tide.  He  is  convinced  that  he  started  from  the 
wrong  side,  and  when  he  tries  again  he  will  start  from 
the  point  where  he  was  beaten  by  the  tide. 


This  is  the  title  Mr.  John  Barrett  gives  in  the 
'•  American  Monthly  Review  of  Reviews "  to  Japan. 
He  describes  the  extraordinary  progress  Japan  ha> 
made  during  the  last  fifty  years,  and  proceeds: 

■'  She  is  now  preparing  to  play  a  part  in  Asia  more 
ambitious  and  more  pregnant  with  responsibilities  than 
any  she  has  yet  undertaken.  Her  new  role  may  be  de- 
scribed as  that  of  the  schoolmaster  of  Asia.  In  other 
words,  recent  events  would  indicate  that  Japan  will  be 
the  chief  influence  to  modernise  China,  to  awaken 
Korea,  to  help  Siam,  and  even,  incongruous  though  it 
seems,  to  co-operate  with  Russia  in  making  Eastern  Si- 
beria habitable  and  prosperous.  The  Japanese  army 
officer,  law-giver,  merchant,  and  general  utility  man 
seems  to  possess  more  all-round  capabilities  for  bring- 
out  what  is  best  in  his  fellow  Asiatic  than  any  other 
national.  The  average  Japanese  understands  tboroughly 
and  completely  the  average  Chinese,  Korean,  Siamese, 
and  miscellaneous  Asiatic,  where  the  European  and 
American  labours  in  mystery  and  ignorance.  This  is 
natural.  The  Japanese  people  are  akin  to  other  Asi- 
atics. They  are  probably  of  Malay  origin,  and  so  have 
racial  sympathies  with  the  southern  Asiatics.  Their 
written  language  is  the  same  as  that  of  China  and  Korea 
in  its  higher  forms,  and  hence  they  have  in  this  a  bond 
of  closer  union  than  any  possessed  by  the  Caucasian 
races.    They  understand  the  Asiatic  point  of  view." 

The  Secret  of  Japan's  Success. 
"A  secret  of  Japan's  success  along  these  lines  is  this: 
Europeans  want  to  do  everything  for  Asiatics  in  the 
sense  of  monopolising  the  doing;  the  Japanese  wish  to 
teach  the  Asiatics  to  do  for  themselves  as  they  are 
doing  for  themselves.  In  China  it  has  been  found  that 
a  Japanese  army  officer,  or  instructor  along  any  line, 
will  accomplish  more  with  greater  interest  on  the  par. 
of  the  student  in  a  given  time  than  any  other  foreigner. 
Japanese  merchants,  principally  on  a  small  scale,  are 
locating  themselves  in  all  parts  of  the  interior  of  China 
where  no  European  merchant  has  ever  thought  of  going. 
In  Manchuria,  whei-e  Russia  is  supposed  to  have  su- 
preme control,  the  Japanese  tradesmen  outnumber  tb'- 
Russians  fifty  to  five. 

Her   Work   in    Korea. 

"  Reverting  to  the  r^le  of  the  schoolmaster  in  its  com- 
prehensive sense,  Japan  is  bending  every  energy  in  a 
quiet  way  to  bring  out  the  best  there  is  in  Korea.  She 
has  agencies  at  work  that  no  other  country  can  em- 
ploy. These  are  her  o^vn  emigrants  to  Korea.  Japanese 
settlements  are  springing  up  from  the  Manchurian 
border  to  the  southern  cape.  These  villages  and  the 
Japanese  sections  of  the  Korean  cities  are  always  well 
governed,  and  the  people  seem  prosperous  and  con- 
tented. 

•'  The  coolie,  who  may  have  been  an  ordinary  labourer 
in  Japan,  soon  finds  an  opportunity  of  branching  out 
and  buys  a  bit  of  land  or  rents  a  small  shop.  The 
Korean  coolie  sees  this  change  and  progress,  and  aspire-; 
to  follow  in  the  steps  of  the  Japanese  immigrant. 

■■  If  ever  one  nation  made  a  peaceful  conquest  of  an- 
other along  legitimate  lines  of  settlement  and  material 
development,  it  would  seem  as  if  Japan  were  accom- 
plishing this  result  in  Korea.  There  were  practically 
no  schools  in  Korea,  except  those  of  the  foreign  mis- 
sionaries, until  the  Japanese  opened  their  own.  In 
Chemulpo  and  Seoul  1  heard  the  same  buzz  in  passing 
the  modest  little  schoolhouses  that  is  heard  all  over 
Japan,  and  is  so  characteristic  of  her  inland  towns." 


58o 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igoi. 


In  Siam  and  the  Sea. 

In  Siam  there  is  now  a  Japanese  Minister  who  is  a 
Dean  of  the  Diplomatic  Corps: 

"  The  Siamese  Government  is  employing  Japanese 
scholars  and  authorities  as  advisers  and  assistants  in 
the  various  departments  of  her  state  administration, 
and  they  are  teaching  the  Siamese  by  actual  contact 
with  the  Siamese  what  Asiatics  can  do  for  themselves 
when  they  make  a  serious  effort.  .  .  .  And  the  world 
may  yet  see  an  application  of  the  meaning  of  the  new 
Anglo-Japanese  treaty  in  Siam  before  it  does  in  Korea 
or  elsewhere." 

Mr.  Barrett  was  United  States  Minister  to  Siam,  and 
knows  what  he  is  speaking  about.  He  describes  the 
enormous  growth  of  the  merchant  marine  of  Japan: 

"  In  less  than  ten  years  her  ships  have  begun  to  sail 
on  every  Asiatic  sea  and  navigate  every  Asiatic  river 
of  consequence.  Not  only  in  Japanese  waters,  but  in 
the  Gulf  of  Pechili,  in  the  north  and  south  China  seas, 
up  the  great  Yang-tse  River  system,  and  on  the  ocean 
routes  to  America,  Europe,  and  Australia,  are  to  be 
seen  in  increasing  numbers  her  passenger  and  freight 
carriers.  Here  again  she  is  playing  the  role  of  the 
schoolmaster  of  Asia,  and  teaching  China  and  other 
Asiatic  countries  that  they  can  successfully  do  for  them- 
selves what  was  formerly  done  exclusively  by  Exirope 
and  America." 


Mitchell,  the  Hero  of  the  Coal  War. 

The  "American  Monthly  Review  of  Reviews  "  is  full 
of  the  great  strike.  The  credit  of  the  settlement  is 
given  by  Mr.  Walter  Wellman  to  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan. 
"The  brain  of  Elihu  Root  had  supplied  the  idea;  the 
power  of  Pierpont  Morgan  clothed  it  with  life."  He 
brought  the  masters  to  reason.  Mr.  Wellman  adds 
that  Mr.  J.  P.  Morgan  believes  in  organised  labour,  and 
does  not  believe  that  the  right  of  combination  should 
be  enjoyed  by  capital  while  it  is  denied  to  labour. 
But  the  chief  interest  of  the  reader  centres  in  John 
Hitchell,  the  Labour  Leader,"  and  the  man  as  sketched 
by  Frank  Julian  Warne.  Mitchell  is  described  as  a 
"  full-faced,  cleanshaven  man.  with  deepset  luminous 
eyes,  a  firm  mouth  and  a  high  forehead,  with  the  brown, 
almost  black,  hair  brushed  carelessly  back  on  the  right 
side,  as  if  by  the  fingers." 

He  assured  his  interviewer: 

"  I  am  not  a  Socialist,  and  do  not  believe  in  So- 
cialism. I  do  not  believe  if  would  be  best  for  the 
State  to  own  and  operate  her  coal  mines.  I  am  a  strict 
trade  unionist.  I  believe  in  progress  slowTy — by  evolu- 
tion rather  than  by  revolution  .  .  .  The  principle  that 
governs  our  organisation  is  that  of  trades  unionism, 
pure  and  simple — of  labour's  joint  bargaining  with  capi- 
tal for  a  fair  share  of  that  which  labour  helps  to  pro- 
duce. We  believe  in  securing  this  by  peaceable  means- 
through  arbitration,  if  possible— and,  if  not  in  this 
way,  then  by  the  only  remaining  way  left  to  us." 

A  New  Type  of  Labour  Leader. 

He  means  to  organise  labour,  to  check  the  tendency 
to  lower  wages,  to  enforce  a  living  wage  for  less  than 
which  no  labourer  should  work.  Mr.  Warne  pro- 
ceeds: 

"  John  Mitchell  is  a  new  type  of  labour  leader.  He 
is  not  a  demagogue;  a  haranguer;  a  typical  agitator. 
His  public  speeches  and  statements  show  this.  They 
do  not  overflow  with  flowery  metaphors  appealing  to 
the  passions  and   prejudices  of  his  followers;   but,   for 


the  most  part,  they  are  business-like  presentations  of 
conditions  as  he  sees  them,  appealing  to  the  reason. 
At  no  time  in  the  history  of  the  labour  movement  in 
this  country  have  such  remarkable  manifestoes  been 
issued  by  any  leader  as  have  been  his  replies  to  the 
operators  and  his  presentations  to  the  public  of  the 
miners'  side  ot  the  controversy  during  the  progress  of 
the  strike  just  closed.  His  point  of  view— his  regard- 
ing labour  as  a  commodity — and  his  lucid  power  of  ex- 
planation, as  evidenced  in  his  statements  and  public 
addresses,  show  that  a  labour  leader  of  a  new  school 
of  thought  and  action  has  come  to  the  front.  He  is, 
first  of  all,  a  business  man  in  the  labour  movement; 
he  leads  organised  labour  as  '  our  captain  of  industry  ' 
manages  a  great  commercial  or  industrial  combination. 
He  treats  labour  as  a  commodity.  That  particular 
amount  which  the  L^nited  Mine  Workers  controls  i> 
for  sale;  his  organisation  wants  the  highest  price  it 
can  get  for  it;  he  realises,  at  the  same  time,  that  the 
purchasers — the  railroad-mining  companies — like  all  con- 
sumers, want  to  get  this  labour  at  as  low  a  price  n- 
possible.  These  two  opposite  points  of  view,  he  be- 
lieves, can  be  reconciled  by  the  two  parties  most  inte- 
rested '  bargaining '  as  to  the  price  of  labour.  This  is 
done  uetween  capital  and  labour  in  ten  of  the  soft- 
coal  producing  States  in  joint  annual  conferences.  .  .  . 
Such  a  plan  President  ^Slitchell  is  striving  to  secure 
for  the  hard  coal  industry.  To  it  the  operators  objected. 
Then  he  suggested  arbitration:  '  Let  a  disinterested 
third  party  determine  what  shall  be  the  price  of  mine- 
labour,'  he  said.  To  this  also  the  operators  objected. 
Then  the  only  course  remaining,  he  believed,  was  for 
labour  to  refuse  the  price  the  intending  purchasers 
offered  until  they  came  nearer  the  price  asked  by  the 
representatives  of  this  labour.  The  waiting  period  is 
called  ■  a  strike.'  This  is  why  147,000  men  and  boys 
in  the  three  hard-coal  fields,  more  than  five  months 
ago,  laid  down  their  tools  for  an  indefinite  period." 

From    Pit-Boy   to    President. 

His  life-story  is  shortly  told: 

"  Deprived  of  his  mother  within  two,  and  of  his 
father  within  four,  years  of  his  birth — on  February  4. 
1869— John  INIitchell  was  ear.y  in  life  left  in  the  care  of 
his  stepmother.  His  schooling  was  meagre,  and  was 
secured  only  at  inter\'als  when  there  was  no  demand 
for  his  labour  on  the  farm.  Thrown  upon  his  own  re- 
sources when  but  thirteen  years  of  age.  be  entered  the 
mines  at  his  birthplace  in  Braidwood,  111.  Three  years 
later,  while  employed  in  the  mines  at  Braceville,  HI., 
he  was  brought  under  the  influence  of  the  labour  move- 
ment at  that  time  directed  by  the  Knights  of  Labour. 
It  made  him  restless,  and,  with  the  indomitable  will 
of  his  Irish  parentage,  he  set  out  determined  to  see 
something  of  the  world.  He  visited  Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  other  Western  and  South-Western  States, 
working  in  the  mines  to  support  himself.  Drifting  back 
to  the  Illinois  coalfields  in  1886,  he  became  a  mine- 
worker  at  SprJLg  Valley,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
trade  union  movement  there  as  President  of  the 
Kjiights  of  Labour  '  Local.'  When  twenty-two  years  of 
age  he  married  Miss  Katherine  O'Rourke,  of  Spring 
Valley;  five  children  have  been  born  to  them,  of  whom 
four  are  living.  At  one  time  he  served  as  President  of 
the  Spring  Valley  Board  of  Education. 

"  Thirsting  for  knowledge,  he  read  everything  that 
came  within  his  reach;  joined  debating  societies,  ath- 
letic associations,  independent  political  reform  clubs, 
and  various  social  organisations,  in  which  many  oppor- 
tunities came  to  him  to  exercise  his  mental  facult'es 
and  to  cultivate  the  art  of  speech-making.  A  ready 
talker,  with  great  personal  magnetism,  he  quickly  formed 


Review  of  Revieics,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


581 


friends,    and    was    rapidly    promoted    to    positions    of 
honour  and  trust. 

"  When  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  was 
organised,  in  January.  1890,  he  was  among  the  first  to 
be  enrolled  as  a  member  in  his  district." 

His  Frugal  Habits. 

He  rose  to  be  President  in  1899,  and  has  been  re- 
elected each  year  since.  He  is  second  Vice-President 
to  the  American  Federation  of  Labour,  and  a  member 
of  various  committees  of  the  National  Civic  Federa- 
tion: 

"  Trained  in  simplicity  of  living,  he  remams  demo- 
cratic in  all  his  habits.  ExcepI  when  pressed  wnth  busi- 
ness matters,  he  is  approachable  by  anyone  wishing 
to  see  or  meet  him.  He  leads,  and  yet  the  men  who 
follow  him  believe  that  he  is  but  their  servant  carry- 
ing out  their  expressed  wishes.  With  his  frugal  habits 
and  comparatively  small  salary,  there  is  no  place  for 
'  high  living '  or  excesses  that  undermine  mental  vigour. 
In  any  industrial  or  commercial  pursuit  his  marked 
ability  for  organising  and  leading  men  would  command 
many  times  his  present  yearly  salary  of  1,800  dollars 
(£360)." 

His   Achievement   and   His   Aim. 

All  his  former  exploits  are  said  to  be  overshadowed 
by  his  recent  victory: 

"After  five  months  of  bitter  warfare  he  has  fought 
to  a  successful  termination  the  greatest  conflict  between 
capital  and  labour  ever  waged  in  the  history  of  the 
world.  He  has  advanced  the  cause  of  labour  by  leaps 
and  bounds;  he  has  ushered  in  the  period  when  peace 
through  arbitration  promises  to  reign  supreme  over  our 
industrial  world  in  place  of  war  through  strikes  and 
lock-outs.  It  is  too  early  yet  to  reaUse  the  tremendous 
importance  of  this  one  accomplishment.  This  much 
seems  clear,  however:  by  it  a  new  era  has  been  entered 
upon.  Not  the  least  of  its  effects  will  be  the  widening 
of  the  scope  of  the  office  .of  the  President  of  the  United 
States. 

"  John  Mitchell's  present  aim  is  to  organise  thor- 
oughly all  the  455,000  mine  employes  in  the  United 
States  into  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America. 
That  he  will  accomplish  this  purpose,  unless  sooner 
called  to  higher  honours  and  wider  fields  of  usefulness, 
no  one  who  knows  the  man  and  his  work  entertains 
the  least  doubt." 


1  he  Triumphs  of  America's  President. 

The  "  Monthly  Review "  for  November  contains, 
among  other  contributions  of  merit,  a  very  interesting 
and  well-informed  article  by  Mr.  Sydney  Brooks,  en- 
titled "A  Year  of  President  Roosevelt."  It  is  the  best 
reasoned  and  most  comprehensive  description  of  the 
strenuous  President  than  we  have  yet  seen  in  any 
English  periodical.  The  article  is  highly  appreciative, 
and  justly  so.  But  Mr.  Brooks  insists  that  the  triumph 
of  Mr.  Roosevelt  has  been  personal  rather  than  poli- 
tical. His  legislative  designs  have  been  oftener  frus- 
trated than  otherwise.  As  a  personality  and  as  an  ad- 
ministrator he  has  been  everywhere  successful. 

The  President's  Limitations. 
The  cause  of  this  is  that  an  American  President  with 
great  nominal  powers  is,  in  practice,  subject  to  Con- 
gress. His  influence  on  legislation  is  less  than  that  of 
an  English  Prime  Minister.  In  times  of  national  peril 
Congress  practically  abdicates;  but  in  ordinary  times 
the  Administration  has  no  official  spokesman  in  either 


House  to  expound  its  policy;  while  both  Houses  are 
very  jealous  of  their  constitutional  power.  President 
McKinley  attained  harmony  with  Congress  by  his 
patience  and  persuasive  powers.  He  humoured  every- 
body, and  made  the  most  of  his  patronage.  President 
Roosevelt  has  acted  differently;  his  dominant  trait  is 
not  persuasiveness,  but  command. 

Mr.  Roosevelt's  Characteristics. 
Yet  Mr.  Roosevelt  is  a  very  cautious  man.  He  dis- 
likes extravagant  ideals;  his  temperament  is  Whiggish; 
he  is  never  tempted  by  extremes;  he  has  a  "  bludgeon 
of  a  mind,  healthily  unoriginal  and  noncreative — a  sane, 
but  hardly  a  deep  mind."  He  is  impulsive,  but  not  dan- 
gerously so;  and  in  all  essentials  he  is  one  of  the  most 
balanced  and  conservative  of  Americans. 

His  Administrative  Achievements — 
His  achievements  during  his  brief  term  of  oflice  have 
in  the  main  expressed  his  administrative  liberty  and 
legislative  restriction.  McKinley  had  demoralised  the 
Civil  Service  by  not  only  upholding  but  extending  the 
spoils  system.  Roosevelt  would  not  tolerate  this.  He 
at  once  strengthened  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  re- 
stored 1,600  offices  to  the  merit  system,  and  brought 
sixty  Indian  agents  within  the  scope  of  the  classified 
system.  His  policy  towards  the  diplomatic  and  consular 
service,  the  customs  and  revenue  sers'ices,  the  federal 
judiciary,  and  the  bigger  post  ofiices  was  the  same.  In 
all  such  matters  he  is  ruled  only  by  the  test  of  efficiency; 
and  it  may  be  said  that  so  long  as  he  remains  at  the 
White  House  the  sinister  league  between  party  politics 
and  the  Civil  Service  is  dissolved.  In  the  army  and 
navy  he  has  adopted  the  same  system.  One  of  his  first 
official  acts  was  to  appoint  Chief  of  Ordnance  a  captain 
who  stood  twenty-ninth  on  the  list  of  officers  of  his 
corps.  For  the  first  time  since  the  Civil  War  the 
army  has  ceased  to  be  the  playground  of  political  fa- 
vourites. The  President  wound  up  the  Sampson-Schlay 
feud,  which  had  lasted  for  three  years,  with  a  few 
stinging  rebukes  to  General  Miles  and  Admiral  Dewey. 

— and  Legislative  Failures. 

In  such  reforms  lies  the  President's  strength.  His 
weakness — a  weakness  not  his  own,  but  inherent  in  his 
office — has  been  displayed  in  legislation.  The  Cuban 
tariff  question  is  an  instance  in  point.  The  most  popu- 
lar President  the  United  States  has  yet  possessed  failed 
to  pass  through  Congress  a  simple  act  of  justice  to  Cuba, 
which  had  the  enthusiastic  support  of  999  out  of  every 
1,000  Americans.  The  President  took  up  the  Trust 
question,  conscious  that  he  was  risking  the  enmity  of 
capitahsts.  He  does  not  believe  that  it  is  possible  or 
desirable  to  go  back  from  the  large  organisations  to 
small  ones  in  ordinary  industry.  The  only  definite 
proposal  he  has  put  foi-^vard  is  that  the  same  publicity 
should  be  demanded  of  Trusts  as  is  now  exacted  from 
banks  and  insurance  companies.  The  Steel  Trust  al- 
ready publishes  its  accounts.  On  the  question  of  tariffs 
and  Trusts,  the  President,  while  not  opposed  to  a  mild 
form  of  tariff  revision,  emphatically  maintains  that  it 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  Trusts— a  view  with  which 
Mr.  Brooks  naturally  does  not  agree.  But  the  value 
of  Mr.  Roosevelt's  intervention  in  this  question  is  that 
he  has  brought  sobriety,  caution,  and  sincerity  to  bear 
on  it  for  the  first  time. 

What  is  Mr.  Roosevelt's  future?  Mr.  Brooks  is 
doubtful.  The  people,  he  says,  dearly  love  a  leader, 
but  the  politicians  do  not,  and  it  is  questionable  whether 
the  Constitution  wholly  approves  of  one.  Tlie  disabili- 
ties inherent  in  the  Presidential  office  make  it  doubtful 
whether  there  is  room  for  a  President  of  Mr.  Roose- 
velt's resolution  and  vigour.    Yet  his  personal  triumph 


582 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ipo2. 


has  been  so  supreme  that  the  victory  of  his  party  in 
the  coming  elections  ought  properly  to  be  called  a 
Rooseveltian  and  not  a  Republican  victory. 


Lord  Salisbury. 

The  most  interesting  article  in  the  "  Quarterly  Re- 
view "  is  the  sketch  of  the  political  career  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury. It  is  remarkable,  however,  not  so  much  for 
what  it  says  about  Lord  Salisbury  as  for  what  it  says 
about  Lord  JBeaconsfield.  The  "  Quarterly  Review  "  is 
the  great  literary  authority  on  the  Conservative 
party.  Its  carefully-considered  verdicts  have  always 
been  accepted  as  representing  the  judgment  of  intel- 
lectual Conservatism  upon  the  political  issues  of  the 
day.  Imagine,  then,  our  delight,  and  the  corresponding 
dismay  of  the  Jingoes,  to  find  the  judicial  organ  of  the 
Conservative  party  solemnly  denouncing  what  has  hith- 
erto been  regarded  Jjy  the  party  as  the  crowning  glory 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield  as  a  deplorable  mistake  and  a  dis- 
astrous blunder,  the  immediate  result  of  which  was 
that  England  v/as  reduced  to  a  position  of  humilia- 
tion and  embarrassment  almost  without  precedent.  It 
is  not  yet  twenty-five  years  since  the  City  and  the  press, 
which  fawns  upon  and  flatters  the  prejudices  of  London 
society,  roared  themselves  hoarse  in  praise  of  the  great 
statesman  who,  in  their  cant  phrase,  brought  peace 
with  honour  from  Berlin.  Probably  if  the  members 
of  the  Primrose  League  were  cross-examined  to-day  as  to 
what  was  the  greatest  achievement  of  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  they  would  point  to  the  Berlin  Treaty  and  the 
masterly  statecraft  which  he  displayed  at  the  Berlin 
Congress. 

Lord  Salisbury  in  1878. 

To  all  such  persons  the  article  in  ttie  "  Quarterly 
Review "  may  be  earnestly  recommended.  For  in  a 
very  eulogistic  description  of  Lord  Salisbury's  career, 
the  reviewer  deliberately  asserts  that  his  one  great 
blunder  which  prejudiced  England  during  the  whole 
of  his  first  Administration  was  his  acceptance  of  the 
Foreign  Secretaryship  in  1878,  on  the  retirement  of 
Lord  Derby.  His  acceptance  of  that  post  as  the  offi- 
cial exponent  of  the  pro-Turkish  policy  was  a  blunder, 
says  the  "  Quarterly,"  which  hampered  the  whole  of 
his  subsequent  career.  "  Looking  back  to-day  at  the 
Russophobe  policy  of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  few  will  be 
found  to  deny  that  it  was  a  deplorable  mistake.  Lord 
Sahsbury  has  himself  admitted  it,  and  it  is  well  known 
that  he  doubted  its  -wisdom.  He  has  himself  told  ns 
the  story  of  his  conversion.  Lord  Beaconsfield  appealed 
to  him  on  the  grounds  of  the  public  welfare  of  Europe, 
and  the  continuity  of  foreign  policy,  and  to  these  es- 
sentially Conservative  considerationi.  ne  reiuctantly 
yielded.  Had  Lord  Salisbury  refused  to  adopt  the  views 
of  his  Chief,  he  would  probably  have  ended  his  politi- 
cal career,  and  his  secession  would  only  have  left  Lord 
Beaconsfield  free  to  pursue  the  perilous  adventures 
which  were  already  fermenting  in  his  brain,  whereas 
by  remaining  with  him  as  an  imperfectly  convinced 
colleague  he  must  have  exercised  over  him  a  certain 
restraining  influence." 

The  disastrous  consequences  of  this  policy,  says  the 
reviewer,  inevitable  though  it  was.  presented  themselves 
in  sinister  abundance  when  in  1885  Lord  Salisbury  took 
the  seals  of  the  Foreign  Office  for  the  second  time. 
Rarely  has  Great  Britain  found  herself  in  a  more  hu- 
miliated and  embarrassed  situation.  The  whole  of  the 
world  was  practically  banded  against  her.  How  had 
this  situation  been  brought  about?  There  can  be  little 
doubt  that  without  the  blunder  of  1878  the  crisis  would 


have  been  deprived  of  its  most  threatening  features. 
When  we  adhered  to  the  exploded  policy  of  1856,  a 
new  era  of  embittered  rivalry  between  Great  Britain 
and  Russia  was  opened,  the  effects  of  which  have  al- 
ready shaken  the  whole  Asiatic  Continent  as  far  as  the 
China  Sea,  and  the  end  of  which  no  one  can  foresee. 

His  Later  Career. 

Practically  the  reviewer's  eulogy  of  Lord  Salisbury 
amounts  to  this,  that  in  1878  he  made  himself  an  ae- 
complice  of  Lord  Beaconsfield  in  the  perpetration  ot  a 
disastrous  blunder,  to  remedy  the  mischief  resulting 
from  which  absorbed  all  the  energies  of  his  first  seven 
years  of  Administration,  from  1885  to  1892.  In  hia 
second  Administration  he  had  a  freer  hand.  His  prob- 
lem, says  the  reviewer,  was  on  the  one  hand  to  restrain 
the  Jingoism  of  his  own  countrymen,  and  especially  the 
Imperiahstic  Radical  school  of  Mr.  Chamberlain,  and 
on  the  other  to  strengthen  his  trembhng  colleagues  on 
the  Continent  in  their  resistance  to  the  pressure  of  a 
mischief-making  Chauvinism.  He  did  this  by  syste- 
matically dwelling  on  the  democratic  danger,  and  con- 
vincing foreign  statesmen  that  he  was  heart  and  soul 
with  them  in  their  efforts  to  restrain  it.  The  whole 
of  his  practical  work  at  the  Foreign  Office  was  in- 
spired and  controlled  by  the  desire  to  curb  the  thirst 
for  empire  and  the  readiness  for  aggressive  war,  which 
in  his  opinion  has  always  been  the  characteristic  of 
democracy.  The  splendid  work  performed  at  his  in- 
stance by  Lord  Pauncefote  at  the  Hague  Conference 
was  due  to  his  belief  that  arbitration  was  calculated 
to  supply  an  effective  means  of  cutting  the  claws  of  an 
excitable  democracy. 

In  1898  Lord  Salisbury  ceased  to  be  exclusively  a 
Foreign  Secretary,  and  became  in  one  direction  a  Euro- 
pean statesman,  and  in  another  the  great  pioneer  of 
Pan-Anglo-Saxonism.  For  five  years  he  was  the  most 
distinguished  stat4?sman  in  Christendom— the  successor 
of  Prince  Bismarck  as  the  keeper  of  the  world's  peace. 
His  boldest  experiment  has  been  his  attempt  to  estab- 
lish permanently  close  relations  with  the  United  States 
on  an  entirely  new  footing. 

The  net  result  of  Lord  Salisbury's  foreign  policy  is 
thus  summed  up  by  his  eulogist:  He  has  steered  the 
Empire  safely  through  dangers  of  the  utmost  gravity. 
He  has  maintained  the  peace  among  and  with  a  host 
of  ebullient  nations,  and  still  has  asserted  British  inte- 
rests and  added  magnificently  to  the  dominions  of  the 
Crown.  He  has  vastly  enhanced  the  national  prestige. 
The  great  results  of  his  life  are  seen  in  his  sane  and 
lofty  political  teaching,  and  the  stable  influence  he  has 
exercised  over  public  affairs  throughout  a  generation 
exposed  to  perils  threatening  the  foundations  of  or- 
derly society  and  Christian  civilisation. 


The  Education  Controversy. 

"  The  Reversion  to  Torjism,"  by  a  "  Dissident  Libe- 
ral," the  opening  article  in  the  November  "Fort- 
nightly," deals  mainly,  though  not  exclusively,  with  the 
Education  Bill.  Our  Dissident  does  not  like  the  Bill, 
but  apparently  likes  the  opposition  to  the  Bill  still 
less.  He  attacks  the  tactics  adopted  by  the  Noncon- 
formists.^ In  denouncing  "clericalism"  and  "sacer- 
dotalism," the  "  parson  "  and  the  "  priest,"  Dr.  Clifford 
and  his  friends,  he  says,  have  promoted  their  Parlia- 
mentary defeat. 

The  "  Dissident  Liberal  "  won't  have  the  Bill  at  any 
price;  and  he  says  closure  is  no  remedy.     The  Educa- 


Hciietr  of  ReiHews,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


5S3 


t.'  n  Bill  can  only  be  defended  on  certain  assumptions, 
«1j  of  which  are  Tory,  whereas  "  the  prevailing  frame 
of  mind  in  this  country  remains  Liberal." 

"What  Can  Be  Said  for  the  BtU. 

The  Nonconformists  have  injured  their  case  by  pre- 
tending that  there  is  nothing  in  favour  of  the  Bill  at 
all.  With  this  pretence  the  "  Fortnightly  "  contributor 
will  not  agree.  From  a  national  point  of  view  the  Bill 
has  certain  attenuated  merits: 

"1.  It  creates  a  single  authority  for  educational  areas. 

"  2.  It  makes  the  denominational  schools  somewhat 
more  efficient,  and  must  raise  in  some  degree  the  level 
of  education  for  more  than  half  the  children  in  the 
country. 

"  3.  It  distinctly  increases  public  influence  upon  the 
control  of  sectarian  schools. 

"4.  It  gives  a  real,  though  feeble  and  unguided,  im- 
pulse towards  a  general  organisation  of  higher  edu- 
cation." 

But  while  there  will  be  some  increase  of  efficiency 
of  denominational  schools  under  the  Bill,  there  will  not 
be  equal  efficiency  for  equal  expenditure.  And  the  Bill 
undoubtedly  places  Nonconformists  in  an  inferior  posi- 
tion to  that  of  members  of  the  Established  and  Roman 
Catholic  Churches.  The  sectarian  endowment  which 
the  Bill  involves  will  not  have  the  least  chance  of  being 
accepted  permanently  by  the  English  people. 

The  Case  Against  It. 
The  Bill  is  bad  also  because  it  establishes  the  prin- 
ciple that  in  a  very  extensive  sphere  of  public  employ- 
ment private  individuals  are  to  have  the  power  of  ap- 
pointing persons  who  will  be  paid  by  the  community. 

The  Views  of  Maga. 

The  writer  of  "  Musings  Without  Method "  in 
"  Blackwood's  Magazine  "  deals  with  the  Nonconformist 
critics  of  the  Education  Bill  somewhat  in  the  style 
Avith  which  Christopher  North  used  to  belabour  hia 
opponents  in  the  early  days  of  Maga.  "  Blackwood  " 
says  that  the  German  Emperor  and  the  Boers  are 
scrupulosity  in  human  shape  compared  with  Dr.  Clifford 
and  his  friends.  The  Nonconformist  conscience  is  as 
flexible  as  indiarubber.  He  was  as  valiant  as  Ancient 
Pistol  during  the  recess,  but  the  sitting  of  Parliament 
seems  to  awe  him.  His  threat  to  refuse  to  pay  rates 
is  mere  hysteria,  which  is  not  interesting.  What  is  far 
more  curious  is  the  Nonconformist  love  of  untruth. 
Where  religion  is  concerned  Nonconformists  believe  that 
any  method  of  warfare  is  permissible.  They  gladly  sub- 
ordinate truth  to  party.  The  opponents  of  the  Bill  are 
all  pro-Boers,  and  an  antidote  has  already  been  found 
for  Nonconformist  venom.  This  antidote  has  been  sup- 
plied by  debates  in  Parliament,  which  bring  to  light, 
among  other  things  (according  to  "Blackwood"),  the 
fact  that  one  object  of  the  Bill  is  to  reduce  the  power 
of  the  parson.  That,  we  suppose,  is  the  reason  why 
the  parsons  are  so  enthusiastic  in  its  support. 

The  Positivist  Point  of  View. 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison,  writing  in  the  "  Positivist  Re- 
view "  upon  the  Education  Bill,  thus  expounds  the 
Positivist  point  of  view: 

"  The  machinery  of  public  education  has  gn-own  so 
far  outside  anything  which  they  regard  as  wholesome 
education,  that  they  can  take  no  serious  part  in  these 
complicated  struggles  to  get  hold  of  poor  children.  All 
that  they  can  do  is  to  stand  fast  to  their  own  prin- 
ciples, and  watch  the  tempests  that  await  those  who 


defy  the  simple  solution  of  these  pioblem.i.  That  t><jlu- 
tion  is  that,  whilst  true  education  must  ever  be  founded 
in  religion,  saturated  with  religion,  given  and  adminis- 
tered by  men  inspired  by  religion,  it  is  monstrous  for 
the  State  in  our  age  to  attempt  to  force  upon  the  chil- 
dren of  the  people  any  sort  of  theological  instruction 
whatever,  or  to  play  into  the  hands  of  any  theolo;;ical 
sect,  whether  it  calls  itself  an  historic  church  or  a  free 
communion  of  fellow-believers.  The  State  may,  and 
should,  offer  the  bare  rudiments  of  reading,  writing  and 
counting  to  all  who  are  willing  to  be  taught,  without 
compulsion,  and  without  fee.  It  must  remain  wholly 
apart  from  any  dogmatic  school,  even  by  inspection, 
grant  or  favour.  It  is  for  those  who  really  live  by  a 
religion  of  their  own  to  see  that  those  whom  they  can 
influence  have  an  adequate  training  in  what  they  hold 
to  be  so  precious." 

What  the  Nonconformists  Thiak. 

Dr.  Robertson  NicoU  contributes  to  the  "  Contempo- 
rary Review  "  an  article  on  the  Education  Bill  and  the 
Free  Churches.  His  aim,  as  set  forth  by  himself,  is  to 
show — 

"  1.  That  the  claim  of  the  Church  of  England  as  de- 
veloped in  the  present  Bill  is  that  her  schools  shall  be 
treated  precisely  as  Roman  Catholic  schools  claim  to  be 
treated. 

"  2.  That  this  claim  is  a  new  claim  on  the  part  of  the 
Church  of  England  as  a  whole,  and  was  not  made  at 
the  time  when  Mr.  Forster's  Act  was  carried. 

"  3.  That  this  claim  invades  the  conscience  of  Noncon- 
formists. 

"  4.  That  Nonconformists  must  oppose  it,  if  in  the 
end  the  Bill  is  passed,  by  every  endeavour  to  make  the 
Bill  unworkable,  one  of  the  great  forms  of  resistance 
being  the  refusal  of  the  school  rate." 

After  arguing  at  some  length  in  support  of  each  of 
these  theses,  he  concludes  his  article  by  expressing  a 
firm  conviction  that  the  Nonconformists  will  take  joy- 
fully the  spoiling  of  their  goods  rather  than  consent  to 
the  imposition  of  a  new  Church  rate: 

"  I  have  also  an  immovable  confidence  in  the  courage 
and  steadfastness  of  Nonconformists  as  a  whole.  They 
realise  that  they  have  reached  the  great  crisis  of  their 
existence,  and  that  if  they  yield  now  they  will  throw 
away  all  the  victories  won  for  them  in  their  grand  and 
touching  history.  The  eyes  of  all  the  world  will  be 
upon  us  in  this  struggle.  The  humblest  sufferer's  name 
will  be  made  known  through  the  English-speaking  lands 
and  beyond  them.  Outside  of  England,  in  our  own 
Colonies  and  in  America,  the  persecutors  and  the  per- 
secution will  be  the  subject  of  unmeasured  amazement 
and  indignation.  I  cannot  believe  that  the  Government 
will  live  in  the  atmosphere  it  has  created  for  a  single 
year.  The  iron  in  the  souls  of  those  who  have  gone 
before  in  the  path  of  suffering  will  strike  a  fire  which 
will  burn  till  religious  liberty  in  England  is  real  and 
unassailable." 


'Ainslee's  Magazine  "  is  primarily  a  fictional  publi- 
(ation,  but  there  is  one  article  in  the  October  num- 
ber which  may  be  referred  to.  That  is  "A  Woman's 
Cost  of  Living,"  one  of  Mr.  F.  S.  Arnett's  series  of 
papers  on  "  Luxuries  of  the  Milhonairo."  ^Ir.  Arnett 
says  there  are  at  least  100  New  York  women  whoee 
wardrobes  have  cost  from  100.000  dollars  to  1,000,000 
dollars.  The  American  reputation  for  dress  is  so  great 
that  the  Countess  Cassini  did  not  dare  arrive  in 
Washington  without  eighty-four  brand  new  gowns. 
In  New  York  "  a  wedding  alone  may  cost  a  million." 


584 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  i()02. 


The  Spanish  Friars  in  the  Philippines. 

A  Defence. 

In  the  "  North  American  Review  "  for  October  there 
is  an  interesting  article  by  Mr.  Stephen  Bonsai,  in  which 
the  work  of  the  friars  and  religious  orders  in  the  Philip- 
pines is  placed  in  a  light  very  different  from  that  to 
wliich  we  are  accustomed.  The  Spanish  Governors, 
although  often  brought  into  conflict  with  the  friars,  in 
their  official  reports  praised  their  work,  declaring  that 
government  would  be  impossible  without  them.  That 
this  was  so  Mr.  Bonsai  has  no  doubt. 

The  Friars  as  Roadmakers. 
Everything  that  the  Filipinos  have  had  done  for  them 
has  been  done  by  the  friars.  If  you  come  into  a  well- 
built  village  and  ask  who  founded  it,  you  will  be  told 
that  it  was  built  by  the  Franciscan  or  Austin  fathers. 
If  you  cross  a  great  bridge  or  visit  irrigation  works 
you  will  be  told  the  same  thing.  The  frairs  made  net- 
works of  excellent  roads  by  employing  the  natives  to 
work  upon  the  roads  a  certain  number  of  days  a  year; 
and  since  their  rule  was  abolished  the  roads  of  the 
country  have  disappeared. 

As   Agriculturists. 

The  same  with  every  other  item  of  civilised  life. 
When  the  friars  came  to  the  Philippines  there  was  no 
agriculture  worth  mentioning.  The  friars  introduced 
maize  from  Mexico,  and  for  three  centuries  this  has 
been  the  mainstay  of  the  population.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  tobacco,  which  was  introduced  by  the  Govern- 
ment, every  staple  crop  now  grown  was  either  intro- 
duced by  the  friars  or  had  its  valuable  properties  fir'st 
explained  by  them  to  the  natives.  Thus  It  was  with 
coffee,  indigo,  the  sugar-cane,  cacao. 

As  Educators. 
In  education  the  islands  owe  everything  to  the  much- 
maligned  religious  orders.  Until  1863  there  were  no 
schools  in  the  islands  except  such  as  they  had  founded. 
As  the  natives  progressed  in  civilisation  higher  schools 
and  colleges  were  founded;  and  Mr.  Bonsai  says  that 
more  men  have  matriculated  at  Santo  Tomas,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Manila,  than  at  Harvard. 

As  Soldiers. 

The  friars  were  no  less  distinguished  as  soldiers. 
They  were  well  to  the  front  in  all  the  wars  of  the  con- 
quest and  in  the  expeditions  to  the  Moluccas  and 
Cochin  China.  They  inspired  the  resistance  to  the 
English  invasion  of  1672.  Against  all  these  it  must  be 
admitted  not  very  clerical  virtues,  all  that  can  be  said 
is  that  they  were  relentless  in  suppressing  the  enemies 
of  monastic  rule.  There  were  two  leading  accusations 
against  them — profligacy  and  exploiting  the  natives.  The 
evidence  of  the  first  was  the  presence  of  half-caste 
children,  but  Mr.  Bonsai  says  that  half-castes  still 
multiply,  although  the  friars  have  been  withdrawn  for 
four  years. 

As  for  the  charge  of  exploiting  the  natives,  he  points 
out  that  after  three  hundred  years  of  exploitation  the 
property  of  the  orders  is  officially  valued  by  .Judge  Taft 
at  considerably  under  £2,000,000.  In  conclusion,  saya 
Mr.  Bonsai,  under  their  rule  a  large  proportion  of  the 
Filipinos  have  reached  a  higher  stage  of  civilisation 
than  has  been  attained  by  other  branches  of  the  Malay 
family  under  other  circumstances  and  in  other  en- 
vironment. '='  :l 


The  Problem  in  the  Philippines. 
Mr.  Stephen  Bonsai  contributes  what  he  calls  a  "plain- 
tale  for  plain  men  "  to  the  "  Pall  Mall  Magazine  "  for 
November  on  the  Problem  of  the  Philippines.  He  de- 
clares that  upon  one  point  all  Americans  are  agreed. 
Had  it  been  given  to  them  as  a  people  to  foresee  what 
has  followed  upon  the  victory  at  Manila  Bay,  the  order 
to  steam  in  and  destroy  the  Spanish  fleet  would  never 
have  been  given.  The  order  would  have  been  givea 
to  give  Admiral  Montojo's  ships  a  wide  berth,  and  not 
to  sink  them.  He  maintains  that  party  considerations 
are  paramount  with  the  American  Government.  They 
extend  a  travesty  of  civil  government  over  the  Philip- 
pines for  the  purpose  of  political  consumption  in  the 
United  States,  and  for  the  same  reason  they  reduced 
the  strength  of  the  army  of  occupation,  although  in  Mr. 
Bonsai's  opinion  every  extension  of  civil  government 
ought  to  Le  accompanied  by  a  reinforcement  of  the 
army.  Instead  of  strengthening  the  American  troops 
in  the  Philippines  the  Americans  are  recruiting  aux- 
iliary troops  to  a  number  now  close  upon  20,000,  all 
native-born  Filipinos,  all  armed  with  carbines,  shot- 
guns and  revolvers,  who  can  shoot  almost  as  well  as 
the  Americans,  and  who,  in  Mr.  Bonsai's  opinion,  are 
still  animated  by  the  sentiments  which  they  entertainea 
when  they  were  in  the  ranks  of  the  insurgents. 

The  Coming  Revolt. 
There  is  not  noticeable  the  slightest  change  in  the 
sentiments  of  the  dommant  races  of  the  islands.  There 
are  many  indications  of  preparations  for  a  general  ris- 
ing when  the  opportune  moment  comes.  When  the 
outbreak  does  take  place  the  insurgents,  Mr.  Bonsai 
thinks,  may  absolutely  count  upon  the  support  of  the 
20,000  native  auxiliaries  who  will  be  armed  and  drilled 
by  the  American  Government.  Mr.  Bonsai  maintains 
that  the  Americans  are  in  the  position  of  a  man  who 
has  got  hold  of  a  bear's  tail  without  knowing  it;  and 
now  the  one  question  that  everyone  is  seeking  to  an- 
swer is  how  to  let  go  without  being  bitten  by  the 
bear,  or  having  the  feathers  of  prestige  brushed  the 
wrong  way.  '"  If  such  an  opportunity  can  be  offered 
it  would  be  seized  upon  with  an  enthusiasm  and  una- 
nimity unprecedented  in  our  political  history." 


The  Index  Expurgatorius. 

The  Pope's  List  of  Forbidden  Books. 

An  interesting  article  in  the  "  Quarterly  Review  "  is 
that  dealing  with  the  Roman  Index,  or  "  Index  Li- 
brorum  Prohibitorum,"  the  last  edition  of  which  was 
issued  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  the  year  1900.  The  Romaa 
Index  has  always,  owing  to  ignorance  of  foreign  lan- 
guages and  other  causes,  been  extremely  inaccurate; 
and  the  edition  of  1900,  says  the  reviewer,  is,  owing  to 
the  criticisms  of  a  German  scholar,  the  least  Inaccurate 
ever  published. 

Indexes  Other  Than  Papal. 
The  earliest  known  censure  of  a  printed  book  dates 
from  Venice  in  the  year  1491,  when  the  Papal  Legate 
singled  out  for  proof  the  "  Monarchia  "  of  Antonio 
Roselli  and  the  '"Theses"  of  Pico  della  Mirandola.  The 
sin  of  the  former  book  consisted  in  its  maintaining 
the  juristical  or  conciliar  view  of  Papal  authority;  and 
it  heads  a  long  series  of  books  prohibited  for  the  same 
reason.  The  prohibition  of  heretical  literature  was  by 
no  means  confined  to  the  Papacy.  Luther  in  1520 
publicly  burnt  the  Pope's  Bull,  the  Canon  Law  and  tke 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


585 


writings  of  Eck  and  Emser;  and  Calvin  and  the  Ger- 
man Reformed  princes  interdicted  not  only  Popish 
works,  but  also  Protestant  publications  of  which  they 
did  not  approve.  The  first  catalogue  really  worth  re- 
garding as  an  Index  is  that  of  Louvain,  published  in 
1546  by  direction  of  Charles  V. 

The  Papal  Indexes  were  never  absolutely  accepted 
even  in  Catholic  countries.  The  Spaniards  repeatedly 
suppressed,  ignored,  and  refused  to  publish  them,  and 
France  never  formally  accepted  the  Index,  though  she 
possessed  an  Index  of  her  own. 

Curiosities   of  the  Index. 

The  first  woman  whose  writings  were  prohibited  was 
Magdalena  Haymairin,  whose  offence  was  the  publi- 
cation of  "  Sunday  Epistles  for  the  Whole  Year,  set 
out  Songwise."  She  was  joined  in  course  of  time  by 
Anne  Askew,  another  female  divine,  and  long  after- 
wards by  George  Sand.  There  are  four  cases  of  father 
and  son  being  coupled  in  prohibition,  the  Dumas  being 
the  best  known. 

Fenelon  is  the  most  memorable  of  Catholic  prelates 
whose  name  appears  in  the  Index,  but  Bossuet  narrowly 
escaped.  In  the  earlier  history  of  the  Index  heretical 
German  works  were  prohibited  ad  lib.,  but  between 
1600  and  1700  only  one  German  book  appears  in  the 
Index;  and  Heine's  "  Reisebilder "  was  the  next  pro- 
hibited book.  However,  many  learned  men  still  wrote 
much  in  Latin;  and  Leibnitz  has  only  recently  dis- 
appeared from  the  forbidden  list.  In  1703  Hobbes' 
'•  Leviathan "  drew  down  the  thunderbolt,  and  six 
years  later  all  his  works  were  stricken  after  they  had 
been  half  a  century  in  use.  The  "  Religio  Medici  "  was 
proscribed  as  early  as  1646;  and  in  1669  was  forbidden 
Bacon's  "  De  Augmentis."  It  is  amusing  to  note  th.3t 
the  Inquisitor  seemed  to  regard  Bacon  and  Verulara 
as  different  authors,  and  Bacon  was  not  accurately 
described  till  1790.  Altogether  the  Index  seems  to 
have  been  a  strange  muddle  of  blunders. 

The  Pope  and  Astronomy. 
In  1618  Kepler's  "  Epitome  of  Copernican  Astro- 
nomy "  was  prohibited.  The  volume  of  Copernicus 
himself  was  corrected  in  1620  by  order  of  the  secretary 
to  the  Index,  and  his  affirmations  shortened  down  to 
mere  hypotheses.  Up  to  1757  every  Index  contained 
this  rubric:  "All  books  forbidden  which  maintain  that 
the  earth  moves  and  the  sun  does  not."  But  not  till 
1835  did  Copernicus,  Kepler,  and  Galileo  disappear  from 
the  Index  at  a  time  when  the  prohibition  was  entirely 
disregarded. 

Some  Notable  Names. 

The  metaphysicians,  of  course,  figure  valiantly  in  the 
Index:  Spinoza,  Malebranche,  Locke,  Berkeley,  and 
Hume  being  present,  in  addition  to  the  names  above 
mentioned.  Kant  was  left  out  in  the  cold  until  1821; 
and  Fichte,  Hegel,  and  Schopenhauer  are  still  outside. 
The  last  important  work  proscribed  on  the  eve  of  the 
French  Revolution  was  Gibbon's  "  Decline  and  Fall." 

The  recent  history  of  the  Index  added  many  names 
of  equal  celebrity:  Lamennais,  Gioberti,  Rosmini,  Ven- 
tura, Mamiani,  Curci,  Hermes,  Gunther,  Victor  Hugo, 
George  Sand,  Quinet,  Michelet.  Renan's  first  condem- 
nation goes  back  to  1859;  his  last  bears  date  July  14, 
1892.  Dollinger  is,  of  course,  among  the  victims  of  the 
Vatican  Censor,  but  Darwin  seems  to  have  escaped. 

From  the  Index  of  1900  three  thousand  names  have 
been  removed,  but  among  those  left  are  Goldsmith's 
"  History  of  England "  and  Sterne's  "  Sentimental 
Journey."  Absolute  prohibition  still  falls  upon  ever'.- 
treatise    assailing    Roman    doctrine,    church    authorit-  . 


and  the  clerical  order.  Books  of  magic,  spiritualism, 
and  Freemasonry  are  classed  as  immoral  writings,  and 
versions  of  Scripture  not  approved  at  Rome  are  for- 
bidden except  to  students. 

In  conclusion,  the  reviewer  points  out  the  ineffective- 
ness of  the  Index.  Probably  not  a  single  book  which 
later  times  would  value  has  perished  under  the  Index. 
But  if  every  great  name  which  it  contains  from  Machi- 
avelli  to  Renan  were  blotted  out,  modern  literature 
would  not  only  be  impoverished,  it  would  become  un- 
intelligible. The  modern  world  is  largely  the  creation 
of  men  whose  names  are  to  be  found  on  the  "  Index 
Librorum  Prohibitorum." 


What  is  Crime? 

Human  Parasitism.     By  Max  Nofdau. 

■■  La  Revue  "  for  October  15  contains  a  very  inte- 
resting and  suggestive  paper  by  Max  Nordau,  entitled 
"A  New  Biological  Theory  of  Crime."  Dr.  Nordau 
finds  that  none  of  the  current  definitions  of  crime  are 
at  all  satisfactory;  and  answers  the  vexed  question  by 
advancing  a  new  theory  which  fits  all  the  facts,  that 
crime  is  merely  human  parasitism,  or  acts  committed 
by  the  idle  at  the  expense  of  their  neighbours.  The 
jurist's  definition  of  crime  as  something  illegal  is  ab- 
surd, as  laws  differ  and  are  changed  every  day.  Nor 
can  the  evolutionist's  definition  that  crime  is  an  act 
which  injures  the  community  collectively  be  accepted, 
as  there  is  no  final  standard  for  establishing  what  is 
the  good  of  the  community.  There  remains  the  theory 
of  Lombroso,  that  crime  is  atavism,  or  retrogression 
to  the  savage  state  in  which  crime  was  normal.  Thia 
Dr.  Nordau  will  not  accept,  because.  Judging  from  mo- 
dern savages,  anti-social  crime  is  rare  and  is  punished, 
while  theft  and  murder  are  sanctioned  merely  against 
other  tribes,  exactly  as  among  civilised  nations  they 
are  permitted  in  time  of  war. 

The  Savage  No  Criminal. 
The  savage  is  in  no  way  the  anti-social  being  which 
the  habitual  criminal  is.  On  the  contrary,  he  is  more 
social,  and  more  a  "  political  animal  "  than  civilised 
man.  It  is  reasonable  to  assume  that  the  primitive 
man,  who  is  regarded  by  Lombroso  as  the  archetype 
of  the  criminal,  was,  like  the  modern  savage,  a  social 
man,  who  was  in  no  sense  an  habitual  crimmal. 

The  True  Definition  of  Crime. 

"  For  me,  then,"  says  Dr.  Nordau,  "  crime  is  human 
parasitism."  That  is  the  essence  of  all  habitual 
criminality.  Crime  regarded  in  this  light  is  an  in- 
creasing characteristic  of  civilisation  rather  than  a  re- 
version to  savagery.  In  primitive  life  the  exploitation 
of  the  industrious  by  the  idle  was  unknown,  except  in 
the  case  of  the  savage  forcing  his  wife  to  work  for 
him,  in  which,  says  M.  Nordau,  was  perhaps  the  first 
indication  of  criminal  tendencies.  But  real  parasitism 
only  began  with  the  division  of  labour,  and  the  frauds, 
exaggerations  of  one's  own  value,  and  depreciations  of 
another's,  to  which  the  division  of  labour  naturally 
leads.  Parasitism  appears  only  when  men  attempt  to 
take  without  giving  any  return,  and  who  treat  others 
as  instruments  for  their  own  enrichment.  Those  who 
fall  into  such  parasitism  are  the  real  criminals.  There- 
fore crime  is  not  atavism,  but  a  new  phenomenon, 
relatively  recent,  a  symptom  of  social  and  individual 
malady. 

In  this  sense  most  men  are  criminals.  In  fact,  the 
germ  of  crime,  says  Dr.  Nordau,  exists  in  as  all.    The 


586 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  1901 


lowerful  of  the  earth  are  criminals;  from  the  wearers 
f  crowns  to  the  frivolous  Beau  Brummels,  all  have 
he  same  moral  physiognomy,  all  have  the  same  de- 
ire  to  satisfy  their  diverse  appetites  without  the  least 
eciprocity.  Parasites  and  criminals  also  are  specula- 
07S,  Protectionists  who  abuse  political  power  to  im- 
lose  customs  duties  which  enrich  themselves  at  the 
(xpense  of  the  people— all  these  are  one  with  the  pirate 
md  the  thief. 

The  Crime  of  Passion. 

But  it  is  obvious  that  this  theory,  while  it  compre- 
lends  numberless  millions  who  are  not  regarded  as 
criminals  at  all,  omits  gi-eat  numbers  of  those  who  are. 
^Vhat  of  crimen*  of  passion?  To  this  question  Dr. 
[Srordau  replies  that  there  is  an  absolute  distinction 
Detween  crimes  of  passion  and  crime  properly  described. 
Wi'.at  makes  the  distinction  apparent  is  that  the 
author  of  a  crime  of  passion  draws  no  advantage  from 
his  offence,  while  the  real  criminal  commits  his  crime 
in  cold  blood  with  the  single  purpose  of  drawing  some 
advantage  from  it.  The  accidental  crime  or  crime  of 
passion  is  a  psychical  storm  which  can  never  be  fought 
save  by  education  directed  to  change  human  nature. 
The  unpardonable  crime  is  parasitism,  or  social  ex- 
ploitation. The  great  remedy  for  that  would  be  a 
new  organisation  of  society  which  would  render  co- 
operation perfect. 

•'  The  doctrine  which  tends  towards  the  realisation 
01  that  ideal  is  called  Socialism,"  concludes  Dr. 
Nordau. 


America  Mistress  of  the  Universe. 

Captain  Hobson's  Cocfc-a-Doodle  Dr»o ! 

The  caresses  of  American  ladies  have  evidently  turned 
the  head  of  Captain  R.  P.  Hobson,  U.S.N.  But  what 
turned  the  head  of  the  editor  of  the  "North  American 
Review,"  and  induced  him  to  publish  "America  Mis- 
tress of  the  Seas,"  by  that  esceaent  officer,  we  can- 
not say.  The  "North  American  Review"  has  not  any 
particular  reputation  for  humour — on  the  whole,  we 
prefer  "Judge,"  and  even  the  coloured  supplements  of 
the  "New  York  Journal."  But  this  month  there  are 
fourteen  pages  which  for  humour,  impudence,  or  ig- 
norance are  certainly  unsurpassed. 

A  Bad  Case  of  Swelled  Head. 
The  root  of  it  all  is  that  the  good  captain  is  suffering 
from  the  mania  of  national  greatness.  We  have  burnt 
too  much  incense  before  the  American  shrine  to  be 
suspected  of  irreverence.  But  Captain  Hobson  is  too 
much  even  for  us.  In  the  art  of  hyperbole  and  exag- 
K'cration  he  is  a  Pierpont  Morgan  with  a  billion  dollar 
trust  in  the  simplicity  of  his  readers.  He  even  4breaks 
into  a  Scriptural  style  on  one  page,  and  invokes  heaven 
to  sanction  his  extravagances.  The  captain  wants  a 
navy  on  the  ground  of  humanity  and  business,  and  as 
America  has  more  humanity  and  more  business  than 
any  other  country  in  the  world,  he  moderately  de- 
mands that  she  should  have  a  navy  "almost  equal  to 
the  combined  navies  of  the  world."  This  is  quite 
reasonable,  he  says,  as  "we  are  the  only  innately  peace- 
ful nation"  in  the  world.  This  being  so,  "we  should 
extend  the  Monroe  Doctrine  to  cover  the  whole  of 
China."  "  It  would  be  cowardly  and  selfish  to  stand 
off  and  see  the  destinies  of  these  myriads  of  helpless 
people  dominated  by  the  harsh  methods  of  European 
monarchies  and  despotism"  when  we  could  be  helping 
them  by  the  gentler  methods  of  the  water-cure.  "  I 
believe  this  is  the  will  of  God,"  says  Captain  Hobson. 


A  Race  of  "  Giants." 
But  Captain  Hobson,  U.S.N.,  is  nothing  as  expert  in 
high  politics  to  Captain  Hobson,  statistician  and  his- 
torian. There  is  a  precision  and  plausibility  about  his 
facts  that  would  convince  even  an  Englishman  that  he 
was  an  inferior  being.  "  The  average  American,  man 
for  man,  is  from  two  to  five  times  as  vigorous  as  the 
average  European."  "The  average  American  eats  twice 
as  much"  as  the  average  Englishman,  "who  is  the  best- 
fed  man  in  Europe."  "The  average  American  wields 
about  2,000  foot  tons  of  mechanical  energy;  the  average 
En<rlishman  about  1,500;  the  average  Frenchman  ant. 
t>rman  about  900."  In  spite  of  this,  the  captain  in- 
forms us  later  on  that  the  average  Chinaman  in  in- 
dustrial capacity  is  scarcely  below  the  American. 
From  which  we  conclude  that  the  Englishman  is  far 
below  the  Chinaman,  and  the  Frenchman  and  German 
nowhere  in  comparison.  "The  average  American  wheat- 
grower  produces  three  times  as  much  wheat  as  the 
averaire  English  wheat-grower;  in  fact,  every  test  goes 
to  show  that  Americans  are  physically,  intellectually, 
and  spiritually  a  race  of  giants." 

First  in  Naval  War. 
America's    greatness,    however,    does    not    stop    here. 
She  has  more  vulnerable  property  accessible  to  naval 
attack  than  all  Europe  combined: 

"  We  have  in  the  United  States  17,000  miles  of  coa.st- 
line  and  on  this  coast-line,  and  upon  the  harbours  and 
great  rivers  leading  up  from  the  coast-lme,  we  have 
built  innumerable  cities  representing  accumulations  ot 
more  homes  and  property  vulnerable  from  the  sea  than 
are  found  on  all  the  coast-line,  harbours,  and  navigable 
rivers  of  the  continent  of  Europe  combined.  Fortifica- 
tions, mines,  and  torpedoes  have  been,  and  stiU  are, 
useful  accessories  in  coast  defence,  but  they  never  hava 
arrested,  and  they  cannot  now  effectually  stop,  a  deter- 
mined commander  of  a  strong  fleet." 

This  statement  the  captain  really  believes.  He  be- 
Ueves  also  that  in  the  triumphs  of  war  the  only 
innately  peaceful  nation"  stands  highest.  If  the  Ameri- 
can beats  the  European  in  working,  eating,  and  religion, 
he  absolutely  demolishes  him  in  fighting.  For  vigour 
in  naval  warfare  no  such  record  exists  in  the  world  as 
that  of  the  American  navy;  in  the  Spanish-American 
war  it  broke  two  records  simultaneously."  "The  Ameri- 
can navy  alone  of  all  the  navies  of  the  earth  has  never 
kno^vn  defeat." 

Megalomania  and  Gore. 
The   Civil  War   involved   numbers   twice   as  large  as 
the    hordes    of    Xerxes,    "the    casualties    alone    being 
200,000   more    than    there    were    soldiers    altogether    m 
the  German  armies"    in   18(0. 

Captain  Hobson  assures  his  readers  that  campaigns 
in  that  war  for  distances  covered  and  obstacles  over- 
come have  no  parallel,  except,  perhaps,  m  Hannibal  s 
invasion  of  Italy.  But  is  it  impudence  or  lack  ot 
arithmetic  which  leads  him  to  assure  us  that  in  the 
Civil  War  "numerous  battlefields  counted  percentage 
losses  from  three  to  five  times  as  great  as  the  bloodiest 
on  record"?  As  in  "the  bloodiest  on  record  battles 
the  losses  were  at  least  50  per  cent.,  it  follows  that  m 
battles  in  the  Civil  War  the  Americans  lost  from  150 
per  cent,  to  250  per  cent,  of  their  force.  But  perhaps 
the  American  has  nine  lives,  like  a  cat,  as  the  resuit 
of  eating  twice  as  much  as  the  degenerate  Englishman. 


The  "  Bookman  "  for  November  is  a  Robert  Brown- 
ing number. 


Review  of  Revietcs,  20/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


587 


The  Triumphant  Turk. 

Captain  Gambler  on  the  Revival  of  Islam. 

Under  the  somewhat  misleading  title  of  "  Macedo- 
nian Intrigues  and  Their  Fruits,"  Captain  Gambier, 
R.N.,  contributes  to  the  "  Fortnightly  Review  "  a  very 
remarkable  and  extremely  interesting  article  upon  Tur- 
key and  her  future,  or,  more  correctly,  upou  the  Turks 
and  Mohammedans  generally  and  their  present  state 
and  future  aspirations.  With  the  Macedonian  prob- 
lem, which  is  the  nominal  subject  of  his  article,  Cap- 
tain GamDier  deals  briefiy,  his  main  points  being 
that  none  of  the  Macedonian  races  is  fit  to  dominate 
the  country,  and  that  the  true  Macedonians  are  the 
Moslems.  He  ridicules  the  idea  of  degenerate  Greece 
founding  a  new  Byzantium,  via  Macedonia;  and  scoffs 
at  the  idea  of  Italian  pretensions  in  Albania.  "  Left 
single-handed  in  an  encounter  with  Turkey  in  Albania 
or  in  Tripoli,  the  fiasco  of  the  Abyssinian  campaign 
would  be  repeated  tenfold." 

The  Renascence  of  Islam. 
It  is  the  Turk  who  is  really  on  top  in  the  East,  and 
he  intends  to  remain  so.  There  is  no  question  of  de- 
generacy in  that  quarter.  The  Turk  is  not 
an  expiring  race.  When  we  remember  how 
the  Ottoman  Empire  has  dwindled  away,  we  are 
apt  to  think  of  the  Turks  as  a  dying  people.  But 
looking  under  the  surface,  and  remembering  that  Is- 
lamism  is  a  matter  of  faith,  not  of  territory,  one  can 
well  agree  with  many  Moslems  that  the  shrinkage  of 
their  power  in  Europe  is  not  a  misfortune.  A  deep- 
thinking  Turk  once  remarked  to  Captain  Gambier: 
"  He  would  be  a  bold  man  who  would  predict  that  the 
polytheism  of  the  Christian  would  not  give  place  in 
another  600  years  to  the  less  complicated  belief  in  the 
one  God  of  Mahomet."  The  600  years  represent  the 
advantage  in  age  which  Christianity  has  had  over  Is- 
lamism. 

The  Coming  Jehad. 

To  keep  alive  the  faith  in  the  One  and  Indivisible 
God  is  the  set  purpose  of  Abdul  Hamid's  life.  He  looks 
on  Christianity  as  dead,  while  the  spirit  which  con- 
quered half  the  world  is  only  dormant  in  his  people. 

'■'  Doubtless,  to  many  this  will  seem  as  absurd  as  the 
idea  of  a  crusade,  but  to  hold  that  view  is  to  be  igno- 
rant of  the  extraordinary  religious  instinct  that  un- 
derhes  ^Mohammedanism.  I  know  the  idea  of  a  Jehad 
or  Holy  War  presents  to  many  the  fantastic  idea  of 
men  galloping  across  deserts,  shouting  the  war  cry  of 
the  Prophet,  and  living  on  dates  and  water— hordes  to 
be  easily  routed  by  a  hundred  British  soldiers,  or  swept 
out  of  existence  by  a  handful  of  Germans.  But  the 
modern  defenders  of  the  faith  of  Allah,  in  Turkey 
alone,  consist  of  some  450.000  to  500.000  fairly  drilled, 
well-armed,  incomparably  brave  and  hardy  men,  all 
within  200  miles,  or  a  few  hours'  rail,  of  Constantinople 
itself— probably  the  strongest  fortress  in  the  world. 
Then  behind  \hese  500.000  stand  over  2,000,000  men. 
still  in  the  prime  of  their  magnificent  and  sober  man- 
hood, not  prowling  about  the  purlieus  of  a  great  city, 
or  passing  their  nights  in  the  tramps'  ward,  but  agri- 
cultural labourers,  boatmen,  and  others  who  live  by 
their  own  hands,  all  trained  men,  who  have  passed 
through  the  ranks.  And  again,  behind  them  are  un- 
numbered millions,  scattered  all  over  the  earth,  who 
would  unquestionably  rally  to  the  defence  of  their 
Faith,  men  more  instinct  with  the  fighting  quality  than 
any  other  race." 


The  Propaganda  of  Islam. 
Do  not  think,  says  Captain  Gambier,  that  no  pre- 
paration for  the  Turkish  renascence  exists.  The  Sultan 
makes  no  pretence  to  oe  a  great  warrior;  but  he  hat 
worked  night  and  day  and  spent  millions  in  preparing 
the  way  for  a  more  militant  successor.  In  the  re- 
motest parts  of  the  earth,  as  well  as  in  the  most 
populous,  silently  and  secretly  he  has  organised  a  vast 
agency  to  carry  out  his  idea.  All  over  Asia  Minor,  in 
the  very  heart  of  Asia  proper,  in  the  entire  south 
of  Russian  Empire,  through  all  North- Western  China, 
in  Afghanistan,  and  among  our  own  Mahrattas,  this 
agency  is  firmly  established,  while  for  every  man  so 
employed  in  foreign  parts  there  lives  in  Constantinople 
a  counterpart  with  whom  he  is  in  constant  correspon- 
dence. And  so  is  kept  alive  the  faith  in  Abdul  Hamid. 
the  Caliph,  combined  with  the  most  complete  and 
practical  missionary  effort  the  world  ha^  hitherto 
known.  Reason,  fanaticism,  argument — all  are  instru- 
ments in  this  powerful  propaganda.  The  vices  of  the 
followers  of  Christ,  the  libertinage  of  priests,  the  de- 
pendence of  religion  upon  wealth,  are  all  cited  in  the 
literature  which  the  Sultan's  agents  all  over  the  world 
distribute  in  thousands. 

The  Omniscient   Caliph. 

To  the  hands  of  the  omnipotent,  omniscient  Sultan 
converge  all  the  threads.  The  Sultan  is  indefatigable. 
Rising  early,  he  works  harder  than  a  London  ac- 
countant. For  hours  he  receives  a  procession  of  sec- 
retaries. Ministers,  ulemas.  dragomans,  petitioners, 
emissaries  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  When  their 
turn  comes  they  find  that  the  Sultan  knows  all  about 
their  business,  and  aisposes  of  it  without  asking  any- 
one's advice — 

■■  that  he  has  cognisance  of  everything  that  passes  in 
his  Empire,  inchoate  and  loosely  governed  as  it  ap- 
pears to  be.  He  knows  the  exact  revenue  which  every 
village  should  produce,  and  whilst  making  allowance 
for  inevitable  plunder  by  the  Vahs  and  other  officials, 
exacts  that  the  residue  be  paid  into  his  own  hands  at 
Yildiz  Kiosk.  What  these  sums  amount  to  no  human 
being  except  himself  actually  knows,  and  none  dare 
ask.  The  financial  status  and  banking  account  of 
every  well-to-do  Ottoman  subject  is  known  to  him.  and 
if  an  official  asks  for  an  advance  in  salary,  or  peti- 
tions for  arrears,  his  Majesty  says,  '  Pray,  why  do  you 
want  money?  There  is  £4,722  ISs.  2d.  to  your  banking 
credit.    Let  that  suffice.'  " 

The  Sultan  is,  in  fact,  triumphant.  He  made  fools  of 
the  French  over  Mytilene,  and  has  used  the  Germans 
as  an  instrument.  He  is  a  parsimonious  man;  he  hates 
equally  wasting  money  and  paying  salaries,  and  mil- 
lions upon  millions  of  his  revenues  remain  unaccounted 
for,  and  never  see  the  light  of  day.  Is  he  piling  up  a 
war  chest  for  future  use?  Captain  Gambier  evidently 
thinks  so.  And  there  is  every  reason  why  he  should, 
for  '■  Mohammedanism  is  as  mighty  a  force  in  the  world 
as  Catholicism — all  the  more  so  because  the  common  in- 
telligence of  mankind  is  in  revolt  against  sacerdotalism 
— a  curse  effectually  banned  in  Islam  by  the  far-seeing 
wisdom  of  the  Prophet." 


China  and  Her  Mysteries. 

All  who  desire  to  understand  China  and  the  problems 
which  arise  owing  to  the  opening  of  that  country  by 
European  Powers,  should  read  "  China  and  Her  Mys- 
teries," by  Alfred  Stead,  which  gives  in  a  simple  form 
the    essential    points    about    China    and    the    Chinese. 


588 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


ir  William  Richmond  and  His  Work. 

rhe  new  Christmas  Monograph,  which  forms  the 
th  of  the  valuable  Series  on  Artist^^  issued  in  con- 
ction  with  the  "Art  Journal."  is  devoted  to  the  life 
d  work  of  Sir  William  Blake  Richmond,  and  a  very 
;eresting  monograph  it  is.  Miss  Helen  Lascelles  is 
e  author,  and  the  following  quotations  from  her 
idj-  will  serve  to  give  some  idea  of  the  variety  of  the 
list's  work  and  interests. 

The    Artist    in    Italy. 
'  In  1859  (writes  Miss  Lascelles)  Sir  William  painted 
1  first  picture,   '  Enid  and  G^eraint.'     He   sold   it  for 
10,  spending  the  money  in  his  first  journey  to  Italy. 
is  journey  marked  an  epoch  in  his  life.     Brought  up 

believe,  above  all  others,  in  the  Italian  school  of 
ntiug,  Italy  was  the  land  of  his  dreams,  and  there 
s  no  better  awakening  for  him  than  when  he  found 
aself  in  Venice,  Florence,  Milan  and  Genoa;  indeed, 
was  a  complete  fulfilment  of  his  anticipations.  This 
rney  laid  the  foundation  of  his  enduring  love  for 
lian  art,  for  the  country,  for  its  own  sake,  and  for 
people. 

At  the  end  of  1865  he  once  more  went  to  Italy,  this 
le  to  Rome.  The  studio  in  which  he  worked  was 
.t  in  which  Leighton  had  some  years  earlier  painted 
famous  '  Cimabue  and  Giotto.'  Here,  under  the 
.dow  of  Leighton,  the  large  picture  of  the  '  Proces- 
1  in  Honour  of  Bacchus  '  was  begun.  Mr.  Gladstone 
k  a  great  interest  in  its  progress,  and  would  come 
I  sit  in  the  studio  and  watch  ^vith  keen  enjoyment 

work  grow  under  the  artist's  hand. 

The  great  ambition  of  his  life,  to  execute  mural 
nting  and  decoration,  had  never  been  lost  sight  of, 
I  he  now  set  to  work  in  earnest  to  qualify  himself 
it  by  acquiring  all  the  knowledge  of  various 
nches  of  art  he  could,  so  that  should  the  occasion 
ie  he  wouM  be  prepared   to  take  advantage   of  it. 

studied  good  examples  of  mural  decoration,  both  in 
ico  and  mosaic,  in  the  churches  of  Rome  and  the 
tican,  the  museums  of  iMaples  and  Rome." 

Decoration  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 
7ith    reference    to    the    decoration     of    St.    Paul's 
hedral,    about    which    so    much    has    already    been 
tten.  Miss  Lascelles  says: 

The  time  came  at  last  when  Sir  William  was  called 
n  to  undertake  the  decoration  of  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
1  in  mosaic.  This  he  regards  as  the  work  of  his  life, 
which  all  previous  study  centred.    He  had  gone  into 

subject  so  thoroughly  in  Italy,  that  when,  in  1891, 
was  approached  with  a   view  to   the   decoration  of 

Paul's,  he  felt  perfectly  ready,  from  a  technical 
it  of  view,  to  undertake  it.  The  result  of  the 
jrprise   everyone   knows — it    has  been   much   abused 

much  praised.  The  hostile  attitud<i  is  veiy  natural, 
English  people  have  been  so  long  unaccustomed  to 

use  of  colour  in  buildings  that  the  idea  has  arisen 
t  architecture  should  necessarily  stand  alone,  a 
tary  art,  and  it  has  been  forgotten  that  from  time 
lemorial,  till  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  no 
Idings  were  complete  without  the  addition  of 
ur. 

^Vhen  the  Dean  and  Chapter  first  approa^ihed  Sir 
Ham  upon  the  subject  of  decorating  St.  Paul's,  they 
3d  him  to  paint  upon  the  walls;  but  this  he  de- 
ed to  do.  Not  only  because  Wren  had  Intended  to 
)rate  his  cathedral  in  mosaic,  but  also  because 
aic  can  be  washed  without  injury  to  it,   an  abso- 


lutely necessary  precaution  in  the  smoke-laden  atmo- 
sphere of  London.  A  further  advantage  is  that  mosaic 
admits  of  a  free  use  of  gold,  which  is,  in  his  opinion, 
a  necessity  of  decoration  in  our  climate,  or,  indeed,  in 
any  other. 

"As  soon  as  Sir  William  had  received  the  commis- 
sion he  drew  out  his  scheme  of  design  and  started  for 
Italy,  to  restudy  the  mural  decoration  in  Rome,  Sicily 
and  other  places.  He  determined  to  set  his  face 
against  pictorial  mosaic,  and  to  adhere  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  design  and  execution  which  prevailed  in 
Greece,  Italy  and  Asia  Minor  during  the  classical 
times  of  the  Byzantine  Empire,  revived  again  in  Italy 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  and  in  England  in  the  nine- 
teenth; he  laid  down  as  an  axiom  that  his  design 
should  be  controlled  by  his  material,  not  the  material 
by  the  design.  Another  sine  qua  non  was  that  the 
work  should  be  executed  by  English  and  not  foreign 
labour." 

The  colour  scheme  is  explained  and  described  in  the 
Monograph. 

Love   of   Music. 
Sir  William  has  won  distinction  as  a  portrait  painter. 
He  has  always  been  a  devoted  student  of  architecture, 
and  music  is  another  of  his  artistic  interests. 

"  Intensely  idle  concerning  things  that  he  did  not 
like,  he  was  very  industrious  over  studies  that  appealed 
to  him,  and  capable  of  hard  and  severe  application,  a 
quality  which  in  later  life  he  has  carried  almost  to 
excess.  He  early  displayed  talent  and  fondness  for 
music,  and  to  this  day  it  goes  hand  in  hand  with  art, 
the  two  chief  delights  of  his  life.  The  musical  training 
bestowed  on  him  was  of  the  most  thorough  description. 
His  first  lesson  was  given  to  him  by  old  Edmund 
Knyvett,  who  was  one  of  Haydn's  pupils.  He  used 
to  go  to  York  Street  dressed  in  a  blue  coat,  with  brass 
buttons  and  shorts,  and  play  Mozart's  and  Haydn'a 
fugues  and  sonatas  upon  one  of  those  charming  tink- 
ling little  pianos  made  about  150  years  ago. 

"Another  musical  friend,  and  one  who  has  indi- 
rectly exercised  a  great  influence  over  Sir  William's 
life,  was  Mr.  (now  Sir)  Herbert  Oakeley,  who  to  an 
equal  love  for  music  added  more  scientific  knowledge. 
They  became  intimate  when  Sir  William  was  about 
fifteen,  and  he  often  used  to  go  and  stay  witli  Mr. 
Oakeley  at  Hampton  Court,  when  they  would  spend 
most  of  their  time  in  the  chapel,  playing  concertos, 
organ  fugues,  and  whole  symphonies  on  Father  Smith's 
beautiful  organ  during  the  day,  and  on  the  piano  or 
evenings.  Wagner's  star  had  not  yet  risen,  and  Han- 
del, Bach,  Mendelssohn  an'd  Beethoven  were  their 
favourite  composers." 


Lessons  from  the  German  Manoeuvres* 

"  Linesman,"  writing  on  this  subject  in  "  Black- 
wood's ^Magazine,"  expresses  his  grave  doubts  as  to 
whether  the  German  army  would  stand  the  test  of  a 
great  war.  Its  officers,  he  thinks,  are  perfect,  its 
organisation  magnificent;  but  he  doubts  whether  con- 
scription has  really  imbued  the  German  private  with 
the  martial  spirit.  He  also  has  grave  misgivings  as 
to  the  ability  of  the  German  soldier  to  adapt  himself 
to  the  new  conditions  of  warfare  created  by  the  maga- 
zine rifle.       He  says: 

"  Dependence  and  docility,  his  dominant  traits,  were 
never  the  most  valuable  of  military  qualities;  the 
greatest  feats  of  infantry  have  not  been  owing  to  these 
but  to  their  opposites." 


Review  of  Revietca,  £0/12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


589 


He  does  not  think  that  the  German  troops  will  fail 
to  attack  in  their  comparatively  close  formations,  but 
the  losses  will  be  frightful: 

"  They  will  face  them,  but  it  is  probable  that  their 
courage  will  but  render  the  failure  of  their  attacks 
more  utter  and  the  success  more  useless." 

His  general  conclusion  is  stated  as  follows: 

"  To  no  army  in  Europe  is  the  discovery  of  the  power 
of  the  magazine  rifle  such  a  poser.  Yet  if,  which  God 
forfend,  their  millions  are  ever  again  called  to  arms, 
the  puzzle  must  be  solved  long  before.  For  the  Ger- 
man private  soldier  again,  however  much  he  may 
learn  before  a  war,  will  learn  nothing  in  war." 

Captain  H.  M.  A.  Hales,  who  writes  in  the  "  Uni- 
ted Service  Magazine,"  has  evidently  similar  misgiv- 
ings: 

"  A  study  of  the  i^Vench  and  German  Musketry  Ee- 
gulations,  whilst  it  impresses  the  reader  by  the  mass  of 
carefully  thought-out  detail,  and  by  the  excellent  system 
— in  both  countries  alike— of  training  the  recruit,  still 
leaves  a  doubt  in  the  mind  as  to  whether  either  France 
or  Germany  has  yet  thoroughly  appreciated  the  part 
that  the  long  ranging  magazine  rifle  plays  in  modern 
warfare,  and  as  to  whether  '  theoretical,'  rather  than 
'  practical '  is  not  the  better  epithet  to  apply  to  the 
Regulations   under   discussion." 


The  Inventor  of  the  Chinese  Numeral 
Alphabet, 

The  "  Sunday  at  Home "  for  November  is  distin- 
guished by  three  remarkable  stories  of  religious  heroes. 
Mr.  David  Williamson  describes  the  wonderful  career 
of  Miss  Agnes  Weston,  the  Sailors'  Friend,  of  Devon- 
port,  and  Miss  Sarah  Robinson,  the  Soldiers'  Friend, 
of  Portsmouth.  But  a  perfect  romance  of  philanthropy 
is  Miss  Cumming's  story  of  the  Rev.  W.  Hill  Murray, 
of  Peking.  The  son  of  a  Glasgow  working-man,  who 
at  nine  years  of  age  lost  his  left  arm  by  an  accident  m 
a  sawmill,  and  was  subsequently  engaged  as  a  rural 
postman,  he  aspired  to  mission  work,  and  served  for 
seven  years  as  colporteur  among  the  foreign  sailors  on 
the  Clyde.  His  success  here  led  to  his  being  sent  'o 
North  China,  where  he  learned  the  language  and  sold 
the  Chinese  Scriptures.  A  blmd  man  came  to  him 
one  day,  and  asked  for  a  Bible  that  others  might 
read  it  to  him.  Mr.  Murray  had  felt  much  for  the 
many  blind  Chinamen  about  him,  and  wondered  if  some 
adaptation  of  the  Braille  type  could  be  introduced; 
but  how,  in  a  country  without  an  alphabet,  was  he 
to  succeed?  At  last  he  hit  upon  the  device  of  writing 
down  the  408  sounds  of  the  language  as  spoken  at  Pe- 
king, with  a  numeral  under  each  sound.  He  used 
dots  to  represent  the  numerals  that  corresponded  to 
the  sounds,  and  so  invented  for  the  blind  a  veritable 
Chinese  alphabet.  It  was  thus  much  easier  for  the 
blind  Chinamen  to  learn  to  read  than  tor  itie  China- 
men who  were  not  blind.  On  several  of  the  poor 
asking  Mr.  Murray  to  provide  them  with  an  easy  sys- 
tem of  learning  to  read,  it  Hashed  on  him  that  he 
could  connect  the  white  dots  by  straight  black  lines 
By  so  doing,  "  he  produced  a  series  of  lines, 
angles,  and  squares,  forming  the  simplest  set  of  sym- 
bols ever  devised  for  use  in  any  country."  He  j;ot 
the  types  cast  at  last,  after  infinite  trouble,  and  tried 
his  new  alphabet  on  some  of  the  oldest  and  dullest  cf 
his  seeing  converts.  He  gave  them  2Jd.  a  day  to  induce 
them  to  learn  to  read,  and  at  the  end  of  six  weeks  they 
could  both  read  and  write.  Chinamen  ordinarily  taking 


six  years  to  read  the  ideograph.  So  the  crippled  Glas- 
gow boy  became  the  inventor  of  the  numeral  type  for 
China.  a.  he  first-class  mission  premises,  which  he  had 
erected  at  the  cost  of  no  small  trouble,  were  burned 
down  by  the  Boxers,  and  most  of  the  blind  inma*^^e8 
massacred.  He  himself  went  through  the  siege  of  the 
Legations.  He  has  since  had  given  him  By  the  Chinepe 
Government,  in  return  for  the  loss,  other  commodious 
and  suitable  premises.  But  the  long  strain  has  broken 
his  health.  Both  he  and  his  wife  and  family  have 
been  invalided  home. 


The  Life  of  Matter. 

To  the  second  October  number  of  the  "  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes  "  M.  Dastre  contributes  one  of  his  in- 
forming scientific  articles,  in  which  he  deals  with  the 
life  of  matter,  which  will  be  read  with  great  interest 
by  those  who  read  the  article  on  the  discoveries  of 
Dr.  Bose  in  the  last  number  of  the  "  Review  of  Re- 
views." The  very  title  might  seem  at  first  sight  to 
be  a  paradox,  for  what  possible  resemblances  can  one 
discover  between  a  stone,  a  lion,  and  an  oak  tree? 
Are  not  the  two  living  kingdoms,  the  animal  and  the 
vegetable,  definitely  marked  off  from  the  mineral  king- 
dom? M.  Dastre  tells  us  that  the  progress  of  science 
tends  every  day  to  cast  doubt  upon  the  absolute  char- 
acter of  such  a  distinction.  In  certain  classes  of  min- 
eral bodies  almost  all  the  attributes  of  life  have  been 
discovered.  Take  crystals,  for  instance;  their  shape 
is  constant  and  definite,  they  have  the  power  of 
making  good  the  mutilations  that  may  be  inflicted  on 
them,  they  are  nourished  by  those  bitter  waters  in 
which  they  occur,  and,  finally,  what  is  almost  incred- 
ible, they  exhibit  all  the  characteristics  of  reproduction 
by  generation.  Eminent  physicists  contend  that  the 
immobility  and  the  immutability  of  bodies  such  as 
glass  and  steel  are  only  apparent.  What  looks  to  us 
like  an  inert  mass  of  metal  is  really  composed  of  a 
teeming  population  of  molecules  in  a  state  of  violent 
agitation.  M.  Dastre  shows  in  detail  tne  striking 
analogies  between  crystals  and  the  phenomena  of  or- 
ganic life.  We  need  not  linger  over  the  phenomena  cf 
the  possession  of  a  specific  form,  or  of  the  power  of 
re-establishing  the  fixed  shape  if  it  is  disturbed,  but 
the  property  of  nutrition  is  less  obvious.  Now,  nutri- 
tion is  a  chemical  process,  based  on  a  continual  borrow- 
ing from  the  outside  world  substances  which  become 
chemically  absorbed  into  the  substance  of  the  living 
animal  plant.  M.  Dastre  explains  the  existence  in 
crystals  of  something  analogous  to  the  power  of  nu- 
trition, a  sort  of  starting-point  comparable  to  the 
egg  of  the  fowl  or  the  germ  of  a  plant.  He  goes 
on  to  give  examples  in  which  crystals  appear  at  any 
rate  to  have  multiplied  themselves  in  a  most  extra- 
ordinary manner.  Up  to  the  year  1867  scientific 
men  were  unable  to  obtain  crystals  of  glycerine,  but 
in  the  winter  of  that  year  crystallise^  glycerine  was 
found  in  a  case  which  had  been  sent  from  Vienna  to 
London,  and  Crookes  exhibited  these  crystals  to  the 
Chemical  Society  of  London.  How  had  they  come  to 
be  formed?  No  one  could  tell,  at  that  time,  and  even 
now  it  is  a  matter  of  conjecture— namely,  that  it  was 
a  case  of  spontaneous  generation  of  crystals!  M. 
Dastre  goes  on  to  say  that  the  individual  crystals  of 
1867  have  had  a  kind  of  posterity;  they  were  scattered 
on  glycerine,  and  they  were  reproduced— indeed,  there 
is  now  a  firm  in  Vienna  which  makes  them  on  a  large 
scale.  Altogether,  the  whole  lesson  which  M.  Dastre 
would  teach  us  is  to  avoid  dogmatism,  and  to  revise 
our  ideas  regarding  the  respective  limits  of  the  so- 
called   organic   and    inorganic   kingdoms. 


590 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ipo2. 


Motors  and  Motorists. 

English  Lady  Motorists. 

"  Igmota."  in  the  "  Woman  at  Home."'  publishes  an 
nteresting  gossipy  article  about  our  lady  motorists, 
rhich  gives  a  good  deal  of  information  concerning 
i^nglish  ladies  -n-ho  drive  motor-cars.  The  first  who 
earned  to  drive  a  motor  was  !Mrs.  Bernard  Weguelin. 
kirs.  Weguelin  lives  at  Coombe  End.  in  Kingston, 
'he  began  with  a  small  four-horse  power  Daimler,  and 
hen  purchased  a  twelve-horse  power  Panhard.  She  has 
ravelled  .50.000  miles  in  her  motors,  and  has  never 
dopted  a  special  motoring  costume.  The  Duchess  of 
lutherland  drives  a  Panhard.  and  wears  a  special  cos- 
ume.  Lady  Warwick  drives  an  American  electric 
ihaeton  and  a  seven-horse  power  Panhard  phaeton. 
£rs.  Willie  Grenfell  and  Lady  Esther  Smith  are  en- 
husiastic  chauffeuses.  Mrs.  Alfred  and  Mrs.  Harold 
larmsworth  both  drive  their  own  machines.  So  do 
.adv  Fches^er  and  Lndv  Cecilia  Scott-^Nfontagu.  Lady 
e  Grey  during  last  season  drove  into  London  almost 
ally  from  her  riverside  home  at  Coombe.  and  Lady 
jondesborough  has  a  motor  carriage  which  is  capable 
f  beine  converted  into  a  brougham  or  used  as  an  open 
amage. 

■'  Tsnota  "  discusses  at  some  length  the  vexed  ques- 
ion  of  motor  dresses.  Even  a  moderate  rate  of  speed 
long  a  dusty  road  makes  havoc  with  tweed  or  serge 
ostumes.  The  Frenchwomen  who  motor  wear  a  long 
ouble-breasted  coat  of  tough  silk  in  summer,  and  one 
f  the  warmest  cloth,  fur-lined,  in  winter.  They  also 
■ear  goggles  surmounted  by  a  stiff  hood  enveloped  in  a 
>ng  gauze  veil. 

Edrson's  New  Storage  Battery, 

Mr.  R.  S.  Baker  in  the  "  Windsor  Magazine  *'  de- 
iribes  the  new  storage  battery  which  Mr.  Edison  has 
ivented  for  use  in  motor-cars.  He  says  it  is  only  one- 
lird  of  the  weight  of  the  old  lead  battery,  and  is 
ractieally  indestructible.  The  general  principle  of  the 
dison  battery  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  old  batteries, 
lit  the  use  of  materials  is  wholly  new: 
"  The  metals  are  oxides  of  iron  and  nickel,  and  the 
aid  is  a  solution  of  potash.  The  chemical  process  in- 
Dlved  in  charging  is  one  of  the  little  understood  mar- 
=1r  of  science.  As  the  electric  current  flows  into  the 
ittery.  little  atoms  of  oxygen,  called,  with  fine  imagery, 
ions'  (wanderers),  detach  themselves  from  the  iron 
ride  and  go  through  the  potash  solution  and  attach 
lemselves  in  some  stranee  way  to  the  nickel,  producing 
le  high  oxide  of  nickel  which  so  puzzled  the  Patent 
ffice  examiners.  The  nickel  half  of  the  cell  swells 
jhtly  and  the  iron  side  shrinks  a  little.  The  battery 
iving  been  charged,  it  may  be  taken  anywhere,  and 
3on  connecting  up  the  wires,  the  indefatigable  '  ions  ' 
'  oxygen  travel  back  from  the  nickel,  through  the 
jtash  solution,  to  their  former  place  with  the  iron, 
id  thus  until  the  current  is  all  given  off;  then  they 
■e  ready  for  another  expedition." 

The  potash  solution  is  as  harmless  as  water,  has  no 
sagreeable  smell,  and  does  not  eat  away  either  of  the 
etal  plates.  The  single  cell  of  the  battery  is  a  steel 
)x.  lU  inches  long  by  5  broad  and  2  deep,  open  at 
le  top.  Inside  of  this  are  arranged  the  thin  frames  of 
eel,  one  half  containing  little  packets  of  iron  oxide. 
id  the  other  a  nickel  oxide,  and  they  are  all  immersed 
the  solution  of  potash.  It  can  be  charged  from  any 
ectric  lighting  wire,  and  after  charging  can  be  carried 
lywhere  and  the  current  used  at  will.  The  battery 
n  be  used  for  propelling  all  manner  of  small  water 
aft,  and  also  will  run  sewing  machines  and  the  phono- 


graph. It  is  expected  that  this  storage  battery  will 
play  the  part  in  electric  lighting  which  is  played  by  the 
tank  in  gas  lighting.  Buildings  will  be  packed  full  from 
cellar  to  garret  with  batteries,  and  in  the  daytime  the 
electricity  will  be  stored  against  the  needs  of  the  night. 


Emilc  Zola  and  His  Life- Work. 

Many  Tributes  from  Various  Sources. 

In  the  "  Contemporary  Review  "'  M.  Edouard  Rod 
writes  on  "The  Place  of  Emile  Zola  in  Literature." 
M.  Rod  was  an  enthusiastic  friend  of  Zola's,  and  his 
article  is  one  of  warm  appreciation.      He  says: 

"  Zola  was  judged  differenth'  by  those  who  came 
near  to  him  and  by  those  who  only  knew  him  through 
his  writings.  To  the  latter  he  is  a  hard  realist,  an 
ambitious  man.  a  proud  and  violent  polemic.  The 
former  knew  him  as  a  familiar  and  friendly  figure — an 
example  of  the  simple,  quiet,  and  good  man,  which 
alone  will  live  in  their  memory.  If  Zola  had  lived  a 
few  more  years  he  would  have  become  the  prophet  of 
an  optimistic,  benignant,  and  '  romantic '  socialism, 
which  would  have  had  no  '  naturalism  '  in  it,  and 
would  have  borne  no  resemblance  whatever  to  the  so- 
cialism preached  by  some  of  his  former  friends.  If  I 
ventured  to  sum  up  in  a  few  words  what  I  think  of  his 
more  immediate  role.  I  would  say  his  great  merit 
has  been,  whilst  saturated  with  romanticism,  to  have 
grasped  its  inadequacy.  He  can  never  be  praised  too 
highly  for  having  shaken  the  intellectual  tyranny  of 
that  unhappy  school,  and  for  having  brought  novel- 
\vriting  back  into  the  straight  paths  of  observation 
and  -impiicity." 

An  Unreal  Realist. 

An  excellent  literary  paper  is  that  of  Mr. 
Francis  Gribble  on  "  The  Art  of  Emile  Zola "  in 
the  "Fortnightly  Review."  Mr.  Gribble's  main  point 
is  that  Zola  was  not  a  realist  at  all.  There  was  a 
fundamental  fallacy  in  his  view  of  human  nature,  in 
that  he  ignored  conventional  illusions  and  tore  off 
masks,  which  are  quite  as  much  a  part  of  our  nature 
as  our  animal  appetites.  Zola  was  also  not  a  realist, 
because  he  failed  to  depict  what  was  real.  His  ma- 
terial was  taken  from  real  life,  but  he  compressed 
much  more  of  it  into  one  novel  than  could  actually 
have  happened  in  the  space  and  time  which  his  novel 
occupied.  His  documents  differ  from  those  of  the 
man  of  science  in  consistently  sacrificing  the  truth  to 
the  tableau.  He  never  drew  a  character  from  within 
or  realised  any  emotion  except  tBaf  of  hunger. 

A  Leader  of  Forlorn  Hopes. 

The  author  of  "  Musings  Without  Method  "  in 
"  Blackwood "  writes  on  Zola's  lyrical  temperament. 
He  says: 

"  There  is  nothing  in  history  more  wildly  paradoxi- 
cal than  the  career  of  'M.  Zola.  Influenced  by  the 
teaching  of  Claude  Bernard,  he  convinced  himself  that 
fiction,  like  chemistry,  was  the  result,  not  merely  of 
observation,  but  of  experiment.  He  was  quite  sure 
that  the  craft  which  he  followed,  after  Balzac  and 
Flaubert,  was  not  imaginative,  but  scientific.  And 
as  he  was  from  the  first  a  man  of  conflict,  he  urged 
his  doctrine  with  a  ferocity  which,  while  it  made 
enemies,  forced  discussion,  and  gave  him  all  the  privi- 
leges of  a  master.  Zola  was  a  leader  of  forlorn  hopes. 
The  scientific  novel  was  a  forlorn  hope,  so  also  seemed 
the  liberation  of  Dreyfus.  But  the  scientific  novel 
was  soM  as  no  novel  was  ever  sold  before,  and  Dreyfus, 


Review  of  Reviews,  '20/lii/Oi. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


591 


having  left  the  Devil's  Isle,  now  enjoys  the  larger  air 
of  France. 

"  His  theory  of  art  is  already  rejected;  his  books  will 
perhaps  be  remembered  only  by  the  studious;  but  he 
will  live  in  French  history  as  a  man  who  sacrificed 
all  for  justice,  and  who  by  his  own  exile  liberated 
the  wretched  victim  of  a  foolish  fanaticism." 

A  Cyclops. 

In  "Macmillan's  Magazine  "  there  is  an  anonymous 
article,  entitled  '"Some  Aspects  of  Zola": 

"  Zola  is  at  times  the  most  terrible  preacher  that 
ever  afflicted  humanity.  To  us  Zola  remains  a  Cyclops 
— gigantic  in  industry  and  force,  but  always  a  Cyclops, 
glaring  with  one  eye  upon  the  plague-spots  of  the 
world,  but  blind  to  the  most  beautiful  and  most 
spiritual  aspects  of  literature  and  life.  The  reproach 
against  Zola  is  this,  that  he  materialised  the  ideal.  To 
revert  to  a  former  metaphor,  he  remains  a  Cyclops,  a 
giant  who,  half  in  brutal  wantonness,  haif  because  he 
was  unaware  of  her  existence,  caught  Pysche  in  his 
hand  and  bruised  the  beauty  of  her  wings." 

Zola  and  the  French  Academy. 

There  is  an  interesting  paper,  entitled  "A  Key  to 
Emile  Zola,"  by  Mr.  J.  N.  Raphael,  in  the  "New 
Liberal  Keview,'"'  from  which  we  quote  the  following 
passage: 

'•  Zola  was  physicahy  a  timid  man.  He  hated 
speaking  in  public,  but  when  he  thought  it  necessary 
to  do  so  he  never  allowed  himself  to  be  withheld  from 
duty  by  physical  disinclination.  He  had  that  belief 
in  himself  which  is  common  to  all  the  really  great, 
and  he  never  shirked  what  he  beheved  to  be  his 
duty,  under  stress  of  public  opinion  or  of  outside  ar- 
gument. '  I  am,'  he  used  to  say,  '  I  think,  logical  in 
everything  I  do  or  write.'  And  this  undoubtedly 
he  was,  even  at  such  times  as  his  behaviour  aroused 
the  laughter  of  his  contemporaries.  People  have  often 
wondered  why  a  man  like  Emile  Zola,  to  whom  con- 
vention and  conventional  consecration  meant  so  little, 
tool-  so  much  trouble  to  become  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy.  The  reason  was  a  simple  one. 
Against  his  better  sense,  his  friends  persuaded  him 
that  he  ought  to  be  one  of  a  body  which,  rightly  or 
wrongly,  is  considered  to  be  formed  of  France  s  great- 
est and  most  distinguished  men  in  literature  and  science. 
Having  once  formed  the  determination,  it  was  in  the 
man's  character  to  leave  no  stone  unturned  to  bring 
about  its  fulfilment.  He  did  not  care  for  ridicule  a 
tittle,  and,  having  determined  that  he  would  be  elected, 
he  was  a  candidate  for  each  successive  vacancy  among 
the  Forty,  and  strove  for  his  seat  among  the  so-called 
Immortals  until  the  day  of  his  death." 

Zola  the  Note-taker. 

The  author  of  "An  Englishman  in  Paris  "writes 
interestingly  on  "How  Zola  Worked,"  m  the  Novem- 
ber "Monthly  Review."  He  lays  stress  mainly  upon 
what  is  described  as  "  Zola's  Gargantuan  orgies  of  note- 
taking": 

"Emile  Zola  was  probably  the  most  perfect  Oc- 
scriptive  reporter,'  in  the  very  best  meamng  of  the 
term,  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Scattered  throug . 
his  books  there  are  a  couple  of  hundred  dioramic  and 
panoramic  fragments,  whicn  in  modem  journalism  or 
even  in  literature,  have  not  been  equalled,  still  les. 
surpassed.  His  mind's  eye  had  the  faculty  of  taking 
in  a  whole  scene  at  once,  with  the  necessary  comple- 
ment of  colour  and  perspective;  and  he  was  not  ham- 
pered in  its  reproduction  afterwards  fcy  either  philoso- 


phic reflection  or  witty  and  humorous  shadowing.  Te 
know  exactly  what  1  mean,  compare  his  work  with 
Carlyle's  description  of  the  taking  of  the  Bastille,  or 
a  page  from  the  pen  of  that  remarkably  clever  young 
journalist,  Mr.  Steevens,  who  met  with  such  an  untimely 
death  in  South  Africa.  Let  it  not  be  thought,  how- 
ever, that  Zola  had  no  wit  and  humour,  lor  there 
are  many  good  specimens  of  both  in  his  controversial 
writings." 

The  writing  of  "  La  Faute  de  I'Abbe  Mouret "  in- 
volved the  herculean  labour  of  wading  through  the 
works  of  the  Spanish  Jesuits.  But  this  is  nothing, 
apparently,  compared  with  the  attention  to  minute 
points  paid  by   other  French   novelists: 

"  In  strict  obedience  to  the  method,  the  Goncourts 
sent  one  morning  in  hot  haste  for  a  live  sucking-pig, 
lest  their  imagination  alone  should  fail  to  do  justice 
to  the  noble  outlines  and  musical  utterances  of  the 
porker." 


The    Mechanism  of  a  Modern  Hotel. 

By  Mr.  Carl  Ritz. 
Mr.  Carl  Ritz,  who  should  be  an  authority  on  the 
subject,  contributes  to  the  "  London  Magazine  "  an  in- 
teresting article  on  the  complex  problem,  "  How  to 
Conduct  a  Great  Hotel."  It  is  an  office  to  which  few 
of  us  will  be  called.  Most  people  regard  paying  their 
hotel  bills,  or  even  leaving  them  unpaid,  as  a  lesser  evil 
than  conducting  the  hotels  themselves.  It  is  a  re- 
sponsible office,  apparently,  for  the  capital  sunk  in  a 
large  modern  hotel  may  be  as  much  as  £600,000,  and 
is  otten  more  than    £1,000,000. 

In  passing,  Mr.  Ritz  combats  the  idea  that  it  is 
very  expensive  to  live  in  a  first-class  hotel.  For  those 
who  live  in  town  only  part  of  the  year  it  is  much 
cheaper  than  keeping  up  a  house;  and  it  is  possible 
to  live  up  to  all  requirements  for  £1  a  day.  Enghsh- 
men,  says  Mr.  Ritz,  are  little  employed  at  hotels, 
simply  because  they  won't  learn  foreign  languages.  In 
a  large  hotel  85  per  cent,  of  the  cooks  are  French,  and 
French  is  the  lingua  franca  of  the  kitchen.  The 
qualifications  needed  for  the  post  of  hotel  manager 
are  very  considerable,  everything  from  a  good  manner 
to  the  possession  of  a  number  of  foreign  tongues  being; 
needed.  The  success  of  hotels  depends  largely  upon 
their  location;  and  a  fashionable  hotel  is  in  this  re- 
spect handicapped,  for  it  uas  to  pay  from  £50,000  to 
£100.000  for  ground  property  alone. 

Few  people  could  gue-ss  how  many  eggs  are  consumed 
in  a  first-class  hotel  in  a  year.  Mr.  Ritz  puts  the 
figures  for  the  Carlton  at  380,000.  Champagne  is  the 
vnne  most  consumed,  the  figures  for  twelve  months 
oeing  55.000  out  of  a  total  of  108,700  bottles  of  ever>' 
kind.  Bordeaux  is  a  bad  second  with  16,000.  The 
consumption  of  other  items  of  provisions  for  twelve 
months:  in  the  Carlton  Hotel  is  as  follows: 

"Meat,  400,0001b.;  chickens,  25,000  pieces;  ducks, 
geese  and  turkeys,  4,000  pieces;  pigeons,  3,000  pieces; 
quails,  24,000  pieces;  ortolans,  2,000  pieces;  grouse, 
partridges,  pheasants,  13,000  pieces;  soles,  42,000  lb.; 
other  fish,  30,0001b.;  hams  and  bacon,  47,000  lb.;  lard, 
6,0001b.;  butter,  47,0001b." 

The  supply  of  non-consumables  is  on  an  equally  vast 
scale: 

"  The  following  will  give  some  idea  of  the  stock 
required  in  a  first-class  hotel  and  restaurant  com- 
bined; 3,000  table-cloths  of  various  sizes,  20,000  to  25,000 
napkins,'  10,000   to    12,000   servants'    cloths   of   various 


592 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


kiads.  Chamber  towels  amount  to  something  like 
10,000,  waiters',  cooks',  and  chambermaids'  aprons  about 
3,000,  sheets  will  amount  up  to  1,800  or  2,000,  and  pil- 
low cases  to  about  2,000,  all  of  which  have  to  be  kept 
in  repair,  and  renewed  at  frequent  intervals. 

"Then  as  to  plate,  6,000  dessert,  table,  tea,  and  salt 
spoons  are  required;  6,000  forks;  1,500  to  2,000  fish  forks 
and  knives;  4,000  to  5,000  knives.  Silver  dishes  of 
various  sizes  number  from  1,500  to  2,000.  Then  there 
is  a  tremendous  amount  of  china  required.  How 
would  you  like  to  wash  18,000  to  20,000  plates,  besides 
other  china  and  glasses,  of  which  about  £1,500  to 
£2,000  worth  is  broken  every  year." 

Waiters  number  125;  there  are  twenty-five  clerks, 
and  sixty  men  in  uniform.  There  are  forty  chamber- 
maids; twenty  cellarmen;  and  a  large  staff  of  engin- 
eers, painters,  plumbers,  and  carpenters.  In  order 
to  super\nse  this  army,  also  to  have  a  perpetual  grin 
on  his  face  for  arriving  guests,  the  manager  gets  up 
at  seven  in  the  morning,  and  goes  to  bed  at  one. 


Religion  in  Italy. 


The  religious  condition  of  Italy  is  the  subject  of  a 
painstaking  and  fair-minded  paper  in  the  "  Church 
Quarterly  Review."  The  writer  has  lived  for  several 
years  in  Italy,  and  acknowledges  the  generous  friend- 
ship of  not  a  few  of  the  most  learned  and  most  devout 
clergy  as  the  source  of  almost  all  his  information.  He 
states  that  among  the  younger  and  more  enlightened 
clergy  there  is  a  large  and  growing  section  which  would 
endorse  the  words  of  one  of  them:  "  The  Temporal 
Power  is  impossible;  thank  God,  it  is  impossible."  The 
tension  between  the  Papacy  and  the  Monarchy  is,  he 
thinks,  injurious  to  religion,  excluding,  as  it  t^nds  to 
do,  devout  Catholics  from  Parliament,  and  forcing  the 
Monarchy  to  favour  anti-clerical  movements.  The  con- 
fiscation of  monastic  property  has  thrown  the  land  out 
of  cultivation  formerly  tilled  by  the  monks,  and  has 
done  great  temporal  injury  to  the  poor,  for  whom  there 
is  no  legal  provision. 

The  Worship  of  the  Villages. 
The  writer  gives  his  general  impression: 
"  With  all  allowance  for  a  considerable  minority  who 
have  rejected  Christianity,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  Italian  people  profess  and 
practise  the  Catholic  religion.  The  churches  are  nu- 
merous, and  generally  well  attended.  .  .  .  There  is 
something  beautiful  and  touching  in  tne  unanimity  of 
an  Italian  village  in  matters  of  religion.  The  English 
visitor  may  be  moved  to  a  righteous  envy  when  he 
niiservcs  the  whole  population  flocking  together  to  the 
house  of  God,  and  compares  with  this  pleasant  scene 
some  village  at  home,  where  a  great  part  of  the  popula- 
tion spends  the  Sunday  morning  in  bed,  and  the  rest  of 
the  day  in  the  public-house  or  at  the  street  corner; 
where  those  who  worship,  worship  in  hostile  church  and 
chapel;  where  most  of  those  who  worship  in  church 
think  they  have  fulfilled  the  obligations  of  Sunday  by 
listening  to  Matins,  and  where  only  a  tiny  minority 
Dffer  the  Lord's  service  on  the  Lord's  day." 

The  writer  laments  the  apparent  indifference  of 
[talians  during  the  most  solemn  act  of  worship,  yet 
tiazards  the  opinion  that  "  Italians  realise  more  than 
;ve  do  the  privilege  and  the  duty  of  prayer.  Yet  prayer 
s  often  regarded  as  a  charm  rather  than  an  intelligent 
ievotion."  Of  prayer  to  the  blessed  Lord,  he  says"  we 
ind  very  little;  of  prayer  to  the  Eternal  Father,  hardly 
I  trace.     The  Madonna  is  the  principal  object  of  wor- 


ship. He  says  that  devotion  to  our  Lord  is  maintained 
in  Italy  chiefly  by  reverence  to  the  Blessed  Sacrament. 
The  Italians'  Love  of  Oratory. 
Unlike  what  might  have  been  expected  from  a  Ritual- 
istic people,  "  the  Italians  are  great  lovers  of  oratory, 
and  a  sermon  seldom  fails  to  attract  a  congregation,  the 
rather,  perhaps,  because  it  is  not  a  regular  part  of 
Divine  service.  The  ordinary  sermon  ot  a  parish  priest 
is  often  admirable— a  simple  inculcation  in  plain  and 
affectionate  language,  and  with  much  of  the  grace  which 
is  characteristic  of  the  nation,  of  some  homely  duty." 
The  great  and  increasing  need  of  definite  religious 
instruction  is  urged.  The  writer  gathers  "  that  in  the 
majority  of  communal  schools  there  is  a  certain  amount 
of  religious  instruction,  but  that  in  many  places  it  does 
not  go  beyond  the  recitation  of  a  prayer,  and  perhaps 
a  slight  amount  of  teaching  of  Gospel  history  from  a 
manual.  In  the  Government  schools  of  a  higher  grade, 
the  Ginnasio  and  the  Liceo,  there  is  no  religious  teach- 
ing at  all,  so  that  it  is  possible  for  a  lad  to  be  trained 
for  one  of  the  learned  professions  without  ever  learning 
a  word  of  the  Christian  faith." 

The  Morality  of  the  Clergy. 
As   to   the   moral   character  of   the   clergy,   witnesses 
who  can  hardly  be  charged  with  clerical  prejudices  give, 
on  the  whole,  a  favourable  account: 

"  We  cannot  speak  with  equal  assurance  of  the  South. 
An  eminent  Roman  priest  lent  us  a  pamphlet  by  a 
German  pastor  in  Naples,  which  gives  a  horrible  ac- 
count of  clerical  immorality.  We  returned  the  pam- 
phlet to  him  with  the  remark  that  it  was  the  work  of 
an  enemy.  '  Yes,'  he  replied,  '  but  of  an  enemy  who 
speaks  the  truth.'  The  worst  statement  in  this  book 
is  the  assertion  that  people  are  not  shocked  by  clerical 
immorality,  but  regard  it  as  natural  and  inevitable.  It 
is  to  be  feared  that  the  standard  of  sexual  morality  is 
not  high.  An  Anglican  friend  tells  us  that  a  prelate 
lamented  to  him  that  a  certain  Cardinal  was  not  elected 
at  the  last  conclave.  '  But,'  our  friend  replied,  '  he  is 
a  man  of  conspicuous  immorality.'  '  No  doubt,'  was  the 
answer;  'but  you  Anglicans  seem  to  think  there  is  no 
virtue  but  chastity.  The  Cardinal  has  not  that,  but  he 
is  an  honest  man.'  " 

Nevertheless,  the  writer  regards  clerical  marriage  as 
outside  the  limits  of  practical  reform.  He  says,  "  We 
have  never  come  across  an  authenticated  case  of  the 
misuse  of  the  confessional  for  the  service  of  vice."  Not 
profligacy,  but  sloth,  is  the  besetting  sin  of  the  Italian 
priest.  The  writer  adds  that  he  cannot  "  welcome  the 
movement  which  bears  the  name  of  Christian  Democ- 
racy," and  laments  the  lack  of  the  intelligent  study  of 
theology.  He  sees  few  signs  of  Protestant  progress,  and 
dissuades  from  proselytism.  He  reports  that  Italians 
seeem  no  more  oppressed  by  the  dogma  of  Papal  in- 
fallibility than  Englishmen  are  by  the  dictum  that  "  the 
King  can  do  no  wrong." 


There  are  some  capital  papers  in  the  "  Girl's  Realm  " 
for  November.  Amongst  others  there  is  a  pleasant 
chat  Avith  Miss  Menpes  upon  process  work  as  a  pro- 
fession for  girls.  "  Girls  Who  Excel  in  Sport  "  is  illus- 
trated with  portraits  of  champions  in  croquet,  bad- 
minton, golf  and  hockey. 

"  Munsey's  Magazine "  for  November  contains,  be- 
sides the  usual  mass  of  fiction  and  descriptive  articles, 
a  well  illustrated  paper  describing  Peasant  Costimies 
of  Europe.  There  is  also  an  account  of  the  growth 
of  the  present  position  of  horse-racing  in  the  United 
States. 


Review  of  Reviews,  ZO/ 12/02. 


LEADING  ARTICLES. 


593 


What  is  Clairvoyance? 

An  Explanation  by  a  Clairvoyant. 

Maude  Annesley  contributes  to  the  new  astrological 
-<iuarterly  review,  the  "Horoscope,"  in  which  she  tells 
her  experience  as  to  how  clairvoyance  first  makes  it- 
self felt.  She  says  she  is  firmly  convinced  that  more 
people  are  clairvoyant  than  have  any  idea  of  it  them- 
selves. Her  first  experience  in  clairvoyance  came  to 
her  in  a  country  house,  where  she  was  doing  palmistry 
at  a  fete  for  some  local  charity.  She  found  herself 
saying  things  that  she  could  not  possibly  see  in  the 
han.^,  and  she  was  still  more  surprised  when  she  found 
they  were  true.  As  a  child  she  had  "  instincts,"  as 
she  called  them,  but  she  did  not  even  then  reaUse 
that  her  faculty  for  seeing  things  was  clairvoyance. 
She  said  to  herself,  "  This  is  all  nonsense,  I  cannot 
possibly  see  this;  I  am  simply  saying  the  first  thing 
that  comes  into  my  head."  But,  after  a  time,  she 
found  that  she  constantly  saw  things  of  which  she 
had  no  knowledge,  and  described  them  accurately.  She 
says: — "  I  am  conscious  of  something  being  there  for 
me  to  see,  and  as  I  fix  my  eyes  on  a  given  point  the 
description  of  what  it  is  flashes  to  my  brain  in  words. 
When  the  words  are  complete,  and  not  till  then,  do  I 
picture  the  object  I  am  describing": 

■'  In  a  place  where  I  was  staying  I  was  asked  to  do 
palmistry  at  an  entertainment.  Xow,  I  must  explain 
that  I  had  heard  discussed  a  budding  scandal,  in  which 
a  married  woman  (whom  I  will  call  Lady  Z.)  and  a 
married  man  (Captain  A.)  were  concerned.  I  knew 
Lady  Z.  quite  well;  but  at  that  time  Captain  A.  was 
away,  and  I  had  never  seen  him.  While  I  was  doing 
palmistry  in  my  room  at  this  entertainment  a  man 
«ntered,  and  I  proceeded  to  tell  him  many  things  that 
rather  astonished  him.  Then  I  said:  'Your  whole 
career  is  threatened  by  a  scandal,  unless  you  have 
strength  of  mind  to  break  -with  this  woman  you  know, 
who  is  drawing  you  gradually  away  from  all  honour, 
and  making  you  forget  your  ambition,  yoiu:  ideals,  and 
everything.  Wait,  I  will  describe  her.'  Here  I  began 
a  description — height,  shape  of  the  face,  mouth,  nose, 
and  last  of  all  came  to  me  the  words  describing  her 
hair  and  eyes,  and  as  I  said  the  words  the  face  I  had 
built  up  came  to  my  mental  vision  just  as  if  anyone 
else  had  described  it.  It  was  Lady  Z.  I  stopped 
short  with  a  gasp,  and  said  I  must  cease.  The  man 
looked  very  miserable,  and  kept  his  eyes  do^vn.  He 
asked  me  to  go  on.  I  said,  '  No,  I  cannot,  because  I 
recognise  the  woman — and  therefore  I  am  afraid  I 
know  who  you  are.' 

"  He  got  up  and  went  out  without  a  word.  Soon 
after  a  friend  came  in  to  me,  and  said,  '  Do  you  know 
Captain  A.  is  back?  He  came  back  unexpectedly  this 
morning.  He  came  in  here  just  now.  What  on  earth 
did  you  say  to  him?  He  absolutely  implored  Lady  Z. 
not  to  come  in  and  see  you;  then  he  said  he  had  a 
headache,  and  has  gone  home!' 

'•  I  have  given  the  above  as  an  illustration  of  what 
I  mean  by  saying  I  do  not  actually  see  with  the  bodily 
eye  what  I  describe;  the  details  come  piecemeal,  and 
it  is  only  when  the  last  is  completed  that  I  see  the 
picture  mentally." 

When  a  clairvoyant  sees  things  they  may  be  impor- 
tant, or  he  may  possiblj-  have  dived  into  the  brain, 
the  contents  of  which  the  owner  himself  was  not 
conscious  of.  For  instance,  on  one  occasion,  when  a 
friend  came  down  to  lunch,  she  told  him  she  saw  a 
certain  number  of  people  with  him,  and  described  five 
of  them  one  after  the  other;  he  said  he  did  not  know 
any  of  them.  She  then  went  on  to  the  sixth,  and 
described   a   stout   woman,   with  a   big  feather  in   her 

8 


bonnet,  and  a  brown  paper  parcel  tied  with  green 
tape.  When  she  got  to  the  parcel  her  friend  roared 
\\-ith  laughter;  she  had  described  the  six  people  who 
had  travelled  down  from  town  in  his  carriage.  He  had 
not  even  consciously  noticed  them,  but  the  photograph 
was  in  hia  brain  all  the  same,  and  when  she  described 
the  stout  lady  and  her  parcel  he  remembered  ail  the 
six.  She  concludes  her  article  by  suggesting  that 
readers  should  test  whether  they  are  clairvoyant;  but 
they  must  not  start  with  their  friends,  neither  must 
they  be  discouraged  if  they  find  that  nothing  comes 
with  some  persons.  They  should  not  let  their  brain 
think  or  imagine;  just  say  the  thing,  not  your  thoughts, 
mind,  but  the  words  that  come  to  you  without  thought, 
even  although  they  may  seem  unlikely  or  even  im- 
possible. 


The  Literature  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century. 

An  "  Edinburgh  Review  "  Summary. 

There  is  a  very  brightly-written,  epigrammatic,  but 
somewhat  too  comprehensive  article  in  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Review  "  for  October  on  "  Poetry  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century."  It  suffers  from  its  striving  after 
completeness.  Beginning  with  Campbell  and  ending 
with  Mr.  Kipling,  it  is  not  an  easy  thing  to  sum  up, 
not  only  all  the  first-class  poets,  but  even  many  of  the 
second  and  third  class.  The  re\"iewer  has  therefore  put 
himseK  in  a  difficulty  from  which  he  is  only  extricated 
by  the  condensation  and  brightness  of  his  judgments. 

What  are  the  characteristics  of  our  poets?  Campbell's 
virtue  is  his  blamelessness;  Crabbe,  infinitely  superior, 
merely  poured  new  wine  into  the  old  botles  of  eight- 
teenth-century  classicism.  '"  A  serious,  resourceful 
Teniers  in  verse."  Coleridge  was  a  shattered,  half- 
redeemed  prodigal,  whose  very  creations  cry  out  against 
him.    Scott  was  clumsy  as  a  versifier. 

Shelley   and   Byron. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  Shelley  or  Byron  will  ever 
have  justice  done  to  them.  The  lightning  of  their 
genius  was  too  deeply  tinged  by  the  more  unpopular 
and  less  abiding  colours  of  an  epoch  whose  effervescence 
was  checked  by  a  reaction  which  wreaked  vengeance 
upon  all  the  most  openly  avowed  products  of  the  period 
against  which  it  set  itself  to  war.  Social  isolation  was 
the  defect  of  both.  The  defect  of  Shelley  was  exuber- 
ance. That  is  true;  but  is  it  true  that  "  Prometheus 
Unbound  '"  would  have  gained  if  it  had  been  reduced 
to  one-fourth?  Reduction  would  not  necessarily  have 
meant  unity  and  cohesion;  for  our  part  we  have  always 
regretted  that  "  Prometheus  "  did  not  fill  a  few  dozen 
more  pages. 

Wordsworth. 

"  You  cannot  place  Keats,  because  you  cannot  tell 
what  would  have  become  of  him."  Thomas  Moore 
is  dismissed  with  '  affectionate  remembrance.''  The 
range  of  thought  in  Wordsworth,  his  rustic  dignity,  his 
power  of  seeing  poetry  in  common  things,  his  gentle, 
unaffected  mysticism,  and  his  simple  method  of  ex- 
pressing it.  are  his  chief  merits.  His  defect  is  a  reiter- 
ation of  subject,  begetting  monotony  of  treatment.  But 
his  worship  of  women  is  as  supreme  as  it  is  simple. 

Walter  Savage  Landor  was  a  lazy  animal  who  would 
not  put  forth  his  strength.  We  admire  his  elevation  of 
style  and  his  intellectual  pride,  which  held  itself  aloof 
from  playfulness  in  metre,  trickiness,  and  triviality. 
But  he  was  not  an  evangelist;  he  could  not  make 
Nature  sing. 


594 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  IQ02. 


Tennyson. 
Tennyson  had  style  defined  by  the  reviewer  as  a 
masterly  elevation  of  manner,  an  inevitable  form  of 
phrase,  chasteness  in  rhythm,  caution  in  expression, 
finish  and  polish.  In  these  he  was  supreme.  He  was 
a  carver  of  cameos  which  he  set  in  a  blank  matrix. 
His  aim  was  always  lofty;  he  never  wrote  a  line  which 
would  express  himself  at  the  expense  of  his  readers. 

The   Brownings. 

The  genius  of  Browning  was  the  contrast  to  and  the 
complement  of  the  genius  of  Tennyson.  Browning's 
method  was  not  so  much  a  negative  lack  of  style  as  a 
positive  rejection  of  it: 

"His  magnificent  imagination,  his  intellectual  force, 
his  instinct  for  a  fine  subject,  his  love  for  and  mastery 
over  landscape,  his  penetration  into  the  devious  pas- 
sages and  closed  chambers  of  human  nature,  are  all 
undoubted;  but  so  are  his  wilfulness,  his  roughness,  his 
unliterary  avoidance  of  simplicity,  his  love  of  leaving  his 
reader,  and  perhaps  sometimes  himself,  lost  in  half- 
lights  of  intention,  and  half-thridded  mazes  of  un- 
expounded  philosophy.  His  burliness  and  muscularity 
found  acceptance  with  many  persons  not  too  capable  of 
appreciating  his  highest  qualities,  but  who  fancied  that 
they  had  found  in  him  satisfaction  for  a  lack  of  virility 
which  they  had  imputed  to  Tennyson  simply  because 
he  was  delicate  and  clear.  Many  such  mistook  his 
obscurity  itself  for  profundity,  thinking  that  what  they 
could  not  plumb  must  needs  be  deep." 

As  for  Mrs.  Browning,  she  had  feeling,  romance,  wit, 
picturesqueness,  thoughtfulness  arising  into  wisdom,  and 
landscape;  but  none  of  these  was  hers  in  a  superlative 
degree.    Her  artistic  taste  was  her  weakest  point. 

Three  Moderns. 

Patmore,  Arnold,  and  S-^^-inburne  have  all  been 
thoroughly  conscientious  in  form,  phrase,  workman- 
ship. Arnold  may  have  been  dry,  without  a  large 
stock  of  melodies;  Patmore  over-frugal  and  over- 
chastened;  the  trill  of  Swinburne  exuberant,  repetitive, 
over-prolonged.  But  their  strings  are  ever  in  tune; 
and  they  never  touch  their  instruments  with  a  slack  or 
slovenly  hand.  Clough  was  a  dweller  on  the  border- 
land of  genius,  and  intellectually  was  picturesque  but 
unkempt,  like  the  landscape  of  the  moor  edges.  Ail 
the  poems  of  William  Morris,  great  and  small,  are  but 
reproductions  of  gone  forms  of  life,  and  of  affectations 
which  were  superseded  by  a  healthier  renascence. 
Through  all  Rossetti's  work  there  runs  a  sense  of  moral 
and  nervous  decadence. 

This  is  not  bad  as  critical  pemmican.  But  the  article 
as  a  whole  deals  too  much  with  styles  and  schools  and 
classifications,  which,  after  all,  are  the  skin,  not  the 
stomach,  of  poetry. 

The  English  Novel. 

The  article  on  "  The  English  Novel  "  in  the  "  Nine- 
teenth Century"  is  not  so  attractively  written,  but  it 
has  the  advantage  that  the  writer  does  not,  like  our 
poetical  critic,  think  it  his  duty  to  sum  up  every  single 
wTiter  of  the  century.  We  quote  the  reviewer  on  Scott, 
having  space  for  nothing  more: 

"  It  was  for  Scott  to  show  outlying  tracts  of  the 
world,  and  backward  ranges  of  time,  peopled  with 
living  creatures,  who  were  not  mere  human  abstrac- 
tions, like  the  personages  of  French  tragedy;  to  carry 
abroad  and  into  the  past  something  of  that  noticing 
eye  which  makes  the  present  living  and  significant,  and 
to  blend,  as  Shakespeare  did,  romance  and  comedy,  high 
life  and  low  life,  into  one  many-coloured  pattern.    And, 


dealing  as  he  did  from  the  first  with  Celtic  peoples, 
where  the  point  of  honour  is  in  no  way  confined  to 
a  caste,  and  gentility  is  claimed  by  the  bare-legged 
follower  as  well  as  by  the  chief,  he  went  far  to  make 
an  end  of  the  conventional  distinctions  in  art  between 
the  motives  and  the  sentiments  of  gentle  and  simple, 
rich  and  poor.  In  a  sense,  Scott,  the  clansman,  paved 
the  Avay  for  Dickens,  the  Cockney,  and  for  the  romance 
of  familiar  life." 


The  Art  of  Deep  Breathing. 

In  the  first  number  of  the  "Spiritual  Quarterly  Maga- 
zine" there  is  an  interesting  article  by  Mr.  H.  H. 
Browne,  entitled  "For  the  Breath  is  the  Life."  It 
begins  by  declaring  that  deep  breathing  is  an  absolute 
necessity  to  strong  and  vigorous  health.  If  people 
would  regularly  carry  out  the  practice,  they  would 
soon  find  a  decided  improvement  in  their  mental  and 
physical  conditions.  Tne  first  requisite  is  that  the 
lungs  should  be  thoroughly  filled.  Few  people  even 
half  fill  their  lungs.  The  second  point  upon  which  he 
insists  is  that  all  breathing  should  be  from  the  ab- 
dominal muscles.  Most  people  are  too  lazy  or  lack  the 
necessary  mental  energy  to  breathe  properly.  Mr. 
Browne  declares  that  all  we  have  to  do  when  in  fear, 
weariness,  pain,  discouragement,  and  similar  states  is 
to  ?it  down,  relax  our  muscles,  and  drav.-  deep,  long- 
controlled  breaths  in  order  to  find  rest,  strength,  peace 
and  power.  Whenever  you  catch  yourself  holding  your 
breath  or  breathing  short,  at  once  put  the  will  to  work, 
and  draw  a  deep  natural  breath,  and  you  will  find 
that  it  has  a  marvellous  effect  in  banishing  fear,  weari- 
ness, doubt,  or  pain.  The  following  are  directions 
which  Mr.  Browne  gives  for  the  practice  of  deep 
breathing: 

"A  few  good  exercises  for  you  until  you  can  originate 
others  are  as  follows:  Stand  erect,  head  thrown  back, 
place  arms  akimbo,  and  draw  breath  through  your 
nose  till  you  feel  the  lungs  are  full;  then  exhale  through 
the  mouth,  first  a  few  times  naturally,  then  with  more 
force,  then  with  all  the  force  you  have;  then  open  the 
mouth  wide  and  let  it  out  as  slowly  as  possible.  Any 
good  book  upon  elocution  will  give  you  breathing  exer- 
cises. All  the  needed  change  is  that  you  are  to  thinlc 
while  at  the  exercise  that  you  are  mind  (or  spirit),  and 
are  manifesting  power  over  all  conditions  as  you 
breathe.  "I  am  taking  power  into  manifestation."  With 
this  thought,  no  matter  in  what  form,  you  will  find 
power. 

"At  first  you  may  find  yourself,  after  a  few  inhala- 
tions, getting  dizzy.  The  sooner  this  comes  the  more 
do  you  need  the  practice,  for  it  is  a  demonstration 
that  you  have  ordinarily  little  oxygen  in  the  lungs,  and 
are  taking  now  enough  to  overstimulate — to  intoxicate — 
you.  Therefore,  stop  when  this  condition  comes  and 
try  again,  each  time  gaining  until  you  find  no  un- 
pleasant condition,  but  do  find  life  more  abundantly 
yours  than  ever  before.  In  the  morning  stand  by  an 
open  window  or  out  of  doors  and  breathe.  Breathe 
from  the  solar  plexus,  but  remember  it  is  the  thought 
that  determines  the  result. 

"  Have  at  all  times,  night  and  day,  fresh  air.  Never 
live  in  a  close  room.  Pure  air  and  deep,  courageous 
breathing  will  cure  all  the  ills  man  is  heir  to,  be  they 
of  body,  purse,  or  reputation." 

Most  readers  will  consider  that  Mr.  Browne  over- 
states his  case,  but  the  importance  of  deep  breathing 
is  much  more  generally  recognised  by  doctor*  to-day 
than  it  used  to  be. 


Review  «f  Reviews,  20/12/OS. 


595 


THE    REVIEWS    REVIEWED. 


The  Centenary  of  the  Edinburgh 
Review. 

The  "  Edinburgh  Review"  for  October  completes  the 
hundredth  year  of  publication.  It  is  a  good  number  in 
itself — a  centenarj'  number,  which  summarises  a  great 
part  of  the  literary  history  and  much  of  the  political 
history  with  which  the  "  Review"  has  ever  been  bril- 
liantly associated.  The  special  articles,  dealing  with 
the  poetry  and  faction  of  the  last  hundred  years,  and 
with  a  hundred  years  of  Anglo-Russian  relations,  we 
have  noticed  in  their  proper  place.  But  it  is  necessary 
to  read  the  opening  article  of  the  "  Review"  dealing 
with  its  ovm  history  to  realise  the  close  association 
between  the  brilliant  organ  originated  by  Sydney  Smith 
and  first  edited  by  Jeffrey,  with  the  literature  and 
politics  summarised  elsewhere. 

The  "  Edinburgh  Review"  in  its  day  was  an  entirely 
novel  venture,  and  proved  a  success  from  the  first.  It 
was  essentially  the  creation  of  young  men.  In  the  year 
of  its  foundation,  Sydney  Smith  and  Jeffrey  were  only 
thirty,  Brougham  was  twenty-four,  and  Horner  only 
twenty-three.  It  was  written,  without  pay,  by  young 
men  "who  were  more  fond  of  displaying  their  critical 
acumen  than  the  contents  of  the  book."  It  was  not 
until  the  third  number  that  a  change  was  made,  and 
payment  given  at  the  low  rate  of  £200  a  year  to  the 
editor  and  £10  a  sheet  of  sixteen  pages  to  the  con- 
tributors. Before  long  the  minimum  remuneration  was 
raised  to  sixteen  guineas  a  sheet,  and  it  was  on  this 
scale  that  Mr.  Gladstone  was  paid  for  the  celebrated 
Silver  Streak  article  of  October,  1870. 

The  first  "  Edinburgh  Review"  externally  was  iden- 
tical with  that  now  being  noticed.  Internally  its  or- 
ganisation was  somewhat  different,  for  it  contained  no 
fewer  than  twenty-nine  articles,  some  of  them  only  a 
page  long.  Nine  of  them  were  written  by  Sydney 
Smith  and  six  by  Jeffrey.  The  principle  of  One  Man 
One  Article  has  apparently  never  been  recognised,  for 
in  April,  1835,  the  "  Edinburgh  Review"  published  six 
articles  from  the  pen  of  Lord  Brougham,  on  subjects 
varying  from  the  British  Constitution  to  the  Memoirs 
of  Mirabeau,  Lord  Brougham  complaining  that  the 
"  Review"  did  not  print  even  enough  of  his  matter. 

The  circulation  of  the  "  Review"  was  immense  m 
earlv  vears.  if  the  cost  and  proportion  of  reading  public, 
be  considered.  In  1814,  over  12,000  per  quarter  were 
printed;  and  in  1817-1818  the  circulation  rose  to  13,500, 
the  highest  point  ever  attained. 

So  much  for  the  "Review."  To  name  its  contribu- 
tors is  to  give  a  list  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the 
last  century.  Famous  articles  and  incidents  ansmg 
therefrom  are  the  landmarks  in  its  history.  Thus  we 
have  Jeffrey  reviewing  Moore's  poetry  in  1806.  and  the 
resultant  duel  at  Chalk  Farm,  celebrated  by  Byron  in 
"English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers."  Moore ^atter- 
wards  became  a  contributor  to  the  "  RevieM'_  In 
November,  1814,  appeared  Jeffrey's  much  more  famous 
article  on  "  The  Excursion,"  beginning  "  This  will 
never  do."  Macaulay,  most  famous  of  all  "  Edinburgh 
reviewers,  published  his  first  contribution,  the  Milton 
article,  in  August,  1825.  Of  all  the  praises  Macaulay 
ever  earned,  the  most  valued  was  that  of  Jeffrey:  '  Ihe 
more  I  think,  the  less  I  can  conceive  where  you  picked 


up  that  style."  The  two  most  brilliant  talkers  of  the 
day,  Macaulay  and  Sydney  Smith,  were  hardly  made 
for  one  another.  Sydney  Smith  was  an  inexhaustible 
talker;  but  Macaulay's  flow  of  conversation  was  so 
rapid  that  he  spoke  with  panting  anxiety.  Macaulay 
never  let  Sydney  Smith  get  in  a  word.  Once  Smith 
protested:  "  Now,  Macaulay,  when  I  am  gone  you'll  be 
sorry  you  never  got  in  a  word."  On  another  occasion 
Smith  said  that  he  had  found  Macaulay  in  bed  from 
illness,  and  that  he  was  therefore  more  agreeable  than 
he  had  ever  seen  him:  "  There  were  some  glorious 
flashes  of  silence." 

Macaulay's  contributions  were  as  interminable  as  his 
talk.  His  article  on  Lord  Bacon  originally  ran  to  120 
pages,  and  his  essay  on  Warren  Hastings  to  95.  The 
total  number  of  pages  in  the  "  Review"  varied  from 
260  pages  in  early  days  to  300  in  the  middle  of  the  cen- 
tury. 

Of  the  political  tendencies  of  the  "  Review"  not 
much  is  said.  It  was  Whig  from  the  first,  and  remained 
so.  But  the  reviewer  boasts  with  justice  that  on  the 
whole  the  influence  of  the  "  Review"  was  thrown  on 
the  side  which  the  wisdom  that  comes  after  the  event 
declared  to  be  right.  It  warmly  combated  the  craven 
fear  of  our  own  countrymen,  the  dread  of  the  people, 
which  was  the  unhappy  legacy  to  England  of  the  French 
Revolution.  It  maintained  the  fight  against  sacerdotal 
ascendency  in  the  middle  of  the  century.  On  the 
subject  of  Home  Rule  the  "  Review"  parted  company 
with  many  of  its  old  friends,  and  one  of  its  most  notable 
contributors,  Mr.  Gladstone.  It  would  not  have  Home 
Rule  at  any  price.  "  It  would  tolerate  no  combination 
with  those  who  were  avowedly  aiming  at  the  disin- 
tegration of  the  kingdom."  The  "  Review"  was  the 
oldest  and  most  constant  of  Liberals;  but  it  had  always 
maintained  in  political  contioversy  that  party  should 
be  ba^cd  upon  fundamentn!  principles,  not  on  mere 
personal  allegiance  to  leaders,  however  eminent. 
Whether  the  wisdom  that  comes  after  the  event  will 
justify  the  "  Review"  in  this  question  may  be  doubted. 

Dealing  with  its  later  years,  the  "  RcA-iew"  is  less 
personal,  therefore  less  interesting.  The  names  of  its 
living  contributors  are  not  mentioned.  One  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  "  Review"  is  that  its  contributors 
have  always  been  largely  drawn  from  among  those  who 
are  not  exclusively  men  of  the  pen.  The  article  is  illus- 
trated with  eight  reproductions  of  portraits  of  editors 
and  contributors. 


The  true  story  of  Seth  Bede  and  Dinah  Morris,  with 
other  characters  in  "Adam  Bede,"  is  begun  in  the 
"  Leisure  Hour "  by  Mr.  William  Mottram,  whose 
grandmother  was  Ann  Evans,  the  daughter  of  'Thias 
and  'Lisbeth  Bede  and  the  sister  of  Adam  and  Seth. 
He  says  his  mother  and  grandmother  never  wearied 
of  telUng  him  about  the  Evanses.  Adam  and  Dinah 
died  when  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age,  and  Seth  Bede 
died  nine  years  later.  George  Evans,  the  father  cf 
George  Eliot,  was  the  carpenter  and  builder  for  the 
whole  locality  of  Norbury,  in  Derbyshire.  Every  one 
of  his  five  sons  was  taught  his  father's  trade.  In  the 
December  number  the  story  proper  begins. 


596 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ipo^ 


The  Quarterly  Review. 

The  "Quarterly  Review"  for  October  contains  an 
able  article  upon  Lord  Salisbury  and  aii  interesting 
article  upon  the  Eoman  Index.  Both  are  no- 
ticed elsewhere,  as  well  as  the  paper  on  "The  Commerce 
and  Industries  of  Japan." 

Pessimism. 

There  is  an  interesting  article  on  "Modern  Pessim- 
ism," in  which  the  writer  extols  Hartmann  as  the 
humaniser  of  pessimistic  philosophy.  The  tendency 
of  recent  pessimism,  as  expressed  in  literature  and 
philosophy,  is  declared  by  the  reviewer  to  be  as  fol- 
lows: 

"  What  we  have  said  shows  that  there  is  a  manifest 
turn  in  the  tide  of  pessimism,  a  revulsion  from  the 
flabby  and  flaccid  larmoyant  pessimism  of  the  im- 
mediate past  to  one  more  vigorous,  manly,  and  sane, 
and  yet  free  from  the  misanthropic  cynicism  of  S^vift, 
Voltaire,  Heine,  and  Schopenhauer,  one  more  willing 
to  adapt  itself  to  the  humane  trend  of  recent  thought, 
and  more  in  conformity  with  common  sense.  Hart- 
mann himself  distinctly  tells  us,  in  the  history  of  his 
own  mental  development,  that  it  has  been  his  aim 
throughout  to  free  himself  from  the  quietistic  negation 
of  the  will  recommended  by  Schopenhauer,  and  to  bring 
his  own  pessimism  into  line  with  the  optimistic  theory 
of  evolution;  and  in  this  attempt  he  and  others  have 
so  far  succeeded  as  to  justify  one  of  his  philosophical 
friends  in  saying  that,  '  if  you  want  to  see  for  once 
contented  and  cheerful  faces,  you  must  go  among  the 
pessimists.'  " 

Giordano  Bruno  in  England. 

There  is  an  interesting  article  with  many  insights 
into  old  English  life  under  the  above  title.  Bruno 
was  in  England  about  two  and  a  half  years,  and  his 
observ-ations  of  English  life  are  interesting.  In  those 
days  all  Englishmen  of  rank  "know  that  their  own 
tongue  is  only  used  in  their  own  island,  and  would 
think  themselves  barbarians  if  they  could  not  speak  in 
Latin,  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian."  Things  have 
changed  since  those  days,  and  we  hope  that  the  man- 
ners of  the  populace  towards  foreigners  have  changed 
also: 

"  The  artisans  and  shopfolk,  who  know  you  in  some 
fashion  to  be  a  foreigner,  snicker  and  laugh  and  grin 
and  mouth  at  you  and  call  you  in  their  own  tongue 
dog,  traitor,  and  stranger,  which,  with  them,  is  a  most 
injurious  name,  qualifying  its  object  to  receive  every 
wrong  in  the  world,  be  he  young  or  old,  in  civic  dress 
or  armed,  noble  or  gentle.  And  now,  if  by  evil  chance 
you  take  occasion  to  touch  one  of  them,  or  lay  hand  to 
your  arms,  lo!  in  a  moment  you  will  see  yourself,  for 
the  whole  street's  length,  in  the  midst  of  a  bost  that 
has  sprung  up  quicker  than  the  men-at-arms,  in  the 
fiction  of  the  poets,  sprang  from  the  teeth  sown  by 
Jason.  They  seem  to  come  out  of  the  earth,  but  in 
truth  they  issue  from  the  shops,  and  give  you  a  most 
lordly  and  noble  view  of  a  forest  of  sticks,  long  poles, 
halberds,  partisans,  and  rusty  pitchforks;  and  these 
things,  though  the  Sovereign  has  given  them  for  the 
best  of  uses,  they  have  ever  ready  for  this  and  like 
occasions.  So  you  will  see  them  come  upon  you  with  a 
peasant  fury,  without  looking  where,  or  how,  or  why, 
or  upon  whom,  and  none  of  them  thinking  of  any  other; 
3ver\-one  discharging  the  natural  despite  he  hath 
against  the  foreigner;  and,  if  he  is  not  stayed  by  the 
heels  of  the  rest  who  are  carrying  out  a  like  intent, 
you  will  find  him  taking  the  measure  of  your  doublet 
with  his  own  hand  or  his  own  rod,  and,  if  you  are  not 
wary,  hammering  your  hat  upon  your  head  withal." 


Bruno  led  an  obscure  life  in  England,  and  no  allusion 
to  his  name  has  been  traced  in  contemporary  writings. 

The  other  articles  deal  mostly  with  literature.  Among 
them  we  may  mention  that  on  the  Elizabethan  Lyric, 
that  on  Welsh  Romance  and  Folk-lore,  and  that  on 
"The  Evolution  of  Harlequin." 


The  National  Review. 

The  "  National  Review "  is  as  vigorous  and  one- 
sided as  ever,  but  not  particularly  interesting.  Two 
articles  of  importance  are  "British  Foreign  Policy  Re- 
considered," and  Sir  Horace  Rumbold's  "  Tribute  to 
the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph." 

Gunnery  versus  Paint. 

;Mr.  Arnold  White  has  a  characteristic  paper  under 
this  heading.  Naval  gunnery,  he  repeats,  is  neglected; 
the  methods  required  to  produce  a  high  average  of 
straight  shooting  are  unpopular;  good  shooting  is  dis- 
couraged by  the  political  heads  of  the  Navy,  and  the 
shooting  of  the  Fleet  could  be  greatly  improved  if 
the  heads  of  the  Navy  were  really  in  earnest.  Brit- 
ish men-of-war  miss  their  targets  more  often  than 
twice  out  of  three  rounds.  Mr.  White  tells  us.  as  he 
has  told  us  many  a  time,  that  promotion  depends  upon 
clothing  and  gold-leaf.  He  affirm;-;  that  when  three 
successive  hits  were  made  by  one  captain  of  a  gun  in  a 
^Mediterranean  ship  a  voice  from  the  bridge  called  down 
— '■  Is  that  idiot  going  to  keep  us  out  here  all  day? 
Take  him  off!"  Sir  Cyprian  Bridge  wrote  a  report  on 
the  "Astrea,"  in  which  he  praised  the  beading,  paint, 
and  tailoring,  but  said  not  one  word  in  praise  or  con- 
demnation of  the  gunnery.  When  Mr.  White  wrote  to 
the  Admiralty  asking  whether  the  famous  gunner. 
Grounds,  was  dead,  he  got  a  reply  containing,  among 
other  things,  the  following  sentence: — "  I  am  to  add 
that  a  claim  for  the  cost  of  the  telegram  will  be  made 
on  you  in  due  course  by  the  Accountant-General  of  the 
Navy."  "\A'hile  the  Admiralty  were  so  keen  about  the 
payment  by  private  persons  of  a  telegram  asking 
whether  Grounds  was  dead,  they  had  rewarded 
Grounds,  for  being  the  best  shot  of  the  year,  with  the 
sum  of  Is.  9d.! 

War    and    Starvation. 

Mr.  Spenser  Wilkinson  has  a  paper  under  the  title 
"  Does  War  Mean  Starvation?"  He  maintains  that  all 
the  important  points  involved  in  the  question  should 
be  worked  out  to  a  practical  result,  and  the  several 
results  should  be  collected  by  the  Government  as  the 
basis  of  its  defensive  measures.  As  ttiere  is  no  ma- 
chinery at  the  Admiralty  for  doing  this,  he  calls  for 
the  appointment  of  a  Royal  Commission  to  inquire  into 
the  conditions  of  Great  Britain's  food  supply  in  time 
of  war. 

The  Emancipation  of  the  Teacher. 

Sir  Oliver  Lodge  contributes  under  this  title  a  very 
suggestive  paper.  His  main  argument  is  tnat  one  cause 
of  our  educational  backwardness  is  that  English  school 
teachers  have  not  yet  had  a  fair  chance.  Many  of  them 
are  quite  inadequately  trained,  many  neither  know  their 
subjects  properly  nor  how  to  teach  what  little  they 
l^now.  But  the  good  teacher,  where  he  already  exists, 
is  too  curbed  and  artificially  hampered  to  give  out  the 
be.«t  that  is  in  him.  On  the  ground  that  many  teachers 
aie  inefficient,  the  remainder,  including  many  of  the 
best  teachers,  are  put  under  far  too  mucm  external  re- 
straint. The  nature  of  the  restraint  which  Sir  Oliver 
mshes  to  see  removed  he  describes  as  the  influence  of 
the     Universities,    and     of    the    professloiml     training 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/03. 


THE  REVIEWS  REVIEWED. 


597 


bodies.  The  influence  of  external  examinations,  each 
administered  externally  and  applied  indiscriminately 
to  all  schools  alike,  examinations  in  which  tne  teachers 
have  no  part— that  is  the  evil.  Sir  Oliver  in  particular 
wishes  to  see  changes  in  the  entrance  or  pass  exami- 
nations admitting  to  the  first  grade  of  a  profession, 
or  admitting  to  University  matriculation.  The  papers 
of  these  examinations  are  usually  set  from  a  University 
man's  point  of  view;  but  a  school-leaving  examination 
should  not  be  on  this  principle,  but  should  take  account 
of  the  aims  and  methods  of  the  individual  school.  By 
such  a  reform  the  teachers  would  be  emancipated  from 
the  hard  task  of  cramming  boys  for  examinations  con- 
ducted on  different  lines  from  those  they  follow  at 
school. 

The  Morals  of  American   "  Society." 

Mr.  A.  M.  Low,  in  his  American  chronique,  quotes 
with  approval  the  following  denunciation  of  the  mush- 
room society  of  New  York: 

"  Henry  Watterson,  Editor  of  the  Louisville  '  Courier 
Journal,'  a  brilliant  but  somewhat  erratic  man,  has  re- 
cently called  the  attention  of  the  country  to  the  low 
state  of  morality  prevailing  in  New  YorR:'s  smart  set, 
which  the  late  Ward  McAllister,  the  arbiter  of  fashion, 
declared  consisted  of  only  400  people,  and  since  tnat 
time  it  has  been  known  as  '  the  400.'  In  his  philippic 
he  declared  that  the  smart  set  sets  itself  above  the 
lav.-,  both  human  and  divine;  that  its  women  are 
equally  depraved  with  its  men;  they  talk  freely  with 
the  men  of  things  forbidden  the  decent  and  virtuous; 
thev  read  the  worst  French  fiction;  they  see  the  worst 
French  plays:  and  that,  in  short,  the  women  of  the 
inner  circle  of  New  York  society  are  unclean,  unsexed, 
and  unwomanly.  Watterson  sums  up  his  indictment 
by  saying  pointedly:  '  The  400  are  rotten  through  and 
through.  They  have  not  one  redeeming  feature.  Al! 
their  ends  are  achieved  by  money,  and  largely  by  the 
unholy  use  of  money.'  " 

Other  Articles. 
^L  J.  Comely  writes  on  "  France  and  Her  Eeh- 
gious  Order.?,'"  and  Mr.  O.  C.  Williams  on  "  Collegers 
and  Oppidans  at  Eton."  There  is  a  certain  pathetic 
irony  attached  to  the  paper  on  the  jovial  subject  of 
"  Fox-hunting  in  Ireland,"  by  the  late  Captain  W.  E. 
Cairnes.  It  is  one  of  the  best  sporting  papers  we  have 
ever   read. 


The  Monthly  Review. 

The  "  [Monthly  Review  "  for  November  is  a  good  all- 
round  number,  repi^escnting  a  variety  of  interests.  We 
have  quoted  at  length  from  Mr.  Sydney  Brooks'  article 
on  President  Roosevelt,  and  shortly  from  the  paper  on 
Zola. 

The  Horseman  of  the  Future. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  G.  J.  Younghusband  writes  on 
"  The  Horseman  of  the  Future  "—the  cavalryman,  that 
is.  He  criticises  the  British  trooper  by  saying  that 
though  he  rides  better  than  any  soldier  on  tne  Conti- 
nent, he  does  not  give  one  the  impression  of  a  man 
who  is  at  home  on  his  horse.  He  is  taught  to  ride  as 
if  he  had  swallowed  a  poker.  Riding  with  him  is  a 
disagreeable  duty: 

"  The  horseman  of  the  future  is  a  bright,  intelligent 
fellow,  accustomed  to  deal  with  horses.  A  light-weight 
who  can  ride  a  horse  as  if  he  belonged  to  it,  and  it  be- 
longed to  him.  A  skilled  man-at-arms  who  can  hold 
his  own  against  all  comers,  on  horse  and  on  foot,  singly 
or  in  a  rough-and-tumble  charge.     The  handy  man  of 


the  army,  always  able  to  look  after  himself  and  his 
horse,  and  everybody  else.  An  up-and-about,  always 
ready,  and  never-caught-napping  man.  A  man  of  small 
wants,  self-reliant,  and  full  of  warlike  resource.  A 
man  who  has  been  taught  to  look  on  drill  and  polish 
as  the  basement,  and  no't  the  pinnacle,  of  his  profes- 
sion. And  finally,  one  imbued  with  that  esprit  de  corps 
and  pride  in  his  profession  which  alone  makes  good 
soldiers." 

The  Secret  of  the  East. 

The  article  "  English  and  Indian,"  by  Cornelia  So- 
rabji.  deserves  to  be  read  by  everyone  who  aspires  to 
understand  the  East.  Here  is  an  illuminating  litdc 
passage  wortE  many  pages  of  statistics: 

"  Peace  is  so  dull  after  centuries  of  fighting.  I  was 
talking  once  to  an  old  Indian  who  had  known  some  of 
the  glories  of  the  last  Mogul. 

" '  You  can  gather  your  wheat  into  your  gamers, 
your  houses  and  occupations  are  secure  now,'  said  I. 

"  '  Yes,'  he  replied;  '  yes,  there  is  all  that.' 

"'What  is  there  not?'  I  asked,  curious. 

"  •  In  the  olden  days,'  he  replied,  '  the  beggar  by  the 
wayside  might  become  Prime  Minister  if  the  king  but 
smiled  upon  him.' 

•'  '  But  equally,'  I  made  answer,  '  might  his  head  be 
cut  off  if  he  failed  to  appreciate  the  king's  last  joke?' 

'•  '  We  took  that  chance!'  was  the  reply." 

The  following  also  casts  some  light  upon  the  ideals 
of  the  East: 

"  Some  have  asked  me  oftentimes  of  late  whether 
sadness  is  a  note  of  Indian  life?  'Tis  a  hard  question 
to  answer,  and  depends  on  what  you  call  sadness. 
Lertainly  the  mass  of  people  are  not  joyous.  I  per- 
sonally have  been  much  oppressed  by  the  tragedy  of  life 
as  I  wandered  up  and  down  the  country  these  last 
eight  years.  Sadder  things  I  have  known  (as  Wes- 
terns count  sadness)  than  I  have  yet  had  the  courage 
to  put  down  on  paper.  Yet  much  depends  on  ideals. 
In  India  a  woman's  ideal  is  sainthood,  not  personal 
happiness.  To  give  and  not  count  the  cost  is  her 
greatest  pleasure." 

A  View  of  the  L'nion. 

Sir  Alexander  Miller  writes  on  "Local  Self-Govern- 
ment  in  Ireland."  His  article  is  inspired  by  the  true 
Unionist  spirit,  but,  like  most  Unionists  wtio  conde- 
scend to  enter  into  details,  he  fills  most  of  his  paper 
with  criticism  of  the  Union.  One  theon,-  which  he  puts 
for^vard  is  that  the  Union  was  either  carried  too  far 
or  not  far  enough.  English  statesmen  might  have 
adopted  the  system  tried  in  Scotland,  and  left  all  the 
details  of  distinctively  Irish  legislation  to  the  Irish 
members,  interfering  only  in  matters  of  principle.  Or 
they  might— and  this  Sir  Alexander  Miller  prefers— 
have  completely  unified  the  two  countries  by  treat- 
ing Ireland  merely  as  thirty-two  extra  English  coun- 
ties and  discouraging  separate  legislation.  The  fo.My 
of  the  course  adopted  lies  largely  in  the  fact  that  Acts 
are  passed  affecting  only  Ireland,  or  excluding  Ireland 
as  a  whole,  whereas  the  local  differences  which  call  for 
differential  treatment  are  even  greater  between  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Ireland  than  between  England  as  a 
whole  and  Ireland  as  a  whole. 

Other  Articles. 
The  editorial  "  French-Canadian  and  Commonwealth" 
contains  some  interesting  comments  upon  Mr.  Bou- 
rassa's  papers  recently  published  in  the  "  Review." 
Mr.  Arthur  Morrison  publishes  the  fourth  instalment 
of  his  admirably  illustrated  papers  on  "  The  Painters 
of    Japan."      Mr.    Edward    Hutton    writes    on    D'An- 


598 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


nunzio.  Dr.  Emil  Reich  has  a  paper  of  considerable  in- 
terest on  "  The  Cambridge  Modern  History,"  which  he 
says  will  be  published  in  twelve  volumes  at  the  rate 
of  two  a  year.  Each  chapter  will  be  followed  by  a 
complete  bibliography  of  its  subject. 


The  Fortnightly  Review. 

The  "  Fortnightly  Review  "  for  November  opens  with 
a  paper  by  "A  Dissident  Liberal  "  on  "  The  Reversion 
to  Toryism,"  which  deserves  more  than  passing  notice. 
Captain  Gambler  wi'ites  an  extremely  interesting  article 
on  "  Macedonian  Intrigues  and  Their  Fruits."  Nearly 
all  the  other  articles  are  well  ^v^itten  and  instructive, 
and  the  standard  of  the  review  for  literary  criticism 
is  well  maintained. 

To  Explore  Africa. 

Sir  H.  M.  Stanley  contributes  a  paper  entitled  "  New 
Aspirants  to  African  Fame."  He  says  that  we  have 
seen  the  last  of  the  old  pathfinders.  There  are  no 
more  great  lakes,  or  great  rivers,  or  snowT^  ranges  to 
discover  in  Africa.  But  in  every  department  of  re- 
search Africa  offers  many  opportunities  for  the  explorer 
and  scientist.  The  sociological  character  of  the  Afri- 
can man,  for  instance,  has  never  yet  been  treated 
scientifically.  Sir  H.  M.  Stanley  makes  the  following 
remark  as  to  the  effect  of  altitude  upon  stature: 

"  The  tallest  men  I  found  lived  in  high  altitudes, 
from  5,000  feet  above  the  sea-level  and  upward;  the 
sturdiest  from  3,000  feet  to  5,000  feet;  the  shortest, 
excepting  the  pigmies,  from  sea-level  to  3,000  feet." 

The  German  Emperor. 

;Mr.  "  O.  Eltzbacher "  contributes  another  of  his 
papers  dealing  with  Germany,  the  subject  this  time 
being  "  The  German  Emperor  as  a  Political  Factor." 
He  has  a  high  opinion  of  the  Emperor's  powers,  but  a 
low  opinion  of  his  alleged  successes  as  a  diplomatist. 
His  policy  has  been  too  flighty  and  changeable.  As 
long  as  Bismarck  was  in  office  France  and  Russia  were 
kept  asunder,  and  Germany  could  feel  aTDsolutely  safe 
from  foreign  aggression.  She  was  the  most  respected 
Power  on  the  Continent.  After  Bismarck's  retirement 
Germany  ceased  to  be  the  first  Power  on  the  Con- 
tinent, and  her  place  was  taken  by  Russia.  Her 
position  is  less  safe  than  it  was;  some  of  the  great 
coups  of  the  Emperor  have  miscarried;  and  as  an  offset 
she  has  acquired  a  few  small  and  worthless  colonies. 
As  regards  home  politics,  dissatisfaction  within  the 
Empire  has  increased.  Like  Frederick  the  Great,  the 
Emperor  has  a  violent  passion  for  increasing  his  ter- 
ritory. But  as  a  consequence  of  trying  to  play  the 
part  of  Frederick,  and  interfering  in  everything,  he 
has  failed;  German  policy  has  become  fitful,  enigmati- 
cal and  unstable,  a  replica  of  the  Kaiser's  impulsive 
character. 

The  Monroe  i^octrine. 

Professor  H.  Brougham  Leech  writes  on  this  sub- 
ject. The  doctrine,  he  says,  is  not  of  the  least  value 
in  international  law,  and  will  not  be  regarded  when 
any  matter  worth  fighting  about  arises.  Great  Bri- 
tain, in  the  Venezuelan  case,  established  a  precedent 
against  herself;  but  this  is  not  binding  upon  other  na- 
tions, and  European  jurists  have  expressly  disclaimed 
it.  Professor  Leech  criticises  severely  some  of  the 
pretensions  put  forward  by  the  United  States,  such  as 
that  made  before  the  Cuban  War,  that  the  Spaniards 
should  not  be  allowed  to  re-colonise  any  of  the  depopu- 
lated parts  of  Cuba.      As  to  the  practical  effect  of  the 


doctrine,  Professor  Leech  says  that  within  the  next  half 
century  many  subjects  of  European  nations  will  cer- 
tainly colonise  South  America,  and  when  friction  arises 
between  them  and  the  local  Governments,  the  story 
of  the  Uitlanders  will  be  repeated.  It  is  not  likely 
that  Germany  will  do  less  for  her  subjects  than  Eng- 
land has  done  in  South  Africa. 

Other  Articles. 
There  are  several  other  papers  of  interest.  'Mi. 
Gosse  writes  on  the  late  P.  J.  Bailey  and  his  poems. 
Major  Arthur  Griffiths  has  a  paper  on  "The  War  and 
Its  Critics,"  in  which  he  criticises  the  composition  of 
the  Inquiry  Commission,  and  defends  officers  as  well 
as  men  against  the  attacks  of  their  critics.  There  is 
a  very  good  article  on  "  The  Limitations  of  Lord 
Macaulay,"  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Foxcroft,  a  short  poem,  and 
several  other  contributions  of  merit.  We  miss,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Wells'  instalment  of  "Mankind  in  the  Mak- 
ing"— kept  over,  we  are   told,   till  next  month. 


The  New  Liberal  Review. 

The  "  New  Liberal  Review "  for  November  coraes 
out  with  nn  entirely  changed,  and,  to  our  mind,  much 
more  tasteful  cover.  But  it  cannot  be  said  that  the 
internal  composition  of  the  "  Review "  is  this  month 
particularly  excellent.  The  first  paper  is  a  reprint  of 
Lord  Rosebery's  Gladstone  speech  at  Glasgow,  and  the 
s^econd  Mr.  A.  J.   Spender's  "  "Why  I  am  a  Liberal." 

"Why  Am  I  a  Liberal?" 
The  most  comprehensive  definition  of  a  Liberal  given 
by  Mr.  Spender  is  that  he  is  a  man  of  faith,  while 
the  Tory  is  a  sceptic.  The  Liberal  believes  with  all 
his  h^art  in  the  potency  of  human  effort — but  does  ]\Ir. 
Spender  really  believe  this? — and  sees  no  rational 
theory  of  the  world  which  does  not  imply  that  good 
government  is  a  great  boon  and  bad  government  a 
great  evil.  After  further  defining  Liberalism,  Mr 
Spender  says  that  a  man  may  have  all  the  characteris- 
tics of  Liberalism,  and  may  yet  consider  the  Liberal 
Party  incapable  of  governing  the  country.  A  Liberal, 
in  short,  is  not  a  man  of  faith;  and  if  we  were  asked 
what  is  the  difference  between  a  Liberal  and  a  Tory, 
we  should  reply  that  the  Tory  was  the  man  of  faith, 
though  he  worships  sticks  and  stones,  while  the  Liberal 
is  an  unbeliever,  though  he  professes  to  worship  the 
One  and  Indivisible  God.  Liberalism,  in  fact,  wants 
more    faith    and    less   refinement. 

Against  Free   Libraries. 

Mr.  Arthur  Lawrence  will  not  have  free  libraries 
at  any  price.  In  an  article  upon  the  "  Free  Library 
Fetich  "  he  argues  that  the  provision  of  reading  gratis 
is  a  waste  of  money  for  the  philanthropist  as  long  as 
more  necessary  wants  of  the  people  are  unsupplied: 

"  The  best  benevolence  is  that  which  is  not  mis- 
applied, and  I  can  find  no  reason  why  we  should  press 
on  with  Free  Libraries  any  more  than  with  free  food 
or  free  drink.  There  is,  however,  immeasurable  and 
relievable  suffering  throughout  the  country;  there  are, 
for  instance,  thousands  of  hard-working  men  and 
women,  particularly  in  rural  districts,  who  have  strug- 
srled  through  life  on  the  barest  subsistence,  and  to 
whom,  in  old  age,  the  homeless  home  and  the  name- 
less grave  are  the  last  refuge.  We  have  some  open 
sores  in  this  country  in  the  healing  of  which  there 
is  angel's  work  for  the  philanthropist,   and  I  am  un- 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


THE  REVIEWS  REVIEWED. 


599 


able  to  bebeve  tbat  the  greatest  good  is  done  to  the 
greatest  number  by  spending  millions  of  pounds  on 
peppering  the  country  with  those  sad  mausoleums  of 
htera  ure  our  charity-aided,  rate-supported,  misused, 
and  ill-attended  Free  Libraries." 

There  are  a  number  of  other  papers,  most  of  them 
rather  scrappy,  which  seems  to  be  the  permanent  de- 
fect of  the  "  New  Liberal  Review  " 


The  Nineteenth  Century  and  After, 

The  ''Nineteenth  Century"  contains  two  articles 
calling  for  special  notice,  one  by  Sir  Harry  Johnston 
on  The  Native  Labour  Question  in  South  Africa," 
the  other  by  Mr.  R.  E.  C.  Long  describing  the  move- 
ment in  favour  of  the  building  of  People's  Theatres  in 
Russia.  The  number  opens  with  a  paper  by  Mr. 
Lionel  Phillips  on  "Mammoth  Trusts  and  Municipal 
Trading." 

Against  Municipal  Trading. 
Mr.  Phillips'  article  is  ingenious,  but  not  ingenuous. 
It  IS  based  largely  upon  the  hypothesis,  "  if  the  articles 
in  the  '  Times '  are  in  the  main  reliable  "—which  they 
have  been  shown  not  to  be,  either  "  in  the  main  "  or 
in  the  minutiae.  Trusts,  he  says,  are  not  anti-social, 
because  they  can  only  be  successful  as  long  as  thev 
do  not  allow  rivals  to  sell  cheaper.  Unfortunately  for 
this  argument,  the  essence  of  a  Trust  is  not  to  allow 
rivals  to  sell  at  all.  A  heterogeneous  body,  says  Mr. 
Phillips,  like  a  municipality  cannot  conduct  a  number 
of  businesses  as  well  as  individuals  specially  trained 
to  their  special  requirements.  If  a  Trust  works  in- 
efficiently it  fails,  and  its  members  are  punished  by 
ruin;  the  inefficiency  of  a  local  governing  body  is 
punished  at  most  by  defeat  at  the  elections.  But  Mr. 
Phillips  should  remember  that  the  objection  to  Trusts 
is  not  that  they  work  inefficiently  and  are  punished 
with  ruin,  but  that  they  often  work  so  "  efficiently  " 
as  to  punish  their  customers  with  ruin.  The  argument 
in  favour  of  the  Trust  on  the  ground  that  It  is  con- 
trolled by  specialists  falls  through,  because  Trusts  are 
largely  owned  by  financial  speculators  wno  know  no- 
thing of  the  details  of  the  undertakings  they  carry  on. 
These  details  are  controlled  by  paid  managers;  and  it 
is  just  as  easy  for  a  municipality  to  hire  a  paid  specialist 
as  it  is  for  a  financial  magnate. 

The  Remounts  Scandal. 
Lord  Denman  has  a  very  lucid  article  on  "  The  War 
•Office  and  the  Remounts."  In  South  Africa  alto- 
gether, he  says,  six  different  classes  ot  norses  were 
employed — Cape  ponies,  artillery  horses,  English  and 
Irish  cavalry  horses,  North  American  horses,  Hunga- 
rians, and  Argentine  horses.  According  to  his  obser- 
vations, the  order  in  which  these  classes  are  placed 
is  the  order  of  their  merit.  The  best  remounts  Lord 
Denman  saw  in  South  Africa  were  the  ponies  captured 
with  Prinsloo.  The  Hungarian  horses  collapsed  quickly, 
and  the  Argentines  were  utterly  worthless.  Lord  Den- 
man insists  that  the  remounts  question  was  the  de- 
cisive factor  in  the  war.  After  Paardeberg;  and  again 
during  the  advance  on  Pretoria,  and  during  the  se- 
cond invasion  of  Cape  Colony,  good  remounts  would 
have  ended  the  war. 

East  and  West. 
Mr.    J.    D.    Rees,    CLE.,   writes   a   very   interesting 
article  comparing  the  economic  conditions  of  the  poorer 
classes  in  Asia  and  Eastern  Europe.    He  says: 


"  I  venture  to  express  the  opinion  that  the  Oriental 
m  ordinary  years  is  as  happy  and  as  well  provided  with 
board,  lodging  and  clothing,  according  to  his  wants,  as 
the  man  of  Eastern  Europe.  I  think  the  European 
works  harder  than  the  Indian  peasant,  one  of  the 
great  difficulties  of  dealing  with  whom  is  that  he  id 
quite  content  with  a  minimum  wage  for  work  he  likes 
in  congenial  conditions.  My  next-door  neighbour  in 
my^Russian  village  during  the  short  summer,  got  up  at 
4  o'clock  and  worked  thenceforward  till  9  p.m.  From 
early  dawn  he  mowed  the  hay,  which,  after  drying  it 
in  the  sun,  he  carted  into  the  barn,  and  as  his  chil- 
dren were  growing  girls  he  had  no  assistance.  During 
the  long  winter,  when  the  snowdrift  darkened  his 
windows,  and  his  wife  was  busy  spinning,  he  used  to 
gather  wood  for  sale  and  for  use,  or  go  to  St.  Peters- 
burg with  his  horse  to  drive  a  droshky.  That  was  a 
bitter  winter:  a  dram  too  deep  and  a  little  folding  of 
the  hands  to  sleep,  and  more  than  one  driver  froze 
to  death  upon  his  box.  I  have  often  slept  in  an  Indian 
hut,  and  often  in  a  Russian  cottage,  and,  taking  all  con- 
siderations together,  prefer  the  former,  certainly  in 
summer,  and  also  in  winter,  for  as  no  one  can  sleep 
in  the  cottage  any^vhere  but  on  the  top  of,  or  close 
to,  the  stove,  the  crowding  problem  becomes  as  acute 
as  it  is  in  London." 

The  Fourth  Party. 
Mr.  Harold  Gorst,  son  of  Sir  John  Gorst,  begins  the 
History  of  the  Fourth  Party,  and  a  very  interesting 
story  it  is  which  he  has  to  tell.  The  Fourth  Partv  con- 
sisted of  Mr.  Balfour,  Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  Sir 
John  Gorst  and  Sir  H.  D.  Wolff.  He  tells  with  sym- 
pathetic interest  the  stoiy  of  the  tactics  employed  by 
the  Fourth  Party,  who  practised  obstruction  with  very 
little  disguise.  Mr.  Gorst  euphemistically  says  there 
were  times  when  it  became  practically  expedient  that 
measures  should  be  taken  to  retard  the  proceedings  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  When  this  necessity  arose 
the  resources  of  the  Fourth  Party  proved  ample  for 
the  occasion.  At  the  close  of  the  Session  in  which  the 
Fourth  Party  had  made  its  appearance.  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  then  the  leader  of  the  party,  invited  Sir  John 
Gorst  down  to  Hughenden,  to  discuss  with  him  the 
position,  policy  and  prospects  of  the  Fourth  Party. 
He  expressed  entire  approval  of  the  energ>'  and  inde- 
pendence of  its  action;  he  said  he  was  in  favour  of 
their  acting  with  complete  independence  outside  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  in  the  House  of  Commons 
all  that  he  asked  was  that  they  should  give  Sir  Staf- 
ford Northcote  notice  of  wh'at  they  intended  to  do, 
and  that  they  should  listen  to  what  he  had  to  say — 
that  was  the  only  limitation  he  suggested  should  be 
placed  upon  their  independence  of  action. 

Lombrosoism. 

From  Mr.  Montague  Crackanthorpe.  K.C.'s,  paper  on 
the  Criminal  Sentences  Commission  we  have  space  to 
make  only  one  citation.  It  is  interesting  in  connec- 
tion with  Max  Nordau's  article  on  Crime,  which  we 
summarised  among  the  Leading  Articles: 

"  We  must  give  the  Lombrosoists  their  due.  Whilst 
exposing  themselves  to  ridicule  by  rushing  into  ex- 
tremes, they  have  rendered  signal  service  by  dwelling 
long  and  earnestly  on  the  distinction  between  one  clasa 
of  criminal  and  another.  To  them  we  are  indebted  for 
a  fresh  stage  in  the  evolution  of  penal  science.  The 
'  classic '  school  fixed  its  attention  mainl.v  on  crime 
as  a  material  fact;  the  '  neo-classic '  school  on  the 
offender's  moral  responsibility;  th*  '  neo-positivist ' 
school  dwells  almost  exclusively  on  his  personal  charac- 
teristics.    One  or  other  of  these   three  factors,  some- 


6oo 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  rpo^. 


times  apart  from,  sometimes  in  combination  with  the 
rest,  has  to  be  weighed  by  the  judge  when  asking  him- 
self. What  is  the  punishment  1  ought  to  award?  Oc- 
casionally there  is  added  to  them  a  fourth  factor — 
viz..  the  desirability  of  passing  an  exemplary  sen- 
tence which  shall  strike  terror  in  a  particular  neigh- 
bourhood, or  stop  the  spread  of  a  novel  class  of  crime. 
Instances  will  at  once  present  themselves.  Many  of 
us  lenienibPT  how  flogging  under  the  Garotters  Act. 
1863.  put  a  stop  to  that  form  of  violence.  Might  not  a 
similar  uiea^sure  freely  meted  out  to  Hooligan  ruffianism 
put  a  stop  to  that  also?" 

But  did  flogging  stop  garotting?      We  have  certainV 
seen  the  assertion  contradicted  many  a  time. 

Other  Articles. 

The  Hon.  Ivor  Guest  writes  on  Registration  Reform. 

Mr.  G.  R.  S.  Mead  contributes   "  Some  Notes  on  the 

Gnostics.'"     Mr.   R.   Bosworth-Smith's   article   on   Owls 

is  one  of  the  most  interesting  papers  in  the  number. 


The  Gjntcmporary  Review. 

The  "  Contemporary,''  which  is  a  good  number,  opens 
with  General  Botha's  paper  on  the  Boers  and  the  Em- 
pire, which  is  noticed  elsewhere,  as  also  are  several 
other  articles.  Mr.  David  Christie  Murray  argues 
that  it  is  a  great  mistake  to  regard  Burns'  claim  to 
fame  as  resting  upon  his  Scottish  poetry.  His  immor- 
tality outside  Scotland  depends  upon  his  mastery  of 
English  as  a  vehicle  of  poetical  expression.  Mr.  Mur- 
ray says: 

"  My  contention,  in  the  tirst  place,  is  that  Bums 
realised  this  keenly,  in  the  second  that  he  was  artis- 
tically right,  and  in  the  thira  that  it  was  this  instinct 
v.hich  enabled  him  to  lay  soundly  the  foundations  of 
a  world-wide  fame,  instead  of  building  a  merely  local 
reputation. 

"  My  purpose  has  been  only  to  show  that  he  did  not 
sink  into  ]|riglish.  but  that  he  rose  into  it  with  com- 
plete spontaneity  and  unfailing  judgment  in  all  his 
more  delicate,  dignified,  and  charming  work,  and  that 
it  is  to  his  mastery  of  a  most  delicate,  dignified,  and 
charming  English  that  he  mainly  owes  the  unique  place 
he  occupies  among  poets." 

Mr.  Herbert  Paul  writes  a  good  Liberal  Party  ar- 
ticle on  "The  Shuffled  Government,"  Mr.  Joseph  Mc- 
Cabe  on  "St.  Augustine  and  the  Roman  Claims." 
Countess  Martinengo  Cesaresco  gives  a  very  pleasant 
picture  of  the  family  life  of  ancient  Greece.  Dr.  IHl- 
lon,  in  his  chronique  of  foreign  affairs,  deals  chiefly  with 
the  Macedonian  insurrection,  the  alleged  Russian  in- 
trigues in  Tibet,  and  the  i^'ranco-Siamese  settlement. 


The  Westminster  Review. 

The  "  Westminster  Review "  for  November  opens 
with  a  plea  by  Mr.  Hubert  Reade  for  "Amnesty  and 
Compensation  in  South  Africa."  In  regard  to  com- 
pensation Mr.  Reade  estimates  that  six  weeks'  cost 
of  war  would  fully  compensate  every  agriculturist, 
whether  Boer  or  Loyalist,  in  South  Africa. 

The  Reform  of  Journalism. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Gofton,  writing  under  the  inexpressive  title 

"  The  Stimulus  of  Vitiation,"  discusses  journalism  and 

its   abuses.     After   giving   a    definition    of   journalists, 

which  excludes  reporters  altogether,  he  says: 


■■  It  is  unfortunate  for  journalism  that  there  should 
be  so  many  various  grades  of  journalists.  There  is  the- 
young  man  who  reports  football  matches  and  the  like, 
the  journalists  of  so-called  up-to-date  '  rags.'  '  the 
ha'penny  and  penny  periodical  men,'  the  journalists  of 
the  lighter  magazines,  and  those  of  the  purely  literary 
and  art  weekly  and  monthly  journals — all  widely  diver- 
gent from  each  other,  yet  all  journalists  in  the  right 
sense  of  the  word.  Most  of  them  are  gentlemen  and 
educated;  but  a  great  percentage  are  neither  educated 
nor  gentlemen,  and  it  is  those  latter  gentry  that  are 
doing  all  the  mischief,  and  will  continue  to  do  it, 
so  long  as  no  great  effort  is  made  to  oust  them  com- 
pletely from  the  profession.  The  effort  must  be  great, 
a  small  effort  would  be  of  absolutely  no  use  whatever 
for  the  purpose  intended,  but,  instead,  be  of  infinite  im- 
portance to  them,  for  it  would  result  in  making  them 
still  more  secure  and  powerful." 

Other  Articles. 
Mr.    Geoffrey    jMortimer    writes    on    "  The    Work    of 
Havelock  Ellis.'"     Ben  Elmy  on  "  The  Individuality  of 
Women."     ]\Ir.    N.   W.    Sibley   has   a    paper   on    "  The 
Man  in  the  Iron  Mask." 


The  Magazine  of  Art. 

With  the  November  number,  the  "Magazine  of  Art," 
edited  by  Mr.  M.  H.  Spielmann,  starts  a  new  series 
at  a  shilling  net,  with  several  new  features,  and  a  new 
cover,  designed  and  modelled  by  Mr.  F.  Lynn  Jenkins. 

For  the  new  cover  a  competition,  limited  to  a  score 
of  designers,  was  organised,  and  the  first  prize  was 
awarded  to  Mr.  F.  Lynn  Jenkins,  because  his  design 
was  considered  the  most  novel  and  the  most  effective. 
To  carry  it  out  the  original  work  was  modelled  'Q 
clay  on  a  very  large  scale,  the  chief  figure  being  in 
complete  relief,  and  the  whole  arranged,  both  as  to 
design  and  lighting,  with  a  view  to  reproduction  by 
photography  and  printing  on  the  flat.  Thus  we  have 
the  figure  of  Art  dominating  the  metropolis  of  the 
world,  standing  forth  between  two  columns,  and  in  the 
capitals  Painting  and  Craftsmanship  are  roughly  sug- 
gested in  the  figures.  The  effect  obtained  is  the  re- 
sult of  two  blocks  separatelv  printed  in  colour  and 
black. 

Readers  of  the  "  Magazine  "  will  find  details  of  a 
special  competition  announced  in  the  new  number.  The 
coupon  on  the  front  page  of  the  wrapper  of  the  No- 
vember number  must  be  cut  out  and  kept,  together 
with  the  coupons  to  appear  in  the  five  following  issues 
of  the  "Magazine  of  Art": 

"  Competitors  will  then  be  asked  to  name  six  features, 
topics,  or  subjects,  or  treatment  of  such,  which  they 
would  like  to  see  included  in  the  pages  of  this  maga- 
zine. Such  features  may  take  any  form — series  of  ar- 
ticles on  particular  subjects,  individual  articles,  series 
of  reproductions,  monthly  notes,  etc.  (with  a  distinc- 
tive heading),  or  any  other  suggestion  or  suggestions 
which  would  be  likely   to  interest   our   readers. 

"  A  plebiscite  will  be  taken  of  the  suggestions  made 
by  cojnpetitors;  and  to  the  reader  whose  list  of  six 
proposals  most  nearly  corresponds  to  the  aggregate 
selection  of  the  majority  of  the  competitors  (as  shown 
by  their  lists)  will  be  awarded  "  The  Woodland  Fairy." 
an  oil  painting  by  Mr.  J.  Mac'Whirter,  while  to  the 
hundred  readers  whose  lists  are  next  in  order  of  cor- 
rectness will  be  sent  the  hundred  photogravures  of 
the  picture,  signed  by  the  artist." 


R€mew  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


THE  REVIEWS  REVIEWED. 


6oi 


King  and  Country. 


"  Kmg  and  Country  '"  is  the  title  of  a  new  magazine, 
the  first  number  of  which,  price  2s.  6d.,  appeared  last 
month.  It  is  published  by  Messrs.  Horace  Marshall 
and  Son.  and  is  edited  by  J.  Astley  t'ooper.  whose 
strong  personality  pervades  the  whole  number.  It 
opens  with  a  poem  which  is  an  adaptation  of  "  SVhat  is 
the  German  Fatherland?"  the  question  being,  "Where 
is  the  Briton's  Motherland?"  the  answer  being, 
"  Where'er  resounds  the  British  tongue,  Where'er  its 
hymns  to  God  are  sung.  Be  this  the  land,  brave 
Briton,  this  thy  Motherland." 

A  Pan-Britannic  Festival. 
'"An  Imperial  Conference  by  Post  "  *s  the  title  of  a 
correspondence  between  the  editor  and  various  states- 
men concerning  his  Pan-Britannic  Festival  project.  He 
now  ><uggests  that  there  should  be  an  endowed  scheme, 
controlled  by  a  thoroughly  representative  Imperial 
Council,  for  enabling  athletic  associations  in  the  Colo- 
nies to  send  their  representatives  to  championship 
gatherings.  Mr.  Cooper  thinks,  and  Sir  E.  Barton 
agrees  with  him,  that  the  Rhodes  Trustees  might  do 
worse  than  set  aside  a  sum  of  money  for  the  realisa- 
tion of  this  Pan-Britannic  Festival,  to  be  held  every 
fourth  year  on  Mr.  Rhodes'  birthday,  when,  in  presence 
of  the  Sovereign,  at  a  State  ceremony,  the  winnei's  of 
the  Rhodes  Scholarships  throughout  the  Empire  should 
be  annoimced,  and  the  winners  of  the  various  cham- 
pionships should  receive  their  prizes  from  rhe  hand 
of  the  Sovereign.  Mr.  Cooper  also  proposes  that  there 
should  be  minor  Pan-Britannic  festivals  in  each  re- 
curring year  in  Canada,  Australia  and  South  Africa. 
Mr.  Balfour,  Lord  Rosebery,  Mr.  Bryce,  and  Lord 
Curzon,  as  well  as  many  others,  have  expressed  their 
general  approval. 

Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain's  Chance. 
Mr.  Henniker  Heaton,  in  an  article  entitled  "An 
Imperial  Postmaster-General,"  declares  that  Mr.  Austen 
Chamberlain's  great  opportunity  lies  in  Dorrowing  22^ 
millions  sterling,  in  co-operation  with  the  Colonial  Go- 
vernments, for  the  jiurpose  of  constructing  a  complete 
net  of  submarine  cables.  With  that  sum  150,000  miles 
of  fresh  cables  could  be  laid,  and  we  might  have  at  once 
a  penny  rate  to  America,  a  sixpenny  rate  to  India, 
China  and  South  Africa,  and  a  shilling  rate  to  Aus- 
tralia. 

Marie  Corelli  on  Wealth. 

Marie  Corelli,  in  a  paper  on  "  The  ■\''ulgarity  of 
Wealth,"  winds  up  with  a  prediction  that  the  "  Poor 
Gentleman "  will  some  day  be  eagerly  courted  and 
sought  after.  She  tells  the  story  of  a  millionaire  who 
rented  a  fine  old  Scotch  castle  last  year,  who  could 
find  nothing  to  do  with  himself  but  to  fill  the  grand 
old  drawing-room  with  tobacco  smoke  and  whisky 
fumes  every  evening,  and  play  bridge  for  ruinous 
stakes  on  Sunday.  During  other  days  he  went  out 
shooting  or  drove  a  motor  car. 


The  Engineering  Magazine, 

Most  of  the  articles  in  the  October  number  are  of 
a  technical  nature. 

Natal  Railways. 

Mr.  J.  Hartley  Knight  contributes  the  substance  of 
an  interview  he  had  with  Sir  David  Hunter,  who  is 
the  general  manager  of  the  Natal  Government  Rail- 
ways. The  railway  has  played  so  important  a  part 
during   the    last    few   years    that    some   account    of   its 


working  is  very  acceptable.  Sir  David  wan  appointed 
as  General  Manager  by  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach,  then 
Secretary  of  the  Colonies,  some  three  years  after  the 
iirst  sod  had  been  "  turned  "  for  the  railway  between 
Durban  and  Pietermaritzburg  in  1876.  This  line  was 
completed  in  1880,  the  opening  ceremony  being  per- 
formed by  Sir  Geo.  P.  CoUey,  who  later  lost  his  hfe 
at  Majuba.  Natal  was  the  first  to  have  a  railway  in 
South  Africa,  and  it  has  generally  led  the  way  in  any 
new  enterprise.  The  extension  to  Pretoria  from  the 
Natal  border  was  constructed  by  the  Government 
of  Natal,  although,  before  being  able  to  do  so,  there 
were  long  and  trying  conferences  with  President 
BJruger.  A  railway  has  been  run  into  Zululand,  and 
will  doubtless  be  of  great  value  in  developing  that 
country.  The  line  which  is  to  connect  Natal  with 
Cape  Colony  is  going  rapidly  forward  on  the  Natal  side, 
l)Ut  the  Cape  has  not  yet  moved  in  the  matter.  The 
country  through  which  railways  must  go  in  Natal  is 
extremely  difficult — in  fact,  the  difficulties  that  it  pre 
sents  are  often  unsurmountable.  All  the  material 
for  the  railway  has  been  obtained  from  British  manu- 
facturers. American  locomotives  have  never  been 
tried,  although  it  is  open  for  any  American  firm  to 
tender  for  the  rolling  stock,  as  well  as  any  other  firms. 
The  gauge  is  3  feet  6  inches,  and  the  locomotives 
used  are  the  heaviest  in  the  world  for  the  sized  gauge. 
The  first  used  weighed  twenty-five  tons:  the  present 
ones  weigh  sixty-nine  tons.  "The  article  is  illustrated 
with  some  interesting  photographs,  including  one  of 
Sir  David  Hunter. 

The    Engineer    in    War   Time. 

An  enlisted  man  in  the  Lake  Lanoa  expedition 
writes  upon  his  experiences  as  an  engineer  in  the  Moro 
campaign.  After  describing  the  sort  of  country 
through  which  the  column  had  to  march,  he  says: 

"  But  the  engineer  in  the  campaign  of  this  sort  has 
something  more  to  do  than  to  build  trails  or  erect 
bridges  of  lumber  cut  by  the  natives  (and  without 
nails  or  metal  work  of  any  kind  available).  He  can 
turn  his  hand  to  putting  the  tentagc  and  general 
camp  into  shape  for  the  troops;  he  can  secure  gangs 
of  hired  natives  and  details  of  soldiers,  with  which 
he  soon  ditches  the  camp  for  drainage,  locates  the 
water  supply,  and  arranges  for  the  putting  in  of  a 
line  of  bamboo  pipes  to  carry  water  to  various  points 
in  the  camps;  he  erects  the  hospital  of  bamboo  and 
nipa,  cuts  a  repository  in  the  ground  to  burj-  the  dy- 
namite, puts  up  the  commissary  and  quartermaster's 
shacks  for  temporary  storage  of  supplies,  and  b.v  the 
time  the  camp  is  ready  to  move  on  to  the  next  position, 
he  has  the  trails  opened  up  some  miles  in  advance. 
In  fact,  it  is  steady  work  for  the  engineers  through 
it  all." 

The  Moros  defend  themselves  in  strongly  fortified 
stockades,  which  sometimes  prove  very  difiicult  to 
capture.      The  climate  is  very  wet;    in  fact: 

"  We  get  wet  in  the  morning  and  wet  at  night,  and 
for  thirty  days  and  thirty  nights  I  have  been  wet 
constantly,  yet  not  a  cold  or  illness  of  any  .«ort.  for 
the  climate  is  mild  and  even,  and  one  can  drop  down 
and  sleep  in  wet  clothes  in  safety.  Although  engi- 
neers, we  must  soldier.  We  must  be  armed,  and 
when  attacks  come  use  our  weapons.  Engineers  are 
not  supposed  to  be  aggressive.  They  are  supposed 
to  keep  on  with  their  work  until  molested,  and  then 
it  is  time  to  make  fight." 

Other  Articles. 

Mr.  A.  F.  Colhns  contributes  a  long  paper  entering 

thoroughly  into   Wireless  Telegraph   Engineering  prac- 


6o2 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


tice.  Many  diagrams  and  photographs  are  given.  He 
says  that  at  present  the  difficulties  in  the  commercial 
use  of  long-distance  transmission  and  syntonic  sys- 
tems are  many,  but  he  portrays  with  vividness  the  ul- 
timate scope  wireless  telegraphy  Avill  have  in  the 
transmission  of  the  world's  intelligence  in  the  very 
near  future.  The  utilisation  of  peat  fuels  is  dealt 
with  by  Adolf  Dal,  and  the  progress  in  internal-com- 
bustion engines  is  described  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Booth. 


SandoVs  Magazine. 

"  Sandow's  !Mapar:ine "  for  Oi"tober  contains  a  lead- 
ing article  by  Eugen  Sandow,  summarising  the  evidence 
given  before  the  Royal  Scotch  Commission  as  to  the 
great  need  for  improving  the  physique  of  our  popula- 
tion. Mr.  Sandow  says  that  while  personally  in  fa- 
vour of  the  introduction  of  military  drill,  he  believes 
that  the  bracketing  of  it  along  with  physical  culture 
may  lead  to  the  rejection  of  the  whole  scheme.  "Tliat 
something  must  be  done  is  evident,"  says  Mr.  Sandow. 
The  youth  of  the  country  is  going  to  the  dogs;  their 
devotion  to  sport  dees  not  mean  that  they  have  any 
turn  for  athletic  exercises.  The  devotion  to  sport  in 
tiiis  country  consists  chiefly  of  reading  about  other 
people's  sport  in  the  newspapers,  and  keeping  up  the 
interest  by  occasional  betting.  The  evidence  which 
Mr.  Sandow  summarises  includes  the  records  of  the 
experience  of  Ian  Hamilton,  the  headmaster  of  Inver- 
ness school,  and  Dr.  Bruce,  the  health  officer  of  Eoss 
and  Cromarty.  Dr.  Bruce  strongly  insisted  upon  the 
necessity  for  compulsory  attendance  at  continuation 
schools  for  all  young  persons  up  to  the  age  of  eighteen. 
In  these  continuation  schools  physical  exercises  should 
be  insisted  upon: 

"  The  Board  of  Education  has  recently  issued  a  series 
of  practical  suggestions  addressed  to  school  managers 
and  teachers  of  elementary'  schools  generally,  but  par- 
ticularly to  those  in  rural  districts,  in  regard  to  the 
physical  training  of  school  cuildren." 

There  is  a  very  interesting  article  by  Mr.  W.  M. 
Smith,  discussing  the  question  "When  is  an  Athlete 
at  His  Best?"  Mr.  Smith  is  now  fifty-four  years  of 
age,  he  has  competed  and  won  one  or  more  prizes  at 
athletic  sports  for  thirty-seven  consecutive  years.  He 
maintains  that  an  athlete  should  be  a  stronger  man 
from  forty  to  fifty  than  from  twenty  to  thirty.  He 
quotes  instances  of  men  who  have  begun  physical  cul- 
ture after  they  were  sixty  years  of  age;  one  of  them 
who  did  so  was  able  to  run  and  walk  witn  as  much 
ease  and  elasticity  when  he  was  eighty-three  as  when 
he  was  thirty.  He  quotes  from  Mr.  Griscom  that 
there  is  no  doubt  that  there  are  thousands  of  people 
of  both  sexes,  whose  lives  at  sixty  are  more  or  less 
a  burden,  who  might  add  ten  or  twenty  years  to  their 
lives  if  they  would  but  rid  themselves  of  the  stupid  idea 
that  dumb-bells  and  developers  are  only  for  those  in 
the  full  tide  of  youthful  vigour. 


The  Pall  Mall  Magazine. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Philpott  contributes  a  copiously  illustrated 
paper,  deahng  with  "  Some  Points  of  Interest  in  the 
New  Westminster  Cathedral."  He  mentions  among 
other  interesting  facts  that  Mr.  Bentley  discovered 
some  disused  tinted  marble  quarries  in  Thessaly  and 
Eubcea,  from  which  he  has  taken  some  of  the  marble 
used  in  the  Cathedral,  by  reading  a  Greek  poem  writ- 
ten in  celebration  of  the  opening  of  the  church  of 
S*.  Sophia  at  Byzance.      'j.^c  quarries  had  been  disused 


since  the  days  of  Justinian,  and  were  reopened  by  Mr. 
Bentley  after  an  interval  of  1,400  years^,  Captain 
Howard  describes  his  wanderings  on  the  borders  of 
Kafiristan.  Mr.  Holt  Schooling  continues  his  papers 
on  facial  expression,  which  leads  up  to  a  postcard  com- 
petition in  which  the  prizes  are  more  interesting  than 
valuable.  Mr.  W.  S.  Barclay  describes  the  Falls  of 
Iguazu  as  the  rival  of  Niagara.  The  falls  occur  on 
the  Parana,  which  separates  Brazil  from  the  Argentine. 
Mr.  Barclay  says  that  the  Falls  of  Iguazu  are  to  Ni- 
agara what  Aphrodite  was  to  Apollo.  Mr.  Scott  Mon- 
tagu, M.P.,  discourses  upon  the  problems  of  the  Motor 
Car.  Mr.  W.  B.  Secretan  gives  an  interesting  account 
01  the  way  in  which  the  new  Pacific  cable  has  been 
laid. 


The  London  Quarterly  Review. 

The  "  London  Quarterly  Review  "  for  October  main- 
tains a  high  standard  of  matter  and  form.  Mr. 
Alexander  Brown's  '"Coming  of  Sin  "  gives  a  fresh  view 
of  the  Fall.  Dr.  Hugh  Macmillan  supplies  a  glowing 
and  entrancing  story  of  his  visit  to  Baalbec,  and  the 
colossal  stone,  72  feet  by  14  by  15,  weighing  1,500  tons, 
which  he  found  still  in  a  quarry. 

Mr.  George  Northcroft  gives  an  appreciation  of  the 
Poetry  of  the  Great  Dominion,  in  which  he  declares 
Mr.  Charles  Roberts  the  pioneer  and  the  foremost 
author  of  the  new  period  of  Canadian  poetry.  Miss 
Keeling  writes  from  Naples  an  optimistic  account  of  the 
prospects  of  Italy.  Modern  criticism  and  the  Gospels 
are  reviewed  by  Mr.  George  ]\Iilligan,  who  confirms 
Wendt's  verdict  that  "  critical  inquiry  has  led,  though 
not  immediately  in  its  first  attempts,  yet  gradually, 
and  in  course  of  time  to  results  whereby  the  historical 
picture  of  Jesus  has  lost  nothing,  but  only  gained." 
Mr.  J.  H.  Leckie,  in  a  review  of  Hermann  and  Mar- 
tineau,  declares  the  seat  of  ultimate  religious  authority 
to  be  the  soul  in  communion  with  God.  Professor 
Davidson  eulogises  Dr.  Fairbairn's  new  Christian  Apolo- 
gia, but  condemns  his  view  of  the  Atonement  as  notably 
inadequate. 


The  Cornhill  Magazine. 

The  "  Cornhill  Magazine  "  for  November  is  a  very 
interesting  number.  Dr.  Fitchett  describes  the  career 
of  Sir  Edward  Berry,  Nelson's  favourite  flag-captain. 
±ie,  however,  cut  a  very  poor  figure  when  he  com- 
manded a  ship  of  his  own,  without  Nelson  to  inspire 
him.  Hugh  Clifford's  paper,  entitled  "Cast,"  is  a  very 
viviu.  picture  of  a  very  idealised  type  of  a  British  fron- 
tier officer,  who,  after  performing  prodigies  of  en- 
durance, and  displaying  marvellous  genius  in  the 
governing  of  men,  breaks  down  after  twelve  years' 
service  at  the  age  of  three-and-thirty,  and  is  cast  on 
one  side  as  a  broken  instrument,  neglected  and  for- 
gotten, to  crumble  away  into  inglorious  dust.  The 
excellent  series  of  articles  entitled  "  Prospects  in  the 
Profession  "  deals  this  month  with  the  solicitor.  Par- 
ents who  are  thinking  of  'prenticing  their  boys  to  the 
lav,'  will  do  well  to  read  this  article.  There  is  a  de- 
lightful short  story,  entitled  "  The  Woman-Stealers," 
which  carries  us  back  to  prehistoric  times,  when  the 
Lake-Dwellers  were  at  feud  with  the  Earth-Dwellers 
in  the  land  that  is  now  Western  England.  Mr.  Ad- 
kin,  the  writer,  at  present  unknown  to  me,  has  a  rare 
gift,  which  we  hope  he  will  have  time  and  opportunity 
to  develop.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Latham,  in  his  "  Nights  at 
Play,"  describes  life  in  a  workman's  club  in  the  heart 
of  London. 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02.  THE  REVIEWS  REVIEWED. 


603 


The  Hibbert  Journal. 

This  is  a  new  quarterly  review  of  religion,  theology, 
and  philosophy,  edited  by  ]VIr.  L.  P.  Jacks  and  Mr. 
G.  Dawes  Hicks,  and  published  by  Williams  and  Nor- 
gate,  2s.  6d.  We  offer  the  new  arrival  a  hearty 
welcome.  It  fills  a  place  which  has  long  been  vacant. 
Beside  the  "  Dublin  Review,"  the  organ  of  Romanism, 
the  "  Church  Quarterly  Review,"  the  organ  of  Angli- 
canism, and  the  "  London  Quarterly,"  the  organ  of 
Evangelical  Nonconformity,  there  was  need  of  a  fourth, 
representing  the  less  positive  but  not  less  devout  school 
of  Broad  thought.      To  quote  the  Editors: 

"We  stand  for  three  positive  truths:  that  the  goal 
of  thought  is  One;  that  thought,  striving  to  reach  the 
goal,  must  for  ever  move;  that  in  the  conflict  of  opinion 
the  movement  is  furthered  by  which  the  many  approach 
the  One.  These  three  principles,  which  are  obviously 
co-ordinate,  express  the  spirit  of  the  '  Hibbert  Journal' 
as  a  '  review  of  religion,  theology,  and  ptiilosophy.'  " 

The   Idea  of  the   Infinite. 

Professor  Josiah  Royce  contributes  a  study  of  the 
concept  of  the  Infinite.       He  says: 

"  I  believe  it  to  be  demonstrable  that  the  Infinite  is, 
in  general,  neither  something  indeterminate,  nor  some- 
thing definable  only  in  negative  terms,  nor  something 
incomprehensible.  I  believe  it  to  be  demonstrable 
that  the  real  universe  is  an  exactly  determinate  but 
actually  infinite  system,  whose  structure  is  that  revealed 
to  us  in  Self-Consciousness." 

As  leading  up  to  this  conclusion  he  presents  the 
formula : 

"  An  object  or  a  system  is  Infinite  if  it  can  be  rightly 
regarded  as  capable  of  being  precisely  represented,  in 
complexity  of  structure,  or  in  a  number  of  constituents, 
by  one  of  its  own  parts.  To  define  the  ideally  or 
formally   complete    self   is  thus    to  define  the  Infinite." 

He  argues  that  in  an  infinite  system  the  part  can, 
in  infinities  of  the  same  Dignity,  be  equal  to  the  whole: 

"  Perhaps  a  being  who  in  one  sense  appeared  in- 
finitely less  than  God,  or  at  all  events  was  but  one 
of  an  infinite  number  of  parts  within  the  divine  whole, 
might  nevertheless  justly  count  it  not  robbery  to  be 
equal  to  God,  if  only  this  partial  being,  by  vu'tue  of  an 
immortal  life,  or  of  a  perfected  process  of  self-attain- 
ment, received  in  ihe  universe  somewhere  an  infinite 
expression." 

Science  and  Faith. 

The  outstanding  controversy  between  science  and 
faith  is  thus  treated  by  Sir  Oliver  Lodge.  It  rests, 
he  says,  "upon  two  distinct  conceptions  of  the  universe: 
The  one,  t^at  of  a  self-contained  and  self-sufficient 
universe,  with  no  outlook  into  or  links  with  anything 
beyond,  uninfluenced  by  any  life  or  mind  except  such 
as  is  connected  with  a  visible  and  tangible  material 
body;  and  the  other  conception  that  of  a  universe 
lying  open  to  all  manner  of  spiritual  influences,  per- 
meated through  and  through  with  a  Divine  spirit, 
guided  and  watched  by  living  minds,  acting  through 
the  medium  of  law  indeed;  but  with  intelligence  and 
love  behmd  the  law:  a  universe  by  no  means  self- 
sulficient  or  self-contained,  but  with  feelers  at  every 
pore  groping  into  another  supersensuous  order  of  ex- 
istence, where  reign  laws  hitherto  unlmagined  by 
science,  but  laws  as  real  and  as  mighty  as  those  by 
which    the   material   universe   is   governed." 

Emended  Texts. 

Mr.  F.  C.  Conybeare  seeks  to  prove  early  doctrinal 

modifications   of   three   passages   in   the   Gospels.       He 

argues   that   the   original   form  of  Matthew  i.   16  con- 


tained the  words,  "  Joseph  begat  Jesus,"  and  sug- 
gests that  Matthew  xxviii.  19  originally  read,  "  Gro 
3'e  and  make  disciples  of  all  the  nations,"  ending  at 
■'  nations."  In  Matthew  xix.  17  he  argues  that  the 
original  word  was  "  Call  thou  Me  not  good,"  rather 
than  ■■  Why  callest  thou  Me  good?" 

Other  Articles. 
The  catastrophes  at  Martinique  and  St.  Vincent  are 
viewed  in  relation  to  the  moral  order  by  Professor 
Howison,  who  asks  for  a  new  idealism  wtiich  shall 
avoid  the  Dualism  of  the  Hebrew  and  the  modern 
Monism,  and  which  refers  ^Nature  and  all  its  woes  de- 
rivatively to  minds  other  than  God;  by  the  Rev. 
R.  A.  Armstring,  who  urges  that  these  catastrophes 
are  not,  in  fact,  more  terrible  or  more  sad  than  the 
normal;  "  in  Martinique  comrades  and  friends  fell 
altogether";  and  by  Dr.  Horton,  who  urges  that 
pain  or  catastrophe  is  transformed  by  the  mind  of  the 
sufferer,  who  says  "  Thy  will  be  3one,"  into  complete 
and  irreversible  triumph.  Dr.  StopforJ  Brooke  has 
a  fine  study  of  Matthew  Arnold  and  of  the  struggle 
between  his  Stoicism  as  a  philosopher  and  his  deep 
human  feeling  as  a  poet. 


The  G)smopoIitan. 


The  articles  on  the  St.  Louis  world's  fair,  on  Robert 
Hoe,  of  printing  press  fame,  and  "  Mankind  in  the 
Making,"  that  appear  in  the  November  "'  Cosmopoli- 
tan," are  deserving  of  special  notice. 

Other  "  Captains  of  Industry "  dealt  with  in  this 
number  are  the  late  Winfield  Scott  Stratton,  on  whom 
Mr.  Samuel  E.  Moffett  writes;  Mr.  James  R.  Keene, 
whom  ;Mr.  Edwin  Lefevre  describes  as  "  the  greatest 
stock  gambler  that  ever  lived";  Mayor  Tom  L.  John- 
son, called  by  Henry  George,  Jun.,  "  a  monopolist 
who  is  spending  his  wealth  to  destroy  the  sources  of 
monopoly  ";  and  F.  W.  Roebling,  the  head  of  the  great 
wire-making  industry  in  Trenton,  N.J.,  which  puts  out 
15,000,000  dollars'  worth  of  wire  a  year. 

Perils  of  Modern  Ballooning. 
Mr.  Samuel  E.  Moffett.  writing  on  "  Dangerous  Oc- 
cupations," puts  first  the  profession  of  ballooning, 
lately  come  into  vogue.  The  plain  balloonist  has  dan- 
gers enougii,  but  Mr.  Moffett  explains  that  the  man 
who  runs  an  airship  by  a  machine  has  infinitely  more 
perils.  There  is  always  more  or  le^ss  gas  escaping  from 
a  balloon,  and  it  seems  inevitable  that  some  should 
find  its  way  to  the  motor  and  end  the  career  of  the 
aeronaut.  However,  this  particular  kind  of  catas- 
trophe has  not  yet  come,  although  Santos-Dumont  has 
experienced  almost  every  other.  A  dirigible  balloon  is 
peculiarly  liable  to  wreck  from  the  fact  that  its  fra- 
gile structure  is  forced  against  the  wind  instead  of 
being  carried  along  with  it.  There  is  also  the  danger 
of  explosions  from  expansion  of  the  gas.  It  was  this 
that  wrecked  Severo's  Pax  on  May  12,  and  dashed  its 
rash  designer  to  the  ground  from  a  height  of  nearly 
2,000  feet  at  three  limes  the  velocity  of  the  Empire 
State  Express. 

Milton's  Place  Among  the  Poets. 
There  is  a  posthumous  essay  by  John  Fiske  on  John 
Milton,  which  ends  with  a  clean-cut  classification  of 
the  blind  poet.  "  By  common  consent  of  educated 
mankind,  three  poets— Homer,  Da»te  and  Shakes- 
peare—stand above  all  others.  For  the  fourth  place 
there  are  competitors:    two  Greeks,  ^^schylus  and  So 


6o4 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  IQ02. 


phocles;  two  Romans,  Lucretius  and  Virgil;  one  Ger- 
man. Goethe.  In  this  high  company  belongs  John  Mil- 
ton: and  there  are  men  who  would  rank  him  first, 
after  the  unequalled  three."  Other  artfcles  in  this 
number  deal  with  the  recent  United  States  naval  ma- 
nceuvres.  "  German  Court  Beauties,'"  "  What  Women 
Like  in  Women,"  and  other  lighter  subjects. 


The  American  Review  of  Reviews. 

The  November  number  is  full  of  vivid  sketches  and 
studies  of  living  issues.  The  coal  war,  naturally,  bulks 
large  in  cartoons,  chronique  and  leading  articles.  Mr. 
H.  F.  Newcomb  sketches  the  character  and  career  of 
Mr.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  the  sociological  adviser  of 
President  Roosevelt.  ]Mr.  Wright  seems  to  be  as  ver- 
satile, as  masterly  and  as  intensely  active  an  American 
as  they  make  them.  There  is  an  interesting  narrative 
of  thegrowth  of  Trusts,  by  Mr.  Charles  A.  Conant.  It 
is  the  story  of  Aaron's  rod  up  to  date.  A  very  careful 
study  is  contributed  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Oenks  of  self- 
government  in  Oriental  dependencies,  British,  French. 
Dutch,  and  American.  He  reports  the  well-nigh  unani- 
mous testimony  of  authorities  in  India  that  such  meas- 
ures of  self-government  as  have  been  conceded  to  the 
natives  have  proved  a  failure,  and  he  concludes  with 
the  pleasant  assurance  that  the  United  States  have 
granted  a  larger  measure  of  local  and  representative 
self-government  to  the  Filipinos  than  lias  been 
granted  to  coloured  races  by  any  other  civilised  power. 
Mr.  Arthur  Wallace  Dunn  describes  the  evolution  from 
military  to  civil  administration  in  the  Philippines  dur- 
ing the  last  few  years.  He  describes  the  prese-iL 
system  as  government  by  the  people  of  the  country. 
The  progress  made,  he  says,  gives  promise  of  future 
development,  and  be  looks  forward  vnt\\  confidence  to 
the  success  of  the  experiment. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Halsey  gives  a  sympathetic  sketch  of  the 
rise  of  Nature  writers,  from  White  of  Selborne  and 
John  Burroughs,  to  the  large  and  increasing  modern 
school.  The  success  of  Nature  books  he  attributes  to 
the  reaction  from  the  drift  to  the  cities,  and  the  con- 
sequent habit  of  spending  increasing  vacations  in  the 
country. 


akin  to  our  "  graft."  This  last  autocrat  Herr  voa 
Schierbrand  thinks  the  mightiest  of  them  all.  "  With- 
out natshai  you  would  be  unable  to  accotuplish  any- 
thing in  Russia,  all  the  orders  and  the  decrees  of  the 
nominal  Czar  at  St.  Petersburg  to  the  contrary  not- 
withstanding." 

The  Coming  Deluge  of  Gold. 
Charles  M.  Harvey  calls  attention  to  "Another  Revo- 
lutionary Increase  of  Gold,"  from  the  mines  of  South 
Africa.  He  says  that,  by  1904,  a  complete  resumption 
of  mining  in  the  Transvaal — together  with  a  like  in- 
crease in  the  rest  of  the  productive  countries — will  send 
the  world's  output  up  to  400,000,000  dollars  a  year,  as 
compared  with  a  little  over  a  quarter  of  that  amount 
in  1890.  Mr.  Harvey  says  that  America  will  be  the 
largest  gainer  by  the  gold  deluge,  as  America  is  the 
best  field  fc-  the  investment  of  money  that  the  world 
affords,  having  the  most  varied,  extensive,  and  profit- 
able  of  the  world's  industrial   activities. 

Other  Articles. 
Mr.  M.  G.  Cunniff,  in  a  series  of  first-?iand  studies 
of  labour  problems,  writes  on  "The  Human  Side  of  the 
Labour  Unions,"  and  finds  .suspicion  tne  prevailing 
mood  of  emploj-er  and  union.  He  quotes  labour  leaders 
to  the  effect  that  misunderstandings  cause  half  the 
labour  troubles:  "A  union  hates  a  typewritten  letter, 
but  it  likes  a  man."  Julian  Ralph  writes  on  "The 
Moral  Soundness  of  American  Life;"  Henry  Harrison 
Lewis  gives  a  glimpse  of  the  personality,  and  of  the 
working  habits,  of  Colonel  John  Jacob  Astor,  under 
the  title  "The  Quiet  Control  of  a  Vast  Estate;" 
Frank  M.  Chapman  describes  the  work  of  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  how  it  acts  both 
as  an  investigator  and  teacher  of  natural  science:  Ivy 
Lee  describes  the  New  Stock  Exchange  Building  in 
New  York,  and  some  remarl^able  features  of  its  con- 
struction, and  ZVIr.  James  H.  Bridge  gives  the  views 
of  important  leaders  of  industrial  combinations,  under 
the  title  "  Trusts  as  Their  Makers  View  Them." 


The  World^s  Work 

The  November  number  of  the  "  World's  Work  "  con- 
tains the  address  delivered  by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie 
at  the  University  of  St.  Andrew,  Edinburgh. 

The  Real  Rulers  of  Russia. 
The  "  Real  Rulers  of  Russia,"  by  Wolf  von  Schier- 
brand, attempts  to  explain  the  limitations  of  the 
Czar's  power,  and  to  analyse  Russian  character.  This 
writer  says  the  Czar  is  not  the  sole  ruler  of  his  people; 
that  three  other  autocrats  divide  the  power,  and  that 
these  are  three  words  in  the  Russian  language:  Nit- 
shewo,  Winowat,  and  Natshai.  The  first  of  these 
words  means  "  nothing,"  "  never  mind."  Every  dis- 
quieting thought  is  dismissed  with  a  "  nitshewo," 
which  perhaps  means  more  nearly,  "  What  are  you 
going  to  do  about  it?"  The  second  word,  winowat, 
means  literally,  "  I  am  guilty,"  "  I  own  up  to  it," 
but  also  implies,  "  What  is  the  use  of  my  denying 
it?"  The  third  fatal  word  originally  stood  "  for  tea  " 
— ^like  the  French  pourboire — then  came  to  be  used  to 
mean  "  for  vodka "  (corn-brandy) ;  and,  finally,  it 
rose  to  imply  the  very  essence  of  corruption,  probably 


The   Atlantic   Monthly. 

Mr.  Henry  D.  Lloyd's  article  in  the  November  "At- 
lantic" on  "  Australasian  Cures  for  Coal  Wars,"  and 
the  article  by  Ambrose  P.  Winston  in  the  series  en- 
titled "A  Quarter-Century  of  Strikes,"  deserve  more 
than  passing  notice. 

The  Artistic  Handicraft  of  To-day. 
Mr.  Charles  H.  Moore  writes  on  "  Modern  Artistic 
Handicraft,"  and  takes  the  ground  that  the  handicrafts 
of  the  Renaissance  embody  vices  of  design  which  unfit 
them  to  be  taken  by  the  modern  artisan  as  exemplary 
models  for  imitation.  He  complains,  too,  that  the  com- 
mercial spirit  has  too  much  of  a  place  as  a.  motive 
for  artistic  production.  This  commercial  spirit,  how- 
ever, does  not  wholly  explain  why  the  better  things 
Avhich  a  few  exceptionally  able  craftsmen  produce  do 
not  readily  find  a  market.  The  most  important  reason 
is  that  people  do  not  care  enough  for  the  fine  arts. 
'•  Our  absorbing  interests  and  successful  achievements 
are  in  other  directions.  Men  always  do  best  w^hat  the 
largest  number  of  the  most  intelligent  among  them 
care  most  for.  Our  predominant  interests  are  plainly 
not  at  present  in  the  direction  of  the  fine  arts." 

Is  Human  Eyesight  Deteriorating? 

Mr.    A.    B.    Norton,    discussing    "  The    Care    of    the 

Eyes,"  expresses  the  belief  that  our  collective  eyesight 

is  deteriorating,  and  that  this  fact  is  due  to   neglect 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


THE  REVIEWS  REVIEWED. 


60: 


of  the  eyes  and  the  injudicious  use  of  glasses  There 
were,  m  1890,  over  50,000  totally  blind  people  in  the 
Lnited  States,  which  gives  a  proportior.  slightly  less 
than  the  world's  average.  Mr.  Norton  says  no  one  but 
the  oculist  appreciates  the  amount  of  suffering  and  ill- 
health  caused  by  defective  eyes.  The  public  is  grad- 
ually becoming  educated  on  this  subject,  however;  and, 
nowadays,  it  is  not  unusual  for  a  family  to  consult  an 
oculist  first  when  a  daugliter  is  troubled  with  head- 
aches. Many  nervous  and  mental  troubles  result  from 
eye-strain,  and  can  be  cured  by  correcting  the  trouble 
in  the  sight.  This  writer  says  that  every  school  should 
possess  a  series  of  test  letters,  and  that  each  scholar 
at  the  commencement  of  each  term  should  have  the 
eyes  examined  by  the  teacher.  Mr.  Norton  gives  some 
valuable  information  as  to  the  supplying  of  light  in  the 
schoolroom,  and  as  to  the  reform  of  school  studies 
with  a  view  to  their  effect  on  the  eyes  of  the  pupils. 
He  warns  us  that  the  prevalent  habit  or  going'  with- 
out glasses  for  reading,  as  long  as  possible,  is  a  bad 
one.  All  normal  eyes  require  glasses  for  near  vision 
about  the  age  of  forty  or  forty-five;  postponing  their 
use  later  than  this  age  causes  an  effort  which  does 
harm. 


The  North  American  Review. 

The  "  North  American  E,e^^ew "  for  October  opens 
with  a  paper  by  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  on  "  Mr.  Balfour 
and  His  Opportunities."  More  novel  is  Mr.  Stephen 
Bonsai's  defence  of  the  Philippine  friars,  and  more 
amusing  Captain  Hobson's  "America  Must  be  Mistress 
of  the  Seas."  These  two  are  dealt  with  among  the 
Leading    Articles. 

Denmark's  West  Indies. 
Mrs.  Gertrude  Atherton  has  a  short  article  of  some 
importance  dealing  with  the  sale  of  the  Danish  West 
Indies  to  the  United  States.  Mrs.  Atherton  says  that 
Christmas,  in  spite  of  the  falsity  of  his  accusations, 
is  undoubtedly  the  author  of  the  pending  treaty.  The 
objection  of  the  Danes  to  the  sale  of  the  islands  is 
mainly  sentimental;  but  it  was  so  strong  that  3,-500,000 
kroners  were  immediately  subscribed  for  the  relief  of 
St.  Croix  if  the  Government  refused  to  ratify  the 
Treaty.  The  substitute  Treaty,  says  Mrs.  Atherton, 
has,  however,  gained  the  approval  even  of  the  oppo- 
sition party.  Its  conditions  are  that  Denmark  shall 
cede  to  the  United  States  either  St.  Thomas  or  St. 
John,  both  of  which  have  good  harbours,  and  shall 
guarantee  to  sell  the  other  islands  to  no  Power  except 
the  United  States.  The  United  States  shall,  in  re- 
turn, arrange  for  tariff  concessions  to  St.  Croix.  No 
money  will  change  hands.  But  Mrs.  Atherton  ex- 
tends the  significance  of  the  Treaty  rather  far  when 
she  says  that  it  "  will  almost  encompass  Denmark 
with  the  Monroe  Doctrine,"  giving  her  an  excuse  to 
check  Russia  in  case  Russia  should  have  designs  upon 
her.      The  Monroe  Doctrine  is  indeed  growing! 

The  Determination  of  Sex. 
There  is  a  rather  technical  paper  by  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Schenck,  of  Vienna,  on  the  determination  of  sex 
in  animal  life.  The  Professor  quotes  a  great  number  of 
isolated  facts,  showing  that  scanty  nutrition  is  favour- 
able to  the  development  of  males.  A  remarkable  pre- 
ponderance of  boys  has  often  been  noted  in  the  country, 
and  in  the  case  of  lower  organisms  the  predetermina- 
tion of  sex  has  been  accomplished  by  many  experi- 
menters. In  rearing  hydatina,  it  was  found  by  ex- 
periment that  more  males  were  reproduced  by  keeping 
the  animalculae  in  cold  water.     When  the  water  was 


heated  to  from  24  to  26  degrees  Centigrade,  generations 
of  females  were  produced.  It  rarely  happens,  however, 
that  a  brood  is  produced  entirely  of  one  sex.  The  pro- 
fessor concludes  by  quoting  Strabo  to  the  effect  that 
among  the  Germanic  tribes  from  India  sex  was  deter- 
mined by  the  use  of  drugs  and  dieting. 

The  French  Associations  Law. 

Mr.  Walter  Littlefield,  writing  on  this  subject,  ex- 
plains the  inner  history  of  the  law  as  follows: 

"  The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that  the  Dre\-fus  case 
revealed  to  intelligent  Frenchmen  a  monstrous  Politico- 
Religious  Trust,  which,  while  monopolising  public  edu- 
cation, threatened  the  existence  of  all  democratic  gov- 
ernment. They  have  crushed  this  trust  in  the  most 
effectual  manner  possible.  The  repeal  of  the  Falloux 
law,  which  is  part  of  the  programme  of  the  Combes 
Ministry,  will  give  a  Government  truly  representative 
of  the  people  of  France  full  authority  to  establish  and 
maintain  institutions  in  which  the  youth  of  the  republic 
shall  receive  lessons  in  true  democratic  citizenship." 

Other  Articles. 
Fiona  Macleod  writes  on  "  The  Later  Works  of  Mr. 
W.  B.  Yeats,"  Mr.  C.  H.  Poe  on  "  Suffrage  Restriction 
in  the  South."  and  Mr.  John  Woodward  on  "  Expert 
Evidence."  "  The  National  Debt  of  the  World"  dealt 
with  in  this  number  is  that  of  the  United  States. 


7  he  Forum. 

The  "  Forum"  quarterly  for  October  contains  only 
two  special  articles,  one  of  which,  Mr.  Horwich's  paper 
on  the  "Political  Situation  in  Russia,"  is  of  exceptional 
interest.  The  other  article  is  what  seems  an  undeseiw- 
edly  unappreciative  review  by  Professor  Trent  of 
Mr.  Herbert  Paul's  book  on  Matthew  Arnold.  Mr.  A. 
M.  Low  contributes  a  dull  and  ill-informed  chronique  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  It  is  astonishing  that,  in  a  foreign 
review,  what  purports  to  be  a  resume  of  the  politics 
of  foreign  countries  should  be  written  in  the  spirit  of 
rabid  partisanship.  In  the  chronique  of  Applied  Science 
contributed  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Suplee,  reference  is  made  to 
new  developments  in  the  science  of  construction.  The 
writer  says  that  in  order  to  gain  an  intelligent  know- 
ledge of  the  manner  in  which  a  material  resists  stress 
or  yields  to  it  requires  much  more  scientific  study  than 
is  contained  in  the  mere  breaking  of  a  number  of  speci- 
mens in  a  testing  machine.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
by  photographing  the  stages  of  rupture  of  material  at 
an  extremely  high  velocity,  the  images  might  subse- 
quently be  reproduced  by  the  cinematograph  at  such 
a  reduced  speed  as  to  enable  the  action  to  be  clearly 
seen  and  studied.  Great  progress  is  being  made  also 
in  the  using  of  existing  materials  to  better  advantage, 
especially  in  combinations  of  metal  and  cement.  Con- 
crete possesses  great  resistance  to  compression  with 
little  tensile  resistance.  On  the  other  hand,  light  rods 
of  rolled  sections  of  steel  resist  tension  admirably,  while 
buckling  under  compression.  Both  advantages  are 
gained  by  embedding  steel  in  concrete,  the  steel  by  this 
means  also  being  protected  from  oxidation  and  fire. 
The  small  quantity  of  metal  required  and  the  facilitj- 
with  which  a  light  skeleton  structure  can  be  run  up  and 
embedded  in  its  surrounding  concrete  arc  powerful 
commercial  reasons  for  this  method  of  construction. 
Mr.  Suplee  refers  to  the  suggestion  that  the  Venetian 
Campanile  might  be  rebuilt  in  this  manner,  and  main- 
tains that  such  a  method  is  far  more  reliable  than  the 
method  revealed  in  the  rubbish-filled  walls  of  the 
ruined  tower. 


6o6 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  ip02. 


The  Century. 


The  "  Century "  opens  with  a  readable  descriptive 
article  on  "  The  New  York  Police  Court/'  by  Edwin 
Biorkman.  He  describes  some  of  the  pathetic  and 
humorous  scenes  in  the  court  of  a  police  justice,  and 
explains  the  procedure  by  which  magistrates  are  per- 
suaded to  issue  warrants.  The  principal  advantage  of 
the  summons  is  that  it  gives  the  ma;gistrate  a  chance 
to  act  as  peacemaker,  rather  than  as  judge,  in  a  num- 
ber of  instances,  when,  if  settlement  were  not  reached 
through  his  mediation,  a  criminal  process  would  be  the 
final  outcome.  Two-thirds  of  the  applicants  for  sum- 
monses are  women,  a  majority  of  whom  hail  from  the 
big  tenements,  where  all  sorts  of  discordant  elements 
are  crowded  together  without  elbow-room.  The  magis- 
trates often  dispose  of  such  squabbles — with  a  group  of 
women  on  each  side  hurling  charges  and  counter- 
charges against  each  other — ^by  threatening  to  arrest 
every  one  of  them,  on  the  spot,  unless  they  go  home 
and  live  in  peace.  It  is  significant  that  less  than  one- 
half  of  the  summonses  granted  are  returned  in  court. 

This  number  of  the  "  Century  "  has  refrained  from 
the  usual  features  of  coloured  illustration;  there  is  a 
delightful  description  of  "  The  Grand  Canyon  of  the 
Colorado,"  by  John  Muir,  and  a  considerable  first 
chapter  of  an  historical  series,  "  The  Prologue  of  the 
American  Revolution,"  by  Professor  Justin  H.  Smith, 
which  will  give  the  most  complete  account  yet  published 
of  the  invasion  of  Cana'Ha  in  1775. 


Harper^s  Magazine. 


Mr.  Harry  De  Windt,  the  explorer,  describes  in  the 

November  "  Harper's  "  his  journey  "  Through  Siberia 
to  Behring  Strait,"  in  the  effort  to  go  from  Paris  to 
New  York  overland.  The  explorer  left  the  Trans- 
Siberian  Railway  and  civilisation  at  Irkutsk,  and  ac- 
complished the  2,000  miles  to  Yakutsk  in  a  sleigh 
drawn  by  horses.  From  Yakutsk  on,  north-east,  the 
next  lap  of  1,500  miles  was  accomplished  behind  rein- 
deer to  the  last  Russian  outpost  on  the  Kolyma  River. 
From  this  point  on  to  the  Behring  Sea  dog-sleds  were 
the  programme.  With  five  sleds,  drawn  by  sixty-three 
dogs,  the  party  set  out  for  Behring  Sea,  with  a  very 
scant  three  weeks'  provision,  and  arrived  on  May  20, 
1902,  at  East  Cape,  on  the  Strait.  The  expedition  had 
travelled  about  11,263  English  miles.  Mr.  De  Windt's 
original  idea  was  to  cross  over  the  frozen  Strait  at 
Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  where  the  distance  from  shore 
to  shore  is  about  forty-five  miles;  but  he  found  that 
the  Strait  is  never  completely  closed,  and  that  even 
the  Esquimos  rarely  succeed  in  getting  across. 

The  Astonishing  Influence  of  Rainfall. 
A  brief  article  on  "  The  Distribution  of  Rainfall," 
by  Dr.  A.  J.  Herbertson,  tells  us  that  the  deductions 
made  by  meteorologists  in  the  matter  of  rainfall  are 
dra'wn  from  about  50,000,000  observations  taken  at 
nearly  9,000  stations.  The  influence  that  the  question 
of  rainfall  has  on  animal  and  vegetable  life  is  extra- 
ordinary to  the  layman.  Expressed  in  terms  of  sheep, 
it  is  shown  that  in  Australia — land  receiving  less  than 
ten  inches  of  rain  per  annum  is  worth  next  to  nothing 
unless  it  can  be  irrigated — with  ten  inches  of  rain, 
eight  or  nine  sheep  can  be  kept  per  square  mile;  with 
about  twenty  inches  of  rain,  640  sheep  per  square  mile 
(eighty  times  as  many);  and  with  thirty-four  inches 
of  rain — in  Buenos  Ayres — a  square  mile  will  support 
the  enormous  number  of  2,560. 


McCIure's  Magazine. 

Professor  J.  W.  Jenks,  who  has  recently  returned 
from  the  Philippine  Islands,  discusses  in  the  November 
•'  McClure's  "  "  Some  Philippine  Problems."  The 
feature  of  this  number  is  the  first  instalment  of  Miss 
Ida  M.  Tarbell's  "  History  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany," which  has  been  compiled  with  the  enterprise 
and  conscientiousness  that  writer  puts  into  all  of  her 
work. 

Mr.  George  W.  Smalley,  in  "  Personal  Recollections 
and  Appreciations  of  Men  of  Letters,"  deals  with  Ro- 
bert BrowTiing,  John  Morley,  William  Dean  Howells, 
Anthonjr  Hope,  Henry  James,  Matthew  Arnold,  S^vin- 
burne,  Lowell,  and  Alfred  Austin.  Mr.  Smalley  says 
of  John  Morley:  "He  looks  like  a  Puritan,  and  talks 
like  a  philosopher."  While,  as  a  historian,  he  finds 
John  Morley  austere,  unbending,  uncompromising,  at 
times  narrow,  and  at  all  times  a  fanatic,  "  on  the  per- 
sonal side  he  has  a  sweetness  of  nature  and  a  sweet 
reasonableness  in  talk  which  I  can  only  call  lovable." 
Mr.  Morley's  ''  Life  of  Gladstone  "  is  aljout  to  appear. 
"  It  will  be  a  unique  piece  of  biography — the  biography 
of  a  believer  by  an  unbeliever;  of  the  real,  adroit,  pro- 
fessional politician  of  his  times  by  a  political  amateur; 
of  an  Imperialist  by  a  Little  Englander;  of  a  bon 
vivant  by  an  ascetic."  Mr.  Morley  is  to  receive  no 
less  than  50,000  dollars  for  this  piece  of  work.  He  was 
for  many  years  the  reader  to  the  Messrs.  Macniillan, 
and  is  still  their  literary  adviser. 

There  is  a  brief  sketch  by  C.  Whibley  of  the  late 
George  Douglas,  author  of  "  The  House  with  the  Green 
Shutters,"  and  a  further  note  on  the  same  subject 
by  Robert  Barr. 


Scribner^s  Magazine. 

The  November  "  Scribner's  "  contains  the  most  deli- 
cate and  beautiful  examples  of  colour  printing — the 
pictures  drawn  by  Sarah  S.  Stillwell  for  the  pretty 
little  fairy  story,  "  Princess  Pourquoi,"  by  Margaret 
Sherwood. 

The  Outlook  for  the  American  Marine. 
Jlr.  Winthrop  L.  Marvin  contributes  an  article  on 
the  merchant  marine,  "  The  American  Ship  in  1902." 
He  divides  the  U.S.  merchant  marine  into  two  classes: 
First  is  the  immense  fleet,  of  over  four  and  a  half  mil- 
lion tons,  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  seaboards,  including  now  Porto  Rico,  Hawaii, 
the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  rivers.  For  more  than  a  cen- 
tury this  magnificent  traflic  has  been  reserved  to  Ame- 
rican ships  and  American  seamen;  and  it  now  employs 
the  largest,  most  efficient,  and  most  prosperous  coast- 
wise tonnage  in  existence.  The  other  hair — the  part 
engaged  in  over-seas  trade — now  stands  at  only  879,595 
tons,  only  one-third  of  the  tonnage  of  thirty-one  years 
ago.  Mr.  Marvin  says  American  shipbuilding  is  not 
increasing,  but  is  rather  falling  off.  Mr.  Marvin  argues 
that  this  over-seas  shipping  trade  is  the  proper  object 
of  national  solicitude;  he  says  there  is  nobody  whom 
the  Government  has  so  systematically  forgotten  in  the 
past  fifty  years  as  the  owmer  of  the  Amencan  steamer, 
or  sailing  vessel,  on  the  high  seas;  and  that  condi- 
tions are  now  such  that  a  great  merchant  tonnage  can 
spring  into  existence  as  soon  as  the  American  people 
give  the  word. 


Review  of  Revietos,  20/12/02. 


THE  REVIEWS  REVIEWED. 


607 


The  Arts  of  the  Spellbinder. 
There  is  a  highly  amusing  and  interesting  article  on 
"  The  Spellbinder,"  by  Mr.  Curtis  Guild,  Jun.,  who 
speaks  from  experience  in  the  art,  and  places  much  em- 
phasis on  the  necessity  of  clear  and  distinct  enuncia- 
tion, -which  is  more  valuable  than  a  merely  powerful 
bellow.  This  has  been  the  secret  of  the  success,  as 
an  orator,  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed.  Nowadays, 
mere  rhetoric  no  longer  convinces;  sarcasm  is  a  bad 
■weapon;  the  professional  vendor  of  comic  stories  does 
not  accomplish  much;  and  the  savage  partisan,  "who 
preaches  on  the  text  attributed  to  Horace  Greeley, 
'  that  every  horse-thief  is  a  member  of  the  opposite 
party,'  "  only  hurts  his  own  cause. 


Foreign  Reviews. 


preferred  to  remain  anonymous,  gives  a  moving  picture 
of  the  marvels  contained  within  that  inner  city  of  palaces 
where  the  Emperor  and  Empress  of  China  live  and  have 
their  being.  Though  his  language  is  studiously  re- 
strained, the  ^v^ite^  gives  a  pitiful  description  of  the 
wanton  destruction  which  went  on.  After  reading  hia 
account  it  is  easy  to  understand  why  the  more  culti- 
vated Chinese  regard  the  Europeans  as  barbarians. 

Not  Made  in  Germany! 
The  only  actual  topical  article  in  either  number  is 
entitled  tue  "  German  Crisis;"  in  it  M.  Berard  draws 
a  terrifying  picture  of  the  present  state  of  German 
trade.  He  admits  that  for  a  while  Germany  seemed 
to  carry  all  before  her,  but  he  attempts  to  prove,  with 
the  aid  of  elaborate  figures,  that  the  present  financial 
crisis  may  lead  to  something  very  Uke  universal  bank- 
ruptcy. If  a  tenth  of  what  he  says  is  true— and  he 
bases  his  view  on  consular  reports— England  has  little 
to  fear  from  German  competition. 


La  Revue  de  Paris. 

The  "  Revue  de  Paris  "  contains  no  article  calling  for 
special  mention  elsewhere. 

There  are,  as  altrays,  several  historical  articles,  the 
place  of  honour  being  given  to  General  Dragomiroff's 
analysis  of  the  causes  which  led  to  the  Austrian  reverses 
of  1859.     To  the  military  student  these  pages  are  not 
without  value,  for  they  were  actually  written  by  the 
General  immediately  after  the  campaign  in  which  the 
French    army    had    been    so    brilliantly    and    so    unex- 
pectedly successful.     According  'to  the  Russian  soldier, 
the  Austrian  commanders  made  much   the   same  kind 
of  mistakes  as  did  our  generals  during  the  South  Afri- 
can war.     They  were  admirable  book  commanders,  but 
found  that  theory  and  practice  were  widely  different. 
Dealing  with  what  may  be  called  the  gossipy  side  of 
historj'  is  M.  de  Nolhac's  curious  paper  on  the  youth  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  Louis  XV.'s  famous  mistress, 
who  played  so  great  a  political  role,  and  to  whom,  ac- 
cording to  old-fashioned    historians,    the    French    Re- 
volution may  be  indirectly  traced.     In  contrast  to  this 
article  is  the  Viscount  de  Reiset's  account  of  a  pathetic 
little  story  which  occupied  the  gossips  some  eighty  years 
ago.    During  his  exile  in  England,  Louis  XVI.'s  nephew, 
the    Due    de    Berrj-,  contracted,    some    say,    a    secret 
marriage,   others   a   less   reputable   alliance,   with  Miss 
Amy  Brown,  a  doctor's  daughter.     Two  children  were 
born,  both  daughters,  and  when  the  Due  de  Berry  lay 
dying    he    begged    his    official    wife,    the   kind-hearted 
niother  of  the  Comte  de  Lnambord,  to  send  for  them. 
These  two  little  girls  were  both  ennobled,  and  made 
marriages    in   the   great   French   world.     They   had    a 
brother,   known  as   George   Brown,   and  lately  an  im- 
pression has  gained  ground  that  he  was  in  very  truth 
the  elder  and    (legitimate)   brother  of  the  late  Comte 
de  Chambord.     This  idea   the  Viscount  de  Reiset,   an 
old  and  tried  friend  of  the  royal  family,  does  his  best 
to  combat.     He  declares  that  George  Brown  was  born 
before  the  Due  de  Berry  ever  saw  Amy  Brown;   but 
as  there  is  absolutely  no  evidence  that  Miss  Brown  was 
not  a  perfectly  respectable  girl,  it  seems  highly  probable 
that  George  Brown,  who  lived  till  comparatively  lately, 
and  who  died  leaving  no  children,  was  in  very  truth 
one  of  the  numerous  direct  descendants  of  St.  Louis. 
Western  Barbarians  at  Pekin. 
Those  interested  in  the  Chinese  problem  will  do  well 
to  glance  over  what  is  certainly  the  most  vivid  and 
realistic  account  of  Pekin  as  it  appeared  just  after  the 
famous  siege  of  the  Legations.      The  writer,  who  has 


La  Rcvuc 

•'  La  Revue "  for  October  1  opens  with  a  very  in- 
teresting and  caustic  piece  of  criticism  by  Dr.  Chein- 
isse,  entitled  "  How  JMorals  are  Taught  in  France  "— 
that  is,  in  the  French  elementary  school.  The  con- 
clusion which  the  critic  comes  to  is,  that  the  system  of 
teaching  morals  and  good  conduct  practised  in  France 
does  more  harm  than  good,  and  is  in  any  case  absurd. 
The  system  is  one  of  pure  formaUty,  moral  instruction 
being  "given  in  exactly  the  same  way  as  any  other  lesson. 
It  is  a  system  of  maxims,  rules,  and  editying  laws  en- 
forced on  the  children  in  the  driest  way.  Thus  one 
text-book  begins.  "  My  children,  we  are  going  to  be- 
gin a  new  study  in  which  I  hope  to  interest  you.  .  .. 
This  science  is  a  little  serious  and  severe  for  you,  etc." 
Formulas,  instead  of  being  the  spontaneous  expression 
of  habits  inculcated  in  the  child,  are  made  the  starting 
point  of  its  moral  education.  Not  only  is  this  so,  but 
the  maxims  taught  are  open  to  criticism.  For  in- 
stance, one  text-book  encourages  the  thirst  for  know- 
ledge by  saying,  "  It  is  the  best  instructed  and  most  in- 
dustrious who  can  choose  the  most  lucrative  profes- 
sions." "  Man  works  to  enrich  himself,"  etc.  Chau- 
vinism is  also  taught,  the  children  being  taught  to  exalt 
their  country  at  the  expense  of  others.  "  No  modem 
nation  surpasses  us  in  poetry,  in  eloquence,  in  good 
taste,  in  luminous  and  irresistible  logic;  no  nation  has 
produced  literary  works  so  numerous  and  so  varied;  our 
mathematicians,  our  astronomers,  our  geologists,  our 
physicists,  our  naturalists  have  made  the  most  astonish- 
ing discoveries."  This  is  a  specimen.  Dr.  Cheiniaae 
condemns  the  whole  system  u.  moral  instruction  for  its 
formalitv  and  dryness.  ^^other  educational  question 
is  dealt  with  by  M.  Henry  Paris  in  an  article  on  "  Th*! 
Teaching  of  French  in  German  Secondary  Education." 
M.  Paris  praises  the  German  system  as  logical  and  in- 
teresting. 

The  same  number  contains  a  translation  of  Mr.  Kip- 
ling's "  Namgay  Doola,"  a  short  allegorical  sketch  by 
the  Queen  of  Roumania,  and  an  interesting  paper^  by 
Professor  E.  Regis  on  "'  Madness  in  Dramatic  Art." 

The  second  number  of  "  La  Revue  "  for  October  con- 
tains Count  Tolstoy's  appeal  to  the  workers  on  Russia. 
It  is  a  counterblast  against  Socialism.  The  Count 
maintains  that  Marxism  is  a  false  doctrine,  and  that 
the  only  way  of  remedying  the  position  of  the  workers 
is  for  them  "to  get  possession  of  the  land.  But  Tols- 
toy as  would  be  expected,  lays  down  the  law  that  this 
ca"n'not  be  accomplished  by  force,  not  merely  because  it 
is  immoral,  but  because  it  is  impossible,  as  the  revolts 


6o8 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igo2. 


in  Poltava  and  Kharkoff  proved.  Another  paper  of  in- 
terest is  that  of  M.  H.  de  Gallier,  on  "  The  Turkish 
Police  and  the  Turkish  Censure."  Dealing  with  the 
censure,  M.  de  Gallier  tells  us  that  among  the  pro- 
hibited books  are  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem  Delivered," 
"  Rabelais,"  and  the  Fables  of  Lafontaine;  but  these 
and  other  prohibited  books  are  sold  in  the  streets  with 
impunity  bj-  the  simple  process  of  removing  the  cover 
and  substituting  that  of  an  authorised  book.  Zola's 
worlcs,  all  of  which  are  prohibited,  are  sold  under  such 
titles  as  "  Traite  de  la  Langue  Francaise,"  "  La  Culture 
Maraichere,"  etc. 

There  are  several  other  articles  of  interest  in  the 
number.  M.  Marius-Ary  Leblond  continues  his  papers 
on  ■'  La  Peinture  Sociale  Beige,"  and  M.  C.  Simon  on 
the  literary  movement  in  Germany.  M.  Gabriel  Ferrj 
writes  on  the  popularity  of  Balzac  at  the  beginning  ol 
the  twentieth  century. 


La  Nouvellc  Revue 

The  "  Nouvelle  Revue  "  is  decidedly  improved,  and 
in  the  October  numbers  are  numerous  interesting 
articles,  among  them  being  M.  Bois'  curious  paper, 
"  Beyond  the  Borderland,"  M.  Wolff's  account  of  the 
Woman's  Movement  in  Germany,  and  M.  Desmare?;t's 
article  on  "  Railways  in  Cloudland." 
Why  Be  Drowned? 

Of  general  articles  in  the  first  October  number  the 
most  interesting  is  undoubtedly  that  concerning  life- 
saving  appliances  at  sea.  Considering  the  fact  that 
scarce  a  day  goes  by  but  that  some  lives — mostly,  of 
course,  those  of  fishermen— are  lost  on  fhe  British  and 
French  coasts,  it  is  extraordinary  that  a  greater  effort 
has  not  been  made  to  devise  some  really  practical  and 
yet  simple  life-saving  appliance.  Of  course  there  have 
been  many  such  invented,  but  not  one  which  can  claim 
to  be  economical,  practical,  and  simple  of  construction. 
There  has  just  been  held  at  Nantes  a  remarkable  Con- 
gress dealing  entirely  with  this  subject,  and  to  which 
most  of  the  gi'eat  maritime  cities  of  France  have  sent 
delegates.  Some  practical  experiments  were  tried  on, 
or  rather  in,  the  Loire,  and  on  the  whole  the  palm  of 
honour  was  given  to  two  apparatuses — that  known  as 
the  Robert  shirt,  and  the  Guerin-Rapok  belt  and  vest. 
The  Robert  shirt  is  made  of  cork  treated  with 
smoke.  Its  inventor  claims  that  anyone  wearing  this 
somewhat  bulky  shirt,  even  if  heavily  clothed  and  still 
wearing  the  heavy  top-boots  affected  by  French  sailors, 
is  sure  of  floating  indefinitely  even  on  the  roughest  sea. 
Its  disadvantages,  however,  are  obvious,  the  most  seri- 
ous being  that  of  the  rigidity  of  th&  cork.  The  Guerin- 
Rapok  garments  are  made  of  a  patented  material  which 
has  now  entirely  taken  the  place  of  cork  in  Russia,  in 
Germany,  and,  according  to  the  French  writer,  even  in 
England.  A  French  firm  has  bought  the  patent,  and 
is  busily  turning  out  belts,  neckbands,  and  so  on. 
The  Young  Spanish  Idea. 

According  to  M.  de  Bray,  the  young  Spaniard,  unless 
belonging  to  the  wealthier  classes,  has  very  few  chances 
of  learning  even  to  read  and  write.  Even  in  Madrid, 
at  an  establishment  grotesquely  misnamed  the  Model 
School,  one  master  is  expected  to  provide  an  adequate 
education  for  a  hundred  chuuren  of  different  ages.  If 
this  is  the  case  in  the  capital,  what  must  occur  in  the 
distant  provinces?  And  yet  from  a  nominal  point  of 
view  the  country  which  has  produced  such  great  heroes 
and  such  great  writers  in  the  past  is  well  provided 
with,  educational  establishments,  for  each  Municipal 
Council  is  supposed  to  arrange  for  the  education  of  its 
own  town  or  village.  Now  and  again  the  tourist  visit- 
ing the  better  £nown  towns  of  Spain  is  struck  by  the 


sight  of  a  tine  building  quite  new  and  apparently  unin- 
habited; on  inquiring  he  will  find  that  this  is  the  public 
school!  The  pay  offered  to  schoolmasters  is  extremely 
small,  and  often  in  rural  hamlets  the  schoolhouse  simply 
(.onsists  of  a  dank  cellar  or  even  a  stable.  This  state 
of  things  has  long  eifflicted  the  Queen-Regent,  and  on 
the  occasion  of  the  King's  coming  of  age  she  herself 
paid  for  the  starting  of  ten  schools;  but  these,  excel- 
lent and  meritorious  as  was  her  object,  will  not  go  far 
m  educating  the  .3,600,000  children  of  Spain. 

Is  Italy  Socialistic? 

M.  Raqueni  is  of  opinion  that  Italy  is  far  more  really 
and  practically  socialistic  in  feeling  and  in  theory  than 
any  other  European  country.  The  municipal  authori- 
ties in  several  of  the  minor  Italian  towns  are  frankly 
socialistic,  and  do  all  in  their  power  to  propagate  their 
views.  If  this  is  indeed  so,  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  and  the  Royalist  party  may  find  themselves 
forced  to  join  hands  against  a  common  enemy. 
Emile  Zola. 

It  is  curious  that  the  "Nouvelle  Revue,"  alone  among 
the  October  reviews,  pays  a  tribute  to  Emile  Zola.  The 
«Titer  places  him  in  a  \ery  high  class,  with  Stendah! 
and  Balzac.  He  considers  him  to  have  been  a  man  who, 
almost  alone  amongst  his  conteniporartes,  carried  out 
his  own  ideal  of  life  and  work.  It  is,  perhaps,  signifi- 
cant of  the  feeling  which  still  exists  in  France  concern- 
ing the  Dreyfus  case  that  no  reference  is  made  to  the 
great  part  played  by  Zola  in  that  tragic  affair. 


The  Revoe  des  Deux  Mondes. 

The  '■  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  "  for  October  is  per- 
haps rather  more  interesting  than  usual.  We  have 
noticed  elsewhere  M.  Dastre's  paper  on  "The  Life  of 
Matter." 

The  Sahara. 

In  a  paper  on  the  nature  and  the  future  of  the  Sahara 
M.  Leroy-Beaulieu  urges  his  countrymen  to  pay  more 
attention  to  the  future  of  this  wonderful  ae^5ert.  As 
far  back  as  1899,  as  we  recorded  at  the  time,  M.  Leroy- 
Beaulieu  was  urging  the  construction  of  a  Trans- 
Saharan  railway,  and  it  is  evident  that,  in  his  opinion, 
subsequent  events  have  only  confirmed  the  necessity 
for  some  such  project.  He  describes  the  work  done 
by  explorers  since  1899,  and  he  shows  that  the  popular 
notion  of  the  Sahara  as  a  vast  stretch  of  moving  sands, 
where  no  rain  ever  falls  and  no  vegetation  ever  grows, 
is  a  complete  mistake.  The  greatest  part  of  the 
Sahara  is  made  up  of  rocks,  and  the  rest  is  composed 
of  sand  dunes,  which  are  for  the  most  part  fixed.  He 
admits  that  the  Sahara  is  a  dry  region,  but  he  says 
that  it  does  rain  there  sometimes,  and  in  any  case 
there  are  wells  or  other  sources  of  water  to  be  found, 
and  these  wells  can  of  course  be  multiplied.  M.  Leroy- 
Beaulieu  also  denies  that  the  Sahara  is  destitute  of 
vegetation;  parts  of  it,  he  declares,  are  well  wooded. 
The  real  objection  to  the  Sahara  seems  to  be  that  the 
traveller  is  exposed  to  perpetual  fear  of  the  nomad 
tribes  of  brigands  who  are  always  on  the  look-out  to 
spoil  him.  For  the  rest,  !M.  Leroy-Beaulieu  considers 
that  the  Sahara  is  important  above  all  because  it  con- 
stitutes the  shortest  route  from  all  the  great  European 
capitals  to  those  countries  in  Africa  which  have  the 
most  splendid  future  before  them — a  route,  moreover, 
which  is  entirely  French.  The  construction  of  a 
Trans-Saharan  railway  is,  in  fine,  declared  to  be  from 
every  point  of  view — political,  strategic,  and  adminis- 
trative— an  absolute  necessity  to  France  for  her  African 
Empire. 


Review  of  Reviews,  SO/12/oe 


>wiss  Studio.] 


ROVND   THE   FOUXTAIX 


The  Queen  of  Australasian  Colleges ' 


6io 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  igoi 


BUSINESS    DEPARTMENT. 


FINANCIAL   HISTORY   OF    THE  MONTH   IN   AUSTRALASIA. 

By    "  AUSTEAMAM." 


The  Drought  Lifting. 

At  last  the  long-looked  for  rain  lias  fallen,  and 
every  indication  exists  of  tlie  Great  Drought  giving 
place  to  good  seasons.  The  opening  of  December  was 
hera'.ded  by  heavy  monsoonal  rain  in  Queens.and  and 
Xew  South  Wales,  while  the  desert  areas  of  the  centre 
of  South  Australia  also  benefited.  There  have  been 
additional  falls  since,  extending  further  south,  and 
Victoria  has  benefited  materially.  There  is  yet,  how- 
ever, a  very  large  area  untouched.  The  rain  in 
Queensland  ranged  from  1  inch  to  9  inches  in  parts. 
and  in  New  South  Wales  from  1  inch  to  ■ih  inches; 
and  as  the  later  reported  falls  have  not  been  included 
in  these  figures,  we  may  take  it  for  granted  that  a 
very  extensive  portion  of  the  ''  drought-stricken  west." 
in  is'ew  South  Wales  and  Queensland,  is  insured  against 
further  loss  of  stock  in  the  summer,  owing  to  an 
abundant  supply  of  water.  Rivers  and  creeks  which 
had  been  dry  for  some  time  are  reported  to  be  flow- 
ing again,  and,  with  a  continuance  of  the  norma! 
monsoons  (the  absence  of  which  marked  the  drought 
years),  a  return  to  good  seasons  may  reasonably  be 
expected. 

We  have  no  desire  to  magnify  the  benefits  derived 
from  the  rain.  Those  immediately  felt  aie  few  in 
number,    viz.: 

A   supply  of  water,   doing  away  with   the   neces 

sity  of  travelling  stock  long  distances  for  watering. 

and    also    again    opening    up    intercourse    with    the 

back    country. 
Resuscitation  of  the  scrub  and  undergrowth,  and 

a    small    growth    of   grass    outside    the    sub-tropical 

areas. 
Diminution  of  the  death-rate  among  stock. 


^Y\CEiV/^ 


ASSURANCE  CO 

LIMITED. 
Fire  Losses  Paid  Exceed  £28,000,000. 
Premium  Income  Exceeds  £1,100,000. 


VICTORIAN  BRANCH :  60  MARKET  ST.,  MELBOURN 


ROBERT    W.    MARTIV,    Mkna^^er 


In  regard  to  the  first,  it  may  be  pointed  out  that, 
m  very  many  cases,  stock  have  had  to  be  travelled 
great  distances  to  obtain  water,  causing  much  loss 
ar.iong  the  weaker  animals.  Again,  the  ''  state  of 
siege"  the  back  country  has  been  in  has  been  lifted, 
and  travelling  by  road  is  now  rendered  less  difficult. 
Grass  is  often  obtained  when  least  expected,  and 
this  may  be  the  case  now.  The  growth  for  some  time 
will  be  small:  but  as  flocks  and  herds  are  limited,  it 
will  probably  be  sufficient  to  carry  them  on  for  some 
time.  In  the  tropical  and  sub-tropical  areas  there 
will  be  an  immediate,  useful  spring.  And  with  water 
and  increased  feed,  the  alarming  losses  of  stock  ex- 
perienced during  the  last  eleven  months  will  be 
checked. 

Rains  cannot  bring  back  the  tens  of  millions  of  sheep, 
millions  of  cattle,  and  thousands  of  horses  lost.  Nor 
can  they  quickly  turn  the  doubly  insolvent  settler  into 
the  affluent  citizen  spending  freely  and  promoting  ac- 
tivity in  trade.  A  series  of  good  years  may  do  this; 
but  the  effects  are  prospective  rather  than  immediate. 
The  improved  weather,  if  continued,  will  mean  that 
there  will  be  a  lambing  next  year;  but  it  cannot 
prevent  a  further  falling  off  in  the  wool  clip,  for  the 
simple  but  sufficient  reason  that  there  will  be  no  "dead 
wool"  picked  from  the  10,000.000  or  more  carcases  of 
the  sheep  that  perished  through  the  drought  between 
January  and  November  of  this  year.  Already  we 
note  greater  confidence  on  all  sides.  The  wearying 
pessimist  is  giving  place  to  the  cheery  optimist,  and 
Australians  appear  resolved  to  regain  their  old  po- 
sition  by   industry   and  perseverance. 

The  Outlook. 

Dear  bread  and  meat  appear  certainties  for  another 
twelve  months  or  so,  no  matter  how  favourable  the 
season  may  turn  out  to  be.  The  wheat  crops  have 
been  harvested,  and  show  (except  in  South  Australia) 
very  poor  results.  In  N.S.W.  812.585  acres  either 
failed  altogether,  or  were  eaten  off  bv  stock:  in  Victo- 
ria 900,000  acres,  and  in  South  Australia  350,000  acres— 
a  total  of  2,062.585  acres — representing  a  dead  loss 
(money  out  of  pocket)  of  at  least  £l.:^o0,000  to  farmers, 
ai)ait,  altogether,  from  the  loss  of  income  through 
failure  of  the  crop.  The  wheat  ciop  of  New  South 
Wales  is  expected  to  be  onlv  3,000,000  bushels,  that  of 
Victoria  3,055,000  bushels,  and  that  of  South  Aus- 
tralia 7,500,000  bushels.  Queensland's  crop  is  almost 
an  entire  failure.  The  production  in  W.A.  and  Tas- 
mania will  be  up  to  the  average.  It  is  estimated 
that  at  least  8,000,000  bushels  of  wheat  will  have  to  be 
imported  from  the  United  States,  Canada.  Argentine, 
Chile,  India,  etc.,  to  make  up  the  local  deficiency, 
and  already  3,000,000  bushels  have  been  ordered.  At 
present  the  cost  of  importing  wheat — say  from  'Frisc; 
--works  out   thus: 

Per  bushel. 

Frisco  price,  f.o.b 3      6 

Freight    and    charges    ..     0     6i 

Duty  (nearly) 0     11 

Wharfage   and    cartage..     0     2A 

5      2 

'Frisco  grain  is  lower  in  value  than  Victorian,  and, 
all  things  considered,  we  may  expect  a  continuance  of 
a  5s.  3d.  to  5s.  6d.  market  "throughout  the  remainder 
of  the  season,  and  that  means  dear  bread. 

No  reduction  in  the  price  of  meat,  is  probable  for 
some   time.       High   though   local   prices   are,   they   are 


Revietv  of  Reviews,  ^  / 12/02. 


BUSINESS  DEPARTMENT. 


6ii 


lower  than  current  values  in  South  Africa  and  Lon- 
ao°>  ana.  as  a  consequence,  we  find  that,  notwith- 
standinfr  depressinf;  conditions,  the  export  trade  in 
trozen  mutton  and  iamb  proceeds  rather  actively. 
The  enormous  reduction  in  Australian  flocks  and  herds 
must  mean  very  dear  meat  for  at  least  another  twelve 
months. 

AVith  meat  dear,  and  bread  at  a  very  high  price,  it 
must  be  plain  to  all  that,  during  the  balance  of  the  season. 
Iivmg  is  to  become  increasingly  difficult  for  many  of 
the  population.  Wages  have  declined,  and  are  still 
declining,  and  the  balance,  after  providing  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  will  be  small  among  the  workers.  The 
result  will  be  that  trade  will  be  materially  curtailed. 
though  we  are  inclined  to  believe  that  if  good  weather 
be  continued  it  will  be  sound,  and  conducted  more 
confidently. 

Soft-gfoods. 


The  accounts  of  six  Australian  concerns  in 
goods  trade  have  been  made  available,  and 
suits  are  of  very  considerable  interest.  The 
sation  is  heavy,  the  balance-sheets  showing 
lowing: 


the  soft- 
the  re- 
capitali- 
the    fol- 

Ordinary 
Shares. 
.  £150.000 
.     300.000 
.    loO.oon 

.  2.50.000 
.  160,000 
.     105,000 

Total £475,000      £1,379,000      £1,115,000 

The  total  of  the  debenture  capital  is  £475.000,  and 
of  the  share  do.  £2,494.000.  while,  together,  the  aggre- 
gate is  no  less  than  £2.969,000.  The  net  profits, 
after  paying  interest  on  debentures  and  preference 
shares,  were  as  follow: 

Ordinary 
Net  profits.    Dividend. 


Debentures 
Robert  Reid  &  Co.    . .  £150,000 
D.  &  W.  Murray..    ..     100.000 

Farmer  &  Co — 

Paterson.L.  and  Bruce  150,000 
W.  &  A.  ]\Ic Arthur  . .  75,000 
Henry  Bull — 


Preference 

Shares 
.  £200,000 
.  350.000 
.  200,000 
.  350.000 
.  175.000 
.     104,000 


Robert   Reid £24.500 

D.  &  W.  IMurrav  . .  40.702 
Farmer  &  Co.  '..  ..  28.793 
P..  L.  &  Bruce  ....  20.351 
W.  &  A.  McArthur  19.416 
Henrv  Bull     14,837 


10  p.c. 
10 
13.1 
4" 
11 


The  net  profits  of  the  six  companies  represent  13  1-3 
per  cent,  on  the  total  ordinary  capital  of  £1,115,000. 
The  allocations  placed  to  reserves  from  profits  were 
small,  totalling,  for  the  past  year,  only  £34,500,  and 
the  aggregate  of  the  reserve  funds  now  stands  at  only 
£183,500.  The  goodwill  accounts— a  purely  paper  as- 
set— have  been  little  reduced.  The  soft-goods  trade  is 
a  peculiar  one,  and  is  noted  for  long  credit,  a  fact 
which  renders  the  building  up  of  large  reserves  neces- 
sary. The  companies  mentioned  carry  large  stocks, 
have  extremely  heavy  totals  of  bills  and  book  debts, 
and  enormous  goodwill  accounts,  all  of  which  are  at 
times  likely  to  prove  irksome. 

The  businesses  referred  to  are,  no  doubt,  excellently 
managed,  but  there  is  more  than  a  suspicion  that  some 


THE    SAVINGS    BANK 

Has 

MONEY  TO  LEND  IN  VICTORIA 

At  FOUR  Per  Cent., 

In  suras  of   £2,000  to    £15,000  on  Town  Properties, 

£2,000  to   £25,000  on  Broad  Acres,  and  sums  from  £500 

to   £2,000  at  4i  Per  Cent,  on  Town  Properties 

FOR   FIVE   YEARS, 
With  option  of  paying  off  part  Half-yearly. 

FARMERS'  CREDIT  FONCIER. 
Loans  up  to    £2,000  at  U  Per  Cent,  for  3H  Year-. 

GEO.   E.   EMERY.    Inspector-General. 
^Market  Street,  Melbourne. 


COLONIAL    MUTUAL 

INSURANCE    COMPANY     LIMITED. 


riRE 

ACCIDENT     . 
KMPLOYER'8 

LIABILITY 
FIDELITY 

GUARANTEE 
PLATE-GLASS 

BREAKAGE 
MARINE. 


Insurance, 


OFFICES. 

MELBOURNE— «0  Market  Street. 
SYDNEY— 78  Pitt  Street. 
ADELAIDE— 71  King  William  Street. 
BRISBANE— Creek  Street. 
PERTH— Barrack  Street. 
HOBART— Colhns  Street. 
LONDON— St.  Michael'B  AUey,  Comhill,  B.a 
WM.  L.  JAOK« 

Makaom 


AUSTRALIAN 

MUTUAL    PROVIDENT 

SOCIETY. 

ESTABLISHED  1&19. 

For  Life  Assurance   on    the    flutual   Principle- 
Annuities  and   bnduwments  for  Children. 


With  Offices  In  all  the  Australian  States 
and  in  New  Zealand. 

VICTORIA:  459  CollinB-st..  Melbourne. 

NEW  ZEALAND:  Custom  House  Quay.  Wellington. 

QUEENSLAND:    Queen-st.,   Brisbane. 

SOUTH  AUSTRALIA:  23  King  William-st^  Adelaide. 

TASMANIA:    Elizabeth  and  Collins  Sts.,  Hobart. 

WESTERN  AUSTRALIA:  St.  GeorKc's  Terrace.  Perth 


Accumulated  Funds 
Annual   Income  - 


£17,864,514. 
£2,432,482. 


The  Oldest  Mutual  Life  Offloe  in  Aiutralasla,  and  the  Urgeet 
and  most  liberal  in  the  British  Empire. 

EVERY  YEAR  A  BONUS  YEAR. 

Amount  of  cash  surplus  dlyided  among  the  Members  for  lli. 
single  year,  1901,  was  £M8,726 ;  yielding  BeTersionary  Bonuses  oi 
about  £1,000,000.  

QauaaAi  Maiia««b  and  AorWAaT:  B.  TEECE,  V.I.A.,  FJ.A.,  F.8.B. 

KOBEBT  B.  CAMERON,  SKcavTART. 
Head  Office-   91    PITT   STREET.  SYDNEY. 


6l2 


THE'k^t>riii^ OP  kt&iEWS. 


December  20.  iqo 


Australian  Mutual  Provident  Society 


SPECIAL    NOTICE. 


Next  Distribution  of  the  profits  at  Decem- 
ber 31,  1902. 

•Policies  issued  before  the  close  of  this  j^ear 
will  share  in  the  Bonus  to  be  then  allotted. 

The  Cash  Bonus  divided  among  the  partici- 
pating policyholders  for  the  single  year,  1901, 
was  ^538,725,  being  the  largest  amount  ever 
allotted   by   the    Society   in   one  year.       (All 


bonuses  vest  immediately  on  policies  attaining 
a  duration  of  two  years.) 

Persons  desirous  of  effecting  assurances 
with  the  A.M. P.  Society  should  note  the  above 
carefully,  and  send  in  their  applications  early, 
either  direct  or  through  any  of  the  Society's 
Agents,  so  as  to  reap  the  benefit  of  this  year's 
bonus. 


DIRECTORS. 

THOS.  LITTLEJOHN,  Esq.,  Chairman;  The  Hon.  A.  W.  MEEKS,  M.L.C..  Deputy- 
Chairman ;  B.  SHORT.  Esq. ;  Senator  J.  T.  WALKER:  JOSEPH  ABBOTT,  Esq.; 
The  Hon.  R.  J.  BLACK,  M.L.C.;  F.  E.  WINCHCOMBE,  Esq.,  M.P. 

General  Manager  and  Actuary— R.  TEECE,  F.LA.,  F.F.A.,  F.S.S. 
ROBERT  B.  CAMERON,  Secretary. 


Head  Office 


87  Pitt  Street,  Sydney. 


are  over  capitalised,  and  no  amount  of  good  manage- 
ment will  prevent  trouble  occurring  where  such  is 
the  case,  when  times  are  bad.  The  writer's  opinion 
is  that  1903  is  to  be  a  rather  unsatisfactory  year  for 
the  soft-goods  trade,  and  it  will  be  interesting  to  note 
how  the  limited  companies  come  through  it  when  the 
next  accounts  are  available. 

Bank  of  New  South  Wales. 

This  great  institution  has  just  issued  its  104th  report 
and  balance-sheet,  and  the  results  of  the  six  months" 
working  show  that  the  wise  distribution  of  the  busi- 
ness throughout  Australasia,  and  good  management, 
have  been  rewarded  Oy  increased  profits,  notwith- 
standing the  bad  times  in  several  States.  The  net 
profits  for  the  six  months  ended  September  30  were 
£118,229,  and  with  the  balance  forward  there  was 
£130,279  available.  Another  £15,000  was  placed  to 
reserve,  raising  it  to  the  splendid  total  of  £1,300,000; 
a  10  per  cent,  dividend  paid  to  shareholders  absorbing 
£100,000,  and  the  increased  balance  of  £15,279  car- 
ried forward. 

There  is  little  need  to  expand  on  the  general  ex- 
cellence of  the  report.  Tae  chairman,  in  his  speech 
to  shareholders,  referred  to  the  facts  that  they  had 
largelj'  increased  their  business  in  centres  not  touched 
by  drought  and  in  New  Zealand,  and  that  they  had 
no  misgivings  regarding  any  of  the  bank's  connections 
in  the  pastoral  industry.  Full  provision  had  been 
made  for  all  losses  incurred  or  likely  to  be  incurred. 
With  a  recovery  in  the  pastoral  industry  the  heavy 
writings  down  of  assets  will  mean  a  large  increase  in 
what  is  usually  termed  the  "  internal  reserve."  The 
B.N.S.W.  is  the  largest  financial  institution  in  the 
Southern  Hemisphere,  arid  its  strength  in  reserves  and 
cash  resources  is  something  to  be  wondered  at. 

Cheap  Silver  and  Lead. 

Broken  Hill  and  other  local  silver-lead  fields  are 
experiencing  bad  times,  chiefly  owing  to  the  low  prices 
of  their  products.      The  Australian  Metal   Company's 


cabled  average  quotes  for 
thus: 


the  London  market  compare 


Lead. 
Average  for  Per  ton. 

Year,  1901 £12  10    51 

January,  1902..  ..  10 11  4 
February,  1902..  ..  11 12  3f 
March,   1902     . .    . .     11  10    0  13-16 

April,   1902 11  12    05 

]May,  1902    11  11  lOi 


June,  1902 
July,  1902  . .  . . 
August.  1902  . . 
September,  1902 
October,  1902  . . 
November,    19(j2 


11    5 

11  4  8  1-16  .. 
11  2  4i 
10  7  9| 
10  14  11 
10  14  3| 
Silver  this  month  dropped  below  21id.- 


Silver. 

Per  Oz. 

Standard. 

27  3-16d. 

25  ll-16d. 

25|d. 

24  13-16d. 

24  5-16d. 

23  ll-16d. 
24Jd. 
24'5-16d. 

24  3-16d. 
23|d. 
23  5-16d. 
22id. 

-and  has  ruled 
range  on  record, 
and   an    improve- 


for  some  time  past  at  the  lowest 
Lead  shows  some  signs  of  recovery, 
ment  of  extent  is  looked  for  in  1903. 

Gold  Yield  Increasing. 

The  output  of  gold  tor  the  first  eleven  months  of  the 
year  shows  a  satisfactory  increase,  the  greater  part 
being  credited  to  Western  Australia.  Figures  so  far 
available  are  appended: 

Eleven   months. 


Victoria 

New  South  Wales 
Queensland  . .  . . 
Western    Australia 

Tasmania 

New  Zealand. .    . . 


1901. 

Oz. 

692,350 

204.716 

743,308 

1.704,597 

53,898 
406,323 


1902. 
Oz. 
697.046 
221,653 
761,270 
2,007,703 
43,670 
443.972 


Total    3,805,192        ..     4,175,314 

The  increase  is  370.122  ounces,  of  which  303,106  ounces 
are  credited  to  Western  Australia.  There  is  every 
prospect  of  a  still  further  advance  in  the  yield  in  1903 


Review  of  Reviews,  20/12/02. 


BUSINESS  DEPARTMENT. 


613 


Government  Finances. 

New  South  Wales  has  given  financial  critics  an- 
other painful  surprise.  The  extravagances  of  the  past 
giok  into  insignificance  beside  the  proposed  new  works, 
and,  in  round  figures,  over  £7,000,000  will  have  to  be 
borrowed  to  meet  the  new  works  proposed  and  make 
repayments  of  loans  falling  due.  The  Treasurer  sought 
and  obtained  authority  earlier  in  the  month  for  an 
issue  of  £4,000,000  Treasury  bills,  the  interest  on 
which  was  not  to  exceeed  5  per  cent.  Privately  it  was 
stated  that  the  issue  would  be  confined  to  London, 
but  we  hardly  think  this  probable.  One  milUon  of 
the  ibtal  is  to  meet  an  issue  of  Treasury  bills  falling 
due,  and  the  other  three  millions  go  to  pay  for  works 
already  constructed,  and  to  complete  some  at  least 
of  ^he  payments  due  on  harbour  resumptions,  etc.  The 
wharf  ^^nd  rdcks  resumptions  in  Sydney  have  been 
disgracefully  carried  out.  A  loan  of  £4,000,000  was 
floated  in  London  in  190i  to  meet  the  payments  neces- 
sary, but  the  money  was  squandered  elsewhere.  The 
See-0'Sullivan  Ministry  followed  this  up  by  borrowing 
another  £3,000,000  this  year  for  the  wharf  payments, 
but  only  a  part  of  the  money  raised  has  been"  so  dis- 
bursed, and  the  new  loan  will  have  to  be  drawn   on. 

Western  Australia  is  in  want  of  funds,  and  the 
Treasurer,  refusing  temporarily  an  offer  of  up  to  three- 
quarters  of  a  million  from  the  A.M.P.  Society,  comes 
east  to  make  aiTangements  if  possible  for  a  3^  per  cent, 
loan  at  about  par.  In  the  present  position  of  the 
money  market  it  is  hardly  probable  that  he  will  be 
successful.  Large  financial  institutions  such  as  the 
A.M.P.  may,  however,  in  the  aggregate,  advance  on 
7  or  10  years'  terms  at  3J  per  cent,  if  a  fair  discount 
be  allowed. 

South  Australia  ^  continues  to  sell  3^  per  cent.  Trea- 
sury bills  locally,  and  is  desirous  also  of  raising  a 
round  sum  in  London.  Queensland  is  very  badly  in 
want  of  funds,  and  is  only  awaiting  an  opportunity  to 
borrow   either   locally   or   in    London. 

We  have  seen  it  remarked  that  the  restrictive  legis- 
lation of  the  Commonwealth  will  tend  materially  to 
reduce  the  credit  of  these  States  in  London.  If  by 
reducing  credit  the  avaricious  State  Treasurers  infer 
that  their  difficulties  in  borrowing  will  be  materially 
increased,  we  really  cannot  see  wherein  the  injurious 
nature  of  such  legislation  lies. 


Insurance  News  and  Notes. 

The  report  and  balance-sheet  of  the  Colonial  INIutual 
Fire  Insurance  Company  is  to  hand.  The  premiums 
received  foi-  the  year  amounted  to  .  £162,20.5,  which, 
with  interest,  fees,"  etc..  £3.873.  and  balance  forward  of 
£1,036.  totalled  £167,114.  The  losses  for  the  year 
were  £67,489,  brokerage  and  commission  £19,229.  re- 
insurances and  returns  £26.993.  expenses  of  manage- 
ment £22,419.  other  outgo  £4.890.  thus  leaving  a  bal- 
ance at  credit  of  £26,094.  This  has  been  applied  as 
follows:  To  capital  account  (making  £62,500),  £12..')00: 
resei-ve  fund  (making  £57.500),  £7,500;  dividend  of 
8  per  cent,  per  annum.  £5.000;  and  carried  forward 
£1,094.  The  directors  in  their  report  mention  the 
acquisition  during  the  year  of  the  business  and  assets 
of  the  United  Australian  Mutual  Insurance  Company. 
The  company  has  thus  passed  through  a  very  successful 
year,  and  its  position  is  now  a  strong  one. 

Accident  insurance  should  be  brisk  in  Sydney.  A 
Government  return  shows  that  from  January  1.  1900, 
to  September  30,  1902,  there  have  been  28  fatal  acci- 
dents to  passengers,  and  55  to  other  than  passengers 
caused  by  the  trams.  There  were  also  nearly  600 
cases  of  personal  injury.  The  construction  of  the 
electric  tram  has  evidently  created  a  new  hazard  in 
the  Sydney  streets. 

»  vr  «  «  « 

Mr.  Charles  Booth,  resident  secretary  of  the  A.M.P. 
Society  at  Hobart,  has  been  transferred  to  a  similar 
position  at  Perth. 


^^  FIRE  ^< 

Insurance  Company  Ltd. 


,j,^  FIRE    INSURANCES 

**"ft  AT 

"^  LOWEST    RATES. 


Policies  cover  all  losses 
by  Bush  Fires,  Lightning 
and  Gas  Explosion,  in 
addition  to  the  ordinary 
risk  from  Fire. 

A  Cash  Bonus  paid  to 
Policy  Holders  each  year. 
£141,68  2  has  been 
divided  in  Cash  Bonuses 
during  the  last  Eighteen 
years. 

Head  Offices :  The  Freehold  Property  of  the  Company. 
120    PITT    STREET,    SYDNEY. 

KELSO    KING,   Manag.r 


Melbourne    Office:    9    QUEEN    STREET. 

DiKBOTOEa: 
RANDAL  J.  ALCOCK,  Esq.,  J, P. 
JAMES  M.  GILLESPIE,  Ksq. 

M.  T.  SADLER.  Rit..tinMT  Shobkt4»t. 


Stop 
Killing 
Yourself  /  / 

With 

Quackery, 
Drugs,  etc.  / 

And  CURE 

VOURSELF 
BY  USING 
NATURE'S 
OWN 
REMEDY— 


THE    CENTURY    THERMAL 
BATH    CABINET 

It  cleanses  the  system  of  disease,  by  sweating  it 
Siirough  the  7,000,000  pores.  Nature's  channels  for  re- 
moving impurities. 

Try  it  for  RHEUMATISM,  SCIATICA,  NERVOUS 
DISEASES,  LIVER  AND  KIDNEY  TROUBLES,  etc.. 
*tc.  This  Cabinet  is  the  only  patented  Thermal  Bath 
on  the  market  and  the  original,  being  highly  recom- 
mended by  the  -w^orld's  leading  physicians  and  authori- 
ties on  hvgiene. 

A  wonderful  complexion  beautifier!  Portable;  Fold- 
ing; Self  Purifying!      Weight,  15  lbs. 

Price  30'-  ±0  80/-    Delivered  to  any  Wharf  in  Australia. 

ALEX.  TROUP,  Sole  Agent,  3  Royal  Arcade, 

MELBOURNE. 

Century  Thermal  Bath  Cabinet  Ltd.,  London. 
AGENTS  WANTED.  LIBERAL  COMMISSION. 


6i4 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


December  20,  tpOi 


Queenstown,  the  Tasmanian  mining  township,  has 
been  again  visited  with  a  serious  bush  fire,  which  has 
caused  widespread  devastation.  It  originated  near  the 
North  Lyell  mine,  and  a  gale  of  wind  blowing  at  the 
time  carried  it  rapidly  over  the  face  of  tue  mountain 
and  reached  the  township.  Thirty-five  dwellings  in 
the  town  were  destroyed,  as  well  as  a  large  portion  of 
the  North  Lyell  tramway  and  Fentrill's  general  store. 
The  loss  on  the  latter  was  about  £1,500.  of  which  only 
£300  was  insured. 

Mr.  Alfred  Anthony  Taverner  has  l)een  appointed 
secretary  to  the  Australasian  branch  of  the  Northern 
Assurance  Company,  in  the  room  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Sinclair. 

Motor  steam  fire  engines  are  coming  into  use  in 
(ireat  Britain  and  other  parts.  Messrs.  Merryweather 
&  Go.,  of  London,  have  supplied  their  patent  machines 
to  the  Portsmouth  Corporation,  to  Leyland  in  Lanca- 
shire, Alexandria.  Capetown,  Mauritius  and  Straits 
Settlements. 

*        ♦        ♦        *        * 

In  our  advertising  columns  it  is  announced  that  the 
l)ooks  of  the  Australian  Mutual  Provident  Societv 
close  on  December  31  next,  and  that  all  participating 
policies  effected  on  or  before  that  date  will  share  in 
the  profits  to  be  then  divided.  The  amount  allotted 
in  cash  for  the  one  year  1901  was  £538.72.5.  and  the 
total  cash  profit  distributed  amongst  members  .since 
the  establishment  of  the  society  is  £9.792,496,  which 
has  provided  I'eversionarv  additions  to  the  sum  assured 
of   nearly    £20.000.000. 

The  accumulated  funds  at  December  31  last  amounted 
to  the  enormous  sum  of  £17,864,514,  and  the  annual 
income  to    £2.432,482. 

During  the  society's  existence  it  has  paid  to  widows 
and  other  representatives  in  death  and  matured  claims 
over    £12.000.000. 


CITIZENS' 
LIFE   ASSURANCE   CO. 


LIMITED. 


PRINCIPAL    BRANCH    OFFICES. 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES:  Citizens'  BuildingB,  Moore  and 

Castlereagh   Streets,  Sydney. 
VICTORIA:  Citizens'  Buildings,  CoUins  St.,  Melbourne. 
QUEENSLAND:     Citizens'     Buildings,    Queen     Street, 

Brisbane. 
SOUTH   AUSTRALIA:   Citizens'  Buildings,  King  Wil 

liam  Street,  Adelaide. 
NEW  ZEALAND:   Citizens'  Chambers,  Custom  House 

Quay,  Wellington. 
WESTERN  AUSTRALIA:  Hay  4,  Barrack  Sts.,  Perth 
TASMANIA:  Liverpool  and  Murray  Streets,  Hobart. 
UNITED  KINGDOM:  Citizens'  House,  24  and  25  King 

William  Street,  London,  E.C. 

And  at  DUBLIN.  LIVERPOOL  and  MANCHE8TEB. 


HAS  MONEY  TO  LEND  on  Beoumy  of 

Freehold  City  or  Buborban  Properties,  Good  Dairy  Farms,  Ag^ri- 
ooltural  and  Qradn^  Landa  (Freehold  or  G.P.  and  C.L.)orGoTern- 
ment  Stock  ot  any  ol  the  Anitrall&n  States  or  New  Zealand, 

At  the  Low^99t  Current  Rates  of  Interest. 


Loans  may  b«  arranged  for  a  fixed  term  or  repayable  by 
Inatalmanta,  wrttio«t  notice  or  payment  of  any  tine 


A  NEW  DOUBLE- 
WALLED  VAPOUR 
BATH    CABINET. 

Same  as  1903   stvie  Except 
Double  Walled. 

Having  received  many  requests 
for  a  Cabinet  containing  all  the  vii- 
tues  of  our  famous  1903  btyle,  with 
however  double  walls  -  something 
that  would  sell  at  a  higher  pi  ice- 
prompts  us  in  offering  our  new  1904  Style  Double- Wailed 
Quaker  Cabinet. 

For  bathing  purposes,  beneficial  efltects,  convenience, 
simplicity  and  durability,  our  1901  Siyle  Cabinet  cannot 
be  excelled,  and  for  the  class  of  people  who  want  a  double- 
walled  cabinets— the  best— we  recommend  Style  1904. 


Prices 


1903  style  (single  wall)         25/- 

Head  and  face  steaming  attachment  (single   wall)  3/6 

1904  style  (double  walls) 45/- 

Head  and  face  steaming  attachment  (double  walls)  5/6 

Complete  with  best  alcohoi  stove,  nack,   Handle  and 
\  apour  Cup,  directions,  formulas,  ready  lor  instant  use 
when  received. 
SPECIAL  OFFER      With  the  next  10)  of  the 

' 1904  Style  Cabinet  sold, 

we  will  out  in  the  head  steaming  attachment, 
absolutely  free  (usual  price  5/6),  to  advertise 
these  Cabinets. 

We  pay  freight  to  all  direct  Railway  routes  in  Victoria, 
N.  S.  Wales  and  S.  Australia,  also  Australian  and  N.  Z. 
porta. 

STAR    NOVELTY   COMPANY, 

229-231  Collins  Street,  Melbourne, 


jdi  aavantasfc  ««iie..  you  write  to  an  advertlsei    please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews 


December  20,  igoi 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REJIEIVS. 


615 


WARD,    LOCK  &   CO. 


Donald 
riacdonald's 
Great  War 
Book. 


HOW  WE  KEPT  THE 
FLAG  FLYING: 

The  Siege  of  Lady  smith 
through  Austrahan  ej-e~. 
By     Donald       Macdonald 

War  Correspondeut  to 
the  Melbourne  ■"Argus"). 
Illustrated.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth   gilt,   special   design. 

3/6,  posted  4/= 


Now  Ready,  Cloth  Gilt,  26;  postage  6d., 

ETHEL   TURNER'S 

New  Story, 

LITTLE   MOTHER   MEG, 

with  T-wenty-six  Illustrations  by  A.  J.   Johnson. 

Note. — In    this    Story    Miss    Turner    returns    to    the 

characters   of   "  Seven   Little   Australians  "    and    "  The 

Family   at   Misrule,"    those    delightful    children    of    her 

brain  and  pen  which  first  made  her  name  famous. 


UNIFORM  WITH  ABOVE, 

1.  Seven   Little   Australians. 

2.  The  Family  at  Misrule. 

3.  The   Little    Larrikin. 

4.  Miss  Bobbie. 

5.  The  Camp  at  Wandinong. 

6.  Three  Little  Maids. 

7.  The  Story  of  a  Baby. 


2s.   6d.   each. 


JOSEPH    HOCKING'S  STORIES, 

Illustrated,  Wrapper  26,  Cloth  Gilt  3/6. 
Just  Ready, 

GREATER    LOVE. 

Uniform   with   above — 

The  Scarlet  Woman. 

The  Purple  Robe. 

The   Birthright. 

All  Men  Are  Liars. 

Fields  of  Fair  Renown. 

Mistress   Nancy   Molesworth. 

The  Story  of  Andrew  Fairfax. 

And  Shall  Trelawney  Die? 

Ishmael  Pengelly. 

The  Monk  of  Mar-Saba. 

Jabez  Easterbrook. 

Zillah. 

Weapons  of  Mystery. 

Lest  We  Forget. 


HOME 

CARPEN I RY 
FOR  HANDY  MEN, 

By  Francis  Chilton- 
Yoiing.  Comprising  Car- 
pentry and  Joinery  for 
the  House,  Carpentry  and 
Joinery  for  the  Garden, 
and  Carpentry  and  Join- 
ery for  the  Farmstead. 
With  over  500  Illustra- 
tions. Medium  8vo,  cloth 
gilt, 

7/6,  posted  8  6. 


The  Novels  of     ... 

E.  PHILLIPS    OPPENHEIM. 

Illustrated,  Wrapper  2y6,  Cloth  Gilt  3  6. 

BRITISH  WEEKLY  says:  -"  :N[r.  Oppenheim  has 
boundless  imagination  and  distinct  skill.  He  paints 
in  broad,  vivid  colours  yet,  and  curious  to  relate  he 
never  outsteps  the  possible.  There  is  good  thrilling 
mvsterv  in  his  books,  and  not  a  few  excellent  charae- 


THE     TRAITORS,    Just  Ready. 

THE  GREAT  AWAKENING. 

Uniform  with  above. 
As  a  Man  Lives;  Mvsterious  ^Mr.  Sabin-  The  Man 
and  His  Kingdom;  A  Monk  of  Cruta;  A  Daughter  of 
the  :Marionis;  A  Millionaire  of  Yesterday;  The  World's 
Great  Snare;  The  Survivor;  Mystery  of  Mr.  Bernard 
Brown. 


POPULAR  SERIES 
OF  HANDBOOKS 

,THE  "MANNERS"  SEKIES) 
hon-4  Svo,  cloth  bound,  round 
corners.  1,-  ea  h  volume. 

MAXXERS  FOR  MEX. 
Bv  ^Irs.  Humphry 
('•Madge"  of  '-Truth"). 

THE  SECRET  OF 
GOOD  HEALTH  AXD 
LOXG  LIFE.  B  y 
Havdn   Brown.  L.R.C.P. 

HEALTH  EXERCISES 
AXD  HOME  GYM- 
XASTXS.  By  Hart- 
vig  Nissen.  with  46  Il- 
lustrations. 

THE  APPLAUSE  RE- 
CITER. A  new  col- 
lection for  Amateur 
Reciters. 

RECITATIOXS.  COMIC 
AXD  OTHERWISE. 
Bv  Jav  Hickorv  Wood. 

ATHLETICS  OF  TO- 
DAY. By  A.  H.  Gra- 
ham. 


WARD,1LOCK  &  CO.  Ltd.,  Publishers,  12  McKillop  St.,  Melbourne. 


6t6 


THE  REVIEW  OE  REVIEWS. 


December  20.  1002. 


NEW  BOOKS  and  PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW     SERIES. 


These 


THE    MINERVA    LIBRARY. 

Large  Crown  8vo,  Art  Linen,  Fxtra  Gilt,  Fully  Illustrated,  2  -;  Posted  2/6. 

Most  of  the  Volumes  contain  Bio^aphical   and   Critical   Introductions, 
have  been  contributed  bv  Professor  John  W.  Judd,  F.R.S.;  G.  T. 
Bettany,  M.A.,  B.Sc:     Theodore  Watts-Dunton,  and  others. 
MISSIONARY  TRAVELS.     Bv  David  Livingstone,  LL.D..  D.C.L. 
A  JOURNAL  OF  RESEARCHES.    Bv  Charles  Darwin,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Author  of 

"Coral  ReeN."  •' Th.    IVs.ent  of  Man."  etc. 
LIFE  AND  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THOMAS  ARNOLD,  D.D.      By  Arthur 

Penrhvn  Stanlev,  D.D..  Dean  of  Westminster. 
TRAVELS  ON  THE  A]\[AZON  AND  RIO  NEGRO.    By  Alfred  Kussell  Wallace, 

LL.D.,  Author  of  "  Darwinism,"  "  The  Malav  Archipelago,"  etc. 
MACAULAY'S  ESSAYS.  HISTORICAL  AND  LITERARY.     By  Lord  Macaulay. 
LAVENGRO.    Bv  George  Borrow,  Author  of  "  The  Bible  in  Spain,"  etc. 
EMERSON'S  PROSE  WORKS.     The   Complete  Prose  Works   of   Ralph   Waldo 

Emerson. 
CORAL  REEFS.     Bv  Chnrles  Darwin.  M.A.,  F.R.S. 
THE  ROMANY  RYE.    Bv  George  Borrow. 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION.    Bv  Thomas  Carlvle. 
SARTOR   RESARTUS;   HEROES  AND  HERO-WORSHIP;   AND  PAST  AND 

PRESENT.     Bv  Thomas  Carlvle. 
MACAULAVS    BIOGRAPHICAL.      CRITICAL,  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  ES- 
SAYS AND  POEMS,  including  "  Lavs  of  Ancient  Rome." 
SOCIETY  IN  CHINA.     By  Robert  K.'  Douglas.  Keeper  of  Oriental  Books  and 
Manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum,  Professor  of  Chinese  at  King's  College. 
THE  BIBLE  IN  SPAIN.    Bv  George  Borrow,  Author  of  "  Lavengro,"  etc. 
OLIVER    CROJIWELL'S    LETTERS    AND    SPEECHES.      With    Elucidations. 

Thomas  Carlvle. 
THE  ORIGIN  OF  SPECIES.    By  Charles  Darwin. 
LORD  BACON'S  ESSAYS. 
LANE'S  MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS  OF  MODERN  EGYPTIANS. 


WINDSOR    LIBRARY. 

Large  Crown  8vo,  Cloth  Gilt,  1  6  each.      Each  with  Four  Illustrations. 

A  Library  carefully  selected  from  the  acknowledged  masterpieces  of  the 
woi'ld  of  literature.  JVIany  of  the  volumes  are  copyright,  and,  except  in  this 
series,  only  obtainable  at  a"  higher  price.  Well  printed  from  clear  type  on  the 
best  of  paper,  splendidly  illustrated,  and  tastefully  bound. 


Charles   Dickens, 

PICKWICK  PAPERS.     DAVID  COP- 
PERFIELD. 

W.   M.  Thackeray, 
VANITY  FAIR.    HISTORY  OF  PEN- 
DENNIS. 

Charles   Kingsiey, 
WESTWARD  HO!     HYPATIA. 

Charles   Reade, 
NEVER  TOO  LATi:  TO  MEND. 

Charlotte   Bronte, 
JANK  EYRE.     SHIRLEY. 

Sir  Walter  Scott, 
IVANHOlv     OLD  MORTALITY. 

Lord    Lytton, 
THE  LAST  HAYS  OF  P(^MPEII. 
THE  LAST  OV  THE  BARONS. 
Alexandre    Dumas, 
THE  THREE  MUSKETEl.RS. 
THE  COUNT  OF  MONTH  CHRISTO. 

Mrs.    Gaskell, 
CRANTORD.     MARY    BARTON. 
Oliver  Wendell   Holmes, 
THE  AUTOCRAT  OF  THE  BRE.Alv- 
FAST  TABLE. 

Charles   Lever, 
CHARLES  OM ALLEY. 
JACK  HINTON. 


Victor  Hugo, 

THE  TOILERS  OF  THE  SEA. 
THE     HUNCHBACK     OF     NOTRE 
DAME. 

Mrs.  Craik, 
JOHN  HALIFAX,  GENTLEMAN. 

George  Eliot, 
ADAM  BEDE. 

Henry  Kingsley, 
GEOFFRY  H-YMLYN. 

G.  J.  Whyte-Melville, 
KATERFELTO.    THE  GLADIATORS. 

A.  Conan-Doyle 
A   STUDY  IN   SCARLET. 
Max  Adeler, 
OUT  OF  THE  HURLY  BURLY. 

Guy  Booth  by, 
IN  STRANGE  COMPANY. 

Anthony  Troiiope, 
ORLEY  FARM. 

Lew  Wallace, 
BEN  HUR. 

Mrs.   Henry  Wood, 
DANESBURY  HOUSE. 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.  Ltd.,  Publishers,  12  McKillop  St.,  Melbourne. 


Printed  by  T.  Shaw  Fitchett.  167-9  Queen  Street,  Melbourne,  for  the  Review  Printing  Comp'ny  Proprietary  Limited,  and  Piil»li>iiea  bv 
T.  Shaw  l-'itcheit  for  the  Review  of  Reviews  Proprietary  Limited,  at  lG7-y  Kiueen  Street,  Melbourne