A decade of Negro self-expression

^^iili!|il!ii|iiii|

THE TRUSTEES OF THE JOHN F. SLATER FUND
Occasional Papers No. 26

A DECADE

of;^:,\.

NEGRO SELP-Sg^F^ESSION

»■

r

Compiled by

ALAIN LOCKE

Professor of Philosophy, Houjard University, Washington, D. C.
"With a Foreword by

HOWARD W. ODUM

DiredtoT of the School of Public Welfare, University of ISIorth Carolina

1928

A DECADE

OF

NEGRO SELF-EXPRESSION

Compiled by

ALAIN LOCKE

Professor of Phibsophy, Howard University, Washington, D. C.
With a Foreword by

HOWARD W. ODUM

DiredtoT of the School of Public Welfare, University of North Carolina

1928

JVJH

30 \a^-

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Foreword

The untouched picture of the American Negro's cultural
development during the decade immediately following the
Great War has nowhere, so far as I know, been presented so
directly and effectively as in the story of self-expression re-
vealed in the major writings of contemporary Negro authors.
And the story is convincing and satisfying. It is vivid, fac-
tual and objective. It has the advantage of being artistic and
it does not confuse or identify racial traits with cultural forms.
Presentation in this form also eliminates the common liabili-
ties found in the human factors of prejudice, limited observa-
tion, and inadequate knowledge.

The turn of a century, the rise of an epoch, the aftermath
of a conflict, the stirrings of a social process — these are al-
ways of importance in their elemental significance to people
and nation. This is particularly true of the Negro. In no
aspect of the American scene has recent transformation been
more marked or development more accelerated perhaps than
that in which the intellectual Negro has played his part. To
say that it is an unusual record is commonplace. Professor
Roliert E. Park has referred to this renaissance as a new
philosophy of life, a rational basis of new hopes, new attitudes
and new racial and social traits. It is important, therefore, he
thinks, to judge Negro literature as an "integral part of a
single tradition, arid 'as a unique collective experience."

Dr. Locke, in the present paper, has well referred to the
new expression as a sort of composite picture of the new Negro
mind and spirit reflecting its influence upon Negro life. It
is, of course, not entirely new. It is a development, a summa-
tion. It is old and it is new. It is exceptional and it is also
representative as may well be seen from the remarkably large
num])er of younger Negroes who have felt the creative urge.
From every state, in every walk of life they have tried. They

4 Foreword

have failed and they have succeeded. The record presented in
this Occasional Paper which Dr. Dillard offers among the pub-
lications of the Slater Fund is one index of the measured suc-
cesses.

Interpretative comment in this foreword would scarcely be
in harmony with the form and spirit of the paper. One may,
however, look at the picture and report some of the things
which he thinks he sees tliere. Literar}- portraits reflecting a
new realism. A new frankness and courage to face facts
without fear, excitement, or apologies. Pride and artistry in
the rediscovery and interpretation of a rich folk-background
of the race. Acclaim of youthful authors, valued and valuable,
but not infallible or supremely mature. A remarkable quanti-
tative achievement, yet expecting a qualitative sequel. A new
understanding of the challenge to achieve universal, as well as
racial, standards of excellence. Race consciousness and urge
alongside integral participation in American life and cultural
development. A race and a national epoch. The promise of
balance and poise in an over-enthusiastic and highly charged
atmosphere. A new tolerance, charity, and patience. A mel-
lowed bitterness. A mature vision of racial co-operation, race
development and understanding. A new outlook and with it
a new zest, well tempered by the twin forces of opportunity
and obligation.

Howard W. Odum.
Chapel Hill, N. C.

June 1, 1928.

A Decade of Negro Self Expression

By Alain Locke,
Howard University

This pamphlet is little more than an annotated list of books
written by Negroes since the outbreak of the World War.
With it as a guide, however, the modern minded reader may
launch out on his own quest for the new facts and points of
view in the field of Negro life and experience, with the definite
expectation, if he persists, of making his improved knowledge
of the Negro part of that new understanding of the world and
of human nature which today the changing social order de-
mands of us all. During this period the Negro mind and
spirit have been revolutionized; no province of human life has
been subject to greater change, few as great. Here in this
new body of cultural self-expression is the portrait of the
changed and changing Negro. What we today call the ''new
Negro" is just the composite picture of this new mind and
spirit reflecting its influences upon Negro life.

How distinctive, how new and promising this new spiritual
world which the Negro mind is creating and into which it is
passing, many will never know. For many minds still halt at
the wall of prejudice. It is noteworthy and fortunate that the
Negro spirit, once in the same predicament with respect to it-
self and an outlook on life, has found a door, and passed he.-
yond blind controversy to lucid understanding. A young
Negro poet puts it —

We are not come to wage a strife

Of swords upon this hill.

It is not wise to waste our life

Against the stubborn will ;

But we would die, as some have done,

Beating a way for the rising sun.

6 A Decade of Negro Self Expression

Modern America, we think and hope, will leap the self-imposed
barriers ; will find or make an open door through which it may
pass to a voyage of social exploration and discovery. And if
so, there will not only come as a result of the venture more
light on the Negro, but a new vision and practical faith in de-
mocracy.

No one rightly aware of the changes in Negro life would put
trust today in indirect information or casual observation as
his means of knowing the Negro. There is only one way to
this now, and that is the direct approach, the immediate first-
hand study of Negro self-expression and cultural self -revela-
tion. More material has been produced in the last decade than
in two or three preceding generations. Negro literature has
grown by leaps and bounds, and its outstanding exponents are,
apart from their racial influence and significance, in many in-
stances figures and factors in general American culture. One
result of this is a revolutionized conception of the Negro, by
others as well as himself, considered in the role not of an imi-
tator and assimilator of American civilization merely, but of
an active contributor to it. In contrast with "the old imme-
morial stereotype" — to use James Weldon Johnson's words —
"that the Negro in America is nothing more than a beggar at
the gate of the nation, waiting to be thrown the crumbs of
civilization, that he is here only to receive; to be shaped into
something new and unquestionably better" comes this new
"awakening to the truth that the Negro is an active and im-
portant force in American life; that he is a creator as well as
a creature; that he has given as well as received, and that he
is the potential giver of larger and richer contributions."

This will be the first of an open-minded reader's conclu-
sions. His second will be the realization that the advance ele-
ments of Negro life today, instead of being regarded as en-
tirely "exceptional," are felt, by the Negro at least, and increas-
ingly by intelligent observ^ers generally, to be "representative."
Genius is always the elite, but Negro genius is nowadays no
more exceptional than the genius of other peoples with a func-

A Decade oe Negro Self Expression 7

tioning sense of .s^roup tradition and common destiny. Thouc^h
far in advance of the multitude, it acts consciously as their ad-
vance-s^uard. Its attainments bring direct pride and inspira-
tion to the rank and file, who with the newly acquired sense of
solidarity share and participate in the recognition and general
enlightenment which come in ever increasing measure. Much
more important than the present achievement is the quicken-
ing and releasing influence it will undoubtedly exert for the fu-
ture. And so we may speak more legitimately than ever of
the endeavor and achievement of individuals as Negro effort
and Negro progress.

One important thing will instantly be noticed by the keen
observer. That is a general desire in this forward thrust to-
ward cultural expression and achievement, not to be patterned
entirely by the general drift and trend of colorless conformity
to American life, a desire not to be merely imitative. A half
generation back, assimilation was the prevailing idea in Negro
endeavor. Now it seems pointed in the direction of distinctive
achievement; a capitalization of the race's endowments and
particular inheritances of temperament and experience. How-
ever this movement is not separatist in a limiting sense ; it is
no voluntary counterpart to the segregation reaction of an in-
tolerant dominant majority. Rather is it a minority promo-
tion move — an attempt to capitalize and bring one's own stock
to par, and to have a quotable market rating and a recognized
market standing.

An occasional book or two written before 1914 has been in-
cluded in the list, like Booker T. Washington's "Up from
Slavery" or "Souls of Black Folk" by Doctor Du Bois, be-
cause within this period in which we are interested they have
established themselves as Negro classics and come into the
prime of their influence. But ninety per cent or more of the
list is of quite recent date, registering in fact the reoriented
views of the last few years and our younger generation, who
have in general turned from propaganda to art, from cultural
parade to self-expression, and in the field of social discussion

8 A Decade of Negro Seef Expression

from controversy and apologetics to scientific social analysis
and constructive social criticism.

With these few compass points of direction in hand, the
reader may make his own excursion in this venture of human
exploration and understanding. He can keep a true and pro-
gressive course through no matter what social fog or storm of
partisan controversy his particular path may have to pass ; he
can also be assured that he will come out to his great satisfac-
tion at some definite port of conclusion, no matter how often
he has to alter his views or take fresh bearings on the way. It
is no hardship to have to take a "new Negro" into account
when one has to take stock of a "new world" anyway. It is
because there is a new Europe, a new America, and a "new
South" in fact, that there is a changed and changing Negro.
Perhai)s also this is the reason why the most hopeful and for-
ward movement of the social mind on the race question is
coming from youth reaching out in sympathy and understand-
ing to the younger generation Negro. It pays to revise one's
opinions about anything these days, but especially on a sub-
ject where the greatest obstacles to social peace and goodwill
are the obsolete superstitions and outworn stereotypes that
on both sides still cloud our social thinking and warp our social
reactions in race relations in America. But these cannot per-
sist side by side with the enlightenment that must come when
the Negro capitalizes himself at his l>est, and that best is widely
known and appreciated.

Social Analysis and Discussion

BrawlEy, Benjamin GriFEitii : Your Negro Neighbor.
New York: Macmillan, 1918.
Africa and the War. New York: Duffield & Co., 1918.

Clark, Jessie McDougal: Nezv Day for the Colored Wo-
man Worker. New York, 1922.

Daniee, W. a. : The Education of Negro Ministers. New
York; Doran Co., 1925.

GarvEy, Amy J. : The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus
Garvey. New York : Universal Publishing Co., 1923.
A record of radical Negro thought.

HaynES, George E. : TJic Trend of the Races. New York,
1923. A program of inter-racial attack on the race
problem.

Harrison, Hubert H. : When Africa Azmkes. New York :
Poro Press, 1920. A radical expression in terms of
the race problem as a world problem.

King, Wielis: The Negro in American Life. New York:
Methodist Book Concern, 1926. A group study man-
ual for inter-racial work.

MiivLER, Kelly: Out of the House of Bondage. Chicago:
Neale & Co., 1914.

The Appeal to Conscience. New York: Macmillan, 1918.

The Everlasting Stain. Washington, D. C. : The Asso-
ciated publishers, 1924. Polemic discussion of the is-
sues from 1914 to date.

Rogers, J. A. : From Superman to Man. New York : Lenox
Publishing Co., 1917. A polemic on the notion of race
superiority.

Roman, Charles V. : American Civilization and the Negro.
Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co., 1916.

10 A Decade of Negro Self Expression

Scott, Emmett J.: Negro Migration and the War. New
York : Oxford Press, 1920.

Wesley, Charles. : Negro Labor in the United States. New-
York: The Vanguard Press, 1927. The first im-
portant study of the economic role of the Negro in
America.

The Negro's Cultural Background

BlydEn, W. E. : African Life and Customs. London : C. M.
PhilHps, 1908. A scholarly vindication of African

folk-ways.

Dubois, W. E. Burghardt: The Negro. New York: Henry
Holt & Co., 1915. The best general survey to date of
the Negro's past history and contributions to human
civilization.
The A}iswer of Africa in "What is Ciznlisationt" New
York : Duffield & Co., 1926. A comparison of
African ideas of life with other ideals of culture.

Ellis, George W. : Negro Culture in West Africa. New
York: Neale & Co., 1914. A study of the contempo-
rary West African tribal life.

Jabavu, D. D. T. : The Black Problem. Lovedale Press,
South Africa, 1920. A native African leader's analy-
sis of the colonial situation.

Johnson, Samuel: The History of the Yoruhas, from the
Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Pro-
tectorate. London: J. Routledge & Sons, 1921. The
most complete African tribal history extant.

MolEma, S. M. : The Bantu, Past and Present. Edinburgh:
W. Green & Son, 1920. An exhaustive study of this
African federation of Peoples.

PlaaTjE, Solomon J. : Sechuna Proverbs, with Literal
Translations and their European Equivalents. Lon-
don : Keegan, Paul & Trench, 1916.

A Decade of Negro Self Expression 11

Historical Studies

BraweEy, Benjamin G. : A Short History of the American
Negro. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1919. A
short practicable manual of Negro history in America.

A Social History of the American Negro. New York:
Macmillan, 1921. A valuable interpretative historical
survey.

Cromwell, John W. : The Negro in American History.
Washington, D. C. : The American Negro Academy,
1914.

Pickens, William : The New Negro, his Political, Civic
and Mental Status. Chicago: Neale Pub. Co., 1916.

Scott, Emmett J. : The American Negro in the World War.
Privately printed, 1919.

Steward, T. J. : The Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804. New
York: Thos. Crowell, 1914.

Taylor, A. A. : The Negro During Reconstruction in South
Carolina. Washington : The Associated Publishers,
1926.

The Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia. Wash-
ington, D. C. : The Associated Publishers, 1927.

Collections of Negro Poetry

CuLLEN, CounTEE (Editor): Caroling Dusk. New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1927. An anthology of younger
generation poetry.

Johnson, James Weldon (Editor) : The Book of Ameri-
can Negro Poetry. New York : Harcourt, Brace &
Co., 1922. A comprehensive anthology of Negro
poetry, with a valuable introduction on "Negro Creative
Genius."

12 A Decade of Negro Self Expression

Locke, Alain (Editor) : Four Negro Poets: Pamphlet
Poets Series. New York : Simon & Schuster, 1927.
A popular handbook of the most representative current
Negro verse.

Negro Poets

Braithwaite, Wm. Stanley: The House of Falling
Leaves. Boston: Luce & Co., 1908.
Sandy Star and Other Poems. Boston : The Brimmer
Co., 1928. The original poems of the well known
poetry critic and editor of "The Anthologies of Maga-
zine Verse."

CarmichaEl, J. S. : From the Heart of a Folk. Boston:
The Comhill Co., 1918.

Cotter, Joseph S., Jr. : The Bank of Gideon and Other
Poems. Boston: The Cornhill Co., 1918.

CuLLEN, CouNTEE: Color. New York: Harper & Brothers,
1925.
Copper Sun. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1927. The
verse of a leading contemporary poet.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence : The Collected Poems of Paul
Laurence Dunbar. New York : Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1920.

Johnson, Charles Bertram : Songs of My People. Boston :
The Cornhill Co., 1918.

Johnson, Fenton : Visions of the Dusk. New York: 1915.
Songs of the Soil. New York, 1916. The poetry of pro-
test and radical expression.

Johnson, Georgia Douglas: The Heart of a Woman and
Other Poems. Boston: The Cornhill Co., 1918.
Bronze. Boston : The Brimmer Co., 1922. The leading
Negro woman poet.

A Decade oe Negro Self Expression 13

Johnson, James Weedon : Fifty Years and After and Other
Poems. Boston: The Cornhill Co., 1917.
God's Trombones. Seven Negro Sermons in Verse. New
York: The Viking Press, 1927. The first, an im-
portant contribution of the middle period of Negro
poetry, and the latter, one of the outstanding contribu-
tions of the recent school.

Hill, Leslie Pinckney: The Wings of Oppression. Bos-
ton: The Cornhill Co., 1917.
Toussaint L'Ouz'erture, a Dramatic History in 5 Acts.
Boston : Christopher Press, 1928.

Hughes, Langston : The Weary Blues. New York : Alfred
Knopf, 1926.
Fine Clothes to the Jew. New York: Alfred Knopf,
1927. One of the most representative contemporary
Negro poets, known especially for his folk interpreta-
tions.

Laviaux, Leon : The Ebon Muse and Other Poems, trans-
lated by J. M. O'Hara, Portland, Me., 1914. The most
brilliant of contemporary foreign Negro poets.

McKay, Claude : Harlem Shadozvs. New York, Harcourt,
Brace & Co., 1922. A representative present genera-
tion poet.

Shackelford, Wm. H. : Crackling Bread and Other Poems.
Philadelphia, 1916. Late dialect poems.

Fiction and Belles Lettres

Ashby, Wm. M. : Redder Blood, a novel. Chicago: Neale &
Co., 1916.

Braithwaite, Wm. Stanley: The Poetic Year. Boston:
Small, Maynard & Co. 1917.

The Annual Anthologies of Magazine Verse, 1913-1927.
Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. 1913-1918. Boston:

14 A Decade of Negro Sei.f Expression

The Brimmer Co., 1918-1927. Representing the most
significant sustained literary contemporary contribution
of any Negro man of letters.

BrawlEy, Benjamin G. : The Negro in Literature and Art.
New York: Duffield & Co., 1918.

Chestnutt, Charles W. : The House Behind the Cedars.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1900.
The Marrozv of Tradition. Boston : Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1901. The Re-construction, its problems and set-
tings, pictured by the pioneer modern Negro novelist.

Cotter, Joseph S., Sr. : Negro Tales. New York: Cos-
mopolitan Press, 1912.

DuBois, W. E. Burghardt : The Souls of Black Folk.
Chicago: McClurg, 1898. A classic of intimate
spiritual interpretation of the Negro.

The Quest of the Silver Fleece, a novel. Chicago : Mc-
Clurg, 1911. A novel of the South and its epic — cot-
ton.

Darkivater. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1920.

Interpretations in the vein of "Souls of Black Folk."
Boston : The Stratford Co., 1924.

The Gift of Black Folk. The Stratford Co., 1924. An
account of the contribution of black folk to the mak-
ing of America.

Black Princess. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.,
1928. A problem novel of the "intellectual" class on
an international background.

Fauset, Jessie R. : T/;cr<7 is Confusion. New York: Boni
& Liveright, 1924. A novel of the educated classes in
a Philadelphia and New York setting.

Grimke, Angelina: Rachel, A Drama. Boston: The Corn-
hill Co., 1920.

A Decade oe Negro Sele Expression 15

Johnson, James Weedon : The Autobiography of an Ex-
Colored Man. New York: Sherman, French Co. 1912.
Reprinted in The Bkie Jade Library, Alfred Knopf,
New York, 1927. A record of a typical personal ex-
perience in the upper strata of Negro Life.

LarsEn, Neela : Quicksands. New York: Alfred Knopf &
Co., 1928. A life-history of a Negro woman of cul-
ture, also on the international background.

Locke, Aeain (Editor) : The New Negro: An Interpreta-
tion. New York: A. & C. Boni, 1925. A compen-
dium of the contemporary cultural expression of the
"New Negro."

Maran, Rene: Batouala (Prix Concourt Novel, 1921).
New York: Thos. Seltzer, 1922.

Kongo, A Novel of African Life. New York : A. & C.
Boni, 1928. African novels of the distinguished
French Negro author, the former being the Goncourt
prize novel of 1921.

McKay, CeaudE: Home to Harlem. New York: Harper &
Bros., 1928. A novel of Negro "low life," told real-
istically.

Neeson, Alice Dunbar (Editor) : Masterpieces of Negro
Eloquence. New York, 1914.

Pickens, Wieeiam : The Vengeance of the Gods, a novel.
Philadelphia: A M. E. Book Concern, 1922.

Toomer, Jean : Cane, a novel. New York : Boni & Liveright,
1923. A brilliant poetic rendition of the South and the
Negro in modernistic vein.

Waerond, Eric: Tropic Death. Boni & Liveright, 1926.
Stories of the Caribbean.

16 A Decade oe Negro Self Expression

White, Walter: Fire in the Flint. New York: Alfred
Knopf, 1924.
Flight. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1926. Human
document novels of contemporary- Negro life.

Woodson, Carter G. (Editor) : Negro Orators and Their
Orations. Washington : The Assoc. Publishers. An
authoritative documentary record of Negro public
thought and publicists. 1926.

Negro Biography

Alexander, Charles: Battles and Victories of Allen Allens-
zvorth. New York: Sherman, French Co. 1914.

Andrews, Wm. McCants: John Merrick, a Biographical
Sketch. Durham, N. C. : Seamons Press, 1920. The
biography of the pioneer modern Negro business man.

Bragg, George: Men of Maryland. Baltimore, 1925. Nota-
ble early publicists, church and anti-slavery leaders.

BrawlEy, Benjamin G. : IVomen of Achievement. Baptist
Home Mission Soc. Press, Boston, 1919.

Brown, Hallie Q. : Homespun Heroines. Xenia, Ohio :
Aldine Pub. Co., 1927. Biographies of noted Negro
women.

Bullock, Ralph W. : In Spite of Handicaps. Y. W. C. A.
Publication, New York, 1927.

CoRROTHERS, J. D. : In Spite of the Handicap, an Autobiogra-
phy. New York: Doran, 1916.

Crawford, George W. : Prince Hall and Jiis Follozvers. New
York: Crisis Pub. Co., 1914. An account of the
founder of Negro Masonry.

FausET, Arthur H. : For Freedom. Philadelphia : Frank-
lin Pub. Co., 1927. A modern school biographical

A Decade of Negro Seef Expression 17

supplementary reader, reflecting the spirit of the
younger Negro mind.

Green, John P.: Truth Stranger Than Fiction, an Autobi-
ography. Cleveland, Ohio : Riehl Printing Co., 1920.

HaynEs, Elizabeth R. : Unsung Heroes. New York : Du-
Bois & Dill, 1921. A book of race biographies for
children.

HunTon, Addie W. : Two Colored Women ivitJi the Ameri-
can Expeditionary Forces, Brooklyn, N. Y. : Brook-
lyn Eagle Press, 1920.

Jabavu, D. D. T. : TJie Life of John Tengo Jabavu. Love-
dale Press, South Africa, 1922.

Jones, Laurence C. : Piney Woods and Its Story. New-
York : Fleming H. Revells, 1922. The story of a
backwoods school.

Mason, Monroe: The American Negro Soldier with the
Red Hand in France. Boston : The Cornhill Co., 1920.

MoTON, Robert Russa : Finding a Way Out, an Autobiogra-
phy. New York : Doubleday, Page & Co., 1920. The
autobiography of the present head of Tuskegee Insti-
tute.

Pickens, William: The Heir of Slaves. New York, 1911.

Bursting Bonds. Boston, 1923. An autobiography and

a sequel, in which a college-bred Negro looks at life.

ScoTT, Emmett J. and L. B. StowE: Booker T. IVashing-
ton, Builder of a Civilisation. New York : Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1916. The official biography of the
founder of Tuskegee.

Walters, Bishop Alexander: My Life and Work. Chi-
cago: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1917. A life story in-
volving sidelights on the Niagara movcnicnt, and the
Negro in politics in 1912-14.

18 A Decade of Negro Self Expression

Washington, Booker T. : Up from Slavery, an Autobiogra-
phy. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1901. The
classic story' of Booker T. Washington's own career.

Work, Monroe N. : The Negro Year Book. Tuskegee :
Tuskegee Division of Records, 1917-1927. An an-
nual compendium of facts about the Negro.

Negro Music

BallanTa. C. J. S. : St. Helena Spirituals. New York : Schir-
mer, 1925.

Brown, Lawrence: Five Spirituals. London: Schott & Co.,
1924.
Five Spirituals in the First Book of American Negro
Spirituals. Viking Press, 1925.

Burleigh, Harry T. : Spirituals Arranged. New York :
Recordi, 1917-1926. Seculars.

Dett, Nathaniel J. : Negro Spirituals, 3 Volumes. New
York: John Church Co., 1919.
Religious Folk Songs of the Negro. Hampton Institute
Press, 1927.

DiTON, Carl R. : Four Spirituals. New York : Schirmer,
1912.
Four Negro Spirituals. New York: Schirmer, 1914.

Hare, Maud Cuney : Six Creole Folk Songs. New York :
Fisher, 1921.

Handy, W. C. and A. B. NilEs: Blues: an Anthology of Jass.
New York: A. & C. Boni, 1926.

Johnson, James Weldon & J. Rosamond Johnson: Tlie
Book of American Negro Spirituals. New York: The
Viking Press, 1925.
The Second Book of American Negro Spirituals. New
York: The Viking Press, 1926.

A Decade of Negro Seef Expression 19

TaleEy, T. W. : Negro Folk Rhymes. New York : The
Macmillan Co., 1922.
Cabin Memories, Four Spirituals. New York : Fisher,
1921.

White, Cearence Cameron : Negro Folk Melodies. Phila-
delphia: Presser & Co., 1927.

Work, John WeseEy: Folk Songs of the American Negro.
Nashville, Tenn. : Fisk University Press, 1915.

Magazines

The Crisis. Published by the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People, 69 Fifth Avenue,
New York City, W. E. Burghardt DuBois, Editor.
The pioneer journal of the intellectual school, with a
program of investigation and publicity. Also devoted
to encouraging literary and artistic expression among
Negroes.

The Messenger. Published monthly at 2311 Seventh Avenue,
New York City, A. Philip Randolph, Editor. A Jour-
nal that began as an expression of Negro radicalism,
but has shifted from the strict economic radicalism
to a program of independent criticism and reportorial
features.

Opportunity. Published monthly since 1920 by the National
Urban League, 17 Madison Avenue, New York City,
Charles S. Johnson, Editor. A Journal promoting the
program of urban social investigation and social work
of the League and also the self expression program of
the younger Negro school of thought.

The Journal of Negro History. Published quarterly by the
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History,
1538 9th Street Washington, D. C, Carter G. Wood-
son, Editor. A scholarly research journal in Negro
history and cultural origins.

20 A Decade of Negro Self Expression

The Southern Workman. Published monthly at Hampton
Institute, Hampton, Va. A journal representing the
Southern educational field and other activities.

The Home Mission College Reznew. Edited by Benjamin
W. Brawley, Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C. Mainly
devoted to the work of the colleges.

The Bulletin. Edited by C. J. Calloway, Tuskegee Institute,
Ala. Organ of the National Association of Teachers in
Colored Schools.

Occasional Papers Published by the Trustees of
the John F. Slater Fund

1. Documents Relating to the Origin and Work of the Slater Trus-

tees, 1894.

2. A Brief Memoir of the Life of John F. Slater, by Rev. S. H.

Howe, D.D., 1894.

3. Education of the Negroes Since 1860, by J. L. M. Curry, LL.D.,

1894.

4. Statistics of the Negroes in the United States, by Henry Gannett,

of the United States Geological Survey, 1894.

5. Difficulties, Complications, and Limitations Connected with the

Education of the Negro, by J. L. M. Curry, LL. D., 1895.

6. Occupations of the Negroes, by Henry Gannett, of the United

States Geological Survey, 1895.

7. The Negroes and the Atlanta Exposition, by Alice M. Bacon, of

the Hampton Normal and Industrial Institute, Virginia, 1896.

8. Report of the Fifth Tuskegee Negro Conference, by John Quincy

Johnson, 1S96.

9. A Report Concerning the Colored Women of the South, by Mrs.

E. C. Hobson and Mrs. C. E. Hopkins, 1896.

10. A Study in Black and White, by Daniel C. Gilman, 1897.

11. The South and the Negro, by Bishop Charles B. Galloway, of the

Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1904.

12. Report of the Society of the Southern Industrial Classes, Norfolk,

Va., 1907.

13. Report on Negro Universities in the South, by W. T. B. Williams,

1913.

14. County Teacher Training Schools for Negroes, 1913.

15. Duplication of Schools for Negro Youths, by W. T. B. Williams,

1914.

16. Sketch of Bishop Atticus G. Haygood, by Rev. G. B. Winton,

D.D., 1915.

17. Memorial Addresses in Honor of Dr. Booker T. Washington,

1916.

18. Suggested Course for County Training Schools, 1917.

19. Southern Women and Racial Adjustments, by Mrs. L. H. Ham-

mond, 1917; 2nd ed., 1920.

20. Reference List of Southern Colored Schools, 1918; 2nd ed., 1921;

r^d ed., 1925.

21. Report on Negro Universities and Colleges, by W. T. B. Wil-

liams, 1922.

22. Early Effort for Industrial Education, by Benjamin Brawley, 1923.

23. Study of County Training Schools, by Leo M. Favrot, 1923.

24. Five Letters of University Commission, 1927.

25. Native African Races and Culture, by James Weldon Johnson,

1927.

26. A Decade of Negro Self-Expression, by Alain Locke, 1928.

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