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VOLUME XIV: Numbers 341-365
January 6 -June 30, 1946

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Publication 2668

INDEX
Volume XIV: Numbers 341-365, January 6-June 30, 1946

Academy of Political Science, New York, N.Y., address

by Mr. Clayton, 677.
Acheson, Dean :

Addresses, statements, etc. :

British loan, 51, 1S5, 317, 511, 759.

China, military aid to, 1115.

Greece, trade relations with, 175 n.

Harvard Clubs, Associated, Boston, Mass., 1(M5.

Japan, policy on, 756, 915.

Korea, administration of, 155.

St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, favoring

legislation, 334.
Trusteeship, principles involved in, 150.
World peace, U.S. share in, 893.
Atomic Energy Committee, chairman, 58, 177.
Correspondence :
Arab countries of Near East, answering opinion on
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report on
Palestine, 917.
British Ambassador, on U.S. attitude toward pro-
posed contract between Italian Government and
U.S. airline, 908.
Mr. McCormack, on resignation as Special Assistant

to Secretary, 778.
Organizations concerned with Palestine problem, on
report of Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry,
956.
Polish Ambassador (Lange), on Export-Import Bank

loan, 761.
President of TWA, on U.S. attitude toward proposed

contract with Italian Government, 908.
Secretary of War, commending Generals McNamey

and Clay, 681.
Senator Vandenberg, on U.S. policy on Polish dis-

placed-i)ersons camps in Germany, 1003.
UNRRA areas, request made to various governments
for press and radio facilities in, 131.
Participant in radio broadcasts, 191, 774.
Ackerman, Ralph H., designation in State Department,

826.
Addresses, statements, and broadcasts of the week, listed,

683, 728, 751, 819, 860, 920, 967, 1010, 1078.
Advisory Committee on Intelligence, Russell Plan for, 929.
A. F. of L., representation in United Nations affairs, 126,

199, 276.
Agar, Herbert, participant in radio broadcast, 11.
Agricultural Sciences, Inter-American Institute of, re-
search fellowship in agriculture to U.S. citizen, 179.
Agriculture :

International organizations concerned with, listed, 949.
Research fellowship offered by Inter- American Institute

of Agricultural Sciences, 179.
U.S. missions to China and the Philippines, 1054.
Agriculture, Department of:
Designation of Mr. Anderson as chairman of inter-agency

committee on PAO problems, 656.
U.S. Agricultural mission to visit Near East, 34&

Agriculture and Food Organization of United Nations.

See Food and Agriculture Organization.
Aid to China, remarks by Mr. Marshall, 484.
Ala, Hussein (Iranian Delegate to Security Council), let-
ters to Security Council regarding Soviet troops in
Iran, 659, 706, 854, 941.
Alaska Highway, agreement regarding U.S. equipment on,

683.
Albania :

Admission into United Nations, question of, 199, 754, 851.
Remittances to persons in, limitation, 1120.
Alcan Highway, agreement regarding U.S. equipment on,

683.
Algeria, closing of U.S. Consulate at Oran, 1130.
Alien enemies:

Disposition of those deported from other American re-
publics to U.S., 33.
Removal from U.S., proclamation by President Truman,
732.
Aliens, employment. State Department policy (D.R. 322.1),

1016.
Aliens in Japan, Far Eastern Commission policy regarding,

1042.
Allen, George V., appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Iran,

828.
Allen, Ward P., article on regional arrangements and their

relation to United Nations, 923.
Allied Commission on Reparations, resignation of Mr.

Lubin as Associate U.S. Representative, 224.
Allied Control Council for Germany. See Control Council.
Allied Council in Austria, jurisdiction, 81.
Allied Mission to Observe the Greek Elections. See Elec-
tion.?, Greek.
Allied-neutral negotiations on German external assets,
U.S. representative:
Appointment and resignation of Mr. Paul, 374, 1077.
Appointment of Mr. Rubin, 955.
Allied-Swedish negotiations on German external assets,
meeting in Washington :
Dates, 990, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Delegations, 992.
Allied-Swiss negotiations regarding German holdings:
Agreement between Allies and Swiss Government :
Article on, 1101.
Texts of letters, 1121.
Dates of meeting in Washington, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711,
755, 813, 856, 884, 946, 955, 990.
America — as others see us, radio broadcast, 11.
American Academy of Political and Social Science, Phila-
delphia, Pa., address by Mr. Wilcox, 630.
American A.ssociation for the United Nations, New York,

N.Y., address by Mr. Winant, 975.
American Federation of Labor, representation in United

Nations affairs, 126, 199, 276.
American Platform Guild, Washington, D.C. :
Address by Mr. Benton, 7.
International affairs, conference of lecturers on, 6, 11.

1137

1138

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN i

American republics (see also Commissions; Conferences;
Inter-American; Pan American; Treaties; and the
individual countries) :
Alien enemies from, disposition by U.S., 732.
Cereal requirements, table showing, 898.
Child welfare in, promotion, article by Mrs. Enochs, 428.
Cultural and scientific cooperation with U.S., report rec-
ommending continuance, 1092.
Cultural leaders, visit to U.S., from : Argentina, 349, 868 ;
Bolivia, 867 ; Brazil, 40 ; Costa Rica, 868, 962 ; Cuba,
263 ; El Salvador, 40 ; Guatemala, 1091 ; Haiti, 1053 ;
Mexico, 687; Paraguay, 962; Peru, 777; Uruguay,
1130 ; Venezuela, 870.
Enemy aliens from other American republics, disposi-
tion of, U.S. memorandum, 33.
Exchange-students program, address by Mr. Braden, 396.
Fascism in, discussion by Mr. Braden, 101.
German propaganda in, 280.

Good-neighbor policy, comments by Mr. Braden, 295, 296.
Graduate students, Uruguayan statute providing for ac-
ceptance at University of Montevideo, 960.
Inter-American cooperation, announcement of addresses

on, by Mr. Braden and Mr. McGurls, 683.
Loans authorized by Export-Import Bank, table, 384.
Military cooperation, inter-American, bill, letter of
transmittal from President Truman to Congress and
statement by Secretary Byrnes before House Foreign
Affairs Committee, 859, 1001.
Mutual assistance, plans for, 287, 667, 732.
Regional arrangements in, discussed in article by Mr.

Allen, 924.
Social-service programs, development and administration

of, 21.
Travel grants for study in, resumed, 179.
U.S. memorandum regarding Argentine situation, 285,

666.
Visit of agricultural expert from U.S. (Rutford), 960.
Visit of Herbert Hoover to, 958.
American Society of International Law, letter from Sec-
retary Byrnes to president (Coudert), 758.
Anglo-American Caribbean Commission (see also Carib-
bean Commission) :
Activities, 130.

Name, change proposed, 36, 292.
Publication, 264.
Anglo-American civil aviation conference. See Civil

aviation conference.
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry:

Executive order providing for furnishing of informa-
tion to (Ex. Or. 9682), 127.
Hearings in Washington, 74.
Itinerary, 786.
Meetings, dates and places, 169, 245, 290, 330, 375, 431,

476, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755.
Membership of, 35.
Relation to Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related

Problems, 1089.
Report on Palestine and immigration and settlement
problems of Jews and other displaced persons:
Excerpts, 784.

Letters and statement regarding, 783.
U.S. views on :

Letter to organizations in U.S., 956.
Memorandum to Near East governments, 956.
Reply to view of Arab countries, 917.
Anglo-American Rice Commission, establishment, tri-
partite agreement, signature, 863.
Anglo-Siamese peace treaty, text, 963.
Anslinger, Harry J., appointment as U.S. representative

to United Nations commission, 1052.
Antilla, Cuba, closing of U.S. Consulate at, 263.
AP. See Associated Press.

Arab leaders in Palestine, consultation with U.S., and

U.K., proposed, 917, 956.
Archaeological excavations in U.K., invitation to U.S.

students to participate in, 961.
Archives, German, Italian-Fascist, and Japanese, requests

for information from (D.R. 230.1), 1016.
Argentina (see also American republics) :
Cultural leaders, visit to U.S., 349, 868.
Elections :

U.S. attitude on charges against U.S. Embassy by

Per6n, 222.
U.S. memorandimi regarding, 667.
General von der Becke, visit to U.S., 1129.
Postponement of conference at Rio de Janeiro owing to

attitude of, 427.
U.S. Ambassador (Messersmith), appointment, 687.
U.S. memoranda regarding situation in, 285, 666.
Arica, Chile, closing of U.S. Vice Consulate, 499.
Armed forces :
Demobilization of, discussed in President Truman's mes-
sage to Congress, 141, 142.
Foreign Service examinatiens for, 306.
Armed forces, German, quadripartite draft treaty to

disarm and disband, 815.
Armed forces, Soviet, in Iran. See Iranian case under

Security Council.
Arms and ammunition :

Germany, prohibition of production in, 636, 815.
Mexico, investigation of charges against American firms

for alleged shipments, 39.
Spain, denial of alleged sale to by U.S. authorities, 218.
Arms and Armaments, Policy Committee on, functions,

composition, etc. (D.R. 183.8), 1096.
Armstrong, Elizabeth H., report on West Indian confer-
ence, 840.
Army-Navy-State College, plans for, 259.
Asia, propaganda, German, in East Asia, 313.
Assets. See Property.

Assets, German, in neutral countries. See Germany.
Associated Press, protest of State Department at discon-
tinuance of short-wave broadcasting service to the
Government :
Letter to president of AP Board of Directors, 94.
Statements and comments by Mr. Benton, 92, 217, 574,
726.
Asylum to political refugees, discussion in General As-
sembly, 199.
Atcheson, George, Jr., remarks on SCAP policy on internal

political activities in Japan, 915.
Atomic Development Authority, International :
Address by Mr. Baruch, 1057.
Creation of, proposal, 558.
Discussed in radio broadcast, 775.
Atomic energy :
Control of:
Radio broadcast, 774.

Report of Atomic Energy Committee, 553, 668.
Statements by Secretary Byrnes, 58, 146.
Denaturing of atomic explosives, report by group of

scientists, 668.
Human rights, relation to, 333, 334.
Nazi plants in Spain, alleged, statement regarding, 681.
Atomic Energy Commission of United Nations:

Address by Mr. Baruch at ojjening session in New York,

N.Y., 1057.
Appointment of U.S. representative on (Baruch), 676.
Dates of meeting, 946, 990, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Delegates and advisers, final list, 1076.
Establishment by General Assembly, 19, 58, 89, 198.
Members invited to atomic-bomb tests, 209, 864.
Atomic Energy Committee (of Secretary of State) :
Appointment of committee, 58.
Board of Consultants, 177, 553, 774.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1139

Atomic Energy Committee — Continued
Report of Board of Consultants on international con-
trol of atomic energy :
Clarification, 668.

Foreword by Secretary Byrnes, 553.
Letter of transmittal to Secretary Byrnes, 553.
Radio broadcast, 774.
Text, excerpts from, 555.
Atomic-bomb tests, at Bikini :
Civilian committee to evaluate, appointment, 560.
Observers, invitation to —
Foreign representatives, 209.
Trygve Lie, 1130.

United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, members,
864.
Postponement, 560.
Statement by President Truman, 667.
Attlee, C. R. (Prime Minister of U.K.), joint statement
with President Truman and Prime Minister King on
continuing Combined Food Board operations, 861.
Australia :

Joint Chiefs of Staff in, organization, 221.
Prime Minister Chifley, visit in U.S., 825.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bermuda telecommunications agreement (1945), ac-
ceptance, 714.
Lend-lease, reciprocal aid, and surplus property, set-
tlement of, with U.S., 1118.
Occupation of Japan to be participated in by BCOF,

agreement with U.S., summary, 220.
Peace, with Siam, exchange of notes, 966.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944),
protocol prolonging, entry into force and text,
869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, entry into
force, 869.
War criminals of European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Austria :

Allied Council in, jurisdiction of, 81.
Allied treaty with, recommendation to Council of For-
eign Ministers regarding, statement by Secretary
Byrnes, 891.
Credit arrangement with U.S., 818.
Displaced-persons camps in, question of closing, 498.
Exit permits for refugees to return to their country,

U.S. ban lifted, 73.
Lignite reserves and production, table, 651.
Mail service restored, 40.
Recognition by U.S. Government, 81.
Relations with Germany (1940), 462.
Relations with U.S. and status as independent state dis-
cussed, 339.
Representative in U. S. (Kleinwaechter), 177.
Treaty with U.S., U.K., France, and U.S.S.R., proposal
by U.S. to determine independent status of discussed,
339.
U.S. representative (Erhardt), appointment, 177.
Views of Council of Foreign Ministers regarding, dis-
cussed in address by Secretary Byrnes, 954.
Zones of occupation, article by Mr. Hoffman, (549.
Automobile permits for U.S. citizens in U.S. zone of

Germany, 447.
Aviation (see also CITE JA ; PICAO; Treaties) :
Air law, international, private, article by Mr. Latchford,

835.
Air routes of U.S. and U.K. carriers, 589.
Air-navigation facilities abroad, functions relating to.
transferred from War and Navy Departments to
Department of Commerce (Ex. Or. 9709), 684.
Conferences :
Air-navigation conference, regional, 219, 290, 330, 375.
Anglo-American conference at Bermuda. See Civil
aviation conference.

Aviation — Continued

Radio distance indicators, agreement between U.S. and

U.K., 397.
U.S. air bases on Kurile Islands, question of, 190.
U.S. policy on trade privileges in ex-enemy states, letter
of Mr. Acheson to British Ambassador and to presi-
dent of TWA, 908.
Aviation Division, Office of Transport and Communica-
tions :
Composition, 1094.

Organization and functions (D.R. 131.11), 1131.
Axis (see also Germany; Japan; War criminals, Euro-
pean) :
Conferences of leaders (1941), German documents on,

1103.
Relations with Spain (1940-43), texts of documents, 413.
Ayala, Juan B., credentials as Paraguayan Ambassador to

U.S., 730.
Azerbaijan, government of, discussed in Soviet-Iranian

correspondence with Security Council, 659.
Azores :

Airports in, transit use by U.S., agreement with Portugal

(1944), 1051, 1080.
Closing of U.S. Consulate at Horta, Fayal, 1130.

Bahamas :

Liquidation of surplus property in, 350.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, signature by U.K. on behalf of, 376.
Baker, George P., resignation from State Department,

1054.
Bangkok, Siam, opening of U. S. Legation, 83.
Bank, International, for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment. See International Bank.
Baruch, Bernard M. r

Address before United Nations Atomic Energy Com-
mission, 1057.
Appointment as U.S. representative on United Nations
Atomic Energy Commission, 676.
Bay, Charles Ulrick, appointment as U.S. Ambassador to

Norway, 1054.
BCOF (British Commonwealth Occupation Force) :
Occupation of Japan, agreement between U.S. and
Australia :
Statement by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 221.
Summary of agreement, 220.
Beale, T. M., Jr., designation in State Department, 351.
Becke, General von der (Argentina), visit to U.S., 1129.
Beddie, J. S., selection and translation of official German

documents, 459, 699, 984.
Beira, Portuguese East Africa, closing of U.S. Consulate,

132.
Belgium :
Mr. Spaak elected president of first General Assembly

of United Nations, 17.
Property of U.S. nationals in, filing of declarations of

damage to, 634.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, interim arrangement with U.S., 263.
Air-transport services, bilateral, with U.S., signature,

633, 683.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36.
Reparation from Germany, draft, 114 n.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel

(1926), as amended (1944), accession, 451.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel
(1926), as amended (1944), protocol prolonging,
signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as

amended (1944), accession, 451.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.

1140

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Belgium — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued

War criminals of European Axis, prosecution and
puuisliment of (1945), accession, 2G1.
U.S. Ambassador (Kirk), appointment, 224.
Bellegarde, Dantes, credentials as Haitian Ambassador

to U.S., 1050.
Benton, William :

Addresses, statements, etc. :
American Platform Guild, 7.
Death of Grayson N. Kefauver, 39.
Information service, international :
American press associations, 574.
Associated Press and United Press, discontlQuance
of service to Government, 92, 94, 217.
. U.S. news abroad, 722.

U.S. short-wave broadcasting, status, 900.
Understanding among peoples, 408.
UNESCO, description, 625.
Correspondence :

President of Associated Press (McLean), 94.
Secretary Byrnes, transmitting report of U.S. educa-
tion mission to Japan, 767.
Designation in State Department, 351.
Participant in radio broadcasts, 11, 156.
Berlin, Germany :

Joint administration by Allies, 599.
Opening of U.S. Consulate, 399.

Opening of U.S. Consulate General, 451 ; corrected, 872.
Bermuda, liquidation of surplus property in, 350.
Bermuda civil-aviation conference, 75, 169, 219, 290, 302,

584.
Bermuda Telecommunications Conference :
Agreement, list of signatories, 714.
Article by Miss Kelly, 59.
Delegations, listed, 75.
Bevin, Ernest, attitude on Soviet demands regarding Brit-
ish troops in Indonesia, 275.
Bidault, Georges, message to Secretary Byrnes regarding
establishment of central agencies for control of Ger-
many, 441.
Biesanz, John B., visiting professor to Panama, 962.
Bikini. See Atomic-bomb tests.
Blacklist. See Blocked Nationals.
Blair House, article by Mi.ss Crane, 322.
Blake, Thomas D., resignation from State Department, 736.
Blocked Nationals, Proclaimed List:

Enforcement program regarding, statement by Depart-
ment of State, .579,
Revision X, Cumulative Supplements 1, 2, 3: 259, 491.

1052.
U.S. foreign trade and ex-Proclaimed List nationals,
article by Mr. Monsma, 875.
Bloom, Julius, participant in radio broadcast. 11.
Bloom, Sol, participant iu radio broadcast, 386.
Blue Bonk, U.S. memorandum on Argentine situation, 666.
Blum, Leon, and French Mission, reception for, in New

York, N. Y., address by Mr. Hilldring, 674.
Board of Consultants of Atomic Energy Committee 177

553, 555, 668, 774.
Bolivia (see also American republics) :
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 867.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Military-aviation mission, with U.S. (1941), renewal,

83.
Peace, friendship, commerce and navigation (1858),
with U.S., exchange of notes regarding most-
favored-nation provisions in relation to Philip-
pines, 1049.
U.S. Ambassador (Flack), appointment, 828.
Boskey, Bennett, designation in State Department, 826.

Boundaries, international :
Italy-Yugoslavia :
Commission appointed to make recommendations on,

391.
Council of Foreign Ministers, views, 950.
Soviet-Polish :
Map showing, 342.
Treaty regarding, text, 341.
Braden, Spruille :

Addresses, statements, etc. :

Cultural-relations program, 396.
Freedom of information, 392.
National Socialist ideology, remnants of, 101.
Peace, 535.
Radio broadcast, 26.

State Department responsibility for Institute of
Inter-American Affairs and Inter-American Edu-
cational Foundation, 1012.
Committee to draft treaty proposals for Rio de Janeiro
conference, motion proposed by, 732.
Bradford, Saxton, article on German propaganda abroad,

278.
Bradley, Carolyn, visiting professor to Chile, 40.
Brazil (.see also American republics) :

Closing of U.S. Vice Consulate at Mandos, 1054.

Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 40.

Peace conference at Rio de Janeiro, postponement, 427,

667.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36, 528.
Customs, modus vivendi with Venezuela (1940), ter-
mination, 581.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944),
ratification, 299.
U.S. Ambassador (Pawley), appointment, 828.
Visiting professor from U.S., 351.
Bread (see also Wheat), OPA regulation regarding, dis-
cussed iu article by Mr. Stillwell, 834.
Bremen, Germany, opening of U.S. Consulate, 399, 687, 872.
Bretton Woods agreements (.see also International Bank;
International Monetary Fund), signatories and in-
struments of acceptance, listed, 36, 528.
Bretton Woods Agreements Act, 380, 384.
Briggs, Ellis O., participant in radio broadcast, 26.
British Commonwealth Occupation Force. See BCOF.
British loan. See Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K.
Broadcasting Committee, International Short-Wave, com-
position, 862.
Broadcasts, addresses, and statements of the week, listed,

083, 728, 751, 819, 860, 920, 967, 1010, 1078.
Broadcasts, radio. See Radio broadcasts.
Brophy, Gerald B., resignation from PICAO, acceptance,

857.
Brown, Winthrop G., address on expanding international

trade, 539.
Brunauer, Esther C, appointment as U.S. Representative
and member of Executive Committee of UNESCO,
337.
Budget and Finance, Office of, UNRRA Division, functions

(D.R. 124.4), 1015.
Bulgaria :

Opposition parties in Government :
Aide-memoire of U.S. regarding, 447.
Note from Secretary Byrnes to Soviet Embassy at
Washington, 485.
Property rights of U.S. citizens, restoration, 446.
Bunce, Arthur C, appointment as adviser to General

Hodge, U.S.A., in Korea, 224.
Bunn, Charles, article on U.S. trade proposals, 647.
Burma, attitude on opium control, 239, 243.
Bush, Vannevar, participant in radio broadcast, 774.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1141

Byrnes, James F. :

Addresses, statements, etc. :

American Platform Guild, greetings to, 6.

Appointment of Mr. Fahy as Legal Adviser, 735.

Arrival of Mr. Lie in U.S., 529.

Atomic energy, control of, 58, 146.

Atomic-bomb test, 209.

Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Prob-
lems, appointment of Mr. Grady as alternate on,
1089.

Council of Foreign Ministers, recommendations to,
891.

Death of—

Chalmers, Philip O., 299.
Leach, Irene B., 218.

Displaced-persons camps in Germany and Austria,
closing, 498.

Economic and financial agreements, U.S.-U.K., 267.

Far Eastern Commission, first Washington meeting,
378.

Financial agreement between U.K. and Greece, 155.

Funds for State Department intelligence program, lacli
of appropriation for, 687.

General Assembly of the United Nations, 87.

General MacArthur's jurisdiction in Pacific, 449.

Germany, civil administration, 197.

Greek elections, 529.

Italian elections, 299.

Message at opening meeting of Security Council in
New York, 567.

Military cooperation bill, inter- American (H.R. 6326),
statement before House Foreign Affairs Commit-
tee, 1001.

Paris conference of Foreign Ministers (Apr. 25-May
16), report, 950.

Poland, alleged political murders in, 209.

Poland, elections, 209.

Security Council, discussion of Soviet-Iranian matter,
570, 571, 620, 621, 828.

Trade, principles of, promotion for peace and pros-
perity, 892.

United Nations, our hope in, 355.

U.S. military strength, relation to United Nations and
world peace, 481.

Yalta agreement on the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin,
189, 282.
Atomic energy, control :

Appointment of committee to study, 58.

Foreword to report on, 553.
Correspondence :

American Society of International Law (Coudert,
president), on U. S. policy in maintaining and
developing international law, 758.

Chinese and Soviet Governments, on industrial enter-
prises in Manchuria, 448.

Foreign Ministers, Council of, suggestion for meeting
of, 624.

French Foreign Minister (Bidault), concerning estab-
lishment of central agencies for control of Ger-
many, 440.

Frencli Government, respecting conference on peace
treaties, 112.

General MacArthur, tribute, 449.

Greek Foreign Minister, regarding good-will visit of
U.S.S. Missouri to Greece. 731.

Mr. Swing, regarding favorable position of State De-
partment toward compulsory jurisdiction of Inter-
national Court of .Justice, 633.

Mr. Walton, on resignation as Minister to Liberia, 450.

President Truman, regarding —

International Information Service, 57.
Protocols prolonging amendments (1944) of sani-
tary convention (1926) and sanitary convention
for aerial navigation (1933), 1085.

Byrnes, James F. — Continued
Correspondence — Continued

President Truman, regarding — Continued

Report on convention with Canada relating to fish-
eries of the Great Lakes, 823.
Report on General Assembly of United Nations

(1st part of 1st session), 530.
Report on supplementary protocol to income-tax con-
vention with U.K. (1945) , 1087.
Senator Myers, on U.S. position regarding recognition

of Trans-Jordan, 765.
U.S.S.R., on U.S. aide-memoire to Bulgaria on opposi-
tion parties in, 485.
Yugoslavia, on establishment of diplomatic relations
with U.S. and on appointment of Ambassador to
U.S. (Kosanovic), 728.
Departure for meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers

at Paris, 1074.
Directive on U.S. policy in occupied areas, 734.
General Assembly, first part, first session, participation,
62.

Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Problems,
Executive Order 9735 establishing, and statements
by President Truman and Secretary Byrnes. 1089.
Camps in U.S. zone in Germany, closing postponed, 764.
Canada:

Customs procedure, discussion of with U.S., 261.
Silver-fox furs, reconsideration of quotas on, 176.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36.
Civil-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 377.
Fisheries of the Great Lakes, convention with U.S.

relating to, 823.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, signature, 376.
St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, with U.S.,

address by Mr. Acheson on, 334.
Sanitarv convention concerning maritime travel

(1926), as amended (1944), ratification, 40.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel
(1926), as amended (1944), protocol prolonging,
signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1033), as

amended (1944), ratification, 40.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.
U.S. defense installations In, agreement to purchase,
conclusion, 683.
U.S. sui-plus property, disposal, ,350.
Canby, Henry Seidel, participant in radio broadcast, 11.
Canol project, disposal, 350.
Caribbean area, efforts by U.S. and U.K. to expand food

and livestock production, 130.
Caribbean Commission (srr. also Anslo-Amorican Carib-
bean Commission ; West Indian Conference) :
France and Netherlands, membership, 36, 202, 331.
Name changed from Anglo-American Caribbean Commis-
sion, 331.
Cartels :

Effects of, article by Mr. Terrill, 4.55.
Germany, question of revival, discussed in radio broad-
cast, 911.
Casablanca, Morocco, U.S. Consular office elevated to rank

of Consulate General, 872.
Catudal, Honor# Marcel, designation In State Department,

3,51.
Celestials, The, New York, N.Y., address by Mr. Braden,

294.
Censor.ship :

Japanese publications, SCAP report, 751.
Moscow, procedure for U.S. newspapermen, 731.

1142

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Censorship — Continued

Tehran, for foreign correspondents, 731.
U. S. statement, 772.
Censorship files, presidential authority for review of, 264.
Central America. See American republics, and the indi-
vidual countries.
Central Services, Division of, functions (D.R. 121.4), 1094.
Cereals. See Food ; Wheat.
Chalmers, Philip O., death, 299.
Chapin, Selden, address on the Foreign Service, 163.
Charts. See Maps and charts.

Chicago, 111., Army Day address by President Truman, 622.
Chifley, Joseph Benedict (Australian Prime Minister),

visit to U.S., 825.
Child welfare in American republics, promotion, article

by Mrs. Enochs, 428.
Childs, J. Rives, appointment as U.S. Minister to Saudi

Arabia, 828.
Chile (see also American republics) :

Pan American Congress of Social Service (1st), 21.
Suffrage for women, question of, 249.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36.
Whaling, regulation of, agreement (1937) and proto-
col (1938), accession, 451.
U.S. Vice Consulate at Arica, closing, 499.
Visiting professors from U.S., 40, 962.
China (see also Far East) :

Appointment of Dr. Kuznets as Economic Adviser to,

961.
Cultural leaders, visit to U.S., 263, 961, 1092.
Cultural-relations program, U.S. technical experts, re-
turn to U.S., 351.
Delegation to Security Council, joint statement with
U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R. on voting procedure, 851.
Executive Headquarters, U.S.-Chinese, description, 484.
Foreign policy of U.S. concerning, statement by Presi-
dent Truman, 139.
Manchurian industrial enterprises, exchange of mem-
oranda witli U.S. regarding control, 448.
Military aid from U.S., remarks by Mr. Acheson, 1115.
Repatriation of Formosan-Chinese in Japan, Far East-
ern Commission policy regarding, 1044.
Soviet troops, withdrawal, 201.
Travel grants for students, extension of application

date, 1091.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Chinese Eastern Railroad and South Manchurian

Railroad, Yalta agreement regarding, 282.
Civil-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 377.
Friendship, with Dominican Republic (1940), amend-
ment (1945), ratification, 538.
Friendship and alliance, with U.S.S.R., (1945) :
Exchange of memoranda with U.S., 448.
Text and related papers, 201.
Lend-lease, settlement of, with U.S., signature, 1118.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), pro-
tocol prolonging, signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.
U.S. agricultural mission to, 1054.
U.S. assistance to, remarks by General Marshall, 484.
U.S. consular offices at Chungking, Dairen, Mukden, and

Peiping, opened, 46, 499, 687, 736, 828.
U.S. Consulate at Taipei (Taihoku), Taiwan (For-
mosa), administration, 872.
U.S. Embassy at Chungking closed, and opened as com-
bined office at Nanking, 828.
U.S. Embassy at Peiping, closed, 46.
U.S. engineer (Darnell) to visit, 962.
Visiting professor from U.S., 1092.

Chinese Changchun Railway, Sino-Soviet agreement re-
garding, 204, 207, 448.
Chistiakov, Col. Gen. Ivan M., letter to General Hodge on

administration of Korea, 111.
Chungking, China, closing of U.S. Embassy and opening

of U.S. Consulate, 828.
Churchill, Winston, German propaganda regarding. 365.
CITEJA (Comity International Technique d'Experts
Juridiques A^riens ) , 14th plenary session :
Agenda, 169.

Article by Mr. Latchford, 835.
Dates of meeting, 169, 219, 290.
U.S. Delegation, listed, 170, 835.
Civil aviation. See Aviation.
Civil aviation conference, Anglo-American :
Dates of meeting at Bermuda, 169, 219, 290.
Delegation, U.S., 75.
Results :

Agreement between U.S. and U.K., 302.
Final act, text, 584.
Civil aviation organization, international, proposed, dis-
cussed by Mr. Clayton, 1005.
Civil liberties in Japan, policy of Far Eastern Commis-
sion on, 946.
Claims :

Settlement agreement, U.S.-France, text, 997.
Settlement agreement, U.S.-U.K., 580.
U.S. property in Netherlands and Poland, instructions
for filing, 729, 1083.
Clay, Gen. Lucius D., U.S.A., commendation for part in

German industry settlement, 681.
Clayton, William L. :
Addresses and statements:

Civil aviation convention, international, specific

provisions, 1004.
Economic and financial agreements, U.S.-U.K., 271,

437.
Economic relations, importance to world peace, 677.
UNRRA, fourth Council session, 527, 644.
Appointment as U.S. Alternate Governor of the Inter-
national Monetary Fund and International Bank,
262.
Cleveland City Club, address by Mr. Wilcox, 96.
Coal :

Europe, shortage, 195, 300.

Transportation bottlenecks in shipping, 195.

Transportation from Poland to Europe and the Balkans,

plans for, 761.
U.S. shipments :
Article by Mr. Stillwell, discussed in, 832.
To France, 675.
To liberated areas, 152.
Coal Jlining Committee of ILO, first meeting in London,

accomplishments, article by Mr. Ross, 704.
Coffee agreement, inter- American (1940), protocol extend-
ing, 180, 778, 867.
Cohen, Benjamin V., participant in radio broadcast, 386.
Collaborators with enemy in Philippines, disposition of,

statement by President Truman, 534.
Collado, Emilio G., appointment as U.S. Executive Director
of the International Bank for Reconstruction and De-
velopment, 262.
Colombia (see also American republics) :
International Monetary Fund, signature and acceptance,

36.
Statement by Mr. Restrepo at the General Assembly

of the United Nations, 64.
Suffrage for women, question of, 249.
Visit of President-elect (Ospina P^rez) to U.S., 892.
Columbia University Club, Washington, address by Mr.

Braden, 396.
Combined Food Board :

Continuation, joint statement by President Truman,
Prime Minister Attlee, and Prime Minister King,
861.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1143

Combined Food Board — Continued

Establishment of International Emergency Food Council

to replace, 1075.
Functions, 949.

Grain shipments to India, 958.
Comity International Technique d'Experts Juridiques

A(5riens. See CITEJA.
Commerce Department :
Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee, member-
ship on, 3.
Transfer of certain functions from War and Navy De-
partments (Ex. Or. 9709), 684.
Commercial agreements with enemy countries, Czecho-
slovak declaration of invalidity of, 960.
Commercial and diplomatic agreement with Yemen, 297,

917.
Commercial Policy, Division of. Motion Picture Section in,

functions (D.R. 131.24), 1096.
Commercial policy, joint declaration with Prance, 995.
Commissions, committees, etc., international (see also name
of commission; United Nations) :
Agricultural Sciences, Inter-American Institute of, 179.
Allied Control Council for Germany, 76, 79.
Allied Council for Austria, 81.

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 35, 74, 127, 169,
245, 290, 330, 375, 431, 476, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755,
783, 917, 956, 1089.
Caribbean Commission, 36, 130, 264, 292, 331.
CITEJA, 169.

Combined Food Board, 861, 949, 958, 1075.
Commission of experts to prepare report on Italy- Yugo-
slavia boundary, 391.
Cotton Advisory Committee, 714.
Cotton Study Group, 169, 219, 290, 330, 711, 755, 813, 856,

S84.
Disarmament of Japan, Committee on, 566, 6.55.
Emergency Economic Committee for Europe, 248, 565,

618, 833, 949.
Emergency Food Council, 1075, 1111.
Far Eastern Commission, 127, 169, 370, 375, 431, 477, 525,

&55, 1074.
Food and agriculture, international organizations con-
cerned with, listed, 949.
Foreign Ministers, Council of :

Meetings in Paris, 169, 624, 711, 755, 813, 815, 856, 884,

891, 946, 990, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Meetings of Deputies, 169, 219, 290, 330, 375, 391, 431,
476, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884, 946,
990, 1042, 1074, 1111.
German External Property Commission, 76.
Great Lakes Fisheries, International Commission for,

823.
India Famine Emergency Committee, 1084.
Inter-AUjed Trade Committee, 395.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment, 36, 262, 381, 528, 563, 581, 856, 1044.
International Labor Organization, 35, 169, 245, 290, 348,
566, 691, 704, 713, 739, 799, 813, 882, 884, 946, 948,
993, 1028.
International Monetary Fund, 36, 262, 528, 563, 581,

856, 1044.
International Office of Public Health, 655, 711, 755, 813,

856, 884.
Merchant Marine Commission, Tripartite, 445.
North American Regional Engineering Committee, 377,

3T9.
Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee, 3.
Philippine War Damage Commission, 955.
Reparation Agency, Inter-Allied, 1063.
Rice Commission, 958.
Short-wave broadcasting committee, 862.
Trade organization, international, proposed, 383, 403,

431, 616, 631, 647.
United Maritime Authority, 171.

719539—46 2

Cormnis.sions, committees, etc., international — Continued
UNRRA, Council of, 4th session, 290, 293, 375, 431, 476,
525, 565, 856.
Commissions, committees, etc., national :

Advisory Council on International Monetary and Finan-
' cial Problems, 380, 381.

Atomic Energy Committee, 58, 177, 553, 555, 668, 774.
Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Problems.

1089.
Export Control Committee, 154, 178.
Famine Emergency Committee, 716.
Foreign Liquidation Commission, report, 820.
Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cul-
tural Cooperation, 72, 428.
Rubber, Inter-Agency Policy Committee on, 541.
Communications. See Information ; Mails ; Telecommu-
nications.
Compulsory jurisdiction of International Court of Justice,

633.
Conferences, congresses, etc. (see also name of confer-
ence) :
Air-navigation conference, regional, 219, 290, 330, 375.
Allied-Swedish negotiations for German external assets,

990, 992, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Allied-Swiss negotiations on German external assets,

525, 655, 856, 990, 1101, 1121.
Civil-aviation conference, Anglo-American, 75, 169, 219,

290, 302, 584.
Civil Aviation Organization, Provisional, International,
conferences :
Annual as.sembly (1st), Montreal, 655, 711, 755, 813,

856, 884, 886, 946, 090, 1042, 1074.
European and Mediterranean air route services con-
ference, Paris, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 713, 755,
813, 856, 884, 946, 990, 1042, 1074.
Near Eastern route service conference, Cairo, 655, 711,

755.
North Atlantic route service conference, Dublin, 431,
476, 525, 565.
Copyright conference, inter-American, 82, 992, 1112.
Cotton Study Group, 169, 219, 290, 330, 711, 755, 813, 856,

884.
Economic counselors and advisers to U.S. missions in

Europe, 327.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, 277, 858, 1075.
German-owned patents outside Germany, 1112.
Inter- American conference for maintenance of conti-
nental peace and security, 427, 477, 732.
Inter- American conference on problems of war and peace,

285.
Inter-American Demographic Congress, 1st, 66.
International affairs, conference of lecturers on, 6, 11.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
and International Monetary Fund, meeting of
Boards of Governors at Savannah, 219, 290, 330, 331,
375, 431, 433, 476, 478, 525, 527.
International Bureau of Education, conference (9th),

375, 431, 476.

International Monetary Fund and International Bank

for Reconstruction and Development, meeting of

Boards of Governors at Savannah, 219, 290, 330, 331,

375, 431, 433, 476, 478, 525, 527.

Meteorological services, international, 219, 290, 330, 375.

Non-repatriable victims of German action, conference

on, 857.
North American regional broadcasting engineering con-
ference, 170, 376, 379.
Pan American Railway Congress (5th), 476, 525, 56.5,

618, 655, 711, 755, 813.
Reparation, Paris Conference on, 114.
Rio de Janeiro, postponement, 427, 477, 732.
Telecommunications, Bermuda, 59, 75.

1144

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Conferences, congresses, etc. — Continued

Trade, plans, 140, 175 n., 188, 326, 327, 403, 455, 509, 561,

616.
United Maritime Autliority, Council of, 171.
UNRRA Council, fourth session, 293, 476, 565, 619, 857.
West Indian Conference, 169, 292, 330, 332, 840.
Congress, U.S. :
Atomic-bomb tests, selection of members to observe, 560.
Civil aviation convention, statement by Mr. Clayton

before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1004.
House Appropriations Committee, failure to appropriate
funds for State Department intelligence program,
statement by Secretary Byrnes, 687.
House Foreign Affairs Committee :

Military assistance to China, remarks by Mr. Acheson,

1115.
Military cooperation bill, inter-American, statement by

Secretary Byrnes, 1001.
Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, Office

of, action on bill for establishment, 1093.
UNESCO, statements by Mr. Benton and Mr. Mac-
Leish, 625, 629.
Messages from President Truman :
Annual message, 135.
Civil aviation convention, 1079.
Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K., 183.
Foreign loans, U.S. objectives, 380.
Inter-American Military Cooperation Act, 8.59.
Lend-lease reports (21st and 22d), letters of trans-
mittal, 223, 1091.
UNRRA, supplemental estimate, letter of transmittal,
866.
Military cooperation bill, inter-American (H.R. 6326),
statement by Secretary Byrnes before House Foreign
Affairs Committee, 1001.
Philippine rehabilitation and recovery (H.R. 5856 and

S. 1610), statement by President Truman, 822.
Publications, listed, 264, 352, 400, 452, 596, 1019, 1053,

1130.
Report of Foreign Liquidation Commission, 820.
Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, statement

by Mr. Ache.son on British loan, 511.
Senate Foreign Relations Committee :

St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, address by

Mr. Acheson, 334.
Statement by Mr. Clayton on civil aviation convention,
1004.
Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, action by
House Foreign Affairs Committee on bill (H.R.
6646 ) for establishment of office, 1093.
UNESCO, statement by Mr. Benton and Mr. MacLeish

before House Foreign Affairs Committee, 625, 629.
UNRRA report (5th, 6th, and 7tli), letters of trans-
mittal, 347, 757, 1126.
Winant, John G,, Senate confirmation of nomination as
U.S. Representative on Economic and Social Coun-
cil, 573.
Consular offices. See Foreign Service, U.S.
"Consultation Among the American Republics With Re-
spect to the Argentine Situation" (Blue Book), U.S.
memorandum regarding, 666.
Control Council for Germany :
Effectiveness discussed :
President Truman, 137, 138.
Radio broadcast, 910.
Functions, messages between Secretary Byrnes and
French Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bidault)
regarding, 440.
German assets :

Council law regarding, 283.

State Department denial of Mr. Nixon's conclusions
regarding, 76.
German reparations and post-war industries, 79, 636,
681.

Control Council for Germany — Continued
Joint declaration by U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K., and France
on liaison with other United Nations governments,
113.
Significance of Council, comments by Mr. Hilldring, 676.
Conventions. See Conferences ; Treaties.
Cooper, Prentice, appointment as U.S. Ambassador to

Peru, 828.
Copyright conference, inter-American :
Announcement, 82.
Drafting of document, 1112.
Meeting, dates, 946, 1042, 1074.
U.S. Delegation, listed, 992.
Corcoran Art Gallery, historical background, 323.
Costa Rica (see also American republics) :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 528.
Cultural leaders, visit to U.S., 868, 962.
Cotton :

Export-Import Bank loans for, 381, 382.
Report of textile mission to Japan, 1009.
Cotton Advisory Committee, International, 5th meeting:
Announcement and plans, 714.
Executive committee. Creation of, and powers and

duties, 887, 888.
Final resolution, text, 888.
Cotton Study Group, 169, 219, 290, 330, 884.
Council of United Maritime Authority. See United Mari-
time Authority.
Crane, Katharine Elizabeth, article on Blair House, 322.
Credentials. See Diplomatic representatives in U.S.
Crimea conference, agreement on repatriation of U.S. and

Soviet citizens, 443.
Cuba (see also American republics) :
Closing of U.S. Consulate at AntUla, 263.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 263.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), 36, 528.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, 376.
Cultural and economic collaboravlon agreement, U.S.S.R.

and Mongolia, text, 968.
Cultural cooperation (see also American republics; China,
UNESCO) :
Address by : Mr. Benton, 408 ; Mr. Braden, 396, 683 ; Mr.

McGurk, 683.
Archaeological excavations In U.K., Invitation to U.S.

students to participate in, 961.
Article by : Miss Green and Mrs. Esman, 227 ; Mr. Mc-

George, 72.
Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural

Cooperation, 428, 1092.
Korean leaders visit U.S., 812.
U.S. Agricultural Mission to visit Near East, 348.
U.S. program in Near East, 503, 608.
Visitors from U.S. to —
China, 961, 962, 1092.
Near East, 1011.

Other American republics, 40, 351, 870, 960, 962.
Cultural-relations attaches, description of activities, 608.
Currency (see also Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K.),

Czechoslovak, deadline extended for deposit of, 339.
Curzon Line, comments on, 189.
Customs :
Modvs vwendi between Brazil and Venezuela, termina-
tion, 581.
Procedure, discussion by U.S. and Canadian officials,
261.
Czechoslovakia :
Ambassador to U.S. (SlAvik). credentials, 1082.
Attitude toward Siam in World War II, 730.
Documents, U.S. order for restoration of, 338.
Issuance of death certificates by, 262.
Relations with Germany (1940), 462.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1145

Czechoslovakia — Continued
Securities, deadline extended for deposit of currency

and registration of securities, 330.
Statement by Mr. Masaryk at General Assembly of

United Nations, 64.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Civil aviation, air-transport services, bilateral, with

U.S., 83.
Commercial agreements with enemy countries,

Czechoslovak declaration of invalidity of, 960.
Monetary agreement with U.K., 81.
I^ostal, universal (1939), adherence, 350.
War criminals of European Axis, prosecution and pun-
ishment of (1945), accession, 261.

Dairen, Cliina :

Opening of U.S. Consulate, 499. 736.
Sino-Soviet agreement regarding, 204, 205.
Yalta agreement regarding, 282.
Damages. Sec Claims; Reparation.
Danubian transportation problems, article by Mrs. Whit-

nack and Mr. Handler, 1108.
Darnell, Richard C, to visit China, 962.
Davidson, Kenneth W., visiting professor to Chile, 962.
de Wolf, Francis C, address at North American regional

broadcasting engineering conference, 379.
DeCourcy, William E., designation in State Department,

826.
Delgado, Francisco A., appointment as member of Philip-
pine AVar Damage Commission, 955.
Demilitarization. See Germany ; Japan ; Treaties.
Democracy, definition, address by Mr. Braden, .536.
Demographic Congress, first inter-American (in Mexico

City, October 1943), article by Miss Roberts, 66.
Denazification procedures in Germany, 547, 910.
Denmark :

A.ssets belonging to U.S. nationals, release, 1083.
' Attitude on Charter of United Nations, statement by
Mr. Rasmu.ssen at General Assembly, 64.
Hitler's plans for (1940, 1942), German documents on,

699, 702, 939.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Civil aviation, interim agreement (1944), U.K. with-
drawal of reservation respecting Denmark, 715.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and

punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Whaling, regulation of, supplementary protocol
(1944), 347.
Denny, Charles R. (acting chairman. Federal Communi-
cations Commission), letter to State Department on
status of U.S. short-wave broadcasting, 904.
Departmental regulations :

Archives, German, Italian-Fascist, and Japanese, re-
quests for information from (D.R. 230.1), 1016.
Area Divisions, functions (D.R. 132.16), 45.
Arms and Armaments, Policy Committee on, functions,

composition, etc. (D.R. 183.8), 1096.
Aviation Division, organization and functions (D.R.

1.31.11), 1131.
Broadcasting Division, International, functions (D.R.

132.12), ■'43.
Censorship files, presidential authority for review of,

264.
Central Services, Division of, functions (D.R. 121.4),

1094.
Commercial Policv, Division of. Motion Picture Section

in, functions (D.R. 181.24), 1096.
Consular services to ships and seamen, transfer of func-
tions to Shipping Division, 83.
Contacts with Department of Justice regarding immi-
gration and visa matters (D.R. 232.2), 970.
Employment of aliens (D.R. 322.1), 1016.

Departmental regulations — Continued

Exchange of Persons, Division of International, func-
tions (D.R. 132.14), 44.

Foreign Service, Office of. Corps of Foreign Service In-
spectors in, functions (D.R. 122.1), 1095.

Foreign Service, Secretariat of Board of Examiners,
functions and organization (D.R. 122.8), 1016.

Geographic Offices, divisions, functions, and organiza-
tion (D.R. 140.1), 827.

Information and Cultural Affairs, Office of International,
functions and responsibilities (D.R. 132.10), 42.

Intelligence, Advisory Committee on, functions, member-
ship, and meetings (D.R. 183.5), 826.

Intellisence Coordination and Liaison, Office, functions
(D.R. 133.20), 827.

Intelligence Collection and Dissemination, Office, func-
tions and organization (D.R. 133.30), 827.

International Organization AfCairs, Division of, func-
tions (D.R. 118.11), 1094.

International Organizations Immunities Act, responsi-
bilities of Protocol Division and Division of Inter-
national Organization Affairs under (D.R. 118.11,
121.10, and 240.1), 1018, 10»9.

Investigations, Division of, functions and organization
(D.R. 123.6), 180.

Liaison with National Archives (D.R. 232.1), 969.

Libraries and Institutes, Division of, functions (D.R.
132.15), 45.

Motion Pictures Division, International, functions (D.R.
132.13), 44.

Occupied Areas, Assistant Secretary of State for, func-
tions, re.sponsibilities, etc. (D.R. 134.1), 1132.

Passenger Shipping Committee, composition and func-
tions (D.R. 183.7), 970.

Policy Information Services, functions (D.R. 183.4), 970.

Press and Publications Division, International, func-
tions (D.R. 132.11), 43.

Shipping Division, organization and functions (D.R.
131.12), 1132.

Special Assistant to Assistant Secretary for Economic
Affairs, responsibilities (D.R. 131.2), 1015.

Special Assistant to Secretary of State and Foreign
Liquidation Commissioner, delegation of authority
to (D.R. 139.1), 1017.

State Department records, use of (D.R. 420.1 ) , 779.

Surplus property, disposal, designation of authority for
(D.R. 139.2), 1017.

Telecommunications Division, organization and functions
(D.R. 131.13), 1132.

Transjwrt and Communications, Office of, functions,
responsibilities, etc. (D.R. 131.10), 1131.

Treaties, agreements, etc., advice and assistance on mat-
ters pertaining to ( D.R. 251.1 ) , 1017.

UNRRA Division, Office of Budget and Finance, func-
tions (D.R. 124.4), 1015.
Deutsche Auslandsproimnnndn Ziisammenstellung der
Standardthesen und RicMlinien fiir:

Article on by Mr. Bradford, 278.

Excerpts, 311, 365.
Diplomatic and commercial agreement with Yemen, con-
clusion, 917.
Diplomatic immunity and taxation, 199. 276, 348.
Diplomatic officer, transportation of ashes, 447.
Diplomatic relations, with —

Austria, recommended by Allied Council, 81.

Haiti, resumption, 682.

Rumania, establishment, 256, 298.

Siam, resumption, 5.

Trans-Jordan, letter from Secretary Byrnes to Senator
Myers on U.S. position regarding recognition of,
765.

Yemen, establishment, 446.

Yugoslavia, establishment, 728.

1146

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Diplomatic representatives in U.S. :

Appointment of Austrian representative (Klein-

waeehter), 177.
Credentials, 132, 351, 730, 1000, 1050, 1082.
Disarmament. See Germany ; Japan ; Treaties.
Displaced persons and refugees (see also Anglo-American
Committee of Inquiry ; Cabinet Committee ; United
Nations) :
Admission to U.S. from U.S. zone in Germany, 400.
Camps in Europe, U.S. zone :

Austria, closing, comments by Secretary Byrnes, 498.
Germany :
Closing —

Comments by Secretary Byrnes, 498.
Postponement, 764.
Condition, discussed in radio broadcast, 913.
Poland, policy on, exchange of letters between Senator
Vandenberg and Mr. Aclieson, 1003.
Conference on non-repatriable victims of German action,

857.
Discussion in General Assembly regarding, 199, 276.
Immigration quota, preference to persons in U.S. zone

in Germany, 635.
Migration policies and world economy, address by Mr.

Warren, 213.
Property in U.S. owned by German and Japanese refu-
gees, release, 1011.
Resettlement agency for, creation of, comments on U.S.
proposal for, 865.
Documents, Czechoslovak, restoration of, 338.
Dodecanese, disjjositlon of German assets In, 124.
Dominican Republic (see also American republics),
treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Civil-aviation agreements : air transport and interim

(1944), acceptance, 377.
Clvll-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 377.
Friendship, with China (1940), amendment (1945),

ratification, 538.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, signature, 376.
Dort, Dallas, article on UNRRA, 359.
Double-taxation conventions, U.S. and —
France, conversations regarding, 451.
U.K., protocol modifying, 1052, 1087.
Duran, Gustavo, designation in State Department, 826.

East Asia, German propaganda to, 313.
Economic Affairs, Office of Under Secretary of State for,
establishment, action by House Committee on For-
eign Affairs on bill (H.R. 6640), 1093.
Economic Affairs, Special Assistant to Assistant Secre-
tary for, responsibilities (D.R. 131.2), 1015.
Economic and cultural collaboration agreement, U.S.S.B.

and Mongolia, text, 968.
Economic and Employment Commission of United Na-
tions :
Establishment, resolution on, 798.
Initial members, 799.
Olijectives, 797, 798, 800.
Opening meeting at New York, 814.
Relation to ILO, 799.
Scope, 800.

Subcommissions, establishment and comiwsition of, 798,
802.
Economic and Social Council of United Nations :

Commissions and committees of, composition, 471, 596.
Co-operative Alliance, International, request for mem-
bership in, 126.
Designation of U.S. Representative (Winant), 74, 573.
Displaced persons and refugees, problems, 276.
Employment, U.S. resolution on trade and, 326.
Employment and trade conference, plans, 648, 988.

Economic and Social Council — Continued
Health conference under au.spices of, 1076.
Lal)or groups, request for membership, 126.
Meetings, dates: in London, 24.5, 290, 330; in New York,

476, 884, 1111.
Opening meetings of Commissions in New York, 814.
Organization of, 62, 63, 65, 83, 90.
Trade and employment, U.S. resolution on, 326.
Trade and employment conference, plans for, 648, 988.
Women, International Federation of, request for mem-
bership, 126.
Work of, discussed in address by Mr. Winant, 975.
World Federation of Trade Unions, request for mem-
bership, 91.
Economic counselors and advisers to U.S. missions in
Europe, participants and program of conference in
Paris, 327.
Economics (see also Economic and Employment Commis-
sion ; Finance) :
Aid to Korea, U.S. consideration of, 449.
Allied Control Council plan for German post-war level,

636.
Allied economic control policy in Japan, study of, 10.
Austria, loan from U.S. to purchase surplus property,

818.
Cotton. See Cotton.
Economic warfare, use of Proclaimed List of Blocked

Nationals in, 876.
Emergency Economic Committee for Europe, 248, 565,

618, 8.33, 949.
Financial relations, importance of, addresses by : Mr.
Acheson, 317, 511 ; Secretary Bvrnes, 267 ; Mr. Clay-
ton, 271, 437, 677 ; Mr. Winant, 975.
Foreign loans, table showing those authorized by Ex-
port-Import Bank, 384.
Foreign loans, U.S. policy regarding, 139, 144, 380, 381.
France, agreement on economic and financial problems.

994, 1127.
German holdings in Switzerland, understanding between

Allied and Swiss Governments regarding, 1121.
Migration policies and world economy, address by Mr.

Warren, 213.
Reconstruction of Fi-ance, address by Mr. Hilldring, 674.
Rubber, relation to world economy, article by Mr.

Phillips, 932.
Situation in Far East, Ambassador Pauley to study, 821.
Wool program proposed, comments by President Tru-
man, 491.
ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council.
Ecuador (see also American republics) :

Constitution, new, provision for women suffrage, 249.
Galapagos base, U.S. withdrawal from, 644.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944),

protocol prolonging, signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.
Education (see also UNESCO) :

Conference of International Bureau of Education (9th),

375, 431, 476.
Cooperative, with Panama, 223.
Exchange program with Near East, 608.
Foreign students, special courses for, colleges listed,

1013.
Importance of short-wave broadcasting in, article by Mr.

Stone, 906.
Japan :

SCAP report on, 807.

U.S. advisory group to, 345, 641, 767.

U.S. institutions In Near East, 506, 609.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1147

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization of the

United Nations. See UNESCO.
Egypt (see also Near East) :

Air transport agreement, with U.S., text of annex, 1088.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
U.S. Consulate at Suez, closing, 544.
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D., attitude on civil administra-
tion of Germany, 197.
El Salvador {see also American republics) :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 528.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 40.
Elections, Argentine:

U.S. attitude on charges against Embassy by Peron, 222.
U.S. memorandum regarding, 667.
Elections, German, January 1946, results, 550.
Elections, Greeis, Allied Mission to observe (see also Elec-
toral lists) :
Appointment by President Truman of U.S. Delegation,

56.
Organization and list of U.S. representatives, 129, 297.
Report, 671, 865.

Statement by Secretary Byrnes, 529.
Statement on results, by chiefs of Mission, 582.
Elections, Italian, U.S. interest in, 299.
Elections, Japanese:

Advisability of, exchange of communications between
General MacArthur and Far Eastern Commission
regarding, 639.
Far Eastern Commission, decision regarding, 566.
Postponement, 749.
SCAP report on, 1067.
Elections, Polish :
Plans, note from Polish Ambassador, 762.
Keferendum, purpose of, note from Polish Ambassador

explaining, 762.
Relation of Export-Import loan to, 761.
Statement by Secretary Byrnes, 209.
Elections, Rumanian. U.S. protest, 1007, 1048, 1125.
Electoral lists, Greek, Allied Mission to observe revision :
Invitation to U.S. to send delegation, 1050.
Mr. Morris heads U.S. Section, 1128.
Emergency Economic Committee for Europe, under aus-
pices of Conference of Ministers of Food and Agricul-
ture, 248, 565, 618, 833, 949.
Employment (see also Economic and Employment Com-
mission) :
Conference on trade and U.S. proiwsals for considera-
tion by, 326, 403, 455, 509, 561, 616.
U.S. proposals concerning, article by Mr. Plank and Mr.
Erickson, 561.
Employment of aliens. State Department policy (D.R.

322.1), 1016.
Engert, Cornelius Van H., to head UNRRA mission to

Turkey and Near East, 960.
Enemy aliens from other American republics, 33, 732.
Enochs, Elizabeth Shirley :

Article on child welfare in American republics, 428.
Report to Pan American Union on first Pan American
Congress of Social Service, 21.
Entry permits for U.S. owners of property in Poland, 670.
Erhardt. John G., appointment as U.S. Political Repre-
sentative to Austria, 177.
Erickson, Maurice J., article on U.S. trade proposals, 561.
Ertegiin, Mehmet Miinir, Turkish Ambassador to U.S.,

ashes transported to Turkey, 447.
Esman, Sherly Goodman, article on cultural centers in

other American republics, 227.
Espionage activities of Red Army ofiicer (Redin), alleged,

U.S. reply to Soviet inquiry regarding charges, 682.
Espionage in Argentina, findings regarding, 285.
Estate tax, double, convention with France, conversations
regarding, 451.

Ethiopia :

Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of major
war criminals of the European Axis (1945), ac-
cession, 261.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Minister to U.S. (Imru), credentials, 1000.
Europe (see also individual countries) :

Cereal requirements, table showing country-by-country

estimate, 898.
Displaced persons in. See Anglo-American Committee

of Inquiry ; Displaced persons.
Food crisis:
Address by: Mr. Hoover, 717; Mr. La Guardia, 716;

President Truman, 716.
Article by Mr. Stillwell, 831.
Radio broadcast, 191.
German propaganda, 311, 36i5.

Loans authorized by Export-Import Bank, table, 385.
Population, displacement, 213.
Reconstruction of, address by Mr. Thorp, 300.
Regional arrangements in, discussed in article by Mr.

Allen, 923.
Shortage of coal and wheat, 300.
European and Mediterranean air route service conference :
Meeting at Paris, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884,

946, 990, 1042, 1074.
U.S. Delegation, 713.
Evans, Robert F., designation in State Department, 351.
Evans, Walter (vice president, Westinghouse Electric Cor-
poration), letter to State Department on status of
U.S. short-wave broadcasting, 903.
Exchange-students program, address by Mr. Braden, 396.
Executive orders :

Air-navigation facilities abroad, functions relating to,
transferred from War and Navy Departments to
Department of Commerce (Ex. Or. 9709), 684.
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, providing for

furnishing information to (Ex. Or. 9682), 127.
Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Problems,

establishment (Ex. Or. 9735), 1089.
Inter-American Affairs, Office of, termination, and trans-
fer of certain functions to State Department (Ex.
Or. 9710), 686.
Lend-lease, maintenance of accounts and fiscal records
of, transfer to Treasury Department (Ex. Or.
9726), 959.
Surplus property in foreign areas (amending Ex. Or.

9630) , 1000.
War Relief Control Board, President's, termination (Els.
Or. 9723), 1015.
Exemptions and immunities :
International Organizations Immunities Act, description,

348.
United Nations Secretariat, discussion on diplomatic
immunity and taxation, 199, 276.
Exit permits for Austrian refugees, 73.
Export Control committee, membership, 154.
E.xport-Import Bank of Washington :
Appropriation to increase lending power, 380, 381.
Loans authorized :
Greece, 78.

Poland, exchange of notes, 761.
Table showing, 384.
Exports Managers Club, New York, N.Y., address by Mr.

Brown, 539.
Expropriation, Poland, compensation to U.S. property

owners, discussed, 670.
External assets, German, negotiations :
Allied-neutral, 374, 955, 1077.
Allied-Swedish, 990, 992, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Allied-Swiss, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884,
946, 955, 990, 1101, 1121.

1148

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

External Property, German, Commission for :
Creation, by Allied Control Council, 283.
State Department denial of Mr. Nixon's conclusions on
protection of German assets, 76.

Fahy, Charles, appointment as Legal Adviser in State

Department, 735, 1097.
Famine Emergency Committee :
Article by Mr. Stillwell, discussed in, 832.
Report on world food requirements and supplies, 897.
Visit to American republics of Mr. Hoover, and list of
party, 958.
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization of United

Nations.
Far East (see also Far Eastern Commission and the individ-
ual cou7itries) :
Cultural leaders, visit to U.S. from Korea, 812.
German propaganda in East Asia, 313.
International Military Tribunal for :

Establishment of, text of charter, 361, 890.
Members appointed, 751.
Jurisdiction of General MacArthur, extent, 449.
Population, displacement, 216.
Kadio broadcast on Korea and, 104.
Regional arrangements in, discussed in article by Mr.

Allen, 924.
Rice shortage, 300.
Rubber allocations for U.S., 224.
U.S. Ambassador (Pauley) to study economic problems

in, 821.
U.S. policy, statement by President Truman, 138.
War criminals, trial of, 376, 809.

—Charter and proclamation regarding, 361, 618, 890.
Indictment, statement by Mr. Keenan, 846.
List of, 847.
Far Eastern Advisory Commission. See Far Eastern

Commission.
Far Eastern Commission :
Activities, 127, 431.
Address by Secretary Byrnes, 378.
Aliens in Japan, policy regarding, 1042.
Berendsen, Sir Carl, remarks regarding U.S. food ship-
ments to Japan, 712.
Chairman, officers, and committees, 376, 477.
Civil liberties in Japan, policy relating to, 946.
Constitution in Japan, new :
Criteria for adoption, 886.
Message from State Department on, 991.
Text of consultation with SCAP, 991.
Disarmament of Japan, committee on, establishment,

566, 655.
Inter-Allied Trade Committee, proposals for establish-
ment, submitted to, 395.
Japan, elections. See Elections, Japanese.
Japan, food supplies for, statements by Mr. Acheson,

Mr. Hilldring, and Mr. Hoover, 756, 897, 947.
Meeting, first, members and proceedings, 375, 378.
Mission to Tokyo, report, 291, 370.
Press relations, procedure on, 431.
Procedure for submitting documents, 525.
Reparations policy for Japan, interim, 884, 946, 990,

1074, 1111.
Secretariat, new positions approved and defined, 526.
Soviet participation, 372.

War criminals, approval of policy regarding, 618.
Fascism in American republics, address by Mr. Braden,

101.
Fascism on trial at Niirnberg, radio broadcast, 250.
Fascism in Argentina, U.S. memorandum on, 285.
Fearing, George R., Jr., designation in State Department,

826.
Feinsinger, Nathan P., designation as U.S. representative

on Governing Body of ILO, 713.
Fellowship program, cooperative, Panama-U.S., agree-
ment, 223.

Finance (see also Economics) :

Advisory Board of Office of War Mobilization and Re-
conversion, resolution on financial agreements, 436.
British loan. See Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K.
Czechoslovak securities, deposit and registration, 339.
International Monetary and Financial Problems, Na-
tional Advisory Council on, 380, 381.
Intel-national Monetary Fund and International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development, meeting of
Boards of Governors, 219, 245, 290, 330, 331, 375, 431,
476, 478, 525, 527.
Italy, funds belonging to nationals of United Nations,

restoration, 817.
Japan, money, banking, and public finance, SCAP report,
806.
Financial agreement, U.K.-Greece, statement by Secretary

Byrnes, 155.
Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K. :
Addresses and statements by : Mr. Acheson, 185, 317,
511, 759; Mr. Brown, 540; Secretary Byrnes, 267;
Mr. Clayton, 271, 437; Mr. Thorp, 302; Mr. Wilcox,
96.
Charts illustrating British iwsition in world trade, 515.
National Advisory Council on International Monetary

and Financial Problems, statement, 381.
Office of War Jlobilization and Reconversion, resolution
by Advisory Board, and statement of President Tru-
man, 436.
Transmittal to Congress by President Truman, 183.
Financial aid to persons in Albania, limitation, 1120.
Finland, journalists visit to U.S., 339.
Fisheries and Wildlife Branch of International Resources

Division, establishment and functions, 735.
Fisheries oC the Great Lakes, proposed convention with
Canada, letter of transmittal by President Truman,
with report by Secretary Byrnes and summary of text,
823.
Fishing, Japanese, Allied policy on, 346.
Flack, Joseph, appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia,

828.
Food («ee also FAO; UNRRA) :

Caribbean area, efforts by U.S. and U.K. to expand

production. 130.
Combined Food Board operations, joint statement by
President Truman, Prime Minister Attlee, and
Prime Minister King, 86l.
Emergency Economic Committee for Europe, Coordina-
tion with FAO, 248, 833.
Emergency Food Council, to replace Combined Food

Board, 1075.
Famine crisis :
Addresses and statements by : Mr. Acheson, 893 ; Mr.
Hoover, 717 ; Mr. La Guardia, 716 ; President Tru-
man, 246, 412, 716.
Discussion with U.K. mission, 864, 895.
World cereal requirements, tables, 897.
Famine Emergency Committee, discussed in article by

Mr. Stillwell, 831.
Germany, rations, 192.
India, crisis, exchange of messages between —

Indian Vicerov (LordWavell) and President Truman,

861.
Mr. Minor and Mrs. Pearl S. Buck, 1084.
International organizations concerned with, listed, 949.
Japan, policy of Far Eastern Commission regarding, and
statements by Mr. Acheson and Mr. Hilldring, 712,
756. 947.
Rice, shortage of crops, 291, 300.
Bice, tripartite agreement with U.K. and Siam, 863,

9.58.
Sea food, occupation orders for Japan regarding pro-
duction, 346.
Shortages. 191, 291, 300, 542.

TransjMjrtation of, U.S. vessels to be made available to
foreign countries for, 730, 822.

INDEX. JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1149

Food — Continued

United Nations cooperation urged to combat world short-
age, 276.
Wlieat. See Wheat.
Pood and Agriculture, conference of Ministers, meetings,

565, 618.
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations:
Combined Food Board, relation to, 1075.
Conference, plans for, 277.
Exemptions and immunities, 348.
Functions, SS2, 949.
Secretariat, 814.

Urgent food problems, special meeting, 618, 858, 884, 946.
Message of President Truman, 948.
Statement by Director General (Orr), 949.
U.S. responsibilities in, letter from President Truman
to Secretary of Agriculture (Anderson), 656.
Foreign intelligence activities :

Directive by President Truman, 174.
N.Y. Publishers Association, endorsement, 260.
Foreign Liquidation Commissioner :
Delegation of authority to (D.R. 139.1 and 139.2), 1017.
Report to Congress on sale of surplus property abroad,
820.
Foreign Ministers, Council of:
Paris meeting, beginning April 25:
Dates of meeting, 169, 624, 1042.
Departure of Secretary Byrnes and staff, 711.
Draft treaty on Germany, 815.

Recommendations and report of Secretary Byrnes, 891.
Paris meeting, beginning June 15, departure of Secretary
Byrnes, 1074.
Foreign Ministers, Council of, Deputies of :
Appointment of commission to recommend Italy- Yugo-
slavia boundary, 391.
Meetings, dates, 711, 884, 1111.
Foreign nationals in Japan, repatriation of, SCAP report,

751.
Foreign policy, U.S., and its principles, address by Mr.

Braden, 294.
Foreign policy, U.S., mail on, analysis of, 350.
Foreign Policy Association, Hartford, Conn., address by

Mr. Chapin, 163.
Foreign Policy Association, New York, N.Y., address by

Secretary Byrnes, 267.
"Foreign Relations of the United States : The Paris Peace

Conference, 1919", publication of vol. VII : 918.
"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1931", publica-
tion of vol. Ill : 1129.
Foreign Service, U.S. (see also Diplomatic relations) :
Ambassadors :

Appointment: Argentina (Messersmlth), 687; Bel-
gium (Kirk), 224; Bolivia (Flack); 828; Brazil
(Pawley), 828; Iran (Allen), 828; Mexico
(Thurston), 971; Norway (Bay), 1054; Peru
(Cooper), 828; U.K. (Harriman), 687; U.S.S.R.
(Smith), 544.
Resignation: U.S.S.R. (Harriman), 306.
Consular offices : Antilla, Cuba, closing, 263 ; Arica,
Chile, closing, 499; Beira, Portuguese East Africa,
closing, 132; Berlin, Germany, opening, 399, 451
(corrected, 872) ; Bremen, Germany, opening, 399,
687, 872 ; Casablanca, Morocco, elevation to rank
of Consulate General, 872 ; Chungking, China, open-
ing, 828; Dairen, China, opening, 499, 736; Foynes,
Ireland, closing, 872; Gdansk, Poland, opening,
10.54 ; Frankfurt, Germany, opening, 399, 451 ;
Hamburg, Germany, opening, 399, 451; Horta,
Payal, Azores, closing, 1130; Limerick, Ireland,
opening, 872; Malmo, Sweden, closing, 400, 1130;
Mangos, Brazil, closing, 1054; Mukden, China, open-
ing, 687 ; Munich, Germany, opening, 399, 544 ;
Oran, Algeria, closing, 1130; Peiping, China, open-
ing, 46 ; Poznan, Poland, opening, 263 ; Saigon,

Foreign Service, U. S. — Continued
Consular offices — Continued

French Indochina, opening and elevation to rank
of Consulate General, 736, 828, 1054; Strasbourg,
France, opening, 736; Stuttgart, Germany, open-
ing, 399, 451; Suez, Egypt, closing, 544; Taipei
(Taihoku), Taiwan (Formosa), opening and ad-
ministration, 736, 872; Tapachula, Mexico, closing,
1130; Tvmis, Tunisia, elevation to rank of Con-
sulate General, 1130; Turin, Italy, opening, 224,
1054 ; Zagreb, Yugoslavia, opening, 1130.
Consular services to ships and seamen, inter-offlce trans-
fer of functions, 83.
Diplomatic Mission to Yemen, membership, 446.
Embassies :
Chungking, China, closed at and reestablished as

combined office at NanMng, 828.
Nanking, China, opening of combined office, 828.
Peiping, China, closing, 46.
Foreign Service Inspectors, Corps of, functions (D.R.

122.1), 1095.
Future of, address by Mr. Chapin, 163.
Institute proposed, 166.

Legations: Bangkok, Siam, opening, 83; Budapest, Hun-
gary, change from U.S. Mission to, 352 ; Siam, open-
ing, 5.
Medal for Merit presented to officers of, 499.
Ministers, appointment: Iraq (Pinkerton), 828; Liberia
(Lanier), 352, 450; Luxembourg (Kirk), 224; Saudi
Arabia (Childs), 828; Siam (Stanton), 828.
Philippine foreign-affairs training program, 298.
Representative in Austria (Erhardt), appointment, 177.
Research materials, procurement of, article by Mr.

Himiphrey, 22.
Secretariat of Board of Examiners, functions and or-
ganization (D.R. 122.8), 1016.
Training program:

Announcements, 918, 972, 1020, 1054, 1097, 1133.
Examinations for veterans and members of the armed
forces, 306.
Foreign students, special courses for, colleges listed, 1013.
Formosa, opening of U.S. Consulate at Taipei (Taihoku),

736, 872.
Foynes, Ireland, closing of U.S. Consulate, 872.
France (see also Europe) :

Caribbean Commission, membership in, 36, 292, 331, 332,

333.
Control Council for government of Germany, joint dec-
laration on liaison with other United Nations gov-
ernments, 113.
Economic reconstruction, U.S. aid In, address by Mr.

Hilldring, 674.
General Assembly, statement of M. Paul-Boncour, 89.
Germany, political reconstruction, policy toward, 552.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bidault), message to Secre-
tary Byrnes regarding establishment of central
agencies for control of Germany, 441.
Peace treaties, part in proposed conference on, 112.
President Gouin, Joint declaration with President Tru-
man, on U.S.-French .agreements on economic and
financial problems, 994, 1127.
Security Council, discussion of presence of French troops

in Syria and Lebanon, 234, 275.
Spanish situation, position, and exchange of views with

U.S. regarding, 399, 412, 486.
Telegraphic service, direct, between Washington and

U.S. Embassy in Paris, 345.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Air transport, with U.S., signature, 583.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, quad-
ripartite draft treaty, text, 815.
Double taxation, with U.S., conversations, 451.
Economic and financial, with U.S., text, 994, 1127.

1150

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

France — Continued

Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
German holdings, with U.S., U.K., and Switzerland,

summary of, 955.
Lend-lease settlement, with U.S., 997.
Reparation from Germany, draft, 114 n.
Rubber, purchase from Far East, bilateral, with U.S.,

1119.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944),

protocol prolonging, signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.
U.S. businessmen In, accommodations, 1086.
U.S. Consulate at Strasbourg, opening, 736.
Wheat crop, 193.

Zones of occupation in Austria and Germany, 603, 652.
Franck, Dorothea Seelye, articles on cultural relations

with Near East, 503, 608.
Franco y Bahamonde, Gen. Francisco:
Relations with Axis leaders, 413.
Retention as head of Spanish Government :

Attitude of U.S., U.K., and France, 399, 412, 486.
Remarks and discussion in Security Council regard-
ing, 709, 788, 796, 881.
Frankfurt, Germany, opening of U.S. Consulate General,

399, 451.
Free Germany Committee, 551.
Free press. See Press.
Freedom of infonnation :

Addresses by Mr. Benton and Mr. Braden, 392, 722.
U.S. proposal to establish subcommission of United
Nations on, 855.
Freedom of the press, radio broadcast on, 156.
French Indochina, opening of U.S. Consulate at Saigon
and elevation to rank of Consulate General, 736, 828,
1054.
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, Society of. New York, N.Y.,

address by Secretary Byrnes, 481.
Friendship, agreement with Yemen, proposal, 297.
Friendship, treaty, China and Dominican Republic (1940),

amendment (1945), ratification, 538.
Friendship and alliance, treaty, China and U.S.S.R., agree-
ment and exchange of notes (1945), texts, 201.
Friendship and alliance, treaty, Poland and U.S.S.R., agree-
ment and ratification (1945) , texts, 340.
Friendship and mutual aid, treaty, Poland and Yugoslavia,

text, 919.
Friendship and mutual assistance, treaty, U.S.S.R. and

Mongolia, text, 968.
Frontier. See Boundaries.

Fry, Kenneth D., designation in State Department, 1054.
Fuller, Leon W., article on German political revival, 547.

Galapagos base, U.S. withdrawal from, 644.
Galbralth, John K., designation in State Department, 826.
Gdansk, Poland, opening of U.S. Consulate General, 1054.
General Assembly, First Part of First Session in London :
Address by Secretary Byrnes, 87.
Atomic energy :

Establishment of Commission, 89, (text) 198.
Resolution on, 19.

Statement by Secretary Byrnes, 146.
Commissions and committees of, creation and composi-
tion, 20, 21, 467.
Greece, situation discussed, 199.
Indonesia, situation discussed, 199.
Meetings, dates. 169, 330, 525, 565, 946, 1042, 1111.
Organization, 17, 65, 147, 234, 277, 468.
President, Paul-Henri Spaak, 17.
Proceedings, 17, 62, 147, 199, 233, 274, 386, 468.
Refugee problem discussed, 199, 236, 276.
Report by Secretary Byrnes and letter of transmittal to
Congress by President Truman, 540.

General Assembly — Continued
Secretariat, organization of, 147.
Secretary-General, Trygve Lie, 147, 234.
Terms of oflice of first officials, 277.
Tribute to Franklin D. Roosevelt, by Mr. Spaak, 18.
Trusteeship, discussion, 90, 199.
Wheat and rice, draft resolution on, text, 291.
Geographic OflSces, divisions, functions, and organization

(D.R.), 827.
Geographic offices. State Department Intelligence Oflice,

Russell Plan for, 928.
German documents, texts of translations, 459, 699, 936, 984,

1038, 1103.
German-owned patents outside Germany, conference on,

nil.
Germany (see also Control Council) :
Argentine complicity with Nazi regime, 285.
Assets in Dodecanese and Venezia Giulia, disposition,

124.
Assets in neutral countries, negotiations regarding (see
also Property, infra) :
Allied-neutral, U.S. representative, 374, 1077.
Allied-Swedish, 990, 992, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Allied-Swiss, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884,

946, 955, 990, 1101, 1121.
Restitution, 120, 121.
Boundaries, reparations, and demilitarization of, views
of Council of Foreign Ministers on, discussed by
Secretary Byrnes, 953.
Cartels in, question of revival, discussed in radio broad-
cast, 911.
Central agencies for control of, U.S. and French posi-
tions on establishing, 440.
Citizens in Spain, repatriation, 1011.
Civil administration, question of, 197.
Damages. See Reparation.

Deutsche AusJ^ndspropaganda, article on, by Mr. Brad-
ford, 278.
Denazification procedures, 547, 910.
Disarmament and demilitarization, quadripartite draft

treaty on, 815.
Displaced-persons. See Displaced persons.
Economic penetration in Western Hemisphere, effective-
ness of Proclaimed List In eliminating, article by
Mr. Monsma, 876.
Enemy aliens from other American republics, disposi-
tion of, U.S. memorandum and proclamation, 33,
732.
External Property Commission for, 76, 283.
Food rations, 192.
Hess's flight to England, oflScial documents on (1941),

1103.
Industries, post-war, plan of Allied (Control Council

for, 636, 681.
Merchant fleet, disposal, 445.
Nationals in Japan, 374.
Navy, Anglo-Soviet-American communique on disposal

of, 173.
Nazi atomic plants in Spain, alleged, statement regard-
ing, 681.
Nazis in Spain, repatriation of, remarks to Security

Council by Mr. Stettinius regarding, 789.
Occupation by Allies, discussed in radio broadcast, 910.
Official documents, translations, 459, 460, 699, 936, 984,

1103.
Parcel-post service to U.S. zone, 1012.
Patents outside Germany, German-owned, conference on,

1112.
Permits for U.S. citizens to transport automobiles to,

447.
Polish-Soviet treaty regarding, 340.
Political reconstruction, U.S. policy, article by Mr.

Fuller, 547.
Postal service with other countries, resumption, 490, 635.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1151

Germany — Continued

Propaganda program abroad, excerpts from ofiBcial pub-
lications, 278, 311, 365.
Property (see also Assets supra) :
Allied Control Council law regarding, 76, 283.
Instructions to U. S. citizens and others for claiming
German-held property in Netherlands, 729.
Raw materials for, U.S. program for supplying, 173.
Refugees, release of property in U.S. 1011.
Relations with Japan (1939-41), texts of documents,

1038.
Relations with Spanish Government (1940-43), texts of

documents, 413.
Reparation. See Reparation.
Slave labor, 214, 215, 300.

Steel industry in, discussed in radio broadcast, 910.
Transportation system in, 675.
U.S. Consulates, opening, 399, 451, 687, 872.
U.S. Consulates General at Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg,

and Munich, opening, 451, 544.
U.S. Political Adviser on German Affairs, Office of, 872.
U.S. zone, progress of reeducation in, 698.
War aims (1940), 459, 466.

Zones of occupation, article by Mr. Hoffman, 599.
Ginzberg, Eli, appointment as U.S. representative at con-
ference on non-repatriable victims of German action,
857.
Gold:
Allied-Swiss agreement regarding German gold in Switz-
erland, 1101, 1121.
Paris conference resolution on transfer from Germany

to neutral countries, 121.
Restitution to Hungary of gold in U.S. custody, 1120.
Treaty provisions regarding restitution of gold found in
Germany, 120.
Good-neighbor policy, comments on, 295, 296.
Gouin, Felix (President of Provisional French Govern-
ment), declaration, joint, with President Truman, on
U.S.-French agreements on economic and financial
problems, 994, 1127.
Grady, Henry F. :
Appointments:
Alternate on Cabinet Committee on Palestine, 1089.
Head of U.S. Delegation to observe Greek elections,
56, 129.
Statement on Greek elections, 582.
Grain. See Wheat.

Gray, Cecil Wayne, designation in State Department, 969.
Gray, Edward R., designation in State Department, 1097.
Great Britain. See United Kingdom.
Great Lakes fisheries :

International Board of Inquiry, report by, cited in letter

of President Truman to Senate, 823.
International Commission for, proposed in letter of Sec-
retary Byrnes to President Truman, 823.
Proposed convention with Canada, 823.
Greece :
Advisory Economic Mission to, proposal by U.K., 79.
British troops in, discussion in Security CouncU, 233.
Economic experts from U.S., offer, 79.
Elections, Allied Mission to observe (see also Elections,

Greek 1, .56, 129, 297, .529, 5S2, 671, 805.
Electoral lists, revision of. Allied Mission to observe,

1050, 1128.
General Assembly, discussion, 199.
Good-will visit of U.S.S. Missouri, 731.
Loan to, approval by Export-Import Bank, 78.
Negotiations with U.S. on expansion of production and

employment, 175.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air services, with U.K., signature, 582.
Air transport, with U.S., signature, 583.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.

719539—46 3

Greece — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued

Civil-aviation agreement, air transport (1944), ac-
ceptance, 715.
Financial agreement, with U.K., 155.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), pro-
tocol prolonging, signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Greene, Dorothy, article on cultural centers in other

American republics, 227.
Greenland, liquidation of surplus property in, 350.
Gromyko, Andrei A., letters and remarks to Security
Council regarding Soviet-Iranian matters, 568, 657,
828.
Guatemala (see also American republics) :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 1091.

Inter- American Indian Institute (1940), adherence, 82.
Gutt, Camille, election as Managing Director of Inter-
national Monetary Fund, 1044.

Hackworth, Green H., election as judge of International

Court of Justice, 258.
Hague, inaugural sitting of International Court of Justice

at, 757.
Haiti (see also American republics) :

Ambassador to U.S. (Bellegarde), credentials, 1050.

Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 1053.

Diplomatic relations with U.S., resumption, 682.

Government, new, description of, 682.

Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), pro-
tocol prolonging, entry into force and text, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, entry into
force, 869.
War criminals of the Euroi)ean Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Hamburg, Germany, opening of U.S. Consulate General,

399, 451.
Handler, David, article on Danubian transportation prob-
lems, 1108.
Harriman, W. Averell, resignation as U.S. Ambassador
to U.S.S.R. and appointment as Ambassador to U.K.,
306, 687.
Harvard Clubs, Associated, Boston, Mass., address by Mr.

Acheson, 1045.
Hawaii, transfer of Japanese property in to U.S., 131.
Hazard, John Newbold, designation in State Department,

180.
Health Organization, International :
Functions, 882.

Meetings, dates, 330, 476, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755,
856, 884, 1076, 1111.
Hilldring, John H. :

Address on U.S. aid in economic reconstruction of

France, 674.
Appointment as Assistant Secretary of State, 369, 736.
Letter to Far Eastern Commission regarding food sup-
plies to Japan, 947.
Participant in radio broadcast, 910.

Statement on Far Eastern Commission policy on food
supplies to Japan, 756.
Hiss, Alger, participant in radio broadcast, 386.
Hitler, Adolf, plans for Norway (1940) and for Norway
and Denmark (1942), German documents concerning,
700, 936.
Hittl, Philip K., visiting professor to Near East, 1011.

1152

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Hodge, Lt. Gen. John R., letter to Col. Gen. Ivan M.

Chistiakov on administration of Korea, 111.
Hodgson, Joseph V., resignation as U.S. Commissioner on

United Nations War Crimes Commission, 855.
Hoffman, L. A., articles on zones of occupation in Ger-
many, 599, &i9.
Holland, G. Kenneth, designation in State Department,

452.
Honduras, agreements :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Hoover, Herbert (chairman. Famine Emergency Commit-
tee) :
Address on vyorld famine crisis, 717.
Report to President on accomplishments of Committee,

897.
Visit to American republics, 958.
Horsky, Charles A., participant in radio broadcast, 250.
Horta, Fayal, Azores, closing of U.S. Consulate, 1130.
House of Representatives. Scf Cougre.ss, U.S.
Howard, John B., articles :

Inter-Allied Reparation Agency, 1063.
Paris agreement on reparation from Germany, 1023.
Howe, John, designation in State Department, 180.
Human rights, the United Nations Charter and the pro-
motion of, article by Mrs. McDiarniid, 210.
Human Rights, Commission on, 814, 855.
Humanity, crimes in Far East against, statement by Mr.

Keenan, 846.
Humelsine, Carlisle H., designation in State Department,

826.
Humphrey, Richard A., article on procurement of foreign

research materials, 22.
Hungary :

German documents on, 984.

Minister to U.S. (Szegedy-Masznk), credentials, 132.
Prime Minister Nagy, visit to U.S., 1091, 1120.
Property and gold, restitution, 1120.
U.S. Mission at Budapest, change to Legation, 352.
Hutcheson, Josepli C. (chairman of U.S. members of Anglo-
American Committee of Inquiry), letter transmitting
report of Committee to President Truman, 783.
Hutson, John B., participant in radio broadcast, 191.
Hyde, Louis K., Jr., article on U.S. trade proposals, 616.

Iceland :
Admission to United Nations, question of, 773.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Military facilities, U.S. proposal regarding, 773.
Surplus war property, liquidation, 350.
ILO. See International Labor Organization.
Immigration :

Address by Mr. Warren on migration policies, 213.
Displaced persons in U.S. zone in Germany, preference,
635.
Immigration and %'lsa matters, contacts with Department

of Justice regarding (D.R. 232.2), 970.
Immunity :

International Organizations Immunities Act, descrip-
tion of, 348.
United Nations Secretariat, discussion on diplomatic
immunity and taxation, 199, 276.
Importation of Swiss watches, proposed limitation on, ex-
change of memoranda, 763.
Imru, Ras H. S., credentials as Ethiopian Minister to U.S.,

1000.
Income tax, double :
France, with U.S., conversations, 451.
U.K., with U.S., supplementary protocol, 1052, 1087.
Independence, Philippine :

Preparation for, article by Mr. Mill, 980.
Proclamation ceremonies at Manila, 1051.

India :
Food crisis :

Exchange of messages between Lord Wavell and Presi-
dent Truman, 861.
Letter from Mr. Minor to Mrs. Pearl S. Buck, 1084.
Grain shipments to, U.S., 957.
Mudaliar, Sir Ramaswami, elected president of Economic

and Social Council, 90.
Opium control, quotations from statement of Govern-
ment, 239, 240.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36.
Bulk-sale agi-eement, preliminary, with U.S., con-
clusion, 733.
Lend-lease, reciprocal aid, and surplus property, settle-
ment of, with U.S. (1946) , signature, 733, 916.
Occupation of Japan. See BCOF.
Peace, with Siam, signature (1946), 963.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 954.
Indonesia, discussion in Security Council regarding

presence of British troops In, 199, 234, 275.
Industrial committees of ILO, 704 n.
Industrial enterprises In Manchuria, U.S. memorandum to

China and U.S.S.R., and Chinese reply, 448.
Industrial property :

International registration (1891), London revision

( 1034 ) , adherence by Luxem1)ourg, 514.
Patent interchange (1942), agreement on amendments,

with U.K., signature, 579.
Patents outside Germany, German-owned, conference on,

1112.
Protection of (1S83), London revision (1934), adher-
ence by Luxembourg. 61.
Industrial situation in Japan, SCAP report, 805.
Industries, German, post-war, action of Allied Control

Council on, 636. 681.
Industry, Polish, nationalization of, 670.
Information (.see also Radio) :
Addresses by Mr. Benton and Mr. Braden on inter-
national service, 392, 722.
Advisory group to prepare recommendations on mass

communications for UNESCO, 172.
AP and UP, attitude toward State Department's

program, 217.
Freedom of, U.S. proposal for establishment of sub-
commission in United Nations, 855.
Japan, dissemination, SCAP report, 807.
Proposals for international service, letter from Secretary

Byrnes to President Truman, 57.
Rumania, freedom of press in, U.S. protest on non-
fulfilment of assurances regarding, 1007, 1048, 1125.
Information and Cultural Affairs, International, Office of,
establishment of overseas information service, letter
from Secretary Byrnes to President Truman, 57.
Institute of Inter-American Affairs, transfer to State

Department, 685.
Institute of International Education, placement of Pan-
amanian students in U.S. institutions, 223.
Intelligence, Advisory Committee on, objectives (D.R.

18:^.5), 826.
Intelligence activities, coordination of foreign :
Directive from President Truman, 174.
N. Y. Publishers As.sociation, endorsement, 260.
Intelligence Collection and Dissemination, Office :
Functions and organization (D.R. 133.30), 827.
Russell Plan for, 930.
Intelligence Coordination and Liaison, Office:
Functions (D.R. 1.S3 20), 827.
Russell Plan for, 929.
Intelligence program. State Department :
Russell Plan for organization, 928.

Statement by Secretary Byrnes regarding lack of funds,
687.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1153

Intelligence program in Japan, SCAP report, 750.
Inter-Allied Reparation Agency :
Article by Mr. Howard, 1063.
Establishment of, 114, 115, 119.
Inter-Allied Trade Committee, establLshment proposed, 395.
Inter-American Affairs, Institute of, transfer to State

Department, remarks by Mr. Braden, 1012.
Inter-American Affairs, Office of:
Activities in information field, comments by Mr. Benton,

725.
Termination of, and transfer of certain functions to
State Department :
Executive Order 9710 : 686.
Letter from Secretary Byrnes to President Truman,

57.
Statement by President Truman, 685.
Statement by State Department, 685.
Inter-American conference for maintenance of peace and
security :
Appointment of committee to draft treaty proposals

for consideration by, 732.
Postponement, 477.
Inter-American conference of exjaerts on copyright, meet-
ings, dates, 946, 990, 1042, 1074, 1111.
Inter-American conference on problems of war and peace,

attitude of Argentina, 285.
Inter-American Educational Foundation, tran.sfer to State
Department:
Remarks by Mr. Braden, 1012.
Statement by State Department, 685.
Inter-American Indian Institute, convention for (1940),

adherence of Guatemala, 82.
Inter-American military cooperation, bill, letter of trans-
mittal from President Truman to Congress and state-
ment by Secretary Byrnes before House Foreign
Affairs Committee, 859, 1001.
Inter-American Navigation Corporation, termination,

transfer to State Department preliminary to, 685.
Inter-American policy, what it is, radio broadcast, 26.
Inter-American relations. See American republics.
Inter-American system, address by President Truman, 720.
Inter-American Transportation Corporation, termination,

transfer to State Department preliminary to, 685.
Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural
Cooperation :
Description, 428.
Detail of U.S. jwrsonnel to other governments, article

by Mr. McGeorge, 72.
Program in American republics, report recommending
continuance, 1092.
Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, problems, 215.
Intergovernmental commodity arrangements, article by

Mr. Phillips, 509.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development :
Articles of agreement, status of signatures and accept-
ances, 36, 528.
Election of President (Meyer), 1044.
Executive Directors, 856.
Italian membership in, proposed, 581.
Meeting at Savannah, Boards of Governors, with Inter-
national Monetary Fund. See Savannah meeting.
Relation to employment ob.iectives, 563.
Statement by National Advisory Council on Interna-
tional Monetary and Financial Problems regarding,
3S1.
U.S. representatives, appointment, 262.
International broadcasting. See Radio broadcasts.
International Cooperative Alliance, request for member-
ship in Economic and Social Council, 126.
International Court of Justice of United Nations :
ComiMJSition of, 474.

Compulsory jurisdiction, U.S. position favorable to, 633.
Inaugural sitting, 757.
Judges, selection of, 199, 234, 258.
Location to be at The Hague, 91.

International C<jurt of Justice — Continued
Meeting, dates, 711, 755, 813, 884, 94G.
Mr. Hackworth elected as judge, 258.
Transition from Permanent Court of International Jus-
tice of League of Nations to, discussed in articles by
Dr. Reiff, 691, 739.
International Emergency Food Council to replace Com-
bined Food Board, invitation to prospective members
to meeting of Food Board, 1075.
International Health Organization, preliminary meeting of

conference on, 330, 375, 431, 525, 618, 655.
International Information and Cultural Affairs, Office of :
Divisions, 43, 44, 45.
Establishment and' functions, 37, 42, 57.
International information program, memorandum by Mr.

Macmahon, 37.
International Labor Organization :
Committees :

Coal Mining Committee, 704.

International Development Works Committee, 169,

219, 245.
Iron and Steel, Industrial Committee, 711, 712, 755,

813
Metal Trades Committee, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884.
Conference, 2Sth maritime session:
Meeting, dates, 946, 990, 1042, 1074, 1111.
U.S. Delegation, listed, 993.
Conference of American states members (3d) :
Meeting, dates, 476, 525, 565, 61S, 711.
U. S. Delegation, listed, 566.
Conference of delegates on constitutional questions, 35,

169, 290.
Constitution of, amendment proposals, article by Mr.

Wiesman, 1028.
Exemptions and immunities, 348.
Functions, table listing, 882.
Governing Body:
Meeting (98th), dates, 884, 946.
U.S. representative on, 713, 948.
Scope in relation to functions of Economic and Employ-
ment Commission, 799.
Transfer from League of Nations to United Nations,
discussed in articles by Dr. Reiff, 691, 739.
International law, U.S. policy in maintaining and develop-
ing, letter from Secretary Byrnes to president of
American Society of International Law (Coudert),
758.
International Monetary and Financial Problems, National

Advisory Council on, 380, 381.
International Monetary Fund :
Articles of agreement, status of signatures and accep-
tances, 36, 528.
Executive Directors, 856.
Italian membership in, proposed, 581.
Managing Director (Gutt), election, 1044.
Meeting at Savannah, Boards of Governors, with Inter-
national Monetary Fund. See Savannah meeting.
Relation to employment objectives, 563.
U.S. representatives, appointment, 262.
International Office of Public Health, 655, 711, 755, 813, 856,

884.
International Organization Affairs, Division of:
Functions (D.R. 118.11), 1094.

Responsibilities under International Organizations Im-
munities Act (D.R. 240.1), 1018, 1019.
International organizations, functions, table listing, 882.
International Organizations Immunities Act:
Provisions of, 348.

Responsibilities under (D.R. 240.1), 1018.
International Sugar Council, meeting, 219.
International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Ex-
perts. See CITEJA,
International Trade Organization, proposed, 383, 403, 431,
616, 631, 647.

1154

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Inverchapel, Lord, credentials as British Ambassador to

U.S., ior.0.

Investigations, Division of, functions and organization

(D. R. 123.6), 180.
Iran :
Blind censorship of foreign newspapermen :
Report of, 731.
U.S. views on, 772.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Dispute with U.S.S.R. See Iranian case under Security

Council.
Opium production, limitation, 239.
U.S. Ambassador (Allen), appointment, 828.
Iraq :
Bretton Woods argeements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
U.S. Minister (Pinkerton), appointment, 828.
Ireland, closing of U.S. Consulate at Foynes and establish-
ment at Limerick, 872.
Italy :
Armistice with Allies, revised, recommendation to Coun-
cil of Foreign Ministers regarding, statement by Sec-
retary Byrnes, 891.
Boundary, Italian-Yugoslav :

Commission appointed to recommend, 391.
Views of Council of Foreign Ministers on, 950.
Civil aviation contract with TWA, U.S. attitude toward,

90S.
Colonies, views o^Council of Foreign Ministers on, 950.
Constituent Assembly, elections, 299.
Food. See Food.

Interview between Reich Foreign Minister and Musso-
lini (19-11). German documents on, 1103.
Membership in World Fund and Bank, proposed, 581.
Military strength, German propaganda regarding, 313.
Property belonging to nationals of United Nations,

restoration, 817.
Relations with Spanish Government, texts of documents,

413.
Reparation, views of Council of Foreign Ministers on,

mo.

Resumption of private trade with, 261.
U.S. Consulate at Turin, opening, 224, 1054.
Iron and Steel, Industrial Committee of ILO, announce-
ment of U.S. delegation, 712.
Iron and steel industry, Japanese, reparations-removal

policy of Far Eastern Commission, 1074.
ITO. See International Trade Organization.

Jackson, C. D., participant in radio broadcast, 11.
Japan (.see nlso Far East; Far Eastern Commission) :

Assets in Manchuria, disposition, 364.

Axis nationals In, communications regarding, 374.

Consular premises and property in Hawaii, transfer to
U.S. by Swedish official, 131.

Declaration of war by Soviet Union, conditions govern-
ing, 282.

Democracy, U.S. radio broadcast, 581.

Diet, new, composition, 1072.

Elections in, communications between Far Eastern Com-
mission and General MacArthur regarding, 639.

Emperor, attitude of Far Eastern Commission on tour
of, 1(H2.

Food for citizens of, policy regarding, 712, 756, 897, 947.

Mandated islands, U.S. policy on, 113.

Materials for export, supply, 395.

Military strength, German propaganda regarding, 313,
315.

National City Bank of New York, reopening of branch
in Tokyo, 642.

Non-military activities in, report of General Headquar-
ters, SCAP, 749, 805, 915, 1067.

Occupation policies. Allied, for fishing and aquatic in-
dustries, 346.

Japan — Continued
Raw materials, U.S. program for supplying, 173.
Refugees in Japan, Far Eastern Commission policy re-
garding, 1043.
Refugees in U.S., release of property in U.S., 1011.
Relations with Germany (1939-41), texts of documents,

1038.
Reparation. See Reparation.

Repatriation of citizens in British areas, visit of Ad-
miral Leahy to U.K. regarding, 892.
SCAP. See Supreme Commander for Allied Powers.
Textile mission, international, report, 178, 1009.
Trade, control and regulation, 394.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Disarmament and demilitarization of, draft treaty

on, 1113.
Kurile Islands, agreement at Yalta regarding, 189,

190, 282.
Occupation to be participated in by BCOF, agreement

between TT.S. and Australia, summary, 220.
Sakhalin, agreement at Yalta regarding, 189, 190, 282.
U.S. education mission and report, 345, 641, 807.
Digest of report, 769.
Letters of transmittal, 767, 768.
Statement by General MacArthur, 769.
War criminals, trial of, 361, 376, 618, 751, 809, 846, 847.
Jessup, Joe L., designation in State Department, 351.
Jewish National Home in Palestine, 957.
Jews in Europe (see also Anglo-American Committee of
Inquiry; Displaced persons) :
German directives and propaganda regarding, 311, 813,

315, 365, 465.
Retribution for German crimes against, statement by
President Truman, 369.
Johnson, Herschel V., appointment as U.S. Deputy Repre-
sentative on Security Council, 754.
Johnson, Nelson T., Secretary General of Far Eastern

Commission, election, 376.
Joint Chiefs of Staff in Australia, organization, 221.
Journalism, awards for Negroes, Washington, address by

Mr. Braden, 392.
Judson, Harold, participant In radio broadcast, 250.
Julian March. See Venezia Giulia.

Keenan, Joseph B. (counsel for prosecution of Far East-
ern war criminals), statement on the indictment, 846.
Kefauver, Grayson N., death. 39.
Kelly, Helen G., report on Bermuda telecommunications

conference, 59.
Kindleberger, Charles P., designation in State Depart-
ment, 826.
King, W. L. Mackenzie (Prime Minister of Canada),
joint statement with President Truman and Prime
Minister Attlee on continuing Combined Food Board
operations, 861.
Kirk, Alan G., appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Bel-
gium and U.S. Minister to Luxembourg, 224.
Kleinwaechter, Ludwig, appointment as Austrian repre-
sentative in U.S., 177.
Korea (see also Far East) :

Administrative coordination by U.S. and Soviet com-
mands, 111.
Bunce, Arthur C, appointment as adviser to General

Hodge, U.S.A., 224.
Cultural leaders visit U.S., 812.

Nationals in .Japan, repatriation. Far Eastern Commis-
sion policy regarding, 1044.
Needs in, examination by U.S., 449.

Non-military activities in, report of General Headquar-
ters, SCAP, 749, 805, 915.
Radio broadcast on, 104.

U.S. policy, statements by President Truman and De-
partment of State, 139, 155, 449, 644.
Kosanovic, Sava N., appointment as Yugoslav Ambas-
sador to U.S., 728.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1155

Kurile Islands :
Agreement at Yalta, official statements regarding, 189,

190.
Text of agreement, 282.
U.S. air bases, question of, 190.
Kuznets, Simon S., appointment as Economic Adviser to
China, 961.

Labor. See American Federation of Labor ; International
Labor Organization ; World Federation of Trade
Unions.
Labouisse, Henry K., Jr., designation in State Depart-
ment, 351.
Labrador, liquidation of surplus property in, 350.
La Guardia, Fiorello H. :
Director General of UNRRA, appointment, 619.
World famine crisis, address, 716.
Lange, Oskar (Polish Ambassador), letter to —
Acting Secretary Acheson, on Export-Import Bank loan

to Poland, 761.
Secretary Byrnes, on :
Polish attitude regarding U.S. trade with Philippines,

773.
Purpose of referendum in connection with Polish
elections, 762.
Security Council, on Franco regime in Spain, 660.
Langer, William L., appointment as Special Assistant to

tlie Secretary, 826.
Lanier, Raphael O'Hara, appointment as U.S. Minister

to Liberia, 352. 450.
Laparra, Arnauld (France), statement on Greek elec-
tions, 582.
Latchford, Stephen, article on private International air

law, 835.
Leach, Irene B., death, 218.
League of Nations, transfer of assets to United Nations,

91, 200, 691, 739, 743, 744, 747.
League of Women Voters, St. Louis, Mo., address by Mr.

Acheson, 317.
Leah.v, Fleet Admiral William D., visit to U.K., 892.
Lebanon :
Near East Foundation, work, 508.

Security Council, complaint to on presence of British
and French troops in, 234, 275.
Legislation. See Congress, U.S.
Lehman, Herbert H., resignation as Director General of

UNRRA, 619.
Lend-lease :

Functions relating to maintenance of accounts and fiscal
records, transfer to Treasury Department (Ex. Or.
9726), 959.
Report of operations (21st and 22d), letters of trans-
mittal from President Truman to Congress, 223, 1091.
Lend lease, settlement agreements :
Statement by President Truman, 139.
U.S. agreements with : Australia, 1118 ; Canada, 683 ;
China, 1118; France, 997; India, 733, 916; Turkey,
868; U.K., 580.
Liberated areas :
Austria, U.S. recognition of government, 81, 339.
Shipping agreement for transportation of supplies to,

488.
UNRRA shipments to (1945), 224.
Wheat shipments to, 151, 152, 360, 716, 717.
Liberia, appointment of U.S. Minister (Lanier), 450.
Liberty ships, U.S., transportation of grain from U.S.S.R.

to France, 730.
Lie, Trygve :
Addresses and statements to Security Council. See

Security Council.
Arrival in U.S., 529.
Invitation to atomic-bomb tests, 1130.
Secretary-General of United Nations, appointment, 147,
234.
Limerick, Ireland, establishment of U.S. Consulate, 872.

Livestock in Caribbean area, efforts by U.S. and U.K. to

increase production, 130.
Load line convention, international, suspension during

war emergency, proclamation revoking, 132.
Loans :
Austrian, arrangement with U.S., 818.
Export-Import Bank, table, 384.

Transfer of League of Nations - sponsored loans to
United Nations, question discussed in articles bv Dr.
Reiff, 698, 740.
U.S. policy regarding, messages of President Truman to
Congress, and statement by National Advisory
Council on International Monetary and Financial
Problems, 380, 381.
Loot, transfer of gold to neutral countries from Germany,

resolution of Paris Conference on Reparation, 121.
Los Angeles, Calif., address by Mr. Benton, 408.
Lubin, Isador, resignation from Allied Commission on

Reparations, 224.
Luthringer, George P., designation in State Department,

1097.
Luxembourg :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36.
Industrial property, protection of (1883), London

revision (1934), adherence, 61.
Reparation from Germany, draft, 114 n.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), proto-
col prolonging, entry into foii^ and text, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, entry into
force, 869.
Trade marks, international registration (1891),

London revision (1934), adherence, 514.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
U.S. Minister (Kirk), appointment, 224.
Lyon, Frederick B., designation in State Department, 969.

MacArtbur, Gen. Douglas (see also Supreme Commander
for the Allied Powers) :
Addresses, statements, etc. :
BCOF in Japan, 221.
Japanese elections, 1067.
U.S. education mission to Japan, 769.
Cooperation with Far Eastern Commission, 291, 370, 373.

639.
Japanese trade program, responsibility for, 394.
Jurisdiction in Pacific, extent, comments by Secretary

Byrnes, 449.
Letter of tribute from Secretary Byrnes, 449.
Proclamation establishing International Military Tribu-
nal for the Far East, 361.
Staff in Tokyo, experts to join, 10.
Machado HernSndez, Alfredo, credentials as Venezuelan

Ambassador to U.S., 730.
MacLeish, Archibald, statement on UNESCO, 629.
Macmahon, Arthur W., memorandum on international in-
formation program, 37.
Macy, Noel, excerpts from memorandum on meeting with

AP representatives, 93.
Madow, William G., visiting professor to Brazil, 351.
Mail on U.S. foreign policy, analysis, 350.
Mails :
Parcel-post service to U.S. zone in Germany, 1012.
Postal service to Austria and Germany, resumption, 40,
490, 635.
Malaya, purchase of rubber by U.S., 644.
Malmo, Sweden, closing of U.S. Consulate, 400, 1130.
Mandos, Brazil, closing of U.S. Vice Consulate, 1054.
JIanchuria :

Industrial enterprises, question of control, 448.
Japanese assets in, disposition, 3M.

1156

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Mandated islands (Japanese), U.S. policy on, 113.
Mandatory in Palestine, recommendation regarding, 785.
Manila, proclamation ceremonies of Philippine independ-
ence day at, 1051.
Manhattan Project, 668.

Mann, Thomas C., designation in State Department, 1097.
Maps and charts :
British loan, 515.

Japanese elections, extent of geographic coverage, 1069.
Loans authorized by Export-Import Bank, 384.
Port Arthur Naval Base Area as provided in Sino-Soviet

treaty (1945), 202.
SCAP, administrative areas of, 804.
Soviet-Polish state boundary, 342.
Marine Perch (ship), repatriation of German nationals In

Spain, 1011.
Maritime. See Shipping.

Maritime Authority, United. See United Maritime Au-
thority.
Marshall, Gen. George C, remarks on U.S. assistance to

China, 484.
Martin, Edwin M., participant in radio broadcast, 104.
Martin, Haywood P., designation in State Department, 826.
Master of a vessel, consular services relating to entry and

clearance, inter-offioe transfer of functions, 83.
Material, classified, sale of, clearance processes for, 821.
Matlock, Clifford C, designation in State Department, 1097.
McCabe, Thomas B. (Foreign Liquidation Commissioner),
report to Congress on sale of surplus property abroad,
820.
McCormack, Alfred, resignation as Special Assistant to
Secretary, letter to and reply from Acting Secretary
Acheson, texts, 778.
McCoy, Maj. Gen. Frank R., election as chairman of Far

Eastern Commission, 376.
McDermott, Michael J., statement regarding Japanese

assets in Manchuria, 364.
McDiarmid, Alice M., article on the United Nations Charter

and promotion of human rights, 210.
McGeorge, Henry H., article on detail of U.S. personnel

to other governments, 72.
McGhee, George C, designation in State Department, 351.
McLean, Robert (President of Board of Directors of Asso-
ciated Press), 92, 04.
McNarney, Gen. Joseph T., commendation for part in Ger-
man industry settlement, 681.
Medal for Merit, award to Foreign Service officers, 499.
Meetings, calendar of. See name of organization or con-
ference.
Memorandum on the post-war international information
program of the U.S., by Dr. Macmahon, publication of,
37.
Merchant Marine Commission, Tripartite, report on dis-
posal of German merchant fleet, 445.
Messersmith, George S., appointment as U.S. Ambassador

to Argentina, 687.
Metal Trades Committee of ILO, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884.
Mexico (see also American republics) :
Arms and ammunition shipments by U.S. firms, investi-
gation of charges of, 39.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 687.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Air-transport agreement, with U.S., discussions re-
garding, 1112.
Brettoii WiMids agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, signature, 376.
U.S. Ambassador (Thurston), appointment, 971.
U.S. Vice Consulate at Tapachula, closing, 1130.
Meyer, Eugene, election as president of International Bank

for Reconstruction and Development, 1044.
Migration policies and world economy, address by Mr.
Warren, 213.

Mikhailovich, Gen. Draza:

U.S. requests to submit testimony in behalf of, 634, 909.
Yugoslav denial of U.S. requests, 669.
Military aid to China, remarks by Mr. Acheson, 1115.
Military-aviation mission, with Bolivia (1941), renewal,

83.
Military cooperation, inter-American, bill, letter of trans-
mittal from President Truman to Congress and state-
ment by Secretary Byrnes before House Foreign
Affairs Committee, 859, 1001.
Military facilities in Iceland, U.S. proposals regarding,

773.
Military Government, U.S. zone (in Germany), Office of,
relation to State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee,
discussed in radio broadcast, 914.
Military mission agreement, with Venezuela, 1050.
Military movement of U.S.S.R. toward Iran, reported, 483.
Military organizations in Germany and Japan, quadri-
partite draft treaties to disarm and disband, 815, 1113.
Military Staff Committee of the United Nations. See

United Nations.
Military strength, U.S., relation to United Nations and

world peace, address by Secretary Byrnes, 481.
Military training, discussed by Secretary Byrnes, 357, 482.
Military Tribunal, International, for the Far East :
Charter and proclamation establishing, 361, 618.
Charter, changes in text, 890.
Mill, Edward W., articles:

Philippine foreign affairs training program, 148.
Philippines prepares for independence, 980.
Miller, Frieda, Miss (Department of Labor), appointment
as U.S. Representative on Governing Body of ILO, 948.
Mining. See Coal.

Minor, Harold B., letter to Mrs. Pearl S. Buck (chairman,
India Famine Emergency Committee) regarding U.S.
food shipments to India, 1084.
Missions, military, accredited to Allied Control Council by

several governments, 113.
Missions, U.S. :

Agricultural, to China and the Philippines, 1054.
Greece, to observe elections, and revision of electoral

lists, 297, 1128.
Military, to Venezuela, 1050.
Military aviation, to Bolivia, 83.
Missouri (ship), good-will visit to Greece, 731.
Molotov, Vyacheslav M. (U.S.S.R.), exchange of notes with
Wang Shih-chieh regarding friendship and alliance
treaty between U.S.S.R. and China, 204.
Monetary agreements, U.K. with Czechoslovakia, Nether-
lands, and Norway, 81.
Monetary Fund, International. See International Mone-
tary Fund.
Mongolia, treaties, agreements, etc. :

Economic and cultural collaboration, with U.S.S.R.,

text, 968.
Friendship and mutual assistance, with U.S.S.R., text,

968.
Status quo of Mongolian People's Republic guaranteed
in Yalta agreement, 282.
Monroe Doctrine, present-day effectiveness, 295.
Monsma, George N., article on ex-Proclaimed List nationals

and U.S. foreign trade, 875.
Morgan, Stokeley W., resignation from State Department,

969.
Morocco, elevation of U.S. Consular office at Casablanca

to rank of Consulate General, 872.
Morris, Leland B., appointment to head U.S. Section of
Allied Mission to Observe Revision of Greek Electoral
Lists, 1128.
Motion Picture Section, Division of Commercial Policy,

functions (D.R. 131.24), 1096.
Motion pictures, U.S., exhibition in France, understanding

regarding, text, 999.
Movement Coordinating Committee. See Export Control
Committee.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1157

Mudaliar, Sir Ramaswami, election as president, Economic

and Social Council, OO.
Jlukden, C'liiua, opening of U.S. Consulate General, 687.
Munich, Germany, opening of U.S. Consulate and U.S.

Consulate General, 399, 544.
Munitions plants in Japan, privately owned, reparations

removal policy of Far Eastern Commission regarding,

1111.
Mutual aid. See Lend lease.
Mutual aid and friendship, treaty between Poland and

Yugoslavia, text, 919.
Mutual assistance, American republics, plans for, 287, 667,

732.
Myers, Denys P., notes on composition of organs, commis-
sions, and committees of the United Nations, 467.

Nagy, Ferenc (Hungarian Prime Minister), visit to U.S.,

1091, 1120.
Nanking, China, opening of U.S. combined office, S28.
Nansen passports, renewal, question of, discussed in letters

between Senator Vandeuberg and Mr. Achesou, 1003.
NARBA. See North American regional broadcasting

agreement.
Narcotic Drugs, United Nations Commission on, appoint-
ment of U.S. representative (Anslinger), 1052.
Narcotics, limitation of opium production, U.S.-U.K. notes

on, 237.
National Advisory Council on International Monetary and

Financial Problems, 380, 381.
National Archives, liaison with State Department (D.R.

232.1), 969.
National City Bank of New York, Tokyo branch, reopen-
ing, 642.
National Democratic Club, New York, N.Y., address by

Mr. Braden, 535.
National Farm Institute, Des Moines, Iowa, address by

Mr. Clayton, excerpts, 271.
National Socialist ideology in the New World, address by

Mr. Braden, 101.
National War College, 259.
Navigation laws. See Transport and Communications,

Office of.
Navy Department :
Air-navigation facilities abroad, functions relating to,
transfer to Department of Commerce (Ex. Or.
9709), 684.
Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee, member-
ship on, 3.
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, 734, 914,
1132.
Neal, Jack D., designation in State Department, 969.
Near East :

Cultural relations with, article by Mrs. Franck, 503, 608.
Jewish and Arab leaders in Palestine, consultation with,

proposed, 917, 956.
League of Arab States, discussed in article by Mr. Allen,

924.
Loans authorized by Export-Import Bank, table, 385.
Trans-Jordan, status of and U.S. attitude on recognition
of, letter from Secretary Byrnes to Senator Myers,
765.
UNRRA mission to, 960.
U.S. Agricultural Mis.sion to, 348.
View of Arab countries on Anglo-American Committee

of Inquiry report on Palestine, U.S. reply to, 917.
Visiting professor from U.S., 1011.
Near East Foundation, activities, 508.
Near Eastern route service conference, meeting at Cairo,

655, 711, 755.
Netherlands :

British troops in Indonesia, attitude toward, 275.
Membership in Caribbean Commission, 36, 292, 331, 332,
333.

Netherlands — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Monetary agreement with U.K., 81.
Reparation from Germany, draft, 114 u.
Rubber, purchase from Par East, bilateral, with U.S.,

1119.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and

punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Whaling, regulation of, agreement (1937) and proto-
col (1938), 347.
U.S. and other foreign property in, instructions for filing

claims, 729, 1083.
Visit of editors to U.S., 398.
Neutral governments, German assets and gold in, resolu-
tions of Paris Conference on Reparation respecting,
121.
Neutral nationals in Japan, Far Eastern Commission policy

regarding, 1043.
New York Publishers Association, endorsement of State

Department information program abroad, 260.
New York University Club, address by Mr. Braden, 101.
Newfoundland :

Liquidation of surplus property in, 350.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, signature by U.K. on behalf of, 376.
Newspaper Editors, American Society of, Washington, ad-
dress by Mr. Benton, 722.
Newspapermen. See Press.
Newspaperwomen's Club, New York, N.Y., address by Mr.

Benton, 574.
New Zealand :

Berendsen, Sir Carl, remarks before Far Eastern Com-
mission regarding U.S. food shipments to Japan,
712.
Cereal requirements, 899.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bermuda telecommunications agreement (1945), ac-
ceptance, with reservation, 714.
Occupation of Japan. See BCOF.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), pro-
tocol prolonging, signature, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1983), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, signature,
869.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Nicaragua {see also American republics), treaties, agree-
ments, etc. :
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 528.
Civil-aviation agreements : air transit, air transport,

and interim (1944), acceptance, 171.
Civil-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 171.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), proto-
col prolonging, entry into force and text, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, entry into
force, 869.
Nixon, Russell, statement criticizing protection of German

external assets, 76.
North America, German propaganda regarding, 314, 368.
North American regional broadcasting agreement, 376, 379.
North American regional broadcasting engineering con-
ference (2d) :
Address by Mr. de Wolf, 379.
Dates of meeting, 170, 219, 290, 330, 375, 379.
Interim agreement, signature, 376.
Standard-band broadcasting, 377, 379, 400.
North American Regional Engineering Committee:
Establishment, 377.
F\inctions, 379.
North American wildlife conference, 219.

1158

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

North Atlantic route service conference:
Announcement, 431.
Meeting at Dublin, 431, 476, 525, 565.
Norway :

Hitler's plans for, German documents on, 699, 936.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Monetary agreement, with U.K., 81.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
U.S. Ambassador (Bay), appointment, 1054.
Novikov, Nikolai Vasilievich, credentials as Soviet Am-
bassador to U.S., 1050.
Niirnberg trial, 250, 369.

Occupied areas (see also Austria; Germany; Japan;
Korea ; Venezia Giulia ) :
Defined, 734.

Poland, damages caused by German occupation, Polish-
Soviet agreement and protocol (1945), texts, 343.
Problems of, mentioned in President Truman's message

to Congress, 140.
U.S. policy in. State Department directive concerning,
734.
Occupied Areas, Assistant Secretary of State for, func-
tions :
Departmental regulation (134.1), 1132.
Relation to SWNCC, 734.
Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs,

scope, 614.
Office of Price Administration, regulation on bread, dis-
cussed in article by Mr. Stillwell, 834.
Office of Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs,
establishment, action by House Committee on For-
eign Affairs on bill, 1093.
Office of War Information, activities, comments by Mr.

Benton, 725.
Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion, resolution
by Advisory Board endorsing British loan, and Presi-
dent Truman's statement, 436.
OIAA. See Inter-American Affairs, Office of.
Oil, article by Mr. Robertson, 3.
Oil corporation, Soviet-Iranian, discussed in letters to

Security Council, 659.
OPA. See Office of Price Administration.
"Operation Crossroads". See Atomic-bomb tests.
Opium, notes between U.S. and U.K. regarding limitation

of production, 237.
Oran, Algeria, closing of U.S. Consulate, 1130.
Orr, Sir John Boyd (Director General of FAO), statement
at special meeting of FAO on urgent food problems,
949.
Ospina Pi^rez, Mariano (President-elect of Colombia), visit

to U.S., 892.
Outer Mongolia :

Sino-Soviet notes regarding, 204.
Status quo guaranteed in treaty, 282.
Overseas Press Club, New York, N.Y., address by Secretary
Byrnes, 355.

Palestine, immigration of Jews and displaced persons to.
See Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry ; Cabinet
Committee.
Pan American Highway, description and status, 125.
Pan American Union, Washington :

Address by President Truman before Governing Board,

720.
Exemptions and immunities, 348.

Mutual-assistance treaty among American republics, ap-
pointment of committee to draft document for con-
sideration by conference, 732.
Social Service, first Pan American congress of, report, 21.

Panama (see also American republics) :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 528.
Cooperative fellowship program with U.S., 223.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), 261.
Visiting professor from U.S., 962.
"Papers Relating to the P'oreign Relations of the United
States, the Paris Peace Conference, 1919", publica-
tion of vol. VII : 918.
Paraguay (see also American republics) :

Ambassador to U.S. (Ayala), credentials, 730.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 962.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Civil-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 171.
Parcel-post service to U.S. zone in Germany, 1012.
Paris agreement on reparation from Germany, article by

Mr. Howard, 1023.
Paris Conference on Reparation, agreement (draft text),

final act, and resolutions, 114.
Paris Peace Conference, 1919, publication of vol. VII in
"Foreign Relations of the United States" series, 918.
Passenger Shipping Committee, State Department, com-
position and functions (D.E. 183.7), 970.
Passports :

Austria, removal of U.S. ban against exit permits, 73.
Requirements, change, 395.
Pasvolsky, Leo, resignation, 499.
Patents, German-owned, outside Germany, conference on,

U.S. delegation, listed, 1112.
Patents («ee also Industrial property), interchange agree-
ment (1942), with U.K., amendments, 579.
Paul, Randolph, Special Assistant to the President, to
conduct negotiations on German external assets, 374,
1077.
Paul-Boncour, J. (French Delegate to the General As-
sembly), 89.
Pauley, Edwin W., appointment to study Far Eastern

economic problems, 821.
Pawley, William D., appointment as U.S. Ambassador to

Brazil, 828.
Peace :

Address by : Mr. Acheson, 893 ; Mr. Braden, 535 ; Presi-
dent Truman, 622.
Council of Foreign Ministers to meet in Paris July 15,

plans, 112, 891, 950, 952.
Crimes in Far East against, statement by Mr. Keenan,

846.
Trade, relation to, statements by Secretary Byrnes and
Mr. Clayton, 677, 892.
Peace treaties, Siam with :
Australia, text, 966.
U.K. and India, text, 963.
Peffer, Nathaniel, visiting professor to China, 1092.
Peiping, China, closing of U.S. Consulate and opening of

Embassy, 46.
Penicillin agreement, with U.K., 451.

People's Republic of Mongolia, Sino-Soviet notes regard-
ing, 204.
Permits, exit, for Austrian refugees, 73.
Peron, Juan D., charges against U.S. Embassy in Argen-
tine elections, U. S. attitude, 222.
Peru (se« also American republics) :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Civil-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 715.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 777.
Suffrage for women, question of, 249.
U.S. Ambassador (Cooper), appointment, 828.
Petersen, Howard C. (Assistant Secretary of War), par-
ticipant in State Department radio broadcast, 910.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1159

Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee, article by

Mr. Robertson, 3.
Peurifoy, Jolin E., designation in State Department, 826.
Phelps, Vernon L., designation in State Department, 826.
Philippines :

Articles by Mr. Mill, 148, 980.

Collaborators with enemy in, disposition of, statement

by President Truman, 534.
Foreign affairs, training program in U.S., 148, 298.
Foreign Relations, Office of, 149.

Independence, proclamation ceremonies at Manila, 1051.
Rehabilitation and recovery of, under H.R. 5856 and

S. 1610, statement by President Truman, 822.
Roxas, Gen. Manuel, visit to U.S., 867.
Tariff policy, U.S., notes between U.S. and Bolivian

Governments regarding, 1()49.
Trade with U.S., Polish attitude toward, 773.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Civil-aviation agreements: air transit and interim

(1944), acceptance, 715.
Friendship, commerce and consular rights (1931 ) , U.S.
and Poland, Polish attitude toward Philippine
trade, 773 .
U.S. agricultural mission to, 1054.

War Damage Commission, appointment of U.S. mem-
bers, 955.
Phillips, William T., articles :
American trade proposals, 509.
Rubber in relation to world economy, 932.
PICAO. See Provisional International Civil Aviation Or-
ganization.
Pinkerton, Lowell C, appointment as U.S. Minister to

Iraq, 828.
Plank, Ellsworth H., article on U.S. trade proposals, 561.
Poland :
Area of Germany administered by, 602.
Boundaries, 341.

British troops in Indonesia, attitude toward, 275.
Claims for war damage, by U.S. citizens, procedure for

filing, 1083.
Displaced persons. See Displaced persons.
Elections :

Plans for, note from Polish Ambassador, 762.
Relation of Export-Import loan to, 761.
Export-Import Bank, loan by, exchange of notes between
Acting Secretary Acheson and Polish Ambassador
(Lange), 761.
Franco regime in Spain, recommendation for considera-
tion by Security Council, 660.
Grain scarcity in, letter from President of National
Council of the Homeland and reply of President
Truman, 542.
Opening of U.S. Consular offices at Gdansk and at Poz-

nan, 263, 1054.
Political murders, alleged reign of, 209.
Relations with Germany (1940), 462.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Boundaries, with U.S.S.R., text (1945), 341.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36, 528.
Damages from Germany, agreement and protocol, with

U.S.S.B., (1945), texts, 343.
Friendship and alliance, with U.S.S.R. (1945), text,

340.
Friendship and mutual aid, with Yugoslavia, text,

919.
Friendship, commerce and consular rights (1931),
U.S. and Poland, Polish attitude toward Philip-
pine trade, 773.
War criminals of European Axis, prosecution and
punishment (1945), accession, 261.
U.S. property owners in, compensation to, 670.
U.S. trade with Philippines, attitude toward, 773.

Policy Information Services, functions (D.R. 183.4), 970.
Political activities, internal, in Japan :

Remarks by Mr. Atcheson on SCAP policy, 915.
SCAP report, 749.
Political parties in Germany, 549.

Port Arthur, Sino-Soviet agreement regarding, 204, 205.
Port Arthur Naval Base Area (map), 202.
Porter, Paul (administrator. Office of Price Adminis-
tration) :
Letter to State Department on status of U.S. short-
wave broadcasting, 904.
Participant in radio broadcast, 156.
Portugal :
Airports in Azores, agreement for transit use by U.S.

(1944), text and expiry, 1051, 1080.
Closing of U.S. Consulate at Beira, 132.
Postal convention (1939), adherence by Czechoslovakia,

350.
Postal service, resumption :
U.S. and Austria, 40.
U.S. and Germany, 490, 635.
Potter, Margaret, article on U.S. trade proijosals, 403.
I'oznan, Poland, opening of U.S. Consulate, 263.
Prencinradio, termination, transfer to State Department

preliminary to, 685.
Preparatory Commission of UNESCO. See UNESCO.
Preparatory Commission of United Nations. See United

Nations.
Prescott, Col. Brainard E., participant in radio broad-
cast, 104.
President, U.S. See Truman, Harry S.
President's Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related

Problems. See Cabinet Committee.
Press (see also Information) :

American press associations, address by Mr. Benton, 574.

Associated Press. See Associated Press.

Facilities requested by Acting Secretary Acheson of

various governments receiving UNRRA aid, 131.
Newspapermen :

Dutch, visit to U.S., 398.
Finnish, visit to U.S., 339.

Foreign, as guests of Virginia Press Association,
plan, 260.
United Press. See United Press.
U.S. censorship in Moscow and Tehran, 731, 772.
Price control and rationing in Japan, SCAP report, 806.
Prisoners of war and civilian internees. See Displaced

persons ; Repatriation.
Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals. See

Blocked Nationals.
Proclamations :

Alien enemies, removal from U.S., 732.
Load line convention, revoking suspension during war
emergency, 132.
Propaganda, German :

Article by Mr. Bradford, 278.

Excerpts from official German publications, 311, 365.
Property (see also Surplus war property) :
German. See Germany.

German and Japanese refugees in U.S., 1011.
Hungarian, in U.S. custody, 1120.
Japanese, in Manchuria, 364.
United Nations nationals, in Italy, 817.
U.S., in: Belgium, 634; Bulgaria, 446; Denmark, 1083;
Italy, 817 ; Netherlands, 729, 10S3 ; Poland, 670.
Protocol, Division of, responsibilities under International
Organizations Immunities Act (D.R. 121.10 and 240.1),
1018, 1019.
Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization :
Conferences :

Annual assembly (1st), Montreal:

Meetings, listed, 655, 711, 755, 813, 856, 884, 946,

990, 1042, 1074.
U.S. Delegation, 886.

1160

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization-
Conferences — Continued

European and Mediterranean air route services con
ference, Paris, 525, 5&5, 61S, 655, 711, 713, 755,
813, 856, 884, 946, 9flO, 1(M2, 1074.
Near Eastern route service conference, Cairo, 655, 711

755.
North Atlantic route service conference, Dublin, 431,
476, 525, 565.
Coordination vrith CITEJA, discussed in article by Mr,

Latcliford, 836.
Resignation of Mr. Brophy as U.S. representative, ac
ceptance, 857.
Public Healtli, International Office of, meetings, 711, 755

813, 856, 884.
Public health and welfare in Japan, SCAP report, 807.
Public Liaison, Division of, cooperation with American

Platform Guild, 6.
Public safety in Japan, SCAP report, 750.
Publications :

Agriculture in the Americas, 1133.
Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, 264.
Foreign Commerce Weekly, 968, 1014.
Lists :

Congress, U.S., 264, 352, 400, 452, 596, 871, 1019, 1053,

1130.
Department of State, 308, 543, 688, 780, 1098, 1134.
State Department:
Allied Mission to Observe Greek Elections, report, 865.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1931, vol. Ill:

1129.
Foreign Relations of the United States: The Paris
Peace Conference (1919), vol. VII: 918.
Treasury Department, 452.
Purchasing missions, foreign, discussions on, 819.

Quisling, Vidkun, complicity in German occupation of
Norway, German documents on, 699, 936.

Radar, staten>ent on sale of, 821.

Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass., address by Mr.

Warren, 213.
Radio broadcasts :

German propaganda program, 367.

Standard-band broadcasting. See North American

regional broadcasting engineering conference.
UNRRA reporting, statement by Acting Secretary
Acheson, 131.
Radio broadcasts, short-wave :

Discontinuance of AP and UP service discussed by

Assistant Secretary Benton, 92, 94, 217, 574, 726.
International committee, functions and membership,

862.
Programs, U.S., recommendations :

Expression of views by: Mr. Denny, 904; Mr. Evans,
903 ; Mr. Porter, 904 ; Mr. Reed, 902 ; Mr. SarnofC,
903 ; Mr. Shouse, 901 ; Mr. Stanton, 902.
Statements by Mr. Benton, 92, 94, 725, 900.
U.S. responsibility in, article by Mr. Stone, 905.
Radio broadcasts, State Department :
America — as others see us, 11.

AP and UP, attitude toward State Department's pro-
gram, 92, 94, 217, 574, 726.
Atomic energy, international control of, 774.
British loan — what it means to us, 51.
Citizen's role in foreign policy, 492.
Credit to Britain, the key to expanded trade, 185.
Democracy in Japan, .581.
Freedom of tlie press, world-wide, 156.
General Assembly, meeting of, 38G.
Germany and the occupation, 910.
Inter-American policy, 20.
Korea and the Far East, 104.
Niirnberg trials, 2.50.
U.S.-U.K. relations, 644.
Wheat crisis in Europe, 191.

Radio distance indicators, agreement with U.K., 397.
Radius, Walter A., designation in State Department, 180.
Rationing and price control in Japan, SCAP report, 806.
Raw materials (see also Cotton ; Rubber) :

Germany and Japan, U.S. program for supplying, 173.
Japanese, supply for export, 395.
Surplus, problem of, article by Mr. Phillips, 509.
Wool, proposed program for distribution, 491.
Raynor, G. Hayden, designation in State Department, 826.
Rayon industry in Japan, report of textile mission, 1009.
Reciprocal aid. See Lend lease.
Reconversion, status, 268.
Redin, Lt. Nicolai G. (U.S.S.R.), charges against, U.S.

reply to Soviet inquiry regarding, 682.
Reed, Philip D. (chairman of the board. General Electric
Company), letter to State Department on status of
U.S. short-wave broadcasting, 902.
Reeducation in U.S. zone of Germany, progress of, 698.
Refugees. See Displaced persons.

Regional arrangements and their relation to United Na-
tions, article by Mr. Allen, 923.
Reiff, Henry, articles on transition from League of Na-
tions to United Nations, 691, 739.
Relief. See Food ; UNRRA ; wheat.
Religion :

Germany (1940), comments on, in official German docu-
ments, 465.
Japan, SCAP report, 807.
Reparation :

Allied Commission on Reparations, resignation of Mr.

Lubin, 224.
Germany :

Agreement of Allied powers, text of draft, 114.

Allied Control Council plans, 636.

Articles by Mr. Howard, 11123. 1063.

Comments by Mr. Hilldring, 675.

Merchant fleet, disposal, 445.

Occupation by, agreement ( 1945) between Poland and

U.S.S.R. on compensation, 343.
Plant equipment, list, 79.
Inter-AUied Reparation Agency, establishment, at Paris

conference, 114, 115, 119, 1063.
Italy, views of Council of P'oreign Ministers on, 950.
Japan :

Far Eastern Commission, interim policy, 884, 946, 990,

1074, 1111.
U.S. proposals, 826.
Reparations Mi.s.sion, U.S., membership of, 821 n.
Repatriation :
Far Eastern Commission, policy regarding non-J'apanese

in Japan, 1043.
German nationals in Spain, 1011.
U.S. and Soviet citizens, Yalta agreement regarding:
Statement by State Department, 443.
Text, 444.
Representation of interests, transfer of Japanese property

in Hawaii, by Swedish official to U.S., 131.
Research and intelligence, in State Department, Russell

Plan on, 028.
Research materials, foreign, procurement of, article by

Blr. Humphrey, 22.
Restitution of property removed by Germans from Allied
countries, resolution of Paris Conference on Repara-
tion, 122.
Reuters, Ltd., objection to statements in memorandum on

U.S. international information program, 38.
Rice, Commission, Anglo-American, tripartite agreement

witli Siam, 863, 958.
Rice, shortages of crops, 291, 300.
Rio de Janeiro conference. See Inter-American conference

for maintenance of peace and security.
Roberts, Sarali B., article on First Inter-American Demo-
graphic Congress, 66.
Robertson, David A., article on Petroleum Facilities Co-
ordinating Committee, 3.
Rogers, Edith Nourse, participant in radio broadcast, 492.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1161

Roosevelt, Franklin D., German propaganda regarding,

279, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 365.
Roosevelt, Mrs. Eleanor, delegate to General Assembly of

United Nations, t)2.
Ross, Murray, article on ILO Coal Mining Committee, 704.
Roxas, Gen. Manual (President-elect of the Philippines),

visit to U.S., statement by President Truman, 867.
Rubber :
Allocations for U.S. from Far East, 224.
Inter-Agency Policy Committee on, 541, 934.
Purchase from Far East, bilateral agreements regard-
ing, 1119.
Purchase from Malaya, 644.

Relation to world economy, article by Mr. Phillips, 932.
Supply, 510.
Rubber Advisory Panel, 933.
Rubber Study Group, 933.
Rubin, Seymour J., appointment as U.S. representative for

negotiations on German external assets, 955.
Rumania :
Decisions of Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers,
non-fulfilraent of, U.S. protest:
Notes from U.S., 1007, 1125.
Replies to U.S. notes, 1048, 1125.
Recognition by U.S., 256, 298.
Russell, Donald S., plan for organization of intelligence

research in State Department, 928.
Russell, Francis, participant in radio broadcasts, 250, 492.
Rutford, Skuli, visiting professor to American republics,

960.
Ryter, Joseph F., participant in radio broadcast, 492.

Saigon, French Indochina, opening of U.S. Consulate and
elevation to rank of Consulate General, 736, 828, 1054.
St. Lavcrence Seaway and Power Project, U.S. and
Canada, statement by Mr. Acheson, favoring legisla-
tion, 334.
Sakhalin, agreement at Yalta regarding, 189, 190, 282.
Saltaneh, Ghavam (Iranian Prime Minister and Foreign
Minister), letter to Security Council accrediting Hus-
sein Ala as Iranian representative, 657.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel (1926),
as amended (1944) :
Accession by Belgium, 451.

Ratification by: Brazil, 299; Canada, 40; U.K., 40.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel (1926),
as amended (1944), protocol prolonging:
Entry into force, 869.
Text, 860.

Transmittal to Senate, with report of Secretary Byrnes,
1085.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944) :
Accession by Belgium, 451.
Application to British territories, 40, 81.
Ratification by Canada, 40.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging:
Entry into force, 869.

Transmittal to Senate, with report of Secretary Byrnes,
1085.
Sarnoff, David (president. Radio Corporation of Amer-
ica), memorandum to Secretary of State on status of
U.S. short-wave broadcasting, 903.
Satterthwaite, Joseph C, designation in State Depart-
ment, 1097.
Saudi Arabia :
Minister to U.S.(Asad al Faqih), credentials, 351.
Radiotelegraph circuit with U.S. discussed, 61.
U.S. Minister (Cbilds), appointment, 828.
Savannah meeting of Boards of Governors of International
Bank and Fund :
Addresses by Mr. Vinson, 478. .527.
Dates of meeting, 290, 330, 375, 431, 476, 525.
International secretariat, listed, 433.

Savannah meeting of Boards of Governors of International
Bank and Fund — Continued
Invitations extended in accordance with Bretton Woods

agreement.s, 219.
Message from President Truman, 478.
Purpo.se of meeting, 331.
U.S. Delegation, listed, 433.
SCAP. See Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
Scientific and Cultural Cooperation, Interdepartmental

Committee on. See Interdepartmental (Committee.
Seamen, consular services to, inter-offlce transfer of func-
tions, S3.
Secretariat of the United Nations. See United Nations.
Secretary of Agriculture, designation as chairman of inter-
agency committee on FAO problems, 656.
Secretary of State (see also Byrnes, James F. ), appoint-
ment as member of Cabinet Committee on Palestine
and Related Problems, 1089.
Secretary of the Treasury, appointment as member of
Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Prob-
lems, 1089.
Secretary of War, appointment as member of Cabinet
Committee on Palestine and Related Problems, 1089.
Securities, Czechoslovak, deadline extended for registra-
tion, 339.
Security Council of United Nations:
• Admission of new members of United Nations, provi-
sional rules of procedure on, 663, 945.
. Agenda, provisional rules of procedure on, 661.
Albania, question of admission to United Nations, 754,

851.
Applications for United Nations membership to be rec-
ommended by, proposal by Mr. Stettinius, 881.
Appointment of U.S. Deputy Representative (Johnson),

754.
Committee of Experts, dates of meeting, 375, 431, 476,

525.
Communications from private individuals and non-gov-
ernmental bodies, provisional rule of procedure on,
664.
Composition of Council, 469.
Conduct of business, provisional rules of procedure on,

663, 942.
Greece, British troops in, settlement of dispute con-
cerning, 90, 233, 267.
Indonesia, discussion on British troops in, 90, 234, 275.
Iranian case:
Alleged Soviet interference in Iranian matters :
Referral to Council by Iran, 90.
U.S. inquiry, 483.
Letters and remarks :

Mr. Ala (Iran), 657, 706, 854, 941.
Secretary Byrnes (U.S.), 267, 435, 570, 620, 828.
Mr. Gromyko (U.S.S.R.), 568, 657, 828.
Mr. Stettinius (U.S.), 529, 706, 752, 987.
Resolutions regarding, 147, 621, 8-i3.
Retention on agenda, question of :
Letter from Iranian Representative to Secretary-
General, requesting withdrawal, 706.
Letter from Secretary-General to Council Presi-
dent regarding, 707.
Remarks of U.S. Representative, favoring retention,
706, 707, 70S, 9S7.
Summaries, bv Secretary-General of Council (Lie),
657, 753, 849.
Languages, provisional rule of procedure on, 663, 943.
Meeting in London, dates, 219, 290, 330.
Meeting in New York, dates, 431, 5^5, 755, 884, 1111.
Meetings, provisional rules of procedure on, 661.
Messages from President Truman and Secretary Byrnes

at opening meeting in New York, 567.
Organization, 62, 65.

Presidency, provisional rules of procedure on, 662.
Procedure :

Adoption of provisional rules, 661, 942.
Summary statements by IMr. Lie, 754, 850.

1162

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Security Council of United Nations — Continued
Publicity of meetings, provisional rules of procedure on,

663, 944.
Records, provisional rules of procedure on, 663, 944.
Representation and credentials, provisional rules of pro-
cedure on, 662.
Resignation of U.S. Representative (Stettinius), ex-
change of letters between President Truman and
Mr. Stettinius, 988.
Secretariat, provisional rules of procedure on, 663.
Spanish situation:

Polish referral of question of Franco regime to Se-
curity Council, 660.
Proposals for resolution on, 788.
Status, summary statements by Mr. Lie, 753, 850.
Subcommittee on Franco :
Establishment In Security Council, 796.
Progress of, 881.
U.S. position regarding, 486, 709.
Status of matters under consideration by, summary

statements by Mr. Lie, 753, 849.
Syria and Lebanon, complaint on presence of British

and French troops in, 234, 275.
Voting procedure, 663, 851, 943.
Selective Service Act :
Comments by Secretary Byrnes, 482.
Extension of, proposed by President Truman, 141.
Selective Service processing of U.S. citizens outside U.S.,

1035.
Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, statement

by Mr. Clayton on British loan, 437.
Senate confirmations of U.S. representatives. See Foreign

Service.
Shipping (see also Transportation ; Vessels) :
German merchant fleet, disposal, 117, 445.
Passenger Shipping Committee, State Department

(D. R. 183.7), 970.
United Maritime Authority :
Discontinuance, and text of temporary multilateral

agreement on, 487.
Meeting in London, 171, 219, 290, 292.
U.S. Liberty ships, grain transported from U.S.S.R. to

France in, 730.
U.S. vessels to be made available to foreign countries,
822.
Shipping Division, Office of Transport and Communi-
cations :
Composition, 1094.

Organization and functions (D.R. 131.12), 1132.
Short-wave broadcasting. See Radio.
Shouse, J. D. (vice president in charge of broadcasting,
Crosley Corporation), letter to State Department on
status of U.S. short-wave broadcasting, 901.
Siam:
Attitude of Czechoslovakia toward, in World War II:

730.
Resumption of relations with U.S. and U.K., 5.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Anglo-American Rice Commission, establishment of,

tripartite agreement, signature, 863.
Existing treaties and agreements with U.S. to continue

in force, 178.
Peace treaty, with: Australia, text, 966; India and
U.K., text, 963.
U.S. Legation at Bangkok, opening, 83.
U.S. Minister (Stanton), appointment, 82S.
Silesia, cession, comments by Mr. Acheson, 189, 190.
Silver-fox furs, reconsideration of Canadian quotas, 176.
Sldvik, Juraj, credentials as Czechoslovak Ambassador to

U.S., 1082.
Smith, Harold D. (director of Bureau of the Budget),
letter to President Truman with supplemental esti-
mate of appropriation for UNRRA, 866.
Smith, Henry Lee, Jr., heads language-training program,
1133.

Smith, Walter Bedell, appointment as U.S. Ambassador

to U.S.S.R., 544.
Snyder, John W. (director of War Mobilization and Re-
conversion), assistance to foreign countries in food-
supply problems, 822.
Social Commission, temporary, of Economic and Social

Council, opening meeting in New York, 814.
Social-.service work in Latin America, report to Pan Amer-
ican Union, 21.
South America. See American republics, and the individ-
ual countries.
Soviet Purchasing Mission, trade plans on termination of,

819.
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Spaak, Paul-Henri, President of first General Assembly, 17.
Spaeth, Carl B., designation in State Department, 826.
Spain :
Franco regime :

Attitude of U.S., U.K., and France, 399, 412, 486.
Position of United Nations. See Spanish situation

under Security Council.
Relations with Axis leaders, 413.
German nationals in, repatriation, 1011.
Nazi atomic plants in, alleged, statement regarding, 681.
Nazis in, deportation, remarks to Security Council by

Mr. Stettinius regarding, 789.
Sale of U.S. arms to, allegation denied, 218.
Standard-band broadcasting, 377, 379, 400.
Stanton, Edwin F., appointment as U.S. Minister to Siam,

828.
Stanton, Frank (president, Columbia Broadcasting Sys-
tem), letter to State Department on status of U.S.
short-wave broadcasting, 902.
State Department {see also Departmental regulations;
Executive orders; Radio broadcasts) :
Appointments :

Assistant Secretary of State (Hllldring), 736.
Legal Adviser (Fahy), 735.
Special Assistant to the Secretary (Langer), 826.
Fisheries and Wildlife Branch of International Re-
sources Division, establishment and functions, 735.
Intelligence program :
Lack of funds for, statement by Secretary Byrnes, 687.
Russell Plan for organization, 928.
Inter-American Affairs, Office of, transfer of certain

functions to (Ex. Or. 9710), 686.
Occupied areas, directive concerning, 734.
Office of Transport and Communications, realignment of

organizational structure, 1094.
Office of Under Secretai-y of State for Economic Affairs,
establishment, action by Committee on Foreign Af-
fairs on bill, 1093.
Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee, member-
ship on, 3.
Publications. See Publications.
Records of, use (D.R. 420.1), 779.

Training announcements, 918, 972, 1020, 1054, 1097, 1133.
State trading, relation to international trade, 407.
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee:
Coordination of U.S. policy in occupied areas. State

Department directive on, 734.
Relation to Office of Military Government, U.S. zone (in

Germany), discussed in radio broadcast, 914.
State Department member (D.R. 134.1), 1132.
Statements, addresses, and broadcasts of the week, listed,

683, 728, 751, 819, 860, 920, 967, 1010, 1078.
Statistical Commission, opening meeting in New York, 814.
Stettinius, Edward R., Jr. :
British troops in Indonesia, Soviet demands for commis-
sion of inquiry opposed by, 275.
Iranian case, remarks to Security Council, 529, 706, 752,

853, 987.
Letter to Secretary-General of Security Council, pro-
posing resolution on applications for membership in
United Nations, 881.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1163

Stettinius, Edward B., Jr. — Continued

Security Council, general statement to, 63.
Spanlsli situation, remarks to Security Council, 709, 788.
Resignation as U.S. Representative to United Nations,
exchange of letters with President Truman, 968.
Stevenson, Adlai E., resignation as U.S. Delegate to United

Nations, 427.
Steyme, Alan N., designation in State Department, 826.
Stillwell, James A. :
Articles :

U.S. responsibilities in European food crisis, 831.
Wheat and coal for liberated areas, 152.
Participant in radio broadcast, 191.
Stoddard, George D. (chairman of U.S'. education mission
to Japan) :
Letter to Mr. Benton on completion of work, 641.
Report of, letter of transmittal to General MacArthur,
768.
Stokes, Isaac N. P., designation in State Department, 826.
Stone, Donald C, appointment as U.S. representative on

Preparatory Commission of UNESCO, 257.
Stone, William T. :
Article on international broadcasting, 905.
Designation in State Department, 180, 351.
Strasbourg, France, opening of U.S. Consulate, 736.
Strong, Gordon, appointment to study Korean finances,

449.
Students, foreign, special courses for, colleges listed, 1013.
Students, U.S., invitation to participate in archaeological

excavations in U.K., 961.
Stuttgart, Germany, opening of U.S. Consulate, 399, 451.
Suez, Egypt, closing of U.S. Consulate, 544.
Suffrage for women in South America, 249.
Sugar, regulation of production and marketing, interna-
tional agreement (1937), protocol prolonging, 236,
778, 1084.
Sumner, John D., designation in State Department, ISO,

452.
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (see also
MacArthur) :
Administrative areas, map showing, 804.
Constitution in Japan, new, consultation with Far East-
ern Commission regarding, 990.
General Headquarters, report on non-military activities

in Japan and Korea, 749, 805, 807, 1067.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, as

established by changes in text of Charter, 8iX).
Political activities, internal, in Japan, policy on, re-
marks by Mr. Atcheson, 915.
Summation of activities in Japan and Korea, for March
1946, announced, 915.
Surplus commodities, problem of, article by Mr. Phillips,

509.
Surplus war property, disposal :
Agreements. See Lend lease.
Austria, loan from U.S. to purchase, 818.
Canada and Atlantic areas, offices in, 350.
Designation of authority for (D.R. 139.2), 1017.
Foreign Liquidation Commissioner, report, 820.
National Advisory Council on International Monetary

and Financial Problems, statement, 382.
Petroleum facilities abroad, 3.
President Truman's message to Congress, mention in,

143.
Redistribution of functions, in foreign areas (Ex. Or.

9730, amending Ex. Or. 9630), 1000.
U.S. defense installations in Canada, agreement regard-
ing purchase, 683.
U.S. vessels to be made available to foreign countries,
822.
Surrey, Walter S., designation in State Department, 452.
Sweden :

Closing of U.S. Consulate at Malmo, 400, 1130.
Negotiations with Allies regarding German external
assets in, 990, 992, 1042, 1074, 1111.

Sweden — Continued
Representation of Japanese interests in Hawaii and
transfer of property to U.S., 131.
Switzerland :
Exportation of watches to U.S., proposed limitation on,

exchange of memoranda, 763.
German assets in, disposition of:
Agreement between Allied and Swiss Governments,

texts of letters, 955, 1121.
Article on, 1101.

Meeting in Washington, 525, 565, 618, 655, 711, 755,
813, 856, 884, 946, 955, 990.
SWNCC. See State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee.
Syria, complaint to Security Council, on presence of Brit-
ish and French troops in, 234, 275.
Szegedy-Maszdk, Aladdr, credentials as Hungarian Minis-
ter, 132.

Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa), opening of U.S. Consulate, 736,

872.
Tapachula, Mexico, closing of U.S. Vice Consulate, 1130.
Tariff (see also Customs) :

Discussed in article by Mrs. Potter, 404.
Negotiations, alleged, for reductions, U.S. and U.K., 820.
Policy toward Philippines, notes between U.S. and Bo-
livian Governments regarding, 1049.
Taussig, Charles W., address at opening plenary session

of West Indian Conference, 333.
Taxation. See Double taxation.

Taylor, Myron C, return to the Vatican as Personal Rep-
resentative of President Truman, 818.
Telecommunications :

Bermuda agreement (1945) :

Acceptance by U.K. and Australia, 714.
Entry into force, 714.
Bermuda conference, report by Miss Kelly, 59.
Direct service between State Department and Paris Em-
bassy inaugurated, 345.
North American regional broadcasting engineering con-
ference, 170, 376, 379, 400.
Radio distance indicators on aircraft, agreement be-
tween U.S. and U.K., 397.
Short-wave broadcasting. See Radio.
Telecommunications Division, OflBce of Transport and Com-
munications :
Composition, 1094.
Functions (D.R. 131.13), 1132.
Terrill, Robert P., article on U.S. trade proposals, 455.
Textile mission, international, to Japan :
Composition, 178.
Report, 1009.
Thorp, Willard L., address on reconstruction of Europe,

300.
Three Eastern Provinces, Sino-Soviet agreement regard-
ing, 204, 206.
Thurston, Walter, appointment as U.S. Ambassador to

Mexico, 971.
Tokyo, Japan :

Far Eastern war criminals, first trial in, 3(54.
National City Bank of New York, reopening of branch
in, 642.
Trade, international (see also Blocked Nationals; Finan-
cial agreement, U.S.-U.K. ) :
Barriers, article by Mrs. Potter, 403.
Cartels, relation to, article by Mr. Terrill, 455.
Conference, plans for, 140, 175 n., 188, 326, 327, 328, 383,

539, 648, 892, 98S.
Discussions, plans for, 820.
Economic affairs between U.S. and Philippines, Polish

attitude, 773.
Expansion of, address by Mr. Brown, 539.
Greece, negotiations on expansion of production and

employment, 175.
International Trade Organization, proposed, 326, 383,
403, 430, 616, 631, 647.

1164

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Trade, international — Continued

Italy, resumption of private trade with, 261.
Japan, control and regulation, 394.
Polish loan, provisions of, 761.

Privileges, exclusive, in ex-enemy states, U.S. policy on,

letter of Mr. Acheson to British Ambassador and to

president of TWA, 908.

Purchasing missions in U.S., foreign, discussions on, 819.

St. Lawrence waterway, comments by Mr. Acheson, 334.

Silver-fox furs, reconsideration of Canadian quotas, 176.

U.S. proposals for expansion, articles and statements

by: air. Bunn, 647; Secretary Byrnes, 892; Mr.

Clayton, 680; Mr. Erickson and Mr. Plank, 561;

Mr. Hyde, 616; Mr. Phillips, 509; Mrs. Potter, 403;

Mr. Terrill, 455; Mr. Wilcox, 630.

Trade Agreements Act, relation to U.S. trade proposals,

article by Mr. Bunn, 647.
Trade and employment conference, proposed :
Announcement by Secretary-General of United Nations,

988.
Economic and Social Council, resolution to call (text),

648.
Plans, 140, 175 n., 188, 326, 327, 328, 383, 403, 539, 632, 648.
Statement by Secretary Byrnes, 892.
Trade marks (see also Industrial property), international
registration (1891), London revision (1934), adher-
ence by Luxembourg. 514.
Trade Organization, International, proposed, 326, 383, 403,

431, 616, 631, 647.
Trade Unions, World Federation of, representation in

United Nations affairs, 199, 276.
Transcontinental and Western Air, Inc., letter to presi-
dent (Frye) from Mr. Acheson regarding U.S. atti-
tude toward proposed contract with Italy, 908.
Trans-Jordan, status of and U.S. attitude on recognition
of, letter from Secretary Byrnes to Senator Myers,
765.
Transport and Communications, Office of:
Functions (D. R. 131.10), 1131.
Reorganization, 1094.

Ships and seamen, consular services for, transferred
from Office of the Foreign Service, 83.
Transport and Communications Commission, temporary,
of the Economic and Social Council, opening meeting In
New York, 814.
Transportation :

Export Control Committee, membership, 154.

Poland, purchase of U.S. railway equipment, loan for,

761.
Problems relating to development of Danube basin,

article by Mrs. Whitnack and Mr. Handler, 1108.
Supplies to Europe, 193, 194, 195.
Travel grants for Chinese students, extension of applica-
tion date, 1091.
Travel grants for study in other American republics re-
sumed. 179.
Treasury Department :

Publication of "Census of Foreign-owned Assets in

U.S.", 452.
Transfer of certain lend-lease functions from State De-
partment to (Ex. Or. 9726), 959.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Advice and assistance on matters pertaining to (D.R.

251.1), 1017.
Anglo-American Rice Commission, establishment of,

U.S., U.K., and Siam, signature, 863.
Aviation (see also Civil aviation infra) :

Air bases, with U.K. (1941), draft of heads of agree-
ment relating to, 593, 864.
Airports in Azores, transit use by U. S., with Portugal
(1944) :
Expiration, 1051.
Text, 1080.
Military-aviation mission, with Bolivia (1941), re-
newal, 83.

Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Aviation — Continued

Sanitary convention for aerial navigation. See
Sanitary convention infra.
Bermuda telecommunications agreement (1945) :
Acceptance by Australia, New Zealand, and U.K., 714.
Entry into force, 714.
Boundaries, Poland and U.S.S.R., text of agreement

(1945), 341.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), lists of signatures

and acceptances, 36, 528.
Bulk-sale agreement, preliminary, with India, conclu-
sion, 733.
Civil aviation (see also Aviation supra) :

Agreements and convention drawn up at Chicago,

described by Mr. Clayton, 1004.
Air services transit agreement (1944), acceptances:
Nicaragua, 171 ; Philippines, 715 ; Venezuela, 715.
Air transport agreement (1944), acceptances: Domin-
ican Republic, 377 ; Greece, 715 ; Nicaragua, 171 ;
Venezuela, 715.
Bilateral agreements :

Air .services agreement, U.K. with Greece (1945),

description of, 582.
Air-transport services, U.S. with : Belgium, signa-
ture, 633, 683; Czechoslovakia, signature, 83;
Egypt, text of annex, 10S8; France, signature,
583; Greece, signature, 583; Mexico, conversa-
tions on, 1112; Turkey, signature, 306; U.K.,
statements and text, 302, 390, 584, 586.
Convention (1944) :

Message from President to Senate urging ratifica-
tion, 1079.
Ratifications: Canada, 377; China, 377; Dominican
Republic, 377; Nicaragua, 171; Paraguay, 171;
Peru, 715; Turkey, 171.
Statement by Mr. Clayton, 1004.
Interim agreement (1944) :

Acceptances: Dominican Republic, 377: Nicaragua,

171; Philippines, 715; Venezuela, 715.
Withdrawal by U.K. of reservation respecting Den-
mark, 715.
Interim arrangement between U.S. and Belgium, con-
clusion by exchange of notes, 263.
Claims, with U.K. (1945), acceptance, 580.
CofCee agreement, inter-American (1940), protocol ex-
tending :
Proclamation by President Truman, 867.
Senate approval, 778.
Transmittal to Senate, 180.
Commercial agreements, Czechoslovakia and enemy
countries, Czechoslovak declaration on invalidity,
960.
Customs, modus Vivendi, Brazil and Venezuela (1940),

termination, 581.
Damages from Germany, Poland and U.S.S.R., agree-
ment and protocol (1945), texts, 343.
Defense installations, U.S., purchase by Canada, conclu-
sion, 683.
Diplomatic and commercial, with Yemen, conclusion,

917.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, quadri-
partite draft treaty, text, 81-5.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Japan, quadri-
partite draft treaty, text, 1113.
Double taxation, with France:

Estate-tax convention, conversations on negotiation,

451.
Income-tax convention (1939), conversations on revi-
sion, 451.
Double taxation, with U.K.:
Income tax (1945), supplementary protocol:
Signature, 1052.

Transmittal to Senate, with report by Secretary
Byrnes, 1087.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1165

Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Economic and cultural collaboration, U.S.S.R. and

Mongolia, text, 968.
Economic and financial, with Provisional French Gov-
ernment, texts :
Declaration by President Truman and President

Gouin, 994, 1127.
Joint statement on commercial policy, 995.
Lend lease, reciprocal aid, surplus war property, and

claims, settlement of, 997.
Motion pictures, U.S., exhibition in France, 999.
Educ.-itinii, ciHiiierativf, with Panama, 223.
Financial, Greece and U.K., statement by Secretary

Byrnes, 155.
Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K. :
Addresses and statements by: Mr. Acheson, 185, 317,
511, 759 ; Mr. Brown. 540 ; Secretary Byrnes, 267 ;
Mr. Clayton, 271, 437.
President Truman's message to Congress, 183.
Resolution by Advisory Board of Office of War Mobi-
lization and Reconversion and President Tru-
man's statement, 436.
Fisheries of the Great Lakes, proposed convention with
Canada, letter of transmittal by President Truman,
with report by Secretary Byrnes and summary of
text, 823.
Friendship, China and Dominican Republic (1940), as

amended (1945), ratification, 538.
Friendship and alliance, China and U.S.S.R. (1945) :
Agreement and exchange of notes, texts, 201.
U.S.-Chinese memoranda, 448.
Friendship and alliance, Poland and U.S.S.R., agree-
ment and ratification (1945), text, 340.
Friendship and commerce, with Yemen, proposal, 297.
Friendship and mutual aid, Poland and Yugoslavia,

text, 919.
Friendship and mutual assistance, U.S.S.R. and Mon-
golia, text, 968.
German assets in Switzerland, understanding between
Allied and Swiss Governments regarding, and texts
of Swiss letters, 955, 1101, 1121.
Industrial property :

International registration of trade marks (1891), Lon-
don revision (1934), adherence by Luxembourg,
514.
Patent interchange (1942), agreement on amend-
ments, with U.K., signature, 579.
Protection of (1883), London revision (1934), ad-
herence by Luxembourg, 61.
Inter-American Indian Institute, convention providing

for (1940), adherence by Guatemala, 82.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment:
Signatories and acceptances, lists of, 36, 528.
International Monetary Fund :

Signatories and acceptances, lists of, 36, 528.
Japan, occupation of, BCOF to share in, summary of

agreement between U.S. and Australia, 220.
Kurile Islands, agreement between U.S., U.K., and

U.S.S.R. at Yalta (1945), 189, 190, (text) 282.
Lend-lease, settlement of, with : Australia, signature,
1118; Canada, conclusion, 683; China, signature,
1118; France, signature, 997; India, signature, 733,
916; Turkey, signature, 868; U.K. (1945), accept-
ance, 580.
Lend-lease equipment returned to U.S. by U.K., dis-
posal provided for in agreement between U.S. and
Canada, 683.
Load Line convention, proclamation revoking suspen-
sion during war emergency, 132.
Military mission, with Venezuela, signature, 1050.
Monetary agreements, U.K. with Czechoslovakia, Neth-
erlands, and Norway, 81.
Motion pictures, U.S., understanding regarding exhibi-
tion in France, with France, text, 999.

Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued

Mutual assistance, American republics, plans for, 287,

667, 732.
Naval and air bases, with U.K. (1941), status of ar-
rangements for proposed agreement, 593, 864.
North American regional broadcasting, interim agree-
ment, signature, 376, 379.
Patent interchange (1942), agreement on amendments,

with U.K., signature, 579.
Peace, friendship, commerce and navigation (18.58),
with Bolivia, exchange of notes regarding most-
favored-nation provisions in relation to Philippines,
1049.
Peace, Siam with :
Australia, text, 966.
U.K. and India, text, 963.
Penicillin agreement, with U.K., conclusion, 451.
Postal, universal (1939), adherence by Czechoslovakia,

350.
Radio distance indicators, with U.K., signature, 397.
Reciprocal aid. See Lend lease, settlement of.
Reparation from Germany, Paris agreement on :
Articles by Mr. Howard, 1023, 1063.
Draft text, 114.
Repatriation of U.S. and Soviet citizens, with U.S.S.R. :
Statement by State Department, 443.
Text, 444.
Rubber, purchase from Far East, bilateral agreements,

with France, Netherlands, and U.K., 1119.
St. Lawrence seaway and power project, with Canada,

address by Mr. Acheson, 334.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel (1926),
as amended (1944) :
Belgium, accession, 451.
Brazil, ratification, 299.
British territories, application to, 40.
Canada, ratification, 40.
Sanitary convention concerning maritime travel (1926),
as amended (1944), protocol prolonging:
Entry into force, 869.
Text, 869.

Transmittal to Senate, with reiwrt of Secretary
Byrnes, 1085.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944) :
Belgium, accession, 451.
British territories, application to, 40, 81.
Canada, ratification, 40.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging:
Entry into force, 869.

Tran.smittal to Senate, with report of Secretary
Byrnes, 1085.
Shipping, continuance of control for United Nations
purposes (1944), discontinuance of United Mari-
time Authority constituted under, text, 487.
Siam, treaties and agreements with U. S. to continue

in force, 178.
Sugar, international agreement regarding production
and marketing (1937), protocol prolonging:
Proclamation by President, 1084.
Transmittal to Senate, and Senate approval, 236, 778.
Surplus war property. See Lend lease, settlement of.
Trade arrangements, proposed with Philippines, rela-
tion to treaty of friendship, commei-ce and consular
rights (1931), Polish note, 773.
Trade marks, international registration (1891), London

revision (1934), adherence by Luxembourg, 514.
UNESCO constitution, acceptance by U.K., 432, 508.
UNRRA (1943), ratification by Uruguay, 281.
War criminals of European Axis, prosecution and pun-
ishment of (1945), accessions, 261, 954.
Whaling, regulation of, agreement (1937) and protocol
(1938), accession by: Chile, 451; Netherlands, 347.

1166

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Whaling, regulation of, supplementary protocol (1944),
accession by Denmark, 347.
Tripartite Commission (pursuant to Moscow Conference

of Foreign Ministers), non-fultilment of Rumanian

assurances to, U.S. protest, 1007, IMS, 1125.
Tripp, Col. John T., return from China, 351.
Troops, Soviet, in Iran. See Iranian case under Security

Council.
Troops, U.S., in Pacific area under British command,

withdrawal of, visit of Admiral Leahy to U.K. regard-
ing, 892.
Truman, Harry S. :
Addresses, statements, etc. :

Air-transport agreement, U.S.-U.K., 399.

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, report, 783.

Anniversary of V-E Day (1st), 859.

Atomic-bomb test, 667.

Boards of Governors of International Monetary Fund
and International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, meeting, 478.

Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Prob-
lems, establishment, 1089.

Combined Food Board operations, continuation, joint
statement with Prime Minister Attlee and Prime
Minister King, 861.

Crime against Jews in Germany, retribution for, 369.

FAO, special meeting on urgent food problems, 948.

Financial agi'eemeut, U.S.-U.K., endorsement by Ad-
visory Board of Office of War Mobilization and
Reconversion, 436.

Food crisis, world-wide, 246, 412, 716, 861.

Foreign policy, objectives, 136.

Inter-American Affairs, Office of, termination and
transfer of corporations to State Department,
685.

Inter- American system, 720.

Peace, attainment of lasting, 622.

Personal Representative (Taylor) to the Vatican, 818.

Philippines, collaborators with enemy in, disposition
of, 534.

Philippine rehabilitation and recovery, 822.

United Nations Security Council, message read by
Secretary Byrnes at opening meeting in New York,
567.

UNRRA, Council of, message to opening meeting of
fourth session at Atlantic City, 480.

Visit to U.S. of President-elect of the Philippines
(Roxas), 867.

Wool program, proposed, 491.

Yalta agreement on the Kurile Islands, 190.
Correspondence :

Harriman, W. Averell, on resignation as U.S. Ambas-
sador to the Soviet Government, 306.

Indian Viceroy (Lord Wavell), on food crisis in
India, 861.

International Monetary Fund and International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development, message to
inaugural meeting of Boards of Governors, 478.

Judge Hutcheson, on receipt of report of Anglo-Ameri-
can Committee of Inquiry, 783.

Mr. Stettinius, on resignation as U.S. Representative
to United Nations, 988.

Officers of private organizations, on food crisis, 412.

President of Polish National Council, on UNRRA
shipments of grain, 542.

Secretary Byrnes, on Foreign Service examinations,

306.
Secretary of Agricidture (Anderson), on designation
as chairman of Interagency committee for FAO,
656.

Truman, Harry S. — Continued
Correspondence — Continued
West Indian Conference, on opening session at St.
Thomas, Virgin Islands, 332.
Declaration, joint, with President Gouin, on U.S. -French
agreements on economic and financial problems,
994, 1127.
Executive orders. See Executive orders.
Foreign intelligence activities, directive on, 174.
Messages to Congress:
Annual message, 135.
Congress, transmitting — ■

Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K., 183.
Foreign-loans policy, U.S. statement, 380.
Inter-American Military Cooperation Act, 859.
Lend-lease reports (21st and 22d), 223, 1091.
Report of 1st part of 1st session of General Assem-
bly of United Nations, 530.
UNRRA quarterly reports (5th, 6th, and 7th), 347,

757, 1126.
UNUR-^ supplemental estimate of appropriation,
866.
Senate, transmitting —

Civil aviation, convention on, 1079.
Income-tax convention with U.K. (1945), supple-
mentary protocol, 1087.
Reports and convention with Canada relating to

fisheries of the Great Lakes, 823.
Sanitary convention (1926) and sanitary conven-
tion for aerial navigation (1933), as amended
(1944), protocols prolonging, 1085.
Proclamations :

Alien enemies, removal from U.S., 732.
Load line convention, revocation of suspension during
war emergency, 132.
Wheat shipments to liberated areas, directive on, 151.
World food crisis, discussion with U.K. mission, plans
for, 864.
Trusteeship :
Italian colonies, views of Council of Foreign Ministers,

95L
Japanese mandated islands, U.S. policy, 113.
Korea, U.S. policy, 155.
Trusteeship Council of United Nations :
Composition of, 474.

General Assembly, discussion, 21, 90, 190.
Palestine, policy recommended by Anglo-American Com-
mittee of Inquiry, 785.
Statements regarding, 150, 235.
Tsaldaris, C. (Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs), ex-
change of messages with Secretary Byrnes regarding
good-will visit of U.S.S. Missouri to Greece, 731.
Tugwell, Rexford G. (Governor of Puerto Rico), com-
ments at final session of West Indian Conference, 845.
Tunis, Tunisia, elevation to rank of Consulate General,

1130.
Turin, Italy, opening of U. S. Consulate, 224, 1054.
Turkey :

Return of ashes of Ambassador Ertegun, 447.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Air-transport services, bilateral, with U.S., 306.
Civil-aviation convention (1944), ratification, 171.
Lend-lease settlement, with U.S., signature, 868.
UNRRA mission to, 960.
TWA (Transcontinental and Western Air, Inc.), letter to
president (Frye) from Mr. Acheson regarding U. S.
attitude toward proposed contract with Italy, 908.

Ukrainian S.S.R., complaint to Security Council on pres-
ence of British troops in Indonesia, 234, 275.

UMA. iSffc United Maritime Authority.

Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, Office of,
establishment, action by House Committee on For-
eign Attairs on bill (H.R. 6646), 1093.

INDEX, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1167

UNESCO (United Nations BMueational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization) :
Addresses and statements: Miss Wilkinson, 20O; Mr.
Benton, 408 ; Mr. Benton and Mr. MacLeish before
House Foreign Affairs Committee, 625, 629.
Aims and scope, 307, 027.
Constitution, acceptance by U.K., 432, 508.
Cooperation with other agencies, 9.
Functions, table listing, 882.
Headquarters, 337.
Mass communications :
Advisory group on, 172.

Appointment of senior counselor (White), 714.
Preparatory Commission :
Establishment, discussed in report, 432.
Function, 337.

U.S. Representatives, appointment : Dr. Brunauer,
337; Mr. Stone, 257; Mr. Wilson, 338.
Union of South Africa, signature and acceptance of Bret-
ton Woods agreements (1945), 36.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics :

Anglo-Soviet-Ameriean communique on disposal of Ger-
man Navy, 173.
Ambassador to U.S. (Novikov), credentials, 1050.
British troops in Indonesia, attitude toward, 275.
Bulgaria, opposition parties in, U.S. reply to Soviet in-
quiry regarding U.S. aide-memoire, 485.
Control Council for government of Germany, joint decla-
ration on liaison with other U.N. governments, 113.
Dispute with Iran. See Iranian case under Security

C^touncil.
Far Eastern Commission, participation, 372.
German propaganda regarding, 313, 316, 365.
Germany, political reconstruction, policy toward, 551.
Gromyko, Andrei A., statements in United Nations, 64,

568, 657, 828.
Japanese assets in Manchuria, interest in disposition,

364.
Manchurian industrial enterprises, U.S.-Chinese memo-
randa regarding control, 448.
Purchasing Mission in U.S., trade plans on termination

of, 819.
Redin, Lt. Nicolai G., charges against, U. S. reply to

Soviet inquiry regarding, 682.
Refugee-control measures, certain proposals by, 276.
Security Council :
Complaint to on presence of British troops in Greece,

233.
Voting procedure, joint statement with U.S., U.K.,
and China, 851.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Boundaries, with Poland, text (1945), 341.
Damages from Germany, agreement and protocol,

with Poland (1945), texts, 343.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, quad-
ripartite draft treaty, text, 815.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Japan, quadri-
partite draft treaty, text, 1113.
Economic and cultural collaboration, with Mongolia,

text, 968.
Friendship and alliance, with China (1945) :
Clarification, U.S.-Chinese memoranda on, 448.
Text, 201.
Friendship and alliance, with Poland (1945), text, 340.
Friendship and mutual assistance, with Mongolia,

text, 968.
Kurile Islands, agreement at Yalta regarding (1945),

189, 190, (text) 282.
Repatriation of U.S. and Soviet citizens, with U.S. :
Statement by State Department, 443.
Text, 444.
Sakhalin, agreement at Yalta regarding, 189, 190.
Troops in China, withdrawal, 201.
U.S. Ambassador (Harriman), resignation, 306.
U.S. Ambassador (Smith), appointment, 544.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Continued

U.S. newspapermen in Moscow, censorship procedure,

731.
Vyshinsky, Andrei, statement in General Assembly, 89.
War against Japan, conditions governing entry, 282.
Zone of occupation in Austria, 650.
Zone of occupation in Germany, (502.
United Kingdom {see also Anglo-American Committee of
Inquiry) :
Advisory Economic Commission to Greece, proposal, 79.
Ambassador to U.S. (Lord Inverchapel), credentials,

1050.
Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, announcement

of West Indian Conference, 36.
Anglo-Soviet-American communique on disposal of Ger-
man Navy, 173.
Archaeological excavations, invitation to U.S. students

to participate in, 961.
Aviation, U.S. note replying to British aide-memoire
regarding proposed contract between Italy and
TWA, 908.
Control Council for government of Germany, joint dec-
laration on liaison with other U.N. governments,
113.
Export trade, problems, 267, 271, 301, 318.
Food. See Food.

General Assembly, statement by Mr. Bevin, 64.
German propaganda, 312, 365, 461, 699, 701.
Germany, political reconstruction, jwllcy toward, 552.
Loan. See Financial agreement, U.S.-U.K.
Opium, limitation of production of, texts of U.S. and

U.K. notes and memoranda, 237.
Security Council :
Discussions on presence of British troops in Greece,
Indonesia, and Syria and Lebanon, 233, ^4, 275.
Voting procedure, joint statenient with U.S., U.S.S.R.,
and China, 851.
Siam, resumption of diplomatic relations with, 5.
S'panish situation, exchange of views with U.S. regard-
ing, 399, 412.
Tariff-reduction negotiations with U.S., State Depart-
ment denial, 820.
Telecommunications, conference in Bermuda, 59.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air bases, with U.S., draft of heads of agreement

(1941), 593, 864.
Air-services agreement, with Greece, 582.
Air transport, with U.S. :
Joint statement and final act of conference, 302, 584.
Statement by President Truman, 399.
Text, 586.
Anglo-American Rice Commission, establishment of,

with U.S. and Siam, signature, 8(>3.
Bermuda telecommunications agreement (1945), ac-
ceptance, 714.
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
Civil aviation, interim (1944), withdrawal of reserva-
tion respecting Denmark, 715.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Germany,

quadripartite draft treaty, text, 815.
Disarmament and demilitarization of Japan, quadri-
partite draft treaty, text, 1113.
Double taxation, with U.S., income tax (1945), sup-
plementary protocol :
Signature, 1052.

Transmittal to Senate, with report by Secretary
Byrnes, 1087.
German assets in Switzerland, with U.S., France, and
Switzerland, summary of, and texts of Swiss
letters, 955, 1121.
Financial agreement with Greece, 155.
Financial agreement with U.S. See Financial agree-
ment.

1168

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

United Kingdom — Continued

Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued

Kurile Islands, agreement with U.S. and U.S.S.R. at

Yalta (1945), 189, 190, (text) 282.
Lend-lease equipment returned to U.S. by, disposal
provided for in agreement between U.S. and Can-
ada, 683.
Lend-lease settlement, reciprocal aid, surplus war
property, and claims (1945), with U.S., accept-
ance, 580.
Monetary agreements, with Czechoslovakia, Nether-
lands, and Norway, 81.
Naval and air bases, with U.S. (l&tl), draft of heads

of agreement, 593, 864.
Occupation of Japan. See BCOF.
Patent interchange (1942), agreement on amendments,

with U.S., signature, 579.
Peace, with Siam, text, 963.
Penicillin, with U.S., conclusion, 451.
Radio distance indicators, with U.S., signature, 397.
Reparation from Germany, draft, 114 n.
Rubber, purchase from Far East, bilateral, with U.S.,

1119.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944),

application to certain territories, 40.
Sanitary convention (1926), as amended (1944), pro-
tocol prolonging, entry into force and test, 869.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), application to certain terri-
tories, 40, 81.
Sanitary convention for aerial navigation (1933), as
amended (1944), protocol prolonging, entry into
force, 869:
UNESCO constitution, acceptance, 432, 508.
U.S. Ambassador (Harriman), appointment, 687.
Visit of U.S. Admiral (Leahy) to consult with Chiefs

of Staff, 892.
World food crisis, agreement with U.S. for joint effort

in, 895.
Zone of occupation in Austria, 651.
Zone of occupation in Germany, 601.
United Maritime Authority :
Council of, meeting in London :
Dates of meeting, 171, 219, 290.
Recommendations at final session, 292.
Representation, 171.
Discontinuance, text of agreement, 487.
United Nations :

Address by Secretary Byrnes, 355.
Albania, question of admission, 190, 754, 851.
Argentine pledges to, alleged breach of, U.S. memoran-
dum on, 285.
Budget, 91, 235.
Charter:

Relation to human rights, article by Mrs. McDiarmid,

210.
U.S. ideals expressed in, discussed by Mr. Braden, 296.
Commissions, committees, organs, 65, 467.
Administrative and Budgetary Committee, creation,

21.
Atomic Energy Commission. See Atomic Energy

Commission.
Economic and Employment Commission. See Eco-
nomic and Employment Commission.
Economic and Financial Committee, creation, 20.
Economic and Social Council. See Economic and

Social Council.
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

See UNESCO.
Food and Agriculture Organization. See Food and

Agriculture.
Freedom of Information, subcommittee on, proposed

establishment, 855.
General As.sembly. See General Assembly.
Health organization, world, proposed, 882, 1076.

United Nations — Continued
Commissions, etc.- — Continued

Human Rights, Commission on, meeting in New York,

814, 855.
International Court of Justice. See International

Court.
League of Nations Assets, Committee on Transfer of:
Articles liy Dr. Reiff, 691, 739.
Discussion, 91.
Meeting, dates, 525, 655, 755.
Reports, 200, 743, 744, 747.
Legal Committee, creation, 21.
Military Staff Committee:
Composition of, 470.
Meeting, dates, 476, 655, 990, 1111.
Status and rules of procedure, statements by Mr.
Lie, 754, 850.
Narcotic Drugs, appointment of U.S. representative

(Anslinger), 1052.
Political and Security Committee, creation, 20.
Preparatory Commission :

Relation to General Assembly, 18.
Report by, discussed, 62, 63.
Report of Executive Committee to, 18.
Security Council, recommendation of agenda, 63.
Termination of Commission, determined, 18.
Refugees and Displaced Persons, 375, 431, 476, 664,

865, 1111.
Secretariat :
Composition of, 474.
Diplomatic immunity and taxation, discussion, 199,

276.
Discussion of, between Secretary Byrnes and
Secretary-General (Lie), 529.
Security Council. See Security Council.
Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee, crea-
tion, 20.
Trade and employment conference. Preparatory Com-
mittee for, 648.
Trusteeship Council. See Trusteeship.
UNRRA, plans, 20, 199.

War Crimes Commission, resignation of Lieutenant
Colonel Hodgson, 855.
Documents, announcement, 987.
Exemptions and immunities, 199, 276, 348.
Headquarters, permanent, selection and negotiations

regarding, 235, 275, 1078.
Iceland, question of admission to, 773.
Information program, 236.

Membership applications, proposed resolution on, 881.
Organs, commissions, committees of, composition, 65,

467.
Property in Italy belonging to nationals of, restora-
tion, 817.
Regional arrangements, relation to, article by Mr. Allen,

923.
Resignation of U.S. Delegate (Stevenson), 427.
Resignation of U.S. Representative (Stettinlus), ex-
change of letters with President Truman, 988.
Secretary-General, election :
Candidate, question of selection, 91.
Selection of Mr. Lie, 147, 234.
United Nations' Association of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.,

address by Mr. Acheson, 185.
United Nations nationals In Japan, repatriation of. Far

Eastern Commission policy regarding, 1043.
United Press, protest of State Department at discontinu-
ance of short-wave broadcasting service to the
Government :
Statements and comments by Mr. Benton, 217, 574, 726.
United States citizens (see also Displaced persons; Re-
patriation) :
Assets in Denmark, release, 1083.
Businessmen in Paris, accommodations for, 1086.
Claims for war damages in Poland and Netherlands,
procedure for filing, 729, 1083.

/iVZ>£X, JANUARY TO JUNE 1946

1169

United States citizens — Continued

Expropriation of property, compensation by Poland

discussed, 670.
Graduate students, Uruguayan statute providing for

acceptance at University of Montevideo, 960.
Passport requirements, change, 395.
Property in :
Belgium, procedure for damages, 634.
Bulgaria, restoration, 446.
Italy, restoration, 817.

Netherlands, instructions for filing claims, 729.
Poland, expropriation, 670.
Return from Germany, plans, 400.
Role in foreign policy, radio broadcast, 492.
Selective Service processing outside U.S., 1035.
Troops in Paclfie area under British command, with-
drawal, visit of Admiral Leahy to U.K. regarding,
892.
University of Montevideo, Uruguay, acceptance of gradu-
ate students from other American republics, 960.
UNRRA :

Agreement (1943), ratification by Uruguay, 281.
Article by Mr. Dort, 359.
Contributions, list of, 131.
Council of, fourth session :
Announcement, 330.
List of U.S. Delegation, 476.
Message from President Truman, 480.
Statements by U.S. representative on (Clayton), 527,

644.
Text of resolution on food, 857.
Director General of, resignation of Mr. Lehman and

appointment of Mr. La Guardia, 619.
Exemptions and immunities, 348.
Funds :

Contributions, list of, 131.

Establishment of committee in General Assembly for,

199.
Resolution for increase of, presented at General As-
sembly, 20.
Supplemental estimate of appropriation :
Mr. Smith (Director of the Bureau of the Budget),

letter to President Truman, 866.
President Truman, letter of transmittal to Con-
gress, 866.
Liberated areas, shipments (1945) to, 224.
Poland, exchange of messages between president of
National Council of the Homeland and President
Truman regarding shipments of grain to, 542.
Press and radio reporting of activities, request made
to various governments by Acting Secretary Ache-
son, 131.
Quarterly reports (5th, 6th, and 7th), transmittal to

Congress by President Truman, 347, 757, 1126.
Scope, statement of, 949.

Shipping agreement for transportation of supplies, 488.
Surplus property transferred from Foreign Liquidation

Commission, 820.
Turkey and Near East, mission to, 960.
Wheat crisis abroad, address by Director General (La
Guardia), 716.
UNRRA Division, Office of Budget and Finance, functions

(D.R. 124.4), 1015.
UP. See United Press.
Uruguay (.see also American republics) :
Ciiltural leader, visit to U.S., 1130.

Graduate students from other American republics at
University of Montevideo, statute providing for, 960.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :

Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and ac-
ceptance, 36.
UNRRA (1943), ratification, 281.
War criminals of European Axis, agreement for pros-
ecution and punishment of (1945), accession, 954.
Visiting professor from U.S., 870.

Vandenberg, Arthur H., letter to Secretary of State re-
garding U.S. policy on Polish displaced-persons camps
in Germany, 1003.
Vatican City, return of Personal Representative (Taylor?

of President Truman, 818.
V-E Day, 1st anniversary, statement by President Tru-
man, 859.
Venezia Giulia :

German assets in, disposition, 124.

Government of, views of Council of Foreign Ministers
on, discussed in address by Secretary Byrnes, 951.
Venezuela {see also American republics) :
Ambassador to U.S. (Machado Hernfindez), credentials;

730.
Cultural leader, visit to U.S., 870.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil-aviation agreements : air transit, air transport,

and interim (1944), acceptance, 715.
Customs, modus Vivendi, with BrazU (1940), termina-
tion, 581.
Military mission, with U.S., signature, 1050.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.
Vessels :
Entry and clearance, consular services for, inter-office

transfer of functions, 83.
Marine Perch, repatriation of German nationals in

Spain, 1011.
Missouri, good-will visit to Greece, 731.
Veterans, Foreign Service examinations for, 306.
Vienna, Austria, joint administration by Allies In, 650.
Vincent, John Carter :
Memorandum to Far Eastern Commission, 376.
Participant in radio broadcast, 104.
Vinson, Fred M. :

Address at meeting of Boards of Governors of Inter-
national Monetary Fund and International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development, 478, 527.
Appointment as U.S. Governor of International Mon-
etary Fund and International Bank, 262.
British loan, discussed in radio broadcast, 51.
Virginia Press Association, foreign newspapermen to be

guests of, 260.
Visa and immigration matters, contacts with Department

of Justice regarding (D.R. 232.2), 970.
Vyshinsky, Andrei (Soviet Vice Commissar for Foreign
Affairs) :
Atomic Energy Commission, attitude, 89.
British troops in Indonesia, withdrawal recommended
by, 275.

Walton, Lester A., resignation as Minister to Liberia, 450.
Wang Shih-chieh, exchange of notes vv-ith Molotov regard-
ing friendship and alliance treaty, China and U.S.S.R.,
204.
War against Allies, question of Spanish entry into, texts

of Spanish and Axis documents, 413.
War against Japan, conditions governing entry of U.S.S.R.

into, 282.
War booty, removal from Manchuria, alleged reports, 364.
War Crimes Commission, United Nations, resignation of

Lieutenant Colonel Hodgson, 855.
War criminals, European :

Agreement between major powers for prosecution of

(1945), accessions, 261, 954.
Confiscation of property, resolution of Paris Confer-
ence on Reparation, 124.
German, crime against Jews, 369.
War criminals. Far East:
Charter and proclamation regarding, 361, 618, 890.
Far Eastern Commission, attitude, 618.
Indictment, statement by Mr. Keenan (chief of counsel

for prosecution), 846.
Japan, SCAP reports, 751, 809.
List of, 847.
Trial, 361, 376.

1170

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETiS

War Damage Commission, Philippine, appointment of

U.S. members, 955.
War Department :
Air-navigation facilities abroad, functions relating to,
transfer to Department of Commerce (Ex. Or.
9709), 684.
Cabinet Committee on Palestine and Related Problems,
appointment of Secretary of War as member, 1089.
Germany, civil administration in, 197.
Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee, member-
ship on, 3.
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, 734, 914, 1132.
War expenditures, discussed in President Truman's mes-
sage to Congress, 142.
War Information, Office of, consolidation and transfer of

certain functions, 57.
War Relief Control Board, President's, termination (Ex.

Or. 9723), 1015.
War Shipping Administration :

Assignment of vessels for relief work, 730.
Membership on Petroleum Facilities Coordinating
Committee, 3.
Waring, Frank A., appointment as member of Philippine

War Damage Commission, 955.
Warren, George L., address on migration policies and

world economy, 213.
Warsaw Convention of 1929, discussed in article by Mr.

Latchford, 839.
Watches, importation of, exchange of memoranda between
U.S. and Swiss Governments regarding limitation, 763.
Water power, development. See St. Lawrence.
WaveU, Lord (Viceroy of India), letter to President Tru-
man on food crisis in India, 861.
Weather stations, U.S., in Canada, agreement regarding

purchase, 683.
Welles, Sumner, European visit (1940), German docu-
ments on, 459.
West Indian Conference, 2d session, St. Thomas, Virgin
Islands :
Address by Mr. Taussig, 333.
Agenda, 292.

Countries represented, 330.

Dates of meeting, 169, 219, 290, 330, 375, 431, 476.
Message from President Truman, 332.
Report by Miss Armstrong, 840.
West Indies. See Anglo-American Caribbean Commission

and the individual countries.
Whaling, regulation of, agreement (1937) and protocols

(1938 and 1944), 347, 451.
WhGftt '
Transportation from U.S.S.R. to France in U.S. Liberty

ships, 730.
U.S. 1945 crop, 301.

U.S. shipments to: France, 674; Germany, 756; India,
861, 958, 1084; Japan, 756; Liberated areas, 151,
152, 360, 716, 717.
World shortages, 191, 291, 300, 831, 895.
White, Harry D., appointment as U.S. Executive Director

of the International Monetary Fund, 262.
White, Llewellyn B., appointment as senior counselor in

mass communications for UNESCO, 714.
Whitnack, Doris S., article on Danubian transportation

problems, 1108.
Wiesman, Bernard, article on ILO constitution, amend-
ment proposals, 102S.
Wilcox, Clair, addresses :
British loan, 96.
U.S. trade proposals, 630.
Wildlife and Fisheries Branch of International Kesources

Division, establishment and functions, 735.
Wilkinson, Ellen, remarks on UNESCO, 200.

Willkie, Wendell L., Negro journalism awards, address oy

Mr. Braden, 392.
Wilson, Howard E., designation as principal officer of fl^'
ternational secretariat. Preparatory Commission X^
UNESCO, 338. ■i

Winant, John G. : *

Address on economic and social world, 975.
Designation as U.S. representative on Economic ai*
Social Council, 74, 573.
Winchell, Walter, statement charging U.S. sale of arms to

Siiain, 218.
Windle, R. T. (U.K.), statement on Greek elections, 582.
Women, International Federation of, request for member-
ship in Economic and Social Council, 126.
Women, status of, subcommission of ^COSOC opening

meeting in New York, 814.
Women's Action Committee, National Convention of,

Louisville, Ky., address by Mr. Acheson, 759.
Women's American Organization for Rehabilitation
Through Training, New York, N.Y., address by Mr,
Acheson, 893.
Women's Organizations, Service Bureau for, Hartford,

Conn., address by Mr. Thorp, 300.
Wood, C. Tyler, designation in State Department, 351, 969.
Wood, Merle K., designation in State Department, 351.
Wool:
Proposed program for distribution, comments by Presi-
dent Truman, 491.
Report of textile mission to Japan, 1009.
World Federation of Trade Unions :
Economic and Social Council, request for membership

in, 91.
Representation in United Nations affairs, 199, 276.
Wright, William D., designation in State Department, 826.

Yalta agreements :
Kurile Islands and Sakhalin, 189, 190, 282.
Repatriation of U.S. and Soviet nationals, 443, (text)
444.
Yemen :
Agreements :

Diplomatic and commercial, with U.S., conclusion, 917.
Friendship and commerce, U.S. representatives in-
vited to discuss, 297.
U.S. Mission to, membership, 446.
Young, John P., designation in State Department, 180, 452.
Young, John S., appointment as member of Philippine War

Damage "Commission, 955.
Yugoslavia :

Ambassador to U.S. (Kosanovic), 728.
Boundary, Italian-Yugoslav :
Appointment of commission to recommend, 391.
Views of Council of Foreign Ministers on, address
by Secretary Byrnes, 950.
Establishment of diplomatic relations with U.S., 728.
Mikhallovich, Gen. Draza :

U.S. requests to submit testimony in behalf of, 634,

909.
Yugoslav denial of U.S. requests, 669.
Opening of U.S. Consulate at Zagreb, 1130.
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bretton Woods agreements (1945), signature and

acceptance, 36.
Friendship and mutual aid, with Poland, text, 919.
Reparation from Germany, draft, 114 n.
War criminals of the European Axis, prosecution and
punishment of (1945), accession, 261.

Zagreb, Yugoslavia, opening of U.S. Consulate, 1130.
Zones of occupation in Austria and Germany, articles by
Mr. Hoffman, 599, 649.

V. 9. aOVERNHIIIT rllHTIHt OFFICII l>4i

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

jMHm

VOL. XIV, NO. 341 JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

In this issue

Can America Afford To Be Silent?

By ASSISTANT SBCEETAET BENTON

General Assembly of UNO

REPORT FROM LONDON

What Is Our Inter-American Policy?

RADIO BROADCAST

Procurement of Foreign Research Materials

By RICHARD A. HUMPHREY

Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee

By DAYID A. ROBERTSON

For complete contents >^^^&4fi«l^^^r

see inside cover *

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

BULLETIN

,^«NT o>

Vol. XIV'No. 341»

• Publication 2449

January 6 and 13^ 1946

For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. Government Printing Office

'Washington 25, D. C.

Subscription:

52 issues, $3.50; single copy, 10 cents

Special offer: 13 weeks for $1.00
(renewable only on yearly basis)

The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication compiled and
edited in the Division of Research and
Publication, Office of Public Affairs,
provides the public and interested
agencies of the Government with
information on developments in the
field of foreign relations and on the
work of the Department of State and
the Foreign Service. The BULLETIN
includes press releases on foreign
policy issued by the White House and
the Department, and statements and
addresses made by the President and
by the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
interruitional affairs and the functions
of the Department. Information con-
cerning treaties and international
agreements to which the United States
is or may become a party and treaties
of general internatioruil interest is
included.

Publications of the Department, cu-
mulative lists of which are published
at the end of each quarter, as well as
legislative materialin the field of inter-
national relations, are listed currently.

(^ontents

Beginning with volume XIV, issues of the

Bulletin will carry an advance date of one

week. It is necessary therefore to assign

a double date to this issue.

Page

Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Conunittee. By-
David A. Robertson 3

Resumption of Relations With Siam 5

Conference of Lectui-ers on International Affairs:

Participants and Programs 6

Message From the Secretary of State 6

Can America Afford To Be Silent? By Assistant

Secretary Benton 7

Experts To Join General MacArthur's Staff .... 10

America — As Others See Us: Radio Broadcast . . . 11

General Assembly of UNO: Report From London
to the Office of Public Affairs, Department of

State 17

Social-Service Work in Latin America 21

Procurement of Foreign Research Materials. By

Richard A. Humphrey 22

What Is Our Inter-American Policy? Radio Broad-
cast 26

Disposition of Enemy Aliens From Other American

Republics: United States Memorandiun ... 33

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings 35

Activities and Developments:

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 35

The Conference of Delegates on Constitutional Questions

of the International Labor Organization . 35

West Indian Conference 36

Signing of Bretton Woods Agreements 36

The Record of the Week

Release of Macmahon Memorandum on U. S. International

Information Program:

Summary of Memorandum 37

Objections by Reuters, Ltd., to the Memorandum ... 38
Mexican Government Investigates Charges Against American

Firms 39

Death of Grayson N. Kefauver 39

Mail Service With Austria 40

Carolyn Bradley Accepts Visiting Professorship to Chile . . 40

Visit of Brazilian Educator 40

Visit of Salvadoran Musician 40

Sanitary Conventions of 1944: Canada, United Kingdom . 40

(Continued on page It'll)
U. S. SUPERINTENDENT Of IKICUMEN||

f£B .7 1946

Petroleum Facilities Coordinating Committee

By DAVID A. ROBERTSON, Chairman^

DBING THE CLOSING MONTHS OF

the war a number of agencies
of this Government were
confronted with the tremen-
dous task of judicious disposal of United States-
owned surphis and lend-lease properties abroad.
The conclusion of hostilities in Europe and Asia
and the desire of the American people to secure
the earliest possible return of our military forces
brought the problem into sharp focus. There was
danger that, under the pressure for haste, dispo-
sition of these properties might be carried out in
a manner inimical to the short-range financial in-
terest of the United States and detrimental to the
long-range commercial and political foreign poli-
cies of this Government.

The properties involved vary widely in char-
acter and in the aggregate represent a tremendous
dollar value. From a post-war economic and se-
curity standpoint, one of the vital sectors of our
intei'ests is in the field of petroleum facilities con-
structed or lend-leased abroad to service air, naval,
and military bases and outposts, as well as to
facilitate the procurement of petroleum from the
oil fields and refineries of the United Nations.

To assure that disposal in this field would be
orderly, as well as prudent, and that it would be
in accordance with the interests and policies of
the American people and Government, the Secre-
tary of State in August 1945 invited the Secre-
taries of War, Navy, and Commerce, the Petro-
leum Administrator for War, and the War Ship-
ping and Foreign Economic Administrators to
join in the establisluneut of the Petroleum Facili-
ties Coordinating Committee (PFCC).

Each agency indicated the importance it at-
tached to participation in the functioning of the
Committee by designating as its representatives
key personnel engaged in administering its petro-
leum activities. These member officers with their
alternates are as follows :

State

David A. Robertson, chairman. Assistant
Chief, Petroleum Division ■'■'■■

DAvro E. LoNGANECKER, Petioleum Division

(alternate)
Col. Sidney Grtjneck, Director, Fixed In-
stallations Division, Office of Foreign
Liquidation (FLC) (member)
Leo F. Connell, Petroleum Consultant,
Fixed Installations Division, FLC (alter-
nate)
Albert E. Ernst, Chief, Petroleum Division,

FLC (member)
Critchell Parsons, Assistant Chief, Petro-
leum Division, FLC (alternate)
Wa7-

Brig. Gen. H. L. Peckham, Director, Fuels

and Lubricants Branch (member)
Col. James H. Wright, Deputy Director,
Fuels and Lubricants Branch (alternate)
Navy

Rear Admiral A. F. Carter, Director, Petro-
leum Operations (member)
Lt. Commander Ross B. Nelson, Assistant to
Admiral Carter (alternate)
Comm''erce

H. B. McCoy, Chief, Division of Industrial

Economy (member)
George W. Muller, Chief, Industrial Proj-
ects Unit (alternate)
Petroleum Administration for War — Interior
Edward B. Swanson, Director, Research
Division (member)
War Shipping Administration

E. A. Hohmeyer, Manager, Vessel Opera-
tions Bunker Fuel (member)
Provision was made for the attendance of ob-
servers and consultants from other agencies when

'Mr. Robertson is Assistant Chief of the Petroleum
Division, OflSce of International Trade Policy, Department
of State.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

cases of interest to them were being considered,
providing the Committee with expert advice. On
this basis the Surplus Property Administrator
designated his Deputy in Charge of Foreign Dis-
posals, Eric Taff, to serve as permanent observer
with PFCC.

The proposal to establish the Committee, for
the purpose of implementing applicable United
States foreign policy and coordinating related ac-
tivities and policies of all interested United
States agencies in the disposal of lend-lease and
surplus petroleum facilities costing in excess of
$100,000, received prompt and enthusiastic ap-
proval from the heads of the agencies consulted.

The functions of the Committee are as follows :

1. To expedite listing of petroleum facilities by
owning agencies (see -Budget-Treasury Regula-
tion No. 5).

2. To collate, by countries or geographic divi-
sions, and to examine lists of petroleum facilities
prepared by owning agencies, taking preliminary
notice of equipment declared excess and likely to
be declared surplus.

3. To ascertain and consolidate the views of the
War and Navy Departments on any military as-
pect and the views of the interested United States
civilian agencies on any commercial aspect or in-
terest in acquiring ownership or control of the
petroleum facilities involved.

4. To formulate, on the basis of the examina-
tion referred to above, appropriate recommenda-
tions to the pertinent disposal agency (such as
the Office of the Army-Navy Liquidation Com-
mission) on specific cases involving the disposal
of surplus petroleum facilities, such recommenda-
tions being designed to implement United States
commercial foreign policy whether disposal is
recommended through (1) bulk sale to a foreign
govermnent, or (2) sale to private interests on a
competitive-bid basis, under applicable rules and
regulations governing such sale.

James Q. Reber has been detailed from the
Department of State's Central Secretariat to serve
as Executive Secretary of the FFCC.

Within a period of weeks the PFCC was fully
organized and a number of cases were acted on
which for some time had been pending interde-
partmental examination and clearance. The need
for invoking Budget-Treasury Regulation No. 5 to
ascertain the identity of petroleum facilities con-
structed abroad by the United States agencies was

resolved by the voluntary compilation of lists by
owning agencies on a uniform basis approved by
PFCC.

Arrangements were made to consider petroleum
facilities when reported excess to the needs and
responsibilities of the theater commanders and
prior to being declared surplus by the owning
agency. In addition, steps were taken through
the Foreign Operations Committee of the Petro-
leum Administration for War to inform the
petroleum industry of the nature and extent of
these facilities, in many cases prior to their being
reported excess.

The Secretary of State, acting on a suggestion
of the Secretary of War, approved the extension
of the PFCC terms of reference to cover petro-
leum equipment as well as fixed installations in
order to assure coordination in their disposal.
This extension proved wise since it made it pos-
sible for the purchasers of an installation to obtain
auxiliaiy equipment essential to an integrated
operating unit, thereby enhancing the value of the
installation to prospective purchasers and insur-
ing against stripping the facilities of necessary
operating and replacement equipment.

The Committee has considered, has cleared from
an interdepartmental standpoint, and has made
disposal recommendations on many types of fa-
cilities throughout the world. Representative of
cases acted on are major pipelines in China,
Burma, India, Egypt. Canada, Italy, and France ;
a refinery in Canada : bulk stations in Africa along
the south and central routes of the Air Transport
Command; tank farms in Brazil, New Guinea,
Tulagi, and Kenya ; drum and can plants in Pales-
tine, Eg3'pt, Iran, England, and India ; and many
others. These facilities have received consideration
in the order of their urgency arising from (1) a
declaration of excess by the theater commanders
or a declaration of surplus by the owning agency
for the purposes of deploying troops and of aban-
doning bases, (2) current negotiations of bulk dis-
posals by this Government, and (3) agreements set-
ting forth the terms under which disposals are to
be conducted in a foreign country.

The number and complexity of cases relating to
specific petroleum facilities have necessitated a
twofold expansion of the Committee. A working
subcommittee has been created to establish and
maintain a list of countries in the order of
priority for PFCC action on surplus disposals,
to prepare material, to formulate recommenda-

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

tions for PFCC consideration, and to perform
other work as directed by PFCC. In addition,
an advisory group composed of representa-
tives of other offices of the Department of
State has been designated to assist the chairman
of PFCC in determining the interest of the De-
partment, from a political- and commercial-policy
viewpoint, in the disposition of petroleum installa-
tions before the Committee.

Arrangements have been made also to work
closely in liaison with the Air Coordinating Com-
mittee, an interdepartmental committee similar to
PFCC established to determine the post-war com-
mercial interests of this Government in airfields
abroad, for the primary purpose of coordinating
the disposal of aviation-fuel storage with the air-
ports they service.

The PFCC, in summary, has provided a forum
for discussion of and cooperation in the related
activities or policies of the member agencies. It
has obtained lists of 152 facilities scattered over
53 foreign countries, coordinated disposals of fa-
cilities with equipment, and informed the Ameri-
can industry of the available facilities. Of first
importance, the PFCC has taken steps to eliminate
the possibility of discrimination against American
nationals by foreign governments in favor of their
own nationals. To this end it has obtained agree-
ment from the Foi-eign Liquidation Commissioner
that his discretionary authority under SPB Regu-
lation No. 8 will be so construed as to eliminate
the possibility of such discrimination in any dis-
posal arrangements. His field commissioners have
been instructed accordingly.

The PFCC has kept abreast of United States -
United Kingdom current negotiations, coordi-
nated its activities with these developments, and
provided a channel f oi- the expression of the views
of interested United States agencies with regard
to the petroleum aspects of the negotiations.

Consideration is pi'esently being given to the
coordination of the disposal in the United States
of surplus facilities and equipment located in this
country which may be purchased for export, with
disposals of similar surpluses abroad. Other
measures under consideration will facilitate the
l^rompt and wise disposal of United States - owned
surplus abroad and tend to promote international
trade and the participation therein of American
nationals consistent with United States commer-
cial foreign policy.

Resumption of Relations
With Siam '

The Department of State is pleased to announce
that diplomatic relations with Siam were resumed
on January 5 when the Secretary of State re-
ceived Luang Dithakar Bhakdi, Charge d'Affaires
of the Siamese Legation, and Charles W. Yost
became Charge d'Affaires of the American Lega-
tion at Bangkok. It is understood that Mr. Yost,
who is now in Bangkok, will be formally received
by M. R. Seni Pramoj, Pi-ime Minister and Min-
ister of Foreign Affairs of Siam.

This marks the formal reestablishment of those
friendly relations which have characterized Sia-
mese-American association for over a century. We
look forward to even closer friendship in the fu-
ture and to the early admission of Siam to mem-
bership in the United Nations Organization.

Resiunption of diplomatic relations between
Great Britain and Siam took place at the same
time. This Government welcomes the reestablish-
ment of friendly relations between Great Britain
and Siam following the recent termination of the
state of war between the two countries.

Although not a party to the British-Siamese
negotiations leading to the recently concluded
agreement terminating the state of war between
Great Britain and Siam, this Government had
naturally a deep interest in the negotiations. For
a period of several months this Government was
in friendly conversation with the British Govern-
ment concerning the proposed terms of that agree-
ment, and it made known to the British Govern-
ment its views on a number of points which it
considered either of direct concern to the United
States or of general concern to all nations inter-
ested in the stability and prosperity of southeast-
ern Asia. This Government was pleased with the
ready and cordial response the British Govern-
ment accorded the views which we presented.

The recent conclusion of the British-Siamese
state of war and the resumption of diplomatic
relations with Siam by the United States and
Great Britain are important steps looking to the
restoration of a peaceful, stable world in which
all countries will work closely together within the
United Nations Organization.

' Released to the press Jan. 5.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Conference of Lecturers on
International Affairs

PARTICIPANTS AND PROGRAMS

The Conference of Lecturers on International
Affairs sponsored by the American Platform
Guild, in cooperation with the Division of Public
Liaison, Department of State, held a meeting on
the morning of January 3 at the Department of
State. The morning session was opened by Julius
Bloom, vice president, American Platfonn Guild,
and director, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci-
ences. Mr. Bloom read a message from the Secre-
tary of State to the Conference.

The theme of the morning session was "United
Nations Organization — Since San Francisco and
Next Steps". The panel presenting this theme in-
cluded : Donald C. Blaisdell, Associate Chief, Di-
vision of International Security Affairs, Depart-
ment of State ; Morse Salisbury, Director of Public
Information, UNRRA; Gove Hambidge, Execu-
tive Director, FAO ; John Gambs, Adviser on In-
ternational Labor Relations, Department of
Labor; E. R. Marlin, Liaison Officer, PICAO;
Kenneth Holland, President, Inter-American
Educational Foundation, Office of Inter- American
Affairs.

The theme of the afternoon session was "Eco-
nomic Foundations for Peace", with a panel of

the following gentlemen presenting the theme:
Dean Acheson, Under Secretary of State; Clair
Wilcox, Director, Office of International Trade
Policy, Department of State; James L. McCamy,
Director, Office of World Trade Policy, Depart-
ment of Commerce ; Charles Bunn, Adviser, Divi-
sion of Commercial Policy, Department of State ;
Raymond Mikesell, Chief Economic Analyst,
Treasury Department. Following this session
there was a series of six round-table discussions
with various geographic divisions of the Depart-
ment of State.

The morning and afternoon sessions were closed
to the public, but the speeches at the evening din-
ner at the Statler Hotel, which started at 8:30,
were open to the public and press. Speakers at the
dinner included: William Benton, Assistant Sec-
retary of State ; Henry Seidel Canby, editor, Sat-
ttrday Review of Liteimture, visiting lecturer in
Australia under auspices of OWI ; C. D. Jackson,
director, international division. Time and Life
publications, formerly field representative of OWI
in North Africa and western Europe; Herbert
Agar, director, British Division, OWI, former
editor of the Louisville C'owrier- Journal.

MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE ^

It is with a profound sense of the importance
of public meetings to the success of our common
efforts to build a world of peace, that I give my
best wishes and greetings to the American Plat-
form Guild. As you all know, our Nation is com-
mitted in its foreign policy to achieve world-wide
political, social, and economic cooperation through
the United Nations Organization. On the success
of its efforts depends the security of the people
of all countries, including our own. The success of
our own share in this cooperative undertaking de-
pends upon the understanding and support of the

^ Released to the press Jau. 3.

American people. This can be obtained only by a
continuous and effective two-way communication
between the people and their Government. The
people at all times must have the facts; the Gov-
ernment at all times must have their views.

The Department of State is eager to supply es-
sential information on America's part in world af-
fairs. Oftentimes, this information can best be
explained by a speaker at a public gathering. We
are also eager to receive as wide and as complete
an expression of public opinion as possible. In
this process it seems to me that the lecture platform
has a unique and indispensable role.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

Can America Afford To Be Silent?

By ASSISTANT SECRETARY BENTON

I WELCOME this opportunity to talk with Amer-
ica's lecturers on international affairs. You
have a professional as well as a personal interest in
this country's first peacetime program of inter-
national information and cultural exchange. I
shall explain to you as simply as I can why the
United States is developing such a program and
what the State Department is now preparing to do.

Thanks in part to your efforts, year in and year
out, the citizens of the United States hold high
rank in the quantity and quality of their informa-
tion on world affairs. To you on the lecture plat-
form, the American people have addressed in their
own voices some of the misunderstandings, preju-
dices, and fears which separate the peoples of the
earth in spirit one from another.

No other country has such variety of public
forums, such a free press, and such a wealth of
radio programs expressing divergent points of
view. Among the world's two billion men and
women, outside the United States, only the fortu-
nate and favored few have the opportunity to read
or to hear about us. Compared with our knowl-
edge of them, insufficient as it is, their understand-
ing of the United States is tragically one-sided or
inadequate.

There was a time, not so long ago, when some
of us trusted in the rapid development of com-
munications and transportation to make America
known everywhere as we wished to be known and
should be known — ^just as we are.

We no longer pin such hopes upon the parapher-
nalia of physical progress. We have seen the arts
of planned destruction leap far ahead of the peace-
ful arts of communication and friendly private
interchange.

In harmony the invisible electrons can be made
to send Beethoven's symphonies around the world.
Or in disharmony they can be made to war upon
each other, setting the elements on fire in the ulti-
mate disintegration of the earth.

Twice in this century the great mass of the
world's people, in sad ignorance of each other,

have fought world wars of rapidly accelerating
destruction. Up until the last moment, those who
see the issue must keep working for the victory
of mutual understanding in this third and last
heat of the century's race against disaster.

Humanity will not obliterate itself if it can
learn how to prevent it. Do you not sense in your
audiences a feeling of urgency, of an almost des-
perate desire to understand more — so that they
can somehow help to avoid the disaster? The
same spirit of urgency is abroad everywhere,
among the peoples of other lands as well as our
own.

Thus you and I are working together. I suspect
"I need thee every hour". In the State Depart-
ment, we ask your understanding of the assign-
ment President Truman has given us, to build in
the hearts and minds of foreign peoples every-
where, in his words, "a full and fair picture of
American life and of the aims and policies of the
United States Government".

The national security of the United States is
directly concerned in this objective. Fear and
misunderstanding of America can cost us the
friends and allies we need in time of crisis. We
must not rely only on the friendship of govern-
ments and rulers. History shows the weathervane
characteristics of such friendships. We must seek
the friendship of peoples — their understanding of
our own people and of our free society. It is the
peoples of the world in whom we must put our
trust.

The strong nation too readily becomes hated
and feared by all the rest — and we are today the
strongest nation since gunpowder was invented.
Do our returning troops report everywhere a ris-
ing tide of warm affection and esteem for the
United States? I am afraid they report, all too
often, just the contrary. Our very virtues, in
fact, seem often held against us.

^ An address delivered by Mr. Benton at a meeting of the
American Platform Guild in Washington on .Tan. 3 and
released to the press on the same date.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Distorted impressions are arising even in the
ai'eas which we thought knew us best. Lord
Keynes was quoted in London as saying recently,
after three months of negotiation in Washington,
"What a depth of misunderstanding governs the
relationships between even the friendliest and most
like-minded nations". In large regions of the
globe we are but a hazy legend of military and
naval power, of wealth, luxury, and carefree irre-
sponsibility.

You may remember that the Nazis, before the
war, told their people that "we do not care whether
or not Germany is hated, so long as she is feared".
That was logical enough for those who boasted of
their faith in force. But what of those who place
their faith in justice?

If there were time enough, we Americans could
wait for misunderstandings to straighten them-
selves out. Actions do speak louder than words.
But actions also speak through words, as this
group well knows, and the words must be clearly
and widely understood. Thus, to present '"a full
and fair picture of American life" we shall have
to explain our actions all over the world. We can-
not rely on others to explain them for us. We
must keep that explanation fresh and timely, a
continuous complement to our diplomatic and
political action.

The State Department does not intend to en-
gage in so-called "propaganda". We shall profit
most by portraying ourselves frankly, the bad
with the good. Our democracy is far from perfect.
The United States has its own problems of poverty
and maladjustment. We have much to learn our-
selves — as we have much to teach.

Wlio is going to carry out the proposed pro-
gram? We in the State Department know that
private interests are eager to do more than they
have ever done. They are seeking world markets.
The total volume of their efforts represented by
news carried by the commercial wire services, by
foreign editions of magazines and books, by
movies, tourists, and commercial contacts will
amount to vastly more than the Government's con-
tribution. The Government's job will be merely
to fill the gaps — though the gaps are important
and often crucial.

For example, there are many places of con-
siderable diplomatic importance — you can often
call them the hot spots or tinder-boxes of the
world — which do not have any American wire

services. AP, UP, and INS just don't get in.
Further, newspapers abroad often operate under
principles which seem strange to us. I remember
the OWI fieldman in the Mid-East, who took his
documents from the United States to the editor of
a local paper and offered them free of charge. The
Arab gentleman took them gladly and then asked
what was for him a supremely logical question,
"How much will you pay me to print them?"

In some nations, where the mass of the popula-
tion has little power over foreign policy, and less
undei'standing of foreign ideas, our diplomatic
target may be small groups far too few in number
to provide a profitable market for American
private enterprise. Yet such groups may be the
only channels through which American informa-
tion, and the ideals of world collaboration, can be
introduced to the people as a whole. Through our
missions abroad, we can reach such groups with
information about America.

Some of the best work done by the OWI and
the OIAA was preventive and could be tested only
by the misunderstandings which did 7iot arise.
Quite recently, in Turkey, after President Tru-
man had sent a message to Congress regarding
the succession to the presidency, a story circulated
that Pi'esident Truman planned to resign. OWI
men were able to supply the background informa-
tion about the workings of our govermnental sys-
tem, which promptly scotched the story. The
tragedy of President Wilson and Versailles was
in part the result of wide-spread ignorance abroad
of the workings of our Government. Background
information, which is unprofitable for our wire
services to handle, may be as important to the
peace of the world as the fast and accurate han-
dling of spot news.

A foreigner who has read of Chicago's murders
but never of its university, who has seen enter-
tainment films but never a documentary film of
American life, may have a most distorted view of
America. The State Department proposes to sup-
plement the picture of America currently presented
abroad by private enterprise with background doc-
umentary material, with documentary films, and,
finally, with short-wave radio.

Some regions, such as the Balkans, can be reached
with news about America by no other means than
short-wave radio, an operation which is not profit-
able for private enterprise. The future control
and operation of international radio is being

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

studied in the Department and recommendations
will be made to the President and Congress within
the next few months. Meanwhile, the State De-
partment is carrying on with this powerful new
medium largely developed during the war. It is
essential that the radio voice of America shall not
be silenced.

Perhaps the most hopeful area for the long pull
is the exchange of students, professors, scientists,
and technicians. This again is not an area for
private enterprise. There is no substitute for face-
to-face contacts. The State Department is now a
coordinating agency for 26 departments and bu-
reaus of the United States Government that have
foreign-exchange programs. We plan a flow of ex-
perts and special information to other nations on
such subjects as American methods of soil conser-
vation, rural electrification, public-health safe-
guards, child care, and adult education. Foreign
specialists will come for training in our own State
and Federal governments. These programs will
be worked out cooperatively with other govern-
ments; they will share responsibility and costs.

In the same spirit, we welcome the establishment
of foreign-information services within our own
borders. We shall seek to encourage a two-way
flow of information and culture across national
boundaries.

Complementing our own overseas information
and cultural activities will be the work of the
proposed United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, which has the basic
purpose of promoting understanding on a world-
wide basis. UNESCO will work through and
with the existing informational and cultural pro-
gi-ams — both governmental and non-govern-
mental — of the various United Nations.
UNESCO will have the essential task of pro-
moting collaboration among these programs.

A bill giving the Department of State legisla-
tive authority to conduct such world-wide ex-
changes, and its proposed overseas informational
and cultural activities, has been unanimously ap-
proved by the House Committee on Foreign Af-
fairs and will be reported to the House immedi-
ately following the holiday recess. It is hoped
that the Congress will then approve the proposed
program in every detail. The work will be, and
should be, under full public scrutiny. We shall
court the kleig lights and abide by them. We shall

679191 — 46 2

welcome any help you can be in encouraging public
discussion of our plans and purposes.

On January 1, a single American information
and cultural-relations program under my direc-
tion replaced a number of scattered and inde-
pendent activities. It has a rich backlog of ex-
perience gained in the war, a small group of highly
trained specialists, a tested communications sys-
tem, and a chain of outlets strung out all over the
world. Arrangements are being made for the
new work in 62 United States diplomatic mis-
sions abroad. Information activities are planned
in 22 additional smaller posts using the part-time
services of regular Foreign Service officers.

We have completed, in the months since my ap-
pointment, the job of cutting down and reshaping
the former OWI and OIAA for merging with
established divisions in the State Department into
a permanent peacetime organization. On July 1,
1945 these two wartime agencies employed 5,782
people at home and abroad, exclusive of native
foreign -born personnel. By June 30, 1946 this
number will have been reduced by almost 60 per-
cent. Of these only some 400 will be public-
affairs officers serving regularly in our missions in
some 60 countries. They contrast with more than
1,600 during the war. The cable- wireless service
of the OWI has been reduced to one sixth its war-
time wordage. The radio activities of OWI and
OIAA have been physically merged in New York
and San Francisco.

A part of our responsibility is a special emer-
gency information program, set up to handle our
responsibilities in the occupied areas of Germany,
Austria, and Japan. We are undertaking similar
emergency work in areas of China and southeast
Asia where the Japanese have only recently been
expelled. These will be temporary activities, but
they account for a large part of our personnel.
They are not to be regarded as regular parts of an
overseas program.

The permanent peacetime j^rogram will operate,
in the early stages at least, along nine channels of
action. I shall merely list these for your atten-
tion — as a summary of preceding remarks. The
more colorful details will be filled in by the
gentlemen of the panel, who can draw upon their
personal experiences to answer your queries.

First, there is the exchange-of -persons pro-
gram — the students, professors, and distinguished
visitors, who will be brought to this country and
sent abroad in increasing numbers. In 1946 some

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

10,000 foreign students will be studying in the
United States; we expect at least 20,000 in 1947.
Most of these are here on their own, financing
themselves.

Second, the maintenance and servicing of
American libraries of information in 60 countries
abroad. Elmer Davis told me that nothing dur-
ing the war so strongly warranted continuing
support as these libraries. Long lines of eager
people seek news of America, each day and every
day, from the documents and books in these
libraries connected with our missions throughout
the world.

Tliird, a daily wireless bulletin to carry to our
diplomatic missions the full texts, or textual ex-
cerpts, of important official announcements. This
bulletin keeps our diplomatic officers informed of
events at home.

Fourth, a documentary service to supply our
missions, by mail, with background material, bio-
graphical sketches, and information about life in
America, together with a limited service of still
photogi'aphs from Government sources.

Fifth, photo-exhibits, displays, and film-strips
for non-commercial use in foreign countries. Our
film-strips today are being shown to 12 million
Chinese school children monthly.

Sixth, the continuation of the bimonthly illus-
trated magazine, America, in the Russian lan-
guage for distribution in Russia where private
foreign magazines are barred.

Seventh, acquiring, adapting, and scoring in
foreign languages a continuing series of newsreels
and documentary films about the United States, for
non-commercial showing to foreign audiences".
These are today being shown to 4 million to 5 mil-
lion people monthly in Latin America.

Eighth, the on-the-spot work of small staffs in
our missions in 62 countries, which will provide the
tact, judgment, and human warmth which alone
can make our pi'ogram effective.

Ninth, and last, the operation, in 1947 at least,
of short-wave broadcasting covering virtually the
whole world.

All these nine add up, I think, to a favorable
beginning of a permanent, continuous, two-way cul-
tural and informational exchange which may
eventually do more for world security than a fleet
of battleships — and at a tiny fraction of the cost.

Its greatest virtue in my opinion is that it is
ready to go to work in the here-and-now. Events
move too swiftly for us to be comialacent when
serious misconceptions of America take root
abroad. We know that our intentions are good,
but international cause and effect are so closely
coupled that the outbreak of war at any one spot
on the globe might ripen within the hour into the
destruction of cities thousands of miles away. I
am using no empty figure of speech when I say
that the fuse of disaster is lit and burning stead-
ily. If areas of mass ignorance and ill-will are
permitted to remain in the world, and if the fuse
reaches and inflames them, these may act as deto-
nators for an explosion that could engulf us all.
The hope for the future lies in eliminating the J
areas of mass ignorance and ill-will. We must *
combat them as never before.

Tliat is the objective of the program I have out-
lined tonight. That is an objective on which I
hope we can all unite — the Congress, the State De-
partment, the press, radio, and motion-picture in-
dustries — yes, the lecturers and their audiences —
and the people of the United States and peoples
everywhere throughout the world.

Experts To Join General
Mac Arthur's Staff'

A State Department - War Department group
of experts was scheduled to leave Hamilton Field
on Januaiy 3 for Tokyo to join General Mac-
Arthur's staff. The group, headed by Corwin D.
Edwards of the State Department, will procure
data and make studies for use in comiection with
the implementation of Allied economic control
policy in Japan. Other members of the group
include James M. Henderson, William C. Dixon,
and Samuel E. Neel, Justice Department; Robert
M. Hmiter, professor of law, Ohio State Univer-
sity ; Robert B. Dawkins, Federal Trade Comniis-
sion; Benjamin B. Wallace, Tariff Commission;
and Raymond Vernon, Securities and Exchange
Cormnission. The groujD is expected to submit its
report in three months.

' Released to the press Jan. 3.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

America — As Others See Us

RADIO BROADCAST

Participants

William Benton

Assistant Secretary of State in Charge of
Public Aflfairs

C. D. Jackson

Managing Director, Overseas Editions and
Staffs, Time and Life
Herbert Agar
Henry Seidel Canby

Editor, Saturday Review of Literature
Julius Bloom

Director, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences; Vice President, American Plat-
form Guild

Announcer : This evening the Mutual Network
takes you to Washington, D. C, where a group of
outstanding American lecturers has just concluded
a day-long conference on international affairs.
The meetings, held in cooperation with the De-
partment of State, were sponsored by the Ameri-
can Platform Guild — a national organization rep-
resenting lecturers and their sponsors. They cov-
ered the whole range of today's most pressing
international issues. In the next half hour you
will hear some of the highlights of that discussion,
brought to you by five Americans uniquely quali-
fied in the field of world affairs. The chairman
of tonight's broadcast on "America — As Others
See Us" is Julius Bloom, vice president of the
American Platform Guild. Mr. Bloom is director
of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
and in that capacity is in charge of one of the
largest public lecture programs now conducted in
the United States.

Bloom : Thank you," Mr. Studley. It is often
said that the world does not understand the United
States, that people of other nations have strange,
mistaken notions about us. I think this is true.
It is also true that we Americans must plead guilty
to not knowing too much about the rest of the
world and its people.

The men who are taking part in this discussion
tonight have been or are presently engaged in the

task of international information. That task has
taken them, within the past epochal years, to Ger-
many and Australia — to Britain and Algiers.
There, as America's spokesmen, they have seen the
reflection of America that dominates the world
today — an image often twisted beyond recogni-
tion by the distortions of Axis propagandists; a
mirage built up sometimes beyond all possibility
of fulfilment by the desperate hopes of under-
ground fighters, cut off from outside contacts by
long years of enforced isolation. These are some
of the men and women you will hear about tonight.

You will hear Commander Herbert Agar, for-
mer editor of the Louisville C owrier-J owrnoH^ who
served as head of the British Division of OWI
for more than two years and has just returned to
America during the past week.

With us tonight also is C. D. Jackson, managing
director of the overseas editions and staffs of Time
and Life magazines. Mr. Jackson's war job was
to serve as OWI's top representative with the
Army's Psychological Warfare Branch, in North
Africa, in London, in France, and in Germany.

Recently returned fiom a wartime lecture tour
of Australia and New Zealand and here with us
this evening is Dr. Henry Seidel Canby, one of
the editors of the Satut'day Review of Literatv/re
and best known to Americans, perhaps, as one of
the judges of the Book-of-the-Month Club.

And in addition to these men who have such
direct knowledge of the Government's information
work during the war is the man most concerned
with the task to come. Assistant Secretary of State
William Benton, the man whose day-to-day job is
to bring truth about America to the four corners
of the earth. Mr. Benton, would you like to start
us off by telling us something about your job and
how you plan to do it ?

Benton : Before talking about what we are do-
ing I should like to say just a word about the why
of our program. We have our sights fixed on a
very definite objective. In the first place, we are
trying to dispel the doubt and misunderstanding

' Released to the press Jan. 3.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

which breed wars. We see the overseas informa-
tion program as vital to our national security. In
fact, I believe that the very modest expenditures
we propose to make if Congress approves — to
tell the truth about America and American foreign
policy — will prove a much more important invest-
ment in enduring peace than another cruiser or
two for our Navy or more tanks or planes for our
Army.

Bloom : In other words you are saying that un-
derstanding is a kind of force.

Benton: There is a tremendous thirst for
knowledge of America — about us, our customs,
our way of life, and above all our intentions toward
the rest of the world. Modern means of speedy
communication compel us to change our concep-
tion of diplomacy. Today it is not so much the
diplomat who makes de<;isions but, to an increasing
degree, the people themselves. They are on the
march all over the world. And they want to
know. Since you have pitched this discussion in
terms of people, Mr. Bloom, I'd like now to ]nck
up that cue.

The individuals who come to my mind happen
to be French and Italian. I haven't met them per-
sonally, but I have seen some of the letters they
have been writing, letters addressed to the United
States Government's radio station, "The Voice of
America".

We have a daily half-hour question-and-answer
broadcast in French called "A Vos Ordres''' and
a similar one in Italian called "^?" Vostri Ordmi",
both of which mean "At Your Service".

About 300 letters a week are coming in from
France as a result of the French program, and an
equal number from Italy. Some of the questions
are answered on the air ; the rest are answered by
our Rome and Paris outposts. Through this cor-
respondence we are certainly getting a view of our-
selves through French and Italian eyes.
Bloom: Is it in focus?

Benton: Far from it; but, through our re-
plies, we are doing our best to straighten it out.
You'll see the i)roblem if I quote just a few of
the questions. Here's one, for instance, from a
listener in Valguenera, Italy, asking whether
American gangsters are really as prevalent as
American films and mystery stories have led him
to believe. A gentleman in Rome, equally con-
cerned with the American crime situation, wants
to know what weapons are used by our police in

gang wars. A thrifty Frenchman inquires as to
whether it is possible to sustain life in de-luxe
America on the equivalent of his salary of 10,000
francs a month.

From Naples we get a reflection of the common
European notions as to our loose morality when a
listener asks whether it is true that any American
can get a divorce without serious reason on pay-
ment of $200.

Bloom : Are any of the audience concerned with
questions of American foreign policy?

Benton : Most decidedly. We recently received
a long communication from an industrial agent
in Lille, France, expressing concei-n that America
will soon revert to the isolationism which caused,
so he says, the second World War. Why, he asks,
if you are genuinely interested in future peace, do
you treat France with such "revolting casualness"?

Bloom : I suppose that sort of letter reflects the
disappointment of the French people with the
hardships that followed liberation. Are most of
the letters bitter in tone ?

Benton : By no means. Many of them simply
reflect curiosity. There was, for instance, the
Dijon housewife who wanted to know whether
French is still the native tongue of Woonsocket,
R.I.

And not all of our correspondents suffer from
misconceptions about America. Many simply
want i^ractical information. For instance, a Cath-
olic priest in Normandy wrote to ask about the
latest developments in the cultivation of apples
and pears and about new musical compositions for
his organ.

Bloom : Orchards and organs — rather a tall
order ?

Benton : Not at all ; our Department of Agri-
culture was readily able to supply us with the
latest fruit-growing information ; and our friends
in the musical world were happy to cooperate with
lists and scores of new organ compositions.

Bloom : It is correct to assume, is it not, Mr.
Benton, that this sort of correspondence is simply
a by-product of the Government's broadcasting
activities. The programs themselves do a lot to-
ward presenting us to the world, do they not?

Benton: That's right. The programs are all
designed for that purpose. We are now running a
radio series called "America Since 1939" which
fills in the great gaps in the knowledge of Euro-
peans who have been cut off from us for five years ;

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

on another series called "America Speaks", im-
portant books published in the United States are
dramatized. There are musical programs, featur-
ing the works of American composers and drama-
tizations of representative American plays. Fur-
ther, we send similar printed material abroad to
our missions for distribution by them to all who
are interested.

Bloom : Just how extensively does the Govern-
ment plan to stay in the radio business, Mr. Ben-
ton?

Benton: That's a question I can't really an-
swer yet, Mr. Bloom. The whole problem of short-
wave radio is being studied by the Government.
Since there is no money to be made in overseas
broadcasting, Government underwriting will be
needed if the "Voice of America" is to stay on the
air. We have reduced the languages in which
we broadcast to less than half the number used
during the war. We know that it is important
for the "Voice of America" to continue to be
lieard — especially in regions where there are virtu-
ally no newspapers because of paper shortages and
lack of press services, or where censorship prevails
and where short wave is our only means of direct
access with news for the millions of people who
want to know about us.

Bloom : Mr. Jackson, during your overseas serv-
ice in psychological warfare you saw at first hand
what the American radio meant to the people of
occupied countries, didn't you?

Jackson : I surely did, Mr. Bloom. Allied ra-
dio did a tremendous job which could have been
performed by no other medium of information.
But it was a limited job. We must remember that.
Radio brought news and instructions to resist-
ance forces. But it could not supply the vast
wealth of background information — the kind of
information that really builds our knowledge of
the world. It is difficult for us in the United
States to realize the extent to which the lights
went out in Europe. That is more than an empty
expression. It was a total blackout on informa-
tion.

Bloom: Then you found among liberated peo-
ples the thirst for knowledge of which Mr. Benton
spoke ?

Jackson: To an incredible degree. It is a
thirst which we must try to slake by every method
which will commend itself — ^by means of radio,
the written word, through exchange of peojjle. To

illustrate what I mean, I would like to talk for a
minute about five Norwegians.

Bloom: Any special Norwegians?

Jackson : Very special Norwegians. They were
five Norwegian journalists who made a coast-to-
coast tour of the United States this fall as guests
of the United States Government. Since they
came here well stocked with the customary supply
of misconceptions about the United States, they
were wide-eyed at much that they found. For in-
stance, they were astonished to discover quite a
numbeir of really nice girls in New York — having
been prepared to find nothing but delinquent
bobby-soxers.

To give you a rough idea of the ground they
covered — in one week they took a look at Dali
paintings in the Museum of Modern Art in New
York and at the insides of a pig at the Wilson
Packing Company in Chicago. They saw the be-
ginning of an automobile on the assembly line at
River Rouge and the beginning of an automobile
strike at UAW-CIO headquartei-s in Detroit.
They talked with hundreds of Americans about
international relations, about what should be done
with Germany, the length of cigarette butts in
America, the way Life magazine comes off the
Lakeside Press, and the way steel comes out of the
mold in Gary, Ind.

Bloom : And I suppose the Government was
well satisfied with the reports they sent home.

Jackson : As a matter of fact no one connected
with the American Government saw the reports
until the clippings from the Norwegian papers
were mailed here. The Norwegians filed their
stories in sealed envelopes, telling what they saw as
they wished to say it. The philosophy behind such
tours is not to furnish the visitors with cut-and-
dried press releases, but to let them see America
as it is. We have plenty of confidence that the
whole — the complete — story of America is a great
one that we are proud to have told. All we tried
to do was to make the full, rounded picture avail-
able to them — not just one side. And we have
ample evidence that this policy pays rich dividends
for us. This summer, for example, six Belgian
journalists made a swing of the country as the
Government's guests. One of them sununed up
the results of the trip better than I could. I'd like
to quote what he said :

"We never really knew what America was like
until we came over here. We had heard of your

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

achievements but I suppose we did not believe it.
Now we know it is true."

We had the same experience with a group of
French newspapermen who came to the United
States. At the beginning of the trip several of
them were skeptical about, if not hostile to,
America. You can imagine the effect on their
readers when their stories gradually changed to
enthusiastic accounts of democracy actually
working in the United States and to tributes to the
heroism of American fighting-men.

Bloom : I understand, Mr. Jackson, that this
sort of activity is not entirely one-sided — there
is two-way traffic across the oceans, isn't there?

Jackson: You are quite right — and as you
pointed out tonight part of the job is for us in the
United States to know more about people of other
nations. Americans who travel abroad, whether
as foreign correspondents, as businessmen, or on
official missions, do a two-way job. They bring
the story of the world home to us, and in their
persons they take quite a bit of America abroad.

I have here with me a copy of an Australian
newspaper which pays eloquent tribute to the con-
tributions made by Americans who visited Aus-
tralia during the war years, under Government
auspices. Mention is made of such famous guests
as Dr. Allan Nevins of Columbia; Dr. Dixon
Wecter of the University of California ; and I see
that a special paragraph is devoted to one of my co-
speakers on tonight's progr-am — Dr. Henry Seidel
Canby. Dr. Canby, perhaps this would be a good
moment for you to give us some of the highlights
of your Australian visit.

Canby: The most dramatic day, Mr. Jackson,
the day I shall always remember, was April 12,
or the thirteenth if you had been in Australia.
It was early in the morning when Australia re-
ceived the news that Franklin D. Roosevelt had
died. I arrived just before opening time at the
United States Government Information Library
in Melbourne. Already the telephones were ring-
ing incessantly. Every newspaper editor in Aus-
tralia knew that the Information Library was the
one place he could get the facts he needed. The
questions asked were of every kind: "Does Con-
gress take over the country now?" "How is the
succession decided ?" "Will Mr. Byrnes be Presi-
dent?" "Will another election be held imme-
diately?" "Wliere and what is the electoral col-
lege?" The library staff worked far into the

night, and I stayed to lend a hand until my broad-
cast to the Australian people that noon. Many of
the questions concerned detailed or obscure points
of American history and political custom. Thanks
to the fine shelf of reference books with which the
library is stocked, we were able to come up almost
immediately with authoritative, accurate answers
to every question raised.

The result in next day's Australian press was
amazing. Not only did they carry the full report
of F.D.E.'s death — news which moved and
shocked the Australian people to the bottom of
their hearts — but the papers were, in addition,
veritable encyclopedias of American social and po-
litical traditions and practices. I do not ever re-
call seeing anything like it in the foreign press.
And the fact that these many, sound factual special
articles were put together so rapidly was the direct
result of the information close at hand in the
American library.

Bloom : I can readily see that a good reference
library is a vital part of any overseas information
program, particularly in English-speaking coun-
tries. Are American libraries also maintained .
and used in countries where English is not the
native tongue ?

Canby : By way of answer I should like to read
you a brief excerpt from a letter written by one
of the most enthusiastic users of the American
library in Greece. I have a copy of the letter here ;
the author is Mr. Sophocles A. H. Theodotus of
Amphitritis Street, Paleon Faleron, and is ad-
dressed to Miss Elizabeth Darbishire.

". . . when I first saw the grand and sumptu-
ous office of yours [that description you must un-
derstand is Mr. Theodotus' — the Athens Library
is actually a modest and pretty decrepit two-story
building — but to get back to the letter] I said in my
mind 'Those Americans have many dollars and
waste them' . . . because . . . propaganda
. . . is not at all necessary among the Greeks
. . . . Well, my opinion has been quite super-
ficial .... Wlien I entered for the second time
and saw your library and went upstairs . . .
and saw . . . how Greek youth of both sexes,
and grown people, form every day a file for getting
such English-written American books they have
chosen, even if they speak but a little English, and
with what a perseverance they sit and read
. . . . Well, then I opened the eyes of my soul
and admired the whole idea and blessed the in-

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

spiration. Because I understand that in reading
American books the new Greek generation will lit-
tle by little gain and obtain some of the precious
characters that are the privilege of the prac-
tical Americans, and will learn to be serious
and educated . . . and becoming better
citizens. . . ."

May I say that I have heard such statements
in New Zealand and Australia not once but hun-
dreds of times.

Mr. Theodotus writes quite a long letter, and I
will skip over the rest of it except to mention that
he winds up with the suggestion that the United
States open a branch library in the suburb of Old
Faleron where he lives. He even suggests a fine
location — an abandoned police office on the corner
of Amphitritis and St. Alexander Streets. I
wonder, Mr. Benton, whether the State Depart-
ment has acted upon Mr. Theodotus' suggestion?

Benton : I'm afraid our budget just won't per-
mit it. Dr. Canby. Our present plans call for
maintaining altogether 45 libraries in the Eastern
Hemisphere. They are scattered from London to
Shanghai, from Oslo to Capetown. Since we are
limited as to funds the libraries are all in capitals
or key cities where they are assured maximum
usage. We are closing 62 small libraries estab-
lished by OWI during the war.

Bloom : Is there a similar program for the
AVestern Hemisphere ?

Benton: Yes, the State Department will con-
tinue to maintain its libraries in Mexico City,
Montevideo, and Managua and will help to sup-
port more than 25 other American library collec-
tions at key points below the Rio Grande. Herbert
Agar, who is just b<ack from London, where one of
our most efficient libraries functioned during the
war, can tell us at first hand about that one.

Agar: I can underscore everything that has
been said about our libraries, Mr. Benton. And
there is one side of this problem that I would like
to dwell on just a little — and that is the extent to
which people overseas are unable to learn what
they want to learn about us.

Bloom : You mean they have not been receiving
accurate information during the war?

Agar: I mean they haven't been receiving
enough information. And it isn't anybody's fault.
Let's take England for an example. First, be-
cause of war shortages they have mostly four-page
newspapers. How much room does such a paper

have for American news ? Just about enough room
to give a sentence or two to the most sensational
highlights. It isn't the fault of the English that
their tiny little newspapers can't afford to pay
cable charges on the full text of an important
speech in America, or an important state docu-
ment. But they simply can't afford to pay for a lot
of stuff that they haven't room to print. So they
IDay for an excerpt. And the excerpt naturally
plays up everything that is most peculiar or excit-
ing in the speech — not what is most revealing of
American policy or American life. Then suppose
you had to write an editorial for a London paper
on the basis of that excerpt—or make a speech in
Parliament — or comment on the radio. It wouldn't
be your fault if you gave a warped picture of
America. You'd read everything you could get
your hands on, and it wasn't enough. You really
can hardly overemjihasize the need for texts. The
minute word got around that the President was
going to make a speech, I would be besieged by
calls from editors, public figures, and others
wanting to be sure they had the text the minute it
was allowed out.

That's why I think i\\& work we did in London,
to try and get full texts to people on time, before
they commented, was well worth doing. That's
why I hope our Government will go on doing it in
the future. The point is that tlie English — and I
suspect everybody else for that matter — want to
know about us. They want to understand us and
interpret us straight. And, since the world will
be a safer and better place if they do understand
us, I think it's well worth our while to help them.

Blooji : And you think the sort of help you have
been describing will always be needed?

Agar : I do think so, but I want to make it very
clear that I'm not attacking the press or the news
agencies when I say that. No one has wanted to
give the British a false picture of us. Yet the
fact remains that the opening of the opera in
New York and the luxurious glitter of the dia-
mond horseshoe is news and makes the foreign
papers; the problem of an Ohio farm family
trying to pay off the mortgage just isn't news.
The same goes for those celebrated Chicago gang
wars which have been for many years the favorite
Americana of foreign readers, as are Hollywood
elopements, Reno divorces, I'ace riots. This sort
of news sold well overseas, and there just wasn't
and isn't a comparable commercial market for the

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

solid, plain, rather humdrum facts of American
living.

Bloom : Well, that brings up the American
movies — are they an asset or a liability ?

Agar : I have no intention of belaboring Holly-
wood. But the fact remains that films which were
designed and made primarily as entertainment for
American audiences have created a strange im-
pression of us abroad. At home, we see Betty
Grable as a stenographer on the screen, elegantly
gowned by Adrian. We know it's simply make-
believe because we see real stenographers in the
subway every day. Overseas, the effect is some-
thing else again, and one of the problems we are
up against is the popular delusion abroad that
Americans live in incredible luxury.

Bloom : Combating this sort of misapprehen-
sion is, I suppose, the negative part of our job.

Agar : Actually, our approach is positive. For
example, one way to combat the picture of lush,
luxurious America is to broadcast, as the "Voice
of America" has done, dramatizations of such
plays as Our Toion. Another way is to make solid,
factual American books available in our libraries.
Another way is to see to it that our admirable Gov-
ernment documents and reports are easily available
for anybody who wants to buy them — and you'd
be surprised at how many do want to buy them.
Mr. Benton can probably give a fuller picture than
I of the methods that will be used in the Govern-
ment's continuing program.

Benton : A large number of them have been
touched upon tonight. Other phases of our pro-
gram call for international exchange of students,
teachers, scientific specialists, and leaders in liter-
ature and the arts. For the long pull, this is the
most promising activity of all. As the visits of
foreign newspapermen show, there is no substitute
for face-to-face contacts.

The Government will distribute documentary
motion pictures produced by American film com-
panies as a part of this program. Foreign pub-
lications will be supplied by our missions with in-
terpretiva background articles explaining what
makes the United States what it is. Cultural in-
stitutions will be maintained in a few foreign coun-
tries — where people can learn English, attend lec-
tures on America, and meet Americans.

All these pieces together shape the pattern of a
program designed to promote among foreign peo-
ples a better understanding of the life and policies
of the United States as they actually are.

Bloom : It would seem to me that you'll need a
great many people to maintain that program.

Benton : No, Mr. Bloom, our plans are quite
modest, particularly in contrast with the activi-
ties developed by the OWI and OIAA during the
war. For example, we plan on only about 400
people abroad, in our missions, operating our li-
braries, showing our films, arranging for the ex-
change of students and professors.

On many phases of overseas information —
broadcasting, distribution of documents, and so
forth — our proposed plans are less comprehensive
than those of some other nations. We are start-
ing such activities belatedly — long after many
other nations which have had a big head start
on us.

It is not our intention to engage in rivalry in
this field with other nations. But it is very defi-
nitely our intention to make available to the peo-
ples of the world the facts about America which
they are eager to have. To furnish such knowl-
edge seems to me one of the thriftiest, most sensible
investments which the American people can make.
It is an investment designed to yield only one
dividend — that understanding of us which is es-
sential to lasting peace.

Announcer : You have been listening to a spe-
cial presentation on "America — ^As Others See Us"
sponsored by the American Platform Guild.
Heard on this program were Assistant Secretary
of State William Benton, in charge of public af-
faire ; Julius Bloom, vice president of the Ameri-
can Platform Guild and director of the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences; and three distin-
guished Americans who have been engaged over- i
seas in the wartime task of international infor- \
mation : C. D. Jackson, director of the interna-
tional relations and staff of Time and Life maga-
zines; Commander Herbert Agar, former editor
of the Louisville Courier- Journal; and Henry
Seidel Canby, an editor of the Saturday Review of
Literature and a judge for the Book-of-the-Month ,
Club. \

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

General Assembly of UNO

REPORT FROM LONDON TO THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS,
DEPARTMENT OF STATE

London, Jan. 11. — The election of Belgian For-
eign Minister Paul-Henri Spaak as President of
the first General Assembly highlighted an impres-
sive and colorful oi^ening session of the United
Nations on Thursday, January 10, in Central Hall,
Westminster.

The newly elected President, aged 46, is a former
newspaper editor. He has been a prominent figure
in the Belgian Government as Deputy Minister of
Transportation, Posts and Telegraphs, Minister of
Foreign Affairs and Premier (1938-39). On the
outbreak of war he became Foreign Minister and
left for Great Britain after- the French armistice
to be Foreign Minister for the Belgian Govern-
ment in London.

When after the liberation M. Spaak returned to
Belgium with the Pierlot government, he retained
his position of Foreign Minister and attended the
San Francisco conference in this capacity. He was
also a representative at the UNRRA conference in
Atlantic City in 1943.

M. Spaak took a prominent part in the Prepara-
tory Commission of the United Nations, of which
he was one of the vice presidents. He is head of
the Belgian Delegation to the General Assembly of
the United Nations.

The British Welcome

British Prime Minister Clement Attlee in wel-
coming the delegates keynoted the meeting with
an address that stressed the "sense of urgency"
that the delegates of 51 United Nations must
maintain in completing their work.

"We realize that as perhaps never before a
choice is offered to mankind", Mr. Attlee said.
"Should there be a third world war the long up-
ward progress towards civilization may be halted
for generations and the work of myriads of men
and women through the centuries be brought to
naught."

Mr. Attlee emphasized the far-reaching im-

679191—46 3

portance of the United Nations. "The United
Nations organization must become the overriding-
factor in foreign policy", he said, and pointed
out that the United Nations Charter "does not deal
only with Government and states but with the
simple elemental needs of human beings whatever
be their race, their color or their creed".

The night before, clelegates to the Assembly
including many of the world's leading statesmen
were guests of King George at a state banquet
in St. James Palace. In a short topical speech the
King set forth the nature of the Assembly's work
and the importance of the issues at stake.

"It is for you to lay the foundations of a new
world where such a conflict as that which lately
brought our world to the verge of annihilation
must never be repeated, where men and women
can find opportunity to realize to the full the good
that lies in each one of them. It is a noble work
and you have in the Charter of the United Na-
tions a noble instrument", the King said.

The London Setting

The restraint and lack of pomp that marked the
King's banquet was matched by the opening ses-
sion at Central Hall. The hall, across the street
from Westminster Abbey and Big Ben and a short
distance from Parliament Square, is an audi-
torium distinctly in line with the traditional Brit-
ish liking for small meeting places. (The House
of Commons accommodates less than its total mem-
bership at one sitting.)

Nevertheless, the warm informal atmosphere
of Central Hall with its well-devised floor plan
for seating the 51 delegations and their technical
advisers has already proved effective for better
understanding politically as well as acoustically.
Delegates address their colleagues not from a high
remote podium but from a slightly elevated plat-
form on th« main floor itself. Committee meet-
ings will be held both in Central Hall and in

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Church House, site of the Preparatory Commis-
sion deliberations, less than a block away.

Despite the proverbial London drizzle, large
crowds Thursday afternoon stood respectfully
around the entrances to Central Hall and ap-
plauded warmly whenever one of the dignitaries
arrived and entered the auditorium under the
flag-decked marquee.

Inside the hall, the solemnity of the occasion
could not dim the brilliance of the gathering.
The floor of the hall was occupied by the dele-
gates, who sat at long tables of English oak. The
Saudi Arabian delegates' flowing robes and head-
dress added a splash of color to the panorama.

Dominating the scene just above the rostrum
hung a huge golden medallion symbolizing the
United Nations. Suspended by long gilt chains,
it stood out sharply against a panel of dark blue.
On the rostrum were only three men : Dr. Eduardo
Zuleta Angel, principal delegate for Colombia,
acting chairman of the Assembly, flanked by Ex-
ecutive Secretary Gladwyn Jebb of Great Britain
and Andrew Cordier of the United States, ad-
viser to the Executive Secretary. Directly in
front of them on the main floor stood the speak-
er's platform from which Mr. Attlee and thet
other delegates spoke, and) to either sidje were
secretaries, stenographers, and translators. On
both sides of the auditorium were small galleries
for visitors, and in the rear was the largest gal-
lery for the press and representatives of private
organizations, completely filled with many stand-
ing,

Spaak's Tribute to Roosevelt

M. Spaak, newly elected President of the
United Nations General Assembly, opened the sec-
ond plenary session Friday morning, January
11, with his speech of acceptance. He paid tribute
to the efforts for peace by the late President Roose-
velt, and, addressing his remarks to Mrs. Roose-
velt, one of the United States Delegation, he said :

"I refer to her who bears the most illustrious
and respected of all names. I do not think it
would be possible to begin at this Assembly with-
out mentioning her and the late President Roose-
velt and expressing our conviction that his dis-
appearance was a great grief to us all and an
irreparable loss."

He urged continuance of the international co-
operation already established. "A great effort is
required from us to sink our preferences and put

aside our antipathies", he said. "We shall none
of us succeed in this unless we can place our coun-
tries' interests in the wider setting of the general
interest of the world and mankind."

Directly after M. Spaak's remarks, the Assembly
rapidly went into operation on the items scheduled.
They authorized the Executive Secretary and his
staff to perform the functions of the Secretary-
General and Secretariat until the appointment of
the Secretary-General and next accepted the re-
port of the Preparatory Commission presented by
Dr. Eduardo Zuleta Angel, who had been chair-
man of that group.

Preparatory Commission and the Assembly

The Charter of the United Nations signed on
June 26, 1945 came into force on October 24, 1945.
The Executive Committee of the Preparatory
Commission consisting of delegates from 14 mem-
ber states of the original Executive Committee of
the San Francisco conference started its work in
London on October 16, 1945. It produced its re-
port to the Preparatory Commission on November
12. The Preparatory Commission was called into
session on November 24 and adjourned on Decem-
ber 24 after it had instructed the Executive Secre-
tary to convene the first part of the first session of
the General Assembly on January 10, 1946. The
Preparatory Commission ceases to exist upon the
election of the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.

Only three times during the course of the morn-
ing did delegates make proposals counter to the
program previously set up. Two occurred on the
question of acceptance of the provisional rules sub-
mitted by the Preparatory Commission report.
The Cuban delegate urged that a 51-man steering
committee be appointed instead of the 14-man body
suggested by the Preparatory Commission. An-
other proposal was that of the Ukrainian delegate,
who urged that nominations be made and discussed
by the Assembly before elections took place by
secret ballots as provided in the recommended
rules of procedure.

The Assembly voted Friday morning to accept
the Preparatory Commission's proposed rules of
procedure as provisional rules until Committee Six
(Legal Committee) acts upon jjroposed changes.
The amendments proposed by Cuba and by the
Ukraine as well as any others that may come up
will be referred to the Legal Committee. The
Cuban delegate moved that such a report should be

JANUARY 6 AND 13. 1946

submitted in one week, iind in a roll-call vote on
this time-limit item his motion was carried.

The third change of the morning's schedule
came during the discussion on adoption of the
agenda. A supplementary item, a resolution con-
cerning convocation of an international conference
of the press, was put forward by the Pliilippine
delegate despite the fact that his proposal had
been submitted after the close of the time limit set
by the Preparatory Commission Secretariat.
After a discussion which showed that technical
communication's faults had caused the Philippine
suggestion to be delayed past the time limit, Presi-
dent Spaak said he would accept a motion stating
that the Philippine proposal should be accepted as
part of the agenda. The motion was made and
carried.

Also part of the morning's work was the ap-
pointment of a CredeiTtials Committee by the Pres-
ident. Delegates from Byelorussia, China, France,
Haiti, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia,
Turkey, and Denmark were named. Their report
will be considered by the Assembly as soon as it
is presented.

At a late-Friday-afternoon meeting of the As-
sembly, it was voted by acclamation that repre-
sentatives of the following countries be vice presi-
dents of the Assembly: China, France, Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom,
United States (i.e. the Big Five). South Africa,
and Venezuela.

Primary Purpose — Organization

The primary purpose of the inaugural meeting
of the General Assembly in London is to organize
the United Nations into an efficient working ma-
chine. Later this year at the second half of the
General Assembly, probably in the United States,
substantive matters such as economic and social
trusteeship and security problems will be consid-
ered by the working organization which will be
developed at the present session.

The agenda suggested to the Assembly by the
Preparatory Commission includes 21 items. Some
of the items on which interest centers are :

1. The establishment of committees.

2. Election of the non-permanent members of
the Security Council.

3. Election of members of the Economic and
Social Council.

4. Admission of new members to the United
Nations.

5. Appointment of the Secretary-General (as
soon as the recommendation is received from the
Security Council).

6. Matters of urgent importance including the
problem of refugees.

7. Consideration of the reports of the commit-
tees including the following :

(a) Implementation of the provisions of the
Charter relating to trusteeship.

(b) Possible transfer of certain functions,
activities, and assets of the League of Nations.

(d) Site of the permanent headquarters of
the United Nations.

(e) The relation between the General Assem-
bly and the Economic and Social Council.

(/) The I'elationship between the specialized
agencies and the United Nations.

(g) Financial organization and methods of
assessing and collecting contributions from
members.

8. Elections. Election of members of the Inter-
national Court of Justice.

9. Consideration of the date and place of the
second part of the first session of the General

Assembly.

In addition to the items on the agenda which
were proposed by the Preparatory Commission,
four supplementary items have been proposed by
members.

Atomic Energy Proposal

Sliortly before midnight on January 4, which
was the deadline for submitting additional items,
the British Delegation acting on behalf of the
delegations of the Soviet Union, the United States,
France, China, and Canada presented a resolu-
tion for the establislunent of a commission to deal
with the control of atomic energy based on the
proposals drawn up by the Moscow Conference of
Foreign Ministers. The resolution proposed that
the Atomic Conunission, which consists of one
representative of each of the 11 states represented
on the Security Council and Canada if that state
is not a member of the Security Council, shall
report to and be under the direction of the Se-
curity Council. The terms of reference of the
Commission are that it shall make as soon as
possible specific proposals with regard to —

(a) The exchange of basic scientific informa-
tion between all nations for peaceful ends.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

(b) The control of atomic energy to insure its
use only for peaceful purposes.

(d) The establishment of effective safeguards
to protect complying states against violations and
evasions.

Additional UNRRA Funds

The second supplementary agenda item was a
resolution regarding UNRRA submitted by the
British Delegation. This resolution, recalling how
UNRRA was set up to bring relief and help and
rehabilitation and how thousands of people have
been saved from starvation and disease by its 18
months of constructive cooperation, urges :

(a) That UNRRA members should without de-
lay contribute a further 1 percent of their na-
tional income to UNRRA 's funds.

(b) That other peace-loving nations who are
not signatories to the UNRRA agreement should
join the organization.

(c) That the Secretary-General of the United
Nations should make arrangements with the Di-
rector General of UNRRA for the General As-
sembly to be given full periodic reports of progress
toward economic recovery in countries receiving
UNRRA's aid.

The third additional item, submitted bj- the
Cuban Delegation, asks for a declaration of the
international duties and rights of man and of
nations.

In addition a fourth proposal was submitted by
the Philippine Delegation suggesting the convoca-
tion of an international conference of the press.
Although this proposal arrived too late to be in-
cluded in the original supplement to the agenda,
the Assembly voted to have it consideied by the
General Committee for addition to the supple-
mentary list.

The second session of the Assembly on Friday,
January 11, dealt with routine matters such as the
authorization of a temporary secretariat, presen-
tation of the I'eport of tlie Preparatory Commis-
sion, adoption of rules of procedure, appointment
of the Credentials Committee, and the adoption
of the agenda.

Six Main Committees

On Friday also the Assembly created the six
main committees to consider substantive items ap-

pearing regularly on the General Assembly
agenda. Their responsibilities will be determined
by the Assembly following debate on the Prepara-
tory Commission report. All member countries
have the right to be represented on each of the
main conunittees. These committees will have
the dual role of considering items referred to them
by the General Assembly and of preparing draft
recommendations and resolutions for submission
to a plenary meeting.

The six main conunittees are :

1. 7'he Political and Security Committee (in-
cluding the regulation of armaments). This
conunittee is exjjected to consider such matters as
the admission, suspension and expulsion of mem-
bers, political and security matters, the general
principles of cooperation and maintenance of in-
ternationaP peace and security and the principles
covering disarmament and the regulation of arnia-
ments, the promotion of international cooperation

in the political field, and the peaceful adjustment 1
of situations likely to impair the general welfare
and friendly relations among nations. The com-
mittee elected Dr. Dmitro Z. Maiuiilsky of the
Ukrainian Delegation as chairman. The member
of the U. S. Delegation who has been assigned to
this committee is Senator Tom Connally.

2. The Econornic and Financial Convmittee.
This committee will probably deal with the eco-
nomic and financial work of the United Nations.
The promotion of international cooperation in the
economic field including questions of higher stand-
ards of living, full employment, conditions of
economic progress and development, and the equi-
librium and stabilization of prices. The committee
elected Dr. Waclaw Koncerski of Poland as chair-
man. The member of the U.S. Delegation as-
signed to this committee is Representative Sol
Bloom.

?>. The Social, Hv/manitarian and Cultural Com-
mittee.

This committee is expected to consider the As-
sembly aspects of social, humanitarian, cultural
educational, health, and similar work of the Eco-
nomic and Social Council and the specialized agen-
cies. It will also consider assistance in the reali-
zation of human rights and fundamental freedoms
and the conditions of social progress and devel-
opment. The committee elected Mr. Peter Fraser,
Prime Minister of New Zealand, as chainnan. The

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

members of the U.S. Delegation on this committee
are Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mr. John G.
Townsend. Jr.

4. The 7'rusfeeshlp Comm-iffee. This committee
will deal with trusteeship arrangements and mat-
ters concerning non-self-governing territories.
Dr. Roberto MacEachen, Uruguayan Ambassador
in London and head of the Uruguayan Delegation,
was elected chairman. The members of the U.S.
Delegation on this committee are Mr. John Foster
Dulles and Representative Sol Bloom.

5. The Administrative and Budgetary Commit-
tee. This committee will consider the organiza-
tions' budget assessments of members and admin-
istrative matters. The committee elected Mr. Faris
al-Kliouri, speaker of the Syrian Parliament and
head of the Syrian Delegation, as chairman. The
U.S. delegate assigned to this committee is Senator
Arthur H. Vandenberg.

6. The Legal Committee. This committee will
undoubtedly consider proposed amendments to the
Charter, requests to the International Court of
Justice for advisor}^ opinions, and problems re-
ferred from other committees. It will also con-
sider the encouragement of the progressive de-
velopment of international law and its codification.
Dr. Roberto Jimenez, former Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Panama and head of the Panamanian
Delegation, was elected chairman. The U.S. mem-
ber of this committee is Mr. Frank Walker.

All of the chairmen of committees were elected
by acclamation. In the selection of these cliair-
men, the principle of equitable geographic distri-
bution was taken into account as well as experience
and personal competence. The vice chairmen and
the rapporteurs of the committees will be elected
at the second meeting of the committees.

While the Security Council and the Economic
and Social Council are holding their preliminary
meetings, the Assembly is expected to debate A'ari-
ous portions of the report of the Preparatory Com-
mission which may take a week or more. Follow-
ing this debate the two councils and the main com-
mittees will get down to business. During the en-
suing period of two or three weeks, the principal
activity of the Assembly will take place in the
meetings of the councils and the committees.

All of the 51 nations that were signatory to the
Charter of the United Nations have deposited their
ratification with tlie Government of the United
States.

Social-Service Work
in Latin America

That the Four Freedoms may become realities
in the lives of peoples throughout the world is the
hope motivating the development and administra-
tion of social-service programs in most of the coun-
tries of South and Central America.

This thought was brought out by Mrs. Elisabeth
Shii'ley Enochs, Director, Inter- American Cooper-
ation Unit of the Children's Bureau under the De-
partment of Labor, in a report which she made
to the staff of the Pan American Union on her at-
tendance at the First Pan American Congress of
Social Service held in Santiago, Chile, in Septem-
ber 19-15. Mrs. Enochs was chairman of the Amer-
ican Delegation to this conference.

The Congress not only celebrated the coming of
age of the oldest social-service school in South
America, that of Santiago, but it also demonstrated
the rapid growth of a new profession in the various
American republics and gave proof of professional
solidarity and continental vision among those who
direct welfare programs in these countries.

Revealing the great variety of social problems
of the different nations and the ingenious ways in
which social workers have rallied to solve them,
the experiences and reports given by the delegates
all pointed to a common understanding of the aims
of improved health and living standards for all.

Although the achievements of social-welfare
programs in the American republics during the
past 20 years have been remarkable in their scope,
tlie leaders of these programs are not content to
lest on past glories. Instead, the Congress looked
even beyond this hemisphere and asked "that each
delegation bring to the attention of their country's
representative in the United Nations Organiza-
tion the feeling of the Congress that provision of
an organization for social welfare ... is a
strong necessity".

Brazil is beginning to resume its i^rofitable
banana-export trade with Europe, interrupted by
the war. Twenty-five thousand bunches of ba-
nanas were recently shipped from Sao Paulo to
various European ports.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Procurement of Foreign Research Materials

By RICHARD A. HUMPHREY '

THE GOVERNMENT of the United States
is a heavy consumer of foreign pub-
lications in all categories. For many
years it has made use of certain tech-
niques in their procurement that are familiar
enough to all institutions whose research depends
in greater or less measure upon such materials. It
has also had at its disposal, however, a unique
avenue to the literature of the world — the Foreign
Service. This avenue has constituted a source of
supply over and above the usual channels of pro-
curement such as the use of commercial dealers and
the processes of exchange.

With the experience of World War II now be-
hind it, this Government has been forced to the
conclusion that its former procurement methods
were inadequate. At the onset of hostilities, the
dearth of vital foreign research materials at Wash-
ington's disposal amply demonstrated this in-
adequacy. Moreover, during the war not only the
normal commercial channels but also the exchanges
were in a chaotic state. As a consequence, the
Federal procurement burden was perforce shifted
throughout the war to two principal sources of
supply — the Foreign Service and an interdepart-
mental committee created for the express purpose
of acquiring foreign publications. Between them,
these sources secured thousands of foreign titles
ranging from the daily press and vital periodical
literature to maps, charts, statistical yearbooks,
and other materials necessary to the conduct of the
public business in wartime. Indeed, a significant-
enough job was done through these media to con-
vince the Government as a whole that permanent
means must be evolved to assux'e an uninterrupted
and ample flow of research materials of foreign
origin to the Federal policy officers in all depart-
ments and agencies.

' Mr. Humphrey is Special Assistant to the Chief, Divi-
sion of Research and Publication, OflSce of Public Affairs,
Department of State.

•Treaty Series 381 and 382; 25 Stat. 1465 and 1469.

The problem, now that hostilities have termi-
nated, has become that of assessing former meth-
ods, analyzing future demands, and attemptmg
to relate the two with a view to making such
changes, additions, or other alterations in pro-
curement methods as will satisfy the greatly ex-
panded official demand.

A brief review of pre-war procurement methods
will disclose certain factors which have been im-
portant in planning future operations. By far
the greatest proportion of foreign material pro-
cured for this Government prior to the war was
secured through one or the combination of two
channels: (1) private commercial, as supple-
mented by traveling agents of the individual
departments and agencies, and (2) exchanges.
Pragmatically judged, these sources supplied con-
siderably less than the desired quantity of publi-
cations. The methods as methods, moreover, ex-
hibited internal weaknesses which accounted, in
large measure, for their inadequacy.

The excliange system, as between government
and government, stems from the Brussels conven-
tions of 1886.^ A statement of its defects will also
reveal its principal provisions and suffice for pur-
poses of illustration. In terms of the needs of this
Govenm[ient the outstanding defects of the inter-
national exchanges have been (1) that they pro-
vided for the exchange of single copies only of the
si^ecified classes of official publications, an ob-
viously inadequate coverage when total Federal
needs are considered; (2) that they did not cover
at all provincial, municipal, professional, and
other important private publications; (3) that
they specifically did not provide for the initiation
of new exchanges, nor for fluid adjustment to
changes in departments and ministries; and (4)
that they did not constitute suitable sources of
bibliographical information even for tlie classes of
official publications covered. As a result the vari-
ous departments and agencies of this Government
were forced to develop direct, bilateral exchange

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

relations with their counterpart or near-counter-
part agencies in s^jecific foreigii countries. In
many respects this method eilected the necessary
relations, but the technique remained essentially
outside of the formal government-to-government
pattern. Needless to say, it gave rise to numerous
additional administrative problems of integration
as well as to an enormous amount of extra labor
on the part of the separate agencies.

Direct purchase of material through normal
commercial channels, on the other hand, also failed
to provide the agencies with either the quantity
or the kind of publications whicli they needed.
The reasons for this failure were chiefly two : ( 1 )
commercial channels did not yield adequate biblio-
graphical information upon which sound purchase
procedures could be based; and (2) an inevitable
time-lag existed — usually extending over a period
of months — before information concerning pub-
lications and markets was actually received in
Washington and orders were processed by the
agencies and were actually placed with foreign
dealers. In order to circumvent these difKculties
two methods of purchase in particular were tra-
ditionally relied upon — the use of direct repre-
sentatives of the several agencies traveling abroad,
usually on temporary missions, and the placing of
so-called "blanket" orders with commercial dealers.
The traveling representatives more often than not
were concerned with assessing markets and at-
tempting to infuse efficiency (from the agencies'
point of view) into existing commercial channels.
The "blanket" ordere were placed with individual
dealers in terms of inclusive buying, i.e. agencies
would request dealers to purchase all materials in
specified fields of knowledge most needed by them.
Neither of these methods proved satisfactory.

No single Government agency having large-scale
needs for foreign printed materials could afford
enough traveling representatives to attain really
world-wide coverage. The Library of Congress,
for example, one of the largest single consumers
of sucli materials in the Government, maintained
only a few people at a time on collecting missions
abroad and never obtained by this means the full
range of publications desired. Other agencies
could sei"vice themselves in this respect even less
adequately.

Moreover, the fact that traveling representatives
as officials of this Government functioned in an

inevitably official relation ms-a-vis other govern-
ments rendered especially serious duplications of
effort occurring from time to time in certain coun-
tries. Consequently, the Department of State
came more and more to the view that the job to
be done was essentially a foreign-office function
and, as such, could neither efficiently nor appro-
priately be accomplished by agencies other than the
Department itself. The device of traveling agents,
it is safe to say, did not attain the results desired
by the several agencies — full coverage, extensive
bibliographical information, and efficient and
speedy placement of orders.

The other principal purchase method employed
by the agencies — the "blanket" order — served their
needs no better. Basically, this technique placed
responsibility for coverage and selection within the
fields of interest to the agencies in the hands of
commercial dealers. The dealers tended, natu-
rally enough, to select and forward primarily those
items in a given field of knowledge on which they
could make a substantial profit. Since reliance
was obviously placed upon the dealer with regard
to what was available, this system was clearly more
beneficial to the dealer than to the ordering agency.
The point need hardly be labored that the margin
of profit on a given book is no certain guaranty
of its usefulness in government research. Conse-
quently, a great deal of private printing of im-
portance to this Government never emerged from
the dealer's channels at all.

Finally, since the ordinary commercial biblio-
graphical aids in a given foreign country normally
reflect only the product of the capital city or of the
chief publishing area and since they seldom re-
flect such important private printing as indus-
trial journals and the periodicals of learned and
scientific societies, the sources of information as
to available publication were seriously deficient.
Yet, even with such information at hand as it could
glean from the sources mentioned, the average
agency lost a substantial amount of current out-
put as a consequence of the lapse of time between
receipt of information and the preparation and
placing of orders abroad. Editions which sold out
in days or even weeks in London or New Delhi
could not be purchased through orders placed from
Washington months after their initial appearance.

The foregoing considerations should show that
of the principal methods of procurement of foreign

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

publications normally oj^en to this Government —
purchase and exchange — neither has proved satis-
factory judged even by pre-war standards. The
alternatives for future procedure appeared, upon
consideration, to be the following: (1) the provi-
sion of such additional channels as might be de-
vised, to be superimposed upon accepted channels ;
or (2) tlie modification or clarification of processes
within old chainiels. Chief reliance has been
placed upon the latter in the current planning for
future operations.

The Foreign Service of the United States has
assisted the agencies of this Government for many
years in procuring foreign jirinted materials. One
factor must be emphasized in this regard which
is common to the pattern of the past and the pro-
gram for the future: Foreign Service assistance is
supplementary to conunercial and other sources of
supi^ly; it cannot hope to supplant them. As pre-
viously established, however, standing instructions
were issued by the DeiJartment to each foreign post
requiring the assignment to a specific officer of the
responsibility of complying with requisitions from
Washington.

The weaknesses of this system were inherent in
it and were not the result of lack of diligence on
the part of the Foreign Sei'vice. For example, in
practically no case, even in such important pub-
lishing centers as London, Paris, or Buenos Aires,
could the full time of even one officer be afforded
for this task. Moreover, few if any of the officers
to whom the responsibility was delegated had
training in the collection or even assessing of li-
brary materials. The Foreign Service did a sig-
nificant enough job over a period of years, how-
ever, to make obvious one solution to the permanent
problem — the strengthening of the technique the
potential of which had been clearly demonstrated.

The Division of Research and Publication of
the Department of State, after a thorough can-
vass of the problem, recommended that the De-
partment hencefoi'th accept a larger responsibil-
ity to the other agencies in the matter of procure-
ment from abroad. Upon acceptance of that rec-
ommendation by the chief policy officers and the
Office of the Foreign Service, the Division of Re-
search and Publication worked out with the lat-
ter office a broad plan of future operations. That
plan calls for the assignment to the Foreign Serv-
ice (at first through the medium of the Foreign
Service Auxiliarj') of a certain number of full-

time, technically trained officers to coordinate the
Department's procurement facilities in the princi-
pal publishing centers of the world or in those
areas from which foreign publications are most
sorely needed. Among the posts to which officers
have already been, or will be, assigned are Lon-
don, Paris, Berlin, Rome, Cairo, New Delhi,
Tokyo, Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires. It is
hoped that these technical officers can ultimately
fill 25 or 30 such posts.

The activities of the Department's Publications
Procurement Officers fall chiefly into two cate-
gories : the development and maintenance of com-
prehensive bibliographical information .services in
the field and the procurement of foreign publica-
tions and other library materials by exchange, pur-
chase, and gift. The needs of the Federal Gov-
ernment require that the materials with which the
Publications Procurement Officers will be con-
cerned will be varied. They will include books,
pamphlets, periodicals and newspapers, federal,
provincial, and nuinicipal publications, maps, city
plans, and even ephemera such as posters. Their
bibliographical i-eporting is expected to provide
current information on basic reference books and
treatises, including directories, economic and com-
mercial guides, statistical works, and private peri-
odical and other literature published by industi'ial
concerns and scientific societies, as well as infor-
mation on the status of commercial publication
outlets.

It is clearly understood that the job to be done
will display very different characteristics in dif-
ferent parts of the world. Emphasis cannot be
placed too strongly upon the fact that, in all cases,
the Department's efforts are intended to supple-
ment, not to supplant, the normal commercial
channels long employed by Federal agencies.
Wliereas, specifically, in one location the principal
task may be the establishing or rejuvenating of an
integrated exchange system, in another the need
may be for coordinating sources of market infor-
mation and in still another much attention will
have to be given to "following through" already
initiated exchange and purchase patterns. Cer-
tainly for a long time to come, however, the De-
partment will be able to afford all too few full-
time officers for what is essentially a gigantic task.

Some of the Publications Procurement Officers
to serve under this program are now in the field,
the first having been sent out in the spring of 1945.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

Their reports on currently available publications
which are circulated by the Department have al-
ready proved of great benefit to the Federal agen-
cies, in view of the fact that the aftermath of the
war with its disrupted markets, limited editions,
and almost complete lack of adequate information
on materials has made efficient ordering extremely
difiicult.

The Department has itself learned a great deal
about the scope of the over-all problem from the
course of orientation it has established for these
officers prior to their departure from Washington.
In addition to having been familiarized with the
Department's concept of the program, with its di-
rectives and procedures, the officers have been sent
to each of the other departments and agencies
having acquisitions interests in the countries to
which their assigiiment was being made. Al-
though time-consuming, this procedure has made
it possible for each officer to leave for his post with
a reasonably exact conception of the needs of spe-
cific agencies, with a fair comprehension of their
procurement problems, and with a knowledge of
the exact sums of money available to him. With-
out this background, sound reporting and servic-
ing from the field would be a virtual impossibility.
It has become increasingly evident that an
integrated procurement policy for the Washing-
ton agencies is a prime essential for effective
operations. No one would question the difficulty
of the Department's position, for example, if it
were called upon to decide between the some-
times conflicting needs of agencies. Neither can
it be seriously questioned that, since the labors of
these officers ai"e in behalf of the Government as a
whole, they deserve to have behind them a clearly
stated policy regarding the Government-wide
program.

The outlines of such a coordinated pattern of
Federal procurement of foreign printed materials
are now emerging. This progi'am is a direct re-
sult of the recognition by the several departments
and agencies that unrelated and even competitive
procurement has not in the past produced, and
cannot in the future attain, the best results either
for the agencies as individual consumers or for
the Government as a whole.

The Department of State recently requested the
Librarian of Congi'ess to explore, with the other
departments and agencies, a means of providing a
continuity of acquisitions policy which could guide
it in its procurement activities. In response to

this request, the Librarian held a series of informal
meetings with a group of officials from those agen-
cies most interested in acquiring foreign publica-
tions. After they had reached general agreement
that coordination and integration of the Govern-
ment's needs were essential, the Librarian was re-
quested to make certain representations to the
Secretary of State on behalf of the informal group
considering the problem.

These representations took the form of a re-
quest that the Secretary consider establishing a
permanent Interdepartmental Committee on the
Acquisition of Library Materials within the
framework of the interagency intelligence group
which the President had requested him to form.
The duties and responsibilities of the Committee,
as proposed, are as follows :

1. To plan a comprehensive program of coop-
erative acquisition as between and among the sev-
eral departments and agencies. The scope of this
planning shall include the maintenance of com-
prehensive research collections of library mate-
rials, the rapid interchange and loan of materials,
and the distribution of bibliographical infor-
mation.

2. To originate recommendations to the several
departments and agencies concerning the develop-
ment of their libraries within the framework of
over-all Federal acquisitions, these recommenda-
tions being designed to make available to this Gov-
ernment all foreign library materials necessary
to the conduct of the public business.

3. To originate recommendations to the Depart-
ment of State on matters of broad policy con-
nected with the procurement of foreign materials
through the Foreign Service.

4. To review requisitions on the State Depart-
ment procurement facilities whenever it becomes
necessary to determine wliether said requisitions
are consistent with the Committee's comprehen-
sive acquisitions program.

It will not escape notice that the basic philos-
ophy of the Committee negates the principle of
agency representation. For members of the Com-
mittee to conceive of themselves, or for their agen-
cies to conceive of them, solely as representatives
of the interests of the governmental bodies to
which they are attached would render most diffi-
cult the primary task of attaining broad consider-
ation of Federal procurement policy. The situa-
( Continued on page 34 )

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

What Is Our Inter -American Policy?

RADIO BROADCAST

Participants

Spruille Braden

Assistant Secretary of State for American
Republic Affairs

Ellis O. Briggs

Director, Office of American Republic Affairs,
Department of State
Sterling Fisher

Director, NBC University of the Air

Announcer: Here are Headlines From Wash-
ington:

Assistant Secretary of State Braden Says Axis
Forces in Argentina Still Constitute a Danger
to the Ajnericas ; Reaffirms United States Sup-
jDort of Uruguayan Proposal for Collective
Security in Western Hemisphere.

Flllis Briggs of State Department Says United
States Policy Is To Avoid Unilateral Action,
but That We Reserve the Right To Speak Out
and Work for Collective Action for Peace in
the Americas.

This is the fourth in a group of State Depart-
ment programs broadcast by the NBC University
of the Air as part of a larger series entitled "Our
Foreign Policy". This time the question "What
is Our Inter- American Policy?" will be discussed
by Mr. Spruille Braden, Assistant Secretary of
State for American republic affairs, and Mr. Ellis
O. Briggs, Director of the Office of American Re-
public Affairs. Sterling Fisher, Director of the
NBC University of the Air, will serve as chair-
man of the discussion. Mr. Fisher —

Fisher : Mr. Braden, I'd like to say right here
that a good many of us have followed your forth-
right career, as Ambassador to Argentina and as
Assistant Secretary of State, with interest and
more than a little admiration. Because we ad-
mired your actions down in Buenos Aires, we're
especially delighted to have you as our guest on
this program.

Braden: Thanks, Mr. Fisher. But you must

realize that I acted in Buenos Aires as the official
representative of my Government.

Fisher : Granted. But I still think you inter-
preted United States policy with a unique vigor.
Mr. Briggs, you've worked with Mr. Braden a
good deal — don't you agree?

Briggs: Yes, I think he added his own touch.

Fisher : Now, if you don't object, Mr. Braden,
I'd like to ask you a personal question.

Braden : Go right ahead.

Fisher: Many of us would be interested in
knowing how a former mining engineer like your-
self became a diplomat. Wlien did you first start
working with the State Department ?

Braden : Well, in 1933 — 12 years ago — the Pres-
ident appointed me as a delegate to the Seventh
International Conference of American States at
Montevideo. A little over a j'ear later I was
named a delegate to the Pan American Commer-
cial Conference. But for years before that I had
been in business in various parts of the hemisphere.

Briggs: You also had a lengthy assignment as
our representative at the Chaco Peace Conference
in the thirties.

Braden: Yes, that kept me down there from
1935 until the end of 1938. In the early part of
that period it looked as if the negotiations between
Bolivia and Paraguay might break down. If they
had, the whole peace structure in the Americas
might have gone down too.

Fisher: And after that was settled you went
to the Republic of Colombia.

Braden : That's right. That was a very inter-
esting period. I was Ambassador to Colombia
when the Axis airlines down there were closed out
in 1940.

Fisher : And in 1942 you went to Cuba as our
Ambassador. That assignment lasted until early
in 1945, didn't it?

Braden: Yes, until last April, when I was
transferred to Argentina. Mr. Briggs here was
with me in Habana for over two years, as Coun-

' Released to the press Jan. 5.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

selor of Embassy. He put in a total of eight years
in Cuba, at different times. And he has served in
Peru, Chile, and as Ambassador to the Dominican
Republic — and for three years as Assistant Chief
of the Office of American Republic Affairs.

Fisher: That's quite a background for your
present work, Mr. Briggs. I understand that you
were one of the youngest ambassadors in our his-
tory when you were accredited to the Dominican
Republic.

Briggs: I may have been, Mr. Fisher.

Fisher : Now, to get down to the main business
at hand — Mr. Braden, as you know, there has been
a good deal of discussion of our inter- American
policy. Before you became Assistant Secretary
for American republic affairs, it was sometimes
charged that we were appeasing the Argentine
dictatorship. Since you came to Washington that
sort of criticism has stopped, but some commen-
tators have claimed that we were intervening too
actively in our dealings with the other American
republics. Wliat about that, Mr. Secretary?

Braden : Our policy of non-intervention in the
affairs of the other American nations is funda-
mental and will continue. We have no intention
of taking that kind of unilateral action. Neither
do we intend to stand idly by while the Nazi-
Fascist ideology against which we fought a war
endeavors to entrench itself in this hemisphere.
But our policy is one of joint action with the
other republics — group action for our mutual se-
curity.

Fisher : If we can be more specific, Mr. Braden —
what is the situation with regard to Argentina
today ?

Braden: There is one basic fact about Argen-
tina, Mr. Fisher. The majority of the Argentine
people have always been pro-democratic and op-
posed to totalitarian dictatorship. That's truer
today than ever.

Fisher : I should think that would be difficult to
prove.

Braden: A good example of the opposition to
the Fascist regime was the magnificent "March
of the Constitution and of Freedom" last Septem-
ber. An estimated half-million Argentines pa-
raded through the streets of Buenos Aires that
day. Society women and men in overalls marched
side by side. It was an impressive demonstration
for democracy, carried out despite every possible
obstacle put in its path. Over 500,000 people, and

they were not divided up in groups of business-
men, labor-union members, or students — they all
marched together. They alternated in singing
their own national anthem and "God Bless Amer-
ica". You can't say that people like that are not
our friends.

Briggs: Shortly after that the Government
clamped down a "state of siege" again.

Fisher: Just what is a "state of siege", Mr.
Briggs ?

Briggs: Well, it means the establishment of
martial law. Here it would involve the setting
aside of the Bill of Rights.

Braden : It means that hoodlums with brass
knuckles can strike girls in the face for shouting,
"Long live democracy." It means that the saber-
wielding mounted police can ride down men,
women, and children and beat, slug, or arrest any-
one at will, without fear of reprisal.

Fisher : I understand that Dictator Juan Peron
got his training in the Fascist School in Milan,
Italy.

Braden : I'm not concerned as much with per-
sonalities, Mr. Fisher, as I am with ideologies.
All through the war, the Axis forces in this hemi-
sphere used Argentina as a base of operations.
These Axis forces still constitute a danger to the
Americas.

Fisher : You mean that Axis business firms in
Argentina are still untouched, despite all the
promises that were made?

Braden : No, I wouldn't say that. I tooidd say
that nothing has been done against the most pow-
erful and therefore most dangerous Axis elements.

Fisher : How does the present Argentine regime
manage to keep enough popular support to stay
in power, Mr. Briggs ?

Briggs : They have the police, an important seg-
ment of the Army, armed "action groups", and a
typically National Socialist program, not exclud-
ing the old formula of bread and circuses for the
millions. Following recognized Nazi tactics, they
secured control of certain strategic labor unions.
If you take over the transport, utilities, and a few
other important unions, with the help of the police,
you can control a nation.

Braden : It follows the German pattern of 1933
to 1938. The object is to convert a military revo-
lution into a National Socialist revolution.

Fisher: The question is, what can be done to
stop this sort of thing before it spreads to other

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

countries? The New York Herald Ttihune
pointed ont the other day that here you liave the
same dilemma that faced the democracies in 1939
and before. To intervene would be to violate the
principles of international law ; and "not to inter-
vene" — to quote the Herald Tribune — ^"is to see
Fascism . . . take hold and fester in Latin
America, until it ultimately threatens to wreck
the continent if not the larger world". Mr.
Braden, how can you escape from that dilemma?

Braden : You are perfectly right, Mr. Fisher.
We are pledged not to intervene in the internal
affairs of any American republic by taking uni-
lateral action, and we shall not do so. On the
contrary we intend to consult with other counti'ies
in this hemisphere and to follow this by such joint
action as may be agreed upon.

Fisher : Which brings up a second major ques-
tion in our Latin American relations — what about
the Uruguayan proposal? But first, Mr. Briggs,
you might tell us just what it is.

Briggs: What the Uruguayan Foreign Minis-
ter proposed was that the notorious and repeated
violation of human rights by any counti"y endan-
gers the peace and is a matter of concern to other
countries. The Foreign Minister pointed out the
close connection between democracy and peace, and
also visualized the necessity of harmonizing the
doctrine of no unilateral intervention with the
need for action to be taken with respect to a regime
violating human rights.

Fisher : But what is new about the Uruguayan
plan?

Briggs : First, it clearly recognizes that democ-
racy and peace are parallel, and that the close
connection between them constitutes a legitimate
basis for inter- American action. Second, Uruguay
stressed that "non-intervention" should not be a
shield behind which crimes may be committed.
Axis forces sheltered, and obligations disregarded.
Dr. Rodriguez Larreta put forward this proposal
and suggested that it be the subject of consultation
looking toward its adoption.

Braden : When Seci-etary Byrnes gave the mes-
sage of the Uruguayan Foreign Minister his
whole-hearted approval, he put the issue very
clearly: "Violation of the elementary rights of
man by a government of force and the non-fulfill-
ment of obligations by such a government is a
matter of common concern to all the republics. As
such," said Mr. Byrnes, "it justifies collective
nmltilateral action after full consultation anions

the republics in accordance with established pro-
cedures."

Fisher: And Secretary Byrnes' endorsement
still stands?

Braden : It does. We are convinced that the
Uruguayan proposal is sound and moreover fully
in accordance M'ith the development of the inter-
American system. We believe that it merits fidl
public examination and discussion. Furthermore,
the 4-eplies sent to the Uruguayan Minister which
have thus far come to our attention show a broad
area of agreement with respect to the principle in-
volved.

FiSHEi! : I remember Sumner Welles said that
our endorsement of the I^rugnayan proposal made
it look as though the proposal announced in
Montevideo had in reality been made through
prior agreement in Washington. Would you care
to conunent on that, Mr. Braden ?

Braden : The proposal was entirely the idea of
the Foreign Minister of Uruguay. It was drafted
by him and was submitted simultaneously to this
Government and to the others. We were prompt
to approve the general principles involved, be-
cause they are consistent with our whole inter-
American policy. The proposal recognizes that
the American republics have the same right of
discussion and consultation which they themselves
have already granted to the United Nations Organ-
ization, in empowering the Assembly to discuss
any matter affecting the peace. Furthermore, the
United Nations Organization will have the power
to take collective action to meet threats to the
peace. That's what Uruguay proposes for this
hemisphere. It may of course take time to imple-
ment the proposal. That can only be done if after
thorough consultation the other American repub-
lics of their own volition are convinced of its wis-
dom. That's the inter-American way.

Fisher: There have been some charges, Mr.
Braden, that this plan would mean the scrapping
of the doctrine of non-intervention in the internal
affairs of other countries, on which the good-
neighbor policy is based.

Braden : There's no basis for such charges.
When we take a stand for democracy in the Bal-
kans, no one cries "intervention". That's a com-
plaint that seems to be reserved for the Americas.
Our approval of the LTruguayan proposal doesn't
mean that we're going to attempt to impose our
will or send the Marines anywhere. What we
need first of all is frank and friendly discussion

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

of our problems, in the same sort of town-meeting
atmosphere as in the United Nations Assembly.
The spotlight of jiublic opinion can do a lot.

Fisher: What would you add to that, Mr.
Briggs?

Briggs : Just this : We don't intend to intervene
to impose democracy on anyone. We do feel most
friendly toward those governments that rest on
the freely and periodically expressed approval of
those who are governed. We are just as friendly
to the people living under regimes where they must
struggle for such expression.

Fisher : Then, Mr. Briggs, the Uruguayan pro-
posal doesn't mean intervention — certainly not
unilateral intervention. But doesn't it imply that
something less than unanimity should be required
for action, in case fundamental human rights are
threatened in any country?

Briggs : It definitely implies that, Mr. Fisher,
though certainly no steps would be undertaken by
this nation or the others unless there was general
agreement. The idea that we must have unanim-
ity before we can act together, however, is not
in accord with practical reality. If we want to
implement our international ideals, we'll have to
be content with the reasonable and attainable ob-
jective of a substantial majority of nations, while
seeing to it that the rights of the minority are
fully protected. But these are all questions that
remain to be worked out with our sister republics.

Braden : I'd like to add, Mr. Fisher, that a na-
tion as powerful as ours must be particularly
scrupulous in any matter involving collective ac-
tion. No one fears the intervention of small coun-
tries, but the possession of great military and eco-
nomic power is bound to arouse suspicion unless
we are extremely careful in the use of that power.
But we also have to recognize this fact: Noi
to use our power in the interests of peace and
freedom may be ?«isusing that power just as much
as if we brought our influence to bear on the wrong
side of an issue. We must lean over backwards
to avoid intervention by action or inaction alike.

Fisher : That's a little complicated, I'm afraid,
Mr. Braden; perhaps you'd better explain what
you mean by "mtervention by inaction".

Braden : Well, let me put it this way : Suppose
a totalitarian regime comes to power in some coun-
try. If we withhold recognition, that regime may
claim we're intervening. If we recognize it, then

its opponents may claim that we are intervening on
its behalf.

Fisher: In other words, you're damned if you
do and damned if you don't.

Braden: Sometimes that's the way it seems.
But the only course we can follow is to consider
all the possibilities and then throw our weight
on the side of the principles of justice and free-
dom — the principles for which this country was
born and for which we have just fought a tragi-
cally costly war. In that war alone we sustained
a million casualties and increased our national debt
by 300 billion dollars, in defending these prin-
ciples. We shall continue to defend them. In
so doing we shall act in concert with the great
majority of other American nations.

Briggs: AVliat we're really trying to say is that
the doctrine of non-intervention means no inter-
vention by any 07ie nation. It's my own belief that
the necessity for intervention by the use of force
would rarely occur. You wouldn't have to go this
far in a majority of cases. The airing of the facts
should in itself do much to correct the condition.

Braden : I'd like to quote something at this i^oint
from one of the greatest legal figures this hemi-
sphere has produced— the Brazilian jurist, Ruy
Barbosa.

Fisher: Go right ahead, Mr. Secretary.

Braden: Ruy Barbosa said, on July 14, 1916:

"When violence arrogantly tramples the written
law underfoot, to cross one's arms is to serve
it. . . . In the face of armed insurrection
against established law, neutrality cannot take the
form of abstention, it cannot take the form of
indifference, it cannot take the form of silence."

Fisher: That's an eloquent statement — don't
you think. Mi'. Briggs?

Briggs: Yes; and that reference to silence is
particularly appropriate. Any nation certainly
has a right to speak its mind on issues it considers
important. We endorse the right to sjjeak freely,
to offer sympathy to oppressed peoples, and to
try to persuade other nations to join us in gi'oup
action, where action is required.

Braden : Any other interpretation of non-inter-
vention is grotesque. People who argue that any
action or any statement on our part constitutes
intervention are really asking us to go isolationist ;
they are asking us to see no evil and hear no evil,
even if evil is there under our very noses.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Briggs: No international association could
prosper if its member nations were denied tlie
right to express their opinions, or to seek agree-
ment among themselves on necessary action to be
taken. And I'd like to emphasize again that such
action need not be vnanimons. The fact is, very
few treaties and conventions are unanimously
ratified.

Fisher: Haven't a good many pan-American
treaties been adopted unanimously, Mr. Briggs?

Briggs: On the contrary; out of a hundred or
more treaties and conventions signed in this
hemisphere since 1890, only one of any impor-
tance — the Pan American Sanitary Convention —
was ratified by all 21 American republics. You
can't expect to get unanimity on all major issues.
If you stick for unanimity, what you'll often get
is the lowest common denominator — something
watered down and tasteless rather than useful and
inspiring.

Fisher : I am sorry if I keep returning to this
question of intervention, or rather unilateral ac-
tion, Mr. Briggs, but I seem to remember that the
same charges were made when the conference
scheduled for Rio de Janeiro was postponed late
last year. What was behind that ?

Briggs: Well, Mr. Fisher, the Rio conference
was called for just one purpose: to write the Act
of Chapultepec into the form of a permanent
treaty, whereby the countries of this hemisphere
would come to the aid of any American republic
whose security might be threatened. But Argen-
tine developments were such that we felt it woidd
be meaningless to conclude such a treaty with the
present Argentine Government as a cosignatory.
So we suggested to Brazil, the host country, that
the conference be postponed.

Fisher : There was some talk at the time to the
effect that we didn't consult the other countries
before taking that step.

Briggs: That talk was totally unfounded. We
proceeded in a perfectly proper way. We took
the matter up with the host government first, and
then discussed it informally with the other gov-
ernments. That discussion was carried on through
two channels — we talked with their ambassadors
in Washington, and our ambassadors abroad con-
sulted with their Ministers of Foreign Affairs.
Finally, at the October meeting of the Pan Amer-
ican Union's Governing Board, the representa-

tives of the other republics indicated that post-
ponement was satisfactory to them.

Braden : As a matter of fact, some of the gov-
ernments indicated thtey had desired postpone-
ment for weeks prior to our taking initiative, and
for the same reason.

Fisher: Then, Mr. Braden, the reports of uni-
lateral action were completely false?

Braden: Yes, the otJier American republics
were all consulted prior to the meeting of the Pan
American Union where the decision was made.

Fisher : And where does the matter stand now ?
When will the conference be held ?

Braden : It is scheduled for some time between
March 15 and April 15 of this year. Our own
suggestions have been drafted with the collabora-
tion of members of the Congress and of the War
and Navy Departments. Other nations have been
invited to send in their suggestions to the host gov-
ernment. The treaty, when it is drawn up, will be
in full harmony with tlie United Nations
Organization.

Fisher : Now, what about our economic policy
for the Americas, Mr. Briggs? The end of the
war must have brought some severe problems
south of the border.

Briggs : Yes, that's true. The war put a severe "
strain on the economy of many of the American
republics, at the same time that their various in- I
dustries were greatly expanded. Just as we are
now going through a process of reconversion, the
other American republics are in process of chang-
ing many lines of trade from wartime to peace-
time demands. Fortunately most of our neigh-
bors have substantial dollar balances because of 1
our purchases of strategic war goods, and the pos-
session of these balances will help them in making
the transition.

Fisher: Isn't the problem of maintaining em-
ployment highly important to them?

Briggs : It is indeed. At the Mexico City con-
ference early last year this problem was recognized
by all of us, and our Government agreed to a policy
of easing the transition as much as we could by
tapering off our purchases of strategic materials
and giving them as much notice as possible before
curtailing or terminating our purchases.

Fisher : And have we kept our word ?

Briggs: Yes. Of course "tapering off" is sub-
ject to various interpretations. We are still buy-
ing some strategic materials. How long we can

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

continue that, even for stockpiling purposes, is a
question.

Fisher : Mr. Braden, what about our long-range
economic policy in the Americas ?

Braden : We believe first of all, Mr. Fisher, that
we should do everything in our power to help our
American neighbors to increase industrialization
along sound lines and to achieve higher standards
of living.

Fisher: I've heard the argument that that
policy will operate to reduce the market for Amer-
ican goods.

Braden : Tliat argument was exploded by Adam
Smith 200 years ago, but it dies hard. When our
industrial revolution got under way, there were
some Englishmen who said that, if English capital
were sent over here, in time we would stop buying
English goods. Wliat happened? Within two
generations we were buying six times as much
English goods as before. No. If you want to
sell goods, you have to find people with money
or goods to trade for them.

Fisher: And what about the political results
of industrialization, Mr. Braden? Do you feel
that democracy goes with higher living standards,
almost automatically ?

Braden : Rising standards of living help to make
free institutions possible. But higher living
standards don't necessarily produce democracy.
The Germans had higher living standards — and
for that matter, a higher rate of literacy — than
most of their neighbors, but they weren't demo-
cratic. Nor were they peaceful. And we should
keep this in mind in encouraging industrialization
in the Americas. I should be guilty of a lack of
candor if I failed to point this out: We have no
interest in promoting increased industry and pro-
ductivity in nations which intend to build self-
contained, nationalistic economies and aggressive
military machines. That would be against our
own interests and against the mterests of the
inter- American society of nations.

Fisher : You are thinking in terms of an inter-
American economic system, then?

Braden : Quite the contraiy, Mr. Fisher ! We
want to see this hemisphere an integral part of a
freely trading world. The best way we know to
protect this hemisphere — and ourselves — is to help
to promote prosperity and stability and mutual
trust not only throughout the Americas but
throughout the world.

Briggs: And that means the lowering of com-
mercial barriers, here as in the rest of the world.

Braden : Yes. I hope that every American re-
public will be represented at the United Nations
Trade and Employment Conference this year.
Tliat conference can and should do a lot to break
tlie shackles limiting world trade.

Fisher : And what about cultural cooperation,
Mr. Briggs ?

Briggs: That's highly important also, Mr.
Fisher, in the long run. We need to build up more
and more travel, more exchanges of teachers and
students, within this hemisphere. Too many
North Americans are ignorant of South America,
and too many of our southern friends are ignorant
of the United States. It's just as important for
them to understand us as it is for us to understand
them.

Braden : Yes, our history books are notoriously
shy on facts about Latin American history and
culture. Every schoolboy in the United States
should learn that Bolivar and San Martin, as
well as George Washington, were fathers of Amer-
ican freedom. And as they go on in school they
should learn about the contributions of the other
republics to our literature, art, music, law, and
government. If this were done — if we learned
more about our neighbors and they learned more
about us — we would gradually come to think of
ourselves not only as citizens of a single country
but as citizens of the inter- American system as
well, and of the world.

Briggs: That would also help undermine the
exaggerated nationalism from which nearly every
country is suffering. Perhaps we all do too much
thinking about our own country's sovereignty and
not enough about the responsibility that goes with
sovereignty — the responsibility of each individual
nation to the community of nations.

Fisher: Now, gentlemen, we've dealt with po-
litical, economic, and cultural questions. In the
time that's left, I'd like to ask Mr. Braden to sum-
marize our over-all policy for the Americas.

Braden: In the first place, Mr. Fisher, it's no
different from our foreign policy generally. It
springs from the same basic principles. We have a
special interest in the security of the Western
Hemisphere, it's true, because we live in this
hemisphere. But we know that we can only have
regional security in a secure and peaceful world.
Further, we recognize that international peace and

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

individual freedom are intertwined, so it is to our
interest to encourage representative government
and oppose irresponsible tyranny.

Briggs : It's a matter of bringing political de-
velopment up to date with modern science and
technologj'. That's a world problem, and a tough
one. But unless we can develop the science of liv-
ing together it's apparent that the achievements
of the industrial era aren't going to be enjoyed by
anyone very long.

Braden : As a practical matter we appreciate
that this can't be done overnight, even though we
recognize how urgent it is to bring our political
thinking up to a par with our scientific achieve-
ments. Actually it may be more important to de-
termine the direction in which a country is de-
veloping than it is to estimate the position which
it may be in at any given moment. The main thing
is to know whether a country is moving in the
direction of dictatorship and disregard for the
rights of man, or whether it is moving toward gov-
ei'iiment "of the jjeople, by the people, and for the
people".

Fisher : But coming down to our specific poli-
cies, Mr. Braden — how would you summarize
them ?

Braden : We believe in the inter-American sys-
tem as a practical operating arrangement among
the 21 American republics. We want to see our
inter- American system developed, to the benefit of
all of the people of the hemisphere. We believe
that the inter-American system can be and should
be a strong supporting pillar of the United Nations
Organization. We stand for collaboration for
mutual benefit. We think that cooperation should
be reciprocal — a two-way street.

Fisher: Collaboration for mutual benefit?
Can you give us a more concrete examijle of what
you mean ?

Braden: Suppose country A wants to expand
its public-health program and comes to our Gov-
ernment with a request for our cooperation.
Country A asks, for example, if we can furnish
technical assistance, trained personnel, and scien-
tific equipment. If after consideration the proj-
ect appears sound, we would offer to participate in
a joint program — not necessarily 50-50, but one
in which along with our contribution the other
country would contribute according to its resources
additional personnel, local material, or funds.

The program would become a genuine reciprocal
undertaking. It would benefit the country con-
cerned by raising the standard of health and hence
of living, and that would be of benefit to all of us.

Briggs: I should like to call attention, Mr.
Fisher, to Mr. Braden's reference to the fact the
country concerned had come to us with its project.
That is, that country would have taken the initia-
tive and thereby demonstrated its desire to have
the project carried out. We don't believe in ex-
travagance or paternalism. We do believe in
reciprocal cooperation on a sound basis.

Braben : Let me add this, Mr. Fisher : We firmly
believe in the original good-neighbor policy, as
President Roosevelt stated it many years ago.
You remember he said that the good neighbor
was "he who resolutely resjjects himself, and be-
cause he does so, respects others and their
rights . . . the neighbor who respects his obliga-
tions and the sanctity of his agreements in and"
with a world of neighbors"'. That means a
policy of respect — first self-respect, and then mu-
tual respect among nations. That's the funda-
mental policy that we have had, and still have,
in the Americas. We offer our friendship and
cooperation on a reciprocal basis, each country
giving in proportion of its abilities — economic,
intellectual, and in other fields. Through such
cooperation we can all benefit, from the raising of
standards of living and the growth of democracy
in each country.

Fisher : That's a very clear statement of a very
sound credo, Mr. Braden. And I want to thank
you and Mr. Briggs for giving us this review of
our foreign policy for the Americas.

Announcer: That was Sterling Fisher, Direc-
tor of NBC's University of the Air. He has been
interviewing Assistant Secretary of State Spruille
Braden and Mr. Ellis O. Briggs, Director of the
State Department's Office of American Republic
Affairs. The discussion was adapted for radio by
Seidell Menefee.

Next week we shall present a broadcast of out-
standing importance — ^^a joint State and Treasury
Department program. Secretary of the Treasury
Fred M. Vinson and Under Secretary of State
Dean Acheson will discuss the pending British
loan. Listen in next week at the same time for
this program.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

Disposition of Enemy Aliens From Other
American Republics ^

UNITED STATES MEMORANDUM

The State Department has communicated the
following memorandum to 12 American republics :
Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Repub-
lic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon-
duras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru, which de-
ported alien enemies to the United States for
security reasons during the course of hostilities in
Europe. In effect the memorandum asks each re-
public to decide whether it wishes to have all the
aliens it sent here returned to it for ultimate dis-
position of its cases, or whether it wishes to have
the United States continue to exercise primary re-
sponsibility in deciding which of the aliens are
so dangerous as to make deportation from the
hemisphere essential and in taking action accord-
ingly.2

Memorandum

The United States Government currently has in
custody a considerable number of alien enemies —
the majority of them German nationals — who for
security reasons were deported to the United States
from other American republics during the course
of hostilities in Europe. During the last two
months, the Department of State has been engaged
in carefully reviewing the cases of the individuals
held in custody in order to decide which aliens
can with relative safety be released and permitted
to remain in the hemisphere and which aliens are
so clearly dangerous as to make their deportation
imperative under the terms of Resolution VII of
the Mexico City Conference.

This review is a time-consuming task and has
not been completed. A number of individuals,
however, have already been released from custody
and permitted to return to the country from which
they were deported. In making its decisions in
these cases, the State Department has been giving
great weight to the factor of native American
family ties. The Department is prepared to dis-
regard that factor only in those cases where the
alien appears to have been guilty of espionage or
sabotage, or has been a key figure in Nazi or other

' Released to the press Jan. 3.

' See Bulletin of Nov. 4, 1945, p. 737, and Dec. 30, 1945,
p. 1061.

enemy activity. Even as to those cases where no
native American family ties exist, the Department
is willing to release those who, although "pro-
Nazi" or otherwise hostile in their sympathies, took
no action (such as joining the Nazi Party) in line
with their sympathies. These standards are be-
lieved to be as lenient to the individual as is con-
sistent with the objectives of Resolution VII of the
Mexico City Conference ; they are closely parallel
to those followed by the Department of Justice in
selecting for repatriation alien enemies who were
resident in the United States.

With respect to expulsion from the hemisphere
of individuals found to be dangerous, it has been
the intention of the Department to initiate repatri-
ation proceedings early in 1946, but only after
(1) opportunity for a hearing has been given in
each case, and (2) the Ajnericau republic from
which the individual came has been consulted.

Recently, however, three of the American re-
publics involved have expressed themselves as not
in accord with the above-outlined program. Each
has assured the Government of the United States
that it is in full sympathy with the purposes of
Resolution VII of the Mexico City Conference and
intends to carry out its commitments under that
Resolution, but has stated that the aliens it de-
ported are still under its jurisdiction and that it
alone can decide which ones should be excluded
from the hemisphere under the terms of that Reso-
lution. Accordingly, each of the three Govern-
ments has requested the return of the aliens — or
some of them — whom it had deported to this
country.

In addition, some of the American republics in-
volved in the program have, for various reasons,
submitted to the United States Government re-
quests for the return of particular individuals,
without questioning the authority of the United
States Government to make the ultimate deter-
mination in their cases.

In this situation, the Government of the United
States wishes to follow a policy which will be
uniformly applicable. To each of the other Ameri-
can republics concerned, therefore, the Govern-
ment of the United States makes the following
proposal :

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

a. The United States Government stands ready
upon request to transfer to the other American
republic complete responsibility for determining
the proper disposition to be made of the aliens
whom the latter deported to the United States.
In that event, the United States Govermnent will
airange for the prompt return to the other re-
public's territory of all the aliens it deported to
the United States. The United States Govern-
ment cannot consent under these circumstances to
retain any of the aliens in its custody since (1) it
can accept the responsibility of deciding on the
disposition of cases only on a uniform basis appli-
cable to all the individuals from a particular re-
public and hence cannot undertake to decide only
that portion of the cases in the disposition of which
the other republic declares it has no interast, (2) it
cannot under its laws undertake to deport any
aliens from the hemisphere without itself mak-
ing the determination as to their dangerousness.
After the aliens have been returned to the other
reijublic, the United States Government will if
desired collaborate in matters concerning the ulti-
mate disposition of individual cases.

b. If the other American republic so desires, the
United States Government will continue to assume
primary responsibility in determining which of
the alien enemies deported to the United States
from the other republic should be excluded from
the hemisphere and in taking appropi'iate action
to that end. In that event, the United States Gov-
ernment will of course be ready to consult with
the other republic involved as to the disposition of

any particular aliens in whom that republic ex-
presses an interest. In particular, the United
States Government will arrange for the return to
the other republic of persons whom that republic
shall declare to the United States Government to
be citizens of that republic and whose citizenship
that republic has not cancelled or does not propose
to cancel. Any alien who is found not to be dan-
gerous will be released and will be allowed to
return to the other republic.

In order to know how to proceed in this matter,
the United States Government would like to have
an early expression from each of the American
republics involved as to which of the two courses
of action outlined above it wishes to pursue. The
United States Government believes that the second
alternative represents the more effective proce-
dure. If that course is pursued, decisions can be
promptly reached on the basis of all the informa-
tion available to both Governments and those indi-
viduals found to be dangerous can be repatriated a
direct from the United States without first return- \
ing them to the American republics from which
they came.

Pending the receipt of word from the other
American republics involved, the State Depart-
ment will in general proceed with its present pro-
gram of reviewing the individual cases and releas- ■
ing those who do not appear to be dangerous. It I
will not do so, however, in the case of the aliens 1
from the three republics which have already
requested that all aliens be returned.

HUMPHREY— Co»iin«e(i frotn page 25.

tion demands, rather, the continuous deliberation
of individuals whose resjjonsibility and chief in-
terest lies in substantive fields of knowledge not
necessarily encompassed by the rigid framework
of governmental administrative structures. It is
hoped that primary allegiance to the problem may
be attained through a technique which assumes a
committee of "experts" rather than a committee
of "representatives". As a matter of fact, specific
I^rovision has been made within the internal struc-
ture of the Conmaittee to deal with its problems on
a substantive rather than an agency basis.

Although membership is open to all agencies
having responsibilities in the field of foreign pro-
curement, an operating executive subcommittee, se-
lected by the whole Committee, is also provided
for. Of first importance is the principle that the

problems of procurement in specific fields of knowl-
edge are considered by subcommittees jyTo tern |
composed of individuals whose agencies deal most 1
largely with the particular fields in question —
medicine, law, physical sciences, aeronautics, and
soon.

In summary, the Department of State is pres- |
ently undertaking an expanded program of assist-
ance to this Government in the field of procure-
ment of foreign publications. It embarks upon
this task because it joins the other agencies of this
Goverimient in recognizing the transcendent im-
portance of such materials in day-to-day Federal
operations. The techniques embraced by this ex-
panded program, it is hoped, will greatly benefit
those resi^onsible for the effective conduct of the
public business.

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

Far Eastern Commission

Inter-American Statistical Institute : Executive Committee

United Nations Organization : General Assembly

Caribbean Forestry Commission

International Commission of the Rhine River

International Labor Organization : Conference of Dele-
gates on Constitutional Questions

West Indian Conference

Washington

Hearings open on
January 7

Tokyo

Arrival : January 6

Rio de Janeiro

January 7

London

January 10

Port-of-Spain

January 14-24

Brussels

January 17

London

January 21

St. Thomas, Virgin

February 21

Islands (U.

S.)

Activities and Developments

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. The

names of organizations and individuals appearing
at hearings beginning January 7 at the Depart-
ment of State were announced by the Anglo-
American Committee of Inquiry.

The Committee of 12 headed by Judge Joseph
C. Hutcheson and Sir John E. Singleton was ap-
pointed to examine political, economic, and social
conditions in Palestine as they bear upon the
problem of Jewish immigration and the well-
being of the peoples now living therein and to
examine the conditions of the Jews in those coun-
tries in Europe where tliey have been the vic-
tims of Nazi and Fascist persecution.

The first to appear will be Earl Harrison, who
recently reported to President Truman on the
conditions of the Jews in Germany. He will be
followed by Joseph J. Schwartz, European Di-
rector of the American Jewish Joint Distribution
Committee which has done much of the relief
work in Europe. Dr. Schwartz is expected to
present a comprehensive survey of the numbers
and origins of the stateless persons in Europe.
Additional figures on Jews in Europe will be pre-
sented by the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant
Aid Society.

Robert Nathan, until January 1 the Deputy Di-
rector of the Office of Mobilization and Eeconver-
sion, will present the first statement on Palestine.

Others to be called during the week are : Amer-

ican Zionist Emergency Council; Zionist Organi-
zation of America; Mizrachi Organization of
America; Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Or-
ganization of America; United Zionist Socialist
Labor Party Poale Zion — Zeire Zion of America ;
American Jewish Conference; The American
Jewish Committee; American Jewish Congress;
American Council for Judaism, Inc.; American
Palestine Committee; Christian Council on Pal-
estine ; Foreign Missions Council of North Amer-
ica ; Agudas Israel of America ; Institute of Arab
American Affairs; Prof. Albert Einstein; Dr.
Walter Clay Lowdermilk, John L. Savage, James
B. Hayes, Professor Wohlman — all on Jordan
Valley Authority; Eev. Charles T. Bridgeman;
Hebrew Committee of National Liberation.

The Conference of Delegates on Constitutional
Questions of the International Labor Organiza-
tion will meet in London on January 21. The
countries represented at the meeting will include
the United States, France, Great Britain, Cuba,
the Union of South Africa, and China. The head
of the American Delegation will be Frieda S.
Miller, Chief of the Women's Bureau of the De-
partment of Labor, and the adviser to the Ameri-
can Delegation will be Bernard Wiesman of the
Department of State. Also present at the meet-
ing will be representatives of the employers' group
and the workers' group.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

West Indian Conference.^ Subject to conclud-
ing transportation and accommodation arrange-
ments, the second session of tlie West Indian
Conference will be held in St. Thomas, Virgin
Islands of the United States, beginning February
21, 1946 under the auspices of the Anglo-Ameri-
can Caribbean Commission.

The first session of the West Indian Conference
was held in Barbados, British West Indies, in
March 1944.^ The former British co-chairman.
Sir Frank Stockdale, presided. (The present
British co-chairman is Sir John Macpherson.)
By the terms under which the Conference was
constituted, the second session is to be held in
United States territory under the chairmanship
of the United States co-chairman, Mr. Charles W.
Taussig.

An especial interest has been added to the forth-
coming Conference by the recent announcement
that both France and the Netherlands have joined
the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, the
name of which is to be changed appropriately.
Kepresentatives of these Governments and their
Caribbean territories will also be present and will
participate in the discussions.

Further announcements making definite the date
and place of the Conference and referring to the
agenda will be made shortly.

Signing of Bretton Woods Agreements.^
Through December 31, 1945 and subsequent to
the initial signing of the Bretton Woods Fund and
Bank agreements on December 27, 1945, at which
time the agreements entered into force, signatures
were affixed to those documents on behalf of Chile,
Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Mexico, and
Peru.

The list of the signers of the two agreements
subsequent to December 27, 1945 is as follows:

December 28, 1945

Dominican Republic — Emilio Garcia Godot,
Ambassador of the Dominican Republic in Wash-
ington

Inin — Hussein Ala, Ambassador of Iran in
Washington

December 31, 1945

Chile — Marcial Mora, Ambassador of Chile in
Washington

Cuba — GuiLLERMO Belt, Ambassador of Cuba
in Washington

Mexico — Antonio Espinosa de los Monteros,
Ambassador of Mexico in Washington

Peru — HuMBERTO Fernandez-Davila, Minister
Counselor of Peru in Washington

The countries on whose behalf the two agi-ee-
ments were signed through December 31, 1945 are
Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China,
Colombia (Fund agreement only), Costa Rica,
Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guate-
mala, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Lux-
embourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Para-
guay, Peru, the Philippine Commonwealth, Po-
land, the Union of South Africa, the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the
United States of America, Uruguay, and Yugo-
slavia.

Tlie total of the quotas for the Fund and the
total of the subscriptions to the Bank of the. coun-
tries signatory to those documents are, respec-
tively, $7,824,500,000 (83.22 percent of the Fund)
and $7,600,000,000 (83.52 percent of the Bank).
Although a few of the signatory countries have
not yet deposited their instruments of acceptance
of the agreements, the totals of the quotas and
subscriptions of the countries which have deposited
their acceptances are well over the 65 percent re-
quired for the entry into force of the agreements.

Instruments of acceptance, as required in each
agreement in addition to signature, have been de-
posited on behalf of the following signatory
countries, with respect to which, as original mem-
bers, the agreements are now in force: Belgium,
Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia (Fund
agreement only), Czechoslovakia, the Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, France,
Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Iceland, India,
Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,
Norway, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippine Common-
wealth, the Union of South Africa, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
the United States of America, Uruguay, and
Yugoslavia.

Beginning January 1, 1946 each of the two agree-
ments will remain open for signature on behalf
of the government of any country whose mem- 1
bership is approved in accordance with such terms
as may be prescribed by the Fund or by the Bank,
respectively.

' Rele.ised to the press Jan. 3.

' Bulletin of Mar. 18, 1944, p. 262, and Apr. 22, 1944, p.
384.
° Released to the press Jan. 4.

The Record of the Week

Release of Macmahon Memorandum on U.S. International

Information Program

SUMMARY OF MEMORANDUM

[Released to the press December 30]

Because modern international relations lie be-
tween peoples and not merely between govern-
ments, international public information activities
have become an integral part of the conduct of
foreign policy. This Government has long been
aware that foreign policy must be understood and
accepted both at home and abroad if it is to work.
Unless other peoples comprehend the background
against which our policies are made the policies
will not be clear, and there cannot develop the
closer understanding among peoples essential to a
peaceful world.

Long before the war was won, the State De-
partment authorized the undertaking of an exten-
sive survey of the pre-war and post-war inter-
national information activities and plans of both
private enterprises and th,e Government itself.
Although it was understood that the portrayal of
America must be accomplished primarily through
the normal private channels of press, radio, and
motion pictures, it was also necessary to study the
role of Government information activities.

Dr. Arthur W. Macmahon, Consultant on Ad-
ministration to the State Department and profes-
sor of political science at Columbia University,
with the assistance of Haldore Hanson of the State
Department, devoted nine months to a thorough
analysis of the entire question of international in-
formation. Dr. Macmahon's Memorand'u.m de-
fines the scope of governmental activity in this
field during the \Var, and indicates the gaps of
knowledge abroad which, for the present at least,
must be filled by governmental action.^ These gaps

^ Memorandum on the Postwar International Information
Program of the United States, b.v Dr. Arthur W. Macmahon
(Department of State publication 2438). This memo-
randum was released to the press Jan. 5.

are caused chiefly by the fact that other peoples
do not have enough background knowledge of
what is broadly typical of the United States to
interpret fairly the dramatic news episodes which
are reported by the news agencies.

Dr. Macmahon recommends that the United
States Government should not compete with the
private informational media and industries. He
feels that in peacetime the Government should not
conduct any general spot-news or radio-photo serv-
ices. The Government's supplementary role may
be illustrated as follows : It will keep its officers in
the field sufficiently supplied with full texts of im-
portant utterances and documents and with back-
ground on newsbreaks which may need fuUer ex-
planation so that our officers can meet the needs
of foreign newspapers and other informational
organs.

The Macmahon report also stressed the follow-
ing points :

The United States in peacetime will need a gen-
eral information staff throughout the world which
must be serviced by a headquarters workshop in
the United States. There are strong grounds for
associating this information staff with the diplo-
matic mission and the Department of State.

The Office of International Information and
Cultural Affairs should consist of divisions based
primarily on media. These would include: non-
competitive news, features, and related press ma-
terials; visual media; international broadcasting
contacts; and cultural relations.

In the matter of the field structure, a full con-
nection with the diplomatic missions is desirable.
A crucial phase of the work involves the interpre-
tation of policies and instant events and must be
performed in close contact with the heads of mis-
sions and with access to the flow of confidential
conmivmications.

Public policy properly emphasizes the need of
cheaper, quicker, equal, more abundant and uni-

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

versa! communication facilities to serve the regu-
lar news agencies, correspondents, and related
press interests.

International broadcasting takes several forms :
broadcasting by shoi't wave direct to the foreign
listener ; transmitting programs by point-to-point
short wave for rebroadcast over foreign stations
by medium wave ; and the export of recordings and
scripts for use on foreign stations. Direct inter-
national broadcasting by short wave is unique
among informational media in its ability to cross
international boundaries without censorship.

It seems clear that one entity, whether govern-
mental or private, should be licensed to conduct
all direct international broadcasting from the
United States, subject t« stringent general stand-
ards. These standards would require a high pro-
portion of sustaining programs and would limit
commercial advertising, if any, to the "institu-
tional" sort. The emphasis would be upon the
fullest possible utilization of the best domestic
programs, duly adapted to the various languages,
together with news and news commentary in those
languages.

In the motion-picture field, the industry's vital
stake in the preservation of its foreign market may
lead to various forms of voluntary collaboration.
It may be easier to get rid of slights to other peo-
ples in films produced in the United States than
to avoid in commercial films scenes which create
erroneous impressions about the United States
among peoples abroad. This fact increases the
importance of governmental activity in relation
to documentary films and related types.

The review of the flow of information which
private or semi-governmental enterprises may rea-
sonably support in peacetime reveals certain gaps
which the Government, in the conduct of its for-
eign relations, cannot afford to neglect. The gaps
of information can be filled by a number of media.

1. Missions should be supplied with the texts of
important Government speeches and pronounce-
ments for simultaneous release at home and
abroad. In this connection the Department's radio
news bulletin to the missions should be enlarged,
perhaps double the size of the present 3,500-word
daily edition.

2. Supplementing this radio bulletin, the
Department should send by air mail batches of
clippings and other background information on
the United States, suitable for rewriting by an

information officer in the field in answer to re-
quests from foreign newspapers for information
on particular subjects.

3. Assistance to foreign correspondents in the
United States is anotlier effective means of insur-
ing fuUez", fairer coverage in the foreign press.
Several officers of the Department should be
assigned to aid visiting journalists.

4. A morgue of stock pictures on scientific and
social developments in the United States would be
needed at the larger American missions.

5. Exhibits of photographic enlargements may
be either prepared by the home information organ-
ization and shipped in finished form, or produced
in the field from the collection of photo negatives.

6. Non-fiction motion pictures on the United
States will require continued Government assist-
ance in both production and distribution.

7. Radio recordings and script materials may be
sent to the missions for loan to local radio stations.

8. As a minor phase of the programming for
American short-wave broadcasting the Depart-
ment of State may produce a few official programs
each year.

9. Some Government-supported magazines, such
as the OWI publications in the Union of Soviet
Socialist Kepublics, should be continued.

10. Assistance to foreign publishers in obtain-
ing good translations of America's best books
should be continued.

11. As a field servicing unit for most of the fore-
going activities an information library will be
needed at most of the larger missions.

OBJECTIONS BY REUTERS, LTD., TO THE
MEMORANDUM

[Released to the press December 29]

In compliance with the request contained in a
letter received by the Department of State from
Reuters, Limited, the Department has postponed
the release date of Memorandum o-n the Postwar
International Information Program of the United
States, by Dr. Arthur W. Macmahon, from Decem-
ber 29 to January 5, at which time any statement
submitted to the Department of State by Reuters,
Limited, will also be released for publication. The
letter from Reutei's, Limited, follows:

December 29, 19Ji5.
Sir:
I am today instructed by Mr. Chancellor, the

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

General Manager of Reuters Ltd, to lodge the
strongest possible protest with you at a number
of false statements regarding the activities of Reu-
ters Ltd contained in the "Memorandum on the
postwar International Information Progi-amme
of the United States" prepared by Dr. Arthur W.
Macmahon and issued by the State Department
for publication in the press of December 30th.

The section headed "Reuters" in Part III of
this booklet devoted to "Press Communications"
not only contains statements which are definitely
untrue but in total effect presents a false and mis-
leading picture.

I am also instructed, in the name of honesty,
decency, and fair dealing, to ask that the release
date of the booklet be postponed in order that
Reuters Ltd may have time to study in further
detail the allegations made by Dr. Macmahon, and
to present documentary evidence in refutation of
them for release simultaneously with the booklet.

We take particular objection to the statement
attributed to Mr. Guy Ray, second secretary of
the American Embassy in Mexico City, that "so
far as Mexico is concerned, at least, any argument
that Reuters and the B.B.C. are not British Gov-
ernment agencies is completely untenable".

We regard this and some of the other refer-
ences to Reuters as libellous and utterly untrue,
and we reserve full rights regarding future action
following the publication of the booklet in its pres-
ent form.

I am, sir.

Your obedient servant,

Paul Scott Rankine
Chief of Washington Bureau

Mexican Government
Investigates Charges
Against American Firms

[Released to the press January 5]

Reference' is made to the State Department's
press release of December 18. 1945 regarding alle-
gations made by Vicente Lombardo Toledano
charging private American firms with supplying
arms and ammunition to Mexican political fac-
tions. Reference is also made to its press release
of December 21, 1945, in which it was stated that
the Mexican Government had informed Ambas-
sador George S. Messersmith that ( 1 ) the Govern-

ment of Mexico does not associate itself with or
support the statements of Lombardo Toledano ;
and (2) the Mexican Government will see that the
appro]Driate investigations are made in an en-
deavor to clear up the matter and the American
Embassy will be informed of the result of such
investigation.^

The Mexican Under Secretary for Foreign Af-
fairs, Manuel Tello, has now informed Ambassador
Messersmith that the Mexican Government has
made the appropriate investigation to determine
what basis there might be for the statements made
by Lombardo Toledano, and that the Ministry of
National Defense and other appropriate agencies
of tlie Mexican Government which made investi-
gation found that there was no basis for such
statements made by Lombardo Toledano in his
speech of December 16, 1945 with respect to arms
shipments.

Death of Grayson N. Kefauver

[Released to tbe press January 51

Assistant Secretary Benton announces with deep
regret the sudden death on Friday, January 4,
1946, at Los Angeles, of Dr. Grayson N. Kefauver,
United States Representative on the Preparatory
Commission for the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Dr. Kefauver's appointment as United States
Representative on the Preparatory Commission,
with the rank of Minister, was recently announced.
Prior to that he had served as Adviser to the
United States Delegation to the conference held
in London in November 1945, which drafted the
Constitution for the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Dr. Kefauver was formerly dean of the school
of education at Stanford University, and was the
founder and first chairman of the Liaison Com-
mittee for International Education. Beginning
in April 1944 he served as Representative of the
United States to the Conference of Allied Min-
isters of Education in London. At the time of
his death Dr. Kefauver was in the course of a
speaking trip on the character and purpose of
the new international agency, UNESCO. He had
expected to return to Washington for a series of

' For substance of both press releases, see Bttlletin of
Dec. 23, 1945, p. 1022.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

conferences on the future program of the Organi-
zation before going to London to attend the meet-
ing of the Preparatory Commission scheduled for
February 11.

Mr. Benton said :

"Dr. Kefauver's death is a shocking loss, de-
priving our Nation of one of the leading figures
in education for better understanding between the
peoples of the world. His unflagging devotion
and creative contribution to this cause helped ma-
terially to build a solid foundation for its future.
He will be sorely missed in the Department of
State as well as in the international associations
which he developed in London."

Visit of Brazilian Educator

Jorge Americano, rector of the University of Sao Paulo,
Brazil, is a guest of the Department of State on a tour of
representative universities in this country. He is accom-
panied by his 11-year-old son, Jorge, Jr., who like Dr.
Americano himself is making a second visit to the United
States, and by J. de Freytas Valle, chief engineer in
charge of buildings and grounds at the University of Sao
Paulo. Their itinerary includes universities of the na-
tional capital and New York and Syracuse, Harvard,
Pennsylvania, Chicago, and Michigan, as well as West
Coast institutions.

While in New York Dr. Americano will complete ar-
rangements for publishing a translation of his work, re-
cently issued in Portuguese, on The New Basis of Inter-
national Law.

Mail Service With Austria

[Released to the press January 5]

According to an announcement recently issued by the
Post Oflace Department, a limited mail service has been
instituted between this country and Austria. For the
present, articles acceptable for mailing will be restricted
to letters weighing one oimce or less and non-illustrated
postcards. These communications may be on business as
well as personal or family matters but are limited to an
■exchange of information and an ascertainment of facts.

The postage rates applicable are :

Letters : 5 cents each
Postcards : 3 cents each

It has not been found possible to establish a parcel-post
service between Austria and the United States because of
shipping and transportation difficulties in Europe at the
present time. It is expected that this service will be
resumed as soon as the facilities improve sufficiently to
allow it.

Registration, money-order, and air-mail services are not
available at the present time.

Carolyn Bradley Accepts Visiting
Professorship to Chile

Miss Carolyn J. Bradley, associate professor of fine arts
at Ohio State University, has accepted a visiting profes-
sorship in art at the University of Chile for the current
session.

Although this is her first visit to South America, Miss
Bradley has spent nine summers painting and studying in
Mexico and Guatemala. She has also painted in Portu-
gal, Italy, Germany, the French Basque country, and
Canada, and in the United States in California, New Jer-
sey, Indiana, Maine, and Massachusetts as well as in her
home State, Ohio. A contributor to several professional
magazines, she is author of a work book on costume design
which is used in many high schools and colleges.

Visit of Salvadoran Musician

Humberto Pacas, director and conductor of the symphony
orchestra at San Salvador, capital of El Salvador, is visit-
ing musical centers in this country as a guest of the
Department of State. In 1930, at the age of 25, after study
at the Conservatory of Guatemala and the Conservatory
of Mexico, Senor Pacas established the first mixed choir
in El Salvador and organized an Academy of Music. He
later directed the Salvadoran National School of Music,
and since 1940 he has been director and conductor of the
national symphony orchestra, which he aided in establish-
ing and has helped develop.

Sanitary Conventions of 1944

Canada

The Ambassador of Canada deposited with the Depart-
ment of State on November 20, 1945, the Canadian instru-
ments of ratification of the International Sanitary Con-
vention, 1944, and the International Sanitary Convention
for Aerial Navigation, 1944. Both of those conventions
were opened for signature at Washington, December 15,
1944 and came into force January 15, 1945 with respect
to those countries which had signed them without any
reservation requiring ratification.

United Kingdom

The British Ambassador informed the Acting Secretary
of State by separate notes, dated September 20 and re-
ceived in the Department of State on September 25, of the
application to certain territories of tlie International Sani-
tary Convention, 1944, and the International Sanitary
Convention for Aerial Navigation, 1&44, as follows :

International Sanitaey Convention, 1944

Aden (Colony)
Basil toland
Bechuanaland

Mavrititis

Seychelles — with reservations

Swaziland

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

The reservations with regard to the Seychelles are as
follows :

(a) That no obligation can be accepted to take off ships
and treat locally persons suffering from infectious dis-
eases pending the construction of an Infectious Diseases
Hospital.

(6) That when such a hospital has been constructed,
the liability for accepting infectious-disease patients from
ships is limited to the capacity available in such hospital.

(c) That, pending the construction of suitable yellow-
fever quarantine quarters, no person who either is suffer-
ing from yellow fever or has come from a yellow-fever
endemic area without a valid inoculation certificate will
be permitted to land in the Seychelles.

(d) That in Article XI between the words "maintain"
and "free from Stegomyia" the words "as far as possible"
are added.

International Sanitary Convention fob Aebial
Navigation, 1944

Aden (Colony)
Nyasaland — with reservations

The reservations with regard to Nyasaland are as
follows :

(a) That mosquito-proof accommodation will be pro-
vided only to the extent that it may be required for persons
who are non-immune to yellow fever.

(6) That airfields and their surroundings cannot at
present be rendered and maintained free of insect vectors
of yellow fever and malaria.

By separate notes dated November 28 and received in
the Department of State on November 29 the British
Ambassador informed the Secretary of State of the appli-
cation of those two conventions to additional British terri-
tories with certain reservations as follows:

International Sanitary Convention, 1W4

Barbados

The Government of Barbados undertakes to comply with
the requirements of the first paragraph of article XI only
so far as may be possible.

British Honduras

The Government of British Honduras undertakes to
comply witli the requirements of the first paragraph of
article XI only so far as may be possible.

Leeward Islands: Antigua, Montserrat, St. Christopher
and Nevis, Virgin Islands
With the reservation in regard to article XI that the
Government will take measures to keep their ports as free
from Apdes aegypti as may be practicable, the cost of such
measures being a determining factor.

Trinidad

With the reservation in regard to article XI that the
Government will take measures to keep their ports as free
from Aedes aegypti as may be practicable, the cost of such
measures being a determining factor.

WUidward Islands: Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St.
Vincent
With the reservation in regard to article XI that the
Government will take measures to keep their ports as free
from Aedes aegypti as may be practicable, the cost of such
measures being a determining factor.

International Sanitary Convention fob Aerial
Navigation, 1944

Barbados

(a) The Government of Barbados does not undertake
to comply with the provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4)
of article XII.

( 6 ) Further, with regard to article XII, the Government
of Barbados reserves the right, subject to the provisions
of article XIV (3), to refuse admission to any person
not in possession of a valid anti - yellow - fever inocu-
lation certificate who arrives from a region, that is to say,
a part of a territory, in which yellow fever exists in a
form clinically or biologically recognizable and who has
not undergone observation at the point of departure.

(c) With regard to article XIV, the Government of
Barbados is not prepared to undertake that aerodromes
will comply with the requirements of article 38 of the
International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation,
1933.

British Honduras

(a) The Government of British Honduras does not un-
dertake to comply with the provisions of paragraphs (3)
and (4) of article XII.

(6) Further, with regard to article XII, the Govern-
ment of British Honduras reserves the right, subject to
the provisions of article XIV(3), to refuse admission to
any person not in possession of a valid anti - yellow-fever
inoculation certificate who arrives from a region, that is
to say, a part of a territory, in which yellow fever exists
in a form clinically or biologically recognizable, and who
has not undergone observation at the point of departure.

(c) With regard to article XIV, the Government of
British Honduras is not prepared to undertake that aero-
dromes will comply with the requirements of article 38
of the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navi-
gation, 1933.

Leeward Islands: Antigua, Montserrat, St. Christopher
and Nevis, Virgin Islands

(a) With the reservation in regard to article XII(3)
and (4) that aerodromes in the Colony shall not neces-
sarily comply with the requirements laid down in article
38 of the 1933 convention as regards the provision of
mosquito-proofed buildings.

(6) With the reservation in regard to article XIV (2)
that, where exceptional risk exists of the introduction of
yellow fever into the Colony by passengers from infected
areas who have not been immunized, the landing of such
passengers may be prohibited.

Tanganyika Territory

With regard to article XIV (1), the Government of
Tanganyika Territory undertakes to provide only the mos-
quito-proofed accommodation necessary for the accommo-

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

dation of passengers who are not in possession of valid
anti - yellow-fever inoculation certificates.

Trinidad

(a) With the reservation in regard to article XI (i.e.
article 36(7) of the 1933 convention as now amended) and
article XIV (i.e. article 47(2) of the 1933 convention as
now amended) that arrivals by air presenting valid inocu-
lation certificates showing that they are immune from
yellow fever will not be subject to quarantine measures
in relation to yellow fever, other than medical inspection
if they come from endemic areas, or surveillance if they
come from infected areas as defined in the footnote to
article 22 of the 1933 convention ; and that, without excep-
tion, arrivals who are not in possession of valid inocula-
tion certificates will be subjected to surveillance if they
come from endemic areas and to observation if they come
from infected areas, unless they have undergone observa-
tion at the point of departure from the endemic or infected
area.

(6) With the reservation in regard to article XIV that
aerodromes in the Colony shall not necessarily comply
with the requirement laid down in article 38 of the 1933
convention as regards the provision of mosquito-proofed
buildings.

(e) With the further reservation in regard to article
XIV that where, in the opinion of the Government, excep-
tional risk exists of the introduction of yellow fever into
the Colony by passengers from infected areas who have
not been immunized, the landing of such passengers may
be prohibited.

•^ THE DEPARTMENT ^

Office of International Information and
Cultural Affairs 1

132.10 Office of Internationai, Infoemation and Cul-
TUB-\L Affaiks (QIC) : (Effective 12-31-45)

I Functions. The Ofiice of International Information
and Cultural Affairs shall be responsible for :

A The promotion among foreign peoples of a better
understanding of the aims, policies, and institutions of
the United States.

B The coordination of policy and action for pro-
grams of the United States in the field of international
information and cultural affairs.

C The dissemination abroad of information about
the United States through all appropriate media.

D The promotion of freedom of information among
peoples.

' The Division of Cultural Cooperation and the Interna-
tional Information Division are abolished and their func-
tions are assigned to the eon.stituent parts of the Ofiice
of International Information and Cultural Affairs.

E The furtherance of the international exchange of
persons, knowledge, and skills.

F The integration with over-all United States foreign
policy of the programs and activities of other Federal
Agencies involving international interchange of persons,
knowledge, and skills.

II Organization. The Office of International Informa-
tion and Cultural Affairs shall consist of the following
organization units, with functions and responsibilities as
indicated :

A The Office of the Director

The Program Planning and Evaluation Board
The Secretariat of the Interdepartmental Com-
mittee on Scientific and Cultural Coopera-
tion (routing symbol SCO).

B The International Press and Publications Division
(routing symbol INP).

C The International Broadcasting Division (rout-
ing symbol IBD).

D The International Motion Pictures Division (rout-
ing symbol IMP).

E The Division of International Exchange of Per-
sons (routing symbol lEP).

F The Division of Libraries and Institutes (routing
symbol ILI).

G Area Division I (Europe) (routing symbol ADE).

H Area Division II (Near East and Africa) (routing
symbol ADN).

I Area Division III (Far East) (routing sym-
bol ADF).

J Area Diviison IV (American Republics) (routing
symbol ADA).

K Area Division V (Occupied Areas) (routing sym-
bol ADO).

III E^TNCriONS AND RESPONSIBILrnES.

A The Office of the DiHEcrroR. The Ofiice of the
Director, including deputies, consultants, assistants, and
necessary staff, shall be responsible for the direction and
supervision of the operations of the constituent organiza-
tion units of the Office.

B The Phogram Planning and Evaluation Board.
The Program Planning and Evaluation Board, under the
chairmanship of the Director of OIC, shall be responsible
for the issuance of policy and program directives which
shall govern the operations of the component parts of the
Office and the conduct of its program abroad. The Board
shall be composed of the Deputy Director, the Assistant
Directors of the Office, the Chiefs of Divisions, and the
Executive Director of the Interdepartmental Committee on
Scientific and Cultural Cooperation. The Board shall act
as a reviewing, coordinating, approving, and evaluating
body for policy and program directives, projects and infor-
mation materials, which will, in most cases, originate in
the area and media divisions. The responsibilities of the
Board shall also include :

1 The continuing analysis and evaluation of the
programs of the Office as carried out.

2 The appropriate attestation (upon request) of
tlie international educational character of films and re-
cordings.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

C The Secreh'Akiat of the Intekdb^paktmentai, Com-
MiTTEB ON Scientific and Cultural Coopeeation. The
Secretariat, under the supervision of the Executive Direc-
tor, shall have responsibility for the integration with over-
all United States foreign policy, and with the policies of
OIC, of the programs and activities of other departtaents,
agencies, and independent establishments of the Govern-
ment involving international interchanges of persons,
knowledge, and skills. In cooperation with representa-
tives from other Government agencies participating in, or
which may participate in, cooperative scientific, technical,
and cultural activities abroad, it shall, on behalf of OIC,
plan, coordinate, or initiate all such projects undertaken
under the auspices of the United States Government. The
Secretariat shall continue to review and evaluate such
current and past projects and to facilitate the appraisal
of future projects or proposals of participating agencies
in close cooperation with the appropriate divisions in the
Department of State.

1 The major functions of the Secretariat shall
include :

a Program Operations. The pi'ocessing of all
scientific, technical, and cultural projects of agencies
participating with the Department of State on their
activities abroad ; recommending the allocation to
participants of funds appropriated to the Department
of State for such cooi)erative scientific, technical, and
cultural projects with other countries; the handling
of all requests for the detail of United States Govern-
ment employees to foreign governments; correspond-
ence with the missions on all aspects of the program
involving participating agencies ; and close liaison
with operating units of Federal agencies having simi-
lar programs abroad not included in the budget of the
Committee ;

6 Program Control. The continuous analysis
and evaluation of the appropriate portions of the pro-
gram ; the planning of new procedures and forms to
insure that current information is easily available
from and to all agencies ; the facilitating of depart-
mental and field clearance for all reports and publica-
tions of the cooperating agencies under this program ;
assistance in the preparation of justifications and the
graphic presentation of the cooperative program to
the Bureau of the Budget and the Congress.

The International Press and
Publications Division

132.11 The International Press and Publications
DmsioN (INP) : (Effective 12-31-1.5) The International
Press and Publications Division, Office of International
Information and Cultural Affairs, shall be responsible for
the Initial formulation of operational policy with respect
to, and for the conduct of, the participation of the Depart-
ment in the international dissemination of information
through the media of press, publications (excluding books) ,
and related visual techniques.

I Functions. The major functions of the Division shall
include :

A Preparation and issuance, including arrangements
for transmission and reception abroad, in cooperation with

the other interested Divisions of the Department, of the
daily radio bulletin addressed to our missions abroad.'

B Coverage of news from Government departments
and agencies in Washington and, in cooperation with the
Secretariat of the Interdepartmental Committee, of activ-
ities of Government departments abroad.

C Preparation of special articles, periodicals, and
booklets, either for world wide distribution or of regional
interest only, the distribution to be through our missions
for republication abroad.

D Preparation and distribution of news letters on
science, art, and other fields, written on a popular rather
than a technical or professional level.

E Maintenance of necessary picture files, including
procurement for accession to files and service to users.

F Planning, presentation, and creation of exhibits,
both photographic and three dimensional.

G Preparation of film strips.

H Liaison with and assistance to visiting foreign
journalists and foreign correspondents residing in the
United States.

I Liaison with the publishers of magazines circulat-
ing abroad or containing materials which may be used
abroad.

J In general, the preparation and dissemination of
material of a mass media or popular nature, excluding
radio, motion pictures, and hooks.

The International Broadcasting Division

132.12 The Intf^national Broadoastino Division
(IBD) : (Effective 12-31^5)

The International Broadcasting Division, Office of In-
ternational Information and Cultural Affairs, shall be
responsible for the initial formulation of operational policy
with respect to, and for the conduct of, the participation
of the Department in the international dissemination of
information through the media of radio broadcasting.
I Functions. The major functions of the Division
shall include:

A The planning, scheduling, writing, casting, produc-
tion, and broadcasting of radio programs in such of the
principal languages as required in accordance with guid-
ances and directives from the Program Planning and
Evaluation Board; the directing of the content of such
programs to conform with such guidances and directives ;
arranging for contracts with privately-owned broadcasting
organizations to produce and transmit such programs and
the supervision of their production.

B The designing, building, installing, operating, and
maintaining, in close cooperation with the Division of
Foreign Buildings Operations, of the necessary technical
facilities, in the United States and abroad, for broadcasting
radio programs by short wave and relay ; arranging for
contracts for the use of privately-owned transmitters and
communications facilities for such purposes; and the ar-
ranging for commercial channels for the transmission of
programs point-to-point, for rebroadcast locally by medium
wave in the country of reception.

' The functions of the Special Assistant to the Secretary
for Press Relations relating to the preparation and issu-
ance of the daily radio bulletin are transferred to the
Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

C The writing, editing, and maintaining of a con-
tinuous news tile in English, based on news agency reports
and newspapers procured by the International Press and
Publications Division, as well as the reports of that Divi-
sion, so that all radio desks may have available for trans-
lation and broadcast a news report in good radio style;
and the maintaining of a music department, a library of
records, transcriptions, and scripts, a special events sec-
tion, and other services essential to good broadcasting
operation.

D The planning, writing, casting, and producing of
appropriate radio programs for transcription and the pre-
paring of scripts for distribution abroad.

B The recording, by agreement with the networks
and sponsors, of such domestic programs as may be suit-
able; and the rebroadcasting of such programs by short
wave or by shipment of transcriptions to radio stations
abroad.

P Initial preparation of instructions to United States
Foreign Service establishments on the over-all program of
the International Broadcasting Division, particularly on
the international exchange of radio programs, the placing
of recorded programs and script material, and the sclied-
uling of direct relays of short wave.

G Maintaining liaison with foreign radio correspond-
ents in the United States, to aid and advise, and, when
possible, to facilitate the transmission of their voiced
reports for rebroadcast in their own countries.

H Cooperation with other Offices of the Department
and other Government departments and agencies with
respect to international radio broadcasting and press com-
munication facilities.

The International Motion Pictures
Division

132.13 The International Motion Pictures Division
(IMP) (Effective 12-31^5) The International Motion
Pictures Division, Office of International Information and
Cultural Affairs, shall be responsible for the initial formu-
lation of oi)erational ijoliiy with respect to, and for the
conduct of, the participation of the Department in the
international dissemination of information through the
medium of motion pictures.

I Functions. The major functions of the Division
shall include:

A Initiating, planning, and developing motion picture
projects designed to promote the objectives of the informa-
tional and cultural program of this Government in other
countries.

B Representation on interdepartmental and inter-
governmental committees concerned with the official use
of motion pictures abroad.

C Advice to, and cooperation with, other officials of
the Department with other Government agencies in plan-
ning and developing programs as they involve the official
use of motion pictures abroad.

D Advice to, and cooperation with, non-governmental
agencies interested in such Government programs.

B In cooperation with area specialists and other ap-
propriate officers of the Department, the shaping of such
programs to fit the requirements of specific areas and

activities; and the initial preparing of instructions to
United States Foreign Service establishments with respect
to the foregoing and the following matters.

F Development and maintenance of advisory liaison,
with commercial and other private organizations and inter-
ests in motion pictures other than commercial policy
aspects.

G Cooperation with other Divisions of the Depart-
ment with respect to national and international confer-
ences and meetings, and in arranging and operating for
the participation of this Government therein so far as
motion pictures are concerned.

H Producing, procuring, adapting, editing, and re-
scoring of materials for use in the program above described.

I Acquiring prints of approved productions and equip-
ment as necessary to the presentation thereof.

J Preparing pertinent utilization materials.

K Distributing such films, equipment, and materials
for use abroad.

The Division of International Exchange
of Persons

132.14 The Division of IntBbnationai, Exchange of
Persons (IEP) : (Effective 12-31-45) The Division of
International Exchange of Persons, Office of International
Information and Cultural Affairs, shall be responsible for
the initial formulation of operational policy with respect
to, and the conduct of, the participation of the Department
in the international exchange of information, knowledge,
and skills so far as such operations involve the exchange
of students, professors, specialists, or other persons and
relationships between organizations in the fields of the
sciences, letters, and arts.

I Functions. The major functions of the Division
shall include :

A The development and maintenance of relationships
between the Department and scientific, technological, edu-
cational, professional, and artistic organizations, philan-
thropic institutions and foundations, and their counter-
parts in foreign countries in order to assist in effecting
international exchanges of knowledge and skills. In con-
nection with this function, the Division shall :

1 Inform these organizations of the ways in which
private activities can be correlated with the United
States Governmental programs.

2 Keep in touch with American organizations
which are privately supporting educational, scientific,
medical, and philanthropic institutions abroad.

3 Advise all Divisions of OIC regarding the vari-
ous developments in American culture — scientific, artis-
tic, social, educational, and literary.

B The initial formulation of operational policy, and
the initiation, coordination, and putting into effect of pro-
grams of the Department relative to the international
interchange of professors, teachers, specialists, and other
experts ; the planning of exchanges and their coordination
with other programs of OIC ; the cooperation with the
private United States agencies and organizations which
are concerned with such or similar exchanges ; and the
conducting of relations with official, semiofficial, and pri-

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946

[

vate agencies and Institutions — educational, learned, tech-
nical, and professional — to promote such exchanges, coor-
dinate information, and develop standards of policy and
operations concerning them.

C The initial formulation of operational policy, and
the initiation, coordination, putting into effect, of pro-
grams of the Department relative to the international in-
terchange of students in universities and trainees in
industry ; the conduct of the relations of the Department
with private agencies engaged in the international ex-
change of students and trainees; the cooperation with
private agencies and, through the Secretariat of the Inter-
departmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooj)-
eration, with Government agencies in the development of
a coordinated body of standards of selection, placement,
and supervision of students and trainees on international
exchange; and the cooperation in all other matters con-
nected with the interchange of students and trainees.

The Division of Libraries and Institutes

132.15 The Division of LmEARiES and Institutes
(ILI) : (Effective 12-31^5) The Division of Libraries
and Institutes, Office of International Information and
Cultural Affairs, shall be responsible for the initial for-
mulation of operational policy with respect to, and the
conduct of, the participation of the Department in the
international exchange of information, knowledge, and
skills so far as such operations involve the establishment
of, assistance to, operation of, or the provision of books
and other cultural materials for, libraries, cultural cen-
ters, schools, or other institutions in foreign lands and
for other uses by the missions.

I Fttnctions. The major functions of the Division
shall include :

A Development and maintenance of programs de-
signed to facilitate the interchange of information,
knowledge, and skills by the procurement of printed
materials and their dissemination through institutional
activity and participation in cultural cooperation pro-
grams arising from international agreements.

B Interchange of publications, music, art, scientific
equipment, and other cultural materials, and the main-
tenance of the necessary procedures to promote the rapid
and effective interchange of cultural materials.

C Assistance in the establishment and effective
maintenance of libraries, institutes, and centers for the
OIC program.

D Assistance, on request, for correlative activities
such as library services to diplomatic and consular es-
tablishments.

E Liaison with the book trade.

P Planning and managing of the non-governmental
translation program for the publication, in foreign lan-
guages, of selected materials in English ; and, in English,
of selected foreign materials.

G Assistance and counsel to organizations engaged
in maintaining schools and other institutions in foreign
countries.

Area Divisions

132.16 Abba Divi-siONS : (Effective 12-31-45) Area Di-
visions I, II, III, IV, and V shall be responsible, each in
its assigned geographic area, for the initial planning of,
and the general supervision of, all programs of OIO con-
ducted in foreign lands. The administrative supervision
and servicing of all Government employees abroad engaged
in such programs shall be the responsibility of the Foreign
Service of the United States. All program planning, super-
vision, and servicing shall be carried out in the closest
cooperation with, and through the appropriate channels
of, the Foreign Service of the United States and the Geo-
graphic Offices of the Department.

I Area Division I (Europe) (AED) shall be respon-
sible for the programs of OIC in countries under the juris-
diction of the Office of European Affairs with the excep-
tion of Germany and Austria.

II Area Division II (Near East and Africa) (ADN)
shall be responsible for the programs of OIC in countries
under the jurisdiction of the Office of Near Eastern and
African Affairs.

III Area Division III (Far East) (ADF) shall be
responsible for the programs of OIC in countries under the
jurisdiction of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs with the
exception of Japan and Korea.

IV Area Division IV (Other American Republics)
(ADA) shall be responsible for the programs of OIC in
countries under the jurisdiction of the Office of American
Republic Affairs.

V Area Division V (Occupied Areas) (ADO) shall be
responsible for the programs of OIC in Germany, Austria,
Korea, and Japan.

A Functions. The major functions of these divi-
sions shall include :

1 Planning the informational and cultural pro-
grams in their respective areas. While programs will
be developed in the closest cooperation with the chiefs
of the media divisions, the decision as to content of pro-
grams shall rest with the appropriate Area Division
Chief, in accordance with the program and policy direc-
tives of the Program Planning and Evaluation Board.

2 Coordinating the various programs of OIC
abroad at the operating stage and establishing controls
over projects in operation, requests from the field for
action, and proposals originating elsewhere in OIC or
the Department.

3 Liaison with the appropriate Geographic Offices
of the Department and their component Divisions to
insure that the informational and cultural programs
will harmonize with the over-all policies and objectives
of the Department and that they are so planned as to
aid the effective implementation of these policies.

4 In close cooperation with the Office of the Foreign
Service, and other Offices and Divisions of the Depart-
ment, recruiting, training, and supervising of the field
employees engaged in the informational and cultural
program.

5 Analytical studies of field reports concerned with
program content and effectiveness to further the plan-
ning of more effective programs.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

•^ THE CONGRESS ^

An Act Making appropriations to supply deficiencies in
certain appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1946, and for prior fiscal years, to provide supplemental
appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1946, and
for otlier purposes. Approved December 28, 1945. H.R.
4805, Public Law 269, 79th Cong. 29 pp.

Elimination of German Resources for War : Hearings
before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Military
Afi'airs, United States Senate, Seventy-ninth Congress,
first session, pursuant to S.Res. 107 (78th Congress) and
S.Res. 146 (79th Congress), Authorizing a Study of War
Mobilization Problems. Part 7, December 1945, I. G. Far-
ben Material Submitted by the War Department, ii, 102
pp.

First Deficiency Appropriation Bill for 1946: Hearings
before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropria-
tions, House of Representatives, Seventy-ninth Congress,

first session, on the First Deficiency Appropriation Bill
for 1946. Part 1. ii, 893 pp. [Indexed.]

First Deficiency Appropriation Bill for 1946: Hearings
before a Subcomittee of the Committee on Appropria-
tions, United States Senate, Seventy-ninth Congress, first
session, on H.R. 4805, a bill making appropriations to
supply deficiencies in certain appropriations for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1946, and for prior fiscal years, to
provide supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1946, and for other purposes. Part 1. ii,
600 pp. [Indexed.] Part 2. ii, 197 pp. [Indexed.]

^ THE FOREIGN SERVICE ^

Diplomatic and Consular Offices

The American Embassy at Peiping, China, will be closed
on December 31, 1945, and the American Consulate at
Peiping will be established on January 1, 1&16.

ADVEETISEMENT

Official Daily Service ,

^^SONAL^^^

FEDERAL^REGISTER

\, ''^* «i^^

• All Federal agencies are required by law to submit their documents of general applicability and legal

effect to the Federal Register for daily publication.

• The Federal Register presents the only oflScial publication of the text of Federal regulations and notices

restricting or expanding commercial operations.

{

A sample copy and additional information on request to the Federal Register,
National Archives, Washington 25, D. C.

■]

115 a year

$1.50 a month

Order from
SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

JANUARY 6 AND 13, 1946 4T

Contents — continued

The Department Page

Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs . 42

The International Press and Publications Division ... 43

The International Broadcasting Division 43

The International Motion Pictures Division 44

The Division of International Exchange of Persons ... 44

The Division of Libraries and Institutes 45

Area Divisions 45

The Congress 46

The Foreign Service

Diplomatic and Consular Offices 46

U. S. COVERKMENT PRINTING OFFICE: t946

PUBLISHED WITH APPROVAf OF DIRECTOR
OF BUREAU OF THE BUDGET

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

msiM

VOL. XIY, NO. 342 JANUARY 20, 1946

In this issue

The British Loan — What It Means to Us

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY VINSON AND ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE ACHESON

General Assembly of UNO

REPORT FROM LONDON

First Inter-American Demographic Congress

By SARAH E. ROBERTS

Detail of U. S. Personnel to Other Governments

By HENRY H. McGEORGE

Bermuda Telecommunications Conference

By HELEN G. KELLY

For complete contents

see inside cover C

THE DEPAKT.AIENT OF STATE

BULLETIN

Vol. XIV -No. 342

Publication 2453

January 20, 1946

For sale by the Superintendent of DocumenlB

U. S. Government Printing Oflfice

Washington 25, D. C.

Subscription:

52 isBues, $3.50; single copy, 10 cents

Special offer: 13 weeks for ?1.00

(renewable only on > early basis)

The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication compiled and
edited in the Division of Research and
Publication, Office of Public Affairs,
provides the public and interested
agencies of the Government with
information on developments in the
field of foreign relations and on the
uork of the Department of State and
the Foreign Service. The BULLETIM
includes press releases on foreign
policy issued by the W hite House and
the Department, and statements and
addresses made by the President anil
by the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as uell as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the functions
of the Department. Information con-
cerning treaties and international
agreements touhich the UnitedStates
is or may beconte a party antl treaties
of general international interest is
included.

Publications of the Department, cu-
mulative lists of which are piiblishetl
at the end of each quarter, as well as
legislative material in thefield of inter-
national relations, are listed currently.

ontents

The British Loan— What It Means to Us: Radio ^*s«

Broadcast 51

American Observers in Greek Elections 56

Proposals for Overseas Information Service: Letter

From the Secretary of State to the President . 57
Control of Atomic Energy:

Statement by the Secretary of State 58

Appointment of Committee 58

Tlie Bermuda Telecommunications Conference. By

Helen G. Kelly •. . . . 59

Industrial Property. Luxembourg 61

General Assembly of L^NO: Report From London

to the Office of Public Affairs, Department of

State 62

The First Inter-American Demographic Congress.

By Sarah E. Roberts 66

Detail of U. S. Personnel to Other Qovernments.

By Henry H. McGeorge 72

Ban on Exit Permits for Austria Lifted 73

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings 74

Activities and Developments:

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 74

U. S. Representative on Economic and t^ocial Council of

UNO 74

Civil Aviation Conference 75

The Record of the Week

Denial of Russell Xixon'f Conclusions on "Protection" of

German Assets 76

$25,000,000 Loan to Greek Government 78

Plants Available for Allocation on German Reparation

Account 79

Recognition of Austrian Government 81

li)33 Sanitary Convention. United Kingdom 81

United Kingdom Monetary Agreements. Czechoslovakia,

Ketherlands, and Norway 81

All-Hemisphere Cojjy right Conference 82

Inter-American Indian Institute. Guatemala 82

Military .\viatiun Mission. Bolivia 83

.\ir-Transport .Agreement With Czechoslovakia 83

The Department

Transfer of Functions Concerned With Consular Services

to Ships and Seamen 83

The FoREicN Service

Diplomatic Offices • . 83

PUBLICATIONS

Department of State 84

MAR 19 1946

The British Loan — What It Means to Us

RADIO BROADCAST

Participants

Fred M. Vinson

Secretary of the Treasury
Dean Acheson

Acting Secretary of State
Sterling Fisher

Director, NBC University of the Air

Announcer: Here are Headlines From Wash-
ington :

Secretary of the Treasury Vinson Says British
Loan Agreement Will Bring Increased Trade
and Prosperity; Adds Tliat Alternative to
Loan Is Division of World Into Viciously
Competing Economic Blocs, With Eesulting
Danger to World Peace.

Acting Secretary of State Dean Aclieson Says
Three Quarters of Future World Trade "\^^ill
Be Carried On in Dollars and Pounds Ster-
ling; Claims Provisions of British Loan
Essential To Free World Trade From Exces-
sive Restrictions.

This is the fifth in a group of State Department
programs broadcast by the NBC University of the
Air as part of a larger series entitled "Our Foreign
Policy.*' This time the Secretary of the Treasury,
Fred M. Vinson, and the Acting Secretary of
State, Dean Acheson, will discuss ''The British
Loan". Sterling Fisher, Director of the NBC
University of the Air, will serve as chairman of
the discussion. Mr. Fisher —

Fisher: The i)r()i)()sed loan to Great Britain has
been the subject of lively discussion since its terms
were announced last month.^ Many questions have
been raised by the jiress and public al)out the loan,
and it has seemed to us tliat tliey deserve frank
answers. Secretary Vinson, I'd like to ask you,
as one of the Americans who negotiated tlie agree-

' Released to the press .lati. 12. Separate prints of this
broadcast are availalile from the Department of State.

" For text of the financial agreement, see Bulletin of
Dec. 9, 194.0, p. 907.

ment, to describe briefly the proposed terms of the
loan itself, so that we may know whereof we speak.

Vinson : The outlines of the agreement are
simple, Mr. Fisher. We agree to advance a line
of credit of $3,750,000,000 to Great Britain to buy
the goods she needs from abroad to help maintain
her economy while she gets back on her feet. Pay-
ments of principal and interest— the interest rate
is 2 percent — start in 1951 and continue for 50
years, until the loan is paid up. The British, for
their part, agree to remove many of the discrimina-
tory exchange and import restrictions which now
exist. Without the loan it would be impossible for
tliem to do this. The net results will be of tre-
mendous value to us and to the whole world, in
terms of increased trade and prosperity.

Fisher: Now, Mr. Acheson, I know you have
taken a special interest in <iur economic policy, first
as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Af-
fairs and more recently as Under Secretary of
State. What do you say on the Briti.sh loan?

Acheson : The loan will make it po.ssible for the
United Kingdom to get back to a peacetime econ-
omy and join us in developing an ever-increas-
ing volume of world trade wiiich both of us need
and the whole world needs.

Fisher: I have here what is perhaps the finest
collection of tough questions about the loan that
has yet been made up. I'll start off with some of
the milder ones and woik up to the meaner ones
later. Secretary Vinson, we might start with the
question of whether Great Britain really needs
a loan the size of tliis one. Some people are al-
ready saying, you know, that we are being taken
for a ride by the wily British.

Vinson: The debate in the British Parliament
does not support this conclusion. But there is al-
ways someone who is ready to assume that we
will get the worst of everything. The fact is,
we went into the subject of Britain's economic con-
dition very thoroughly, and here's where we came
out — for the next few years Britain will be short
several billion dollars which slie needs to buy es-

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

seiitial imports. In other words, in order to main-
tain their economy even at an austei"e level, in the
next few years the Britisii will have to pay ont
that ninch more abroad than they take in from
abroad. It is to our interest and the interest of
everyone else in the world that Britain be able to
get back on her feet. Hence the importance of the
loan.

Fisher: Why do the British find themselves
in sncli an unfavorable spot? Haven't they looked
after Britisii interests pretty well, even during
the war ?

Vinson: Xo — the war and war production have
always come first. So many Britisii industries
have l)een makino- war materials that now they
have vei'y few civilian <;(,()ds to export. But even
though their exports are low. tlie British must
import huge quantities of food and raw materials
in order to live. On top of all this, they have
been forced to sell about four and a half billion
dollars in foreign investments to keep the war
going. That cut their income further. And al-
though we supplied a lot of Britain's war needs
through lend-lease, she will ])e in debt at the end
of this year to the tune of about II billion dollars
to her Dominions, India, and other countries.
She has to export goods not only to pay for her
imports but also to pay off part of that debt. And
she is not yet able to produce many goods for
export. So you can see what she is up against.

AciiESON : We have to remember that Great
Britain has been at war for six years. Before the
war, Britain was one of the world's greatest trad-
ing nations. One fifth of all the world's com-
merce moved in and out of her ports. During
the war she poured everything she had into the
prosecution of the war. She had to do this; she
was right upon the edge of the battle, and her
existence depended on it. At the end of the war,
she found herself with only one third of her pre-
war trade. For a nation that has to bring in huge
amounts of goods to live, that could oidy mean
disaster, unless something were done about it.

Fisher: What would have happened, Mr. Vin-
son, if the loan negotiations had fallen through?

Vinson : The British could have existed by
cutting their imports and their living standards.
They would have cut their purchases from the
United States, and other countries, to the very
bone. This they would have had to do indefinitely
and it would have meant very bad business for us.
Before the war, almost one sixth of our exports

went to the United Kingdom alone, to say nothing
of the Dominions. In fact, we sold the British
much more than we bought from them. We want
to revive and increase that trade. But that isn't
all. I'd like to point out that we're. dealing here
with a problem of vast dimensions. Before the
war there were two great currencies in interna-
tional trade — the dollar and the pound sterling.
In V.)?>H half of the world's trade was done in these
two currencies.

AcHESON : And we could add that, now that Ger-
many and Jajtan are pretty well out of the picture,
something like three quarters of the world's trade
will be carried on in pounds and dollars. So it's
not only our trade with Britain or her trade with
us that is involved here.

Vinson : If both the dollar and the pound are
strong, it will mean that trade everywhere will be
free of excessive restrictions. The level of trade
for virtu.dly the whole world depends on the elimi-
nation of restrictions on the dollar and the pound.
That's a main reason why the proposed British
loan is important.

Fisher: Mr. Acheson, what specific advantages
will we reap from the proposed loan? Just what
do the Britisii undertake to do to open world
markets ?

Acheson : First, as soon as Congress approves
the credit, the Britisii are required to put an end
to exchange controls on day-to-day business trans-
actions with Americans. It will mean that an
American manufacturer who has sold goods to
Great Britain will be able to collect his proceeds
in dollars.

FisiiER : And after that ?

Acheson : Second, at the end of one year, it is
required that exchange controls be ended through-
out the whole sterling area.

Fisher : Will yon explain just what the sterling
area is, Mr. Acheson, before we go any further?

Acheson : The sterling area is the area where
the British pound sterling is most extensively used
for international transactions. It takes in the
British Empire and all the Dominions, except Can-
ada and Newfoundland, and it includes India,
Egypt, Iraq, and Iceland. But I should add that
under the terms of the agreement, at the end of a
year no restrictions will be imposed by the British
on day-to-day transactions in ani/ part of the
Morld.

Fisher: What about British import restrictions

JANUARY 20, 1946

on Americiin goods, Mr. Vinson? How long will
they be continued*

Vinson : They'll be very much lightened by the
end of 194(i, Mr. Fisher, becanse by that date the
British will have removed all discriminatory re-
strictions. Of course, tiiey will keep some controls
over the kinds of goods their people buy. They'll
have to, becanse they won't have foreign money
enougii to go around. But if they decide to spend
so much on tobacco, or .stockings, or machine tools,
American firms will be able to compete freely for
the business. Tliere will be no more discrimi-
natory quotas applied against the United States.

Fisher: And about imperial preference, Mr.
Acheson — the system whereby Britain gives tariff
preference to British Empire goods as compared
to American goods.

AcHESON : The British have agreed to support
the American proposals to reduce and eventually
eliminate these special privileges. In some ways,
the joint American and British statement on com-
mercial policy is the most important part of the
agreement. The United States has made certain
proposals for consideration by a United Nations
trade conference, wiiich we expect will be held late
next summer. The British have joined us in these
proposals for tariff reductions and an end to ham-
pering restrictions of all sorts.

Fisher: Now, Mr. Acheson, what bearing does
Britain's war record have on the loan?

AciiESON : Mr. Fisher, all of us have great ad-
miration for the British and we think they did
a great job in the war. We have great sympathy
for what they have suffered. But that has nothi)ig
to do with this loan. This loan is not a pen-
sion for a worthy war partner. It's not a hand-
out. It's not a question of relief, of bundles for
Britain. This loan looks to the future, not to
the past. It does the things that are necessary
to keep the kind of world we want. We're willing
to bet three and three-quarters billion dollars
that we and the British can make it work. It's
a case of opening up the trade of the world, so
that money will be good anywhere in trade. The
things the British have agreed with us to do will
go a long way toward accomplishing that — toward
making it possible for our people to go out and
do business freely anywhere in the world. That's
the kind of world we want to live in.

Fisher: The advantages do add up to quite a
lot. But there is some criticism of the actual
terms of the loan that I think vou ought to deal

with. For example, the interest rate. Mr. Vin-
son, isn't 2 percent a pretty low rate of interest?

Vinson : I would say it's a very reasonabJe
rate. When the British first came here to nego-
tiate, they would have liked an outright grant.
We soon convinced them this was impossible.
Their next preference was for a loan free of inter-
est. This was also out of the question. The
interest rate we finally agreed on was what we
could reasonably expect them to pay.

Fisher: But isn't there some provision, Mr.
Vinson, for omitting the interest payments under
certain conditions ?

Vinson : Yes — but Britain must always meet the
payments on the principal. However, in any year
whei'e the jDresent and prospective conditions of
international exchange are bad, and Britain's gold
and other reserves are low, and where her income
from foreign transactions falls below a certain
standard, the United States will waive the interest.
If in any year in the future conditions are so bad,
it would be better for us and for Britain to have
the interest waived than to have Britain default
on the entire credit, as she might otherwise have to.

Acheson : And remember this too : If interest
jiayments on the loan are waived by the United
States, then Great Britain must have her other
creditors waive interest payments on their loans
to her.

Fisher : Are the interest payments just post-
poned, Mr. Vinson?

Vinson : No, they'll be written off the books.

Acheson: If all the interest payments are met,
Britain will eventually pay us back $2,200,000,000
more than the credit we're advancing. That's a
very considerable sum.

Fisher : Contrary to what some people say, then,
Mr. Acheson, it's .strictly a business arrangement.

Acheson : I think it's wrong to think of the loan
ffimphj as a business arrangement. We're not in
this to make money out of Britain. We made what
everybody thought was a "businesslike arrange-
ment" after the last war. Foreign governments
floated loans, with engraved bonds and all the
trimmings, including much higher rates of interest
than we're asking the British to pay now. But
after the last .war the foreign governments found
it impossible to repay those loans. And why ? Be-
cause we tried to collect payments and interest on
our loans, wdiile at the same time we refused to let
our debtors sell us goods to get the dollars they
needed to pay off these debts to us.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Vinson : This time, we are milking the loan on
terms we believe will make repayment possible.
We have a foreign economic policy now which we
believe will permit other nations to trade with ns
and increase tlie total world trade. In fact, we
are working hard to establish a system wliich will
cause trade to expand so much that the British will
find it easy to repay us.

Acheson: As the Secretary lias said, we don't
intend to repeat the history of tlie AA'orld AVar I
loans.

Fisher: But, Mr. Acheson, can we be sure that
the British won't default on this loan?

Acheson : Of course, we take some chance.
There's always some risk involved in making loans.
But the total context of the agreement makes it
possible for them to pay this time. We know they
expect to and we believe they will.

Fisher: Then there's the matter of the lend-
lease settlement. Mv. Acheson, what about that ?
Isn't it a pretty generous settlement?

Acheson: No, I think it's a fair settlement.
Most of the lend-lease material we sent to Britain
has been used up against the eonnnon enemj-.
We've written that off. We didn't charge the
British for the bombs the RAF dropped on Berlin
and they didn't charge us airmail for delivery.
The remainder — war materials of various sorts —
would be worth very little to us. if we chose to
haul them home. We agieed that $650,000,000 was
a fair price for the supplies that remained, after
taking into account the reverse lend-lease which
the British furnished to us and which was not
consumed during the war. This time we have
looked at the entire war account and struck a bal-
ance, so that what the British will ])ay us will
completely clean up all of the mutual claims be-
tween our two countries arising out of the war.

Fisher; Now for some of the tougher ipiesl ions.
There have been a number of comments on the loan
to this effect ; Why didn't we get more of a quid
fro quo from the British? They have certain ter-
ritories in this hemisphere, for example, where we
need permanent bases. What about that, Mr.
Acheson ?

Acheson : The proposed loan, Mr. Fisher, is a
financial and economic agreement between two
great nations. We did not attempt to use the
leverage of the loan to obtain territorial conces-
sions. To demand such concessions as part of the
loan agreement would have been like saying to
Bi-itain, "Sure, we'll help you get back on your

feet, but not unless you hand over some of your
territoi'y. and do things our way from now on".
You can imagine how any self-respecting nation
would react to that. They would have felt we
were taking advantage of their necessities to drive
a sharp bargain in a totally different field. No,
the prof)osed loan is an economic question. It is
as essential to the foreign economic policy of the
United States as it is to the future economic pros-
perity of Great Britain. It's a mutual arrange-
ment for mutual benefits, arrived at out of nuitual
necessity. And if a lot of extraneous, non-eco-
nomic matters had Ijeen injected into the discus-
sion, it's doubtful whether an agreement could
ever have been reached.

Fisher : But, Mr. Acheson, do the same consid-
erations apply to such matters as comnumications
and civil aviation?

Acheson: Yes. I think they do. We have al-
ready worked out a very good agreement with the
British on connnunications. That was done at
the recent Bermuda Telecomnnuiications Confer-
ence. And for civil aviation, we expect to settle
our ditl'erences in that field around a conference
table, too.

Fisin-:R: Now. here's a basic question. Mr. Vin-
son: Can we afford this credit of $3.7r>(),000,000
to Great Britain? Where is the money coming
from ?

Vinson : Well, at the end of the war we were
spending 250 million dollars a day for war pur-
poses. The British ci'edit. over and above lend-
lease settlement, is equal to what we spent in 15
days on the war. Once Congress has approved
it. the credit will come out of the United States
Treasury from time to time, as Britain requires
funds. It will increase our debt by a little more
than one peivent, it's true. This credit is an in-
vestment, not an expenditure. We will get it
back with interest. And in view of what's at
stake — a healthy Britain and a healthy world
trade — I don't think we can afford not to make
the loan.

Fisher : Another question that is commonly
asked, Mr. Vinson, is whether we won't be setting
a precedent for loans to other countries if this
credit is advanced to Britain. I understand that
when all bids are in, we may be faced with appli-
cations for loans totaling 20 billion dollars from
our various allies.

Vinson: Mr. Fisher, no other nation plays the
part in world trade that Britain plays. She is in

JANUARY 20, 1946

a special position in this respect — it is incon-
ceivable that world trade conld be restored and
expanded unless the British are willinj;- and able
to join in the effort. In regard to the figure of
20 billion dollars which you mentioned. 1 would
like to point out tliat these large figures are just
somebody's guess on the total a/^pJicaflruif, and it
is far too high at that. The Government, of
course, is not lending any such large sums. The
Government is going to be very careful in con-
sidering foreign loan applications.

Fisiiek: Then there's this question, Mr. Vinson,
and it's also a very common one : In helping Brit-
ain to get back on her feet, won't we be financing
our competitor^ Won't this endanger American
trade, in the long run ?

Vinson: That notion is based on a fallacy —
the mistaken idea that there is only so much trade
to be had — the idea that foreign trade is like a
melon, and if someone else gets a big slice you get
a smaller one, in direct proportion. That's simply
not true. As trade increases, there is more for
everybody. And the principal purpose of this
loan is to increase international trade generally.

Acheson: It isn't competitive trade that we
fear, it's discriminatory trade — trade hampered by
high tariffs, exchange restrictions, quotas and so
on. The British loan enables us to move away
from these devices, which limit our ability to sell
abroad.

Vinson : And let's not forget the fact that Brit-
ain is normally our best overseas customer. She
can buy more abroad only if she is prosperous, and
if she sells more abroad. To restore British trade
is the first and most important move toward re-
storing normal American peacetime foreign trade.
Britain won't be a good customer of ours until
she's back on her feet. And we need her trade.

Fisher: Another interesting question, Mr.
Acheson, is this one : In making this loan to the
Labor government of Great Britain, won't we be
''financing Socialism'' '.

Acheson: No, we will not lie "financing So-
cialism". When the British Government takes
over any British private industry it makes pay-
ment in British Government bonds, and when in-
terest and principal on the bonds fall due it pays
them in pounds sterling. It gets the pounds ster-
ling by taxing the British people or by borrowing
from them or from British banks. It doesn't need
to come to us for its own currency. The loan we

are making is in dollars. The British Government
needs dollars not to finance expenditures in Britain
but to finance pui-chases in other countries and
esi^ecially in this country. The loan will very
greatly help the British people to finance what they
need to buy abroad. It has nothing whatever to
do with what their Government decides to buy at
home.

FisiiKR : Now we come to one of the toughest
questions of all. It's a fairly technical one, but I'll
try to state it sinii)ly. AVe're facing a danger of
inflation here at home. We don't have enough
goods to meet our own demands. If you suddenly
hand Great Britain three and three-quarters billion
dollars in purchasing power to buy goods over
here, won't that be an added pressure for inflation?
Mr. Vinson, that's one for you to answer, if you
can.

Vinson: Well, Mr. Fisher, if you suddenly
dumped three or four billion dollars in pnri'hasing
power on the American market, it might well be
an added force for inflation. But that won't hap-
pen. The credit will be spread over a period of
several years, and so it probidily won't add more
than one or two percent to inirchasing power at
any one time. And another thing — the British
won't be buying automobiles and refrigerators
and other things for which demand is greatest here
in the United States. The things they'll be buying
from us will be raw materials, machinery, and
things that we can spare, for the most part.
Finally, let me say this : If we get dangerous infla-
tion, it won't be because of the British loan. The
causes will be a lot nearer home than that. It will
be because we have failed to get our peacetime pro-
duction, rolling soon enough; (U- it will be because
controls are lifted too soon. These are the real
danger points — not the Briti.sh loan.

Fisher: I have one more question, Mr. Acheson.
In her present condition, is Britain a good invest-
ment ?

Acheson: We think she is. All Britain needs
is a chance to come back economically. If we
don't give her that chance, then we might as well
say good-by to our aim of a world with an expand-
ing trade and rising standards of living. Just
consider the alternative, and you'll see that we've
got to help the British to recover.

Fisher: What is the alternative?

Acheson : The alternative is that we do not get
the commercial arrangements which are necessary
for the survival of our free industrial system. The

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

alternative is the division of the workl into warring
economic blocs.

FisiiER : Do you agree with tliat dire prediction,
Mr. Vinson ?

Vinson : Yes, Dean is absohitely right. The al-
ternative to helj)ing the Britisli is to face an exten-
sion and tightening up of the wliole series of trade
and exchange controls that have been put in effect
during the war. The world would soon be divided
into a few relatively closed economic regions. That
would mean restricted trade, lower living stand-
ards, bitter rivalry, and stored-up hatred for the
United States as the richest nation in the world.
That would be a dangerous course to take. I'm
confident that we'll have sense enough to choose
the other way.

Fisher: To sunnnarize what you've said, then,
the proposed British loan is an essential step to-
ward the expanding world trade that we need if
we are to remain prosperous. Its terms offer great
advantages to both parties. It's a loan, not a gift,
and the total credit we shall advance will be very
small compared to the benefits we shall receive.
The alternative to tlie loan would be a reversion
to destructive economic nationalism such as we had
in the period between the last two wars.

Vinson : If there's time, Mr. Fisher, I'd like to
quote a few sentences from a newspaper editorial I
have here.

Fisher : Go right ahead, Mr. Secretary.

Vi.vson: It's from the A?-k(insas Democrat, and
I thiidf it puts the whole thing in 2)erspective as
well as anything I've seen. Here's what it says:

". . . Without this credit, Britain M'ould have
to embark on a fight for world trade by every
device she could invent . . .

"AVe would have to battle that set-up, with its
wealth of raw nuiterials and its manufacturing
skills, for trade in South America and every out-
lying corner of the world.

"It would be sheer stupidity to force such a
course on Britain. The cost to us in trade w^ould
eventually be far greater than the amount of the
loan, even if it's never repaid.

"More than that, Britain nui.st be strong if
there is to be a balanced world, with any prospect
for peace. She is our natural ally, and a feeble,
impoverished Britain . . . would weaken our
own position.

"This loan isn't an act of charity. It's just good
sense."

So says the Arkan.'<as Democrat^ and I agree.

Fisher : Well, thank you very much, Mr. Vin-
son and Mr. Acheson, for answering our questions
on the British loan.

Announcer : That was Sterling Fisher, Direc-
tor of the NBC University of the Air. He has
been interviewing Secretary of the Treasury Fred
M. Vinson and Under Secretary of State Dean
Acheson. The discussion was adapted for radio
by Selden Menefee.

Next week we shall present a discussion of our
policy in Korea and its implications for the Far
East and the world. Participants will be John
Carter Vincent, Director of the OfKce of Far East-
ern Affairs, and Edwin M. ^lartin. Chief of the
Division of Japanese and Korean Economic Af-
fairs of the State Department; and Col. Brainerd
E. Prescott of the War Department Civil Affairs
Division, former Civil Administrator of the
United States zone in Korea.

American Observers in
Greek Elections'

On January 11 the President appointed the fol-
lowing members of the United States Delegation
which will participate with representatives of
Great Britain and France in observing the coming
elections in Greece: Maj. Gen. Harry J. Malony,
U.S.A., who accompanied Ambassador Grady on
his recent ]U'eliminary trip to London and Athens;
Walter Hampton Mallory, who served on the Lon-
don Munitions Assignment Board, 1945; Joseph
Coy Green, Adviser on Arms and Munitions Con-
trol, State Department ; James Grafton Rogers,
former Assistant Secretary of State ; William Wes-
ley Wayniack, editor of the Des Moines Register
and Tribune; and Herman B. Wells, president.
University of Indiana. Members of the Delega-
tion, which will be headed by Henry F. Grady,
will have the personal rank of Minister. The mis-
sion is being sent to Greece in accordance with the
undertaking assumed by the United States Govern-
ment at the Crimea Conference to assist the peoples
of liberated European coiuitries in solving their
political problems by democratic means and in cre-
ating democratic institutions of their own choice.

'Released to the pres.s by the AVliite House Jan. 11.

JAJSVARY 20, 1946

Proposals for Overseas Information Service

lettp:k from the secretary of state
to the president 1

December 31, 1945.
My Deak Mr. President:

On August 31 you issued an Executive Oi'dei-
transferring to tlie Department of State the over-
seas information functions of the OtHce of AVar
Information and the Ottice of Inter-American
Affarirs. You ordered them to be consolidated,
until December 31, in an Interim International
Information Service within the Department. At
the same time you asked me to study our foreign
informational needs and to formulate during the
remainder of this calendar year the program to
be conducted on a continuing basis.

The overseas information functions of the war
agencies in this field have been transferred and
consolidated, as you directed. Their transferred
personnel has been reduced by half, and many of
their functions have been ended. The study which
you requested from me has been made, and on
January 1 a new Office of International Informa-
tion and Cultural Atfairs, within the Department,
will begin to conduct those activities of the former
war agencies which I feel should be carried on in
peacetime in the national interest.

All of this consolidation, reduction and plan-
ning has taken place without a break, anywhere
in the world, in the etfort to present what you
described on August 31 as a ''full and fair picture
of American life and of the aims and policies of
the United States Government."

There never was a time, even in the midst of war,
when it was so necessary to replace prejudice with
truth, distortion with balance, and suspicion with
understanding.

The past four months have imposed critically
important tasks upon our information officers in
every country. Many of them have been serving
in distant posts, cut off from their homes and fami-
lies, uncertain about their pay and status, yet they
have carried on in the finest traditions of American
foreign service. I should like to commend them,
and those who have continued servicing them at
home, for living up to the trust which their country
placed in them.

' Relea.sed to the press by the White House Jan. 10.
679885 — 46 2

Detailed proposals for the future overseas infor-
mation service, in terms of money and personnel
required after July 1, 1946, have been submitted to
the Bureau of the Budget for submission to you
and to the Congress. These ])roposals call for the
maintenance of American libraries of information
abroad, the supplying of documentary and back-
ground material by wireless and by mail to our
mi.ssions overseas, the scoring of documentary films
into foreign languages, the continued publication
of a Russian-language magazine for distribution in
the Soviet Union, the continuing supply of visual
materials about the United States, and the mainte-
nance in sixty-two countries of small staffs to con-
duct our informational and cultural relations,
under the direct .supervision of the chiefs of our
diplomatic missions.

To the.se activities will be added an extension to
many other countries of the work now being done
by the Department, principally in Latin America,
in exchanging students, scholars and technicians
on behalf of twenty-six agencies of the Federal
Government.

Finally, the proposals provided for the continu-
ance of short wave broadcasting on a reduced scale
until recommendations can be made to you and
to the Congress for the ultimate disposition of the
transmitters and the frequencies now in the Gov-
ernment's hands. Many countries are interested in
the development of this powerful new medium
giving us direct access to the peoples of other lands
who want to understand the American people and
their policies.

The Department's proposals will constitute a
modest program compared to wartime standards.
AVe shall not seek to compete with private agencies
of communication, nor shall we try to outdo the
efforts of foreign governments in this field. Our
program, however, calls for a significant expan-
sion, in terms of personnel and budget, of the pre-
war expenditures of the Deiiartment of State. It
will be a new departure for the United States, the
last of the great nations of the earth to engage in
informing other peoples about its policies and
institutions.

AA'^e cannot expect to carry on our foreign rela-
tions effectively unless we recognize this activity
{Coiitiiiiird oil next page)

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Control of Atomic Energy

STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF
STATE 1

In accordance with usnal practice, the resohition
as to the control of atomic energy - will niuloubt-
edly be referred to a committee, and our repre-
sentatives will have ample opportunity to make
certain that there is no misunderstanding as to the
purpose, scope, and operation of the Connnission.

The phases of the problem which the Connnis-
sion is to inquire into are the phases of the problem
raised by the discovery of atomic energy referred
to in the opening sentence of the proposed resolu-
tion. The problem referred to was not how atomic
energy is pioduced, but how it shall be controlled
in the interest of peace. I do not see how the
language used can possibly be construed to give
the Connnission authority to obtain information
which is not publicly available or which is not
voluntarily given to it.

Under the United Nations Charter neither the
Assembly nor any commission created by it has
authority to compel action on the part of any
state. The language of the resolution makes clear
that even as to the exchange of basic scientific in-
formation for peaceful purposes the Commission
has authority only to make reconnnendations.

Wliile our Delegation to the Assembly may vote
to authoiize a study by a commission of the inter-
national problems raised by the discovery of atomic
energy, such action could not give to the Commis-
sion the authority to decide what infoi-mation the
United States or any other government should
place at its disposal.

INFORMATION SERMCE—Contiiiiwd from page 55.

as, in your own words, "an integral part of the con-
duct of our foreign affair.s."

We would defeat our objectives in this program
if we were to engage in special propagandist plead-
ing. Our purpose is, and will he. solely to supply
the facts on which foieign ])eoples can arrive at a
rational and accurate judgment.

It is my firm belief tliat the proposed informa-
tional and culturid activities fif the Department
of State abroad will lielp to achieve the security
and peace which t)Ur people so ardently desire.
Sincerely yours,

James F. Byrnes

If the Commission, upon which the United States
is represented, recommended the exchange of any
stated information, this recommendation would
go to the Security Council. Action by the Security
Council rerpiires the concurrence of the five per-
manent members, including the United States.
Therefore, unless the United States concurs in the
recommendation it could not be adopted.

If the United States concurred and the Security
Council adopted the reconnnendation, it would
still be for the Government of the United States
by treaty or by congressional action to determine
to what extent that recommendation should be
acted upon. If action is required by treaty it
would take a two-thirds vote of the Senate to
ratify the treaty. Under all these circum.stances
I think the interests of the United States are fully
protected.

Before the first session our Delegation will have
a meeting, and we will have an opportunity to dis-
cuss all subjects on the agenda.

APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEE i

Anticipating favoral)le action by the United Na-
tions Organization on the proposal for the estab-
lislnnent of a commission to consider the problems
arising as to the control of atomic energy and other
weapons of possible mass destruction, the Secre-
tary of State has appointed a connnittee of five
nieml)ers to study tlie subject of controls and safe-
guards necessary to protect this Government so
tliat the persons hereafter selected to represent the
United States on the connnission can have the bene-
fit of the study.

The connnittee will be requested, while engaged
in their study, to keep in touch with the appro-
priate congressional committees.

The connnittee will be composed of Under Secre-
tary of State Dean Acheson, who will act as chair-
man, Mr. John J. McCloy, former Assistant Secre-
tary of War, and the three men who supervised
and directed the development of atomic energy:
Dr. Vannevar Bush, Dr. James B. Conant, and
Maj. Gen. Leslie E. Groves.

' Released to the press Jan. 7.

' For text of the i-esohitlon as contained in the Connuuni-
qu6 on the Moscow Conference of the Three Foreign Min-
isters, see BuLiETiN of Dec. 30, 1945, p. 1032.

JANUARY 20, 1946

The Bermuda Telecommunications Conference

Bv HELEN G. KELLY

I HE UNITED STATES liaS loilg

had as objectives the im-
provement of international
telecommunications and the
reduction of rates on the international telecommu-
nications circuits. The first objective involved the
elimination of traffic bottlenecks at central points
in other countries where messages, coming in too
fast to Ije quickly handled, were held up. It also
included delays or complete stoppages due to
l)elligerent action by countries at war, when we
were neutral. The best solution to this problem
seemed to this Government to be the establishment
of direct radiotelegraph circuits between the
United States and foreign countries, so that a mes-
sage addressed to Shanghai, China, could be sent
there directly from San Francisco, rather than
following a circuitous route through intermediate
jjoints.

The second objective involved the negotiation
of arrangements by the United States private tele-
communication companies with foreign adminis-
trations or companies whereby the rates between
the two countries might be low enough so that the
American public might enjoy the benefits of cheap
and rai)id communication with the rest of the
M'orld. It seemed to this Government tliat direct
connnunication by radio would eliminate nnich of
the cost factor in sending the messages, and thus
assist in bringing about reduced rates.

With these two purposes in mind, this Govern-
ment over a period of 25 years has supported the
institution of direct radiotelegraph circuits wher-
ever possible. It attained considerable success in
its efforts with one exception — a very important
exception — namely, the British Connnonwealth of
Nations — Canada, Australia, Xew Zealand, and the
Union of South Africa (India, for the purpose of
this discussion, may be included in tlie group).
The primary reason for this Government's failure
with the British Commonwealth was the fact that

existing commitments to Cable & Wireless, Ltd.,
and its subsidiary companies, made it impossible
for the Commonwealth countries to gi'ant requests
for direct radiotelegraph circuits and lower rates.

After the outbreak of the war, concessions were
made because of urgent war needs. Direct cir-
cuits for the duration of the war and six months
thereafter were granted by Australia, New
Zealand, and India. Although negotiations were
carried on with the Union of South Africa, no
agreement was reached, and no temporary direct
circuit was installed to communicate with that
country. When it was evident tliat the war was
drawing to a close, it seemed to this Government
imperative that some kind of satisfactory final
settlement of the question of dii'ect circuits must
be reached before the dismantling of the tempo-
rary transmitters and receivers, which represented
a considerable outlay of money. The closing of
the direct circuits also meant a return to the old,
unsatisfactory, indirect methods of communi-
cation, which made London the center of most
messages to Africa, Europe, and the Far East,
and placed a heavy burden on the equipment and
personnel in that city.

The other question, wliich tliis Government was
equally anxious to discuss, was the difference in
rates between Commonwealth points and points
outside the Commonwealth. The example most
cited is the 59-cent rate from San Francisco to Aus-
tralia, while from Vancouver to Australia the same
message could be sent for 30 cents a word. Similar
differences existed elsewhere. For example, from
Singapore to London the rate was .''>0 cents, while
from San Francisco to Singapore it was $1.05.

This Government, therefore, accepted with
pleasure the invitation of the United Kingdom

' Miss Kelly, Chief of the Opei-ations Sectiou in the Tele-
ciiniiuunications Division, Office of Transport and Com-
munications Policy, Department of State, was secretary to
the American Delegation at the Bermuda conference.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Government to attend a conference at Bermuda to
discuss these and otlier British Commonwealth -
United States telecommunications problems which
had troubled the governments for years. Invita-
tions were received and accepted by all the Com-
monwealth countries, so that delegations from the
United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zea-
land, South Africa, and India attended. The Con-
ference convened on November 21, 1945, and ended
on December 4, 1945, with tlie signing of an agree-
ment by all the governments attending and the
signing of a protocol by the United States and the
United Kingdom on the jirobleni of exclusive ar-
rangements. Thus the Conference in 10 days, in
an atmo.sphere of friendliness and cooi:)eration,
solved problems which had vexed the dijjlomats for
10 years. Both the Commonwealth and the United
States made concessions, and the results were pleas-
ing to all.

The chairnianship of the Conference was of-
fered to the United States at the suggestion of the
United Kingdom, since the idea of calling a con-
ference of tliis nature had originally been put for-
ward by the United States. James Clement Dunn,
Assistant Secretary of State, served as chairman
of the American Delegation and also as chairman
of the Conference.

The agenda submitted with the British invita-
tion contained a number of (juestions dealing with
])ost-war ]iro])lems to lie considered at the next
world teleconnnunications conference. It was fi-
nally derided that the Conference should confine
itself to the solution of telecommunications prob-
lems outstanding between the United States and
the coinitries of the Commonwealth. The agenda,
as finally adopted, was as follows :

1. Telecommunication rates for commercial,
government, and press messages, and division of
the tolls; treatment of press instructional mes-
sages

2. Future of trans-Atlantic cables, mainte-
nance of cables, including operation of cable shijjs

3. Continuance of existing, and possible estab-
lislnnent of new, direct radiotelegraph or radio-
telephone circuits

4. Procedure for recording any agreement
reached as a result of the discussions, and exchange
of information on methods of securing the im])le-
mentation of such agreement.

R.ei>resent«itives of private telecommunication
companies, both United States and Commonwealth,

and of the Commonwealth Connnunications Coun-
cil, attended the Conference as observers. Repre-
sentatives of the press also attended and were in-
vited to be present at the plenary sessions of the
Conference.

The principal results of the Conference were as
follows :

Direct Radiotelegraph Circuits. The three ex-
isting direct circuits between the United States
and the United Kingdom are retained, as well as
both circuits between the United States and Ber-
muda, the latter being subject to the agreement of
the Bermudian Government. Of the two tempo-
rary circuits in operation resi^ectively to Australia,
New Zealand, and India, one is to be retained on a
permanent basis.

The temporary circuits between the United
States and Gambia, the Gold Coast, and British
Gniana are to be discontinued.

The Government of South Africa agrees to un-
dertake a joint study with the United States to
determine whether conditions justify the establish-
ment of a direct circuit between the two countries.

New direct circuits to Jamaica, Palestine, Cey-
lon, the INIalay States (Singapore), and Hong
Kong will be established provided the respective
goverinnents agree.

It was further agreed that tralHc ordinarily
handled over tliese new and existing direct circuits
should be restricted to terminal trartic. However,
under certain conditions, such as emergencies or
where excessive delays were shown, transit traffic
might be accepted.

Rates. A ceiling rate of 'M) cents a word for
ordinary full-rate traffic and 20 cents for code was
established between the United States and the
Commonwealth countries. This arrangement
means that many of the more distant places in the
Empire will be closer to the United States in terms
of cost of comnmnication than ever before. Al-
though the American Delegation had hoped for a
ceiling rate of 20 cents a word, it accepted the
ceiling of 30 cents. The Commonwealth penny
press rate was recognized by this Government,
although the American Delegation found it impos-
sible to accept the British suggestion that this low
rate be extended to United States - British Com-
monwealth press comnnniications. A ceiling press
rate of ti'/s cents was set between the United States
and the Commonwealth. This lowered rate
should facilitate the dissemination of news of the

JANUARY 20, 1946

United States in the Commonweidtli :nul vice
versa.

The Coninionweahh governnients would not ac-
cept the United States suggestion that press-
service messages be admitted at press rates. Nor
was an agreement reached on the (luestion of a full
rate for government messages, instead of the 50-
percent redui'tion usually allowed. This proposal
had been urged by the British. The question of
the rate for urgent messages was also left unsolved.
However, it was felt by all the parties concerned
that these were comparatively minor matters, and
that the reaching of a ceiling rate satisfactory t(j
all on ordinary messages would aid greatly in
bringing order into the world teleconnnunicutions
system.

Agreement was reached on terminal and transit
charges, on the 50-50 division of tolls, and on the
use of dollars and sterling as a basis of exchange,
instead of the gold franc.

Technical Developments. The Conference
viewed favorably a proposal submitted by the
American Delegation that steps be taken to assure
the eventual adoption on an international basis of
a standard code for the speedy transmission of
messages. This proposal was based on the belief
that the radioteletypewriter system, at present in
use by the U. S. Army and Navy, will eventually
supersede the current Morse-code circuits. The
five-unit code used by the Army and Navy, which
permitted great flexibility in their world-wide
systems, was proposed for adoption as the standard
code for universal use.

The Conference agreed also to the holding of a
meeting in AVashington between repre.sentatives of
the United States and the British Commonwealth
to witness demonstrations of two distance indica-
tors used in aeronautical radio favored respectively
by the United States and Canada, in order to com-
pare their respective merits with a view to arriving
at a definitive position in the matter not later than
January 31, 1946.

E,rcJu.slre Arrangements. The United States
has for some time been endeavoring to establish a
direct radiotelegraph circuit between Saudi Arabia
and this country. The United States has impor-
tant oil interests in Saudi Arabia, and the unsatis-
factory connnunications between the two countries
have hampered the efficient operation of the com-
pany there. In a separate protocol signed by the
United Kingdom and the United States, the former

undertook to inform the Saudi Arabian Govern-
ment that the United Kingdom Government would
not wish an agreement between a British company
and the Saudi Arabian Govermnent to stand in the
way of the establishment of a direct circuit with
the United States. Two days after the signing of
this protocol, the British Minister at Jidda in-
formed the Saudi Arabian Foreign Office of the
views of his Government as set forth in the
Ijrotocol.

All of the countries attending the Conference
also undertook not to support or approve efforts
by their governments to prevent or obstruct the
establishment of direct circuits between the United
States or British Commonwealth points and other
countries.

The foregoing discussion represents the main
tangible results of the Bermuda telecommunica-
tions conference. The intangible result — that is,
the spirit of mutual comprehension and confi-
dence which will allay future suspicions and mis-
apprehensions — cannot be assessed in terms of
dollars and cents ( and is perhaps all the more valu-
able on that account). It can only be hoped that
the Bermuda conference has set an example to
other fields of endeavor in which the countries of
the Briti-sh Commonwealth of Nations and our-
selves have an interest.

Industrial Property

Luxembourg

The Swiss JMinister informed the Secretary of
State in a note dated November 30, 19-15 that in a
note dated November 19, 1945 the Legation of the
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg at Bern informed
the Swiss Federal Council of its Government's
adherence to the Convention for the Protection
of Industrial Property signed at London June 2,
1934,' revising the Paris convention of March 20,
1883, as revised at Brussels on December 14, 1900,
at Washington on June 2, 1911. and at The Hague
on November 6, 1925.

In conformity with article Ifi of the London
convention, the adherence of Luxembourg will
take effect one month after the sending of the com-
munication bj' the Government of the Swiss Con-
federation to the other countries of the Union,
that is, from December 30, 1945.

' Treaty Series 941.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

General Assembly of UNO

REPORT FROM LONDON TO THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE

London, Jan. 1.9. — Mi-s. Eleanor Roosevelt, a
member of the American Delefjation to the United
Nations Assembly, told a "ii-onp of rejiresentatives
of some 4U national and international organiza-
tions having headquarters or branches in London
that private organizations can perform one of the
most important roles in helping to make the L'nited
Nations a success. This meeting, the first of a
series to be held in London, came during the sec-
ond week of United Nations Assembly activity,
which was studded with impi-essive declarations
by many of the world's leading statesmen. It was
held in Church House, scene of many important
LTnited Nations committee meetings.

Mrs. Roosevelt's Talk to Group Representatives

Careful explanations of the methods and prin-
ciples of the various international organizations
can go a long way toward strengthening the fabric
of international cooperation, Mrs. Roosevelt said.
She added, "You can tell your organizations a
gi'eat deal that they would never learn in any other
way. Tell them about the people who are here,
how decisions are arrived at, what agreements are
reached. You can educate people to feel a per-
sonal responsibility for the working of the United
Nations. We must all learn the discipline of not
getting discouraged. We must always keep in
view our main objective, building an atmosphere
where people can work to keep the world at peace."
The former First Lady stressed that one of the
most important tasks of the LTnited Nations was to
develoj) better economic conditions throughout the
world for all the peoples of the world. Mrs.
Roosevelt expressed the wish that there miglit be
more women delegates and advisers at future
Assembly meetings.

Referring to plans for further similar meet-
ings of Assembly delegates and advisers with
organization representatives for the period of the
Assembly meeting. Mrs. Roosevelt said that she
believed that such programs were an important
element in the democratic formulation of inter-
national policies. One representative asked Mrs.

Roosevelt her opinion on whether nations should
now surrender their sovereignty to a central body.
Drawing a parallel between the development of the
United Nations and the United States and other
federated governments, Mrs. Roosevelt explained
that such a surrender of sovereignty was not ex-
pedient at this time "As in America, the individual
States will relinquish theii' powers only when the
necessity for such a move proves itself to be for
the good of the whole group. History has shown
that such a granting of sovereignty evolves grad-
TUilly. The development of S])ecialized agencies
like the Food and Agriculture Organization and
other international bodies indicates that the indi-
vidual countries will delegate authority to an in-
ternational group when it is in their own best
interest", she replied.

Organizing the United Nations

Over at Central Hall, Westminster, where the
LTnited Nations first General Assembly was in
session, delegates of the .51 countries completed
several organizational duties vital to the smooth
operation of the LTnited Nations. In this first
full week of activity, they organized the important
Security Council and the Econtimic and Social
Council. A further step towaixl completing the
United Nations constitutional machinery was the
organization of the six main committees through
the naming of the vice chairmen and rapporteurs.
At the same time the general debate on the report
of the Preparatory Commission was going on.
This was opened dramatically by U. S. Secretary
of State Byrnes, whose address was followed by
important statements by leading statesmen, in-
chidiug Ernest Bevin, British Foreign ilini^ter,
and .Jan jNIasaryk, Czechoslovak Foreign ^Minister.

In completing the membership of the Security
Council, the General Assembly followed the plan
laid down at San Francisco and selecteel countries
on the basis both of geographical factors and the
contribution they could make to the maintenance
of peace. Poland, Australia. Brazil. Mexico, i

JANUARY 20, 1946

Egypt, and the Netherlands were elected to serve
with the permanent members: France, China,
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. United King-
dom, and United States. Dr. Wellington Koo, of
China, stated that while he was satisfied with the
present make-up of the Security Council, ho hoped
that the large continent of Asia would be better
represented in the future. French Foreign Min-
ister Bidault supported this view. The Council
held its opening meeting Thursday afternoon with
Norman O. Makin, Australian Navy Minister,
presiding. Purely of an organizational nature,
the meeting dealt with adoption of rules of proce-
dure and the setting up of a committee of experts
on the establishment of permanent rides.

Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.. permanent U. S. rep-
resentative to United Nations and member of the
Security Council, emiihasized to the Council that it
"must see that the peace is kept in fact". He
added, "whether it succeeds or not. however, de-
pends upon the manner in which the members of
the Security Council discharge the special obliga-
tion which they have assumed. This is the obliga-
tion to agree so that the Council may be able to
act and act effectively. To meet this obligation
will often be difficult. It will require the highest
kind of statesmanship from all the member na-
tions large and small. But it is an obligation that
arises from the necessities of mankind's survival
on this planet. It has been tried and tested and
not found wanting in the creation of the United
Nations."

The agenda for the first meetings of the Security
Council that was recommended by the Prepara-
tory Conunission and adopted by the Council in-
cludes the following items:

A. Reconnnendation to the General Assembly
regarding the appointment of the Secretary-
General.

B. Atloption of directive to the Military Staff
Committee to meet at a given place and date.

C. Discussion of the composition and organiza-
tion of the staff to be assigned to the Security
Council.

D. Discussion of the best means of arriving at
the conclusion of special agreements for the con-
tribiition of armed forces and other assistance for
the purpose of maintaining international peace
and security.

E. Consideration of reports and reconnnenda-
tions from the General Assembly.

Economic and Social Council

Indicating the general unanimity of opinion at
the cimference, the Assembly elected 17 of the 18
members of the Economic and Social Council by
tlie necessary two-thirds vote on the first ballot.
The balloting f(n' the eighteenth seat was dead-
locked until New Zealand withdrew in favor of
Yugoslavia. In balloting for terms of office, the
Assembly voted three-year tenure to China. Peru.
France, Chile, Canada, and Belgium, two-year
terms to U. S. S. R., United Kingdom, India, Nor-
way. Cuba, and Czechoslovakia, one-year terms
to (ireece, Lebanon, Ukraine, U.S.A., Colombia,
and Yugoslavia. According to the United Na-
tions Charter, the Economic and Social Council
"may make studies with respect to international
economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and
related matters and may make recommendations
with respect to any such matters to the General
Assenddy, to the Alembei's of the United Nations,
and to the specialized agencies concerned"'.

Delegates at the General Assembly have ponited
out repeatedly that the causes of war are often
economic, and because of this great importance
has been attached to the work of the Economic
and Social Council as a basic means for preventing
war. The World Federation of Trade Unions,
claiming a mend)ership of 65 million, has requested
"full representation" in the Council. This re-
quest, together with the WFTU's desire for rep-
resentation on the General Assembly in a "consul-
tative capacity," poses the first important consti-
tutional issue which has so far faced the United
Nations. Russia, the Ukraine, and France voiced
strong support for the WFTU prfiposal. It was
turned over to a six-nation subcommittee of the
Steering Committee for further study and recom-
mendation.

Preparatory Commission Praised

The week's plenary sessions were taken up to
a large extent with the debate on the report pre-
sented by the Pi'eparatory Conunission. AVithout
exception, the delegates who have so far spoken
to the Assembly have given full support and
conuneudation to the groundwork done In' the
Preparatory Commission and placed full confi-
dence in the war-prevention machinery of the
United Nations. U. S. Secretary of State James
Byrnes opened the discussion on the report late
^Monday afternoon. Mr. Byi-nes outlined two pri-

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

mary tasks as tlie most important woik before
the organization in the coming months: the pro-
vision of the armed force which the Security
Council needs to have to maintain peace, and es-
tablishment of tlie commission for the control uf
atomic energy. He went on to pledge "full and
wholehearted cooperation"' by the United States
and reassured the delegates that "both tlie United
States Government and its people are deeply con-
scious of their responsibility". The Secretary
painted no flowery pictures of quickly and easily
obtained success in this most important task. He
warned again.st expecting feats of magic overnight.
''Let us beware", he said, "of the die-hard en-
thusiasts as well as the die-hard unl)elievers. Let
us avoid casting excessive burdens upon the insti-
tutions of the United Nations especially in their
infiincy."''

Ecjually as im[)ortant a statement was that made
by British Foreign Minister Erne.st Bevin Thurs-
day morning. He praised the Preparatory Com-
mission's work as a "triumph of detailed organi-
zation" and launched directly into sujjport for a
strong international secretariat and an interna-
tional ci^il-service commission. "The way in
wliirh this Organization is administered will in
large measure affect the ciMifidence which the jteo-
ples of the world rejiose in it", he said. He urged
caution that the Organization should not develop
into an extravagant and costly mechanism but at
the same time warned against "niggardliness which
would frustrate or hinder its development. Ac-
cording to an estimate I have heard", he said, "the
cost per annum of the United Nations to all 51
nations will be less than half the cost to the United
Kingdom alone of a single day in the war just
ended"'. He also warned against changing the
world "in a moment" and explained that "security
must be devised in such a way that those powers
which have been victorious in this war can . . .
grow together with confidence so that this Organi-
zation itself may become the real answer to all the
devilish devices of war."'

"Calm, Realistic Optimism"

Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk of Czechoslo-
vakia paid tribute to the Pi-eparatory Commission
report and the efficient work of the temporary
secretariat. "I wish to go on record voicing calm,
realistic optimism", he said. "Wars should be
stopped by controlling all means for war, whether
they are physical, chemical, biological, psychologi-

cal, or .sociological. Within the framework of our
Organization, there should be an international pro-
tection of science against abuse of its progress for
political or militaristic schemes. Humanity should
be safeguarded against the result of abuse of sci-
entific inventions. The armament industry to-
gether with the latest devastating inventions
shouhl be ]iut under the control of the United
Nations", he added.

Carlos Lleras Restrepo. Colombian delegate, ad-
dressed the Assembly Wednesday and in his dis-
cussion on the Preparatory Connnission report
stressed the importance of the economic and social
work of the LTnited Nations. "The social-eco-
nomic task of the LTnited Nations cannot be now
and shall not be a mere return of the past. We
begin at a new starting point and go forward to an
equally new objective. The old mechanism of in-
ternational economic relations cannot be rebuilt
without incorporating a more generous and uni-
versal conception of economic pj'ogress. . .
We aie confident that in this field of economic and
social justice a fruitful internationalism will re-
pface the selfish outlook of isolated national
groups. In general terms we must seek to raise the
standardsoflivine: and employment for all. . . ."

Danish Foreign Minister Gustav Rasmussen
told the Assembly Tuesday that "Denmark views
with satisfaction the sober appreciation of prac-
tical realities which underlies the Charter of the
United Nations. The necessary safeguards have
been established to distribute the weight of re-
sponsibility in harmony with the powers and po-
tentialities of the difl'erent nations." He ex-
plained that the Charter is based on the principle
of equal rights for all member states. "But it is
equally true, and in our opinion a material im-
provement on the Covenant of the League of Na-
tions, that the ultimate responsibility for can-ying
out vital political decisions must lie with the great
powers which alone are in a position to enforce
them", he added.

Mr. Gromyko's Speech

In a memorable speech on Friday morning
Andrei A. Gromyko. Chief of the Soviet Delega-
tion, told the General Assembly that "the Soviet
Delegation more than once enqihasized at the con-
ference at San Francisco the fact that the success
of the new Organization would directly depend
on how the experience of collaboration of the
democratic countries during the war would be

JANUARY 20, 1946

taken into account, and to what degree in the fu-
ture true collaboration of all member nations
would take place."

"The endeavors to counterpose big states with
small ones". Mr. Gromqko continued, "cannot be

regarded with sympathy in the United Nations
Organization, for this Organization is the body
to protect all the peace-loving states big and small.
This Organization is designed to protect the inter-
{Continucd on piif/e 83.)

PRESENT ORGANIZATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The General Assembly

President

Paul-Henri Spaak of Belgium.

Vice Presidents

The heads of the Delegations of the United
States, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet
Sociali-st Republics, France, China, South Africa,
and Venezuela.

Members

Argentina

Australia

Belgium

Bolivia

Brazil

liyelorussia

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Ethiopia

France

Greece

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

India

Iran

Iraq

Lebanon

Liberia

Luxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Tin-key

Ukraine

Union of South Africa

LTnion of Soviet Socialist

Republics
United Kingdom
United States
LTruguay
Venezuela
Yugoslavia

The Main Committees *

The General Committee: Provisionally com-
posed of 14 members as follows : the Presi-
dent of the General Assembly, the 7 Vice Pres-

679885—46 3

idents, and tlie chairmen of the 6 committees

listed hereafter.
Political and Securi'j'y: Dr. D. Z. Manuilsky,

Ukraine
Economic and Financial: Waclaw Koncerski,

Poland
Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural: Peter

Eraser, New Zealand
Trustees! I ir: Dr. Roberto MacEachen, Uruguay
Administrative and Budgetary : Faris al-Khouri,

Syria
Legal : Dr. Roberto Jimenez, Panama

The Security Council

China (permanent) United States (perma-
France (permanent) nent)

Union of Soviet Social- Australia

ist Republics (per- Brazil

manent) Egypt

United Kingdom (per- Mexico

manent) Netherlands
Poland

Military Staff Committee

The Chiefs of Staff (or their representatives) of
the United States, the United Kingdom, the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, France, and China.

The Economic and Social Council

Belgium

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

France

Greece

India

Lebanon
Norway
Peru
Ukraine

Union of Soviet Social-
ist Republics
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia

' All these committees except the General Committee
are composed of representatives of all 51 members of UNO.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

The First Inter -American Demographic Congress

By SARAH E. ROBERTS

THE RECENT WAR gave eai'ly evidence
that the problem of displaced per-
sons would be a serious one in the
post-war era. As a step toward the
formulation of logical, coordinated plans for the
reception of immigrants in the Western Hemi-
sphere, therefore, tlie President of Mexico promul-
gated a decree on July ;'>, 1943 in which he author-
ized the Ministry of Government to organize the
First Inter-American Demograjjhic Congress.
The decree stated:

"The fnnctions of the Congress shall consist in
the exposition and cooidination of the points of
view of the American nations ct)ncerning the prob-
lems whicli will arise from postwar migratoi-j*
movements, and the determination of the demo-
graphic policy which should be reconnnended for
that i^eriod of emergency."

Migratory problems had of course been the ob-
ject of attention in numerotis international and in-
ter-American conferences held between the first
and the second world wars, but it was believed that
the various studies begun, outlined, proposed, or
recommended at these meetings should be corre-
lated, and those found feasible should bfe definitely
adopted by the American governments and put
into operation.

The invitation of the Mexican Government to
attend a special congress on migration, to be held
in Mexico City in October 104:!, was accepted by
all the American nations, including Canada.
Seventy-one official delegates were present. In
addition, one non-voting delegate apiece was sent
by the Pan American Union, the Pan American
Institute of Geography and History, tlie Inter-
American Indian Institute, the Inter-American
Statistical Institute, the Pan American Sanitary

' Mis.s Roberts is Efonniiiist in tlie Divisicm of Iiitcr-
natioual Lalior, S<><'ial and Hi'ultli Aflairs, Offiie of Inter-
national Trade Policy, Department of State.

Bureau, the International Labor Office, and the
Economic, Financial and Transit Department of
the League of Nations.

The Delegation for the United States consisted
of Dr. Lowell J. Reed, dean of the school of hy-
giene and public health at Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, chairnuni; Mr. Earl G. Harrison, Commis-
sioner of the Immigration and Naturalization
Service, Department of Justice, delegate; Mr.
Raleigh A. Gibson, First Secretary of the Amer-
ican Embassy in Mexico, adviser; and Mr. Edward
S. Maney, Second Secretary at the Embassy, sec-
retary.

On October 11, 1043, those delegates who had
arrived in Mexico City met in a preparatory ses-
sion to study and approve the proposed program
for the Congress. In addition, it was agreed to
designate Migiiel Aleman, the Minister of Gov-
ernment and head of the Mexican Delegation, as
President of the Congress and the heads of the
other delegations as Vice Presidents. The formal
inaugural session was held on October 12. Senor
Aleman outlined the reasons for holding the con-
ference, stating that its chief purpose was to find
an answer "to the post-war cry of devastated
peoples of Europe seeking a haven in the New
World". He welcomed the delegates and took
over tlie position of President.

At an extraordinary plenary session held on Oc-
tober 1."!, tlie following committees were appointed
to carry on the work of the Congress: Committee
on Credentials, Committee on Organization and
Rules, Connnittee on Resolutions, Committee on
Demography, Committee on Ethnology and Eu-
genics, and Committee on Demographic Policy.
Dr. Keed was a member of the Connnittee on
Organization and Rules and Mr. Harrison, the
chairmiin of the Committee on Demography.
From October 14 to '20, the delegates devoted all
their time to meetings of these connnittees. On
October '1\ a plenary session for the approval of

JAlWAIiY 20, 1946

^•2 lesuhitions - and the closing session were held.
These 32 resolutions were approved unanimously
by all the delegations, with certain reservations
by the Delegate from Canada.

I liter -American Demographic Committee

Two OF the resolutions were concerned with means
for implementing the recommendations of the Con-
gress. One provided for the creation of an Inter-
American Demographici Committee. It was to
liave as one of its principal duties the preparation
of a i^roject for the creation of an Inter-American
Demographic Institute. The Committee was be-
lieved to be particularly necessary in order to
coordinate the demographic activities of the nu-
merous inter- American and international organi-
zations wjiich included among their functions the
study of certain aspects of demography but no one
of which concerned itself solely or even especially
witli the problem of migration. Justification was
also seen for the Committee in the recommenda-
tions made by the Inter- American Conference
for the Maintenance of Peace at Buenos Aires
and the Eighth International Conference of Amer-
ican States at Lima for the establishment "as soon
as possilile" of a committee of experts on questions
of migration.

It was proposed that the Committee have head-
quarters in Mexico City and be composed originally
of seven experts appointed bj' the governments of
countries chosen by secret ballot by the Committee
on Resolutions of the Demographic Congress. The
countries so selected were Argentina. Brazil. Co-
lombia, the Dominican Republic, ]\Iexico. Peru, and
the United States. Once these seven experts were
chosen and the Committee was organized, experts
might be appointed by the remaining Ajiierican
nations to form a part of the Committee with
powers equal to those of the original members.

Although the appointment of the first seven
members of the Committee was originally to be
completed by February 1, 1944, the seven cited
countries were not requested to appoint an expert
before some months later. On November 24, 1945,
President Trinnan api^roved the appointment of
Lt. Commander Forrest E. Linder, U.S.N.R., of
the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the Navy
Department as the United States representative
on this Committee.

To assist the Committee in its work, a second
resolution recommended that each government, if
it had not already done so, create a special agency

to .stud}^ population and migration problems and
to maintain contact with comparable international
organizations.

General Statistical Data
The remaining 30 resolutions covered a much
broader range of topics than was suggested by the
presidential decree announcing the Congress. It
was agreed that the formulation of a demographic
policy for the post-war period must include con-
sideration of the general economic, cultural, health,
and race problems of the Americas as distinct from
the purely statistical studies which the term de-
moffraphy would indicate. As the basis for an
understanding of the more general aspects of these
problems, however, it was believed that the opinion
of each country should be solicited as to its own
economic capacity to receive and utilize immi-
grants. In conjunction with these opinions, ade-
quate statistical data were considered essential.
Numerous resolutions looking toward the compila-
tion of these data were therefore adopted.

It was recommended that a census be taken of the
entire American Continent during the years 1950
and 1951 which should include statistics not only
of a strictly demographic nature but also of the
social economy of the respective countries. The
latter data should be founded on a basic program
elaborated by the Inter-American Statistical In-
stitute and approved by each government. It was
suggested that countries with an Indian economy
and culture, in compiling their respective censuses,
follow the procedure adopted by Mexico in its
pojjulation census of 1940.

In order to make unifoi'm in each country the
data secured in this census and in other statistical
inquiries, it was recommended that systems and
methods of investigation concerning demographic
movements be unified with the help of the Inter-
American Statistical Institute. Specifically it was
uiged that a uniform nomenclattu'e for the desig-
nation of diseases, the causes of death, and the
causes of stillbirth be adopted and that it be based
on the intei'uational terms approved by the Inter-
national Commission for the Revision of the Inter-
national List of Causes of Death. A separate
recommendation was made that, in view of the ab-
solute necessitj' of a uniform definition for the term
stiUbirth, the legal definition proposed by the
Health Section of the League of Nations on April

-A umiibered sumuiary of these resolutions is given at
the end of this article.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

1, 1925 be adopted. In countries without a vital-
statistics bureau, it was urged that one be estab-
lished in order better to carry out the above
recommendations.

Social Standards

Although statistical data were considered essen-
tial to the formulation of an adequate demographic
policy, it was realized that the matter did not end
there. Rather it was necessary to devise a policy
which should provide for the adequate develop-
ment of the actual population of the Americas and
should protect both the native populations and
the immigrants, affording to each an equality of
civil and social rights within the possibilities per-
mitted by the institutional organization of each
country, without regard to race, color, or creed.

Racial Problems

Consideration of the protection of the present
American jjopulation focused particular attention
on two groups, namely, the Indian and the Negro.
It was recommended, as the basis for the protection
of the Indian, that all the Amei-ican governments,
even if they had not been present at the Indian
Congress held in Piitzcuaro in 1940, adhere to the
principles approved by it or ratify the convention
which created the Inter-American Indian Insti-
tute. In addition, it was suggested that American
countries with a "quantitatively important" In-
dian population should pay special attention to the
elevation of the economic and cultural levels of
this population. In doing so, however, it was felt
that the cultural characteristics pecidiar to the
Indian race should not be lost, and it was therefore
recommended to the Inter-American Indian Insti-
tute that it sponsor the publication of an Encyclo-
pedia of the American Indian, and to the govern-
ments and cultural institutes of the Americas that
they "promote the realization, by specialists, of an
integral plan of investigation concerning Indian
art, under the auspices of the Inter-American In-
dian Institute".

A special resolution on the Afro-American
population recommended that tlie governments
take all necessary steps to improve the educational
facilities available to this race with a view toward
the improvement of its living conditions and the
elimination of all discrimination on grounds of
race or color. This resolution also proposed the
preparation and publication of a "scientific study

of Xegro populations, of their conditions, poten-
tialities, cultures in general and of their contribu-
tion to the national and continental heritage" in
order to create a better understanding between
social groups. Before the Demographic Congress
was terminated, a group of investigators met in
jSIexico City to establish the International Insti-
tute of Afro-American Studies.

In an effort to eliminate ideas of race superior-
ity, it was recommended that the American gov-
ernments "absolutely reject all policy and all
action of racial discrimination" as being contrary
both to the conclusions of science and to the prin-
cij^les of social justice. To this end, the word
}'aee should never be used in a derogatory sense.
The word imdesirahle as applied to a given nation-
ality should also be expurgated from any laws in
which it had been used.

Public Health

VAEiotTs proposals were made to protect or im-
prove the health both of the existing population
of the Americas and of the immigrants. In order
to avoid the transmittal of disease from abroad,
it was recommended that the Fifth Pan American
Conference of National Directors of Health, to be
held in Washington in 1944, consider the advis-
ability of requiring an international or inter-
American health certificate as a prerequisite to
immigration.

It was proposed not only that the medical ex-
aminations necessary for the issuance of these
health certificates be made before the immigrant
leaves his country of origin but also that they be
repeated on his arrival in the country of destina-
tion. In addition, it was resolved that Centers of
Hygiene and Social Assistance for the Family, if
they do not already exist, be established in this
country for the use of these immigrants or that
periodic health examinations be given to them.
These measures were labeled as transitory, to
apply only until an inter- American sanitary con-
vention be formulated and adopted.

To protect as well as to improve the public
health, it was recommended that campaigns for
health improvement be carried on, that marriage
be regulated eugenically, and that an adequate plan
of eugenic education be developed. A long resolu-
tion discussed plans for tlie study of eugenic and
medico-social problems for the purpose of adopt-
ing a common program of action. The Pan Amer-

JANVARY 20, 1946

ican Sanitary Bureau was charged, in this connec-
tion, witli the constitution of a Pan American Of-
fice of Eugenics and Horaiculture. Particuhxr at-
tention was to be paid to activities against syphilis
anil alcoliolisni and to the protection of tlie mother
and child.

As pait of the program for improved public
health, it was recommended that full employment
be planned in order to permit an adequate stand-
ard of living for both the worker and his depend-
ents. To determine the existing standard, it was
recommended that each government make a study
of the family liudget of the laboring classes, using
as a basis for this work the technique employed by
the International Labor Office in its investigations
of this character. For the further protection of
the worker, it was urged that all applicable con-
ventions of the International Labor Office be
promptly ratified and that systems of social insur-
ance be established, amj)lified, or perfected, ac-
cording to the case.

The importance of adequate nutrition to health
was duly noted. In this connection, it was recog-
nized that maximum i^roduction and reasonable
prices were both essential since "it is useless to pro-
duce food if individuals and nations are not given
means to acquire it". It was therefore recom-
mended that the American governments study and
apply, so far as their respective abilities permit,
the recommendations and resolutions of the Inter-
national Food Conference held in Buenos Aires in
1939 under the auspices of the League of Nations,
the Second Inter-American Agricultural Confer-
ence in Mexico in 1942, and the United Nations
Conference on Food and Agriculture held at Hot
Springs, ^'a., in 1943.

Assistance to Immigrants

It was recognized "that the American countries
in defining their migration policy will have to ad-
just themselves to the changes produced in their
economy by the effect of war and by the develop-
ment of their activities, trying to diversify the
contributions of the immigrants in accordance
with the programs and opportunities for their in-
dustrialization and colonizaton". In order to
widen these opportunities, it was recommended
"that the Govei-nments of the American countries
whose industrial structure is little developed out-
line and carry out a program of industrial de-
velopment as a means of raising the standard of

living of its laboring classes and creating the con-
ditions in(lisi)ensable for the absorption of immi-
grants". In Older to avoid repetition of work in
this field, the Permanent Council of American
Associations of Commerce and Production was re-
quested to make available its studies, then in prog-
ress, on such matters as consumption, industrializa-
tion, and economic changes effected in the Amer-
icas by the war. The Council and similar organiza-
tions were also asked to include the demographic
aspects of problems in their studies and to consider
the effects of post-war economic demobilization on
labor.

The expansion of the work of the Permanent
Committee on Migration for Settlement was rec-
omjnended to the governing body of the Interna-
tional Labor Oi'ganization with the s^iecific sugges-
tion that this Committee extend "its scope to the
migration of laborers specialized in industrial
trades". A special interest was expressed in the
studies begun by the International Labor Office
concerning the possibility of creating a special in-
ternational organization to concern itself with the
regulation of internatiimal migration "in hai'mony
with a more liberal interchange of capitals and
products".

To facilitate the adaptation of the immigrant
to his new home, special recommendations were
made for his required education in the culture and
customs of his adopted country. To avoid the
financial difficulties which were called one of the
greatest obstacles to inunigration since World War
I, measures were suggested for assisting the immi-
grant farmer both in the transportation costs to
his new home and in his settlement on new land.
It was recommended that the American govern-
ments establish institutions for this purpose and
that the International Labor Office follow up the
proposals on the subject of the organization of
financial assistance made by the Habana confer-
(•nce of 1939.

The suggestions and recommendations made for
tlie protection of immigrants by the International
Labor Office were specifically recognized. It was
resolved that certain international conventions
relative to immigrants and their equality of treat-
ment ap2:)roved by the International Labor Con-
ferences held in Geneva in 192.5, 1926, 1935, and
1939 be ratified and incorporated in the laws of the
respective American nations.

It was suggested that measures be taken to col-

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BVLLETIN

lect data on naturalized immigrants according to
the lengtli of tlieir residence in tlieir new home,
tlieir phxce of birtli, and, if different, their original
citizenship.

Miscellaneous Recommendations

In anticipation of post-war tourist travel, it
was recommended that the statistics, requisites, and
documents pertaining to such travel be made uni-
form throughout the hemisphere '"as a means of
orienting and stimulating tourist travel".

Tt) carry out the objectives outlined in its vari-
ous recommendations, the Congress realized that
it would be necessary to jiromote a better under-
standing between the peoples of the Americas.
The conventions subscribed to at liuenos Aires in
W?>C} for the promotion of Inter-American cultural
relations of all types were therefore endorsed. To
facilitate particularly the fulfilment of the reso-
lutions on demography, it was recommended that
demographic courses be established in all American
universities where they did not exist.

Implementation

As NOTKL) earlier, requests have been sent to the
seven chosen countries for the appointment of an
expert to the proposed Inter- American Demo-
graphic Committee, and the member for the United
States has been named. Questionnaires relating to
requiiements for post-war innnigration and to the
statistical aspects of continental demography have
also l)een circulated among the American govern-
ments, in fulfilment of resolution one.

A careful study of the resolutions adopted by the
Demographic Congress reveals the fact that vari-
ous ones of the reconnnendations have been en-
dorsed, reiterated, or acted upon in subsequent
congresses such as the Fifth Pan American Con-
ference of National Directors of Health held in
Washington, the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, which met in San
Francisco, the conference of the Confederation of
Latin Amei'ican Workers in Cali, Colombia, and
the Inter- American Conference on Problems of
War and Peace lield in Mexico City. No one of
these conferences, however, was concerned princi-
pally with demographic problems, nor did they
provide for the creation of an organization for
that imrpose alone such as was planned by the First
Inter-American Demographic Congress. Since the
implementation of the resolutions of this Congress

is assigned for the most part to the conunittee of
experts now being appointed, further developments
in the inter- American demographic field must de-
pend largely on the work of this conmiittee.

Summary of Resolutions^

1. Resolution recommending that the Inter-
American Demographic Conmiittee secure a report
on the economic capacity of each American country
to place antl utilize immigrants in order to have a
technical base for the coordination of migratory
movements in America.

2. Resolution recommending that a census be
taken of the American Continent during 1950 or
19.51 and that this census contain economic-social
data in addition to strictly demographic informa-
tion.

3. Resolution recommending that, in the census
to be taken in 1950, governments of countries with
an Indian economy and culture follow the methods
employed by Mexico in taking its census of popu-
lation in 1940.

4. Resolution recommending standardization of
statistics, requisites, and documents pertaining to
tourist travel.

5. Resolution recommending the adoption of a
iniiform definition of the term .stillbirth.

6. Resolution recommending the gathering of
data covering the length of residence, the place of
birth, and, if different, the original citizenship of
naturalized citizens.

7. Resolution reconnnending the standardiza-
tion of systems and methods of demographic
investigations.

S. Resolution recommending the adoption of
measures to facilitate the international comparison
of demographic statistics.

9. Resolution reconnnending the adoption of an
inter-American or international health certificate
as a prerequisite to innnigration.

10. Resolution reconnnending that the govern-
ments represented at the Congress adhere to the
|)rinciples ai^proved by the Inter-American Indian
Congress at Patzcuaro or ratify the convention
which created tiie Inter-American Indian Insti-
tute.

11. Resolution recommending the raising of the

" F(ir fill! text see Acta Finnl del I'riwcr Conyrcxo Demo-
f/niflro Inhramcricano Cclcbrado en, Mt'xicn, D.F. del 12
(il 21 de Ocliihrc dc ID.'/S (Mexico, "La Impresorn", 1944),
43 pp.

JANUARY 20, 1946

cultural and economic level of the Indian popu-
lation.

12. Resolution recommending that the American
governments reject all policy and action of racial
discrimination.

13. Resolution entitled "Demographic Policy
Based on Eugenics", which recommends that the
American countries sponsor a demographic policy
looking toward tlie economic and biological bet-
terment of their peoples.

1-i. Resolution recommending measures to facili-
tate the cultural assimilation of immigrants.

15. Resolution recommending that the word un-
desiraile not be applied to the nationals of any
country.

16. Resolution recommending the scientific
study of Negro populations and improvement in
the education of Negroes as a means toward the
abolition of all discrimination against them.

17. Resolution entitled "Health Conditions of
Immigrants", which includes among its recom-
mendations the suggestion that thorough and uni-
fonn medical examinations be given to immi-
grants coming to the Americas.

18. Resolution entitled "Eugenics and Social
Medicine", which reconnnends that, apart from
their periodic censuses, the American countries col-
lect essential data with the end of determining
general and regional eugenic and medico-social
jjroblems.

19. Resolution entitled "Opinion on the Policy
of Inunigration", which contains detailed recom-
mendations for a systematic and thorough ap-
proach in the formulation of immigration policies.

20. Resolution recommending the establishment
of an Inter-American Demographic Connnittee
with a principal duty of studying demographic
problems in the Americas, especially the capacity
of each American nation to receive immigrants.
The eventual establislnnent of a permanent Inter-
American Demographic Institute is also envisaged
in this resolution.

21. Resolution entitled "Specialized Services for
the Study of the Population", which recommends
the creation of specialized institutions, where they
do not exist, to study the problems of existing
populations and of migrations, and the coordina-
tion of such studies with the work of the Inter-
American Demographic Committee.

22. Resolution entitled "Agriculture and Nu-

trition", recommending that the various American
governments study and apply to their demographic
policies the pertinent resolutions and recommenda-
tions passed by three cited international confer-
ences.

23. Resolution entitled "Development of Cul-
tural, Economic and Social Relations", which has
as its principal theme the desirability of cultural
exchanges between the American nations.

24. Resolution entitled "Opinion on Demo-
graphic Problems'", which reconnnends principally
the ratification of the conventions of the Inter-
national Labor Office, a careful study of the stand-
ard of living of the American population and of
ways to improve it, and the establishment, develop-
ment, or perfectioning of a social-insurance sys-
tem.

25. Resolution recommending the industrializa-
tion of countries whose industrial structures are
underdeveloped.

26. Resolution recommending the establishment
of institutions which will lend financial assistance
and advice to immigrant farmers. This resolution
also recommends .studies concerning methods of
financing colonization and the technical selection
of colonists.

27. Resolution recommending that the Perma-
nent Council of American Associations of Com-
merce and Production be asked to make available
to the Inter-American Demographic Committee
the conclusions reached in studies which the Coun-
cil was then carrying out on such matters as con-
sumption, industrialization, and economic changes -
effected by the war.

28. Resolution recommending national studies
of the family budgets of tlie laboring classes.

29. Resolution recommending the study of
demography in the universities of America.

30. Resolution recommending the compilation
of an Encyclopedia of the American Indian and a
study of Indian art.

31. Vote of thanks to the Mexican Government
for its initiative in convoking the Congress, to the
Mexican officials concerned for their efficient han-
dling of the Congress, and to the representatives of
the inter-American and international associations
for their assistance.

Unnumbered. Declaration of the Delegation of
the Dominican Republic repeating the offer made
at the Conference of Evian in 1938 to receive up
to 100,000 European immigrants.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BVLLETIN

Detail of U. S. Personnel to Other Governments

By HENRY H. McGEORGE

loNORKSSioxAL approval of an
act on May 25, 1938, and
amendment by an act ap-
proved INIay 3. 1039,= antlior-
ized the temporary detail of tliose United States
employees who possess specialized and technical
qualifications to serve undei' the fi:overnments of
the other American republics, the Philippines, and
Liberia. Such legislation has been one means of
implementin<T this Government's policy of coop-
eration with those countries.

Since the original legislation was approved, 93
enifdoyees of the various dej)artments and agen-
cies of tlie Fetleral Government have given assist-
ance to ir> of the American republics and to the
Philii)])ines and Liberia. In one instance, special
legislation extended the provisions of the act to
enable an employee of the Bureau of Reclama-
tion. Department of the Interior, to assist and
advise tlie (lOvernment of Australia in connec-
tion with the construction of Avater-storage dams.
Twenty-two assignments of agricultural spe-
cialists have been effected, and a number of others
liave been concerned with the production and proc-
essing of agricultural crops. Most of the agri-
cultural personnel has

example, natural rubber, insecticides, cinchona,
and other tropical crops. During the war in
particular, assistance has been given in developing
local food supplies and markets.

Twelve experts in the catching and i^rocessing
of fish and fish products for local consumption have
offered specialized service to several of the Ameri-
can republics. Sucli assistance has done much to
relit've the dependence of these countries on Axis
nationals.

Other types of experts detailed under the act
have been those specializing in such subjects as
taxation, statistics, finance, geology, public health,
child welfare, inunigration. police and jjrison tech-
niques, library science, and public instruction.

At present Ifi experts are serving under the pro-
visions of Public Law 63. Five of these people are
assisting in connection with the agricultural pro-
grams of Brazil, Colombia, Liberia, and Venezuela.
A librarian is aiding in the organization of the
library of the Instituto Agronomico do Norte at
Belem, Brazil, and the services of a child-welfare
expert of the Children's Bureau. Department of
Labor, have also been made available to the Brazil-
ian Government. The other specialists now on as-

sionnient include two

assisted with the cul-
tivation and market-
ing of products com-
plementary to our
own agricultural en-
terprise, such as, for

' Mr. ]\I((;e(irge is a Di-
visional .\ssistaiit (in the
Secretariat of tlie Inter-
departmental Committee
on Scientific and Cul-
tural Cooperation, Ofliee
of International Infor-
mation and Cultural Af-
fairs, Department of
State.

= Public Law 6.3, 76th
Cong.

The [nlerdepartiiienttil Committee on Scientific and Ctil-
tiiral Cooperation teas created, at the suggestion of the Presi-
dent, eiirly in 19.il! as an instrument of the United Slates Gov-
ernment to undertake a permanent, cooperative program jot
the development of economic, cultural, and scientific rela-
tions and to coordinate the activities of departments and
agencies of the Government, under the leadership of the
Department of State, in undertaking cooperative projects in
these fields in the ft eslern Hemisphere. L ntil December
20, 1944, the Committee was knoivn as the Interdepartmental
Committee on Cooperation W ith the .American Republics.
The activities of the Committee are coordinated by the chair-
man of the Committee, the Assistant Secretary of State in
charge of public and cultural relations, W illiam Benton. The
vice chairman of the Committee is the Director of the Office
of International Information and Cultural Affairs, ff illiam T.
Stone, and the E.xecutive Director is Rayniund L. Zivemer.
The Executive Director and members of the Secretariat are
officers of the Department of State in the Office of Inter-
national Information and Cultural Affairs.

statisticians, one in
Colombia and one in
Panama, a chemical
expert in Peru, a pub-
lic-health engineer in
the Philippines, an
expert on civil avia-
tion and a hydro logisi
in Ve n e z u e 1 a, and
t h r e e geologists in
Chile.

In order to obtain
the services of a spe-
cialist from the
United States Gov-
ermnent, the interest-
ed government makes

JANUARY 20, 1946

a request through iliploiuiitic chaunels to the Sec-
retary of State, who refers the request to the
department or agency most likely to have avail-
able an expert of the type desired. After the
exjiert is selected, arrangements are made for his
detail to the other government.

The act provides that an employee possessing
the necessary qualifications may be assigned for
temporary service for a period of not exceeding one
year and that his detail may be extended in ex-
traordinary circumstances for periods of not to
exceed six months each. The average detail has
lasted for a period of seven and one-half months.
The actual range of the periods of the assignments
undertaken, however, has been from a minimum
of nine days to a maximum of two years and seven
days.

During the period of the assignment the spe-
cialist retains his status as an employee of the
department or agency from wiiich detailed and
continues to receive his salary and expenses from
it. Costs of a detail include salary, travel ex-
penses, a monthly allowance for quarters and sub-
sistence comparable to those of the Foreign Serv-
ice of the United States, and in some instances ad-
ditional compensation to cover expenditures which
would otherwise result in a financial loss to the
employee. For the purposes of the assignment,
the department or agency from which the em-
ployee is detailed may pay these costs from any
appropriations available to it for the payment of
compensation and travel expenses.

One of the features of the act is that it permits
the acceptance by the Government of the United
States of all or part of the expenses from the other
government concerned. Funds for the purpose
may be accepted in advance from the other gov-
ernment, in which event the amounts so received
are placed in a trust fund that is available for the
pa_vment of the expenses incident to the detail as
they are incurred. Any balance remaining in the
trust fund is returned to the other government at
the completion of the detail. As an alternative
to this arrangement, the other government may
reimburse this Government for the expenses ac-
tually paid in connection with the employee, and
in that event the amounts reimbursed are credit-
able to appropriations current at the time the ex-
penses were paid or to appropriations current at
the time the reimbursement is effected. The reim-
bursed amounts may also be credited in part to
either of the aforementioned appropriations.

The average detail costs $4,851 including only
those expenses paid to or on behalf of the em-
ployee. Of this amount the average obligation
of the other government is $1,981, or about -41
percent of the total. In 78 details for which com-
plete records are available, the total costs have
been $378,377, of which the obligations of the other
governments concerned total $l.^>4,5fi'2. Amounts
paid directly bj^ the other govermnents for the
furtherance of their various programs in which
United States employees have assisted under the
provisions of the act quite possibly run into mil-
lions of dollars.

Because of the coopei'ative nature of the assign-
ments and the mutual benefits to the Govermnent
of this country and that of the other countries in-
volved, the administration of the act has been
closely integrated with the program of the Inter-
departmental Conunittee on Scientific and Cul-
tural Cooperation, the Secretariat of which is
located in the Office of International Information
and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State.

Ban on Exit Permits
for Austria Lifted'

The Department of State announces tliat the
ban on the granting of exit permits for Austrian
refugees who wish to return to their country has
been lifted. Austrian refugees who fied to the
United States to escape Nazi tyramiy after the
forcible annexation of Austria b}' Germany in
1938 may now receive the necessary authorization
to return by application to the State Department.

The United States did not recognize the German
annexation of Austria in 1938 and provided a
haven for many Austrians who escaped religious
and political persecution by the Nazis. Tliey have
made many contributions to American democracy
and to the war against Fascism. Those who re-
turn will be able to contribute to the reconstruc-
tion of Austria and to assist in the completion of
Allied objectives as stated in the Moscow Det'lara-
tion as well as to bring to the Austrian people the
assurance that the United States is fulfilling its
pledge to create an independent and democratic
Austria.

' Released to the i)re.ss Jan. 9.

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings

Far Eastern Commission

Anglo-Aiiierlcau Conmiittee of Incniiry

Inter-American Statistical Institute: Executive
Committee

United Nations Organization : General Assembly

Caribbean Forestry Commission
Civil Aviation Conference

International Connnission of tlie Kliine River

International Labor Organization :

Conference of Delegates on Constitutional Ques-
tions
International Development Works Committee

International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal
Experts (CITEJA) : 14th Session

International Cotton Study Group: Subcommittee of
the International Advisory Committee

West Indian Conference

Tokyo
Washington
Rio de Janeiro

London

January 6 (continuing in
session )

Hearings opened Janu-
ary 7

January 7-14

January 10 (continuing In
session )

Port-of-Spain

January 14-24

Bermuda

January 15 (c

session)

Brussels

January 17-18

London

January 21

Montreal

January 28

Paris

January 22

Washington

January 24

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands

February 21

(U. S.)

Activities and Developments

Anglo-American Commiltee of Inquiry plans to
complete its hearings in Washington on Janu-
ary 14 and to sail for England on the Qwen
Elhuheth on January 18. The Committee will
hold hearings in London between January '25 and
31 and proceed immediately tliereafter to conti-
nental Europe. It expects to leave Europe at the
end of February and go to Cairo for a short stay on
its way to Palestine.

Many members of the Committee have expressed
approval of the helpful attitude of the organiza-
tions appearing before them in Washington.
Among the material submittetl in written form,
economic studies of Palestine, statistics on Jews in
Europe, and carefully prepared collections of
political ilocuments have been specifically men-
tioned as of great value to the Committee. The

succinct form of the oral presentations at the hear-
ings has been particularly gratifying to the Com-
mittee members because of the need for haste in
getting on to the problems in continental Europe.

U. S. Representative on Economic and Social

Council of UNO. On January 12 the President
designated Ambassador John G. Winant to act as
representative of the United States on the Eco-
nomic and Social Council of the United Nations
Organization for the organizing meetings of the
Council to be held during or innnediately after the
current meetings of the United Nations Assembly.
In notifying Ambassador Winant, the President
wrote hini that :

"The i)rompt development and execution of
plans for the effective organization of the Eco-

JANUARY 20, 1946

iioniic and Social Couruil is vital to the successful
accomplishment of many important tasks with
wliich it will have to deal. I amc<infi(lent that your
contribution to the work of organizing tlie Council
will be fully in accordance with your past achieve-
ments and I wish you all possible success in this
new undertaking."

Civil Aviation Conference.' The composition of
the American Delegation to the Civil Aviation
Conference which will take place in Bermuda be-
ginning on January 15 ha.s been completed. The
Delegation will be headed by Col. George P.
Baker, Director of the Office of Transport and
Connuunications Policy, Department of State.

Inclusive of the three members from the De-
partment of State and the five members from the
Civil Aeronautics Board whose names were made
public on January 8, and with the inclusion of
additional members, the complete list follows :

Delecjates :

Depaiiment of State: Colonel Baker ; Mr. Stoke-
ley W. Morgan, Chief, Aviation Division; Mr.
Garrison Norton, Deputy Director, Office of Trans-
])ort and Communications Policy; and Mr. John
D. Hickerson, Deputy Director, Office of European
Affairs.

Civil Aeronauficf Board: Mr. L. "Welch Pogue,
Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board; Mr.
Harllee Branch, ilr. Oswald Ryan, and Mr. Josh
Lee, members of the Civil Aeronautics Board;
Mr. George C. Neal, General Counsel of the Civil
Aeronautics Board ; and Mr. John Sherman, Liai-
son Consultant. It is probable that not all of the
delegates representing the Board will be at Ber-
muda at the same time.

Advisers :

War Department: ^laj. Gen. Lawrence S. Kuter,
U.S.A., and Lt. Col. William P. Berkeley, A.U.S.

Navy Department : Mr. Artemus L. Gates,
formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and
Vice Admiral Forrest P. Sherman, U.S.N.

Delegation Staff :

/';r.s-,y Officer: Mv. Reginald P. ^Mitchell, Assist-
ant to the Special Assistant to the Secretary of
State, Mr. M. J. McDermott.

Secretariat: Mr. William L. Breese, secretary,
and Miss Frances E. Pringle, assistant secretary,

' Released to the press .Ian. 11.

both of the Division of International Conferences^
Department of State.

The Department of State has been informed
that representatives also will be present from the
Pan American Airways System, Transcontinental
& Western Air, Inc., and the American Overseas
Aviation Companj'.

Various members of the American delegation,
together with representatives of the press, are
scheduled to depart by plane for Bermuda from
La (iuardia Field, New York, N. Y., at about
1 ]).ni., Monday, January 14.

The British Delegation will include Sir William
Hildred and Mr. L. J. Dunnett of the Ministry of
Civil Aviation: Mr. N. J. A. Cheetham of the
Foreign Office; Maj. J. R. McCrindle of the British
Overseas Airways Corjjoration from London; and
Sir Henry Self and Mr. Peter Masefield from
AVashington.

[Released to the press .Taiumry 0]

During the fall, when the over-all economic dis-
cussions with the British were being carried on in
Washington, there were two specialized collateral
problems with the British which the State Depart-
ment believed should be handled coincidentally
with the Washington negt)tiations but quite sepa-
rately therefrom. These were the problems of
civil aviation and of telecommunications. On
November 21, in Bermuda, we sat down with the
British to discuss our telecommunications prob-
lems. On the important issues involved we ap-
peared to be far apart. In approximately 10 clays,
because of an honest desire on each side to under-
stand the fears and problems of the other, and
because of a firm and overriding conviction on
both sides that, in the light of over-all world
events, the countries of the world must be able to
work together in harmony and cooperation, an
agreement was signed which was satisfactory to
the United States and British Governments and to
the American companies involved. On January
15 we again sit down with the British in Bermuda.
This time it is on civil-aviation problems. Again
on a few impoi'tant issues we appear to be far
apart. We confidently believe, however, that the
same over-all approach between the two countries
will bring as successful an agreement in civil avia-
tion as was accomplished in telecommunications
five weeks ago.

The Record of the Week

Denial of Russell Nixon's
Conclusions on "Protection"
of German Assets

[Releaseil to the press January 8]

The State Department denies emphatically both
the alleged facts and the conclusions stated by Eus-
sell Nixon, acting United States member of the
German External Property Coannission, with re-
spect to State Department "jjrotection" of German
external assets.

The misleading and imsupportable statement
issued by Mr. Nixon, apparently prior to his resig-
nation from an official post, threatens both the rela-
tions of the United States with its Allies and the
effort to obtain control and power of disposition of
German external assets. The Department there-
fore believes it necessary to contravert directly ^Ir.
Nixon's assertions.

The statement issued by Mr. Nixon is full of mis-
chievous inaccuracies and misleading innuendoes.
The cliarge tliat a "western bloc" is created by the
State Department program is not correct and can
be based only on wilful misunderstanding. The
territorial division of labor to whicli Mr. Nixon
refers was specifically provided for in the Potsdam
agreement, article IV, sections 8 and 9, whereby
German external assets in certain specified coun-
tries are disposed of to the Union of Soviet Social-
ist Republics and, in all countries except those
specified, to the other Allies. Obviously the
'"labor" of laying hands on those assets falls to the
U.S.S.R. in tlie countries specified and to the other
Allies in the other countries. The i)ractice of the
Department has been and is to keep the U.S.S.R.
fully informed on all steps taken. In addition, the
Department's jiolicy is to obtain Soviet support of
measures taken in those countries outside the areas
in which the Potsdam agreement assigned German
external assets to the U.S.S.R. witii wliicli the
Soviet Government maintains diplomatic rela-
tions, and tlie Department is willing to support
Soviet action in areas in which the Potsdam agree-
ment assigned German cxtermil assets to the
U.S.S.R.

The allegation that the Department is ''ham-
stringing" the program to control German external
assets is disproved on the record. The Department
points out that it has. over a period of years, main-
tained a unit whose specific duty was the elimina-
tion of German economic influence abroad and has
maintained trained personnel in the various mis-
sions abroad assigned to this specific purpose. The
DeiDartment has sponsored and cooperated with
other governmental agencies in the promulgation
of such jjublic declarations as the Declaration
Against Axis Acts of Dispossession of January 5,
194.'3, the looted-gold declaration of February 1944,
Bretton Woods Resolution VI, which called upon
the neutral countries to disclose and to freeze Axis
assets, and the resolutions of the Inter-American
Conference on Problems of War and Peace held
in Mexico in Maich 1945. Not only did State De-
j)artnient officials eitlier participate in or originate
tliese resolutions but officers of the State Depart-
ment })articipated in the drafting of Law No. 5,
which set up the German External Property Com-
mission, and the Department actively sponsored
that law.

The record will reveal that, with the fidl accord
of the Secretary of State and Assistant Secretary
Clayton, two members of Amba.ssador Pauley's
reparation statf, one an officer of the Treasury De-
partment and the other an official of the State
Department, drafted the initial version of Law No.
5, the pertinent provisions of the Potsdam Declara-
tion, and a memorandum from the I'resident to
General Clay asking that the external-asset law be
pushed tlu'ougli tlie Allied Control Council. The
record will also reveal that, wiien the issuance of
the vesting decree in tlie Allied Control Council
was held u]i, the State Department took tlie matter
up with the governments of the other occui)ying
powers and succeeded in obtaining governmental
instructions to I'epresentatives on the Control
Council which resulted in issuance of tlie law.

The Department has also i)ublicly announced
its intention vigorously to imjilement tlie law vest-
ing German external assets. Assistant Secretary
Clayton has stated before the Kilgore Committee
that "The task of destroying the economic basis

JANUARY 20, 1946

of German ajjgression is one tluit requires vigorous,
simultaneous action along a number of lines."

Mr. Nixon implies that "dirty deals" are being
concocted to keep German assets in the Western
Hemisphere from seizure ■which wouUl prevent
their use in preparation for World War III. The
Depai'tment's views in respect of the seizing, liqui-
dation, and forced sale of German assets in this
hemispliere so as to eradicate completely inimical
Gernum influence have many times been ex-
pressed — most recently in a radio speech by As-
sistant Secretary' Braden on January 5, 1946 — and
indicate the absurdity of the implication in Mr.
Nixon's statement that the Department is attempt-
ing to preserve German assets in the Western
Hemisphere. On the contrary, as early as the Rio
conference in January 1942 the American repub-
lics entered into inter-American agreements in this
respect which were amplified in the resolutions of
the AVashington conference in June 194::! and re-
flected in the resolutions of the Mexico City con-
ference. Assistant Secretary Clayton's report of
July 1945 before the Kilgore Committee describes
this program and its accomplishments as of that
time in some detail. Consultation among and joint
action by the American republics on this prob-
lem has been a publicly announced program since
early 1942. The cf)nsultati ve pi'ocedui'e is designed
to reinforce a pi'ograni which this Government
has, at all times, backed to the hilt. This consult-
ative procedure does not mean that the Depart-
ment's views with regard to the eradication of Ger-
man influence in this hemisphei'e have changed in
any respect whatsoever.

The State Department has recently indicated to
the United States representative on the German
External Property Commissif>n that, consistent
with this program for the replacement of German
interests and together with the expressed commit-
ments of this Government in the inter-American
agreements referred to, the question of seizure of
the remaining Axis assets in this hemisphere
should be deferred pending consultation between
the American republics whicli are parties to the
agreements in question. Resolutions XVIII and
XIX of the Mexico City conference both provide in
part as follows:

"That the American republics expressly agree
that their rights in property vested, affected, seized
or intervened up to the present time or in the fu-

ture, shall remain, with respect to the final dispo-
sition of all of such propertj' or of the respective
proceeds, in status quo, until the American govern-
ments individually reach a final decision regarding
such disposition or enter into international agree-
ments in this respect, in so far as they consider it
in their respective intei-ests."

Mr. Nixon's statement reflects a fundamental
misconception of the nature of the German Ex-
ternal Property Commission and the manner in
which it can operate outside of Germany. A pri-
mary function of the German External Property
Commission is to investigate and prepai'e cases
with respect to external assets. Strenuous efforts
in this direction will be required. But it does not
appear that Mr. Nixon's statement reflected the
understanding, concurred in by General Clay at
tlie time of liis recent visit to Washington, that the
negotiations with the neutral governments would
have to be conducted on the dijilomatic and gov-
ernmental level. The Allied Control Council has
no formal representation or metliod of communi-
cating with the neutral govei-nnients otlier than
througli regular diplomatic cluuinels of the occu-
pying powers. Matters affecting the relations of
the negotiating governments, beyond the jurisdic-
tion of the Control Council, would be involved in
such negotiations. It was, however, always con-
templated that the German External Property
Commission would be represented at such negotia-
tions, that the law vesting German external assets
would be the basis of these negf)tiatioiis, and that
the Coinmission would have an important role in
procedures resulting from the negotiations.

Mr. Nixon's statement rejjresents a clear dis-
service to the cause of the Allied nations. The
State Department reaffirms its intention to prose-
cute vigorously, as it has been doing, the question
of German external assets. The Department de-
nies completely the implications of a statement
which apparently arose from a fundamental mis-
understanding of an essential division of responsi-
bilities between the Control Council and the gov-
ernments of the occupying powers.

It may be added that neither prior to nor since
issuance of his remarks has Mr. Nixon troubled to
furnish the State Department with a copy of them,
so that this statement has necessarily been pre-
pared only on the basis of press reports of those
remarks.

$25,000,000 Loan to
Greek Government

[Released to the press January 12]

Note pvenented o-n January 12 to the GreeJc Foreign
Office hy the Arnericah Amia-^sador in Athens in-
forming the Greek authorities of the approval hy
the Export -Import Bank of a $2.5,000,000 loan ' to
the Greek Goi^ernment

The United States Goveninient acknowledges
receipt of the letter addressed by Mr. Tsouderos to
tlie Ambassador of the United States in Athens,
submittino- suggestions for economic aid to Greece.

The United States (iovernment is mindful of the
important contrilnitions made by Greece to the
successful conclusion of the war and sympa-
thetically aware of the tremendous devastation
visited on Greece during the period of hostilities.
In the face of overwhelming odds Greece exhibited
a courage in resistance which served as an example
to the liberators who eventually were able to re-
lease Europe from enemy domination. Tlie relief
provideil to Greece througli military liaison and

' With relatively iiniiupoi-tant exceptions, the xn'oceeds
of the loan may be used only for inirchase in the United
States of niaterialK. eiinipnieiit, and .services for the
re.storation of iiroihictive facilities in Greece.

According to an announeenient by tlie Export-Import
Bank on .Jan. 11, 1946, the use of the loan is restrieted
to certain types of materials and equipment approved or
to be approved by the Exixirt-Import Bank. These are
expected to be approximately as follows:

Approximnie
Item dollar value

1. Equipment for liarlior wurk.s — reconstruc-

tion of destroyed liarl)oiis .$1, (>.jO, 000

2. Roads and highways i-epair and mainte-

nance; equipment and various tools and
materials for road-repair-machinery
workshops 5, 300, 000

3. List of main outfits, machinery and tools,

etc., for the construction of the new
water works for augmenting the Athens
and Piraeus water supplies 700,000

4. Railway equipment 2, 100, 000

5. Salvaging machinery and e(iuipment . . . 1, ."lOO, OOO

6. Pilot-sliips and motorboats S(», 0(X)

7. Machinery and material required for the

alteration of 6 corvettes to postal ships . 4.50, 000

S. Floating docks and equipment 800, 000

9. Materials for the repair of merchant

ships 400, 000

10. Equipment for the mercantile marine — In-
struments and clothing 100, 0()0

n. Passenger motoi- veliicles 120,000

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

the current operations of UXRRA is an effort on
the part of the United States along with other
Allied countries to demonstrate their grateful
recognition of the tremendous sacrifices Greece has
made. Further assistance toward reconstructi(m
will be afforded througli a $25 million Export-
Imi:)ort Bank loan. By means of this loan Greece
will be able to acquire certain essential supplies
and equipment.

There is a danger, which should not be ignored,
that if energetic steps are not taken to improve
the present internal economic situation, the assist-
ance from the United States will not produce the
lasting benefits that are hojied for. An immediate
improvement in the economic situation in Greece
should create an atmosphere favorable to the suc-
cessfid holding of national elections. Elect itins
accurately reflecting the wi.shes of the Greek people
should bring about an improved jjolitical situation
which should contribute substantially to long-run
economic recovery and to future stability.

The severe difficidties which Greece has en-
countered since liberation can be traced in large
part to the self-sacrificing heroism with which the

12. Rubber tires and inner tubes for motor ve-

liicles $500,000

13. Requirement for the maintenance and com-

pletion of the hydraulic works of Mace-
donia 150,000

14. Telegraph and telephone overhead line ma-

terials — materials for the automatic ur-
ban telephone networks — main and
branch telephone-exchange equipment
for the urlian automatic telephone sys-
tem, and

15. Equipment and materials for telecomnuuii-

cations 2,000,000

16. Water-purifying plant — .\tliens — materials

and equipment 30, 000

17. Machinery and equipment for the mainte-

nance and repair of the hydraulic works . 2, 000, 000
IS. Macliinery and equipment of state-con-
trolled electric-power public utilities . . 1.000,000

19. Wire tietting for use in the flooded areas of

Macediinia, Thrace. Messenia, etc. . . . 50,000

20. Instruments and equipment for hydrologi-

cal research 100,000

21. Life belts 20,000

22. Spares and material for the repair and

maintenance of the gas works 20, 000

23. Machinery and spares for industrial instal-

lations 1, 350, 000

24. Engineering and technical services SIX), 000

25. To be allocated 4.080,000

ToT^L 25,000,000

JAIWARY 20, 1946

Greek people resisted the common foe. The re-
sulting emergencj- conditions have prevented suc-
cessive Greek governments from carrying out
effectively the stringent kind of internal economic
stability program that is required. The Govern-
ment of the United States is aware that Greece's
burden is a heavy one, but it is convinced that the
assistance being extended to Greece can accom-
plish little toward economic recovery unless the
Greek Government itself undertakes rigorous
measures to control inflation and to stabilize the
currency, to reduce Government expenditures and
to augment revenue, to increase the efficiency of the
Civil Service Administration, and to revive indus-
try and trade.

The execution of such a program has been the
announced intention of several ISIinistries which
have been in power in Greece during recent months
but in no case has it been possible for them to pur-
sue such a program to a successful conclusion. It
is assumed that the present Government also has
under consideration a similar program. The ex-
tent of possible further American economic assist-
ance to Greece will nece.ssarily be influenced by the
effectiveness with which the Greek (Government
deals with the problem of economic stabilization.

The United States Government has been advised
by the British Government of the hitter's proposal
now under discussion with the Greek Government
to send an Advisory Economic Mission to Greece.
In view of the interest which this Government has
in the success of the economic stabilization and
recovery of Greece, it welcomes this evidence of
the desire of the Briti.sh Government to extend
advisory aid to Greece. If Greece should need ad-
ditional technical assistance, the United States
Government would be prepared, upon request of
the Greek Government, to make available Ameri-
can technical economic experts to consult on Greek
financial and economic programs. The particular
qualifications of any exjierts which might be de-
sired could be determined in consultation between
the two Governments, so that they would be best
equipped to assist on those problems which are now
most urgent in Greece.

The Greek Government can be assured that the
United States Government is fully aware of the
grave difficulties which beset Greece. It hopes,
however, that the Greek Government, by taking
firm action and at the same time being confident of
outside assistance, will be able to lead Greece on
the road toward economic recovery.

Plants Available for Allocation
on German Reparation
Account

[ Released to the pross by the Department of Ooimiieroe .Tanuary 6]

The Department of State and the Office of Inter-
national Trade. Department of Commerce, re-
leased on January (i the first list of two groups of
individual industrial plants which have been
declared available for allocation on the German
reparation account by the Allied Control Council.

American l^rms or persons interested in accjuir-
ing any of them are asked to indicate promptly
their interest in accordance with the procedure
descril)ed lielow so that the Ignited States claims
to specific plants can be proi)erly determined. An
indication of interest constitutes no commitment
to purchase. It is expected that some of these
plants will be available by the latter part of the
year, after allocations are made and dismantling,
packing, and transportation arrangements are
comideted.

On this first list are 4o plants procllicing such
things as electric power, aluminum foil, chemicals,
m.ichine tools, ignition equipment, coke and by-
products, screw machines, aircraft parts, optical
equipment, forgings. ball bearings, motorcycles,
small arms, explosives and annmuiition, sub-
marines and small ships, harvesting equipment,
tractors, cement, pig iron, stoves and household
etiuipment.

Available details concerning these plants will
be furnished b_v the State Department and GIT.
Subsequent lists will be made public as other (Ger-
man factories are declared eligible for removal by
the ACC.

American firms or persons interested in purchas-
ing for transfer to the United States any of the
plants listed in either group are asked to indicate
their interest to the Office of International Trade,
Department of Commerce, Washington.

Any American concern or person interested in
purchasing a plant in either group for transfer to
a third country should, however, file a statement
of interest with the Division of Investment and
Economic Development, Department of State,
Washington. For plants in Group 1 statements
should be received by January 10, and for those in
Group '2 by January 25.

In determining which plants will be claimed for
transfer to this country, consideration will be given

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

to the need for and availability of such facilities in
the United States.

Persons or firms interested in purchasing for
transfer to this country any German plant not on
this list and having infornuition concerning it
are aske<l to furnish as much detail as possible to
the OIT as to the location, ownershij), type of pro-
duction, and equipment. In the event this plant
is subsequently declared available for removal as
reparation, the interested persons or firms will be
informed.

Persons or firms who own or have a substantial
property interest in industrial plants in (iermany
which may be declared available for removal on
reparation account and who desire to purchase
and transfer such plants for operation in other
foreign countries should communicate with the
Division of Investment and Economic Develop-
ment, Department of State. It is expected that
wholly German-owned plants will be the first to
be earmarked for removal from (Jermany, l)ut the
program of reparation and economic disarmament
may require the removal of some industrial plants
wholly or partly owned by nationals of Allied
countries.

Whenever a jtlant in which a substantial Amer-
ican property interest exists is earmarked for re-
moval, the Department of State will determine,
after consultation with the American owners
involved, whether the United States should claim'
such plant as part of its reparation share. If
the ))lant in question is actually obtained by the
United States (lovernment as reparation, due con-
sideration will be given to tiie American property
interests in determining the new foreign location
of the plant and tlie conditions of its sale. Per-
sons or firms who desire to purchase other Ger-
man plants which have or may become available
as reparation, in order to transfer them to other
foreign countries for operation, should likewise
connnunicate with the Divisnm of Investment and
Economic Development, Department of State.

Claims of American firms or persons arising out
of removal of plants in which they may have a
property interest will be settled in accordance
with such legislation as Congress may enact.

The list of plants follows:

Gkoi'I' I (StatenuMits of interest should be re-
ceived by Jan. 10), Phtntfi araihihle for aJlocation
hy ACC to the I iifer-Alliid Rcpanttion Agency
and to Rum/a and Pot and:

Deut.sche .Sohiff- iiiul Araschinonbiui A.G., sliipbuikliiig
iilaiit. lit l!rciii<-ii-V;iliMitiii

C. F. Boigward, toriicdo plaTit. at Bremen
Ndi-ddeutselie Hnette Aktiengesell.scliat't, coke and by-
products, at Bremen
The Halin Tessk.v Index Werke, screw machines, at

Ksslingen-Necku r
Norddeutsche Dornierwerke No. 2 factory, aircraft parts,

at Liibeck
Norddeiitselie Dornierwerke No. 4 factory, beds and

liou.sehold utensils, at Rotlieheck
Arms factory. Rinker at Minden
Metallwerlve Wolferdmettel (iMBH. armament, Wolfen-

buettel near Brunswick
Stulilrelirfabrik Von Kudolf Sieverts, Hamburg Berge-

dorf
Norddeutsche Dornierwerke No. 7 factory, Sierksrade
Pabrik Kanfburen, smokeless powder, near Kaufburen
Fabrik .\scliau, introcellulose, near Muehldorf
Fabrik Ebenhausen, introcellulose and smokeless powder,

near Ingolstadt
Wehrinaclit Ordnance Plant, Strass
Geretsried-Wolfratshausen, loading ammunition, Wolf-

ratshauseu
VVehrmacht Ordnance Plant, Desnig
AVerke Tscheldin, ahuninum foil, Tenningen
Maschinenfabrilv Fahr A.G., harvesting equipment and

tractors, Gottmadingen
Maschinenfabrik (;elirii<ler Kramer, ti'actors, Gottma-
dingen
Mauser Company, ritles and pistols, Oliendorf (Wiirt-

tenil)erg)
I. G. Farben A.G., vitryl chloride, Rlieinfelden
Degussa Company, peroxide of hydrogen, Rlieinfelden
R. Bosch, ignition equipment, Sulz ( Wiirttemberg)
Suddeutsche Arguswerke, small screw pieces, Baden-
Baden

Gkoup II (Statements of interest should be re-
ceived by Jan. 25), Plants availabte for aJlocation
among member nations lyy the Inter-Allied Repara-
tion Agency :

Power plant of the Grosskraftwerke JIannheim A.G.,

at Mannheim
Machine plant, Hanwell-Lug, at Diisseldorf
Fireproofing plant, Beiulorf on Rhine, at Bendorf
Optical-instrument plant, Hensolt, at Herboru
One-half ball-bearing works of Kugel Fisher at Schwein-

furt
Mathes and Weber's soda plant at Duisburg
Lathe and machine-tool plant, Wagner at Dortmund
Lathe and machine-tool plant. Fretz Mueller at Esslingen
Lathe and machine-tool plant, Bohne Kohle at Esslingen
Klockner Humbolt Dietz, diesel-engine plant at Ober-

virsel
Hastedt steam-electric plant at Bremen
Togency hydroelectric plant at Muehldorf
BMW motorcycle plant at Jlunich
Forgings and cranksh;ifts plant, Kusl)ellwellenwerke,

Glinde at Handmrg
Small-arms plant. Metalhverke Neuenganune at Ham-
burg
Hanseati.sche Kettcnwerke, Hamburg, pr<iduclng cart-
ridge cases and fuses
Explosives plant, Falirick Hess Lichenau at Fiirsten-
haaen

JANUARY 20, 1946

Recognition of Austrian
Government

[Released to the press January 7]

In accordance with the resohition of December
IS, 1945 of tlie Allied Council in Austria, tlic mem-
bers of the Council unanimously reconnnended to
their respective governments that the Austrian
Government formed by Chancellor Leopold Figl
as a result of the mandate received in the elections
of November 25, 1945 be recognized by the states
represented on the Council. The recogniticm of
the Au.strian Government has been approved by
the President, and the United States member of
the Allied Council has been instructed to notify the
Austrian Government to this effect. The Presi-
dent has in addition sent the following telegram
to Dr. Karl Renner on the occasion of his election
to the presidency of the Austrian Republic :

"I wish to extend to you my sincere congratu-
lations on your election as President of the Aus-
trian Rei^ublic and my best wishes in your task
of completing the liberation of Austria and the
revival of an independent and democratic state.
I can assure you that the people of the United
States will wish to assist Austria in this endeavor."

The recognition of the Austrian Government by
the United States in no way affects the supreme au-
thority of the Allied Council. The Council will
continue to operate in carrying out the Allied ob-
jectives in Austria. As the Council proceeds with
its ta.sk of eliminating Nazi influences and insti-
tutions in Austria, and assisting in the reconstruc-
tion of democratic life, it is hoi)ed that a large-
scale reduction may be made in the number of oc-
cupation troops of the four states and that Austria
may progressively acquire the status of an inde-
pendent state. The United States Government also
hopes that 'an Austrian agent will arrive soon in
Washington to discuss matters of mutual interest
which clo not affect the supreme authority of the
Allied Council.

1933 Sanitary Convention

United Kingdom

The Ambassador of the Netherlands informed
the Secretary of State in a note dated November
15, 1945 that the Government of the United King-
dom deposited in the archives of the Netherlands

Government on September 10, 1945 the acceptance
of the International Sanitary Convention for ae-
rial navigation of April 12, 1933 ^ on behalf of
the British territories of Newfoundland, Basuto-
land, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland.

The Ambassador further stated in his note that,
in accordance with article (15, paragraph 2, of the
1933 convention, the acceptance shall become bind-
ing for these territories on the one hundred and
twentieth day after the day the communication
was deposited with the Netherlands Government.

United Kingdom Monetary
Agreements

Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, and Norway

The State Depiirtment has received from the
American Ambassailor at London British com-
mand papers 6694, 6681, and 6697, containing the
te.xts of monetary agreements between the United
Kingdom on the one hand and Czechoslovakia,
signed November 1, 1945, the Netherlands, signed
September 7, 1945, and Norway, signed November
8, 1945, resjiectively, on the other. Previous is-
sues of the Bulletin have described recent mone-
tary agreements between tlie United Kingdom and
Belgium, Denmark, France, and Sweden. -

As in the case of those agreements, the chief
purpose of the latest monetary treaties is to facili-
tate the reestablishment of commercial and finan-
cial relations between the United Kingdom and
other countries which were interrupted by the
war. In 1938 the seven Euroi^ean countries
named above took 17.1 percent of the United
Kingdom's total exports and supplied 16.5 percent
of that country's general imports.

The agreements with Czechoslovakia, the Neth-
erlands and Norway follow closely the general
pattern of the agreements previously concluded.
The most important undertakings are the
following :

1. Subject to the provisions mentioned in j^ara-
graph 5 below, a fixed rate of exchange is estab-
lished between the pound sterling and the cur-

' Treaty Series 901.

= Bulletin of Jan. 14, 1945; p. 66 : .\i)r. 1, 1945, p. 585 ;
June 3, 1945, p. 1016 ; Aug. 5, 1945, p. 191 ; Aug. 12, 1945,
p. 220 ; and Oct. 14, 1945, p. 563.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BVLLETIN

rency of each of the other eontnu'ting govern-
ments. This rate is not to be varied, in the case
of Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands, except
after mutnal considtation ; and in the case of Nor-
way, except after giving to the other party "as
nmch notice as may be practicable'".

2. Each of the parties to the three agreements
undertakes to furnish its own currency against
the currency of the other inirty, thus providing
the latter with what is, in effect, a line of credit
for current transactions. Net balances accumu-
lated through the operation of this provision are
linuted. in tiie case of Czechoslovakia to a maxi-
mum of 1,()()(),000 pounds sterling or 200,000,000
koruna, and in the case of the Netherlands to a
maximum of 5,000,000 pounds sterling or r>3,450,-
000 guilders. When the specified amount of the
net balance has been reached, further sales of cur-
rency are to be paid for in gold. In the Anglo-
Norwegian agreement no specific limit is placed
on the amount of currency either contracting gov-
ernment may purchase from the other.

3. The United Kingdom undertakes to permit
the use of sterling at the disposal of residents of
Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Norway, re-
spectively, for payments, not only in the United
Kingdom but in any other part of the sterling area
as well, and for transfers to other residents of those
respective countries. A corresponding commit-
ment is undertaken by Czechoslovakia, the Nether-
lands, and Norway. It is to be noted, however, that ~
the agreements are bilateral. Sterling available
to residents of Czechoslovakia, for example, can-
not be used for jiayments to residents of the Neth-
erlands. The contracting governments also agree
that "as opportunity offers" they will attempt to
make balances held by residents of the other con-
tracting government available for payments to
residents of "third" countries.

4. The contracting governments agree to "co-
operate wilh a view to assisting each other in keep-
ing capital transactions within the scope of their
respective policies and, in jtarticular, with a view
to preventing transfers between tlieir areas which
do not serve direct and useful economic or commer-
cial purposes".

5. In each case there is provision for review of
the agreement in the event that the contracting
governments should adhere to a general Interna-
tional Monetary Agreement. All the agreements
are terminable on three months" notice.

All - Hemisphere
Copyright Conference

[Released to the press by the Pau American Unionl

An inter-American conference of copyright ex-
perts, charged with drafting a permanent agree-
ment to give all intellectual works uniform protec-
tion throughout this hemisphere, will meet in
Washington beginning June 1. 194G.

The Governing Board of the Pan American
Union, at its regular monthly .session held on De-
cember 5, 1945, adopted the report of a committee
appointed to study this subject. The comnnttee
recommended that a conference of special dele-
gates from all the American republics be called to
exchange views on the present copyright system
and draw up a treaty for ratification bj' their re-
spective governments.

Legal i^rotection of authors and composers in
America is provided at present by several multi-
lateral and numerous bilateral agreements, as well
as certiiin reciprocal arrangements. The basic in-
strument is the Buenos Aires convention of 1910,
but, since only 14 countries ratified this agreement,
it does not afford over-all protection.

More important still, there are no inter-Ameri-
can treaties covering work produced in the newer
fields of radio and television. It will be the pur-
pose of the conference to provide protection for
such scripts, as well as to harmonize the principles
embodied in existing agreements which relate to
published works.

Inter-American Indian
Institute

Gmitemiila

The Mexican Ambassador informed the Secre-
tary of State in a note dated December 12, 1945
that the Republic of Guatemala has adhered to
the convention providing for the creation of. an
Inter- American Indian Institute which was open
for signature at Mexico City from Novemlier 1
to December 31, 1940.' The Guatemalan adher-
ence was communicated to the Mexican Govern-
ment in a note dated October 29. 1945 and deposited
in the Ministry of Foreign Aff'airs of Mexico on
October 30, 1945.

' Treaty Series 978.

JANUARY 20, 1946

Military Aviation Mission

^Bolivia

By an excliange of notes at AVashington, dated
November 1 and December 3, 1945, the agreement
between the United States and Bolivia for the as-
signment of a United States Military Aviatitm
Mission to Bolivia, signed at Washington Septem-
ber 4, 1941.' was renewed for four years from Sep-
tember 4, 1945.

D To rerommencl tliaiiges in the navigation laws of
the United States and in the Foreign Service regulations
as related to the functions listed under paragraph I A
above.

E To assist masters of vessels in matters relating
to entrance and clearance of vessels in foreign ports and
ports of the United States.

The Foreign Service

Air-Transport Agreement with
Czechoslovakia

Diplomatic Offices

The American Legation at Bangkok, Siam, was olE-
eiall.v opened on .January ."i. I04t).

1 Relea.sed' to the press .lamiary 11]
The Department of State announces that a bilateral
air-transport agreement has been concluded with the
Czechiisliivak (iovernment, providing for so-called Fifth
Freedom trattic privileges. The agreement became oper-
ative (in Jaiiuar.v 3., ly-lB. which was the dtite of its
signature in I'raha.

Authority is granted for the operation of an American
civil air service on a route via London and Brussels to
Praha, and extending through central Europe and the
Near Eaist to India. Czechoslovak air services are
granted reciprocal rights to operate on a route to I'raha
from New York.

The Department

Transfer of Functions Concerned with
Consular Services to Ships and Seamen

I Tr.\nsfer of Responsibiuty foe Consular Services
TO Ships AND Seamen. (Effective 11-1-45) The responsi-
bility for formulating and coordinating the work of the
Department concerned with protection abroad of seamen
and official services to shii)S by the Foreign Service of
the Ujiited States, is hereby transferred from FA. Otiice
of the Foreign .Service, to SD, Office of Transport and
Conunuriications I'olicy. This will include the following
functions :

A To provide services for the shipment, discharge,
relief, repatriation, and burial of seamen, and services to
American aircraft and crews.

B To ad.hist disputes between masters and crews of
vessels.

C To handle estates of decea.sed seamen.

' Executive Agreement Series 219'.

UNO — CoiitiiiiK (I fnnii imi/r On.

ests of tlie big and small states against aggression.
The counteiposing of the big countries witli the
small ones has nothing in common with the prin-
cij^les of the United Nations Organization, wliich
has been created in the interests of the struggle
against aggressive states and their allies and
wiiich united the })eare-loving countries, big and
.small, in order to light for peace and international
security. . . . Voices are being heard from
somewliere to the effect that the Charter has al-
ready become obsolete and needs revision. Such
allegations must be decisively rejected by all those
wlio. not merely by words but by actions, are try-
ing to build up strong and effective machinery for
the maintenance of security'."

Notable in the voting for membership on the
Security Council was Canada's withdrawal in
favor of Australia. In the voting for members
of the Economic and Social Council, New Zealand
withdrew in favor of Yugoslavia.

United Nations delegates were welcomed in a
large demonstration Thursday evening at Royal
Albert Hall, where more than 200 of the civic
heads of Great Britain greeted the delegates.
Field ilarshal Sir Hai'old Alexander presided over
the meeting, which was organized by the United
Nations Association of Grreat Britain, a private
group engaged in prcimoting understanding of the
United Nations and its principles. Speakers in-
cluded Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, Assembly Presi-
clent Paul-Henri Spaak. and Lady Megan Lloyd-
George, daughter of Britain's late AVorld War
leader.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Publications

of the DEPARTMENT OF STATE

For sale h[i the SiiiKiiiitiiulriit of Dociiiiicnts, Ouvenimcnt
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Address requests
direct to the Superintendent of Documents, except in the
ciise of free piihiieations, U'hich may he obtained from
tile Ijciiiirtiiiint of State.

Menioranduni on the Postwar Internationnl Information
Program of the United States. By Di-. Artliur W. M;ic-
malioii, Consultant on Administration in the Department
of State. Pub, 2438. xx, 13.5 pp. 3(V.

Working paper pre.senting (acts and poliev alterna-
tives confronting tlie Depai'tment of State in organiz-
ing an overseas information program for tlie future.

Anglo-American Financial and Commercial Agreements.

Commercial Policy Series SO. Pub. 2439. 12 pp. 5^.

Text of financial agreement, together with statement
by the President of tlie United States and the Prime
Minister of Great Britain and joint statements on
commercial policy and on settlement for lend-lease
. and reciprocal aid. suiplus war proiierty, and claims.

International Council of Scientific Unions: Brussels and
Cambridge. By Esther C. Brunauer, Division of Inter-
national Organization Affairs, Department of State. Pub.
2413. 12 pp. 5t

A history of the international organization of scien-
tists and scientific work from the inauguration of the
Council following World War I to the present, with
some discussion of the new interest in international
scientific collaboration and control of the application
of scientific knowledge created by the achievements
of World AVar II.

Relief and Rehabilitation — What Is Our Stake? For-
eign Affairs Outline No. ', on "Building the I'eace", Dec.
1945. Pub. 2433. 4 pp. Free.

Prepared liy the Department of State to acquaint the
American people with the problem of the hungry and
homeless women and children in Europe and Asia and
wily it is onr problem.

Certain Problems of Marine Transportation and Litiga-
tion. Agreement Between the United States of America
and Norway — Effected by exchange of notes signed at
Washington May 29, 194.5 ; effective May 29, 1945. Execu-
tive Agreement Series 471. Pub. 2403. 4 pp. 50.

Agreement for the waiver of claims by each gov-
ernment against the other with respect to vessels
and cargoes lost or damaged in marine transporta-
tion.

Health and Sanitation Program. Agreement Between
the United States of America and Jtlaiti — Effected by ex-
change of notes signed at Port-au-Prince June 29 and

.luly 12, 1944. Executive Agreement Series 4.53. Pub. 2417.

3 i)p. 5<*.

Continuation of cooperative program of pulilic health
and sanitation undertaken in Hiiiti since 1942.

Sanitary Maritime Navigation. Convention Between the
United States of America and Other Powers Jlodifying
the Convention of June 21, 192C — Signed for the United
States Jan. 5, 194.5; ratified by the I'resident May 29, 1945;
Ijroclainied by the President May 29. 191.5; effective as to
the United States May 29, 1945. Treaty Series 991.
38 pp. 100.

Modification of the 1926 convention in light of present-
day conditions which call for special measures to
prevent the spread by land and sea across frontiers of
epidemic or other communicable diseases.

Military Service. Agreement Between the T'nited States
of America and Ecuador — Effected by exchange of notes
signed at Washington Apr. 2 and 5, 1945. Executive
Agreement Series 475. Pub. 2426. 4 pp. 50.

Agreement permitting, on a reciprocal basis, nationals
of one country residing in the territory of the other
country, but who liave not declared their intentions
of becoming citizens of the latter country, to elect
to serve in the armed forceti of the coimtry of wliich
they are nationals.

Jurisdiction Over Prizes. Agreement Between the United
States of America and New Zealand — Effected by ex-
change of notes signed at Wellington Nov. 3, 1942 and
Jan. 28, 1943. Executive Agreement Series 454. Pub.
2435. 5 pp. 50.

Agreement providing reciprocal privileges to facilitate
the disposition of prizes captured during the present
war. ,

Temporary Migration of Costa Rican Agricultural Work-
ers. Agreement Between the I'nited States of America and
Costa Rica Api)ri>ving Memm-andum Agreement Signed
May 20, 1944 — Effected by exchange of notes signed at
San Jose May 29, 1944. Executive Agreement Series 451.
Pub. 2428. 16 pp. 100.

Contract for the furnishing of a supply of laborers
from Costa Rica for temporary employment in the
timber and lumber and food-processing industries in
the United States.

Cooperative Rubber Plantation Investigations. Agree-
ment Between the United States of America and Haiti —
Effected by exchange of notes signed at Port-au-Prince
D3C. 29, 1944 and Jan. 8, 1945; effective Jan. 8, 1945
Executive Agreement Series 462. Pub. 2436. 6 pp. 50.

Supplementary agreement defining more precisely
certain procedures affecting the sale of ijroducts
grown on the lands of the experiment station and
facilitating the continued development of rubber
investigations and plantings.

A cumulative list of the pulilieations of the Department
of State, from Oct. J, 1929 to Jutij 1, 19.',5 {pub. 2.373), mail
he obtained from tlie Department of State.

U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1946
PUBLISHED WITH APPROVAL OF DIRECTOR OE BUREAU OF THE BUDGET

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

msm

VOL. XIV, NO. 343

JANUARY 27, 1946

General Assembly of the United Nations

REPORT FROM LONDON

Statements by Assistant Secretary Benton on AP Action
The Significance of the British Loan

By CLAIR WILCOX

Last Remnants of National Socialist Ideology

By ASSISTANT SECRETARY BRADEN

Korea and the Far East

By JOHN CARTER VINCENT and EDWIN M. MARTIN

^^^NT o^

■^

For complete contents
see inside cover

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

BULLETIN

Vol.. XIV'No. 34S» W^Kl * Publication 2155

January 27, 1946

For Bale by the Superintendent of Dociimente

U. S. Goveminent Printing Office

Washington 25, D. C.

Subscription:

52 iBSues, $3.50; gingle copy, 10 cents

Special offer: 13 weeks for $1.00
(renewable only on yearly basis)

The Department of State BULLETiy,
a weekly publication compiled and
edited in the Division of Research and
Publication, Office of Public Affairs,
provides the public and interested
agencies of the Government with
information on developments in the
field of foreign relations and on the
work of the Department of State and
the Foreign Service. The BVLLETIN
includes press releases on foreign
policy issued by the White House and
the Department, and statements and
addresses made by the President and
by the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the functions
of the Department. Information con-
cerning treaties and international
agreements to which the United States
is or may become a party and treaties
of general international interest is
included.

Publications of the Department, cu-
mulative lists of which are published
at the end of each quarter, as well as
legislative material in the field of in ter -
na tional rela tions, are listed currently.

Contents

Page

General Assembly of the United Nations:

Address by tlie Secretary of State 87

Report From London to the Office of Public

Affairs, Department of State 89

Position of Department of State on AP Action:

Statements by Assistant Secretary Benton ... 92

Letter From Assistant Secretary Benton to Presi-
dent of Board of Directors of Associated

Press 94

The Significance of the British Loan. By Clair

Wilcox 96

Last Remnants of National Socialist Ideology. By

Assistant Secretary Braden 101

Korea and the Far East. Radio Broadcast . . . 104
American and Soviet Commands in Korea Plan Ad-
ministrative Coordination Ill

French Government To Take Part in Conference on

Peace Treaties 112

Policy on Japanese Mandated Islands 113

Military Missions to Control Council in Berlin . . 113
Reparation From Germany: Final Act and Annex

of the Paris Conference on Reparation .... 114
Ten Soutli American Republics Being Linked by

Pan American Highway 125

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings 127

Activities and Developments:

Far Eastern Commission 127

Providing for the Furnishing of Information and Assistance
to the Joint Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on
Jewish Problems in Palestine and Europe 127

The Record of the Week

American Group To Observe Elections in Greece 129

Expansion of Food and Livestock Products in Caribbean

Area 130

Tran.sfer of Japanese Property 131

Assistance for American Correspondents Reporting UNRRA

Activities Abroad 131

Contributions to I'NRRA 131

Revocation of the Proclamation Suspending the International

Load Lines Convention in Ports and Waters of the

United States 132

Letters of Credence: Minister of Hungary 132

The FoREKiN Service

Consular Offices 132

Publications

Agriculture in the'Americas 124

•„. S. SUPERINTENDEfn Of IXjCUfcicnIi

MAR 19 1946

General Assembly of the United Nations

Address by THE SECRETARY OF STATE ^

WK HAVE MET liei'e todiiy to consider the report
of the Preparatory Commission. This report
is the result of painstaking and devoted Uibor by
the delegates on the Executive Committee and the
Preparatory Commission.

This preparatory work has made it possible for
the United Nations to begin its work at the very
start of the first year of peace after six successive
years of devastating war and less than five months
after the surrender of Japan.

For this prompt beginning, the world owes an
innneasurable debt to many who are not here today.
We are particularly indebted to Fianklin Delano
Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin.

It was they who four years ago tliis month at
one of the darkest moments of the war joined with
their Allies to proclaim the United Nations Dec-
laration. Even as they exerted every effort to mo-
bilize and unite at that late and critical moment
the forces of freedom for survival, they knew that
military survival, military victory, was not enough.

The vision of those nations large and small which
joined in the United Nations Declaration was not
restricted to a wartime alliance. Their determina-
tion was to bind together in peace the free nations
of the world so that never again would they find
themselves isolated in the face of tyranny and ag-
gression. Their resolve was to see that military
victory was not a mere armistice to allow time for
aggressoi- nations to choose their victims and
enslave them one by one.

The purpose of these nations which united in
tiie defense of their freedom was not to escape but
to face the realities of the world in which we live.
They recognized as the peace-loving nations failed
to recognize after the last war that in this modern
world nations, like individuals, cannot live with
themselves alone.

They realized the lives and treasure which might
ha\-e been saved if the free nations of the world had
heeded in time the practical idealism of Woodrow
Wilson, Lord Robert Cecil, Aristide Briand, and
Maxim Litvinov.

They realized the lives and the treasure which
might have been saved if the free nations of the
world had united to preserve the peace before the
peace of any of them was broken instead of wait-
ing until aggression had engulfed the whole world
in flames and compelled them to unite or perish.

So the nations which were compelled to unite
in a war for survival resolved eA^en before victory
was attained that they would take stejis to pre-
serve a free and a united world. They resolved
to keep faith with the millions who were fighting
and dying to give the world the chance which it
so tragically missed after the first World War.

At Moscow in 1943, a start was made by Mr.
Hull, Mr. Molotov, and Mr. Eden. On that oc-
casion a pledge was undertaken by the United
States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union,
in which China joined, to work for the creation of
an effective international organization. Then
came the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, the Yalta de-
cision to call the San Francisco conference, and
finally the United Nations Charter, which 51
nations joined in writing.

The Charter is now part of the law of nations.
It has been ratified by all the countries which are
represented here. The i^re^Daratory work has been
completed. The Assembly of the United Nations
is no longer a j^lan on paper. It is a living reality —
the representatives are here in this hall. The Se-
curity Council and the Economic and Social
Council have been elected.

The functioning of the United Nations will de-
pend not merely upon the woi'ds of its Charter
or the rules or jjrocedures we adopt here or upon
the individuals we elect to hold office. It will
depend upon the support it receives from the gov-
ernments and the peoples of the nations which
have created it and which must sustain it.

If the United Nations lives in the minds and
the hearts of our peoples, it will be able to adapt

' Delivered on .Jan. 14, 1945 in London before the Gen-
eral Assembly and released to the press on the same date.
The Secretary of State is the chief representative of the
United States to the General Assembly.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

itself to the changing needs of a changing world,
and it will endure. If it lacks broad popular
support, no charter iiowever jaerfect will save it.

I believe tlie United Nations will live. I be-
lieve it because it springs from the imjjelling
necessities of the age in which we live. It has been
born out of the indescribable pain and suffering of
many peoples in many lands.

It must live because in this atomic age the com-
mon interests which should unite free nations in
maintaining a friendly peaceful world far out-
weigh any possible conflict in interest which might
divide them.

The United Nations does not threaten any peo-
ple. It comes into conflict with no real or vital
interest of any of its members.

It is not interest, it is fear and suspicion which
in turn breed fear and suspicion that cast a shadow
upon the path of peace.

As the late President Roosevelt said, "We have
nothing to fear but fear itself. We must dedicate
ourselves to the task of exposing and eliminating
blind and unreasoning fears and the unnecessary
difficulties which they create.

Nothing can help dispel fear and suspicion so
much as cooperation in common tasks and common
problems. The opportunities afforded for work-
ing together within the United Nations can help
to break down habits of thinking in national iso-
lation and go far to bring about understanding
and tolerance.

The United Nations is not a mere pact among
its members — it is an institution or a series of
institutions capable of life and growth.

Let us use the institutions that we have created
to help one another rebuild a shattered world in
which there can be real security. Let us not be
unduly concerned about possible shortcomings of
the Charter before we have even tried to operate
under it.

No charter that must be acceptable to all of us
can be regarded as perfect by any one of us. But
it is a great tribute to the framers of the Chai'ter
that it has been accepted by all the United Nations
large and small.

It is argued that the great states may abuse the
rights given them under the Charter. There are
risks in any Imman undertaking. But I have
confidence that the great states will respect their
obligations. As President Truman stated in his
opening address at the San Francisco conference :

"While these great .states have a special respon-
sibility to enforce the peace, their responsibility
is based upon the obligations resting upon all
states, large and small, not to use force in inter-
national relations except in the defense of law.
The responsibility of great states is to serve and
not to dominate the world."

Great states as well as small states must come
to view their power as a sacred trust to be exer-
cised not for selfish purposes but for the good of
all peoj^les.

If the United Nations becomes a working insti-
tution with broad popular support devoted to the
development of peace, security, and human well-
being, whatever defects there may be in its lettered
provisions will not be beyond practical remedy.
Institutions that come to live in the minds and
the hearts of the people somehow manage to meet
every crisis.

But I offer a word of warning. Let us not ex-
pect feats of magic overnight from the institu-
tions we have created. Let us beware of the die-
hard enthusiasts as well as the die-hard
unbelievers. Let us not think that we can give
over any and every problem to the United Nations
and expect it to be solved. Let us avoid casting
excessive burdens upon the institutions of the
United Nations especially in their infancy.

I recall to you the clear {provisions of the Char-
ter which obligate member nations to make every
effort to settle their disputes by peaceful means of
their own choice before calling upon the United
Nations to intervene. The primary responsi-
bility of the United Nations is to build a lasting
system of peace and security capable of meeting
the stresses and strains of the future and to pro-
mote through more effective international cooper-
ation the economic and social well-being of the
peoples of the world.

In the months ahead we must concenti-ate upon
these tasks. We have first to provide the Security
Council with the force it needs to maintain peace.
This must be done by special agreements which
remain to be worked out between the Security
Council and the member states. We should begin
upon this task immediately.

We have another task of transcending impor-
tance. The establislmient of a commission to deal
with the problems raised by the discovery of
atomic energy is inseparably linked with the prob-
lem of security. It is a matter of primary con-

JANUARY 21, 1946

cerii to all nations. We must not fail to devise the
safeguards necessary to insure that this great dis-
covery is used for human welfare and not for
more deadly human warfare.

I hope that this Assembly will approve promptly
the resolution proposed by my Government in asso-
ciation with the United Kingdom, the Soviet
Union, China, France, and Canada so that this
commission may begin its work without delay.

The United Nations must be a cooiDerative effort
upon the part of all peace-loving nations. Our

fighting-men have given us this opportunity. A
great res23onsibility now i-ests upon all of us.
Upon the meeting of that responsibility depends
the future of civilized humanity.

Twenty-five years ago we in the United States
were not fully aware of our responsibility. But,
with others, we have learned from experience.
This time both the United States and its people
are deeply conscious of their responsibility. This
time on their behalf I pledge full and whole-
hearted cooperation.

REPORT FROM LONDON TO THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS,
DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Loxnox, Jmi. 25. — Forceful machinery aimed
at controlling the potential war menace of atomic
energy, unknown to the world when the interna-
tional Charter was drafted at San Francisco, has
been added to the oi)erational arsenal of the
United Nations.

The General Assembly took unanimous action
to establish a commission to deal with the prob-
lems raised by the discovery of atomic energy as
it advanced on schedule into the third week of the
London meeting. Ahead of the Assembly, how-
ever, remain other vital organizational tasks, in-
cluding selection of judges to the International
Court of Justice, transfer of League of Nations
assets and functions, and preparation of the
L'niteil Nations budget, as well as selection of a
Secretary-General and a site for the permanent
United Nations headquarters. These nuist be
completed before the delegates can return home.

Atomic- Energy Proposal Almost Unopposed

Regarded as a potential stumbling block, the res-
olution setting up the Atomic Energy Conunission
met with little opposition during Committee and
Assembly discussion. Certain countries said they
would have preferred a different method of han-
dling the problem and a different membership
make-up of the Commission, but "none of these
views was pressed to the point of opposing the
resolution," the Committee reported to the Gen-
eral Assembly.

Pedro Lopez, Philippines Delegate, pointed out
to the Assembly that members of the Commission
are almost the same as those on the Security Coun-
cil. Some delegates seemed to react favorably to
Mr. Lopez' criticism, but none supported his

stand. The Atomic Energy Commission will
submit its report and reconnnendations to the Se-
curity Council, and on matters affecting security
it will be responsible to the Security Council. The
Council was established under the principle agreed
upon at San Francisco — that peace must be main-
tained by those countries with the best equipment
for maintaining it.

At the plenary session which adopted the reso-
lution. United States Secretary of State Byrnes
urged the Assembly to ''see that the world ceases
to be an armed camp". He added : "The problems
presented by the discovery of atomic energy and of
other forces capable of mass destruction cannot be
solved by any one nation. They are the common
responsibility of all nations, and each of us must
do our part in meeting them."'

"The First Important Act"

Audrey Vyshinsky, Soviet Vice Commissar for
Foreign Affairs, in his first statement to the As-
sembly since his arrival in London two days be-
fore, stressed the significance of setting up such a
commission. "This is the first important act of
the joint efforts of the United Nations to secure
peace and security in the world. Let this noble
work achieve a true and complete success."

J. Paul-Boncour, French Delegate, also voiced
support for the j^roposal and expressed the wish
"that this commission meet on the territory of the
American continent, whei'e the first utilization of
atomic energy was applied to end the last World
War and which has entrusted this power to the
United Nations".

The new Commission, composed of members of
the Security Council and Canada, has to "proceed

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

with the utmost dispatch and inquire into all
phases of the problem and make such recommen-
dations from time to time with respect to them as
it finds possible".

The Commission will make specific proposals:
(a ) for extending between all nations the exchange
of basic scientific information for peaceful ends;
(h) for control of atomic energy to the extent nec-
essary to insure its use only for peaceful purposes;
(c) for the elimination from national armaments
of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons
adaptable to mass destruction; (d) for effective
safeguards by way of inspection and other means
to protect complying states against the hazards of
violations and evasions.

Delegates agreed that the setting up of this
Commission as the first official act of the United
Nations General Assembly was a good augury for
the new Organization, entering upon its tasks on
the verge of the Atomic Age.

Another link in the operational chain was
forged by the Assembly during its second full
week of activity with the completion of the Eco-
nomic and Social Council's organization.

The Council adopted its provisional rules of
procedure and agenda at this first meeting, and
elected President, by acclamation, Sir Ramaswanii
Mudaliar of India. Vice Presidents, also elected
by acclamation, are Dr. Andriia Stampar of Yu-
goslavia, and Dr. Carlos Lleras-Restrepo of Co-
lombia.

Group Representatives Hear Trusteeship
Explained

In Church House, Westminster, where commit-
tees and subcommittees have been ironing out pro-
cedural kinks, representatives of private organiza-
tions met for the second in a series of informative
meetings and were given a detailed and authori-
tative picture of the United Nations trusteeship
procedure.

Ivan Kerno, alternate Czechoslovak Delegate
and rapporteur of the important Trusteeship
Committee, warned against confusing this Com-
mittee, now engaged in setting up the trusteeship
system, with the Trusteeship Council, which has
not yet been formed.

Dr. Kerno, a victim of five years of Nazi occu-
2)ation in Czechoslovakia and France, traced the
development of international trusteeship from its
beginnings in the League of Nations with its three
different types of "mandates".

One of the thorniest problems facing his com-
mittee, Dr. Kerno admitted, was the exact defini-
tion of the "directly interested states" with whom
the nations acting as trustees would have to com-
plete trusteeship agreements. It has not yet been
decided, he explained, whether these interested
states would be the five large powers, those ethni-
cally concerned (such as the Arab states) , or those
bordering the trusteeship area. Another impor-
tant decision would be the naming of the strategic
trusteeships by the Security Council, Dr. Kerno
added.

Among the organizations represented at Thurs-
day's meeting were the International Council of
Women ; AVomen's Pacific Institute ; U.S. Veterans
of Foreign Wars; United Nations Association of
the U.S.; American Jewish Committee; United
Nations Association of Great Britain; Commis-
sion on World Peace of the Methodist Church;
National Peace Council; St. Joan's Association
and Joint Alliance; World Jewish Conference;
B'Nai B'Rith; Salvation Army; National Associa-
tion of Business and Professional Women; Com-
mittee on Women in World Affairs; General
Federation of Women's Clubs; World Govern-
ment Association; Pan-Pacific Women's Associa-
tion; International Council of Women; and
Church Peace Union.

Security Council Faces Problems

Three impoi'tant political prolilems, apart from
the scheduled organizational planning of the As-
sembly, arose during the week. These, which
presented the Security Council with the first sub-
stantive matters to come before the United Na-
tions, were concerned with the "situations" in
Iran, Java, and Greece.

Iran's request for an investigation into the al-
leged Soviet interference in Iranian internal af-
faii's was the first to come up before the Security
Council. Shortly after, the Soviet and Ukrainian
Delegates presented similar notes requesting in-
vestigations into the presence of British forces in
Greece ahd Indonesia.

There was a diffei-ence of opinion as to whether
or not such substantive matters should be acted
upon at this first session, one which was scheduled
to deal basically with oi-ganizational problems.

The United States Delegation's position on this
was outlined by Secretary of State Byrnes in a
press conference when he said :

JANUARY 27, 1946

"AVIienever one of the states complains against
another state to the Security Council, it must be
assumed that the complaining state believes an
emergency exists for its justification, and it is my
belief that whenever that is done the states in-
volved must be given a hearing, and the quicker
it is given tlie better for the Organization."

Some observers felt that action on these prob-
lems would go far in strengthening public opinion
in favor of the United Nations. Others believed
that it was too early to test the new Organization.

Another important decision which the Security
Council must make is the selection of a candidate
for Secretary-General. The Council's permanent
members have to agree unanimously on the nom-
inee. At several informal meetings held thus far,
they did not reach unanimity and discussions were
to continue over the weekend. Lester Pearson,
Canadian Ambassador in Washington, is strongly
backed for the post. Others frequently mentioned
are Trygve Lie, Norwegian Minister for Foreign
Affairs, Wincenty Rzymowski, Polish Foreign
Minister, Dr. E. N. van Kleffens, Netherlands
Foreign Minister, and Stanoje Siniic, Yugoslav
Ambassador in Washington.

Because of the projected location of the United
Nations headquarters in the United States, there is
some sentiment that someone from a small Euro-
pean nation should be selected as Secretary-Gen-
eral. Also entering into consideration of candi-
dates is the sentiment that no one from any of the
five large powers should be selected.

Still to be decided is the actual site of the United
Nations headquarters in the United States. The
six-man committee inspecting possible locations is
scheduled to return to London and report on its
findings early in February. This connnittee may
suggest several alternate locations in the New
York or Boston ai'eas for General Assembly con-
sideration rather than one specific recommenda-
tion. Also to be selected are interim buildings
where headquarters can be maintained until new
buildings at the permanent site have b^en con-
structed.

Transfer of League Assets

Transfer of League of Nations assets and func-
tions is continually being discussed both by indi-
vidual and joint committees representing the
United Nations and the League of Nations. These
talks have been making exceptionally good prog-

ress. The General Assembly will have to ap-
prove, for the United Nations, what these commit-
tees decide. The League of Nations will probably
meet sometime in April to ratify these decisions on
behalf of the League.

Included in discussions are such functional mat-
ters as the transfer of several hundred treaties —
made between the various nations and the
League — ascribing to the League juridical func-
tions, appointments of special investigative com-
mittees, appointment of arbiters in special dis-
putes, anti-narcotic treaties, and other similar
work.

The League's 15-million-dollar buildings and
records at Geneva, as well as a sizeable amount in
the League treasury, will probably be turned over
to the United Nations who will have to decide
what their disposition will be. C. J. Hambro,
Norwegian Delegate to the United Nations Assem-
bly, is also repi'esenting the League in these dis-
cussions.

Judges of the International Court of Justice
still have to be elected, although the decision has
been made that the Court will be located at The
Hague. Nominations for these posts are being
made regularly, and it will be one of the Assem-
bly's most important tasks to discuss these nomi-
nations and ballot on them in the ensuing weeks.

United Nations Budget

One of the final, but certainly highly important,
items on the agenda still to be acted on by the
Assembly is the operating budget for the United
Nations. Preparatory Commission pi'ovisional
I'ules say, however, that when the Secretary-Gen-
eral is appointed he will suT)mit a provisional
budget for the approval of the Assembly. Mean-
while the Assembly, and previous work done by
the Preparatory Commission, is being financed by
the United Kingdom, which will be reimbursed
from subsequent national contributions. To tide
the Organization over during the interim period,
between this Assembly and the time the final
budget is approved, is a "working capital fund"
made up from contributions by the various mem-
ber nations under a foiniula used by the Food and
Agriculture Organization.

The General (Steering) Committee still has
under discussion the requests of the World Fed-
(Continued on page 126}

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Position of Department of State on AP Action

STATEMENTS BY ASSISTANT SECRETARY BENTON ^

I consider wliolly unwarranted the fears ex-
pressed by tlie board of directors of the Associated
Press ''tliat Government cannot engage in news-
casting witliout creating the fear of propaganda
wliicli necessarily would reflect upon the ob-
jectivity of the news services from which such
newscasts are jirepared".

The Associated Press, the United Press, and the
International News Service have been furnishing
news to the United States (Tovernment for its
short-wave broadcasts overseas to the peoples of
other countries. I regret that the directors of the
Associated Press have decided to discontinue their
share of this service. They were asked to continue
this service until such time as the Congress decided
what should be the policy of this Government with
regard to the permanent short-wave-broadcasting
program, whether it sliould be in private hands or
under Government control. It is clear that such
broadcasting nuist be continued.

It is the fixed policy of the State Department to
advance tlie cause of press freedom everywhere.
Nothing in the international information pro-
gram of the Government, past or planned, contra-
venes this basic principle. I am proud of the
objectivity maintained by our interinitional
broadcasts. One of the purjDOses of short-wave
newscasting is to get reliable and objective Ameri-
can news into vast areas of the world where no
other news from America can penetrate. I can
only conclude that the directors of the Associated
Press were not fully informed about tlie program.

Yesterday's statement of Robert McLean, Presi-
dent of the Associated Press, recognizes the areas
"where the aftermath of war has created special
problems". This gives me hope that the Board of
Directors of the Associated Press, when it reviews
the evidence we can present on the vital importance
of present short-wave broadcasting into such
areas, will permit the AP service to continue for
such voice broadcasting.

'Released to the press Jan. 14 nnd Jan. IS.

I like to believe that the present decision of the
AP Board was affected by a general misunder-
standing of the actual informational activities
now proposed under my direction in the Depart-
ment of State. There are three different types of
activities which might be termed "newscasting":

1. During the war the Office of War Informa-
tion sent to its outposts abroad a cable and wire-
less newsfile prepared from items carried by the
three major American news services, which ap-
proximated 100,000 words daily. This service has
now been discontinued everywhere in the world
except for Germany, Austria, and Japan. M'here it
is now being wound up as the jjrivate agencies
take over, and for Shanghai, Manila, Singapore,
Saigon, and Bangkok. In these five latter spots
the daily word file has been reckiced from 100,000
words to 24,000. Further, this is now background
news rather than spot news. This .service is being
continued only because in these areas American
private news agencies have not yet begun to oper-
ate. It will be wholly discontinued as soon as
possible.

I have discovered that, in this first type of activ-
ity, there appears to be wide-spread misconception
of the policy of the Government. Let me restate
that policy : It is that the Government, through
the instrumentality of the Department of State, do
everything within its power to break down the
artificial barriers to the expansion abroad of pri-
vate American news agencies. It is to promote
such expansion and not to compete with it. That
effort goes forward and will continue to go
forward.

2. The radio bulletin of the Department of State
is the second newscasting activity. This bulletin
sends daily to our embassies and missions abroad
significant editorial opinion bearing on the foreign
policy of this Government, texts oi important Gov-
ernment documents, full or excerpted texts of
speeches by high-ranking Government officials, re-
ports of congressional action, and other Govern-
ment documentary material important to our mis-

JANUARY 27, 1946

sions. Such material is not normally covered by
private news agencies. This bulletin has been a
regular function of the Department of State since
1935. The only material carried in the bulletin
dei-ived from private news sources is a section,
averaging about four or five paragraphs, entitled
"Miscellaneous Press". This material is prepared
from paid-for wire services and from articles ap-
pearing in the metropolitan press. Such material
is for the personal information of those who re-
ceive it. It is not competitive to the wire services
and is not for i:)ublication.

3. Short-wave-radio voice broadcasts is the third
category. The vital importance of these was dis-
cussed in my letter to Mr. McLean. If such broad-
casts are to present a well-rounded picture of the
American scene it is obvious that the service of the
major American news services nuist be available in
their preparation. I must state in all candor that
it is inconceivable to me for a national of a Balkan
or any other country to be able to listen to the
Russian radio and the British Broadcasting Cor-
poration aliout developments throughout the world,
prepared from material furnished by an American
news agency, and yet listen to an American short-
wave broadcast from which the same source of
news is withheld.

From the foregoing brief analysis I can only
conclude that the action of the Board of Directors
of the Associated Press was taken under a misap-
I^rehension of our proposed operation.

Moreover I feel compelled to draw attention to
Mr. McLean's statement of yesterday that "rep-
resentatives of the Department"' at my request "had
discussed proposals with the top executive staff of
the Associated Press and with the Board of Direc-
tors at its special meeting last November".

Col. Noel Macy, a publisher and editor of news-
papers with 20 years' experience, and acting head
of the Department's Overseas Press and Publica-
tions Division, has furnished me a memorandum
on this. He states that he and Ralph McGill, editor
of the Atlanta Constitution, called on Mr. Kent
Cooper and Mr. Lloyd Stratton early in November
1945. The meeting lasted about a half-hour. At
the meeting it was suggested by Mr. Cooper, and
not by the Department of State, that Colonel Macy
and Mr. McGill appear at a Board meeting, already
scheduled and not a special meeting for this pur-
pose, to be held some two weeks later.

Mr. McGill being unable to attend, Colonel Macy

680860 — 46 2

attended the Board meeting alone. Colonel Macy's
interview with the Board lasted no moi-e than 25
minutes. Much of the discussion centered on the
needs of the Department for a wire service to Ger-
many and to Japan. At this meeting it was agreed
that there was no continuing need for the service
to Japan since the Japanese news agency, as well
as many Japanese papers, were to receive AP re-
ports directly. Possibly some 10 niinutes of the
discussion was devoted to newscasts. Colonel Macy
pointed out that voice newscasts were mostly in
foreign languages and included languages aimed
at such places as the Balkans and southeast Asia
where no other news from America penetrated.

Colonel Macy's memorandum continues :

"After the meeting Mr. Stratton wrote a letter in
which he said that the Board had decided that their
service would not be made available anywhere in
the United States but that it would be available for
those areas where the AP did not penetrate but only
at those points nearest to such places. I called Mr.
Stratton on the phone and pointed out that avail-
ability in Paris or Rome would be of no use since
the personnel preparing these broadcasts as well as
the transmitters used were entirely in this country.
Mr. Stratton said the Board had thought that we
were still broadcasting from London and that in
view of my report we could discuss it further.

"Subseqviently I wrote Mr. Stratton outlining
the request of the Department, namely, (1) the
German newsfile until the Paris operation was set
up and underway to take its place, (2) the south-
east-Asia file until that situation had clarified (as
to how much news was getting in through private
agencies), and (3) voice broadcasting abroad,
pointing out that all such broadcasting was done
from this country and that it would be impossible
to use AP news on some language programs and
not on others, since they all came off one file. My
letter also offered to come to New York and dis-
cuss the matter further either with him or at a
Board meeting. Mr. Stratton said that the letter
completely covered the matter and nothing further
was needed. In this letter I added a postscript
offering to pay for the service.

"Nothing more was heard until Mr. Stratton
called on the telephone and gave the AP Board's
resolution, announced publicly last IMonday".

I think the foregoing quotation from Colonel
Macy bears out my statement that the AP action
was arbitrai-y and without full knowledge of the
facts.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

LETTER FROM ASSISTANT SECRETARY BENTON TO PRESIDENT OF BOARD OF
DIRECTORS OF ASSOCIATED PRESS ^

Jaimitry 1(>, 19 W.
Dear Mr. McLean :

I am addressing you in your capacity as Presi-
dent of the Board of Directors of the Associated
Press. I am also addressing your fellow-members
of the Board, to whom I am sending a copy of this
letier. I am further releasing this lettei' to the
press because the American people have a vital
interest in the issues involved in the AP public
statement of Monday, the 1-ith. announcing your
arbitrary decision to discontinue AP service to the
Government's international shortwave broadcast-
ing. This decision by your Board creates an
obstacle to the conduct of American foreign policy.

T^e arrangement entered into by the Office of
War Information and the OIAA with the Asso-
ciated Press was, I recognize, a temporary wartime
measure. At the time the arrangement was made
it was not possible to forecast the nature of the
crises that would follow in the wake of war; or
to appraise the volume of misinformation about
America that would exist in many areas of the
world — partly the result of Axis propaganda ; or
to foresee that shortwave broadcasting would
prove, in the aftermath of w^ar, to be an indispen-
sable medium for transmitting news to otherwise
blacked-out areas. Such responsibility iav post-
war foresight was not the job of the war agencies.

In the adjustment toward peace the Government
has enormously curtailed the volume of its over-
seas information work. However, certain aspects
will be recommended by the Department of State
to Congress for continuation. Among these is
shortwave broadcasting; this is deemed essential
to the vital interests of the American people.

The decision of the AP to discontinue its service
is based on assumptions regarding the Govern-
ment's newscasting for which there appear to be
no foundation in fact; and the action was taken
without an effort by your Board to examine the
facts. No member of your Board or top executive
staff has talked to me or given me an opportunity
to review government policy with you. There has
been no opportunity offered me to hear specific
criticisms by members of the AP, which, if they
had turned out to be justified, might have resulted
in improvements in our operating practices with-
out cancellation of the AP service. So far as I

' Released to the press Jan. 17.

know none of the AP directors has ever heard one
of our programs or read one of our scripts.

llow the National Interest Is Involved

It is critically important that the peoples of
other nations undeistand the aims and policies of
the United States, and the background of those
aims and jjolicies as they spring from our national
life. President Truman has declared that "the
nature of present day foreign relations makes it
essential for the United States to maintain in-
formational activities abroad as an integral part
of the conduct of our foreign policy."

The evidence is overwhelming that in many
parts of the world the aims and i^olicies of the
United States are not understood, or are mis-
understood. In times such as the present — and I
must remind you that while we are not at war we
are not yet at peace- — misunderstanding among
I^eojiles can prevent the advent of peace and indeed
can set the stage for new conflicts.

There are many areas of the world where news
from America, by Americans, can penetrate only
by shortwave radio. This is true, for examjale, in
several of the Balkan countries, in much of the
Near East, in parts of Southeast Asia, and in
Russia. By depriving our shoi'twave broadcast-
ing of AP news, it seems clear to me that your
decision will contribute to the misunderstanding
of America abi-oad. To the extent that it does,
it jeopardizes American interests, American se-
curity and the cause of peace itself.

The AP is thus taking upon itself the responsi-
bility for judging and hamstringing the govern-
ment's shortwave broadcasting. It is also im-
pugning the objectivity of news agencies that
continue to provide news for this broadcasting.
This reflection upon the United Press and Inter-
national News Service I regard as grossly unfair
and unwarranted. They are now under the
charge of the AP Board that, by continuing to
serve the public interest, they are reflecting upon
their own objectivity. They must be both coura-
geous and patriotic if they do not now also, in the
face of such a charge by the oldest and biggest of
the American press services, feel forced to con-
sider withdrawing their services.

Fear of Government Propaganda

The AP alleges that "government cannot engage
in newscasting without creating the fear of propa-

JAIWARY 27, 1946

ganda'' and tliat this would "reflect uiJoii the ob-
jectivity of tlie news services from wliicli sucli
newscasts are jjrepared". This is a clear imputa-
tion that the government is not transmitting im-
partially and objectively the news it receives from
the press associations; and that the people, the
Congress and the press of this country cannot be
trusted to police the Government's broadcasting
for the purpose of preserving its integrity. The
fact is that there is today constant pressure from
all sides on U.S. Government broadcasting to keep
it objective and impartial. The private press and
broadcasters of America, fortiuiately for them and
for the country, do not have to prove their objec-
tivity by passing before Congress for an annual
review of their policies and budget.

We are now transmitting 66 program-hours a
day, in 21 languages, over 36 shortwave trans-
mitters in the United States and over relay sta-
tions in Algiers, Germany, London, Saipan, Hono-
lulu and Manila. In the four months during
which I have been responsible for this broadcast-
ing I have not heard a single complaint about the
objectivity of the news transmitted. The only
complaint I have heard is from our diplomatic
missions abroad, and from travellers returning
from abroad, who report that there is not enough
news going to countries such as the Balkans, which
are starved for American news and can get it in
no other way.
The Role and Responsibility of the Government

We had asked that the AP continue this service.
During the next year, I hope. Congress will decide
whether shortwave broadcasting abroad should
continue to be a government function or whether
it should be a private function, or some combina-
tion of the two. It is clear that the international
broadcasting job must be done. I should person-
ally be hajDpy if the AP, in concert with other pri-
vate wire services and with private broadcasters,
offered to take over the entire operation and bear
the deficit, which will average from six to ten mil-
lion dollars a year if the job is done adequately.

I do not need to remind you that the Department
of State is pressing for news freedom everywhere
and that it is consistently fighting for freer access
to news by private news agencies and for faster,
cheaper transmission of news. A notable example
of the operation of this policy was the recent Bei'-
muda Conference. I have personally taken re-
sponsibility in the last three months for sponsoring
the allocation of additional radio frequencies to

Press Wireless, and I have been active in many
other directions in the interests of the wire services
and the American press.

Mr. Elmer Davis, in his broadcast the day after
your public statement, said, "Whether or not for-
eigners suspected the State Department of propa-
ganda before this, they will certainly suspect it
now." Mr. Davis reports that the British Broad-
casting Company and Tass, the Russian Govern-
ment news agency, get the full service of the AP
and he points out that "The AP so far has never
been afraid that its objectivity would come into
doubt because of this connection .... They
give the Russians the benefit of the doubt which
they refuse to give to the Government of their own
country."

Because of the serious nature of your charges
I ask you, in the public interest, to expose your
Board of Dii-ectors and members to the facts. I
urge upon you a full investigation conducted with
the objectivity you seek. I shoidd like to suggest
that such an investigation be put in the hands of
Mr. Wilbur Forrest, Assistant Editor of the New
York IlemJd Tribune, Mr. Ralph McGill, Editor
(if the Atlanta Constitution, and Mr. Carl Acker-
man, Dean of the School of Journalism of Colum-
bia University. These three men traveled around
the world last year as the "World Freedom of In-
formation Committee" officially representing the
American Society of Newspaper Editors. On
their return they issued a 40,000 word report.
They have background which it would take the
members of your Board much traveling and many
months to acquire. However, if these representa-
tives of the American Society of NewsjDaper Edi-
tors are unsatisfactory as investigators to your
Board of Directors, I would be perfectly happy to
have you appoint any group of publishers or any
editors in whom you have confidence to make such
a study and such a survey for the benefit of the
State Department, the Congress, your own mem-
bership and the people of the country.

My confident expectation is that such a study
will demonstrate that there is no conflict between
the interests of the AP, as judged by your Board,
and the national interest as I have outlined it.
Very sincerely yours,

William Benton
Assistant Secretary of State

Mr. Robert McLean,
Philadelphia Bidletin,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

The Significance of the British Loan

By CLAIR WILCOX'

TODAY MANY A THOUGHTFUL MAN. eveil ill rich
America, is looking toward the future witli
profound misgivinfis. Nor is it surprising that
this is so. We live in troubled times. We have
just emerged from the most terrible war in history.
Great cities lie in ruins. Whole populations have
been uprooted. jNIillioiis of homeless men, women,
and children are facing death through slow starva-
tion. Nations around the world are torn by civil
strife. New and disturbing i)atterns of organiza-
tion are appearing on the scene. The task of re-
building a stable world order appears to be im-
possibly ditKcult. And now, more in horror than
in pride, we find ourselves jDossessed of the power
to destroy civilization itself. Many of us are
fearful that our wisdom may not be equal to our
strength. We are uncertain of the future, and,
because we are uncertain, we are apprehensive.

Now apprehension has its values. It may well
strengthen our fundamental motivation, force us
squarely to face our problems, and lead us to re-
double our etforts to set the world aright. But it
also has its dangers. If we permit our fears to
harden into pessimism, we shall resign ourselves
to an unhappy fate.

I sometimes think that the prevailing mood has
tended to obscure the very great progress that has
already been made toward the reconstruction of a
peaceful world. And that progress has been
great. Just call the roll. The United Nations
Organization has been established; the General
Assembly has met; the Security Council and the
Economic and Social Council have already been
set up. And this time the United States is not a
sisectator; it is an active participant. The United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
is caring for millions of the needy victims of war-
fare, and our Congress has doubled our initial
contribution to its work. The Food and Agricul-
ture Organization, dedicated to the improvement
of standards of nutrition tJiroughout the world,
has established itself and held its first meeting.

'Address delivered before the City Club of Cleveland.
Ohio, on Jan. 10 and released to the jiress on the same
date. Mr. Wilcox is Director of the Office of International
Trade Policy, Deiiartnient of State.

Thirty-five nations have ratified the articles of
agreement of the International Monetary Fund
and the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development, and these institutions will
therefore be in operation within the next few
months. Steps have been taken to set up a United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization and an International Civil Aviation
Organization. Our Congress has increased the
foreign lending power of the Export-Import Bank.
It has increased the authority of the President to
reduce tariffs under the provisions of the Trade
Agreements Act. Our line of policy is clear. We
;ire cooperating fully — more than that, we ai'e tak-
ing the lead — in developing the programs and
organizing the institutions through which the
nations can work together, side by side, to recon-
struct a shattered world. For so much in the way
of concrete achievement, in so short a time, there is
no precedent in history. Much has been done;
much remains to be done.

World organization for security is essential ; but
if it is to succeed it must rest upon continuous in-
ternational cooperation in economic affairs. The
stabilizatioii of currencies and the provision of
credits are necessary and desirable ; but if they are
to accomplish their purposes, they must rest, in
turn, upon measures which would remove the bar-
riers that now obstruct the movement of world
trade. We cannot long continue to lend money
unless we are prepared to give debtors an oppor-
tunity to repay their debts. If political and
economic order are to be rebuilt, we must provide,
in our trade program, the solid foundation upon
which the superstructure of international coopera-
tion is to stand.

This is the purpose of the American Proposals
for Expansion of World Trade and Employ-
ment which our Government published on Decem-
ber (), 194.5, and submitted tV)r consideration to the
American jjeople and to other governments of the
world. These proposals are based upon the convic-
tion that human energies can best be directed to-
ward the improvement of standards of living if the
world, instead of regimenting its trade, will seek to
restore the greatest possible measure of economic

JANUARY 27, 1946

freedom. They are designed to reverse the pre-war
trend toward economic isolationism and to resist
the present tendency to fasten the pattern of war-
time controls upon a world at peace. Their provi-
sions may be outlined in a few words.
AYe have proposed :

1. That a common code be adopted to govern
the regulation of commerce by the nations of the
world.

2. That tariffs be substantially reduced and that
preferences l^e eliminated.

o. That (juantitative restrictions — quotas and
embargoes — be limited to a few really necessary
cases and that they be administered without
discrimination.

4. That subsidies, in general, should be the sub-
ject of international discussion, and that subsidies
on exports should be confined to exceptional cases,
under general rules.

All of these proj^osals relate to the reduction or
the removal of barriers that governments have
placed in the way of private trade. In many cases,
however, governments themselves have established
public enterprises to buy and sell abroad. And in
tJie Soviet Union the Government has assumed a
complete monopoly of its foreign trade. Here we
liave proposed :

5. That governments conducting such enter-
prises should agree to give fair ti'eatment to the
commerce of all friendly states, that they should
make their purchases and sales on purely economic
grounds, that they should avoid using a monopoly
t)f imi^oi'ts to give vmdue protection to their own
l^roducers, and that governments whose enterprises
are comjjletely socialized should commit them-
sehes as to the quantities of goods which they
propose to import.

Trade has been restrained by governments. It
has also been restrained by private monopolists.
We have therefoi-e proposed :

6. That cartels and combines should be pre-
vented, by international action, from restricting
the commerce of the world.

If trade is thus to be freed from the fetters that
have bound it, we must give assurance to the many
small producers of the great primary commodities
that necessary adjustments to shifting demands
will be gradual rather than sudden and that these
producers will be protected, during the i^eriod re-
cjuired for such adjustments, against the impact of

violent change. But we must be sure that the
measures adopted to this end are temporary rather
than permanent and that they are not administered
at the expense of the consumers involved. It is
therefore proposed :

7. That action with respect to the special prob-
lem of surplus commodities, in world trade, be
international rather than national; that the solu-
tion of this problem be sought by measures that
would remove the basic causes of the difficulty, not
by measures that would perpetuate it ; and that
the solution be sought, in particular, by measures
that would expand consumption; and

8. That measures restricting exports or fixing
prices, where they are necessary, be limited in
duration; that they be attended, at every stage, by
full publicity; and that consuming countries be
given an equal voice with producing countries in
their formulation and administration.

As a means of implementing and supervising all
of these undertakings, it is proiDOsed:

9. That an International Trade Organization be
created, under the Economic and Social Council,
as an integral part of the structure of the United
Nations.

These are the proposals that relate to trade. If
they are to gain acceptance, assurance must also
be given that the nations of the world will seek,
through measures that are not inconsistent with
them, to achieve and maintain high and stable
levels of employment. For this reason, it is ]}V0-
posed, finally :

10. That each nation should agree, individually,
to take action designed to provide full and regidar
employment; that no country should attempt to
solve its domestic problems by measures that would
prevent the expansion of world trade; that no
country, in short, should be free to export its
unenqjloyment.

These proposals were not prepared in haste ; they
date back to article VII of the mutual-aid agree-
ments of February 1942 and have been actively
developed by a series of interdepartmental com-
mittees, meeting successively under the chairman-
ship of Under Secretary Acheson and Assistant
Secretary Clayton since the spring of 1943. They
are not utojjian or visionary; they have been ham-
mered out in great detail to meet the actual situa-
tion that exists in the world today. They are
distinctively American; in substance, if not in

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

detail, they embody the recommendations that
have been made by such representative bodies as
tlie Committee on International Economic Policy
of the Carnegie Endowment, the Council on For-
eign Relations, the National Planning Association,
the National Foreign Trade Council, and the Com-
mittee on Economic Development. The world that
is pictured in these j^roposals is the kind of a
world that Americans want.

This Government will ask the United Nations
Organization to call an international conference
to consider its proposals sometime during the fall
of 1946. In jDreiDaration for this conference, it
intends to go forward, in the summer, with actual
negotiations with several countries for the reduc-
tion of barriers to trade, under the provisions of
the Trade Agreements Act. Fourteen nations
have already accepted our invitation to attend this
meeting. It is our belief that these negotiations
will afford the greatest contribution that we could
make toward the success of the conference itself.

What are the prospects ? Can we persuade the
other nations of the world to go along with our
program? This question brings us to a considera-
tion of the Anglo-xVmerican economic agreements
which were announced six weeks ago. I think that
it is fair to say this: If Great Britain is able to
join hands with us in this enterprise, the prospects
will be very good indeed ; if she is unable to do so,
the prospects will be very bad. Before the war,
the British Empire accounted for a third of the
world's trade. The dollar or the pound sterling
was involved in half of the exchanges between
nations. After the war, this figure will be closer
to three fourths. The United States and Great
Britain are the mainstays of the world's economy.
Economically, there is no other nation that is any-
where nearly as important to us. It is this fact
that gives the Anglo-American understandings
their peculiar significance.

These agreements — there are three of them — are
broad in scope, and they conform to the estab-
lished pattern of American policy. They provide,
first, for the settlement of the war account. As
to materials delivered under lend-lease and reverse
lend-lease and consvnned, before V-J Day, in the
prosecution of the war, the slate is wiped clean.
Each of us had made his contribution to the com-
mon victory. We did not attempt to place a
monetary value on blood, sweat, and tears. This
time, at least, our relations with our comrades-in-
arms are not to be disturbed by an irritating con-

troversy over war debts. With respect to lend-
lease goods still in British hands, American
surpluses remaining in the British Isles, and a
multitude of individual claims, running both ways,
a balance has been struck and the resulting sum of
$t>5(),000,000 is to be paid us, with interest, over
50 years.

The second pavt of the agreements is an under-
.standing on commercial policy, in which the
United Kingdom expresses its full agreement with
the American proposals, pledges itself to partici-
pate in this summer's negotiations for the reduc-
tion of barriers to trade, and undertakes to support
the American proposals at the world conference in
the fall.

The third item, and the one that has attracted
the widest public attention, is the financial agree-
ment. Under its terms, this country would ex-
tend to the United Kingdom a line of credit of
$3,750,000,000 against which it could draw at any
time during the next 5 years. The sums actually
borrowed are to be repaid, with interest at 2
percent, beginning in 1951. The United King-
dom, however, may request the United States to
waive the collection of interest (but not of prin-
cipal), and our Government will grant the request
in any year in which dollars are practically un-
obtainable and the International Monetary Fund
certifies that British exports — visible and invis-
ible — have been running too low to enable her to
earn her pre-war volume of imports.

This, in brief, is the British loan. It is an
integral part of the pattei-n of the Anglo-Ameri-
can understandings, just as those understandings
are an integral part of the pattern of American
foreign policy. But it is unlike other peacetime
loans in its size, in its terms, and in its purposes.
And it understandably raises a number of ques-
tions in the minds of the American people. Each
of these questions requires an answer. Do they
need it? What will they do with it? Can they
repay it? What do we get out of it? Can we
atford it ? What will happen if we don't nuike it?

First., do they need it? The people of the
British Isles are peculiarly dependent upon im-
ports. They import a large part of the food they
eat. They import the raw materials that feed
their factories. Before the war, they paid for
these imports by using the interest they earned on
funds invested abroad, by selling shipping and
other services, and by exporting manufactured
goods. Then, for more than 6 years, these people

JANUARY 27, 1946

were at war — from the day wlien Hitler invaded
Poland to the day when Japan snrrendered — and
during most of this time they were on the firing
line. A considerable part of their standing struc-
tures and productive equipment was damaged or
destroyed. A lai'ge jjart of their merchant Heet
was lost at sea. Of necessity, they converted their
whole economy to war. They sold a major part
of their foreign invcHtments. They sacrificed
their export trade. They borrowed heavily
abroad. Now they must reconstruct, reconvert,
and develoji a volume of exports that will enable
them to pay for necessary imports and service their
foreign debts. Rnt this will take time. And in
the meantime they will need to buy more goods
abroad than they can pay for with their jjresent
capacity to export. The amount that they will
need, together with the loans that they will receive
within the Empire, to make up the difference
during the transitional period, was carefully calcu-
lated by the British and the American negotiators
to be $3,750,000,000. Yes, they need it.

What win they do ivith the money? They can-
not well use it to raise their standard of living.
For the time being, Britain will have to hold
consumption to levels of austerity little better
than those experienced during the war. They
cannot use it to socialize their industries; if the
coal mines or the railroads or the utility com-
panies are to be socialized, their owners will be
paid in pounds, not in dollars, or, more likely,
simply by trading public bonds for private shares.
They cannot use it to pay off their other creditors ;
the agreement requires that these obligations must
be met in other ways. It is the purpose of the
loan to enable the British economy to get back on
its feet. It is working capital — a seed-loan, a
grubstake, if you please. Britain will use her
new dollars to i^ay for imported foodstuffs, ma-
chinery, and raw materials. She will spend some
of them in this country, but she is free to use them
anywhere in the world. In either case, of course,
they will eventually be spent for goods produced
in the United States.

Win the loan reany be repaid? That is certainly
our expectation. Great Biitain is a good risk. She
has great assets in business reputation, productive
power, commercial skill, and strong ^^olitical and
economic ties with many countries of the world.
All that she needs is a chance to come back. The
willingness of our negotiators — headed by Mr.
Clayton and Mr. Vinson — to extend her a loan was

a profession of their faith in her ultimate solvency.
It should be recognized that the circumstances
surrounding this transaction are entirely different
from those that accompanied the debts arising from
the first World War. Let me state the differences :

1. Last time, reparations from Germany were
payable in cash and our debtors relied upon their
share of reparations to get a large part of the
money to pay us. AVhen Germany defaulted, they
lost the funds on which they had relied. This
time, reparations are payable in kind and no one
relies on them for money to pay debts.

2. The last war's debts, in the main, represented
goods destroyed in battle. They created no new
wealth and no new earning jDower. This time, we
are not trying to collect for dead horses or smashed
tanks. This loan is for new goods. It will finance
the production of new wealth. Like any good com-
mercial loan, it will create the means of its own
payment.

3. Last time, we lacked effective international
arrangements to stabilize foreign exchange. Each
country acted independently. Exchange rates were
sometimes too rigid and at other times chaotic.
This time, we start out with the International
Monetary Fund. The exchange value of each cur-
rency will be set in agreement with the Fund and
will be protected until changed by like agreement.
Instead of rigidity, followed by break-clown and
chaotic rates, we shall have an institution well
designed to maintain a workable stability.

4. Last time, the debt -funding agreements car-
ried a rigid annual interest charge and made no
provision for the difHculties that might well arise.
When Germany defaulted and the great depres-
sion struck, the result was the Hoover moratorium.
This time, the agreement itself provides for the
waiver of interest when stated circumstances would
make its payment impossible. It thus avoids the
accumulation of unpaid obligations and substitutes
a reasonable flexibility to meet conditions yet
unknown.

5. And this is most important. Last time, we
raised our tariffs— in 1921, in 1922, and again in
1930 — thus denying our debtors an opportunity to
earn the funds with which to pay us. This time,
we start with the Trade Agreements Act in force,
with our proposals for the reduction of trade bar-
riers published to the world, and with conferences
to act on these proposals projected for the summer
and the fall. This time we intend to let our debtors
earn the funds with which to pay us. We have

100

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

come to recognize our creditor position and to
adopt the commercial policy which that position
requires. We have demonstrated, at last, that we
can learn from history.

The real question on the rei)ayment of this loan
and other foreign loans is whether the world is
going to be prosperous and foreign trade large. If
our hopes for the expansion of world trade and
employment are realized, the service on this loan
will be manageable. If they are not. and if there
is another great depression, much greater values
will be lost than the repayments on this loan. Of
course there is a risk. But the stakes are very great.
To them I now turn.

What do loe get out of thh transaction? This
is a fair question and it deserves a candid answer.

1. In addition to the $3,750,000,000 in principal,
we get $'2,200,000,000 in interest, if the whole
credit is used and none of the interest is waived.

2. We get participation by Britain in the Inter-
national Monetary Fund and a consequent com-
mitment that she will not take independent action
to put our exporters at a competitive disadvantage
by depreciating the pound.

;>. We get her agreement, when the loan is made,
immediately to remove exchange controls on day-
to-day transaction'?; between our two countries, so
that Americans who sell to the United Kingdom
will then be able to obtain their pay in any cur-
rency they choose.

4. We get her promise, within the following
year, to remove exchange controls on day-to-day
transactions with other countries, making sterling
freely convertible into dollars or other currencies,
so that foreign businessmen who sell in England
will no longer have to buy there but can buy in
America if they choose.

5. We get her pledge to settle her debts within
the Empire by getting them scaled down, refunded,
and I'epaid, and as she pays them to make the
pounds she pays convertible into other currencies,
so that her creditors can use them, if they wish,
to buy American goods.

6. We get her agreement, by the end of 194fi, so
to administer her import quotas that they do not
discriminate against the United States, thus giving
the American exporter, who sells for scarce dol-
lars, an equal oijportunity in the British market
with exporters who sell for more plentiful cur-
rencies.

7. We get Britain's promise to work with us,

this summer, toward the reduction of tariffs and
the elimination of preferences. Specifically, it
is agreed that her existing commitments to Empire
countries are not to stand in the way of this pro-
gram. And it is further agreed that every cut in
taritis, within the Empire, will cut the margin of
imperial preference by the same amount. This,
again, will enable American businessmen to enter
Empire markets more nearly on a basis of com-
petitive equality.

8. We get British support for the American
trade program. And this is not a socialist or an
imperialist program; it is a liberal program. In
short we have obtained Britain's pledge that her
foreign economic policy will henceforth be devoted
to restoring an international order that is favor-
able to the preservation and expansion of private
enterprise.

All of these matters are directly related to the
loan. They are commitments that Britain is en-
abled to make by virtue of the loan. They are
commitments that she could not make if she didn't
get the loan. Our negotiators did not seek con-
cessions that would have been extraneous to the
loan, concessions that would have challenged Brit-
ish sovereignty and affronted British pride. These
agreements are economic, not political. It would
have been unwise for us to attempt to push our
bargaining power farther than it would go. It
cannot be said with sufficient emphasis that the
American peojjle want the economic freedom and
the trade expansion that are involved in this loan
fully as much as the British people want them.
In shoi't, we are getting plenty.

Can we afford if ? If this $";5,750,000,000 were an
outright grant, it Mould increase our national debt
by a little more than one percent. If the war had
gone on for two more weeks, we would have spent
this sum without a momenfs hesitation, without
a second's thought. But this is not an expendi-
ture; it is an investment. The cost to us will not
be $3,750,000,000. but the difference between the
interest we ijay our people and the interest we col-
lect from overseas — for the rest of the century no
more, perhaps, than a quarter of a billion dollars.
This does not seem an excessive sum to invest in
our hopes for private enterprise and expanding
trade. We are investing in Britain, yes. But.
more than this, we are investing in our own future.
Can we afford not to make the Joan? What
would haj^pen if we didn't make it? Britain
(Continued on page 113)

J4MV4RY 27, 1946

101

Last Remnants of National Socialist Ideology

By ASSISTANT SECRETARY BRADEN ^

I want to talk to you, with so imicli frankness
as ciirunistances allow, of the problem with which
1 am principally occupied these days. I refer to
the ijersistence into the post-war period, whether
overt or covert, of the ideology and the methods
identified with what we call "National Socialism".
Our future — the future of all of us, of the world,
of our civilization — depends on whether we have
the intelligence and determination to meet this
problem squarely and deal with it effectively.

The prime fact I wish to set before you is that
tlie attainment of complete military victory over
the armed forces of the Axis has not of itself wiped
out the sinister ideology that they represented and
that their partners, satellites, and successors con-
tinue to represent. The Hydra still has some
heads left, and will grow more if we allow our-
selves now, in the hour of military victory, to
relax our vigilance and our purpose. We have
won the greatest battle, but we could still lose the
war. We have not yet achieved peace, and there
will be no peace for us short of final victory. It
is true that many of the principal Axis criminals
are dead or in our hands, that the great industrial
war-machine that served their purpose lias been
smashed. But the ideology of National Socialism
is not yet dead. In the hour of Germany's defeat,
in the hour of Japan's collapse, we find it flourish-
ing still in the midst of our international commu-
nity, ready for the day when, if we allow it to do so,
it will become resurgent.

In an address before the German workers in tlie
Rheinmetall-Borsig factory on December 10, 1940
Hitler declared that the world was divided into
two irreconcilable parts — the democratic world
and the National Socialist world — and that be-
tween them it was war to the death. To this he
added : "I grant that one must succumb." That
affirmation was true in 1940 and is still true today.
There can be no compromise and no reconciliation
between democracy and Fascist totalitarianism. In
a world as small as ours, democracy dare not, must
not disregard Fascist totalitarianism, wherever it
may show itself, let alone do business with it. For
we who are dedicated to and represent the ideal
of democracy must face the fact that Fascism,

680860—46 3

wherever it is allowed to thrive, is like a gun
pointed at our head.

There are some who say that it is no proper con-
cern of ours if an armed gang seizes power in a
foreign country, destroys its civil liberties, denies
human rights, and regiments the people. They
stand on the book qf diplomatic etiquette; or they
jjoint to imperfections in our own democratic
practice; or they scoff at the notion of any danger
to us. Such persons, wishfully disregarding the
plain and terrible lesson that has been adminis-
tered to the world in the pa.st decade, completely
misunderstand the nature of the National Socialist
ideology.

It is not only that Fascism and democracy are
irreconcilable. Fascism and jseace are irrecon-
cilable. Masses of people do not consent to .sur-
render their liberties to a Fascist government
because they love slavery, or because they are
powerless. The Fascist band, appealing to the
evil passions and prejudices of some, and taking
advantage of a carefully cultivated intellectual
confusion among others, obtains their consent by
persuading them that they are menaced from
abroad, or by tempting them with the joromise of
foreign loot. The threat of war, the incitation to
war, and the practice of war form the basic pattern
of action through which a Fascist government
perpetuates itself. It is no coincidence that when-
ever a Fascist government comes into power it
innnediately embarks on a progi-am of expanding
the nation's military establishment. That is just
as true in the Americas today as we have seen it
to be in Europe. Some 18 months ago, one of
Hitler's and Goebbels' imitators in this hemisphere
stated his belief that "war is an inevitable social
phenomenon" and that into its i^reparation must
go "every inhabitant, all their energies, all
their wealth, all their industries and produc-
tion, all their means of transport and com-
munication, . . . the armed forces being
merely . . . the fighting instrument of that
great whole which is 'the nation in arms' ".

This invocation of war by Fascist governments

' All atldre.ss ilelivei'ed before the I'liiversity Clnb In New
York, N. Y., on Jan. 19, 1940, and released to the press on
the same date.

102

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

as an excuse for the imposition of domestic tyranny
has been so abundantly demonstrated in our times
that it is unnecessary to cite examples. We may,
however, recall certain circumstances and events,
not without their irony, in which this was demon-
strated to us in our own hemisphere and almost in
the hour of our military victory over the Axis.
The case involves a government that, in common
honesty, no one could call anything but Fascist,
and typically Fascist, unless he chose to believe
its verbal professions and to disregard its activi-
ties and the whole pattern of its behavior. You
will not forget the many times that Adolf Hitler
appeared in public, placed his hand over his heart,
and swore that no man was more devoted to the
cause of humanity and freedom and more deter-
mined to keep the peace than he. When this gov-
ernment to which I am referring, under heavy
moral pressure fi'om public opinion at home and
in the other American republics, finally made the
gesture of declaring war on the Axis powers, it
used that declaration of war, pharisaical though it
was, as an excuse for decrees that further restricted
and obliterated the liberties of the people and
were applied with special rigor, in actual practice,
against the democratic element that .supported
most actively the war aims of the United Nations.
Persons distinguished for their devotion to those
aims were arrested wholesale without any charge
whatsoever to this day being brought against
them. A declaration of war, even a declaration
of war against Fascism, provided an excuse for
apprehending, and frequently torturing, those
elements which, because they were genuinely anti-
Fascist, constituted an implicit threat to that dic-
tatorial military government.

What are these Fascist governments, with their
outward pomp and circumstance and their in-
ward degradation, but "whited sepulchres . . .
full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness" ?
It is their moral weakness more than their physical
strength that makes them dangerous to other na-
tions. When a small group of armed men impose
a tyranny of oppression over millions of people
who in their hearts love freedom, the very govern-
ment that they establish is likely at any moment
to prove their deathtrap. They are encircled by
inextinguishable forces that may be temporarily
latent but that will in the end surely overpower
and destroy them. Such a regime is not a strong
govermneut, for all its chest-thumping, but a
miserably weak government. It is out of craven

fear of its own people that it piles on restrictions
and resorts to ever greater brutalities against them.
It is craven fear that drives it eventually to resort
to the desperate distraction of international quar-
relsomeness. There was a day when the dictators
pointed with scorn at what they conceived to be
the weakness and impotence of our democratic
system of government. But, when the United
States found itself actively at war and locked in
the death-struggle abi'oad, its Government did not
feel compelled to impose a state of siege at home,
or to imprison the jaolitical opjjosition, or to for-
bid public criticism. When the test came, our
system of government proved its i-eal strength,
which lay in the devotion of the people it repre-
sented. And the United States, under its demo-
cratic system of government, is in no degree a
threat to any other nation on the face of the earth,
for all the vast power that it has at its command.

Now a Fascist government anywhere is a stand-
ing menace to world peace and therefore to our
security. But the existence of a Fa.scist govern-
ment menaces most immediately those who are its
closest neighbors. We American republics, because
of our common aspirations, our similar histories,
aiul our geographical proj^inquity, have estab-
lished ourselves as a comnuinity of neighbors.
When a Fascist government arises within that com-
nuinity, the danger and the evil have an immediacy
that we and the other American republics cannot
jjossibly afford for one moment to disregard. This
sickness threatens all of us.

Despite some assertions I have heard to the con-
trary, there is nothing in the book of diplomatic
etiquette that requires us to embrace the enemies
of our way of life. Etiquette is what we practice
with our friends, with those we respect. Neither
can we maintain that the persistence of an ideology
which can realize itself only in war is none of our
business. In a world as interdeijendent as oui's, we
certainly could not, if we would, disregard a na-
tion that has become afflicted with a Fascist gov-
ernment. A thousand daily circumstances — eco-
nomic or political — throw us into association with
it. What are we to do then? Shall we demon-
strate a pretended or spurious friendship that
would encourage and support its government in
the denial of everything we hold dear? Or shall
we be honest with ourselves and with the world?
I submit to you that the sacrifice made by so many
million Americans, who gave up the comforts of
home and all considerations of personal security

JANUARY 27, 1946

103

to fight the forces of Fascism abroad, gives us the
answer. This country would not be true to its
own ho2:)es of peace, to its owu traditions and prin-
ciples, or to its dead on the battlefields of the world,
if it did not point the finger of accusation at those
governments that still serve the ideology of Na-
tional Socialism, employing its methods against
their own people and eventually— if only by de-
liberate contagion — against their neighbors. Ac-
cusation is not intervention. It is what a nation
owes, under such circumstances, to its own integ-
rity as well as its own security.

The only alternative is to sink into the passivity
that, in the recent past, has cost us all so heavily.
How many statesmen of the last two decades, if
they were given another chance, would again stand
aside and watch with folded arms while National
Socialism rose and spread, from its small begin-
nings in a Munich beer-hall, to become the raging
inferno that engulfed the world? How many
would again make the concessions of the era of
appeasement in the hope of thus pmxhasing peace ?
A repetition of the timorousness and blind com-
placency that were once theirs is unthinkable, in
the light of that experience.

There is another aspect to this matter. The
exponents of Nazi ideology, when it is to their
advantage, do not hesitate to pay a disingenuous
lip-service to democracy. Within the year, the
representative of an American rejaublic stated offi-
cially, at a meeting of the Governing Board of the
Pan American Union, that his government is deter-
mined to preserve "the democratic principles that
constitute a common aspiration of the nations of
this continent". But what is one to think of that
government when it maintains a "state of siege"
under which basic democratic rights are denied to
the people it is supposed to represent; under which
men speak their minds at their peril ; under which
organized hoodlums can physically attack defense-
less people in the streets — women and children for
their political beliefs or because of their race —
while the police look on with folded arms or arrest,
not the assailants, but their victims ; under which it
can disregard constitutional guaranties and prac-
tice any kind of fraud it wishes on the peoj^le ?

One way in which National Socialism pays lip-
service to democracy is in Its pseudo-concern for
the laboring masses, enlisting their support, to
their own later ruin, with bx-ead and circuses,
organizing tliem into government-controlled
unions that are simply instruments of slavery. As

the New Yoi'k Times put it in an editorial on
Tuesday of this week, "Who serves a dictator soon
becomes a slave".

When I say that National Socialism sometimes
pays lip-service to democracy, using its machinery
and even indulging in what a^apear to be free elec-
tions, I do so with the authority, such as it is, of
National Socialism itself. In a lecture on "The
Nature and Form of National Socialism", deliv-
eied in 1934, Herr Doktor Goebbels said :

"We have openly declared that we made use of
democratic means only to gain power, and that
after the seizure of power we would ruthlessly
deny to our opponents all those means they had
granted to us during the time of our ojJi^osition".

As early as 1928 this same Goebbels had written,
in his paper Ber Angriff :

"We enter Parliament in order to supply our-
selves, in the storehouse of democracy, with its own
weapons. ... If democracy is so stupid as to
give us free tickets and salaries for this bear's
work, that is its affair. . . ."

My conclusion is simple, and I offer it to you
bluntly. Economic and political situations can-
not be contained, either in their causes or their
effects, by boundaries on a map. We were and are
opposed to the ideology to which the peoples of
Germany and Japan lent themselves. We could
not compromi.se, we could not afford to compromise
with that ideology. We renuiin opposed to that
ideology todaj^ as during the recent period of ac-
tive hostilities. Our j^olicy toward the American
republics continues just as devotedly as ever to be
that of the good neighbor. It is based on mutual
respect between self-respecting nations. But it
would be the grossest perversion to pretend that it
requires us to respect Fascism, in any of its guises,
anywhere, at any time. We are determined that
no complacency on our part shall allow a new
growth of Fascism in this hemisphere. To do so
would be foolhardy, jjerhaps suicidal. To com-
promise with Fascism now, and that within the
confines of this hemisphere, would be to leave the
field before the battle is won. Our security and
that of our neighbors require that all of us fight on
to the finish. Our self-respect and the respect of
others, to which we aspire, demand that we reso-
lutely carry on to the complete victory which will
erase from this New World every remaining ves-
tige of the National Socialist ideology. Not until
then will we be safe.

104

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Korea and the Far East

RADIO BROADCAST

Participants

John Carter Vincent

Director, Office of Far Eastern Affairs
Edwin M. Martin

Chief, Division of Japanese and Korean
Economic Affairs
Col. Brainard E. Prescott

Civil Affairs Division, War Department;
former Civil Administrator of the U.S.
Zone in Korea
Sterling Fisher

Director, NBC University of the Air

Announcer : Here are Headlines From Wmh-

ington:

John Carter Vincent Sees Moscow Agreement on
Korea as Affording Test for Soviet-American
Cooperation and as Pattern for Developing
Peoples Toward Self-Government and Inde-
pendence.

Edwin Martin of State Deisartnient Asserts Ques-
tion of Nationalizing Korean Industry Will
Be Left Strictly for the Koreans To Decide.

Colonel Prescott, Former Civil Administrator of
Korea, Says Division of Korea into Zones Has
Disrupted Its Economic Life; Says United
States Is Striving To Achieve Quick Unifi-
cation.

This is the sixth in a group of State Department
programs, broadcast by the NBC University of the
Air as part of a larger series entitled "Our
Foreign Policy". This time the subject is
"Korea and the ¥&v East". The participants are :
^Ir. John Carter Vincent, Director of the Ofiice of
Far Eastern Affairs, and Mr. Edwin M. Martin,
Chief of the Division of Japanese and Korean
Economic Affairs, both of the State Department;
and Col. Brainard E. Prescott, who recently re-
turned from Korea and is now on temporary duty
in the Civil Affairs Division of the War Depart-
ment. Sterling Fisher, Director of the NBC
University of the Air, will serve as chairman of
the discussion. Mr. Fisher —

' Released to the pre.ss Jan. 10.

Fisher: Mr. Vincent, we're especially glad to
welcome you back to our microphone. I remem-
ber our last session here, in which you forecast the
abolition of National Shinto and other policies
which have subsequently been aj^plied in our
occupation of Japan. Since then, the question of
what to do about Korea has been the subject of a
good deal of discussion in the press and on the
radio. But a good many people are a little con-
fused about Korea. Mr. Vincent, you might start
by telling us just why the Korean question is
important.

Vincent: To go back a little. Mr. Fisher, for
35 years Korea has been an unwilling part of the
Japane.se Empire. In tlie decades before and
after 1900 Korea was a source of friction in inter-
national relations in the Far East. At Cairo
President Roosevelt. Premier Churchill, and
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek promi.sed inde-
pendence to Korea, and the Soviet Union in adher-
ing to the Potsdam Declaration is also committed
to independence for Korea. These four powers
are determined to carry out their commitment and
to see to it that Korea has a stable democratic
government, strong enough to stand on its own
feet. Korea must not become an international
political football.

Fisher : I suppose the agreement at Moscow
regarding Korea was drawn up with these objec-
tives in mind.

Vincent: Yes, and that agreement affords an
auspicious test for Soviet-American cooperation
in the Far East. Furthermore, the solution of
Korea's immediate economic i)roblem is of the
utmost importance. Mr. Martin here can tell you
about that.

Fisher: All right, Mr. Martin — what about the
economic importance of Korea ?

M.vRiiN ; Well. Mr. Fisher, Korea is important
as a crossroads of international commerce. Be-
cause of the Japanese control of Manchuria, rail
lines have been built so that many Manchurian
exports can best be shipped out through Korean
ports. Then too. shijunents to and from Siberia
can be diverted to north Korean ports when it is

JANUARY 27, 1946

105

diffioiilt to keep the 2^oi-t of Vladivostok free of
ice in mid-winter.

Fisiiek: So Korea is economically important to
China, Japan, and the Soviet Union. But, Mr.
Martin, as Bill Johnson of Sioux City, Iowa,
mifiht say, what's that got to do with the price of
fish here in the United States?

Martin : Korea won't have much of a direct
effect on our economy, Mr. Fisher, although we
did have a very extensive commerce with her be-
fore the Japanese moved in, 40 years or so ago.
But if we can settle the Korean question quickly
and fairly, through the cooperation of the great
powers, it will remove a potential trouble-spot and
contribute greatly to the peace of Asia. And that
might mean a lot to Bill Johnson, because a peace-
ful Asia is essential to the increased world trade
that will mean more jobs for Americans.

Vincent: And then we might add that the
Koreans have a great cultural heritage. They
are a very peaceful people — which is one reason
they were an easy prey to Japan back in 1905.

Fisiieh: But, Mr. Vincent, isn't their civiliza-
tion largely Japanese after all these years of occu-
pation?

Vincent: No. Throughout the decades of Jap-
anese control the Koreans kept their cultural in-
tegrity. They are individualists, you know, and
they have great pride in their past achievements.
Why, from the year 25 a.d. up to the sixth century
the Koreans were sending cultural missions to
Japan to try to teach the Japanese to read the
Chinese classics, build proper houses, and wear
woven textiles.
^ Fisher : That's one for Ripley — a "believe it or
not".

Vincent: Well, here's some more for Ripley.
The Koreans were the first Far Eastern people
to use a phonetic alphabet, and the first in the world
to invcHt a printing j^ress with movable type. That
was in 1403 — about 50 years before Gutenberg made
a parallel invention in Europe. Koreans built the
world's first astronomical observatory in fi40 a.d.,
and in 1596-97 they defeated an invading force led
by the Japanese shogun, Hideyoshi. by using the
first iron-clad warships in the world.

Fisher : Colonel Prescott, after putting in three
months or so as Civil Administrator of Korea,
what do you say about Japanese influence there?

Prescott: The Japanese tried their best to Nip-
ponize Korea, Mr. Fisher, but they failed. They

taught only the Japanese language in the schools
for many years and deluged the people with Jap-
anese ijrojjaganda. But the people remained
Korean through and through. We found a uni-
versal hatred of the Japanese. Even the Koreans
who had pi'ospered under Japanese domination
gave only lip-service to their masters.

P'isHERS How do you account for that. Colonel ?

Prescott : By their long tradition of independ-
ence, and by the fact that the Japanese defeated
their own purpo.ses by their cruel treatment of
Korean patriots.

Martin : And then, of course, there was the
economic exploitation of the Koreans.

Fisher: I suiipose you mean, Mr. Martin, that
the Japanese siphoned off most of Korea's produc-
tion to Japan?

Martin : Yes. Everything they did in Korea
was for the benefit of the Japanese, and the Ko-
reans knew it. They were abused and impover-
ished by the Japanese.

Fisher: Colonel Prescott, what did you find
when you first landed in Korea? But fir.st, you
might tell us how you happened to be named Civil
Administrator there. Had you ever been in Korea
before ?

Prescott: No, not until September 6, 1945 — the
day we landed there. I was a lawyer in East
Aurora, New York — just outside of Buffalo — when
I was called to active service in September 1940
with an infantry division. Later I taught at the
General Staff School in Fort Leavenworth, one of
the subjects being military government. When
the Tenth Army was formed for the Okinawa
show I was assigned to it, later becoming the xVct-
ing G-1 for the operation. Among other things,
I was concerned with military government. Sub-
sequently, I was detailed as Civil Administrator
in Korea.

Fisher: I suppose you got a royal welcome
when you landed in Korea?

Prescott: We certainly did, Mr. Fisher. As
soon as the preliminary arrangements for the sur-
render had been made at Inchon, where we landed,
I was ordered by General Hodge, the commander
of the Korean occupation forces, to proceed to
Seoul, the Korean capital. There my party """as
to meet a small advance party who had come in
by air. It was a 25-mile drive from Inchon to
Seoul. General Hodge had notified the people
that there were to be no demonstrations.

Fisher : Why was that ?

706

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Prescott: Well, you must remember that the
Japanese sun-ender came very quickly. Japan
had a full-scale army in Korea, and witli the ship-
ping available to us it was possible to mount only
one division of American troops. So we weren't
sure what kind of a reception we would get. Gen-
eral Hodge was particularly anxious not to give
the Japanese any excuse for shedding Korean
blood, and, due to his foresight, not one Korean or
American life was lost in the operation.

Fisher: Did the Koreans, then, follow his in-
structions to the letter?

Prescott : That was really too nmch to ask, after
40 years of Japanese occupation. The roads were
lined with people who had been waiting all day
to see our party of Americans drive by. They
shouted and clapped, but didn't stage any wild
demonstrations. What tliey did do was to take
a holiday from work to celebrate — and it took some
days to persuade them to return to their jobs.

P^isher: Colonel Prescott, just how did you go
about taking over the Korean Government?

Prescott : Well, Mr. Fisher, as you know Korea
had an essentially colonial government inider
Japan, with all the departments and bureaus
headed by Japanese.

Fisher : I remember there was some criticism
last fall about your retaining some of these Japa-
ne.se officials.

Prescott : We had to keep them long enough to
get the information we needed before we could
send them back to Japan. They had done a great
deal of looting between August G, when Hiroshima
was atomized and tliey knew surrender was inevi-
table, and when we landed four weeks later. By
holding them, we recovered a lot of government
funds — in fact, we saved millions of yen for the
Korean people. And we also got some valuable
information on the governmental set-up.

Fisher: After that, I suppose you sent them
packing to Japan.

Prescott: Yes, as soon as we could replace the
bureau heads and other top officials with American
military-government officers, we got rid of them.

Fisher : Couldn't you find Koreans to take over?

Prescott : AVe found very few Koreans who were
trained in administration. The Japanese saw to
that. As fast as we could, we dismissed al? Japa-
nese from the government, and wherever possible
we have replaced them by qualified Koreans. We

still have very few Koreans in top posts, but the
number is increasing.

Vincent: Our policy, of course, is to bring
Koreans into responsible jobs as rapidly as possi-
ble. But it can't be done overnight.

Fisher : I suppose, Mr. Vincent, that Americans
will have to fill the breach.

Vincent : Yes. they will — but not only Amei'i-
cans. We hope that experienced administrators
and technicians of other nationalities may also be
brought in.

Fisher : Colonel Prescott, did you have any
trouble keeping order while you were evacuating
the Japanese?

Prescott: None at all. The evacuation has
gone off without trouble. That was quite a record
considering that we are moving all the Japanese
out of Korea. There were 180,000 Japanese troops
and over half a million civilians there when we
came in. Practically all the troops and over 90
percent of the civilians have been evacuated.

Fisher : And in what condition did you find the
Korean economy?

Prescott: I took an extensive trip through the
country in late November. I went mostly by rail,
and found the railway system operating faii'ly
efficiently, although it was short of coal and
equipment and in bad repair. The Korean people
are not suffering too severely from the effects of
the war. The fishing fleets are back in operation
from the southern ports, and we are reopening
icing plants as fast as possible to preserve the fish,
as well as drying and salting plants. We found
the Korean farmers harvesting a bumper rice
crop — for the first time in their recent history they
have enough rice. The problem is one of getting
it distributed.

Fisher: Mr. Martin, in view of the food short-
age in Japan, will any of that rice be used to pre-
vent acute hunger among the Japanese ?

Martin : No, Mr. Fisher — we have no intention
of depriving the Koreans of their rice to help
Japan. The Japanese have done that for long
enough. If anything, the shoe will be on the other
foot now — we may arrange to get some industrial
equipment from Japan, and ship it to Korea.

Fisher: AVhat kind of industrial equipment?

Martin: Well, Korea has plenty of tungsten,
and she makes electric-light bulbs. But she gets
the wire for the filament from Japan. We think
Korea sliould liave her own equipment for making

JANUARY 21, 1946

107

filaments, to end this sort of dependence on Japan.
That's one example. We want Korea to have a
healthy economy, so she will be able to stand on
her own feet.

FisiiEH : Colonel Prescott, what abont the divi-
sion of the country into Soviet and American zones
of occupation ?• What eli'ect has that had i

Pkescott: a very great effect. Korea can't be
cut in two by an artificial boundary at the 38th
jjarallel and survive. One half is too much depend-
ent on the other half. The original purpose of the
division was to facilitate the disarming of the Jap-
anese. Now, the big centers of population are in
the American zone, which has about 17 million
population compared to only about 6 or 7 million
in the Soviet zone. The factories in our zone need
coal from the north before they can resume
operations.

Martin : You see, there are only a few coal
mines in all of southern Korea, and they produce
only low-grade coal in small amounts.

Prescott: We've brought in a little coal fronr
Japan to Korea, of course, Mr. Martin, but nowhere
near enough. Such coal as we have is conserved
for essential industry. The railroads have first
priority.

Fisher : But, Colonel Prescott, haven't you been
able to work out these problems with the Russians
on the spot ?

Prescott: Unfortunately, no, Mr. Fisher. Gen-
eral Hodge attempted to establish satisfactory liai-
son with the Soviet command on several occasions,
but without success. That's one reason why the
Moscow agreement on Korea is so important — it
paves the way for the economic unification of
Korea, so we can establish free movement of goods
and people between the two occupation zones.

Fisher: Mr. Vincent, you went to Moscow with
Secretary of State Byrnes — can you give us the
story on the Moscow agreement on Korea?

Vincent: Well, Mr. Fisher, the basic draft of
the agreement was submitted by the Russians — but
the encouraging thing was that their draft went
far toward meeting our viewpoint. We proposed
a few amendments which were found acceptable
by the Soviet and British representatives.

Fisher: Can you summarize the terms of the
agreement for us ?

Vincent: Yes. It provides for the creation of
a Joint American-Soviet Commission which, in
consultation with Korean democratic parties and

social organizations, shall make recommendations
with regard to the formation of a Korean provi-
sional democratic government. These recom-
mendations will be submitted for the consideration
of the Governments of China, Great Britain, the
Soviet Union, and the United States and for final
approval by the latter two. It will then be the
task of the Joint Commission, with the participa-
tion of the newly created provisional government,
to work out measures for the achievement of dem-
ocratic self-government and Korean independence.
The agreement also provides for a conference of
the Soviet and American military commands to
tackle the inunediate economic and administrative
problems we have been discussing. This confer-
ence has been in progress in Seoul since January 15.

Fisher: But, Mr. Vincent, what about the
question of trusteeship for Korea?

Vincent: I was coming to that. The agree-
ment also provides that the Joint Commission,
after consultation with the provisional Korean
government, shall submit proposals to the four
Governments I have mentioned concerning a trus-
teeship, as a possible interim measure to assist in
the achievement of complete independence.

Fisher: I remember Sumner Welles said this
was the most significant thing about the Moscow
agreement — it establishes for the fii-st time the
basis for an international trusteeship. But I have
also read that the trusteeship proposal was severely
ci'iticized by the Koreans themselves. Mr. Vin-
cent, didn't they stage some demonstrations
against trusteeship and in favor of immediate
independence?

Vincent: Yes, they naturally want their inde-
pendence as soon as possible. Also, I am told that
first reports of the Moscow agreement to reach
Korea were incomplete and garbled. Secretary
Byrnes pointed out in his radio address of Decem-
ber 30 that "The Joint Soviet- American Commis-
sion, working with the Korean provisional demo-
cratic government, may find it possible to dispense
with a trusteeship".^

Fisher : But have the Russians given any indi-
cation of their stand ? Do they agree that a trus-
teeship maj' be dispensed with?

Vincent : As I have said, the Russians drafted
the original text of the agreement, the clear im-
plications of which are that self-government and

' Bulletin of Dec. 30, 1945, p. 1034.

108

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

independence are the goal, and that trusteeship is
only a procedure, which may or may not be neces-
sary.

Fisher: How, then, would you summarize the
United States position ?

Vincent : We have one olijective only in Korea —
to bring about self-government and independence
at the earliest possible moment. The Moscow con-
ference demonstrated that this was also the desire
of the Soviet Union and Great Britain. Whether
or not there is to be a trusteeship for Korea de-
pends on the ability of the Koreans to get together
with the Joint Commission in forming a demo-
cratic [irovisional govermnent capable of unifying
and a<lministeriug Korea. I am sjjeaking here of
an entirely new provisional govermnent, repre-
senting all major gioups. not of the so-called ''pro-
visional govermnent" in exile, members of which,
as individuals, have recently returned to Korea
from Chungking. If a provisional government
finds itself /lof equal to the task of giving Korea
an efficient, unified administration, then a four-
power trusteeship under the United Nations will
probably be recommenc|ed by the Joint Commis-
sion.

Fisher : How long would such a trusteeship last?

Vincent: If we set up a trusteeship, it would
pi-obably last for the full five-year period provided
for in the agreement. If it's necessary at all, I
believe it will be necessary for that length of time.

Fisher: In your opinion, Mr. Vincent, is there
much probability that a provisional government
will be able to achieve a unified set-up strong
enf)Ugh to stand on its own legs?

Vincent: I am an ojitimist, Mr. Fisher, l)ut nut
a prophet. Some progress is being made toward
unification. Colonel Prescott can tell you about
Korean politics and the chaotic state it was in
when he arrived.

Prescott : We found a large number of political
parties when we came in — over 90, many of them
local groups. One grouj), the People's Republic,
had taken over local administi-ation by force of
arms in some places.

Fisher: How does the situation shajie up now?

Prescott: It has shaken down somewhat, as
Mr. Vincent has indicated. The smaller parties
have merged into five main groups, the largest of
which are — the Democratic Party, which is sup-
jjorted by various classes, including businessmen,
landowners, and tenant farmers; the People's Re-

public, whicli advocates drastic economic leforms
and is sui:)ported, though not dominated, by the
Communists; and the People's Party, which is also
leftish in tendency.

Fisher : While we are on the subject of political
jjarties, Colonel Prescott, there have been some
charges in the American press that our militarj'
government in Korea has supported the conserva-
tives — the Democratic Party.

Prescott : On the contrary. General Hodge con-
sulted with political leaders from all the pai'ties.
Our policy is not to mix in Korean politics, but to
try to get outstanding men from all parties to take
i-esponsible positions in the government. We
found capable men in all groups. In several cities
where representatives of the "People's Republic"
had taken over local administration, we found
them operating efficiently and left them in office.
Our only concern is to see a Korean government
which is truly rejjresentative of the Korean
people.

Fisher: Well, if that policy is followed, there
should be little basis for criticism. Now. Mr. Vin-
cent, you were speaking of the trusteeship angle
of the agreement — just what would be the
alternative to trusteeship?

Vincent: If the Koreans do get together and
there is no trusteeship, the Soviet-American Com-
mission will probably continue in existence for
some time; that is, until the provisional govern-
ment is well established and free elections are held
to provide for the formation of a democratic gov-
ernment representative of the will of the Korean
])eoi)le. It may also be advisable for the Joint
Connnission to assist in drawing up a draft con-
stitution for submission to the Korean people in
advance of national elections. It is hoped, how-
ever, that in this interim period, the demonstrated
ability of the provisional government will make it
possible for the Connnission to place an increasing
amount of responsibility on the Koreans. Inci-
dentally, we exjject to see the Joint Commission
become more and more a civilian organization as
time goes on. Furthermore, it is hoped that con-
ditions w^ll permit the withdrawal of Soviet and
American troops from Korea in the not too distant
future.

Fisher : Mr. Vincent, has our top representative
on the Joint Commission been designated yet ?

Vincent: No, but he should be a high-ranking
American, whose ability is universally recognized.

JANUARY 27, 1946

109

Fisher: Mr. Martin, what do you think about
the trusteeship question from the economic point
of view?

Mautin : I can see certain dangers in it, Mr.
Fislier. When we come to withdraw from Korea
inider the terms of the trusteeship, it may create
a sharp break. On the other hand, if we turn every-
thing; over to the Koi-eans too soon, we run the
danger of leaving behind a weak govei-nment wliich
miglit liave to lean on foreign powers for financial
and technical assistance.

Vincent : Tliat might be a danger to Korean sov-
ereignty, and it should be avoided at all costs.

Presgott: I'd like to point out one thing: you
can't have political unification in Korea until
Korea is integrated economically. There must be
complete freedom to travel and ship goods from
one zone to the other. Until this is accomplished
there is bound to be dissension and political agita-
tion, and it will be impossible to form an effective
provisional government. So the first problem to
be tackled is economic unification.

Vincent: Our objective is complete unification
of Korea at the earliest possible moment, Colonel,
for exactly the I'easons you mentioned. And in
Moscow, the Soviet Government gave every indi-
cation that it holds the same view. It may take a
little time, but once we form the Joint Commission
we should be able to lay the groundwork for a pro-
visional government without much delay.

Fisher: That's very encouraging, Mr. Vincent.
Now, Mr. Alartin, to get back to the economic side,
what are the main economic problems facing
Korea ?

Martin : Well, aside from a proper distribution
of rice and coal, Korea needs unification of her
transportation and communications systems. Then
she badly needs a unified finance system. In addi-
tion, the inflated Bank of Chosen yen now in use
must be replaced by a new Korean currency. But
a new currency alone will not stop the present infla-
tion. Increased production of things people want
to buy is the only final solution for that.

Fisher: Colonel Prescott, what about that?

Prescott : Korea certainly does have inflation.
On August 6, 1945 there were 4 billion yen circu-
lating in Korea. In the next month the Japanese
put an additional '?> billion yen into circulation.
Some of it they gave to the Korean Morkers as a
bonus to try to buy good-will so they could get
away safely. Some was used to buy goods to salt

away against inflation. Some the Japanese tried
to take back to Japan, but we searched them pretty
thoroughly at the ports, and I don't think much
slipped through. I agree with Mr. Martin that
Korea must have a new currency system, but the
integration of the two zones must come first.

Fisher: Mr. Martin, what about Korean in-
dustry ?

Martin: So far the main task there has been
to get Korean personnel to take it over. Vir-
tually all transport, utilities, and heavy industry,
including chemicals and light metals, were owned
by Japanese corporations or by the Japanese
colonial government of Korea.

Fisher: What has been done with these in-
dustries ?

Martin: Title to these, and to all Japanese
property, is vested in the Military Government,
which is running them now. It will continue to
do so until a Korean jirovisional government is
set up on a democratic basis. Then the Koreans,
through their own government, will decide
whether they want to leave these inchistries in the
hands of their government or adopt some other
course. This is a basic decision, and it must be
made by the Koreans themselves.

Fisher: That's fair enough. Now, about in-
dustrial technicians, Mr. Martin — are there
enough of them available over there?

Martin: No, that's a serious problem. AVith
the consent of the Koreans, we've left a very few
Japanese in technical jobs, under close supervision.
The alternatives are to turn the jobs over to
Koreans, who aren't always well trained and ac-
cept considerable inefficiency, or to bring in
foreigners to help operate the Korean economy
and train Korean replacements. The carefully
managed use of a limited number of foreign tech-
nicians seems to be necessary, but we will always
have to be on our guard to prevent permanent de-
pendence on foreigners. It's always a lot easier
to get them in than to get them out.

Fisher : And what about dividing up the land ?
That must be quite a problem.

Martin: Yes, Korea has a severe land prob-
lem — the same serf-like landlord-tenant relation-
ship that you find in so many Oriental countries.
So despite the fact that the land is very productive,
the peasants have had little opportunity to improve
their lot. This is a long-range problem that the
Koreans will have to work out themselves. The

110

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

most we can do is lielji them along the riglit track.
FisiiER : Some of tlie land must liave been oAvned
by the Japanese, Mr. Martin. What happened to
it?

Martin: It i.s now being- rented by the Military
Government to the tenant farmers who work it.
Under the plan we contemplate, it will be divided
up and sold on such terms that the tenant farmers
can purchase it. A national agricultural credit
system will have to be established to make long-
term loans at low interest rates.

Fisher: And who would get the money? The
former Jajianese owners ?

Martin : No, the Korean Government. All the
Japanese get for their possessions in Korea is a
receipt, which the Japanese Government can honor
or not, as it chooses.

Fisher: Mr. Vincent. I suppose the Keparation
Commiasion will have the final say on the disposal
of Japanese assets in Korea.

Vincent: Yes. We expect it to turn all Japa-
nese assets there over to Korea. At least that's
the recommendation of the President's special am-
bassador on reparation problems, Mr. Pauley.

Martin: One further point: Korea has the re-
sources to stand on her own feet. She's not rich,
but she has plenty of food and other essentials to
support her large population. But she cannot
live entirely to herself. Her economy is too closely
tied up with that of Manchuria. Her transporta-
tion, her imports of soy beans and millet, her
Yalu River electric-power system, all call for
close integration with the Chinese economy in
Manchuria.

Vincent: And I might add that we hope even-
tually to facilitate the return of American mis-
sionaries and businessmen to Korea. The mis-
sionaries have done good work there. And the
businessmen will help Korea by reviving American
trade, which was once so important to her.

Fisher: Well, Mr. Vincent, your program for
Korea seems to provide for the establishment of
democracy in both the political and economic
fields. It would result in reforms as far reaching
and progressive as those instituted in Japan, and
would eventually make Korea a progressive, in-
dependent nation. This would be done under the
joint auspices of the United States and the Soviet
Union.

Vincent: You're right, Mr. Fisher. It will be
a test of the ability of two great poM'ers to co-

operate in solving a problem of mutual interest
and of interest to the United Nations as a whole.
If the Joint Commission works out as successfully
as we hope it will, the achievement should furnish
a firm stepping-stone for solving other problems
that will inevitably face us. Furthermore, the
successful achievement of our aims in Korea
should furnish a pattern for tlie development of
other peojjles toward self-government and inde-
pendence.

Martin : To put it in slightly different terms,
Mr. Vincent, the United States and the Soviet
Union have a made-to-order opportunity to show
that we can free Korea without getting involved in
any imperialistic adventures.

Vincent: Yes,- there's something to what you
say. And I might add that there are two major
essentials to the success of this undertaking. They
are: that the Russian and American representa-
tives chosen to do the job be of a caliber and
character which will assure that they will ap-
proach the problem with unprejudiced intelligence
and in a spirit of real cooperation; and that
the Korean leaders submerge their factional dif-
ferences and work with united zeal to reestablish
the statehood of Korea.

FisiiER : Well, thank you. gentlemen, for giving
us this revealing picture of Korea and the signifi-
cance of our policy there. And, Mr. Vincent,
we're looking forward to discussing our policy in
China with you, before too long.

Announcer : That was Sterling Fisher, Director
of NBC's University of the Air. He has been in-
terviewing John Carter Vincent and Edwin M.
Martin of the State Department and Col. Brainard
E. Prescott of the War Department, on our Korean
policy and its implications for the Far East. The
discussion was adapted for radio by Selden Mene-
fee.

Next week we expect to present a broadcast of
outstanding interest. The question "How Free
Can World News Be?'' will be discussed by As-
sistant Secretary of State AVilliam Benton and
others. The proposal for an international agree-
ment on freedom of the press, the relationship of
the United States Government information service
abroad to the private news agencies, and the re-
sults of the recent Bermuda Telecommunications
Conference will all come in for discussion. Listen
in next week at the same time for this important
broadcast.

JANUARY 27. 1946

111

American and Soviet Commands in Korea Plan
Administrative Coordination^

The Department of State has been informed of
an exchange of letters between Col. Gen. Ivan
Mihailovitch Chistiakov. Commanding General,
Q.'ith Army Soviet Forces in Korea, and Lt. Gen.
John II. Hodge, United States Army, Command-
ing General, Korean area.

The text of the letter from General Chistiakov,
dated January 8, follows:

Dear General :

I have received from my Commanding Officer
orders to discuss with you important questions
about south and north Korea, and to take measures
to establish jDermanent administrative coordina-
tion between the American Command of South
Korea and the Soviet Command of North Korea.
It is necessary to do so within 2 weeks of confer-
ence between representatives of American and So-
viet Commands in Korea.

Hereby, I have the lionor to inform you of our
readiness to conduct such a conference.

The representative of the Soviet Command in
this conference is Colonel General Shtikov, who is
ready to meet with your representatives between

the 15th and 20th of January, 1946, in Seoul or any
other place convenient to you.

Colonel General Shtikov will be accompanied by
the Political Advisor Tsarapkin, Major General
Panin, Major Genei-al Romanyenko and the group
of advisors and technical personnel of between 12
and 15 men.

If you are ready to conduct the above mentioned
conference, will you kindly appoint your repre-
sentatives and inform me of your agreement about
conduction this conference.
Respectfully yours,

Chistiakov, Colonel General

General Hodge replied on January 9:

Dear General Chistiakov :

I have the honor to have received your letter of
8 January in reference to a meeting between rep-
resentatives of the Soviet and American forces in
Korea.

I suggest that the place of meeting be at Seoul
and that the date be not later than 15 January,

WILCOX — Continued from page 102.
would have to curtail her imports and buy these
smaller quantities within the sterling area instead
of buying in the United States. She would have
to tighten exchange controls so that her limited
supply of dollars could not be spent freely for
American goods. She would be compelled so to
administer her import quotas as to discriminate
against goods that had to be paid for in scarce
monies — specifically, in dollars. She would be
driven to raise her tariffs against us, widen the
margins of imperial preference, and enter into
bilateral deaLs with other countries of the world.
Such measures might well be justified by the situa-
tion in which Britain would find herself. But
they would operate to exclude American traders
from the richest markets in the world. The pres-
sure for retaliation Mould almost certainly be
irresistible.

If there were to be an economic war, I think it is
clear that the American Proposals for E.vpansion

of World. Trade and E-mploynvent would have
to be abandoned. Our whole line of policy would
have to be reversed. We should have to regiment
our import and our export trade. And, in the
process, we should have to deprive our domestic
industry of a large measure of the freedom which
it now enjoys. Excluded from markets in the
sterling bloc, we should have to attract and hold
the members of a dollai- bloc. And we might have
to spend a good many billions in the process. If
there should be an economic war, we could doubt-
less win it. But it would be a sorry victory. The
division of the world into contending economic,
political, and military blocs would be a tragedy,
not only for Britain but for us and for every other
nation on earth. To prevent it is the dominating
purjjose of our foreign economic policy. It is in
the context of this policy that one must judge the
British loan. This is its real significance.

' Released to the press Jan. 15.

112

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

1946, or as soon tliereafter as your party can ai'-
range.

I will provide accommodations for the Soviet
party of 12 to 15 persons. If there is any cliange
in the total niimlier in the l)arty, it is requested that
I be informed in suthcient time to make the neces-
sary billeting arrangements. It is also requested
that I be furnished with a full list of your party
by rank and a statement of office equipment desired
]^' them. These may be dispatclied l>y telephone
direct to my headquarters or through the Soviet
Consulate.

Major General A. V. Arnold will liead the
American committee for the conference with

Colonel General Shtikov and will have the neces-
sary and appropriate technical personnel readilj'
available.

It is presumed that the Soviet personnel will
travel to Seoul by rail. If this assumption is cor-
rect, it is requested that I be informed of the ex-
pected time and date of arrival in order that we
may meet and transport them.

In order to facilitate further communication
between our 2 headquarters, it is suggested that
you place a Russian English language interpreter
on duty with your lieadijuarters.

Sincerely yours,

John R. Hodge, Lt. General, V. S. Army
Conimanding General, Korean Area

French Government To Take Part in
Conference on Peace Treaties

Te.rt of a note delivered to the French Govern-
ment bj/ the Secrefari/ of State Byrnes, on Janu-
ary 13. It is being released siniultaneously in
London, Paris, and Washington}

I am happy to note that the French Govern-
ment has expressed its willingness to take part
in the proposed Conference for the consideration
of peace treaties and is ready so far as it is con-
cerned to invite all the governments envisaged
in the proposal to send their representatives to the
Conference at Paris.

In order that the Frencii Government may be
in a position to confirm this understanding, I am
glad to furnish in response to the French Govern-
ment's request for clarification, the following ex-
planations and information in the name of the
Governments of the United States of America, the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the
United Kingdom :

(1) The French Government desires to be in-
formed of the future work of the Council of the
Foreign Ministers. It is our understanding that
tilt" future role of the Council of Foreign INIinisters
is that provided in the Potsdam Agreement with
the exi'eption that after the Peace Conference is
held tlu' states which are signatory to the Armis-
tice will draft the final treaty, taking into account

' Released to the press Jan. IS.

the recommendations of the Peace Conference.
As stated in the French Government's conununi-
cation, the Potsdam Agreement provided for the
preparation of the peace settlement with Ger-
many. The agreement reached at Moscow is in
no way intended to alter the previous understand-
ing with regard to the preparation of the peace
settlement with Germany. Fiu-thermore, the
Potsdam Agreement likewise provided that other
wox'k might be assigned to the Council from time
to time by the member governments. No change
in this provision was anticipated at Moscow.

(2) In response to Point 2 of the French com-
munication it may be stated that the Potsdam
Agreement provided for the possibility that the
Council of Foreign Ministers might invite the rep-
resentatives of other governments when matters
which particularly concerned them were to be
discussed. Inasmuch as the Moscow agreement
did not seek to i*epeal the Potsdam Agreement, the
Council retains the authority to invite any state
to particii)ate in the discussions whenever there is
pending a matter of direct interest to such state.
The Council, as constituted for the preparation of
specific treaties, or the Deputies of the Powers
represented for that purpose, may determine from
time to time when such matters arise and are
authorized to extend invitations.

(3) The French Government may rest assured

]ANVARY 27, 1946

113

that as broad and thorough a discussion as possible
shall take place at the forthcoming Conference
and that the final drafts of the treaties will be
made only after the fullest consideration has been
given to the recommendations of the Conference.
We have no doubt that no final treaty would be
concluded which arbitrarily rejected the recom-
mendations of the Conference.

(4) With respect to the views of the states with
which the treaties are to be concluded, the work
of preparation for the draft treaties will take into
account the views of these states and adequate
opportunities will be given these states to discuss
tlie treaties and to present their views both in the
fornndation of the drafts, as was permitted in the
earlier meetings in London, and at the May Con-
ference. It is agreed that this does not constitute
a precedent for peace settlements which are not
tlie subject of the present discussions.

It is believed that the foregoing explanation will
provide the information necessary for the deter-
mination of the functions of the proposed Con-
ference, and it is hoped that the French Govern-
ment will now be in a position to confirm its agree-
ment to participate in the proposed Conference.

Policy on Japanese
Mandated Islands

At the President's press and radio news confer-
ence on January 15 a correspondent said there had
been reports that the Delegation at London seems
to be divided on the question of Japanese man-
dated islands, and asked what the administration's
policy was regarding these islands. The President
declared that those we do not need will be placed
under UNO trusteeship, and those we need we will
keep. Asked how long we intended to keep these
islands, Mr. Truman said, as long as we needed
them. Asked whether they would be under indi-
vidual trusteeship of this country, the President
replied in the affirmative in regard to tho.se islands
we need. Asked whether the others would be un-
der tlie Security Council, Mr. Truman replied in
the afhrmative, adding, just like all the rest of
tliem. A correspondent asked whether some is-
lands would be under our trusteeship and some
under individual trusteeship of other nations. The
President said that some would be under indi-
vidual trusteeships as well as collective trusteeship.

but that policy would have to be worked out by the
United Nations Organization as it went along.
Asked whether we would have to ask UNO's au-
thority for our individual trusteeships, the Presi-
dent replied affirmatively. A correspondent said
that there were several Pacific islands below the
equator that were not Japanese-mandated and
asked M'liether we were interested in those. The
President replied, only in conjunction with our
Allies. Asked whether we had demanded any of
these islands which we need, the President declared
that we have not.

Military Missions to
Control Conncil in Berlin'

On June 5, 1945 the Governments of the Lhiited
States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
and the United Kingdom, and the Provisional
Government of the French Republic stated that :

"5. Liaison with the other United Nations Gov-
ernments chiefly interested will be established
through the appointment by such Governments of
military missions (which may include civilian
members) to the Control Council. These missions
will have access through the appropriate channels
to the organs of control." "

Pursuant to this declaration the Allied Control
Council in Berlin on October 3, 1945 agreed to re-
ceive military missions accredited to the Control
Council from the following Ifi countries: Aus-
tralia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czecho-
slovakia, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, India,
Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,
South Africa, and Yugoslavia.

The Department of State understands that each
mission will be limited to 10 members, because of
housing shortage and lack of other facilities in
Berlin, and that the missions will be stationed 4
to each occupation sector in Berlin.

Each government was asked to send a repre-
sentative to Berlin to make the necessary arrange-
ments for accommodations and arrival of the mis-
sion. It is understood that some of the missions
have already arrived and the others will arrive
shortly.

' Relea.sed to tlin press Jan. IS.

■ Bulletin of June 16, 194.">. p. 1054.

114

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Reparation From Germany

FINAL ACT AND ANNEX OF THE PARIS CONFERENCE ON REPARATION

CONFERENCE RECOMMENDATION

The Paris Conference on Reparation, which has
met from 9 November 1945 to 21 December 1945,
recommends that the Governments represented at
the Conference should sign in Paris as soon as
possible an Agreement on Reparation from Gei'-
many, on the Establishment of an Inter-Allied
Reparation Agency and on the Restitution of
Monetary Gold in the terms set forth below.-

DRAFT AGREEMENT ON REPARATION FROM GER-
MANY, ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTER-
ALLIED REPARATION AGENCY AND ON THE RESTI-
TUTION OF MONETARY GOLD

The Governments of Albania, The United
States of America, Australia, Belgium, Can-
ada, Denmark, Egypt, France, The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire-
land, Greece, India, Luxembourg, Norway, New
Zealand, The Netherlands, Czechoslovakia,
The Union of South Africa and Yugoslavia, in
order to obtain an equitable distribution among
themselves of the total assets which, in accordance
with tlie provisions of this Agreement and the
Provisions agreed upon at Potsdam on 1 August
1945 between the Governments of the United
States of America, the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, are or may be de-
clared to be available as rejjaration from Germany
(hereinafter referred to as German reparation),
in order to establish an Inter-Allied Reparation
Agency, and to settle an equitable j^rocedure for
the restitution of monetary gold,

Have agreed as follows :

Part I

German Reparation
Article 1. Shares in Reparation.

A. German reparation (exclusive of tlie funds
to be allocated under Article S of Part I of this

' Released to the press Jan. 15.

^ On Jan. 14 the following governments signed the
agreemont: United States, France, United Kingdom, Neth-
erlands, Belgium, Yugoslavia, and Luxemliourg. The sig-
natures represent 84.15 percent of Category A quotas, thus
hringing tlie agreement into effect as of Jan. 14.

Agreement), shall be divided into the following
categoi'ies :

Category A, whicli shall include all forms of
German repai'ation except those included in
Category B,

Category B, which shall include industrial and
other capital equipment removed from Germany,
and merchant ships and inland water transport.

B. Each Signatory Government shall be enti-
tled to the pei'centage share of the total value of
Category A and the percentage share of the total
value of Category B set out for that Government
in the Table of Shares set forth below :

Table of Shares.

Country

Albania

United States of America.

Australia

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

Egypt

France

United Kingdom

Greece

India

Luxembourg

Norway

New Zealand

Netherlands

Czechoslovakia

Union of South Africa (o)
Yugoslavia

Total

Category A

16.

28.

100.

Category B

.35

11. 80

.95

4. 50

1. 50

.35

.20

22. 80

27. 80

4. 35
2. 90

.40

1. 90

.60

5. 60
4. 30

. 10
9. 60

100. 00

(0) The government of the Union of South Africa has undertaken to waive
Its claims to the extent necessary to reduce its percentage share of Category B
to the fifiure of 0.1 per cent but is entitled, in disposing of German enemy
assets witliin its jurisdiction, to charge the net value of such assets against its
percentage share of Category A and a i)ercentage share under Category B of
0.1 percent.

C. Subject to the provisions of paragraph D
below, each Signatory Government shall be en-
titled to receive its 'share of merchant ships deter-
mined in accordance with Article 5 of Part I of
this Agreement, provided that its receipts of

}.4!\VARY 27, 1946

115

mercluuit ships do not exceed in value its share in
Categoi'y B as a whole.

Subject to tlie provisions of paragraph D be-
low, each Signatory Government shall also be
entitled to its Category A percentage share in
German assets in countries which i-emained neu-
tral in the war against Germany.

The distribution among the Signatory Govern-
ments of forms of German reparation other than
merchant ships, inland water transpoi't and Ger-
man assets in countries which remained neutral
in the war against Germany shall be guided by
the principles set forth in Article 4 of Part I of
this Agreement.

D. If a Signatory Government receives more
than its percentage share of certain types of assets
in either Category A or Category B, its receipts
of other types of assets in that Category shall be
i-educed so as to ensure that it shall not receive
more than its share in that Category as a whole.

E. No Signatory Government shall receive more
than its percentage share of eitlier Category A
or Category B as a whole by surrendering any
part of its percentage share of the other Category,
except that with respect to German enemy assets
within its own jurisdiction, any Signatory Govern-
ment shall be permitted to charge any excess of
such assets over its Category A percentage share
of total German enemy assets within the juris-
diction of the Signatory Governments either to
its receipts in Category A or to its receipts in
Category B or in part to each Category.

F. The Inter- Allied Reparation Agency, to be
established in accordance with Part II of this
Agreement, shall charge the reparation account
of each Signatory Government for the German
assets within that Government's jurisdiction over
a period of five years. The charges at the date
of the entry into force of this Agreement shall be
not less than 20 per cent of the net value of such
assets (as defined in Article 6 of Part I of this
Agreement) as then estimated, at the beginning
of the second year thereafter not less than 25 per
cent of the balance as then estimated, at the begin-
ning of the third year not less than 33V3 per cent
of the balance as then estimated, at the beginning
of the fourth year not less than 50 per cent of the
balance as then estimated, at the beginning of the
fifth year not less than 90 per cent of the balance

as then estimated, and at the end of the fifth year
the entire remainder of the total amount actually
realized.

G. The following exceptions to paragraphs D
and E above shall apply in the case of a Signatory
Government whose share in Category B is less
tlian its share in Category A:

(i) Receipts of merchant ships by any such
Government shall not i-educe its percentage share
in other types of assets in Category B, except to
the extent that such receipts exceed the value ob-
tained when that Government's Category A per-
centage is applied to the total value of merchant
ships.

(ii) Any excess of German assets within the
juri.sdiction of such Government over its Category
A percentage share of the total of German assets
within the jurisdiction of Signatory Governments
as a whole shall be cliarged first to the additional
share in Category B to which that Government
would be entitled if its share in Category B were
determined by applying its Category A {lercent-
age to the forms of German reparation in Cate-
gory B.

H. If any Signatory Government renounces its
shares or part of its shares in German reparation
as set out in the above Table of Shares, or if it
withdraws from the Inter-Allied Reparation
Agency at a time when all or part of its shares in
German reparation remain unsatisfied, the shares
or part thereof thus renounced or remaining shall
be distributed rateably among the other Signatory
Governments.

Article 2. Settlement of Claims against Germany.

A. The Signatory Governments agree among
themselves that their respective shares of repara-
tion, as determined by the present Agreement,
shall be regarded by each of them as covering all
its claims and those of its nationals against the
former German Government and its Agencies, of
a governmental or private nature, arising out of
the war (which are not otherwise provided for),
including costs of German occupation, credits ac-
quired during occupation on clearing accounts and
claims against the Reichskreditkassen.

B. The provisions of paragraph A above are
without prejudice to:

(i ) The determination at the proper time of the

116

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

forms, diiratidii ov totiil iuiiount of reparation to be
made by Germany ;

(ii) The ri<iht which each Signatory Govern-
ment may liave with respect to the final settlement
of German reparation ; and

(iii) Any political, territorial or other denninds
which any Signatory Government may put for-
ward witii respect to the peace settlement with
Germany.

C. Notwithstanding anything in the provisions
of paragraph A above, the present Agreement shall
not be considered as affecting:

(i) The obligation of the appropriate authori-
ties in GermaJiy to secure at a future date the dis-
charge of claims against Germany and German
nationals arising out of contracts and other obliga-
tions entered into, and rights acquired, before the
existence of a state of war between Germany and
the Signatory Government concerned or before the
occupation of its territory by Germany, whichever
was earlier;

(ii) The claims of Social Insurance Agencies
of the Signatory Governments or the claims of
their nationals against the Social Insurance Agen-
cies of the former German Government ; and

( iii ) Banknotes of the Reichsbank and the Ren-
tenbank, it being understood that their realization
shall not have the result of reducing improperly
the amount of reparation and shall not be eifected
without the approval of the Control Council for
Germany.

D. Notwithstanding the provisions of para-
graph A of this Ai-ticle, the Signatory Govern-
ments agree that, so far as they are concerned, the
Czechoslovak Government will be entitled to draw
upon the Giro Account of the National Bank of
Czechoslovakia at the Reichsbank, should such ac-
tion be decided upon by the Czechoslovak Gov-
ernment and be approved by the Control Council
for Germany, in connection with the movement
from Czechoslovakia to Germany of foimer
Czechoslovak nationals.

Article 3. Waiver of Claims Regarding Property Allo-
cated as Reparation,

Each of the Signatory Governments agrees that
it will not assert, initiate actions in international
tribunals in respect of, or give diplomatic sup-
port to claims on behalf of itself or those persons
entitled to its protection against any other Signa-

tory Govenunent or its nationals in respect of
property received by that Government as repa-
ration with the approval of the Control Council
for Germany.

Article 4. General Principles for the Allocation of
Industrial and other Capital Equipment.

A. No Signatory Govermnent shall request the
allocation to it as reparation of any industrial or
other capital equipment removed from Germany
except for use in its own territory or for use by its
own nationals outside its own territory.

B. In submitting requests to the Inter- Allied
Reparation Agency, the Signatory Governments
shoidd endeavour to submit comprehensive pro-
grams of requests for related groups of items,
I'ather than requests for isolated items or small
groups of items. It is recognized that the work
of the Secretariat of the Agency will be more effec-
tive, the more comprehensive the programs which
Signatory Governments submit to it.

C. In the allocation by the Inter-Allied Repara-
tion Agency of items declared available for repa-
ration (other than merchant .ship.s, inland water
transport and (ierman assets in countries which
remained neutral in the war against Germany) , the
following general principles shall serve as guides:

(i) Any item or related group of items in which
a claimant country has a substantial prewar finan-
cial interest shall be allocated to that country if it
so desires. Where two or more claimants have
such substantial interests in a particular item or
group of items, the criteria stated below shall guide
the allocation.

(ii) If the allocation between competing claim-
ants is not determined by paragraph (i) , attention
shall be given, among other relevant factors, to the
following considerations :

(a) The urgency of each claimant country's
needs for the item or items to rehabilitate, recon-
struct or restore to full activity the claimant
country's economy;

(b) The extent to which the item or items
would replace property which was destroyed,
damaged or looted in the war, or requires re-
placement because of excessive wear in war pro-
duction, and which is important to the claimant
coimtry's economy ;

JANUARY 27, 1946

117

economic life aiul to programs for its postwar
economic adjustnu'iit or development;

{(/) The requirements of countries whose rep-
aration shares are small but which are in need of
certain specific items or categories of items.

(iii) In making allocations a reasonable balance
shall be maintained among the rates at which the
re[)aration shares of the several clainumt (jovern-
ments are satisfied, subject to such temporary ex-
ceptions as are justified by the considerations under
l)aragraph (ii) (a) above.

Article 5. General I'riiiciples fttr the Allitcatiim itf
Merchant Ships and Inland II aler Transport.

A. (i) German merchant ships available for dis-
tribution as reparation among the Signatory
Governments shall be distributed among them in
proportion to the respective over-all losses of
merchant shipping, on a gross tonnage basis, of
the Signatory Governments and their nationals
through acts of war. It is recognized that trans-
fers of merchant ships by the United Kingdom
and United States Governments to other Govern-
ments are subject to such final approvals by the
legislatures of the United Kingdom and United
States of America as may be required.

(ii) A special committee, composed of repre-
sentatives of the Signatory Governments, shall be
appointed by the Assembly of the Inter-xVllied
Reparation Agency to make recommendations
concerning the determination of such losses and
the allocation of German merchant ships available
for distribution.

(iii) The value of German merchant ships for
reparation accounting purposes shall be the value
determined by the Tri-partite Merchant Marine
Commission in terms of 1938 prices in Ger-
many plus 15 per cent, with an allowance for
depreciation.

B. Recognizing that some countries have special
need for inland water transport, the distribution
of inland water transport shall be dealt with by
a special committee appointed by the Assembly
of the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency in the event
that inland water transport becomes available at a
future time as reparation for the Signatory Gov-
ernments. The valuation of inland water trans-
port will be made on the basis adopted for the
valuation of merchant ships or on an equitable
basis in relation to that adopted for merchant
ships.

Article 6. German External Assets.

A. Each Signatory Government shall, under
such procedures as it may choose, hold or dispose
of German enemy assets within its jurisdiction in
manners designed to preclude their return to Ger-
man ownership or control and shall charge against
its reparation share such assets (net of accrued
taxes, liens, expenses of administration, other in
rem charges against specific items and legitimate
ci>ntract claims against the German former owners
of such assets).

B. The Signatory (jovernments shall give to
the Inter-Allied Rei)aration Agency all informa-
tion for which it asks as to the value of such assets
and the amounts realized from time to time by
their liquidation.

C. German assets in those countries which re-
mained neutral in the war against Germany shall
be removed from German ownership or control
and liquidated or disposed of in accordance with
the authority of France, the United Kingdom
and the United States of America, pursuant to ar-
rangements to be negotiated with the neutrals by
these countries. The net proceeds of liquidation
or disposition shall be made available to the Inter-
Allied Reparation Agency for distribution on
reparation account.

D. In applying the provisions of paragraph A
above, assets which were the proj)'erty of a coun-
try which is a member of the United Nations or
its nationals who were not nationals of Germany
at the time of the occupation or annexation of this
country by Germany, or of its entry into war, shall
not be charged to its reparation account. It is
understood that this provision in no way pre-
judges any questions which may arise as regards
assets which were not the property of a national of
the country concerned at the time of the latter's
occupation or annexation by (lermany or of its
entry into war.

E. The German enemy assets to be charged
against reparation shares shall include assets
which are in reality German enemy assets, despite
the fact that the nominal owner of such assets is
not a German enemy.

Each Signatory Government shall enact legis-
lation or take other appropriate steps, if it has
not already done so, to render null and void all
transfers made, after the occupation of its terri-
tory or its entry into war, for the fraudulent pur-
pose of cloaking German enemy interests, and

778

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

thus saving them harmless from the effect of con-
trol measures regarding German enemy interests.
F. The Assembly of the Inter- A Hied Repara-
tion Agency shall set up a Committee of Experts
in matters of enemy property custodianship in
order to overcome practical difficulties of law and
interpretation which may arise. The Committee
should in particular guard against schemes which
miglit result in effecting fictitious or other trans-
actions designed to favour enemy interests, or to
reduce improperly the amount of assets wliicli
might be allocated to reparation.

Article 7. Captured Supplies.

The value of supplies and other materials sus-
ceptible of civilian use captured from the Ger-
man Armed Forces in areas outside Germany and
delivered to Signatory Governments shall be
charged against their reparation shares in so far
as such supplies and materials have not been or
are not in tlie futiu-e either paid for or delivered
under arrangements precluding any charge. It
is recognised that transfers of such supplies and
material by the United Kingdom and United States
Governments to other Ciovernments are subject to
such final approval by the legislature of the United
Kingdom or the United States of America as may
be required.

Article 8. Allocation of a Reparation Share to Non-
repatriahle Victims of German Action.

In recognition of the fact that large numbers
of persons have suffered heavily at the hands of
the Nazis and now stand in dire need of aid to pro-
mote their rehabilitation but will be unable to
claim the assistance of any Government receiving
reparation from Germany, the Governments of
the United States of America, France, the United
Kingdom, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, in con-
sultation with the Inter-Governmental Commit-
tee on Refugees, shall as soon as possible work out
in common agi-eement a plan on the following
general lines:

A. A share of reparation consisting of all the
non-monetary gold found by tlie Allied Armed
Forces in Germany and in addition a sum not ex-
ceeding Li;-) million dollars shall be allocated for
the rehabilitation and resettlement of non-repatri-
able victims of German action.

B. The sum of 25 million dollars shall be met
from a iDortion of the proceeds of German assets

in neutral countries which are available for rep-
aration.

■ C. Governments of neutral countries shall be
requested to make available for this purpose (in
addition to the sum of 25 million dollars) assets
in such countries of victims of Nazi action who
have since died and left no heirs.

D. The persons eligible for aid under the plan
in question shall be restricted to true victims of
Nazi persecution and to their immediate families
and dependents, in the following classes:

(i) Refugees from Nazi Germany or Austria
who require aid and cannot be returned to their
countries within a reasonable time because of pre-
vailing conditions;

(ii) German and Austrian nationals now resi-
dent in Germany or Austria in exceptional cases
in which it is reasonable on grounds of humanity
to assist such persons to emigrate and providing
they emigrate to other countries within a reason-
able period ;

(iii) Nationals of countries formerly occupied
Iiy the Germans who cannot be repatriated or are
not in a j^osition to be repatriated within a reason-
able time. In order to concentrate aid on the most
needy and deserving refugees and to exclude per-
sons whose loyalty to the United Nations is or was
doubtful, aid shall be restricted to nationals or
former nationals of previously occupied countries
who were victims of Nazi concentration camps or
of concentration camps established by regimes
under Nazi influence but not including persons who
liave been confined only in prisoners of war camps.

E. The sums made available under paragraphs
A and B above shall be administered by the Inter-
Governmental Committee on Refugees or by a
United Nations Agency to which appropriate func-
tions of the Inter-Governmental Committee may
in the future be transferred. The sums made
available under paragraph C above shall be ad-
ministered for the general purposes referred to in
this Article under a program of administration
to be fornudated by the five Governments named
above.

F. The non-monetary gold found in Germany
shall be i^laced at the disposal of the Inter-Govern-
mental Committee on Refugees as soon as a plan
has been worked out as provided above.

G. The Inter-Governmental Committee on Refu-
gees shall liave power to carry out the purposes of

JANUARY 27, 1946

119

tlie funil tlirough appropriate public ami private
field organisations.

H. Tlie fund sliall be used, not for tlie compensa-
tion of individual victims, but to further the re-
habilitation or resettlement of persons in the eligi-
ble classes.

I. Nothing in this Article shall be considered to
l)reju(liee the claims which individual refugees
ma}' have against a future German Government,
except to the amount of the benefits that such refu-
gees may have received from the sources referred
to in paragraphs A and C above.

Part II
Inter-Allied Reparation Agency
Article 1. Establishment of the Agency.

The Governments signatory to the present
Agreement hereby establish an Inter- Allied Repa-
ration Agency (hereinafter referred to as the
"Agency"). Each (iovernment shall appoint a
Delegate to the Agency and shall also be entitled
to api^oint an Alternate who, in the absence of the
Delegate, shall be entitled to exercise all the func-
tions and rights of the Delegate.

Article 2. Functions of the Agency.

A. The Agencj' shall allocate German repara-
tion among the Signatory Governments in accord-
ance with the provisions of this Agreement and
of any other agreements from time to time in force
among the Signatory Governments. For this
purpose, the Agency shall be the medium through
which the Signatory Governments receive infor-
mation concerning, and express their wishes in
regard to, items available as reparation.

B. The Agency shall deal with all questions re-
lating to the restitution to a Signatory Govern-
ment of property situated in one of the Western
Zones of Germany which may be referred to it by
the Commander of t];at Zone (acting on behalf of
his (iovernment), in agreement with the claimant
Signatory Government or Governments, without
]n-ejudice, however, to the settlement of such ques-
tions by the Signatory Governments concerned
either by agreement or arbitration.

Article 3. Internal Organization of the Agency.

A. The oi'gans of the Agency shall be the As-
sembly and the Secretariat.

B. The Assembly shall consist of the Delegates
and shall be presided over by the President of the

Agency. The President of the Agency shall be
the Delegate of the Government of France.

C. The Secretariat shall be under the dii-ection
of a Secretary General, assisted by two Deputy
Secretaries General. The Secretary General and
the two Deputy Secretaries General shall be ap-
pointed by the Governments of France, the United
States of America and the United Kingdom. The
Secretariat shall be international in character. It
shall act for the Agency and not for the individual
Signatory Governments.

Article 4. Functions of the Secretariat.

The Secretariat shall have the following func-
tions :

A. To prepare and submit to the Assembly pro-
grams for the allocation of German reparations;

B. To maintain detailed accounts of assets avail-
able for, and of assets distributed as, German
reparation;

C. To prepare and submit to the Assembly the
budget of the Agency ;

D. To perform such other administrative func-
tions as may be required.

Article 5. Functions of the Assembly.

Subject to the i^rovisions of Articles i and 7 of
Part II of this Agreement, the Assembly shall allo-
cate German reparation among the Signatory Gov-
ernments in conformity with the provisions of this
Agreement and of any other agreements from time
to time in force among the Signator}' Govern-
ments. It shall also approve the budget of the
Agency and shall perform such other functions as
are consistent with the provisions of this Agree-
ment.

Article 6. Voting in the Assembly.

Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement,
each Delegate shall have one vote. Decisions in
the Assembly shall be taken by a majority of the
votes cast.

Article 7. Appeal from Decisions of the Assembly,

A. When the Assembly has not agreed to a claim
presented by a Delegate that an item should be
allocated to his Government, the Assembly shall, at
the request of that Delegate and within the time
limit prescribed by the Assembly, refer the ques-
tion to arbitration. Such reference shall suspend
the effect of the decision of the Assembly on that
item.

120

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

B. The Delegates of the Governments claiming
an item referred to arbitration under paragraiih
A above shall select an Arbitrator from among
the other Delegates. If agreement cannot be
reached upon tlie selection of an Arbitrator, the
United States Delegate shall either act as Arbi-
trator or appoint as Arbitrator another Delegate
from among the Delegates whose Governments are
not claiming the item. If the United States Gov-
ernment is one of the claimant Governments, the
President of the Agency shall appoint as Arbitra-
tor a Delegate whose Government is not a claimant
(iovernment.

Article H. Powers of the Arbitrator.

When the question of the allocation of any item
is referred to arbitration under Article 7 of Part
II of this Agreement, the Arbitrator shall have
authority to make final allocation of the item
among the claimant Governments. The Arbitrator
may, at his discretion, refer the item to the Secre-
tariat for further study. He may also, at his dis-
cretion, i-equire the Secretariat to resubmit the item
to the Assembly.

Article 9. Expenses.

A. The salaries and expenses of the Delegates
and of their staffs shall be j^aid by their own Gov-
ernments.

B. The common expenses of the Agencj' shall be
met from the funds of the Agency. For the first
two years from the date of the estaltlisliment of
the Agency, these funds shall be contributed in
proportion to the percentage shares of the Signa-
tory Governments in Category B and thereafter in
proportion to their percentage .shares in Category
A.

C. Each Signatory Government shall contribute
its share in the budget of the Agency for each
budgetary period (as determined by the Assem-
bly) at the beginning of that period ; provided that
each Government shall, when this xVgreement is
signed on its behalf, contribute a sum equivalent
to not less than its Category B percentage share
of £50,000 and shall, within three months there-
after, contribute the balance of its share in the
budget of the Agency for the budgetary period in
which this Agreement is signed on its behalf.

D. All contributions by the Signatory Govern-
ments shall be made in Belgian francs or such
other currency or currencies as the Agency may re-
quire.

Article 10. Voting on the Budget,

In considering the budget of the Agencj' for any
budgetary period, the vote of each Delegate in the
Assembly shall be proportional to the share of the
budget for that period payable by his Govern-
ment.

Article 11. Official Languages.

The official languages of the Agency shall be
English and French.

Article 12. Offices of the Agency,

The seat of the Agency shall be in Brussels. The
Agency sliall maintain liaison offices in such other
places as the Assembl}% after obtaining the nec-
essary consents, may decide.

Article 13. If ithdraiial.

Any Signatory Government, other than a Gov-
ermneni which is responsible for the control of
a part of German territory, may witlulraw from
the Agency after written notice to tlie Secretariat.

Article 14. Amendments and Termination,

This Part II of the Agreement can be amended
or the Agency terminated by a decision in the As-
sembly of the majority of the Delegates voting,
provided that the Delegates forming the majority
represent Governments whose shares constitute col-
lectively not less than 80 per cent of the aggregate
of tlie percentage shares in Category A.

Article 15. Legal Capacity. Immunities and Privileges,

The Agency shall enjoy in the territory of each
Signatoi-y Government such legal capacity and
such privileges, immunities and facilities, as may
be necessary for the exercise of its functions and
the fulfilment of its purposes'. The representatives
of the Signatory Governments and the officials
of the Agency shall enjoy such privileges and
immunities as are necessary for the independent
exercise of their functions in connection with the
Agency.

Part III
Restitution of Monetary Gold
Single Article.

A. All the monetary gold found in Germany by
the Allied Forces and that referred to in para-
grajih G below (including gold coins, except those
of numismatic or historical value, which shall b6

JANUARY 27, 1946

121

restored directly if identifiable) shall be pooled
for distribution as restitution among the countries
participating in the pool in proportion to their
respective losses of gold through looting or by
wrongful removal to Germany.

B. Without prejudice to claims by way of rep-
aration for unrestored gold, the portion of mone-
tary gold thus accruing to each covmtry i)artici-
pating in the pool shall be accepted by that coun-
try in full satisfaction of all claims against Ger-
many for restitiition of monetary gold.

C. A proportional share of the gold shall be
allocated to each country concerned which adheres
to this arrangement for the restitution of monetary
gold and which can establish that a definite amount
of monetary gold belonging to it was looted by
Germany or, at any time after March l'2th, 1938,
was wrongfully removed into German territory.

D. The question of the eventual participation
of countries not represented at the Conference
(other than (iermany but including Austria and
Italy) in the above-mentioned distribution shall
be reserved, and the equivalent of the total shares
which these countries woidd receive, if they were
eventually admitted to participate, shall be set
aside to be disposed of at a later date in such man-
ner as may be decided by the Allied Governments
concerned.

E. The various countries participating in the
pool shall supply to the Governments of the
United States of America, France and the United
Kingdom, as the occupying Powers concerned, de-
tailed and verifiable data regarding the gold losses
suffered through looting by, or removal to,
Germany.

F. The Governments of the United States of
America, France and the United Kingdom shall
take aj^propriate steps within the Zones of (ier-
many occupied by them respectively to implement
distribution in accordance with the foregoing pro-
visions.

G. Any monetary gold which may be recovered
from a third country to which it was transferred
from Germany shall be distributed in accordance
with this arrangement for the restitution of mone-
tary gold.

Part IV

Entry into Force and Signature.

Article 1. Entry into Force.

This Agreement shall be open for signature on
behalf of any Government represented at the Paris

Conference on Reparation. As soon as it has been
signed on behalf of Governments collectively enti-
tled to not less than 80 per cent of the aggregate of
shares in Category A of German reparation, it
shall come into force among such Signatory Gov-
ernments. The Agreement shall thereafter be in
force among such Governments and those Govern-
ments on whose behalf it is subsequently signed.

Article 2. Signature.

The signature of each contracting Government
shall be deemed to mean that the effect of the pres-
ent Agreement extends to the colonies and overseas
territories of such Government, and to territories
under its protection of suzerainty or over which
it at present exercises a mandate.

In witness whereof, the undersigned, duly au-
thorized by their respective (lovermnents, have
signed in Paris the present Agreement, in the Eng-
lish and French languages, the two texts being
equally authentic, in a single original, wliich shall
be deposited in the Archives of the Government of
The French Eepul)lic, a certified copy thereof being
furnished by that Government to each Signatory
Government.
for the Government of

194 .
for the Government of

194 .

UNANIMOUS RESOLUTIONS BY THE CONFERENCE

The Conference has also unanimously agreed to
include the following Resolutions in the Final
Act:

1. German Assets in the Neutral Countries.

The Conference unanimously resolves that the
countries which remained neutral in the war
against Germany should be prevailed upon by all
suitable means to recognize the reasons of justice
and of international security policy which moti-
vate the Powers exercising supreme authority in
Germany and the other Powers participating in
this Conference in their efforts to extirpate the
German holdings in the neutral countries.

2. Gold transfered to the Neutral Countries.

The Conference unanimously resolves that, in
conformity with the policy expressed by the
United Nations Declaration Against Axis Acts of
Dispossession of January Ttth, lOio and the United
Nations Declaration on Gold of February 22nd,

122

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

1944, the countries which remained neutral in the
war against Germany be prevailed upon to make
available for distribution in accordance with Part
III of the foregoing Agreement all looted gold
transferred into their territories from German3^

3. Equality of Treatment regarding Compensation
for War Damage.

The Conference unanimously resolves that, in
the administration of reconstruction or compensa-
tion benefits for war damage to property, the treat-
ment accorded by each Signatory Government to
physical persons who are nationals and to legal
persons who are nationals of or are owned by na-
tionals of any other Signatory Government, so far
as they have not been compensated after the war
for the same property under any other form or
on any other occasion, shall be in principle not
less favourable than that which the Signatory
Government accords to its own nationals. In view
of the fact that there are many special problems
of reci]3rocity related to this principle, it is recog-
nized that in certain cases the actual implementa-
tion of the principle cannot be achieved except
through special agreements between Signatory
Governments.

Reference to the Annex to the Final Act.

During the course of the Conference, statements
were made by certain Delegates, in the terms set
out in the attached Annex, concerning matters not
within the competence of the Conference but hav-
ing a close relation with its work. The Delegates
Avhose Governments are represented on the Control
Council for Germany undertook to bring those
statements to the notice of their respective Gov-
ernments.

In witness whereof, the undersigned have signed
the present Final Act of the Paris Conference on
Reparation.

Done in Paris on December 21, 1945, in the Eng-
lish and French languages, the two texts being
equally authentic, in a single original, which shall
be deposited in the Archives of the Government
of the French Republic, certified copies thereof,
being furnished by that Government to all the
Goveinments I'epresented at that Conference.

Delegate of the

Government of

Delegate of the

Government of

ANNEX.

1. Resolution on the subject of Restitution.

The Albanian, Belgian, Czechoslovak, Danish,
French, Greek, Indian, Luxembourg, Netherlands
and Yugoslav Delegates agree to accept as the
basis of a restitution policy the following prin-
ciples :

{a) The question of the restitution of property
removed by the Germans from the Allied countries
must be examined in all cases in the light of the
United Nations Declaration of January .5th, 1943.

(ft) In general, restitution should be confined to
identifiable goods which (i) existed at the time
of occupation of the country concerned, and were
I'emoved with or without payment; (ii) were pro-
duced during the occupation and obtained by an
act of force.

(c) In cases where articles removed by the en-
emy cannot be identified, the claim for replace-
ment should be part of the general reparation
claim of the country concerned.

{d) As an exception to the above principles,
objects (including books, manuscripts and docu-
ments) of an artistic, historical, scientific (exclud-
ing equipment of an industrial character), educa-
tional or religious character which have been
looted by the enemy occupying Power shall, so far
as possible, be replaced by equivalent objects if
they are not restored.

(e) With respect to the restitution of looted
goods which were produced during the occupation
and which are still in the hands of German con-
cerns or residents of Germany, the burden of proof
of the original ownership of the goods shall rest
on the claimants and the burden of proof that the
goods were acquired by a regular contract shall
rest on the holders.

(/) All necessary facilities under the aiispices of
the Commanders-in-Chief of the occupied Zones
shall be given to the Allied States to send expert
missions into Germany to search for looted prop-
erty and to identify, store and remove it to its
country of origin.

{g) German holders of looted property shall be
compelled to declare it to the control authorities;
stringent penalties shall be attached to infractions
of this obligation.

2. Resolution on Reparation from Existing Stocks
and Current Production.

The Delegates of Albania, Belgium. Czechoslo-

JANUARY 27, 1946

123

vakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, India,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Yugo-
slavia,

In view of the decision of the Crimea Conference
that Germany shall make compensation to the
greatest possible extent for the losses and suffering
which she has inflicted on the United Nations,

Considering that it will not be possible to satisfy
the diverse needs of the Governments entitled to
reparation unless the assets to be allocated are suffi-
cientl}' varied in nature and the methods of alloca-
tion are sufliciently flexible,

Express the hope that no category of economic
resources in excess of Germany's requirements as
defined in Part III, article 15 of the Potsdam Dec-
laration, due account being taken of article 19 of
the same Fart, shall in principle be excluded from
the assets, the sum total of which should serve to
meet the reparation claims of the Signatory Gov-
ernments.

It thus follows that certain sjjecial needs of dif-
feient countries will not be met without I'ecourse,
in particular, to German existing stocks, current
production and services, as well as Soviet recipro-
cal deliveries under Part IV of the Potsdam Dec-
laration.

It goes without saying that the foregoing shall
be without prejudice to the necessity of achieving
tlie economic disarmament of Germanj^

The above-named Delegates would therefore
deem it of advantage were the Control Council to
furnish the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency with
lists of existing stocks, goods from current pro-
duction and services, as such stocks, goods or serv-
ices become available as reparation. The Agency
should, at all times, be in a position to advise the
Control Council of the special needs of the differ-
ent Signatory Governments.

3. Resolution regarding Property in Germany
belonging to United Nations or their nationals.

The Delegates of Albania, Belgium, Czechoslo-
vakia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, the Nether-
lands, Norway and Yugoslavia, taking into ac-
count the fact that the burden of reparation should
fall on the German people, recommend that the
following rules be observed regarding the alloca-
tion as reparation of property (other than ships)
situated in Germany :

(a) To determine the proportion of German
property available as reparation, account shall be
taken of the sum total of property actually consti-

tuting the German economy, including assets be-
longing to a LTnited Nation or to its nationals, but
excluding looted property, which is to be restored.

(h) In general, property belonging legitimately
to a United Nation or to its nationals, wdiether
wholly owned or in the form of a shareholding of
more than 48 percent, shall so far as possible be
excluded from the part of German propei'ty con-
sidered to be available as reparation.

(c) The Control Council shall determine the
cases in which minority shai'eholdings of a United
Nation or its nationals shall be treated as forming
part of the property of a German juridical person
and therefore having the same status as that
juridical j^erson.

( (I) The foregoing provisions do not in any way
prejudice the removal or destruction of concerns
controlled by interests of a United Nation or of its
nationals when this is necessary for security
reasons.

((') In cases where an asset which is the legit-
imate property of one of the United Nations or
its nationals has been allocated as reparation, or
destroyed, particularly in the cases referred to in
paragraphs b, c, and d above, equitable compensa-
tion to the extent of tlie full value of this asset
sjiall be granted by the Control Council to the
United Nation concerned as a charge on the Ger-
man economy. This compensation shall, when
possible, take the form of a shareholding of equal
value in German assets of a similar character
which have not been allocated as reparation.

(/) In order to ensure that the property in
Germany of persons declared by one of the United
Nations to be collaborators or traitors shall be
taken from them, the Control Council shall give
effect in Germany to legislative measures and
juridical decisions by courts of the United Nation
concerned in regard to collaborator's or traitors
who are nationals of that United Nation or were
nationals of that United Nation at the date of its
occupation or annexation by Germany or entry
into the war. The Control Council shall give to
the Government of such United Nation facilities
to take title to and possession of such assets and
to dispose of them.

4. Resolution on captured War Materiel.

The Delegates of Albania, Belgium, Denmark,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Czecho-
slovakia and Yugoslavia, taking account of the
fact that part of the war materiel seized by the

124

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Allied Armies in Germany is of no use to tliese
Armies but -would, on the other hand, be of use
io other Allied countries recommend:

(a) That, subject to Resolution 1 of this Annex
on the subject of restitution, war material which
was taken in the Western Zones of Germany and
which has neither been put to any use nor destroyed
as being of no value, and which is not needed by
the Armies of Occupation or is in excess of their
requirements, shall be put at the disj^osal of coun-
tries which have a right to receive reparation from
the Western Zones of Germany, and:

(h) That the competent authorities shall deter-
mine the available types and quantities of this
materiel and shall submit lists to the Inter-Allied
Reparation Agency, which shall proceed in ac-
cordance with the provisions of Part II of the
above Agreement.

5. Resolution on German Assets in the Julian March

and the Dodecanese.

The Delegates of Greece, the United Kingdom
and Yugoslavia (being the Delegates of the coun-
tries primarily concerned), agree that:

(ff) The German assets in Vcnezia Giulia (Ju-
lian March) and in tlie Dodecanese shall be taken
into custody by the military authorities in occu-
pation of those parts of the territory which they
now occupy, until the territorial questions have
been decided ; and

(b) As soon as a decision on the territorial
questions has been reached, the liquidation of the
assets shall be undertaken in conformity with the
provisions of Paragraph A of Article 6 of Part I
of the foregoing Agreement by the countries whose
sovereignty over the disiDuted territories has been
recognized.

6. Resolution on Costs relating to Goods Delivered

from Germany as Reparation.

The Delegates of Albania, Australia, Belgium,
Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, India,
Luxembourg, Noi-way, New Zealand, the Nether-
lands, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, recommend
that the costs of disnuiutling, packing, transport-
ing, handling, loading and all other costs of a gen-
eral nature relating to goods to be delivered from
Germany as reparation, until the goods in ques-
tion have passed the German frontier, and expendi-
ture inciu-red in Germany for the account of the
Inter-Allied Reparation Agency or of the Dele-

gates of the Agency should, in so far as they are
payable in a currency which is legal tender in
Germany, be paid as a charge on the German econ-
omy.

7. Resolution on the Property of War Criminals.

The Delegates of Albania. Belgium, France,
Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ex-
press the view that :

(r/) The legislation in force in Germany against
German war criminals should provide for the con-
fiscation of the property in Germany of those crim-
inals, if it does not do so already ;

(h) The property so contiscated, except such as
is already available as reparation or restitution,
should be liquidated by the Control Council and the
net proceeds of the liquidation paid to the Inter-
Allied Reparation Agency for division according
to the principles set out in the foregoing Agree-
ment.

8. Resolution on Recourse to the International

Court of Justice.

The Delegates of Albania, Australia, Belgium,
Denmark, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Norway, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia recom-
mend that :

Subject to the jirovisions of Article 3 of Part I
of the foregoing Agreement, the Signatory Gov-
ernments agree to have recourse to the Interna-
tional Court of Justice for the solution of every
conflict of law or of competence arising out of the
provisions of the foregoing Agreement which has
not been submitted by the parties concerned to
amicable solution or arbitration.

Asriciilture in the Americas

The following article of interest to readers of
the BuijjjriN appeared in the December issue
of AuriciiUiire in the Ameritris, a publication of
the Department of Agriculture, copies of which
may be obtained from the Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, for 10
cents each :

"Brazil's Sugar Industry", by Hubert Maness,
now assistant agricultural economist, American
Embassy, Chungking, and formerly vice consul
at Rio de Janeiro.

JANUARY 21, 1946

125

Ten South American Republic Being Linked by
Pan American Highway '

That part of the Pan American Highway which
lies in South America will, when completed, unite
the 1(1 republics and further the development of
(hat great continent with a route for economic
intercourse as well as for tourist and pleasure
travel through sections of surpassing scenic beauty.

He who would tour in South America is still
obliged to ship his car to some South American
port — La Guaira in Venezuela, for example, or
Turbo in Colombia. From La Guaira he can easily
drive through Venezuela and Colombia and most
of Ecuador. But here again he must make a de-
tour by sea, because of two unfinished gaps in the
road in Ecuador, and he will probably land at
Tumbes in northern Peru.

Now his detour troubles are largely over, for lie
can drive through Peru, largely over an asjihalt
highway, to Chile, througli Chile to Argentina,
and in Argentina over a fine, hard-surfaced high-
way to Buenos Aires. From there good roads lead
to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil or across by ferry
to Ui'uguay.

The motorist in South America has an intimate,
first-hand view of the commercial transportation
of the continent. Beside buses, numerous trucks
loaded with agricultural produce or livestock, oil,
and building materials remind him that many of
the South American countries ai'e not connected
with each other by rail and that even within their
borders the Pan American Highway absorbs much
of the normal railroad traffic.

He will revel also in a great variety of scenic
beauty, as the road climbs from the lush growth
of the tropics some 14,000 feet into the majestic
heights of the Andes, dipping and winding through
mountainous areas of Venezuela, Colombia, and
Ecuador, where it crosses the Equator at 10,000
feet in a fertile, green valley surrounded by glisten-
ing snow peaks.

For almost the entire length of Peru and north-
ern Chile, he can drive with the blue Pacific on
one hand and on the other the narrow coastal
plain, beyond which rise the rhythmic i^eaks of
the Andes. This stretch is passable the year
round, for this is one place in the world without

' Released to the press by the Pan .\meriean Union.

rainfall. The tourist will welcome the refreshing
greenness bordering the many rivers that flow
from the Andes across the desert to the sea. From
Santiago, Chile, the road turns east toward the
mountains again, crossing the Andes at 13,000
feet through magnificent scenes and dropping
again onto the peaceful green Argentine pampas
to Buenos Aires.

Automobile rationing has ended, and new cars
and trucks will begin to ajipear on the highways
of the LTnited States ns fast as they leave the
assembly lines. How soon they will be available
for South America is another question, but it
should not be too many months before they will
swell the volume of traffic on the Pan American
Highway. Meanwhile, highway engineers are
constantly working on elimination of the few re-
maining gaps, while many state-supported tour-
ist bureaus and automobile associations are eagerly
preparing to receive their "good neighbors" in
ever increasing numbers. When cars are ready
for the road, the road — and comfortable stopping
places — will be ready for the cars.

A trip to Cape Horn in the family car is a dream
which shows promise of fulfilment in the not too
distant future. From the Rio Grande to the Co-
lombian border in South America the Pan Ameri-
can Highway is about 70 percent completed for
all-weather driving. On to Buenos Aires, Argen-
tina, it is paved almost straight through.

Right now, you can drive from the United States
border at Laredo, Texas, straight south into Mex-
ico for 1,135 miles. For the next 400 miles, to the
border of Guatemala, there are gaps in the high-
way which, it is expected, will be eliminated by
1947. From this point on through the countries
of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nic-
aragua, the highway is in all-weather shape, with
the exception of a few short detours here and there
during the rainy season.

In Costa Rica, for numerous and complicated
I'easons, the job is still incomplete. Of the 425
miles through that country, only about 300 are

126

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

passable even in dry weather, and a good many
miles are washed out when the rains start. With
the end of tlie war, new machinery and new interest
in the project may combine to speed the work.

In Panama tliere are some very difficult jungle
areas still to be penetrated by the highway, espe-
cially between the Panama Canal and the Co-
lombian border, but here too the probabilities are
for faster jjrogress now.

Within South America there are good roads,
most of them paved, from Bogota, Colombia, to
Buenos Aires. This stretch of some 3,000 miles is
open not only to the citizens of those countries but
also to the American tourist if he ships his car to
South America.

Perhaps the most important role of the highway
is to bind together the peoples of the various re-
publics it ci'osses, improving their economy and
raising living standards. Before the road came
througli, the peoples of the Central American
countries were almost completely isolated from
each other. Once, unbelievable as it seems, when
Costa Rica suffered a shortage of rice she found it
cheaper to import the grain from China than to
get it from her next-door neighbor, Nicaragua, 300
miles away.

The effects of land commvmication on tliese coun-
tries are tremendous. The character of entire
towns along the highway has changed, the road
bringing improved building construction and in-

creased public utilities as well as small stores and
garages all along the route. Today there are elec-
tric refrigerators and modern plumbing in small
village inns preparing to meet the needs of trav-
elers.

The Central American republics need no longer
depend solely on bananas and coffee to support
their economy. Pineapples and cashew nuts,
coconuts and coconut oil, and large quantities of
cacao will be winding over the highway to neigh-
boring countries and to the United States; and
coming back to these primarily agricultural coun-
tries will be the manufactured articles for which
there is constantly increasing demand.

Now that the war has ended, the tourist is again
taking to the roads, and the Pan American High-
way will have a strong appeal. As far back as
1932, when Mexico's paved road ended at Monter-
rey, 175 miles south of the border, 2,000 cars made
the trip from Laredo every weekend. Multiply
that number by thousands, and future motor
traffic on the Pan American Highway can be
roughly gaged.

An eight-page Report on the Present State of
the Pan American Highway in South Ainerica has
been prepared by Maurice E. Gilmore, Acting
Director of the Department of Transportation and
Economic Development, Office of Inter-American
Affairs, Washington, D. C. Copies of the report
majr be obtained from that office.

LONDON BEPOKl—Vontinitcd from pafle 9. ■
eration of Trade Unions for membership in the
Economic and Social Council. Repercussion of
this recjuest was similar to requests from other
international organizations, including the Inter-
national Co-operative Alliance, American Federa-
tion of Labor, and International Federation of
Women.

Most members of the Steering Committee
agreed tluit admission of such organizations
would be a violation of the basic United Nations
Charter. Some were favorably inclined toward
the suggestion made by Assembly President Spaak
that it might be possible for the Economic and
Social Council to work out a system for bringing
these groups into clo.se collaboration. He also
suggested that a special category of "official per-
manent gue.sts" could be set up and that their

opinions could be heard by the General Assembly
at regularly designated times.

Just before Secretary Byrnes left London to
return to Washington late in the week, he summed
up the work already accomplished by the General
Assembly.

"I think the Conference has made splendid
progress", he said. "It is a very difficult thing to
have representatives of 51 nations agree even on
organizational matters. It is particularly grati-
fying to me that in the very first week of the work
of the Organization the Assembly has approved
tlie Atomic Energy Commission idea and got on
with the vital business of the Organization instead
of some unimjiortant administrative resolutions.
I think it will be.heartening to all people to look to
the Organization to see big, important things, in-
stead of small things."

Calendar of Meetings

Far Eastern Commission
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

United Nations Organization :
General Assembly
Security Council

Civil Aviation Conference

Council of the United Maritime Authority

International Lal)or Organization :

Conference of Delegates on Constitu-
tional Questions

International Development Works Com-
mittee

International Te<-hnical Committee of
Aerial Legal Experts (CITEJA) :
14th session

International Cotton Study Group: Sub-
committee of the International Ad-
visory Committee

Council of the United Maritime Authority

North American Regional Broadcast En-
gineering Conference

West Indian Conference

Tokyo
London

London
London

Bermuda

London

Montreal

Paris

January 6 (continuing in session)

Hearings open on January 25 (hearings
closed in Washington on January 14)

January 10 (continuing in session)
January 17 (continuing in session)

January 15 (continuing in session)

Fel)ruary 4

January 21 (continuing in session)

January 28

January 22 (continuing in session)

Washington

January 24 (continuing in session

London

January 18 (continuing in session)

Washington

February 4

St. Thomas,

•gin

February 21

Islands

(U.

S.)

Activities and Developments

Far Eastern Commission is meeting in .Tai:)iin at
Kove, after having stayed in Tokyo Bay for about
two weeks. The delegates will return to Tokyo
on January 31 at which time they will talk with
General MacArthur before sailing for Pearl Har-
bor on February 2. It is exjiected that the Com-
mission will return to Washington about Feb-
ruary 15.

France, Canada, and India have accepted the
invitation to join the commission and information
has been received from the Union of Soviet So-
cialist Republics that Lt. Gen. K. N. Derevyanko
has been named as the Soviet representative to the
Allied Council; his alternate will be Y. A. Malik,

former Soviet Ambassador to Japan ; Peter Victor
Anurov will serve as Mr. Malik's alternate; and
L. A. Eazin has been named Soviet economic ad-
viser. The Soviet Delegation is leaving Moscow
for Tokyo immediately.

Providing for the Furnishing of Information and
Assistance to the Joint Anglo- American Committee
of Inquiry on Jewish Problems in Palestine and
Europe ^

Whereas by an exchange of notes on December
10, 1945, between the Secretary of State of the

' Ex. Or. 9682 (11 Federal Register 787).

727

128

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

United States and the British Ambassador there
has been created a joint Anglo-American Commit-
tee of Inquiry (hereinafter referred to as the Com-
mittee), whose terms of reference are as follows:

1. To examine political, economic and social con-
ditions in Palestine as they bear upon the problem
of Jewish immigration and settlement therein and
the well-being of the peoples now living therein.

2. To examine the position of the Jews in those
countries in Europe where they have been the vic-
tims of Nazi and Fascist persecution, and the
practical measures taken or contemplated to be
taken in those countries to enable them to live free
from discrimination and oppression, and to make
estimates of those who wish, or will be impelled by
their conditions, to migrate to Palestine or other
countries outside Euroj^e.

3. To hear the views of competent witnesses and
to consult I'epresentative Arabs and Jews on the
problems of Palestine as such problems are aft'ected
by conditions subject to examination under para-
graphs 1 and 2 above and by other relevant facts
and circumstances, and to make recommendations
to the Governments of the United States and of
the United Kingdom for ad 'Interim handling of
these problems as well as for their permanent
solution.

4. To make such other reconnnendations to the
Governments of the United States and of the
United Kingdom as may be necessary to meet the
immediate needs arising from conditions subject to
examination under paragrapli 2 above, by reme-
dial action in the European countries in question
or by the provision of facilities for emigration to
and settlement in countries ovitside Europe;

And whereas the Goveriunent of the United
States is desirous of rendering all possible aid to
the Committee to enable it properly to perform the
task entrusted to it :

Now THEREFORE, by virtuc of the authority
vested in me by the Constitution and the statutes,
and as President of the United States and Com-
mander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the
United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:

1. All departments, agencies, and independent
establishments of the Executive branch of the
Federal Government .shall furnish to the Connnit-
tee, upon the request of the American Chairman
of the Committee, such of their records and docu-
ments as relate to the subjects referred to the Com-

mittee for examination and study under its several
terms of reference : Provided, hovreverjthat a de-
partment, agency, or independent establishment
shall not be requii'ed to disclose confidential rec-
ords and documents the disclosure of which would
be prejudicial to the interests of the United States :

Provided further, that in all such cases, the head
of the department, agency, or independent estab-
lishment concerned shall furnish the American
Chairman of the Conniiittee with a statement jus-
tifying the withholding of the records and docu-
ments requested by him.

2. Any officer or employee of an Executive de-
partment, agency, or independent establishment
of the Government possessing personal informa-
tion or knowledge relating to the .subjects referred
to the Committee for examination and study under
its several terms of reference, may, upon the re-
quest of the American Chairman of the Commit-
tee and with the approval of the head of the de-
partment, agency, or independent establishment
cfincerned, furnish such information or knowledge
to the Connnittee either orally or in writing, as
shall in each case appear to be desirable.

3. The Secretary of State may assign or detail
officers and employees of the Department of State,
including officers and employees of the Foreign
Service of the United States, for service with the
American members of the Committee.

4. The head of any department, agency, or in-
dependent establi.'^hment of the Government may,
upon request of the Secretary of State, detail or
assign officers and employees of his department,
agency, or independent establishment for sei-vice
with the American members of the Committee.

6. The Secretary of War and the Secretary of
the Navy are authorized to provide appropriate
assistance including the furnishing of available
Government-owned motor transportation and
other Government-owned and operated facilities
which can be spared to enable the Committee prop-
erly to perform the tasks entrusted to it.

6. The Secretary of State may, in order to effect
the purposes of this order, and in conformity with
exi.sting law, delegate to one or more responsible
officers of the Department of State the authority
vested in him by this order.

Harry S. Truman

The White House,
January IS, 1946.

The Record of the Week

American Group To Observe
Elections in Greece

[Released to the press January 14]

In fulfilment of the resiDonsibilities undertaken
by this Government at Yalta, and in response to
the invitation of the Greek Government for Allied
observation of Greek elections, the President ap-
pointed Henry F. Grady as his representative,
with the personal rank of Ambassador, to head
the American group to observe those elections in
collaboration with representatives of Great Brit-
ain and France.^ In November Ambassador
Grady visited London for preliminary consulta-
tions with the British and French representatives,
who subsequently accompanied him to Athens for
conferences with the Greek authorities. During
this visit the Greek Government reiterated its
desire for Allied observation and fixed the date of
March 31, 1946 for the elections.

The President has now announced the appoint-
ment of the following members of the United
States mission, with the personal rank of Min-
ister:- Harrj' J. ilalony. Major General, U.S.A.;
Joseph Coy Green, Adviser to the Secretai-y of
State; Walter H. Mallory, executive director,
Council on Foreign Relations; James Gi^afton
Rogers, lawyer and educator, former Assistant
Secretary of State; William W. AVaymack, editor
of the Des Moines Register and Tribune; Herman
B. Wells, President of Indiana University.

The members of the mission are now assembled
in AVashington for the mission's initial meetings,
scheduled for January 14 and 15.

The mission will be assisted in carrying out the
observation by a civilian secretariat and advisory
staff of approximately 80 persons and by a mili-
tary staff numbering about .500 persons.

Appointments to the principal positions on the
civilian staff include:

Technical Advif^crs: Sarah Wambaugh, author
and lecturer, authority on plebiscites. Technical
Adviser and Deputy Member of Saar Plebiscite
Commission; S. Shepard Jones, Assistant Chief,
Division of Public Liaison, Department of State;
Raymond J. Jessen, Bureau of Agricultural Eco-

nomics, Statistical Laboratory, Iowa State Col-
lege; J. Arnold King, Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, Statistical Laboratory, Iowa State
College.

Special Assistant to the Chief of the Mission:
James Hugh Keeley, Foreign Service officer.

Secretary General: Foy D. Kohler, Foi'eign
Service officer.

Aibninistratire Officer: William Barnes, For-
ign Service officer.

Interpreters Section : Jay S. Seeley, former in-
structor, Anatolia College, Salonika, Greece;
Commander Robert B. Kleinhaus, U.S.N.R.,
former instructor, Athens College, Athens.

Indoctrination and Reports Section: Carl W.
Blegen, professor, University of Cincinnati, cul-
tural-relations attache, Athens; Shirley H. AVeber,
professor, American School of Classical Studies,
director of the Gennadius Library, Athens; Frank
E. Bailey, professor, Mount Holyoke College.

District Secretaries: Jack Curts, former in-
structor, Athens College, Athens, Labor Rela-
tions Officer, Legal Division, Office of Chief of
Engineers, AVar Department ; James F. Clarke,
Office of International Information and Cultural
Aft'airs, Department of State; Sherman AVallace,
Chief of Southeast Europe Section, Strategic
Services Unit, War Department ; Raymond Bax-
ter, former executive of the Foreign Economic
Administration in North Africa and in Greece;
Donald C. Bergus, Foreign Service officer.

By direction of the President ^ the State and
War Departments are collaborating closely in the
organization of the mission and are receiving the
assistance of the Navy Department and other exec-
utive branches of the Government. General
Malony, as principal representative of the War
Department, will be in chai-ge of the military per-
sonnel constituting the observation teams and
handling the physical arrangements of the mis-
sion, which will be largely self-sufficient as regards
supply, transportation, and communications. The

' Bulletin of Oct. 21, 194.5, p. 611.
- Bulletin of Jan. 20. 1946, p. 56.

' Ex. Or. 9657 of Nov. 16, 1945 ; for text, see Bulletin
of Nov. 18, 1915, p. 792 ; 10 Federal Register 14243.

129

130

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

assignments to the principal positions on the mili-
tary staff follow :

Chief of Staif: Col. Julian E. Riiymoiul. Inf.

District. Commanders: Col. Earle A. Johnson,
Inf. ; Col. Albert J. Hastings. F. A. ; Col. Robert
H. Stumpf, Inf.; Col. John T. English, Inf.;
Colonel Gray.

Naval Air Commander: Lt. Commander Charles
A. Merryman, U.S.N.

It lias been agreed among the participating gov-
ernments that the three national groups will be
organized into an Allied Mission To Observe the
Greek Elections and that the observation will be
conducted as a combined Allied operation. The
United States and British Governments will eacli
furnisli 100 and the French about 40 mobile obser-
vation teams, each consisting of a military officer
and enlisted man and a Greek interpreter, equipped
with a jeep and trailer. During a period of three
weeks prior to election day these teams will inspect
and report on the status of the electoral registers
and of the provisions made for the election. On
election daj' the teams will be sent to a sufficient
number of representative polling places through-
out Greece to give a valid sample of the effective-
ness and integrity of the polling.

The pattern of observation will be worked out
by a staff of sampling and statistical experts.

The operation will be carried out through a
Combined Central Office in Athens and Combined
District Offices in Athens, Salonika, Patras, Tri-
polis, and Herakleion, all headed by members of
the three Allied missions. Specific areas will not
be assigned to the representatives of the three dif-
ferent nations, but American, British, and French
teams will be interspersed, one team to each selected
polling place.

Mission personnel will observe the election proc-
ess and will not interfere in any way. In the event
of disturbances, observers will avoid becoming in-
volved and will simply report the facts to the
appropriate officers of the Mission. Military per-
sonnel will in no sense be in Greece for military
purposes. All Allied staff members will wear dis-
tinctive personal identification in the form of
shoulder patches for military personnel and bras-
sards for civilians.

A group of members of the Interpreters Section
of the United States mission, headed by Mr. Seeley,
is now en route to Greece to join with British col-
leagues in selecting the 200 or more Greek-English

interpreters to be emj^loyed by the Mission. An-
otlier group from the civilian and military staffs,
headed by Mr. Keeley, is now in London consulting
with British and French representatives and elab-
orating tlie plans for the combined observation
operation. Other groups, particularly the techni-
cal advisers and central and district office staffs,
will proceed to Greece in the near future to under-
take the necessary advance studies and plans and
to make advance airangements for offices and
quarters and for supplies.

Personnel of the three Allied contingents will be
assembled in the Naples area of Italy in mid-Feb-
ruary for a period of indoctrination and training
before proceeding to Greece to begin the observa-
tion early in March.

Expansion of Food and Live-
stock Products in Caribbean
Area

[Released to the press January 15]

Expansion in production of food crops and
livestock jiroducts in the Caribbean area is pro-
posed by the Governments of the United States
and Great Britain. It is felt that the area is suited
for an increased production of certain agricultural
products needed for a more adequate and better
balanced nutrition of the people. This is one point
of a 30-point program for the economic develop-
ment of the United States and British territories
in the Caribbean made public on January 14 in a
I'eport issued in Washington and London.

The joint pronouncement is based upon the rec-
ommendations of the first West Indian Conference
held in Barbados last year under the auspices of
the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission. This
Conference, in which the delegates were themselves
representatives of the peoples of the area, recom-
mended action by the home Governments on seven
general subjects: local food production; expansion
of fisheries; reabsoriJtion into civil life of persons
engaged in war employment ; planning of public
works for the improvement of agriculture, educa-
tion, housing, and public health; health protection
and quarantine; industrial development; and pos-
sibilities of expansion of the Caribbean Research
Council.

The joint statement is the result of a series of
conversations between American and British offi-
cials and of special studies made by the two Gov-
ernments.

JANUARY 27, 1946

131

Transfer of Japanese Property

[Released to the press January 18]

Supplementing the Department of State's press
release of December 20, 1945 ^ and with specific
reference to paragraph five thereof concerning
the contemplated release to the United States Gov-
ernment of Japanese consular premises and ar-
chives and other property in the Territory of Ha-
waii, the Department of State announced that this
transfer was accomplished on January 18 by means
of a protocol signed jointly by Col. Erik de Laval,
Counselor, Legation of Sweden at Washington,
and Thomas F. Fitch, Chief Special Agent, De-
partment of State.

The relinquishment of the custody of this j^rop-
erty by the Swedish Government was in accord-
ance with instructions given by the Japanese Gov-
ernment, based upon a directive issued by General
MacArthur on October 25, 1945.

The representation of Japanese interests in the
Territory of Hawaii from the outbreak of the war
with Japan has been in the hands of the Swedish
Government. The handling of this work has been
the special resiDonsibility of Colonel de Laval as
Chief of the Department of Japanese Interests of
the Legation, through the agency of the Swedish
Consulate at Honolulu.

It is expected that a portion of the former Jap-
anese consular premises at Honolulu will continue
for the present to be occupied by the Swedish vice
consul in connection with the protection of the in-
terests of individual Japanese nationals in the
Territory of Hawaii.

Assistance for American
Correspondents Reporting
UNRRA Activities Abroad

[Released to tlie press .Taiinary 17]

A request to facilitate reporting by American
press and radio representatives in areas receiving
UNRRA assistance has been forwarded to nine
governments by Acting Secretary of State Dean
Acheson.

The aide-memoire were despatched in accord-
ance with Public Law 2C2, approved December 18,
1945, in which Congress requested the President,
through appropriate channels, to assist American
l^ress and radio correspondents in their reporting
of UNRRA activities abroad.

The aide-memoire inform the governments of the
recommendations of Congress. They request that.

in the interest of better understanding between our
peoples, aiJjjropriate measures be taken to assure
that properly accredited representatives of the
American press and radio are able to investigate
and report fully without censorship on the util-
ization and distribution of UNRRA supplies and
services.

It is requested further that the Department of
State be informed of the measures taken so that it
may report them to Congress.

The aide-memoire have been sent to Albania,
China, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland, the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and Yugo-
slavia.

Contributions to UNRRA

I Kele.ised to the press by UNRR.\ January 12]

A total of $3,011,942,710 had been paid or
pledged to UNRRA by its 47 member nations as
of December 31, 1945. Included in this total are
authorizations of $1,722,0G9,3G9 representing the
second contributions by four of the non-invaded
countries^ — the United States, the United King-
dom, Canada, and the Dominican Republic. The
United Kingdom and the Dominican Republic
have made available as their second contributions
$302,250,000 and $1,050,000 respectively. The
United States has appropriated $750,000,000 of the
second $1,350,000,000 authorized by Congress, and
Canada has made available $22,522,522 of its sec-
ond-contribution authorization of $69,369,369.

Thirty of the 31 non-invaded member govern-
ments of UNRRA have paid or pledged payments
on the first contributions requested for UNRRA.
Negotiations are in progress with the one remain-
ing government.

Under resolutions adopted by the UNRRA
Council, invaded nations are asked to contribute
only to the admmistrative-expense fund. Of the
16 invaded nations, 12 have paid their adminis-
trative contributions in full, 2 have paid more
than half of their allocations, aiid the remaining
2, recently admitted to UNRRA membership,
have not yet been formally requested to make ad-
ministrative contributions, since determination of
their contribution will be made at the next meet-
ing of the UNRRA Council.

The following table shows contributions author-
ized or in process by each of the 47 UNRRA mem-
ber governments as of December 31, 1945 :

1 Bulletin of Dec. 23, 1945, p. 1022.

132

Contributions of UNRRA Member Govern-
ments Authorized or in Process as of Decem-

ber 31, 1945

(In U. S. dollar equivalents)

Country

Total contri- Paid or made t„ „„„„--
hutions availabli. "' Process

Non-invaded countrie:^ (making
both operntiiig and adminiMra-
tire eonlribuUnn^):

Australia

Bolivia ... . . .

Brazil

Canada'

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominican Republic ' .

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Iceland

India

Iran

Iraq

Liberia

Mexico

New Zealand ....

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

Union of South Africa
United Kingdom ' . .
United States >. . . .

Uruguay

Venezuela .....

Invaded countries (making ad-
ministrative contributions only):

Belgium

China

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

Ethiopia

France

Greece

Lii.xembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Philippines

Poland

Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics '

Yugoslavia

Total .

$38, 400. 000

95, 238

30, 000, 000

138, 738, 738

2, 153, 312

2. 356, 493
100, 000

6, 03.5, 000

1,400,000

1.50.000

4, 255, 833

128,750

! 8, 750

48, 750

58, 7.50

717,975

24, 042, 072

325, 100

218, 250

13. 750

3, 601. 500
8, 476, 000

128, 750

408, 750

38, 449

1. 000, 000

18, 135, oon

624, 650, 000

2, 700, 000, 000

. 620, 000

1, 017, 500

175, 000
875, 000
176, 000

18, 750

8,750

700.000

87, 500

8, 750

262, 500

52,500

8, 750

176, 000

1,750,000
122, .500

$3,611,942,710

$38, 400, 000

31,746

10. 000, 000

91, 891, 891

2, 365, 994

35,000
1, 400, 000

70. 000
6,000
! 8, 7.50
48, 750
68, 750
717, 975
24, 042, 072

17,600

13,760

1, 148, 000

8, 476, 000

125, 000

142,083

9,890

792, 692

5, 137. 600

621, 660. 000

I, 100, 000, 000

505. 000

350, 833

17.5.000

875,000

176, 000

18, 750

8,750

700,000

87. 600

8,760

262. .500

52, .500

8,750

100, 000

1, 000, 000
122, 500

$63, 492

20, 000, 000

46, 846, 847

2, 153, 312

499

400,000

6, 000, 000

160,000

4, 186, 833

123, 7.50

325, 100
200, 750

2, 453, 600

3,750

266, 667

28.550

207, 308

12,997,500

600. 000. 000

15, 000

666, 667

75. 000

$2, 914, 029, 1,S5

$697, 913, 626

' Non-invaded country which has authorized both first and second con-
tributions.

2 Administrative contribution only: negotiations in process for operating
contribution.

3 Includes Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Revocation of the Proclamation
Svispending the International Load
Lines Convention in Ports and Waters
of the Lnited States'

By the Peesident of the United States of Amekica
A PROCLAMATION

Whi'.iu'L^s by Proclaiiuiriiui No. 2500," dated August 9,
1941, the President declared and proclaimed the Inter-
national Load Lines Convention, signed by the respec-
tive lilenipotentiaries of the United States of America and
certain other countries at London on July 5, 1930, sus-
pended and inoperative in the jiorts and waters of the
United States of America, and in so far as the United
States of America was concerned, for the duration of the
existing emergency; and

Whereas it appears that the continued suspension of the
said International Load Lines Convention is no longer
necessary or desirable:

Now. Therefokb. I, Hai!ry S. Truman. President of the
United States of America, do <leclare and pi'oclaim that tlie
said Proclamation No. 2500, dated August 9, 1941, is hereby
revoked, effective as of January 1, 1946.

In Witness Whekeof, I have hereunto set my hand and
caused the seal of the United States of America to be
affixed.

Done at the City of Washington this 21st day of Decem-
ber in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred

[.seal] and forty-five and of the Independence of the
United States of America the one hundred and
seventieth.

Harrt S. Truman

By the President :
Dean Aoheson,
Acting Secretary of State.

Letters of Credence

MINISTER OF HUNGARY

The newly apiwinted Minister of Hungary, Aladar
Szegedy-Maszak, presented liis letters of credence to the
President on January 18. For text of remarks on the
occasion of the presentation of liis cre<Ientials and reply
by the President .see Department of State press release 44.

The Foreign Service

Consular Offices

The American Consulate at Beira, Portuguese East
Africa, was closed on November 30, 1945.

' Proclamation 2675 (10 Federal Register 15365).
- Bulletin of Aug. 9, 1941. p. 114.

PUBLISHED WITH APPROVAL OF DIRECTOR OF BUREAU OF THE BUDGET
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1946

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

VOL. XIV, NO. 344

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

State of the Union

PEESIDENT'S MESSAGE TO CONGKESS

General Assembly of the United Nations

CONTEOL OP ATOMIC ENEEGY: STATEMENT BY TEE SECKETAEY OF STATE
EEPORT FROM LONDON

Freedom of the Press — World-Wide

By ASSISTANT SECRETAEI BENTON and PAUL PORTER

Philippine Foreign Affairs Training Program

By EDWARD W. MILL

Wheat and Coal for Liberated Areas

By JAMES A. STILLWELL

Vl^NT o^

For complete contents
see inside cover

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

BULLETIN

Vol. XIV •No. 344*

* Publication 2158

""■*TS9 f*

February 3, 1946

For sale by the Superintendent of Documente

U. S. Government Printing Office

Wasbington 25, D. C.

Subscription:

52 iBBuce, $3.50; single copy, 10 centB

Special offer: 13 weeks for Sl.OO
{renewable only on yearly basie)

The Department of State BULLETIN,
a tceekly publication compiled and
edited in the Division of Research and
Publication, Office of Public Affairs,
provides the public and interested
agencies of the Government with
information on developments in the
field of foreign relations and on the
work of the Department of State and
the Foreign Service. The BULLETIN
includes press releases on foreign
policy issued by the White House and
the Department, and statements and
addresses made by the President and
by the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the functions
of the Department. Information con -
cerning treaties and international
agreements towhich the United States
is or may become a party and treaties
of general international interest is
included.

Publications of the Department, cu-
mulative lists of which are published
at the end of each quarter, as well as
legislative material in the field of inter-
national relations, are listed currently.

Contents

The State of the Union. page

The President's Message to the Congress .... 135
General Assembly of the United Nations:

Statement by the Secrei.ary of State on Control of

Atomic Energy 146

Report From London to the Office of Public

Affairs, Department of State 147

Philippine Foreign Affau-s Trainmg Program. By

Edward W. Mill 148

Procedm-e and Principles Involved in Individual

Trusteeship 150

Wheat Shipments to Liberated Areas.

Dh-ective From the President 151

Wheat and Coal for Liberated Areas.

Article by James A. StiUwell 152

*British-Greek Fmancial Agreement.

Statement by the Secretary of State 155

Administration of Korea 155

Freedom of the Press — World-Wide 156

Future of the Foreign Service. By Selden Chapin . 163

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings 169

Activities and Developmenls:

International Teclinical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts . 169
North American Regional Broadcasting Engineering Con-
ference 170

*Civil-Aviation Agreements: Paraguay, Nicaragua, Tur-
key 171

The Record of the Week

Advisory Group To Prepare Recommendations on Mass

Communications 172

Anglo-Soviet-American Communique on the Disposal of the

German Navy 173

Program for Supplying Raw Materials to Germany and Japan

Clarified 173

Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities. Directive

From the President 174

U.S. — Greek Negotiation on Expansion of Production and
Employment. Exchange of Notes Between the Govern-
ments of the United States and Greece 175

*Reconsideration of Quotas on Silver-Fox Furs 176

Appointment of Board of Consultants on Atomic-Energy

Committee 177

Appointment of U. S. Political Representative to Austrian

Government 177

Approval of Designation of Austrian Representative in U. S. . 177

♦International Agreements With Siam Continue in Force.

Statement by Acting Secretary Acheson 178

Special International Textile Group Leaves for Japan .... 178

♦Research Fellowship in Agriculture 179

Resumption of Travel Grants for Study in Other American

Republics 179

♦Transmittal of Protocol to Inter-American Coffee Agree-
ment 180

The Department

Appointment of Officers; Division of Investigations .... 180

• Treaty iuformation.

(i. --. -j::,.:,-rrEWDErjT of DocuME^rs
MAR 19 1946

The State of the Union

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE TO THE CONGRESS

I. FROM WAR TO PEACE— THE YEAR OF DECISION

In his last Message on the State of the Union,
delivered one year ago, President Roosevelt said :

''This new year of 1945 can be tlic greatest year
of achievement in human history.

"1945 can see the final ending of the Nazi-
Fascist reign of terror in Europe.

"1945 can see the closing in of the forces of
retribution about the center of the malignant
power of imperialistic Japan.

"Most important of all — 1945 can and must see
the substantial beginning of the organization of
world peace."

All those hopes, and more, were fulfilled in the
year 1945. It was the greatest year of achieve-
ment in human history. It saw the end of the
Nazi-Fascist terror in Europe, and also the end
of the malignant power of Japan. And it saw
the substantial beginning of world organization
for peace. These momentous events became reali-
ties because of the steadfast purpose of the United
Nations and of the forces that fought for free-
dom under their flags. The plain fact is that
civilization was saved in 1945 by the United
Nations.

Our own part in this accomplishment was not
the product of any single service. Those who
fought on land, those who fought on the sea, and
those who fought in the air deserve equal credit.
They were supported by other millions in the
armed forces who through no fault of their own
could not go overseas and who rendered in-
dispensable service in this country. They were
supported by millions in all levels of government,
including many volunteers, whose devoted public
service furnished basic organization and leader-
ship. They were also supported by the millions of
Americans in private life — men and women in in-
dustry, in commerce, on the farms, and in all man-

ner of activity on the home front — who contrib-
uted their brains and their brawn in arming,
equipping, and feeding them. The country was
brought through four years of peril by an effort
that was truly national in character.

Everlasting tribute and gratitude will be paid
by all Americans to those brave men who did not
come back, who will never come back — the 330,000
who died that the Nation might live and progress.
All Americans will also remain deeply conscious
of the obligation owed to that larger number of
soldiers, sailors, and marines who suffered wounds
and sickness in their service. They may be cer-
tain that their sacrifice will never be forgotten or
their needs neglected.

The beginning of the year 1946 finds the United
States strong and deservedly confident. We have a
record of enormous achievements as a democratic
society in solving problems and meeting oppor-
tunities as they developed. We find ourselves
possessed of immeasurable advantages — vast and
varied natural resources; great plants, institu-
tions, and other facilities ; unsurpassed technologi-
cal and managerial skills ; an alert, resourceful, and
able citizenry. We have in the United States Gov-
ernment rich resources in information, perspec-
tive, and facilities for doing whatever may be
found necessary to do in giving support and form
to the widespread and diversified efforts of all our
people.

And for the immediate future the business pros-
pects are generally so favorable that there is danger
of such feverish and opportunistic activity that
our grave postwar problems may be neglected.
We need to act now with full regard for pitfalls ;
we need to act with foresight and balance. We

Excerpts from the President's Message on the State
of the Union and Transmitting the Budget, dated Jan. 14
and released to the press by the White House on the
same date.

135

136

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

should not be lulled by the immediate alluring
prospects into forgetting the fundamental com-
plexity of modern affairs, the catastrophe that can
come in this complexity, or the values that can be
wrested from it.

But the long-range difficulties we face should no
more lead to despair than our inunediate business
prospects should lead to the optimism which
comes from the present short-range prospect. On
the foundation of our victory we can build a last-
ing peace, with greater freedom and security for
mankind in our country and throughout the world.
We will more certainly do this if we are constantly
aware of the fact tliat we face crucial issues and
prepare now to meet them.

To achieve success will require both boldness in
setting our sights and caution in steering our way
on an uncharted course. But we have no luxury of
choice. We must move ahead. No return to the
past is possible.

Our Nation has always been a land of great op-
portunities for those people of the world who
sought to become part of us. Now we have become
a land of great responsibilities to all the people
of all the world. We must squarely recognize and
face the fact of those responsibilities. Advances
in science, in communication, in transportation,
have compressed the world into a community. The
economic and political health of each member of
the world community bears directly on the eco-
nomic and political health of each other member.

The evolution of centuries has brought us to a
new era in world history in which manifold rela-
tionships between nations must be formalized and
developed in new and intricate ways.

The United Nations Organization now being
established represents a minimum essential begin-
ning. It must be developed rapidly and st<?adily.
Its work must be amplified to fill in the whole pat-
tern that has been outlined. Economic collabora-
tion, for example, already charted, now must be
cai-ried on as carefully and as comprehensively as
the political and security measures.

It is important that the nations come together
as States in the Assembly and in the Security
Council and in the other specialized assemblies and
councils that have been and will be arranged. But
this is not enough. Our ultimate security requires
more than a process of consultation and com-
promise.

It requires that we begin now to develop the
United Nations Organization as the representa-

tive of the world as one society. The United Na-
tions Organization, if we have the will adequately
to staff it and to make it work as it should, will
provide a great voice to speak constantly and
responsibly in terms of world collaboration and
world well-being.

There are many new responsibilities for us
as we enter into this new international era. The
whole power and will and wisdom of our Gov-
ernment and of our people should be focused to
contribute to and to influence international ac-
tion. It is intricate, continuing business. Many
concessions and adjustments will be required.

The spectacular progress of science in recent
years makes these necessities more vivid and ur-
gent. That progress has speeded internal devel-
opment and has changed world relationships so
fast that we must realize the fact of a new era.
It is an era in which affairs have become complex
and rich in promise. Delicate and intricate rela-
tionships, involving us all in countless ways, must
be carefully considered.

II. THE FEDERAL PROGRAM

International Affairs
1. Foreign Policy

The year 1945 brought with it the final defeat
of our enemies. There lies before us now the
work of building a just and enduring peace.

Our most immediate task toward that end is
to deprive our enemies completely and forever
of their power to start anotlier war. Of even
greater impoi'tance to the preservation of inter-
national peace is the need to preserve the war-
time agreement of the United Nations and to
direct it into the ways of peace.

Long before our enemies surrendered, the
foundations had been laid on which to continue
this unity in the peace to come. The Atlantic
meeting in 1941 and the conferences at Casa-
blanca, Quebec, Moscow, Cairo, Tehran, and
Dumbarton Oaks each added a stone to the
structure.

Early in 1945, at Yalta, the three major pow-
ers broadened and solidified this base of under-
standing. There fundamental decisions were
reached concerning the occupation and control
of Germany. There also a formula was arrived
at for the interim government of the areas in
Europe which were rapidly being wrested from
Nazi control. This formula was based on the

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

I^olicy of the United States that people be per-
mitted to choose their own form of government
by their own freely expressed choice without in-
terference from any foreign source.

At Potsdam, in July 1945, Marshal Stalin,
Prime Ministers Cliurchill and Attlee, and I met
to exchange views primarily with respect to Ger-
many. As a result, agreements were reached
whicli outlined broadly the policy to be executed
by the Allied Control Council. At Potsdam there
was also established a Council of Foreign Minis-
ters which convened for the first time in London
in September. The Council is about to resume
its primary assignment of drawing up treaties
of peace with Italy, Eumania, Bulgaria, Hun-
gary, and Finland.

In addition to these meetings, and in accordance
with the agreement at Yalta, the Foreign Minis-
ters of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the
United States conferred together in San Francisco
last sjjring, in Potsdam in July, in London in Sep-
tember, and in Moscow in December. These meet-
ings have been useful in promoting understanding
and agreement among the three governments.

Simply to name all the international meetings
and conferences is to suggest tlie size and complex-
ity of the undertaking to jirevent international
war in which the United States has now enlisted
for the duration of liistory.

It is encouraging to Isnow that the common effort
of the United Nations to learn to live together did
not cease with the surrender of our enemies.

Wlien difficulties arise among us, the United
States does not propose to remove them by sacri-
ficing its ideals or its vital interests. Neither do
we pi-opose, however, to ignore the ideals and vital
interests of our friends.

Last February and March an Inter-American
Conference on Problems of War and Peace was
held in Mexico City. Among the many significant
accomplishments of that Conference was an under-
standing that an attack by any country against
any one of the sovereign American republics would
be considered an act of aggression against all of
them; and that if such an attack were made or
threatened, the American republics would decide
jointly, through consultations in which each re-
public has equal representation, what measures
they would take for their mutual protection. This
agreement stipulates that its execution shall be in
full accord with the Charter of the United Nations
Organization.

137

The first meeting of the General Assembly of
the United Nations now in progress in London
marks the real beginning of our bold adventure
toward the preservation of world peace, to which
is bound the dearest hope of men.

We have solemnly dedicated ourselves and all
our will to the success of the United Nations Or-
ganization. For this reason we have sought to in-
sure that in the peacemaking the smaller nations
shall have a voice as well as the larger states. The
agreement reached at Moscow last month preserves
this opjjortunity in the making of peace with Italy,
Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland. The
United States intends to preserve it when the
treaties with Germany and Japan are drawn.

It will be the continuing policy of the United
States to use all its influence to foster, support,
and develop the United Nations Organization
in its i^urpose of preventing international war.
If peace is to endure it must rest upon justice no
less than upon power. The question is how jus-
tice among nations is best achieved. We know
from day-to-day experience that the chance for
a just solution is immeasurably increased when
everyone directly interested is given a voice.
That does not mean that each must enjoy an
equal voice, but it does mean that each must be
heard.

Last November, Prime Minister Attlee, Prime
Minister Mackenzie King, and I announced our
proposal that a commission be established within
the framework -of the United Nations to explore
the problems of effective international control of
atomic energj'.

The Soviet Union, France, and China have
joined us in the purpose of introducing in the
General Assembly a resolution for the establish-
ment of such a commission. Our earnest wish is
that the work of this commission go forward care-
fully and thoroughly, but with the greatest dis-
patch. I have great hope for the development
of mutually effective safeguards which will permit
the fullest international control of this new
atomic force.

I believe it possible that effective means can
be developed through the United Nations Organi-
zation to prohibit, outlaw, and prevent the use
of atomic energy for destructive purposes.

The power which the United States demon-
strated during the war is the fact that underlies
every phase of our relations with other countries.
We cannot escape the responsibility which it

138

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

thrusts upon us. What we think, plan, say, and
do is of profound significance to the future of
every corner of the world.

The great and dominant objective of United
States foreign policy is to build and preserve a
just peace. The peace we seek is not peace for
twenty years. It is permanent peace. At a time
when massive changes are occurring with light-
ning speed throughout the world, it is often diffi-
cult to perceive how this central objective is best
served in one isolated com^jlex situation or an-
other. Despite this very real difficulty, there are
certain basic propositions to which the United
States adheres and to which we shall continue
to adhere.

One proposition is that lasting peace requires
genuine understanding and active cooperation
among the most powerful nations. Another is
that even the support of the strongest nations
cannot guarantee a peace unless it is infused
with the quality of justice for all nations.

On October 27, 1945, I made, in New York
City, the following public statement of my under-
standing of the fundamental foreign policy of the
United States. I believe that policy to be in
accord with the opinion of the Congress and of
the people of the United States. I believe that
that policy carries out our fundamental objectives.

"1. We seek no territorial expansion or selfish
advantage. We have no plans for aggression
against any other state, large or small. We have
no objective which need clash with the peaceful
aims of any other nation.

"2. We believe in the eventual return of sov-
ereign rights and self-government to all peoples
who have been deprived of them by force.

"3. We shall approve no territorial changes in
any friendly part of the world unless they accord
with the freely expressed wishes of the people
concerned.

"4. We believe that all peoples who are pre-
pared for self-government should be permitted
to choose their own form of government by their
own freely expressed choice, without interference
from any foreign source. That is true in Euroi^e,
in Asia, in Africa, as well as in the Western
Hemisphere.

"5. By the combined and cooperative action of
our war allies, we shall help the defeated enemy
states establish peaceful democratic governments

' Bulletin of Oct. 28, 19-15, p. 654.

of their own free choice. And we shall try to at-
tain a world in which nazism, fascism, and mili-
tary aggression cannot exist.

"6. We shall refuse to recognize any govern-
ment imposed upon any nation by the force of
any foreign power. In some cases it may be im-
possible to prevent forceful imposition of such a
government. But the United States will not
recognize any such government.

"7. We believe that all nations should have the
freedom of the seas and equal rights to the navi-
gation of boundary rivers and waterways and of
rivers and waterways which pass through more
than one country.

"8. We believe that all states which are accepted
in the society of nations should have access on
equal terms to the trade and the raw materials of
the world.

"9. We believe that the sovereign states of the
Western Hemisphere, without interference from
outside the Western Hemisphere, must work to-
gether as good neighbors in the solution of their
common problems.

"10. We believe that full economic collaboration
between all nations, great and small, is essential to
the improvement of living conditions all over the
world, and to the establishment of freedom from
fear and freedom from want.

"11. We shall continue to strive to promote
freedom of expression and freedom of religion
throughout the jieace-loving areas of the world.

"12. We are convinced that the preservation of
peace between nations requires a United Nations
Organization composed of all the peace-loving
nations of the world who are willing jointly to
use force, if necessary, to insure peace." '

That is our foreign policy.

We may not always fully succeed in our ob-
jectives. Thei"e niay be instances where the at-
tainment of those objectives is delayed. But we
will not give our full sanction and approval to
actions which fly in the face of these ideals.

The world has a great stake in the political
and economic future of Germany. The Allied
Control Council has now been in operation there
for a substantial period of time. It has not met
with unqualified success. The acconnnodation of
vai'ying views of four governments in the day-to-
day civil administration of occupied territory is
a challenging task. In my judgment, however,
the Council has made encouraging progress in the

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

139

face of most serious difficulties. It is my purpose
at tlie earliest practicable date to transfer from
military to civilian personnel the execution of
United States participation in the government of
occupied territory in Europe. We are determined
that effective control shall be maintained in Ger-
many until we are satisfied that the German peo-
ple have regained the right to a place of honor
and respect.

On the other side of the world, a method of in-
ternational cooperation has recently been agreed
upon for the treatment of Japan. In this pattern
of control, the United States, with the full ap-
proval of its partners, has retained primai-y au-
thority and pi'imary responsibility. It will con-
tinue to do so until the Japanese people, by tlieir
own freely expressed choice, choose their own
form of government.

Our basic policy in the Far East is to encour-
age tlie development of a strong, independent,
united, and democratic China. That has been
the traditional policy of the United States.

At Moscow the United States, the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, and Great Britain
agreed to further this development by supporting
the efforts of the national government and non-
governmental Chinese political elements in bring-
ing about cessation of civil strife and in broaden-
ing the basis of representation in the Government.
That is the policy which General Marshall is so
ably executing today.

It is the purpose of the Government of the
United States to proceed as rapidly as is prac-
ticable toward the i-estoration of the sovereignty
of Korea and the establislmient of a democratic
government by the free choice of the people of
Korea.

At the threshold of every problem which con-
fronts us today in international affairs is the
appalling devastation, hunger, sickness, and per-
vasive human misery that mark so many areas
of the world.

By joining and participating in the woi'k of the
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Admin-
istration the United States has directly recognized
and assumed an obligation to give such relief as-
sistance as is practicable to millions of innocent
and helpless victims of the war. The Congress
has earned the gratitude of the world by generous
financial contributions to the United Nations Re-
lief and Rehabilitation Administration.

We have taken the lead, modest though it is,
in facilitating under our existing immigration
quotas the admission to the United States of refu-
gees and displaced persons from, Europe.

We have joined with Great Britain in the or-
ganization of a commission to study the jDroblem
of Palestine. The Commission is already at work
and its recommendations will be made at an early
date.

The members of the United Nations have paid
us the high compliment of choosing the United
States as the site of the United Nations head-
quarters. We shall be host in spirit as well as in
fact, for nowhere does there abide a fiercer de-
termination that this peace shall live than in the
hearts of the American jaeople.

It is the hope of all Americans that in time
future historians will speak not of World War I
and World War II, but of the first and last world
wars.

2. Foreign Economic Policy

The foreign economic policy of the United States
is designed to promote our own prosperity, and
at the same time to aid in the restoration and ex-
pansion of M'orld markets and to contribute
thereby to world peace and world security. We
shall continue our efforts to provide relief from
the devastation of war, to alleviate the sufferings
of displaced persons, to assist in reconstruction and
develojament, and to promote the expansion of
world trade.

We have already joined the International Mone-
tary Fund and the International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development. We have expanded
the Export-Import Bank and provided it with ad-
ditional capital. The Congress has renewed the
Trade Agreements Act which provides the neces-
saiy framework within which to negotiate a re-
duction of trade barriers on a reciprocal basis. It
has given our support to the United Nations Relief
and Rehabilitation Administration.

In accordance with the intentions of the Con-
gress, lend-lease, except as to continued military
lend-lease in China, was terminated upon surren-
der of Japan. The first of the lend-lease settle-
ment agreements has been completed with the
United Kingdom. Negotiations with other lend-
lease countries are in progress. In negotiating
these agreements, we intend to seek settlements
which will not encumber world trade through war
debts of a character that proved to be so detri-

140

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

mental to the stability of the world economy after
the last war.

We have taken steps to dispose of the goods
which on VJ-day were in the lend-lease pipe line to
the various lend-lease countries and to allow them
long-term credit for the purpose where necessary.
We are also making arrangements under which
those countries may use the lend-lease inventories
in their possession and acquire surplus property
abroad to assist in their economic rehabilitation
and reconstruction. These goods will be accounted
for at fair values.

The proposed loan to the United Kingdom,
which I shall recommend to the Congress in a sep-
arate message, will contribute to easing the tran-
sition problem of one of our major partners in the
war. It will enable the whole sterling area and
other countries affiliated with it to resume trade
on a multilateral basis. Extension of this credit
will enable the United Kingdom to avoid discrim-
inatory trade arrangements of the type which de-
stroyed freedom of trade during the 1930's. I con-
sider the progi-ess toward multilateral trade which
will be achieved by this agreement to be in itself
sufficient warrant for the credit.

The view of this Government is that, in the
longer run, our economic prosperity and the pros-
perity of the whole world are best served by the
elimination of artificial barriers to international
trade, whether in the form of unreasonable tariffs
or tariff preferences or commercial quotas or em-
baigoes or the resti'ictive practices of cartels.

The United States Government has issued pro-
posals for the expansion of world trade and em-
ployment to ■which the Government of the United
Kingdom has given its support on every important
issue. These proposals are intended to form the
basis for a trade and employment conference to be
held in the middle of this year. If that conference
is a success, I feel confident that the way will have
been adequately prepared for an expanded and
prosperous world trade.

We shall also continue negotiations looking to
the full and equitable development of facilities
for transportation and communications among
nations.

The vast majority of the nations of the world
have chosen to woik together to achieve, on a coop-
erative basis, world security and world prosperity.
The effort cannot succeed without full cooperation
of the United States. To play our part, we must
not only resolutely carry out the foreign policies

we have adopted but also follow a domestic policy
which will maintain full production and employ-
ment in the United States. A serious depression
here can disrupt the whole fabric of the world
economy.

3. Occupied Countries

The major tasks of our Military Establish-
ment in Europe following VE-day, and in the
Pacific since the surrender of Japan, have been
those of occupation and military government.
In addition we have given much-needed aid to
the peoples of the liberated countries.

The end of the war in Europe found Germany
in a chaotic condition. Organized government
had ceased to exist, transportation systems had
been wrecked, cities and industrial facilities had
been bombed into ruins. In addition to the tasks
of occupation we had to assume all of the func-
tions of government. Great progress lias been
made in the repatriation of displaced persons
and of prisoners of war. Of the total of 3,500,-
000 disiDlaced persons found in the United States
zone only 460,000 now remain.

The extensive complications involved by the
requirement of dealing with three other govern-
ments engaged in occupation and with the gov-
ernments of liberated countries require intensive
work and energetic cooperation. The influx of
some 2 million German refugees into our zone
of occupation is a pressing problem, making ex-
acting demands upon an already overstrained
internal economy.

Improvements in the European economy dur-
ing 1945 have made it possible for our military
authorities to relinquish to the governments of
all liberated areas, or to the United Nations Re-
lief and Rehabilitation Administration, the re-
sponsibility for the provision of food and other
civilian relief supplies. The Army's responsi-
bilities in Europe extend now only to our zones
of occupation in Germany and Austria and to
two small areas in northern Italy.

By contrast with Germany, in Japan we have
occupied a country still possessing an organized
and operating governmental system. Although
severely damaged, the Japanese industrial and
transportation systems have been able to insure
at least a survival existence for the population.
The repatriation of Japanese military and ci-
vilian personnel from overseas is proceeding as
lapidly as shipping and other means permit.

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

141

In order to insure that neither Germany nor
Japan will again be in a position to wage aggres-
sive warfare, the armament-making potential of
these countries is being dismantled and funda-
mental changes in their social and political struc-
tures are being effected. Democratic systems are
being fostered to the end that the voice of the
common man may be heard in the councils of
his government.

For the first time in history the legal culpa-
bility of war makers is being determined. The
trials now in progress in Niirnberg — and those
soon to begin in Tokyo — ^bring before the bar of
international justice those individuals who are
charged with the responsibility for the suffer-
ings of the past six years. We have high hope
that this public portrayal of the guilt of these
evildoers will bring wholesale and permanent re-
vulsion on the part of the masses of our former
enemies against war, militarism, aggression, and
notions of race superiority.

4. Demobilization of Our Armed Forces

The cessation of active campaigning does not
mean that we can completely disband our fight-
ing forces. For their sake and for the sake of
their loved ones at home, I wish that we could.
But we still have the task of clinching the vic-
tories we have won — of making certain that Ger-
many and Japan can never again wage aggres-
sive warfare, that they will not again have the
means to bring on anotlier world war. The per-
formance of that task requires that, together with
our allies, we occupy the hostile areas, complete
the disarmament of our enemies, and take the
necessary measures to see to it that they do not
rearm.

As quickly as possible, we are bringing about
the reduction of our armed services to the size
required for these tasks of occupation and dis-
armament. The Army and the Navy are follow-
ing both length-of-service and point systems as
far as possible in releasing men and women from
the service. The points are based chiefly on
length and character of service, and on the exist-
ence of dependents.

Over 5 million from the Army have already
passed through the separation centers.

The Navy, including the Marine Corps and the
Coast Guard, has discharged over one and a half
million.

Of the 12 million men and women serving in the

681639—46 2

Army and Navy at the time of the surrender of
Germany, one-half have already been released.
The gieater part of these had to be brought back
to this country from distant parts of the world.

Of course, there are cases of individual hardship
in retention of personnel in the service. There
will be in the future. No system of such size can
operate to perfection. But the systems are founded
on fairness and justice, and they are working at
full speed. We shall try to avoid mistakes, in-
justices, and hardship — as far as humanly possible.

We have already reached the point where ship-
ping is no longer the bottleneck in the return of
troops from the European theater. The govern-
ing factor now has become the requirement for
troops in sufficient strength to carry out their
missions.

In a few months the same situation will exist in
the Pacific. By the end of June, 9 out of 10 who
wei'e serving in the armed forces on VE-day will
have been released. Demobilization will continue
thereaftter, but at a slower rate, determined by our
military responsibilities.

Our national safety and the security of the
world will requii-e substantial armed forces, par-
ticularly in oveiseas service. At the same time it is
imperative that we relieve those who have already
done their duty, and that we relieve them as fast
as we can. To do that, the Army and the Navy
are conducting recruiting drives with considerable
success.

The Army has obtained nearly 400,000 volunteers
in the past four months, and the Navy has obtained
80,000. Eighty percent of these volunteers for
the regular service have come from those already
with the colors. The Congress has made it pos-
sible to offer valuable inducements to those who
are eligible for enlistment. Every effort will be
made to enlist the required number of young men.

The War and Navy Departments now estimate
that by a year from now we still will need a
strength of about 2 million, including officers, for
the armed forces — Army, Navy, and Air. I have
reviewed their estimates and believe that the safety
of the Nation will require the maintenance of an
armed strength of this size for the calendar year
that is before us.

In case the campaign for volunteers does not pi'o-
duce that number, it will be necessary by additional
legislation to extend the Selective Service Act be-
yond May 16, the date of expiration under existing

142

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

law. That is the only way we can get the men
and bring back our veterans. There is no other
way. Action along this line should not be post-
poned beyond March, in order to avoid uncertainty
and disruption.

Recommendations for Specific Federal Activities
1. War Liquidation and National Defense

(a) War expenditures

The fiscal year 1947 will see a continuance of
war liquidation and occupation. During this
period we shall also lay the foundation for our
peacetime system of national defense.

In the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 1945,
almost wholl}' a period of global warfare, war
expenditures amounted to 90.5 billion dollars.
For the fiscal year 1946 war expenditures were
originally estimated at 70 billion dollars. That
estimate was made a year ago while we were still
engaged in global warfare. After victory over
Japan this estimate was revised to 50.5 billion
dollars. Further cut-backs and accelerated de-
mobilization have made possible an additional
reduction in the rate of war spending. During
the first 6 months 32.9 billion dollars were spent.
It is now estimated that 16.1 billion dollars will
be spent during the second 6 months, or a total
of 49 billion dollars during the whole fiscal year.

For the fiscal year 1947 it is estimated, tenta-
tively, that expenditures for war liquidation, for
occupation, and for national defense will be re-
duced to 15 billion dollars. The War and Navy
Departments are expected to spend 13 billion
dollars; expenditures of other agencies, such as
the United States Maritime Commission, the War
Shipping Administration, and the OiSce of Price
Administration, and payments to the United Na-
tions Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
are estimated at 3 billion dollars. Allowing for
estimated net receipts of 1 billion dollars arising
from war activities of the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation, the estimated total of war expendi-
tures is 15 billion dollars. At this time only a
tentative break-down of the total estimate for
war and defense activities can be indicated.

An expenditure of 15 billion dollars for war
liquidation, occupation, and national defense is
a large sum for a year which begins 10 months
after fighting has ended. It is 10 times our ex-
penditures for defense before the war; it amounts

to about 10 percent of our expected national in-
come. This estimate reflects the immense job that
is involved in winding up a global war effort and
stresses the gi-eat responsibility that victory has
placed upon this country. The large expenditures
needed for our national defense emphasize the
great scope for effective organization in further-
ing economy and efficiency. To this end I have
recently I'ecommended to the Congress adoption
of legislation combining the War and Navy De-
partments into a single Department of National
Defense.

A large part of these expenditures is still to
be attributed to the costs of the war. Assuming,
somewhat arbitrarily, that about one-half of the
15-billion-dollar outlay for the fiscal year 1947
is for war liquidation, aggregate expenditures
by this Government for the second World War
are now estimated at 347 billion dollars through
June 30, 1947. Of this, about 9 billion dollars
will have been recovered through renegotiation
and sale of surplus property by June 30, 1947;
this has been reflected in the estimates of receipts.

Dcm-ohiUzation and strength of armed forces. —
Demobilization of our armed forces is proceeding
rapidly. At the time of victory in Europe, about
12.3 million men and women were in the armed
forces; 7.6 million were overseas. By the end of
December 1945 our armed forces had been reduced
to below 7 million. By June 30, 1946, they will
number about 2.9 million, of whom 1.8 million will
be individuals enlisted and inducted after VE-day.
Mustering-out pay is a large item of our war liqui-
dation expense; it will total 2.5 billion dollars in
the fiscal year 1946, and about 500 million dollars
in the fiscal year 1947.

In the fiscal year 1947 the strength of our armed
forces will still be above the ultimate peacetime
level. As I have said. War and Navy Department
requirements indicate a strength of about 2 million
in the armed forces a year from now. This is neces-
sary to enable us to do our share in the occupation
of enemy territories and in the preservation of
peace in a troubled world. Expenditures for pay,
subsistence, travel, and miscellaneous expenses of
the armed forces, excluding mustering-out pay, are
estimated at 5 billion dollars.

Contract settlement and surplus property dis-
posal. — The winding up of war procurement is the
second most important liquidation job. By the
end of November a total of 301,000 prime contracts
involving commitments of 64 billion dollars had

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

143

been terminated. Of this total, 67,000 contracts
with commitments of 35 billion dollars remained
to be settled. Termination payments on these con-
tracts are estimated at about 3.5 billion dollars. It
is expected that more than half of these terminated
contracts will be settled during the current fiscal
year, leaving payments of about 1.5 billion dollars
for the fiscal year 1947.

Another important aspect of war supply liqui-
dation is the disposal of surplus property. Muni-
tions, ships, plants, installations, and supplies,
originally costing 50 billion dollars or more, will
ultimately be declared surplus. The sale value
of this property will be far less than original cost
and disposal expenses are estimated at 10 to 15
cents on each dollar realized. Disposal units
within existing agencies have been organized to
liquidate surplus i^roperty under the direction of
the Surplus Property Administration. Overseas
disposal activities have been centralized in the
State Department to permit this program to be
carried on in line with over-all foreign policy.
Thus far only about 13 billion dollars of the ulti-
mate surplus, including 5 billion dollars of un-
salable aircraft, has been declared. Of this
amount, 2.3 billion dollars have been disposed of,
in sales yielding 600 million dollars. The tre-
mendous job of handling surplus stocks will con-
tinue to affect Federal expenditui-es and receipts
for several years. The speed and effectiveness of
surplus disposal operations will be of great im-
portance for the domestic economy as well as for
foreign economic policies.

War supplies, maintenance, and relief. — Ade-
quate provision for the national defense requires
that we keep abreast of scientific and technical
advances. The tentative estimates for the fiscal
year 1947 make allowance for military research,
limited procurement of weapons in the develop-
mental state, and some regular procurement of
munitions which were developed but not mass-
produced when the war ended. Expenditures for
procurement and construction will constitute one-
third or less of total defense outlays, compared to
a ratio of two-thirds during the war years.

The estimates also provide for the maintenance
of our war-expanded naval and merchant fleets,
military installations, and stocks of military equip-
ment and supplies. Our naval combatant fleet is
three times its pre-Pearl Harbor tonnage. Our
Merchant Marine is five times its prewar size. The

War Department has billions of dollars worth of
equijiment and supplies. Considerable mainte-
nance and repair expense is necessary for the
equipment which we desire to retain in active
status or in war reserve. Expenses will be incurred
for winnowing the stocks of surpluses, for prepar-
ing lay-up facilities for the reserve fleets, and for
storage of reserve equipment and supplies.

Military expenditures in the current fiscal year
include 650 million dollars for civilian supplies
for the prevention of starvation and disease in
occupied areas. Expenditures on this account
will continue in the fiscal year 1947. The war
expenditures also cover the expenses of civilian
administration in occupied areas.

During the war, 15 cents of each dollar of our
war expenditures was for lend-lease aid. With
lend-lease terminated, I expect the direct opera-
tions under this program to be substantially com-
pleted in the current fiscal year. The expendi-
tures estimated for the fiscal year 1947 under this
program are mainly interagency reimbursements
for past transactions.

Relief and rehabilitation expenditures are in-
creasing. It is imperative that we give all neces-
sary aid within our means to the people who
have borne the ravages of war. I estimate that
in the fiscal year 1946 expenditures for the
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Ad-
ministration will total 1.3 billion dollars and in
the following year 1.2 billion dollars. Insofar as
possible, procurement for this purpose will be
from war surpluses.

(fe) Authorizations Jot War and national defense

During the war, authorizations and appropri-
ations had to be enacted well in advance of obli-
gation and spending to afford ample time for
planning of production by the procurement serv-
ices and by industry. Thus our cumulative war
program authorized in the period between July
1, 1940, and July 1, 1945, was 431 billion dollars,
including net war commitments of Government
corporations. Expenditures against those au-
thorizations totaled 290 billion dollars. This
left 141 billion dollars in unobligated authoriza-
tions and unliquidated obligations.

With the end of fighting, it became necessary
to adjust war authorizations to the requirements
of war liquidation and continuing national de-
fense. Intensive review of the war authoriza-
tions by both the executive and the legislative

144

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

branches has been continued since VJ-day. As a
result, the authorized war program is being
brought more nearly into line with expenditures.
Rescisaions and authorizations through the -fis-
cal year 19Ifi. — Readjusting the war program, as
the Congress well knows, is not an easy task.
Authorizations must not be too tight, lest we
hamper necessary operations; they must not be
too ample, lest we lose control of spending. Last
September, I transmitted to the Congress recom-
mendations on the basis of which the Congress
voted H.R. 4407 to repeal 50.3 billion dollars of
appropriations and authorizations. I found it
necessary to veto this bill because it was used
as a vehicle for legislation that would impair
the reemployment program. However, in order
to preserve the fine work of the Congress on the
rescissions, I asked the Director of the Bureau
of the Budget to place the exact amounts indi-
cated for repeal in a nonexpendable reserve, and
to advise the departments and agencies accord-
ingly. This has been done.

8. International Financial Programs

I have already outlined the broad objectives of
our foreign economic policy. In the present sec-
tion I shall indicate the Federal outlays which the
execution of these programs may require in the
fiscal years 1946 and 1947.

(a) On the termination of lend-lease, the lend-
lease countries were required to pay for goods in
the lend-lease pipe line either in cash or by bor-
rowing from the United States or by supplying
goods and services to the United States. Credits
for this purpose have already been extended to
the Soviet Union, France, the Netherlands, and
Belgium amounting to 675 million dollars. The
settlement credit of 650 million dollars to the
United Kingdom includes an amount preliminar-
ily fixed at 118 million dollars which represents
the excess of purchases by the United Kingdom
from the pipe line over goods and services supplied
by the United Kingdom to the United States since
VJ-day and the balance of various claims by one
government against the other.

Ci'edits are also being negotiated with lend-lease
countries to finance the disposition of lend-lease
inventories and installations and propei'ty de-
clared to be surplus. For instance, 532 million

dollars of the settlement credit to the United
Kingdom is for this purpose. These credits will
involve no new expenditures by this Government,
since they merely provide for deferred repayment
by other governments for goods and services which
have been financed from war appropriations.

(5) Expenditures from the appropriations to
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Admin-
istration, which were discussed under war expendi-
tures above, are estimated to be 1.3 billion dollars
in the fiscal year 1946 and 1.2 billion dollars in the
fiscal year 1947.

((?) To assist other countries in the restoration
of their economies the Export-Import Bank has
already negotiated loans in the fiscal year 1946
amounting in total to about 1,010 million dollars
and an additional 195 million dollars will probably
be committed shortly. The Bank is also granting
loans to carry out its original purpose of directly
expanding the foreign trade of the United States.
In this connection the Bank has established a fund
of 100 million dollars to finance the export of cot-
ton from the United States. The Export-Import
Bank has thus loaned or committed approximately
1,300 million dollars during the current fiscal year
and it is expected that demands on its resources
will increase in the last 6 months of the fiscal year
1946. Requests for loans are constantly being re-
ceived by the Bank from countries desiring to se-
cure goods and services in this country for the re-
construction or development of their economies.
On July 31, 1945, the lending authority of the Ex-
port-Import Bank was increased to a total of 3,500
million dollars. I anticipate that during the period
covered by this Budget the Bank will reach this
limit. The bulk of the expenditures from the loans
already granted will fall in the fiscal year 1946
while the bulk of the exjienditures from loans yet
to be negotiated will fall in the fiscal year 1947.
In view of the urgent need for the Bank's credit,
I may find it necessary to request a further increase
in its lending authority at a later date.

{(I) The proposed line of credit of 3,750 million
dollars to the United Kingdom will be available up
to the end of 1951 and will be used to assist the
United Kingdom in financing the deficit in its bal-
ance of payments during the transition period.
The rate at which the United Kingdom will draw
on the credit will depend on the rapidity with
which it can reconvert its economy and adapt its
trade to the postwar world. The anticipated rate

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

145

of expenditure is likely to be heaviest during the
next 2 years.

(e) Since the Bretton Woods Agreements have
now been approved by the required number of
countries, both the International Monetary Fund
and the International Banl?; for Eeconstruction
and Development will commence operations dur-
ing 1946. The organization of these institutions
will undoubtedly take some time, and it is unlikely
that their operations will reach any appreciable
scale before the beginning of the fiscal year 1947.

Of the 2,750 million dollars required for the
Fund, 1,800 million dollars will be provided in
cash or notes from the exchange stabilization fund
established under the Gold Reserve Act of 1934.
The remaining 950 million dollars will be paid
initially in the form of non-interest-bearing notes
issued by the Secretary of the Treasury. It is not
anticipated that the Fund will require in cash any
of the 950 million dollars during the fiscal years
of 1946 and 1947. Consequently, no cash with-
drawals from the Treasury will be required in
connection with the Fund in these years.

The subscription to the Bank amounts to 3,175
million dollars. Of this total, 2 percent must be
paid immediately and the Bank is required to call
a further 8 percent of the subscription during
its first year of operations. The balance of the
subscription is payable when required by the
Bank either for direct lending or to make good
its guarantees. It is likely that the United States
will be required to pay little if any more than the
initial 10 percent before the end of the fiscal
year 1947.

I anticipate that net expenditures of the Ex-
port-Import Bank and expenditures arising from
the British credit and the Bretton Woods Agree-
ments will amount to 2,614 million dollars, in-
cluding the non-cash item of 950 million dollars
for the Fund, in the fiscal year of 1946, and 2,754
million dollars in the fiscal year 1947.

Expenditures for our share of the adminis-
trative budgets of the United Nations and other
permanent international bodies will increase
sharply in the fiscal year 1947, yet will remain a
small part of our total Budget. The budget for
the United Nations has not yet been determined ;
an estimate for our contribution will be submitted

later. Our contributions to the Food and Agri-
culture Organization, the International Labor
Office, the Pan American Union, and other similar
international agencies will aggregate about 3
million dollars for the fiscal year 1947. The ad-
ministrative expenses of the International Mone-
tary Fund and the International Bank will be
met from their general funds.

We have won a great war — we, the nations of
plain people who hate war. In the test of that
war we found a strength of unity that brought us
through — a strength that crushed the power of
those who sought by force to deny our faith in
the dignity of man.

During this trial the voices of disunity among
us were silent or were subdued to an occasional
whine that warned us that they were still among
us. Those voices are beginning to cry aloud again.
We must learn constantly to turn deaf ears to
them. They are voices which foster fear and
suspicion and intolerance and hate. They seek
to destroy our harmony, our understanding of
each other, our American tradition of "live and
let live." They have become busy again, trying
to set race against race, creed against creed,
farmer against city dweller, worker against em-
ployer, people against their own governments.
They seek only to do us mischief. They must not
prevail.

It should be impossible for any man to contem-
plate without a sense of personal hmnility the
tremendous events of the 12 months since tiie last
annual Message, the great tasks that confront us,
the new and huge problems of the coming months
and years. Yet these very things justify the deep-
est confidence in the future of this Nation of free
men and women.

The plain people of this country found the
courage and the strength, the self-discipline, and
the mutual respect to fight and to win, with the
help of our allies, under God. I doubt if the
tasks of the future are more difficult. But if they
are, then I say that our strength and our knowl-
edge and our understanding will be equal to those
tasks.

Haert S. Tkuman

January H, 19^6

146

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

General Assembly of the United Nations

STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE ON CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY

I WISH to make a short statement in suppoi't of
the very able report just made to the Gen-
eral Assembly by the Political and Security
Committee.

The United Nations were obliged to unite in
war to preserve their common freedom. The
United Nations are now committed to remain
united to preserve their common jaeace. We won
the war against aggi'ession and tyranny by fight-
ing together. We must now keep the peace by
working together.

The report filed by the Committee calls upon
us to join in creating a commission to study from
the point of view of international control the
problems created by the discovery of atomic en-
ergy and of other forces capable of mass destruc-
tion. It calls upon us to find ways which will
permit and promote the use of our knowledge of
the forces of nature for the benefit of mankind
under safeguai'ds which will prevent their use
for destructive purposes.

Science is a monopoly of no one nation. The
discovery of atomic energy like other great scien-
tific discoveries is based on early discoveries and
the research of many inquiring minds in many
countries. In a number of countries scientists
were probing into the field of atomic energy be-
fore the war started. The United States, United
Kingdom, and Canada decided to pool their
knowledge, and the United States at a cost of 2
billion dollars pressed forward with research and
developments to insure that the nations fighting
to preserve freedom on this earth should not lag
in the race to discover the secret of the atom. We
entered the race not to destroy but to save civili-
zation, but if the race continues uncontrolled the
civilization we hoped to save may be destroyed.

The problems presented by the discovery of
atomic energy and of other forces capable of mass
destruction cannot be solved by any one nation.
They are the common responsibility of all nations,
and each of us must do our part in meeting
them. In meeting these problems we must realize
that in this atomic age and in this interdependent
world our common interests in preserving the

peace far outweigh any possible conflict in in-
terest that might divide us.

At this first session of the General Assembly we
must begin to put less emphasis on our particular
viewpoint and particular interests and seek with
all our hearts and all our minds to find means of
reconciling our views and our interests for the
common good of all humanity. Peace and recon-
ciliation cannot be achieved by unilateral action.
Peace and reconciliation require conmion action.
That is why the more tasks we set for ourselves
the more we are likely to come to understand each
other's problems and interests. And certainly
the problem of devising the necessary safeguards
to insure that atomic energy will be used for the
benefit of humanity and not for its destruction
is a common problem. To consider this and other
common problems in the spirit of peace and re-
conciliation, we must get back to conditions of
peace.

There will be need for the continuation for
some time to come of armies of occupation in
Germany and Japan, but it will not make for a
peaceful world to have armies of occupation re-
main in countries which we hope will soon join
us in the United Nations.

We must see that the world ceases to be an
armed camp. We must see that peace treaties
with the states which were brought into unwill-
ing partnership with the Axis powers are
jiromptly concluded and occupation forces with-
drawn. We must begin to live together and to
work together.

I hope that the General Assembly will promptly
approve the resolution which is before it. I hope
that the Commission will promptly set to work
on its tasks. It will be comforting to the peace-
loving peoples of the world to know that we are
moving promptly to endeavor to find ways to
avoid a race in armament.

We who fought together for freedom must now
show that we are worthy of the freedom that
we have won.

Marte at the 17th plenary session of the General As-
sembly in London on Jan. 24 and released to the press
on the same date.

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

147

REPORT FROM LONDON TO THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE

London, Feb. 1. — The unanimous Security
Council decision this week to retain "a continuing
concern" in negotiations between the Soviet Union
and Iran has led the United Nations through its
iirst political test to a stronger and more confident
position. This precedent-setting decision together
with the Council's nomination of Trygve Lie,
Norwegian Foreign Minister, to the post of Sec-
retary-General were the two leading actions in
the third full week of activity of the United Na-
tions General Assembly. The "situation in north-
ern Iran" provided the basis for more than six
hours of intense discussion and much "plain talk"
by Council members. As a result direct negotia-
tions will be resumed by the Soviet Union and
Iran for the purjDose of arriving at a solution
acceptable to the Security Council as well as the
two countries involved. Compromise between the
two extreme stands of Iran and the Soviet Union
was achieved in a resolution presented in its final
form by British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin
and adopted unanimously by the Council. Text
of the resolution says :

"Having heard the statement by the representa-
tives of the Soviet Union and Iran in the course of
the meeting on January 28 and 30 and having
taken cognizance of the documents presented by
the Soviet and Iranian Delegations and those re-
ferred to in tlie course of the debate and consider-
ing that both parties have affirmed their readiness
to seek a solution of the matter at issue by negotia-
tion and that such negotiations will be resumed in
the near future, tlie Council requests the parties to
inform the Council of any results achieved in such
negotiations. The Council in tlie meanwhile re-
tains the right to request information on the
l^rogress of the negotiations at any time."

Briefly, the situation in northern Iran arises
from the allegation that Soviet troops prevented
Iranian police contingents from crossing into the
Iranian province of Azerbaijan to suppress a sep-
aratist group reported attempting to set up an
independent state. During the course of the Coun-
cil discussion U. S. Chief Delegate Edward R.
Stettinius urged that the matter be retained on the

Security Council agenda. In helping to achieve
a successful solution, Mr. Stettinius agreed to
withdraw his demand provided it was clearly un-
derstood that the dispute would be a matter of
"continuing concern" to the Council until it was
settled in conformity with the principles of the
United Nations Charter.

Nominalion of Trygve Lie

Nomination of Trygve Lie culminated several
weeks of informal Security Council discussions.
Lie's name had once before been brought before
the Assembly in the balloting for presidency of
the General Assembly, in which he was strongly
supported by the American Delegation. The
Council voted 11-0 to bring Lie's name before the
Assembly for final approval.

Organizing the Secretariat

The Secretary-General, chief administrative
officer of the Organization, receives an annual sal-
ary of $20,000 plus an additional $20,000 for ex-
penses as well as a furnished residence at United
Nations headquarters. Among his immediate
tasks is to take steps to establish an administrative
organization which will permit the effective dis-
charge of his administrative and general responsi-
bilities under the Charter and the efficient per-
formance of those functions and sei'vices required
to meet the needs of the several organs of the
United Nations. In this latter connection, he will
be required to name assistant secretaries-general to
head the principal units of the Secretariat. They
are:

1. Department of Security Council Affairs

2. Department of Economic Affairs

3. Department of Social Afl'aii's

4. Department for Trusteeship and Information

from Non-Self-Governing Territories

5. Department of Public Information

6. Legal Department

7. Conference and General Services

8. Administrative and Financial Services.

Because of delay in transmission, it will be necessary
to print the complete report of Feb. 1 from London in the
Bulletin of Feb. 10.

148

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Philippine Foreign Affairs Training Program

Article by EDWARD W. MILL

A Philippine Foreign Affairs Training Pro-
gram designed to assist the Filipinos in pre-
paring for the conduct of their own foreign
relations when independence is granted on July
4, 1946 is now in progress in the Department of
State.

Origins of Program

This program is the outgrowth of preliminary
studies made several years ago by representatives
of the Department of State. The recent war and
the subsequent occupation of the Philippines by
the Japanese interrupted plans of the Department
for developing an active training program, but
with the end of the war in the Pacific definite
steps were again taken to devise plans to assist
in developing a Philippine Foreign Service after
independence and to aid in the work incident to
establishing a Department of Foreign Affairs for
the new republic.

Participation in Foreign Service Officers' Training
School

On December 3, 1945 the first group of Filipino
trainees, consisting of Jose F. Imperial, Tiburcio
C. Baja, Vicente I. Singian, Manuel A. Adeva,
and Candido T. Elbo, entered the Department to
begin their training under the central supervision
of the Division of Philippine Affairs. This group
participated in most of the recent sessions of the
Foreign Service Officers' Training School.

During the first week in the Foreign Service
School the trainees attended a series of general
orientation lectures on the work of the Depart-
ment and the work of the Foreign Service. Mal-
colm Morrow, Chief of the Division of Public In-

Mr. Mill is Acting Assistant Chief of the Division of
Philippine Affairs, Office of Far Eastern Affairs, De-
partment of State.

quiries. Government Information Service, Bu-
reau of the Budget, spoke on the "Organization
of the Federal Government", and Walton C. Fer-
ris, Foreign Service officer detailed as Inspector,
discussed the "Organization of the Foreign
Service". John F. Simmons, American Ambassa-
dor Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to -El
Salvador, talked to the group on "How a Diplo-
matic Mission Operates".

In the second week of work Nelson T. Johnson,
American Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary to Australia, spoke on the sub-
ject, "Conduct and Contacts Abroad", and a spe-
cial conference was held for the Filipino trainees
on the organization and functioning of the Office
of the Foreign Service, by Selden Chapin, Direc-
tor of the Office of the Foreign Service, and
Julian F. Harrington, Deputy Director of the
Office of the Foreign Service.

During the third week special citizenship work
was conducted for the Philippine gi'oup by Eu-
gene C. Rowley, member of the Board of Review
of the Passport Division.

During the fourth week the trainees heard a
lecture on "Writing of Economic Reports" by
William C. Trimble, Assistant Chief of the Divi-
sion of Northern European Affairs, and a lecture
on "Handling of Political and Economic Reports
in the Department of State" by Roger L. Hea-
cock. Foreign Service officer. Chief of the Com-
mercial Liaison Section of the Division of Cen-
tral Services. Perry N. Jester, Acting Chief of
the Division of Training Services, also lectured
on "Service Etiquette".

In the fifth week the trainees participated in
work on shipping and on commercial treaties.

Other important and instructive lectures were
given during this intensive six weeks' session of
the Foreign Service Officers' Training School.

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

149

Other Work Arranged by Division of Philippine
Affaire

In addition to the work in the Foreign Sei'vice
Officers' Training- School, the trainees have par-
ticipated in other work and lectures arranged by
the Division of Philippine Affairs. Specialists
in the Passport, Visa, Commercial Policy, and
Shipping Divisions conducted special classes for
the trainees in their fields of work. A repre-
sentative of the Bureau of the Budget. Walter C.
Laves, discussed the over-all subject of the con-
duct of foreign relations by a modern govern-
ment. The trainees have submitted regular re-
ports on various phases of the work and have
taken a series of examinations. Each Friday a
general review session f)n the work of the week
has been held in the Division of Philippine Af-
fairs.

Plans To Assign Filipinos to Embassies and
Consulates for Training

With the completion of the first phase of the
work in the Department, it is now hoped to as-
sign some of the trainees to American embassies
and consulates abroad where they will receive
practical training in the field. Estimates re-
garding the length of the time required for the
field training vary, but a period of three months is
under consideration.

After their training has been completed in
the Department and abroad, it is expected that
most of the trainees will be assigned to respon-
sible positions in the new Philippine Department
of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Service which
will be created with independence on July 4.
Already an act creating ;in Office of Foreign Be-
lations has been passed by the Philippine Con-
gress and approved by President Osmefia. Since
foreign relations continue to be under the "direct
supervision and control of the United States"
during the pre-independence period,^ the func-
tions of this new office are now confined to plans
for organization of the future Department of
Foreign Affairs and the training of the necessary
personnel. A preliminary step has. however, been
taken in the creation of this office.

681639—46 3

Proposed Philippine Department of Foreign
Affairs

Representatives of the Department of State and
the Philippine Commonwealth Government have
exchanged plans of organization for the new
Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. One
plan submitted by the Commonwealth Govern-
ment provides for a department headed by a
secretary under whom there will be a permanent
career under secretary and three assistant secre-
taries, one for political affairs, one for economic
affairs, and one for administrative affairs. Under
each of these assistant secretaries would be a
group of divisions totaling eight. This plan of
organization is still subject to change, but it is
believed that the basic outlines of the plan will
be adopted. The Philippine Department of For-
eign Affairs ^i'ill necessarily be small compared
with that of the United States Department of
State.

Proposed Foreign Service

It is expected that the Foreign Service of the
Philippine Republic will be organized on a strictly
career basis. One plan submitted provides that
all members of the Philippine Department of
Foreign Affairs and diplomatic and consular mis-
sions belong to one Foreign Service. It will be
necessary for the Philippine Government to draw
up a basic organization statute for the Foreign
Service as well as to fix a set of rules and regu-
lations to govern its activities. A final organiza-
tion of the Service will not take place before
independence.

Additional Trainees Expected in Near Future

Additional groups of Filipino Foreign Affairs
trainees are expected to arrive in the Department
early in 1946. These new trainees are being se-
lected on the basis of ability and character as
well as on the basis of proven loyalty to the
United States and Commonwealth Governments.
They will add to the group of Filipinos trained
to carry on the foreign affairs of their country
after independence arrives on July 4, 1946.

' Sec. 2 (a-lO) of the Tydings-McDuffie act and sec.
10 of the ordinance appended to the Philippine Con-
stitution.

750

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Procedure and Principles Involved
In Individual Trusteeship

AOT'iNO Secretary Acheson opened his press
and radio conference on January 22 by re-
calling that a correspondent had asked the pre-
vious week whether the requirement of unanimity
among the five permanent members of the Secu-
rity Council put an impediment in the way of
working out an individual trusteeship by which
this country could fortify some area which it re-
garded as necessary for its defense. He said he
had looked into this question and thought he was
fairly clear. Mr. Acheson explained that the pro-
cedure and the basic principles involved were as
follows : that if the nations principally concerned
in the particular area desired to propose a trus-
teeship as a strategic area, these nations propose
that to the Security Council and negotiate with
the Security Council. In certain cases, he pointed
out, a nation in possession of the area — whether
by mandate or by right of military conquest —
would be the principal leader in those negotia-
tions. Explaining that it is provided that in
a vote upon such a proposal the Council would
have to vote under the provisions which require
assenting votes of fi^•e permanent members, the
Acting Secretary said that any one of the per-
manent members could refuse to agree in the
negotiations. He added that a result of fail-
ure to agree was to leave the situation as it
was, so that if this country were in possession
of one of these areas and there was failure to
agree, it simply would remain where it was before.
If they agi'ee, he continued, there would be a
trusteeship agreement which presumably is satis-
factory to the nations which propose it or other-
wise they would not agree to it. The Acting
Secretary pointed out that after a trusteeship
agreement had been entered into in a strategic
area, it could not be changed without the consent
of the Security Council and therefore it could
not be changed without the consent of the United
States. Mr. Acheson said that he thought this
discussion brought out the significance of agree-
ment : namely, the requirement that there would be
an agreement by the five principal powers who
would operate chiefly in, perhaps, making the ne-

gotiations more lengthy in the first instance but
making them more final after they had been made,
always with the fact in mind that, if there is no
agreement, then you stay where you were before
you started the negotiations.

In other words, a correspondent inquired, if the
United States wanted to hold Okinawa, fortify it,
and have it under an individual trusteeship, it
could take up that matter of fortification as condi-
tion precedent to that trusteeship, and, if that were
not agreed to, we could fortify it '? Replying in the
affirmative, Mr. Acheson explained that at the veiy
outset the party initiating the negotiation has to
state whether this is a strategic area or non-strate-
gic area. He pointed out that, if it is a non-stra-
tegic area, negotiation is with the Trusteeship
Council and the final approval is by the General
Assembly, that if it is a strategic area, the
opposite negotiating party is the Security Council.

Asked what constituted the states directly con-
cerned, the Acting Secretary said that he presumed
that that would have to be settled by diplomatic
negotiation. He added that there are obvious
states which would be concerned in any Japanese
former mandate — those states which had residual
treaty rights in the area at the time the mandate
was created and perhaps any otliers which put
forward claim, which might or might not be recog-
nized by those obviously legally entitled to speak.
Asked whether the fact that Okinawa was taken
in the name of the Allied Supreme Command
might be made basis of claim bj' other powers about
interest in its final disposition, Mr. Acheson replied
in the affirmative, adding that that would have to
be ironed out by diplomatic negotiation.

Wlien asked whether this Government does not
have to be awarded an area at a peace conference
prior to decisions of trusteeship, Mr. Acheson said
that he did not think that was necessary, saying
that you can proceed in any order that the nations
concerned think best. Asked whether the formula
with reference to trusteeship protected the interest
of the United States, the Acting Secretary said he
thought that as the result of the San Francisco

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

151

hearing, sound results were carefully worked out
which piotected the interest of powers.

Asked whether a trusteeship agreement would
take treaty form and be subject to congressional
or senatorial review, the Acting Secretary ex-
plained that in some areas, the United States had a
dual interest, part of which is a result of treaties
made after the last war in which Germany, Japan,
and other powers concerned recognized that this
Government was one of the Princijial Allied and
Associated Powers and had whatever interest in
these mandated areas these powers had, thereby
giving the United States an interest created by
treaty. If that interest were going to be changed
or removed from this Government, Mr. Acheson
presumed, it would be done by a document as
legally significant as the one which created it. He
added under questioning that he assumed the
proper legal form would be found through par-
ticipation of Congress, by treaty or some legis-
lation.

A correspondent said that there was fear in
some of the British Dominions that some of the
mandates granted them in the Pacific, which the
United States occupied militarily to drive the
Japanese out, may be considered by Americans
as highly important strategic areas for the safety
of the United States, and asked how that would
be ironed out. Mr. Acheson said he supposed
that that would have to be worked out by agree-
ment between the United States and the Do-
minions and that perhaps the Security Council
would come into it too. Asked whether, in its
thinking about island questions, the Department
separated mandated islands from Japanese posses-
sions such as the Bonins, the Acting Secretary
said that he thought legally it did. He said that
it would not if it were considering them from
a strategic point of view, but that there were dif-
ferent legal considerations involved.

Asked if our Allies had recognized this Gov-
ernment's right to these Pacific islands, the Act-
ing Secretary said he did not think the question
had been raised. A correspondent said that that
seemed to him like a question that only a peace
conference could settle. Mr. Acheson asserted
that he did not think there was any magic in
the words "peace conference", adding that it was
settled by international agreement.

When a correspondent said that it was his
understanding that the Kuriles were given to

the Eussians by secret agreement at Yalta, the
Acting Secretary said that as he understood the
situation was a matter of occupation, not a final
award.

Asked how the United States could prepare
to make an agreement with the United Nations
for an island which possibly the Soviet Union,
Britain, or China might want to have as their
property, Mr. Acheson explained that if they
had such ambitions, they would put them for-
ward and they would then assert a position as
a nation concerned and that position would
either be recognized or not by those who were
conducting the negotiation.

Wheat Shipments to Liberated
Areas

DIRECTIVE FROM THE PRESIDENT

Sent on January 25 to the Secretaries of State,
Agriculture, War, Navy, and Labor, the Ad?nin-
istrator of the War Shipping Administration, and
the Director of the Office of Defense Transporta-
tion and released to the press hy the White House
on the saine date

I have become increasingly concerned over the
shortages of vitally needed supplies to liberated
countries. I am particularly alarmed at what
now appears to be a world-wide shortage of
wheat. I am informed that many of the coun-
tries of Europe now possess less wheat than is
necessary to maintain distribution, even though
their bread ration is down to a starvation level.

The problem of supplying the destitute people
of the world with this vital food rests mainly
on the shoulders of the United States, Canada,
Australia and Argentina. I am informed that
estimated shipments through the first six months
of 1946 will be at least 5 million tons short of
the requirements of the deficit areas. In view of
this situation, this Government is recommending
that each of the supplying countries accept its
proportionate share of the responsibility in meet-
ing the urgent requirements of the liberated
countries on an equitable basis. Furthermore,
this Government recommends that each of the
importing countries procure from its own inter-
nal sources the maximum quantity of wheat, and
make the best possible use of existing stocks.
(Continued on page 17S)

152

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Wheat and Coal for Liberated Areas

Article by JAMES A. STILLWELL

THE STORY of wheat and coal is the story of life
in Europe today. It is not a pretty story.
These two commodities mean tlie difference be-
tween extreme suffering and simple economic
existence.

Since the end of the war in Europe and Japan
the people of the United States through the me-
dium of public-opinion polls and by expression
through service organizations and relief societies
have overwhelmingly indicated their desire to
fulfil the maxium relief requirements of the
war-torn areas of the world.

The public officials of this Government have
on many occasions announced their determination
to export maximum quantities of essential sup-
plies to liberated countries, particularly during
the emergency period. The President has em-
phasized this Government's policy to aid the suf-
fering people of the war-torn areas. Upon his
return from the Berlin conference he stated:

"If we let Europe go cold and hungry, we
may lose some of the foundations of order on
which the hoije for world-wide peace must rest.
We must help to the limits of our strength. And
we will." 1

At a press conference on September 17 the
President pointed out that at that time the de-
liveries of essential supplies from this country
to the deficit areas were limited primarily by
the financial resources of the paying governments
and UNRRA. As a matter of fact, there then
existed in the United States quantities of food
supplies and coal considerably in excess of our
domestic needs which were not being procured
by UNRRA or the liberated countries because of
their extremely limited cash resources. Subse-

.Mr. Stilhvell is Adviser on Supplies in War Areas in
the Office of International Trade Policy, Department of
State. For other articles on supplies for liberated areas
by Mr. Still well, see BtTU.ETiN of May 20, 1944, p. 469,
and May 20, 1945, p. 917.

' Bulletin of Aug. 12, 1945, p. 212.

quently, however, several of the paying govern-
ments negotiated loans through the Export-Im-
port Bank to take care of some of their longer
range rehabilitation needs, thereby releasing cash
reserves and short-term credits for the procure-
ment of expendable items such as food and coal.
UNRRA and the countries it serves gained a new
lease on life when the United States Congress
appi'opriated $550,000,000 to fulfil our first com-
mitment to this international I'elief organization
and, in addition, pa.ssed new legislation commit-
ting this Government to a second apjiropriation
of $1,350,000,000 as continued aid to UNRRA's
operation through the year 1946 and the first
quarter of 1947.

After some of the financial bottlenecks had thus
been removed, the people of this country and par-
ticularly the people of the liberated countries ex-
pected that the immense productive capacity of
the United States would begin to grind out relief
supplies in ever increasing quantities.

The actual shipment of essential civilian sup-
plies lias increased during recent months, but new
and greater difficulties have appeared. Although
the pi-esent shipments of supplies from this
country are not fulfilling the minimum urgent
requirements of the deficit areas, the size of the
programs is so tremendous that we are finding it
increasingly difficult to maintain a steady flow of
exports even at the present rate.

The two commodities most essential to the eco-
nomic existence of our liberated Allies are wheat
and coal : The basic ration of the people of Europe
is dependent primarily upon bread, and it has long
been recognized that coal is the hub of the
economic life of Europe.

The minimum import requirements of wheat for
the deficit areas during the first 6 months of 1946
are approximately 17,000,000 tons. Even this
quantity together with the indigenous supplies
will provide pitifully low bread ration in most of
tlie countries of Europe. Failure on the part of
the supplying countries to meet this minimum im-

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

153

port program will undoubtedly result in wide-
spread suffering and some starvation in many spots
throughout the continent.

The food authorities of the Combined Food
Board estimate that the four supplying coun-
tries — United States, Canada, Australia, and
Argentina — can provide onlj' 12,000,000 tons of
wheat during the first 6 months of 1946. They
have estimated that of this amount 6,000,000 tons
must come from the United States. If the result-
ant shortage of 5,000,000 tons is allowed to mate-
rialize we must expect chaotic conditions to de-
velop which could easily threaten to destroy some
of tlie foundations of order referred to by Presi-
dent Truman.

Every effort is being made by this Government
to meet this quota of 6,000,000 tons of wheat ex-
ports during the first 6 months of 1946. This
amount, however, is not enough. We must greatly
exceed this quota and at the same time secure com-
mitments from the other three major supplying
countries to assume their full share of supplying
the total minimum requirements of 17,000,000 tons.

It is difficult for people who face possible starva-
tion to realize that a country so rich and so great as
the United States might be limited in its ability to
furnish the amount of relief they may re(iuire. A
large number of citizens in this country may be
astonished that there is any doubt of our ability
to ship any amount of supplies anywhere in the
world. They reason that since we have the largest
merchant fleet in the world's history and since we
succeeded in supplying the largest military ex-
peditionary force ever maintained overseas by
any country and, at the same time, supplied mili-
tary requirements of many of our Allies, surely we
should be in a position to meet any demands for
civilian su^jplies to liberated countries. If it were
only a question of ships, this would be true.

During the past 6 months, however, the export
of civilian supplies for liberated countries has so
greatly increased that we are now facing the most
difficult inland-transportation, handling, and
poi't-loading problems ever experienced in this
country. Even though we have a surplus of cargo
vessels we are now finding it extremely diflBcult
to load the vessels fast enough to transport the
available quantity of supplies.

This situation may be more readily understood
if reviewed on a comparative scale along with the
transport job accomplished during the war. In

November 1944, during the peak of the war, ap-
proximately 600 ships were loaded at Atlantic
ports with both military- and civilian-relief sup-
plies. In November 1945, however, approximately
1,200 ships were loaded with civilian supplies
through the same Atlantic ports. Such an increase
in our export shipments has naturally increased
our inland-transportation and port-handling
problems by a much greater ratio than the net
increase in tonnage.

During the last 5 months of 1945 we experienced
difficulty in moving to port, loading, and exporting
approximately 5,800,000 tons of coal, yet we must
attempt to increase that rate of export to at least
1,750,000 tons monthly. During that same period
we faced many difficulties in exporting 3,500,000
tons of wheat, yet we must now increase our ex-
port shipments of wheat to more than 1,000.000
tons a month. The inland transportation, port
handling, and loading of these two connnodities
alone to achieve the rate of 2,700,000 tons monthly
present difficulties so complex that direct coordi-
nated control over the whole operation must be
maintained on an hourly basis.

For those who are inclined to criticize the policy
of exporting these commodities to Europe, it
should be j^ointed out that this country now pos-
sesses a surplus of coal which would allow us to
ship 2,500,000 tons a month if it were possible
to move it. The Department of Agriculture re-
ports that we can easily obtain 6,000,000 tons of
wheat during the next 6-month period in excess
of our domestic needs. For the producers of these
two vital commodities this rate of movement pro-
vides a very lucrative business and is greatly in
excess of any export business they ever enjoyed
in the past.

During the pre-war 4-year period, 1935-38 in-
clusive, this country exported to Europe less than
50,000 tons of coal annually. Compare this amount
with the 5,800,000 tons exported in the last 5
months of 1945 or with the 1,750,000 tons we must
strive to export monthly during the first half of
1946. During the same pre-war period the United
States exported to Europe, including the Soviet
Union and Germany, approximately 790,000 tons
of wheat annually. Compare this amount with
the 3,500,000 tons exported during the last half
of 1945 or with the 1,000,000 tons we must strive
to exceed each month during the first half of 1946.

It should also be remembered that a major por-

154

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

tion of these exports are being delivered to the
paying governments for cash and considerably
less quantities are being delivered to UNRRA and
paid for with funds appropriated by the United
States Congress for that purpose.

In spite of the extreme difficulties which have
hampered our efforts in exporting smaller quanti-
ties during the last 5 months, we must find a way
to meet and exceed the goal of exporting 1,750,000
tons of coal and 1,000,000 tons of wheat monthly
during this extremely critical period. If we fail
in this task the disastrous effect on the economies
of the war-torn areas may be so catastrophic and
far-reaching that our struggle to build a firm
foundation for peace may be greatly delayed.

The officials of this Government are greatly
alarmed over the urgency of this problem, and,
even though the immensity of the task is almost
beyond comprehension, nothing is being left un-
done to assure the movement and export of every
possible ton of these essential commodities during
the next few months.

In order to assure the most perfect coordination
among the various Government agencies, commer-
cial channels of trade, and common carriers, John
W. Snyder directed the establishment of an Export
Control Committee on January 2. This Committee
has been directed "to ensure the continuous and
effective coordination of the inland shipments,
loading, ocean shipment and unloading of the basic
export commodities in accordance with established
schedules. When necessary the Conunittee may
establish export priorities." Capt. Granville Con-
way, Deputy Administrator, War Shipping Ad-
ministration, was ajjpointed by Mr. Snyder as the
chairman of the Committee. The Committee mem-
bership consists of James A. Stillwell, Department
of State; Col. Wilbur Elliott, War Department;
Admiral M. W. Callahan, Navy Department; A. S.
Johnson, Office of Defense Transportation; Wil-
liam F. Hahman, Solid Fuels Administration;
Theodore Cummins, Office of War Mobilization
and Reconversion; William MacArthur, Depart-
ment of Agriculture; William Freeman, Treasury
Procurement; and Irwin Heinie, War Shipping
Administi'ation — Secretary. The Committee is in
almost constant session by telephone and convenes
formally at least once a week. Two operating sub-
committees were established to maintain direct
control of the movement and export of wheat and
coal. Field operating committees have been estab-

lished and will be established as necessary, to
maintain hourly supervision over the inland
handling and movement of these two vital com-
modities.

The Committee's operation has already proved
the wisdom of Mr. Snyder's action. It has con-
sidered and directed immediately effective action
on several major problems of export movement.
The Committee will not become entangled in
lengthy discussions of policy because the members
have been directed _ by their respective agencies
to take immediate and effective action concei'ning
any operational problem hindering the move-
ment of the supplies which are so desperately
needed by the suffering j^eople of the war-torn
areas.

It was through the Committee's efforts that
the loading of wheat vessels in Albany, N. Y., was
started early in January, at a time of the year
when such loadings are customarily prohibited
because of the extremely cold weather conditions.
In order to insure the continuance of this loading
schedule, ocean-going tugs are now being em-
ployed as ice-breakers to keep the channels free
for the movement of wheat ships. The possibility
of transporting wheat through the Great Lakes
from Duluth, Minn., to Buffalo, N. Y., during
the winter months has also been explored. The
extreme ice conditions through this area, however,
liave so far prohibited such transport.

The average citizen must be made fully aware
of the true complexities of this tremendous task.
He should realize, for instance, that tlie gathering
of wheat stocks in the United States involves
many thousands of farmers, laborers, truckmen,
and local mill operators in addition to the thou-
sands employed by the many railroad systems.
Almost 90 percent of the wheat available in the
United States is stored on the farms and in local
elevators of the central, north-central, and north-
western States. Even the first step of moving
grain from the farms by truck to the local ele-
vators is a tremendous task and requires the co-
operation of thousands of people. Since most
individuals think of wheat in terms of bushels,
thej' will comprehend more readily the size of
the task to be accomplished if they realize that
37,000,000 bushels of wheat must be moved and
loaded on ships each month to accomplish the
export of 1,000,000 long tons.

The complexities of the coal problem are just
( Uontinued on page 162 )

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

155

British-Greek Financial Agreement

STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE

On January 12, when a $25,000,000 Export-
Impoi't Bank loan to Greece was announced, the
United States Government addressed to the
Greek Government a note expressing sympathetic
interest in the financial and economic problems
of Greek rehabilitation and the belief that a
firm stabilization program instituted by the (rreek
Government could start tiie country on the ad-
mittedly difficult road to economic recovery. For
this heavy task the Greek people can take hope
from the knowledge of continuing outside as-
sistance so richly deserved by a nation whose
economy was deliberately shattered by the Axis
occupation forces, against whom the Greek nation
had offered such glorious resistance.

At the request of the Greek Government, con-
versations on methods of assisting Greek economy
have been under way in London for the past sev-
eral weeks between British and Greek officials.
Kepresentatives of the United States Government
have been present at these meetings.

It is gratifying that the agreement on financial,
economic, and industrial matters concluded in
London on January 24 between the British and
Greek Governments offers substantial financial
and economic assistance for the solution of some
of the most pressing problems in Greece. I am
also happy to find in the agreement the evidence
of a determination on the part of the Greek Gov-
ernment to put into effect a series of remedial
measures which should contribute to the long-
term welfare of the Greek people by laying a
solid basis for gradual improvement in the years
ahead.

I have noted with particular interest the in-
tention of the Greek Government to invite an
American citizen to become a member of the Cur-
rency Committee which will be set up by Greek
law to have statutory management of the note
issue.

Administration of Korea

Asked whether the original American plan for
Korea had projected a 10-year instead of a 5-year
trusteeship, and whether it had omitted provision
for the interim establishment of a Provisional
Korean Government, Acting Secretary Acheson,
at his press and radio conference on January 25,
said that the so-called "original American plan"
was not a plan in the sense that it proposed a
specific series of pi'oposals. He said it was a
paper which stated the general problem and di-
rected attention to possible lines of solution. In
that paper, he said, the thing that was stressed
was the necessity for a unified Korean adminis-
tration which was to be brought about by the
two commands, the American command and So-
viet command. It was not discussed in that paper
whether this administration should be a gov-
ernment or whether it should be something else,
but the important thing which was brought for-
ward for discussion was that it should be an
achninistration operated by Koreans and created
by the two commands. Mr. Acheson said that as
a result of the discussion of that paper, the pro-
posal for the Provisional Korean Government

was put forward by the Soviet Government and
readily accepted by the American Govemment.
A correspondent asked whether it was correct
that the United States first brought up the
Korean subject at the Moscow conference. Mr.
Acheson said that was correct and that in the
paper there was also discussion of the necessity
or desirabilitv or utility of a trusteeship. He
said it had been suggested that it might not be
necessary to have one but, if one was necessary,
a plan should be made for a period of five years.
If at the end of that time it seemed a further ex-
tension was unnecessary, that would be the end
of that, and if at the end of that time extension
was necessary, anotlier period of five years might
be considered. In other words, Mr. Acheson said
this again was not put forward as a concrete
plan but as a suggestion as to the basis of dis-
cussion. Asked whether the discussions between
the Russians and Americans were still going on
at S'eoul, IMr. Acheson said he thought they were.

The above statement in the financial agteeraent was
released to the press on Jan. 27.

156

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Freedom of the Press— World-Wide

A discussion and explanation of the general question of
inlernational freedom of the press and communications and
what can he done to place that freedom on a firmer hasis
was broadcast on January 26, 1946 by Assistant Secretary of
State Benton and Federal Communications Commissioner
Paul Porter. The text of their conversation on the air is
presented below. The broadcast was the seventh in a group
of Stale Department programs in the NBC University of the
Air series entitled "Our Foreign Policy". Sterling Fisher,
director of the NBC University of the Air, was chairman
of their discussion. [Released to the press January 26]

Fisher : Last month, Mr. Benton, we discussed
with you the State Department's plans for its new
International Information Service. This time we
are tackling a broader subject — the general ques-
tion of international freedom of the press and
communications, and what can be done to place
that freedom on a firmer basis. This issue has
come in for a great deal of discussion in the last
year or two. Why, Mr. Benton, is this a matter
of such immediate importance?

Benton : Mr. Fisher, freedom of the press is
something that will always fire the imagination of
Americans, because it's so deeply imbedded in our
traditions. People have fought for freedom of
expression all through the ages. It is written into
our Bill of Rights — in fact, it's the very first point
there. I have no doubt people will still be making
broadcasts on freedom of the press in 1996 — or,
for that matter, in 2046. This is an essential part
of man's eternal struggle against ignorance and
oppression.

Fisher : Granted that "freedom of the press" is
a great battle cry. But why is it such an urgent
matter right now ?

Benton : I think that the line from Prime Min-
ister Attlee that is quoted as a keynote in the
Charter of UNESCO— the United Nations Edu-
cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization —
is the answer. You remember he said that "it is
in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must
be constructed". It has always been important to
seek a free flow of information among the peoples
of the world. But since August 6 of last year —
Hiroshima, if you remember — it has become a mat-
ter of paramount urgency. Freedom of the press

is freedom of men's minds to seek the truth. With-
out that, we can't build the defenses and can't hope
for a secure peace.

Fisher : I think you've made your point.

Benton : I'd like to quote something from Kent
Cooper, general manager of the Associated Press.
I'm having my troubles with the AP but I like
this quotation : "Every war of aggression in mod-
ern times has been preceded by distrust, then fear,
and finally hatred, all created by a systematic
poisoning of the news by the aggressor state."
That happened in Germany and Italy and Japan,
and I agree it was one of the main causes of the
war. At least, it made it possible for the aggressor
nations to sell their own people the idea of war.

Fisher : Mr. Porter, what do you say on this?

Porter : Freedom of the press is one thing on
which everyone agrees — in principle. Everyone is
for it. The question is how to bring it about.
We've certainly failed to bring it about interna-
tionally in the last 25 years.

Benton : In fact, ]\Ir. Porter, we've gone back-
ward, taking the world as a whole. Until the war,
the trend was away from greater freedom, not
toward it. There have been large areas of the
world where press freedom has been blacked out
altogether.

Fisher: You're speaking, Mr. Benton, of the
Axis countries?

Benton : Primarily. In Italy, for example, a
whole generation of human beings has grown up
without ever having known what a free press
means. Think of it — men 25 years old who can't
remember anything but Fascist censorship and
oppression until our troops arrived !

Fisher : Would you define press freedom then,
Mr. Porter, as freedom from censorship?

Porter: That's a fundamental part of it —
freedom to criticize, freedom to print the facts
without fear of censorship, except for security
reasons during wartime.

Benton : But when I was speaking of a trend
away from freedom in this field, I meant more
than freedom from censorship. The economic
developments of the last two or three decades
have added new restrictions on the free exchange
of information — such as quotas on books and mo-

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

157

tion pictures, for example. When I was in Lon-
don last November, the British Parliament was
discussing the fact that American movies were
taking 80 million dollars a year out of the Brit-
ish Isles. That's approximately the amount of
the annual interest on the proposed loan to
Britain. The British are very short of dollars,
and so Parliament was discussing quotas on
American films.

Fishek: And what other kinds of restrictions
are there?

Benton : There have been many restrictions on
the use of cable and wireless facilities, with which
Mr. Porter is even more familiar than I am.

Porter : We dealt with some of those restric-
tions at the Bermuda conference, of course.

Fisher: When we talk about freedom of the
press, we have a tendency to take a "holier than
thou" attitude. We assume that we, and a few
other nations, perhaps, have a complete press
freedom. Mr. Porter, is that true?

Porter : Our press isn't perfect, if that's what
you mean. I'd be the first to admit that. If
you look for it, you can find a certain amount of
distortion and coloring of the news — more in some
papers than in others. But only a few papers
are very bad otfendei-s — most of our press is
reasonably objective, in its presentation of the
news.

Benton : But distortion isn't the main prob-
lem, Paul. Part of the press distorts the news,
it's true; but that doesn't matter too much be-
cause other parts of the press can step up and
say, "Look here, that fellow is cock-eyed." Dis-
tortions can be answered. In fact our American
concept of freedom of the press allows for the
rankest distortion, on the theory that if there's a
free voice for everyone, the truth will eventually
win out.

Fisher: Then what is the main problem, Mr.
Benton ?

Benton : Our main limitation here in America
is an economic one. It's hard to break into the
newspaper, radio, and movie industries because
of the large investment that is required, and the
many restrictions against the newcomer which
make it tough for him to move in and compete.
This limits the number of voices that can speak
effectively. The day of the soapbox is over.

Porter: In radio, of course, the opening up of
about 5,000 new FM channels is going to help.

That means there will be room for a lot of "little
fellows" to break in.

Benton : Yes, that is a good thing, but in the
newspaper and movie businesses the tendency has
been toward bigness — toward fewer and fewer
voices.

Fisher: One more point before we leave this
genei'al question. Mr. Benton, doesn't the Soviet
Union have an entirely different idea of the role
of the press from ours, and isn't this an obstacle
to world-wide agreement on freedom of the press?

Benton : I wouldn't put it quite like that, Mr.
Fisher. It's true that the Soviet Union, China,
and many other countries have a high degree of
state control or censorship of the press. China
is committed to changing that. China has al-
ready lightened the censorshii^ of outgoing news
and has said she would do the same internally
for her own press.

Fisher: But what about the Soviet Union?

Benton : The Russians not only frankly admit
but boast that their concept of freedom of the
press is different from ours. They even deny
that ours is freedom. They point out that the
Soviet Constitution guarantees any group of
workers the right to issue their own papers and
magazines and the materials to do it with. To
us, that means state subsidies and state control,
which are fundamentally opposed to our concept
of an independent press, free to criticize the
Government. The Russians, for their part, can't
understand why we allow American newspapers
to i^rint attacks on our wartime Allies. They take
such press attacks very seriously, just as we some-
times are too prone to assume that Marshal Stalin
personally writes or approves of every word of
every article that appears in Pravda or Izvestia.
And the Russians think that our press is domi-
nated by the wealthy class and the advertisers.

Fisher: Do you see any hope of bringing the
two viewpoints closer together?

Benton : Yes, I do see hope. It will undoubt-
edly be a gi'adual process. It will be easier to
get agreement on some things than others. I
hope that the time will come when we shall get
a free flow of news between the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and the United States. Last
year a committee was sent around the world by
the American Society of Newspaper Editors. The
report of that committee is hopeful about there
being a basis for progress toward agreement on
freedom of news transmission.

158

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Fisher: Did the committee of editoi-s reach
any conclusior. on the general world outlook for
press freedom?

Benton: Yes, they were reasonably hopeful.
They concluded that in the world as a whole "the
spark of press freedom is alight". Now that the
war is over, we can hope that all free countries
will px'ogress in the direction of greater liberties
for their people.

Fisher: Now that we've made clear what we
mean by a press . . .

Benton: I think iwe ought to broaden our
phrase. Let's call it freedom of communication.
Radio, movies, books — they're all included.

Fisher: All right. Now, the key question, as
I see it, Mr. Benton, is what is being done to get
freer communications? William Philip Simms
alleged just the other day that the various for-
eign ministers have been hiding behind a smoke
screen, saying, "Oh ! Yes ! We favor freedom of
the i^ress", but doing nothing to bring it about
through the United Nations Organization. "Wliat
is the State Department doing?

Benton : Of course, this isn't a job just for
the State Department. It's one for everybody,
at least everybody and every Government agency
concerned with communications. Not only the
State Department but Congress, the FCC, and
our delegations to the various United Nations
conferences are doing something about it. In
the State Department we've attacked the problem
on three diiferent fronts: the economic front, the
political front, and what you might call the
"operating front".

Fisher : Let's take the economic front first.

Benton : The outstanding achievement on this
front has been the Bermuda Telecommunications
Conference. Paul Porter, who was down there as
vice chairman of the American Delegation, can
tell you about that. ]\Ir. Porter carried the load
and was the key figure of the conference — at least,
in our part of it.

Fisher : Just why, Mr. Porter, was the Bermuda
conference so significant?

Porter : It was significant because the problems
of high cost and bottlenecks in transmitting news
and telegraph messages between the United States
and the British Empire — a problem which has
vexed newsmen and other telegra])h users for 25
years — was solved in 10 days over the conference
table in Bermuda.

Fisher: Can you tell us a little about the prob-
lem itself before you go into the solution ?

Porter : Well, before the war all telegraph mes-
sages from the United States to points in the Bi'it-
ish Empire were funneled through London or
some other British point. There were no direct
radio circuits from this country to other parts of
the British Empire because the British policy re-
quired the use of their own extensive cable facili-
ties, which hooked up the whole Empire. The re-
sult was a very high cost, which kept commercial
correspondence as well as news transmission be-
tween British territories and the United States at
too low a level.

Fisher: How about an example or two?

Porter : The ordinary telegraph rate from New
York to London was 20 cents a word, but the rate
from New York to Ceylon was 55 cents, the rate
to Singapore was 89 cents, and the rate to Sara-
wak, in Borneo, was $1.05. The press rate was
about a third as much, but it was still too high
to encourage the transmission of news to and from
the British territories.

Benton : But the British had what they called
a "pennj' press rate".

Porter: Yes, but that applied only between
British points. With the penny press rate, a press
message could be sent between any two points in
the British Empire for a penny a word, British
money, which is not quite two America)! cents.
American newspapers could take advantage of this
low rate only indirectly and by the sacrifice of
speedy and direct service. An American corre-
spondent in Bombay sending a news story to New
York could send it over British facilities to Mont-
real at two cents a word. But at Montreal, his
story would have to be reforwarded to New York
b}' an agency maintained by the newspaper. By
using indirect British facilities in this way, the
news story could be transmitted to New York for
a little more than 3 cents a word. But if the news-
paper correspondent wanted to send that same
news story from Bombay directly to New York
over the direct radio circuit, it would cost about
13 cents a word.

Benton : That direct radio circuit to India,
Paul, was one of the many circuits established
during the war with British points where our
soldiers were stationed.

Portjor : Yes, but the Indian circuit as well as
the circuits to several other British Em2:)ire points
were agi'ced to by the British only for the war

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

159

period plus six months. They made an exception
to their regular policy only because of wartime
conditions.

Fisher: Well, Mr. Porter, how did the Ber-
muda conference change all this?

Porter: In the first place — and this is funda-
mental — the British readjusted their pre-war pol-
icy by agreeing to continue all the essential point-
to-point radio circuits developed during the war.
For example, direct radio circuits between the
United States and Australia and New Zealand
and India are to be kept. In addition, the British
agreed to direct circuits from this country to Ja-
maica and Palestine, and to the Union of South
Africa, Hong Kong, Malaya, and Ceylon, if
traffic studies or conditions justify them.

Benton : In other words, the British abandoned
their pre-war monopoly position and recognized
that in this shrinking world we need faster and
cheaper communications directly with the various
British territories, so that we can get quicker and
better news coverage of them and give them bet-
ter news coverage of ourselves.

Porter: Exactly. The British have adjusted
their policy to the principles of an expanding
world commerce. The rate adjustments they
made were also very important. Beginning
April 1, or earlier, the ceiling price for tele-
graph messages from any place in the United
States to any place in the British Empire will
be 30 cents a word, instead of up to $1.05, and
the press rates muII be 6I/2 cents or less a word,
instead of u]} to 40 cents a word. An American
newspaper will now be able to send a 100-word
news story from any place in the United States
to any place in the British Empire for $6.50,
where before the same-length story would have
cost $16 from New York to Hong Kong, $11.50
to New Delhi, $18.50 to South Africa, and $9 to
Melbourne. It will be easier to exchange news
not only with British territories but with some
other areas as well. The British agreed to re-
nounce certain exclusive rights they had obtained
in Greece and Arabia so that direct circuits could
be established between the United States and
those countries. That means that American com-
panies can come in there.

Fisher : Mr. Porter, what concessions did we
make? We must have given them something in
return.

Porter: Well, Mr. Fisher, the reduction of
rates is a mutual proposition, and lower rates to

the United States will benefit British commerce,
and their press as well. The increased volume of
traffic which is generally stimulated by reduced
rates can be expected to increase their gi-oss reve-
nues from their communications system. And
don't forget that it was to their advantage, as
well as ours, to reach an understanding with us
on disputed matters, rather than to permit dis-
putes to work themselves out through destructive
competition.

Benton : I think you ought to say a word about
the multiple-address sytem, because that will
mean still greater economy in press transmission.

Porter: At Bermuda, the British agreed to
encourage the use of multiple-address press trans-
missions from the United States. To give you
some idea of the saving that is possible, one Ameri-
can wireless company has proposed to the FCC a
rate amounting to only three eighths of a cent a
word for multiple transmissions ! It would simply
beam the news toward a given country, and all
the subscribers there would pick it up and use it,
or some central agency would pick it up and relay
it to them.

Fisher: We've made great progress toward
cheaper press rates, then.

Porter: Yes, it's up to the American news
agencies now to take advantage of these rates in
selling their services.

Fisher : Well, Mr. Porter, all this will do a lot to
facilitate communications with the British areas.

Porter : Its significance is a lot wider than that,
Mr. Fisher. This is only one step toward a ra-
tional world-wide communications system. The
principles of freedom of information which the
British accepted at Bermuda were adopted by the
American republics at the Inter- American Radio
Conference at Rio de Janeiro earlier last fall.
These agreements have paved the way for world-
wide accei^tance of the same principles at an inter-
national communications conference we expect to
hold sometime this year. And we must not over-
look the fact that the field of communications, like
so many activities today, is dynamic and global in
nature. The complex problems which exist can be
successfully solved only by international under-
standing such as we have been discussing.

Fisher : Doesn't that suggest that the interna-
tional conference you mention, or some permanent
international communications body, should be
made a part of the United Nations Organization?

160

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Porter : Perhaps. It would fit very well into
the Economic and Social Council's list of affiliates.

Fisher : Well, interesting as all this is, I think
we've spent enough time on the economic aspects
of free communication.

Pokter: I'd like to add just one thing: The
Bermuda conference succeeded beyond all expec-
tations. But the improvement of communications
is not an end in itself. It is a means to an end —
the real end bei)ig to bring the democratic nations
of the earth closer togethei' by making possible a
freer exchange of ideas, more complete under-
standing, and the development of better commer-
cial relations.

Fisher : Right. Now, Mr. Benton, it's your
turn. What about the political approach to free-
dom of the press, or rather, freedom of communi-
cations? What is the State Department's posi-
tion on this ?

Benton: The State Department plans to do
everything within its power along political or
diplomatic lines to help break down the artificial
barriers to^ the expansion of private American
news agencies, magazines, motion pictures, and
other media of communications throughout the
world. And of course we welcome information
from abroad through the same channels. It's a
reciprocal process — a two-way arrangement.

Fisher: What about the crusade waged by
Hugh Baillie of the United Press, Kent Cooper of
the Associated Press, the American Society of
Newspaper Editors, and others for world-wide
recognition of certain basic press freedoms?

Benton: They have done a great job in helping
bring to the attention of the public the need for a
free flow of news among all nations, without cen-
sorsliip, and without discrimination in transmis-
sion rates or in making news available at the
source. The State Department endorses and sup-
ports these objectives.

Fisher : But what has been done, Mr. Benton,
toward translating these aims into reality?

Benton: To try to answer that I'll have to go
back a bit. Freedom of the press — and freedom of
exchange of information generally — is an inte-
gral part of our foreign policy. Back in 1944, if
you will recall. Congress passed a joint resolution
endorsing "the world-wide right of interchange of
news by news-gathering and distributing
agencies . . . without discrimination as to
sources, distribution rates, or charges . . .

this right should be protected by international
compact."

Porter: Both political parties endoreed the
same j^rinciples in their 1944 platforms.

Benton : Yes, Paul, and the following spring
the inter-American conference at Chapultepec de-
clared for the ending of all peacetime censorship
and for the free transmission of all news and
information in this hemisphere. Our Delega-
tion, of which I was a member, gave that resolu-
tion its strongest support. And President Tru-
man, in his Navy Day speech last October, said
that one of the main points in our foreign policy
was to ". . . promote freedom of expression
and freedom of religion throughout the . . .
world".

Fisher: What progress has been made, Mr.
Benton, toward United Nations action to guaran-
tee freedom of communications?

Benton : The United Nations Charter has as
one of its objectives the promotion of "human
rights and fundamental freedoms". Under the
Economic and Social Council, which has just been
set up: by the United Nations General Assembly,
the Charter provides for a Commission on Human
Rights. It is my understanding that this Com-
mission will outline basic goals. Freedom of
speech is one of the fundamental freedoms, and
this includes freedom of the press and of com-
munications. The then Secretary of State said at
San Francisco that "When a Commission is estab-
lished, the United States Government will urge
that it promptly study the means of promoting
freedom of the press, freedom of communication,
and a fuller flow of knowledge and of informa-
tion between all peoples. In the meantime, we
shall press forward our active efforts to further
these objectives in every practicable way".

Fisher : And that still stands ?

Benton: It certainly does. We have "pressed
forward our active efforts" at every opportunity.
At the Potsdam Conference last July, our Dele-
gation, headed by President Truman, was instru-
mental in inserting several important clauses into
the communique. Freedom of speech, press, and
religion were guaranteed to the Germans, subject
to security regulations, and representatives of the
Allied press were guaranteed full freedom to re-
port to the world on developments in Poland,
Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland.

Fisher: There were a good many complaints,

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

161

Mr. Benton, that these guaranties were more or
less honored in the breach, in tlie Balkans.

Benton: Yes, I know. Secretary Byrnes took
up some of these complaints with Foreign Com-
missar Molotov in London last fall. They have
been under discussion since then. The situation
has improved.

Fisher: Now, an interesting question has been
raised at the current United Nations Assembly
meeting in London. According to the papers, one
of the delegates from the Philii^pines has pro-
posed that the Assembly call an international con-
ference on freedom of the press.

Benton: I believe that proposal will be dis-
cussed when the Assembly has finished its organ-
izing session in London and reconvenes here in
the United States a few months later. Our dele-
gates to London will do everything possible to
speed up the organization of the Economic and
Social Council and its Human Rights Commission
to help secure agreement on world-wide objectives.

Fisher : But what about UNESCO— the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization? "Where does that fit into the
picture ?

Benton : UNESCO can perhaps make the
greatest contribution of all to the freedom of com-
munication. One of UNESCO's purposes, stated
in its Charter, is to "recommend such interna-
tional agreements as may be necessary to promote
the free flow of ideas by word and image".
UNESCO can become a dynamic force for free-
dom. That is the world's hope for UNESCO.
It will press for action by all countries every-
where. But it will of course be some time before
UNESCO is functioning on a full scale.

Porter: If I might sound a slightly skeptical
note —

Fisher : Go right ahead, Mr. Porter.

Porter: I'd like to state my oiDinion, for what
it's worth, that all the conferences and resolutions
and bills of rights that you can shake a stick at
won't be worth two cents as far as getting any
country that doesn't have a free press to establish
one. Only the people of the country can do that.
You can search the history books and never find
an example of freedom being handed to a people.
They always have to demand it or fight for it them-
selves.

Fisher: Except the Japanese under MacAr-
thur?

Porter : Maybe. It remains to be seen whether
tliey'll keep it.

FiSHEB : Mr. Benton, what about the suggestion
that guaranties of freedom of the press be written
into the peace treaties with former enemy coun-
tries?

Benton : "We should do everything in our power
to achieve a free flow of news, in line with our
policy as shown by our actions at Potsdam and in
Japan. As far as internal provisions for press
freedom are concerned, that will be up to the na-
tions themselves. Freedom is something that
can't be imposed from the outside, as Paul Porter
just said. But I think that free access to news
sources, and freedom to transmit news from one
country to another without discrimination, might
very well be included in appropriate agreements
or treaties covering our relations with former
enemy countries.

Fisher : Then there is the proposal for a gen-
eral international agreement covering the free
exchange of news.

Benton : We shall certainly support efforts to
get international agreement in this field. The
United Nations and UNESCO— its educational or-
ganization — both have freedom of expression as
a basic objective, as I said. "We should do every-
thing possible to spell out this objective, through
these United Nations channels, in a general agree-
ment on freedom of information.

Fisher : Well, I think that covers the political
side, Mr. Benton. But you mentioned a third
point of attack on this problem.

Benton: Yes, on what I call the "operating
front". The State Department plans to do its best,
if Congress approves, to fill certain gaps left by
private American activities abroad. Some parts
of the world still have practically no news from
American sources, except for what our Govern-
ment can supply. But the State Department's
function will be purely supplementary to the activ-
ities of private agencies.

Fisher : "Wliich are the gaps ?

Benton: Good examples are the Balkan coun-
tries and southeast Asia. There the short-wave
radio is almost the only way of getting American
news through.

Fisher : And what about the Soviet Union ?

Benton : The Soviet people get some news about
America indirectly through the Soviet Govern-
ment News Agency, Tass, which is furnished

162

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

American news by the AP and UP, and they get
some first-hand background about America
through a magazine which the State Department
publishes in Russian and which a Soviet Govern-
ment agency distributes in the Soviet Union. We
are now considering Russian-language news broad-
casts. Ambassador Harriman has I'ecommended
such broadcasts, and they may well contribute to
American-Soviet understanding. The truth is the
Russian people get very little news about Amer-
ica — in fact, far too little. Further, all reports
indicate they are eager for such news.

Fisher : Do you think, Mr. Benton, that short-
wave broadcasting by the Government will be con-
tinued on its present level?

Benton: That's for Congress to decide. Ster-
ling. We've cut our operations drastically from
the wartime level, as I told you on a previous
broadcast. I believe the short-wave job abroad
must be done. There is an unfilled hunger for news
from Ameiican sources, and short-wave broad-
casting is often the only vehicle we have which gets
through. I am not opening up for discussion the
question of the AP and UP wire service for our
international broadcasting, which I regard as
vital, because the subject is too big to cover briefly
on this i^rogram.

Fisher: To summarize the discussion then, the
United States is taking a strong stand on behalf
of freedom of communications throughout the
world. It has acted to make jjliysical communi-
cations more direct and less expensive, starting
with the Bermuda conference. This means re-
ducing one of the most important barriers to the
movement of news. Is that right, Mr. Porter?

Porter : Yes, we shouldn't underestimate the
importance of the economic side. You have to
make communication possible and practical be-
fore you can have a free exchange of news.

Fisher: The Government is also prepared to
press vigorously forward to try to obtain general
acceptance of such principles as freedom from
censorship and from discrimination, in making
news and communications facilities available.
The Government's role in news distribution is
regarded as purely that of supplementing the
private news agencies.

Benton: I think it's safe to say that in the
months to come our Government will play a lead-
ing role in the fight against restrictions of all
sorts on international communications. Only if

there is a free flow of ideas from one nation
to another can we hope to secure that mutual
understanding among the peoples of the world
upon which we can erect the defenses of peace
in the minds of men.

Fisher: Thank you, Mr. Benton and Mr. Por-
ter, tor a clear analysis of the question of inter-
national freedom of communications.

Announcer: That was Sterling Fisher, Direc-
tor of the NBC University of the Air. He has
been diseussmg ''Freedom of the Press — ^World-
Wide" with Mr. William Benton, Assistant Sec-
retary of State for Public Affairs, and Mr. Paul
Porter, chairman of the Federal Comnmnications
Commission and vice chairman of the United
States Delegation to the Bermuda Telecommuni-
cations Conference. The discussion was adapted
for radio bv Selden Menefee.

STILL WELL — Continued from page 154.
as great but involve people in different sections
of the United States. The two problems of move-
ment added together produce activity felt di-
rectly or indirectly in almost every village, ham-
let, and countryside of the whole ITnited States.
It is the total problem which the Government
officials are now attempthig to solve.

It is not enough, however, that a group of
Government officials shall band themselves to-
gether in mutual effort to fulfil this Government's
responsibilities to our liberated Allies. The task
is so great that it requires the combined efforts
of all the people of the United States. Even
those citizens who are not directly connected with
any phase of the production, movement, or export
of these essential civilian supplies should take
an active and direct interest in tlieir respective
communities concerning the progress of our total
supply effort. Officials of the Department of
State and other agencies of the Government di-
rectly concerned with this problem will endeavor
to keep the public well informed through the
press and radio of all the pertinent facts available.

The people of the United States are faced with
a new challenge to tlieir indomitable will to ac-
complish this task, no matter how great, so long
as it will help to relieve the suffering of hu-
manity. We should translate into action the
President's statement, "We must help to the limits
of our strength. And we will."

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

163

Future of the Foreign Service

By SELDEN CHAPIN

EFFECTIVE ACTION by the United States on the
road to international cooperation requires
that it be represented by the best men it can
mobilize and train for the job. The United
States Foreign Service will be the cutting edge,
as well as the first line, of our representation
abroad. The Foreign Service must inform the
President and the Secretary of State accurately,
impartially, and fully concerning political and
economic conditions abroad, evaluate the forces
shaping events, warn of any developments which
menace international peace and which directly
imperil American interests, and propose means by
which our interests may be protected and our
objectives advanced. In this respect it must be
reporter, interpreter, and counselor.

The Service must make effective the policy of
the United States by negotiation and by the ex-
eieise of American influence, must represent the
character and purposes of the American people to
the other people of the world, must protect
American citizens and interests and promote
American trade. In the execution of these tasks
it is the chief agent of the American Govern-
ment abroad.

The Service must work with and assist the
specialized missions which play an important part
in international affairs and must provide con-
tinuity and an over-all supervision of the execu-
tion of foreign policy.

The Service must continue to perform or to
direct the traditional functions in respect of citi-
zenship and nationality, immigration, shipping,
and documentation of merchandise which make
up a large part of the work in the field. In this
respect it is primarily a "service" organization.

The duties I have outlined make up the broad,
if traditional, frame of reference of a Foreign
Service officer's career. His service in the new
diplomacy will however be very different from
that in the past, not only because, as I have indi-
cated, his work will be of more vital concern to
the Nation in winning the peace, but also because
he will have to perform new work of a specialized

character under different conditions. Durmg the
war, officials of executive departments frequently
entered into direct contact with their opposite
numbers abroad. The myriad Allied combined
boards for supply and shipping, lend-lease, eco-
nomic warfare, finance, and intelligence drew
diplomacy out of the chancery into new adven-
tures.

The career Foreign Service under these condi-
tions must be able to contribute something more
to the conduct of foreign relations than efficient
secretariats and the rituals of old-school-tie diplo-
macy. It must know the substance of the special-
ized work which the specialists are called upon to
jjerform and must be equipped either to partici-
pate directly in such activities or to assist, guide,
and coordinate them. If it cannot, it may well
continue as a distinguished relic of the nineteenth
century, or as the frill on the lamb chop, but the
peculiar contribution it has to make in know-how,
in discipline and continuity, in the arts of nego-
tiation will go for nought.

There are perhaps two broad and distinct con-
ceY>ts of the present and future roles of foreign
offices and traditional foreign services. One en-
visages a foreign office as a sort of general staff,
estimating situations in foreign policy, coordinat-
ing all information — strategic, economic, and
political — relating to specific problems in inter-
national relations : e. g. a proposal for five-power
consultation on Near Eastern dependent areas —
and delegating field operations to a group of ex-
ecutive agencies, of which the career Foreign
Service is merely one, although it has supervisory
and coordinating responsibilities. To some extent
this has been the pattern of our Department and
Service during the war years. I am frank in say-
ing, however, that the arrangement has not been
entirely satisfactory, in either the public interest or

Excerpts from an address made before the Hartford
Foreign Policy Association, Hartford, Conn., Jan. 21,
and released to the press on the same date. Mr.
Chapin is Director of the Office of the Foreign Service,
Department of State. Requests for complete texts of the
address should be sent to the Division of Research and
Publication, Department of State.

164

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

that of the several agencies and of the Depart-
ment. The experience of the war has illustrated
the confiision, misunderstanding, and irritation
which can be caused abroad if a number of inde-
pendent officers representing various agencies are
acting semi-independently of one another. Fur-
thermore, the In'dra-headed aspect of our repre-
sentation tends to confuse the foreigner with whom
we have to deal.

The other concept of the operation of a foreign
office contemplates that it would be a large and
complex organization, including in its own divi-
sions technicians and specialists qualified for, and
engaged in, tasks far outside the accustomed and
traditional orbits of formal diplomacy. Certainly
all foreign offices will expand to some degi-ee along
this line after the war. Yet the pitfalls are ob-
vious. As one observer put it recently, "a State
Department cannot take on operating functions
and the remnants of agencies in dissolution, as the
present one is doing, without running the risks that
come with trying to turn a liighly specialized
business into a general store.''

It would not be correct to say that any clear-cut
decision has been made between these alternatives
by the American Department of State. It seems,
however, to be tending more toward the latter
than it has in the past, and we are steering care-
fully to avoid the pitfalls. Recently we have taken
over the functions and part of the personnel of
OWI, the Office of Inter-American Affairs, the
Foreign Economic Administration, and a few
people from OSS — tlie Office of Strategic Serv-
ices — and the Surplus Property Administration.

These new tasks mean new problems for the
Foreign Service in the field of economics, for ex-
ample. The Foreign Service officer will be doing
things quite different from the trade promotion
of the past. Instead of the weapons in the arsenal
of economic warfare, he will be using peacetime
tools, in aid of the American economy, as safe-
guards against future wars, and factors aiding a
more equitable distribution of the world's goods.
The experience gained in evaluating the economic
position of an entire country by a hundred new
techniques will help to open new horizons to the
Foreign Service officer.

It was Canning whose audacious theory that
public opinion should actually be invoked in the
councils of diplomacy caused Metternich to de-
scribe him as a "malevolent meteor hurled by

divine providence on Europe". The power of pub-
lic ojiinion has grown mightily from Canning's
day to that of the Office of War Information.
Today's relations between states ai'e increasingly
relations between peoples. The Foreign Service
officer will have to mesh this force with diplomacy,
and he will need to participate in the activities of
the cultural and informational agencies.

Our foreign policy is bound to involve a rela-
tively large United States force in being whether
solely for national defense or as contingent com-
mitments under the United Nations Security
Council. In the future the Foreign Service ofiicer
must know more about our military and naval
establishment and its policies.

I have said enough, I believe, to show why the
Foreign Service must be organized and stafl'ed
somewhat differently than in the past. I wish I
were able to report to you that our first-line service
is in shape to do the job which lies ahead. I should
like to say that we are ready to step on the stage
of international affairs with our best foot fore-
most; that we are prepared, right now, to under-
take the tasks of the new diplomacy, or even to
carry on the old. The truth is that we are not but
tliat we are energetically trying to be. We have
been working intensively on the most comprehen-
sive Foreign Service legislation since the Rogers
act of 1924, a new Magna Charta which effectively
turns the service inside out and which we hope to
present to Congress in tlie near future.

Many, if not most, of our alleged shoi'tcomings
are due solelj' to lack of manpower. Our pre-war
service of 833 would be too small for the present
job ; we estimate that between 1600 and 2000 will be
required. Actually, we have only 750 men in the
cai'eer Foreign Service today. During the war the
needs of the armed forces, of course, took preced-
ence, and we suspended recruiting of young men
after 1941. We did mobilize a kind of war i-eserve,
the Foreign Service Auxiliary, who were for the
most part specialists in various fields. Many of
these men will be lost to us as the war emergency
draws to a close and jobs in private employment at
higher salaries beckon.

We plan to combat our manpower shortage in
various ways; in November of last year we held
examinations exclusively for members and veter-
ans of the armed forces and will probably hold
others this spring which should yield us some
600 picked men altogether from among thousands

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

165

of candidates. "We have also just sent to the Con-
gress a bill which would authorize the admission
into the cai'eer service during a two-year period
of up to 250 outstandingly qualified officers from
the Department of State, the armed forces, and
the other federal agencies, at any grade commen-
surate with their age, experience, and qualifica-
tions. We would administer this bill, if enacted
into law, with due regard to the career principle.
This recruitment should invigorate the Service by
the introduction of fresh blood and should bring
into it a number of special skills. Without these
it could not hope to cope with its new responsibili-
ties nor to avoid stagnation.

We also have a plan which is not yet threshed
out in detail to establish what we conceive to be
a "staff" corps of specialists who will be officers
of the Foreign Service, enjoying the same privi-
leges as the diplomatic and consular officers, who
may be known as the "executive", or "line", branch.
This new branch would include some members of
the present Auxiliary service, some of the intelli-
gence, informational, and cultural experts now
serving in interim classifications, and the members
of our present administrative and technical corps
as established by the act of May 3, 1945. There
would be every opportunity for interchange and
transfer between the two branches and with the
Department of State. We shall, however, see that
what is now called the career Foreign Service in-
cludes a heavy proportion of specialized talents.
There are already within that service brains and
aptitudes for most of the special tasks of the pres-
ent era, provided only that the Department gives
adequate training and opportunity to these skills.
We must retain in our Service most economic func-
tions, in short to become an economic service. One
does not have to be a Marxist to recognize that in
these days political and economic policies are
inextricably entwined.

There will also be provision for men to come into
the Service as reserve officers from elsewhere in
the Government or private business on temporary
assignment: for example, a study of metallurgy
behind the Urals or of malarial control in the Nile
Delta or the geology of the Arabian peninsula.

In addition to these attacks on the manpower
problem we are planning legislation to cover prac-
tically every phase of Foreign Service reform. At
present the Service is undermanned, clogged with
deadwood, insufficiently trained, underpaid, inad-

equately housed, and clumsily administered. We
plan campaigns in all these sectors.

If the Service is to reach a maximum level of
efficiency, a promotion system should be estab-
lished which provides for advancement of officers
with emphasis on merit rather than seniority, and
for the separation from its ranks of officers who
are not advanced within a certain period.

We have made a careful study of the "selection
out" promotion system of the United States Navy
and we propose to adapt it for our needs. There
will be a system of minimum and maximum serv-
ice in the various grades of the service, and officers
who are not promoted after serving a maximum
time in grade will be eliminated, with an annuity
or lump-sum payment depending on the length of
service. It is also planned to lower the retirement
age for officers in Class I and below from 65 to 60
years.

Installation of the new promotion system will
involve a complete review of the personnel-admin-
istration methods now in force, and we will draw
on the experience of private industry and other
Government departments.

It is clear that we must mobilize for the Foreign
Service the very best brains and character in each
generation and train them at a markedly higher
level of requirement and in a much more serious
and impressive manner than was ever reached un-
der the comparatively easy circumstances of the
past. Our opinion is that, beyond initial orienta-
tion and indoctrination, a kind of "in service"
training must be continued throughout a Foreign
Service officer's career both for the sake of effi-
ciency and to sustain morale. He should at dif-
ferent stages of his career attend courses analo-
gous to those of the Army and Navy Staff Colleges
and War Colleges. We believe that this instruc-
tion should begin at the university-graduate level
and not in an undergraduate academy. It is for
this reason that we do not subscribe to the idea
of a West Point or Annapolis for the Foreign
Service. The basic undergraduate requirements
of the Foreign Service are not technical. The pri-
mary requirement is a knowledge of the system of
ideas concerning the world and man which belong
to our time and the roots from which these ideas
have developed. The basis for a Foreign Service
education can be most advantageously obtained at
the best colleges and universities long established
and functioning in the various regions of the

166

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

United States. An undergraduate Foi-eign Serv-
ice Academy would tend to stamp future Foreign
Service officers in one mold and might easily breed
a caste spii'it, the very thing that the Department
has prevented from arising in the Foreign Service
through a selection of men from all segments of
American life, as well as from diversified educa-
tional backgrounds and different sections of the
country. In this connection it is interesting to
note that in 1941 when our last public examina-
tions were given there were 440 candidates from
164 colleges and universities designated to take
the examination. The 37 successful candidates
represented 21 educational institutions and 14
States. In 1940, 483 candidates from 168 colleges
and universities were designated for the examina-
tion. The 45 successful candidates represented 26
educational institutions and 19 States.

All training programs in the Foreign Service
would be directed by a foreign-staff college or
center of training studies which we plan to call
tlie Foreign Service Institute. This Institute
would direct in-service training throughout an
officer's career and would liandle orientation
courses for beginners as well. It would exchange
students and faculty with the Army and Navy in-
service institutions.

In its higher echelons the school would be a staff
college or institution comparable to a war college.
At these levels it would probably administer rela-
tively little instruction on its own premises but
would arrange for Foreign Service officers to work
and consult at high levels, not only in tlie Depart-
ment of State but in any agency, in any business,
research organization, or university where pos-
sibilities exist for widening the background of the
Foreign Service officer. The staff college, although
closely affiliated with the Department and using
classified material in its seminars, should never-
theless enjoy a certain autonomy. It should thus
maintain sufficient academic prestige to attract
the best staff. The Institute would be continually
engaged in doing basic research on policy, and we
conceive that its projects would be taken into ac-
count in the actual formation of policy. At any
rate this basic research will at least counterbalance
the necessarily more hurried day-to-day thinking
in the Department of State by a broader view and
tlie synthesis of piecemeal data.

If this program is followed some of the sliort-
comings of the Service will be corrected. Officers

will have training equipping them to take the
"strategic" as well as the merely "tactical" view in
their reports. Too often in the past, reporting
from the field has neglected the basic long-range
study in favor of the "spot" report.

Another important reform of the Service is its
"Americanization", if I may use tlie term. On this
point all who have inspected, studied, or been
members of the Foreign Service are unanimous.
In order to preserve contact with America, more
officers must be brought home more often. Long
absences of officers from this country and lack of
understanding in regard to departmental policies
are responsible for a sense of remoteness, frustra-
tion, and general inadequacy as a Service truly
representative of the United States. It is pro-
loosed to establish by statute a fixed ratio between
home and field service, as well as to provide for
adequate home leave at appropriate intervals. In
this respect during the war the Foreign Service
was notoriously disadvantaged in comparison with
officials in other agencies. A tour of duty in the
United States will not be confined to service in
the Department. Officers will be sent for special
service anywhere in the country, for example to
the branch offices of the Dei^artment of Commerce,
other Federal or State jobs, or training or observa-
tion tours with private industry.

The administration of the Service particularly
as regards personnel has for a long time been
rendered difficult by the excessive number of
grades, or classes, into which it is hierarchically
divided. The present system of nine classes es-
tablished by the Rogers act of 1924, with the low-
est class subdivided administratively into three,
is an outgrowth of the old Consular Service, which
was amalgamated by this act with the separate
Diplomatic Service to form the present Foreign
Service. The current classification structui'e,
therefore, was established as a solution to a prob-
lem existing in 1924, and not because of any in-
trinsic advantage in having that number of
grades in the Foreign Service. Our new plans
recognize that there are not as many gradations
in relative responsibility of jobs in the Service
as the existing 11 grades would indicate. In the
future there will be only 6 grades with an addi-
tional class of minister actually within the For-
eign Service. An officer may have the rank of
minister without necessarily being accredited to
a mission abroad. The top goal of a diplomatic

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

167

career will thus actually be within the career
itself rather than outside it ; at present an officer
resigns from the Service on becoming a minister.
The new distribution of ranks will bring the
Service into line with the Army and Navy. It
will give a longer opportunity to judge the per-
formance in each class, more administrative flexi-
bility in assignments, and the possibility of more
adequate recognition within grade.

This is a good place to point out that out of
some 56 chiefs of mission, including the special
missions in Berlin, Vienna, and capitals of some
countries with which we do not now have diplo-
matic relations, about 64 percent come from the
ranks of the career service. This is a considerable
improvement, from the Service point of view,
over conditions obtaining in the old days, but if
we expect the best men to come into, and remain
in, the Service we must not restrict unduly the
typically American opportunity — a fair chance
to rise to the top. I personally would like to see
the appointment of more of the so-called "career
men" ; at the same time I concede whole-heartedly
that if there are jobs in our diplomacy which
cannot be best filled by men from our Service
then the best-qualified men should be sought
wherever they may be.

It is still unfortunately true, however, that
regular Foreign Service officers who do not have
private means are at a disadvantage in competing
for the top posts with wealthy men from outside
the Service. Believe it or not, our salaries for
ministers and ambassadors were established in
1856 and have not been changed since. Chiefs
of mission of relatively small countries are often
better paid than ours. In the upper brackets the
comparison is startling; Ambassador Winant in
London gets a salary of $17,500 subject to income
tax, plus tax-free allowances to cover such matters
as rent amounting to about $12,000 dollars. The
British Ambassador in Washington quite rightly
receives about $70,000 dollars a year, which is
tax free.

In the lower ranks of the Service, also, the men
are notoriously underpaid with respect to their
obligations, and we have not yet succeeded, despite
successive reforms, in making it possible for a man
without independent means to serve as effectively
as he should.

.Since 1924, there has been an over-all expansion
in level and pattern of living costs. Industrial

salaries and salaries in emergency Government
administrations have increased and been adjusted
to meet this expanded way of living. A further
increase in Government salaries is desirable. To
quote the House Committee on Civil Service in its
report on H.R. 3393 : "In the postwar period, the
i:)roblems of government, the inevitable complexi-
ties of administration, and the importance of ef-
fective service to the people will justify unusual
emj^hasis upon high standards in selecting, pro-
moting and retaining personnel. This is particu-
larly true of the middle and higher brackets. But
with high qualification standards must be associ-
ated rates of compensation that are reasonably
attractive to persons who meet these standards."
The Foreign Service officer is, of course, faced
with expenses not imposed on home Civil Service
personnel, and he has not the same opportunities
for investment or savings as if he were perma-
nently domiciled in this country. Despite very
small increases under the recent Federal Pay Act,
which so far as "take home" pay is concerned will
be somewhat nullified by the cessation of overtime,
salaries and allowances are in our best judgment
insufficient. The general level remains about
where it was in 1924.

In the hearings on the State Department Ap-
propriation Bill of 1945, Secretary Hull made, I
think, an illuminating comment on the subject of
allowances. I quote :

"Allowances as distinguished from salary are
premised upon the various conditions which ob-
tain in the many duty stations and are essential to
meet the extraordinary cost of maintenance of
satisfactory standards of living and the perform-
ance of public business. They are necessary to the
maintenance, as well, of a mobile and flexible
service.

"It is important, particularly in these times,
that these allowances be maintained at alevel ade-
quate to meet the ascertained needs and that these
allowances be considered in the nature of equip-
ment essential to the performance of Government
work, rather than as personal perquisites of indi-
vidual personnel. Many of our personnel are to-
day experiencing inflation which cannot but
impede their activities unless allowances are made
to offset the increasing costs over which they have
no control. At the same time they are subjected,
as we all are, to tax legislation which is calculated
to curb inflation in the United States. These two

768

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

forces simultaneously in operation have definitely
placed the jDersonnel of the Foreign Service and
other agencies operating abroad on the horns of a
dilemma."

The way out of the dilemma has been, perforce,
for the Foreign Service officer to meet the ex-
traordinary expenses out of his own pocket.
Our projects will alleviate the situation by reim-
bursing the officer in part for the expenses peculiar
to his profession. We will ask for new allowances
for the exjjenses incurred when the exigencies of
the Service require an officer to maintain separate
households for himself and his family, and for the
exjjense of transporting his children to the United
States so that they may not be denied the advan-
tages of an American education. In addition to
these allowances, others which have been provided
by previous legislation especially in connection
with rent, cost of living, and official entertain-
ment will continue with adjustments to meet the
current situation.

The problem of adequate Foreign Service com-
pensation has been pointed up recently by the
problem of integrating the war-appointed special-
ists into the regular establishment. These men
are receiving salaries on the wartime scale in most
cases markedly superior to those of Foreign Serv-
ice officers of much longer experience doing com-
parable work. The men we want to retain will
hardly come in at the prevailing salaries for the
Foreign Service, and some are being employed at
higher salaries. We have had a flood of telegrams
from our chiefs of mission, pointing out the dis-
crepancy. Ambassador Caffery in Paris says that
he is sure that the Department will be aware of the
disappointment among our career officers of junior
and middle grades which might be caused by the
appointment of some of the men in the interim
services at the proposed salaries, in many cases
much in excess of their own. "I do not feel", he
continues, "that these salaries are excessive but
I trust that if this salary scale is established and
the cost of living and rental allowances are set
up commensurate with those received by our own
Foreign Service the Department will leave no stone
unturned to seek from Congress legislation which
will improve the pay status of our Foreign
Service."

We promise to leave no stone unturned. Our

feeling is that the country needs and absolutely
must have the best possible Service and must be
l^repared to pay for it. We expect to approach
Congress in that spirit taking with us a carefully
worked out pay scale, from ambassadors down to
probationers and the lowliest messenger, related
to comparable executive salaries in this country
and the costs of living abroad as representatives
of the United States.

We will require money for other needed im-
provements which I have not detailed to you but
which include administrative surveys of field
needs and conditions, more frequent inspections,
better pay and o^Dportunity for the clerical service,
more language training in the Service, and, no-
tably, housing for a renovated Service which will
not be inconsistent with our status as an inter-
national power.

After all the cost of a good Foreign Service
is only part of the cost of our machinery for the
conduct of foreign relations, which in turn is an
exceedingly small part of the costs of the Gov-
ernment and infinitesimally small com23ared with
the costs of war. One single day of war as it is
waged today costs our country $245,000,000. The
estimates for the Department of State and the
Foreign Service in the entire year of 1946 total
$77,900,000. Thus for the estimated expense of
a whole year of supporting this first line of
national defense of ours, we could wage war, as
it is waged today, for less than a day.

Obviously, all the reforms I have sketched for
you will come to nought unless our officers have j
the necessary intellectual stature and creative '
spirit. The best legislation, the best administra-
tion, and the best will in the world cannot take
the place of brains.

At worst the diplomatic mentality can be a
sterile thing given to airy dilettantism, or at
best it can be both creative and conservative.
The diplomat who has shared the lives of many
peoples and has learned many disciplines is in
a way a survival of humanist culture.

The wise diplomat can help give meaning and
direction to an engineers' and specialists' world.
If our new Foreign Service can unite sympathy,
idealism, and a world view with technical com-
petency and modern skill it should remain, as it
now is, as good as any in the world.

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings

Far Eastern Commission Tokyo

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry London

The United Nations :

General Assembly London

Security Council London

Civil Aviation Conference Bermuda

Council of Foreign Ministers : Meeting of Deputies London

International Labor Organization :

Conference of Delegates on Constitutional Questions London

International Development Works Committee Montreal

International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Paris
Experts (CITEJA) : 14th session

International Cotton Study Group : Subcommittee of the Washington
International Advisory Committee

North American Regional Broadcasting Engineering Con- Washington
ference

Council of the United Maritime Authority
West Indian Conference

London

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands
(U.S.)

January 6 (continuing in
session )

Hearings opened on Janu-
ary 25

January 10 (continuing in

session)
January 17 (continuing in

session )

January 15 (continuing in
session)

January 18 (continuing in
session)

January 21 (continuing in

session )
January 28 (continuing in

session)

January 22 (continuing in
session)

January 24 (recessed after
first meeting until Feb-
ruary 4)

February 4

February 4
February 21

Activities and Developments

International Technical Committee of Aerial
Legal Experts. The Department announced to
the press on January 21 that the Fourteenth Ses-
sion of the International Technical Committee of
Aerial Legal Experts ( CITE JA— Comite In-
ternational Technique d'Experts Juridiques
Aeriens), is scheduled to convene at Paris on Jan-
uary 22, 1916. The United States Group wliich
will participate in this meeting will consist of
Stephen Latchford, Adviser on Air Law, Aviation
Division, Department of State, chairman, United
States Section of CITEJA; Arnold W. Knauth,
Specialist in Maritime and Aviation Law, De-

partment of Justice, member, United States
Section of CITEJA; Emery T. Nunneley, Jr.,
Assistant General Counsel, Finance, Civil Aero-
nautics Board ; and Howard B. Kailey, Civil Air
Attache, American Embassy, Paris.

This session is the first since the outbreak of the
war. The agenda will include :

1. Opening of the Fourteenth Session. Desig-
nation of the President of CITEJA.

2. Eegulations of CITEJA.

The dates in the calendar are as of Jan. 27.

169

770

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

3. Consideration of the administrative and
financial management of CITEJA from 1939 to
1945 and of the budget estimate for 1945-46.

4. Coordination of the activities of CITEJA
with the Provisional International Civil Aviation
Organization (PICAO) at Montreal and relation-
ship between the two organizations.^

5. Collaboration of the CITEJA in the inter-
pretation and application of international conven-
tions on private air law.

6. Kevision of the Warsaw convention.

7. Draft conventions on aerial collisions, assist-
ance and salvage of aircraft on land, legal status
of the commander and navigating personnel.

8. Aviation insurance.

9. Designation of commissions (subcommit-
tees). Assignment and order of projects.

10. Date and place of the Fifteenth Session.

An important objective of the meeting is the
reorganization of CITEJA, which is covered by
items 2, 3, and 4. The Committee will reassign for
fuither study the draft conventions covered by
items 6, 7, and 8.

MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES SECTION ^

The Secretary of State announced on January
21 that the President has approved the designa-
tion of the following persons as members of the
United States Section of CITEJA and of the
Advisory Committee thereto:

United States Section

Chairman:

Stephen Latchford, Adviser on Air Law, Aviation Di-
vision, Department of State

MemVers:

Russell B. Adams, Director, Economic Bureau, Civil
Aeronautics Board

John C. Cooper, Member, Executive Committee, Inter-
national Air Transport Association

Arnold W. Knauth, Specialist in Maritime and Aviation
Law, Department of Justice

Arthur L. Lebel, Chief, Communications Section, Avia-
tion Division, Department of State

George C. Neal, General Counsel, Civil Aeronautics
Board

Advisory Committee to the United States Section

Chairiiian:

Arnold W. Knauth

' For an article on this subject see Bulletin of Feb. 28,
1945, p. 310.
"Released to the press Jan. 21.

Vice Chairman:
John C. Cooper

Memhers:

Gordon D. Brown, vice president. Bankers Trust Com-
pany of New York

John M. Dickerman, Washington representative, Air
Line Pilots Association

Howard S. LeRoy, professor of air law. National Uni-
versity Law School, Washington, D.C.

J. Brooks B. Parker, specialist in aviation insurance

Miss Eleanor H. Finch, Aviation Division, De-
partment of State, has been designated Secretary
of the United States Section.

The International Technical Committee of
Aerial Legal Experts was created as the result of
a resolution adopted at the First International
Conference on Private Air Law, which met in
Paris on October 27, 1925. It was organized for
the purpose of developing a comprehensive code
of private air law through the adojjtion of inter-
national conventions on various subjects of pri-
vate air law. The Department understands that
immediately jirior to the outbreak of the war 27
countries were official members of CITEJA and
contributing to its support. The United States
has been a contributor to CITEJA since the cal-
endar year 1930. The first session of the Com-
mittee was held in Paris in Maj' 1926, and the
Committee held semi-aimual sessions until the
outbreak of the war. The preliminary draft
conventions are prepared b}' four commissions,
which are in effect subcommittees, established by
the Committee.

North American Regional Broadcasting Engi-
neering Conference. The Department announced
on January 25 that there will be convened in Wash-
ington on Monda3', February 4, 1946, at 11 a. m. in
the Department of Commerce Auditorium, 14th
Street between Constitution Avenue and E Street,
NW, a North American Regional Broadcasting
Engineering Conference to consider problems re-
lated to standard-band broadcasting in the North
American region particularly as they are affected
by the North American Regional Broadcasting
Agreement which expires March 29, 1946. The
countries which are parties to the agreement are as
follows: Canada, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Re-
public, Haiti, Mexico, Newfoundland, and United
States. The British Government has indicated its
intention of sending obsei'vers in behalf of the
other British possessions in the North American
region, and it is possible that observers may be

FEBRUARY 3, J946

171

present from the Central American republics and
Panama.

Representatives of the United States broadcast
industry are invited to participate as observers
throughout the Conference. It is expected that
industry representatives will also be present from
other countries. In order to aid in the arrange-
ments for the meetings and the disposition of mat-
ters to be called up, interested persons are
requested to notify the assistant secretary of the
Conference, Miss Frances W. Simpson, Telecom-
munications Division, Department of State, 1818
H Street, NW, Washington, D.C., not later than
February 2, 1946. In this connection it is desir-
able tliat persons who plan to attend identify
themselves by office or position and, if attendance
is in a representative capacity, by the identity of
the persons or organization in whose behalf they
will attend.

The agenda of the Conference will consist of
proposals on behalf of each of the countries which
are parties to the NARBA agreement and various
subjects of a technical character designed to im-
lorove service in each country as well as to mini-
mize interference between countries.

Following the opening plenary session, meetings
will be held in the offices of the Federal Commu-
nications Commission, Pennsylvania Avenue and
12th Street NW, Washington, D.C.

The Delegation of the United States will con-
sist of the following : Commissioner Ewell K. Jett
of the Federal Communications Commission,
chairman; Harvey B. Otterman of the Depart-
ment of State, vice chainnan; George P. Adair,
Chief Engineer, and Rosel H. Hyde, General
Counsel, of the Federal Communications Commis-
sion; and Donald R. MacQuivey of the Telecom-
munications Division of the Department of State.
This Delegation will be assisted by members of the
staffs of the Federal Communications Commis-
sion and of the Department of State.

The secretary of the Conference will be K. Neil
MacNaughten of the Federal Communications
Commission, and the assistant secretary will be
Miss Frances W. Simpson of the Department of
State.

United Maritime Authority. A meeting will be
held in London beginning February 4, 1946 of the
full Council of the United Maritime Authority,

whose membership is made up of the following
maritime nations: United States, United King-
dom, France, Netherlands, Norway, Australia,
Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Greece,
India, New Zealand, Poland, Sweden, Union of
South Africa, and Yugoslavia. The meeting is
being held for the purpose of discussing the ter-
mination of the United Maritime Authority, which
is due to be dissolved on March 2 under the terms
of its charter providing for its end six months after
the general suspension of hostilities. The meeting
will also consider what plans should be made in
view of the termination of the controlled shipping
pools of 17 million tons to take care of various na-
tional shipping programs and to insure as smooth
a transition as possible from a wartime basis to a
peacetime operation. The American Delegation is
made up of official members of the UMA Secre-
tariat from the War Shipping Administration.
John Mann of the Shipping Division is represent-
ing the Department of State as an observer. In
addition four representatives of the shipping in-
dustry selected by the National Federation of
Shipping will attend as advisers.

Civil-Aviation Agreements: Paraguay, Nicara-
gua, Turkey. In a press release of January 23
the Department announced that the Ambassador of
Paraguay deposited with the Department of State
on January 21, 1946 the Paraguayan instrument
of ratification of the Convention on International
Civil Aviation.

Other action taken recently on the Interim
Agreement on International Civil Aviation, the
Convention on International Civil Aviation, the
International Air Services Transit Agreement,
and the International Air Transport Agreement
concluded at the International Civil Aviation
Conference in Chicago on December 7, 1944 in-
cludes the following :

The deposit by the Ambassador of Nicaragua
with the Department of State on December 28,
1945 of the instiniment of ratification of the con-
vention by the Government of Nicaragua and the
acceptance of the interim, ti'ansit, and transport
agreements by that Government ;

The deposit by the Ambassador of Tui'key with
the Department of State on December 20, 1945
of the Turkish instrument of ratification of the
convention.

The Record of the Week

Advisory Group To Prepare Recommendations on Mass

Communications

Assistant Secretai-y of State William Benton
announced the appointment of five special con-
sultants who will gather and formulate advice
for the Department of State in developing United
States proposals in the field of mass communica-
tions for consideration by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).

The members of the advisory group are as
follows :

Edward W. Barrett, Editorial Director, News-
week/ formerly Director, Overseas Branch,
Office of War Information. Mr. Barrett will
serve as chairman.

Thurman L. Barnard, Vice President and Di-
rector, Compton Advertising Agency, New
York, N.Y. ; formerly. Executive Director,
Overseas Branch, Office of War Information.

Don Francisco, Vice President and Director, J.
Walter Thompson Advertising Agency, New
York, N. Y. ; formerly Assistant Coordinator,
Office of Inter-American Affairs.

Ferdinand Kuhn, Jr., Consultant, Office of In-
ternational Information and Cultural Af-
fairs, Department of State; formerly Chief,
London Bureau, New York Times, and later
Deputy Director, Office of War Information,
and Director, Interim International Infor-
mation Service.

John Hat Whitney, formerly Motion Picture
Chief, Office of Inter-American Affairs, later
Colonel in the U. S. Army Air Forces. Be-
fore the war he had extensive experience in
the commercial motion-iDicture industry as
chairman of the Board of Selznick Inter-
national Pictures.

lieleasod to the press Jan. 27.
172

Mr. Benton declared:

"UNESCO must seek to enlist the full coopera-
tion of the press, radio, and motion picture, if
it is to succeed in its purpose of getting the
peoples of the world behind the peace. That
peace will not be secure until its defenses are
built in the minds of men.

"I am calling on five men who have had long
experience with mass media in the private in-
dustry, and who have had special opportunity,
in their service with the Federal war agencies,
to acquire first-hand knowledge of the need for
Government recognition of the immense contri-
bution that the mass media of communication
can make to international understanding. These
five men have been cooperating with the Depart-
ment since my own appointment. In collabora-
tion with Archibald MacLeish, chairman of the
United States Delegation to the London confer-
ence on UNESCO last November, they will assist
the Department in outlining a practical program
through which radio, motion pictures, and pub-
lications may cooperate with UNESCO in
strengthening the foundations of world peace.

"It is hoped that the first meeting of the Gen-
eral Conference of UNESCO will be held this i
coming summer. Under the UNESCO Charter *
each country will appoint five delegates. The
assignment which I am giving to the Advisory
GrouiD is to prepare recommendations for the
use of the Unieed States Delegates at this first
Conference. It is my hope that this group during
the next few months will meet with repi-esenta-
tives of the various media of communications
and will exjilore with them the most constructive
activities for UNESCO in the field of motion
pictures, radio, and publications. It is mj' hope
that the report of the Advisory Group to the
State Department, for the guidance of the Dele-
gates, will be such that it can be made public."

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

173

Anglo- Soviet- American
Commnnique on the Disposal
of the German Navy

[Keleased to the press January 22]

One. It was decided at the Berlin Conference
that operable surface units of the German fleet in-
cluding units which could be made operable within
a specified time together with 30 U-boats should
be divided equally between the Three Powers and
that the remainder of the German fleet should be
destroyed.^

Two. The Tripartite Naval Commission was ac-
cordingly appointed to make recommendations to
implement this decision and it has recently re-
ported to the governments of the Three Powers.
Its report is laow under consideration by these gov-
ernments but its recommendation on allocation of
the main units has been accepted and their division
between the Three Powers is now being made.

Three. Surplus U-boats in United Kingdom
ports have been sunk in accordance with this
agreement.

Program for Supplying Raw
Materials to Germany and
Japan Clarified

[Released to the press January 21]

Many questions have been raised about the re-
ported plan to furnish supplies of cotton and
other raw materials to Germany and Japan for
the i^urpose of reactivating industries in these
countries. To dispel certain misunderstandings
which have arisen, the Department of State
wishes to clarify certain aspects of the program.

First, the program constitutes in no sense a
reversal or change in policies previously formu-
lated and announced by this Government. It
will be recalled, in particular, that the Secretary
of State, in a statement issued last December 12,-
envisaged three stages in the post-hostilities eco-
nomic development of Germany. At that time,
he anticipated that the second stage, marking a
gradual revival of German industrj% would begin
after the present winter.

Second, the program will be so designed as to

be consistent with one of the cardinal features of
this Government's economic foreign policy, which
is to insure that economic and industrial recov-
ery in countries freed from enemy domination
should have priority over revival in enemy coun-
tries. Thus the plan for the reactivation of the
cotton-textile industry which will be drawn up
by our military-government authorities in Ger-
many will take into consideration the fact that
it will be necessary to maximize coal exports for
the benefit of liberated areas until this spring at
least, and that the probable coal supply-demand
situation in Europe even after this winter will
continue to limit industrial revival. Both in Ger-
many and Japan raw materials, fuel, and trans-
port will be provided for industry only to the
extent compatible with the interests of both the
occup3'ing powers and the liberated areas.

Third, there is a world-wide shortage of textile
products, while there is a surplus of short-staple
raw cotton. It is impoi-tant that all spindles be
used to relieve the world textile shortage. Allo-
cations of raw cotton to Germany and Japan
would not cut into the supply available for liber-
ated areas. Moreover, of the textile products
made from such cotton only enough would be left
in Germany and Japan to satisfy minimum
domestic requirements. The balance would be
exported to pay for the raw cotton and other
imports which the occupying powers are now
financing. For these reasons, the cotton-textile
industry should be among the first industries in
enemy countries to be reactivated. No concrete
proposals to supply raw materials other than
cotton are at present being considered, although
they may be taken up as conditions warrant.

Fourth, the program must not be considered a
charitable undertaking to assist Germany and
Japan. We expect to get paid for the cotton.
Moreover, we have a distinct interest in putting
these countries on a self-sustaining basis. Neither
countrj' can exist even at a bare subsistence level
without imports. Neither counti-y can today pay
for its own imports because its gold and foreign
assets have been earmarked for reparation and
restitution, and its industries are virtually at a
standstill and therefore incapable of producing
sufficient exports to pay for essential impoi-ts.

■ Bulletin of Aug. 5, 1945, p. 157.
' Bulletin of Dec. 16, 1945, p. 964.

174

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Tlie United States as well as other occupying
powers in Germany has had to finance the impor-
tation of food and certain other minimum relief
supplies necessary to prevent starvation and
disease and unrest of a character endangering the
occupying forces. We obviously do not want to
keep Germany and Japan on relief indefinitely
at our own cost. The only way to enable these
countries to pay for their own imports is to
finance initially the importation of raw materials
required to start up their export industries.

Finally, any program for the reactivation of
industry in Germany and Japan must, of course,
be within the framework of existing international
agreements and require the consent of other pow-
ei's concerned in the occupation or administration
of these countries. The United States has no in-
tention to iDroceed unilaterally.

Coordination of Foreign
Intelligence Activities

DIRECTIVE FROM THE PRESIDENT

[Released to the press by the White House January 22]

Text sent by the President to the Secretary of
/State, Secretary of War, and Secretary of the
Navy with regard to the coordination of the
foreign intelligence activities of the Federal
Ooverninent :

1. It is my desire, and I hereby direct, that all
Federal foreign intelligence activities be planned,
developed and coordinated so as to assure the
most effective accomplishment of the intelligence
mission related to the national security. I hereby
designate you, together with another person to be
named by me as my personal representative, as the
National Intelligence Authority to accomplish this
purpose.

2. Within the limits of available appropriations,
you shall each from time to time assign persons
and facilities from your respective Departments,
which persons shall collectively form a Central
Intelligence Grouj) and shall, under the direction
of a Director of Central Intelligence, assist the
National Intelligence Authority. The Director of
Central Intelligence shall be designated by me,
shall be "resjjonsible to the National Intelligence

Authority, and shall sit as a non-voting member
thereof.

3. Subject to the existing law, and to the direc-
tion and control of the National Intelligence
Authority, the Director of Central Intelligence
shall :

a. Accomplish the correlation and evaluation of
intelligence relating to the national security, and
the appropriate dissemination within the Govern-
ment of the resulting strategic and national policy
intelligence. In so doing, full use shall be made of
the staff and facilities of the intelligence agencies
of your Departments.

6. Plan for the coordination of such of the activ-
ities of the intelligence agencies of your Depart-
ments as relate to the national security and
recommend to the National Intelligence Authority
the establishment of such over-all policies and
objectives as will assure the most effective accom-
plishment of the national intelligence mission.

c. Perform, for the benefit of said intelligence
agencies, such services of common concern as the
National Intelligence Authority determines can
be more efficiently accomplislied centrally.

d. Perform such other functions and duties re-
lated to intelligence affecting the national security
as the President and the National Intelligence
Authority may from time to time direct.

4. No jDolice, law enforcement or internal se-
curity functions shall be exercised under this
directive.

5. Such intelligence received by the intelligence
agencies of your Departments as may be desig-
nated by the National Intelligence Authority shall
be freely available to the Director of Central In-
telligence for correlation, evaluation or dissemina-
tion. To the extent approved by the National |
Intelligence Authority, the operations of said '
intelligence agencies shall be open to inspection by
the Director of Central Intelligence in connection
with planning functions.

6. The existing intelligence agencies of your De-
partments shall continue to collect, evaluate, cor-
relate and disseminate departmental intelligence.

7. The Director of Central Intelligence shall be
advised by an Intelligence Advisory Board con-
sisting of the heads (or their representatives) of
the principal military and civilian intelligence
agencies of the Government having functions re-
lated to national security, as determined by the
National Intelligence Authority.

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

175

8. Within the scope of existing law and Presi-
dential directives, other departments and agencies
of the executive branch of the Federal Govern-
ment shall furnish such intelligence information
relating to the national security as is in their pos-
session, and as the Director of Central Intelligence
may from time to time request pursuant to regu-
lations of the National Intelligence Authority.

9. Nothing herein shall be construed to author-
ize the making of investigations inside the con-
tinental limits of the United States and its
l)()Ssessions, except as provided by law and Presi-
dential directives.

10. In the conduct of their activities the Na-
tional Intelligence Authority and the Director
of Central Intelligence shall be responsible for
fully protecting intelligence sources and methods.

U. S.-Greek Negotiation on
Expansion of Production and
Employment

EXCHANGE OF NOTES BETWEEN THE GOV-
ERNMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND
GREECE 1

[Released to the press January 25]

The Acting Secretary of State announced on
January 25 that, in a recent exchange of notes, the
Governments of the United States and Greece have
agreed on the negotiation of measures looking
toward promoting world expansion of production,
employment, and the exchange and consumption
of goods. The texts of these notes follow :

Royal Greek Embassy,

Washington, D.C.

January B, 19^6.
Excellency :

I have the honor to make the following state-
ment of the understanding reached during our re-
cent discussions:

1. With a view to promoting the expansion of
production, employment, and the exchange and
consumption of goods, the Government of the
United States of America and the Greek Govern-
ment hereby undertake that they will enter into
negotiations at an appropriate date for the reach-
ing of agreement between themselves and with
other countries of like mind on mutually advanta-

geous measures directed to the reduction of tariffs
and trade barriers, and the elimination of all
forms of discriminatory treatment in interna-
tional commerce, payments and investments.

2. Pending the conclusion of negotiations en-
visaged in the foregoing j^aragraph, the Govern-
ments of the United States of America and Greece
declare it to be their policy to avoid the adoption
of new measures affecting international trade, pay-
ments or investments which would prejudice the
objectives of such agreement. The two Govern-
ments shall afford each other an adequate oppor-
tunity for consultation regarding proposed meas-
ures falling within the scope of this paragraph.

Accept [etc.] Diamantopoulos

His Excellency

Mr. James F. Byrnes,
Secretary of State,
Washington, D. G.

Department of State,

Washington, D.C.

January 11, 191fi.
Excellency :

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of
your note of January 2, 1946 concerning the un-
derstanding reached during our recent discussions
in regard to promoting the expansion of produc-

' Asked at his press and radio uews conference on Janu-
ary 25 whether this meant that a reciprocal trade agree-
ment with Greece was in the offing, Mr. Acheson replied
in affirmative. He added that it particularly meant that
the Greek Government would join in the international
trade conference which we were looking forward to during
the coming summer. A correspondent asked if the ex-
change of notes represented a preventive and protective
American step in connection vvitli the new fiscal arrange-
ment negotiated between Great Britain and Greece to make
sure there would be no barriers to American trade as a
result of the tying of Greek economy to Britain. The
Acting Secretary said that he did not think that this Gov-
ernment thought it was necessary to do that. He said that
both the British Government and this Government were
advancing financial help to the Greeks and that he did
not think that there was ever any question tliat tliere was
going to be any exclusive arrangement made by either
Government. Asked if the reason these notes were an-
nounced now was because this Government had been sit-
ting in on the discussions with the Greek and British Gov-
ernment on financial matters and this was one of the re-
sults of those discussions, Mr. Acheson replied in the
negative. He said that this was one of the results of the
discussions between this Government and the Greek Gov-
ernment in connection with cmr own financial discussions

176

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

tion, employment and the exchange and consump-
tion of goods, and hereby confirm your statement
of the understanding reached as therein set out.
Accept [etc.]

Dean Acheson
Acting Secretary of State
His Excellency

CiMON P. DlAMANTOPOULOS,

Airibassador of Greece.

Reconsideration of Quotas
on Silver-Fox Furs

[Released to the press January 24]

Consideration is being given to the question of
whether the emergency conditions with respect to
the marketing of silver- or black-fox furs and skins
which resulted in the supplemental trade agree-
ments with Canada relating to these articles,
signed in 1939 and 1940, have ceased to exist or
have substantially changed.

Shortly after the outbreak of war in 1939 sev-
eral European markets whicli previously had ab-
sorbed large quantities of silver-fox furs were
practically closed, largely because of the need of
governments to conserve foreign exchange for es-
sential supplies. This resulted in much larger
quantities becoming inunediately available for the
remaining markets of the world, especially the
United States, and there was attendant demorali-
zation of marketing conditions. A supplemental
trade agreement was therefore negotiated in Can-
ada in December of that year providing that the
total number of silver-fox furs which might be
entered into the United States a year should not
exceed 100,000. To prevent evasion of the quota
the restrictions were applied also to live silver
foxes, parts of furs, and articles made of furs.
The rate of tariff duty on silver-fox furs was re-
duced from 371^ to 35 percent ad valorem during
the continuation of the quota.

A second supplementary agreement was signed
in December 1940 and remains in effect. This
agreement continued the basic quota of 100,000
silver foxes and furs and the 35-percent rate of
duty but provided for changes in detail. Sepa-
rate quotas were provided for parts of silver-fox
furs, piece plates made therefrom, and articles
wholly or in chief value of such furs.

The present quota of 100,000 is allocated during
the first five months of each quota year so that
Canada is granted 70 percent of the permissible
imports and all other countries the ronaining 30
percent. After the end of such five months unfilled
portions of the quota may be filled by imports
from any source.

The agi'eement provides that either government,
after consultation with the other, may terminate
it on 90 days' notice should such government de-
cide that the emergency conditions which gave
rise to the agreement have ceased to exist or have
become substantially modified. Moreover, the
share of the quota allotted to Canada may be
changed by mutual agreement; and the entire
quota arrangement may be terminated at any time
by agreement between tlie two governments. It is
provided that upon termination of the supple-
mental agreement the rate of duty on silver-fox
furs reverts to 37^/^ percent ad valorem, as fixed
in the trade agreement between the United States
and Canada signed November 17, 1938.

In view of the steps taken since V-E Day toward
a resumption of commercial activity in Europe,
the present is deemed an appropriate time to re-
examine the whole situation regarding silver-fox
furs, with a view to determining whether an emer
gency still exists.

Any person desiring to submit any informa-
tion or views with respect to the foregoing should
present them to the Committee for Reciprocity
Information in accordance with the following an-
nouncement issued by that Committee on Janu-
ary 24:

Eeconsideration of Quotas on Silver Fox Ftjrs
PUBLIC NOTICE

Closing date for submission of briefs — February
25, 1946

Closing date for application to be heard — Febru-
ary 25, 1946

Public hearings open — March 7, 1946

The Committee for Reciprocity Information
hereby gives notice that all information and
views in writing, and all applications for supple-
mental oral presentation of views in regard to the
question whether the emergency conditions with
respect to the marketing of silver or black fox furs
and skins which resulted in the supplemental trade

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

177

agreements with Canada relative to tliese articles,
signed on December 30, 1939, and December 13,
1940, have ceased to exist or have become substan-
tially modified, shall be submitted to the Commit-
tee for Reciprocity Information not later than
twelve o'clock noon, February 25, 19-46. Such com-
munications should be addressed to "Chairman,
Committee for Reciprocity Information, Tariff
Commission Building, Eighth and E Streets,
N.W., Washington 25, D.C."

A public hearing will be held beginning at 10 : GO
A.M. on March 7, 1946, before the Committee for
Reciprocity Information in the hearing room of
the Tariff Commission in the Tariff Commission
Building, where supplemental oral statements will
be heard.

Ten copies of written statements, either type-
written or printed, shall be submitted, of which one
copy shall be sworn to. Appearance at hearings
before the Committee may be made only by those
persons who have filed written statements and
who have within the time prescribed made written
application for a hearing, and statements made
at such hearings shall be under oath.

By direction of the Committee for Reciprocity
Information this 24th day of January, 1946.

Edward Yardley

Secretary

Washington, D.C,
January 2 4, 1946-

Appointment of Board of
Consultants on Atomic-Energy
Committee

[Released to the press January 25]

The Department of State announced on Janu-
ary 25 that a board of consultants had been ap-
pointed to assist with the work of the Secretary of
State's Committee on Atomic Energy, which was
set up on January 7 with Dean Acheson, Under
Secretary of State, as chairman.

The board of consultants consists of Mr. David
E. Lilienthal, chairman of the Tennessee Valley
Authority, Mr. Chester I. Barnard, president.
New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, Dr. J.
Robert Oppenheimer, California Institute of
Technology, Mr. Charles A. Thomas, vice presi-

dent, Monsanto Chemical Company, and Mr.
Harry A. Winne, vice president and manager of
engineering api^aratus department. General Elec-
tric Company. Mr. Lilienthal will act as chair-
man of the group.

In addition to Under Secretary Acheson, the
Seci-etary of State's Committee is composed of As-
sistant Secretary of War Jolin J. McCloy, Dr.
Vannevar Bush, Dr. James B. Conant, and Maj.
Gen. Leslie R. Groves. The Committee was ap-
pointed to study the subject of controls and safe-
guards necessary to protect this Government so
that, when the persons are selected to represent
the United States on the United Nations Commis-
sion on Atomic Energy, they will have the benefit
of the study. The proposal for such a Commis-
sion was adopted formallj^ on January 24 by the
General Assembly of the United Nations.

Appointment of U.S. Political
Representative to Austrian
Government

[Released to the press January 21]

John G. Erliardt has been appointed United
States Political Representative to the Austrian
Government. He will serve simultaneously as
Political Adviser to Gen. Mark Clark, United
States Member of the Allied Control Council in
Vienna, until sucli time as the agreement on con-
trol machinery in Austria is modified by a new
four-poAver agreement. Mr. Erhardt will have
the personal rank of Minister.

Approval of Designation of
Austrian Representative in U.S.

[Released to the press January 21]

The President has approved the designation by
the Austrian Government of Ludwig Klein-
waechter as Austrian representative in tlie United
States, with the personal rank of Envoy Ex-
traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Dr.
Kleinwaechter will deal with all matters concern-
ing relations between the United States and
Austria which do not affect the supreme authority
of tlie Allied Council.

178

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

International Agreements
With Siam Continue in Force

STATEMENT BY ACTING SECRETARY
ACHESON

[Released to the press January 24]

In conversations with the Government of Siam,
following the formal resumption of diplomatic
relations between the United States and Siam, it
has been recognized that the treaties and other
international agreements in force between the
United States and Siam prior to the outbreak of
war in the Far East continue in full force and
effect. Bilateral treaties and agreements covered
by such conversations include the Treaty of
Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation of No-
vember 13, 1937, together with the final protocol
and accompanying exchanges of notes; the Extra-
dition Treaty of December 30, 1922; and the
agreement for the waiver of passport-visa fees
of September 19, 1925.

Special International Textile
Group Leaves for Japan

[Released to the press Januar.v 21]

On January 15 a special international textile
group organized by the State and War Depart-
ments left for Japan. It will report to the Su-
preme Commander, General MacArthur, and will
be charged with the duty of assisting him in de-
veloping factual information on the textile indus-
try in Japan.

United States members will be three representa-
tives of United States textile industry. Frank
Rowe, chief engineer. Riverside and Dan River
Mills, Virginia, and H. Wichenden Rose, vice
president for research and planning of American
Viscose, left with the mission on January 15.
Harry L. Bailey, president of the Wellington-
Sears Company, New York, will rej^lace Hugh
Comer, president of Avondale Mills, who has been
compelled to withdraw for unavoidable personal
reasons. Mr. Bailey will join the group in Japan.

The Governments of Great Britain, India, and
China have accepted invitations to nominate ob-

servers. They will be: for Great Britain, F. S.
Winterbottom, British member of Combined Tex-
tile Committee; for India, Bharat Ram; for
China, Yang Sih-Zung, member of Textile Regu-
lation Administration of Chinese Ministry of
Economic Affairs. Fred Taylor and Stanley
Nehmer of the Department of State will also be
attached to the group.

The report of the group will be made available
to the State and War Departments, to the gov-
ernments represented, and to the Combmed Tex-
tile Committee, which since the dissolution of the
Combined Production and Resources Board on
January 1, 1946 has be«n responsible for world
allocations of textiles.

WHEAT SHIPMENTS— (.'o;(/i;i»«7 from inuje 151.

Upon my return from the Potsdam Confer-
ence I stated :

"If we let Europe go cold and hungry, we may
lose some of the foundations of order on which
the hope for world-wide peace must rest. We
must help to the limits of our strength, and we
will."

I should like to emphasize the last sentence of
that statement and request that you give the
personal attention to this problem which the seri-
ousness of the situation demands.

Everything possible must be done to provide
the necessary handling, inland transportation,
port facilities, and ocean transportation required
to move all the wheat and flour which can be
provided. We must reduce to a minimum the
quantity of wheat used for non-food purposes.
Also, all other efforts must be made to increase
wheat for food and for this purpose the possi-
bility of increasing the extraction ratio in mill-
ing should be explored.

I have asked Mr. Snyder to coordinate all of
the movement activities in this country to make
certain that we attain maximum shipments of
wheat as well as coal to liberated countries. Mr.
Snyder has directed the establishment of a Move-
ment Coordinating Committee and it is my un-
derstanding that your Department is represented
on this Committee. I have also asked him to
keep me fully informed of the progress being
made and to report directly any major difficulties
which are not readily adjusted by his action.

FEBRUARY 3, 1946

179

Research Fellowship in
Agriculture

[Released to the press January 21]

The Department of State has been informed
by the Inter-American Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Kica, of the offer of a
fellowship in agricultural education and research
for a citizen of the United States. The fellowship
is open to male students holding the equivalent
of a bachelor's degree in agriculture and provides
tuition, room, board, and laboratory fees for one
year at the Institute. In order to express the
interest of the United States in the success
of this fellowship, the Department of State will
award a round-trip travel grant to the winning
candidate.

The United States has been invited to submit
a panel of three names to the Institute from
which final selection of the winning candidate
will be made. Each candidate must meet the fol-
lowing requirements :

1. Have high professional and intellectual
qualifications

2. Be in good physical condition

3. Have good grounding in basic courses such
as chemistry, physics, botany and zoology

4. Be a candidate for an advanced degree or a
person with advanced degree wishing to do spe-
cial research

5. Be a citizen of the United States

6. Have an adaptable personality

7. Have an adviser in the United States

During the present year only unmarried men
will be appointed. Other things being equal,
joreference will be given to persons having a
knowledge of Spanish or Portuguese, and to
veterans of World War II.

The successful candidate will be expected to
devote his entire time to the pursuits for which
the fellowship is awarded and to spend not less
than one year in residence at the Institute. He
will also be expected to present a thesis sum-
marizing the results of the thesis problem assigned
to him. After the satisfactory completion of his
work, the student will be awarded the degree of
master of science.

Application blanks and information leaflets
may be obtained from the American Kepublics
Branch, Division of International Educational

Relations, United States Office of Education,
Washington 25, D.C., and should be returned
before March 15, 1946. It is hoped that announce-
ment of the award can be made by April 15 in
order that studies at Turrialba may be undertaken
jjrior to June 20.

The Inter-American Institute of Agricultural
Sciences is an organization comprising, to date,
14 of the American republics, whose purpose is to
encourage and advance the development of the
agricultural sciences in the American republics
through research, teaching, and extension activi-
ties in the theory and practice of agriculture and
related arts and sciences.^ It is particularly inter-
ested in laying the foundation for a scientific
approach to the development of important agri-
cultural products. In a broader sense, it will
serve to promote friendship and better under-
standing by fostering constructive cooperation in
the agricultural field among the republics of the
American continent.

Resumption of Travel Grants
for Study in Other American
Republics

[Released to the press January 221

The Department of State announces the re-
sumption, on a limited basis, of the progi-am of
travel and maintenance grants to assist United
States graduate students to undertake academic
studies or research in the other American repub-
lics. The United States Office of Education and
the Department are cooperating in the adminis-
tration of this program.

These grants will be awarded to qualified candi-
dates to supplement personal funds or funds they
may expect to receive through fellowships or other
assistance from universities or research councils
or other qualified organizations in the United
States or the other American republics. They will
provide travel and maintenance in accordance
with predetermined cost estimates. Preference
will be given to the travel-gi-ant aspect of the
program.

Candidates must hold a bachelor's degree or its
equivalent and must be engaged in or recently have
completed graduate study. They must also have

' For an article on the Inter-American Institute of
Agricultural Sciences see BirLLBjriN of Oct. 8, 1944, p. 386.

180

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

a good working Joiowledge of the language of the
country in which study is to be undertaken. Proj-
ects will be considered with reference to their use-
fulness in the development of broader understand-
ing between the United States and the other
American re23ublics, and should be sponsored by
apiDroiDriate university or college authorities.
Other things being equal, preference will be given
to honorably discharged veterans of World War
II who meet tlie above qualifications.

Application blanks may be obtained from the
American Republics Section, Division of Inter-
national Educational Relations, United States
OiRce of Education, Federal Security Agency,
Washington 25, D.C., and should be i-eturned to
that office not later than March 15, 1946. It is
hoped that announcement of recipients of grants
can be made by May 1, 1946. Travel must begin
before June 30, 1946.

Successful candidates will be expected to remain
in residence for the purpose of study or research
for at least six months. Grants will be valid for
a minimum of six months and a maximum of one
year. Under exceptional circumstances grants
may be renewed, provided funds are available.

Transmittal of Protocol to
Inter-American Coffee
Agreement

[Released to the press by the White House January 22]

To the Senate of the United States:

With a view to receiving the advice and consent
of the Senate to ratification, I transmit hei-ewith
a protocol to extend for one year from October 1,
1945, with certain modifications, the Inter-Ameri-
can Coffee Agreement signed in Washington on
November 28, 1940. The protocol was open for
signature at the Pan American Union in Wash-
ington from Sei:>tember 1, 1945 until November 1,
1945 and during that period was signed for the
United States of America, "Subject to ratifica-
tion", and for the fourteen other American re-
publics which became parties to the Inter-Ameri-
can Coffee Agreement.

With the protocol of extension, I transmit for
the information of the Senate a report on the pro-
tocol made to me by the Acting Secretary of State.

I consider it important that the Senate give early
consideration to the protocol.

Harry S. Truman
The White House,
January 22, 1,946.

The Department

Appointment of Officers

Walter A. Radius as Adviser on Inland Transport in
the Office of Transport and Communications Policy,
effective December 3, 1945.

John NewboUl Hazard as Adviser on State Trading and
Government Monopolies in the Division of Commercial
Policy, effective December 12, 1945.

John D. Sumner and John P. Young as Advisers in the
Division of Investment and Economic Development,
effective January 14, 1946.

John Howe as Special Assistant to the Assistant Secre-
tary for Public and Cultural Relations, effective January
14, 1946.

William T. Stone as Director of the Office of Interna-
tional Information and Cultural Affairs, effective Janu-
ary 14, 1946.

Division of Investigations

123.6 DIVISION OF Investigations (CSA) : (Effective
1-17-46)

I Functions. CSA of the Office of Controls (CON)
shall be responsible for the following functions :

A To investigate Departmental and Foreign Service
applications for appointment to assure Departmental
security.

B To make such investigations in connection with
the granting of passports and visas as may be necessary.

C To assist other officials, Offices, Divisions of the
State Department upon request :

1 In meeting newly arrived ambassadors and min-
isters and rendering necessary assistance.

2 In meeting distinguished foreign visitors and
members of their ijarties upon their arrival in the
United States, facilitating their entry and their travels
within the United States.

3 By examining all files, archives, and other prop-
erty in embassies and consulate offices of former belliger-
ent nations ; by safeguarding such material and prop-
erty ; and by arranging for its custody until its final
disposition.

4 By rendering services for the Department in the
transfer of foreign consulates within the United States.

II Okganization. CSA shall be responsible to a Chief
Special Agent and shall have the necessai-y oi-ganization
which shall include field offices in strategic cities, each
office in charge of a Special .^gent.

PUBLISHED WfTH APPROVAL OF DIRECTOR OF BUREAU OF BUDGET
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTINS OFFICEi 1946

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

msiM

VOL. XIV, NO. 345 FEBRUARY 10, 1946

U.8.-U.K. Financial Agreement

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL TO CONGRESS
Address by UNDER SECRETARY ACHESON

The Wheat Crisis in Europe

By UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE ACHESON, UNDER SECRETARY OF
AGRICULTURE HUTSON, and JAMES A. STILL WELL

The General Assemhly of the United Nations

RESOLUTION ON ATOMIC COMMISSION
REPORT FROM LONDON

The Charter and the Promotion of Human Rights

Article by ALICE A. McDIARMID

• Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance

For complete contents
see inside cover

'■*tes °^

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

BULLETIN

Vol. XIV 'No. 345* ^^^Sm ' Pubi-ication 2467

Febriiarr 10, 1946

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D. C.

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Contents

The Deparlnirnt of Stale BULLETIN,
a ueekly publication compiled and
edited in the Division of Research and
Publication, Office of Public Affairs,
provides the public and interested
agencies of the Government with
information on developments in the
field of foreign relations and on the
uork of the Department of Slate and
ihc Foreign Service. The BULLETIN
includes prets releases on foreign
policy issued by the W hite House and
the Department, and statements and
addresses made by the President and
by the Secretary of State and other
(officers of the Department, as uell as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the functions
of the Department. Information con-
cerning treaties and international
agreements touhich the Vnited Stales
is or may become a party and treaties
of general international interest is
included.

Publications of the Department, cu-
mulative lists of uhich are published
at the end of each quarter, as uell as
legislative material in thefield of inter-
national Telations,aTe listed currently .

Page
*The President Transmits U. S.-U. K. Financial Agreement

to Congress 183

Tlie Credit to Britain, the Key to Expanded Trade.

By Under Secretary Acheson 185

*Agreement at Yalta on the Kuriles and Sakhalin 189

The Wheat Crisis in Europe. A Radio Broadcast 191

Civil Administration of Germany 197

General Assembly of the United Nations:

Resolution on Atomic Commission 198

Report From London to the Office of Public Affairs, De-
partment of State 199

*Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 201

Foreign Observers at Atomic-Bomb Demonstration .... 209

Political Murders in Poland 209

The Charter and the Promotion of Human Rights.

Article by Alice i\I. McDiarniid 210

Interaction of Migration Policies and \V<irltl Economy.

By George L. Warren 213

Protest by the Department of State on KV and UP Action.

Statement by Assistant Secretary Benton 217

Charge of U. S. Sale uf Arms to Spain Denied 218

Death of Irene B. Leach.

Statement by the Secretary of State 218

International Organizations and Conferences

Calendar of Meetings 219

Activities and Developments.

*Bretton Woods .Agreements 219

The Record of the Week

*British Commonwealth Occupation Force in .Jajjan.

Summary of Agreement Between II. S. and Australia . . . 220

U. S. Government Takes Serious View of Per6n's Charges . . 222

Lend-Lease Operations: President's Letter to Congress . . . 223

*Panama-U. S. Cooperative Fellowship Program 223

UNRRA Shipments for 1945 to Liberated Areas 224

Rubber Allocations for U. S. From the Far East 224

.Arthur C. Bunce To Leave for Korea . . , 224

Resignation of Isador[_Lubin 224

The Foreign Service:

Confirmations 224

Consular Offices 224

\ ' Treaty information.

y, ,,, , I OF DOCUMEHTS

MAR 19 194f

The President Transmits U. S -U. K.
Financial Agreement to Congress

To the (.'ongress of the United States:

The establislinieiit of a permanent state of
peace and prosperity is not a simple matter. The
creation and maintenance of conditions under
which nations can be prosperous and remain peace-
ful involves a series of highly complex and diffi-
cult problems. If we are to reach this greatly
desired goal, we must be prepared at all times to
face the issues that will constantly present them-
.selves and we must be determined to solve them.
If peace is to be permanent, we must never relax
our efforts to make it so.

In his message to the Congress recounnonding
the approval of the Bretton Woods Agreements,
President Roosevelt called these proposals "the
cornerstone for international economic coopera-
tion." By enacting the Bretton Woods Agree-
ments Act, the 79th Congress laid this cornerstone
for the construction of an orderly economic peace.
The Congress took many other steps during the
same session which enlarged the .structure, and its
achievements in this field are just cause for pride.
Among the most important of these other steps
were the ratification and implementation of the
treaty establishing the United Nations Organiza-
tion, the enactment of legislation to support the
I iiited Nations Food and Agricultural Organiza-
tion and to carry on the operations of the United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administra-
tion, the extension in a broader form of the Reci}>-
rocal Trade Agreements Act, and the expansion
of the Export-Import Bank. These steps will
take us a long way on the road to world-wide se-
curity and prosperity. They should not make us
blind, however, to the job that has not been done —
to the work that lies ahead.

In ajjproving the establishment of the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund and the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development, the Con-
gress specifically expressed its belief that
additional measures for international economic co-
operation would be necessary to render most effec-

tive the operations of the Fund and Bank. In the
Bretton Woods Agreements Act the Congress de-
clared it to be the palicy of the United States to
seek to bring about further international agree-
ment and cooperation along these lines.

The International Monetary Fund Agreement
was drafted and the Bretton Woods Agreements
Act was enacted during the war. Both recognized
that the financial condition of some countries re-
sulting from the war might make it impossible for
tiiem to apply at once the fundamental rule of
non-discrimination in their monetary and finan-
cial transactions. Therefore, provision was made
for a transition period which might postpone as
long as five years the complete application of this
fundamental rule.

Now in time of peace as we rapidly proceed Avith
the organization of the International Monetary
Fund we find that the fears which were respon-
sible for this period of grace are verified by the
facts. The most important of these facts is that
the United Kingdom as a result of the war must
continue for a long period many of its emergency
wartime financial controls unless it obtains addi-
tional working capital. It is apparent that, in the
case of a principal member of the International
Monetary Fund, we can ill afford to wait for the
period permitted by the Bretton Woods Agree-
ments for the removal of these hindrances to the
financial and commercial relationsliips between
nations. Now is the time to establish postwar
monetary and financial policies of the United
Nations. Now is the time to take action to enable
the United Kingdom to move with us toward the
prompt abolition of these restrictions.

For these reasons, the next order of interna-
tional business before the Congress should be our
financial relations with the United Kingdom.
The problems involved, which are severe but not
insoluble, are direct consequences of the war.

The text of this me.ssage was released to the press by
tlie Wliife House on Jan. 30.

183

184

. DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

They are matters of great urgency and I believe
that the Financial Agreement which I am trans-
mitting herewith furnishes a real basis for their
solution.^ It is my earnest hope that the Con-
gress will implement the Financial Agreement as
speedily as is consistent with careful legislative
consideration.

It is not too much to say that the Agreement
now transmitted will set the course of American
and British economic relations for many years to
come. In so doing it will have a decisive influence
on the international trade of the whole world.
Those who represented the United States in these
discussions and those who represented the United
Kingdom were fully aware of the fundamental
nature of the problems befoi-e them. After long
and careful consideration they agreed upon the
arrangements which in my opinion will provide
a solid foundation for the successful conduct of
our economic relations with each other and with
the world.

The Financial Agreement will by its terms come
into operation only after the Congress has made
available the funds necessary to extend to the
United Kingdom the line of credit of $3,750,000,-
000 in accordance with the terms set forth in the
Agreement. Britain needs this credit and she
needs it now. It will assist her to meet the ex-
pected deficit in her balance of payments during
the next six years. It will enable her to buy from
the world the supplies of food and raw materials
which are essential to the life and work of the
British people. At the same time it will keep
open a market for those surpluses of the United
States which are customarily exported to the
United Kingdom. These are the important short-
term purposes of the credit.

But the Financial Agreement is much more than
a credit. Let me repeat, its most important pur-
pose from our point of view is to cause the removal
of emergency controls exercised by the United
Kingdom over its international transactions far
more speedily than is required by the Bretton
Woods Agreements. The Financial Agreement
will enable the United Kingdom, through the
prompt relaxation of exchange restrictions and
discriminations, to move side by side with the
United States toward the common goal of ex-
panded world trade which means expanded pro-

' For text of the agreement, see Bxjixetin of Dec. 9, 1945,
p. 907.

duction, consumption and employment and I'ising
standards of living everywhere.

The line of credit which will be extended to the
United Kingdom under the Agreement may be
drawn upon until the end of 1951. At that time
the United Kingdom will be obligated to begin
repayment of the principal with interest and those
payments will continue over a period of 50 years.
These terms are neither unusual nor difficult to
understand. Thei'e is one new concept, however,
embodied in the terms of the credit. We have
recognized that conditions may exist temporarily
during such a long period of time which would
make the payment of interest on such a large
amount difficult if not impossible. Accordingly,
provision has been made for the waiver of in-
terest by the United States Government after a
certification by the International Monetary Fund
as to the facts regarding the balance of payments
position of the United Kingdom. It is not to
our advantage to press for payment of interest
when payment is impossible and thus force default
and a crumbling of international economic
relations.

The financial assistance which the United King-
dom would receive under the Agreement has made
it possible for the two governments to agree on a
specific course of action which in a short period
of time will result in the removal of emergency
controls over foreign exchange and discriminatory
import restrictions and the reestablishment of
peacetime practices designed to promote the re-
covery of world trade. Britain has agreed to
abolish the so-called "sterling area dollar pool."
She has agreed to give up most of her rights dur-
ing the transition period provided for in the Inter-
national Monetary Fund Agreement and thus to
abandon controls over foreign exchange which
she would otherwise be permitted by the terms of
that Agreement to continue for a considerable
period of time. In addition to the direct benefits
which will flow from this stimulus' to Anglo-
American trade there will be the added benefits
derived from the ability of other nations to relax
their restrictions once the United Kingdom has
led the way.

Another troublesome financial problem which
has been fully and frankly discussed by the two
nations is that of the sterling liabilities of Great
Britain which have resulted from her large ex-

(Continued on page 216)

FEBRUARY 10, 1946

185

The Credit to Britain, the Key to Expanded Trade

By UNDER SECRETARY ACHESON

WE Americans who are accustomed to tackle
most problems with confidence and optimism
have a curious attitude toward our efforts in in-
ternational affairs. It is common, and rather
a mark of sophistication, to say that we have no
foreign policy. No matter how often the Presi-
dent and the Secretary of State make definite
statements defining our foreign policy, the re-
frain goes on that we have none. If officers of
the Government lay their views before the coun-
try they are accused of being propagandists. If
they say nothing they are accused of secrecy. If
we go into negotiations with other nations, the
cry goes up that we will be out-traded.

Yet within two months we have seen four out-
standing accomplislmients of American diplo-
macy — the Moscow Conference, the loan agreement
witli Great Britain, the creation of the Bretton
Woods Fund and Bank, and the first meeting
of the General Assembly of the United Nations.
Each of these carries forward mightily the main
stream of policy on which the American people
are agreed, to strengthen our own security and
prosperity by promoting the unity and strength
of the United Nations. I think these four achieve-
ments alone prove that we have a foreign policy
and that we are not altogether incompetent in
carrying it out.

I propose to speak today about the loan agree-
ment with Great Britain and its great importance
to us and to the world. To realize what tlie agree-
ment is about we must first understand two things,
the importance of Great Britain to world trade
and the situation that Great Britain finds her-
self in at the war's end.

Great Britain has been for many years the
world's best customer. She has bought every
year more of the world's goods of every kind than
any other single country. She has also been a
great exjiorter. A fifth of the world's foreign

commerce moved in and out of her ports before
the war. But she is even more important than
this because the countries which use her money- —
the pound sterling — in their international trans-
actions conduct almost a third of the world's total
foreign trade. By comparison, we and the Ca-
nadians between us carried on less than one fifth
of the world's foreign trade before the war. Brit-
ish currency, like our own, is known in every trad-
ing center in the world, and many other currencies
depend ui^on the British pound. The pound ster-
ling and the dollar : these are the two great curren-
cies in which international business is transacted.
In 1938 over one half of the world's foreign trade
was carried on in pounds or dollars. With the
war over and Germany and Japan pretty well out
of the picture the figure will be still higher, per-
haps as high as 70 percent. In other words, by
far the greater part of all the world's foreign com-
merce is paid for in pounds or dollars. If these
two currencies are freely interchangeable at a sta-
ble rate, businessmen all over the world can start
up their factories, employ workei's, produce goods
and buy and sell nearly everywhere — confident
tliat the purchase price will be paid in money
which they can use anywhere.

This ability to exchange British money for
American money has been disrupted by two wars.
After the last war we started to exchange our
money on the old basis — $4.86 to the pound ster-
ling — but we were forced to give that up in the
1930's. In this war Great Britain was in the fight-
ing for six years. The British poured everything
they had into the war and war jn-oduction. They
converted their industry almost completely, cut
their civilian standards to a bare minimum, and

The above address was delivered before the United
Natious' Association of Maryland, Baltimore. Md., and
broadcast over station WBAL on Feb. 1 ; it was released
to the press on the same date.

186

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BILLETIN

suffered destruction at home that we wei'e spared.
In i)artieuhir. they cut their exjjorts to tlie bone.
In 1945 they sold abroad less than one-third of
what they sold in 1988. It will take a lono- time to
rebuild that trade.

This is a very serious matter foi' the British
people. They cannot cut down nnidi on the goods
they buy abroad, for these goods make up a large
part of the food they eat and of the raw materials
tliut keejj their factories running. But the decline
in their sales to other countries means that they
earn from sales abroad with which to pay their
foreign bills not much more than a third of what
they did before the war.

This is not the whole story by any means. Be-
fore the war the British people owned large in-
vestments overseas — in the United States and
elsewhere — and the interest and dividends they
drew frf)m those investments lielped them to pay
for imports. A large jiart of those investments
they sold during the war — mostly before Lend-
Lease got going — to raise ca.sh to pay for guns and
tanks and airjjlanes. Other investments, such as
rubber plantations and the British merchant fleet,
were damaged in the Mar and will take years to
regain their old earning power. In the meantime
tlie bills for imported food and raw materials
keep coming in.

This is not the whole story even yet. During
the war the British Government bought war goods
from many countries on credit. The resulting
debts, payable in pounds sterling, ran to 14
billion dollars by the end of 194.5. These debts
ai-e owed to India, Egypt, Ireland, and other
countries inside and outside the British Empire.
We think many of these debts ought to be scaled
down as a contribution to the war. The British
think so too, antl in the financial agreement with
us they have stated what they hoj^e to do about
tliem. But scaling down requires the agreement
of the creditors ; and after it is accomplished there
will .still remain a large obligation to be worked
off over a period of years. That means that for
a long time Britain will have to ship goods in
payment, and for those shipments she will receive
no income with which to pay for her imports.

The situation sounds desperate, and it certainly
is serious and will be so until Britain is able to
build up her export trade to the point where her
income is enough to pay for her outgo. It is
serious, but manageable. Britain has great re-
sources of technical knowledge, plant, manufac-

turing '"know-how," financial integrity, and com-
mercial skill. With reasonable forbearance from
her creditors and woi-king capital to get over the
emergency she can surmount her troubles and be-
come again as she has been so long — one of the
very largest factors in the commerce of the world.
Once the pound sterling is made secure and freely
exchangeable at stable rates for dollars, the way
is open for a growth of trade that can advance
all countries to new heights of prosperity and
welfare.

This is what the financial agreement with Great
Britain is about. It is not a reward for an ally,
however gallant and enduring. It is not a pen-
sion, gift, or handout of any description what-
ever. It is an investment in the future : the kind
of future in which enterprise can operate under
the rule of equal opportunity to bring about pros-
perity, the kind of future in which the port of
Baltimore and every other seaport in the world
can see its peacetime trade revived and prosperous,
the kind of future in whicli farmers, merchants,
manufacturers — and the consumer, who is all of
us — can enjoy the increased markets and the in-
creased welfare which an expanded foreign trade
can bring about.

I think it is also an investment in security. If
the loan were not made what would the situa-
tion be? Britain would still need foreign goods,
and would have few dollars to pay for them. We
have never bought nearly as much from her as
she has from us. She would of course have sup-
plies of her own currency, pounds sterling, and
adequate supplies of the currencies of those coun-
tries which buy as much from her as she from
them. She would have to buy her needs, or as
nnich of them as she could afford, from the coun-
tries which bought equivalent amounts from her
or those which were willing to take payment in
pounds sterling.

We are not in either cla.ss. She would have to
channel business by government decree — business
that normally would come to us — to other coun-
tries. And those other countries would have to
channel their purchases to her, in order to be sure
of getting paid. We would see, in short — not be-
cause Britain wants it but because there would be
no other clear way out — a stiffening of restrictions
upon trade, exchange controls, import controls,
and imperial jneferences. all directed necessarily
against countries whose currencies were hard for
her to get, because they did not buy from her

FEBRUARY 10, 1946

187

directly. This would nieuii chiefly the United
States.

So there would necessarily be increased dis-
crimination against American traders in many
markets. The foreign trading community in this
country would press for retaliation. Sooner or
later we would retaliate in kind. Then we would
see a full-scale economic struggle, led by two
irreat jxovernments. with no holds barred.

AVhat nonsense that struggle would be. We
would be fighting our best cu.stomer, one of our
great allies, on whose continued cooperation with
us and the rest of the United Nations the founda-
tions of the peace depend. And we should be
struggling for continually shrinking markets,
instead of working together to expand all mar-
kets by increasing prosperity everywhere. This
woukl be a sure formula for defeating every pros-
pect of success of the United Nations Organiza-
tion and of improved conditions of life every-
where based on increased production and
employment.

Perhaps these are exaggerated fears. But I
assure you that my statement of the benefits of
the agreement is by no means exaggerated.

Now what does the agreement say?

First, we agree, if Congress approves, to ex-
tend to the United Kingdom a line of credit of
$3,750,000,000, which can be drawir on as needed
at anv time until December 31, 1951.

This is not the only emergency financial help
Cii-eat Britain will receive. She will receive loans
from certain other countries, and I hope sub-
stantial debt cancellations from some of her war-
time creditors. The total is enough, but not too
much, to enable lier to pay her necessary foreign
outgo until her export trade exj^ands to the point
where she can pay her current foreign bills from
current income. From Britain's point of view,
that is the major purpose of the credit.

From our point of view it has several other pur-
poses. In addition to the undertaking to repay
the loan with interest (ireat Britain promises:

F/r--<f: Not to restrict payments to Americans
for goods imported into England or for other
current transactions. That takes effect as soon as
the agreement is approved by Congress, and it
means that people in this country who engage in
business with their customers in Britain can get
paid in dollars with no strings attached.

Second: Within a year Great Britain agrees to
make arrangements for the free interchange of

pounds sterling and dollai's in countries whose
principal international currency is the British
pound. When this is done, people who receive
pounds for current transactions will be able to
use them anywhere in the world. This means that
a merchant in Calcutta, for instance, or in Cairo,
who sells aTjill of goods in London can exchange
the proceeds for dollars if he wants to. and spend
them in this country.

Third: Also within a year, to applj- the same
rule to transactions with all countries, so that a
Dutchman or a Frenchman or a Pole or anybody
el.se who sells goods in the English market can
exchange the proceeds for any currency he pleases
and spend them where he wants.

These provisions are a great step forward.
With the International Monetary Fund to back
them up and spread the rule to other currencies
after a somewhat longer transition period, they
bring within our sight the day when men in every
trading country can u^ their income and re-
sources to buy and sell in the best markets. But
this is not yet the whole story.

A moment ago I mentioned the British sterling
debts arising from the war. As they stood before
the loan agreement the.se debts were payable only
in pounds, so that the creditors in order to collect
their claims had to make purchases of foreign
goods in Britain or in those cotnitries which would
accept pounds. Under the loan agreement the
United Kingdom promises that whatever pay-
ments on these debts are made after one year will
be available for use for current transactions in any
currency area without disi'rimination. This
means that when Intlian or Egyptian, Irish or
South American creditors, or other holders of
these claims are jjaid, they can use the money to
buy anywhere they please.

These are the arrangements about money. The
United Kingdom also promises, effective at the
ejid of 1946, not to discriminate against this
country in the administration of its quotas upon
the quantity of imports.

This does not mean that thei'c will be no British
import quotas. I am sure there will be, for loan
or no loan, Britain cannot afford to let the British
people buy all the foreign goods they want. But
under the agreement we have Britain's promise
that within whatever quotas are established, sellers
in this country will have a fair chance to comptet
for the business.

188

DEPARTMEIST OF STATE BULLETIN

All of this put together is a great stej) forward.
The British thought we were pushing them hard.
Some of their newspaper editors and public men
still think so. They have thought the loan should
be an outright grant, they have criticized the re-
quirement that interest be paid, they have criti-
cized especially the requirements about import
and exchange control that I have just discussed.
But our British friends have realized that we are
taking a risk too, and that the terms are not unfair,
and the British Parliament has approved the fi-
nancial agreement. The hope for both of us is to
expand j^rosperity and trade around the world,
and, to do that, special deals that discriminate
against third countries must be eliminated.

One major virtue of this loan agreement is that
it cuts through the financial log jam which has
made it so difficult to get on with the job of remov-
ing other obstacles to trade between nations.

We are starting on that too. On the same day
that the financial agreement was signed there were
made public the American Proposals for Expan-
sion of World Trade and Employment.^ With
their immediate financial problem cared for by the
loan, the British Government was able at once to
endorse all of the important points in these pro-
posals. Under them we shall sit down this sum-
mer with 14 important countries to reduce all
kinds of barriers to trade under the Ti'ade Agree-
ments Act, and we hope shortly afterwards to meet
in general conference of the United Nations for
the same purpose.

In trade our interest, the British interest, the
interest of all countries is in expansion rather than
restriction, in greater production rather than
scarcity, in equal opportunity rather than discx'imi-
nation.

We have prcjposed the framework of an agree-
ment that advances these objectives, and we have
asked the people of this country and the govern-
ments and peoples of other countries to give it their
most serious considei'ation. One main advantage
of the loan agreement with Great Britain is that it
makes it financially possible for the world's largest
purchaser of foreign goods to join us in that proj-
ect. They are back of it as thoroughly as we are.

One thing should be made perfectly clear in con-
nection with these trade proposals. They do not
involve any present agreement about any American
tariff rates, and they do not increase in any respect

' For text of the proposals, see Buixktin of Dec. 9, 1945,
p. 912.

the President's authority to enter into such agree-
ments. That authority remains exactly what it was
before, and is stated in the Trade Agreements Act
as that Act was last renewed by Congress in June
1945.

Our negotiations this summer with 14 countries
will be conducted under the Trade Agreements Act.
They will be preceded by public notice and regular
hearings under that Act. Any concessions made
by the United States will be determined selectively,
with regard for the interests of American pro-
ducers, and only in return for adequate correspond-
ing concessions made by other countries. One of
the concessions we shall ask for will be directed
toward British imperial preference on commodi-
ties whiclt we export. Negotiations with these 14
countries will precede the International Confer-
ence on Trade and Employment, which will be held
later in the year.

I have spoken of the things the loan agreement
deals with. It does not deal with naval bases or
airfields, or the fifth freedom of the air, or the
future of Palestine or India.

Some peojjle have criticized the American nego-
tiators for this reason. They suggest that we
should have used the loan negotiations to extract
from the United Kingdom concessions on a variety
of subjects having no connection with the loan
itself. Naturally, each of these critics has his own
list of the additional concessions which should have
been obtained.

There are two reasons why this was not done:
it would not have been fair, and therefore it would
not have worked.

The bargaining power of a lender of money is
large, but not infinite. If it is pressed too hard
there comes a point when the prospective borrower
packs up his bag and goes home. That point is
likely to arrive when the lender starts inserting
clauses that have nothing to do with the subject-
matter of the main transaction.

The provisions of the loan agreement with
Gi'eat Britain have been called stiff, and the
length of the discussions trutlifully suggests that
they were not all easy to negotiate. But they all
had to do with the commercial and financial facts
which were the reason for the credit and with the
measures needed for the growth of trade which is
the ultimate main source for its repayment. The
terms were therefore all germane to the trans-
action. In the end this had to be admitted.
(^Continued on next page)

FEBRUARY 10, 1946

189

Agreement at Yalta on the Kuriles and Sakhalin

At his press and radio news conference on Janu-
ary 29, the Secretary of State said that he was ad-
vised that at Mr. Acheson's press conference he
expressed the understanding that tlie Yalta de-
cision as to the islands that were in question was
that the Russians should occupy them but that no
final award had been made. Explaining that he
had never seen the original agreement and that
lie had first learned of it after the surrender of
the Japanese, the Secretary disclosed that under
the agreement the southern half of SaMialin,
which at one time was Russian territory and
which was ceded to Japan about 1875, was, under
agreement between Mr. Roosevelt, Mr. Churchill,
and Mr. Stalin, to be returned to the Soviet Gov-
ernment after the surrender of Japan. He added
that the same agreement was made as to the Kurile
Islands and some islands adjacent to the southeim
half of Sakhalin.

Asked whether it would be necessary to have
a peace treaty to formalize that transfer, the Sec-
retary replied in the affirmative, adding that that
was his understanding of all those matters. Point-
ing out that someone might raise the question
tliat where territory had previously been in pos-
session of a government it would not be neces-

sary, the Secretary said that it was his under-
standing that any cession of territory must be
legalized in a treaty, either a treaty between two
countries, or, where a treaty has been forced
upon a country that has surrendered, the govern-
ment is required to sign. He said that he held
that view as to the territory adjacent to the Cur-
zon Line and Silesia. A correspondent pointed out
that in the case of the Curzon Line that had been
done within a recently announced treaty between
the Soviet Union and Poland. Replying, the Sec-
retary said that it could be done only with a treaty
between two governments, pointing out that that
had not been done in the case of Japan in answer
to this particular question. He asserted that what-
ever government exists in Japan should enter
into a treaty. Asked whether the agreement was
so phrased that it could be interjjreted as an award
of those areas to the Soviet Union, or merely that
Britain and the United States would support the
Soviet Union's claim to it in an eventual peace
treaty, the Secretary replied that it was his recol-
lection that the language in one of the agreements
was that it should be turned over, but he added
that there was not any question about what was
intended at Yalta because at Yalta he heard Mr.

XCHESOTS—Continued from page 188.

By sticking to the point the American nego-
tiators were able to negotiate a bargain which
promotes the fundamental interests of the United
States. Had they done otherwise, I fear that like
the dog in Aesop's fable they might have lost the
bone they had. "Dollar diplomacy" is not neces-
sarily an evil, but it does have its limits, and it is
well to remember what they are. One of them is
that between self-respecting people political con-
cessions are not to be bought for money.

This transaction should be judged for what it is.
It does not solve all the troubles of the world, or
even all the questions between us and the British
Commonwealth countries. It does solve the larg-
est and on the whole the most difficult inter-
national financial problem that confronts us, and
lets us go ahead to the solution of a host of other
questions. Four months after the war's end I
think that is a great accomplishment.

682258 — 46 2

I have talked a good deal tonight about trade
and money, and little about the political founda-
tions of the peace. The political foundations are
essential, but one thing we have learned since 1918
is that they are not enough. The organization
of the peace means its organization on all fronts.
We need not only the Security Council of the
United Nations, but the Economic and Social
Council also. We need not only the International
Court of Justice, but the International Monetary
Fund. We need not only the International Labor
Organization, but the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations. We need not
only the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, but the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development and
the International Civil Aviation Organization.
And I am convinced that when we search oui'
minds we shall decide that we need the Inter-
national Trade Organization also, and the Briti.sh
loan that makes it possible.

190

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Roosevelt on at least one or two occasions take the
position that as to cession of territory, it was a
matter that had to be settled in the peace treaty.
He said that that was always Mr. Roosevelt's
view and that at Potsdam INIr. Truman took the
same position as to the Silesian area, making it
l^lain that it was an agreement, and that at the
proper time this Government would support it.

In reply to a query, the Secretary said that the
agreement was signed on the last day of the Con-
ference, a fact which he thought was the exj^laiia-
tion of his knowing nothing about it. Asked
wliether the agreement was formalized in writing,
Mr. Byrnes replied in the affirmative. He declared
that he had no criticism of anybody about his
not knowing of it, for there were very good rea-
sons at that time why it should be kept a top
secret. Calling attention to the fact that the
Soviet Government took the position that it would
take 90 days for them to move their troops from
Germany to participate in the war against Japan,
the Secretary pointed out that in February, as
the Soviets were starting their drive that cul-
minated in the collaj^se of Germany on the eastern
front, it was exceedingly important that a state-
ment of this kind should not have been made
because it would have been information to Japan
that the Soviet Union was going into the war.
Asked whether Stalin had agreed to enter the
Far Eastern war earlier in the Conference, the
Secretary said that that was his understanding.
Asked whether it was at Yalta that there was un-
derstanding that it would take 90 days to move
to the Far East, Mr. Byrnes said that it was stated
to the United States military people there. Asked
Mdiether, at the time that the agreement about the
islands was entered into, it was entered into with
full knowledge of the United States Chiefs of
Start' who were represented at Yalta, the Secre-
tai-y lejjlied in the affirmative.

Asked whether the Russians committed them-
selves to any concessions to the United States for
any territory it might want in Pacific islands, the
Secretary said that as far as he had any informa-
tion, they did not. Asked whether there were any
land groups or sea areas involved in the agreement
aside from Sakhalin and the Kuriles, the Secretary
replied in the negative but revealed that in addi-
tion to those two points, the agreement had refer-
ence to the Port Arthur - Dairen situation, which
was thereafter formalized in a treaty between

' Sec 1). liOl.

China and the Soviet Union.' Asked whether the
Sino-Soviet agreement followed precisely the
terms first projected at Yalta, Mr. Byrnes replied
in the affirmative, but he added that there might
have been some slight deviation. Asked whether
there was any discussion at the Conference of the
disposition of the other Pacific islands, the Secre-
tary explained that he was not at the Conference
and therefore could not tell the correspondents
what took place.

A correspondent inquired why there had to be
an agreement at all at that time. Mr. Byrnes said
he did not know why there would have to be an
agreement. The Secretary replied in the negative
when asked whether there was any reference at
Yalta to the possibility of a tru.steeship for those
areas. Asked whether there was any reason why
the Yalta agreement with reference to the Kurile
Islands should not be published, Mr. Byrnes said
that he saw no reason.

When the President was asked at his press and
radio news conference on January 31 when he had
learned of the Yalta agreement on the Kurile
Islands, he said that he did not know the exact
time but that it was some time last summer pre-
vious to the Potsdam Conference. He added that
it was necessary for him to be familiar with the
agreement before attending the Potsdam Con-
ference. Asked where he had found the agree-
ment, Mr. Truman said that it had never been
lost, that it had been tiled in the private files of the
President of the United States, that it was there
all the time. Questioned about the likelihood of
making the agreement public, the President ex-
plained that the State Department was inquiring
of Great Britain and the Soviet Union to deter-
mine whether they have any objections, adding
that if they do not it will be made public. Asked
whether the agreement was in the form of a treaty,
the President replied that it was just like the Yalta
and Potsdam Agreements. Asked whether any
more of these agreements would be brought up
later, the President said that he couldn't answer
that, but added that most of them had been made
public. He explained that this type of an agree-
ment constituted a wartime undei\standing be-
tween the Allies as to the best method of using
their combined forces to win the war. In reply
to a question, the President denied that the United
States was demanding air bases on the Kuriles.

FEBRUARY 10, 1946

191

The Wheat Crisis in Europe

A discussion and explanation of the importance which our Government attaches to the question of the wheat
shortage in Europe was broadcast on February 2, 1946 by Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson; Under
Secretary of Agriculture John R. Hutson: and James A. Stillwell, Adviser on Supplies for War Areas in the
Department of Slate. The text of their conversation on the air, released to the press on February 2, is presented
below. The broadcast was the eighth in a group of State Department programs in the NBC University of the
Air series entitled '^Our Foreign PoUcy"'. Sterling Fisher, director of the NBC University of the Air, tvas •
chairman of their discussion.

Fisher: The question of the wheat shortage in
Europe is of such vital importance that I am told
it was discussed at some length in Cabinet meet-
ings last week and again this week. This pro-
gram is one result of those discussions. Mr. Ache-
son, can you explain the extreme importance
which our Government attaches to this cjuestion *

Acheson : Mr. Fisher, the facts are simply
these: There will be suffering and starvation in
Europe this winter, despite all our efforts to pre-
vent it. We thought last fall that starvation
could be avoided, by allocating the sur])lus wheat
of the great exporting countries — the United
States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia — to the
countries that needed it most. Well, we've done
that, but we find our efforts so far haven't been
enough — for several reasons. The wheat crops
of Europe and North Africa were even shorter
than we had figured.. Shipping has been a se-
vere problem, too. And finally, we find that our
surplus stocks are not as great as we had thought.
We want the world to know the full extent of
our efforts to get the goods to Europe. At the
same time we want the people of the United States
to know we've got to do more than we have done
so far — even if it means a return to wartime con-
ditions in some sectors of our economy. We've
won the war. We can't afford to let hunger and
starvation defeat us now.

Fisher: That's laying it on the line. And I
understand, Mr. Acheson, that the Government is
taking drastic action to avert this danger, or at
least to minimize it.

Acheson : Yes, Pressident Truman this week
released a directive to all Government Depart-
ments ordering them to do everything possible to
speed the shipment of wheat and flour. He also
ordered them to do evervthing thev could to con-

serve our wheat resources. The President re-
peated a statement he made after the Potsdam
Conference, and I think it's worth quoting here:

"If we let Europe go cold and hungry, we may
lose some of the foundations of order on which the
hope for world-wide peace must rest. We must
help to the limits of our strength; and we will."

The President emphasized that last sentence:
"We nuist help to the limits of our strength; and
we will."' I believe the American people will
back him up on this.

Fisiikk: The public-opinion polls indicate they
will: most Americans would have l)een willing to
continue rationing, if necessary, to prevent star-
vation in Europe. Now, Mr. Hutson, I know that
as Under Secretary of Agriculture you have made
a special study of conditions in Europe. Just
what is the situation now 'I Has actual starvation
begun ?

Hutson : Not yet — at least not mass starvation.
That's what we're struggling to prevent.

Fisher : How much food are they getting over
there now?

Hltson: Well, we have .set as a goal for the
liberated countries — our Allies — a minimum ra-
tion of :2,000 calories a day per person. That's
the standard set by UNRRA for subsistence.

Fisher: How does that compare, Mr. Hutson,
with our diet over here?

Hutson : I think the average American eats
something over 3,000 calories of food a clay. That's
at least 50 percent more than we have set as the
minimum standard for subsistence in Europe. But
the important thing is, many of the liberated coun-
tries have had a struggle even to get rations up to
2,000 calories, and now they'i'e falling behind in
the figiit.

192

DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

AcHESON : We have just received some estimates
of the prospects for the next few months. Over
125 million people in Europe will have to subsist
on less than 2,000 calories a day. And about 28
million — mostly city dwellers — will get less than
1,500 calories a day — less than half as much as we
get here in America. In some jiarts of Europe, the
figure will go down to 1,000 calories or less.

Fisher: Do these figures include Germany, Mr.
Acheson ?

Acheson: Yes. Of course, a lower standard has
been set in Germany than in the liberated countries.
In Germany the so-called "normal consumer" is
supposed to eat 1,550 calories per person daily.
This is considered the bare minimum for prevent-
ing disease and unrest that might endanger the
occupying forces. But actually, there is trouble
meeting that quota also. According to some re-
ports the Germans in our zone are getting only an
average of 1,300 to 1,350 calories a day.

Fisher : The lower ration in Germany is in line
with the policy of making sure Germany doesn't
fare better than the liberated areas, isn't it, Mr.
Acheson ?

Acheson : Yes, under the Potsdam agreement we
must give priority to the needs of people in the
liberated areas. That's only fair.

Fisher : There has been a lot of interest in the
question of feeding the Germans. In digging into
this subject, we found that several hundred people
have written the White House and the State De-
partment, pro or con. Here's a connnon question :
Are we going to let the Germans starve in spite
of the humanitarian principles we profess?

Acheson : The answer to that is n-o. It's not
our policy to let our ex-enemies starve. We don't
think that's a sound thing to do, from our own
point of view. Our first responsibility is to pre-
vent mass starvation among our former Allies.
But Me can't afford to permit famine conditions
in Germany either.

Fisher: Now, Mr. Acheson, we've been talk-
ing about calories, which is all very well — but a
calorie is a little hard to put your finger on.
Can't we pin this thing down in terms of tons, or
pounds of wheat, or better yet, loaves of bread ?

Acheson : The countries that are short of
wheat — which include nearly all of Europe — need,
between now and July 1, 17 million tons of wheat
inore than they have on hand. At most, 12 mil-
lion tons can be shipped to Europe from the

United States, Canada, Australia, and Argentina.
Six million tons of this must come from the United
States. That was the best we figured we could
do ; the rest must come from the other three coun-
tries. So, if we all do everything we can, Europe
will still be 5 million tons short; and that's a lot
of wheat, especially when you haven't got it.

Fisher: Mr. Hutson, can you translate that
figure for us? What would 5 million tons of
wheat mean to the people of Europe ?

Hutson: Well, 5 million tons of wheat will
make around 11 billion loaves of bread. The pres-
ent bread ration for each person in France and
Italy is only about half of an ordinary loaf of
bread a day. And remember this: They have to
eat a lot more bread than we do, because about
two thirds of their total diet is bread. But to
answer your question specifically, Mr. Fisher, 5
million tons of wheat would feed a hundred mil-
lion Europeans on their present rations for about
6 months.

Acheson : In other words, for every million
tons of wheat now allocated wliich does not reach
Europe, 20 million people would have to go with-
out bi'ead for 6 months — which would mean
starvation, since bread is the main article in their
diet. Or, if the wheat they have is spread more
thinly, it would mean near-starvation for a much
greater number.

Hutson: And I'd like to jioint out, Mr. Fisher,
that the four supplying countries must exei't every
effort to meet even their present quota. In this
country, for example, we can supply fi million
tons only by almost superhuman efforts.

Acheson: That is why the President is asking
us to make superhuman efforts. The situation is
so bad in some countries that there is only enough
wheat and flour for a two-week supply of bread
Millions of Europeans will go hungry and may
even starve before the next crop is in. Tliat's why
it's so urgent right now that Americans under-
stand the situation.

Fisher: I'd like to ask Mr. Hutson how it hap-
pens that Europe is so short of wheat. I know
the Nazis drained off what they could, but there
has been a new crop since then.

Hutson : There are two reasons. In the first
l)lace, most of the European countries have ex-
perienced the worst drought in 50 years. This
drought also hit North Africa, which normally
exports wheat to France. In fact, the crop was

FEBRUARY 10, 1946

193

so bad in Frencli North Afi-ica that officials there
claim they must import 2 million tons of wheat —
that's about 75 million bushels — during the next
12 months.

FisiiKu: That must have been quite a blow to
France, then.

Hutson: Yes, France is now without grain im-
ports from North Africa. On top of that, the
Frencli crop itself is only 50 percent of normal.
The same is true in Italy, Yugoslavia — all
through southern Europe. To make things
worse, the previous year's croi> was also short-
not only in Europe, where the war was still on,
but in Australia and Argentina as well. Aus-
tralia had one of the worst droughts in her his-
tory a year ago. This year her crop is much bet-
ter. But the net result of these crop failures
abroad has been that North America is the only
part of the world with a sizeable carry-over from
last year.

Fisher: It's lucky for everyone that we had
good weather and bumper crops. But you men-
tioned a second reason for the world shortage,
Mr. Hutson.

HuTSON : That has to do with the war. You
have to remember that the war was still on in a
great part of Europe when last year's crop was
planted.
/ Fisher: So a lot of wheat acreage didn't get
planted?

Hutson: Wheat acreage held up pretty well.
But even where the drought didn't strike, the
yield was low because of the war conditions — lack
of fertilizer for several years, lack of machinery
and manpower. It's a pretty dismal situation
everywhere in Europe.