jv-t93.53. Ia30
'^ ' Dec.
960
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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IE
FICIAL
:ekly record
iited states
reign policy
INDEX
VOLUME XLIII: Numbers YWl^^V^^.y
July
4-December 26, 1960
Issue
Number
Date of Issue
Pages
1097
July 4,1960
1- 36
1098
July 11,1960
37- 76
1099
July 18,1960
77-120
1100
July 25, 1960
121-156
1101
Aug. 1, 1960
157-196
1102
Aug. 8,1960
197-232
1103
Aug. 15, 1960
233-264
1104
Aug. 22, 1960
265-300
1105
Aug. 29, 1960
301-352
1106
Sept. 5,1960
353-392
1107
Sept. 12, 1960
393-432
1108
Sept. 19, 1960
433^64
1109
Sept. 26, 1960
465-504
1110
Oct. 3, 1960
505-548
1111
Oct. 10,1960
549-592
1112
Oct. 17,1960
593-632
1113
Oct. 24,1960
633-668
1114
Oct. 31,1960
669-704
1115
Nov. 7,1960
705-736
1116
Nov. 14, 1960
737-772
1117
Nov. 21, 1960
773-808
1118
Nov. 28, 1960
809-844
1119
Dec. 5, 1960
845-880
1120
Dec. 12, 1960
881-916 J
917-948 / W
1121
Dec. 19,1960
1122
Dec. 26, 1960
949-984 ■
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Corrections for Volume XLili
The Editor of tbe Bulletin wishes to call atten-
tion to the following errors in Volume XLIII :
August 22, page 282, second column, italic para-
graph : Mr. Rubottom's first name is Roy.
August 22, page 285, table of indepeudent states:
The capital of the Republic of Chad is Fort Lamy.
INDEX
Volume XLIII: Numbers 1097-U22, July 4-December 26, 1960
Abbott, George M., 388
Achilles, Theodore C, 733
Acly, R. Austin, 502
Act of Bogotd (Committee of 21) :
Addresses (Mallory), 816, 820, 853
Text of, 537
Adair, Charles W., Jr., 572, 758, 897
Ad Hoc Good Offices Committee. See under Organization
of American States
Administrative agreement with Japan, agreement re
waiver of a contribution by Japanese Government to
U.S. forces in Japan under, 350
Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, U.S.,
appointment of member (Langdale), 582
Advisory Committee on the Arts, appointment of U.S.
members (Moore, Oenslager), 364
Aerial inspection, U.S. proposals for (see also Surprise
attack) :
Arctic zone, Soviet rejection, statement (Lodge), 242
General zone, including U.S. and U.S.S.R., 91
Afghanistan :
U.S. grant of wheat to, 872
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 702
WHO constitution, amendments to, 734
Africa (see also individual countries) :
Advancement of political freedom in, U.S. views re:
Herter, 467, 469, 659 ; Wilcox, 660
Apartheid policy in South Africa, U.S. support of U.N.
action re, address (Wilcox), 509
Conferences of independent African states: Addis
Ababa, 23 ; L^opoldville, 440
Congo problem. See Congo situation
Economic Commission for, U.N., 511
Names and concepts, article (Pearcy), 959
Nationalism in and U.S. policy toward, address (Pen-
field), 951
People and political divisions of (maps and charts),
283, 961, 962, 966
Relationship to the Sino-Sovlet bloc, U.S. views, 478
Tour of U.S. by heads of new U.N. delegations and
visit to White House, 713, 922
U.N. membership of new nations, U.S. support of,
address, message, and statements: Herter, 589,
644; Lodge, 149, 150, 456; Wadsworth, 680; WU-
cox, 150, 151, 508, 509, 874
U.N. programs of assistance for, U.S. support of, ad-
dresses, letter, remarks, and statement: Dillon,
187; Eisenhower, 551; Herter, 740, 849; Wads-
worth, 657, 723
Index, July to December I960
587430—61
Africa — Continued
U.S. relations with new nations of and policy toward,
address, message, remarks, and statement : Eisen-
hower, 713, 714, 922; Satterthwaite, 752; Thayer,
650, 941
U.S. welcome to students from, remarks (Thayer), 559
Visit of Deputy Under Secretary to U.S. posts in,
announcement, 702
Agrarian reform. See Land reform
Agricultural Sciences, Inter-American Institute of, con-
vention (1944) and protocol of amendment to, 429,
734, 878, 945
Agricultural surpluses, U.S., use in overseas programs :
Agreements with : Afghanistan, 872 ; Burma, 734 ; Cey-
lon, 666; Chile, 73, 388; Republic of China, 461,
545, 842; Ecuador, 842; France, 981; Greece, 878;
India, 350, 629, 805, 878; Indonesia, 192, 912, 981;
Iran, 350, 702, 805; Israel, 114; Japan, 33; Korea,
629; Pakistan, 154, 666; Peru, 981; Poland, 229,
259; Spain, 192; Turkey, 114, 878; United Arab
Republic, 350, 388, 629; Uruguay, 770; Viet-Nam,
229, 945 ; Yugoslavia, 73
Emergency relief aid to : Cyprus, 973 ; Jordan, 142
Food-for-peace program. See Food-for-peace
GATT conclusions re, 897
Sales for foreign currencies :
Loans from proceeds :
Addresses and remarks : Adair, 574 ; Eisenhower,
442 ; Hager, 802
Administration of. Executive order, 366
Loan of Indian rupees to Nepal, 248
Presidential directive re, 863
Report on, 249
To India, statement (Payne), 799
Agricultural surpluses, world, use of U.N. system for
distribution to needy, proposed, message and state-
ments : Dillon, 449 ; Eisenhower, 315, 441 ; Payne,
798 ; text of U.N. resolution, 800
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, Title IV, administration of, Executive order,
366
Agriculture (see also Agricultural Sciences, Inter-
American Institute of; Agricultural surpluses; and
Food and Agriculture Organization) :
International trade in agricultural products, GATT
program for expansion of, 454, 895, 897
Land reform. See Land reform
Latin America :
Imports from, article (Culbertson, Lederer), 97
Inter-American program for improvement of, text of
Act of Bogota, 537
987
Agriculture — Continued
Latin America — Continued
Marliet development in, visit of Secretary Benson to
promote, announcement of, 559
Need for development of, address and statement:
Dillon, 308 ; Mallory, 818, 820
Production abroad, report on U.S. aid to, (Paarlberg),
248
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Brazil, agreement extending and amending 1953
agreement with U.S. for cooperative program of
agriculture and natural resources, 702
Plant protection convention (1951), international, 429
Research equipment, nuclear, agreement with India
providing grant of, 114
Technical cooperation, agricultural and livestock,
agreement extending agreement with Chile, 114
Agriculture, Department of :
Administration of Public Law 480 (Title IV), delega-
tion of functions to re. Executive order, 366
U.S. balance-of-payments position, steps to improve.
Presidential directive to re, 863
Aiken, George D., 67, 803, 975
Air Coordinating Committee, termination of, Executive
order, 415
Air navigation and transport. See under Aviation
Akakpo, Andr6, 778
Akihito, Prince, 308, 642, 643
Leader of delegation to U.N. restricted in movements
in U.S., statements: Department, 522; Eisenhower,
523
Travel of aliens from U.S. to, U.S. regulations re, 974
U.S. support of independence for, 889
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
Algerian question, address (Wilcox), 510
Aliens :
Permanent resident, departure regulations for, 974
U.S. visas issued to, 651
Allen, George V., 912
Allen, John J., Jr., 589
Allied Control Council, creation of Berlin corridors, 474
Alto Adige, 939
Amba.ssadorial talks (U.S.-Communist China), exchange
of newsmen between U.S. and Communist China,
negotiations for, 471, 497
American Association for the United Nations, address
(Wilcox), 507
American Doctrine for the Middle East, 5th report to
Congress on activities under, 448
American Foreign Ministers. See Organization of Amer-
ican States
American Republics. See Inter-American, Latin America,
Organization of American States, and individual
countries
American States. Organization of. See Organization of
American States
Amistad Dam, construction of :
Agreement with Mexico to proceed with, 981
Remarks (Eisenhower), 558
Texts of joint communique and declaration (Eisen-
hower, L6pez Mateos) re value of, 742, 851
Amity, economic relations, and consular rights, treaty
with Muscat and Oman, 261
Anderson, Robert B., 172, 607, 611, 864
Antarctica :
Agreement with New Zealand relating to cooperation
in scientific and logistical operations in, 770
Antarctic treaty :
Current actions on, 73, 261, 350, 429, 590, 805
Statement re (Phleger), 49
U.S. initiation and ratification of, address (Herter),
438
Anti-Americanism :
Latin America, reasons for, address (Mallory), 857
Soviet campaign, address (Berding), 303
Apartheid policy in South Africa, U.S. support of U.N.
action re, address (Wilcox), 509
Appling, Hugh G., 461
Arab Republic, United. See United Arab Republic
Arango, Augusto Guillermo, 958
Arbitration Tribunal and Arbitral Commission on prop-
erty, rights and interests in Germany :
Administrative agreement (1954), agreement amending,
912
Charter of Arbitral Commission, 912
Arctic inspection zone, proposal, Soviet rejection, state-
ment (Lodge), 242
Argentina :
Complaint against Israel in Security Council for trans-
fer of Adolf Eichmann, statements (Lodge) and
resolution, 115
GATT, application for accession to, 759
ICEM pilot project in, article (Warren), 256
Land reform in, 820
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Army mission in, agreement with U.S. relating to, 387
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 33, 261
Nuclear research and training equipment, agreement
with U.S. providing grant to assist in acquisition
of, 73
U.S. Ambassador (Rubottom) :
Appointment, statements : Herter, 309 ; White House,
282
Confirmation, 461
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
Armaments («ee also Disarmament, Control organization.
Missiles, Nuclear weapons, and Weapons production
program) :
African countries, avoidance of competition in arma-
ments among, address (Eisenhower), 552, 553
Cuba, buildup of, 343, 852
International control and reduction of:
Public support of, address (Foster), 828
U.S. position and proposals for, statements (Wads-
worth ) , 378, 379, 380, 764, 768, 839
OAS suspension of trade in arms or implements of war
with Dominican Republic, statement (Wadsworth),
542
Supply to West Germany, reply to Soviet protest. De-
partment statement and texts of U.S. and Soviet
notes, 347
Department of State Bulletin
Arab-Israel dispute, report to Congress (Eisenhower),
448
Armed forces :
In the Congo. See under Congo situation: U.N.
operations
Inter-American police force, proposed, exchange of
letters (Herter, Smathers), 246
Reduction of:
Soviet proposed reduction, letter and statement:
Khrushchev, 92 ; Kohler, 25
U.S. position and proposals re, 90, 91, 378, 379, 380,
764, 768
Armed forces, U.S.:
Aircraft. See under Aviation
Dependents of, reduction in number living abroad, 862
In Japan, agreements with Japan re, 73, 350
Lebanon, withdrawal from, statement (Lodge), 160
Military ba.ses. See Military bases
Military missions abroad. See Military missions
Naval units in Caribbean, 888, 924, 958
Troops in West Germany, discussions with West Ger-
many re, 864, 925
Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia (see also Far East,
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, and individuaZ
countries) :
Central Asia, Soviet program of Russification in
Kazakhstan, address (Dillon), 599
Colombo Plan, U.S. delegation to 12th meeting, 733
Communist aggression in. See under Communism
DLF loans in, 445
U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East,
589, 793
U.N. members, representation in U.N. councils, state-
ment (Wilcox), 874
Aswan High Dam, Sino-Soviet aid in development of,
report (Eisenhower), 448
Atlantic Alliance. See North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion
Atlantic Community. See North Atlantic Treaty Organi-
zation
Atomic energy, peaceful uses of (see also Atomic Energy
Agency) :
Agreements with: Argentina, 33, 73, 261; Australia,
544 : Brazil, 33, 387 ; Canada, 33, 229 ; Republic of
China. 33, 229 ; EURATOM, 33, 298 ; France, 666 ;
Greece, 33; Indonesia, 32, 629; Israel, 33, 192;
Korea, 945 ; New Zealand, 34, 261 ; Philippines, 34,
229; Portugal, 34, 229; Switzerland, 34, 981;
Thailand, 34, 261
U.S. proposals for, article and statements :
Gehron, 4S8 ; Lodge, 377, 381, 382
Atomic Energy Agency, International :
Addresses : Dillon, 215 ; Herter, 438
Statute of, 590, 629, 665, 841
Atomic Energy Community, European, agreement addi-
tional to agreement (1958) with U.S. re peaceful
uses of atomic energy, 33, 298
Auerbach, Frank L., 193, 578
Australia :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Emigration to, 255
Australia — Continued
Meeting of Prime Minister with President Eisenhower,
joint statement, 596
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, agreement amending agreement
(1956) with U.S. concerning civil uses of, 544
GATT, protocol relating to negotiations for establish-
ment of new schedule III — Brazil, 501
IDA, articles of agreement, 460, 805
Weapons development program, agreement with U.S.,
427, 429
Austria :
Dispute with Italy re status of German-speaking resi-
dents of Province of Bolzano, statement (Willis)
and text of General Assembly resolution, 939
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Copyright laws of U.S., agreement with U.S. re
extension of time to comply with, 64, 73
GATT, declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI :4 and procds-verbal extending validity
of, 666
GATT, declarations on provisional accessions of Israel
and Tunisia, and on relations with Poland, 945
Visit of Under Secretary Dillon, 104, 215
War and Persecution Property Damage Law, deadline
set for filing claims under, 444
Automotive traflSe, inter-American, convention (1943) on
regulation of, with annex, 805
Aviation :
Air transport negotiations with :
India, 644, 734
Mexico, 114
Scandinavian countries, 514, 629
Soviet Union, U.S. postpones, text of U.S. aide
memoire, 165
Aircraft :
Cuban charges of U.S. violation of Cuban airspace:
Proposal for fact-finding commission to investigate,
statement (Herter), 402, 403, 407
Statements re : Barco, 788 ; Lodge, 201
Texts of U.S. document, memorandum, and annex
re, 80, 85, 696
RB-47 plane downed by Soviets. See RB-47
Soviet, overflight and refueling rights of, statements
(Herter), 517, 519
U-2 incident See U-2 incident
U.S. airlift to the Congo, 223, 385, 908
U.S. military, Soviet charges of alleged buzzing of
Soviet vessels, U.S. rejection, texts of U.S. note
and Soviet memorandum, 212
Use of Japanese bases for flights of RB-17's and
U-2's, question of, statement (Herter), 207
Berlin corridor, protest by Western Commandants re
restrictions on use of, 602
Coordination of air activities between agencies, an-
nouncement. Executive order, and memorandum,
415
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Aeronautical facilities and services in Greenland,
agreement with Denmark re establishment and
operation, 192
Index, July to December 1960
989
Aviation — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
the Faroe Islands, agreement on Joint financing of,
770
Air services transit agreement (1944), international,
114
Air transport agreements with: Italy, 350, 365;
Mexico, 114, 423, 429
Aircraft General Declaration of WHO sanitary regu-
lations, amendments to re, 544
Civil aviation convention (1944), international, 153,
841, 912, 945; protocol (1954) relating to amend-
ments to, 387
Bahama Islands, agreement (U.K.-U.S.) re estabt
of Loran station on, 114
Baird, James C, Jr., 806
Balance of payments :
Cuban, 693
GATT, 17th session discussion of, 894
Importance in world economy, statement (Anderson),
613, 614, 615
U.S.-Latin American In 1959, article (Culbertson-
Lederer), 94
U.S. position and steps to improve :
Addresses and statements : Burgess, 571 ; DiUon, 563 ;
Eisenhower, 925
Expansion of U.S. export program, statement (Dil-
lon), 418
Mission to Bonn, Paris, and London to discuss, state-
ment (Anderson), 864
Presidential directive, 860; instructions applicable
to ICA procurement policy under, 972
Ballistic missiles. See Missiles
Barall, Milton, 630
Barco, James W., 461, 787, 904, 976
Barger, Herman H., 912
Barnes, William, 173
Barrows, Leland, 461
Bartlett, Frederic P., 461
Bases, U.S., overseas. See Military bases
Batista government, U.S. position toward, 692
Beira, Mozambique, U.S. consular agency established at,
118
Belgian Congo. See Congo, Republic of the and Congo
situation
Belgium :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Congo, withdrawal of troops from. See (3ongo situa-
tion : Belgium
Defense budget, increase In, 27
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Antarctic treaty, 261
Copyright convention (1952), universal, and protocols
1, 2, and 3, 153
Cultural property, convention (1954) for protection
In event of armed conflict, and protocol, 912
GATT:
Declaration extending standstill provisions of arti-
cle XVI :4 and proc&s-verbal extending validity
of, 666
Belgium — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
GATT— Continued
Declarations on provisional accessions of Israel
and Tunisia and on relations with Poland, 33
Protocol relating to negotiations for establishment
of new schedule III — Brazil, 33
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguarding
of, 665
Wheat agreement (1959), international, with annex,
350
Benson, Ezra Taft, 559
Berding, Andrew H., 303, 476, 671, 883
Berenson, Robert L., 388
Berlin :
Situation in :
East German restriction on travel :
Soviet views on, 750
U.S. and Western views on, 439, 473, 516, 602, 748
Radio and waterways legislation affecting, texts of
U.S. replies to Soviet notes re, 474
Recruitment of military forces in Berlin by East and
West Germany, texts of U.S. and Soviet notes, 362
Sugar agreement (1958), international, application to
Land Berlin, 912
West Berlin :
Bundestag meeting in, U.S. position re, statements
(Herter), 208,312
Eastern European refugees flight to, 481
Freedom in, maintenance of, letter (Eisenhower),
751
U.S. aid to, statement (Kohler), 28
Bernbaum, Maurice M., 702
Berry, J. Lampton, 388
Bhumlbol Adulyadej, 143
Bicycles, decision against reopening escape-clause action
on imports of, 759
Blancke, Wilton Wendell, 842
Bliss, Don C, 34
Bogota. See Act of Bogotd
Bohlen, Charles E., 635, 734
Bolshevism, establishment in Russia, address (Bohlen),
637
Bolster, Edward A., 514, 644
Bonds, German dollar, agreement re validation with Fed-
eral Republic of Germany, 429
Bonsai, Philip W., 912
Braddock, Daniel M., 934
Brazil :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agriculture and natural resources, agreement extend-
ing and amending 1953 agreement with U.S. for
cooperative program in, 702
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1955 agreement with U.S.. 33, 387
Educational exchange program, agreement amending
1957 agreement with U.S., 981
GATT:
Declaration on provisional accession of Swltzeiv
land, 192, 980
990
Department of State Bulletin
Brazil— Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
GATT— Continued
Protocol relating to negotiations for establishment
of new schedule III, 33, 192, 501, 770, 980
Health and sanitation program, agreement (1942)
with U.S., terminated, 770
Vocational and industrial education program, agree-
ment extending 1950 agreement with U.S. re, 298
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 630
British Commonwealth, Foreign Relations, volume on,
released, 34
British Honduras:
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 665
Touring, convention (1954) concerning custom facili-
ties for, 701
Brown, Winthrop Gilman, 154
Brownell, Samuel M., 117
Bryan, Belton O., 154
Bunche, Ralph, 161
Bundestag, meeting in Berlin, statements (Herter), 208,
312
Burdett, William C, Jr., 546
Burgess, W. Randolph, 9, 568
Burma:
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 734
Economic cooperation, agreement supplementing 1957
agreement with U.S. re, 261
U.S. consulate established at Mandalay, 193
Burnett, John G., 806
Burrows, Charles W., 461
Calendar of international conferences and meetings (see
also subject), 30, 183, 252, 374, 452, 525, 606, 721, 786,
873, 929
Cambodia :
Mekong River Basin, multilateral efforts for develop-
ment, 292
Official publications, agreement with U.S. for exchange
of, 298
Cameroun :
Postal convention (1957), universal, with final proto-
col, annex, regulations of execution and provisions
re airmail, 460
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
Camp David talks (Eisenhower-Khrushchev), statement
(Herter), 41
Canada :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Canada-U.S. Ministerial Committee on Joint Defense,
3d meeting :
Announcement and delegations, 139
Text of communique, 172
Columbia River development, U.S.-Canadian negotia-
tions on :
6th session of, 251
Statement ( Eisenhower) and White House announce-
ment re, 831
Canada — Continued
Disarmament. See Disarmament; Disarmament Com-
mission, U.N. ; and Ten Nation Committee on Dis-
armament
ICEM pilot project in, article (Warren), 256
Participation in U.N. action in the Congo, Soviet op-
position to, statement (Lodge), 421
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreements amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 33, 229
GATT, declarations on provisional accession of Tu-
nisia and relations with Poland, 192
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
Inventions relating to defense for which patent ap-
plications have been filed, agreement for safe-
guarding of, 665
Loan of submarine, agreement with U.S. for, 734
Minitrack station, agreement with U.S. for estab-
lishment and operation on St. John's Newfound-
land, 501
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 460
Weather research and testing facilities at Fort
Churchill, agreement with U.S. re maintenance
and operation, 192
Canal Zone, flying of Panamanian and U.S. flags in, state-
ments (Farland, Wheaton) and text of U.S. note, 558
Captive Nations Week, 1960, proclamation, 219
Caribbean area (see also individual countries, and Inter-
American Peace Committee), statements (Dreler),
224, 225
Caribbean Commission, appointment of U.S. Commis-
sioner and Chairman of, 422
Caribbean Organization, agreement for establishment and
draft statute, 68, 73
Carpenter, Francis W., 620
Centennial Year, U.S.-Japan, visit of Crown Prlnee Aki-
hito and Crown Princess Michiko to U.S., exchange
of greetings and toasts (Akihito, Eisenhower, Mer-
chant), 642
Central African Republic :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 778
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 457
U.S. Embassy at: Bangui, proposed, 702; Brazzaville,
Republic of Congo, accredited to, 350
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
WHO constitution, 770, 805
Central America («ee also Caribbean), customs union in,
establishment of, 577
Central American Bank for Economic Integration, estab-
lishment and U.S. support of, joint statement, 782
Century 21 Exposition, designation of Department of Com-
merce to direct U.S. participation in. Executive order,
644
Ceylon :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 666
Ceylon-Tunisia resolution re the Congo, statement
(Wadsworth), 530, and text of resolution, 532
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 806
Index, July to December 7960
991
Ceylon — Continued
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
Chad:
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 457
U.S. Embassy at: Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, ac-
credited to, 350; Fort Lamy, proposed, 702
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, C54, 655
Chang, Lee Woolj, 958
Chapin, Selden, 546
Charter of the United Nations. -Sec United Nations
Charter
Chemicals and related plastics, U.S. production and trade
in, address (Adair), 572, 576
Child-feeding program, agreement with Italy relating to,
350
Chile :
Earthquake, U.S. aid to, 39, 154, 316, 367, 370, 878
■ Racial groups in, address (Mallory), 850, 982
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 73,
388
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute of, 590
Disaster rehabilitation, agreements with U.S. pro-
viding for, 154, 878
GATT:
Declaration on provisional accession of Tmiisla,
192
Declaration on relations with Poland, 192
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S. provid-
ing, 350
Rawinsonde observation stations, agreement with
U.S. re establishment and operation of, 770
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, with annexes
and protocol, 665
Submarine, agreement with U.S. for loan of, 545
Technical cooperation, agricultural and livestock,
agreement extending agreement with U.S., 114
Tracking station at Punta Arenas, agreements with
U.S. re establishment of, 981
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 230
China {see also China, Communist; and China, Repub-
lic of), refugees, U.S. contributions to, address
(Hanes), 15
China, Communist (see also Communism and Sino-Soviet
bloc) :
Ideological differences with Soviet Union, address and
statements : Berding, 478, 480 ; Herter, 41, 42
Imprisoned U.S. citizens in, release sought, 497
Latin America, activities in, address (Berding), 305
Reciprocal exchange of newsmen with, U.S. and Com-
munist positions re, 471, 497
Representation in the U.N., question of, U.S. views on,
address and statements : Herter, 519 ; Wadsworth,
678 ; Wilcox, 513
Threat to peace in Far East, joint statement (U.S.-
Philippine), 133
Tibet, action in, 622, 626
Travel of aliens from. U.S. to, U.S. regulations re, 974
992
China, Republic of :
Land-reform program in, address (Mallory), 821
Membership in the U.N., U.S. views, statements (Wads-
worth ), 678, 684, 687, 689
Taiwan Straits, Communist China's bombardment of
islands of and U.S. efforts for peaceful settlement,
statement (Wadsworth), 681
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 461,
545, 842
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreements amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 33, 229
Destroyer, agreement with U.S. for loan of, 770
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
Visit of President Eisenhower, address and statement
(Eisenhower) and joint communique, 8, 133, 136
Civil Aeronautics Board, membership in interagency
group to coordinate aviation activities, 415, 416
Civil aviation. See under Aviation
Civil strife, duties and rights of states in event of, proto-
col and convention (1928), 341, 805
Claims :
Austria, claims against, deadline set for filing under
Austrian War and Persecution Property Damage
Law, 444
Japanese claims against U.S. :
Agreement re certain claims against U.S. forces by
former employees, 73
Di-splaced residents of Bonin Islands, request for
funds for payment, statement (Herter), 46
Understanding re small maritime claims, 734
Territorial claims in Antarctica treaty provisions re,
statement (Phleger), 50, 51
U.S. claims against :
Italy, war damage claims, agreement supplementing
memorandum of understanding (1957) with, 298
Poland, agi-eement with annex providing for settle-
ment, 226, 229
Classified documents, newspaper publication of, address
(Berding), 887
"Closed societies," statement (Wadsworth), 764
Coal:
ECE Committee on, U.S. delegate to 50th session of, 532
Mining executives, visit to India to advise on expan-
sion of coal production, 251
Coerr, Wymberley DeR., 806
"Cold war," address and statement : Merchant, 709 ; Tha-
yer, 941, 943
Collective security {see also Mutual defense and Mutual
security) :
Arrangements for :
Effect of U-2 incident on, statement (Herter), 40
Regional defense, U.S. participation in, address (Her-
ter), 467, 470
Soviet policy re, 304
Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. See Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization
Europe. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Free world, need for maintenance of, statement (Koh-
ler), 25
Department of State Bulletin
Collective security — Continued
Latin America. See Organization of American States
Visits abroad to strengthen, report (Eisenhower), 124
Colombia :
Economic achievements of, statement (Dillon), 540
Land reform in, 820
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute of, 665
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S. re, 770
U.S. destroyer, agreement amending agreement with
U.S. for loan of, 298
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
Colombo Plan :
Cooperative training assistance programs, 294
U.S. delegation to 12th meeting, 733
Colonialism (see also Self-determination and Trust ter-
ritories) :
Africa, charges of "new colonialism" in, address (Pen-
field), 953, 954
Charges by Cuba and U.S.S.R. against U.S., refutation
of, letter and message (Marin), 656
Malayan views on, 783
Soviet and U.S. views of, addresses and statement:
Dillon, 598; Foster, 828; Wadsworth, 620
Columbia River development, U.S.-Canadian negotiations
on :
6th session of, 251
Statement (Eisenhower) and White House announce-
ment re, 831
Commerce. See Trade
Commerce, Department of:
Administration of Mutual Security Program, delegation
of functions to re : Executive order, 870 ; White
House announcement, 863
Century 21 Exposition, direction of U.S. participation
in. Executive order, 644
Efforts to expand U.S. export trade, address (Dillon),
566
Membership in interagency group to coordinate aviation
activities, memorandum, 416
Commercial treaties. See Trade : Treaties
Committee for Reciprocity Information, notice of public
hearing on tariff concessions, 898
Committee for Refugees, United States, 16
Committee of Ten. See Ten Nation Committee on Dis-
armament
Committee of 21 («ee also Operation Pan America) :
Economic discussions at Paris, 219
Subcommittee of Nine, report of, 537
3d meeting of (Bogota) :
Act of BogotA, text of, 537
Addresses and statements re: Dillon, 533. 540, 567;
Mallory, 853
U.S. delegation, 541
Committee I (Political and Security), General Assembly.
See wider General Assembly
Commodity trade problems (see also Agricultural sur-
pluses and Trade), U.N. conference on tin, article
(Nichols), 662, 663
Common markets :
European. See European Economic Community ; Euro-
pean Economic Cooperation, Organization for;
European Free Trade Association; and Organiza-
tion for Economic Cooperation and Development
Latin American. Sec Central America and Latin Amer-
ican Free Trade Association
Communications. See Telecommunications
Communism («ee also China, Communist; Sino-Soviet;
and Soviet Union) ;
Aggression in Laos and Viet-Nam, letter and message
(Eisenhower), 624, 758
Cuba, development in and spread to other American
Republics, statements (Herter), 397, 400, 401, 408,
and texts of U.S. memorandum and supplementary
document re, 318, 325, 334, 409, 410
Economic policies. See Less developed countries : Eco-
nomic offensive
Guatemala and Nicaragua, penetration of, 888
International, challenge and threat of and efforts to
combat, addresses, message, and statements : Her-
ding, 480; Bohlen, 635, 734; Dillon, 598; Eisen-
hower, 314; Herter, 395, 400, 847, 849, 850;
Merchant, 709, Satterthwaite, 755
Latin America, subversion in, address and statement:
Berding, 305 ; Eisenhower, 139 ; Mann, 812 ; Rubot-
tom, 60
Objectives of, address and statement: Hanes, 15;
Herter, 107
Opposition to President Eisenhower's visits abroad, 125
Propaganda. See under Propaganda
Strategy of, addresses : Berding, 303 ; Burgess, 568, 569
Communist China. See China, Communist
Conciliation Commission, Palestine, efforts to aid refu-
gees, letter (Eisenhower), 627
Conferences and organizations, international {see also
subject) :
Calendar of meetings, 30, 183, 252, 374, 452, 525, 606,
721, 786, 873, 929
Conference diplomacy, address (Merchant), 711
Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville) :
Consulate at Brazzaville, elevation to Embassy status,
350
Security Council consideration of membership in the
U.N., U.S. support of, statement (Lodge), 456, 457
U.S. Ambassador, appointment of, 842
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
WMO convention, 945
Congo, Republic of the ( Leopold ville) :
Independence, greetings on occasion of from U.S., mes-
sage (Eisenhower), 162
Membership in the U.N., statements : Barco, 904 ; Wads-
worth, 906 ; Wilcox, 151
Prime Minister, visit to Washington, exchange of greet-
ings (Herter, Lumumba), 245
Situation in. See Congo situation
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 154
U.S. consulate general at L^opoldville, raised to Em-
bassy status, 118
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 655
WMO convention, 912
Index, July to December I960
993
Congo situation :
Addresses, letter, messages, and statements : Ailsen, 975
Barco, 004 ; Berdiug, 304, 477 ; Burgess, 5C8 ; Car-
penter, 97G ; Department, 24G ; Dillon, 370, 372, 440
Eisenhower, 287, 384, 473, 552, 553, 783, 022 ; Foster,
828 ; Hagerty, 222 ; Herter, 205, 206, 207, 200, 245,
437, 440, 468, 520, 588; Lodge, 159, 221, 384, 421
Penfleld, 954, 055, 957; Satterthwaite, 753; Wads-
worth, 527, 531, 583, 658, 666, 679, 680, 088, 006
Wilcox, 151, 507, 510, 512
Belgium, withdrawal of armed forces:
Security Council resolutions calling for, 161, 223, 385
Statements: Department, 246; Eisenhower, 384;
Lodge, 222, 384, 421
General Assembly, U.N., consideration of :
Acceptance of U.N. delegation credentials (Kasa-
TUbu), U.S. support of, statements (Barco, Wads-
worth), 004
Emergency session, statements (Wadsworth) and
text of U.N. resolution, 583
Problem of governmental authority, U.S. position,
message and statements : Eisenhower, 922 ; Herter,
207, 520
Security Council consideration of :
Cooperation of all states in resolving situation, need
for, statement (Lodge) and resolution, 221
Decisions regarding, Soviet defiance of, statements
(Wadsworth), 583, ,586
Developments in, statement (Lodge) and resolution
calling for complete withdrawal of Belgian forces,
384
General Assembly special session to consider, call for,
statement (Wadsworth) and resolutions proposed,
527
Need for supplies and military assistance, statement
(Lodge) and resolution, 159
Resolutions adopted, texts of, 161, 223, 385, 532
Soviet actions :
Charge of U.S. troop participation, U.S. replies,
statements : Herter, 206 ; Lodge, 160
Opposition to U.N. operations :
Demand for withdrawal of forces, U.S. views, state-
ment (Carpenter), 976
Obstruction to U.N. efforts, statements : Herter,
468 ; Lodge, 222, 223
Veto of resolution re financial contributions to,
statement (Wadsworth), 531, 666
Unilateral intervention :
Aircraft, supplies, and technicians, 468, 510, 585,
586, 909
Pattern of penetration, 478, 528
Statements re : ELsenhower, 473 ; Herter, 209
Threats of, 206, 304, 421, 753, 954
U.N. operations :
African contribution to, 440
Afro-Asian resolution re, U.S. position on, 586 ; text,
588
Airlift of U.N. supplies and men by U.S. :
Attack on airmen by Congolese forces, letters
(Hammarskjold, Herter) and text of U.S. pro-
test, 440
Cost of, statement (Aiken), 976
Congo situation — Continued
U.N. operations — Continued
Airlift of U.N. supplies and men by U.S. — Con.
Statement (Wadsworth), 008
Summary of U.S. activities, 223, 385
Chinese Communist position, U.S. views re, 679, 680,
Fund for:
Need for increase in contributions to, address and
statements: Dillon, 370, 372; Wadsworth, 585,
587, 588 ; Wilcox, 512
U.S. contributions to, 510, 530, 588, 057, 075
Gift of fiour by U.S. for relief distribution, 222
Soviet opposition. See under Soviet actions supra
Troops participating :
Composition and deployment of, 221, 223, 384, 421,
584, 906, 908
Ghanaian forces, letters (Eisenhower, Nkmrnah),
287
Malayan contingent, remarks (Eisenhower, Rah-
man), 783, 784
U.S. support of, addresses, message, and statements:
Burgess, 568; Eisenhower, 552, 553, 922; Foster,
828; Herter, 205, 245, 437, 468; Lodge, 421; Pen-
field, 955 ; Wadsworth, 530, 680 ; Wilcox, 510
Congress, U.S. :
Documents relating to foreign policy, lists of, 59, 148,
182, 220, 251, 373, 420, 451, 500, 524, 582, 785, 835
Joint session, address before, King of Thailand, 144
Legislation :
Diplomatic immunity, article (Barnes), 176
Immigration of certain refugees, statement (Eisen-
hower), 219
Passport Service, U.S., establishment of, 545
Legislation, proposed :
Export expansion program, funds requested to
finance, statement (Dillon), 418
FAO, plan for greater U.S. participation in, authori-
zation requested, statement (Dillon), 449, 450
Import marking requirements, memorandum disap-
proving (Eisenhower), 500
Latin American social development, U.S. aid to, state-
ment (Herter), 316
Mutual Security Act, amendments authorizing special
aid to Latin America and the Congo, statements
(Dillon), 3G7
Mutual Security Program for FT 1961, statements:
Dillon, 28, 109 ; Herter, 107 ; Kohler, 24
Sugar Act, amendments to, statement (Herter), 58
Presidential messages, reports, etc. See Eisenhower,
Dwight D. : Messages, letters, and reports to
Congress
Senate approval requested for :
Commercial treaties with France and Pakistan, state-
ment (Martin), 56
Lisbon revision (1958) to convention (1883) for pro-
tection of industrial property and necessary legis-
lation to implement, statement (Martin), 52
Tax convention with India, statement (Dillon), 111
Conservation of natural resources, address (Mallory), 817
Conservation of Shrimp, Commission for, 1st meeting,
147
994
Department of State Bulletin
Consular officers, foreign, immunities accorded, article
(Barnes), 181
Consular rights, amity, and economic relations, treaty
with Muscat and Oman, 261
Consultative Committee on Cooperative Economic De-
velopment in South and Southeast Asia. See Co-
lombo Plan.
Contingency fund :
House Appropriations Committee restriction on, state-
ments (Dillon), 29, 110
Request for authorization and appropriation for, mes-
sage and statements: Dillon, 367, 370, 372; Eisen-
hower, 315
Control organization, international disarmament:
Geneva conference on discontinuance of nuclear weapon
tests, negotiations re, 931
Proposal for, U.S., 90
Staffing of organization and control posts, 487, 935
Convention of establishment with France, protocol and
declaration, 56, 388, 545, 902, 912
Copyright convention (1952), universal, and protocols
1, 2, and 3, 153
Copyright registration, extension of time to Austrian
citizens to comply with U.S. laws re, agreement with
Austria, 73; U.S. proclamation, 64
Costa Rica :
Civil aviation convention, international, protocol (1954)
amending certain articles of, 387
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, pro-
tocol of amendment to 1944 convention on, 429
Cottam, Howard R., 842
Cotton, President accepts report re importation of certain
articles containing, 445
Cotton typewriter-ribbon cloth, increase of import duty
on, proclamation, 446
Courier satellite, launching of and message conveyed by,
address and message (Berding. Eisenhower), 671, 673
Crown Prince Akihito, 308, 642, 643
Cuba:
Head of delegation to U.N. (Castro) restricted in move-
ments in U.S., statement (Herter), 515
Situation in. See Cuban situation
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
IBRD, notice of withdrawal from articles of agree-
ment, 945
International Finance Corporation, notice of with-
drawal from articles of agreement, 945
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
U.S.-Cuban relations. See under Cuban situation
Cuban situation:
Address and statements (Herter), 395, 469
Armaments buildup in Cuba, U.S. report re, 852
Communist influence on. See Communism : Cuba
GATT, relations with, 345, 403, 404
OAS consideration of. See under Organization of
American States
Question of Cuban-Soviet mutual security alliance,
statement (Herter), 208
Responsibility for, letter of transmittal and U.S. memo-
randum and document : Dreier, 317 ; texts of doc-
uments, 318, 409
Cuban situation — Continued
Soviet threat of military intervention in, addresses,
statements, and U.S. note: Berding, 304, 305, 306;
Department, 170 ; Eisenhower, 139 ; Lodge, 199, 202,
203 ; Mann, 812 ; text of note, 748
U.N. consideration of Cuban charges against U.S. :
Letter and statements : Barco, 787 ; Lodge, 199 ; Wads-
worth, 621, 690, 791
Referral of Cuban charges against U.S. to OAS, state-
ments (Herter), 395, 400, 401
Security Council resolution, 204
Text of document of U.S. reply to charges, 690
U.S.-Cuban relations :
Charge of U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico, refuta-
tion of, letter and message (Marin), 656
Consular assistant in Puerto Rico, U.S. request for
withdrawal, 475
Consular officials at Miami and New York City, U.S.
request for withdrawal of two, 7
Consulate general at Miami, Investigation of attack
on, statement (Barco), 789
Expropriation of property of U.S. nationals:
Banks, Department announcement and text of U.S.
note, 603
Nationalization law, 171, 316
Oil refineries, seizure of, statements and U.S. note
of protest : Lodge, 202 ; Herter, 406 ; text of note
141
Statements and U.S. document to the U.N. : Depart-
ment, 360, 716; Herter, 313, 314; text of docu-
ment, 693
Flight over U.S. submarine, protest to, 640
Guantanamo Naval Base, U.S. rights re, statement
(Eisenhower), 780
La Gouhre explosion in Habana harbor, Cuban
charges against U.S. and texts of U.S. document
and memorandum re, 80, 696
Limitations on imports from U.S., 403, 693, 694
Nickel facility in, U.S. suspension of operation of, 604
Provocative actions against U.S., memorandums and
annexes submitted by U.S. to Inter- American
Peace Committee, 79, 318
Refugees in U.S., 695, 888
Shooting of U.S. Embassy staff member, U.S. protest
to, 924
Sugar trade. See under Sugar
Swan Islands, Cuban allegations re U.S. use of, 697
Statements (Herter), 207, 209, 312, 475
Travel in Cuba, restrictions on and advice to U.S.
citizens re, 410, 441, 603
Trial and execution of U.S. citizens, text of U.S.
note of protest, 814
U.S. controls on exports to, 715
Culbertson, Nancy F., 94
Cultural, educational, and scientific materials, agreement
(1950) and protocol on importation of, 387
Cultural backgrounds :
Latin American and U.S., differences In, address (Mal-
lory), 858
Need for understanding of, address (Herter), 776
Cultural property, convention (1954) and protocol for
protection in event of armed conflict, 387, 501, 912
Index, July to December I960
Cultural relations and programs {see also Educational
exchange and Exchange of persons) :
Africa, cultural exchange programs with (Penfield),
056
Appointments to Advisory Committee on Arts, 364
Center in Hawaii for cultural and technital interchange,
request for funds for, statement (Herter), 46
Elxchange program for visiting educators, 444
International, boundaries of action of Government and
private institutions, address (Thayer), 278
President's Special International Program for Cultural
Presentations, 18, 19
Private institutions participating in the operation of,
remarlis (Tliayer), 5G0
Role of Louisville in, address (Thayer), 17
Rumania, agreement with, 968
Soviet Union, motion picture and other exchange pro-
grams with. 672, 921
UNESCO's role in, statement (Thayer), 942, 944
U.S. sponsorship of conferences re (Thayer), 649
Customs {see also Tarifif policy, U.S.) :
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 544, 665, 734
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facili-
ties for, 501, 701
Cyprus :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 778
Membership in the U.N., U.S. views re, statements:
Herter, 589 ; Lodge, 457
Sugar agreement (1958), international, 701
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 461
U.S. consulate general at Nicosia, elevation to Embassy
status, 388
U.S. grant of grain to, 973
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 655
White House visit of U.N. leader from, remarks (Eisen-
hower), 713, 714
Czechoslovakia :
Barring of mail bearing Masaryk stamp, text of U.S.
note re, 414
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of Tu-
nisia, 33
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 33
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 154
U.S. Ambassador, appointment and confirmation, 229,
461
DAG. See Development Assistance Group
Dahomey :
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support of, statement
(Lodge), 457
Telecommunication convention (1959), international,
with annexes and final protocol, 912
U.S. Ambassador, appointment, 702
U.S. Embassy at: Abidjan, Ivory Coast, accredited to,
262 ; Porto-Nove, proposed, 702
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
WHO constitution, 770, 805
Davenport, Jarvis D., 590
Davis, Richard H., 105, 206w
De Gasperi-Gruber agreement, 940
De Yturralde y Orijegoso, Mariano, 360
Dean, John Gunther, 567
Declaration of San Jos^, text of, 407
Declaration of Santiago, violation of principles of:
Cuban, 321, 398, 401, 408, 409
Dominican Republic, 356, 437
Declaration of the Sierra Maestra, 321
Defense {see also Military bases. Mutual defense, and Na-
tional defense) :
Guantanamo Naval Base, importance to defense of
Western Hemisphere, statement (Eisenhower), 780
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguard-
ing of, 665
Patent rights and technical information for defense
purposes, agreements for interchange of with:
Portugal, 878 ; Spain, 590
U.S. defense projects in Greenland, participation of
Danish enterprises and labor in, texts of U.S. and
Danish notes, 926
Defense, Department of:
Administration of Mutual Security Program, delegation
of functions to. Executive order, 869, 870; White
House announcement, 868
Expansion of weapons systems programs of, message
(Eisenhower), 315
Membership in interagency group to coordinate avia-
tion activities, announcement and memorandum,
415, 416
Relationship with State Department, statement (Her-
ter), 4, 6
U.S. balance-of-payments position. Presidential direc-
tive to re, 862
Defense, Joint, Canada-U.S. Ministerial Committee on,
3d meeting, 139, 172
Defense support :
Appropriations for FT 1961, statements re (DiUon), 29,
109
Importance of, statements (Herter), 108, 850
U.S. aid to:
Middle East, report, 449
Spain, statement (Kohler),28
Turkey, 901
Denmark :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Consultations with U.S. re aviation problems, 514, 629
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Aeronautical facilities and services in Greenland,
agreement with U.S. re establishment and opera-
tion, 192
Classified patent applications, agreement with U.S.
approving procedures for reciprocal filing of, 114
Equipment and materials, agreement with U.S. re the
disposition of, 590
GATT:
Declaration extending standstill provisions of arti-
cle XVI: 4 and procfes-verbal extending validity
Declaration on provisional accession of Tunisia, 501
Declaration on relations with Poland, 192
996
Departmenf of State Bulletin
Denmark — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Greenland, agreement with U.S. for participation of
Danisli enterprises and labor in U.S. defense proj-
ects in, 926
Inventions relating to defense for which patent ap-
plications have been filed, agreement for safe-
guarding of, 665
Property, rights and interests in Germany, charter
of Arbitral Commission on, 912
Visit of King and Queen to U.S. :
Announcement of, 414
Exchange of greetings and toasts (Eisenhower, Fred-
erilc IX) and members official party, 717
Department of Commerce. See Commerce, Department of
Department of Defense. See Defense, Department of
Department of State. See State Department
Development Assistance Committee, OECD, proposal re,
address (Dillon), 216
Development Assistance Group :
Establishment of, statement (Dillon), 535
Functions of, remarks, report, and statements: Ander-
son, 612 ; Dillon, 186, 609 ; report, 289, 291, 294
2d meeting, U.S. delegation, 153
3d meeting, text of communique, 645
Development Association, International. See Interna-
tional Development Association
Development Bank, Inter-American. See Inter-American
Development Bank
Development Loan Fund :
Appropriation requests for FY 1961 :
House reduction in, statement (Dillon), 110
Use in Latin America, statements (Dillon), 370, 373
Financing goods and services of U.S. origin, Presiden-
tial directive, 863
Loans in Africa, 956
MSP functions to be administered by, Executive order,
870 ; White House announcement, 868
Summary of activities for FY 1960, 444
Types of loans, address (Hager), 892
Diaz, Lanz, 81
Dictatorships in Latin America, U.S. policy toward, 813
Dillon, Douglas :
Addrcs.ses, remarks, and statements :
Aid to Latin America and the Congo, request for
amendments to Mutual Security Act authorizing
367
Committee of 21, 3d meeting of, 533, 540
Dominican Republic, U.S. relations with, 413
Food-for-peace program, proposed, U.S. contribution
through U.N. system, 449
Foreign trade, 563
International arrangements for economic growth,
U.S. views, 185
International Bank, annual meeting of Board of Gov-
ernors, 608
Labor's role in a democratic society, 780
Malaya, U.S. relations with, 784
Mutual Security Program, 28, 109
OECD, 215
Tax convention with India, foreign poUcy consider-
ations of, 111
Dillon, Douglas — Continued
Addresses, remarks, and statements — Continued
U.S. international relations, status of, 597
Meetings :
National Advisory Committee on Inter-American Af-
fairs, participation in 6th meeting of, 641
OECD, convention on establishment, head of U.S.
delegation, 979
Visit to Austria, address and joint communique, 215
Visits to Europe, announcements re, 104, 864
Diop, Ousmane Soce, 958
Diplomacy and the Modem World, address (Merchant),
707
Diplomatic immunity, development of and U.S. policy,
article (Barnes), 173
Diplomatic List, information re, 181
Diplomatic representatives abroad, U.S. See under
Foreign Service
Diplomatic representatives in the U.S. :
Cuban. See under Cuban situation: U.S.-Cuban
relations
Observation of U.S. election procedures, invitation to,
letter (Herter), 778
Presentation of credentials: Central African Republic,
778 ; Cyprus, 778 ; Ireland, 605 ; Korea, 958 ; Mala-
gasy Republic, 958; Panama, 958; Senegal, 958;
Spain, 360 ; Togo, 778 ; Turkey, 958 ; Union of South
Africa, 643
Soviet diplomats requested to leave U.S. : 1st secretary,
350 ; 3d secretary, 214
Disarmament (see also Armaments, Armed forces. Con-
trol organization. Disarmament Commission, Nuclear
weapons. Outer space, Surprise attack, and Ten
Nation Committee) :
Committee I of General Assembly consideration of, pro-
posed, U.S. and Soviet views on, statements: Berd-
ing, 305 ; Wadsworth, 723, 760, 836
Communist China's admission to conferences on, ques-
tion of, statement (Wadsworth), 688
Heads of Government meeting in General Assembly,
Soviet proposal for, statements (Berding), 305, 477
Negotiations :
Need for resumption of, text of joint communique
(Herter, Kosaka), 561
Progress of, addresses and statements:
Dillon, 600 ; Herter, 42, 45 ; Kohler, 25 ; Payne, 797 ;
Wadsworth, 377, 760
Soviet position on, address and statements: Carpenter,
620 ; Herter, 472 ; Lodge, 376 ; Wadsworth, 379, 723,
725, 836, 839
Tripartite (Italy, U.K., and U.S.) proposal, 762, 763
U.N. efforts and consideration, letter (Eisenhower),
625
U.S. and Western positions on, addresses, letter, re-
port, and statements : Berding, 477 ; Burgess, 9 ;
Carpenter, 620 ; Dillon, 218 ; Eisenhower, 555, 595,
746; Herter, 435, 437; Wadsworth, 619, 760, 836,
931 ; Wilcox, 511 ; text of 5-power report, 382
Disarmament Administration, U.S., establishment of, 481
Index, July to December J 960
997
Disarmament Commission, U.N. (see also Ten Nation
Committee on Disarmament) :
August meeting of :
Convening of, letters and statement re: Eisenhower,
253 ; Lodge, 253, 274
Proceedings, statements (Lodge) and texts of resolu-
tion and 5-power report, 376
Statement re (Wadsworth), 761
Documents, lists of, 387, 459
Discrimination, U.S. efforts to eliminate, statement
(Thayer), 942
Distant Early Warning Stations (DEW) in Greenland,
agreement with Denmark re, 926
DJermakoye, Issofou, 713
DLF. See Development Loan Fund
Doctors, foreign. Department and U.S. medical agencies
discuss training of, 902
Dollar bonds:
German, agreement re validation with Federal Republic
of Germany, 429
Polish, letter (Kohler) re Polish intention to settle
indebtedness, 228
Domestic servants, immigration to U.S. for employment
as, statement (Hanes), 365
Dominican Republic :
Aggression against Venezuela, OAS consideration and
censure of. See under Organization of American
States
Cuban participation in invasion of, text of U.S. memo-
randum, 341
Delegation to the U.N. General Assembly, statement
(Herter), 516
Technical cooperation, vocational education agreement
(1951) with U.S.: extension of, 73; termination of,
U.S.-Dominican diplomatic relations, severance of, 412
U.S. purchase of sugar from :
Question of, message and statement (Dillon, Eisen-
hower), 412
Texts of U.S. and Venezuelan aide memoire re, 640
WHO constitution, amendments to, 734
Dorsz, Edmund J., .546
Double taxation on income, convention with Israel for
avoidance of, 629, 666
Dreier, John C, 224, 225, 317, 806
Drew. Gerald A., 154, 806
Drought, Jordan, U.S. aid. 142
Dulles, John Foster, commemorative stamp in honor of,
remarks (Herter), 981
Dumont. Donald A.. 73
Duties and rights of states in event of civil strife, protocol
and convention (1928), 341, 805
Dwlnell, Lane, 13
Eaton, Fredrick M., 267. 273
EGA. See Economic Commission for Africa, U.N.
ECAFB. See Economic Commission for Asia and the Far
East, U.N.
BCE. See Economic Commission for Europe. U.N.
Economic and Social Council. Inter-American, annual
consultative meetings proposed for, 536, 540
998
Economic and Social Council, U.N. :
Documents, lists of, 189. 258, 386, 541, 628. 878, 911. 980
Economic commissions. See Economic Commission
ECOSOC survey for 1959, remarks (Dillon), 1S9
Increase in membership of, U.S. support of, statement,
(Wilcox), 874
Ministerial meeting, 30th session of :
Announcement, 104
Remarks (Dillon), 185
Report of and provision of food surpluses to food-
deficient peoples, statement (Payne) and text of
General Assembly resolution, 793
Economic and technical aid to foreign countries (see also
Agricultural surpluses, Colombo Plan, Development
Loan Fund, Export-Import Bank, Inter-American
Development Bank, International Bank, Interna-
tional Cooperation Administration, International
Development Association. International Finance
Corporation, Mutual security and other assistance
programs, and United Nations : Technical assistance
programs) :
Addresses and statement : Adair, 573 ; Hager, 891, 892 ;
Herter, 848 ; Kohler, 27
Africa {see also Africa: U.N. programs), address
(Penfield), 953, 954. 956
Aid to: Burma, 261; Chile, 114; Cyprus, 973; Domini-
can Republic, 73, termination of, 945; Ghana, 364;
Greece, termination of. 973; Guatemala, 105;
Guinea. 734 ; Libya, 734 ; Thailand, 145
Central American Bank for Economic Integration, U.S.
support of, 782
House Appropriations Committee restrictions on. state-
ments (Dillon). 29, 110
Latin America {see also Inter-American fund for so-
cial development), statements: DiUon, 367; Payne,
793, 795
Less developed countries, cooperative effort of free
world, report (excerpt), 289
Soviet and Sino-Soviet bloc programs, 436, 847, 957
Economic Commission for Africa, U.N., address (Wilcox),
511
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, U.N. :
Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the
Lower Mekong Basin, statement (Payne), 793
Economic Development and Planning, Worldng Party
on, 6th session, U.S. delegation, 589
Economic Commission for Europe, U.N. :
Coal Committee, 50th session, U.S. delegate, 532
Electric Power Committee, 19th session, U.S. delegate,
590
Steel Committee, 24th session, U.S. delegation, 117
Timber Committee, 18th session, U.S. delegate, 628
Economic Commission for Latin America, role in estab-
lishment of Latin American Free Trade Association,
statement (Payne), 793
Economic Cooperation and Development, Organization
for. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
Economic development (see also Economic and technical
aid and Less developed countries) :
Afshanistan, U.S. grant for financing of, 872
Challenge of, address (Herter), 847
Deparfment of State Bulletin
Economic development — Continued
China, Republic of, progress of, address (Eisenhower),
134
European. See European Economic Community;
European Economic Cooperation, Organization for;
and European Free Trade Association
Financing of. See Agricultural surpluses; Central
American Bank for Economic Integration ; Devel-
opment Assistance Group ; Development Loan
Fund; Export-Import Banli; Inter-American De-
velopment Bank; International Bank; Interna-
tional Development Association ; International Fi-
nance Corporation; International Monetary Fund;
Investment of private capital abroad ; and Special
Fund
Latin America {see also Committee of 21, Inter-Ameri-
can fund, Latin American Free Trade Association,
Operation Pan America, and Organization of Amer-
ican States), U.S. cooperation and aid in, state-
ments: Dillon, 533; Eisenhower, 166, 346; Payne,
793, 795
Middle East, U.S. aid in, report to Congress (Eisen-
hower), 448
Need for cooperation in aiding in, addresses and state-
ment: Adair, 573; Dillon, 601, 608; Payne, 794,
795, 797, 799
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment. See Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
Role of transportation in, ECAFE working party con-
sideration of, 590
South and Southeast Asia. See Colombo Plan atid
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
U.S. and U.N. efforts to aid : report (Eisenhower), 628;
text of U.N. resolution, 800
U.S. support of international agencies for, address and
remarks : Burgess, 569 ; Dillon, 185
Economic Development and Planning, Working Party on
(ECAFE), 6th session, U.S. delegation, 589
Economic Development Institute, statement (Payne), 796
Economic Integration, Central American Bank for, 782
Economic policy and relations, U.S. (see also individual
countries) :
Aid to foreign countries. See Agricultural surpluses.
Development Loan Fund, Economic and technical
aid, Export-Import Bank, International Coopera-
tion Administration, and Mutual security
Directive re (Eisenhower), 860
Domestic economy :
Role of military assistance program In, statement
(Kohler), 26
Statements : Anderson, 613 ; Payne, 798
Foreign economic policy :
Addresses: Adair, 572; Burgess, 568; Dillon, 563;
Hager, 890 ; Herter, 436, 847
Latin America, statements : Dillon, 533 ; Eisenhower,
166
Regional economic arrangements, U.S. support of,
remarks (Dillon), 185
Support of world financial institutions, statements
(Anderson, Dillon), 608
Economic policy and relations, U.S. — Continued
Tariff policy. See Tariff policy
Trade policy. See Trade
Economic relations, amity, and consular rights, treaty
with Muscat and Oman, 261
ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council, U.N.
Ecuador :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 842
IDA articles of agreement, 460
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
U.S. Ambassador, appointments: Bernbaum, 702; Kar-
rick, 193
U.S. policy toward, 781, 782
Education {see also Cultural relations and programs,
Educational exchange, and Exchange of persons) :
African need for, U.S. and U.N. efforts to meet, address
(Satterthwaite), 753, 755, 756
American-sponsored schools abroad, address (Thayer),
19
Committee of 21 recommendation, 538
Cuba, destruction of academic freedom in, text of U.S.
memorandum, 328
Cuban scholarships to Communist countries, 411
Foreign Service Institute. See Foreign Service
Institute
Importance to U.S. national security, address (Bohlen),
635
International, boundaries of action of Government and
private institutions, address (Thayer), 278
NATO research fellowship program, 1961-62, announce-
ment of. 909
Problems of the American university in meeting today's
responsibilities, address (Thayer), 646
Progress in, address (Herter), 847
Public, 23d international conference on, U.S. delega-
tion, 117
Seminars for educators visiting in U.S. universities, 444
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Educational, scientific, and cultural materials, agree-
ment (1950) and protocol on importation of, 387
Technical cooperation vocational education agree-
ment (1951) with Dominican Republic: extension
of, 73 ; termination of, 945
U.S. Educational Foundation in Norway, agreement
amending 1949 agreement with Norway re, 154
Vocational and industrial education program in Bra-
zil, agreement extending 1950 agreement re, 298
UNESCO's role in furtherance of, statement (Thayer),
941, 944
UNRWA's vocational training programs, U.S. support
of, statement (Aiken), 804
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, U.N. :
Agreement (19.50) on importation of educational,
scientific, and cultural materials, and protocol on,
387
11th session of the General Conference of, statement
( Thayer ) , and U.S. delegation, 604, 941
Educational Exchange, U.S. Advisory Commission on,
member appointed to, 582
Index, July to December I960
999
Educational exchange program, international (see aUo
Cultural relations, Education, and Exchange of
persons) :
Africa, U.S. programs with nations of, addresses : Pen-
field, 956 ; Thayer, 559, 650
Agreements with: Brazil, 981; Finland, 912; India,
388; Korea, 191, 298; Norway, 64; Rumania, 968;
Spain, 842 ; Uruguay, 229, 350
Foreign doctors training, exchange-visitor programs
under, 903
India, 10th anniversary of U.S. program with, S5J
Operation of, remarks (Thayer), 560
Teacher exchange program, 444
U.S. Advisory Commission on, appointment (Langdale),
582
U.S. teachers participate in seminars abroad, 48
Educational Foundation in Norway, U.S., agreement
amending 1949 agreement with Norway re, 154
Eichniaun, Adolf, 115
Eisenhower, Dwight D. :
Addresses, remarks, and statements [see also Meetings
with ana Visits abroad, infra) :
Columbia River development, U.S.-Canadian negotia-
tions for, 831
Communist intervention in Americas, U.S. opposition
Congo :
Security Council resolution on, 384
Soviet unilateral action in, 473
Cuba's sugar quota, reduction of, 140
Disarmament Commission, U.N., U.S. request for
meeting of, 253
FAO freedom-from-hunger campaign, U.S. support,
117
5th International Congress on Nutrition, 441
Financial discussions at Bonn, Paris, and London,
925
Food-for-peace program, 248
Forging a Commonwealth of Nations, 743
Guantanamo Naval Base, U.S. position re, 780
Hemisphere cooperation for better municipal gov-
ernment, 779
Immigration legislation, 219
India-Pakistan Indus River pact, 577
Latin America :
Bonds that unite U.S. with, 557
Economic and social growth in, U.S. pledges co-
operation to promote, 166
Mutual Security Program, request for restoration of
cut in appropriation for, 417
Peru, loan to, 346
Security regulations for certain officials attending
U.N. meetings, 523
U.N. General Assembly, 15th session, problems con-
fronting, 551
Correspondence and messages :
Administration of mutual security and related func-
tions, 868
Berlin's Freedom Bell, 10th anniversary of dedication
of, 751
Boards of Governors of IBRD, IMF, and IFC, meet-
ing of, 607
1000
Eisenhower, Dwight D.— Continued
Correspondence and messages— Continued
Conference of Ten Nation Committee on Disarma-
ment, e.xehange of letters with Ambas,sador Eaton
re, 273
Congo, Republic of the :
Greetings from U.S. on independence, 162
U.S. position on the problem of, exchange of cables
with President of Guinea, 922
Coordination of domestic aviation matters, 416
Courier satellite message to U.N., 671
Ghana :
Congratulatory message to 1st president of, 147
Support of U.N. operation in the Congo, 287
Guatemala, exchange of messages with President
Ydigoras re U.S. naval aid to, 924
Japan ;
Prime Minister, congratulations on election as, 364,
923
U.S. relations with, exchange of letters with Prime
Minister Ikeda, 562
Korean students, message to, 287
Malagasy Republic, congratulations on independence,
87
Nigeria, independence of, 643
Philippine-American Day, exchange of messages with
President Garcia, 850
Poland, restoration of most-favored-nation status to,
864
Question of meeting with Soviet Premier, reply to
proposal for, 595
SEATO, 6th anniversary of, 499
Somali Republic, greetings and congratulations on
independence, 162
UNESCO, 11th General Conference of, greetings to,
941
U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, services of, 732
Viet-Nam, 5th anniversary of independence, 758
Decisions on imports of: bicycles and dried figs, 759;
lead and zinc, 901
Directive to improve U.S. balance-of-payments position,
860
Executive orders. See Executive orders
Messages, letter, and report to Congress :
Dominican sugar, request for discretion in purchase
of, 412
Import marking requirements legislation, disapproval
of, 500
Middle East, 5th report on U.S. activities in, 448
Mutual Security Program, request for restoration of
cut in appropriations for, 417
National security and mutual security programs, re-
quest for action on, 314
United Nations, 14th annual report on U.S. partici-
pation in, transmittal, 624
Meetings with (see also Visits abroad, infra) :
Crown Prince Akihito of Japan, 642
British and Australian Prime Ministers, joint state-
ments, 596
Heads of U.N. delegations of African states and
Cyprus, 713
Deporfmenf of Sfafe Bulletin
Eisenhower, Dwight D. — Continued
Meetings witli — Continued
King Bliumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, text of joint
communique, 143
King Frederik IX of Denmark, 717
President-elect Kennedy, discussion re transfer of
Executive responsibility, joint statement, 968
President I><5pez Mateoa of Mexico, texts of joint dec-
laration and statement, 742, 851
Prime Minister Rahman of Malaya, 783
Proclamations. See Proclamations
Proposed visit to Japan :
Cancellation of, report and statements: Eisenhower,
125, 126; Hagerty, 131; Herter, 42, 43, 47
Exchange of letters re (Eisenhower, Ikeda), 562
Request for study of Cuban refugee problem, 888
Visits abroad :
Addresses, joint communiques, remarks, statements:
China, 133, 136 ; Far East, 7 ; Korea, 136 ; Philip-
pines, 127
Exchange of correspondence re (Herter, Wiley), 47
Purpose of, statement (Herter) , 39
Radio-TV report on visit to Far East, 123
Eisenhower Doctrine, 5th report to Congress on activities
under, 448
Election, U.S. :
Foreign diplomats invited to observe, letter (Herter),
778
Khrushchev's comments re, statement (Herter), 42
U.S. foreign policy during campaign, address and state-
ments : Berding, 307 ; Herter, 309, 310
Electric power, benefits from proposed Columbia River
development, 831, 832
Electric Power Committee (EOE), 19th session of, U.S.
delegate, 590
Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., 388
El Salvador:
Central American Bank for Economic Integration,
establishment of, joint statement, 782
U.S. recognition of new government of, 924
Elting, Howard, Jr., 388
Elwood, Robert B., 388
Emergency Force, U.N. :
Address and letter (Eisenhower), 554, 627
Congo operation. See Congo situation : U.N. operations
U.S. contributions to, address and Presidential report
to Congress : report, 448, 449 ; Wilcox, 512
Espionage :
Communist infiltration through, address (Bohlen), 635,
Soviet Union :
Activities, statement (Lodge), 241
First and 3d secretaries of Embassy at Washington,
requested to leave for activities, 214, 350
Soviet vessel Vega along East coast, U.S. charge,
text of note, 213
Establishment, convention of, protocol and declaration
with France, 56, 388, 545, 902, 912
Ethiopia :
Contribution of troops to U.N. force in the Republic
of the Congo. 221, 223
IDA articles of agreement, 460
Ethiopia— Continued
U.S. Ambassador: confirmation (Richards), 154; resig-
nation (Bliss), 34
Europe (see also individual countries and European or-
ganizations) :
Collective security. See North Atlantic Treaty Organ-
ization
Economic Commission for, U.N. See Economic Com-
mission for Europe
European Office of the United Nations, appointment of
U.S. Ambassador to, 621
Mutual Security Program in, aspects of, statement
(Kohler), 24
Productivity Agency, European, 291
Refugees :
Eastern European, flight to West Berlin, 481
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migra-
tion, 254
U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, progress in
solving problems of, 15, 16, 802
Western :
Economic cooperation with North American countries,
proposed expansion of, address (Burgess), 12
Economic recovery of. address (Herter), 848, 849
U.S. contribution to economic integration of, remarks
(Frederik IX), 719
European Atomic Energy Community, agreement in ad-
dition to agreement (1958) with U.S. re peaceful
uses of atomic energy, 33, 298
European Economic Community :
GATT discussion of, 453, 895
Members of, 759
U.S. enterprises in. assuranc-es of nondiscriminatory
treatment of, statement (Martin), 57
U.S. support, address (Dillon), 217
U.S. trade with, addresses: Adair, 576; DiUon, 565
European Economic Cooperation, Organization for (see
also Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development) :
Accomplishments of , address (Burgess), 570
Consideration of replacement of by OECD, meetings for,
U.S. delegations, 104, 979
Purpose of, 896
European Free Trade Association :
Establishment and operations of, .577
GATT discussion of, 759, 895
Tariff policy of, address (Adair) , 577
U.S. support, address (Dillon), 217
European Productivity Agency, 291
Evans, Philip M., 645
Examination, Foreign Service, announcement of, 261
Exchange of persons {see also Educational exchange
program) :
Address (Thayer), 20
Africa, U.S. programs with, address (Satterthwaite),
755
Agricultural technicians and students, remarks (Eisen-
hower), 442
Budget for FT 1961, request for restoration of funds,
statement (Herter), 45
Contribution to mutual understanding,
(Foster), 825, 830
Index, July to December 1960
587430 — 61 3
1001
Exchange of i)erson3 — Continued
Denmark, factor in cultural relations with U.S., re-
marks (I-Yederik IX), 719
Exchange program with Soviet Union in scientific, techni-
cal, educational, and cultural fields, addresses: Herd-
ing, 672 ; DwlneU, 13 ; Thayer, 19 ; Wadsworth, 921
Executive orders :
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, as amended, administration of (10884), 366
Air Coordinating Committee, termination of (10883),
415
Century 21 Exposition (10887), 645
foreign Service Retirement and Disability System, dele-
gation of authority to Secretary of State re
(10897), 946
Mutual security and related functions, administration
of (10893), 869
Executive responsibility, discussion between President
Eisenhower and President-elect Kennedy, joint state-
ment, 968
E)xhibits :
Exchange of, agreement with Rumania, 970
Paintings of Thailand, State Department si)ecial show-
ing of, 145
Export Control Act, 716
Export-Import Bank :
Credit and guaranty facilities for medium-term export
transactions, address (Dillon), 566
Encouragement of private enterprise abroad, address
(Hager), 892
Loans In Africa, 956
Exports {see also Balance of payments; Imports; Tariffs
and trade, general agreement on; and Trade) :
Controls on exports to Cuba :
Institution of, 715
Statement (Barco), 789
Latin America, decline in, article (Culbertson, Lederer) ,
102
Promotion program for expansion of, addresses and
statements : Adair, 575 ; Anderson, 615 ; Dillon, 418,
564, 566
Quantitative controls on tin exports, article (Nichols),
663, 664
Expropriation of U.S. property by Cuba. See under Cuban
situation : U.S.-Cuban relations
External debts, German, agreement (1953) on, 387
Extradition treaty with Cuba, provisions of, 85, 201
Ezhov, Petr Y., 214
Facilities assistance program, agreements terminated
with : France, 702 ; Italy, 261
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N.
Far East (see also Asia and individual countries) :
Developments in, address (Herter), 471
Economic Development and Planning, 6th session of
Working Party on (ECAFE) U.S. delegation, 589
Foreign Relations, volume on, released, 34
Visit of President Eisenhower :
Departure statement, 7
Radio-TV report, 123
Farland, Joseph S., 154, 558
Faroe Islands, air navigation services in, agreement on
joint financing of, 770
Federal Aviation Agency, responsibility for coordination
of aviation activities between agencies, announce-
ment, Executive order, and memorandum, 415
Federal Bureau of Investigation, resiwnsibility for detec-
tion of communism in U.S., 635
Federal Reserve System, actions to strengthen U.S.
economy, statement (Anderson), 614
Federal Trade Commission, 500
Fessenden, Russell, 630
I'igs, dried, decision against reopening escape-clause ac-
tion on imports of, 758
Films, exchange of, agreement with Rumania, 970
Finance :
U.S. balance-of-payments position. See under Balance
of payments
U.S. discussions with Bonn and other officials :
Department announcement, 864
Statements : Anderson, 864 ; Eisenhower, 925
U.S. delegation, 864
Validation of German dollar bonds, agreement with Re-
public of Germany re, 429
Finance Corporation, International. See International
Finance Corporation
Finland :
Treaties, agreements, etc.:
Educational exchange program, agreement with U.S.
amending 1952 agreement for financing, 912
GATT, declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI : 4 and proc&s-verbal extending validity
Plant protection convention (1951), international, 429
U.S. relations with, remarks (Merchant), 751
"First Secretary," question of creation of office of, state-
ment (Herter), 518
Fish and fishing :
Fishery products, conference on nutritional value of,
announcement of, 422
Shrimp, Commission for Conservation of, 1st meeting,
147
Flour, U.S. gift to U.N. operation in the Congo, 222
Fluker, J. Robert, 230
Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N. :
Constitution of, 261
Freedom-from-hunger campaign :
Proposal for and U.S. support of, statements :
Dillon, 449 ; Eisenhower, 117 ; Payne, 798
Text of U.N. resolution, 800
Food-for-peace program :
Administration of P.L. 480 relating to use of agricul-
tural surpluses in. Executive order, 366
Advancement through U.N. system, statement (Dil-
lon), 449
Interim report to the President, statement (Eisen-
hower) and text of report, 248
Latin America, program for, 559
Foreign aid programs, U.S. (see also Economic and tech-
nical aid to foreign countries and Mutual security),
public support for, 828
Foreign currency. See Agricultural surpluses, U.S. :
Sales
1002
Department of State Bulletin
Foreign economic policy. See under Economic policy and
relations
Foreign Ministers of American States. See under Or-
ganization of American States
Foreign policy, U.S. :
EJconomic challenge in, address (Herter), 847
Elements of, address (Herter), 435
Foreign Policy and News Responsibility, address
(Berding), 883
Labor's role in, remarlcs (Dillon), 781
Legislation. See under Congress
Methods by which formulated, address (Merchant), 707
Monroe Doctrine, U.S. reaflBrmatlon of principles of, 170
Need for informed citizenry on, address (Eisenhower),
745
Problems of, addresses : Berding, 476, 675 ; Eisenhower,
746 ; Herter, 467
Role of the public in, address (Foster), 823
Secretary of State functions re, statement (Herter), 3
Foreign Relations of the United States, 19^2, Volume I,
General, The British Commomcealth, The Far East,
released, 34
Foreign Service («ee also International Cooperation Ad-
ministration a7id State Department) :
Africa, U.S. posts in :
Increase in number, addresses: Penfleld, 955; Sat-
terthwaite, 754
Visit of Deputy Under Secretary Henderson to, an-
nouncement, 702
Ambassadors, appointments, confirmations, and resigna-
tions, 34, 118, 154, 193, 229, 230, 282, 309, 460, 546,
590, 702, 806, 842, 912
Chiefs of U.S. diplomatic missions, functions of : Execu-
tive order, 871; memorandum (Eisenhower), 868
(Commercial staffs abroad, need for enlargement of,
statement (Dillon), 418
Consular agency established at Beira, Mozambique, 118
Consular district of Volta, transfer from Dakar to
Abidjan, 154
Consulates :
Abidjan, Ivory Coast, elevation to Embassy, 262
Bamako (Soudan), establishment of, 546; (Mali),
elevation to Embassy, 567
Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, elevation to Embassy
status, and accreditation to Republic of Chad,
Central African Republic, and Republic of Gabon,
350
Colon, Panama, closed, 502
Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika, elevation to consulate
general, 546
Freetown, Sierra Leone, elevation to consulate gen-
eral, 842
Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tijuana, Mexico, ele-
vation to consulates general, 805
Kampala, Uganda, elevation to consulate general, 546
Mandalay, Burma, establishment of, 193
Usumbura, Ruanda-Unmdi, establishment of, 805
Consulates general raised to Embassy status :
Dakar, Federation of MaU, 73
Lagos, Nigeria, 630
L^opoldville, Republic of the Congo, 118
Mogadiscio, Somali Republic, 118
Foreign Service — Continued
Consulates general raised to Embassy status — Con.
Nicosia, Cyprus, 388
Tananarive, Malagasy Republic, 74
Dominican Republic, withdrawal of U.S. diplomatic
mission from, 412
Embassies, proposed establishment at :
Bangui, Central African Republic ; Fort Lamy,
Chad ; Libreville, Gabon ; Niamey, Niger ; Ouaga-
dougou, Upper Volta ; and Porto-Novo, Dahomey,
702
Embassy staff member in Cuba, shooting of, note of
protest (Braddock), 924
Examination, announcement, 261
Expansion of U.S. diplomatic relations and problem of
press coverage of, addresses : Berding, 884 ; Herter,
467
Foreign Service Inspection Corps, designation of In-
spector General (Drew) and Deputy Inspector Gen-
eral (Haselton), 806
Foreign Service Institute. See Foreign Service Insti-
tute
Funds for, request for restoration of, statement
(Herter), 45
Officer selection and training, addresses : Auerbach, 579 ;
Herter, 776
Personnel, waiver of diplomatic immunity, article
(Barnes), 179
Procurement of foreign goods, restrictions on, 863
Retirement and disability system, delegation of author-
ity to Secretary of State re. Executive order, 946
Role of ambassador in policymaking, address
(Merchant), 712
Selection Boards, 14th, convening of, 502
Services relating to U.S. citizenship and passport func-
tions, 545
Visas issued by U.S. diplomatic and consular officers,
580, 651, 654
Foreign Service Act of 1946, delegation of authority to
Secretary of State re. Executive order, 946
Foreign Service Institute :
Assistant Director for Management (Mitchell), desig-
nation, 702
Deputy director, designation, 388
Programs of, address (Herter), 775, 777
Foster, H. Schuyler, 823
Foundations, private, role in International educational
and cultural relations, address (Thayer), 280
France :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Algeria, policy toward, 510
Controls on imports from dollar area, relaxation of,
105, 564
Cultural relations with U.S., address (Thayer), 18
Disarmament. See Disarmament; Disarmament Com-
mission, U.N. ; and Ten Nation Committee on Dis-
armament
French Community (see also individual countries),
U.S. supports admission of 8 former African mem-
bers to U.N., statement (Lodge), 456
Germany, problems of. See Berlin and Germany
Index, July to December 7960
1003
France — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 981
Antarctic treaty, 590
Arbitral Tribunal and Mixed Commission, agreement
amending administrative agreement (1954) re,
912
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1956 agreement with U.S., 666
Caribbean Organization, agreement for establishment
and draft statute, 68, 73
Convention of establishment with U.S., protocol and
declaration, 56, 388, 545, 902, 912
Facilities assistance program, termination of agree-
ment (1957) with U.S., 702
GATT, declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI : 4 and proems-verbal extending validity
of, 666
GATT, rectifications and modifications to texts of
schedules, 7th protocol, 945
International exchange of oflScial publications and
documents, conventions on, 429
Inventions relating to defense for which patent ap-
plications have been filed, agreement for safeguard-
ing of, 665
Rawinsonde observation station on Guadeloupe,
agreement with U.S. for establishment and oper-
ation of, 461
Trademark convention (1869), agreement with U.S.,
termination of, 945
Weapons production program, agreement with U.S.
relating to, 702
U.S. financial discussions, 865, 926
Franks, Oliver, 295
Frederik IX, King of Denmark, 414, 717, 718
Free world, economic assistance as a cooperative effort
of, excerpt from report, 289
Freedom Bell, Berlin, 10th anniversary of dedication of,
letter (Eisenhower), 751
Freedom Day, address (Davis), 105
Freedom-from-hunger campaign. See under Food and
Agriculture Organization, U.N.
Freedom of information :
Cuban suppression of :
Statement (Herter), 399
Text of U.S. memorandum, 319, 331, 333
Free press, responsibility to U.S. Government, address
(Herding), 883
Reciprocal exchange of newsmen between U.S. and
Communist China, negotiations for, 497
U.N. convention on, proposed, U.S. position, statement
(Lord), 936
U.S. and Soviet views on :
Addresses and statements : Berding, 479, 883 ; Herter,
518
Exchange of letters (Hagerty, Moscoiv Netcs and
Nouvelles de Moscou), 44S
Freedom of the press. See Freedom of information
French Community, 456
Friendship and commerce, treaty with Pakistan, and
protocol, 56, 388, 545
1004
Fulbright Act :
Educational exchange programs authorized by, 859
Puriwse of, 191
Fuller, Robert O., 814
Gabon :
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 547
U.S. Embassy at: Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, ac-
credited to, 350; Libreville, proposed, 702
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
Gallin-Douathe, Michel, 778
Gambia, telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958),
229
Garcia, Carlos P., 850
Garcia Soto, Hector, 82, 86
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 785
GATT. See Tariffs and trade, general agreement on
Gehron, William J., 482
General Assembly, U.N. :
Address and statements re : Herter, 515, 516, 519 ; Wil-
cox, 507
African nationalism, impact on, address (Penfield), 953
Agenda of 15th session :
Problems for consideration, U.S. position on, address
(Eisenhower), 551
Proposed inclusion of items on, U.S. views :
Africa, 657
Cuba, 789
Communist China's admission to U.N., 678
Hungary, question of, 422, 623, 727
Soviet complaint of U.S. aggression, 619, 622, 726
Tibet, 622
Provisional agenda, 296 ; final, 729
Approval of credentials of Congolese delegation
(Kasavubu), statements (Barco, Wadsworth), 904
Committee I (Political and Security) :
Disarmament problem, consideration of proposed, U.S.
and Soviet views on, address and statements : Berd-
ing, 305 ; Wadsworth, 723, 760, 836
Geneva nuclear test ban negotiations, U.S. report to
Committee I on, statement (Wadsworth), 930
Soviet complaint of U.S. aggression, U.S. support of
consideration of, statement (Wadsworth), 726
Cuban charges against U.S., consideration of, letters,
message, statements, and U.S. document in reply to :
Barco, 787 ; Marin, 656 ; Wadsworth, 621, 656, 690,
791 ; text of document, 690
Documents, lists of, 189, 258, 386, 459, 541, 689, 733, 770,
878, 910, 979
Dominican delegation to, statement (Herter), 516
Emergency session, consideration of the Congo problem,
statements (Wadsworth) and text of resolution,
583
Khrushchev's participation in. See Khrushchev
President's address to, statements re : Berding, 672, 674 ;
Eisenhower, 551 ; Hagerty, 515
Resolutions:
Congo, restoration of law and order in and appeal
for funds, 588
Cooperation of Member States in safeguarding peace,
723
Department of State Bulletin
General Assembly, U.N. — Continued
Resolutions — Continued
Dispute between Austria and Italy re status of
German-speaking residents of Province of Bolzano,
recommended solutions of, 940
Provision of food surpluses to food-deficient peoples,
800
Security precautions for certain officials attending,
statements and texts of U.S. and Soviet documents
re : Department, 522 ; Eisenhower, 523 ; Herter, 515,
519 ; Soviet communication, 523 ; and texts of U.S.
documents, 521, 522, 699
Soviet attacks on the U.N. organization. See under
Office of Secretary-General
U.S. representatives to: confirmation, 67; resignation
(Lodge), 388
Geneva conference of experts to study the possibility of
detecting violations of a possible agreement on the
suspension of nuclear tests, article (Gehron), 489,
493
Geneva conference on the discontinuance of nuclear
weapon tests :
History of developments of negotiations, article
(Gehron) and texts of agreed preamble, draft
articles, and draft annex III, 482
Reports to U.N. on progress of, statements : Lodge, 377 ;
Wadsworth, 930
U.K.-U.S. discussions on status of, 360
U.S. and Soviet views on, statement (Wadsworth), 841
Genocide, convention (1948) on the prevention and punish-
ment of the crime of, 460
Geographic divisions in Africa, article (Pearcy), 959
George, Mrs. Zelma Watson, 67
German Central Bank, loan to International Bank, 220
Germany :
Berlin. See Berlin
Border question with Poland, text of U.S. note to
Poland, 363
Reunification of. Western and Soviet position re, letter
(Wadsworth), 977
Germany, East :
Military activities in Berlin, texts of U.S. and Soviet
notes, 362
Restriction on travel to and within Berlin, Soviet, U.S.
and Western views on, 439, 473, 516, 602, 748, 750
Situation in, 977
Soviet threat of separate peace treaty with, U.S. views,
statements : Herter, 312 ; Tully, 677, 734
Soviet trained armed personnel in, 676
Germany, Federal Republic of (see also Berlin) :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Arming of, U.S. reply to Soviet protest. Department
statement and texts of U.S. and Soviet notes, 347
Bundestag meeting in West Berlin, proposed, statements
(Herter), 208, 312
Defense expenditures, increase in, 27
Financial discussions with U.S. officials re balance of
payments, 864, 925
German Central Bank loan to International Bank, 220
German-Polish border question, U.S. reply to Polish
note re, 363
Germany, Federal Republic of — Continued
Radio and waterways legislation affecting Berlin, texts
of U.S. replies to Soviet notes re, 474
Relaxation of controls on dollar-area imports, address
(Dillon), 564
Soviet bloc proposal for separate peace treaty with,
U.S. views, 312, 677, 734
Soviet charges against, letter and U.S. and Soviet notes :
Wadsworth, 977 ; texts of notes, 362, 676
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Arbitral Tribunal and Alixed Commission, agreement
amending administrative agreement (1954) re, 912
External debts, German, agreement (1953) on, 387
GATT:
Declarations on provisional accessions of: Israel,
33, Tunisia, 192
Protocol relating to establishment of new schedule
III— Brazil, 770
7th protocol of rectifications and modifications to
texts of schedules, 192
IDA articles of agreement, 805
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguarding
of, 665
Military equipment, materials, and services, agree-
ment with U.S. re purchase of, 770
Sugar agreement (1958), international, application to
Land Berlin, 912
Universal postal convention (1957), with final proto-
col, annex, regulations of execution, and provisions
regarding airmail with final protocol, 665
Validation of German dollar bonds, agreement with
U.S. re, 429
Weapons production program, agreement with U.S.
re, 33
Wheat agreement (1959), international, with annex,
.387
Ghana :
Congratulatory message from President Eisenhower to
President Nkrumah, 147
Contribution of troops and support to U.N. operations
in the Congo, statement and exchange of letters:
Eisenhower, 287 ; Lodge, 221 ; Nkrumah, 287
Private investment in, position on, 797
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute of, 629
Cultural property, convention (1954) and protocol
for protection in event of armed conflict, 501
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 666
WHO constitution, amendments to, 734
U.S. Ambassador, appointment, 912
Volta River hydroelectric project, U.S. financial assist-
ance to, 364
Goforth, Oscar L., 238
Gold, effect of U.S. balance-of -payments position on Treas-
ury stock of, Presidential directive, 860
Good Offices Committee, AA Hoc. See under Organization
of American States
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Index, July to December 7960
1005
Greece:
Overflight by Russian planes, statement (Herter), 517,
518
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 878
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 33
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of Switz-
erland, 770
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 945
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguarding
of, 665
U.S. technical assistance program agreement, termina-
tion of, 973
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 388
Green, Howard G., 172
Greenland :
Air navigation services in, agreement on joint financing
of, 770
U.S. and Danish role in defense of, remarks (Frederik
IX), 719
U.S.-Danish agreements re :
Aeronautical facilities and services in, establishment
and operation of, 192
U.S. defense projects in, participation of Danish en-
terprises and labor in, texts of U.S. and Danish
notes, 926
Greenland Projects, United States-Danish Committee on,
establishment of, 926
"Group of Four," membership and work of, address (Bur-
gess), 570
Guadeloupe Island, agreement with France for establish-
ment and operation of rawinsonde observation station
on, 461
Guantanamo naval base :
U.S. acquisition and use of, text of U.S. document, 692,
698
U.S. position re, statement (Eisenhower), 780
Guatemala :
Centr.Tl American Bank for Economic Integration, es-
tablishment of, joint statement, 782
Educational, scientific, and cultural materials, agree-
ment (1950) and protocol on, 387
ICA loan, 105
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S. providing,
429
Land tenure in, 819
U.S. naval units in position to defend :
Messages and statement : Eisenhower, 924 ; Hagerty,
888 ; Ydigoras, 924
Withdrawal, 958
Guinea :
Congo :
Contribution of troops to U.N. force in, 221, 223
Exchange of cables on situation in (Eisenhower,
Tour6),922
Treaties, agreement-s, etc.:
Cultural property, convention (1954) for protection
in event of armed conflict, and protocol, 912
1006
Guinea — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Economic, technical, and related assistance, agree-
ment with U.S. for the furnishing of, 734
WHO constitution, amendments to, 734
Guthrie, John C, 912
Haahr, James C, 388
Habana convention on the duties and rights of states in
the event of civil strife (1928) :
Cuban violation of, text of U.S. memorandum, 341
Current action on, 805
Haedo, Eduardo Victor, 520
Hager, Eric H., 890
Hagerty, James C. :
Correspondence and statements:
Downing of RB^7 plane by Soviets, U.S. protest, 163
Freedom of the press, letter to Moscow editors, 443
Meeting of President and President-elect, joint state-
ment with Pierre E. G. Salinger, 968
Naval units positioned as aid to Guatemala and
Nicaragua, 888
Postponement of President Eisenhower's trip to
Japan, 131
President Eisenhower to address U.N. General As-
sembly, announcement, 515
Soviet sentencing of Francis Gary Powers, 361
U.S. sends flour to L^opoldville, 222
Haggerty, John J., 388
Haiti :
Armed invasion from Cuba, text of U.S. memorandum,
341
Military equipment, agreement with U.S. relating to
transfer of, 545
U.S. Ambassador: confirmation (Newbegin), 461;
resignation (Drew), 154
U.S. Navy net tender, agreement with U.S. for loan of,
229
Hale, Robert F., 388
Hammarskjold, Dag, 441, 586, 620, 656
Hanes, John W., Jr., 14, 365, 422
Harrington, Julian F., 154
Haselton, Norris S., 806
Hawaii, center for cultural and technical interchange be-
tween East and West, request for funds for, state-
ment (Herter), 46
Heads of Government, visits between, evaluation of, report
(Eisenhower), 124
Heads of Government meetings :
Conclusions re, addresses and report: Burgess, 9;
Dwinell, 14 ; Eisenhower, 124
Failure of, Soviet views, letter (Khrushchev), 92, 93
Question of, statement (Herter), 517
Soviet proposal for General Assembly session of, ad-
dress (Berding), 305
Health and sanitation :
5th International Congress on Nutrition, remarks
(Elsenhower), 441
Inter-American program for improvement of. Commit-
tee of 21 proposal for, 539
Program with Brazil, agreement (1942) terminated, 770
WHO constitution, 460, 734, 770, 805, 842, 878
Department of Stale Bulletin
Health and sanitation— Continued
WHO sanitary regulations, amendments pertaining to
the Aircraft General Declaration, 544
Health Organization, Pan American, request for funds
for acquisition of headquarters site, statement
(Herter), 46
Health Organization, World. See World Health Organiza-
Uon
Heck, L. Douglas, 388
Henderson, E. Wayne, 924
Henderson, Horace B., 66, 461
Henderson, Loy W., 702
Herter, Christian A. :
Addresses, remarks, and statements:
American Foreign Ministers meetings (see also Or-
ganization of American States, infra) :
Proposed, 207
6th and 7th meetings of consultation at San Jos^,
311, 312, 355, 358, 395, 408
Berlin situation, 208, 516
Bundestag meeting in West Berlin, question of, 312
Chilean disaster, U.S. aid operations, 39
Communist Chinese U.N. representation, question of,
519
Congo, situation in, U.S. position, 205, 206, 207, 209,
245, 437, 440, 468, 520
Cuba:
Question of U.S. military intervenUon in, 207
U.S. relations with, 208, 209, 312, 313, 314, 475
Defensive alliances, effect of U-2 incident on, 40
Disarmament negotiations at Geneva, question of new
U.S. approach, 42
"First Secretary," question of creation of office of,
518
Foreign policy and relations :
Basic concepts of, 435
Economic challenge in, 847
U.S. problems in, 467
Freedom of the press and other information media,
518
Heads of government meeting, quesUon of, 517
Ideological differences between Communist China and
Soviet Union, 41, 42
Inter-American police force, proposed, 246
Japan :
Disturbances in and cancellation of proposed visit
of President Eisenhower, 40, 42, 43
U.S. relations with, 517
Use of Japanese bases for RB-47 and U-2 flights,
question of, 207
John Foster Dulles, tribute to, 981
Laos, coup d'4tat in, 311
Latin America :
Interference of Soviet Union in, 311
U.S. social development aid program for, 209, 310,
316
Malayan Prime Minister, welcome to U.S., 783
Mexico's 150th independence celebration, 524
Mutual Security Program, appropriations for and
importance of, 107
Herter, Christian A. — Continued
Addresses, remarks, and statements — Continued
NATO, integration of forces, 516, 519
Organization of American States :
Censure of Dominican Republic, 515
Peace Committee, functions, U.S. supply of infor-
mation to, 40, 41, 520
Nigeria, U.N. member.ship of, 659
Nuclear test ban, question of, 208, 310, 313
Overseas service, preparing for, 775
Personalized diplomacy, 39, 41
Position as Secretary of State in new administration,
question of, 41
President's Advisory Committee on Inter-American
Affairs, question of report from, 43
Prime Minister Lumumba, welcome to Washington,
245
Richard M. Nixon, question of role in U.S. actions,
207, 208
Rubottom appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Argen-
tina, 309
Security precautions for officials attending U.N. Gen-
eral Assembly, 515, 519
Soviet planes, overflight and refueling rights of, 517,
519
Soviet policy, question of change in, 42
Soviet protests and threats, U.S. replies to, 206
State Department :
Budget, 44
Inter-American affairs, under secretaryship for,
518
Role in formulation of national security policy, 4
Sugar quotas, request for Presidential authority to
reduce, 41, 58
United Nations:
Admittance of 13 African states and Cyprus to
membership, 589
15th anniversary of, 739
General Assembly, 15th session, 515, 516, 519
10th anniversary of collective action in Korea, 39
U.S. representative (Lodge) to, question of effect
of political nomination on position, 207
U.S. presidential election :
Foreign policy during, 309, 310
Khrushchev's comments on, 42
Correspondence and messages :
Conference of independent African states, greetings
to, 23
Congolese attack on American airmen, exchange of
letters with U.N. Secretary-General, 440
ICA procurement policy, instructions re, 972
Independence of : Nigeria, 644 ; Somali, 87
Presidential missions abroad, exchange of correspond-
ence with Senator Wiley, 47
U.N. fund for the Congo, U.S. contribution to, 588
U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, services of,
732, 803
U.S. election procedures, chiefs of mission invited to
observe, 778
Meetings with :
Japanese Foreign Minister, text of joint communique,
561
Index, July to December J 960
1007
Herter, Christian A.— Continued
Meetings with — Continued
NATO Council, U.S. repre.sentative to, 978
News conferences, 39, 205, 309, 515
High Commissioner for Refugees, U.N. :
Praise for services of (Lindt), letters (Eisenhower,
Herter), 7.32
Progress in solving problems of European refugees, ad-
dress (Hanes), 15,16
Rei>ort of, U.S. views, statement (Lamey), 801
U.S. pledge to, statement (Aiken), 804
Honduras :
Central American Bank for Economic Integration, es-
tablishment of, joint statement, 782
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Duties and rights of states in event of civil strife,
protocol and convention (1928), 805
IDA articles of agreement, 460
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
protocol of amendment to 1944 convention on, 734
WMO convention, 701
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 461
Hong Kong, U.S. contribution to Chinese refugees in,
address (Hanes), 15
Housing development in Latin America :
Inter-American programs for, Committee of 21 proposal,
538
U.S. proposal of aid in, statement (Dillon), 368, 369
Howe, Walter, 39
Human rights :
Cuban suspension and suppression of, text of U.S. memo-
randum, 329
Dominican violation of, message and statement (DUlon,
Eisenhower), 412, 413
Finland's championship of, address (Merchant), 751
Human Rights Week, 1960, proclamation, 859
Judicial protection of human rights essential in the
Americas, statement (Herter), 399
Tibet, question of violation of in, statement (Wads-
worth), 622
Hungary :
Credentials of delegation to International Labor Con-
ference, statement (Henderson), 66
4th anniversary of uprising in, 720
Head of delegation to the U.N. (Kadar) restricted in
movements in U.S., aide memoire and statements
(Department, Elsenhower), 521, 523
Plant protection convention (1951), international, 429
Question of inscription of problem on General Assembly
agenda, U.S. support of, 422, 509, 623, 727
Revolt against Soviet control, statement (Herter), 396
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 501
United Nations actions re :
Letter (Eisenhower), 626
Soviet defiance of, address (Berding), 477
Statement (Morse), 728
Hungary, United Nations Special Committee on, report
of, statement (Morse), 728
lADB.
IAEA.
1008
See Inter-American Development Bank
See Atomic Energy Agency, International
lA-ECOSOC. See Inter-American Economic and Social
Cotmcil
IBRD. See International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
ICA. See International Cooperation Administration
Iceland :
Air navigation services in, agreement on joint financing
of, 770
International teleconununication convention (1959),
with annexes and final protocol, 460
Radio regulations (1959), with appendixes, 544
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 544
lOEM. See Intergovernmental Committee for European
Migration
lOJ. See International Court of Justice
IDA. See International Development Association
IFC. See International Finance Corporation
Ikeda, Hayato, 364, 562, 923
ILO. See International Labor Organization
IMCO. See Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
Immigration :
Domestic servants, issuance of visas for, instiruction
re, 365
Laws regulating, address (Auerbach), 578, 579, 580
Legislation to enable U.S. participation in resettlement
of certain refugees, statement (Eisenhower), 219
Policy committee on, 193
Quotas for new nations, estabUshment by proclamations,
654, 757
Visas issued to U.S. immigrants and regulations gov-
erning, 580, 651
Immigration and Nationality Act, 579
Immigration and Naturalization, Policy Committee on,
chairman appointed, 193
Immunity, diplomatic, development of and U.S. poUcy,
article (Barnes), 173
Imports (see also Customs; Exports; Tariff poUcy, U.S.;
Tariffs and trade, general agreement on ; and Trade) :
Cuban military imports, 852
Dollar-area imports :
Cuban discriminatory regulations against, 716
Efforts for removal of restrictions on, address and
statements : Dillon, 564 ; Eisenhower, 862, 863, 926
GATT negotiations, 454, 759, 894
Relaxation of restrictions on : France, 105 ; Italy, 973
Educational, scientific, and cultural materials, agree-
ment (1950) and protocol on importation of, 387
Marking requirements legislation. Presidential disap-
proval of, 500
U.S. imports from :
Iran, list of duties increased as result of termination
of trade agreement with, 427, 428
Latin America, decline in, article (Culbertson, Led-
erer),97
Poland, suspension of restrictions on, letter (Eisen-
hower) and White House iinnouncement, 863
Independence movement in Africa and Asia (see also
Newly developing nations), address and article:
Pearcy, 959 ; Wilcox, 508
Department of State Bulletin
India :
Air transport agreement with U.S., discussions con-
cerning, 644, 734
Coal production, U.S. aid to expand, 251
Educational exchange, 10th anniversary of program
with U.S., 859
Efforts to attract private capital, statement (Dillon),
112
Financial crisis, multilateral aid, 292
Indus Basin. See Indus Basin project
Nuclear test ban negotiations, proposal for inscription
on General Assembly agenda by, statement (Wads-
worth), 930
Purchase of U.S. wheat and rice surplus, statement
(Payne), 799
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements supplementing
or amending agreements with U.S., 350, 629, 805,
878
Educational exchange programs, agreement amending
agreement (1950) with U.S., 388
IDA articles of agreement, 805
Nuclear research equipment in field of agriculture,
agreement with U.S. providing grant of, 114
U.S.-India, cooperation to aid Nepal, 294
Indian Ocean expedition, international, U.S. support, 23
Indonesia :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending agree-
ments with U.S., 192, 912, 981
Atomic energy, peaceful uses of, agreements for cooper-
ation with U.S., 32, 629
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 945
Weights and measures, 1875 convention concerning cre-
ation of an international office of, and 1921 con-
vention amending, 981
Indus Basin project :
Conclusion of treaty between India and Pakistan for,
statement (Eisenhower), 577
House Appropriations Committee consideration of U.S.
aid for, statement (Dillon), 29
Multilateral cooperative effort, report, 293
World Bank promotion and financing of, statement
(DiUon), 608
Industrial and vocational education program In Brazil,
agreement extending 1950 agreement re, 298
Industrial property, convention (1883, as revised) for pro-
tection of, 52, 387, 544
Information activities and programs {see also Cultural
relations) :
Educational, scientiflc, and cultural materials, agree-
ment (1950) and protocol on importation of, 387
Exchange of magazines with Poland, address (Dillon),
597
Freedom of information. See Freedom of information
Information Agency, U.S. See United States Information
Agency
Inspection and control for disarmament :
In Antarctica, importance of treaty provisions re, state-
ment (Phleger),50, 51
U.S. and Soviet positions, 91, 270, 555, 764
Index, July fo December J 960
587430—61 4
Inter- American Affairs, National Advisory Committee on:
Announcements of meetings of : 5th, 148 ; 6th, 641 ; 7th,
822
Question of report from, statement (Herter), 43
Inter- American automotive traffic, convention (1943) on
regulation of, with annex, 805
Inter-American conference, 11th, agenda item 12, letter
(Herter), 247
Inter- American congress of municipalities, 8th, remarks
(Eisenhower), 779
Inter-American Development Bank :
Establishment and functions of, statements: Dillon,
534, 536, 609 ; Payne, 796
Role in administration of proposed social development
fund for Latin America, address and statement:
DiUon, 369 : Mallory, 854
Inter- American Economic and Social Council, ajonual con-
sultative meetings proposed for, 536, 540
Inter- American fund for social development :
Addresses and statements : Dillon, 533, 567, 609 ; Herter,
209 ; Mallory, 816, S20
Cooperation to promote social progress and economic
growth, U.S. pledge of, statements (Eisenhower),
166, 346
Program for development within framework of Com-
mittee of 21 recommendation, 536, 539, 853
Proposal for and request of Congress for authorization,
message, remarks, and statements : Dillon, 367, 373,
781 ; Eisenhower, 315 ; Herter, 310, 316
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, con-
vention (1944) and protocol of amendment to, 429,
734, 878, 945
Inter-American Peace Committee ( OAS ) :
Collection and study of information re tension in the
Caribbean area, function of, 40, 317
Findings re Dominican Republic aggression against
Venezuela, 3.55, 357, 358
Report re international tension in Caribbean area, state-
ment (Herter), 399
Responsibility of Cuban Government for increased in-
ternational tensions in Western Hemisphere, letter
of transmittal to and U.S. memorandums and an-
nexes : Dreier, 317 ; texts of docimients, 79, 318, 409
Inter-American police force, proposed, exchange of letters
(Herter, Smathers), 246
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Cuban
views, 343
Interdepartmental Committee on Trade Agreements, 23,
897
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration,
14th and 15th sessions of Executive Committee and
12th session of Coimcil, article (Warren), 254
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization,
convention, 429
International Atomic Energy Agency : See Atomic Energy
Agency, International
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(see also International Development Association) :
Aid to less developed countries, address (Burgess), 569
Articles of agreement, 945
Board of Governors annual meeting, message and state-
ments (Anderson, DiUon, Eisenhower), 607
1009
International Bank for Reconstruction, etc. — Continued
Financial statements, 386, 877
Indus River project, promotion and financing of, state-
ments : Dillon, 608 ; Eisenhower, 577
Loan from German Central Bank. 220
Role in economic development, statement (Payne), 795
International Biireau for administration of convention
(1883) for protection of industrial property, U.S. con-
tributions, statement (Martin), 54
International conference on public education. 23d, U.S.
delegation, 117
International congress on nutrition, 5th, remarks (Eisen-
hovrer), 441
International cooperation, growth of, address (Dillon),
508, 601
International Cooperation Administration (see also De-
velopment Loan Fund, Economic and technical aid,
Investment guaranty program, and Mutual seciurity) :
Administration of :
Certain Mutual Security Program functions, 868, 871
Defense support aid to Turkey, 901
Relief aid to Cyprus, 973
Administrative expenses and personnel. House of Rep-
resentatives restrictions on, statement (Dillon), 111
Afghanistan, grants of U.S. agricultural commodities to,
872
Assistance programs in Africa, address (Satterthwaite),
755
Contracts with universities for work in less developed
coimtries, address (Thayer), 280
Deputy director, resignation ( Saccio) , 630
Deputy regional director for Latin America, designation
(Johnston), 74
Latin America, aid to small farmers in, address (Mal-
lory),819, 820
Loans to : Guatemala, 105 ; Nepal, 248
Procurement of goods and services :
Policy in designated countries, instructions to ICA
Director (Herter),972
Presidential directive re, 862
Regional director for Far Eastern operations, designa-
tion (Sheppard), 193
Representative to Sierra Leone (Neal), designation, 982
Resignation of General Counsel (Burnett), 806
U.S. Operations Missions :
Appraisal of proposed aid, report, 291
Designation of directors to : Afghanistan, 702 ; Brazil,
630; Ceylon, 806; Chile, 230; Greece, 388; Libya,
388; Nepal, 630; Sudan, 630; Tunisia, 546; The
West Indies, G30 ; Yugoslavia, 388
International Court of Justice :
Austrian-Italian dispute re status of German-speaking
residents of Province of Bolzano, U.S. support of
adjudication by, statement (Willis), 939
Statute, declaration recognizing compulsory jurisdic-
tion of:
Current action, 734
U.S. reservation, need for repeal, address (Herter),
438
International Development Association :
Articles of agreement, 460, 805, 842
Membership of, 617
1010
International Development Association— Continued
Organization and functions of, letter, message, and
statements: Anderson, 607; Dillon, 535, 608; Eisen-
hower, 608, 628 ; Payne, 796
International disarmament control organization. See
Control organization, international disarmament
International Finance Corporation :
Articles of agreement, S05. 945
Board of Governors annual meeting, message and state-
ments : Anderson, 607 ; Eisenhower, 608 ; Upton, 616
Loan in Tanganyika, 957
International Labor Organization, conference, decision on
Hungarian delegation's credentials, statement (Hen-
derson), 66
International law (see also International (3ourt of Jus-
tice), diplomatic immunity, development of and U.S.
policy, article (Barnes), 173
International Monetary Fund (see also International
Bank) :
Achievements of, message and statement: Anderson,
607, 611 ; Eisenhower, 607
Advances to less developed countries, address (Bur-
gess), 569
Cuban violation of agreements with, text of U.S. mem-
orandum, 345
International organizations (see also sub ject) :
Application of universal copyright convention to works
of, 153
Calendar of international meetings, 30, 183, 252, 374,
452, 525, 606, 721, 786, 873, 929
Diplomatic immunity of personnel, article (Barnes),
175, 180, 181
Private, public participation in, address (Foster), 830
U.S. representative (Martin), appointment to, 621
International Tin Council, administration of interna-
tional tin agreement (1954), article (Nichols), 661,
663, 664
Interparliamentary group, Meslco-D.S., request for fvmds
for U.S. participation, statement (Herter), 46
Investment guaranty program :
Address (Hager), 893
Agreements with : Chile, 350 ; Colombia, 770 ; Guate-
mala, 429 ; Liberia, (566
Investment of private capital abroad :
Africa, investment in, address (Penfield), 956
DLF's Deputy Managing Director for Private Enter-
prise, role in, 445
Ghanaian encouragement of investment in, 365
IPC role in the assistance of, message and statement:
Eisenhower, 608 ; Upton, 616, 617
Income-tax incentives. See Taxation
Latin America, article and statement: Culbertson and
I^derer, 95, 98, 102 ; Dillon, 535
National policy of promotion of, addresses : Adair, 573 ;
Dillon, 113, 564, 565
Need for investment in the less developed countries,
statements : Dillon, 112, 610 ; Payne, 794, 797
Protection of. iSee Investment guaranty program
Relationship to U.S. foreign policy, address (Hager),
Department of State BuUeiin
Iran:
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 350,
702, 805
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Obscene publications, protocol amending agreement for
suppression of circulation of, 192
Reciprocal trade agreements (J943 and 1960) with U.S.,
termination of, 261, 427, 545
Ireland :
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland and Faroe
Islands, agreement on joint financing of, 770
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 605
GATT, application for accession to, 759
WHO constitution, amendments to, 842, 878
Israel :
Arab-Israel dispute, report (Eisenhower), 448
Palestine refugees, UNRWA aid, 512, 626, 803
Transfer of Adolf Eichmann from Argentina, Argentine
complaint, statements (Lodge) and Security
Council resolution, 115
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement supplementing
agreement with U.S., 114
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreements amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 33, 192
Double taxation on income, convention with U.S. for
avoidance of, 629, 666
GATT, declaration on provisional accession to, 33,
192, 501, 945, 981
International telecommunication convention (1959)
with annexes and final protocol, 544
Italy :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Antl-Fasclst demonstrations. Communist role in, address
(Berding), 304
Defense expenditures, increase in, 27
Disarmament proposal with U.K. and U.S.. 762, 763
Dispute with Austria re status of German-speaking resi-
dents of Province of Bolzano, statement (Willis)
and text of General Assembly resolution, 939
Emigration training centers, 255
Giuseppe Garibaldi, statement (Merchant), 785
Land reform in, 821
RB-47 incident, proposed resolution in Security Council
re, 244
Relaxation of controls on dollar-area imports, 564, 973
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport services, agreement amending schedules
1 and 2 of annex to 1948 agreement with U.S. re.
350, 365
Child-feeding program, agreement with U.S. relating
to, 350
Disposition of defense equipment and materials fur-
nished, agreement amending agreement (1951) with
U.S., 629
Facilities assistance program, agreements with U.S.,
termination, 261
IDA articles of agreement, 805
Inventions relating to defense for which patent ap-
plications have been filed, agreement for safe-
guarding of, 665
Index, July to December 1960
Italy — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Postal convention, universal, 298
Reciprocal filing of classified patent applications,
agreement with U.S., 429
War damage claims, agreement supplementing
memorandum of understanding (1957) with U.S.
Weapons production program, agreement with U.S.
re, 261
U.S. Ambassador, resignation, 912
Ivanov, Valentin M., 350
Ivory Coast :
Civil aviation, international, convention (1944), 841
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 457
U.S. Ambassador, appointment, 702
U.S. consulate at Abidjan, raised to Embassy, 262
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
WMO convention, 842
Jacobs, John Roland, 74
Japan:
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Claims against U.S. by displaced residents of Bonin
Islands, U.S. requests funds for payment, state-
ment (Herter), 46
Congratulations on elections of Prime Minister, ex-
changes of messages (Eisenhower, Ikeda), 364, 923
DAG membership, 294
Land reform in, 821
Liberalization of import controls, address (Dillon), 564
Proposed visit of President Eisenhower to, cancellation
of, letter, report, statements : Eisenhower, 125, 126 ;
Hagerty, 131 ; Herter, 40, 42, 43, 47
Role in Far East, report (Eisenhower), 125
Treaties, agi-eements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending agree-
ment with U.S., 33
Antarctic treaty, 350
Claims against U.S. forces by former employees,
agreement with U.S. re, 73
Contributions to U.S. administrative and related ex-
penses in, agreement with U.S. re, 461
GATT:
Declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI :4 and procfes-verbal extending
validity of, 666
Declarations on provisional accessions of Israel and
Tunisia, 192
Declarations on relations with Poland and Yugo-
slavia, 192
Mutual cooperation and security, treaty with U.S.,
40, 154
Understanding with U.S. re small maritime claims,
734
Waiver of contributions to U.S. forces in, agreement
with U.S. re, 350
U.S. bases in, question of RB-47's and U-2's use of,
statement (Herter), 207
1011
Japan — Continued
U.S. relations with, letters, joint communique, and
statements : Eisenhower, 8, 5G2 ; Herter, 517 ; Ikeda,
562; and text of communique (Herter, Kosaka),
561
Visit to U.S. of Crown Prince Akihito and Crown
Princess Micblko :
Announcement of, 308
Exchange of greetings and toasts (Akihito, Eisen-
hower, Merchant) and list of official party, 642
Johnston, John W., Jr., 74
Joint Defense, Canada-U.S. Ministerial Committee on,
3d meeting, 139, 172
Jones, Owen T., 388
Jordan :
Drought, U.S. aid, 142
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Road traffic convention (1949) with annexes, 544
U.K. and U.S. aid, 291
Justice, International Court of. See International Court
of Justice
Kadar, Janos, 521
Karrick, David Brewer, 193
Kasavubu, Joseph, 904
Katanga, Province of (see also Congo, situation in), U.N.
effort to restore order in, statement (Lodge) and text
of Security Council resolution, 384
Kennedy, John F., meeting with President Eisenhower
re transfer of Executive responsibility, joint state-
ment, 968
Khrushchev, Nikita S. :
Actions at summit meeting, address (Burgess), 10
Attacks on U.N. Secretary-General. See United Na-
tions : Office of Secretary-General
Attendance at General Assembly, U.S. views, 472, 507,
513, 514
Letter and statements:
Soviet support of Cuba (see also Cuban situation:
Soviet threat), 318, 335
Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament negotiations,
Soviet decision to walkout on, 92
Meeting with President Eisenhower, proposed, 595
Visit to U.S. for General Assembly session, security
precautions for, 515, 519, 521, 522
Kieman, Thomas Joseph, 605
Kim, Daeyung, 287
Knight, Frances G., 545
Kohler, Foy D., 24
Korea :
The Record on Korean Unification, 1943-1960, released,
806
U.N. support of unification of, letter (Eisenhower),
627
Korea, north, travel of aliens from U.S. to, U.S. regula-
tions re, 974
Korea, Republic of :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 958
Communist China's participation in invasion of, state-
ments (Wadsworth),681, 685
Land reform in, 821
Students of, message from President Eisenhower, 287
Korea. Republic of — Continued
10th anniversary of attack on, statement (Herter), 39
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement supplementing
and amending agreement (1959) with U.S., 629
Air services transit agreement, international, 114
Educational exchange programs, agreement amend-
ing 1950 agreement with U.S. for financing, 191,
298
Nuclear research and training equipment and ma-
terials, agreement with U.S. providing grant to
assist in acquisition, 945
Parcel post, insured, agreement with U.S. re, 501
U.S. Military Advisory Group, agreement amending
1950 agreement with U.S. re, 842
Visit of President Eisenhower to, address and statement
(Eisenhower), 8, 136; text of joint communique,
138
Kosaka, Zentaro, 561, 562
Kuwait :
IMCO convention (1948), 429
Universal postal convention (1957) with final protocol,
annex, regulations of execution, and provisions re
air mail with final protocol, 544
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
Labor :
Cuba, U.S. views on policy of, texts of U.S. memoran-
dums, 325, 409
Danish, participation In defense projects on Greenland,
U.S.-Danish notes re, 926
Domestic servants, immigration to U.S. for employment
as, statement (Hanes), 365
Role in a democratic society, remarks (DiUon), 780
Labor conference, international, decision on Hungarian
delegation's credentials, statement (Henderson), 66
La Couhre, explosion in Habana harbor, Cuban charges
against U.S. and texts of U.S. document and memo-
randum re, 80, 696
Lamb, George A., 532
Lamey, Arthur F., 67, 801
Land reform :
China, Republic of, program of, address (Eisenhower),
134
Colombia, 820
Cuba:
Declaration re, 321
Seizure of U.S. property. Department statement and
text of U.S. document to U.N., 693, 716
Problem of, address (Mallory), 815
Langdale, Noah, 582
Laos :
Mekong River Basin, multilateral efforts for develop-
ment, 292
Revolution in, U.S. views re, 311, 499
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 154
U.S. support of Security Council action in, letter (Eisen-
hower), 624
1012
Department of Stafe Bulletin
Latin America (sre also Caribbean, Inter-American,
Operation Pan America, Organiz;ition of American
States, and indimdual countries) :
Balance of payments with U.S. In 1959, article (Culbert-
son-Lederer), 9i
Bonds that unite U.S. with, remarks (Eisenhower), 557
Communist activities in. See under Communism
Cuban Interventionist activities in, 340, 399, 409, 411
DLF loans in, 445
Economic and social development (see also Committee
of 21 and Inter-American fund for social develop-
ment) :
Problems of, address (Herter), 469
U.S. cooperation in, statements (Eisenhower), 166,
346
Economic Commission for Latin America, statement
(Payne), 793
ECOSOC aid to, 795
Emigration of migrants and refugees to, article (War-
ren), 255
Free trade areas in (see also Latin American Free
Trade Association), establishment of, 577
Hemisphere Cooperation for Better Municipal Govern-
ment, remarks ( Eisenhower ) , 779
Housing development in, U.S. proposal of aid in, state-
ment (Dillon), 368, 369
Land problem in the Americas, address (Mallory), 815
Racial and cultural groups in, complexity of, address
(Mallory), 856, 982
Sino-Soviet intervention in. See under Cuban situation
and Organization of American States
U.S. policy in, address and statement : Mann, 811 ; White
House statement, 282
Visit of U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, announcement of,
559
Latin American Free Trade Association :
Establishment of, address and statement: Adair, 577;
Payne, 793
Relationship to GATT, Contracting Parties to discuss,
7.59
Treaty establishing, GATT views of, 896
Lavergne, Daly C, 546
Law (see also International Court of Justice) :
Cuban, review of developments in, 329
Diplomatic immunity, development of and U.S. policy,
article (Barnes), 173
Progress Toward a World of Law, address (Herter),
435
Lead and zinc, decision against reopening escape-clause
action on, 901
Lebanon, U.S. withdrawal of forces from, statement
(Lodge), 160
Lederer, Walther, 94
Less develojied countries (see also Newly developing
countries) :
Aid to (see also Economic and technical aid and Eco-
nomic development) :
Cooperative effort of the industrial nations, address
and report : Hager, 894 ; report, 289
DAG members' aid to, 645, 646
Role of IDA in providing, 618
Less developed countries — Continued
Economic offensive of Soviet Union and Sino-Soviet bloc
countries in, addresses : Herter, 436, 847 ; Penfield,
957
ECOSOC report on aid to and plans for, U.S. support
of, statement (Payne) and text of U.N. resolution,
793
European contributions, statement (Kohler), 28
Food-for-peace program for, use of U.N. system for,
address (Eisenhower), 554
Trade problems, remarks (Dillon), 188
U.N. technical assistance programs. See under United
Nations
U.S. private investment in. See Investment of private
capital abroad
Liberia :
Investment guaranty program, agreement with U.S.,
666
Radio relay facilities, agreement with U.S. supplement-
ing 1959 agreement re, 501
Telecommunication convention, international, 33
Libya :
Economic assistance, agreement amending 1954 agree-
ment with U.S., 734
U.K. aid to, 291
U.S. military bases in, memorandum of understanding
re article XVII of 19.54 agreement with U.S., 945
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 388
Liechtenstein, property, cultural, convention and proto-
col (1956) for protection in event of armed conflict,
387
Lindt, August R., 732, 803
Linen toweling and watch movements, President's deci-
sion re escape-clause action on imports of, 445
Lisbon revision (1958) to convention (1883) for protec-
tion of industrial property, 52, 387, 544
Load line convention (1930), international, modification
of, 350
Local jurisdiction, diplomatic immunity from, article
(Barnes), 173
Lodge, Henry Cabot :
Correspondence and statements :
Admission of new states to U.N. membership, U.S.
support of : 8 African states and Cyprus, 456 ; Mal-
agasy Republic, 150; Mali, 149; Togo, 149
Congo problem :
Security Council consideration of, 159
U.N. operations, U.S. support of, 221, 384, 421
Eichmann case, 115
Hungary, request for inclusion of problem on agenda
of General Assembly, 422
U.N. Disarmament Commission :
U.S. proposals at August meeting of, 376
U.S. request for convening of, 253, 274
Question of political nomination effect on position as
U.N. representative, statement (Herter), 207
U.S. representative to 15th session of General Assem-
bly: confirmation, 67; resignation, 388
Long, Edward T., 461
L6pez Mateos, Adolfo, 742, 851
Loran station in Bahama Islands, agreement with U.K.
; of, 114
Index, July fo December J 960
1013
Lord, Mrs. Oswald B., 67, 936
Louisville, Ky., role in U.S. Cultural relations, address
(Thayer), 17
Lukens, Alan W., 702
Lumumba, Patrice, 245
Lush, Gerson H., 388
Luxembourg :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Excess property, agreement with U.S. re disposal of,
666
GATT :
Declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI :4 and procfes-verbal extending va-
lidity of, 666
Declaration on provisional accession of Israel, 192
Declaration on relations with Poland, 192
Protocol relating to negotiations for establishment
of new schedule III-Brazll, 192
Inventions relating to defense for which patent ap-
plications have been filed, agreement for safeguard-
ing of, 665
Mutual defense assistance, agreement amending
annex B of 1950 agreement with U.S., 770
WHO constitution, amendments to, 842
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 154
Lynch, Andrew G., 118, 154, 162
Macraillan, Harold, 596
Magill, Robert N., 630
Malagasy Republic:
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 958
Association with Africa, 960, 961, 962, 966
Independence, congratulations on occasion of, message
(Eisenhower), 87
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 150
Tour of U.S. by head of U.N. delegation, 922
U.S. Ambas.sador, confirmation, 461
U.S. consulate general at Tananarive, elevated to Em-
bassy status, 74
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
Malaya :
IDA articles of agreement, 805
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 501
Visit of Prime Minister to U.S. :
Announcements, 251, 605
Members of official party, remarks, and statements
(Dillon, Eisenhower, Herter, Rahman), 783
Mall:
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statements:
Lodge, 149 ; Wadsworth, 618
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil aviation convention (1944), international, 912
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
878
WHO constitution and amendments to, 842, 878
WMO convention, 912
U.S. Ambassador, appointments and confirmation : Vil-
lard, 230, 461 ; Wright, 806
U.S. consulate general at Dakar, elevated to Ehnbassy
status, 73
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 757
Mall — Continued
U.S. recognition of and designation of consulate at
Bamako as U.S. Embassy, 567
Mallory, Lester D., 815, 853, 982
Mann, Thomas C, 282, 310, 461, 811
Mannerheim, Gustav, 751
Mansfield, Mike, 211, 310
Marin, Luis Mutioz, 656
Maritime Consultative Organization, Intergovernmental,
convention (1948), 429
Marshall plan, 848
Martin, Edwin M., 52, 461
Martin, Graham A., 621
Martindale, Robert C, 928
Marxism, development of theory of, address (Bohlen),
636
Masaryk stamp, question of Czechoslovakia barring mail
bearing, text of U.S. note re, 414
Mateos, Adolfo L6pez, 742, 851
Mauritania, membership in the U.N., Soviet veto of, state-
ments (Barco), 976
McCollum, Robert S., 154, 254
McConaughy, Walter P., 191
McCone, John A., 360
McKernan, Donald L., 147
McKone, John Richard, 164, 235, 238, 275
McSweeney, John M., 118
Medical teaching center, Berlin, U.S. aid, statement
(Kohler), 28
Mekong River Basin :
Multilateral cooperative efforts for development, re-
port, 292
Statement (Payne), 793
Menzies, R. G., 596
Merchant, Livingston T., 642, 677, 707, 751, 785
Meteorological Organization, World, convention (1947) of,
701, 805, 842, 912, 945
Mexico :
Amistad Dam. See Amistad Dam
150th anniversary of independence, statements (Her-
ter), 524
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, agreements with U.S. :
Extension of provisional agreement, 114
Texts of agreement and route schedule, 423, 429
Amistad Dam, agreement with U.S. to proceed with
construction of, 981
WHO constitution, amendments to, 734
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
U.S. consulates at Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tiju-
ana, elevation to consulates general, 805
U.S. -Mexican relations, text of joint communique (Eis-
enhower, UJpez Mateos), 851
Mexico-U.S. interi)arliamentary group, request for funds
for U.S. participation, statement (Herter), 46
Middle East. See Near and Middle East and individual
countries
Migrant workers, ICEM discussion re social security for,
article (Warren), 256
Migration, lutergovermnental Committee for Euroiiean.
See Intergovernmental Committee for European Mi-
gration
1014
Department of Stale Bulletin
Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea, U.S.
agreement with Korea amending 1950 agi-eement, 842
Military and civilian personnel abroad, dependents of,
Presidential directive re, 8G2, 863
Military assistance {see also Military equipment, mate-
rials, and services. Military missions, Mutual defense,
and Mutual security) :
Address and statements : Herter, 108, 849 ; Kohler, 24,
26
Appropriations for FT 1961, statements (Dillon), 29,
109
Cuba, U.S. position on, 692
Procurement abroad for. Presidential directive re, 862
U.S. aid to U.N. operations in the Congo. See Congo
situation : U.N. operations
Military bases, U.S., overseas :
Guantanamo Naval Base, Importance to defense of
Western Hemisphere, 692, 698, 780
Libya, memorandum of understanding re article XVII
of 1954 agreement with, 945
Philippines, resolving problems arising from, joint state-
ment (U.S.-Philippine), 133
Soviet position on, 304
The West Indies, U.K.-U.S. and West Indian negotia-
tions re U.S. bases in : delegation, 889 ; text of com-
munique, 822
Military equipment, materials, and services :
Disposition of, agreements amending agreements with :
Denmarl£, 590; Italy, 629; Luxembourg, 666; Neth-
erlands, 501 ; Portugal, 770
Dominican Republic, OAS member states' suspension
of trade in arms with, message, statement, and text
of OAS resolution : Dillon, 413 ; Eisenhower, 413 ;
Germany, Federal Republic of, agreement re sale of,
770
Haiti, agreement with for transfer, 545
Military expenditures, reduction and control of, U.S. pro-
posal, 91
Military missions, U.S. :
Argentina, agreement (1960) relating to U.S. Army
mission in, 387
Cuba, history of U.S. agreements with, text of U.S.
document re, 692
Peru, agreement amending agreements for military avi-
ation, and naval missions in, 298
MUlard, Maxwell D., 117
Miner, Robert G., 630
Ministerial Committee on Joint Defense, Canada-U.S.,
3d meeting, text of communique, 139, 172
Missiles and rockets (see also Polaris missile program) :
Long-range ballistic, U.S. expenditure for, address
(Eisenhower), 743
Soviet threat of use against U.S. See Cuban situation :
Soviet threat
U.S. supply to West Germany, reply to Soviet protest
re. Department statement and texts of U.S. and
Soviet notes, 347
Mitchell, Kyle B., 702
Mixed Commission and Arbitral Tribunal, agreement
amending administrative agreement (1954) concern-
ing, 912
Monroe Doctrine, 170
Moore, Lillian, 364
Morocco, contribution of troops to U.N. force in Republic
of the Congo, 221, 223
Mor.se, Wayne, 67, 727, 731
Mozambique, U.S. consular agency established at Beira,
118
Municipal administration, problems of, address and re-
marks : Eisenhower, 779 ; Mallory, 815
Murphy, John E., 461
Muscat, Oman, and Dependencies, treaty of amity, eco-
nomic relations, and consular rights with U.S., 261
Mutual cooperation and security, treaty with Japan :
Agreed imderstanding and exchange of notes re, 73,
1&4, 734
Communist efforts to prevent ratification, report (Eisen-
hower), 125
Statement (Herter), 40
Mutual defense (see also Collective security) :
Canada-U.S., 3d meeting of Ministerial Committee on
Joint Defense, 139, 172
U.K.-U.S. arrangements re support facilities for Polaris
submarines, 778
Mutual defense assistance agreements (see also Defense
support. Military missions, Ships and shipping, and
Weapons production program) :
Facilities assistance program, agreements terminated
with: France, 702: Italy, 261
Japan, agreements re Japanese contributions to, 350,
461
Luxembourg, agreement amending annex B of 1950
agreement, 770
Military equipment and supplies, agreements concern-
ing. See Military equipment, materials, and serv-
ices
Norway, agreement amending annex C of 1950 agree-
ment, 501
Mutual defense treaties and arrangements (see also Mu-
tual cooperation and security. Mutual cooperation,
Mutual security. North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
Organization of American States, and Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization), necessity for alliance system,
address (Merchant), 710
Mutual Security Act of 1954, amendments to, requested,
statement (Dillon), 367
Mutual security and other assistance programs (see also
Agricultural siirpluses. Collective security. Defense
support. Economic and technical aid, Military assist-
ance, Mutual cooi)eration, and Mutual defense) :
Administration of, Executive order, memorandum
(Eisenhower), and White House announcement re,
867
Africa, expansion of programs for, addresses : Penfleld,
956 ; Satterthwaite, 755
Appropriation request for FY 1961, letters, message,
and statements: Dillon, 28, 109; Eisenhower, 315,
417 ; Herter, 107
Authorization of special aid to Latin America and the
Congo, request for, statements (Dillon), 367
Breadth of U.S. assistance, address (Herter), 467, 469
Deputy Inspector General and Comptroller (Nugent),
designation, 461
Index, July fo December 7960
1015
Mutual security and other assistance programs— Con.
Europe, statement (Kohler),24
Information program for, Department announcement
and report to President on, 928
Inspector General and ComptroUer (Murphy), resigna-
tion, 461
Investment jruaranty program. See Investment guar-
anty program
U.S. expenditures for, decline in, address (Burgess),
571
Mutual weapons development program. See Weapons pro-
duction program
NAC. See North Atlantic Council
National Advisory Committee on Inter-American Affairs.
43, 148, 641, 822
National Advisory Council on International Monetary
and Financial Problems, consideration of U.S.
balanee-of-payments position, 860, 863
National defense and security (see also Collective secu-
rity. Defense, Mutual defense, and Mutual security) :
Petroleum, relationship to, address (Nichols), 865
Policy, role of State Department in formulation of,
statement (Herter), 4
Strengthening and status of, message (Eisenhower),
314
Nationalism in Africa, characteristics and development
of, address (Penfleld), 951
Nationalization of property. -See under Cuban situation :
U.S.-Cuban relations
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Naude, Willem Christiaan, 643
Navigation, long-range aid to, agreement D.K.-U.S. re
establishment of station on Bahama Islands, 114
Neal, Ernest E., 982
Near and Middle East (see also individual eountries) :
Developments in, address (Herter), 471
5th report to Congre.ss on U.S. activities in and letter
of tran.smlttal (Eisenhower), 448
Refugees in, aid to, 512, 626, 803
U.N. activities in, address (Wilcox), 512
Nepal :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil aviation convention (1944), international, 153
Customs convention (1954) on temporary importa-
tion of private road vehicles, 734
Touring, convention (1954) concerning custom facili-
ties for, 701
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
U.S. -Indian cooperation to aid, 294
U.S. loan of Indian rupees, 248
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 630
Netherlands :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Defense budget, increase in, 27
Emigration from, 255
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Caribbean Organization, agreement for establishment
and draft statute, 68, 73
Equipment and materials, agreement amending 1953
agreement with U.S. re disposition of, 501
1016
Netherlands — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
GATT:
Declaration extending standstill provisions of ar-
ticle XVI :4 and procfes-verbal extending validity
of, 666
Declaration on provisional accession of Tunisia, 192
Declaration on relations with Poland, 192
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguarding
of, 665
Wheat agreement (1959), international, with annex,
114
WHO constitution, amendments to, 734
Neutralist nations, support of the U.S. in the U.X., address
(Berding), 675
Neutrality :
Addresses : Berding, 887 ; Bohlen, 639
Africa, meaning in, address (Satterthwaite), 753
Austrian, address (Dillon), 215
New Zealand :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Antarctic treaty, 805
Antarctica, agreement with U.S. relating to coopera-
tion in scientific and logistical operations in, 770
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreements amending
1956 agreement with U.S., 34, 261
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of
Tunisia, 192
Eadio regulations (1959), with appendixes, 460
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 460
Newbegin, Robert, 461
Newly developing nations {see also Independence move-
ment and Less developed countries) :
Africa, U.N. program for, proposed, letter (Wads-
worth), 658
Challenge of, address (Eisenhower), 551
Need for aid to, addresses and statement : Bohlen, 639 ;
Dillon, 217 ; Morse, 731
Problems of, addresses : Davis, 106 ; Merchant, 708
U.S. policy toward, address (Herter) , 435, 436
News correspondents, negotiations for exchange with Com-
munist China :
Address (Herter), 471
U.S. and Communist positions, 497
Nicaragua :
Attempted invasion of, texts of U.S. memoranda re, 83,
341
Central American Bank for Economic Integration, es-
tablishment of, joint statement, 782
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of Switz-
erland, 192
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
convention (1944) on and protocol of amendment
to, 945
Property, cultural, convention and protocol (1956)
for protection in event of armed conflict, 387
U.S. naval units in position to defend :
Statement (Hagerty), 888
Withdrawal, 958
Department of Sfofe Bulletin
Nichols, Clarence W., 661, 865
Nickel facility (Nicaro) in Cuba, U.S. susi)ension of op-
eration of, 604
Nierenberg, William A., 153
Niger :
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support of, statement
(Lodge), 457
U.S. Ambassador, appointment, 702
U.S. Embassy at : Abidjan, Ivory Coast, accredited to,
262 ; Niamey, proposed, 702
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
Visit of President to White House, exchange of re-
marks (Djermakoye, Eisenhower), 713
WHO constitution and amendments to, 805
WMO convention, 842
Nigeria :
Independence of, messages (Eisenhower, Herter), 643
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support of, statements
(Herter, Wilcox), 659
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil aviation convention (1944), international, 912
GATT, applicable rights and obligations of U.K. ac-
knowledged by, 980
GATT, application for accession to, 759
Organization for Trade Cooperation, applicable rights
and obligations of U.K. acknowledged by, 9S0
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 229
Tracking station, agreement with U.S. for establish-
ment and operation of, 842
WMO convention, 945
U.S. Ambassador, appointment, 590
U.S. consulate general at Lagos, elevation to Embassy
status, 630
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 757
Nixon, Richard M., question of role in U.S. actions, state-
ments (Herter), 207, 208
Nkrumah, Kwame, 147, 287
Noble, Marshall Hays, 193
Nonintervention in :
African countries' internal affairs, addres-s (Eisen-
hower), 552, 553
American Republics :
Adherence to principle, address and statement : Mann,
813 ; Wadsworth, 543
Declaration of San Jos^, reaffirmation of principle of,
test, 407
U.S. poUcy in Cuba, text of U.S. document to U.N., 697,
701
Non-self-governing territories :
Africa, 285, 509
U.N. efforts in, letter (Eisenhower), 627
Nordness, Nedville E., 928
Norland, Donald R., 702
North Atlantic Council, Ministerial meeting, 26th, U.S.
delegation to, 978
North Atlantic Treaty Organization :
Deterrent against aggression, address (Burgess), 569
European members, increased contributions for common
defense, statement (Kohler),27
Fellowship program, 1901-62, announcement of, 909
Functions and policy of, text of U.S. note to Poland.
363
Index, July to December 1960
North Atlantic Treaty Organization — Continued
Integration of forces in, statements (Herter), 516, 519
Ministerial meeting of NAC at Paris, 978
Role of Federal Republic of Germany in defenses of,
Soviet and U.S. views, statements : Department,
676 ; Tully, 677, 734
Science Adviser, appointment, 1.53
U.S. and Danish cooperation in, remarks and U.S. and
Danish notes : Frederik IX, 719 ; texts of notes, 926
U.S. military assistance, statement (Kohler), 26
U.S. supply of midrange ballistic missiles to, reply to
Soviet protest. Department statement and U.S. and
Soviet notes, 347
U.S. views re, addresses and statement: Burgess, 11;
Herter, 41, 470
Visit of Secretary General to Washington, 603
North Borneo, road traffic, convention (1949) on, 387
Norway :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Air transport negotiations with U.S., 514, 629
Restrictions on imports, relaxation of, address (Dillon),
564
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Antarctic treaty, 429
Elducational exchange program, agreement with U.S.
extending, 64
GATT, declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI : 4 and proc^s-verbal extending validity
of, 666
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguard-
ing of, 665
Mutual defense assistance agreement with U.S.
amending annex C of 19.'J0 agreement, 501
Patent applications, classified, agreement with U.S.
amending agreement (1959) relating to procedures
for reciprocal filing of, 545
Shipbuilding program, agreement with U.S. relating
to, 229
U.S. Educational Foundation in, agreement amend-
ing 1949 agreement with U.S. re, 154
Weapons production program, agreement with U.S.,
666
Whaling convention (1946), international, and regu-
lations, 666
Nuclear energy. See Atomic energy and Nuclear weapons
Nuclear explosions in Antarctica, treaty provision pro-
hibiting, statement (Phleger), 50
Nuclear research and training equipment and materials,
agreements for the acquisition of, with: Argentina,
73 ; India, 114 ; Korea, 945
Nuclear weapons:
Fissionable materials, ban on production for weapons
purposes, U.S. proposals for, address and state-
ments: Eisenhower, 556; Lodge, 377, 381, 382;
Wadsworth, 767 ; text of U.S. proposal, 91
Tests, cessation and control of :
Geneva conference on. See Geneva conference on the
discontinuance of nuclear weapon tests
Need for agreement on, text of joint commimique
(Herter, Kosaka), 561
1017
Nuclear weapons — Continued
Tests, cessation and control of — Continued
Question of, statements (Herter), 208, 310
On-site inspection of suspected nuclear tests :
U.S. proiwsals for, 91, 486
Western and Soviet positions, 933
U.S., U.K., and Soviet views re, statements (Wads-
worth), 725, 765, 839, 932, 934
U.S. efforts toward, address (Berding), 671, 672, 675
Tests, detection of :
Question of pooling of information with U.K. and
U.S.S.R. re seismic detection, statements (Herter),
310, 313
Research in seismic detection, article and statement :
Gehron, 485, 488, 491, 493; Wadsworth, 932
Nugent, James E., 461
Nutrition, 5th international congress on, remarks (Elsen-
hower), 441
Nuts and tung oil, proclamatioii extending import quota
on, 834
Nyasaland. See Rhodesia and Nyasaland
OAS. See Organization of American States
Obscene publications, protocol amending agreement for
suppression of circulation of, 192
Oceanographic research in Indian Ocean, U.S. support
of international expedition for, 23
OECD. iSee Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
OEEC. See European Economic Cooperation, Organiza-
tion for
Oenslager, Donald Mitchell, 364
Oil:
Imports from Latin America, article (Culbertson, Led-
erer), 99
National policies relating to, address (Nichols), 865
Refineries in Cuba :
Cuban seizure of, statements and U.S. note of pro-
test: Department, 716; Lodge, 202; text of note,
141
Refusal to refine Soviet oil, statement (Herter), 406
Okinawa, visit of President Eisenhower, departure state-
ment (Eisenhower), 8
Olmstead, Freeman Bruce, 164, 235, 238, 275
Oman, Muscat, and Dependencies, treaty of amity, eco-
nomic relations, and consular rights with U.S., 261
On-site inspection of suspected nuclear tests, 91, 486, 933
Open societies, address (Wadsworth), 920, 921
Operation Pan America :
Committee of 21 efforts to implement. See Committee
of 21
Hemisphere economic development plan, address (Mal-
lory), 854, 855
Statements : Dillon, 533, 534 ; Herter, 316
Operational and Executive Personnel Program (OPEX),
U.N., U.S. proposals on and support of, address,
remarks, and U.S. memorandum : Dillon, 188 ; Wilcox,
511 ; text of memorandum, 658
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment:
DAG, within framework of, 645
Establishment of, U.S. delegation, 979
1018
Organization for Economic Cooperation, etc. — Continued
Proposed establishment and functions of, addresses, re-
marks, and statement : Burgess, 570 ; DiUon, 186,
216, 609 ; Herter, 470
Western European and North American cooperation in
planning for, address (Burgess), 12
Organization for European Economic Cooi>eration.
See European Economic Cooperation
Organization for Trade Cooperation, agreement on, ai>-
plicable rights and obligations of U.K. acknowledged
by Nigeria, 980
Organization of American States :
Ad Hoc Good Offices Committee :
Consideration of Cuban charges against U.S. Bee
Cuban situation infra
Establishment of, 747
Proposal for and list of members, 520
Bonds that unite the members of, remarks (Eisen-
hower), 558
Collective action in the Americas, question of, address
(Mann), 811
Committee of 21. See Committee of 21
Council of :
Call for meeting of Organ of Consultation (Foreign
Ministers of American States) to consider threats
to regional system, U.S. support of, statements:
Dreier, 224, 225 ; Herter, 207
Convening of special meeting of senior government
representatives on economic and social problems.
Committee of 21 recommendations, 540
U.S. representatives on : designation as Interim rep-
resentative (Bonsai), 912; resignation (Dreier),
806
Cuban situation :
Attempt to destroy solidarity of OAS, text of U.S.
memorandum, 342
Cuban charges of aggression against U.S. :
Statements and U.S. note to OAS Secretary Gen-
eral : Barco, 788, 789; Lodge, 200; Wadsworth.
621 ; text of note, 747
U.N. Security Coimcil resolution of referral of
charges to OAS consideration, 204
Foreign Ministers' action re Cuba, address (Herter),
437
Responsibility for tensions in the Western Hemi-
sphere, letter of transmittal to OAS and U.S.
memorandum and document: Dreier, 317; texts of
documents, 79, 318, 409
Foreign Ministers of American States {see also supra
and infra for problems considered by) :
Problems confronting, address and statement
(Herter), 207,437
6th meeting of consultation at San Jos^, statements
(Herter), text of resolution, and U.S. delegation,
355
7th meeting of consultation at San Jos6, statements
(Herter) and text of Declaration of San Jos6, 395
Inter-American Peace Committee. See Inter-American
Peace Committee
Proposed police force, exchange of letters (Herter,
Smathers) , 246
Department of State Bulletin
Organization of American States — Continued
Sino-Soviet intervention in American states :
OAS Foreign Ministers consideration of and declara-
tion of condemnation, 395, 407
Statements : Barco, 790 ; Dreier, 225 ; Herter, 311, 312,
408 ; Lodge, 202, 203
Texts of U.S. memorandum and note re, 318, 748
U.S. support of actions of, statement (Wadsworth), 543
Venezuelan charges of aggression against Dominican
Republic, action taken re :
Consideration of, statements: Dreier, 224; Herter,
311, 355, 358, 408, 437
Foreign Ministers' condemnation of Dominican Re-
public, message and statements : Dillon, 413 ; Eisen-
hower, 412 ; Herter, 515
OAS resolution, text of, 358
Sanctions against economic trade with Dominican
Republic, U.S. and Venezuelan views on, 640
Severance of diplomatic relations with Dominican
Republic, decision on, 716
Study on further suspension of trade with Dominican
Republic, U.S. participation in, 716
U.N. Security Council resolution re OAS report on
action, 543
U.S. and Soviet views on, statements (VCadsworth),
542, 543
Outer space:
Courier satellite transmission of messages through, ad-
dress and message (Berding, Eisenhower), 671, 673
Peaceful uses of:
Control of, U.S. proposals :
Address and statements: Lodge, 378, 3.S0; Wads-
worth, 767, 839 ; Wilcox, 512
Text of U.S. disarmament proposal, 91
Public approval of efforts for, address (Foster), 829
U.N. committees on peaceful uses of, 624, 625
U.S. proposals on, address (Eisenhower), 554
Tracking stations. -See Tracking stations
U.S. and Soviet achievements in the field of, addresses
(Berding), 480,886
Paarlberg, Don, 248
Pacific Festival, 1960, proclamation, 288
Paderewski, Ignace Jan, 677
Padilla Nervo, Luis, 274
PAHO. See Pan American Health Organization
Pakistan :
Indus Basin. See Indus Basin project
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements supplementing
19.58 agreement with U.S., 154, 666
Friendship and commerce, treaty with U.S., and
protocol, 56, 388, 545
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of
Switzerland, 192
ICJ statute, declaration recognizing compulsory juris-
diction of, withdrawal and rerecognition of, 734
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
Palestine Conciliation Commission, efforts to aid refugees,
letter (Eisenhower), 627
Palestine refugees, UNRWA aid for, 512, 626
Palm, Willard G., 163, 164, 209, 238
Index, July to December 1960
Palmer, Joseph II, 590, 630
Pan American Health Organization, request for funds for
acquisition of headquarters site, statement (Herter),
46
Panama :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 958
Ai-med invasion by Cuban group, text of U.S. memo-
randiun, 341
Flying of Panamanian flag with U.S. flag In Canal
Zone, statements (Farland, Wheaton) and text of
U.S. note, 558
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, pro-
tocol of amendment to 1944 convention on, 878
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation (Farland) and resigna-
tion (Harrington), 154
U.S. consulate at Col6n, closed, 502
Panel on Seismic Improvement, findings of, article
(Gehron), 491, 493
Paraguay :
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Radio communications between amateur stations on
behalf of third parties, agreement with U.S., 734
Parcel post, agreement with Korea re, 501
Paris agreement between Italy and Austria, 939, 940
Passports, {see also Visas), Passport Service, U.S. estab-
lishment of, 545
Patents :
Applications, classified, agreements approving proced-
ures for reciprocal filing of, with: Denmark, 114;
Italy, 429 ; Norway, 545
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguardine
of, 665
Rights and technical information for defense purposes,
agreements for interchange of, with: Portugal!
878 ; Spain, 590
Payne, Frederick Blake, 67, 793
Peace :
Soviet use and meaning of term, address (Berding), 886
U.N. maintenance of, address and statement: Eisen-
hower, 557 ; Wadsworth, 722
Peace, Robert Lee, 118
Peace Committee, Inter-American. See Inter-American
Peace Committee
Peace force, international, U.S. proposal for, 91
Peace treaty, German, U.S. position on, statements:
Herter, 312 ; Tully, 677, 734
"Peaceful coexistence," Soviet and U.S. interpretations of,
addresses (Berding), 307, 478
Pearcy, G. Etzel, 959
Penfleld, James K., 951
Personalized diplomacy, statement (Herter), 39, 41
Peru:
Call for OAS consideration of Sino-Soviet interference
in Western Hemisphere, statements: Dreier, 225-
Herter, 311, 395
Land development and housing programs, U.S. loan for,
statement (Eisenhower), 346
Treaties, agreements, etc.:
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending agree-
ment with U.S., 981
1019
Peru — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc.— Continued
Inter-Ameriean Institute of Agricultural Sciences^
protocol of amendment to 1944 convention on, 429
MiUtary aviation mission, army mission, and naval
mission, agreement amending agreements witli L.b.
re, 298
U.S. aid to, address (Mallory), 820
U.S. Ambassador, resignation, 546
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
Petroleum. See Oil
Philippines: ,. ^^^-
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending 195o
agreement with U.S., 34, 229
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Philippine-American Day, exchange of messages (Eisen-
hower, Garcia), 850
Visit of President Eisenhower :
Departure statement and address to Philippine Con-
gress 8 127
Public reception, Luneta, remarks (Eisenhower), 130
.Joint statement, 132
Phillips, Dean B., 238
Phleger, Herman, 49
Pla, Berta, 7 . , ,on
Plant protection convention (1951), international, 429
Piatt amendment governing relaUons with Cuba, abroga-
tion of, 691, 692
Polakoff, Joseph, 928
General Pulaski's memorial day, 1960. proclamation, 602
German-Polish border question, U.S. reply to Polish
note, 363 ^ ^^ „__
Paderewski, honored by U.S., remarks (Merchant), 6. .
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending
agreements with U.S., 229, 259
Customs convention (1954) on temporary importation
of private road vehicles, 544
GATT, declaration on relations with, 33, 192, 666.
896, 945, 981
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 666
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs fa-
cilities for, 501
U.S. claims against, agreement with annex providmg
for settlement, 226, 229
U S imports from, restoraUon of most-favored-nation
status to, letter (Eisenhower) and White House
announcement, 863
U.S. policy toward, address (Dillon), 597
Polaris missile program :
Expansion of, message (Eisenhower), 314, 315
Soviet views re, text of Soviet note, 349
U.S. arrangement with U.K. for support facilities for
Polaris submarines, 778
Police force, inter-American, proposed, exchange of let-
ters (Herter, Smathers), 246
Policy Committee on Immigration and Naturalization,
chairman appointed, 193
Polish National Alliance, 80th anniversary, address (Dil-
lon), 597
1020
Population explosion, Latin America, problem of,
(Mallory), 815, 819
Portugal :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending 1955
agreement with U.S., 34, 229
Disiio.sition of equipment and materials, agreement
amending 1952 agreement with U.S. relating to, 770
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguard-
ing of, 665
Patent rights and technical information for defense
purposes, agreement with U.S. for interchange of,
878
Weapons production program, agreement with U.S., 734
Posa, Eugene E., 238
Postal agreements and convention :
Insured parcel post, agreement with Korea re, 501
Postal convention (1957), universal, 298, 429, 460, 544,
665
Potsdam conference, postponement of publication of vol-
umes on, 430
Powers, Francis Gary, 276, 350, 361
Presidential election campaign in U.S., U.S. foreign policy
during, address and statement: Herding, 307 ; Herter,
309, 310
President's Advisory Ommittee on Inter-American Af-
fairs, question of report from, statement (Herter), 43
President's Special International Program for Cultural
Presentations, address (Thayer), 18, 19
Cuban, attacks on U.S., text of U.S. memorandum, 83
Foreign Policy and News Kesponsibility, address
(Berding),883
Freedom of. See Freedom of information
Prince Akihito, 308, 642, 643
Private capital, investment abroad. See Investment of
private capital abroad
Proclamations by the President :
Captive Nations Week, 1960 ( 3357 ) , 219
Copyright extension to Austrian citizens (3353), 65
Cotton typewriter-ribbon cloth, increase of import duty
on (3365), 446
General Pulaski's memorial day, 1960 (3375), 602
Human Rights Week, 1960 (3381), 859
Immigration quotas (3372), 655; (3376), 757.
Pacific Festival, 1960 (3356), 288
Sugar quota for Cuba, reduction of (3355), 140
Trade agreement with Iran, termination of (3366), 428
Tung oil and nuts, import quota (3378), 834
Procurement of goods and services abroad :
Instructions to ICA re, 972
Presidential directive re, 860
Productivity Agency, European, 291
Professional equipment, convention on temporary impor-
tation of, GATT consideration of, 897
Project Mercury. See Tracking stations
Project Vela, 493
Propaganda: _ . .
Communist China, anU-U.S. propaganda activities,
statement (Wadsworth), 682
Communist offensive in Latin America, statement (Ru-
bottom), 63
Department of State Bulletin
Propaganda — Continued
Cuban, against U.S., 79, 338, 690
Soviet campaign against U.S., address and statement:
Berding, 305, 306, 307 ; Wadsworth, 726
Soviet use of United Nations for purposes of, address
( Berding) , 476, 477, 478, 479
Property, cultural, convention (1954) and protocol for
protection in event of armed conflict, 387, 501, 912
Property, industrial, convention (1883, as revised) for
protection of, 52, 387, 544
Property, nationalization of, Cuban law directed against
U.S. property, U.S. protest, texts of notes, 171, 316
Property, rights and interests in Germany, charter of
Arbitral Commission on, 912
Provident fund, ICEM, 257
Public education, 23d international conference on, U.S.
delegation, 117
Publications :
Congressional documents relating to foreign policy,
lists of, 59, 148, 1S2, 220, 251, 373, 420, 451, 500,
524, 582, 785, 835
State Department :
Diplomatic List, information re, 181
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1942, Volume
I, OeneraJ, The British Comtnonioealth, The Far
East, released, 34
Limitation of use of documents prior to ofl3ciaI pub-
lication, 429
Lists of recent releases, 34, 74, 193, 230, 388, 430, 461,
913, 946
Potsdam conference, postponement of publication of
volumes on, 430
Public interest in, 830
The Record on Korean Unification, 19/iS-1960, re-
leased, 806
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Circulation of obscene publications, protocol amend-
ing agreement for suppression of, 192
Exchange of official publications and government doc-
uments, convention (1958) on, 429
International exchange of, convention (1958) on, 429
Official publications, agreement with Cambodia for ex-
change of, 298
United Nations, lists of current documents, 189, 225, 258,
386, 458, 541, 628, 689, 733, 769, 877, 910, 979
Pnerto Rico :
Cuban policy toward, 341
Refutation of Soviet and Cuban charges of colonialism
against U.S., letter and message (Marin), 656
U.S. policy toward, text of U.S. document to U.N., 698
U.S. request for withdrawal of Cuban consular assist-
ant from, 475
Puhan, Alfred, 193
Pulaski, Casimir, designation of memorial day for, 602
Radio. See Telecommunications
Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 251, 605, 783
Rakotomalala, Louis, 9.58
Randall, Clarence B., 453, 4.55
Ravndal, Christian M., 229, 461
Index, July to December 1960
Rawinsonde observation stations, establishment and op-
eration of, agreements with: Chile, 770; France (on
Guadeloupe), 461
RB^7 plane downed by Soviets :
Crew of, U.S. demands for custody of bodies and release
of imprisoned crewmen, texts of U.S. and Soviet
notes, 163, 209, 274
Security Council consideration of Soviet complaint
against U.S. :
Proposed, message and statement (Elsenhower), 211
Rejection of Soviet complaint, statements (Lodge)
and proposed resolutions, 235
Soviet activities in the U.N. Security Council re,
addresses, message, and letter: Berding, 305, 306;
Eisenhower, 314, 556, 595
Statements (Wadsworth), 622, 727
U.S. protests to and Soviet allegations concerning, texts
of U.S. and Soviet notes and aide memoire, 163,
209, 274, 299, 521, 523
Reams, R. Borden, 702
Reap, Joseph W., 473, 497
Reciprocity Information, Committee for, notice of public
hearing on tariff concessions, 898
Reconstruction and Development, International Bank for.
See International Bank
Reed, William Garrard, 628
Refugees, Standing Conference of Voluntary Agencies
Working for, statement (Lamey), 802
Refugees and displaced persons (see also High Commis-
sioner for Refugees, U.N. ) :
Copyright convention, universal, protocol 1, application
of convention to works of stateless persons and
refugees, 153
Cuban refugees in U.S., U.S. views concerning and
assistance to, 695, 888
European :
Eastern Europe, flight from, address (Berding), 481
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migra-
tion, 254
Latin America, emigration of migrants and refugees to,
article (Warren), 255
Legislation to enable U.S. participation in resettlement
of, statement (Eisenhower), 219
Palestine Refugees. United Nations Relief and Works
Agency for, 512, 626, 803
United States Committee for Refugees, 16
U.S. pledges and contributions to U.N. and other refu-
gee programs, address and statements : Aiken, 803 ;
Eisenhower, 626 ; Hanes, 14
World Refugee Year. See World Refugee Year
Reiner, Herbert T., Jr., 842
Relief and rehabilitation (see also Agricultural surpluses
and Refugees) :
Chile :
Earthquake disaster relief, agreements with U.S. pro-
viding aid for, 154, 878
U.S. aid to, statements: Dillon, 367, 370; Herter, 39,
316
Ryukyu Islands, U.S.-Japanese agreement re financing.
Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East, U.N., 512, 626, 803
1021
Representation allowance, need for restoration of funds
for, statement (Herter), 40
Research (see also Atomic energy, peaceful uses of;
Outer space ; Science ; Tracking stations ; and
Weather) :
NATO fellowship program, 1961-62, announcement of,
909
Nuclear. See Nuclear research and training equipment
and Nuclear weapons : Tests, detection of
Relationship to university program, question of, address
(Thayer), 647
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of:
ICEM, notification of intention to resign from, 255
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of
Tunisia, 192
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 192
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, 387
Rice, Cuban restrictions on imports from U.S., statement
and U.S. document: Herter, 403; text of document,
694
Richards, Arthur L., 154
Riley, William E., 230
Rio Treaty. 170, 343, 543
Roach, John L., 630
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, with annexes, 387,
544, 665, 805
Road vehicles, private, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 544, 665, 734
Rome Treaty, 576
Rosenbaum, Charles, 67
Rossides, Zenon, 778
Ruanda-Urundi, Trust Territory of, U.S. consulate at
Usumbura, establishment of, 805
Rubottom, Roy R., Jr., 60, 282, 309, 461
Rumania, cultural, educational, scientific, and other ex-
changes for 1961 and 1962, agreement with U.S., texts
of notes, 968
Russell, Francis H., 912
Ryukyu Islands, typhoon rehabilitation, U.S.-Japanese
agreement re financing of, 33
Saccio, Leonard J., 630
St. John's, Newfoundland, tracking station on, agree-
ment with Canada for establishment and operation,
501
Salinger, Pierre E. G., 968
San Jo.se, Declaration of, 407
Sanchez y Basquet, Carlos Manuel Lazaro Felix, 7
Sanctions, application against the Dominican Republic,
356. 357, 358, 640, 716
Santiago, Declaration of. See Declaration of Santiago
Satellites, earth (see also Outer space) :
Courier satellite, transmission of messages, address and
message (Berding, Eisenhower), 671, 673
U.K. and U.S. discussions on use for communication,
720
Satterthwaite, Joseph C, 752
Schott, Robert R., 388
Schwartz, Harold E., 702
Science (see also Atomic energy, Nuclear weapons, Outer
space, and Research) :
Agricultural science's contribution to good health, re-
marks (Eisenhower), 441, 442
Antarctica, treaty provisions re investigation and
cooperation In, statement (Phleger), 50, 51
Century 21 Exposition, objective of to depict role of
science in modern civilization, 645
Deputy Science Adviser (Sohm), designation, 702
Educational, scientific, and cultural materials, agree-
ment (1950) and protocol on importation of, 387
Indian Ocean expedition, international, U.S. support, 23
NATO science program, 1.^3
Science adviser (Whitman), appointment, 429
U.S. progress in, address and message (Berding, Eisen-
hower), 671
Science and technology, agreement with Rumania for ex-
change in, 968
Sea Poacher, U.S.S., Cuban attack on, text of U.S. mem-
orandum and annex, 80, 84
Sears, Mason, 262
SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Secretary-General, U.N. See United Nations: Office of
Secretary-General
Secretary of State, duties and functions of, statements
(Herter), 3, 39
Security, classified documents, unauthorized press publi-
cation of, address (Berding), 887
Security Council, U.N. :
Accreditation of delegation of the Republic of the Congo,
statement (Wadsworth), 527
Eichmann case, consideration of Argentine complaint
re, statements (Lodge) and resolution, 115
Congo problem, consideration of. See under Congo
situation
Cuba, consideration of complaint of U.S. aggression
against, statements and text of resolution : Herter,
395, 400, 401; Lodge, 109; resolution, 204
Documents, lists of, 189, 225, 258, 458, 689, 733, 769, 877,
911, 980
Increase in membership of, proposed, U.S. support of,
874
Laos, Council action to prevent subversion of, letter
(Eisenhower), 624
Membership recommendations to General Assembly,
149«., 150n, 151n, 153n, 457n, 659
OAS action on Dominican Republic, consideration of
Soviet resolution on, statements (Wadsworth) and
resolution, 542
RB^7 incident, consideration of. See tinder RB^7
plane
Congo problem :
Call for all states to resolve, 223
Call for emergency session of General Assembly to
consider, 532
Withdrawal of Belgian forces from and U.N. mil-
itary assistance to, 161, 385
Cuban complaint against U.S., 204
Eichmann case, 116
Taking note of OAS report on 6th meeting of Min-
isters of Foreign Affairs, 543
1022
Department of State Bulletin
Security Council, U.N. — Continued
Soviet attempt at censure of U.S. In, addresses: Ber-
ding, 303 ; Burgess, 12
U.S. representatives to: confirmations (Barco and
Wadsworth), 461; resignation (Lodge), 388
Veto, Soviet use of, 244n, 476, 532n, 976
Seismic Improvement, Panel on, findings of, article
(Gehron),491,493
Selection Boards, Foreign Service, 502
Self-determination :
Communist suppression of, address (Dillon), 599
Puerto Rican exercise of right of, message (Marin),
657
Senegal :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 958
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement (Wads-
worth), 618
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute of, 841
Civil aviation, international, convention (1944) on,
945
WMO convention, 912
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 757
U.S. recognition of Republic of and appointment of
Ambassador to, 567, 702
Sheppard, William J., 193
Shergalis, William J., 81, 86
Ships and shipping:
Commercial treaties with Pakistan and France, omis-
sion of provisions re, statement (Martin), 57
IMCO convention (1948), 429
Load line convention (1930), international, modifica-
tion of, 350
Shipbuilding program, agreement with Norway relat-
ing to, 229
Soviet, U.S. rejection of Soviet charges on buzzing of,
texts of U.S. note and Soviet memorandum, 212
Territorial waters, proposal of fact-finding commission
to investigate Cuban charges of U.S. violation of,
statement (Herter), 402, 403, 407
U.S. naval vessels :
Base for submarines armed with Polaris missiles,
arrangement with U.K. for, 778
Loan of. agreements with: Canada, 734; Chile, 545;
Republic of China, 770; Colombia, 298; Haiti, 229;
Spain, 702
Submarine, Cuban provocative flight over, 640
Shrimp, Commission for Conservation of, 1st meeting, 147
Sierra Leone :
ICA representative in, designation of, 982
Consulate at Freetown, elevation to consulate general,
842
Road trafl5c, convention (1949) and annexes, 387
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 229
Sierra Maestra, Declaration of. 321
Sino-Soviet bloc (see also Communism and individual
countries) :
Armaments shipments to Cuba, 852
Economic offensive. iSee Less developed countries :
Economic offensive
Exploitation of the Middle East, report (Eisenhower),
448
Index, July fo December 7960
Sino-Soviet bloc — Continued
Intervention in American states. See under Organiza-
tion of American States
Relations with Cuba, texts of U.S. memoranda, 318,
334, 345, 410
Ten nation disarmament conference, actions and pro-
posals at, 253, 268
U.S. regulations re alien travel from U.S. to, 974
Views on budget for International Bureau for admin-
istration of convention (1883) for protection of
industrial property, 55
Smathers, George A., 247
Smith, Bea Ann, 205
Smith, C. Alphonso, 928
Social development fund. See Inter-American fund for
social development
Social security for migrant workers, ICEM discussion,
article (Warren), 256
Sohm, Earl D., 702
Somali :
Independence, greetings and congratulations on, mes-
sages : Eisenhower, 162 ; Herter, 87
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement (Wil-
cox), 150
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 154
U.S. consulate general at Mogadiscio, raised to Em-
bassy status, 118
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 655
Somaliland Protectorate {see also Somali), cessation of
application of international sugar agreement (1958)
to, 261
Soudan, U.S. consulate at Bamako, establishment of, 548
South Tyrol, 939
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization :
Role of, joint statement (U.S.-Philippine), 133
6th anniversary of, accomplishments and objectives,
message (Eisenhower), 499
Unity and solidarity of, statement (Herter), 41
South-West Africa, U.N. supervision of territory, ques-
tion of, address (Wilcox), 509
Soviet Union (see also Communism, Sino-Soviet bloc, and
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) :
Antarctic treaty, 805
Air transport agreement negotiations, U.S. postpones,
text of U.S. aide memoire, 165
Aircraft, overflights and refueling of in NATO coun-
tries, statements (Herter), 517, 519
Armed forces, proposed force level for, 25, 768
Berlin, position on. See Berlin
Buzzing of Soviet ships by U.S. aircraft, U.S. rejection
of charge of, texts of U.S. note and Soviet memo-
dum, 212
Communist China :
Ideological differences with : address and statements:
Berding, 478, 480 : Herter, 41, 42
Representation in the U.N., Soviet proposal for con-
sideration of. statements (Wadsworth), 678
Communist parties, worldwide, Soviet control of, ad-
dress (Bohlen), 638, 639
Complaints of U.S. aggressions against, consideration by
U.N. requested, addresses and statements : Berding,
303 ; Burgess, 12 ; Wadsworth, 619, 622, 726
1023
Soviet Union — Continued
Congo, Republic of the :
Delegation to the U.N., Soviet position re eredentiala
of, 904, 005, 908, 909
Problem of, Soviet views and actions re. See Congo
situation
Cuba (see also Cuban situation: Soviet threat) :
Barter trade with, text of U.S. document to U.N., 693,
694
Mutual security alliance with, question of, statement
(Herter), 208
Sugar trade with, 336, 346, 404
Diplomatic representatives attached to Embassy at
Washington, U.S. expulsion of: 1st secretary, 350;
3d secretary, 214
Disarmament position. See Disarmament, Nuclear
weapons, and Ten Nation Committee on Disarma-
ment
Economic growth, rate of, address (Eisenhower), 745
Economic offensive in less developed countries. See
under Less developed countries
ECOSOC activities, position on, 794
Espionage and intelligence activities, statement
(Lodge), 241
Exchange programs with U.S., addresses: Berding, 672;
Dwinell, 13; Thayer, 19; Wadsworth, 921
Freedom of the press, U.S. and Soviet views on, ex-
change of letters (Hagerty, Moscow Neics and
Nouvelles de Moscou), 443
Geneva conference on the discontinuance of nuclear
weapon tests. See Geneva conference on the dis-
continuance of nuclear weapon testa
German problems. See Germany
Hungary, suppression of freedom
partment, 720; Henderson, 6(
727
Imperialism of, 508
Khrushchev's views and actions.
Meeting between Premier Khrushchev and President
Eisenhower, reply to proposal for, letter (Eisen-
hower), 595
Nuclear weapons, position re. See Nuclear weapons
OAS action on Dominican Republic, Security Council
rejection of Soviet proposed resolution on, state-
ments (Wadsworth), 542
Propaganda, use of United Nations for purposes of, ad-
dress (Berding), 476, 477, 478, 479
Record of policy for small countries, statement
(Lodge), 204
Security Council, use of veto in, 244ra, 476, 532«, 976
Thought control in, address (Wadsworth), 920
Threat of intervention in Western Hemisphere. See
under Cuban situation and Organization of Amer-
can States : Sino-Soviet intervention
Threats of war, U.S. replies to, statements : Herter, 206 ;
Lodge, 238
U-2 incident. See U-2 incident
U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico, refutation of Soviet
charge of, letters and message (Marin, Wads-
worth), 656
statements
Herter, 3i
De-
Khrushchev
Soviet Union — Continued
United Nations:
Aid programs, Soviet lack of support, addresses :
Berding, 477 ; Dillon, 218
15th session, head of delegation (Khrushchev) travel
restricted, U.S. and Soviet views re, 515, 519, 521
Soviet attacks against. See United Nations: Office of
Secretary-General
USAPRB-47, shooting down of. iSee RB-47
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
Worldwide activities of, address (Berding), 476
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 603
Space. See Outer space
Spain:
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 360
Defense support assistance, statement (Kohler), 28
Stabilization program, multilateral aid, 292
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 192
Cultural property, convention (1954) for protection
in event of armed conflict, 501
Educational exchange programs, agreement with U.S.
amending 1958 agreement for financing of, 842
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Naval vessels, agreement with U.S. for loan of, 702
Patent rights and technical information for defense
purposes, agreement with U.S. for exchange of, 590
Special assistance :
Appropriation request for FY 1961, House consideration
and reduction in, statements (Dillon), 29, 109
Berlin and Yugoslavia, statement (Kohler), 28
Special Committee of the Council of the OAS To Study
the Formulation of New Measures for Economic Co-
operation. See Committee of 21
Special Fund, U.N. :
Expansion of, proposed, 553, 658, 796
U.S. contributions to, 628, 732. 957
Specialized Agencies, U.N., U.S. support of, address and
statement : Payne, 794, 796 ; Penfield, 956, 957
Standing Conference of Voluntary Agencies Working for
Refugees, statement (Lamey), 802
State Department: {see also Foreign Service and Inter-
national Cooperation Administration) :
Administration of:
Disarmament Administration, U.S., role in, 481
Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System,
Executive order delegating authority to, 946
Immigration laws, role in, address (Auerbach), 579,
581
Mutual Security Program, 867, 928
Appointments and designations, 118, 154, 193, 230, 282,
388, 429, 461, 502, 546, 621, 630, 702, 806, 842, 912,
928, 982
Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs (Martin),
confirmation, 461
Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs : desig-
nation (Mann), 282, 461; reassignment (Rubot-
tom),309
Assistant Secretary for International Organization
Affairs (Wilcox), resignation, 546
Balance-of-payments position, steps to Improve, Presi-
dential directive to, 862
1024
Department of Stale Bulletin
state Department — Contlnned
Budget for FY 1961, request for restoration of funds,
statement (Herter), 44
Commemorative stamp in honor of John Foster Dulles,
former Secretary of, remarks (Herter), 981
Confirmations, 458, 461
Cuban relations, conduct of, rejection of charges re, 475
Membership in interagency group to coordinate avia-
tion activities, announcement and memorandum,
415, 416
National security policy, role in, statement (Herter), 4
Organization and activities :
Bureau of African Affairs, reorganization to im-
plement U.S. policies in, address and article:
Pearey, 967 ; Penfleld, 955
Passport Service, U.S., establishment of, 545
Program of assistance to American business, address
(Dillon), 566
Science adviser (Whitman), appointment, 429
Under secretaryship for inter-American affairs, ques-
tion of, statement (Herter), 518
Resignations, 388, 546
Publications. See under Publications
Secretary of, duties and functions of, statements
(Herter), 3, 39
Thai paintings and exhibit, special showing of, 145
United Nations, U.S. representatives to: confirmations
( Barco and Wadsworth ) , 461 ; resignation ( Lodge) ,
388
U.S. Representative to European OflBce of the U.N. and
Other International Organizations, appointment
(Martin), 621
Stateless persons, application of universal copyright con-
vention to works of stateless persons and refugees,
protocol 1, 153
Steel Committee, ECE, U.S. delegation to 24th session,
117
Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 502
Strategic Air Command, expansion program, message
(Eisenhower), 814
Sudan :
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
International Finance Corporation, articles of agree-
ment, 805
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 630
Sugar :
Cuban trade:
Cuban policy, U.S. views concerning, 171, 360, 412
Question of ability to meet U.S. needs; statement
(Herter), 58
Soviet policy, 336, 346, 404,
U.S. interests in, 403, 691, 693, 694, 701
U.S. quota for, position on, proclamation and state-
ments : Eisenhower, 140 ; Lodge, 202 ; proclamation,
140
International sugar agreement (1958), 261, 701, 912
U.S. purchases from Dominican Republic, question of,
message, statement, and U.S. and Venezuelan aide
memoire: Dillon, 414; Eisenhower, 412; texts of
aide memoire, 640
U.S. quotas, request for Presidential authority to re-
duce, statements (Herter), 41, 58
Sullivan, Charles A., 702
Summers, A. Burks, 154
Summit meeting. See Heads of Government meetings
Suritis, Andrejs, 254
Surprise attack (see also Aerial inspection) :
Detection by satellites, U.S. efforts, address (Berding),
672
Measures to reduce danger of, U.S. proposals, 91, 377,
378, 379, 768
Swan Islands, Cuban allegations re U.S. use of, text of
document of U.S. reply, 697
Swank, Emory C, 502
Sweden :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Air transport, consultations with U.S. re, 514, 629
Contribution of troops to U.N. force in the Republic
of the Congo, 221, 223
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
Relaxation of discriminations on imports, address (Dil-
lon), 564
Switzerland :
Aid to less developed countries, 295
Treaties, agreements, etc.:
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1956 agreement with U.S., 34, 981
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of Israel,
501
GATT, declaration on provisional accession to, 192,
770, 980
Taiwan. See China, Republic of
Taiwan Straits, Communist China's bombardment of
islands of and U.S. efforts for peaceful settlement in,
statement (Wadsworth), 681
Tanganyika, U.S. consulate at Dar-es-Salaam raised to
consulate general, 546
Tariff Commission, U.S. :
Findings re import quotas, 445, 834, 901
Peril-point investigation, hearings in connection with.
Recommendations re tariff rates, 446, 759
Tariff policy, U.S. {see also Customs ; and Tariffs and
trade, general agreement on) :
Changes in rates on imports from Iran, 427, 428
Cotton, President accepts reports re importation of cer-
tain articles containing, 445
Cotton typewriter-ribbon cloth, increase in Import duty
on, proclamation, 446
Decisions re escape-clause action on imports of:
Bicycles and dried figs, 759
Lead and zinc, 901
Linen toweling and watch movements, 445
Poland, restoration of most-favored-nation status to,
letter (Eisenhower) and White House announce-
ment, 863
Sugar quotas :
Cuba, reduction of, proclamation and statements:
Eisenhower, 140 ; Lodge, 202 ; proclamation, 140
Request for Presidential authority to reduce, state-
ments (Herter), 41, 58
Tung oil and nuts, proclamation extending Import
quota on, 834
Index, July to December J 960
1025
Tariff policy, U.S.— Continued
Woolen and worsted woven fabrics, new rates on Im-
ports, announcement and table, 832
Tariffs and trade, general agreement on :
Cuban relations with Contracting Parties, statement
and U.S. memorandum: Herter, 403, 404; text of
memorandum, 345
Declaration extending standstill provisions of article
XVI :4 and proc&s-verbal extending validity of, 666
Declarations on provisional accessions of: Israel, 33,
192, 501, 945; Switzerland, 192, 770; Tunisia, 33,
192, 501, 945
Declarations on relations with: PolaDd, 33, 192, 666,
896, 945 ; Yugoslavia, 192, 897
Nigeria, applicable rights and obligations of United
Kingdom, acknowledged by, 980
1960-61 GATT tariff negotiationa conference at
Geneva :
Addresses and statements: Adair, 575; Dillon, 565;
Herter, 46 ; Randall, 453
Reciprocal tariff concessions, U.S. notices re negoti-
ation of, 22, 897
U.S. delegation to:
List of delegates, 455
Proposed increase in number of public consultants,
876
Protocol of rectifications and modifications to texts of
schedules, 7th, 192, 945
Protocol relating to negotiations for establishment of
new schedule III— Brazil. 33, 192, 501, 770
Role in expansion of international trade, remarks (Dil-
lon). 188
Schedule XX-1947 and XX-1955, modification of con-
cessions under, proclamation, 446
17th session of Contracting Parties :
Problems confronting and U.S. delegation to, 758
Review of, 894
Taxation :
Commercial profits taxes, temporary waiver of article
VI in U.S.-Iran reciprocal trade agreement, ter-
mination of, 545
Cuban levies against U.S. products and properties, 604,
715
Double taxation on income, convention with Israel for
the avoidance of, 629, 666
Measures to encourage investment in less developed
countries, addresses : Adair, 574 ; Hager, 893
Public participation in U.S. foreign policy through, ad-
dress (Foster), 823
Tax convention with India, Senate approval requested,
statement (Dillon), 111
Teachers, U.S., participation in seminars abroad, 48
Technical aid to foreign countries. See Economic and
technical aid and Mutual security
Technical assistance, U.N. See under United Nations
Technical cooperation and vocational agreement (1951)
with Dominican Republic : extension of, 73 ; termina-
tion of, 945
Telecommunications («ee also Tracking stations) :
Communications, address (Wadsworth), 919
Radio legislation affecting Berlin, West German draft
of, text of U.S. reply to Soviet protest, 474
1026
Telecommunications — Continued
Satellite Courier message to U.N., address and message
(Berding, Eisenhower), 671, 673
Satellites, U.K. and U.S. discussions on use for com-
munication systems, 720
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
International telecommunication convention (1952),
33, 154, 229, 429, 4C0, 501, 544, 666, 878
International telecommunication convention
with annexes and final protocol, 460, 544, 912
Radio communications between amateur stations on
behalf of third parties, agreement with Paraguay,
734
Radio regulattons (1959), with appendixes, annex
to international telecommunication convention
(1959), 460, 544
Radio relay facilities, agreement with Liberia sup-
plementing arts. Ill and VII of 1959 agreement,
501
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958) annexed
to international telecommunication convention
(1952), with appendixes and final protocol, 154, 229,
429, 460, 501, 544, 666
Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament :
Conference of :
Soviet proposals and U.S. views re, letter and state-
ment: Khrushchev, 92; Wadsworth. 760, 766
Soviet walkout from, address, letter, and statements:
Berding, 303, 305, 306; Department, 89; Lodge,
253, 377 ; Wadsworth, 723, 724
U.S. delegation official report, 267
U.S. proposal for general and complete disarmament,
statements (Wadsworth), 760, 765, 837, 838; text
of proposal, 90
Enlargement of, Soviet proposal for, U.S. views, 620
Work of, letter, statement, and text of 5-power report:
Eisenhower, 625 ; Lodge, 377, 378, 380 ; report, 382
Tensions, international :
Cuban responsibility for buildup in the Western Hem-
isphere, texts of U.S. note and supplement, 318, 409
Increase in, concern with, statements and General As-
sembly resolution: Dillon, 598; Wadsworth, 722;
text of resolution, 723
Territorial claims in Antarctica, treaty provisions re,
statement (Phleger), 50, 51
Thailand:
Mekong River Basin, multilateral efforts for develop-
ment, 292
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreements amending
1956 agreement with U.S.. 34, 261
IDA articles of agreement, 805
Postal convention (1957), universal, with final pro-
tocol, annex, regulations of execution, and pro-
visions re air mail, 429
U.S. trade center at Bangkok, plan for, statement (DU-
lon), 419
Visit of King and Queen to U.S., exchange of greetings
with President Eisenhower, address to U.S. Con-
gress, joint communique, and members of party, 143
Thayer, Robert H., 17, 278, 559, 646, 664, 941
Thompson, A. D., 814
Departmenf of Sfafe BuUefin
Tibet :
Commnnist China's subjugation of and aggressive ac-
tion against, address and statements : Wadsworth,
67S, 682 ; Wilcox, 513
Inclusion of Tibetan question on General Assembly
agenda, letter and statement: Eisenhower, 626;
Wadsworth, 622
Timber Committee (ECE), 18th session, U.S. delegate
628
Timberlak-e, Clare H., 118, 154
Tin, United Nations conference on, article (Nichols), 661
Tin Council, International, administration of Interna-
tional Tin Agreement (1954), article (Nichols), 661
663, 664
Togo:
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 778
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 149
Treaties, agreements, etc.:
FAO constitution, 261
WHO constitution, amendments to, 460
WMO convention, 842
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 461
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
Tomlinson, John D., 118
Tour«, Sekou, 922
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facilities
for, 501, 701
Tracking stations (Project Mercury) agreements for co-
operation in the establishment and operation of, with :
Canada, 501 ; Chile, 981 ; Nigeria, 842 ; Union of South
Africa, 590
Trade (see also Agricultural surpluses. Customs, Eco-
nomic policy. Exports, Imports, Sugar, Tariff poUcy,
and Trade agreements) :
Centers, fairs, and missions, address and statements
(Dillon),112, 419, 567
Cuban-U.S. trade (see also Sugar: Cuban trade in),
controls on, 403, 693, 694, 715
Dominican Republic, U.S. participation in application
of OAS sanctions against economic trade with, 356,
3-58, 640, 716
International :
Balance of payments. See Balance of payments
GATT program for expansion of, 895
Interdependence of, address (Adair), 572
Need for development of, address and remarks
(Dillon), 188, 563
Question of role of proposed OECD in, address
(Dillon), 216
Reduction of trade barriers, effect upon U.S. trade,
address (Burgess), 570
Japan, expansion of U.S. trade with, text of joint com-
munique (Herter, Kosaka), 561
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Address and statement: Hager, 892; Martin, 56
Amity, economic relations and consular rights, treaty
with Muscat and Oman, 261
Friendship and commerce with Pakistan, 56, 545
Trade agreements with Iran (1943 and 1960), termi-
nation of, 261, 427, 545
Index, July fo December 1960
Trade — Continued
U.S. with Latin America in 1959, article (Culbertson,
Lederer), 94
Trade Agreements, Interdepartmental Committee on, 23,
897
Trade Agreements Extension Acts: 1951, 899; 195S, 877,
898
Trade centers, fairs, and missions, address and statements
(Dillon),112, 419, 567
Trade Cooperation, Organization for, agreement on, ap-
plicable rights and obligations of U.K. acknowledged
by Nigeria, 980
Trade Policy Committee, designation of consultants to
U.S. GATT delegation, 876
Trademark convention (1869), termination of agreement
with France, 945
Trademarks, protection of, Lisbon revision (1958) to con-
vention for protection of industrial property provi-
sion re, 53
Travel, international :
Berlin, travel to and within. See vnder Berlin: Situ-
ation in
Cost of travel of migrants, ICEM discussion, article
(Warren), 256
Cuban restrictions on and U.S. advice to U.S. citizens
re, 410, 441, 603
Inter-American automotive traffic, convention (1943) on
regulation of, with annex, 805
Passport Service, U.S., establishment and services of,
545
Permanent resident alien travel to Sino-Soviet coun-
tries, U.S. regulations re, 974
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 544, 665, 734
Road traflBc, convention (1949) on, with annexes, 387,
544, 665, 805
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facili-
ties for, 501, 701
Treasury, U.S., measures to be taken to improve balance-
of-payments position, Presidential directive re, 862
Treaties, agreements, etc., international (for specific
treaty, see country or srttject), current actions on,
33, 73, 114, 153, 192, 229, 261, 298, 350, 387, 429, 460,
501, 544, 590, 629, 665, 701, 734, 770, 805, 841, 878, 912,
945, 980
Treaty of Rome, 453, 454
Trujillo, Generalissimo, 516
Trust territories, U.N. (see also individual countries),
progress toward independence, 285, 627
Trusteeship Council, U.N. :
Documents, lists of, 190, 226, 387
U.S. representative, resignation, 262
Tully, Francis W., Jr., 677, 734
Tung oil and nuts, proclamation extending import quota
on, 834
Tunisia :
Ceylon-Tunisia resolution re the Congo, statement
(Wadsworth), 530, and text of resolution, 532
Contribution of troops to U.N. Command in the Congo,
221, 223, 906
1027
Tunisia — Continued
GATT, declaration on provisional accession to, 33, 192,
501, 945, 981
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 546
Turkey :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 958
Imports, U.S. aid in financing of, 901
Stabilization program, multilateral aid, 292
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending 1959
agreement with U.S., 114, 878
GATT, declaration extending standstill provisions of
article XVI : 4 and proc6s-verbal extending validity
of, 666
Inventions relating to defense for which patent ap-
plications have been filed, agreement for safeguard-
ing of, 665
U.S. Ambassador, resignation, 546
U.A.K. See United Arab Republic
U-2 incident :
Address (Burgess), 10, 11, 12
Effect on defensive alliances, statements (Herter), 40
Soviet complaint of U.S. aggression, consideration by
the U.N., statement (Wadsworth), 726
Trial and sentencing of Francis Gary Powers, U.S. re-
quests for interview with, statements and U.S. and
Soviet notes : Department, 350, 361 ; Hagerty and
White, 361 ; texts of notes, 276, 361
Uganda, U.S. consulate at Kampala raised to consulate
general, 546
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, telegraph regulations
(Geneva revision, 1958), 229
Underground nuclear tests. See Nuclear weapons : Tests,
detection of
Union of South Africa :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 643
South- West Africa, administration of, 509
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Antarctic treaty, 73
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Tracking station, agreement with U.S. for establish-
ment and operation of, 590
United Arab Republic :
Aswan High Dam, Sino-Soviet aid in the development
of, 448
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 350,
388, 629
Finance, agreement (1953) on German external debts,
extension to Syrian Province of, 387
IDA articles of agreement, 842
United Kingdom :
Aid to: Jordan, 291; less developed countries (sum-
mary ), 295 ; Libya, 291
Berlin, East German restriction on travel, U.K. and
Western views on, 439, 473, 516, 602, 748
Cypriot progress under administration of, statement
(Lodge), 458
Defense budget, increase in, 27
1028
United Kingdom — Continued
Disarmament See Disarmament; Disarmament Com-
mission, U.N. ; and Ten Nation Committee on Dis-
armament
Geneva conference on the discontinuance of nuclear
weapon tests. See Geneva conference on the dis-
continuance of nuclear weapon tests
German reunification. Western and Soviet positions, 977
Meeting of Prime Minister with President Eisenhower,
joint statement, 596
Nigeria, relations with, 643, 659, 757, 980
Nuclear test ban negotiations, U.S.-U.K. and Soviet
positions re, 360, 932, 934, 936
Relaxation of controls on dollar-area imports, address
(Dillon), 564
SatelUte communications systems, discussions with U.S.
re, 720
Support facilities for Polaris submarines, arrangement
with U.S. re, 778
Treaties, agreements, etc.:
Arbitral Tribunal and Mixed Commission, agreement
amending administrative agreement (1954) re, 912
Caribbean Organization, agreement for estabUshment
and draft statute, 68, 73
GATT, declaration on provisional accession of Tu-
nisia, 192
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 192
IDA articles of agreement, 805
Inventions relating to defense for which patent appli-
cations have been filed, agreement for safeguarding
Loran station in Bahama Islands, agreement with
U.S. re establishment of, 114
Postal convention, universal, 298
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, with annexes,
application to: Barbados, 805; St. Vincent, 387
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), appli-
cation to overseas territories of, .501
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs faciU-
ties for, extension to British Honduras, 701
U.S. financial discussions with, 865, 926
U.S. military bases in The West Indies, discussions re,
822, 889
U.S. trade center at London, plan for, statement (DU-
lon), 419
United Nations:
Admission of new members :
Cyprus, U.S. support, 456, 589
New African naUons. See infra, New African na-
tions: Membership
Security Council recommendations, 149n, 150«, ISln,
153JI, 457n, 659
Statement (Wadsworth), 583 I
Aid programs {see also Technical assistance programs |
infra), proposed enlargement of, U.S. support of, j
address (Dillon), 218 1
Charter of, 627, 683, 686, 739 \
Collective action in Korea, 10th anniversary of, state- j
ment (Herter), 39 {
A commonwealth of nations, address (Eisenhower),
744, 746
Department of State Bulletin
United Nations— Continued
Communist China's representation, question of, U.S.
views on, address and statements: Herter, 519;
Wadswortli, 678 ; Wilcox, 513
Congo problem, action on. See Congo situation
Courier satellite message from President Eisenhower
to, 671
Deterrent to world conflict, address (Merchant), 708
Disarmament (see also Disarmament Commission),
need for control organizations within framework of,
statement (Lodge) and text of U.N. Disarmament
Commission resolution, 378, 379, 380, 382
Documents, lists of, 1S9, 225, 258, 386, 458, 541, 628, 689,
733, 7G9, 877, 910, 979
Enlargement of U.N. councils, U.S. support of, state-
ments : Carpenter, 620 ; Wilcox, 874
15th anniversary, accomplisliments of and challenges to,
address and statement: Herter, 739; Wadsworth,
742
Freedom-from-hunger campaign. See under Food and
Agriculture Organization
General Assembly. See General Assembly
Headquarters {see also General Assembly: Security
precautions) :
Agreement with U.S., statements (Department, Eisen-
hower), U.S.-Soviet exchange of communications,
522
Diplomatic immunity of personnel and headquarters,
article (Barnes), 175, 180, 181
Location of, suggestion for moving of, 824
Means of worldwide communication, address (Wads-
worth), 919
New African nations :
Congolese delegation's credentials. General Assembly
approval and U.S. views, 904
Delegation leaders : tour U.S., 922 ; visit White House,
713
Impact on U.N., 959
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support of, message and
statements : Herter, 644, 589, 659 ; Lodge, 149, 150,
456 ; Wadsworth, 618 ; Wilcox, 150, 151, 660
U.N. role in, address (Satterthwaite), 753, 755
Office of Secretary-General, Soviet attack on and pro-
posed changes in U.N. organization, U.S. views re,
address and statements : Berding, 673, 674 ; Dillon,
598 ; Wadsworth, 586, 619, 656, 766
Outer space, U.N. committees on peaceful uses of, 624,
625
Peace and security fund, proposed, U.S. position on, 513
Peace force, U.S. proposal for, 91
Problems of, discussion by British and Australian Prime
Ministers with President Eisenhower, joint state-
ments, 596
Security Council. See Security Council
Soviet attitude toward, addresses : Berding, 476 ;
Dillon, 598
Specialized agencies {see also name of agency), U.S.
support of, address and statement: Payne, 794,
796 ; Penfield, 956, 957
Technical assistance programs :
Expanded program of:
Preinvestment activities of, 796
United Nations — Continued
Technical assistance programs — Continued
Expanded program of — Continued
Proposed increase in, U.S. support of, letter and
address: Eisenhower, 553; Wadsworth, 657, 658
Relationship to DAG activities, 645, 646
Role in the newly developing countries, address
(Bohlen), 640
U.S. pledges and contributions to, 731, 957
Operational and Executive Personnel Program. See
Operational and Executive Personnel Program, U.N.
Special Fund. See Special Fund, U.N.
Tibet, U.N. consideration of Communist aggression in,
513, 622, 626, 678, 682
Trust territories {see also Trusteeship Council and
individual countries), progress toward independ-
ence, 285, 627
U.S. representatives to: appointment (Martin) to Euro-
pean OfiBce of, 621 ; confirmation : Barco, 461 ; Wads-
worth, 458, 461; resignation (Lodge), 388
U.S. participation during 1959, letter (Eisenhower), 624
U.S. support of policies of, addresses : Berding, 675 ;
Dillon, 598; Eisenhower, 557; Foster, 827; Herter,
437 ; Penfield, 955, 957 ; Wilcox, 507
United Nations Charter:
Address and statements : Herter, 739 ; Wadsworth, 683,
686
Review conference on, U.S. support of, letter (Eisen-
hower), 627
United Nations committees on peaceful uses of outer
space, 624, 625
United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine,
627
United Nations conference on tin, 1960, article (Nichols),
661
United Nations Day, statement (Wadsworth), 742
United Nations Disarmament Commission. See Disarma-
ment Commission, U.N.
United Nations Economic and Social Council. See Eco-
nomic and Social Council
United Nations economic commissions. See Economic
Commission
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization. See Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, U.N.
United Nations Emergency Force. See Emergency Force,
U.N.
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. See
Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. See
High Commissioner
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees (UNRWA) :
Address (Wilcox), 512
Extension of mandate by U.N., letter (Eisenhower),
626
U.S. pledge to, statement (Aiken), 803
United Nations Special Committee on Hungary, report
of, statement (Morse), 728
United Nations Special Fund. See Special Fund
United Nations Trusteeship Council, 190, 226, 262, 387
Index, July fo December I960
1029
United States citizens and nationals:
Claims. See Claims
Cuba, gee Cuban situation : U.S.-Cuban relations
Dependents of U.S. military and civilian personnel
abroad, Presidential directive re, 862, 863
Protection of:
Chinese Communist imprisonment of, U.S. efforts for
release, 497
Commercial treaties to secure rights of Americans
investing overseas, address (Adair), 574
Evacuation of from Republic of the Congo, statement
(Herter), 205
Francis Powers (U-2 pilot), U.S. seeks access to,
276, 350, 361
RB-47 crewmen shot down by the Soviets. See
RB-47 plane
Role in U.S. foreign relations, address (Foster), 823
United States Committee for Refugees, 16
United States-Danish Committee on Greenland Projects,
establishment of, 926
United States Disarmament Administration, establishment
of, 481
United States Educational Foundation in Norway, agree-
ment amending 1949 agreement with Norway re, 154
United States Information Agency :
Africa, program in, addresses: Penfield, 956; Satter-
thwaite, 755
Cultural information activities, address (Thayer), 18
Director (Allen), resignation of, 912
MSP activities of, Executive order, 870; White House
announcement, 868
United States Operations Missions. See under Interna-
tional Cooperation Administration
United States Passport Service, establishment of, 545
Universal postal convention (1957), 298, 429, 460, 544,
665
Universities, role in international educational and cul-
tural relations, address (Thayer), 280
UNRWA. See United Nations Relief and Works Agency
for Palestine Refugees
Upper Volta :
Consular district transferred from Dakar, Senegal, to
Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 154
Membership in the U.N., U.S. support, statement
(Lodge), 457
WHO constitution, amendments to, 805
WMO convention, 805
U.S. Ambassador, appointment, 702
U.S. Embassy: Abidjan, Ivory Coast, accredited to, 262;
Ouagadougou, proposed, 702
U.S. immigration quota, proclamation, 654, 655
Upton, T. Graydon, 153, 616, 645
Urdaneta, Magdalena, death of, text of U.S. document to
U.N., 699
Uruguay :
Statue of George Washington, proposed presentation
by U.S., 46
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement supplementing
1959 agreement with U.S., 770
Educational exchange program, agreements with U.S.,
229, 350
Uruguay — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
GATT, declaration on relations with Poland, 945
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
convention (1944) on and protocol of amendment
to, 429
Visit of national councilor to U.S., 520
Usakligil, Bulend, 958
Vega, Soviet trawler, 241
Venezuela :
Charges against Dominican Republic In OAS meeting.
See Organization of American States: Venezuelan
charges
Genocide, convention (1948) on the prevention and
punishment of the crime of, 4G0
Inter-American automotive traffic, convention (1943)
on regulation of, with annex, 805
U.S. balance of payments with, table, 100
Veto, Soviet use of, 244n, 476, 486, 532«, 976
Viet-Nam :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 229,
945
5th anniversary of independence of, message (Elsen-
hower), 758
IDA articles of agreement, 460, 805
Mekong River Basin, multilateral efforts for develop-
ment, 292
Travel of aliens from U.S. to, U.S. regulations re, 974
Villard. Henry S., 230, 461, 567, 702
Visas (see also Passports), issuance:
During FY 1960, 051
Regulations governing, address (Auerbach), 578
To domestic servants, instructions re, statement
(Hanes), 365
"Visit the United States of America Year," 651
Vocational and industrial education program in Brazil
agreement extending 1950 agreement re, 298
Voice of America, program in Africa, address (Penfield),
956
Voorhees, Tracy, 888
Wadsworth, James J. :
Address and statements :
Communications in an Era of Crisis and Change, 919
Congo, Republic of :
Delegation to U.N., credentials, 906
Situation in, 527, 583, 666
Cuban complaints against U.S. in the U.N. :
Allocation to Committee I, 791
Reply to, 621
Disarmament negotiations and proposals, 723, 760,
836
General Assembly agenda, question of inclusion of
items on :
Africa, U.N. program for, 657
Communist China, representation in the U.N., 678
Hungary, 623
Tibet, 622
Soviet complaint of U.S. aggression re flights of
the U-2 and RB-47 planes, 622, 726
1030
Department of Stale Butletin
Wadsworth, James J. — Continued
Address and statements — Continued
General Assembly resolution on cooperation of Mem-
ber States, U.S. support of, 722
Nuclear weapons test ban, report to U.N. on negotiat-
ing a treaty on, 930
OAS action on Dominican Republic, Security Council
consideration of, U.S. position, 542
United Nations Day, 742
U.N. membership for Mali and Senegal, 618
U.S. support of U.N. against Soviet attacks, 619, 656
Correspondence :
"Africa : A United Nations Program for Independ-
ence and Development," request for inclusion on
U.N. agenda, 657
Cuba, U.S. relations with, transmittal of document
to U.N. on facts concerning, 690
Germany, refutation of Soviet charges against West-
ern Powers and the Federal Republic of Germany,
977
Puerto Rican refutation of charges of colonialism
against U.S., transmittal to U.N. Secretary-Gen-
eral, 656
U.S. representative to U.N. General Assembly and Se-
curity Council, confirmation, 458, 461
Walier, William W., 429
War damage claims, agreement supplementing memo-
randum of understanding (1957) with Italy, 298
Warren, Fletcher, 546
Warsaw ambassadorial talks (U.S.-Communist China),
exchange of newsmen between U.S. and Communist
China, negotiations for, 471, 497
Watch movements, President's decision re escape-clause
action on imports of, 445
Water treaty (1944) with Mexico, construction of Ami-
stad Dam under, 742, 981
Waterways legislation affecting Berlin, West German
adoption of, text of U.S. reply to Soviet protest, 475
Weapons production program :
Agreements with : Australia, 427, 429 ; France, 702 ;
Federal Republic of Germany, 33 ; Italy, 261 ; Nor-
way, 666 ; Portugal, 734
Expansion, Defense Department management of, 315
Weather (see also Rawinsonde) :
Facilities and research at Fort Churchill, agreement
with Canada re maintenance and operation, 192
WMO convention, 701, 805, 842, 912, 945
Weights and measures, 1875 convention concerning cre-
ation of an international office of, and 1921 conven-
tion amending, 981
Weil, T. Eliot, 546
Welbeck, Nathaniel, 906, 907
West Indies, The:
U.K.-U.S. and West Indian negotiations re U.S. miU-
tary bases in, 822, 889
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 630
Western Europe. See Europe : Western
Western Hemisphere, Soviet threat of intervention in.
See under Cuban situation and Organization of Amer-
ican States: Sino-Soviet intervention
Whaling convention (1946) international, and regula-
tions, 666
Wheat:
Emergency drought relief shipment to Jordan, 142
Grants to: Afghanistan, 872; Cyprus, 973
International wheat agreement (1959), with annex, 114,
350, 387
Wheat Utilization Committee, 250
Wheaton, Anne, 558
White, Lincoln, 361
Whitman, Walter G., 429
Whitney, John Hay, 889
WHO. See World Health Organization
Wilcox, Francis O. :
Address and statements :
Membership in the United Nations, U.S. support of:
Congo. Republic of the, 151 ; Nigeria, 660 ; Somali
Republic, 150
The United Nations, 507
U.N. Security Council and ECOSOC, enlargement of,
U.S. position, 874
Assistant Secretary of State for International Organ-
ization Affairs, resignation, 546
U.S. representative to 15th session of the U.N. General
Assembly, confirmation, 67
Wild, William C, Jr., 630
Wiley, Alexander, 47
Wilkins, Fraser, 461
Willard, Henry S., 230
Willauer, Whiting, 982
Willis, Frances E., 07, 939
WMO. See World Meteorological Organization
Woolen and worsted woven fabrics, new tariff rates on
imports, announcement and table, 832
World Bank. See International Bank
World Court. See International Court of Justice
World economic survey for 1959, remarks (Dillon), 189
World Health Organization:
Constitution of and amendments to arts. 24 and 25 of,
460, 734, 770, 805, 842, 878
Sanitary regulations, amendments pertaining to the
Aircraft General Declaration, 544
World Meteorological Organization, convention (1947) of,
701, 805, 842, 912, 945
World Refugee Year:
ICEM movements of refugees during, 255
Progress toward solutions of problems of refugees, state-
ment (Lamey), 802
U.S. contributions, address (Hanes), 15
Wright, Thomas K., 806
Ydigoras Fuentes, Miguel, 924
Yemen, Sino-Soviet aid in development of, report (Eisen-
hower), 448
Yoe, Harry W., 630
Yugoslavia :
Break with Moscow, statement (Herter), 396
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 73
GATT, declaration on relations with, 192, 897, 981
IDA articles of agreement, 842
Index, July to December J 960
1031
Yngoslavia-Continued Zarba, Anthony, 814
D S aid to, statement (Kohler), 28 Zellerbach, James D., 912
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director. 388 Zinc and lead, decision against reopening escape-clause
Visit of Under Secretary Dillon, 104 action on. 901
DEPAKTMENT OF STATE
PubUcation 7151
Released April 1961
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25. D.C.— Price 30 cents
THH DEPARTMENT OF STATE
')'^^3, / H3
Vol. XLIII, No. 1097
July 4, 1960
ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE IN THE
NATIONAL POLICY MACHINERY • Statement by
Secretary Herter 3
SOME CONCLUSIONS FROM THE SUMMIT • by
W. Randolph Burgess 9
EUROPEAN ASPECTS OF THE MUTUAL SECURITY
PROGRAM • Statement by Assistant Secretary Kohler . . 24
REFUGEES— A CHANGING CHALLENGE • by John W.
Hanes, Jr J^
THE PEOPLE OF LOUISVILLE AND AMERICA'S
CULTURAL RELATIONS • by Robert H. Thayer ... 17
Boston Public Library
Superintendent of Documents
AUG 2 9 1960
depository:
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HE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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July 4, 1960
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Statement hy Secretary Herter^
I welcome the opportunity to offer this commit-
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icy macliinery with which I am most familiar.
My comments ai"e based on reflections arising
from my service as Under Secretary and Secre-
tary of State and of course as a member of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of
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It seems to me that several fundamental con-
siderations underlie the questions concerning the
Department of State wMch you have asked me
to discuss today. "While these are generally well
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we are on common ground.
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tive responsibility for the conduct of foreign re-
lations and the enimciation of foreign policy
resides squarely with the President. As this
committee knows so well, the course of events of
the past two decades has given to these responsi-
bilities dimensions that are awesome, to say the
least.
Secondly, it follows that the fimdamental mis-
sion of the Secretary of State is to assist and
support the President in the discharge of his
responsibilities for foreign affairs. Unlike, I be-
lieve, any other major depai-tment, the basic
authority of the Department of State is left com-
pletely to the discretion of the President. The
basic statute of the Department of State provides
that the Secretary of State
. . . shall perform and execute such duties as shall,
from time to time, be enjoined on or entrusted to him by
the President of the United States, agreeable to the
Constitution. . . .
' Made before the Subcommittee on National Polic.v
Machinery of the Senate Committee on Government
Operations on June 10 (press release 317) .
Thirdly, as became evident after the conclusion
of the last war and as becomes more apparent
with each passing year, international affairs no
longer have an existence separate from domes-
tic affairs and they can no longer be treated except
in the context of the entire range of governmental
activities. Practically every Government depart-
ment and agency has to a varying degree a proper
concern, and m some instances responsibility, for
one facet or another of international affairs.
Conversely, the Department of State is properly
concerned with facets of domestic affairs which
have major impact upon our foreign relations.
Secretary of State's Relation to President
Before proceeding further, I should like to
make several observations on the considerations I
have just enumerated.
The burden of the President's responsibilities
for international affairs is almost indescribably
heavy. I think all of us must be sympathetic
and helpful in doing what we can to provide the
President with the highest possible caliber of
assistance, both with respect to his immediate
staff and in each of the various departments of
government concerned.
The relationship between the President and the
Secretary of State is, of necessity, a very personal
one. It has, over the years, varied with circum-
stances and personalities and will imdoubtedly
continue to do so. The relationship can never be
considered fixed beyond the tenure of either in-
cumbent, and any effort to make it so would
hamper rather than enhance effective performance.
Every President, in his own way, has defuied
the role he wishes the Secretary of State to carry
out. President Eisenhower has set forth quite
clearly on repeated occasions his concept of the
Ju/y 4, I960
function of the Secretaiy of State. Typically,
he stated on June 1, 1953, that : =
I personally wish to emphasize that I shall lejiaril
the Secretary of State as the Cabinet officer responsible
for advising and assisting me in the formulation and
control of foreign policy. It will be my practice to
employ the Secretary of State as my channel of authority
within the executive branch on foreign policy. Other
officials of the executive branch will work with and
through the Secretary of State on matters of foreign
policy.
These principles have been adhered to in succeed-
mg years. I would doubt that any more explicit
or enlarged statement is necessary.
I do not wish to leave the impression by my
emphasis on the discretion that must be available
to the President that there are not enduring guide-
posts within which we can approach the questions
we are considering today. In my opinion the
Secretary of State should, under the President,
have in his relations with other departments a
clear primacy in foreign relations and in all mat-
ters with a substantial effect upon foreign rela-
tions. This is not to say that the Secretary of
State should be charged with operating all of
the programs carried on abroad in support of our
national security goals but that he should have
clear primacy as to policy on these programs.
Nor is it to say that the Secretary of State need
normally have the power of decision upon matters
crossing departmental jurisdiction simply because
they involve foreign affairs. Kather, the Secre-
tary of State should be looked to for formulation
of recommendations to the President, when ap-
propriate through the NSC [National Security
Council] mechanism, which take into account the
considerations and views set forth by other de-
partments. Assistance of this nature enables the
President to focus effectively on foreign affairs
problems of transcendent importance. In follow-
ing through on these principles it is hard to state
general rules which will be self-enforcing. It is
more a matter of recognizing that the activities
and programs are for a foreign affairs purpose
and should therefore be guided by the official re-
sponsible for foreign affairs.
In my opinion good organization alone will not
suffice for the solution of foreign affairs problems
of the magnitude and complexity which confront
us today. While I am well aware of the value of
good organization and soundly conceived relation-
ships, I find that I subscribe to the sentiments of
those who place even greater value on the hiunan
element — on the devotion, ability, and experience
of the personnel of the Department of State and
the other principal departments of government.
This is why I have been such a strong advocate
of the moves made in recent years to strengthen
the Foreign Service— and, indeed, the entire De-
partment of State, "\^^^ile I have been pleased
with the progress made in matters such as train-
ing and integration of the foreign and domestic
officer corps, I have recognized that there is much
that remains to be done. This is a long-range
program, and I very much hope that it will con-
tinue to have the support of my successors and
of the future Congresses of the United States.
The ability of any Secretary of State to serve
the President is dependent not only on his own
capacities but also on the support available to
him from the Department of State. The respon-
sibilities customarily assigned to the Secretary of
State for providing leadership to the Govern-
ment as a whole in the international field re-
quire the participation of many parts of the De-
partment. The capacity of the Department of
State to provide leadership at all levels is de-
pendent, in the final analysis, not upon fiat but
rather upon the competence, judgment, energy,
and comprehension of the many officers who are
involved.
Formulation of Overall National Security Policy
I should now like to speak to the questions re-
lating to the Department of State which were
posed m the interim report ' of this subcommittee.
First are those concerned with whether the Sec-
retary of State should have a more dominant
role in the formulation of overall national security
policy.
"Are the responsibilities of the State and De-
fense Departments in national security policy-
making now correctly defined and divided? If
not, what changes are needed?"
In my judgment they are correctly defined and
the division is working well. I do not believe
that any major improvement in the relationships
between the Department of State and the Depart-
ment of Defense would result from further ef-
forts to define their respective responsibilities. A
more immediate and profitable target is for the
' Bulletin of June 15, 1953, p. 849.
' S. Rept. 1026. 86th Cong.. 2d sess.
Deparfment of State Bulletin
Department of State to seek to improve its ca-
pacity to provide timely political guidance to the
Department of Defense and, reciprocally, for the
latter to seek to improve its capacity to provide
timely military advice. I should emphasize that
this is being done not only at the senior levels but
at all levels in the two Departments. The ad-
vice worked into problems at the lower levels is
frequently the most helpful.
The functional and organizational aspects of
State-Defense relations are, of course, important.
More important, however, is the continuing de-
velopment of personnel in both departments who
share understanding and perspective in the gray
area where foreign policy and military policy
come in contact or overlap. In this regard the
common experience shared by personnel of the
two Departments who attend the War Colleges
and the Foreign Service Institute is vei-y help-
ful. In addition, I tliink it would be worth while
to have an exchange of personnel between the two
Departments. The men loaned would function as
an integral part of the host agency, contributing
their own special knowledge, and would return to
their parent agency at the end of the tour with
the broadened perspective which is acquired
through shoulder-to-shoulder work. We might,
over a period of years with such a program, de-
velop a nucleus of highly trained senior ofEcers
within the two Departments, each having a pro-
found and comprehensive understanding of the
subject matter and viewpoint of the other Depart-
ment. If this understanding were regularly and
consistently brought to bear on the solution of
problems of mutual concern, much more good
would be accomplished than could result from ef-
forts to adjust and refine the respective respon-
sibilities of the two Departments. I should add
that the broadening of personal contacts among
senior officers resulting from such an interchange
would be a major asset in insuring the continuity
of a productive relationship between the Depart-
ments of State and Defense.
'■'■Should the Secretary of State he formally
charged with more responsibility in connection
with our defense posture and the defense budget?"
No. First of all, I regard somewhat skeptically
the word "formally" as contravening the basic con-
cept that the Secretaiy of State is the agent of the
President and that it is unwise to prescribe how
the President may utilize him. More to the point,
ivly 4, 1960
however, is my belief that participation by the
Secretary of State in the NSC, in the Cabinet, and
in confidential discussions with the President
affords ample opportunity to advise the President
on the defense posture and the defense budget. In
addition, I feel free to advise and consult with the
Secretary of Defense on these topics, and I do so.
"Should the Secretary of State he asked to
testify in the Congress concerning foreign policy
implications of the defense budget ?"
The Congress, of course, is entitled to obtain
whatever advice it deems necessary to insure the
enactment of wise legislation. In recent years a
number of steps have been taken in the executive
branch to insure consideration of foreign policy
implications in determining the defense budget.
It must be recognized, I think, that should the
Secretary of State testify on the defense budget,
he would undoubtedly be supporting decisions in
which he has already participated. These budget
decisions, as I have seen them, have not been made
in a vacuum, and the Departments are fully aware
of each other's interests.
'■'■Would it be desirable to create a '■super Secre-
tary of State'' who would be responsible for the
overall direction of foreign affairs, and who might
have under him additional Secretaries of Cabinet
rank for such areas as diplomacy, information,
and foreign economic irMttersf''
Although I can fully imderstand and sympa-
thize with the general objectives desired by those
who advocate a so-called super Secretary of State
with Cabinet-level agencies reporting to him, I do
not believe that such a proposal would be desirable.
There are a number of factors that cause me to
question this proposal. Among them is the as-
sumption of equivalence for areas such as
diplomacy, information, and foreign economic
matters. I do not believe the areas are, in fact,
equivalent. If these three principal areas are to
be equated, it will then become necessary to estab-
lish what I fear would be an excessively large co-
ordinating mechanism at the level of the super
Secretary of State. Instead of being relieved of
burdens, he might find his load increased.
This is not to say that I disagree with the con-
cept that our foreign economic and foreign in-
formation activities ought to be under the control
of the Secretary of State. It may be desirable at
some time for the overseas information activities
to be brought into the Department in a semi-
autonomous status somewhat similar to that suc-
cessfully followed with respect to the ICA.
Lightening Burdens of Secretary of State
Next in the interim report are those questions
concerned with lightening the burdens of the
Secretary of State.
"Would it be desirable to create a Minister of
Foreign Affairs of Cabinet rank, responsible to the
Secretary of State, who could represent the United
States at foreign ministers' meetings f Would any
other arrangements help, such as appointments of
Ambassadors at Largef
The imderlying question here is whether it is
possible to lighten the negotiating burdens of the
Secretary of State in order to give him more time
to discharge his responsibilities at home. I do
not consider feasible the proposal to create a Min-
ister of Foreign Affairs of Cabinet rank, responsi-
ble to the Secretai-y of State, who would represent
the United States at foreign ministers' meetings.
When foreign ministers meet, they are meetmg as
their governments' chief advisers on foreign af-
fairs. Since the Secretary of State would con-
tinue in this country to be that chief adviser, an-
other representative, no matter what his rank and
title, would create problems for the other foreign
ministers.
I am coming to the conclusion that it would be
desirable for the foreign ministers to curtail the
occasions upon which they themselves attend
meetings. To do this would require greater dele-
gation to principal subordinates and greater reli-
ance upon the normal mechanisms of diplomacy.
Additionally, in this day when there are some 85
nations who must deal with each other, we may
have to dispense with some of the ways of proto-
col whicli we no longer have the time to afford.
Matters Affecting State and Defense Departments
Next are those questions which concern State-
Defense relations.
'■'■What is the proper relationship between State
and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (aiid/or the Joint
Staff of the JCS) ? Should a representative of the
Secretary of State participate in discussions of
the JCS wlien approprmtef''
The Secretary of State, the Secretary of De-
fense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff do, and should
continue to, form a well-coordinated and smoothly
working team in both the planning and execution
of national security policy.
The two Departments naturally have very ex-
tensive relationships on a multitude of subjects
which enable the Department of State to inject
foreign policy considerations into military affairs
at all stages. Secretary [Thomas S.] Gates [Jr.]
and I confer with each other frequently, and we
also participate in larger meetings such as the
NSC and the Cabinet. An Under Secretary of
State confers regularly with the JCS, and the
Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Plamiing
meets regularly with the Joint Staff of the JCS
and officers of the Department of Defense. State,
Defense, and military officials work directly to-
gether across the board and without any formali-
ties and especially so when there is a premium on
speed of action. In addition to our broad and
fruitful policy relationships with Defense through
ISA [Office of International Security Affairs],
we have direct relationships with the three services
on a variety of subjects.
I believe it would be a mistake to have an officer
of the Department of State sit with the JCS as
a representative of the Department of State, but
I would not rule out the long-term possibility that
a senior officer of the Department might be as-
signed to the JCS in an advisory capacity. Wiile
such an official might not participate in the delib-
erations of the JCS as an official spokesman for
the Department of State, he might have a role
comparable to that of a political adviser to a uni-
fied military command.
Next are the questions directed toward improve-
ment of planning in the Departments of State and
Defense.
"Should officials with more diverse backgrounds
and experience be brought into the policy plan-
ning process in State and Defense? Is there a
need for a joint State-DOD-JCS Planning Staff?
Can greater u^e be made of ad hoc interdepart-
mental task forces on special issues of national
security policy?''''
We have long recognized the need for officers of
diverse backgrounds on our Policy Planning Staff.
I think that we have succeeded fairly well in
meeting this need. Naturally, we shall continue
to select with great care the members of this staff
so as to insure a balance of knowledge and back-
ground.
Depariment of Sfafe Bu/Zefin
A Joint State-DOD-JCS Planning Staff would
have the merit of bringing together diverse back-
grounds but might have the drawback of being
apart from the operating departments and out
of the mainstream. The firm connection with
reality which proximity to operations gives is
certainly a requisite of useful plamiing. Tliis is
one of the reasons why the Planning Board of the
NSC has been so useful; its members are active
participants in the operations of their own de-
partments as well as members of a joint plaiming
staff. Additionally, we have utilized interdepart-
mental task forces for planning on special issues,
and we have found it to be an excellent means of
bringing to bear upon a problem the best knowl-
edge of several agencies.
Lastly, there is the question about a joint career
service embracing senior officers selected from
State, Defense, and related national security
agencies.
"/s the proposed joint career service practical
and loorthwhile?''''
The joint career service proposal strikes me as
being a rather drastic and administratively cum-
bersome approach to the very desirable objective
of developing policymakers with nonparochial
viewpoints and wide breadth of experience. As
I suggested earlier, I believe the interchange of
selected pei-sonnel between the Departments of
State and Defense and the use of joint task forces
on planning might go a long way toward meeting
this objective and should be tried before we resort
to the more drastic proposal for a joint career
service.
In conclusion I wish to thank the committee for
this opportunity to meet with it. I will be glad
to answer questions on this statement.
United States Asks Withdrawal
of Two Cuban Officials
Press release 337 dated June IS
The Department of State on June 18 delivered
to Dr. Enrique Patterson., Cuban Charge d'' Af-
faires ad interim, the folloxoing note.
Sir : I wish to inform you that the Government
of the United States has ascertained that Dr. Berta
Pla, Cultural Attache in the Cuban Consulate
General at New York City, and Carlos Manuel
Lazaro Felix Sanchez y Basquet, assistant to the
Cuban Consul at Miami, Florida, have engaged in
highly improper activities incompatible with their
status as consular officials.
In these circumstances I must state to you that
the continued presence in the United States of Dr.
Pla and Mr. Sanchez is no longer acceptable and
you are requested to arrange for the departure of
these officials within forty -eight hours.
Accept, Sir, the renewed assurances of my high
consideration.
For the Acting Secretary of State:
L. D. jNIallory
President Eisenhower Departs
for the Far East
Statement hy President Eisenhower ^
My friends : Through recent weeks my mail has
been heavy with personal messages from thou-
sands of Americans and friends of America over-
seas, messages of calm faith that om- decent,
peaceful purposes will not be obscured in the
world's eyes by propaganda and invective.
These messages, written in fullness of heart,
have been inspiring proof that, far from Wash-
ington and the world centers of power, men and
women are deeply concerned with the world role
of the Republic — for peace with justice in free-
dom. To all those who have written and cabled
me heartening words I am most thankful.
As you know there have been public warnings,
based on a variety of considerations, that I should
not visit the Far East at this time. With these I
did not agree. However, they moved me to re-
think and to reexamhie my individual responsibil-
ity within the American mission of free- world
leadership. In that process I decided neither to
postpone nor to cancel my trip to the Far East.
This is the reason for my decision: so that I
can continue to learn more about the inmiediate
problems and purposes of our friends and to
continue to promote a better understanding of
America abroad, which, particularly in the cir-
cumstances of the moment, is a compelling re-
sponsibility on me as the President of the United
States.
' Made at Washington National Airport on .June 12
( White House press release) .
i»\y 4, 1960
If the trip now ahead of me were concerned
principally with the support of a regime or a
treaty or a disputed policy, if it were intended
merely to bolster a particular program or to
achieve a limited objective, such a journey would
have no real justification. But this trip is not
so concerned, not so intended.
Rather, it represents an important phase of a
program w^hose paramount objective was, and is,
to improve the climate of international under-
standing. Toward that goal we have worked in
many ways : for instance, by the exchange of stu-
dents and by our economic assistance program.
Not the least among these means has been a
long series of visits, through ly^ years, Ijy chiefs
of state and senior officials of other goveniments
to the United States and like trips abroad by my-
self, the Vice President, and oui* associates at all
levels of American Government.
Never, I believe, in the history of international
affairs has there been so massive a program of
communications between government officials and
between peoples. We should not permit unpleas-
ant incidents and sporadic turmoil, inspired by
misled or hostile agents, to dim for us the concrete
and gratifying results. They have been to the
gi-eat profit and to the great good of the entire
world.
For one thing, America's sincere dedication to
the pursuit of a permanent peace, with justice for
all, is becoming more clearly understood than ever
before throughout the free world.
For another, the free- world economy, including
our own, has been steadily strengthened.
For a third, among most of the world's peoples
there now is a genuine consensus of conviction
that we can, by negotiation, solve even the most
difficult of international problems.
We, in truth, have made immense progi-ess. In
the devout hope that I can help further, e^en a
little, this forward movement, I go to the Philip-
pines, the Republic of China, Japan, and Korea.
In these countries we have many millions of
warm and devoted friends, in every case the vast
majority of the population. But because these are
countries of freedom, where men and women are
free to assemble, to speak out, and to criticize, we
must not expect a regimented unanimity on any
subject — any more than we expect it here at home.
I am going to tliese countries :
Because with tlie Republic of the Philippines we
have the closest ties of association beginning six
decades ago and because it was in the Philippines
many years ago that we launched our first major
program to help a developing people achieve a
prosperous independence.
Because with the Republic of China we have
helped demonstrate to tJie world that a free peo-
ple can hold high its precious national heritage
against all efforts to destroy it and can in adversity
build soundly for the future without a fatal sacri-
fice of human values.
Because with Japan we have just completed our
first century of relations and we can now so plan
and order our partnership that through the new
century ahead we may work together for the
prosperity and peace of the entii-e world.
Because with Korea we have been joined since
the establishment of its Republic in maintaining
there a bulwai'k on the frontier of the free world,
essential to the security of this Nation and the
honor of the United Nations.
Our associations with these four nations are vital
to our own security and to the securitj' of the free
world. In my personal mission through the next
2 weeks I shall strive to my utmost that our friend-
ships may grow warmer, our partnerships more
productive of good for us all.
I am stopping briefly in Okinawa, where we
have important responsibilities for the welfare of
the Ryukyuan people.
I am also happy to visit our newest States,
Alaska and Hawaii. They are important bridges
of communication to the free nations of Asia.
I know that all Americans will want me to ex-
press their warm friendship to the peoples I shall
visit. I know also that I shall bring back to you
the friendly greetings of our Asian brothers.
And now, goodby to all of you for a short while.
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Some Conclusions From the Summit
iy W. Randolph Burgess
U.S. Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council
Every spring Paris is transformed from somber-
ness to a brilliance that lifts the heart. This year,
particularly, the heavens smiled and the white and
pink blossoms of the horse chestnut trees seemed
more gay than usual. Even the Paris fashions
seemed to reflect the heightened spirit of bright-
ness and cheer. The people of Paris were de-
lighted by the prospect of being host to the sum-
mit conference in mid-May and by the hope that
it might help lessen the tensions with the Soviet
Union.
There was an immense human investment in this
undertaking. The heads of four great "Western
governments and their principal advisers were
taking time away from all other duties of state
to concentrate their efforts on this move along
the pathway to peace. The summit meeting was
in response to repeated urging by Mr. Khru-
shchev ; that in itself seemed a good augury.
Long Preparation
Tliere had been long and exacting preparation
for this conference, including individual visits
among the four Western cliiefs of government and
weeks and weeks of labor of experts. Last sum-
mer the foreign ministers of the Western Powers
and the Soviet Union, with German observers,
had spent 10 weary weeks at Geneva, reviewing
every aspect of problems relating to Germany and
Berlin. They had not reached an agreement, but
they had boxed the compass on the possible and
the impossible solutions.
For nearly 20 months, in Geneva also, repre-
sentatives of the United States, the United King-
dom, and the U.S.S.E. had been attempting to
^ Address made before the General Federation of
Women's Clubs at Washington, D.C., on June 15 (press
release 332).
reach agi'eement on the discontinuance of nuclear
testing under controls which would insure against
any abuse of the agreement. The negotiators were
making substantial — if laborious — progress.
Six months before, France, the U.K., U.S., and
U.S.S.E. had created a 10-nation disarmament
committee on which the Soviet bloc and the West
were equally represented.^ The fom- powers
hoped that the work of the committee would pro-
vide a useful basis for disarmament negotiations
in the United Nations. This group had begun
meetings in March after extensive preparation.
The meetings reached no conclusions but succeeded
in exposing and exploring the various positions.
The Western team included in its proposals a
gi-oup of concrete, practical, and relatively simple
first steps which could be taken without delay and
which would begm the climb toward broader
measures.^* But the Soviet team refused to talk
about these practical, simple steps and instead
kept sovmding off with sweeping generalities of
complete and universal disarmament witli no ade-
quate assurance of controls. However, although
the U.S.S.E. conceded no single practicable point,
the discussions defined the issues and there seemed
reasonable hope that at the svunmit some directive
might get the negotiations on the road to progress
on specific disarmament steps.
It should be emphasized that during this whole
period the three Western Powers — England,
France, and the United States — who were to take
part in the summit were in continuing contact and
consultation with their partners of the Atlantic
Alliance. Besides individual consultations the
discussions were centered in NATO [North At-
= Bulletin of Sept. 28, 1959, p. 438.
' For text of a working pajwr on disarmament presented
by Canada, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the
United States, see ma., Apr. 4, 1960, p. 511.
Ju/y 4, J 960
lantic Treaty Organization], on wliich I have the
lienor of representing the United States, ilany
liours of discussion were held in this 15-nation
forum. Thus the three Western Powers went to
the summit knowing they had the understanding
and support of the whole alliance.
Our Hopes Blasted
We who had been working on these questions
had hoix!, not of great, sweeping solutions but
of some conci-ete, if modest, forward steps toward
better understanding between the free world and
the Soviet bloc which might gain a few yards on
the road to a stabilized peace. But those hopes
were blasted in the very first moments of the sum-
mit conference by Mr. Khrushchev. You all
know how he did it. The President and Secretary
Herter have reported it fully and directly to their
fellow Americans.*
There was some previous evidence of a change
in the Soviet attitude when, at a speech at Baku,
U.S.S.K., a week before the U-2 incident,^ Mr.
Khrushchev changed his tone to greater belliger-
ency, especially renewing his threat of a separate
l^eace treaty with East Geniiany. This the West-
em countries generally interpreted as simply fol-
lowing earlier Soviet patterns of talking tough
before a conference in an effort to improve their
trading position.
But when Mr. Khrushchev reached Paris, the
storm broke. On Sunday, the day before the
meeting was to begin, he told General de Gaulle
and Prime Minister Macmillan that he woidd go
on with the conference only if the President of
the United States punished those resjjonsible and
guaranteed that such flights would be discon-
tinued—a demand so extreme he must have known
that it could not be met.
Wlien the meeting began on that historic Mon-
day, May 16, he unleashed an unprecedented at-
tack on our President and repeated the same
demands, adding to them the further demand that
the President himself apologize for the flights.
When these demands were not met, Mr. Khru-
shchev refused to attend meetings, and the con-
' For President Eisenhower's report to the Nation on
May 2.5, see ihid., June 6, 1960, p. 899; for Secretary
Herter's statement before the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee on May 27, see ibid.. June 1.3, 1960, p. 947.
' For background, see ibid., May 30, 19(50, p. 851, and
June 13, 1960, p. 955.
10
ference was over. Khrushchev even refused tlie
President's offer to meet with him in private.
For a full understanding of the whole episode,
we need time for the dust to settle. But by now
each of you has probably evolved your own ex-
planation of why it all happened as it did. One
thing seems evident: The incident of the U-2
plane was an excuse rather than a reason. For
Mr. Khrushchev admits he had known about these
flights for nearly 4 years and consequently was
fully aware of them when he visited President
Eisenhower in September 1959. But he never
mentioned them at that time. The reason seems
fairly obvious: He did not want to ]mt himself
in the position of admitting that the Soviet Union
did not have what it takes to shoot down planes
flying at that great altitude. Moreover, in view
of the tremendous and continuing espionage ap-
paratus and activity of the Soviet, it is ridiculous
for Mr. Khrushchev to appear so shocked at this
overflight by an unarmed plane.
The reasons for his breaking up the summit
meeting probably lie deeper. "Wliile the evidence
is inconclusive, difficulties at home may have
played a role in INIr. Khrushchev's decision. But
more important is the fact that Mi-. Khrushchev
had not succeeded in his attempts either to split
or wreck the Western alliance. He realized he
could not have his way at the summit meeting.
His propaganda to turn France against Germany
and to develop resentment by the smaller nations
against the three great Western Powers had all
failed. He was put on notice of this failure by
reason of the unanimous action of the 15-nation
NATO Ministerial Council meeting in Istanbul
on May 2 to 4,"^ at which the foreign ministers
joined in a statement in full support of the West-
ern position for the summit. Mr. Khrushchev
therefore faced the prospect of failure at the sum-
mit to win any easy gains from the West, and he
badly needed some way of getting off the hook.
There is every evidence that the Soviet leaders
had come to a decision that it would be advisable
to postpone the summit discussions until a more
propitious time. You will remember that Mr.
Khrushchev even indicated his hope that the suc-
cessor to Mr. Eisenhower in the "\^niite House
might be more approachable and that there might
be favorable changes toward the Soviet position
in other countries too. Patience is an attribute of
'/^;</., May23, 1900, p. S40.
Department of Stale Bulletin
tlie U.S.S.E. policy, and they think time is worli:-
ing for them. The Soviet leadership also seems
to have a deeply ingrained belief that strength can
best be indicated by rudeness and overbearance.
Evidence of this was the vitriolic 214-hour press
conference given by Mr. Khrushchev in Paris on
May 18, which shocked even the most case-hard-
ened journalists. American reporters came away
with the feeling that they and their President and
their country had been personally insulted. More-
over, his unbridled outbursts have more than offset
his efforts to gain sympathy from the airplane
incident.
Our Future Policy
In the face of this behavior, one might be
tempted to write off the whole endeavor — to go
back to a policy of shutting down on relations with
the Soviet Union. But that is not the answer.
We ha\e to live in the same world with the So\iet
Union. Each of us has the power to inflict fright-
ful damage on the other. So, no matter how out-
raged we feel, we must continue to do our best to
understand the Soviet mind and to find ways of
reducing the deadly peril.
The President has stated the future policy of our
country as follows : '
We must continue businesslike dealings with the Soviet
leaders on outstanding issues, and improve the contacts
between our own and the Soviet peoples, making clear that
the path of reason and common sense is still open If the
Soviets will but use it.
I should like to assure you that the members of
the NATO alliance are all agreed upon this policy.
The Geneva conference on disarmament has re-
sumed its work, as has also the conference on
banning nuclear weapons testing.
But the Western World has learned one clear
lesson from all this : to take nothing for granted.
Any agreement on disarmament must carry such
built-in inspection and control provisions as to
make certain that it will be carried out. Further-
more, we have been reminded again of the danger
of being lulled by apparently softened attitudes
on the part of the Soviet leaders.
Is There Any Silver Lining?
The sudden collapse of the summit conference
was indeed a shocking destruction of many hopes,
but as we gain the perspective of distance, we can
see some advantages from it. One of these is to
'/?)/-/., June 6, 1900. p. 809.
July 4, 7 960
give us and our partners evidence to support a
greater faith in our defense forces than many
critics have implied.
The development and effective operation of the
U-2 planes for 4 years was an important achieve-
ment and has given us most valuable knowledge
of the Russian potential. The fact that these
overflights were feasible suggested that Soviet
defenses are not proof against our manned
bombers. This supports the assessment that we
are still ahead of Russia in our massive military
power.
Our Alliance Is Strong
The second favorable factor emerging from this
experience is its testimony to the essential unity
of our alliance : first, of the three Western nego-
tiating powers working together as a strong team,
and second, of the wider 15-nation organization
which has formed a solid protective front for the
Western World. Not only was there no split in
the ranks of the alliance despite Mr. Khrushchev's
most rigorous efforts to sow seeds of dissension
and distrust, but his threats actually pulled the
organization closer together. And not for the
first time !
In 1957, after the startling evidence, implicit in
sputnik, of Russian scientific achievement, NATO
laid out a new program of interdependence and
cooperation, especially in science and its military
applications.
In 1958 Mr. Klirushchev's series of letters
threatening unilateral action on Berlin again led
the alliance 1x) renew its pledges of xmity and to
strengthen its forces.
Much the same is happening this time. At a
meeting of the NATO Council held in Paris 2
days after the breakup of the summit conference,
the French Foreign Minister, M. Couve de Mur-
ville, the British Foreign Minister, Mr. Selwyn
Lloyd, and our own Secretary of State, Mr. Chris-
tian A. Herter, reported fully what had happened
and took part in an extended discussion. At the
conclusion the Council regretted that Mr. Kliru-
shchev's position had made negotiations in Paris
The resolution of the North Atlantic Coimcil
then went on to say : ^
Reaffirming complete solidarity of the countries of the
.Alliance, it fully approves the statement of the three
Heads of State or Goveminent that "all outstanding in-
ternational questions should be settled not by the use or
threat of force but bj- i)eaceful means through negotia-
tions" and remains "ready to take part in such negotia-
tions at any suitable time in the future".
To complete the picture of Paris in May 1960 it
should also be reported that the week following
the summit representatives of 20 countries of
Western Europe and North America — including
the NATO countries and the five other countries
which are membei-s of the Organization for Euro-
pean Economic Cooperation — met there to con-
sider a new charter of economic cooperation.
There was, of course, no organic connection be-
tween this group and the summit meeting or the
NATO alliance. But the failure of the summit
not only placed no damper on this economic pro-
gram but instead gave to the members of the
group an added impetus to push forward with
their project. Cooperation of the Western World
had moved another pace forward.
This reaction of other nations which have been
our partners and friends was reinforced when the
U.S.S.K. attempted to pass a resolution of censure
against the United States in the United Nations
Security Council. They failed dismally, obtain-
ing only the vote of Poland in addition to their
ovvTi." Nine of the eleven members of the Security
Council joined instead in a resolution urging con-
tinued consultations and negotiations in accord-
ance with the program of the President quoted
earlier.
A Personal Vote of Confidence
This heartening support for the Western posi-
tion was not a coldly impersonal judgment. I
think it was a vote of confidence in the three
Western leaders who took part in the conference,
and particularly in the President of the United
States, who was so personally involved and
attacked.
These are matters which cannot be measured on
a computing machine. I can simply give you the
reaction of someone who lived close to these tre-
mendous events and who watched the evidence
pile up.
Some thought we should have said less or ad-
mitted less in the U-2 incident. But out of it all
came a recognition of the courage and integrity
of the President. He himself took the full re-
' Ibid., .Tune 13, 19(i0, p. O-Vj.
sponsibility. This did not follow the usual pro-
cedure of intelligence operations. But it was the
only possible course consistent with the character
of Dwight D. Eisenhower. The people of the
free world have res^jected him for it.
I like to think also that the handling of this
incident is somehow typical of America. The
Soviets would never have told the truth about such
an event. So perhaps there is a lesson here of
broad significance. We as a people believe that in
the long run governments to succeed must account
honestly to their peoples and that there is inherent
in everyone a sense of truth and falsehood. The
v'iUing cooperation of a people depends in the long
run on its government's appealing to that sense in
its citizens. This is a basic truth we need to recall
over and over again.
Broad Conclusions
For these great problems of international rela-
tions — which may hold peace or war in the
balance — there is no simple or easy solution. "We
face a long contest between two different ways of
life based on fundamentally different moral prin-
ciples.
Under present conditions we should, as the
President said in his report to the American
people, approach negotiations with the Kremlin
leaders as "a careful search for common interests
between the Western allies and the Soviet Union
on specific problems."
We can make progress toward reducing the
burden of armaments by specific arrangements
nailed down by inspection and control.
If peace is maintained by a military deadlock,
then the scene of the contest will shift to prolonged
economic competition and to increased efforts in
the battle to capture men's minds, which for our
part might more appropriately be called the battle
to free men's minds.
The Soviet principle is based on the belief that
an unavoidable conflict exists between the classes
which they think in the end must result in victory
for communism by all feasible means, including,
if necessary and practical, the use of armed force.
They will use every mechanism to stir up that
conflict. They are today actively engaged in doing
so in many parts of the world. They are sure that
success will come to them inevitably. Again I
want to remind you of their belief that history is
on their side.
Department of State Bulletin
But we believe that, history shows it is on our
side, because we tliink man is made for freedom
and truth and in the long run will win his way
through to them. But there is nothing automatic
about this. Progress will reflect the leadership of
individuals and nations, and especially the great
free nations with their heritage of culture and
freedom. The future path of history may well
depend on us — our efforts, our sacrifices, our
understanding.
We are not alone in this responsibility. We
share it with other countries of the free world and
particularly with the NATO member countries.
The challenge of commiuiism is not a challenge of
the Soviet Union to the United States alone. It is,
as NATO Secretary General Paul-Henri Spaak
has said, "the challenge of the whole Communist
world to the whole free world, and the countries
of the free world must accept the challenge col-
lectively in all fields and everywhere."
These are general terms that slip off the tongue
quite easily in many a speech. We need to think
what they mean in our daily life as a nation and
as individuals. This is especially important this
year when we are electing new national leaders.
Let us make a few practical comments. One is
that to keep the military balance of power we
shall have to continue military spending at about
the present level. We cannot let up.
We must also continue to help the nations
which are our allies and our friends to keep up
their militaiy and economic power. Our defense
dollar brings us greater return this way than in
almost any other.
To do these things effectively we shall have to
keep on paying taxes at approximately present
rates. No relief is in sight.
Meantime, we cannot afford new luxuries in
governmental spending. New and expensive non-
essential programs will have to wait.
To buttress our economic strength we shall have
to follow sound monetary and fiscal policies to
keep the U.S. dollar strong — a firm base for the
economic growth and stability of the Western
World.
In other words we must have the same carefully
planned management of national affairs as you
ladies know is necessary for the successful man-
agement of the family budget. At the same time
we must also have imaginative leadership which
will, along with our allies, seek in every possible
way to penetrate the cloud of misunderstanding
and fears which separates us from the Communist
world.
To summarize, the recent events serve notice
on this country and our allies that we face a long
period of testing. The key thought for us must
be to maintain our strength — military, economic,
and moral. Only by strength can we ultimately
win this contest, and every national policy should
be judged by its contribution to that strength.
Commencement and Crisis
Inj Lane Dwlnell
Assistant Secretary for Administration'^
If we look back over the years that have passed
since the death of Stalin, we can see the develop-
ment of certain trends in the Soviet Union which
we can view with some hope. No matter how
closed a society may be, change is irresistible to-
day.
In the Soviet Union, as elsewhere, people basi-
cally want simple things: a decent job, an oppor-
tunity to improve themselves, and, most impor-
tant, the chance to educate their children, in the
knowledge that tomorrow's world will be better
for them than it has been for those who have lived
through the tumultuous and often bloody first
half of the 20th century.
These goals conflict with attempts to impose
upon people any preconceived ideology, or any
form of social oi'ganization, which calls upon men
to sacrifice the good they can win for themselves
today at the altar of a Utopian tomorrow.
So it has been that, despite an enormous ap-
paratus of compulsion and indoctrination, signs
have appeared m the Soviet Union since Stalin's
death that indicate the reassertion, slow and halt-
ing as it may be, of these basic human goals.
Let us take one example.
You are all familiar with the Soviet- American
exchange program, in which we have been en-
gaged for the past 2 years. Under it, a great
many Soviet citizens — officials, technicians, per-
forming artists — have come to the United States
and comparable nimibers of Americans have gone
to the U.S.S.R. In the field of tourism, the So-
viets are still cautious and hesitant, so that only a
few hundred Soviet tourists have visited our coun-
Excerpt from an address made at commencement ex-
at Colby Junior College, New London, N.H., on
June 5.
July 4, J 960
13
ti7, while tliousands of Americans have gone to
theirs. But a beginning has been made, a begin-
ning that was untliinkable during the "deep
freeze" of the StaUn period, when the Soviet
Union was almost hermetically sealed off from the
rest of the world.
Obviously, the changes that have occurred in the
Soviet Union do not add up to an "open society,"
as we imderstand it. Obviously, too, the develop-
ment of "openness" in the Soviet Union will be
slow, painfully so, from our point of view. "Wliat
is important about this is not the degree of change
that has taken place over the past 7 years but the
fact that there is any change at all and the direc-
tion of those changes that have occurred.
One important thing, of course, has not changed.
The Soviet leadership continues to be intent upon
its goal of creating a Communist world and de-
clares itself ready to do whatever it can get away
with in order to achieve this goal.
We, on our side, are confident that this Soviet
goal is unattainable. We believe that every peo-
ple, if left to itself, vnll eventually choose
freedom, not subjugation, will choose good neigh-
borliness, not belligerence, will choose liberty and
not blind obedience to the dictates of a falsely con-
ceived theory imposed by a self-perpetuating
dictatorship.
We believe that the peoples of the world will
make this choice if they have tlie opportmiity to
work out their own destinies for themselves. In
order that they may do this, they need the assur-
ance that they will be able to solve their own
problems in their own way, without pressure or
undue influence from outside. For them to be
able to do this, the world needs peace.
That is why, during the past year, we have
sought to explore the readiness of the Soviet Gov-
ernment to agree to meaningful measures which
would reduce mternational tension and increase
the chances for peace. That is why the President
went to Paris 3 weeks ago. And that is why, de-
spite Soviet tactics at the summit, the President,
upon his return from Paris, firmly restated our
policy in the following words : ^
We must keep up our strength, and hold it steady for
the long pull. ... So doing, we can make it clear to
everyone that there can be no gain in the u.se of pressure
tactics or aggression against us and our allies. . . . We
must continue businesslike dealings with the Soviet lead-
ers on outstanding issues, and improve the contacts be-
tween our own and the Soviet peoples, making clear that
the path of reason and common sense is still open if the
Soviets will but use it.
Among the lessons of Paris, the most important,
it seems to me, is a fresh realization of the dangers
we face and the consequent need to move ahead
with our own programs for strengthening the free
world.
The free world cannot defend itself, or win
friends for itself, only by rockets and bombers and
all the rest. These are necessary, but they are not
enough. In the long run the free world will de-
fend itself, and ^^^n adherence to itself, because
our way of life gives a better way of livmg, a
fuller life to the individual ; it gives secm-ity and
hope.
Refugees— A Changing Challenge
it/ John W. Hanes, Jr.
Administrator of Security and Consular Affairs ^
Many people have been shocked by the events of
the past 2 months — the collapse of the summit
meeting. Premier Khrushchev's outbursts in
Paris, and his unprecedented personal attacks on
our President — shocked, because this series of
events once more and so brutally shows the un-
changing nature of the Communist tlu"eat to those
w^ho had hoped that, somehow, the beast had
changed liis spots.
I doubt, however, that anj'one in this room was
shocked; disappointed, apprehensive, yes — but
certainly not shocked. For all of us here are con-
cerned with refugees, and those who deal daily
with the human tragedy which international
communism spews out as a waste product can
scarcely harbor any illusions about its nature.
Through the years, while the Conuniuiist leaders
were alternately cooing of peace and blustering
about war, and always praising their workei-s'
paradise, the refugees have kept coming. The
refugees have been a personal, awful warning —
to those who would see and hear — of the terror
behind the Communist cm-tain.
Let us, then, consider what has been happen-
ing in recent weeks and seek a pers|3ective about
our basic policy, especially as that policy affects
our common concern — refugees.
' Bulletin of June 6, 1960, p. I
^ Address made before the advisory board of the United
States Committee for Refugees at Washington, D.C., nn
June 16 ( press release 334 ) .
Department of State Bulletin
First of all we must ask what has clianged.
Has Soviet isolicy changed 'i Not one bit. Soviet
tactics, however, have changed; and it is crucial
for us to distinguish between tactics and policy
if we are to avoid falling into the trap that the
Communists set for us by deliberately confusing
the two. Never have the Communists deviated
from their declared course of seeking world dom-
ination. That is policy — and it has been con-
sistent from 1917 to the present. Only the tactics
have changed. The recent rantmgs of Premier
Khrushchev are but the latest demonstration of
such tactical change. AVe would do well to re-
member, by the way, that such a performance, and
such a violent shift of tactics, is possible only to
the leader of a totalitarian state.
Since it is only tactics which have changed, we
should view the prospect in perspective. Kecent
events have been unpleasant, but they are no more
a sign that we face a greater actual danger than
would be a declaration of total sweetness and light
by Mr. Khrushchev a signal that our danger was
lessened. I have always marveled at the ability
of so many well-informed people persistently not
to understand the unchanging basic Conmimiist
objective, or almost eagerly to lose sight of it and
alternate between unjustified hope and unwar-
ranted fear after each wave of tlie olive branch
or of the sword by the Communist leaders.
I believe deeply that, with firmness, patience,
and comprehension, it will continue to be possible
for our country and the free world to presei-ve
peace in the world without impairing the vitality
of freedom or imperiling its ultimate spread
throughout the world. But we will never achieve
these ends unless we first achieve a sufficiently
broadly based political maturity among our peo-
ple — and all free peoples — to support the uncom-
fortable corollary. That is simply to be as persist-
ent in refusing to accept injustice and wrong as
the Communists are patient in seekmg to make us
accept them.
Therefore it is not without some relief that I
view the recent outbursts of the Soviet Premier.
For he has, ironically, done us the service of again
unmasking the never-changing objective of Com-
munist policy as no one else could possibly do.
Premier Khrushchev has also given an iimnense,
if imintended, boost to the refugee cause by re-
minding the world that the conditions which pro-
duce refugees continue without change. Thus it
has never been more important — not only in hu-
man terms but in terms of our foreign policy —
that we continue to offer asylum and help to the
victims of communism and tyranny. For it is a
fact that our treatment of every pei'son who es-
capes from the Conununist world is symbolic of
our concern for those who remain ; but, also, in a
much more basic sense, of whether we mean by
deeds what we say about freedom.
It is not news to this group that our country has
a proud record of assistance to refugees. Most of
you helped build that record.
I would like to remind you that in just the past
12 months — the period known as the World Refu-
gee Year — our Government contribution alone to
refugees was over $70 million. The bulk of this
$70 million, of course, went to meet our substan-
tial regular annual commitments, although most
of these were also supplemented by special World
Refugee Year donations.
This enormous sum is perhaps more meaningful
if we highlight just three of the thmgs it enabled
us to do :
A new four-story coimnunity center has been
built in Hong Kong as a gift of the American
people which will provide facilities for education,
recreation, and vocational training as well as a
day nursery and a clinic. Such a center has long
been needed, and it will fill an enormous gap in
the disrupted and harsh life of the Chinese
refugees.
In the Middle East tons of our surplus food
were sent this year to provide the basic diet for
Algerian refugees who were facing starvation.
And in Europe thousands of people have left
camp life forever as a result of the dramatic camp
clearance program of the United Nations High
Commissioner, which we have supported substan-
tially.
I could go on at great length about our other
programs, but this would be highly misleading;
for the record of the Government during World
Refugee Year is only part of the picture. Of at
least equal importance is the continuing generosity
of the American people, who have given untold
millions this year, as every year since the end of
the last World War. And it is in keeping with
our American tradition that the efforts of our
citizens have not been channeled through the Gov-
ernment but through the myriad volmitary agen-
cies, churches, and other independent expressions
of our varied society.
It is vou, the leaders of tliis effort, who have
Ju/y 4, J 960
15
taken upon your conscience responsibility for (lie
refugees; and you have not followed the easier
path of leaving it to the Government "to do
something."
I would like to take this opportunity, on behalf
of your Government, officially to thank the United
States Committee for Refugees for its achieve-
ments and for its important contribution to our
total national participation in "World Refugee
Year. In doing so, I want most sincerely to ex-
press my personal gratitude to each of you indi-
vidually for the heai't and the enthusiasm that you
have brought to this difficult task. We are all
greatly in your debt.
You and I have come here today, however,
mainly to look to the future; and in speaking
of the future I cannot help but be aware of the
grave decision facing the United States Committee
for Refugees : What should be its future beyond
this special year? Because of my great interest
in the committee, I have been asked several times
for my opinion. I have steadfastly refused to give
such an opinion because I believe it would be
thoroughly improper for the Government to in-
terfere in any manner in a policy decision that only
the committee can make. I will say, most emphati-
cally, that whatever decision is reached will be
imderstood and respected by the Government.
The Government, too, has been giving serious
thought to what lies ahead. We all know that,
although the World Refugee Year ends officially
in 2 weeks, the problems will not be magically
resolved by that time. As George Meany said to
the United Nations 3 years ago,^
. . . the refugee problem is a dynamic and not a static
problem. It continually changes in its dimensions, in its
nature, and in its location. It is constant only in one
resi)ect : that it will continue to exist so long as conditions
exist which create it.
These conditions, unfortunately, are still with
us. The Department of State, therefore, has made
searching inquiries during the past year into our
basic refugee policy, and I would like to share
with you some of the thinking resulting from this
study.
The first point is that the problems of refugees
remain a basic concern of the United States. I
am pleased to tell you that, as a result of this
thorough and current study of the refugee prob-
lem, there has been a reaffirmation of the im-
portance of continuing governmental programs
of aid to refugees. This is more significant than
you may at first realize. For in a time of grave
national peril, no policy can be taken for granted;
and every policy that requires an outpouring of
our effort must be weighed against other demands
having to do with our very survival. Wliat this
means, then, is that suitable assistance to refugees
will continue to form part of the basic policy of
the United States.
Obviously, however, the problems ahead of us are
not now those we faced when our refugee programs
first took shape at the end of World War II.
Great changes have taken place since then. The
most significant change is that the overriding prob-
lem is no longer Europe. The telling figiu-e here
is that in 1945 there were 8 million displaced per-
sons in Europe. Today the number of unsettled
refugees in Europe is in the vicinity of 100,000.
At the same time other problems in other parts
of the world are emerging.
In light of the accomplishments in Europe dur-
ing the past decade, and notably during the World
Refugee Year, we feel very strongly that the back-
log of the European caseload, which has been an
international responsibility for so many years, can
be shrunk within 3 years to a point that the basic
responsibility for the residual problem may be
transferred to the countries involved. This
presupposes, of course, no major new refugee
emergency.
This means, then, that we must plan a continu-
ally diminishing govermnental effort devoted to
this diminishing problem in Europe and a re-
focusing of more of our attention and resources
on the millions of refugees who are in such des-
perate need in the Far East, in the Middle East,
and in Africa. Such a redirection of assets is, in
my opinion, as necessary to private organizations
as it is to governmental programs. I am con-
vinced that the needed changes, however difficult
they may be in the short run, will be made.
As an American I am proud that no threats or
problems of the complex struggle we are waging
can frighten us into abandoning our longstanding
and honorable policy of help to the needy and to
the homeless of the world. For as President Eisen-
hower has said, "as long as there are refugees, we
cannot ignore them."^ Indeed, we have not ig-
nored them in the past, and we shall not ignore
them in the future.
' Bulletin of Dec. 9, 1957, p. 937.
16
Ibid., Juno 15, 1959, p. 872.
Department of State Bulletin
The People of Louisville and America's Cultural Relations
by Robert H. Thayer '
I am not going to carry coals to Newcastle this
evening by telling the members and friends of
the International Center about the importance
of international educational and cultural exchange
programs. This center and the city of Louisville
are continually cited by our active operations staif
of the Department as outstanding examples of
what communities can do to contribute to the ob-
jectives of this program, which we believe foster
the type of mutual understanding essential as a
basis for lasting peace.
I bring with me the deep appreciation of the
Department of State for the magnificent work per-
formed by this center and the people of Louisville
not only in support of the exchange programs of
the Government but more important the initiative
you have yourselves shown. Your inexhaustible
hospitality for our distinguished foreign leaders
and specialists, your careful orientation and guid-
ance for foreign students, your summer work ex-
change program with France, your assistance to
Americans in undertaking international cultural
projects, and most important of all, your expand-
ing horizons that are bringing the world into the
everyday life of the citizens of Louisville — all of
these things and many more have placed this city
in the vanguard of this extraordinary ground swell
of interest and activity by the people of America
in the field of cultural relations with foreign
countries.
This exciting movement has quietly but surely
gathered momentiun in the last few years and has
today reached a point which, I believe, makes it
' Address made at the International Center, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Ky., on .Tune 14 (press release 32.5).
Jlr. Thayer is Special Assistant to the Secretary of State
for the Coordination of International Educational and
Cultural Relations.
imperative for us to pause and take stock of where
we are going.
One of the amazing characteristics of the people
of America is the individual enthusiasm with
wliich tliey seize upon an activity which catches
their imagination and concentrate all their ener-
gies upon it. This is a very great quality, but as
is always the case where enthusiasm and energy
flow in an ever-increasing stream, someone, some-
time, must step back and take a broad, objective
look at what is being done and make sure that the
objectives have not been lost sight of in the hurly-
burly of the activity itself.
Don't misunderstand me: I am not about to
propose that we curtail our activity in the field of
international education and cultural relations. On
the contrary, I believe that this activity should be
not doubled but tripled and quadrupled. But if
this is to be done, the basis of our effort must be
sound, our objectives must be clear, our operations
must be efficient and not clogged with the duplica-
tion and confusion and absurd selfish competition
that comes with massive uncoordinated effort.
Let us take a quick look at the situation today.
There are 17 different agencies of the Government
engaged in one way or another in bringing people
from other lands to study and train in this country
and sending Americans abroad to learn and teach.
Hundreds and thousands of individuals, organiza-
tions, foimdations, service clubs, universities, and
other institutions are doing the same things and
engaging in many other fields of cultural activi-
ties. For instance the Smithsonian Institution has
for over 100 years been engaged in exchanges of
all kinds with other countries. Did you know
that the Smithsonian Institution has the greatest
collection of grasses in the world and has been
exchanging blades of grass of every size, quality,
Jo/y 4, 7960
554497— 6(
17
color, and kind with every section of the world for
many decades ? I am told that this exchange con-
tinued without interruption between the United
States and the enemies we fought in both "World
Wars. T^et us not overlook the lesson to be found
in the bond between those who spend their lives
profoundly absorbed in the study of a blade of
grass — a bond so strong that two world wars
could not shake the confidence of their relation-
ship or slow the urgency of their need to exchange
their views.
Both the Government and the people of the
United States are building, with increasing rapid-
ity, interest and activity in the field of cultural
relations. In one country that I know of, there
are 12 different Government agencies and 93 pri-
vate organizations and institutions engaged in this
field. What is the relationship between the activi-
ties of Government and these private groups? If
the public is carrying on this work, why must the
Government bother with it?
That is a question very close to my heart. It is
a question that is constantly thrown at every Gov-
ernment official when he appears, as I did this
spring, before the congressional committees
charged with examining the spending of public
funds, and it is a question that every Government
official should be prepared to answer. I become
somewhat impatient with many of my friends in
private life who complain bitterly about how Con-
gress hinders the progress of important work by
searching investigations into the detail of opera-
tions. What they don't realize is that the very
basis of our American system of government lies
in the responsibility of Congress to inquire into the
spending of every cent of taxpayers' money, and
the greatest safety valve in the world against the
normal excesses of the enthusiasm and zeal of
American public or private enterprise sparked by
the great freedom of thought and action which
abound in this country is the searching questions
of congressional appropriations committees. It is
the obligation of Government to be able to answer
these questions intelligently and accurately.
Varied Forms of Cultural Relations
Wliat exactly is "cultural relations"? My
answer is a veiy simple one. Cultural relations
are the relations of the people of one country to
the people of another. They should be differen-
tiated from diplomatic relations, which are the
relations of government to government, or public
relations, which are the relations of goverrunent
to people. The best example of public relations
is that of Benjamin Franklin, who, when he first
went to France, was not accepted by the French
Government as a diplomatic envoy of the United
States, and so he sj)ent his time writing articles
about this country and distributing them among
the people of France. The Government of the
United States spoke directly to the people of
France through these articles — it was a govern-
ment-to-people relationship. After the Battle of
Saratoga, when it became evident that the United
States was establishing itself in a way that could
no longer be ignored, Benjamin Franklin became
U.S. Minister, and diplomatic relations, govern-
ment to government, were established. It wasn't
until much later that cultural relations between
the United States and France began to develop —
when transportation across the ocean made it
easier for Frenchmen to come to the United
States and Americans to go to France as students
or traders or businessmen or artists — and, through
personal contact with all facets of the everyday
lives of each other's citizens in their native land,
made it possible for the living culture of France
to be made known directly to Americans and vice
versa.
Cultural relations take varied f onus. The most
popular of these and most important are ex-
changes of individuals in which students, teachers,
leaders, and specialists in all fields are brought
over to this country and are sent abroad for
educational purposes in the broadest sense.
Then there are cultural information activities
carried on particularly by USIA [U.S. Informa-
tion Agency] in the field of English teaching, the
creation of binational centers and the holding of
art exhibits, the distribution of books and the
setting up of American libraries abroad.
Cooperation between educational institutions is
carried on by the miiversities themselves and, in
non-European areas especially, by ICA [Inter-
national Cooperation Administration] through
their univei-sity-to-university contracts.
The President's Special International Program
for Cultural Presentations enables us to send
American performing artists abroad. Trade
fairs, under the jurisdiction of the Department
of Commerce, also have a cultural impact. Al-
though the Department of State operates the
program for sending performing artists abroad.
18
Department of State Bulletin
the Director of USIA coordinates this work and
that of the trade fairs.
In 1959, 104,300 foreigners visited the United
States for educational, scientific, and cultural pur-
poses. 49,000 came to study or do research in
American schools and universities and 55,300 for
nonacademic projects such as observation and
consultation and inservice training.
Less than one-third of our foreign visitore came
under Government programs, including 15,293
military personnel brought over by the De-
fense Department for military training, 6,500 by
ICA for technical training, and 5,500 by the De-
partment of State.
30,600 Ajnericans went abroad either for aca-
demic purposes or to work on special scientific or
medical projects. Here the proportion sent by
the Government is even lower, only about 12
percent.
It should be noted that this number does not
include U.S. Government employees, who, with
their dependents, would raise the total to over a
million and a half Americans abroad.
It is interesting to compare these programs with
the Soviet exchange program. In 1958 only 19
Soviet students left the U.S.S.R. for the free
world. Seventeen of tliese students came to the
United States. Of 654 free-world students who
went to the Soviet Union, only 22 came from the
United States. In 1959, out of a total of 70 Soviet
students sent to the free-world countries, 27 came
to the United States. Under the recently signed
agreement with the U.S.S.R. they have agreed to
send up to 35 students in 1960 and up to 50 in 1961,
with approximately equal numbers of American
students going to the Soviet Union.
In 1959 under the President's Special Inter-
national Program for Cultural Presentations,
through the 454 performances of great American
symphony orchestras, smaller chamber-music or-
chestras, and quartets and individual artists, the
United States has certainly offered sufficient proof
of the high quality of its cultural attainments
in the field of classical music. At the same time
we are trying to reach a larger audience in each
counti-y with more of the grassroots music and
song of America. A four-member folk-music
group spent a rigorous 3 months tliis year touring
many of the remote areas of India, including
communities where they were the first Americans
ever to perform. The group, consisting of three
guitar players and a vocalist, presents the best in
American folk music — not hillbilly — ranging
from early American ballads to the prejazz folk
blues. We have sent orchestras, ballets, and
choral groups abroad. We are now studying the
ways and means of sending examples of our great
American theater.
In the field of sports we are getting more and
more demands from our missions abroad, particu-
larly in the underdeveloped countries, for athletic
coaches and groups of atliletes to be sent over
during the summer months. These groups have
had great success in helping to train the young
people of these countries and demonstrate tech-
niques in different sports.
American performing artists under the Pres-
ident's program have covered every comer of the
globe in a total of 1,183 performances in the last
year.
One of the important facets of our cultural pro-
gram is direct aid to American-sponsored schools
abroad. These schools, founded in many cases
originally by church groups but now nondenomi-
national in character, are windows of American
education. But they are woven into the educa-
tional system of the country in such a way as to
make an indigenous educational contribution.
Among tliese schools is the outstanding farm
school in Thessaloniki, Greece, where young
Greeks are trained in modern agricultural meth-
ods; Robert College in Istanbul, where it is said
that 80 percent of the political and economic
leaders of Turkey received their education; and
the American University of Beirut, with its in-
fluence over the entire Middle East. We are also
assisting the American School of Tangier, the
i\_merican community schools in Paris and Rome,
and the Bologna Center of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity. We hope very soon to complete an agree-
ment to assist the American International School
in Vieima.
The relations of people to people, whether
through the performing arts, the exchange of
persons, or the exchange of the thoughts and ideas
of persons through the exchange of books, libra-
ries, schools, and universities, are the means by
which people come to learn to know and to under-
stand one another.
"What is the reason for the great wave of mter-
est in cultural relations which is sweeping
throughout tlie world today? Here again it
seems to me that the answer is a simple one. Peo-
ple as people have reached a position of supreme
July 4, 7960
19
importance eveiywhere today. Their voice is l)c-
ing heard in the new countries of Africa clamor-
ing for independence. Their impact is also being
felt elsewhere, where the tyranny of the rule of
dictators has held sway. The influence of people
makes it of the utmost importance tliat people
understand each other, and the firmest basis for
mutual understanding is through cultural
relations.
Government Support for Cultural Activities
Let us consider more carefully now this ques-
tion of Govenmient and public activity in the
field of international education and public rela-
tions. That, after all, is the title of my speech —
"The People of Louisville and America's Cul-
tural Relations." If the people of I^uisville ai-e
as effectively active in the field as I originally
pointed out, why should we not let the Govern-
ment bow out and leave it to all of you ?
You will have noted in my description of what
the Government is doing in the field of cultural
relations that except in the field of the exchange
of persons we ai'e engaged in doing things which
private initiative could not afford. In the per-
forming arts we are sending abroad individual
artists or groups of artists who could not go com-
mercially since the price of living and transporta-
tion would eat up their income from their per-
formances. Our great orchestras, ballets, and
choral groups could not possibly make ends meet
on their tours abroad unless they had Govern-
ment support. The same is true of books. If you
add to the price of American books the cost of
translation, packing, and transportation, you
would reach a prohibitive price for most Ameri-
can books; so the Government steps in and gets
out cheap editions, pays for their translation and
distribution. Tlie same is true of the lending
libraries of USIA, which are dotted throughout
the world.
As for the exchange of ijereons, the Govern-
ment is conducting a carefully selected exchange
program in certain special fields imder certain
special conditions. The binational commissions
which serve the Fulbright program represent a
unique cooperation between the United States and
a foreign coimtry to give an opportunity to espe-
cially selected individuals to study abroad. The
Smith-Mundt Act permits us to invite individuals
in leading positions in a particular coimtry to visit
the United States and get to understand how we
have met and solved some of the problems of a
rapidly developing country and also enables us
to satisfy the needs of a country by furnishing
that counti-y at its own request with American
specialists in a particular field.
It is the policy of the Government to lead the
way in establishing mutual understanding as a
basis for our international relations. This edu-
cational process cannot be left to chance. It needs
the stimulus of strong public purpose backed by
Federal funds. The Government's example and
encouragement are essential elements in the move-
ment of American educational institutions into the
new world of the 1960's. But the clearing away of
cultural barriers to peace is a job that no Govern-
ment agency can accomplish alone. It is a mas-
sive task that requires a vigorous effort by every
community and every citizen of the United States.
Working for Better International Understanding
Let us be realistic. Xo matter how actively we
work to bring about international understanding,
tJie road to world peace will be long and difficult.
The recent failure of the Big Four conference in
Paris was one more indication that there are no
easy and immediate solutions to the major prob-
lems that beset our troubled world. We must
learn to discard the natural American impulse to
seek quick ways out of unpleasant situations. We
must be prepared for a very long haul. We must
break out of our fiscal-year obsession and begin to
think in terms of working out solutions over pe-
riods of a minimum of 10, 25, and even 50 years.
Two years ago last month the late Secretary of
State, John Foster Dulles, pointed out this basic
American failing in a report to the Senate Appro-
priations Committee that was considering the
educational exchange budget : =
I think that one of the resi)ects in which the Soviet Com-
munists have an advantage on us is that they think in
terms of long-ranjie projects more than we do. They have
always said, we are not going to win soon, or quickly, or
easily. . . . what we do today should be tie kind of stuff
that will bear fruit in 1 or 2 generations from now.
Cultural and educational exchange constitutes
one major aspect of American foreign policy that
is based upon the long-range view of our pres-
' Hearings before the Suboommittee of the Senate Ai>-
propriations Committee on H.R. 12428, 85th Cong., 2d
sess., p. 17.
20
Deparfmenf of Stafe BuUefin
ent international situation. Oui- exchange pro-
grams represent the theory that our day-to-day
efi'orts to reduce tensions and avoid conflict must
be supplemented by a painstakiiig year-to-year and
decade-to-decade eii'ort to establish comnumica-
tions between nations. Government officials of
different countries can talk each other blue in the
face, but they cannot get very far if they fail to
understand each other's basic concepts.
To the Soviets, the ^Yord "aggression" means the
flight of an unarmed photographic plane over its
territory. To the Hungarians, it means the brutal
crushing of a fight for freedom and the reestab-
lishment of a "people's democratic republic."
Wliat does the word "independence" mean to a
citizen of the Belgian Congo as he casts his first
ballot? What does it mean to a refugee from
Tibet in the mountains of India ? Wliat does the
word "liberty" signify to a university student in
Seoul, Korea, a gold miner in South Africa, or a
graduating senior at the University of Louisville ?
No matter how capable translators may be,
words are too often inadequate to convey the un-
derlying attitudes and basic aspirations of an en-
tire people. That is why cultural exchange is so
vital as our growing interdependence with otJier
countries makes extensive cooperation necessary.
Among the 50,000 foreign students enrolled at
American universities this year are some of the
future cabinet ministers and professional leaders
of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These are
the people who will plan and build the new soci-
eties of tomorrow. I neither expect nor hope that
these societies will be patterned after the United
States. It is not our task to remake the world in
our image. But we can' hope that the leaders and
future leaders of these new societies will think
rationally and realistically in their relationships
with the United States because of their experi-
ences as students, lecturers, or visitors here. We
can hope also, and with a marked degree of op-
timism, that these people will have been able to
identify their own drives for freedom and social
justice with the traditions and ideals of the Ameri-
can people.
Cultural exchange, therefore, is more than just
a matter of bringing foreign peoples to the United
States and sending iVniericans abroad. It is a mat-
ter of relating different cultures to each other
through free exchanges of ideas and frank expres-
sions of opinion. It is in this type of process that
the American Nation excels and tlirough cultural
exchange can make the other peoples of the world
understand that their problems are our problems —
their striving for freedom, our striving — their
fight for justice, our fight.
At the same time cultural exchange is accelerat-
ing the movement of all American citizens into
the arena of world consciousness. Our country has
assiuned enormous world responsibilities in a short
period of time. Have our citizens kept pace in
their thinking and personal preparation for inter-
national living in a jet age?
I wish I could answer yes to that question, but
unfortunately I cannot. We need far more pro-
fessors and students who can speak Spanish and
Portuguese for tlie purposes of lecturing and
studying in Latin America. We need more people
who can speak Arabic, Swahili, and Indonesian for
the purpose of assisting the peoples of the newly
developing nations to help themselves. We need
more people who are prepared to work and live in
countries that have vastly different cultural en-
vironments than the United States and can
engage in fruitful cultural interchange with
people who thmk, speak, and dress differently
from Americans.
As more and more Americans meet foreign stu-
dents and visitors in their homes, clubs, churches,
and recreation centers, they will gain the necessary
perspective of the United States as a world leader
and will fhid the incentive to communicate with
their world neighbors. Cultural exchange will act
as a major catalyst in this major transformation
of the American outlook. The acquisition by the
American people of a basic understanding of the
ideals, desires, problems, and achievements of
other peoples will provide the substance for our
world leaderehip toward economic gi'owth and the
final victory over totalitarianism.
People-to-People Relationships
The Government of the United States is a serv-
ice organization. Our objective is to stimulate ac-
tivity on the part of the people and to assist them
in their task. The relationship of the people of
the United States to the people of other countries
is, above all, your business.
This idea that cultural exchange is a function of
the people was strikingly reemphasized in my mind
last week when I ran across a series of articles by
a Dutch journalist and music critic who visited the
July 4, 1960
21
United Siiites during llie fall of 1958. This par-
ticular journalist had received a Department of
State grant to come here, and through the gener-
osity of Messrs. Mark Ethridge, Barry Bingham,
and Norman Isaacs he was given the opportunity
to become a short-term staff member of the Louis-
ville Times and Courier- Journal. Several of the
articles were written in Louisville for liis readers
in the Dutch capital city, The Hague. This jour-
nalist's descriptions of the music facilities at the
Louisville Public Library, the organization of the
Louisville Symphony Orchestra, and the work of
Moritz Bombard and the Louisville Opera Com-
pany are more than just technical descriptions of a
city's musical offerings. They are colorful and
penetrating excursions into the life of a charming
and culturally alive community. Because of this
journalist's visit and because of the way he was
received by the people of this city, hundreds of
thousands of Western Europeans have been able
to relate their own lives to the life of urban
America. Before the Dutch music critic came here,
the Louisville newspaper played host to a car-
toonist from India and a repoi*ter from New Zea-
land. This month a yoimg Israeli newspaperman
named Meir Komen is experiencing Kentucky
hospitality. This is truly a people-to-people ex-
perience in the fullest sense of the term.
I hope this evening that I have been able to
clarify and place into its proper perspective the
role of Louisville m this growing area of endeavor
known as international cultural relations. It is a
role that I hope many other cities will be able
to emulate.
Let us remember that in building our world
community we are only beginning to conquer the
frontiers of cultural understanding. We have a
long row to hoe before Singapore and Brasilia
will be as meaningful to Americans as Washing-
ton, D.C., and St. Louis, Missouri. And to those
who claim that the United States is too rich, too
fat, and living too high on the hog to develop a
renaissance of the pioneering spirit that made our
country great, I offer the example of Louisville
and the International Center.
I urge you therefore to maintain your visionary
spirit and to continue your imaginative advance
toward these lasting goals. I urge you to lead the
way in the development of that world outlook oiu-
Nation needs to fulfill its international responsi-
bilities. These responsibilities are not only for
today or next year but for generations to come.
For the sake of our children and their descendants
let us build a strong and lasting people's move-
ment toward international understanding. I can
think of no more important task in the pursuit of
lasting peace.
Corrections to List of Products
for GATT Negotiations
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
The Department of State announced on June 1-i
(press release 328) that the Interdepartmental
Committee on Trade Agreements had given notice
on June 8, 1960, of several errors and omissions in
the list of products to be considered in the tariff
negotiations announced on May 27.'
Following are the changes required to correct
the list of products to be considered for possible
U.S. concessions, as contained in Department of
State publication 6986 :
Paragrai)h 59 : The following Is inserted between para-
graph 5S and paragraph 60:
Paragraph 59. Opium.
Paragraph 60 : "Ambergris ;" is changed to read "Am-
bergris and civet ;."
Paragraph 355 : A comma is inserted after "butchers'."
Paragraph 372 : The language "for manufacturing or
processing vegetable fibers (other than cotton) prior to
making of fabrics or crocheted, knit, woven, or felt ar-
ticles nut made from fabrics;" is changed to read "for
manufacturing or processing- cotton prior to making of
fabrics or crocheted, knit, woven, or felt articles not made
from fabrics) ;."
Paragraph 397 [second] : The words "cooking and eat-
ing stoves" are changed to "cooking and heating stoves."
A closing parenthesis is inserted before the period at
the end of this paragraph.
Paragraph 710: The word "grading" (in two places) is
changed to "grating."
Paragraph 1504(b) : The word "carludovia" Is
changed to "carludovica."
The language "and not bleached, dyed, colored, or
stained" in the first clause is changed to read "and not
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, or sewed."
' For background, see Bulletin of June 13, 1960, p. 968 ;
for the list of products, see Department of State publica-
tion 6986, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Oflice, Washington 25, D.C.
(40 cents).
22
Department of Sfofe Bulletin
I'araicriiiJh loM (,e) : In the liiiid elaiiso df llio oxcop-
tions, the language "goat, kid, pig, and shark" is changed
to read "goat, kid, and pig."
iNTERDEPARTMENTAS. COMMITTEE'S NOTICE
Corrections to List of Articles Imported Into the
United States Proposed for Consideration in Trade
Agreement Negotiations Under the General Agree-
ment ON Tariffs and Trade
lu the Federal Register of May 28, 1960, there was
published a notice of the Interdepartmental Committee on
Trade Agreements of intention to conduct trade-agree-
ment negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade with various foreign governments, to which
notice was annexed a list of articles imported into the
United States to be considered for possible modification of
duties and other import restrictions (25 F.R. 4T(;Jr-T0).
Certain errors and omissions have appeared which re-
quire correction."
By direction of the Interdepartmental Committee on
Trade Agreements this Sth day of June 1960.
John A. Birch,
Chairmun, Interdepartmental Committee
on Trade Agreements
Greetings Sent to Conference
of Independent African States
Press release 326 dated June 14
Folloioing is the text of a message from Secre-
tmnj Herter to His Excellency Yilma Deressa,
Minister of Foreign Affair's of Ethiofia and chair-
man of the Conference of Independent African
States, on the occasion of the opening of that con-
ference at Addis Abaha, Ethiopia, on June 1^.
June 10, 1960
Dear Me. Foreign Minister : On behalf of the
United States Government I send greetings to the
Second Conference of Independent African
States, which is now meeting at Addis Ababa.^
Tlie political j)rogress of the peoples of Africa is
most gratifying. This progress represents the
steady implementation of the jirinciple of self-
determination — a i>rinciple that our Government
has endorsed throughout its history.
In your efl'orts at this Conference to foster peace
and prosperity in your Continent, as well as to
enhance the contribution of Africa to the peaceful
solution of world problems, you have the best
wishes and support of the Government of the
United States.
Most sincerely.
Christian A. Herter
Secretary of State
U.S. To Support International
Indian Ocean'Expedition
The ^^liite House announced on June 13 that the
Federal Government will lend support to the
Nation's leading oceanogi-aphers in an interna-
tional expedition to the Indian Ocean.^ The ex-
pedition, a scientific project of extraordinary
scope and magnitude, will begin late tliis year and
extend tlirough 1964. It will greatly extend man's
knowledge of these least known watei-s of the
world, which cover a seventh of the earth's surface.
Like the recent International Geopliysical Year,-
the International Indian Ocean Expedition will
incorporate a many-sided scientific attack on a
single area of interest under the leadership of a
special committee of the International Council of
Scientific Unions, a nongovernmental organization
with headquarters in The Hague. Scientific re-
sponsibility for U.S. participation will be borne
by the National Academy of Sciences-National
Research Council, national representative to the
International Council.
Acting upon the recoimnendation of the Federal
Council for Science and Technology and the
Special iVssistant to the President for Science and
Technology, the President approved a plan calling
for key contributions by the Department of the
^avy and the National Science Foundation. The
Navy will make available oceanographic ships
sponsored by the Navy and operated by leading
U.S. oceanographic institutions. The foundation
will be responsible for planning and coordinating
Federal support for U.S. participation in the pro-
gram including the provision of financial support.
Eesponsibility for planning the scientific con-
tent of the U.S. program has been assigned by the
- For the list of corrections included in the Committee's
notice, see 25 Fed. Reg. 5197.
' The first conference convened at Monrovia, Liberia, oi
' For a more complete description of the expedition, see
White House press release dated June 13.
■ I'"or background, see Bulletin of May 11, 1959, p. 082.
July 4, 1960
23
Academy-Researcli Council to its Committee on
Oceanography. The committee has expressed tlie
hope that the expedition, in addition to its antici-
pated contributions to fundamental knowledge,
will afford unusual benefits to the heavily popu-
lated, protein-deficient nations on the ocean's
perimeter, both in terms of increased fish harvests
and in the further training of local scientists and
teclinologists in the tecliiiiques of oceanographic
research.
The expedition's peak activity is expected to
occur during 19G2 and 1963, when ships and scien-
tific personnel from well over a dozen nations will
be conducting basic research in physical and chem-
ical oceanography, meteorology, marine biology,
geophysics, and submarine geology.
Details of the U.S. program will be worked out
following a general planning session of partici-
pating nations to be convened in Copenhagen in
July by the Special Committee on Oceanic Re-
search of the International Council of Scientific
Unions.
THE CONGRESS
European Aspects of the Mutual Security Program
Statement hy Foy D. Kohler
Assistant Secretary for European Affairs '
It is a pleasure and a privilege to meet with
this committee, together with my colleagues from
the Defense Department, General Miller [Brig.
Gen. Fredric H. Miller], and from ICA [Inter-
national Cooperation Administration], Mr. Oliver
Sause, to discuss with you the European aspects
of the Mutual Security Program.
The Mutual Security Program for Europe in
fiscal year 1961 is, as you know, almost entirely
military. Its purposes, as in the past several years,
are to encourage and assist our European allies in
developing the military forces required for the
common defense of the West.
I have always considered it unfortunate that in
newspaper and public discussions our contribu-
tions to the European NATO forces should be
lumped under the general heading of "foreign
aid." These contributions represent mutual secu-
rity in the truest sense of the word. As has been
made clear by spokesmen of the Defense Depart-
' Made before the Senate Appropriations Committee on
June .3.
ment who have appeared before you, our ability to
deter and resist Soviet aggi-ession does not depend
upon United States military power alone. It de-
pends upon the combined military power of the
free world as a whole. Our allies in Western
Europe are making a substantial contribution to
supplementing and supporting the military de-
fense of the United States, and our own security
requires that we help to make their military' efforts
meaningful and adequate.
We have often heard certain fellow citizens em-
phasize the tremendous threat represented by in-
ternational communism and have also heard some
of them argue that United States defenses are not
adequate to meet this threat. It seems highly
anomalous to hear some of these same citizens ad-
vocate the elimination or drastic reduction of for-
eign military assistance. The Communist threat
is indeed serious, and the need for adequate de-
fense is imperative. But we delude ourselves
dangerously if we ignore the fact that the defen-
sive power which really counts is the total de-
24
Department of Sfofe Bulhtin
fensive power of the United States and other free
nations. And in this total picture nothing would
be more shortsighted than to deny ourselves the
enormous dividends we receive from our invest-
ments in the military programs of our European
allies.
Need for Maintaining Strength of Western Alliance
The past year has been one of intense diplomatic
activity. It was to be capped only 2 weeks ago
by a meeting "at the summit" in Paris. The
Western Powers made exliaustive preparations
and sincerely hoped to come to grips with the ma-
jor problems disturbing the world. For reasons
still obscure but certainly much deeper and broader
than the airplane incident which he cited as a
pretext, the Soviet participant decided to scuttle
the conference.^ Although no precipitate action
has followed immediately, Mr. Khrushchev has
since repeated his threat to take unilateral action
with respect to Germany and Berlin "in his own
good time," and both he and his Minister of De-
fense [Marshal Rodion Y. Malinovsky] have
menaced our allies and ourselves with rocket at-
tacks. "We thus face a period of uncertainty at
best and danger at worst. I think we can easily
agree that the maintenance of the strength and
effectiveness of the Western alliance in the face of
this situation is more important than at any time
since the alliance was foimded.
At the same time I want to stress that the tor-
pedoing of the summit conference does not mean
that attempts to negotiate with the Soviet Union
are at an end. In their communique ^ regretting
that the Soviet attitude had made the Paris dis-
cussions impossible, the Western Heads of Gov-
ernment reiterated "their conviction that all out-
standing international questions should be settled
not by the use or threat of force but by peaceful
means through negotiation." Indeed, the nuclear
test negotiations between the United States, the
United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union have been
continuing in Geneva. Moreover, it seems clear
that the 10-power disarmament negotiations will
be resumed in Geneva next week as scheduled.
The United States and its allies have carefully
prepared concrete and realistic proposals for safe-
guarding disarmament and are proceeding in the
' For a statement by Secretary Herter on the events at
Paris, see Bulletin of .Tune 13, 1960, p. 047.
' For text, see ibid., June 6, 1900, p. 905.
July 4, 7 960
hope that genuine progress can be made toward
tliat goal. However, here too the basic fact must
be kept in mind that we can never expect to obtain
a safe and woi-kable disarmament agreement if
we are so foolish as to make substantial reductions
in our own armaments while we are attempting
to negotiate such an agreement. If the Soviet
Union could succeed in inducing the West to dis-
ann itself while retaining the essence of its own
military power, a genuine disarmament agreement
would become a pipedream. We certainly intend
to negotiate with the Soviet Government in good
faith, but we do not intend to give them something
for nothing.
On the other principal problem slated for sum-
mit discussion, no one now knows whether or how
any real progress can be made toward a just so-
lution of the problem of Germany, which, due to
Soviet intransigence, remains divided, or of Ber-
lin, whose people are determined to remain free
and maintain their links with the West. There
is, however, one thing that can be said with abso-
lute certainty. Neither will the Soviets be de-
terred from unilateral action nor will just and
honorable solutions to these problems be promoted
by any weakening of our posture or our will.
We might, in fact, take a lesson from tlie op-
position in this latter regard. Not only have the
Soviet leaders been reiterating their basic posi-
tions, but they have also been vaunting their mili-
tai-y prowess. Wliile Soviet propaganda has tried
to make capital of the Soviet announcement that
the U.S.S.E. plans to reduce armed force person-
nel over the next 18 months or so to a level ap-
proximating that of the United States Armed
Forces, Mr. Khrushchev declared to the Supreme
Soviet on January 14 that "the Soviet Army now
has combat means and firepower never before pos-
sessed by any army" and "would be able to lit-
erally wipe the country or countries which attack
us off the face of the earth." Moreover, during
his recent tours, he has been proclaiming that "the
Soviet Union is the world's most powerful nation
in the military sense."
Thus I would repeat that the unity and the
strength of the free world are of the greatest im-
portance. Solutions to outstanding problems will
not come easily. They will take a long time to
accomplish. Wliile we continue to seek these so-
lutions, as we have in the past, it would be folly
to weaken our collective military posture in the
25
uncertain period aliead. If we are not serious
about our defenses now, we will never be able to
convince anyone of the seriousness of our inten-
tions in what may well be a prolonged period of
negotiations.
Proposed Military Aid for Europe
-Military assistance proposed for European
country programs for the next fiscal year totals
$459 million. The total for NATO countries,
including Greece and Turkey, is $740 million.
In addition there are certain regional programs —
international military headquarters, infrastruc-
ture, mutual weapons development, weajions pro-
duction, the NATO Maintenance Supply Services
Agency — intended to support activities entirely
or almost entirely within the NATO area. In-
cluding these i-egional programs there is a total
of a little over $1 billion in militaiy assistance
programed for the NATO area.
Military assistance proposed for Europe for fis-
cal year 1961 is approximately the same amount
as that proposed last year. It is an increase over
the amount finally programed for the area in
fiscal year 1960. Reduced appropriations in fis-
cal year 1960 as well as in fiscal year 1959 necessi-
tated deferral of a number of important NATO
requirements. Consequently incresised allocations
are now necessary to help offset the reduced
appropriations of prior years, which have resulted
in a serious depletion of the pipeline. The execu-
tive branch is gravely concerned over the weak-
ening effects on NATO's military strength which
will follow imless steps are taken to remedy this
steady reduction.
The program which is now submitted for fiscal
year 1961 is, in the considered judgment of the
executive branch, the minimum required to sup-
port a level of expenditures adequate to finance
items which are of critical importance to NATO
plans in the next few years and which our NATO
allies would be unable to procure themselves ex-
cept at the expense of other important sectors of
their NATO defense effort.
There is certainly more agreement on the neces-
sity for building up our defenses today than
there is on the question which logically follows
from it, namely, how this is to be accomplished.
The question w^hich is uppermost in the minds
of many concerned with our common defense is
this : Granted that our Western defenses must be
strengthened, are all NATO allies making as sub-
stantial a contribution to this end as they should
or is the United States carrying a disproportion-
ately heavy share of the Western defense burden ?
The recently improved international payments
and reserve position of Western European coun-
tries, coupled with a decline in United States
reserves, has prompted the proposal that Euro-
pean NATO members might now take over en-
tirely the burden of meeting their military
requirements. Howevci-, examination of the na-
ture of military' assistance to the European area
shows that this is not essentially a problem of
balance of payments. Indeed, as the committe(»
knows, most of the money appropriated for mili-
tary assistance is spent in the United States.
Furthermore, military assistance to Europe gen-
erates purchases in the United States of spare
parts and maintenance materiel which exceed the
value of aid money spent in Europe. Last ye<ar
such purchases were substantially more than the
United States militai-y assistance fimds expended
in Europe. I think it is accordingly clear that
drastically reducing or closing out our military
assistance to Europe would not solve this coim-
try's balance-of -payments problem.
To the more general question as to why our
European allies, in view of their remarkable eco-
nomic progress, camiot be expected to bear the
entire cost of their military programs, the answer
is also clear. Our European allies would be able
to pay their own defense costs, provided we and
they were willing to accept a substantially lower
level of total defensive power. Our contributions
are designed to maintain a level of defensive
strength which is much greater than could be
expected from Europe's efforts alone.
It is tnie that our European allies have made
general economic progress. However, they con-
tinue to suffer a number of serious economic lim-
itations. Living standards in most NATO coun-
tries are still only one-third to one-half as higli
as American living standards. At the same tiiin'.
tax rates in otlier NATO countries on the aver-
age are higher than United States tax rates despite
the relatively deeper cut this means into consump-
tion levels. Several European countries have
joined us in extending substantial economic assist-
ance to the undei'devclnped areas of the world.
Also the governments of these countries encounter
some of the same political obstacles to increased
defense efforts with which we are familiar in our
Department of State Bulletin
own coiinlry. Since modern weapons are incred-
ibly expensive, some of our allies simply cannot,
afford to equip their forces with these weapons
and at the same time bear the heavy maintenance
costs they have already undertaken.
In view of the very I'eal financial limitations of
our European allies as well as the ever-present
political pressures for arms reduction, an elim-
ination or drastic cutback of United States assist-
ance would almost certainly provoke a downward
cham reaction throughout the NATO area. The
allied governments and peoples would say, in ef-
fect, "If the United States Government no longer
considers our defense programs important, why
should we strain our economy to maintain these
progi'ams?" In other words, if we are unwilling
to accept the concept that total defense is what
really counts — if we should make the mistake of
accepting tlie idea that each country must finance
its own defense programs through its own re-
sources — then we must face the fact that the net
result would be a dangerous reduction in the com-
bined defensive power of the free world.
Increase in European Defense Expenditures
Having made these cautionary remarks, I am
glad to be able to report certain positive steps tliat
are being taken to increase European contribu-
tions to the common defense.
"We are constantly engaged in bilateral and mul-
tilateral negotiations with our NATO allies to
bring about a more equitable sharing of the costs
of our mutual defense. In consonance witli estab-
lished U.S. policy, which is directed toward elim-
inating grant aid as other countries become able
to pay their own way, we are pressing these coun-
tries to assume greater responsibility for their
individual and collective defense ; and in fact they
are doing so.
Tlie economies of some NATO countries — the
United Kingdom, France, and Gemiany — liave
improved to the point where they are considered
financially capable of purchasing their own mil-
itary needs, and grant materiel assistance is no
longer programed for these countries. For all
other countries military grant aid is extended
only after careful examination to determine
whether the country can purchase the materiel
and how the assistance can elicit a greater or more
effective effort by the country itself. In addition,
certain items such as spare parts and other con-
ventional maintenance requirements of the Euro-
pean NATO countries, wliich were formerly cov-
ered by the military assistance ^jrogram, are now
financed for the most part by the countries them-
selves.
We think the record shows that we have lind a
very considerable measure of success in eliciting
increased contributions from our NATO allies for
our common defense. In fact, considering the
political and other impediments involved, we are
surprised at the favorable showing ourselves. The
total of defense expenditures for the European
NATO countries last year was $13.6 billion, an
increase of 11 percent over the $12.2 billion spent
in 1958 and more than double the 1950 expendi-
tures.
Furthermore, the trend toward significantly in-
creased defense expenditures is expected to con-
tinue. The Netherlands is planning a significant
increase in its defense budget in 1961 ; the United
Kingdom has announced a 7.6 jjercent increase;
the Italian Government has already put into effect
a 4 percent progressive annual increase; the Bel-
gian defense budget for 1960, now before Parlia-
ment, represents a 3 percent increase over 1959.
Following the resolution of certain problems of
training sites and types of equipment, German
defense expenditures rose steej^ly by 68 percent
from the 1958 level of $1.6 billion to $2.7 billion
in 1959. Let us not ignore the fact that in 1953
the United States was paying about 28 percent of
the total defense costs of our European NATO
allies ; today we are paying about 8 percent.
An abrupt termination of all grants of military
equipment would seriously weaken the alliance
system upon which the security of the United
States depends. The actions of the United States
in this field in the last analysis must be directed
to the building of stronger allies who will make
progressively larger contributions to the connnon
defense.
Economic Assistance
"VYe all know, of course, that the threat of inter-
national conununism is not military alone — that
the contest between the free world and the Soviet
system is waged on many fronts. Our freedom
and security are always endangered by Soviet cap-
ture of the territory, population, and resources of
other nations. This is true whether the capture
results from direct military aggression or whether
it results from internal subversion, creation and
exploitation of social chaos, political pr(
Jo;y 4, 1960
27
or economic blandisliments. This means that we
must continue to assist the lesser developed nations
of the world in securing a greater measure of
stability and well-being.
At present, economic assistance from the United
States to Europe has practically disappeared, ex-
cept for a few small programs designed to deal
only with special situations. Far more important
is the contribution which our European allies are
themselves making to the social and economic de-
velopment of vast areas of Asia and Africa — a
contribution which adds significantly to our own
efforts and which we hope will increase in future
years. We should recognize that these grants and
loans by European governments for purposes of
helping the lesser developed areas contribute to
our common defense just as truly as their military
expenditures do. Meanwhile I would like to com-
ment briefly on our special economic projects
within Europe itself which, though small, are
nevertheless important to our national security.
We believe defense support for Spain has been
instrumental in maintaining the spirit of coopera-
tion which has made possible the construction and
effective utilization of the air- and sea-base com-
plex jointly operated by the United States and
Spain. Defense support was an element in the
Spanish import requirements which contribute to
economic stability in Spain. Defense support was
also an element in the Spanish economic stabiliza-
tion program, which has brought about sounder
fiscal and monetary policies and so far reversed
the serious loss of foreign exchange. A small
technical cooperation program is contributing
toward modernization of Spain's civil aviation
system and improvement in its agricultural and
industrial productivity.
The Federal Republic of Germany is now pro-
viding the help necessary to maintain Berlin's
economic well-being. United States spe^'ial as-
sistance for Berlin, although modest in amomit,
underlines our undiminished interest in the city's
survival in freedom and is a support to the Gov-
ernment and the people of the city in their re-
sistance to the unrelenting Communist pressures
to which they are subjected. American aid is be-
ing used jointly with West German and West Ber-
lin financing for the construction in Berlin of a
medical teaching center. The center, when com-
pleted in 1964, will not only help to relieve the
present hospital-bed shortage but will stimulate
the training of medical personnel and will intro-
duce American research techniques while at the
same time generally furthering development of
German medical research.
The program for Yugoslavia for next year is
limited to a small amount of technical cooperation
and special assistance. This assistance is designed
to familiarize Yugoslav technicians with modem
American methods in agriculture, industry, min-
ing, transportation, and public administration.
The fact that we are continuing assistance to Yu-
goslavia does not imply approval of the Yugoslav
political or economic system. It should be re-
garded rather as a demonstration to the satellites
of Eastern Europe, and to the uncommitted na-
tions of the world, that the United States is ready
to support the efforts of any country which needs
help in preserving its independence from Soviet
domination.
In summary, our ability to make progress to-
ward a secure and peaceful world will depend in
large measux'e upon the strength, unity, and de-
termination displayed by the Western World as a
whole. I do not need to stress the dangerous
consequences that could follow if the Soviet Un-
ion, or even our friends, gained the mistaken im-
pression that United States support for NATO
was slackening at this critical time. I am con-
vinced that the Mutual Security Program is one
of the surest and most effective means of mobiliz-
ing our strength in NATO. It is for this reason
that I believe favorable congressional action on the
Mutual Security Program is of greatest impor-
tance in carrying out our defense and foreign
policy objectives.
Department Expresses Grave Concern
on Proposed Cuts in MSP Funds
Statement hy Acting Secretary Dillon
Press release 333 dated June 15
The action of the majority of the House Appro-
priations Committee on the Mutual Security Pro-
gram appropriation bill is a matter of grave con-
cern to me. If uncorrected by the Congi-ess, it
will severely impair the effectiveness of the pro-
gram and require the assumption of risks to our
national se<?urity which are both unnecessary and
fOUS.
28
Deparfmenf of Sfofe Bulletin
Reductions
Tlie reductions in amounts to be appropriated
total $790 million below the amount the President
has repeatedly declared to be indispensable in the
national interest.^
1. The reduction of $400 million in military
assistance and of $124: million in defense support
assistance below the amounts determined to be
essential by the President and all of his principal
advisers in the foreign policy and national se-
curity area — including the Secretary of State, the
Secretary of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of
Statf — will mean the weakening of our collective
frontline defenses at a time when the need for a
steadfast and sti'ong position is critical.
2. The reduction of $62 million, or almost 25
percent, in the special assistance progi-am is crip-
pling in its effect. It is this form of aid which
enables us to assure the use of military facilities
and bases vital to our deterrent strength, which
maintains stability in the troubled Middle East,
which avoids economic disaster in Bolivia and in
Haiti, which supports the efforts of Israel to pro-
mote progress and stability, which combats and
seeks to eradicate malaria, wliich supports Ameri-
can schools abroad, and with which we plan to
provide a modest program of educational and
training aid to the newly emerging states of
Africa. The reduction made by the commit-
tee would require the mutilation or sacrifice of
a number of these essential programs, with re-
sults that could only be deeply injurious to our
national interests and security.
3. Similarly, reductions in the funds for tech-
nical cooperation and the Development Loan
Fund will decrease our ability to respond effec-
tively either to the needs of emerging nations or
to the increasing challenge of the Soviet economic
offensive.
Restrictions
The committee action in recommending a series
of higlily restrictive amendments is also of grave
concern. These amendments would imreasonably
restrict and inhibit the uses of the funds appro-
priated.
' For text of the President's message to Congress of Feb.
16, see Bulletin of Mar. 7, 1960, p. 369 ; for an excerpt
from a special message of May 3, see ibid.. May 23, 1960,
p. 837.
1. The committee would deny the use of funds
for U.S. participation in a multinational effort
under the direction of the World Bank to assist
India and Pakistan to carry out an agreed plan
for development and use of the Indus Basin
waters. If this restriction is permitted to re-
main, the United States will bear the unhappy
responsibility of having effectively sabotaged the
multinational effort designed to eliminate a major
difference between India and Pakistan and to im-
prove the welfare of hundreds of millions of
people. This is all the more incomprehensible
since the Congress, just 1 month ago, after
full consideration specifically affirmed the desir-
ability of U.S. participation in this project.
2. The committee bill also proposes to provide
contingency fimds to the President but to deny
him the right to use them to adjust programs in
the light of changing circumstances, a limitation
which serves no purpose but to deny the flexibility
which is essential to effective management of our
foreign affairs.
3. The committee bill also would impose, after
10 years of successful operations, new and unjusti-
fied restrictions which would severely limit the
effectiveness of the tried and tested technical co-
operation program. These restrictions would
bind the United States to particular teclinical co-
operation jDrojects approved in advance by Con-
gress; the programs proposed to the Congress
must necessarily be illustrative and subject to ne-
gotiation with foreign countries after funds are
aj^propriated. The committee proposal that the
funds appropriated for technical cooperation can
be used for no projects other than those illustra-
tively proposed removes the possibility of making
adjustments in the course of negotiation or to meet
new needs of higher priority. In short, we would
be shifting this program from one of cooperation
to a unilateral take-it-or-leave-it program. Noth-
ing in the 10-year history of point 4 teclinical
assistance warrants any such restrictive action.
4. Illustrative of the general effort of the com-
mittee to impose restrictions on the use of funds
for the purposes authorized is its action in limiting
funds for the Inspector General and Comptroller.
Congress, to meet criticisms of inefficiency and
maladministration, established this office last year
to permit and assure better management, inspec-
tion, and evaluation of the program. The com-
mittee action would deny the funds necessary for
July 4, 7 960
29
this purpose. It is in effect a move to weaken our
ability to remedy the type of errors which the com-
mittee itself has long criticized.
In short, the committee majority proposes in-
sufficient funds and hamstrings these. The De-
partment is profoundly convinced that correction
of these defects is essential in the interests of the
United States.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings^
Adjourned During June 1960
Conference of the Ten-Nation Committee on Disarmament . . .
U.N. Trusteeship Council: 26th Session
GATT Contracting Parties: 16th Se.ssion
IMCO International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea ....
International Cotton Advisory Committee: 19th Plenary Meeting.
ICAO Panel on Origin-and-Destination Statistics: 2d Meeting . .
U.N. Tin Conference
International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property:
24th Congress.
U.N. ECE Working Party on Mechanization of .\griculture . . .
International Commission on Irrigation, Flood Control, and Drain-
age: 4th Congress.
International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries: 10th
Meeting.
SEATO Council: 6th Meeting
FAO Group on Grains: 5th Meeting
International Labor Conference: 44th Session
World Power Conference: 13th Sectional Meeting
U.N. ECE Housing Committee: 20th Session (and Working Parties) .
Subcommittee of COAS Special Committee To Study Formulation
of New Measures for Economic Development (Committee of
Nine).
FAO Committee on Commodity Problems: 33d Session
Inter-American Seminar on Strengthening the Family Institution .
UNESCO Committee of Governmental Experts on a Draft Inter-
national Convention and Draft Recommendations on Various
Aspects of Discrimination in Education.
U.N. ECE Subcommittee on Road Transport: Working Party on
Construction of Vehicles.
7th Annual Electronic, Nuclear, and Cinematographic Exposition .
IAEA Board of Governors: 1 7th Session
International Conference on Large Electric Systems: 18th General
Assembly.
UNICEF Committee on Administrative Budget
U.N. ECE Coal Committee: 50th Session
U.N. ECE Rapporteurs on Comparisons of Systems of National
Accounts.
International ^lialing Commission: 12th Meeting
ILO Governing Body: 146th Session
International Lead and Zinc Study Group: 2d Session of Standing
Committee.
International Wheat Council: 30th Session
Geneva Mar. 15- June 28
New York Apr. 14-June 30
Geneva ^Iay 1 6-June 4
London Mav 17-June 17
Mexico, D.F May 23-June 1
Montreal May 23-June 3
New York May 23-June 22
London May 28-June 4
Geneva May 30-June 3
Madrid May 30-June 14
Bergen, Nc
May 30-June 4
Washington May 31-June 2
Rome June 1-8
Geneva June 1-23
Madrid June 5-9
Geneva June 6-10
Washington June 6-24
Rome .
Caracas
Paris . .
June 7-23
June 11-18
June 12-29
Rome June 13-29
Vienna June 14-24
Paris June 15-25
New York June 20 (1 day)
Geneva June 20-22
Geneva June 20-24
London
Geneva
New York
June 20-27
June 24 (1 day) *
June 27-28
^ Prepared in the Office of International Conferences, June 16, 1960. Asterisks indicate tentative dates and places.
Following is a list of abbreviations : COAS, Council of the Organization of American States ; ECAFE, Economic Com-
mission for Asia and the Far East; ECE, Economic Commission for Europe; ECOSOC, Economic and Social Council:
FAO, Pood and Agriculture Organization; GATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; IAEA, International
Atomic Energy Agency; lAIAS, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences; IBE, International Bureau of Ed-
ucation ; ICAO, International Civil Aviation Organization ; ILO, International Labor Organization ; IMCO, Intergov-
ernmental Maritime Consultative Organization ; ITU, International Telecommunication Union ; PAHO, Pan American
Health Organization; SEATO, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization; U.N., United Nations; UNESCO, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; IXICEF, United Nations Children's Fund ; UPU, Universal
Postal Union ; WHO, World Health Organization ; WMO, World Meteorological Organization.
30 Deparfmenf of Sfate Bulletin
In Session as of June 30, 1960
Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests . . Geneva Oct. 31, 1958-
ITU Administrative Council: 15th Session Geneva May 28-
TJ.N. ECOSOC Consultants on Standardization of Cartographic New York June 20-
Names.
ICAO Panel of Experts To Consider the Arab League Request for Montreal June 23-
Interpretation of Article 77.
10th International Berlin Film Festival Berlin June 24-
International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering: Stockholm June 27-
6th Congress.
WMO Executive Committee: 12th Session Geneva June 27-
TJPU Consultative Committee on Postal Studies: Annual Meeting Eastbourne, England .... June 27-
of Management Council.
GATT Working Party on Polish Participation in the Tariff Con- Geneva June 27-
ference.
U.N. ECE Steel Committee: 24th Session (and Working Parties) . Geneva June 29-
Scheduled July 1 Through September 30, 1960
Development Assistance Group: 2d Meeting
U.N. Economic and Social Council: 30th Session
23d UNESCO/IBE Conference on Public Education
IBE Council: 26th Session
8th International Grassland Congress
International Union for Protection of Industrial Property : Meeting
of Heads of Industrial Property Offices.
Inter-American Nuclear Energy Commission: 2d Meeting ....
UNESCO Intergovernmental Conference on Oceanographic Re-
search.
U.N. ECOSOC Ministerial-Level Meeting
International Lead and Zinc Study Group: Experts Statistical
Committee.
South Pacific Commission: 11th Meeting of South Pacific Re-
search Council.
Caribbean Commission: 30th Meeting
GATT Intersessional Committee
3d Inter-American Symposium on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear
Energy.
International Sugar Council: 7th Session
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: 12th General
Assembly.
IAEA Ad' Hoc Preparatory Panel on Third-Party Liability for
Nuclear Shipping.
Inter-American Indian Institute: Governing Board
International Sugar Council: Executive and Statistical Committees .
3d FAO/IAIAS Latin American Meeting on Soils and Fertilizers . .
U.N. ECE Committee on Agricultural Problems: Working Party
on Standardization of Conditions of Sale for Cereals.
FAO Latin American Forestry Commission : 7th Session
10th General Assembly of International Geographical Union and
19th International Congress of Geography.
5th Inter-American Conference on Agriculture and 6th FAO Re-
gional Conference for Latin .\merica.
2d U.N. Conference on Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Of-
fenders.
7th International Congress of Soil Science
12th Meeting of PAHO Directing Council and 12th Meeting of Re-
gional Committee of WHO for the Americas.
International Union of Crystallography: 5th General Assembly . .
21st International Geological Congress
U.N. ECOSOC Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination
and Protection of Minorities: 13th Session.
WMO Commission for Maritime Meteorology: 3d Session ....
UNESCO World Conference on Adult Education
21st International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art
COAS Special Committee To Study Formulation of New Measures
for Economic Development.
6th World Forestry Congress
Ad Hoc Committee of U.N. General Assembl}' To Consider General
Questions of Transmission of Information.
14th Annual Edinburgh Film Festival
PAHO Executive Committee: 41st Meeting
GATT:5thRoundof Tariff Negotiations
G.\TT Committee II on Expansion of International Trade ....
GATT Working Party on Low- Wage Imports
Bonn July 5-
Geneva July 5-
Geneva July 6-
Geneva July 9-
Reading, England July 11-
Geneva July 11-
Petropolis, Brazil July 11-
Copenhagen July 11-
Geneva July 11-
Geneva July 12-
Noum(5a, New Caledonia . . . July 12-
San Juan July 18-
Geneva July 18-
Petropolis and Brasilia .... July 18-
London July 18-
Helsinki July 25-
Vienna July
Mexico, D.F July
London July
Raleigh, N.C Aug. 1-
Geneva Aug. 1-
undetermined Aug. 5-
Stockholm Aug. 6-
Mexico, D.F Aug. 8-
London Aug. 9-
Madison, Wis Aug. 12-
Habana Aug. 14-
Cambridge, England .'Vug. 15-
Copenhagen Aug. 15-
Geueva Aug. 15-*
Utrecht Aug. 16-
Montreal Aug. 22-
Venice Aug. 24-
Bogotd, Aug. 25-
Seattle Aug. 29-
New York Aug. 29-
Edinburgh August
Habana .\ugust
Geneva Sept. 1-
Geneva Sept. 4-
Geneva Sept. 4-
Jufy 4, 7 960
31
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings — Continued
Scheduled July 1 Through September 30, 1960— Con/inueti
International Lead and Zinc Study Group: 2d Session ....
U.N. ECE Working Party on Mechanization of Agriculture . .
International Scientific Radio Union: 13th General Assembly .
ICAO Legal Committee: 12lh Session
UNICEF Committee on Administrative Budget
FAO Responal Conference for the Near East
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain: 8th Congress
WHO Regional Committee for Western Pacific: 11th "
GATT Committee III on Expansion of International Trade . . .
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: 48th Annual
Meeting.
International Rubber Studv Group: 15th Meeting
U.N. ECE Coal Committee: 51st Session
IAEA General Conference: 4th Regular Session
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Inter-
national Monetary Fund, International Finance Corporation:
Annual Meetings of Boards of Governors.
ILO Ad Hoc Meeting on Civil Aviation
6th International Technical Conference on Lighthouses and Other
Aids to Navigation.
U.N. ECE Conference of European Statisticians: 8th Session. . .
WMO Regional Association VI (Europe) : 3d Session
U.N. ECAFE Working Party on Economic Development and Plan-
ning.
Interparliamentary Union: 49th Conference
U.N. Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation: 8th
Session.
U.N. Conference on Outer Space Science and Technology
U.N. E;CAFE Inland Transport and Communications Committee:
Seminar on Highway Transportation.
FAO Technical Advisory Committee on Desert Locust Control: undetermined
9th ~ "
Geneva Sept. 5-
Geneva Sept. 5-
London Sept. 5-
Montreal Sept. 6~
New York Sept. 7-
Tehran Sept. 1 2-
Buenos .\ires Sept. 12-
Manila Sept. 16-
Geneva Sept. 19-
Moscow Sept. 19-
Kuala Lumjjur, Malaya. . . . Sept. 19-
Geneva Sept. 19-
Vienna Sept. 20-
Washington Sept. 26-
Geneva Sept. 26-
Washington Sept. 26-
Geneva Sept. 26-
Madrid Sept. 26-
Bangkok Sept. 27-
Tokyo .
Geneva .
Sept. 29-
September
Geneva* September
undetermined September
September''
TREATY INFORMATION
U.S. and Indonesia Sign
Atomic Energy Agreement
Press release 313 dated June 8
Representatives of the Governments of Indo-
nesia and the United States on Jiuie 8 signed an
agreement for cooperation in the peaceftil uses of
atomic energy.
The agreement was signed by Ambassador
Moekarto Notowidigdo of Indonesia. Chairman
John A. McCone of the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion and Assistant Secretary of State J. Graham
Parsons sigTied for tlie United States. Tlie sign-
ing ceremony was held at the U.S. Department of
State.
Under the proposed agreement the Governments
of the Reptiblic of Indonesia and the United
States will cooperate in a nuclear project to be
carried out at the Bandung Institute of Tech-
nology. This will include the exchange of infor-
mation on the design, construction, and operation
of nuclear research reactors and their use as re-
search, training, development, and engineering de-
vices and in medical therapy. American industry
would be authorized by the agreement to supply
api^ropriate nuclear equipment and related serv-
ices to the Indonesian Government or to author-
ized individuals or organizations under its juris-
diction.
The proposed agreement also provides that the
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission may lease to the
Indonesian Government up to 6 kilograms (13.2
32
Department of State Bulletin
pounds) of contained U-235 iii uranium enriched
up to a maximum of 20 percent U-235 for use in
researcli reactors. Indonesia also will assume re-
sponsibility for assuring that material obtained
from the United States will be used only for peace-
ful purposes. The agreement further provides for
the exchange of unclassified information in liealth
and safety matters related to rescarcli reactors and
in the use of radioisotopes in physical and biologi-
cal research, medical therapy, agriculture, and
industry.
Both countries also affirm their common interest
in availing themselves of the facilities and services
of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The agreement will become effective after statu-
tory and constitutional requirements have been
fulfilled by both Governments.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Telecommunications
International telecommunication convention. Signed at
Buenos Aires December 22, 1952. Entered into force
January 1, 1954. TIAS 3266.
■ deposited: Liberia, June 1, 1960.
Trade and Commerce
Protocol relating to negotiations for the establishment of
new schedule III — Brazil — to the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva December 31, 1958.'
Declaration conftrmitig signature deposited: Belgium,
April 5, 1960.
Declaration on the provisional accession of Israel to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at
Geneva May 29, 1959. Entered into force October 9,
1959 ; for the United States December 19, 1959. TIAS
4384.
Signature (subject to ratification) : Federal Republic of
Germany, April 13, 1960.
Declaration confirming signature deposited: Belgium,
April 5, 1960.
Declaration on relations between contracting parties to
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the
Government of the Polish People's Republic. Done at
Tokyo November 9, 1959.'
Signatures: Australia, April 22, 1960; Czechoslovakia,
April 29, 1960.
Statement confirming signature deposited: Belgium,
April 5, 1960.
Declaration on the provisional accession of Tunisia to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at
Tokyo November 12, 1959. Entered into force May 21,
1960; for the United States June 15, 1960. TIAS 4498.
Signature: Czechoslovakia, April 29, 1960.
Statement confirming signature deposited: Belgium,
April 5, 1960.
Not in force.
Ju/y 4, 7960
BILATERAL
Argentina
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of July 29, 1955 (TIAS
3299). SignedatWashington June 11, 1960. Enters into
force on date each Government receives from the other
written notification that it has complied with statutory
and constitutional requirements.
Brazil
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of August 3, 1955, as
amended (TIAS 3303 and 4255). Signed at Washing-
ton June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each Gov-
ernment receives from the other written notification that
it has complied with statutory and constitutional
requirements.
Canada
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of June 15, 1955, as
amended (TIAS 33CH, 3771, and 4271). SignedatWash-
ington June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each
Government receives from the other written notification
that it has complied with statutory and constitutional
requirements.
China
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of July IS, 1955, as
amended ( TIAS 3307 and 4176 ) . Signed at Washington
June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each Govern-
ment receives from the other written notification that it
has complied with statutory and constitutional require-
ments.
European Atomic Energy Community
Agreement additional to agreement for cooperation con-
cerning peaceful uses of atomic energy of November 8,
19.58 (TIAS 4173) . Signed at Washington June 11, 1960.
Enters into force on date each party receives from the
other written notification that it has complied with
statutory and constitutional requirements.
Germany
Agreement relating to a weapons production program.
Effected by exchange of notes at Bonn May 27, 1960.
Entered into force May 27, 1960.
Greece
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of August 4, 1955 (TIAS
3310). Signed at Washington June 11, 1960. Enters
into force on date each Government receives from the
other written notification that it has complied with
statutory and constitutional requirements.
Israel
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of July 12, 1955, as
amended (TIAS 3311 and 4407). Signed at Washing-
ton June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each Gov-
ernment receives from the other written notification
that it has complied with statutory and constitutional
requirements.
Japan
Agreement amending the agricultural commodities agree-
ments of May 31, 1955, as amended (TIAS 3284 and
3579), and February 10, 1956 (TIAS 3580), in order to
provide yen for the purpose of assisting in the financing
of typhoon rehabilitation activities in the Ryulcyu
Islands. Effected by exchange of notes at Tokyo May
31, 1960. Entered into force May 31, 1960.
New Zealand
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of June 13, 1956 (TIAS
362G). Signed at Washington June 11, 1960. Enters
into force on date each Government receives from the
other written notification that it has complied with
statutory and constitutional requirements.
Philippines
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of July 27, 1955 (TIAS
3316). Signed at Washington June 11, 1960. Enters
into force on date each Government receives from the
other written notification that it has complied with
statutory and con.stitutional requirements.
Portugal
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of July 21, 1955, as
amended (TIAS 3317 and 3899). Signed at Washing-
ton June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each Gov-
ernment receives from the other written notification
that it has complied with statutory and constitutional
requirements.
Switzerland
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of June 21, 1956, as
amended (TIAS 3745 and 4236). Signed at Washing-
ton June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each Gov-
ernment receives from the other written notification
that it has complied with statutory and constitutional
requirements.
Thailand
Agreement amending agreement for cooperation concern-
ing civil uses of atomic energy of March 13, 1956, as
amended (TIAS 3522 and 3842). Signed at Washing-
ton June 11, 1960. Enters into force on date each Gov-
ernment receives from the other written notification
that it has complied with statutory and constitutional
requirements.
PUBLICATBONS
Foreign Relations Volume
The Department of State announced on June 18 (press
release 318 dated June 10) the release of Foreign Rela-
tions of the United States, 1942, Volume I, General, The
Britisli Gommonivealth, The Far East. This is the first
of the six regular annual volumes scheduled for publi-
cation in the Foreign Relations series for 1942.
Subjects treated in the General section include the
United Nations Declaration, the Permanent Court, war
crimes, relief problems, postwar economic and financial
planning, exchange of officials and nonofflcials with
enemy countries, protests by neutrals against certain fea-
tures of the Selective Service Act, and international
agreements regarding wheat, sugar, and tin.
34
The section on the British Commonwealth of Nations
relates to agreements with the several members of the
Commonwealth in connection with the conduc-t of the
war and to the interest of the United States in situations
affecting the war effort. Documentation relating to the
conferences in Washington between President Roosevelt
and British Prime Minister Churchill with their ad-
visers in December 1941-January 1942 and in June 1942
is scheduled for publication subsequently in another vol-
ume of Foreign Relations.
The Far East section contains correspondence regard-
ing Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. Cor-
respondence for the year on relations with China has
been published previously in the special volume Foreign
Relations of the United States, 19/,2, China.
Copies of Foreign Relations, 1942, Volume I, General,
The British Commonwealth, The Far East (xi, 963 pp.)
may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing OflBee, Washington 25, D.C., for
?3.50 each.
Recent Releases
For fidlc hii till' Siii)cri)itr)idcnt of Doenments, U.S. Gov-
cnimrnt I'riiititiii Offlrr, Wn^li ii,r/to)l 25, B.C. Address
(■(■(/»( M'x ilirri-t til till' Siijr riiiti iiitrnt Of Documents, ex-
ci/it ill till- cnxr uf frir luilil imtions, which may be
iilitniiiril from tin- Dvpiirtiiinit of State.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities— Sale of Fruit and
Fruit Products. TIAS 4417. 2 pp. 5(}.
Agreement between the United States of America and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
amending agreement of January 30 and February 3, I'.t.'s.
Exchange of notes — Signed at London January 28 am!
Februai-y 4, 1960. Entered into force February 4, litiiH.
Mutual Defense Assistance — Loan of Submarines to Italy.
TIAS 4418. 3 pp. 5«i.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Italy, amending agreement of April 27, 1954. Exchange
of notes— Signed at Rome January 29, 1960. Entered
into force January 29, 19G0.
Weather Stations— Cooperative Project on Jamaica and
Grand Cayman Island. TIAS 4419. 4 pp. 50.
Agreement between the United States of America and
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire-
land, amending and extending agreement of December 30,
1958. Exchange of notes — Signed at Washington Febru-
ary 15, 1960. Entered into force February 15, 1960. Op-
erative retroactively June 30, 1959.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Resignations
Don C. Bliss as Ambassador to Ethiopia. (For an ex-
change of letters between President Eisenhower and Am-
bassador Bliss, see White House press release dated
June 13.)
Deparfmenf of Sfafe Bulletin
July 4, 1960
Index
Vol. XLIII, No. 1097
Africa. Greetings Sent to Conference of Iniiepenrt-
ent African States (Herter)
Asia. President Eisenhower Departs for the Far
East
Atomic Energy. U.S. and Indonesia Sign Atomic
Energy Agreement
Congress, The
European Aspects of the Mutual Security Program
(Kohler)
Role of the Department of State in the National
Policy Machinery (Herter)
Cuba. United States Asks Withdrawal of Two
Cuban Officials
Department and Foreign Service
Resignations (Bliss)
Role of the Department of State in the National
Policy Machinery (Herter)
Economic Affairs. Corrections to List of Products
for GATT Negotiations
Educational and Cultural Affairs. The People
of Louisville and America's Cultural Relations
(Thayer)
Ethiopia. Bliss resigns as Ambassador
Europe. European Aspects of the Mutual Security
Program (Kohler)
Indonesia. U.S. and Indonesia Sign Atomic Energy
Agreement
International Organizations and Conferences. Cal-
endar of International Conferences and Meet-
ings
Military Affairs. European Asi)ects of the Mutual
Security Program (Kohler)
Mutual Security
Department Expresses Grave Concern on Proposed
Cuts in MSP Funds (DiUou)
European Aspects of the Jlutual Security Program
(Kohler)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Some Con-
clusions From the Summit (Burgess)
Presidential Documents. President Eisenhower
Departs for the Far East
Publications
Foreign Relations Volume
Recent Releases
Refugees. Refugees — A Changing Challenge
(Ilanes)
Science. U.S. To Support International Indian
Ocean Expedition
Treaty Information
23 Current Actions 33
U.S. and Indonesia Sign Atomic Energy Agree-
ment 32
U.S.S.R.
Commencement and Crisis (Dwinell) 13
32 Some Conclusions Prom the Summit (Burgess). .
Bliss, Don C . . .
Burgess, W. Randolph
Dillon, Douglas . .
Dwinell, Lane . . .
Eisenhower, President
Hanes, John W., Jr .
Herter, Secretary .
Kohler, FoyD . . .
Thayer. Robert H .
14
3,23
24
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: June 13-19
Press releases may be obtained from the O&ee of
News, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Releases issued prior to June 13 which appear in
this issue of the Bulletin are Nos. 313 of June S
and 317 and 318 of June 10.
No. Date
Subject
«319 6/13
Farland nominated ambassador to Pan-
ama (biographic details).
•320 6/13
Chapin nominated ambassador to Do-
minican Republic (biographic de-
tails ) .
*321 6/13
Richards nominated ambassador to
Ethiopia (biographic details).
*322 6/13
Barrows nominated ambassador to
Togo (biographic details).
»323 6/13
Summers nominated ambassador to
Luxembourg (biographic details).
t324 6/14
Phleger : Foreign Relations Committee.
325 6/14
Thayer : "The People of Louisville and
America's Cultural Relations."
326 6/14
Herter: conference of independent
African states.
•327 6/14
Graduation of senior seminar class in
foreign policy.
328 6/14
Corrections to list of products for tariff
negotiations.
t320 6/14
Visit of King and Queen of Thailand
(rewrite).
t330 6/15
Proclamation of application of copy-
right law to Austrian citizens.
•331 6/15
Cultural exchange (Latin America).
332 6/15
Burgess : "Some Conclusions From the
Summit."
333 6/15
Dillon : cuts in mutual security appro-
priation bill.
334 6/16
Hanes: advisorv board of U.S. Com-
mittee for Refugees.
•335 6/17
Cultural exchange (Canada).
.337 0/18
U.S. asks withdrawal of two Cuban
officials,
ted.
* Not prii
t Held fo
r a later Issue of the Bulletin.
*» %>>> '-^
the
Department
of
State
United States penalty for private use to avom
Government Printing Office payment of_postage. saoo
DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Washington 25, D.C.
OFFICIAU BUSINESS
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE
UNITED STATES
The basic source of information on
U.S. diplomatic history
1942, Volume I, General,
The British Commonwealth, The Far East
Tlie Department of State recently released Foreign Relations
of the United States, 19^2, Volume /, General, The British Com-
momcealth, The Far East. Tliis is the firet of the six regular
annual volumes scheduled for publication in the Foreign Rela-
tions series for 1942.
Subjects treated in tlie General section include the United
Nations Declaration, the Permanent Court, war crimes, relief
problems, postwar economic and financial i^lamiing, exchange of
oiScials and nonofficials with enemy coimtries, protests by neutrals
against certain features of the Selective Service Act, and inter-
national agi'eements regarding wheat, sugar, and tin.
The section on the British Commonwealth of Nations relates to
agreements with the several membei-s of tlie Commonwealth in
connection with the conduct of the war and to the interest of the
United States in situations aii'ecting the war effort.
The Far East section contains correspondence regarding Japan,
Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand.
Copies of the volume may be obtained from the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printmg Office, Washington 25,
D.C. for $3.50 each.
OnUr Form
To: Supt. of Documents
Govt. Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Enclosed find:
(cash, check, or money
order payable to
Supt. of Docs.)
Please send me copies of Foreign Relations of the United States,
1912, Volume I, General, The British Commonwealth, The Far East.
Na
Street Address:
City, Zone, and State:
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
f
HE
FFICIAL
EEKLY RECORD
F
NITED STATES
OREiGN POLICY
Vol. XLIII, No. 1098
July 11, 1960
SECRETARY HERTER'S NEWS CONFERENCE OF
JUNE 24 39
DEPARTMENT REQUESTS RESTORATION OF FUNDS
IN 1961 BUDGET • Statement by Secretary Herter ... 44
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM IN LATIN AMERICA
• Statement by Assistant Secretary Rubottom 60
DEPARTMENT SUPPORTS INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
CONVENTION REVISION AND COMMERCIAL
TREATIES WITH PAKISTAN AND FRANCE •
Statements by Edwin M. Martin 52
THE ANTARCTIC TREATY • Statement by Herman
Phleger 49
AGREEMENT FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF CARIBBEAN
ORGANIZATION SIGNED AT WASHINGTON • De-
partment Announcement and Text of Agreement and Draft
Statute 68
Boston Public Library
Superintendent ot Documents „ . . . . . , ,
For index see mside back cover
AUG 2 9 I960
DEPOSITORY
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XLIII, No. 1098 • Pubucation 7022
July 11, I960
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Price;
62 issues, domestic $8.50, foreign $12.25
Single copy, 26 cents
The prhitlng of this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of
the Budget (January 20. 1958).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and Items contained hereto may
be reprinted. Citation of the Department
OF State Bulletin as the source will be
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Office of Public Services, Bureau of
Public Affairs, provides the public
and interested agencies of the
Government with information on de-
velopments in the field of foreign rela-
tions and on the work of the Depart-
ment of State and the Foreign Service.
The BULLETIN includes selected press
releases on foreign policy, issued by
the White House and the Department,
and statements and addresses made
by the President and by tlie Secretary
of State and other officers of the De-
partment, as tvell as special articles on
various phases of international affairs
and the functions of the Department.
Information is included concerning
treaties and international agreements
to which the United States is or may
become a party and treaties of general
international interest.
Publications of the Department,
United Nations documents, and leg-
islative material in tlie field of inter-
national relations are listed currently.
Secretary Herter's News Conference of June 24
Press release 353 dated Jnne 24
Secretary Herter: Ladies and gentlemen, I have
one or two veiy brief preliminar}' statements I
would like to make. One deals with the 10th anni-
versary of the attack on the Republic of Korea.
Ten years ago Cormnunist armies in north Korea
launched an unprovoked surprise attack across the
38th parallel on the Eepublic of Korea, a Govern-
ment established less than 2 years before under
United Nations auspices.
On June 25, 1950, the Security Council of the
United Nations adopted a resolution calling for
the immediate cessation of hostilities and the
prompt withdrawal of the north Korean forces
to the 38th parallel.
At the call of the United Nations, 16 nations
contributed forces to the struggle against aggres-
sion m Korea. They succeeded in repelling this
aggression, but only at a tremendous cost in blood
and treasure.
The 10th anniversary of the United Nations col-
lective action in Korea, therefore, calls for a re-
affirmation of the free world's determination to
resist aggression and our support for the United
Nations. By maintaining the free-world position
in Korea, we hope, as President Eisenhower and
Prime Minister Huh Chung stated in their joint
conmiunique last week, to preserve "a climate in
which free Asian nations can enjoy independence,
promote human rights, and improve the spiritual
and material welfare of the people." ^
The second announcement I would like to make
is that our Ambassador to Chile, "Walter Howe, is
in the United States today, and he will be holding
a press conference this afternoon at 2 :30 and will
go into details of our operations in connection with
the great Chilean disaster. As he has reported
them to me, they are operations of which the
United States, I think, can be very proud. They
' The above four paragraphs were also released sep-
arately as press release 351 dated June 24.
were operations, as you know, that were conducted
by very large units of our Military Establishment
and were conducted in a spirit and in a way which
I think has brought great credit on that establish-
ment. And I hope that as many of you as can
will get that firsthand report from our Ambassa-
dor, as it is a very interesting, timely, exciting
story.
The third thing that I wanted to say a few words
about was in relation to the general public dis-
cussion that has taken place in recent days and
weeks in regard to so-called personalized diplo-
macy. I think that there has been a confusion
that I want to straighten out as far as I can with
respect to the purpose of the President's visits to
countries abroad.
With the exception of the trip that he took to
Europe last year, in which he met with General
de Gaulle, Prime Minister Macmillan, and Chan-
cellor Adenauer for the purpose of discussing
matters that might be raised in the summit con-
ference, and the second trip that he took to Paris
in anticipation of a summit conference, all of his
other trips were taken not as diplomatic missions
in the sense of negotiating anything with anyone
but entirely for the purpose of good will, for the
purpose of indicating our interest in the United
States in the countries that he visited, of conveying
to the peoples of those countries our very genuine
concern over their welfare, and over promoting
the peace of the world. These trips have been
eminently useful.
It is true that the Secretary of State has in re-
cent years been obliged to go to a great many
conferences, and this likewise has been called per-
sonalized diplomacy. These trips have increased
in number largely because of our alliance system,
because of the greater facilities for moving from
one capital to another, and because of the neces-
sity of conferring frequently among our allies in
formalized conferences. These conferences in a
K'\y J J, 7960
sense are personal diplomacy only in that the
Secretary of State, in most instances, must attend
because of the makeup of the conferences and the
fact that other nations were sending their foreign
ministers.
One of the reasons that I emphasize this is that
the impression seems to have gained some currency
that because of these trips there is less of a need
for our ordinary channels of diplomacy through
our ambassadors communicating directly with
their home offices. In no way has that need been
reduced. If anything, with the facilities of travel
and the much greater contact that exists between
nations, the new number of nations that are com-
ing into existence, the actual burdens — the actual
responsibilities — of our regularly established dip-
lomatic services, our ambassadorial missions, have
achieved an entirely new and more important sig-
nificance. This is particularly true because of the
fact that in our foreign missions the individuals
who are responsible as the chiefs of mission for
what is called the country team have got to apply
themselves not alone to what are the matters of
ordinary diplomacy but also to matters of military
concern, of cultural concern, of social concern, so
that their responsibilities are being constantly
enlarged.
Those are the only preliminary statements I have
to make.
Q. Mr. Secretary, would you evaluate the
jyrospect for United States bases in Japan under
the new security treaty in the light of the political
disorders which we have seen there?
A. Well, as you know, we are convinced that the
great majority of the people of Japan are in favor
of the mutual security treaty that has just been
ratified.^ Certainly every election that has taken
place in Japan since 1952 has indicated a strong
support for Japan's own determination to ally
itself with the West. Just what the coming in-
ternal developments in Japan will be, of course,
we cannot tell. In the Diet there is still nearly a
two-thirds majority in both branches for the exist-
ing Liberal Democrat Pai-ty. Whether or not
elections will be held, we do not know. Just how
a new government may be formed, with the resig-
nation of Prime Minister Kishi, we don't know.
' For a statement by Secretary Herter before tbe Senate
Foreign Relations Committee on June 7, see Bulletin of
June 27, 1960, p. 1029; for text of treaty, see ibid., Feb. 8,
1960, p. 184.
But we have every confidence that the basic good
will of the Japanese people and their willingness
to continue to aline themselves with the West stUI
remains.
OAS Peace Committee
Q. Mr. Secretary, there have been recent reports
in newspapers that the United States has decided
to bring an omnibus indictment against Cuba be-
fore the OAS [Organization of American States'].
The infonnation we have got from here is that no
such decision has been taken so far. Can you
clarify that?
A. Yes. As you know, at the Santiago con-
ference this last year that I attended,^ the Peace
Committee of the OAS was insti-ucted to examine
into the tensions existing in the Caribbean area
with possible violations of human rights and to
report to the OAS witl\ respect to those tensions
and such steps, if any, as it could take to lessen
those tensions. That committee has been in the
process of collecting information. We have fur-
nished certain information to that committee; we
propose in the near future to siii)ply it with still
further information. But, as you know, that is
an autonomous body — on its own. It so happens
that an American has been chairman of tliat com-
mittee, but his term will expire and the United
States will not be represented on that committee
after the 1st of August. Nevertheless, it wiU
carry on, and we will continue to furnish it with
such information as we feel is relevant to its
studies.
Q. Mr. Secretary, since U-2 there has been a ris-
ing amount of critical comment — not all of it
irresponsible — to the effect that our system of
defensive alliances with other countries in various
continents has been badly damaged by inter-
national developments and may indeed be open to
question in terms of future effectiveness. Would
you comment on that type of criticism, and would
you say whether the State Department is now en-
gaged in a reappraisal of what emphasis in the
future might be dictated by these events?
A. Yes, I would be very glad to comment on
that. I do not share the views that you have ex-
pressed as coming from responsible sources, that
our alliance system has been damaged by the U-2
incident. In fact, as I thinlv I have
' lUa., Sept. 7, 1959, p. 342.
40
Department of State Bulletin
before, the NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization] alliance meeting that I attended since
that time in Paris * indicated a greater firmness
and a greater cohesion than I have seen at any time
whatsoever. Such indications as we have had
from either the OAS, from SEATO [Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization], from CENTO
[Central Treaty Organization], with which as you
know we are affiliated through committees, have
indicated a continuing firmness, a continuing soli-
darity, that I do not feel has been injured in any
way by the U-2 incident.
Q. Mr. Secretmn] —
A. May I just add one tiling to that? I beg
your pardon. The SEATO conference, which
took place here in AVashington,'^ largely of Far
Eastern nations, indicated a degree of solidarity
which was likewise veiy complete. There was no
sign whatsoever of any weakenmg there. If any-
thing, there was a stronger feeling of solidarity.
Q. Mr. Secretary^ before the House Agriculture
Committee the other day you said that the tiine
had come to diversify our sources of sugar supply
and you asked for Executive authority for the
President to cut quotas.^ Is it contemplated that
you loould cut more than the annual incre7nent
and Cubans share in shortfall, or would the cuts
possibly go deeper than that?
A. As you may recall, my testimony was to the
effect that we were supporting the administration
bill which was filed in March— I think it was on
March 15th — which would give to the President
discretionai-y authority m the cutting of quotas.
Obviously I'm not going to comment on the degree
to which he might exercise that authority, or even
whether he would exercise that authority, because
we feel that it's important with the Congress out
of session for the Pi-esident to have that authority,
both to insure our own domestic sugar supplies and
in the national interest.
Q. Mr. Secretary, you have long been a friend
of Vice President Nixon. Should the Vice Presi-
dent be elected President in November and should
you be asked, would you be willing to stay on in
the Nixon administration as Secretary of State, or
do you intend to retire on January Wth?
'/()»(?., June 6, I960, p. 907.
^ Ihid., June 20, 1960, p. 9S3.
' See p. 58.
July 7?, I960
A. I will answer that very frankly. I do not
expect to contmue in any administration as Secre-
tary of State. You may recall that at the time
that I was asked to sei've in this capacity I was
asked to take a physical examination to ascertain
to what extent the paiticular affliction from which
I suffer would become progi'essively worse. And
I was given a clearance for the period of time
which would end with this administration. I
very frankly feel likewise that, both because of
my age and the possibility that this may become
worse, a younger man should take on, even if I
were asked to sei've.
Q. Sir, there have been indications that Peking
and Moscow are at odds over whether to pursue a
hard or tough foreign policy, particularly toward
the ^'■imperialist countiies.'''' What effect do you
see that this cleavage, if it does exist, may have
on future relations between the Soviet Union and
Communist China?
A. "Well, it's very difficult to assess this ide-
ological row that is going on at the present time.
It seems to be a very real and rather deep-seated
difference in interpretation of Communist ide-
ology. Wliether it has any practical implications
from the point of view of the relationship be-
tween Soviet Russia and the Chinese Communists
it is impossible to ascertain at this time.
Q. Mr. Secretary, in your inventory of per-
sonal diplomacy, where would you class a journey
to Camp David to meet with Mr. Khrushchev or,
for that matter, Mr. Macmillan? Is that the sort
of thing for which you see no future?
A. The Camp David visit was a rather excep-
tional type of visit. It was the first visit of a Com-
munist leader to the United States. It was
arranged there to ascertain whether, through per-
sonal discussions, any of the existing problems
might be resolved. As you know, very little came
out of that conference. This was a rather excep-
tional type of visit by the head of one state to the
head of another state. So that I wouldn't call that
a typical case. It certainly isn't comparable in
any way with the good-will visits that the Presi-
dent has taken to the many countries that he has
gone to in the last year.
Q. Mr. Secretary, to come back one moment to
your remarks before about our presenting infor-
mation to the peace commission, does that vnean
41
we at this point are not bringing any charges or
any indict7iient as had been reported before?
A. At this moment, no.
Q. Mr. Secretary, yesterday you conferred with
other people in the Cabinet about a reported new
approach on disarmament at Geneva. Can you
tell us what the purpose of this new approach
would be — how quickly you feel it might be made
and lohat you hope to accomplish by it?
A. Well, it is true that Mr. [Fredrick M.]
Eaton, who is our chief negotiator in Geneva, came
back to consult with us on the new proposals that
had been made by the Soviet Union and our own
approaches in Geneva. We have had veiy thor-
ough consultations. We have in mind a certain
line of action which might well come in Geneva
some time in the middle of next week. I am ob-
viously not at liberty to talk about any specifics at
the present time. Mr. Eaton is just returning to
Europe today and will be in consultation with our
allies on the Western side who are likewise mem-
bers of that disarmament committee. And until
their discussions are completed, I wouldn't feel
free to discuss details.
Q. Mr. Secretary, Mr. Khrushchev seems to
have had a number of things to say ahout various
presidential candidates in this country. Vd like to
ask yoxb this qiiestion: Looked at from the stand-
point of American foreign policy and Soviet for-
eign policy, do you think that it makes any differ-
ence from the Communist point of view xohich
party or which President is elected in Novemher?
A. Well, I wouldn't want to pass any judgment
on that. That obviously is anticipating things
well beyond the election i^eriod that I wouldn't
want to get into.
Q. Mr. Secretary, do you see any evidence in the
events of the last 8 weeks that suggests a basic
change in Soviet policy, or in the tactical han-
dling of Soviet diplomacy, or of the personal
position of Mr. Khmshchrv in the Soviet
hierarchy?
A. No, I don't think that we have any evidence
on any one of those points. From the point of
view of basic policy, as far as we know, it has
remained very much the same. I think that per-
haps the attitude of the Soviets in the two nego-
tiations that are now going on in Geneva may give
some future indication as to whether there has
been any change, but up until now I don't tlunk
we can detect any specific change.
Q. Mr. Secretary, on this political question, in
several public commients Mr. Khrushchev has said
he, of course, had no intention of interfering in
United States internal affairs. At the same time,
he has expressed certain standards and certain
preferences which he thought would apply to the
Ameincan election. What do you think of the pro-
priety of Mr. Khrushchev''s suggestions to the
American people about whom they might elect?
A. Well, it comes about as clo-se to interference
in the internal affairs of a country as anything I
could describe.
Q. Mr. Secretary, what is your interpretation of
Mr. Khrushchev''s interpretation — new interpreta-
tion — of Leninism, et al.? {Laughter)
A. Well, I am not a particular expert in this
field, but to put it into a nutshell he is apparently
trying to give greater flexibility to some of the
early doctrines of Lenin and Marx than the Chi-
nese Communists are willing to give, particularly
in connection with the matter of the inevitability
of war and peaceful coexistence. I think that is
what he is trying to do in some ways possibly to
justify his own orthodoxy with his present policies.
Disturbances in Tokyo
Q. Mr. Secretary, if the difficulties in Japan are
to be attributed only to a Communist minority that
obviously led these demonstrations, and if there
is much basic support, I mean for the treaty, why
do you think it is necessary that Premier Kishi
feels lie must resign?
A. Well, I don't want to discuss the internal
politics of Japan here, but I think that the ques-
tion of his resignation is a matter within his own
party, much more tJian it is a question of opposi-
tion from the outside party.
Q. Mr. Secretary, you have told Senators this
week that the State Department misjudged certain
aspects of the disturbances in Tokyo. But accord-
ing to the dispatches that toe are getting from
Honolulu, the White House concentrates all of its
explanation of events on the Communist minonty,
seeming to admit no fallacy at all. Is there a dis-
crepancy here? Is there a conflict of interest be-
tween the State Department and the White House
interpretation?
Al
Department of State Bulletin
A. No, I don't think there is any discrepancy
whatsoever. When I spoke about misjudging, we
at no particular time knew exactly to what extent
the demonstrations would continue, what size they
might be, or the degree of violence that might ac-
company them. We had no way of foretelling
those things. I think the phrase that has been
attributed to me in connection with misjudging
those things was the impossibility of our being
able to determine ahead of time just what form
they would take. There is no question but what
has inspired those demonstrations. I think that
the facts tJiere are very clear, and I think they
would be agi-eed to by and large in Japan.
Q. Well, may I just follow that up on one point,
sir? If it Imd not been impossible to judge the
events beforehand, would you have recommended
a different procedure?
A. I don't think so. I have got to go back here
to the original invitation to the President, which,
as you know, took place last January. The invita-
tion was with respect to the exchange of high-
ranking personalities in this 100th anniversary
year of the opening up of Japan to diplomatic
missions elsewhere, with the sending of their first
ambassador to the United States. That invitation
was accepted, and the time that it was arranged
for was the time after the President had planned
to leave Eussia.
Wlien the Russian trip was called off, the ques-
tion came up at once as to whether the President
should extend liis trip in the Far East, as he had
been asked to do by many Far Eastern countries,
and it was decided that he should. And then, as
you know, other countries were added to his
schedule.
The question of the President's not going to
Japan was, we felt, always a matter of decision for
the Japanese Government, not for us. The Jap-
anese Government was, of couree, watching the
situation very carefully and finally made its de-
cision, which the President regi-etted but for which
he expressed sympathy and understanding.
It would have been a very different thing if we
had taken the initiative in order to cancel that
visit.
Q. Well, Mr. Secretary, on that question,
though, it is true, isn't it, that the American se-
curity officers recommended that the visit not take
place?
A. I don't know that they ever recommended
that. I think that they had always been nervous
about it and anxious about it.
Q. Mr. Secretary, could you give us some in-
foi^mation and report to us on the work of the
President''s Advisory Committee on Inter-Amer-
ican Affairs? Do you anticipate a report to the
President at any time soon?
A. Well, I doubt very much whether they will
be issuing formal reports. They have from time
to time put on paper some of their ideas that have
been extremely helpful. We have meetings at reg-
ular intervals. I think the next one is scheduled
for early in July. And much of our consultation
is on the basis of these meetings and exchanges
of views and very little on the basis of formalized
repoi-ts.
Q. Mr. Secretary, could I rechech on one point
here which you just made about the American se-
curity officers? Tou said, I donH knoio that they
ever recommended it, that they had been very con-
ceited about it, that is, the President''s personal
security. There has been qxiite a bit of contro-
versy about the relative roles of the United States
and Japan, or specifically the roles of Mr. Fuji-
yama and Mr. Mac Arthur on the question of in-
itiative in canceling the invitation. Pd like to ask
you this specific question. Did tTie United States
at any time suggest to the Japanese Government
that it might be better to cancel the trip, or that
if certai/n assurances could not be given the trip
should perhaps be canceled?
A. No. The United States never took the in-
itiative in that respect. Those mattei-s were, of
course, discussed by MacArthur with the Jap-
anese Govenmient, which itself was very much
concerned.
Q. Mr. Secretary, when and why did this Gov-
ernment discard its assumptions that you had to
deal with Mr. Khrushchev at the sum/init because
hh poxver of decisionmaking in the Soviet Union
was singularly high?
A. Well, I couldn't tell you when that partic-
ular decision was made. I know that the decision
was made after Camp David by the President
that he would be willing to go to a summit con-
ference. That decision was not made until after
the Camp David conference.
Q. Thank you, sir.
Juty J J, J 960
43
Department Requests^Restoration of Funds in 1961 Budget
Statement iy Secretary Herter ^
I am grateful to the chairman and the members
of the committee for the opportunity to appear
this morning. In appearing in support of the
Department's request for restoration of funds for
fiscal year 1961, 1 am mindful of the words of the
chairman at the opening of tlie Senate hearing 2
years ago. "T^^^en we deal with the budget," he
said, ". . . we are dealing with the specifics of
what our Government will do in the year ahead.
The budget is not just a measurement of dollars;
it is a measurement of effort."
Those words in today's context are much to the
point. At tJie moment many things about the
future are unclear, but this much is entirely clear :
We are not in a time when we can afford to slacken
our effort — in defense, in development, or in main-
taining and strengthening the apparatus of Ameri-
can diplomacy.
The international climate today underlines tJie
need for maintaining the unity and increasing the
strength of our alliances. This requires, among
other things, continuing diplomatic activity of a
high order.
Xo less is the need for cooperation with and sup-
port of the newly developing countries. Here
again our repi'esentatives abroad will play a cen-
tral role.
And as President Eisenhower has made clear,
we must also continue to do all we can to increase
communications between ourselves and the Soviet
Union and to resolve outstanding issues. For this
purpose it appears that increased emphasis should
now be placed upon traditional channels and pro-
cedures of international contact, rather than on
more informal methods.
There is every indication, therefore, that pri-
'Made before the Senate Appropriations Committee on
June 21.
ority demands will be made upon the Department
of State and the Foreign Service in the year to
come. "Within these guidelines let me review our
request for restorations in the budget.
For the fiscal year to come the Department
originally requested slightly more than $247 mil-
lion. To this amount lias since been added $15
million to cover budget amendments which have
been presented since the original request was
made. This brings the total to $262 million as
shown on the tables before you.^ This total is
tlie lowest request of any of the major govern-
ment agencies, substantially less than the cost of
a single modern aircraft carrier, less than one-
third of 1 percent of the total Federal budget.
Considering the fundamental contribution the
Department and the Foreign Service make to
American security and the chance for peace, it
seems to me this sum is exceedingly modest.
Furthermore the request itself was a conserva-
tive one. In preparing it we were fidly mindful
of the desire of the Congress that the Department
operate as prudently and economically as possible.
Perhaps our original request was too conservative.
Time may even show that in our effort to keep
our request for increases at a minimum we did
not ask for enough to meet the urgent needs of our
country in the field of foreign affairs during the
critical year that lies ahead. In that event we
shall, of course, ask for supplemental funds. In
any case, it would appear that we failed to give
the House committee an adequate picture of our
needs.
The Department's appropriation as approved
by the House is approximately $23 million, or
nearly 10 percent, below the Department's original
request. Although the House bill provides $1.2
million more for salaries and expenses tlian was
"Not printed here.
Department of S/ofe Bulletin
provided last year, the increase is far from ade-
quate even to cover increases in mandatory costs
such as the opening of new posts, overseas price
and wage increases, the elevation of posts, and
the Federal Employees Health Benefit Act
contributions.
Furthennore, the Congress at tliis session has
just passed a 1960 supplemental appropriation to
enable the Department to meet certain unforeseen
requirements for the current year, and many of
those activities continue into fiscal year 1961.
Thus, if the House bill is allowed to stand there
must inevitably be a slackening or hampering of
the efforts of the Department of State and the
Foreign Service during the commg year.
Downward Revision of Budget Figures
Despite the minimal nature of our original re-
quest, however, we decided not to ask the Senate
to restore all the cuts made in the House. After
a careful review we revised our figures downward,
in an effort to take account of the attitude of the
House and at the same time to dischai-ge our re-
sponsibilities. In our letter of appeal, therefore,
we requested a restoration of only $11.6 million
of the $23.2 million reduction made by the House
and 339 of the 532 positions not provided in the
House bill.
I must confess that we revised our figures down-
ward with considerable misgivings. Then after
the outcome at the siunmit we again gave serious
thought to the wisdom of asking for additional
restorations.
But despite our keen disappointment at the out-
come of the summit, and despite the propaganda
campaign being waged against us, it appears that
the basic conditions of the world situation have
not so far been greatly changed. Wliat is needed
imder present circumstances is not a drastic in-
crease in the quantity of our diplomatic effort or
a major change in its direction. What is de-
manded is that its quality and continuity be sus-
tained and strengthened, and not impaired
through skimping of needed financial support or
by any other cause.
Certain developments, as I say, may require ad-
ditional requests later. But we shall do our ut-
most to discharge our responsibilities within the
fiscal and personnel framework of our present re-
quest to the Senate.
Let me outline the requested restorations.
Items Bearing on East-West Relations
First there are items which bear directly upon
the future of East-West relations. The most
important of these is the recjuest for disarmament
studies and staff.
Disarmament negotiations are continuing at
Geneva, as you are aware, both those dealing with
a possible nuclear test ban and those looking to-
ward broader arms reductions. The prospects
for early progress are, frankly, a bit imcertain
at present. Nevertheless, discussions continue.
The problems of disarmament are so important
that we must exhaust all avenues in seeking mean-
ingful, enforcible agreements. We must by
every action demonstrate the continuing good
faith of our side. We must by our preparations
be ready to deal promptly and realistically both
with technological change and with any eventual
progress in negotiation.
The international exchange program, which
makes an important contribution to unity and
progress among the free nations, also has a direct
impact on East-West relations. East-West ex-
changes are continuing and eveiy effort must be
made to support them. In the interest both of
fi-ee-world unity, therefore, and of East-West
communication, we are asking restoration of the
full amount for international exchange.
Strengthening of Overseas Posts
A second category of restorations relates to the
broadening and strengthening of our establish-
ment overseas. The developments in communi-
cation and transport multiply contacts between
the people and institutions of the United States
and those of an increasing number of countries.
This increases the burden on our diplomatic mis-
sions and consular offices. Furthermore the role
which the United States is called upon to play
in the world today makes it necessary for us to be
kept fully informed of developments anywhere
which might affect the prosperity, the stability,
or the attitudes of the countries with which we
deal. The responsibility for such reporting rests
on our representatives abroad.
The most important of the restorations in this
category relates to the opening and staffing of
new posts in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and
Europe, as political developments require, and
the elevation of others to embassy status.
I want to note here that developments in Afi-ica
Ju/y J I, 7960
45
are moving at such a rate that we may also find it
necessary within a matter of montlis to elevate
to mission status five posts in addition to those
already proposed in the budget estimates. These
would require supplemental funds.
-Vlso important to the overall Department ef-
fort in the coming year are the restorations we
have requested for funds to provide specialized at-
taches who strengthen our ability to evaluate
trends overseas as they relate to the American
national interest.
These would include labor attaches. Labor
movements, as you are well aware, are among the
most sensitive areas in the affairs of many nations
today.
They include science attaches to evaluate and
report on scientific developments in other coun-
tries in such matters as satellite tracking, deep-
space probes, and joint activities in the Antarctic.
They also include additional commercial and
related attaches to promote tliis nation's interest
in international trade, travel, and investment.
Maintaining Efficiency of Department and Foreign
Service
A third important area of restorations involves
various items which make possible the continued
day-to-day efficiency of the Department and For-
eign Ser\'ice and the well-being of its personnel.
These include needed consular staff, training in
the so-called "hard" languages, modernized com-
mimication facilities, improved support for exist-
ing staff, and proper completion of the new
building here in Wasliington.
Included in this category also is a request for
rastoration of the full amoimt for representation.
Evei-y American Foreign Service officer, regard-
less of his rank or post, has certain expenses
incident to establishing and maintaining the
relationships necessai-y to his work. His full
effectiveness deyiends ujion these relationships.
Eepresentation funds do not pay all costs in this
connection. The figure of our original request by
no means covers our fidl needs. Even if this
figure is granted, much of the needed representa-
tional activity either will not be carried on or will
be conducted at the personal expense of our
personnel abroad.
Without reasonable provision by the Congress
for representation, therefore, those of our diplo-
matic and consular olficei-s abroad who have no
private means will inevitably have their effective-
ness reduced. It is not the intent of Congress that
men and women without private means should be
handicapped in Foreign Service. No well-nm
American private corporation denies its em-
ployees needed operating expenses. They could
not afford to do so.
Tariff Negotiations
The fourth area in which we are requesting res-
toration has to do with the fifth round of inter-
national tariff negotiations under the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, to be held in
Geneva starting in September. This conference
will play a vital part in our effort to continue
worldwide reduction of tariffs and other barriers
to world trade. This is important both to the
prosperity of the United States and the strength
and stability of other free nations. The confer-
ence will also provide an opportunity we cannot
afford to miss to develop from the outset a favor-
able relationship with the European Economic
Community. We have requested a restoration of
funds necessaiy for United States participation in
the GATT conference.
Funds for Budget Amendments
In addition to budget restorations the Depart-
ment has requested, as I noted at the beginning,
funds for budget amendments submitted to the
Congress since the regular budget submission.
These requests are being presented initially to the
Senate because of the shortness of time in this
session.
These items will require an additional
$15,348,000 to provide for the acquisition of a
Washington headquarters site for the Pan Ameri-
can Health Organization, United States partici-
pation in the Mexico-United States interparlia-
mentary group, the presentation of a statue of
George Wsishington to Uruguay, a payment to the
Government of Japan to settle claims of the dis-
placed residents of the Bonin Islands, and the
development of a center for cultural and technical
interchange between East and West in Hawaii.
I am pleased to note that a number of members of
Congress have expressed a particular awareness
of the importance of this last project.
This completes my presentation on the budget
this morning. The witnesses who follow me will
furnish such details as the committee may require.
46
Department of State Bulletin
The central point we have borne in mind in
preparing and reviewing our request for restora-
tions is the degree to which freedom, prosperity —
and survi\al itself — continue to depend upon the
processes, and therefore upon the apparatus, of
diplomacy. I turn to other words of the chair-
man, spoken 2 years ago, "At the moment, our
future rests upon the shoulders of the diplomatic
corps. If diplomacy fails, our future will rest
upon other shoulders and no one can contemplate
the result with a feeling of ease."
That, Mr. ChaiiTnan and members of the com-
mittee, is the thought we have in mind when we
ask for your firm and full support, in the coming
fiscal year, of the Department of State and the
Foreign Service.
Secretary Replies to Senator Wiley
on President's Missions Abroad
Press release 355 dated June 24
Following is am, exchange of correspondence
letween Secretary Herter and Senator Alexander
Wil-ey, ranking minority member, Senate Foreign
Relations Committee.
Secretary Herter to Senator Wiley
JtJXE 24, 1960
Dear Senator: I welcome your inquiry about
my testimony of June 21 before a Subcommittee
of the Senate Conunittee on Appropriations.
Tlie articles to wliich you refer correctly report
my words; the implications and interpretations
drawn within and outside the Committee are
grossly misleading.
You recall tlie clironology of the Japan visit.
Before the Soviets withdrew their invitation to
the President to visit their coimtry, the President
had firm plans to visit not only the Soviet Union
but also Japan and Korea. The President had
been publicly invited to visit these countries. He
had publicly accepted. These arrangements were
crystallized well before May 23 when the Presi-
dent returned from Eurojie and the disturbances
in Japan fii-st began to assume troublesome pro-
portions. Thereafter there were constant reas-
sessments of the developing situation, so that our
information remained as current and accurate as
possible, but always with the President maintain-
Jo/y J 7, 7960
ing this position — that having accepted this invi-
tation he could not and would not fail to go until
and unless the Japanese Govei-nment should them-
selves cancel or postpone his visit. It is neither
in the character of the President nor in the true
spirit of America to turn and ran when trouble
looms ahead.
Perhaps, had the Japanese Government real-
ized before our President left the United States
that the domestic turmoil would reach menacing
proportions, they would have withdrawn their
invitation earlier. But this I emphasize: the
President would definitely have proceeded, these
disturbances notwithstanding, had the invitation
not been withdrawn.
In world affairs one cannot advance from a
premise that when difficulties threaten, carefully
prepared plans should be timorously set aside.
In foreign affairs the calculated risk is as key a
factor as in military affairs. The President is
deeply sensitive to this fact. All of us need to be.
I deeply believe, in retrospect even, that the
President moved soundly and wisely for America
in proceeding with his trip to Japan despite the
manufactured disturbances — that he properly
relied upon his host, the Japanese Government, to
decide whether or not the trip should be de-
ferred — and that, regi-ettable though the rioting in
Japan turned out to be, it smacks a bit of the hy-
pei'critical to say now, after the fact, that our
friends in Japan should have discerned in advance
what befell them, and that their failure to do so
somehow becomes now an American lapse. I be-
lieve quite as deeply that it would have been a
gi'ave disser'vdce to the cause of freedom in the Far
East had the President canceled his trip to Japan
after having accepted the invitation to come.
Others holding different views are, of course, en-
titled to hold them. My own opinion is that had
the President liimself canceled this journey in these
circumstances, the present disposition of some to
view critically the subsequent events woiUd have
become, instead, an avalanche of virulent abuse
both at home and abroad.
In summary, and as I sought repeatedly to em-
phasize to the Committee, it was an important and
a necessary trip ; it was blocked by violent methods
whicli, feeding upon themselves, ultimately
reached unmanageable proportions; the disturb-
ances were a communist tactic; and, finally, until
the Japanese Government withdrew its invitation,
the President was determined to go.
47
As for Presidential missions abroad, you are
correct tliat excepting tlie Summit Conference,
these have not been diplomatic ventures but rather
liave been missions of good will. As such they
have been extraordinarily successful, so much so
that the Soviet Union and communist influences in
Japan were driven to extreme lengtlis to block
their continuance. I believe the world will not fail
to measure well the import of desperate communist
contortions to keep America's symbol, so magnifi-
cently presented abroad by President Eisenhower,
from entering the heartland of the Soviet Union
and Japan.
Efforts to belittle the value of the President's
goodwill missions are, in my opinion, completely
unjustified. Those who have witnessed his recep-
tion in a score of nations will bear testimony to the
fact that he, as an individual and as President of
the United States, is beloved and respected by free
people everywhere to a degree unmatched by
almost any other man in history. By their actions
the communists have clearly revealed to the entire
world that they Icnow this well.
I warmly appreciate the motivation of your
letter.
Most sincerely,
Christian A. Hertee
The Honorable
Alexander Wiley,
United States Senate.
Senator Wiley to Secretary Herter
June 2.3, 1960
Dear Mr. Secretary: You know that the Press has
been highlighting statements attributed to you to the
effect that State Department information and judgment
in respect to the President's trip to Japan were faulty.
I personally don't believe these statements, though at first
I was taken aback by the same.
Now what is the fact? Did the State Department have
inadequate and inaccurate information on the subject as
to the extent of the Japanese riots, and was the Depart-
ment's judgment as to the advisability of the trip faulty?
I thought that David Lawrence in the Evening Star of
Thursday, June 23rd had the straight facts on that subject
■when he said :
The invitation was extended at a time when Nikita
Khrushchev was on friendly terms with the United States
and long before the events occurred that started the So-
viet Premier and his agents on a tactic of demonstrations
unfriendly to America. But then, it is asked, why couldn't
the President have cancelled the trip immediately after
the "summit" conference in Paris collapsed? If he had
done so, he would have disappointed the peoples of the
Philippines, Formosa and Korea. He could, on the other
hand, hardly have gone to some Far Eastern countries
allied with us and not to Japiin. Mr. Eisenhower was
ready to take the risks, but the Japanese government
finally admitted that it might not be able to control the
mobs.
I have seen also, Mr. Secretary, that it is asserted that
the President has been engaging in "personal diplomacy"
throughout the world to the detriment of traditional dip-
lomatic relationships. One article before me states that
you concede that such trips will be discontinued in the
future, thereby implying that such trips have been under-
taken in the past. My understanding has been that, with
the obvious exception of the recent Summit undertaking,
the President has been engaged upon missions of good
will, not diplomatic negotiations. Is this correct?
I have raised these points, Mr. Secretary, because of the
contrived clamor, political and otherwise, over alleged
planning, informational and judgment errors in the field
of foreign relations. Having probed into the details of
foreign policy for many years and having closely observed
recent international developments, I believe that the
words attributed to you are being distorted. Neverthe-
less, I would like your own
Sincerely,
Alexander Wiley
The Honorable
Christian A. Hertee
110 American Teachers Participate
In Summer Seminars Abroad
The Department of State announced on June 21
(press release 341) that 110 American secondary
school and college teachers of foreign languages,
the classics, and social studies are spending part
of the summer abroad this year in order to be-
come better acquainted with the languages, litera-
ture, peoples, and cultural heritage of five foreign
countries. The teachers are participating in spe-
cial seminars in Brazil, Colombia, France, Ger-
riiany, and Italy under the educational exchange
program of the Department of State.
The teachers have been chosen to take part in
the seminars through nationwide competitions ad-
ministered for the Department of State by the
U.S. Office of Education. The seminars and the
cost of the teachers' round-trip travel are being
financed with currencies of the host countries
that have accrued to the U.S. Treasury as the
result of war surplus purchases or loan repayments
and are being conducted under the authority of
Public Law 584, 79th Congress, the Fulbright Act.^
48
" For a summary of the seminars by country and a list
of the participating teachers, see press release 341.
Deporfmenf of S/ofe Bulletin
The Antarctic Treaty
Statement hy Het^man Phleger '
The opportunity to appear before your commit-
tee in support of the Antarctic treaty is deeply ap-
preciated. I believe this treaty is in the best
interests of the United States. Beyond that it is a
significant step forward in international coopera-
tion in the field of peace, disarmament, and scien-
tific cooperation.
The Antarctic treaty was signed at Washington
on December 1, 1959, at tlie tennination of the
Conference on Aiitarctica, which was convened at
United States initiative.
On May 2, 1958, the United States invited 11
other states to take part in a conference to draw
up a treaty concerning the future of the vast
Aiitarctic Contment.^ The 11 countries invited
were those which, with the United States, had
participated in the Antarctic programs of the In-
ternational Geophysical Year, namely Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New
Zealand, Norway, tlie Union of South Africa, the
Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom.
The United States has long had important in-
tei-ests in Antarctica. Its explorers and scientists
have discovered and mapped lai"ge areas of the
continent. "VVliile the United States had never
made a claim of sovereignty, it frequently reas-
serted its interests and has not recognized the
claims of seven other states which had asserted
claims to sovereignty over large areas, several of
them overlapping. Conmiencing in 1956 the So-
viet Union moved in with scientific expeditions
and has since engaged in extensive operations. It
' Jl.'uie before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
on June 14 (press release 324). Mr. Phleger was head of
the U.S. delegation at the Conference on Antarctica,
which conrened at Washington Oct. 1.5, 1959. For back-
ground and text of the treaty, see Bulletin of Nov. 2,
1959, p. 650, and Dec. 21, 1959, p. 911.
' lUd., June 2, 1958, p. 910.
does not recognize the validity of any claims to
sovereignty in Antarctica.
In preparation for the conference and as a
result of this United States uiitiative, talks were
held in Washington over a period of a year and
a half among representatives of the 12 coimtries
concerned. These meetings paved the way for the
negotiation of the treaty at the conference. The
conference convened in Wasliington on October 15,
1959, and terminated on December 1 with the sign-
ing of the treaty, which incorporates the main
objectives of the United States.
I served as United States representative and
head of the United States delegation to the Con-
ference on Antarctica. Ambassador Paul C.
Daniels was alternate representative. Mr. George
H. Owen of the Department of State also served
as alternate representative.
The Honorable Frank Carlson, Senator from
the State of Kansas, and the Honorable Gale W.
McGee, Senator from the State of Wyoming,
served as congressional advisers to the delegation.
Captain Eugene W. Davis, USN, representing
the Department of Defense, was a member of the
delegation and participated in its deliberations.
Dr. Larkin H. Farinliolt, Deputy Science Ad-
viser of the Department of State, also was a mem-
ber of the delegation. At the request of the De-
partment of State the National Academy of
Sciences appointed a committee of seven dis-
tinguished scientists, headed by Dr. Laurence M,
Gould, to advise the United States delegation
This committee included Dr. Francis W. Eeichel-
derfer, Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, Dr. Merle A. Tuve
Dr. Harry Wexler, Dr. John C. Eeed, and Mr,
Albert P. Crary.
Mr. Alan F. Neidle of the Legal Adviser's
Office of the Department of State served as legal
adviser of the delegation.
Ju/y J I, I960
49
Importance of Inspection Provisions
One of the important provisions of this treaty
is the provision, in article I, that Antarctica shall
be used for peaceful purposes only. This stipula-
tion tliat a continent greater in extent than the
United States and Europe will be used for peaceful
purposes only is implemented by an unlimited
unilateral right of inspection, set forth in article
^^I, which includes the right of overflight at any
time.
Tlie treaty's provision for inspection has great
significance. It will not only serve to protect the
parties against any violation of the treaty but
should also prove a valuable source of practical
experience in the detailed processes of interna-
tional inspection. As you know, the unwillingness
of the Soviet Government to accept an effective in-
spection arrangement has thus far been the prin-
cipal stumbling block to successful negotiations on
such vitally important matters as nuclear testing,
surprise attack, and general disarmament. While
the inspection provisions of the Antarctic treaty
apply to an area where neither the Soviet Govern-
ment nor the United States claims territorial
sovereignty, it is nevertheless important that an
agreement has been reached to conduct practical
inspection operations in tliis area. This right of
inspection includes the right to inspect ships, air-
craft, and stations and also the right of overflight,
comparable to what President Eisenhower pro-
posed earlier as his "open skies" plan of inspec-
tion. In this connection it would appear mifor-
tunate if the United States Government should
hesitate to ratify the first international agreement
affording an unlimited right of insi^ection.
Article II of the treaty provides that the free-
dom of scientific investigation and international
cooperation in science, which were so successful
during the International Geophysical Year, shall
be continued, subject to the provisions of the treaty.
Under article III of the treaty the parties agree
to promote international cooperation in scientific
investigation in Antarctica in the manner in wliich
this has, in fact, been done during the past several
years.
The difficult question of territorial claims,
which have been made in Antarctica by seven
countries, is in effect held in status quo during the
duration of the treaty by article IV, wliich pro-
vides that nothing in the treaty shall be inter-
preted as a renunciation or recognition of claims
or bases of claims to territorial sovereignty in
Antarctica. Tlie United States has not asserted
any claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica.
Nor has the United States recognized any claims
made by others there, but has consistently reserved
all of its rights throughout the whole of
Antarctica.
These rights and interests are substantial and
are based on a long record of discovery, explora-
tion, and other activities. The article on claims
represents a mutually acceptable solution to a dif-
ficult problem on which agi-eement was reached by
both claimants and nonclaimants only after long
and careful consideration and negotiation. This
holding in sfattis qu^ for the duration of the treaty
of the question of claims will permit cooperation
in scientific and administrative matters to be car-
ried out in a constructive manner without being
hampered or affected by rivalry regarding the
question of claims.
Ajiotlier provision of the treaty is its prohibition
in article V of nuclear explosions and the disposal
of atomic waste in Antarctica, pending general
international agreement on this subject. This pro-
vision is of great importance to the Southern
Hemisphere signatories, who live in much closer
proximity to Antarctica than we do and where
there is great public concern over the possible ef-
fect of radioactive fallout. As you know, the pre-
vailing winds blow northward from the south
polar regions.
Membership, Jurisdiction, and Disputes
Accession to the treaty (article XIII) is per-
mitted to any member of the United Nations, and
any other state invited to do so with the unani-
mous consent of all the contracting parties which
either were original signatories or are active in
Antarctica. By these means additional states may
acquire the rights and assume the obligations of
the treaty. It is hoped tliat there will be wide-
spread accession to the treaty, thus strengthening
its status in the realm of international law.
Article VIII deals with certain aspects of the
problem of jurisdiction over pei-sons in Antarc-
tica. It is provided, without prejudice to the basic
position of any contracting party concerning juris-
diction over persons in Antarctica in general, that
persons designated as observers in implementation
of the provision on inspection and scientific per-
sonnel exchanged under programs of scientific co-
50
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
operation are subject only to the jurisdiction of
the country of which they are nationals. This is
important as making moi-e effective the provisions
regarding the right of inspection.
Article XI deals with the settlement of disputes
arising among parties to the treaty, concerning its
interpretation or application. It provides that
the parties shall seek to solve such disputes by
peaceful means and that, with tlie consent of all
parties to a dispute, the dispute be referred to the
International Court of Justice.
Article IX provides for consultative meetings
of the treaty parties. Under this article repre-
sentatives will meet periodically to consult on mat-
ters of common interest and to consider and rec-
ommend measures in furtherance of the principles
and objectives of the treaty. The participants at
these meetings will be all of the original signa-
tories and, in addition, those acceding states during
such time as they demonstrate their interest in
Antarctica by conducting substantial scientiiic re-
search activity there. The measures recommended
will not be effective until unanimously approved by
the treaty parties, but it is specifically provided
that any party may exercise any right given it un-
der the treaty without further approval by the
other parties.
The treaty is of indefinite duration but may be
amended at any time by the unanimous agreement
of the consultative parties. After 30 years amend-
ments may be proposed by majority agreement,
and if not agrmi within 2 years any party may
withdraw on 2 years' notice.
This treaty does not settle all of the problems
of ^\_ntarctica for all time, nor does it attempt to
do so. It does, however, represent a significant
advance in the attempt, based on United States
initiative, to bring some form of international or-
der to a large area of the earth's surface where
none has existed heretofore.
Summary of U.S. Objectives
The main objectives of our Government in nego-
tiating this treaty may be smnmarized as follows:
First, to prevent the use of Antarctica for mili-
tary purposes and to assure that this continent
should continue to remain an area where only
peaceful activities are pursued. As regards this
objective, article I stipulates that Antarctica shall
be used for peaceful purposes only and that all
measures of a military nature there are forbidden.
July n, 7960
Of coui-se, we know that agreements prohibiting
military activity in a certain area must necessarily
be complemented by some system of effective con-
trol in order to assure their observance. Now,
in this treaty, the provisions of article VII which
I have outlined establish sweeping, immediate,
and unilateral rights of inspection pursuant to
which U.S. observers may go anywhere through-
out xVjitarctica at any time. In addition, there
are established absolute, unrestricted rights of
overflight for aerial observation.
Second, to continue the valuable scientific in-
vestigation throughout Antarctica which our
scientists have been engaged in for the past several
yeai-s and to promote the continuation of inter-
national cooperation for the purpose of such
scientific investigation among the parties to the
treaty, in the manner that was instituted during
the International Geophysical Year. In this re-
gard, article II of the ti-eaty provides that scien-
tific investigation and cooperation to that end, as
practiced during the International Geophysical
Year, will continue, subject, of course, to the
provisions of the treaty.
Third, to eliminate controvereies arising out of
territorial claims asserted in Antarctica and to
eliminate, insofar as possible, any political rivalry
which accompanies them. In this regard article
IV provides a mutually agreeable solution to a
delicate problem, and, in particular, by expressly
establishing that activities conducted in Antarc-
tica while the treaty is in force shall not constitute
a basis for assertion or enlargement of a claim, it
discourages activities motivated by political
rivalry and facilitates continued scientific in-
vestigations miliampered by problems of this
kind.
Finally, to establish a system of continuing con-
sultation among the govermnents of coimtries ac-
tively engaged in scientific investigation in
Antarctica. In this regard article IX provides
for periodic meetings at suitable intervals for con-
sultation on matters of common interest and for
the consideration of measures recommended in
furtherance of the principles and objectives of the
treaty. This provision is designed to perpetuate
the spirit of cooperation among the nations active
in the Antarctic and to provide machinery for
dealmg with problems and opportunities in the
Antarctic which only time will disclose.
Secretary of State Herter declared in his report
51
to President P^isenhower on February 4^ that the
Antarctic treaty is a substantial achievement and
that its ratification will further peaceful coopera-
tion in the attainment of scientific progress in an
entire continent. He also declared that this treaty,
based on the will to maintain peace in an impor-
tant area of the world, should be ratified because
it is in the best interests of the United States and
of all mankind.
In conclusion I point out that tliis treaty was
conceived by the United States, the conference
whicli drafted it was called at the instance of the
United States, and tlie treaty contains all the pro-
visions which the United States conceived were
required for the protection of its national interest.
It is also a significant step forward in the field of
international cooperation for peaceful purposes.
Because of the fact of United States initiative,
it cannot be expected that other parties will ratify
this treaty until the United States has firet acted.
It is therefore important that the United States
act promptly so tliat the other parties may act and
the treaty, with its benefits, go into effect at an
early date.
Department Supports Industrial Property Convention Revision
and Commercial Treaties With Pakistan and France
Folloiving are two statements presented hy Ed-
win M. Martin, De-puty Assistant Secretary for
Economic Affairs, on June 21 to the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee, one in support of the
Lisbon revision of the Convention for the Pro-
tection of Industrial Property and a congressional
resolution authorizing U.S. contributions to the
administering bureau, and the other in support of
a treaty of friendship and commerce with Paki-
stan and a convention of establishment with
France.
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY CONVENTION
Press release 336 dated June 21
Mr. Chairman, I am appearing in support of
the Convention of Paris for the Protection of In-
dustrial Property of March 20, 1883,^ as revised
at Lisbon in October 1958. The convention has
l^reviously been revised four times. The revised
convention was transmitted to the Senate by the
President on Februai-y 17, 1960.^ The United
States was a party to the original convention and
became a party to the four later revisions. Under
For text, see S. Ex. B, 86th Cong., 2d sess.
38 Stat. 1645, 47 Stat. 1789, and .53 Stat. 1748.
R. Ex. D, SCth Cong., 2d sess.
the convention's provisions, the United States and
the other 49 member countries are constituted into
an International Union for the Protection of In-
dustrial Property. They are parties to one or
more of the last three revisions, which are cur-
rently in force.
The Secretary of State, in his report to the
President in February of this year, stated that
United States participation in the new convention
will not only significantly improve the protection
in this field accorded United States private inter-
ests abroad but will also insure continuing and
sound cooperative relations with the other 49
countries that are parties to one or more of the
revisions of the convention presently in force.
Background of industrial Property Convention
The industrial property convention, with tlie re-
visions presently in force, is the major inter-
governmental instrument assuring protection of
industrial property rights of United States na-
tionals abroad, namely, patents, trademarks, de-
signs, commercial names, and related rights. It is
based on two important underlying principles:
that of national treatment and that of the ex-
tension of special rights or advantages. Under
the national treatment principle, each member
government is required to extend to nationals of
other member countries the same protection and
Hepatimen^ of Sfofe Bulhtin
rights which it grants to its own nationals in this
field. Under the second principle, each country is
required to provide certain rights or special ad-
vantages for other members' nationals, one of the
most important of which is the right of priority
for foreign patent applicants. Such applicants
have a 1-year period, from the date of filing of
the first application in their own country, in
which to file corresponding applications which are
given the benefit of the date of the first filing and
receive protection thereon in other member
countries.
Prior to the adoption of this international ar-
rangement in 1883 there were no internationally
miiform grounds for industrial property protec-
tion and inventors sometimes encountered almost
insurmountable obstacles m efforts to protect their
inventions in various foreign countries. This
situation was markedly improved when the in-
dustrial property convention, which was negoti-
ated and signed in Paris in 1883, came into force
the following year. The United States, which was
not one of the original members, acceded to the
convention in the spring of 1887. After 1883 there
were four successive revisions prior to the Lisbon
conference of 1958. The United States became a
party to each of these four revisions, which
brought about significant improvements in the con-
vention's protective framework. The changes
which were made over the years strengthened and
made more effective the patent and trademark
protection to be afforded nationals of member
countries.
During the 76 years of the convention's exist-
ence, additional coimtries have become parties to
one or more of its revisions, bringing the current
total to 50. Practically all of the important in-
dustrial and commercial comitries are members,
with the exception of the Soviet Union.
New Revision Adopted in 1958
The latest conference of revision at Lisbon was
attended by representatives of 40 member coun-
tries and by observers from 9 additional countries
as well as numerous intergoveriunental and private
organizations. Thirty member countries signed
the revised convention at the conference, as did one
nonmember country. Two other member countries
signed at a later date.
The conference considered a large number of
proposals for revision of the convention which had
been submitted by governments as well as leading
July 11, 1960
555339—60 S
international organizations interested in this field.
It eventually adopted some changes in all but 5 of
the 19 existing articles of the convention. Six new
articles were added.
One of the chief accomplislunents was a com-
plete rewriting of the basic provisions concerning
the protection of trademarks in such a way as to
increase substantially the protection accorded for
the trademark rights of nationals of member coim-
tries. For example, under the provisions adopted
at Lisbon, an American national now clearly may
register a trademark in any member country by
complying with the formalities of such country
without having to prove the existence of a regis-
tration in the United States.
Further, the conference was able to agree on the
inclusion of a requirement that all countries grant
protection to industrial designs. It also included
in the convention for the first time specific refer-
ence to the protection of trademarks associated
with services, as distinct from those used to iden-
tify goods.
A longstanding deficiency in the convention has
been the lack of machineiy for interim meetings
by the member govermnents between conferences
of revision to study and discuss problems arising
under the convention and to supervise more
closely the operations of the Liternational Bureau,
presently located at Bern, which administers the
convention. One of the most significant steps
taken at the conference, therefore, was to include
in the revised convention a provision for regular
triennial meetings of representatives of the con-
vention members. Tliis will enable such repre-
sentatives to discuss more frequently than in the
past conunon problems respecting the administra-
tion of their respective patent and trademark laws
in relation to their convention obligations. They
will also be in a better position to coordinate the
preparatory work and resolve administrative
details in connection with future conferences of
Support for the Convention
Leading business and professional groups in the
United States interested in the industrial property
rights field worked closely with United States
Government representatives preparatory to the
adoption of instructions to the United States dele-
gation to the Lisbon conference. These groups
included, among others, the American Patent Law
Association, the American Bar Association, the
53
International Patent and Trademark Association,
the United States Trademark Association, the Na-
tional Foreign Trade Council, and the United
States Council of the International Chamber of
Commerce. The delegation also included three
leading private patent and trademai-k attorneys
as advisers, namely, Mr. Albeit R. Teare, presi-
dent. International Patent and Trademark Asso-
ciation; Dr. Stephen P. Ladas of the law fiim
Langner, Pariy, Card, and Langner of New Yoi-k
City ; and Mr. Jolm D. Myers of Philadelphia.
The Department is not aware of any leading
business or professional group that is opposed to
the United States' becoming a party to the I'evision
adopted at Lisbon. Further, it is known that the
new convention has received the specific approval
of some of the most important organizations
interested in this field, as, for example, the Na-
tional Foreign Trade Coimcil, the United States
Council of the International Chamber of Com-
merce, and the Patent and Trademark Section of
the American Bar Association.
In the Department's opinion the new convention
merits this strong support because of the improve-
ments which it will effect in the international
system for protecting industrial property rights.
In this connection it might be noted that the con-
vention is not designed to replace existing inter-
national agreements of a regional nature in this
field.
As to the implementation of the latest revision,
under the terms of article 17 it is clear that the
new revision is not self -executing; that is, its rati-
fication would not by itself modify our domestic
law. Any changes in the United States patent or
trademark laws that are necessai-y to apply the
provisions of the new revision must be enacted by
the Congi-ess. A draft biU for this purpose was
transmitted to the Senate on March 7, 1960, and
referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. A
similar bill, H.E. 11070, is currently before the
House Committee on the Judiciary. Only a rath-
er minor change in the United States patent and
trademark laws will be needed in connection with
the new revision. It will be necessary to amend
the patent and trademark laws to permit appli-
cants to claim their right of priority in the United
States not only from the date of their first filing
but also from the date of a subsequent filing in
a member country should the first filing be with-
drawn under certain specified conditions. The
United States instrument of ratification will not be
deposited until after the above-cited bills embody-
ing these changes are enacted. This treaty creates
no problem with regard to Federal-State
relations.
Improved Relations in Industrial Property Rights
Field
It is the view of the Department of State that
United States acceptance of the new revision will
significantly improve the protection in this field
accorded to United States private interests abroad.
Such acceptance will also set an excellent example
for other countries who are considering adherence
to the new revision. Fmally, United States par-
ticipation in the new revision will insure that our
relations with the other 49 countries which are
parties to one or more revisions will continue on
a sound basis in this important field of industrial
property rights protection.
For these important reasons the Department
is firmly convinced that ratification of this new
revision is highly desirable. It therefore strongly
endorses the new revision and implementing legis-
lation.
U.S. Contributions to International Bureau
Mr. Chairman, I also wish to comment on an-
other important matter related to the industrial
property convention; that is. Senate Joint Res-
olution 149 to authorize certain contributions in-
cident to United States participation in the Inter-
national Bureau, which administers this conven-
tion. House Joint Resolution 627, which is
identical to this Senate resolution, was approved
by the House on June 6, 1960.
The International Bureau, which is located in
Bern, Switzerland, is supervised and staffed by
the Swiss Govermnent. The Bureau draws its
financial support from contributions paid by the
member governments in accordance with the rele-
vant provisions of the convention. The Bureau
performs special functions on behalf of the con-
vention members, including the preparatory and
administrative work of the conferences of revision
and the collection and distribution of specialized
information in the international industrial prop-
erty rights field. It has been used to great ad-
vantage by the United States as a forum for en-
couraging other governments to afford protection
for the patent and trademark rights of American
inventors and businessmen comparable to that
which they enjoy in the United States.
54
Department of State Bulletin
Request for Payment of Arrearages
The convention, as cuiTently in eff©
that the budget of the Bureau shall not exceed
140,000 Swiss francs, approximately $33,000 per
annum. On this basis the United States share is
7,500 Swiss francs, about $1,767, or slightly over
5 percent. The convention further provides that
the budget maximum may only be increased by
a unanimous decision of a diplomatic conference
of the member states. Late in 1947 tlie Swiss
Government, on behalf of the Bern Bureau, at-
tempted to raise the budget ceiling in order to
meet the higher administrative costs of the organ-
ization. Instead of calling a diplomatic con-
ference, the Swiss Government circulated a
diplomatic note to member governments asking
that the budget ceiling be raised. The ceiling
was in fact subsequently raised, and by 1949
virtually all the members were contributing at
a higher budget level except the United States.
The United States maintained that, in the absence
of congressional authorization, it could not con-
tribute at this higher level because the new budget
ceiling had not been established in accordance
with relevant provisions of the convention (arti-
cle 13(6)). This article provides that increases
in the budget ceiling are to be made by imanimous
decision of the member governments at a diplo-
matic conference of revision. The sum of $10,514
(approximately 45,000 Swiss francs) requested
in Senate Joint Resolution 149 constitutes tlie
difference between the amounts we have already
paid on the basis of the convention limitation and
the amount we would have paid had we been able
to contribute on the same basis as the rest of
the membership of the Bureau.
Request for an Increase in Future Annual Contri-
butions
The Bureau is now operating within a ceiling
of about 235,000 Swiss francs, which has proven
inadequate for the Bureau's administrative work
under the convention. The Bureau has covered
its additional costs by utilizing credits extended
by the Swiss Government, as the Administering
Authority, and fimds received for rendering cer-
tain international trademark and design registra-
tion sei-vices which it performs for approximately
20 governments, under other conventions to which
the United States is not party. Based on the
Bureau's expenditure for administering industrial
pi-operty convention activities, it is estimated that
the Bureau will require a future budget of 588,000
Swiss francs (approximately $138,000).
At the 1958 conference of revision at Lisbon,
the United States supported a proposed resolu-
tion to raise the budget ceiling to 588,000 Swiss
francs and also to amend the provisions of the
convention so as to permit periodic revisions of
the budget ceiling without the need of a diplo-
matic conference of revision. However, the
Soviet bloc coimtries that were present opposed
these proposals on the gi-ounds that since East
Germany had not been invited as a member coun-
ti-y nothing could be approved in its absence,
thus making unanimity on this issue impossible.
Soviet bloc compromise solutions were so worded
that approval could have been construed as an
acceptance of the argument that East Germany
should have been present. This was entirely un-
acceptable to tlie West Grerman and United States
delegations, and unanimous agre«ment was not
possible.
As a compromise, the conference fuially adopted
a resolution, which invites
The countries of the Union to raise their contribution,
hoginning on the 1st of January 1955, in order to bring
the funds of the International Bureau to the amount of
eOO,000 Swiss francs annually.
The United States amiual share, calculated on
the basis of this new amotmt would be approx-
imately $7,250. We have informed the Bureau
that it would be advised in due course whether
or not this Government would be able to accept
the invitation to increase its contribution. The
most recent information available to us shows
that 34 comitries have already responded afEnna-
tively to this resolution.
Mr. Cliairman, we believe that there was ample
justification for the Bureau's requesting increased
contributions from its members as a result of the
expanded operating costs during the postwar
period, based on a higher budget ceiling than con-
tained in the convention revision of 1934. The
United States is the only country still paying on
the 1934 basis. In the meantime we have con-
tinued to receive the additional benefits from the
Bureau's activities without having paid what
could be considered our proportionate share of the
costs. It is thus considered in the best interests of
the United States to make the contributions con-
stituting the difference between the annual
amounts paid for the United States fiscal years
Ju/y T7, 7960
55
1950-59 and the amounts it would have paid based
on the Bureau's actual costs of operation for these
years. It is also our view that the activities of the
Bureau should be continued at least at the same
level. Finally, the benefits accruing to the United
States warrant our acceptance of the invitation
embodied in the 1958 resolution to raise our future
annual contribution to the Bureau so that there is
no impairment of the Bureau's activities and pro-
grams. The Department, therefore, reconmiends
that this committee give favorable consideration
to Senate Joint Resolution 149.
TREATIES WITH PAKISTAN AND FRANCE
Press release 340 dated June 21
I am appearing before the committee in support
of the treaty of friendship and commerce with
Pakistan ^ and the convention of establisliment
with France.* These treaties, although differing
from other agreements of the type as to official
designation and somewhat as to content, are units
in the series of commercial treaties initiated by
this Government shortly after the Second World
War. They constitute, respectively, the 18th and
19th signed treaties in this series.
These treaties, aside from certain omissions, con-
form to the general pattern of the usual United
States commercial treaty, numerous examples of
which have received Senate approval in recent
years. Their broad objectives are the same : to en-
courage investment and commerce and to provide
an agreed basis for the protection of American
citizens, their property, and other interests in
foreign countries. Their provisions are based
upon existing precedents and contain no innova-
tions raising problems as to their effect upon
domestic law.
What are regarded as the principal features of
these treaties are referred to in the report of the
Secretary of State that accompanies each treaty.
To supplement and amplify that material the De-
partment has prepared a paragraph-by-paragraph
summary ,= which indicates the very considerable
degree of correspondence between the provisions
of these treaties and provisions in the Treaty of
Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between
the United States and the Netherlands, signed
March 27, 1956, approved by the Senate July 11,
1956," and now in force. I offer this tabulation
for tlie record. I also offer for the record an up-
to-date list ^ of the conmiercial treaties negotiated
under the current program and of commercial
treaties negotiated prior to the initiation of the
current program and now in force.
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce With Pakistan
The treaty with Pakistan is regarded as fall-
ing particularly within the terms of congres-
sional policy expressed in section 413 of the
Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended. That
section provides that the President
. . . shall accelerate a program of negotiating treaties
for commerce and trade . . . which shall include pro-
visions to encourage and facilitate the flow of private
investment to . . . nations participating in programs
under this Act.
Pakistan has long participated extensively in such
programs. The aim of the treaty is to help to
assure conditions favorable to foreign private
investment.
The signature of this treaty is only one of a
number of steps recently taken by the Govern-
ment of Pakistan looking to promotion of the
economic development of the coimtry. Others
include a treaty for the avoidance of double taxa-
tion, an investment guaranty agi-eement, and sev-
eral domestic measures, of whicli special mention
may be made of provision for the exemption, in
certain circumstances, of new investment from
taxation for a period of years. The completion of
this treaty would seem to add a fitting keystone
to the steps the two coimtries have taken in co-
operation to give Pakistan a satisfactory basis
for economic growth. It is hoped that acceptance
of the treaty by Pakistan will facilitate negotia-
tions for similar treaties with other countries in
southern Asia.
Convention of Establishment With France
France, of course, being a highly industrial-
ized country, is not now in great need of the basic
requirements of economic development. It con-
' S. Ex. F, 86th Cong., 2d i
* S. Ex. G, 86th Cong., 2d s
° Not printed here.
•For text, see Treaties and Other International Acts
Series 3M2.
Department of State Bulletin
stitutes, however, an attractive field for the estab-
lisliment of iVmerican investment and trading
enterprises, and a gi-owing group of French
enterprises operate in the United States. The
treaty provides the type of assurances that are
regarded as advantageous to such enterprises. In
this connection may be mentioned especially the
matter of rights of employment, particularly of
personnel essential to an enterprise. Heretofore,
in the absence of a commercial treaty, French
enterprises in the United States have not enjoyed
the advantages provided by the immigration act
with regard to treaty-traders and treaty-investors.
France does not, of course, restrict immigration in
the same manner as the United States. Entry
into France is relatively free, but employment of
aliens is highly restricted through a system of
work permits. In the provisions of the treaty
and the accompanying joint declaration, a sin-
cere effort has been made to assure that Ameri-
cans will be able to obtain work permits in France
to an extent fully commensurate with the rights of
entry and employment that acci-ue to French na-
tionals under the Immigration and Nationality
Act.
Two other aspects of the convention with
France are worthy of note. First, the establish-
ment of the European Economic Community has
given rise to concern as to the possibility of pref-
erential treatment of the interests of member
countries, to the disadvantage of the interests of
nonmembers. The Rome treaty contemplates the
extension by each member state of a considerable
degree of national treatment to enterprises estab-
lished under the laws of other members. There-
fore treaties such as tliis convention with France,
which assure national treatment to United States
enterprises with respect to establishment and the
carrying on of a wide range of activities, should
have the effect also of contributing to favorable
treatment of certain types of United States enter-
prises throughout the Community. INIoreover, the
United States will have, upon the completion of
this treaty with France, treaties with the foui-
largest membei-s of the Community (the others
are Italy, the Federal Eepublic of Germany, and
the Netherlands) which contain extensive assur-
ances of nondiscriminatory treatment for Ameri-
can enterprises.
The other aspect has to do with this Govern-
ment's policies directed to reaffirming and
strengthening the principles of international law
concerning the property rights and other rights of
aliens. Persons concerned with the problems of
foreign investment, not only in tliis country but
throughout the world, are disturbed at the lack of
respect shown for private property interest from
time to time in many areas. Treaty assurances
are widely regarded as an important means of
preventing such disrespect. The formal endorse-
ment by France of the property-protection rules
expressed in our treaties, particularly that regard-
ing just compensation for property taken for
public use, serves as a significant and timely re-
inforcement of our own effoiis in this regard.
We cannot consider subscription to these prin-
ciples as a duty of the less developed coimtries
alone; the readiness of the more developed coun-
tries to set a good example by incorporating these
rules in agreements between themselves is a very
important consideration in establishing them as
worldwide standards of conduct.
Principal Omissions From Treaties
I should now like to refer briefly to the principal
omissions I mentioned at the beginning of my
statement. Neither of these treaties contains pro-
visions on shipping. Such provisions are to be
found in all the other treaties in the current series,
but there are precedents for such omissions in
earlier agreements. In the case of Pakistan we
are dealing with a young nation that has not yet
settled fully its policies on all matters related to
international relations. One of the country's seri-
ous problems concerns transportation and com-
mimications between East Pakistan and West
Pakistan. Government officials in Pakistan have
taken the position that it would be advantageous
to their coimtry if a conamon coasting trade could
be established for Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, in
wliich vessels of all three countries could partici-
pate on equal terms but with vessels of all other
countries excluded. They wished to include a res-
ervation in the treaty to permit such an arrange-
ment. According to U.S. policy, such a system
would constitute discrimination in international
trade, and it was felt that such a reservation would
establish an undesirable precedent in our treaties.
Hence it was decided to omit the shipping provi-
sions. Pakistan does not now discriminate against
July 11, 1960
foreign shipping in any way, except to favor na-
tional vessels in the coasting trade when such ves-
sels are available.
In the case of France, certain existing arrange-
ments favor French national shipping. An agree-
ment with Tunisia limits trade between the two
countries to Tunisian and French vessels, thus con-
tinuing the situation prevailing before Tunisian
independence. In addition, French vessels are fa-
vored in the importation of a very limited number
of coimnodities into France. The French Govern-
ment concluded that it could not undertake to
abandon these arrangements at the present time.
Again, in order to avoid seeming to compromise
with discriminatory practices, the Department
concluded that it would be best to drop navigation
provisions from the treaty. Eepresentatives of
United States shipping interests have in the past
advised the Department that they preferred no
treaty commitments on shipping to commitments
that departed in any way from the usual assur-
ances of nondiscrimination. It is understood that
the French practices above referred to do not in
fact affect injuriously United States shipping in-
terests at the present time and that the French
Goverimient, through the Organization for Euro-
pean Economic Cooperation, has joined in a policy
of not extending existing discriminatory practices.
There have also been omitted from the treaty
with France the reciprocal commitments to accord
most-favored-nation treatment to imports and ex-
ports and the usual ancillary provisions relating
to trade in goods. These provisions in our treaties
are comparable to provisions in the General Agree-
ment on Tariffs and Trade and are consequently
not regarded as essential in treaties with countries
that are parties to the general agreement, as is the
case with France. Along with other governments
in Western Europe, the French Government is
much preoccupied with developments in connec-
tion with the European Economic Community and
is reluctant to enter into long-term engagements
on trade matters for fear of resulting difficulties
for the European integration plans. A similar
attitude was encountered in the Netherlands nego-
tiation in 1955-56 but was satisfactorily solved
through a special arrangement incorporated in an
exchange of notes. This type of solution was not
acceptable to the French, and it was mutually
agreed not to attempt to negotiate new trade pro-
visions in connection with this treaty.
Presidential Authority Souglit
To Reduce Sugar^Quotas
Statement ty Secretary Herter ^
The administration's recommendations for
amendment on the Sugar Act were submitted to
the Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives and
to the Vice President on March 15, 1960, by the
Acting Secretary of Agriculture. Very few
changes were recommended. These recommenda-
tions included a i-year extension and certain tech-
nical changes in the act wliich were designed to
make the Sugar Act operate more smootlily and
effectively.
In addition the Congress was asked to delegate
to the President authority to reduce the quota of
any country other than the Republic of the Philip-
pines (whose quota is established by treaty) when
he found it necessary to do so in the national in-
terest or to insure adequate supplies of sugar. The
Secretary of Agriculture, who administers the
Sugar Act, and the Secretary of State, who must
consider the effect which any change in domestic
legislation may have on our international commit-
ments, were agreed that such authority was neces-
sary under existing circumstances.
The primary reason for requesting this grant of
interim authority to adjust quotas was to safe-
guard consumers in this country from possible in-
terruptions in supply and fluctuations in price. I
need not tell you that our concern was with condi-
tions in Cuba. Under the terms of the Sugar Act
presently m effect Cuba enjoys a quota of 3,119,655
tons, or approximately one-third of the total
United States requirements for sugar, currently
estimated at 9,400,000 tons for 1960. In addition
the present law provides that the Cuban quota be
increased if deficits are declared in the domestic
areas, as now appears certain. This is a very large
proportion of our total sugar supply.
In the past Cuba has been a dependable source,
responsive to United States needs and responsible
in situations of emergency. Cuban production in
recent years, approxunately 5,800,000 tons in 1958
and 6,000,000 tons in 1959, has been more than ade-
quate to meet the needs of the United States and
to supply Cuba's traditional world markets. It
" Made before the House Committee on Agriculture on
June 22 (press release 343).
Department of State Bulletin
should be noted that, for most of the time since
the Sugar Act went into effect, the price received
by Cuba for sales to the United States has been
higher than the price prevailing on world mar-
kets. However, for a period of several months in
1950 and 1951, during the Korean war, and again
in 1957, following the Suez crisis, Cuba continued
to supply sugar to tJie United States even though
the world price was at levels considerably higher
than those prevailing in the United States.
Recent developments, however, have raised ques-
tions in our minds as to whether Cuba will be a
dependable source in the future. Cuban official
spokesmen have announced, not once but on many
occasions, their desire to divereify agi-icultural
production and to eliminate what they have
termed "the evils of monoproduction" and "the
dependence on foreign markets." Steps already
taken to achieve this professed objective, in addi-
tion to the problems inherent in the Government's
plan to redistribute the land under the agrarian
law, have led knowledgeable observers to predict
that Cuba's sugar production will soon register
a decline of at least 1,000,000 tons from current
levels. Wliat implementation of this progi'am
will do to Cuba's sugar production over the long
term is imcertain at this time, but we cannot ex-
clude the possibility of a further progi-essive de-
cline in years to come.
It should also be borne in mind, in connection
with Cuba's future ability to supply the United
States market, that the Cuban Government has
recently entered into an agi'eement with the Soviet
Union under which it is committed to supply
1,000,000 tons of sugar annually during the next
5 yeai-s. Trade agreements have also been signed
recently with East Germany and Poland calling
for shipments of 60,000 tons and 50,000 tons, re-
spectively. Eeports are current that an agree-
ment involving the shipment of a half million
tons of sugar to Commmiist China is presently
under active consideration. This would be in
addition to 50,000 tons sold to Communist China
in March.
Because of these and other circumstances this
would be an appropriate time for the United
States to seek ways to diversify its sources of
supply and reduce the dependence of its consumers
on Cuban sugar, the supply of which may become
increasingly uncertain. It is noted that, on the
last two occasions when the Sugar Act was re-
vised, the Congress made changes which had the
effect of giving more of our market to other pro-
ducers and limiting the share of the market going
to Cuba. However, even with a substantial re-
duction from present levels Cuba would be by far
the largest single source of sugar for the United
States.
In conclusion, while of course we are convinced
that the original administration recommendations
were sound, our position on the bills which I un-
deretand are still actively before the committee
or the Plouse as they relate to Presidential author-
ity is as follows. We believe it would be a serious
mistake to deny the President authority to act in
tliis area. And while we believe that the national
interest could be better protected under the flex-
ible authority to the President as provided in H.R.
12534, I nevertheless believe we could operate
within the less flexible authority which would be
provided in H.R. 12624.
Congressional Documents
Relating to Foreign Policy
86th Congress, 2d Session
Operations of the Development Loan Fund. Hearings
before a subcommittee of the House Government Oper-
ations Committee. August 18, 1959-March 7, 1960.
936 pp.
Semiannual Report of the National Advisory Council on
International Monetary and Financial Problems. Letter
from the chairman of the National Advisory Council,
together with text of the report for the period January
1-June 30, 1959. H. Doc. 380. April 19, 1960. 77 pp.
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
of the Seas by Oil. Hearing before the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee on Ex. C, 86th Congress, 2d session.
May 17, 1960. 28 pp.
Communist Threat to the United States Through the
Caribbean. Hearing before the Subcommittee To In-
vestigate the Administration of the Internal Security
Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Senate
Judiciary Committee. Part VI. Testimony of Edward
J. Whitehouse. May 26, 1960. 16 pp.
Events Incident to the Summit Conference. Hearings
before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. May
27-June 2, 1960. 302 pp.
World Newsprint Supply-Demand : Outlook Through 1961.
Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce pursuant to section 136 of the Legislative Reor-
ganization Act of 1946, Public Law 601, 79th Congress,
and House Resolution 56, 86th Congress. H. Rept. 1669.
May 27, 1960. 30 pp.
Favoring Active Participation by Federal Agencies in
the Fifth International Congress on High-speed Pho-
tography. Report to accompany S. Con. Res. 75. H.
Rept. 1733. June 1, 1960. 5 pp.
Extension of Marlicting Order Quality Standards to Im-
ported Walnuts and Dates. Report to accompany H.R.
12341. H. Rept. 1734. June 1, 1960. 6 pp.
July 11, I960
59
International Communism in Latin America
Statement hy R. R. Rubottom, Jr.
Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs '
I welcome this timely opportunity to join the
subcommittee at this time in a discussion of inter-
national communism in Latin America.
The events of the past few months have brought
to the surface the greatly intensified effort of the
Soviet Union and Commimist China in Latin
America to break down the common front which
all of the nations of this hemisphere have tradi-
tionally presented against totalitarian dictator-
ships in the Old World.
Chairman Khrushchev, shortly after returning
to Moscow after shattering the hopes vested by
all peaceful people in the summit meeting and
brusquely canceling the invitation extended to
our President to visit the Soviet Union, accepted
an invitation to visit a Latin American country.
This country, he made plain at his Paris press
conference after the summit breakdown, should
serve as a model for revolutions in other Latin
American countries. Several times in the last
several months Chairman Mao Tse-tung appears
to have gone out of his way to receive Latin Amer-
ican Communist leaders and to exhort them to
give their full backing to the kind of revolution
which he and Chairman Khnishchev like. Every-
wliere in Latin America the Communist parties
liave now reverted to a belligerent and revolu-
tionary line aimed as much at trying to capture
sincere nationalism and weakening the democratic
governments of Latin America as at fanning
hatred of the United States.
'Made before the Subcommittee on Inter-American
Affairs of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on
June 20.
To understand the intensity of the current Com-
munist drive in Latin America, I think it is neces-
sary to examine the fundamentals of our relations
with Latin America. These relations are based
on common principles, and these principles are
alien to Communist ideology. Latm Americans,
just as we in the United States, set the highest
value on freedom, and we believe that this freedom
is best assured by the effective exercise of repre-
sentative democracy. Neither Latin Americans
nor the peoples of this country believe that the
"dictatorship of the proletariat" is a desirable
goal for political activity, nor do we believe that it
is a necessary or desirable phase which society in-
evitably must go through to achieve the better
material life to which we all aspire.
Latin America does not believe, any more than
we do, that suppression is the road to freedom.
We see this clearly in the great ground swell
which has swept so many dictatorships from the
Latin American scene in the last several years, and
we may rest assured that ultimately Latin Amer-
ica will just as decisively reject dictatoreliips mas-
querading behind a totalitarian, atheistic ideology.
Peoples in the American Eepublics aspire to soci-
eties in which the individual free man can, througli
the ballot box, have a voice in his destiny.
Another outlook which unites the Americas is
a common concept of the goal of economic activ-
ity. Latin America shares with us the concept
tliat the goal is a better life for all citizens. Like
us they deplore the existence of totalitarian sys-
tems in which citizens are forced to devote their
energies and dissipate their wealth to maintain
a liigh level of armaments and to subsidize tlie
60
Deparfmenf of Sfo/e BuUeiin
foreign subversive and propaganda activities de-
signed to impose that system on other peoples.
Latin Americans, a highly individualistic people,
believe in economic as well as political freedom
and, in the last analysis, reject the regimentation
which all totalitarian ideologies seek to impose
upon them.
And what of moral and spiritual values which
are the antithesis of communism? They consti-
tute a great bulwark of strength against Com-
munist penetration of the Americas, which would
destroy them if successful, although obviously
they need to be reinforced by visible evidence of
economic and social progress.
Finally, Latin America joins with us in a firm
detennination that the hemisphere we share with
it shall be secure from aggression from the out-
side and resistant to the fifth column, subversive
activity directed by totalitarianism. Tliis was
their stand during World War II, and during
the 15 years that the free world has been over-
shadowed by the threat of Comniunist aggression
and subversion, the Latin American countries —
alone of the great underdeveloped areas — have
virtually always been strong allies on all ques-
tions involving the security of the free world
against communism.
I say all this to emphasize strongly that the
Latin American countries themselves have as great
a stake as we do in countering communism in the
Western Hemisphere and that we must work to-
gether with them to meet this threat. At the
same time Latin America offers conditions which
greatly tempt the Communists: It is an area in
transition, facing myriad problems in attempt-
ing rapidly to raise the standards of living and
economic productivity of its people; profound
changes are occurring in its political and social
structure; its population is gi-owing more rapidly
than that of any other area ; and widespread dis-
satisfaction with existing conditions and an urge
to reform are the order of the day. Inevitably
this process of change — although ultimately lead-
ing toward the goals of greater freedom and a
higher living standard for the individual — brings
temporarily frictions, frustrations, and malad-
justments which the Communists seek to exacer-
bate and to use to their advantage. Like the judo
fighter, they seek cleverly to use the points of
weakness to make the area's strength work against
itself.
Maximum and Minimum Goals of Communism
At the present time it is clear that the Com-
mimists have maximum and minimum goals in
Latin America. As indicated by Mr. Khrush-
chev's remarks at his Paris press conference, this:
maximum goal is that a revolutionai-y pattern
should spread throughout Latin America, charac-
terized not only by virulent anti-Americanism
but also by a radical economic transfonnation in
which the jjrivate property of the local popidation
as well as foreigners would be seized without com-
pensation and the economy subjugated completely
to the control of the state. It is also clear that
the revolutionary pattern whicli Mr. Khrushchev
desires is also to be characterized by the leading-
role which the Communist Party is to play in the
management of the revolution he hopes to see
spread in the Latin American area. Should the
Communists succeed in spreading this revolution
in Latin America, they woidd have (1) dealt a
heavy blow to the strength and unity of the free
world and (2) doomed the peoples of the countries
involved to the spiritless captivity which has al-
ways followed massive Communist intervention
and takeover.
The Communists must, of course, realize that
the chances that they will achieve this maximum
objective are slim. Ultimately the Latin Ameri-
can peoples themselves will not accept playing
the role of a Soviet instnunent against the forces
of freedom of which they are a part. The Com-
munists, therefore, have a minimum objective as
well. That minimmn objective is to provoke the
United States into actions and attitudes inconsist-
ent with the spirit of partnership which regulates
inter-American relations and thus not only per-
manently to damage our relations with Latin
America but also to offset the image of Hungary
and Tibet by portraying the United States before
the world as an "aggi'essor" intervening in the
internal affairs of its neighbors.
It is important to note that these maximum and
minimum objectives represent a slight but impor-
tant shift in international Communist tactics in
Latin America, adding up to a more aggressive
policy. Some years back, during Stalin's time, the
Communists in Latin America as elsewhere gen-
erally had as their goal that the Communists
should gain open control, and they considered
"united front" tactics and the like merely as means
to that goal. At that time the Communists were
July 11, 1960
61
almost everywhere in Latin America openly
dedicated to the overthrow of existing govern-
ments. Although the Communists, of course, still
retain the seizure of power and the establisliment
of the dictatorship of the proletariat as their ul-
timate goal, Khrushchev in the mid-1950's intro-
duced more subtle policies. He thought that the
short- and intermediate-term interests of interna-
tional communism would best be served by collab-
oration with nationalist elements in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America, who he thought could be relied
upon to be anti-U.S. even if they were non-Com-
munists. Accordingly, on the international plane
lie launched a govermnent-to-government diplo-
matic and trade-and-aid offensive with nationalist
goverimients, some of whom in Latin America as in
the Near East and Africa were actually sup-
pressing or restricting the local Communist
parties. Within the countries the Communist
parties were ordered to conceal their true revolu-
tionary and subversive purposes and as respectable
"democratic" parties seek alliances with nation-
alist and leftist elements. It was evidently
Khrushchev's hope that, by sacrificing to some ex-
tent the immediate ambitions of Communist
parties and having them adopt a "soft" line, he
■could bring about a break between the nations of
Asia, Africa, and Latin America on the one hand
and the United States and its European allies on
the other.
Khrushchev's policy was soon revealed to have
substantial deficiencies from the Communist point
of view. Although several nations of Africa and
Asia accepted his aid and were visited by him, they
did not turn against the United States and they in
many cases vigorously checked the subversi\-e and
illegal activities. In Latin America, although the
Commimists gave their support to non-Communist
candidates and parties, they had little success with
this method. In some cases the electorate rejected
the candidates whom the Communists supported ;
in others, candidates who had won with Commu-
nist support subsequently excluded the Commu-
nists. Thus among Communists a question arose
as to whether the short-term "peaceful coexistence"
policy meant the liquidation or weakening of the
Communist parties on wliich the international
Communist leadership ultimately had to depend
if the long-range goal of communization Avas to be
reached.
Interestingly enough this question was very
much in the foreground when the 21st Congress of
62
the Soviet Communist Party met in Moscow at the
end of January 1959, approximately a month after
the Batista goverimient in Cuba was overthrown.
This Congress was attended by Latin American
Conmiunist Party leaders from at least 18 of the 20
Latin American Republics, and most of them sub-
sequently went on to Peking. During their
sojourn behind the Iron Curtain it was apparently
decided that the full weight of the Communist ap-
paratus in Latin America should be thrown behind
the Cuban revolution and that there should be im-
proved coordination between all of the Latin
American Communist parties to make this more
effective.
Cuban Revolution
The question arises : Why did international com-
munism select the Cuban revolution at that time as
the type of revolution to support? The answer
perhaps may be found by an examination of the
characteristics which differentiate the Cuban
revolution from otber nationalist revolutions in
Latin America as well as in Africa and Asia.
From the Communist point of view one criterion
must have been the degree of collaboration with
the Communist Party. The difficulty they had
seen in other nationalist revolutions was that the
nationalists excluded rather than welcomed the
collaboration of the Communist Party and the
revolution thus ultimately serA^ed the purpose of
local nationalism rather than Communist interna-
tionalism. A second attractive characteristic in
Conununist eyes was the determination of the
Cuban revolutionary government to carry forward
ruthlessly and without regard to the individual
and property rights of free people a fundamental
social and economic revolution which had as its
professed aim to put all power in the hands of the
"workers and peasants," this bemg a euphemistic
expression to cover an utterly cynical dictatorship.
In dealing with other nationalistic movements the
Communists had always encountered opposition
from the democratic classes, which resisted efforts
of communization of the society. Finally, the
Communists doubtlessly saw advantage in a
revolution which claimed universal applicability
throughout Latin America as distinct from na-
tionalist revolutions confined to one country. We
saw and heard Chairman Khrushchev take the
Castro kind of government to his heart and then
offer it to the rest of Latin America.
Department of State Bulletin
In deciding to throw their weight behind the
Castro kind of revolution, the Communists brought
into pLay considerable resources. In Latin Amer-
ica it is estimated that there are 250,000 card-
carrying Connnmiists. Although it is sometimes
said that this is a small portion of the population,
we must bear in mind that this represents at least
20 times as many Commmiists as there are in the
United States, which has a population approxi-
mately equal to that of Latin America. The lead-
ers of these Communists have been fully trained
behind the Iron Curtam and have demonstrated
extraordinai-y skill in establishmg Communist-
front groups and in infiltrating into student, labor,
and other groups. It has been estimated that it
would take $100 million to finance a propaganda
effort of the scope which the Communists are car-
rying out in Latin America today. This propa-
ganda offensive includes not only the huge amounts
of Commmiist propaganda which are being pub-
lished and disseminated within Latin America but
also large tunounts of propaganda impoi-ted from
the Communist bloc and distributed tlirough bloc
missions in the area. Commmiist-bloc radio
bi'oadcasts to Latin America extensively, and last
year the Spanish-language broadcasts of Radio
Peking were increased to the point that they are
now second only to the worldwide English-
language broadcasts.
All of these assets are now concentrated on sup-
porting and spreading the Castro kind of revo-
lution thi'oughout Latin America. To this extent
the Communists have moved away from the policy
of collaborating with other non-Communist
groups and are now emphasizing to a greater ex-
tent the hitherto revolutionary approach, which
constitutes a direct threat to the other Latin Amer-
ican governments. Khrushchev has in speeches
made it abundantly clear that he fidly supports
the Cuban revolution. He fii-st made a reference
to it in a speech before the Indian Parliament
during his trip to that country earlier this year
and has favorably referred to it on several occa-
sions in addition to the endorsement which he gave
at his Paris news conference. Coimnunist the-
oretical publications in Peking, as well as Moscow,
have also endorsed the Cuban revolution. It is
noteworthy in this respect that the Cuban revolu-
tion is singled out while there no longer are favor-
able references to the other national movements
of Asia and Africa which the Soviets formerly
warmly endorsed. The Cuban revolution, in
short, represents the pattern of revolution which
the Communists would like to see spread through-
out the miderdeveloped world to replace national
independence and strengthening of individual po-
litical and economic freedom.
Counteracting Communist Penetration
This stepped-up aggi'essiveness of Sino-Soviet
policy, and the extent to which it involves using
Cuba and the Cuban revolution as its instrimaent,
is obviously of serious concern to the United
States; and I am confident that this concern is
widely held elsewhere in the hemisphere. The
problem of preventing its encroachments is one
which calls for the most effective utilization of the
resources available to those who value human lib-
erty and the maintenance of the freedom and in-
dependence of oui-selves and our allies.
One of these resources is, of course, the constant
attention which all responsible persons and gov-
ernments must give to the elimination of those
social and economic evils for which international
communism offers false and damaging panaceas.
It would be dangerous to assume that the fact that
extremist and even chaotic programs of social re-
form are actually contrary to the general well-
being is perceived by eveiyone in Latin America.
Some elements tend to look imcritically at claims
and assertions of reform in the interests of those
who need land and homes, and this tendency is
exploited to the full by the Communists. This
means, of course, that all concerned with general
economic and social progress in Latin America
must be certain not only that forward-looking
steps are taken but that their purpose and usefiil-
ness are more widely undei-stood. This involves
our own programs of cooperation and assistance,
but it also involves the govermnents and respon-
sible groups in Latin America which have such an
important stake in the maintenance of orderly,
democratic, independent government in this hem-
isphere. I point this out, not because it neces-
sarily offers our best approach to counteracting
Communist penetration, but because it is often
overlooked or misunderstood.
The views of the Department of State with re-
gard to the specific resolutions which are before
this subcommittee have been set fortli in consider-
able detail in lettei's to the chairman of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs, Dr. [Thomas E.]
July 71, I960
63
Morgan, as well as to certain of the sponsors of
the proposals. It is our view that the problem of
international Communist intervention in the
Americas, when this goes beyond what can be clone
by each government within the framework of its
existing obligations to the OAS [Organization of
American States] and the U.N., should be ap-
proached on a multilateral basis in conformity
with the international instruments available for
that purpose. We think it is in our national in-
terest to maintain this course, and another course
could have seriously injurious effects upon our
country and its standing and influence throughout
the hemisphere and the world.
It is my view that ways and means can and will
be found within the framework of procedures
available and our international obligations to
counteract such threats to the peace and security
of the American states. A prerequisite to multi-
lateral consideration of this problem within the
OAS must be the effective accumulation and pres-
entation by all concerned of the evidence of the
case in a manner which will convince the govern-
ments and people of the American Republics of
the full nature and scope of the danger confront-
ing all of us. In this respect particularly, I
believe that the statements and actions of inter-
national communism and its leaders in recent
weeks amply demonstrate that it is engaged in a
new and intensified campaign of intervention in
the internal and external affairs of this hemisphere
and that this campaign is aimed at preventing
genuine progress through orderly representative
government in the Americas.
travel grants to Norwegian graduate students,
professors, research specialists, and teachers so
that they can undertake teaching, study, or re-
search projects at American institutions of learn-
ing. American students, professors, and teachers
going to Norway for similar purposes under the
program receive maintenance stipends in Norwe-
gian currency in addition to their round-trip
transportation. The progi-am is financed with
Norwegian currency that has accrued to the U.S.
Treasury in payment for surplus properties pur-
chased by the Norwegian Government after the
Second World War. Since 1949, 1,218 Norwegian
citizens and 405 American cititzens have won
gi-ants under this exchange program.
The agreement to extend the program provides
for the expenditure of the equivalent of $200,000
in Norwegian kroner during each of the next S
years.
Tlie overall exchange program carried out under
the Fulbright Act is under the supervision of the
Board of Foreign Scliolarships, a 10-member
public body appointed by the President. The ex-
change program with Norway is administered in
Oslo by the binational U.S. Educational Founda-
tion. At the present time exchange programs
under the Fulbright Act are conducted between
the United States and 35 other countries.
U.S. Gives Austria 1-Year Extension
on Copyright Registration, Renewal
U.S. and Norway Agree To Extend
Educational Exchange Program
Press release .342 dated June 21
The Governments of the United States and Nor-
way agreed to extend for 3 years the educational
exchange program that has been carried out be-
tween the two countries since 1949. The program,
which is authorized by Public Law 584, 79th Con-
gress, the Fidbright Act, was extended officially
by an exchange of diplomatic notes at Oslo on
June 21. Under the terras of the original agree-
ment the program was due to expire in 19C0.
The exchange program provides round-trip
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
Press release 330 dated June 15
The President has signed a proclamation dated
Jmie 15, 1960, giving Austrian citizens an exten-
sion of 1 year to comply with formalities necessary
to bring their literary, artistic, and musical works
within the protection of the U.S. copyright law.
An exchange of diplomatic notes on June 15 be-
tween the Governments of Austria and the United
States affirmed the continued existence of condi-
tions of substantial reciprocity in copyright rela-
tions between the two coimtries.
The new proclamation permits citizens of Aus-
tria who were unable to apply for U.S. copyright
registration or renewal from March 13, 1938,
64
Department of State Bulletin
through July 26, 1956, to do so during the year
following the date of the proclamation. Affected
are those Austrian works that were either first
published or produced outside the United States or
became subject to renewal of U.S. copyright dur-
ing that period.
Austrians lacked the facilities essential for com-
pliance with the conditions of the copyright law
for several years before, during, and after World
"War II. The 1938 date marks the beginning of
the occupation of Austria, and the 1956 date is 1
year after the effective date for the United States
of the Austrian state treaty of 1955. Under that
treaty, occupation troops were withdrawn fi'om
Austria.
A number of significant Austrian literai-y and
musical works are eligible for protection under
the extension arrangement. Among the works to
which the proclamation is believed to apply are
operettas and other musical works by composers
Oscar Straus and Franz Lehar.
The U.S. copyright law provides that there shall
be no liability for the lawful use of any of the
affected works prior to the proclamation date or
for the continuation during the subsequent year
of any undertaking that involves expenditure or
contractual obligation in connection with the law-
ful exploitation of any such work.
PROCLAMATION 3353'
CopvRiGHT Extension : Austria
Whereas the President is authorized, in accordance
with the conditions prescribed in section 9 of title 17 of
the United States Code, which includes the provisions of
the act of Congress, approved March 4, 1909, 35 Stat.
1075, as amended by the act of September 25, 1941, 55
Stat. 732, to grant an extension of time for fulfillment of
the conditions and formalities prescribed by the copy-
right laws of the United States of America, with respect
to works first produced or published outside the United
States of America and subject to copyright or to renewal
of copyright under the laws of the United States of
America, by nationals of countries which accord sub-
stantially equal treatment to citizens of the United States
of America ; and
Whereas satisfactory oflBcial assurances have been re-
ceived that since December 14, 1907, citizens of the
United States have been entitled to obtain copyright
protection for their works in Austria on substantially the
same basis as citizens of Austria without the need of com-
plying with any fonnalities, provided such works secured
protection in the United States; and
Whereas, by virtue of a proclamation by the Presi-
dent of the United States of America, dated April 9,
1910, .36 Stat. 2685, citizens of Austria are, and since July
1, 1909, have been, entitled to the benefits of the afore-
mentioned act of March 4, 1909, other than the benefits
of section 1(e) of that act ; and
Whereas, by virtue of a proclamation by the President
of the United States of America, dated March 11, 1925,
44 Stat. 2571, the citizens of Austria are, and since
August 1, 1920, have been, entitled to the benefits of sec-
tion 1(e) of the aforementioned act of March 4, 1909:
Now, therefore, I, DwiGHT D. Eisenhower, President
of the United States of America, imder and by virtue of
the authority vested in me by the aforesaid title 17, do
declare and proclaim :
That with respect to (1) works of citizens of Austria
which were fir.st produced or published outside the
United States of America on or after March 13, 1938 and
prior to July 27, 1956, and subject to copyright under
the laws of the United States of America, and (2) works
of citizens of Austria subject to renewal of copyright
under the laws of the United States of America on or
after March 13, 1938 and prior to July 27, 1956, there has
existed during several years of the aforementioned period
such disruption or suspension of facilities essential to
compliance with the conditions and formalities prescribed
with respect to such works by the copyright laws of
the United States of America as to bring such works
within the terms of the aforesaid title 17, and that,
accordingly, the time within which compliance with such
conditions and formalities may take place is hereby ex-
tended with respect to such works for one year after
the date of this proclamation.
It shall be understood that the term of copyright in any
case is not and cannot be altered or affected by this procla-
mation, and that, as provided by the aforesaid title 17, no
liability shall attach under that title for lawful uses made
or acts done prior to the effective date of this proclamation
in connection with the above-described works, or with
respect to the continuance for one year subsequent to such
date of any business undertaking or enterprise lawfully
entered into prior to such date involving expenditure or
contractual obligation in connection with the exploitation,
production, reproduction, circulation, or performance of
any such work.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and
caused the Seal of the United States of America to be
affixed.
Done at the City of Washington this fifteenth day of
June in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred
[seal] and sixt.v, and of the Independence of the United
States of America the one hundred and eighty-
fourth.
/^ (_jt.>yL-*'Z^U-<.u^ A>^<^y^
' 25 Fed. Reg. 5373.
By the President:
Douglas Dillon,
Acting Secretary of State.
Jufy n, 1960
65
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
ILO Conference Votes "No Decision"
on Hungarian Delegation's Credentials
Statement hy Horace E. Henderson ^
For the fourth consecutive year tlie Interna-
tional Labor Conference has before it a report of
the Credentials Committee recommending that
the Conference refuse to admit the delegation of
the Hungarian Government, and I must point out
that in the 4 years since the tragic events in Hun-
gary not one single member — I repeat not one
single member — of the Credentials Committee of
the International Labor Conference has ever voted
for the admission of the Hungarian delegation.
One year ago the United States supported the
rejection of the Hungarian Government Creden-
tials, which was endorsed by the Conference by
the necessary two-thirds majority vote.= Regret-
fully, the situation has not changed. In spite of
all protestations to the contrary the Himgarian
people continue to live under a repressive regime
which was installed and maintained by the armed
forces of the Soviet Union in violation of the char-
ter of the United Nations. While a partial am-
nesty was announced by the Hungarian authorities
on March 31st of this year, the details as to the
exact number of patriots affected by this partial
amnesty are not known, and the regime has refused
to permit the United Nations Special Represent-
ative [Le.slie Munro] to visit Budapest to discuss
this matter; still we welcome the March 31st
announcement. We hope that it may — and I
stress the word "may" — be a first indication that
the present authorities in Hungary are finally
showing some heed to world opinion. If they
modify their reliance on repressive measures and
' Made before the 44th International Labor Confer-
ence at Geneva on June 10 during debate on the third
report of the Credentials Committee, which dealt with
the credentials of the Hungarian delegation. Mr. Hen-
derson, who is Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-
national Organization Affairs, was a U.S. delegate to
the Conference.
' Bulletin ot July 20, 1959, p. 99.
if the true Hungarian patriots are spared, the par-
tial amnesty deserves to be welcomed.
On the other hand, the United Nations Special
Representative, at his press conference in this city
on April 8th, reminded us that rumors of secret
executions for the 1956 activities continue to cir-
culate. The world knows that the record of the
present Hungarian regime has not been good when
it comes to fulfilling promises. We need recall
only the fate of Imre Nagj', General Pal Maleter,
and the Hungarian freedom fighters. It is clear
that any real improvement in the international
position of the present Hungarian regime can come
about only by an improvement in its relations with
the United Nations. In tliis connection the
United States believes that the present Hmigarian
authorities, in their own interest and in the in-
terests of the Hungarian people and of the world,
should without further delay invito the LTnited
Nations Special Representative to visit Budapest.
Thus we see — and I say regretfully — that, while
there has been no change in the situation in Hun-
gary, we continue to look for some indication of
hope for the welfare and freedom of the workers
and people of Hungary.
We now have before us the third report of the
Credentials Committee. "^^Tiereas last year there
was a majority report for rejection, this year a
majority of the Credentials Committee has recom-
mended "that a decision on the validity of the
contested credentials must be postponed." The
majority report refers to the following facts
in justification of this recommendation: (1)
the report of the United Nations Special
Committee on the Problem of Hungary,^ wliich
found that the Hungarian revolution was a spon-
taneous, national uprising and that the present
Hungarian regime had been imposed on the Hun-
garian people by the armed intervention of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; (2) the de-
cisions of the United Nations General Assembly
' U.N. doc. A/.3592. For text of the final chapter of the
report, see ihid., July 8, 1957, p. 62.
66
Department of State Bulletin
which condemned the action of the U.S.S.E,.,
which, in viohition of the charter of the United
Nations, had deprived Hungary of its liberty and
political independence and denied the Hungarian
people of the exercise of their fundamental human
rights;'' and (3) the decision by the ILO to in-
validate the credentials of the Hungarian Gov-
ernment delegation in 1958 and 1959.
The majority report further states that the au-
thors of the objection refer to the fact that since
last year "the U.S.S.R. has continued unchanged
its domination and mastery of the Hmigarian
people through the regime in Budapest." It is
also noted in the credentials report before us that
as in previous years both the workers' and em-
ployers' members of the Credentials Committer
have associatexl themselves with a severe condem-
nation of the present Hungarian regime.
The position of my Government today is in-
fluenced by three considerations: fii-st, that there
has been no improvement in the situation in Hun-
gary ; secondly, that the Conference has before it
a majority report for "no decision" rather than
for rejection; and thirdly, that a succession of ac-
tions for "no decision" has been clearly adopted in
the General Assembly and in other agencies of the
United Nations. In view of these circumstances
the Government of the United States supports the
proposal of the majority report contained in the
third report of the Credentials Committee to take
no decision regarding the credentials submitted
on behalf of the representatives of the Govern-
ment of Hungary in order to conform to the ac-
tion confirmed by the General Assembly of the
United Nations on 10 December 1959, by 72 votes
to 1, with 1 abstention.^
The United Sta.t«s delegation therefore sup-
ports the amendment to the minority report of the
third report of the Credentials Committee sub-
mitted by the government delegation of the
Philippines. This is the only way by which the
Conference can adopt the "no decision" proposal
contained in the majority report, since under ILO
procedures only a proposal to reject credentials is
presented to the Conference for discussion. The
adoption of this amendment will make the action
of this Conference on the Hungarian Government
credentials conform to that taken by the General
Assembly. Thus the United States supports the
recommendation for "no decision," but we wish to
make it completely clear that this in no way in-
dicates a change in the United States position con-
cerning the situation in Hungary. The adoption
of this amendment will replace the minority re-
port for rejection now before tlie Conference and
will, in effect, substitute for it the majority report
that a decision on the validity of the contested
credentials will be postponed.
The United States continues firmly to support
the strong sentiments of indignation and censure
which underlay the action of the 42d and 43d ses-
sions in refusing to admit the Hungarian delega-
tion. Last year's action had the merit of demon-
strating that the 1958 decision was not just an
isolated reaction taken in a moment of shock and
outrage. Having driven home the strength of this
feeling, we are confident that, if we now take ac-
tion on the Hungarian Government credentials
similar to that of the General Assembly, the con-
demnation reflected in the past actions of the ILO
on Hungarian credentials will stand permanently
in the record and our present action of "no deci-
sion" cannot be misundei-stood as a change in our
attitude toward the present Hungarian regime or
in our desire to continue to give hope to the Hun-
garian people's tragic and heroic struggle for
freedom.''
Confirmation of U.S. Representatives
to Fifteenth General Assembly
The Senate on June 22 confirmed the following
to be representatives of the United States to the
15th session of the General Assembly of the United
Nations, to serve no longer than December 31,
1960:
Henry Cabot Lodge
George D. Aiken
Wayne Morse
Francis O. Wilcox
Jlrs. Oswald B. Lord
Mrs. Zelma Watson George
Arthur F. Lamey
Frederick Blake Payne
Charles Rosenbaum
Miss Frances E. Willis
* Ihid., Sept. 30, 1957, p. 51.5, and .Tan. 12, 1959, p. 55.
' For statements made by Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S.
Representative, see itid., Jan. 4, 1960, p. 17.
* The amendment was adopted on June 10
159 to SO, with 15 abstentions.
July 7 7, 7960
TREATY INFORMATION
Agreement for Establishment of Caribbean Organization Signed at Washington
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
Press release 339 dated June 21
The agreement for the establishment of the
■Caribbean Organization was signed at Washing-
ton on June 21.
His Excellency Herve Alphand, Ambassador of
Prance, signed on behalf of the Government of the
French Republic.
His Excellency Dr. J. H. van Eoijen, Ambas-
sador of the Netherlands to the United States of
America, signed on behalf of the Government of
the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
His Excellency Sir Harold Caccia, G.C.M.G.,
Iv.C.V.O., British Ambassador to the United
States of America, signed on behalf of the Gov-
ernment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.
The Honorable Christian A. Herter, Secretary
of State of the United States of America, and the
Honorable Eoderic L. O'Connor, United States
cochairman of the Caribbean Commission, signed
on behalf of tlie Government of the United States
of America.
The Caribbean Organization will be the siic-
■cessor body to the Caribbean Commission, estab-
lished in 1946 to encourage cooperation in eco-
nomic and social development throughout the
French, Netherlands, British, and United States
areas in the Caribbean. The Organization will
have broadly the same objectives as the Commis-
sion, but its activities will be directed by a Council
on which the following are eligible to be repre-
sented :
The Republic of France for the Departments of
French Guiaua, Guadeloupe and Martinique
The Netherlands Antilles
Surinam
The Bahamas
British Guiana
British Honduras
The British Virgin Islands
The West Indies
The Commonwealth of Puerto Kico
The Virgin Islands of the United States
Tliis change has been made in response to the
express wishes of the peoples of the area. The
new Organization will reflect the significant con-
stitutional and economic changes which have
taken place m the area since 1946.
After the agreement has been approved or ac-
cepted by the signatory parties, they will issue a
joint declaration bringing the new Organization
into existence. It is hoped that this will be done
as early as possible in 1961. The headquarters of
the new Organization will be located in San Juan,
Puerto Rico, to wliich the Commission head-
quarters have recentlj' been transferred.
TEXT OF AGREEMENT AND DRAFT STATUTE
AGREEMENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
CARIBBEAN ORGANIZATION
The Governments of the Republic of France, the
Kingdom op the Netherlands, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United
States of America,
Having reviewed the work of the Caribbean Commis-
sion since the entry into force of the Agreement for the
establishment of the Caribbean Commission, signed at
Washington on October 30, 1946 ; '
Recognizing that the Commission has done much to
further regional cooperation in many fields, and has ren-
dered valuable services in the Caribbean area ;
Having considered the statements by representatives
from the area calling for a revision of the Agreement for
the establishment of the Caribbean Commission in the
' 62 Stat. 2618.
68
Deparfment of Slate Bulletin
light of the new constitutional relationships in the
Caribbean area ;
Having considered that the purposes and functions as
set out in the Agreement for the establishment of the
Caribbean Commission should be the basis of a new
organization designed to replace it ;
Having noted the views expressed at the West Indian
Conference convoked in Special Session commencing on
July 28, 1959 ;
Having considered the draft Statute prepared by this
Conference and transmitted to them by the Caribbean
Commission ;
Noting that the purposes and functions as set out in this
draft Statute accord with those which were the basis of
the Agreement for the establishment of the Caribbean
Commission; and
Noting that nothing in this draft Statute is intended
to alter or conflict with the respective constitutional re-
lations between the Governments hereinbefore named and
the prospective Members of the Organization respectively ;
Hereby agree as follows :
Article I
1. The Contracting Parties agree upon the establish-
ment of the Caribbean Organization In accordance with
the Statute annexed to this Agreement.
2. The Republic of France for the Departments of
French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique ; the Nether-
lands Antilles ; Surinam : the Bahamas ; British Guiana :
British Honduras; the British Virgin Islands; The
West Indies ; the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ; and
the Virgin Islands of the United States are eligible to
become Members, and are referred to in this Agreement
as "prospective Members".
Article II
No provision of this Agreement shall be interpreted
as affecting the present or future constitutional status
of the prospective Members of the Organization or, where
applicable, the present or future constitutional relations
of any of the aforesaid prospective Members with the
Contracting Parties.
Article III
On the termination of the Agreement for the estab-
lishment of the Caribbean Commission, signed at Wash-
ington on October 30, 1946, the assets of the Caribbean
Commission shall be and are by virtue of this Agreement
transferred to and vested in the Caribbean Organization.
The Caribbean Organization is hereby authorized to as-
sume at the same time the liabilities of the Caribbean
Commission and shall be regarded as the successor body
to the Caribbean Commission.
Article IV
The Agreement for the establishment of the Caribbean
Commission shall terminate at the end of the first meet-
ing of the Caribbean Council provided for in the Statute
annexed to this Agreement.
Article V
1. This Agreement shall be subject to approval or
acceptance by the signatory Governments. Instruments
of approval or acceptance shall be deposited with the
Government of the United States of America, hereby
designated as the depositary Government, which shall
notify the other signatory Governments of each such
deposit.
2. This Agreement shall enter into force on signature
of a joint declaration to that effect by the signatory
Governments, following deposit of instruments of approval
or acceptance by the signatory Governments, and after
the Secretary-General of the Caribbean Commission has
received notification, in accordance with paragraph 1
of Article IV of the Statute annexed to this Agreement,
from not less than six of the prosiiective Members of
the Caribbean Organization.
3. This Agreement shall have indefinite duration.
Any Contracting Party may at any time withdraw from
the Agreement. Such withdrawal shall take effect one
year after the date of the receipt by the depositary
Government of the formal notification of withdrawal
and shall be without prejudice to any liability alread.v
vested in the withdrawing Contracting Party by or under
this Agreement in respect of the period before the with-
drawal takes effect. This Agreement shall continue in
force thereafter with respect to the other Contracting
Parties.
Akticle VI
This Agreement, done in a single original in the Eng-
lish, French, Netherlands, and Spanish languages, each
version being equally authentic, shall be deposited in
the archives of the Government of the United States of
America. Duly certified copies thereof will be trans-
mitted by that Government to the other signatory
Governments.
In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorized,
have signed this Agreement.
Done at Washington this twenty-first day of June, 19G0.
For the Government of the Republic of France:
Herve Alphand
For the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands :
J. H. VAN Rouen
For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland :
Harold Caccia
For the Government of the United States of America :
Christian A. Herter
RoDERic L. O'Connor
STATUTE OF THE CARIBBEAN ORGANIZATION
Whereas the Caribbean Commission since its estab-
lishment in 1946 has done much to further regional co-
operation in many fields and has rendered valuable
services in the Caribbean area ; and
Whereas since the establishment of the Caribbean
Commission significant constitutional and economic
changes have taken place in the area, and the peoples
concerned have expressed their desire to accept increased
responsibility in solving the problems of the area ; and
Whereas in order to facilitate the continuance of
social, cultural and economic cooperation in th» area, it
July 11, 1960
69
is considered advisable to establish a successor body,
the Statute of which reflects these changes and the new
responsibilities which the prospective Members (as de-
fined in Article III of this Statute) have undertaken
since 1946 ; and
Whereas the objectives herein set forth are in accord
with the Charter of the United Nations ;
Now THEREFORE there is established tlie Caribbean
Organization which Is governed by the following
provisions :
Article I
Establishment and Powers of the Caribbean Organisation
1. There is hereby establishe<l the Caribbean Organi-
zation (hereinafter referred to as the "Organization").
2. The Organization shall have consultative and advi-
sory powers and such legal capacity as may be necessary
for the exercise of its functions and the fulfillment of
its purix)ses.
Article II
Functions and Purposes of the Organization
Within the scope of its powers, the functions and pur-
poses of the Organization shall be to concern itself with
social, cultural and economic matters of common interest
to the Caribbean area, particularly agriculture, communi-
cations, education, fisheries, health, housing, industry,
labor, music and the arts, social welfare and trade.
Article III
Eligibility for Membership of the Organization
1. The following are the prospective Members of the
Organization, and are hereby declared eligible to become
Members :
The Republic of France for the Departments of
French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Martinique
The Netherlands Antilles
Surinam
The Bahamas
British Guiana
British Honduras
The British Virgin Islands
The West Indies
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
The Virgin Islands of the United States.
2. The Republic of France, as referred to in paragraph
1 of this Article, shall be represented in the Organization
by one delegation having three votes.
Article IV
Notification of Membership and Withdrawal
1. Any prospective Member of the Organization may at
any time declare by notification given to the Secretary-
General of the Caribbean Commission, or the Secretary-
General of the Organization, that it accepts the
obligations imposed by this Statute and that it elects to
become a Member.
2. Any notification in accordance witii the preceding
paragraph of this Article received by the Secretary-
General on or before the date on which the Statute comes
into force shall take effect on that date. Any notifica-
70
tion received after the date on which this Statute comes
into force shall take effect on the date of its receipt by
the Secretary-General.
3. Any Member may at any time declare by notification
given to the Secretary-General of the Organization that
it elects to cease to be a Member. This notification shall
take effect one year after the date of its receipt by the
Secretary-General of the Organization. On the with-
drawal from the Agreement to which this Statute is
annexed of any Party to that Agreement, the Members
for whose international relations that Party is responsible
shall cease to be Members of the Organization.
4. Where a Member ceases to be a Member in accord-
ance with paragraph 3 of this Article, such cessation shall
be without prejudice to any liability already vested in
that Member by or under this Statute in respect of the
period before the cessation takes effect.
5. The Secretary-General shall notify all Governments
signatory to the Agreement to which this Statute is an-
nexed and all Members and prospective Members of the
receipt of any notification referred to in Paragraphs (1)
and (3) of this Article.
Article V
The Caribbean Council
The governing body of the Organization shall be the
Caribbean Council (hereinafter referred to as the
"Council").
Article VI
Composition of the Council
1. Each Member shall be entitled to send to each ses-
sion of the Council one delegate and such advisers as it
may consider necessary, but the Republic of France shall
be entitled to send one delegation and such advisers as it
may consider necessary. Such delegates or delegation, as
the case may be, shall be appointed in accordance with
the constitutional procedures of each Member. The Sec-
retary-General shall be notified by the Members of the
appointment of each delegate or delegation, as the case
may be.
2. Each Member may at any time, by notification given
to the Secretary-General, appoint a person to act as alter-
nate during the absence of its delegate from any meeting
of the Council. The Republic of France shall have
similar rights with respect to its delegation. The alter-
nate, while so acting, shall stand in all respects in the
place of the delegate.
Article VII
Functions and Powers of the Council
Within the scope of the powers of the Organization, the
Council shall :
(a) study, formulate and recommend to Members meas-
ures, programs and courses of action in social, cultural
and economic matters designed to contribute to the well-
being of the Caribbean area ;
(b) assist in the coordination of local projects which
have regional significance and in the provision of technical
guidance on a regional basis :
(c) arrange for or provide technical guidance not other-
wise available ;
Department of State Bulletin
(d) promote tlie coordination of researcli on a regional
basis ;
(e) make recommendations to the Members for carrying
Into effect action in regard to social, cultural and economic
problems ;
(f) further cooperation with other international and
national organizations and with universities, foundations
and similar institutions having common Interests in the
Caribbean area and, subject to the principle expressed in
Article XVII, may
(i) on behalf of the Organization, conclude technical
assistance agreements with other international
or national organizations, being agreements
which every Member is competent or authorized
to conclude and the conclusion of such agree-
ments being dependent on a unanimous vote ;
(11) on behalf of the Organization, or, as may be ap-
propriate, on behalf of such of the Members as
may make the specific request, conclude arrange-
ments or contracts in pursuance of the aforesaid
agreements ;
(iii) conclude appropriate cooperation agreements
with universities, foundations and similar insti-
tutions, and arrangements or contracts in pur-
suance of these agreements ;
(g) summon such conferences, appoint such committees,
and establish such auxiliary bodies as it may find neces-
sary and desirable ;
(h) direct and review the activities of the Central Sec-
retariat and the aforementioned conferences, conmiittees
and auxiliary bodies ;
( i) issue the staff rules of the Central Secretariat ;
(.1) issue the financial regulations of the Organization;
(k) appoint a Secretary-General in accordance with
paragraph 5 of Article IX and paragraph 4 of Article X.
Article VIII
Meetings and Procedures of the Council
1. The Council shall establish its own rules of pro-
cedure.
2. Meetings of the Council shall be presided over by a
Chairman, chosen from among the delegates to the Council.
3. The Council shall hold at least one meeting each year
at which the annual budget for the ensuing year shall be
considered. It is empowered to convene and hold meetings
at such times and at such places as it may decide. The
Chairman shall cause a meeting to be convened if requested
to do so by not less than one-half of the Members. The
first meeting of the Council (which shall be a budget
meeting) shall be held at such time after the coming into
force of this Statute and at such place as may be desig-
nated by the Caribbean Commission.
4. Meetings of the Council shaU preferably be held in
the territory of each of the Members in turn, and a simi-
lar principle, where appropriate, shall be followed with
regard to all other activities of the Organization.
5. The first Chairman shall be elected at the first meet-
ing and shall hold office until the end of the ensuing year.
Thereafter the Chairmanship shall rotate in accordance
with such rules of procedure as the Council may adopt,
provided always that a Chairman shall not be of the same
nationality as the preceding Chairman.
July 11, I960
Article IX
Voting in the Council
1. Subject to paragraph 2 of this Article, each delegate
shall be entitled to cast one vote, but the delegation of the
Republic of France shall be entitled to cast three votes.
2. Matters of procedure shall be decided by the Council
by a simple majority of the votes cast. Except as pro-
vided for in paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of this Article,
subparagraph (f ) (i) of Article VII, and paragraphs 3
and 4 of Article XII, all other matters, including disputes
as to the classification of any matter as procedural or
substantive, shall be decided by a two-thirds majority
of the votes cast. However, when a decision or recom-
mendation is adopted by a two-thirds majority of the
votes cast, any Member may declare that the decision or
recommendation will not be applicable as far as it is con-
cerned. Where, in respect of a matter to be decided by a
simple majority of the votes cast, the votes are equally
divided, the Chairman shall have a. casting vote. If the
Chairman does not in such a case use his casting vote, the
motion for decision shall be lost.
3. The Council shall examine drafts of the annual
budget and any supplementary budgets submitted by the
Secretary-General. Voting on the total figure of a budget,
annual or supplementary, shall be preceded by a vote on
each budget head. Each budget head shall be approved
by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast. The total
of a budget, annual or supplementary, .shall be approved
by a unanimous vote. In the event that it is not pos-
sible to obtain a unanimous vote on the budget for any
year, the budget voted for the previous year shall remain
in force and the Members shall continue to make the
same contribution as they made during the preceding
year.
4. The adoption and amendment of the Rules of Pro-
cedure shall require unanimity of the votes cast.
5. The appointment of the Secretary-General shall re-
quire unanimity of the votes cast.
6. For the purpose of this Statute, "the votes cast"
means votes cast affirmatively or negatively. Absten-
tions shall not be considered as votes cast.
Article X
The Central Secretariat
1. The Organization shall maintain in the Caribbean
area a Central Secretariat to serve the Council and its
conferences, committees and auxiliary bodies.
2. The Secretary-General shall be the chief adminis-
trative officer of the Organization. He shall be responsible
for carrying out all directives of the Council.
3. Subject to the staff rules issued by the Council and
any further directives he may receive from the Council,
the Secretary-General shall appoint and dismiss the staff
of the Organization.
4. In the appointment of the Secretary-General and
other members of the staff of the Central Secretariat,
primary consideration shall be given to the technical and
personal qualifications of the candidates. To the extent
possible consistent with this consideration, the staff shall
be recruited within the Caribbean area and with a view
to obtaining equitable national representation.
71
5. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-
General and staff shall not seek, receive or observe in-
structions from any Government, from any Member, or
from any authority external to the Organization. The
Secretary -General and staff shall refrain from any action
which might reflec-t on their position as international
officials responsible only to the Organization.
6. Each Jlember undertakes to respect the exclusively
international character of the functions of the Secretary-
General and staff and not to seek to influence them in the
discharge of their responsibilities.
Article XI
Fimmces
1. The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by
the Members in proportions to be specified in an appro-
priate arrangement arrived at unanimously by the
Members.
2. The fiscal year of the Organization shall be the
calendar year.
3. The Secretary-General shall prepare and submit to
the Council the draft of an annual budget and such
supplementary budgets as may be required by the Or-
ganization and shall submit them to the Members at least
one month prior to their discussion by the Council. Upon
approval of the budget, the total amount thereof shall
be allocated among the Members in the proportions arrived
at in accordance with paragraph 1 of thi.s Article. Each
Member shall undertake, subject to the requirements of
its constitutional procedures, to contribute promptly to
a Joint Fund to be established by the Members such
annual and supplementary sums as may be charged to
each in accordance with the arrangement referred to in
paragraph 1.
4. The Secretary-General shall hold and administer the
Joint Fund of the Organization and shall keep proper ac-
counts thereof. The Council shall make arrangements
satisfactory to the Members for the audit of the accounts
of the Organization. The audited statements shall be
forwarded annually to each Member.
5. The expenses of delegates or delegations attending
meetings sponsored by the Organization shall be borne
by the Members whom they respectively represent.
Article XII
Ot)servers
1. The Parties to the Agreement to which this Statute
is annexed shall be entitled to send to all meetings held
under the auspices of the Organization observers who
shall have the right to speak but not to vote.
2. Any prospective Member of the Organization shall
be entitled to send to all meetings held under the auspices
of the Organization observers who shall have the right
to speak but not to vote.
3. The Council may, if it so decides by a unanimous
vote, and subject to the approval of the Parties to the
Agreement to which this Statute is annexed, authorize
the Secretary-General to issue to any Government having
interests in the Caribbean area not being a Party to the
Agreement to which this Statute is annexed an invita-
tion to send observers to any meeting held under the
auspices of the Organization.
4. The Council may, if it so decides by a unanimous
vote, authorize the Secretary-General to issue to the or-
ganizations, universities, foundations and similar institu-
tions as referred to in subparagraph (f) of Article VII,
an invitation to send observers to any meeting held under
the auspices of the Organization.
Article XIII
Relationships with Oovcrnmenta not Parties to the
Agreement
The Organization in all its activities shall bear in mind
the desirability of strengthening international cooperation
in social, cultural and economic matters with Governments
having an interest in such matters in the Caribbean area
but not being Parties to the Agreement to which this
Statute is annexed.
Article XIV
Immunities
Each Member undertakes to accord, so far as possible
under its constitutional procedures, to the Organization,
the Secretary-General and appropriate personnel of the
Central Secretariat such privileges and immunities as
may be necessary for the independent exercise of their
functions, and to the Central Secretariat inviolability of
its buildings, premises, archives and assets.
Article XV
Languages
The English, French, Netherlands and Spanish lan-
guages shall be the official languages of the Organization.
The working languages shall be English and French.
Article XVI
Transfer of Assets and Liabilities of the Carihhean
Commission
With effect from the termination of the Agi-oement for
the Establishment of the Caribbean Commission under
Article IV of the Agreement to which this Statute is
annexed, the Organization, as the successor body to the
Caribbean Commission, is authorized to take over all the
assets and shall assume all the liabilities of the Carib-
bean Commission.
Article XVII
Saving Clause
No provision of this Statute shall be interpreted as
affecting the present or future constitutional status of
the Members of the Organization, or, where applicable,
the present or future constitutional relations of any of
the aforesaid Members with the Parties to the Agreement
to which this Statute is annexed.
Article XVIII
Amendment of Statute
Amendment to this Statute shall require the unanimous
approval of the Members of the Organization and of the
Parties to the Agreement to which this Statute is annexed.
Department of Sfofe Bullefin
Article XIX
Entry into Farce
This Statute shall enter into force immediately after :
(a) there has been received by the Secretary-General
of the Caribbean Commission notification pursuant to
paragraph 1 of Article IV from at least six of the prospec-
tive Members of the Organization ; and
(b) the Parties to the Agreement to which this Statute
is annexed have signed a Joint Declaration under para-
graph 2 of Article V of that Agreement.
Aeticle XX
Transitional Provisions
Until such time as the Secretary-General of the Organi-
zation is appointed and is able to assume the duties of
his office, the Secretary-General of the Caribbean Com-
mission shall be the Secretary-General of the Organiza-
tion with power to appoint a staff on a temporary basis.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Antarctica
The Antarctic Treaty. Signed at Washington December
1, 1059.'
Ratification deposited: Union of South Africa, June 21,
1960.
Caribbean Organization
Agreement for establishment of the Caribbean Organiza-
tion, and annexed statute. Signed at Washington June
21, 1960, by France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and
United States. Enters into force on signature of a
joint declaration by signatory Governments following
deposits of instruments of approval or acceptance with
the United States and receipt by the Secretary General
of the Caribbean Commission of notifications of accept-
ance of obligations imposed by the statute from not less
than six prosiiective members of the Organization.^
BILATERAL
Argentina
Agreement providing a grant to assist in the acquisition
of certain nuclear research and training equipment and
materials. Effected by exchange of notes at Buenos
Aires September 9, 1959, and May 23, 1960. Entered
into force May 23, 1960.
Austria
Agreement for the extension of time for the fulfillment
by Austrian citizens of the conditions and formalities
prescribed by the copyright laws of the United States.
" Not in force.
' The prospective members are : the Republic of France
for the Departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and
Martinique; the Netherlands Antilles; Surinam; the
Bahamas; British Guiana; British Honduras; the British
Virgin Islands ; The West Indies ; the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico ; and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
July n, J 960
Effected by exchange of notes at Washington June 15,
1960. Entered into force June 15, 1960.
Chile
Agricultural commodities agreement under title I of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, as amended (68 Stat. 455; 7 U.S.C. 1701-1709),
with memorandum of understanding and exchanges of
notes. Signed at Santiago June 2, 1960. Entered into
force June 2, 1960.
Dominican Republic
Agreement extending the technical cooperation vocational
education program agreement of March 16, 1951, as
amended (TIAS 2244, 2544, 2994, and 3358). Effected
by exchange of notes at Ciudad Trujillo June 2 and 7,
1960. Entered into force June 7, 1960.
Japan
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, with agreed
minute and exchange of notes. Signed at Washington
January 19, 1960.
Senate advice and consent to ratification given: June 22,
1960.
Ratified by the President: June 22, 19C0.
Ratifications exchanged: June 23, 1960.
Entered into force: June 23, 1960.
Agreement under article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Co-
operation and Security regarding facilities and areas
and the status of U.S. armed forces in Japan, with
agreed minutes and exchange of notes providing for the
settlement of certain claims against the U.S. forces by
former employees. Signed at Washington January 19,
1960.
Entered into force: June 23, 1900.
Yugoslavia
Agricultural commodities agreement under title I of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, as amended (68 Stat. 455; 7 U.S.C. 1701-1709),
with exchanges of notes. Signed at Belgrade June 3,
1900. Entered into force June 3, 1960.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
African Posts Elevated to Embassies
Dakar
The Department of State announced on June 20 (press
release 338) that the American consulate general at Dakar,
Federation of Mali, was elevated on that date to an em-
lias.sy upon formal attainment of independence by the Fed-
eration, which is composed of the former autonomous re-
publics of the French Community, Senegal and Soudan.
The Federation attained its independence through nego-
tiation with France.
Donald A. Dumont, a career Foreign Service oflScer, who
has been consul general at Dakar since December 1957,
has been named Charge d'Affaires.
The United States has been represented in Dakar since
December 1940, when a consulate was opened there.
73
Official celebration of the independence of the Federa-
tion of Mali has been scheduled for January 17, 1961, the
second anniversary of the Federation of Senegal and
Soudan.
Tatianarive
The Department of State announced on June 25 (press
release 352 dated June 24) that the American consulate
at Tananarive, Malagasy Republic, is being elevated to
an embassy on June 26, 1960, upon formal attainment of
independence by this former autonomous republic of the
French Community. Malagasy attained its Independence
through negotiation veith France.
John Roland Jacobs, a career Foreign Service officer,
who has been consul at Tananarive since April 1959, when
the consulate was reopened there, has been named Charg6
d'AfCalres.
Official celebration of the independence of the Malagasy
Republic has been schedule<l for July 30-31, 1960.
amended. Exchange of notes — Signed at Bangkok Feb-
ruary 1, 1960. Entered into force February 1, 1960.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities. TIAS 4415. 5 pp.
5«!.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Poland, amending agreement of June 10, 1959, as amended.
Signed at Washington February 11, 1960. Entered into
force February 11, 19G0. With exchange of notes.
Atomic Energy— Cooperation for Civil Uses. TIAS 4416.
20 pp. 15<t.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Venezuela, superseding agreement of July 21, 1955.
Signed at Washington October 8, 1958. Entered into force
February 9, 1960.
Grant for Procurement of Nuclear Research and Training
Equipment and Materials. TIAS 4421. 6 pp. 5(*.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Colombia. Exchange of notes — Signed at Bogotd July 31,
1959, and January 11, 1980. Entered into force January
11, 1960.
Designations
John W. Johnston, Jr., as ICA Deputy Regional Director
for Latin America, effective June 26. (For biographic
details, see Department of State press release 349 dated
June 24.)
PUBLICATIONS
Recent Releases
For sale hy the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Oov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, B.C. Address
requests direct to the Superintendent of Documents, ex-
cept in the case of free puMioatimis, which may he ob-
tained from the Department of State
Air Force Mission. TIAS 4410. 3 pp. 54-
Agreement between the United States of America and
El Salvador, extending agreement of November 21, 1957,
as modified. Exchange of notes — Signed at San Salvador
January 15 and 22, 1960. Entered into force January
22, 1960. Operative retroactively November 21, 1959.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities. TIAS 4412. 3 pp.
54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Indonesia, amending agreement of May 29, 1959, as
amended. Exchange of notes — Signed at Djakarta No-
vember 18, 1959. Entered into force November 18, 1959.
Economic Assistance to Yemen. TIAS 4413. 10 pp. 10(*.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Yemen. Exchange of notes — Signed at Taiz August 3 and
5, October 18, and November 8, 1959. Entered into force
November 8, 1959.
United States Educational Foundation in Thailand.
TIAS 4414. 5 pp. 54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Tliailand, amending agreement of July 1, 1950, as
74
Ciieck List of Department of.State
Press Releases: June 20-26
Press releases may be obtained from the Office
of News, Department of State, Washington 25. D.C.
Releases issued prior to June 20 which appear in
this issue of the Binj-ETiN are Nos. 324 of June 14
and 330 of June 15.
Subject
Martin : Senate Foreign Relations
Committee.
Post at Dakar raised to embassy (re-
write).
Agreement for establishing Caribbean
Organization.
Martin : Senate Foreign Relations
Committee.
Educational exchange (rewrite).
Educational exchange agreement with
Norway extended.
Herter : House Committee on Agri-
culture.
Cultural exchange (Finland).
Delegate to ECE Steel Committee (re-
write).
Thai paintings and exhibit.
Brown nominated Ambassador to Laos
(biographic details).
Thayer: "African Problems and U.S.
Programs."
Johnston designated ICA Deputy Re-
gional Director for Latin America
(biographic details).
Thayer : "Advancing Freedom in a
Scientific and Technical World."
Herter : anniversary of U.N. action in
Korea (combined with No. 353).
Post at Tananarive raised to embassy
(rewrite).
Herter : news conference.
Visit of King and Queen of Thailand.
Herter-Wiley : correspondence on
President's visit to Japan.
*Not printed.
tHeld for a later issue of the Bulletin.
No.
Date
336
6/21
338
6/20
339
6/21
340
6/21
341
342
6,'21
6/21
343
6/22
*344
t345
6/22
6/22
t346
*347
6/23
6/23
*348
6/24
*349
6/24
*350
6/24
351
6/24
352
6/24
3.53
t354
355
6/24
6/24
6/24
Department of State Bulletin
July 11, 1960 Ini
Agriculture. Presidential Authority Sought To Re-
duce Sugar Quotas (Herter) 58
American Republics
International Coiumunism in Latin America (Ru-
bottom) 60
Johnston designated ICA deputy regional director . 74
Secretary Herter's News Conference of June 24 . 39
Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty (Phleger) . . 49
Austria. U.S. Gives Austria l-Tear Extension on
Copyright Registration, Renewal (text of proc-
lamation) 64
Caribbean. Agreement for Establishment of Carib-
bean Organization Signed at Washington (test
of agreement and draft statute) 6S
Chile. Secretary Herter's News Conference of
June 24 39
Communism. International Communism in Latin
America (Rubottom) 60
Congress, Tlie
The Antarctic Treaty (Phleger) 49
Congressional Documents Relating to Foreign
Policy 59
Department Requests Restoration of Funds in 1961
Budget (Herter) 44
Department Supports Industrial Property Conven-
tion Revision and Commercial Treaties With
Paliistan and France (Martin) 52
International Communism in Latin America (Ru-
bottom) 60
Presidential Authority Sought To Reduce Sugar
Quotas (Herter) 58
Secretary Replies to Senator Wiley on President's
Missions Abroad (Herter, Wiley) 47
Cuba
Presidential Authority Sought To Reduce Sugar
Quotas (Herter) 58
Secretary Herter's News Conference of June 24 . 39
Department and Foreign Service
African Posts Elevated to Embassies 73
Department Requests Restoration of Funds in 1961
Budget (Herter) 44
Designations (Johnston) 74
Economic Affairs
Department Supports Industrial Property Conven-
tion Revision and Commercial Treaties With
Paliistan and France (Martin) 52
U.S. Gives Austria 1-Year Extension on Copyright
Registration, Renewal (text of proclamation) . 64
Educational and Cultural Affairs
110 American Teachers Participate in Summer
Seminars Abroad 48
U.S. and Norway Agree To Extend Educational Ex-
change Program 64
France
Agreement for Establishment of Caribbean Organ-
ization Signed at Washington (text of agreement
and draft statute) 68
Department Supports Industrial Property Conven-
tion Revision and Commercial Treaties With
Paliistan and France (Martin) 52
lex Vol. XLIII No. 1098
Hungary. ILO Conference Votes "No Decision" on
Hungarian Delegation's Credentials (Hender-
son) 66
International Organizations and Conferences. ILO
Conference Votes "No Decision" on Hungarian
Delegation's Credentials (Henderson) . . . 66
Japan
Secretary Herter's News Conference of June 24 . 39
Secretary Replies to Senator Wiley on President's
Missions Abroad (Herter, Wiley) 47
Korea. Secretary Herter's News Conference of
June 24 39
Malagasy Republic. African Posts Elevated to Em-
bassies 7.3
Mali, Federation of. African Posts Elevated to
Embassies 73
Mutual Security. Johnston designated ICA deputy
regional director for Latin America 74
Netherlands. Agreement for Establishment of
Caribbean Organization Signed at Washington
(text of agreement and draft statute) .... 68
Norway. U.S. and Norway Agree To Extend Edu-
cational Exchange Progi-am 64
Pakistan. Department Supports Industrial Prop-
erty Convention Revision and Commercial
Treaties With Paliistan and France (Martin) . 52
Presidential Documents. U.S. Gives Austria 1-Year
Extension on Copyright Registration, Renewal . 64
Publications. Recent Releases 74
Treaty Information
Agreement for Establishment of Caribbean Organ-
ization Signed at Washington (text of agreement
and draft statute) 68
The Antarctic Treaty (Phleger) 49
Current Actions 7S
Department Supports Industrial Property Conven-
tion Revision and Commercial Treaties With
Pakistan and France (Martin) 52
U.S. and Norway Agree To Extend Educational Ex-
change Program 64
U.S.S.R. Secretary Herter's News Conference of
June 24 B»
United Kingdom. Agreement for Establishment of
Caribbean Organization Signed at Washington
(text of agreement and draft statute) .... 68
United Nations. Confirmation of U.S. Representa-
tives to Fifteenth General Assembly 67
Name Index
Eisenhower, President 64
Henderson, Horace E 66
Herter, Secretary 39, 44, 47, 58
Johnston, John W 74
Martin, Edwin M '^2
Phleger, Herman 49
Rubottom, R. R., Jr 60
Wiley, Alexander 47
ii %^ ^
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The British Commonwealth, The Far East
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of the United States, 194.2, Volume /, General, The British Com-
monwealth, The Far East. This is the first of the six regular
annual volumes scheduled for publication in the Foreign Rela-
tions series for 1942.
Subjects treated in tlie General section include the United
Nations Declaration, the Permanent Court, war crimes, relief
problems, postwar economic and financial planning, exchange of
officials and nonofficials with enemy countries, protests by neutrals
against certain features of the Selective Service Act, and inter-
national agreements regarding wheat, sugar, and tin.
The section on the British Conunon wealth of Nations relates to
agreements with the several members of the Commonwealth in
connection with the conduct of the war and to the interest of the
United States in situations affecting the war effort.
The Far East section contains corresjjondence regarding Japan,
Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand.
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XLIII, No. 1099
July 18, 1960
4E
FFICIAL
EEKLY RECORD
F
NITED STATES
3REIGN POLICY
UNITED STATES SUBMITS TO EVTER-AMERICAN
PEACE COMMITTEE MEMORANDUM ON PRO-
VOCATIVE ACTIONS OF CUBAN GOVERNMENT , 79
TEN-NATION CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT
TERMINATED BY SOVIET WALKOUT
U.S. Note, July 2 88
Department Statement, June 27 89
U.S. Disarmament Proposals, June 27 90
Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Eisenhower,
June 27 92
MUTUAL SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL
YEAR 1961 • Statements by Secretary Herter and Under
Secretary Dillon 107
SECURITY COUNCIL CONSIDERS ARGENTINE COM-
PLAINT ON EICHMANN CASE • Statements by
Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge and Text of Resolution . . 115
THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA IN
1959 • Article by Walther Lederer and I\ancy F. Culbertson . 94
Boston l^ublic Librarvr. . . . . i i .
tor index see inside back cover
-Supcrintenaent ot L>ocument^
AUG 2 y 1960
nPon^iTrkDv
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XLIII, No. 1099 • Publication 7032
July 18, 1960
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 26, D.O.
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approved by the Director of the Bureau of
the Budget (January 20, 1958).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and items contained herein may
be reprinted. Citation of the Depabtment
or State Biillbtin as the source will bo
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Office of Public Services, Bureau of
Public Affairs, provides the public
and interested agencies of the
Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
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special articles on various phases of
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United States Submits to Inter-American Peace Committee
IVIemorandum on Provocative Actions of Cuban Government
Press release 368 dated June 29
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
The United States Government submitted to the
Inter-American Peace Committee on Jmie 27,
1960, for its information, a memorandum entitled
"Provocative Actions of the Government of Cuba
Against the United States Wliich Have Served To
Increase Tensions in the Caribbean Area." A
copy of the memorandum is attached.
The memorandum was submitted in response to
previous requests made by the Peace Committee
to the American governments for information and
points of view regarding international tensions in
the Caribbean area. This is a subject which is
being studied by the Committee in accordance with
the assignment given it by resolution IV of the
meeting of American Foreign Ministers held in
Santiago, Chile, last August.^
The memorandum refers only to one aspect of
the problem of Caribbean tensions. The United
States has already furnished certain information
to the Peace Committee in comiection with this
problem and will continue to provide such infor-
mation as is relevant to the Committee's study.
TEXT OF MEMORANDUM
Provocative Actions op the Government of Cuba
Against the United States Which Have Served To
Increase Tensions in the Caribbean Area
For over a year the Government of the United States
and other governments of the hemisphere have been in-
creasingly concerned over the rising tensions in the
Caribbean area and the consequent threat to the peace
and stability of the hemisphere. In response to the pre-
vious requests made by the Inter- American Peace Com-
mittee of the American governments for information and
' Bui-LETIN of Sept. 7, 1959, p. 342.
July 18, 1960
points of view regarding this subject, this memorandum
is being presented to provide information to the Com-
mittee about one aspect of the foreign policy of the
Government of Cuba which, because of its provocative
character, has contributed, and continues to contribute,
to international tensions in the Caribbean area.
The Government of Cuba has for many months con-
ducted an intense campaign of distortions, half-truths,
and outright falsehoods against the United States Gov-
ernment, Its officials, and the people of the United States.
The United States has responded to these hostile attitudes
and actions of the Cuban Government with patience and
forbearance in the hope of avoiding to the extent possible
impairment of the friendliness and mutual confidence
which traditionally have existed between the two coun-
tries and their peoples.
This exercise of restraint, however, has been in vain.
The reaction of the Government of Cuba has been to
intensify its attacks and expressions of hostility toward
the Government and people of the United States. The
United States Government considers this systematic cam-
paign of hostile propaganda to be offensive and unwar-
ranted and so informed the Government of Cuba in an
aide-memoire of June 4, 1960, a copy of which accom-
panies this memorandum (annex 1). A continuation of
these attacks cannot fail, in the opinion of the Govern-
ment of the United States, to contribute further to ten-
sions in the Caribbean area.
When problems or difficulties develop between member
governments of the Organization of American States,
the principles of the Organization require that those
governments make an earnest effort to ascertain the
facts and to seek solutions in good faith. This the
United States has sought to do with respect to the fre-
quent charges and attacks leveled by the Government
of Cuba at the United States. It is clear, however, that
the Government of Cuba, far from seeking to ascertain
facts, has preferred to exploit opportunities for exciting
suspicion and hostility on the basis of unfounded charges,
distortions and half-truths. The continuation of this
policy on the part of the Government of Cuba can in
the long run only result in undermining the principles of
inter-American cooperation and in making more diffi-
cult the maintenance of conditions of friendly, coopera-
tive relations to which all members of the Organization
of American States are committed.
79
La Coulre Incident
An illustration of the provocative attitude of tlie
Government of Cuba is given by tlie charges leveled
against the United States in connection with the explo-
sion aboard the French vessel, La Coiihre, vrhile it was
discharging ammunition in the Bay of Habana on March
4, 1960. The loss of life, the injury to persons and the
damage to property in connection with this tragic inci-
dent were the cause of widespread sorrow. The United
States Government promptly expressed its condolences
to the Government of Cuba over this tragedy. However,
within a few hours the propaganda agencies which reflect
the views of the Cuban Government implied that the
United States was responsible for the disaster. No evi-
dence whatsoever was adduced to support this implica-
tion, but statements made by the controlled Cuban press,
and by such well-known spokesmen of the Cuban Gov-
ernment as radio commentator Jose Pardo Llada, left no
doubt whatsoever that the United States stood accused by
the Cuban Government of perpetrating the explosion.
This attitude of the Cuban Government was then con-
firmed by Prime Minister Fidel Castro himself in a speech
on March 5 at the funeral of the victims of the La Couhre
incident. The Prime Minister identified the United States
as the responsible agent of the explosion while at the
same time admitting that "we do not have conclusive
evidence."
The United States has, of course, categorically rejected
these charges as having no foundation whatsoever.
Nevertheless, the Government of Cuba has preferred to
continue its campaign of charging the United States with
responsibility for the blowing up of this vessel while fail-
ing to provide any kind of substantiating evidence. It
has further aggravated the situation, exceeding the
bounds of normal diplomacy, by having its ambassadors
throughout Latin America give wide distribution, under
diplomatic frank, to Prime Minister Castro's speech of
March 5 in a pamphlet filled with tragic pictures of this
disaster. The obvious intent of this pamphlet was to leave
the impression that the United States was responsible for
the La Coubre incident. The same pamphlet was also
sent by the Cuban Amba.ssador on the Council of the Or-
ganization of American States to other members of the
Council. The Delegation of the United States on the
Council protested this action in a note of June 7, 1960, to
the Cuban representative, a copy of which is enclosed
for the records of the Committee (annex 2).
In addition, the text of Prime Minister Castro's speech
of March 5 was recently issued in a pamphlet of the
Government-controlled Confcdcracion de Trahajudorcs de
Cuba (CTC). By means of the illustration on the cover
and in the statements appearing in the introduction to
this pamplUet, the CTC clearly accuses the United States
Government as being responsible for the La Coubre
disaster.
Attack on U.S. Suhmarine
Recently a potentially grave incident involving armed
attack occurred on the high seas. A United States naval
vessel, the U.S.S. Sea Poacher, a submarine, while navi-
gating on the surface on the high seas in a recognized and
well-traveled sea lane, was fired upon without warning
by a Cuban Coast Guard patrol vessel on May 6, 1960.
The submarine was at the time approximately 11 miles
from the Cuban coast, as verified in a careful investiga-
tion of the incident made by the United States naval
authorities.
In line with its policy of attempting to maintain an
atmosphere of peace and calm In the Caribbean area and
to avoid misunderstandings, the Government of the United
States originally made no public mention of the incident
Neither the submarine commander nor this Government
could quite believe that what at first appeared to be a
question of identification at sea (since red tracers from
the Cuban boat were mistaken by the submarine for
emergency distress signals and a failure of communica-
tions) was really an armed attack. It simply did not
occur to the commander that it was possible that the
naval vessel of an American country with which the
United States was at peace would open fire on a United
States vessel without cause.
It was not until May 13, 1960, when the Prime Minister
of Cuba, Dr. Fidel Castro, in a televised speech in Ha-
bana, referred to the matter, that the Government of the
United States learned for the first time what actually had
happened. This is a translation of Dr. Castro's words :
"On the sixth of May at 22 hours, the coast guard cutter
Oriente sighted five miles off the coast of Matanzas a
North American submarine which it followed and reached
near Cape Blanco, firing several shots at it until it identi-
fied itself as the C-i-CL."
It must be stressed that Dr. Castro in his remarks stated
that the U.S.S. Sea Poacher was five miles away from the
Cuban coast. The point is important because four para-
graphs later in the same speech the Cuban Prime Minister
stated categorically that three miles is the limit of Cuban
territorial waters. Hence there can be no question even
in Dr. Castro's mind about the fact that the United States
craft was on the high seas.
On May 14, 1960, the Cuban Charge d'Affaires was asked
to call at the Department of State and was informed of
the astonishment and of the protest of the Government
of the United States over the Cuban action. An explana-
tion of this action was requested ; however, none has been
received from the Cuban Government, and on June 11,
1960, Dr. Castro said in a television speech that none
will be given. Thus, in this hostile act on the high seas
Cuban authorities demonstrated a preference for pro-
moting unfriendly relations rather than for ascertaining
facts and seeking amicable solutions.
For purposes of the record, there is attached a state-
ment prepared by the United States Department of the
Navy giving the facts of the encounter on May 6 of the
Cuban coast guard vessel Oriente and the U.S.S. Sea
Poacher (annex3).
Air Incursions
The President of Cuba, while recently visiting other
countries in Latin America, continued the Cuban Gov-
ernment's attacks against the United States. At a press
conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, for instance, Prcsi-
dent [Osvaldo] Dorticos spoke about air incursions against
Cuba by "North American" planes flown by "North Amer-
ican" pilots from "North American" bases, implying that
80
Deparfmenf of Sfate Bulletin
these flights were inspired or tolerated by the United
States Government. He referred to the circumstances
that in Argentina he had been asked if the planes and
pilots belonged to the United States Air Force. He dis-
missed the inquiry as a naive question, but then made
clear his intent by referring to "two North American
pilots" blown up at the Cuban sugar mill "Central
Espana." He said that he did not want to assert that
the Unite<l States Government was sponsoring these in-
cursions because he did not have evidence, but he then
proceeded to imply that the United States Government
loolied with favor on these flights.
This matter of air incursions over Cuba and the im-
plication that the United States Government is a party to
these operations is a constant theme expounded by Cuban
Government oflicials and by the ofijcial press and radio
In Cuba, despite repeated United States reassurances to
the Cuban Government on this point.
On October 27, 1959, Ambassador [Philip W.] Bonsai
discussed with the Cuban President and Minister of State
the over-all state of current United States relations with
Cuba. The Ambassador made clear the sympathetic in-
terest which the people and Government of the United
States had taken in the freedom and well-being of the
Cuban people and nation, and said that it remained the
sincere desire of the United States that relations between
it and Cuba should be based on friendship, mutual re-
spect, and mutual interest. The Ambassador also stated
that the United States Government and its oflicials had
scrupulously avoided statements or actions, especially
those of an intemperate nature, which would impair the
mutual resjject and feeling of confidence necessary to
healthy and productive relations between Cuba and the
United States. He referred specifically to the problem
of air Incursions and assured the Cuban Government
that the United States would continue diligently to in-
vestigate and take all appropriate action within the law
in any such cases and would welcome specific Information
and evidence from the Government of Cuba to assist in
law enforcement. The Ambassador stated that the United
States deeply deplored incidents of this kind and that it
was prepared to use to the full measure all of its facilities
to prevent infractions of the law. At the same time the
Ambassador rejected all inferences that the Government
of the United States, its officials, or the people of the
United States would give support to or countenance illegal
activities against the Government of Cuba. A copy of
the Department of State press release of October 27, 1959,
Issued in conjunction with Ambassador Bonsai's call on
the President of Cuba, is attached for the information of
the Committee (annex 4).
Despite these assurances, the Government of Cuba and
its controlled propaganda agencies continue to make im-
plied charges of United States-inspired air incursions
against Cuba in an obvious attempt to stir up animosity
toward the United States within Cuba and throughout
the hemisphere. Siieeches and sensational news articles
containing deliberate distortions have been resorted to in
the making of these charges.
Because of the seriousness of these oft-repeated charges
against the United States, it is considered important to
review the facts concerning such flights as well as the
actions taken by the United States Government to prevent
the use of its territory as a base of illegal activities against
Cuba.
In October 1959, Major Diaz Lanz, former Chief of the
Cuban Air Force in the Cuban Government, left United
States territory in an unarmed plane without the knowl-
edge of the United States authorities. Major Diaz Lanz
flew over Cuba and droi)ped propaganda leaflets on the
City of Habana. Prime Minister Castro promptly charged
that Major Diaz Lanz had also dropped bombs on the City
of Habana causing damage to human life and property.
His charge completely disregarded the report of the Na-
tional Police of Cuba that the Diaz Lanz plane had not
been observed to have engaged In either bombing or
strafing.
On his return to the United States, Major Diaz Lanz was
apprehended by United States authorities and his plane
was seized and examined. It was clearly established that
the plane could not have carried or dropped bombs or
mounted machine guns and that the only activity in which
Major Diaz Lanz had engaged was the dropping of propa-
ganda leafiets. The United States Government expressed
its regret for this incident publicly and issued a press
release on November 9 (copy attached as annex 5) con-
cerning the results of its investigation which showed that
only propaganda leaflets had been dropped. The informa-
tion obtained in the investigation was also communicated
officially to the Cuban Government by the United States in
a note of November 9, 1959, a copy of which Is attached
(annex 6).
Despite the prompt and energetic action taken by the
United States Government, and its expressions of regret
for the incident, the Cuban Government and its propa-
ganda agencies have continued to foment the idea that
Habana had been "bombed." As recently as May 31, 1960,
the United States Government had to protest strongly in a
note (copy attached as annex 7) the dissemination in the
United States by the Cuban Consulates General in New
York City and Miami of a pamphlet entitled "Cuba De-
nounces Before the World." This pamphlet repeated the
unfounded allegations that on October 21, 1959, the City
of Habana had been bombed with explosives and strafed
from two aircraft based in the United States and implied
that the United States Government countenanced these
flights. This continued disregard by the Cuban Govern-
ment of facts surrounding a serious international inci-
dent, and its continued use of proven untruths, is an out-
standing example of the provocative policy being followed
by the Cuban Government with respect to its relations
with the United States.
A second illegal harassment fiight which is believed to
have originated in the United States involved a light plane
which on February 18, 1960, exploded in mid-air over a
Cuban cane field under circumstances which have never
been clarified. The two pilots, one a United States citizen
and the other a Cuban, were killed. Again the United
States expressed publicly to Cuba its regrets over this
Illegal flight.
A third flight on March 20-21 involved two United States
citizens, William J. Shergalis and Howard Rundquist,
whose plane was damaged by Cuban gunfire as It landed
on a highway In Cuba. A Grand Jury In a United States
July 18, 7960
81
District Court, Miami, Florida, has completed an investi-
gation of this flight, and as a result has indicted Shergalis
and one Hector Garcia Soto for acting as agents of the
Cuban Government without having filed with the Attorney
General of the United States the registration statement re-
quired by United States law. The indictment, a copy of
which is attached (annex 8), states that acting under the
direction of the Government of Cuba, Shergalis and Garcia
arranged for the airplane flight which left Fort Lauder-
dale, Florida, on March 20, and ended in Cuba on March 21.
It may be added that Garcia, at the time, was a Cuban
employee of the Cuban Consulate in MiamL
A fourth ap])arently illegal flight, which took place in
May, resulted in the death of a light plane's single occu-
pant, the pilot, a United States citizen, who was shot and
killed in Cuba reportedly when attempting to pick up
several Cuban passengers. This incident is still under
investigation by the United States authorities.
There are no other cases where there is any substantial
evidence known to the United States authorities that air
incursions over Cuba have originated in the United States.
Nevertheless, it is recognized that the long Florida coast
line, the presence in that state of considerable numbers of
Cuban political refugees, and the numerous airports in
the general area constitute a combination of factors con-
ducive to the undertaking of adventures against Cuba.
Therefore, the United States has taken most unusual
precautions against illegal air incursions from its terri-
tory affecting Cuba.' These measures have been ex-
plained in detail in United States communications ' to the
Inter-American Peace Committee dated November 9, 1959,
and March 30, 1960. They constitute the most rigorous
and elaborate system of controls ever adoi^ted by the
United States Government in time of peace. Yet the
Cuban Government has shown no recognition of the ef-
forts of the United States to stop such activities, and has
continued to picture the United States Government as
permitting and encouraging continuous and numerous
deliberate air incursions against Cuba, an allegation
which is completely unfounded.
Furthermore, the United States Government has on
various occasions formally requested the cooperation of
the Government of Cuba in supplying data with regard
to air incursions (such as time, type of plane, its move-
ments, etc. ) which would assist United States authorities
in determining their origin and otherwise aid them in
investigative and policing efforts. At no time has the
Government of Cuba provided the United States with the
information requested, thus demonstrating once more its
lack of interest in ascertaining facts as a basis for re-
solving problems.
False AllegatiMis by Cnban Officials of United States
Aggression Against Cuba
According to Rcvoluci6n, officially inspired news organ
published in Habana by the 26th of July Movement,
President Dorticos in his recent Montevideo press confer-
' For a Department of Justice announcement of Nov. 1
and a letter from Secretary Herter regarding intensifica-
tion of enforcement of U.S. laws governing departure for
Cuba, see ibid., Nov. 23, 1959, p. 757.
' Not printed here.
82
ence was asked about the danger of armed aggression
against Cuba. The President said in effect that when it
came it would be from the United States. He said that
the revolutionary government was not worried by the
threat of invasion from Batista followers, counterrevolu-
tionaries, or war criminals. But he added that there was
a maneuver for aggression afoot. It is obvious from Dr.
Dortico.s' position that he was accusing the United States
Government of planning an armed attack on Cuba, for
which it was using Communist penetration in Cuba as an
excuse.
As recently as June 8, 1960, in a particularly hostile and
vitriolic speech, Dr. Fidel Castro again accused the
United States of planning an armed attack on Cuba when
he said that if the United States invaded Cuba, this island
would become another Algeria. Throughout this speech,
Dr. Castro frequently referred to an impending invasion
and when he stated that "if they try to attack us, they
shall be defeated" there was no question but that "they"
referred to the United States.
In a speech on the following day, June 9, 1960, Dr.
Castro charged that blind egotistical forces of the United
States threatened to sow more violence and death in Cuba
than the blind forces of nature had caused in Chile. In
the same speech. Dr. Castro injected, the La Coubre dis-
aster once more, stating that this incident was still fresh
in everybody's mind and that it was provoked by power-
ful interests which wanted to destroy the revolution. He
further said that this type of disaster was much worse
than those resulting from natural causes because it was
criminally conceived and executed. The reference to the
United States within the context of his speech was very
clear.
The United States has repeatedly stated that it has no
aggressive designs against Cuba. Its conduct toward
Cuba has consistently and repeatedly demonstrated that it
has no such designs. It strongly supported the recom-
mendation of the Fifth Meeting of Consultation of
Foreign Ministers for the strict observance of the nonin-
tervention principle by all member states of the Organiza-
tion. Nevertheless, high officials of the Cuban Govern-
ment have continued to make false and provocative ac-
cusations to the effect that the United States intends to
attack Cuba directly or indirectly. These irresponsible
efforts of the Cuban Government to portray the United
States Government as planning an armed attack reflect a
provocative policy designed to foment tension and under-
mine the fabric of inter-American solidarity and
cooperation.
If the Cuban Government has any serious reason to
believe that attacks on Cuba are being organized in the
United States, its first obligation as a member of the
inter-American community is to bring any information it
may have on the matter to the attention of the United
States Government in order that the facts may be ob-
tained. Should these efforts fail, the appropriate pro-
cedure would be for the Government of Cuba to bring the
matter to the the attention of the proi)er organ of the
Organization of American States in order that it might be
considered in accordance with established inter-American
Iirocedures. The Cuban Government has on the contrary
taken neither action but has consistently preferred to air
Deparfmenf of %taie Bullefin
unfounded charges without substantiation and without
resorting to the methods which the American States have
established for the solution of such problems.
Cuban Propaganda Activity in the Diplomatic Sphere
The continuous attacks by the high oflScials of the
Cuban Government against oflBcials of the United States
Government have been augmented by vicious propaganda
carried out by many Cuban diplomatic missions and con-
sular establishments, including those within the United
States. For example : The Cuban Ambassador in Bolivia
[Jos(5 Antonio Tabares del Real] recently -stated, ". . .
words written in blood remain, reads the Spanish proverb,
yet the Yankees who surely must know the old adage do
not cease in their eagerness to civilize. They bomb us,
shell us, and impose treaties upon us."
Aside from the dubious propriety of this extraordinary
extension of the diplomatic function, statements of this
nature by Cuban diplomatic otficials, which have been
made against other American governments as well, serve
also to cause difficulties for the governments to which
these officials are accredited.
False Allegation of United States Complicity in a Plot
to Invade Nicaragua
On June 10, 1960, Prime Minister Castro in a television
program made statements that officials of the United
States Department of State had been participants in a
plot to embarrass the Cuban Government. The plot was
described as one in which an invasion attempt against
Nicaragua was to be mounted in Cuba under the leader-
ship of one Chester Lacayo, a Nicaraguan exile.
The allegations of United States involvement in any
such plot were, of course, entirely false. It can only be
assumed that this was a part of the deliberate campaign of
slander being undertaken by the Cuban Government to
create a false picture of the motives and actions of the
Government of the United States.
Some of the false statements which were made by Prime
Minister Castro were: (1) that Chester Lacayo met with
Secretary of State Herter and Assistant Secretary Rubot-
tom (the fact is that he did not meet with either of these
officials) ; and (2) that a telegram was sent to Lacayo
notifying him of an apjwintment with the Secretary of
State (no such telegram was ever sent by any official of
the Department of State). It must be assumed that these
false statements were made for the purpose of lending
some appearance of credibility to the fictitious account
as a whole.
False Allegations hy Cuban Press and Radio
The attacks against the United States by the Govern-
ment-inspired press and radio of Cuba have been and
continue to be even more virulent. A few of the more
extreme diatribes broadcasted by Unidn Radio and Radio
MamM are included below as evidence of the obvious
intent of the Cuban Government to further disturb rela-
tions between the two countries.
On December 11, 1959, Tony Fernandez, deputy director
of the Cuban Government-controlled station of the Cuban
Workers' Confederation, Unidti Radio, commented:
". . . Secretary Herter, with the characteristic hypoc-
risy he inherited from Foster Dulles, said that the United
July 78, 7 960
States was making sincere efforts to better its relations
with Latin America in general and with Panama and
Cuba In particular. Christian Herter knowingly lied. He
lies because what the United States has done and is doing
in Latin America is nothing but maintaining tyrants in
power . . . The Secretary of State lies when he says that
numerous attempts have been made to achieve a better
understanding with Cuba . . . Christian Herter brazenly
lies when he says the American Government has taken all
steps to discuss the differences that affect relations be-
tween the two coimtries and that the Cuban Government
gives no indication of being disposed to negotiate . . .
What Christian Herter calls negotiating is for the Repub-
lic to give itself over to the voracity of the octopuses . . .
Christian Herter's hyiiocrisy is such that he avoids making
his threatening statements through the official news
agency of the Yankee government, UPI, and appears on a
televised program to say that if Cuba does not want to
sell its sugar to the United States it will accept the offers
of other countries who are interested in selling their
sugar . . ."
Radio Mambi, an outlet of the Government-controlled
FIEL network (Frente Independiente de Emisoras
Libres), stated onJatvuary 15, 1960:
". . . We believe that the United States needs a good
revolution to sweep away completely that bunch of
prejudices that weighs on North American reality. We
believe that a good revolution is needed in the United
States to do away with the imperialist and colonialist
mentality of certain exploiting castes and to eliminate
forever from that grand nation the reactionary remora,
represented by the majority of its politicians."
Radio Mambi on January 22, 1960, stated :
". . . Within the revolting panorama of international
intrigues the most repugnant one is the shady, hypo-
critical, and moronic policy of the U.S. State Department.
Greatly to blame for this was a certain John Foster
Dulles — may God eonfoimd him for the immense pool of
innocent blood which his stupidity formed in the uucon-
quered fields of Korea ! That good man, fortunately now
dead, collected in a basket all the residues of the worst
systems put into effect by imperialism and then poured
tie bag of evil onto the anguish of the nations . . . John
Foster Dulles died of a terrible disease and was replaced
by his favorite disciple, a Mr. Herter, a robust wolf of
the imperialist den. Mr. Herter took over and began to
work to foil our revolution ... To the invocation of his
favorite disciple, errant and asinine spirit of Mr. Foster
Dulles appeared enveloped in sulphurous smoke and
whispered in Mr. Herter's ear several words which
brought a smile to the lips of the U.S. Secretary of State.
We do not know what Foster Dulles' disembodied soul
said to that rogue of a Mr. Herter, but we do know that
one fine day the old golf player who misrules the United
States packed his baggage and his little balls, together
with a map of the world. Mr. Herter, it is time you
stopped your filthy little game. Roll up your sleeves and
let us lay our cards on the table. Let us begin the game,
Mr. Herter, again if you like, but let us play without
tricks and without marked cards . . ."
Radio Mambi on March 1, 1960, referring to President
Eisenhower's trip to Latin America, stated :
". . . What a visit! It is a political joke. Why did
Eisenhower decide to visit only four South American
republics? He chose Brazil because a Mr. Kubitschek is
there. That gentleman still maintains the old putrid idea
of Pan Americanism. He chose Argentina because Mr.
Frondizi is an unhappy comedian who believes in the
democratic farce maintained by bayonets and who is
ready to sell his soul to the U.S. devil as long as he can
remain in power. Mr. Eisenhower chose Chile because a
83
Mr. Alessandri is there, a man who is ruling behind the
back of his people. He chose Uruguay because he could
not do otherwise. Since the country is in the path of his
tour, it would have been discourteous not to visit it. The
rest of iVmeriea does not mean a thing."
These attacks are the more insidious because the Cuban
authorities are aware that they are deliberate distortions
presented in such a manner as to inflame uninformed
Cuban and Latin American public opinion. Cuban of-
ficials have protested when the press and public of the
United States have expressed resentment over these un-
justified attacks. They could hardly have exi)ected any
other reaction to such distortions- Furthermore, since
freedom of the press has been so drastically curtailed in
Cuba, there is virtually no opportunity for the Cuban
people to learn the facts in this situation.
In conclusion, it must be stated that the Cuban Gov-
ernment's systematic and provocative campaign of
slander and hostile propaganda against the United States,
of which various examples have been cited in this memo-
randum, is a major contributor to international tensions
in the area of the Caribbean and of the hemisphere as a
whole.
Depabtment of State
Washington, D.G.
June 21, 1960
Annexes :
1. Text of aide-memoire to Foreign Ministry of Cuba, June 4,
1960.
2. Note to Cuban Representative on the Council of the Organi-
zation of American States, June 7, 1960.
3. Statement of the United States Department of the Navy,
May 6, 1960.
4. Department of State press release no. 760, October 27, 1959.
5. Department of State press release no. 781, November 9,
1959.
6. U.S. note to Cuban Ambassador, November 9, 1959.
7. U.S. note to Cuban Charge d'Affalres, May 31, 1960.
8. Indictment of Shergalls and Garcia.
ANNEXES TO MEMORANDUM
[For text of aide memoire to Foreign Ministry of Cuba,
June 4, 1960, see Bulxetin of June 20, 1960, page 994.]
[For text of note to Cuban Representative on the Coun-
cil of the Organization of American States, June 7, 1960,
see Bulletin of June 27, 1960, page 1028.]
Annex 3
Encounter of a Cuban Coast Guard Vessel and the
United States Submarine Sea Poacheb on Mat 6, 1960
On the evening of May 6, 1960, the United States Navy
Submarine Sea Poacher (SS 406) was en route from the
Naval Station, Guantanamo, Cuba to the Naval Base at
Key West, Florida. The Sea Poacher was navigating by
piloting along the north coast of Cuba through the Old
Bahama and the Nicholas Channels. At approximately
9 :30 p.m. while running on the surface on course 325° true,
speed 15 knots, at position 23 degrees 20 minutes north
latitude, SO degrees 16 minutes west longitude, a position
approximately eleven miles north of the coast of Cuba,
the bridge personnel on the Sea Poacher sighted the lights
of an approaching ship dead ahead. The Sea Poacher
attempted to exchange identifying signals with the ap-
proaching ship by the use of flashing light ; however the
unidentified ship replied with unintelligible light flashes
and appeared to be maneuvering toward the Sea Poacher.
The Sea Poacher, in accordance with International Rules
of the Road, sheered to starboard in order to effect a
"port-to-port" passage as required in a "meeting" situa-
tion. The unidentified shiii then maneuveretl to imrt in
such a manner that had the Sea Poacher resumed her
original course, a collision would have been probable.
Therefore Sea Poacher continued turning to starboard
until she was approximately 90 degrees from her original
course, and increased to maximum speed in order to open
the distance between the two ships and thus avert any
chance of collision. The unidentified ship fell in astern
of the Sea Poacher and, at a range of 2500 yards, fired
what appeared to be several red "flares". The Sea
Poacher continued opening the range to 4000 yards and
then slowed on the assumption the flares might have been
distress signals. The unidentified ship continued to fol-
low the Sea Poacher, extinguishing its running lights, and
fired three more bursts of "red flares" while at a range of
3000 yards. Sea Poacher, still thinking the flares might
be distress signals, allowed the identified ship to close
to 1500 yards on a parallel course off the port beam. The
unidentified ship then passed astern of Sea Poacher and
assumed a parallel course on the Sea Poacher's starboard
beam. During the period the unidentified ship was in
close proximity, the Sea Poacher again endeavored to
communicate by flashing light but received in turn only
occasional unintelligible flashes. The Sea Poacher, how-
ever, was able to see the unidentified ship sufiiciently well
to identify it as a sub chaser. When it became apparent
that the ship was not in distress the Sea Poacher increased
speed and departed the area in a northwesterly direction.
Through reference to recognition manuals the submarine
chaser was later identified as the former United States
Navy submarine chaser (SC-1000), now the Cuban Coast
Guard Patrol Vessel Oriente (GC 104) .
The initial encounter between the two ships and all
subsequent maneuvering were in international waters
well clear of Cuban territorial seas. The Sea Poacher was
operating on the surface and displaying the proper naviga-
tional running lights at all times. From analysis of the
trajectory and appearance it was believed that the red
"flares" which were fired at the Sea Poacher were 20 mm
tracer type ammunition. This belief was later corrobo-
rated by a statement by the Prime Minister of Cuba.*
Annex 4
[For text of Department statement of October 27, 1959,
see Bulletin of November 16, 1959, page 715.]
84
' For a Department statement of May 14, see Bulletin
of May 30, 1960, p. 854.
Department of State Bulletin
[For text of Department statement of November 9, 1959,
see Bulletin of November 30, 1959, page 787.]
Annex 6
November 9, 1959
Excellency : I have the honor to refer to a brochure
received on November 6 from the Press Department of
the Ministry of State of the Government of Cuba which
bears the imprimatur of the Public Relations Department
of that Ministry. This publication is in the English lan-
guage and is entitled, "Cuba denounces before the world".
After carefully reviewing this brochure I must state to
Your Excellency that I consider it to be a shocking com-
pilation of half-truths, innuendos and insinuations pub-
lished in what seems to be a deliberate attempt to inflame
world opinion against the Government of the United
States on the malicious pretext that it countenanced or
gave tacit approval to the flight of a plane or planes
over the City of Habana on October 21. I find it almost
unbelievable that the Government of Cuba has seen fit
to distort and misrepresent this matter in this way. I
am particularly aggrieved at this action in view of the
categoric statement of the Ambassador of tie United
States to the President of Cuba on October 27 that the
Government of the United States possesses no evidence
that the B-2o aircraft which distributed leaflets over
the City of Habana on October 21 had also dropped
bombs or strafed during its flight. In the interim since
that date a careful examination of this plane has revealed
that at the time of the flight its bomb bay was fitted
with a permanent luggage rack which made it impossible
for it to drop bombs. Furthermore, the automatic
weapons positions were found to be permanently sealed
making it impossible to mount machine guns or cannon
on this plane. No trace was found of explosives or
weajwns or any evidence that weapons had been fired
from this plane; nor does it bear any marks of damage
from anti-aircraft fire. The Government of the United
States has no evidence that any other aircraft from the
United States was flying over Habana on this occasion.
Furthermore, the Government of the United States, in
spite of its request, has received no oflScial information
on this subject from the Government of Cuba.
The Government of the United States has also noted
that in addition to the press report of the National Police
of Cuba various other informed sources in Cuba have
reporte<l that the above-mentioned plane was not observed
to drop bombs or strafe. An analysis of the available
evidence, including eye-witness reports, indicates that
many, if not all, of the persons injured received their
wounds either from stray rounds of 20 or 40 mm shell
fragments from fire by the Cuban Armed Forces or from
grenades or bombs thrown from automobiles by terrorists.
I have noted that the brochure makes reference to
"fugitives from justice who now, under the protection of
political asylum, violate international law by launching
new and criminal attacks against Cuba." This statement
and other remarks in a similar vein made in the past by
officials of the Government of Cuba imply that the Gov-
ernment of Cuba considers that the Government of the
July 18, 1960
United States in some unexplained manner has been un-
duly protecting individuals in the United States from
Cuban persecution. This is not the case. I must em-
phasize to Tour Excellency that the Government of the
United States is a Government of laws and that the Treaty
of Extradition which exists between our countries is a
part of the body of law under which we are governed.
This Treaty clearly delineates the conditions and the pro-
cedure to be followed in seeking the return to Cuba of
alleged fugitives from Cuban justice who are in this
country. Ten months have elapsed since the formation
of the present Government of Cuba, during which several
consultations have been held between officials of our re-
spective governments as to the procedures to be followed
under the above Treaty and other United States laws on
the subject. Despite the time elapsed and the consulta-
tions since early 1959, no formal requests have been made
to the Government of the United States by the Govern-
ment of Cuba under the terms of the Treaty for the pur-
pose of obtaining the return of these "fugitives" to Cuban
jurisdiction for crimes allegedly committed under the
previous regime.
The Government of the United States most deeply de-
plores the deaths and injuries suffered by innocent Cuban
citizens on the evening of October 21. However, in view
of the publication to which I have referred and numerous
other false reports which have been spread throughout
the world concerning the alleged bombing and machine
gunning of Cuban citizens by a plane which departed
from the United States, I must ask Your Excellency for
an explanation of the reason the Government of Cuba
saw fit to publish this document so inconsistent with the
good faith and mutual respect essential to the maintenance
of good relations between our two countries. It is my
sincere hope. Your Excellency, that the account contained
therein does not represent the official position of the
Government of Cuba in this matter.
Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my high-
est consideration.
For the Secretary of State :
K. R. RUBOTTOM, Jr.
His Excellency De. Ebnesto Dihigo,
Amhassador of Cuba
Annex 7
May 31, 1960
The Secretary of State presents his compliments to the
Charge d' Affaires ad interim of Cuba and notes that the
Cuban Consulates General in New York City and Miami
have been disseminating political propaganda of an objec-
tionable character. The Department refers particularly to
a pamphlet entitled, "Cuba Denounces Before the World"
which contains the unfounded allegations that on Octo-
ber 21, 1959 the City of Habana was bombed with
explosives and strafed from two aircraft based in the
United States and carries the implication that the United
States Government countenanced these flights. It will
be recalled that on October 27, 1959 Ambassador Bonsai
informed President Dorticos and Minister of State Roa
that there has been no evidence submitted by the Govern-
85
ment of Cuba or in the possession of tlie Government of
the United States that the one aircraft in question, piloted
by Pedro Diaz Lanz, former Chief of the Cuban Revo-
lutionary Air Force, was armed, dropped bombs, or
strafed during its flight over Cuba.
The attention of the Charge d'Affaires Is also directed
to the Department's note of November 9, 1959, to Am-
bassador Dihigo, requesting an explanation of the shock-
ing compilation of half-truths, innuendos and insinuations
contained in the publication entitled, "Cuba Denounces
Before the World". The Department has not received
a reply to this request, and despite the notification that
the pamphlet contains objectionable material, the Cuban
Consulates within the United States continue to distrib-
ute this publication. It must be assumed with regret,
therefore, that the account contained in the pamphlet
represents the official position of the Government of
Cuba in this matter.
The Department is of the opinion that this pamphlet
contains political propaganda of a misleading and objec-
tionable character, the dissemination of which is not
considered as being within the scope of the functions
of a duly accredited Consular Officer of a foreign govern-
ment. Accordingly, it is requested that the dissemina-
tion of this, and other pamphlets containing similar
objectionable material, be discontinued immediately by the
Cuban Consular establishments or any other offices of
the Cuban Government in the United States.
Department of State,
Washington, May 31, 1960.
Annex 8
United States District Court
Southern District of Florida
Miami Division
No. M-Cr.
United States of America
William J. Sheroalis and
Hector Garcia Soto
The Grand Jury charges :
COUNT ONE
1. William J. Sheroalis, the defendant herein, has
been at all times from on or about February 16, 1960 and
until March 22, 1960 a "person" as defined in Title 22,
United States Code, Sections 611 et seq. (known as the
Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended),
hereinafter referred to as "the Act."
2. Juan Orta Cordova, Alfredo Guerra, Abelardo Colome
Ibarra, al.so known as "Captain Fury," Ramiro Valdez,
Hector Garcia Soto, also known as "Guillermo," Carlos
Hernandez, as well as the Government of the Republic of
Cuba, its officials and representatives, have been foreign
principals, as defined in the Act, at all times from on or
about February 16, 1960 and up to and including March 22,
1960.
3. By virtue of his conduct and activities,
William J. Sheroalis,
the defendant herein, from on or about February 26, 1960
until March 22, 1960, was an "agent of a foreign principal"
as defined in the Act, in that the said defendant, (follow-
ing conferences in Havana, Cuba, during the period Feb-
ruary 16 to February 26, 1960, with representatives of the
Government of the Repuldic of Cuba, includinj; Juan Orta
Cordova, Director General of the Office of the Prime Min-
ister, and others), within the United States of America
and within the Southern District of Florida, did collect
information for and report information to a foreign prin-
cipal, to wit, the Government of the Republic of Cuba, its
officers and representatives as hereinafter set forth, in-
cluding information regarding the activities of persons
opposed to the present Government of Cuba ; and in that
the said defendant, within the United States of America
and within the Southern District of Florida, agreed to and
did act under the direction of a foreign principal, to wit,
the Government of the Republic of Cuba, its officials and
representatives, including Juan Orta Cordova, Alfredo
Guerra, Abelardo Colome Ibarra, Ramiro Valdez, Hector
Garcia Soto and Carlos Hernandez, and in furtherance
thereof did arrange for and participate in an airplane
flight beginning on or about March 20, 1960 at Ft. Lauder-
dale in the Southern District of Florida and ending on or
about March 21, 1960 in the Republic of Cuba ; and in that
the said defendant, within the United States of America
and within the Southern District of Florida, did solicit
compensation and other things of value from a foreign
principal, to wit, the Government of the Republic of Cuba
including its officials and representatives as aforesaid.
4. During the period from on or about February 26,
1960, and untU March 22, 1960,
William J. Shebgalis,
the defendant herein, has unlawfully, wilfully and know-
ingly acted, in the respects as alleged in Paragraph 3 of
this indictment, within the United States of America
and the Southern District of Florida, as an agent of a
foreign principal without having filed with the Attorney
General of the United States the registration statement
required by the Act.
5. By reason of the nature of his activities and his
relationship with the Government of the Republic of
Cuba, Its officials and representatives,
William J. Sheroalis,
the defendant herein, does not fall within the purview of
any of the exemptions from registration provided by
the Act.
In violation of Section 612, 618, Title 22, United States
Code.
The Grand Jury further charges :
COUNT TWO
1. Hector Garcia Soto, also known as "Guillermo," the
defendant herein, has been at all times from on or about
November 5, 1959 and until the date of the return of
this indictment, a "person" as defined in Title 22, United
States Code, Sections 611 et seq. (known as the Foreign
Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended), herein-
after referred to as "the Act."
2. The Government of the Republic of Cuba, its offi-
cials and representatives, have been foreign principals,
as defined in the Act, at all times from on or about
November 5, 1959 until on or about April 12, 1960.
86
Department of State Bulletin
3. By virtue of his conduct and activities,
Hector Gakcia Soto,
the defendant herein, from on or about November 5,
1959 until on or about April 12, 1960, was an "agent of a
foreign principal" as defined in the Act, in that the said
defendant within the United States of America and
within the Southern District of Florida, did collect in-
formation for and report information to a foreign prin-
cipal, to wit, the Government of the Republic of Cuba,
its oflScers and representatives, including information re-
garding the activities of persons opposed to the present
Government of Cuba ; and in that the said defendant,
within the United States of America and within the
Southern District of Florida, agreed to and did act under
the direction of a foreign principal, to wit, the Govern-
ment of the Republic of Cuba, its officials and representa-
tives, and in furtherance thereof within the United
States of America and within the Southern District of
Florida, in or about March, 1960, did arrange for and
participate in meetings with William J. Shergalis, and
others, and did make arrangements for an airplane flight
beginning on or about March 20, 1960 at Ft. Lauderdale
in the Southern District of Florida and ending on or
about March 21, 1960 in the Republic of Cuba.
4. During the period from on or about November 5,
1959 until on or about April 12, 1960,
Hector Garcia Soto,
the defendant herein, has unlawfully, wilfully and know-
ingly acted, in the respects as alleged in Paragraph 3 of
this indictment, within the United States of America and
the Southern District of Florida, as an agent of a foreign
principal without having filed with the Attorney General
of the United States the registration statement required
by the Act.
5. By reason of the nature of his activities and his
relationship with the Government of the Republic of
Cuba, its officials and representatives,
Hector Garcia Soto,
the defendant herein, does not fall within the purview of
any of the exemptions from registration provided by
the Act.
In violation of Sections 612, 618, Title 22, United States
Code.
A TRUE BILL
May 3, 1960
E. Coleman
United States Attorney
William S. Kennet
Special Attorney
U.S. Department of Justice
Roger P. Bernique
Special Attorney
U.S. Department of Justice
Alta M. Beatty
Special Attorney
U.S. Department of Justice
President Eisenhower Congratulates
Malagasy Republic on independence
White House press release dated June 26
Folloioing is the text of a message sent by Presi-
dent Eisenhower to His Excellency Philihert
Tsiranana, President of the Malagasy Republic,
on the occasion of the independence of that nation
on June 26, 1960.
June 26, 1960
Dear Mr. President : On the occasion of the in-
dependence of the Malagasy Republic, I extend in
my own name and on behalf of the people of the
United States most cordial greetings and felicita-
tions to you and your countrymen.
The independence of the Malagasy Republic
achieved in friendly cooperation with France is a
source of deep satisfaction to the United States.
The Government and people of Madagascar and
of France in their efforts to achieve social and
economic advancement in Madagascar through
democratic means have earned the admiration of
all free nations.
On this historic occasion the Government and
the people of the United States look forward to
close and friendly relations with the Government
and people of the Malagasy Republic.
Sincerely,
DwiGiiT D. Eisenhower
Secretary Herter Sends Regards
to Somaliland on Independence
Press release 357 dated June 27
Following is the text of Secretary Herter'' s
message to the Council of Ministers of SonMliland
on the occasion of the independence of that nation
on June 26, 1960.
June 26, 1960
Their Excellencies,
Council of Ministers of Somaliland,
Hargeisa.
Your Excellencies: I extend my best wishes
and congratulations on the achievement of your
independence. This is a noteworthy milestone in
your history, and it is with pleasure that I send
my warmest regards on this happy occasion.
Christlvn a. Herter
Secretary of State,
United States of America
Jo/y 78, J 960
87
Ten-Nation Conference on Disarmament Terminated by Soviet Walkout
Negotiations in the Conference of the Ten-
Nation Committee on Disarmament, which con-
vened at Geneva on March 15, 1960, ceased on June
28 after the Communis walkout of Jvme '2,7. Fol-
lowing are texts of {1) a U.S. note of July 2 to
the Soviet Union in reply to a letter of June 27 to
President Eisenhower from, Nikita S. Khrushchev,
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the
U.S.S.R.; {2) a Department statement of June 27 ;
{3) U.S. disarmament proposals of June 27 pre-
sented subsequent to the Soviet walkout; and (4)
Mr. Khrushchev''s letter of June 27.
U.S. NOTE OF JULY 2>
The Embassy of the United States of America
presents its compliments to the Ministry of For-
eign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics and, in I'esponse to the letter of June 27,
1960 from the Chairman of the (Council of Minis-
ters of the U.S.S.R. to the President of the Unit«d
States, has the honor to state the following.
The Government of the United States deeply
regrets the arbitrary action of the Soviet Govern-
ment and its Allies in precipitously breaking oif
negotiations in the Ten Nation Committee on Dis-
armament without prior consultation, contrary to
the accepted rules of procedure and for reasons
which remain unclear. The United States Gov-
ernment hopes that the Soviet Government will
reconsider its decision and resume these negotia-
tions on disarmament in the Ten Nation
Committee.
The Government of the United States rejects
as wholly inaccurate the Soviet version of events
within the Ten Nation Disarmament Committee.
Nor can it fail to reject the Soviet Government's
unfounded allegations referring to the aborted
Suimnit Conference.
The United States Government was profoundly
disappointed when the Soviet Government re-
fused to participate in the meeting of the Heads
of State and Heads of Government in Paris last
month. ^ The hopes of the world that the govern-
ment leaders assembled there would be able to take
constructive steps toward settlement of their dif-
ferences and toward the strengthening of the peace
were dashed by the arbitrary action of the Soviet
Government.
The Government of the United States, never-
theless, retained the hope that the Soviet Govern-
ment might be willing to continue the search for
meaningful agreements in the negotiations al-
ready in progress in the areas of disarmament and
nuclear testing. "Wlien the Soviet Delegation
tabled its disarmament proposals on June 7, the
United States Government undertook to give
them the most thoughtful and serious considera-
tion.^ In view of the complex character of arms
limitation and the long history of disarmament
negotiations, it was obvious that the process of
negotiating agi-eements would of necessity be long
and arduous and would require serious effort,
great patience and abundant forbearance. The
Soviet allegation that the disarmament negotia-
tions were proving fruitless and had reached a
state of deadlock, only three weeks after the re-
vised Soviet proposals had been tabled, cannot but
' Delivered to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs by
the American Embassy at Moscow on July 2 (press re-
lease 379).
' For background, see Bulletin of June 6, 1960, pp. 899
and 904, and ihid., June 13, 1960. p. 947.
' For a U.S. note to the U.S.S.R. concerning the Soviet
proposals, see i6iV/., June 27, 1960. p. 1018. For details
of the proposals, which were contained in a Soviet note
of June 2 sent to all Heads of Goverrunents with repre-
sentatives in Moscow and to the United Nations, see U.N.
doc. A/4374/Rev. 1.
88
Department of Sfafe Bullefin
give rise to question as to the Soviet Government's
true motivation in torpedoing the Conference.
The witlidrawal of the Soviet delegation stands
in sharp contrast to the repeated Soviet official
declarations of intent to settle by peaceful means
through negotiation all outstanding international
issues, among which, it would have been expected,
would be the question of disarmament, acknowl-
edged by the Soviet Government to be the most
important question facing the world today.
The decision of the Soviet Government to break
otr the disarmament negotiations was particularly
surprising and regrettable because it occurred at
the very time the Western delegations were pre-
paring to submit new disannament proposals.
The Soviet Government was aware that the United
States had undertalven a review of its position on
disarmament in the hope of finding helpful and
practical revisions which would further the work
of the Ten Nation Committee. This review was
announced by the United States Secretary of
State on June 24 ^ and, indeed, was acknowledged
in Pravda the following day. Moreover, the Head
of the United States Disarmament Delegation
informed his Soviet counterpart prior to the meet-
ing at Geneva on June 27, at which the Soviet
delegation broke oil negotiations, that new pro-
posals were being worked out for early submis-
sion. Tliese proposals were designed to take into
accomit all views advanced during the course of
the discussions and would have provided an
adequate basis for substantive negotiations.
The abrupt termination of these negotiations is
additionally disturbing in the light of the adoption
by the Security Council of the UN on May 27
of the resolution submitted by Ceylon, Tunisia,
Argentina and Ecuador,' which specifically "re-
quests the Governments concerned to continue
their efforts to achieve a constructive solution of
the question of general and complete disarmament
under effective international control in accord-
ance with Eesolution 1378 (XIV) of the General
Assembly and the discontinuance of all nuclear
weapons tests under an appropriate international
control system as well as their negotiations on
measures to prevent surprise attack, including
technical measures, as recommended by the
General Assembly."
The urgent need to begin a program of dis-
armament demands that no opportunities for
negotiations be lost. In this spirit, the delegation
of the United States and those of its Allies have
remained at Geneva in the hope that the Govern-
ment of the Soviet Union and its Allies will see fit
to return to the task of serious negotiation.
The goal of disarmament is an aspiration com-
mon to all mankind and an objective w'hich all
Governments must relentlessly strive to achieve.
For its jiart, the United States Government re-
mains determined to spare no effort to arrive at
mutually acceptable agreements on concrete meas-
ures, the implementation of which would repre-
sent a solid advance toward the goal of complete
and general disarmament under reliable and
effective international control.
DEPARTMENT STATEMENT OF JUNE 27°
The Soviet bloc's walkout today indicates their
desire to avoid any further discussion on the prob-
lem of controlled disarmament within the Ten-
Nation Disarmament Conference. This action by
the Communist delegations is both deplorable and
disappointing. It is deplorable because it shatters
the hopes of all peoples who earnestly seek prog-
ress on the road to peace. It is disappointing be-
cause it casts serious doubt on the sincerity of the
Communist desires for a solution to tlie disarma-
ment problem.
As the Soviet bloc well knew, the Western allies
were preparing to present, within the 10-nation
negotiating formn, modifications to the Western
plan of March \%.'' This initiative by the West,
based on an effort to accommodate certain aspects
of the Soviet bloc's June 2 proposal was under-
taken to find common areas through which the
negotiations could be advanced. The walkout in
the face of the Western Governments' willingness
to move ahead makes fully transparent the desire
of the Soviet bloc to see the negotiations end in
total failure.
The five Allied nations intend for the time being
to remain at the negotiating table. If the Com-
munist side is prepared to seek a solution to the
disarmament problem, the way is still open. It is
' Bulletin of July 11, 1960, p. 39.
^ For text, see ihid., June 13, 1960, p. 961.
Ju/y 78, J960
° Read to news correspondents on June 27 by Lincoln
White, Director, Office of News, Department of State.
' For text, see Bulletin of Apr. 4, 1960, p. 511.
our earnest hope that the Soviet bloc will recon-
sider its irresponsible action and join with the
Allied nations in a determined and continued
search for a just and durable peace. This would
be but a fulfillment of each side's responsibility
to all mankind.
U.S. DISARMAMENT PROPOSALS OF JUNE 27
Press release 358 dated June 27
Pboobam for General and Complete Disarmament
Under Effective International Control
June 27, 1960
Introduction
The ultimate goal is a secure and peaceful world of free
and open societies in which there shall be general and
complete disarmament under effective international con-
trol and agreed procedures for the settlement of disputes
in accordance with the principles of the United Nations
Charter.
General and complete disarmament in a secure, free
and peaceful world requires :
1. The disbanding, through progressive stages, of all
armed forces of all States and the prohibition of their
re-establishment in any form whatsoever, except for those
contingents of agreed size required for the purpose of
maintaining internal order and ensuring the personal
security of citizens and for agreed contingents for the
international peace force.
2. The cessation of the production of all kinds of
armaments, including all means for delivering weapons
of mass destruction, and their complete elimination from
national arsenals, through progressive stages, except for
those armaments agreed upon for use by an international
peace force and agreed remaining national contingents.
3. Strict and effective international control, from be-
ginning to end, of the carrying out of all disarmament
measures, to ensure that there are no violations.
4. The establishment of effective means for enforcement
of international agreements and for the maintenance of
peace.
Controlling Principles
1. Disarmament under effective international control
shall be carried out in such a manner that at no time
shall any State, whether or not a party to a Treaty, ob-
tain military advantage over other States as a result of
the progress of disarmament.
2. General and complete disarmament shall proceed
through three stages containing balanced, phased and
safeguarded measures with each measure being carried
out in an agreed and strictly defined period of time,
under the supervision of an International Disarmament
Control Organization, within the framework of the
United Nations.
3. Each measure within each stage shall be initiated
simultaneously by all participating States upon com-
pletion of the necessary preparatory studies and upon
establishment of the arrangements and procedures
necessary for the International Disarmament Control
Organization to verify the measure on an initial and
continuing ba.sis.
4. Transition from one stage to the next shall be
initiated when the Security Council of the United Nations
agrees that all measures in the preceding stage have been
fully implemented and effective verification is continu-
ing, and that any additional verification arrangements
and procedures required for measures in the next stage
have been established and are ready to operate effectively.
5. The Treaties shall remain in force indefinitely
subject to the inherent right of a Party to withdraw
and be relieved of obligations thereunder if the pro-
visions of the Treaty, including those providing for the
timely installation and effective operation of the con-
trol system, are not being fulfilled and observed.
6. The International Disarmament Control Organiza-
tion .shall comprise all participating States whose
representatives shall meet as a conference periodically as
required. There shall in addition be a control commis-
sion and a Director General. The specific responsibility
and authority of the conference, control commission and
the Director General, the staffing arrangements and
criteria, the responsibilities of participating States to
the Organization, and provisions for any necessary pre-
paratory or interim group to aid in the establishment of
the Organization shall be specified in the Treaty.
7. The specific arrangements, procedures and means
required for effective initial and continuing verification
of satisfactory performance of each measure by the
International Disarmament Control Organization shall
be specified In the Treaties. These shall provide for
all necessary means required for effective verification
of compliance with each step of each measiire. Verifi-
cation of each agreed disarmament measure shall be
accomplished in such a manner as to be capable of dis-
closing, to the satisfaction of all participating States,
any evasion of the agreement. Specifically, from the
initiation of implementation of each agreed disarmament
measure, there shall be effective verification by the Inter-
national Disarmament Control Organization ; verification
shall be in no way dependent upon declarations by States
for its effectiveness; verification shall include the capa-
bility to ascertain that not only do reductions of armed
forces and armaments in agreed amounts take place, but
also that retained armed forces and armaments do not
exceed agreed levels at any stage.
Task of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament
The task of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarma-
ment is to work out a Treaty for general and complete
disarmament under effective international control gov-
erned by the foregoing controlling principles as follows:
1. Negotiate and agree upon a Treaty, to be acceded to
in the first instance by the States represented on the Ten
90
Department of Stale Bulletin
Nation Disarmament Committee, embodying the first
stage of the program. This stage shall consist of those
Initial and controllable measures which can and shall be
undertaken without delay by the States participating in
the Committee to preclude the expansion of their armed
forces ; to bring to a halt the growth of their weapons
stockpiles ; to reduce the levels of their armed forces and
armaments to the extent possible without jeopardy to
their security ; and to provide measures for protection
against surprise attack.
2. In the course of negotiating such a Treaty, arrange
for and conduct the necessary technical studies to work
out effective control arrangements for measures to be
carried out in the program. These studies shall provide
an agreed basis for proceeding with implementation of
the measure studied in the appropriate stage. Among
the early studies shall be a technical examination of the
measures necessary to verify control over, reduction and
elimination of agreed categories of nuclear delivery sys-
tems, including missiles, aircraft, surface ships, subma-
rines and artillery.
3. After reaching agreement on a Treaty on the first
stage of the program, prepare for submission to a world
disarmament conference an agreed draft Treaty on the
second and third stages of the program as set forth be-
low, in accordance with the foregoing controlling
principles.
4. Thereupon, arrange for a world-wide conference of
all States, to be held at the earliest possible time, for
the following purposes :
a. Accession to the Treaty covering stage one by States
which have not already done so ;
b. Accession to the Treaty covering stages two and
three by all States.
Stage One
1. An International Disarmament Control Organiza-
tion shall be established within the framework of the
United Nations, and expanded as required by the progres-
sive implementation of general and complete disarmament.
2. The placing into orbit or stationing in outer space of
vehicles carrying weapons capable of mass destruction
shall be prohibited.
3. To give greater protection against surprise attack,
(a) prior notification to the International Disarmament
Control Organization of all proposed launchings of space
vehicles and missiles and their planned tracks; (b) the
establishment of a zone of aerial and ground inspection
in agreed areas including the U.S. and D.S.S.R. ; (c)
exchange of observers on a reciprocal basis at agreed
military bases, domestic and foreign.
4. Declaration of and institution of on-site inspection
at mutually agreed operational air bases, missile launch-
ing pads, submarine and naval bases in order to establish
a basis for controls over nuclear delivery systems in
subsequent stages.
5. Initial force level ceilings shall be established as
follows: 2.5 million for the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. and
agreed appropriate force levels for certain other States.
After the accession to the Treaty of other militarily sig-
nificant States and after these Initial force levels have
been verified, force levels of 2.1 million shall be established
for the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and agreed appropriate force
levels shall be established for other militarily significant
States.
6. Agreed types and quantities of armaments in agreed
relation to the established force levels shall be placed in
storage depots by participating States within their own
territories, under supervision by the International Dis-
armament Control Organization pending their final de-
struction or conversion to peaceful uses.
7. The production of fissionable materials for use in
weapons shall be stopped upon installation and effective
operation of the control system found necessary to verify
this step by prior technical study and agreed quantities
of fissionable materials from past production shall be
transferred to non-weapons uses, including stockpiling
for peaceful purposes, conditioned upon satisfactory
progress in the field of conventional disarmament.
8. The submission by the various States to the Inter-
national Disarmament Control Organization of data re-
lating to: the operation of their financial system as it
affects military expenditures, the amount of their mili-
tary expenditures, and the percentage of their gross na-
tional product earmarked for military expenditures. The
data to be submitted will be drawn up in accordance with
predetermined and mutually agreed criteria.
Stage Two
1. Force levels shall be further reduced to 1.7 million
for the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and to agreed appropriate levels
for other States.
2. Quantities of all kinds of armaments of each State,
including nuclear, chemical, biological and other weapons
of mass destruction in existence and all means for their
delivery, shall be reduced to agreed levels and the re-
sulting excesses shall be destroyed or converted to peace-
ful uses. Agreed categories of missiles, aircraft, surface
ships, submarines and artillery designed to deliver nuclear
and other weapons of mass destruction shall be included
in this measure.
3. Expenditures for military purposes shall be reduced
in amounts bearing a relation to the agreed reductions
in armed forces and armaments.
4. An international peace force, within the United Na-
tions, shall be progressively established and maintained
with agreed personnel strength and armaments sufficient
to preserve world peace when general and complete dis-
armament is achieved.
Stage Three
1. Forces and military establishments of all States shall
be finally reduced to those levels required for the purpose
of maintaining internal order and ensuring the personal
security of citizens and of providing agreed contingents
of forces to the international peace force.
2. The international peace force and remaining agreed
contingents of national armed forces shall be armed only
with agreed types and quantities of armaments. All other
remaining armaments, including weapons of mass destruc-
tion and vehicles for their delivery and conventional arma-
ments shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
3. Expenditures for military purposes by all States shall
be further reduced in amounts bearing a relation to the
agreed reductions in armed forces and armaments.
Jv\Y ?8, 7960
91
4. There shall be no manufacture of any armaments
except for agreed types and quantities for use by the in-
ternational peace force and agreed remaining national
contingents.
Following completion of Stage Three, the program for
general and complete disarmament shall continue to be
adhered to and verified.
MR. KHRUSHCHEV'S LETTER OF JUNE 27'
June 27, 1960
Mr. President, In supplement to my letter dated June
2, 1960 enclosing the Soviet Government's proposals con-
cerning the basic provisions of an agreement on general
and full disarmament, I consider it necessary to com-
municate the following.
The situation created in the Ten-Nation Committee on
Disarmament causes the Soviet Government grave
concern.
During our negotiations last fall we stated that the
question of general disarmament is the most important
one facing the world at the present time, and we agreed
that both our governments should make every effort to
arrive at a constructive solution of this problem. It is
well known that in questions of disarmament the Soviet
Government has acted and acts precisely in this manner.
On September 18, 1959 the Soviet Government intro-
duced a program of general and full disarmament for
the consideration of the United Nations." Desiring to
make a new contribution to the cause of ensuring peace
and creating the most favorable conditions for the
achievement of an agreement on general and full dis-
armament, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed a
law on January 15, 1960 concerning a further considera-
ble reduction of the Soviet armed forces by 1,200,000
men."
Seeking to achieve as soou as possible a practical
agreement on the urgent problems of disarmament, the
Soviet Government, in developing the program of dis-
armament put foruard by it on September IS, 19.59,
worked out and prepared comprehensive proposals for
the implementation of a general and full disarmament
for discussion at the conference of the leaders of the
four powers. In these proposals we took into considera-
tion the views expressed by the Western powers on a
number of important questions, particularly with regard
to prohibiting and liquidating all means of delivery of
atomic weapons first of all (including the elimination of
military bases), working out disarmament control in
detail, taking measures for preserving peace and security
' Delivered to Foy D. Kohler, Assistant Secretary for
European Affairs, by Mikhail N. Smirnovsky, Minister-
Counselor of the Soviet Embassy at Washington, on
June 27.
• For text, see U.N. doc. A/4219.
" For a statement by Mr. White on the Soviet proposal
to reduce armed forces, see Bulletin of Feb. 1, 1960,
p. 147.
under conditions of general and full disarmament, et
cetera.
Since the Summit Conference failed as a result of the
inadmissible acts undertaken by the United States with
relation to the Soviet Union the Soviet Government, tak-
ing into consideration that a discussion of the problem
of disammmeut could not be delayed, sent proposals pre-
pared by it to the governments of all countries and intro-
duced them for discussion by the Ten-Nation Committee.
These proposals were supported by the governments of
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, and Bulgaria, mem-
bers of the Committee, as well as by governments of a
number of other countries.
However, it must be stated that the delegations of the
Western powers, and first of all the delegation of the
USA, took a position in that Committee calculated to
accomplish anything but success in the cau.se of dis-
armament. They not only are failing to do anything on
their part to facilitate the immediate achievement of an
agreement on disarmament but on the contrary they
apparently are seeking to do everything to prevent such
an agreement, to keep the Committee from .settling prac-
tical questions of disarmament, and to smother the cause
of disarmament in sterile and endless discussions on the
topic of control without disarmament.
More than three months have passed since the Commit-
tee of Ten started its work in Geneva. Concrete plans
worked out in detail concerning disarmament under effec-
tive international control were presented by the Soviet
Union for the Committee's consideration, and willingness
was expressed to consider any constructive views of other
members of the Committee aimed at achieving general dis-
armament. However the Western powers, whose govern-
ments very recently voted for the resolution of the General
Assembly concerninjr general and full disarmament, actu-
ally are avoiding consideration of any concrete proposals
on disarmament in the Committee.
On their part, the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Canada presented in the Committee of Ten a plan that,
with the best will in the world, could not be considered a
disarmament plan. It is, rather, a plan of control without
disarmament, i.e., of a legalized military espionage which
apparently some one in the USA would not be averse to
using as a supplement to the practice of invading the air-
space of other countries for espionage purposes, which
practice was recently proclaimed by the American Govern-
ment as the state policy of the USA. Actually, the West-
ern powers are trying to reduce the whole thing to the
establishment of control over intercontinental ballistic
missiles and artificial earth satellites. The idea of such
a plan is not difficult to guess : it represents an attempt to
gain one-sided military advantages for the NATO coun-
tries at the expense of the security of the Soviet Union.
Naturally, it is impossible to arrive at an agreement on
such a basis. It appears that the prevention of an agree-
ment on questions of disarmament was precisely the goal
which the Government of the USA and the other Western
powers had set for themselves in connection with their
participation in the Committee of Ten. The Committee is
being used by those Powers as a screen behind which they
attempt to hide their reluctance to have disarmament.
92
Departmenf of Stafe Bulletin
The Delegations of the USA and the other Western
states in the Committee of Ten are continuing to follow
the same line at the present time, after resumption of the
Committee's work at the beginning of June. This shows
clearly that the USA did not intend to take at the Summit
Meeting a position that would have permitted freeing the
question of disarmament from the deadlock that was cre-
ated through the fault of the Western powers, and first of
all by the USA.
As has been shown by the experience in the negotiations
that took place in the Committee of Ten, the governments
of the Western states participating in the work of this
Committee clearly do not desire the prohibition and de-
struction of such terrible weapons of mass annihilation as
nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Nor do they desire
the liquidation of armed forces and conventional arma-
ments. The representatives of the Western powers have
been systematically rejecting and smothering in fruitless
discussions — under various pretexts — all concrete propos-
als on these problems.
Instead of discussing concrete measures for disarma-
ment, the representatives of the Western states, especially
the USA, are attempting to justify the military prepara-
tions and the existence of networks of numerous bases
created by them on foreign territories.
I would not be frank if I did not state in this letter that
the main responsibility for the situation created in the
Committee of Ten and for the fact that the position of the
Western powers does not make it possible to take even one
step toward solving the disarmament problem, falls on the
Government of the United States of America. As a mat-
ter of fact, this is not concealed even by the allies of the
USA in NATO, those represented in the Committee in
question as well as those not represented. It is namely
the Government of the USA which is piling one obstacle
upon another during the discussion of disarmament ques-
tions, whether it concerns conventional armaments or nu-
clear weapons and missiles.
Every time a proposal submitted by the Soviet Gov-
ernment for consideration by its partners in the talks
facilitates the possibility of an understanding and takes
into consideration any of the wishes of the Western
powers, this proposal is declared to be unacceptable and
the discussion of disarmament questions is again pushed
back to the initial point. It is not the first time that we
have witnessed such tactics, which, perhaps are used by
those who are frightened by the very idea of disarmament,
but which hamper all progress in the discussion and even
more in the solution of the disarmament problem. All of
this is unfortunately confirmed by the conduct of the
American representatives in Geneva.
Looking at things realistically, we must state that as a
result of the position taken by the Western powers the
work of the Committee of Ten has come to a deadlock and
has degenerated into fruitless discussions, while the Com-
mittee has become anything but an organ promoting the
cause of disarmament. Apparently there are influential
forces in the West that are not interested in bringing
about disarmament and are in every way obstructing an
agreement on disarmament, and these forces have suc-
ceeded in placing their stamp on the position of the
Western powers in the Committee of Ten. Not only is
this Committee failing to further the cause of disarma-
ment but, on the contrary, it is doing it considerable harm,
in so far as it misleads the peoples of the world by
creating the impression that something is being done in
the area of disarmament, while actually the Western
powers are again intensifying the armaments race which
day after day increases the danger of the outbreak of a
destructive nuclear and missile war.
The Soviet Government cannot reconcile itself to such
a state of affairs. It cannot consent to have the participa-
tion in the Committee of Ten of the Soviet Union, whose
sincere desire for an agreement on disarmament is well
known, be used as a cover to conceal activity that has
nothing in common with real disarmament.
To all appearances, the position of the Government of
the USA on the disarmament question is determined by
the same general policy in international affairs which it
presently pursues and which led to the breakdown of the
Summit Conference, and which made impossible a fruit-
ful discussion of the most important international prob-
lems by the heads of the four States.
Permit me to say very frankly, Mr. President, that the
Soviet Government has come to the conclusion, consider-
ing the situation that has arisen in the Committee, that
the Western powers, judging by the position of their rep-
resentatives at Geneva, do not wish to conduct serious
negotiations on disarmament. They clearly have their own
special ideas which have nothing in common with the
problem of disarmament. This finds expression in the
continued armaments race being carried on by those
powers, and also in the fact that during the discussions
of disarmament questions in the Committee, they are
seeking merely to create the appearance of negotiations
and thereby to deceive the peoples, who are sincerely long-
ing for a solution to the disarmament problem.
Taking all of this into consideration, the Government
of the USSR has come to the conclusion that it is necessary
to discontinue its participation in the fruitless discussion
in the Committee of Ten in order to submit to the regular
session of the General Assembly the question on dis-
armament and the situation resulting from the imple-
mentation of the General Assembly's Kesolution of No-
vember 20, 1959 " on this question. Of course, the matter
of the composition of the Committee will also arise in this
connection.
The Soviet Government is firmly convinced that a
practical solution can and must be found to the question
of disarmament, on which peace or war depends, and that
no artificial obstacles or delays can be tolerated in this
important matter.
Such are the considerations on the question of dis-
armament which I deemed it my duty to communicate to
you.
N. Khrushchev
His Excellency
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower,
President of the United States of America.
Washington, B.C.
For text, see ibid., Nov. 23,
July 78, 7960
556359—60-
93
The Balance of Payments Between the United States
and Latin America in 1959
hy W dither Lederer and Nancy F. Culhertson
The aggregate value of the transactions between
the Latin American Republics and the United
States in 1959 was lower than in 1958, but the rate
of decline was somewhat less than from 1957 to
1958.
U.S. payments dropped from 1958 by about $300
million and receipts by about $550 million.
The contraction in our transactions with Latin
America contrasts with the expansion during 1959
in our business with other foreign areas. Various
factors account for this difference, the significance
of which for the longer run developments will be
discussed in this article.
Payments made directly to Latin America in
1959 exceeded U.S. receipts from that area by about
$300 million, according to the U.S. balance-of-pay-
ments tables. Indirect transactions, particularly
U.S. imports of Latin American petroleum refined
• This article is the seventh in a .
the balance of payments 'between the United
States and the Latin American Republics.
The first six articles appeared in the Bul-
letin of March 26, 1956, p. 521; December
2k. and 31, 1956, p. 983; July 8, 1957, p. 79;
January 6, 1958, p. 23; August 25, 1958, p.
311 ; and March 2, 1959, p. 300. The authors
are Tnembers of the Balance of Payments
Division, U.S. Department of Convmerce.
The data on lohich this article is based were
prepared by the Balance of Payments Divi-
sion and published in the March 1960 issue
of tlie Survey of Current Business, the
monthly periodical of the Office of Business
Economics.
in the Netherlands Antilles, resulted in net pay-
ments to Latin America of more than $200 million.
Total estimated net j^ayments by the United
States in 1959 were over $200 million more than in
1958. Tliis increase continued the trend which
seemed to have prevailed during most of the 1950's
but was temporarily interrupted in 1957. Last
year's rise, however, was somewhat faster than the
average rate in tlie previous years.
Although transactions with Latin America con-
tributed to the overall deficit in the U.S. balance of
payments, Latin America returned a much higher
share of its dollar receipts directly to the United
States than did the rest of the world. Even in-
cluding the payments to Latin America tlirough
U.S. imports from the Netherlands West Indies,
about 91 percent of the dollar outflow from the
United States was refunded tlirough purchases
of goods and services, investment income, and debt
repayments, as compared with approximately 83
percent returned by the other areas of the world.
(The return flow includes only receipts from re-
corded transactions; net receipts from unrecorded
transactions cannot be allocated by areas.) U.S.
sales to Latin America are thus considerably more
closely linked to the outflow of funds from the
United States through imports of goods and serv-
ices, Government grants and loans, and private
investments than U.S. sales to most other areas.
The net transfer of dollars from the United
States to Latin America did not result in an in-
crease in gold and liquid dollar holdings by the
coimtries in that area. To the contrary, the Latin
American Eepublics as a whole reduced their hold-
ings in 1959 by about $230 million, including net
payments of about $40 million to the International
Monetary Fund tlirough exchange transactions
and capital contributions. This would indicate
94
Department of State Bulletin
that, in 1959, dollar expenditures by Latin
America in countries other than the United States
or on unrecorded transactions with the United
States exceeded dollar receipts from sources out-
side the United States by about $700 million. In
1958 these dollar payments to other coimtries were
about 10 percent less.
The experience during these 2 years differs con-
siderably from the net dollar flow in 1955 and
1956, when dollar transactions between Latin
America and countries other than the United
States (and unrecorded transactions with the
United States) appear to have been approximately
in balance. This raises the question whether other
countries have become more successful in attract-
ing dollars from Latin America or whether special
developments were responsible for this change.
Structure of U.S.-Latin American Balance of
Payments
In 1959 about two-thirds of the payments to
Latin America resulted from U.S. imports of mer-
chandise and nearly 17 percent from purchases of
services. Government grants and capital, net of
repayments, accounted for less than 7 percent of
the dollar outflow from the United States and
private capital for slightly over 7 percent.
The share of U.S. expenditures for goods and
services in total payments to Latin America was
about the same as in total payments to all areas
in 1959, but the share of merchandise imports
alone was somewhat larger in the transactions
with Latin America. This was offset, however, by
the relatively small amount of military expendi-
tures in Latin America. (The latter are concen-
trated mainly in Europe and the Far East.) Gov-
ernment aid — net of loan repayments — as well as
private investments comprised a slightly smaller
proportion of total payments to Latin America
than in the overall balance of payments of the
United States. The differences were of little
significance, however.
Changes in 1959 Relative to Prior Years
Government assistance and private capital out-
flows to Latin America were smaller in 1959 than
during the years 1956 to 1958 and, with imports of
goods and services relatively stable, did not pro-
vide as large a share of the total dollar outflow.
Nevertheless, this share was still considerably
higher than during the first half of the 1950's. In
the years 1956 and 1957, private investments were
exceptionally high, in part because of the pur-
chases of petroleum concessions in Venezuela, and
in 1958 several large Government loans were made
to countries which were in acute financial
difficulties.
The 1958-59 decline in U.S. receipts was mainly
in merchandise exports, while incomes from U.S.
investments in Latin America and from the export
of services were only slightly reduced.
The share of merchandise in total Latin Ameri-
can payments to the United States was relatively
stable during the last years, fluctuating by a
narrow margin around 70 percent.
Relation of Investment Income to Other Parts of
Balance of Payments
Investment incomes (including interest on U.S.
Government loans) comprised slightly over 14
percent of total U.S. receipts in 1959, compared
with 13 percent in 1958. With U.S. investments in
Latin America rising in recent years at an annual
rate of more than $1 billion, one might expect that
gi-adually investment incomes would absorb a ris-
ing share of the funds received by the Latin
American countries from the United States and
consequently constitute an increasing part of their
expenditures here. That does not appear to be the
case, however. Although investment income paid
to the United States rose last year in relation to
total Latin American receipts from the United
States, it absorbed a smaller share of Latin Amer-
ican receipts from the United States than during
the period 1955-57 and no more than during the
years 1951-54 or the years 1946-50.
This suggests that, during the postwar period
at least, U.S. investment income from Latin Amer-
ica was more closely related to U.S. expenditures
there than to the size of the investment itself.
There may be several reasons for this relationship.
There is a direct association between such income
and imports of goods produced by American-
owned enterprises there. High imports will gen-
erally result in relatively high investment incomes
from those enterprises. About 40 percent of our
imports from Latin America are produced by
branches or subsidiaries of U.S. enterprises. In-
vestments in these industries accounted for 70-75
percent of our income on all direct investments in
Latin America.
Equally important are the indirect relationships
July 18, I960
95
between U.S. expenditures and U.S. investment
incomes, as both are related to business activity
and general incomes in Latin America. The more
prosperous the coimtries in that area are, the
higher will be the profits of American enterprises
operating there, since a large part of their sales —
even of those enterprises which sell to the United
States — are made in Latin American markets.
Business conditions in Latin America are, in
turn, to some extent both actively and passively
related to U.S. expenditures in the area : actively,
because higher prices for the principal export
products produced there may increase our expend-
itures for merchandise imports ; passively, because
a higher import demand and higher investments
by the United States will raise Latin American
incomes.
The size of past investments is, of course, a
factor determining the potential investment in-
comes, but the actual realization of this potential
depends upon other factors. It appears that cur-
rent incomes are related to the current gi'owth
of the economies in which they are located. Wlien
industries are relatively stagnant and the econo-
mies with which they are associated are develop-
ing relatively slowly, investment incomes will be
comparatively low. High incomes generally
signify a vigorous industry associated with an
expanding economy.
The rate of return on past investments thus
is flexible rather than fixed, although the flexi-
bility depends to some extent upon the type of
investment. Income on equity investments will
generally be more flexible than income on loans.
The relatively close relationship between our
foreign expenditures and investment incomes is
not unique to Latin America. It may be found
also in our overall balance of payments, although
the relationship between our foreign expenditures
and business conditions in the rest of the world
as a whole is not likely to be as close as in the
case of Latin America. Nevertheless, over most
of the 1950's, the relation of investment income
to total U.S. expenditures abroad fluctuated with-
in a narrower range than the relation between
investment income and the value of the past
investment.
The share of Latin American receipts from
the United States used for the payment of invest-
ment income to the United States appears to be
more stable than the share of investment income
in Latin iVmerican expenditm'es here.
Latin American expenditures here are affected
not only by current receipts from the United
States but also by drawings on, or additions to,
reserves and by the balances in dollars or converti-
ble currencies on transactions with other coun-
tries. Thus U.S. investment uacomes were about
11.5 percent of total Latin American expenditures
here during the years 1946-50, when Latin Ameri-
can purchases here were in part financed from
prior dollar accimiulations, as against 15.5 percent
during 1955-57, when some of the Latin American
dollar receipts were added to reserves. The in-
crease from 13 percent in 1958 to slightly over 14
percent in 1959 appears to have been due to a de-
cline in drawings on reserves and larger dollar
expenditures outside the United States (or
through unrecorded transactions in the United
States) .
Excess of Investment Income Over Net Capital
Outflows
U.S. investment income exceeded the net outflow
of U.S. capital in 1959 by nearly $100 million. (If
Government grants are considered a form of capi-
tal, the amounts were approximately equal.)
This represents a reversal of the situation during
the years 1956-58, when the net outflow of capital
was larger. During the first 2 of these years, pri-
vate direct investments were extraordinarily high,
particularly in the petroleum industry, and in
1958 Government loans were increased by some
special credits. The excess of capital outflows
over income receipts during these 3 years appears
to have been an mterruption of the previous trend
of a rising excess of investment income. During
the 5 years 1946-50, incomes averaged about $165
million higher than net capital outflows, and dur-
ing the following 5 years, 1951-55, the excess was
about $265 million. The change from 1958 to
1959 may represent a return to relationships
which were characteristic for most of the postwar
period.
An excess of investment income over net capital
outflows is, of course, common in the economic
transactions between mature creditor and mature
debtor countries. It does not involve a net drain
on incomes or foreign exchange resources of the
debtor coimtries as long as the operations of the
Department of State Bulletin
Table I : U.S. Balance of Payments With the Latin American Republics, 1955-59 (Excluding Militaet Grant Aid)
(Millions of dollars)
J.S. transactions, excluding
shipping companies incor-
porated In Panama
U.S. payments:
Imports of merchandise
Imports of services
Private remittances and Government pensions .
Government grants (net)
Government capital (net)
Private capital (net) :
Direct investments
Other
Total payments
U.S. receipts:
Exports of merchandise
Income on investments
Exports of other services
Foreign long-term investments in the United
States
Total receipts
Net receipts by Latin America through recorded
transactions with the United States
Estimated net receipts by Latin America from
oil imported by the United States through the
Netherlands Antilles
Net receipts by Latin America through transac-
tions with the International Monetary Fund .
Estimated net receipts of gold and dollars by
Latin America through transactions with
other countries, other international organ-
izations, or through unrecorded transactions
with the United States
Increase in Latin American gold and short-term
dollar holdings
3,782
1,010
42
3,835
878
887
5,633
195
188
-44
3
342
3,930
1, 102
55
112
146
1,090
305
6,740
4,642
1,015
965
54
118
471
325
163
5,968
4,130
767
909
5,805
163
243
58
-747
-283
3,749
901
54
lis
471
288
163
5,744
4, 117
741
840
5,697
47
3,724
914
55
105
261
193
190
6,442
3,553
734
829
27
5, 143
220
-43
-708
-232
Source; U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics.
enterprises financed by foreign funds increase in-
come and output of the debtor countries (net of
their payments of investment income to the for-
eign investors) by more than they would have been
able to achieve with their own resources.
U.S. purchases of goods and services in 1959
exceeded U.S. sales (excluding investment mcome
and exports financed by private and Govenunent
gifts and grants). In 1958 the two sides for
these transactions were nearly in balance, but in
1957 sales exceeded purchases by a considerable
margin. The year 1957 was exceptional, however,
and the import surplus in 1959 corresponds to the
pattern that had developed since 1950.
An excess of purchases over sales of goods and
services (other than investment income) also is
typical for transactions between mature creditor
and mature debtor countries, although in many
cases the pattern may be modified by transactions
with third countries.
Merchandise Imports Slightly Lower
As indicated earlier, merchandise imports from
Latin America were slightly lower m 1959 than
m the year before, in strong contrast to the ex-
traordinarily steep rise in imports from other
areas. Two questions arise as to the reasons for
this discrepancy: first, whether it reflected the
commodity composition of our imports from Latin
America; and second, whether there has been a
shift in our purchases from Latin America to
other sources of supply.
Latin America is our principal source of supply
of foodstuffs. Over half of such impoi-ts in 1959
came from that area, and foodstuffs comprised
over half of all our imports from Latin America.
Li the aggregate, imports of these commodities
expand relatively slowly. In 1959 they were
about 10 percent higher m value than the average
during 1950 to 1954, compared with an increase
July ?8, 7960
97
of over 60 percent for other commodities. In
part this difference between these commodity
groups over this period may be found in price
movements. However, even after adjustment for
a 10 percent price decline, imports of foodstuffs
increased only 22 percent, while those of other
products rose m volume approximately as much
as in value.
"VYhile the expansion in imports of foodstuffs in
general is thus much more moderate than in im-
ports of other products, imports of foodstuffs
from Latin America did not even keep pace with
those from other areas but actually declined in
1959 by about 5 percent from the average of
1950-54.
The following may be the most significant rea-
sons for this difference.
First, price declines since tJie first half of the
1950's affected coffee more than most other food-
stuffs, and coffee constitutes a much higher share
in our Latin American imports than in those from
other countries.
Second, imports of foodstuffs from Latin Amer-
ica are, more than those from other areas, domi-
nated by commodities which are generally not
produced within this country. These imports,
aside from inventory movements, will in the longer
run depend upon overall consumption. Imports
from other areas have been more heavily weighted
by commodities which are supplementary to our
own production. The increase in imports can be
relatively more than that in overall consumption
when domestic supplies lag behind requirements.
For instance, purchases abroad of animal food
products, including cattle, nearly doubled over
tliat period, and in dollars their increase was
higher than that of total food imports. Latin
America's share in these imports improved slightly
in the last 2 years but still remained lower than
one-fourth of the total. Some of the rise in tliese
imports was due to temporary circumstances, how-
ever, and a decline has set in during the latter part
of 1959.
Another factor adversely affecting imports from
Latin America was shifts in the sources of supply.
Latin America's share in our coffee imports de-
clined from about 95 percent of the value in the
early 1950's to about 88 percent during the years
1957-59, but cocoa imports increased during the
same period from less than 40 percent to about
50 percent. These shifts, which are the most sig-
nificant among food products imported from Latin
America, were on balance adverse to Latin Ameri-
can sales here, but the net effect for 1959 was a
decrease of hardly more than about $50 million to
$60 million.
From 1958 to 1959 imports of foodstuffs from
Latin America fell off by about $80 million, while
those from other areas increased by about $40 mil-
lion. The principal reasons for the decline in the
value of imports from Latin America were the
drop in prices of coffee and cocoa and the decrease
in the volume of sugar imports. The volume of
coffee imports increased substantially from 1958
to 1959. About 5 percent of the 1959 imports from
all areas were added to inventories, however, and
Table II : Relation of U.S. Income on Investments From Latin America to U.S. Investments and to Receipts and
Payments on All Transactions
Unit
Excluding shipping compa-
nies Incorporated in Panama
194&-50
1951-54
1955-57
1968
1958
1959
U.S. investment income from Latin
America (excluding reinvested
earnings)
Value of U.S. investments in Latin
America at beginning of year . .
Income in percent of investment
million $
billion $
million $
million S
%
444
5. 1
8.7
3,868
11.5
3,293
13.5
644
7. 1
9. 1
4,783
13.4
4,728
13.6
879
9.5
9. 1
5,692
15.5
5,803
15. 1
767
12.2
6.3
5,805
13.2
5,968
12. S
741
11.8
6.3
5,697
13.0
734
12.8
5.7
Total U.S. receipts from Latin Amer-
ica
5,143
Income in percent of receipts . . .
Total U.S. payments to Latin Amer-
14.3
5,442
Income in percent of U.S. payments .
13.5
Source: U.S. Department ot Commerce, Office of Business Economics.
Department of Sfafe Bullefin
by that amount exceeded current consumption.
While imports this year may be smaller than in
1959, prices appear to have stabilized since the
spring of last year.
Nearly one-fourth of our imports from Latin
America consists of petroleimi and its derivatives.
Until 1958 petroleum was one of our fastest grow-
ing import items. During the years 1950-58 the
average yearly increase in total petroleum imports
was close to $80 million, but in 1959, because of
lower prices, imports were about $80 million less
than in the preceding year. The share of direct
imports from Latin America in our total imports
was lower in recent years than during the first half
of the 1950's, but it increased slightly from about
51 percent in 1958 to 53 percent last year. Because
of the Suez crisis, the value of petroleum imports
from Latin America reached a peak in 1957 ; it has
fallen off slightly since then. Inclusion of imports
of Latin American oil products through the Neth-
erlands West Indies would raise somewhat the
share of Latin American petroleum in our total
imports but would not alter the basic import de-
velopment, which changed from a substantial rise
in the earlier part of the 1950's to relative stability
in the last 2 or 3 years.
Decline in industrial imports
The remaining fourth of the imports from Latin
America consists mainly of industrial materials,
such as metals and ores, wool, lumber, and hides.
Manufactured goods are a relatively small part of
our purchases in that area. U.S. expenditures in
Latin America for these commodities in 1959 were
about 5 percent higher than in the previous year
but still 12 and 14 percent, respectively, lower than
in 1956 and 1957 and almost equal to those in 1955.
In contrast, total U.S. imports of industrial ma-
terials associated with nondurable goods produc-
tion in 1959 were about 18 percent above 1957 and
over 43 percent above 1955 ; those associated with
durable goods production were 16 percent above
1957 and 20 percent above 1955.
Two major factors seem to be responsible for the
difference in the development of our total indus-
trial material imports and those from Latin
America.
First, among those major materials for which
Latin America is a large supplier, shifts in our
sources of supply have taken place which reduced
the share of Latin America in our imports. Of
such nondurable materials as hides and skins, non-
edible vegetable oils and oilseeds, tobacco, wool,
and other textile materials, the Latin American
share of our imports fell from a high of nearly 28
percent in 1956 to about 24.5 percent in 1959. Most
of the relative decline has occurred since 1957. Of
selected metals and ores, the Latin American share
rose from 33 percent in 1955 to close to 39 percent
in 1958 but fell to about 32.5 percent last year.
This decline occurred in imports of most of the
major metals, including iron ore, copper, lead, and
zinc. Latin America's share in iron-ore imports
had reached a peak of about 62 percent (compared
to 43 and 44 percent during the years 1955 and
1956) but declined to about 54 percent in 1959,
although in absolute amounts imports were at a
new high. Copper imports from Latin America
were 41 percent of the total compared with 56 per-
cent in 1956, lead imports 34 percent compared
with 45 percent in 1956, and zinc imports 28 per-
cent compared with 43 percent in 1957.
Second, our imports of these materials, with few
exceptions, have not risen as much as our total im-
ports of industrial materials. Of the commodities
which are used primarily in nondurable goods in-
dustries, imports of those of which Latin America
is a major supplier fell gradually from 57 percent
in 1955 to 46 percent in 1959. Of those which are
primarily used in durable goods industries, the
decline was from 48 percent in 1957 to 32 percent
in 1959. In part the decline in the share of these
more traditional imports (except perhaps iron
ore) may be explained by the rise in imports of
semimanufactured steel products due to the steel
strike here and a relatively slack steel demand in
other producing countries. Even omitting these
steel imports, the share of those metals for which
Latin America is an important source dropped
from 52 percent of total imports of metals and ores
in 1957 to 38 percent in 1959.
Thus, for those materials of which we purchase
relatively large amounts in Latin America, other
sources have become more important and other
commodities — including substitutes such as alu-
minum, for which Latin America is not a major
source — apparently have found a faster developing
market in this country.
The failure of imports from Latin America to
expand to the same extent as those from other
areas thus was due in part to certain special cir-
cumstances such as the decline in prices of coffee
and petroleum, in part to the large share of food-
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stuffs in total imports, for most of -which — par-
ticularly those obtained from Latin America —
the demand tends to rise less than for industrial
products, and in part to the fact that relatively few .
of the imports from Latin America are showing
a strong tendency to grow and that petroleum,
which had been a fast-rising import imtil 3 years
ago, did not continue that trend. The newer im-
ports, such as steel, aluminum, and, of course,
manufactured products, have so far been obtained
almost entirely from areas other than Latin
America.
Expenditures for Services
Payments to Latin America for services in 1959
amounted to slightly more than $900 million,
approximately one- fourth of the amount paid for
merchandise imports but considerably higher than
net payments through Government grants and
loans and private capital outflows. The aggre-
gate of services expenditures has not changed
materially over the last 3 years.
Nearly half of the services expenditures re-
sulted from international travel. Of the approxi-
mately $440 million spent in Latin America last
year for that purpose, all but about $93 million
accrued to Mexico ; South America received about
$35 million to $40 million and the Caribbean and
Central American Republics about $55 million.
Expenditures in Mexico, a large part of which
consists of border transactions, were somewhat
higher than in 1958, but in certain of the other
Eepublics they were smaller.
Government Assistance
Net contributions to Latin America by the U.S.
Government through grants and capital trans-
actions declined from a record high of nearly $600
million in 1958 to about $365 million last year.
The change was mainly in loan disbursements,
which declined by nearly $200 million, and in re-
payments, which rose by $30 million. Neverthe-
less, net Government disbursements were as Iiigh
as in the pre-1958 peak year of 1953 and substan-
tially higher than in all other postwar years.
About half of the 1958-59 decline in new loans
was in disbursements to Brazil, which were at an
exceptionally high rate in 1958, in part to meet
financial difficulties in that country at that time.
The remainder affected several countries, princi-
pally Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Cuba.
The decline in Export-Import Baiik disburse-
ments was somewhat larger than in total new
loans. Loans imder somewhat easier terms, partic-
ularly by the Development Loan Fund, and loans
in foreign currencies acquired through the sale
of U.S. agricultural commodities increased.
Among the latter, loans to private enterprises,
while still small, increased steeply from $2 million
to nearly $8 million.
Private Capital Movements
Direct investments dropped from about $300
million in 1958 to $200 million in 1959, with most
of the decline in the Venezuelan petrolemn in-
dustry. Direct investments in other industries
were about as high as in 1958 but did not recover
to the rate achieved in 1956 and 1957.
The net outflow of other private capital, prin-
cipally bank loans, was about $30 million higher
than in 1958 but, more important perhaps, con-
sisted to a larger extent of long-term funds. The
net outflow of fimds through long-term loans was
about $140 million, as compared with $60 million
in 1958, while the net outflow of short-term funds
declined by a smaller amoimt. The longer term
loans went mainly to Mexico, Argentina, and
Chile, while the net repayments were made by
Cuba and Venezuela.
Of the short-term loans Venezuela received
about $100 million, which offset most of the de-
cline in direct investments and in longer term
bank loans. Short-term claims also increased on
Colombia, but those on Brazil and Cuba were re-
duced. Combining both long- and short-term U.S.
claims as reported by U.S. banks, the most im-
portant movements were net outflows of about $87
million to Venezuela, $68 million to Mexico, $50
million to Argentina, $50 million to Chile, and net
returns of $84 million from Cuba and $36 million
from Brazil.
Decline In Exports
Total receipts from Latin America, as indicated
earlier, declined from 1958 to 1959 by about $550
million, or more than 10 percent. Most of the
decline was in merchandise exports, but receipts
from services and income on investments were
also slightly lower.
Merchandise exports were about $3,550 million.
This was about $1.1 billion less than at the 1957
peak and halfway between the 1955 and 1956
102
Department of State Bulletin
amounts. The decline was widespread and oc-
curred in our sales to all but 3 of the 20 Eepublics.
Most important in dollar terms was the drop in
Mexico, Brazil, and Cuba, with a decrease of over
$100 million in each of these coimtries. The in-
creases were primarily in Uruguay and Colombia,
but exports to the latter country were still at a
very low level compared with recent years prior
to 1958.
More than half of the decline was in Latin
American purchases of machinery and transport
equipment, and over 20 percent affected metal
manufactures. Most of the remaining decline was
in foodstuffs, particularly grains. Only a very
small part of this decline was due to lower sales
for foreign currencies under Government pro-
grams. Among the commodities which main-
tained their markets were chemicals including syn-
thetic rubber and fibers, coal, pulp and paper, and
some other industrial materials. It may be too
early to conclude that these changes reflect longer
term shifts in our exports from finished to semi-
finished goods, but the industrial development in
Latin America, spurred by our own investments,
would favor this tendency.
The major reason for the more than $l-billion
decline in U.S. exports to the Latin American Ee-
publics since 1957 is the drop in their foreign ex-
change receipts. During the same period, how-
ever, exports from Europe to Latin America
declined only by about $60 million, or 2 percent
(all of which occurred din-ing 1958) and exports
from Japan increased by about that amount. Thus
the entire decline in Latin American purchases
from industrial countries was, in the aggregate,
limited to goods from the United States, and con-
sequently our share in total Latin American im-
ports declined. If Latin American imports from
all industrialized countries had declined in the
same proportion, our exports would have shrunk
by about $400 million less than they actually did.
Although tlie larger loss in our sales may in part
be due to special circumstances affecting particular
countries or products, it does point to the possi-
bility of a weakening, at least temporarily, in our
competitive position.
Gold and Dollar Holdings
The overall decline in Latin American gold and
liquid dollar assets of about $230 million during
1959 includes losses of over $400 million by
Venezuela and about $150 million by Cuba. Many
Ju\y 78, 7960
of the other countries, however, increased their
liquid funds. Among the countries which had the
largest gains in their reserves were Argentina,
Chile, Colombia, and Mexico.
The recovery in reserves by these countries may
permit them to expand their foreign purchases
again. This may improve our exports. The fu-
ture of our exports to all of Latin America in the
longer run, however, depends basically upon the
foreign exchange receipts of these countries and
the success with which we compete with other
nations.
Country Data
The data on the transactions between the United
States and Latin America as a whole do not indi-
cate whether the major changes are due to condi-
tions affecting a few countries only or are charac-
teristic for a major part of the area.
Table III provides, for the first time, data on
U.S. transactions with eight of the major Latin
American Republics for the years 1955-58. (De-
tails for 1959 are not yet available.) The decline
from 1957 to 1958 in our total payments to Latin
America was mainly due to the drop in payments
to Venezuela, mostly because of lower private in-
vestments. Of the other countries shown here,
payments to Chile, Colombia, and Peru dropped
slightly, but Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico
had higher receipts from the United States, al-
though business activity in the United States had
declined during that period.
The largest decline in U.S. receipts from 1957
to 1958 was also from Venezuela, but receipts from
all but two of the other seven countries also de-
clined. The exceptions were Brazil, to wliich U.S.
exports increased (reflecting higher Government
loans) , and Mexico, which continued expenditures
in the United States at the 1957 level.
Of the eight countries shown here all except
Venezuela improved their balance with the United
States from 1957 to 1958 ; most important was the
improvement of the balance of Cuba (by about
$150 million), of Argentina (by about $100 mil-
lion), and of Chile (by about $50 million). The
decline in the balance of Venezuela with the
United States was about $350 million, however,
and about $25 million more if the oil purchases
through the Netherlands Antilles are included.
As indicated earlier, the changes in transactions
between the United States and Latin America and
103
the gold and dollar transactions with the Inter-
national Monetary Fund do not explain the
changes in Latin American gold and dollar hold-
ings. The residual reflects either dollar transac-
tions with countries other than the United States,
international institutions other than the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund, or imrecorded payments
to or by the United States.
For the area as a whole, these transactions re-
sulted in net payments by Latin America (includ-
ing the Panamanian shipping companies) of
about $750 million in 1958, or approximately $500
million more than in the previous year. The rise
in this dollar flow, which cannot be explained by
recorded transactions with the United States and
the International Monetary Fund, was largest
between these 2 years. The further increase from
1958 to 1959 was less than $100 million.
The data on U.S. transactions with the major
Latin American countries indicate which of the
coimtries account for a major part of these resid-
ual transactions and wliich countries account for
the major changes in them during recent years.
An association of these transactions with specific
countries may in turn shed some light upon their
nature.
First, it may be of some interest to note that
over the years examined here these residual trans-
actions resulted in consistently large net payments
by Brazil and Colombia. Among the coimtries
having large net receipts were Mexico for all of
the 4 years, Venezuela for the years 1955 to 1957,
and Cuba for 1957. Some of the large net pay-
ments, especially by Brazil, and large net receipts
by "Venezuela were for oil and oil products orig-
inating in the latter country.
The increase in these net payments from 1957
to 1958 was mainly in the transactions by Vene-
zuela and Cuba and apparently also by some of the
12 countries for which separate estimates have not
been made. The rise in net payments by these
countries was in part offset by a large decline in
net payments by Brazil and by minor changes in
the balance of other countries. This indicates that
the large rise in the net dollar payments by Latin
America as a whole, not explained by recorded
transactions with the United States or the Inter-
national Monetary Fund, was largely due to trans-
actions by two countries and was not characteristic
for the area as a whole.
A comparison of these computations with bal-
ance-of-payments tables prepared by Venezuela
does not indicate an increase in net payments
through recorded transactions with countries other
than the United States in the magnitude indicated
here. Instead, the nearly $400-million shift in the
movement of Venezuelan gold and dollar holdings
which camiot be explained on the basis of U.S.
data or recorded transactions with the United
States or the International Monetary Fund ap-
pears to correspond to a nearly equal shift in un-
recorded transactions, perhaps capital movements
in the Venezuelan balance of payments.
The balance of payments of Cuba does not show
a similar change in "errors and omissions." About
two-thirds of the change in the movement of Cu-
ban gold and dollar holdings not explained by U.S.
data on transactions with the United States and
the International Monetary Fund can be explained
by shifts in Cuba's trade balance with other areas.
The major factor in this shift from 1957 to 1958,
however, was a decline in exports to other areas by
about $100 million, rather than a rise in imports
from them, which expanded only by $40 million.
Thus it appears that a large part of the increase
from 1957 to 1958 in net payments by Latin Amer-
ica through transactions other than those recorded
in the U.S. balance of payments was due to un-
recorded capital movements to the United States
or to other countries, mostly from Venezuela.
Shifts in trade or recorded capital transactions in
favor of other areas were minor in comparison.
Mr. Dillon Attends Meetings, Talks
at Geneva, Vienna, Belgrade, Paris
The Department of State announced on July 1
(press release 375) that Under Secretary Dillon
would leave Wasliington on July 9 for Geneva,
where he will represent the United States at the
ministerial meeting of the 30th session of the
United Nations Economic and Social Council,
July 11-14.
Later he will visit Vienna, July 14-17, and Bel-
grade, July 17-20, to discuss matters of mutual
interest with officials of the Austrian and Yugo-
slav Governments and U.S. representatives.
Wliile in Vienna Mr. Dillon will address the Aus-
trian Society for Foreign Policy on July 15.
From Yugoslavia he will go to Paris to attend
the ministerial conference on the reconstitution
Departmenf of State Bulfefin
of the Organization for European Economic
Cooperation on July 22 and 23.
Members of his party -will include: Graham
Martin, John M. Leddy, Eobert C. Brewster, and
Dixon Donnelley, Special Assistants to the Under
Secretary; Dudley W. Miller, Executive Secre-
tariat; Mrs. Dorothy de Boi'chgrave, pei-sonal
assistant to the Under Secretary; and Miss Eva
Hallam, Mr. Leddy's secretaiy.
U.S. Makes Loan to Guatemala
for Development Work
The Department of State announced on June
29 (press release 368) that the United States and
Guatemala had on that day signed an agreement
by which the International Cooperation Admin-
istration will lend $3,500,000 to help Guatemala
carry forward its economic development program.
The funds, which are in addition to approxi-
mately $2,300,000 made available by ICA to
Guatemala for technical cooperation in 1960, will
be used to help finance development projects in
the fields of aided self-help housing, water sup-
ply, malaria eradication, environmental sanitation,
vocational education, school construction, high-
ways, and rural community services.
Tlie loan agreement was signed by the Guate-
malan Ambassador to the United States, Carlos
Alejos, on behalf of his Government and by
Samuel C. Waugh, President of the Export-Im-
port Bank of Washington, on behalf of the United
States. The bank administers ICA loans made
under provisions of the Mutual Security Program.
U.S. Welcomes French
Trade Liberalization
Department Statement
Press release 356 dated June 27
The U.S. Government welcomes the announce-
ment made on June 27 of the action of the French
Government in freeing fm-ther goods from import
quota controls. We understand that as a result of
this move only two industrial products remain
under discriminatory quota control from the dol-
lar area. We appreciate this additional step by
France in its steady progress toward the GATT
[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade] ob-
jective of elimination of quota controls on imports.
We regret, however, the absence of agricultural
products from the new list and hope to see early
removal of French import quota controls on agri-
cultural iiroducts.
We understand that the list includes unvulcan-
ized rubber, steel chains and link belts, saws,
pumps and compressors, typewriter-accoimting
machines, statistical machines, hydraulic valves,
electronic tubes, liquid meters, printed silk, rain-
wear, linoleum, refrigeration machinery, earth-
drilling equipment, pi-inting machinery, machine
tools, vacuum cleaners, and air navigation equip-
ment. We expect to receive a detailed list of the
newly liberalized products, which we will make
available to the press upon receipt and which will
be published in the Department of Commerce
publication Foreian Commerce Weekly.
Freedom' Day
iy Richard H. Davis
Deputy Assistant Secretary for European Affairs ^
We have come together on this island — now
named Liberty Island — on a day set aside to honor
the cause of freedom. The statue at whose base
we stand is a world symbol of the devotion to lib-
erty which we share with that great nation,
France, whose gift it was and whose traditions
have inspired us and other nations of the world.
It is fitting that we speak on this day of the
meaning of freedom. Since man began to live as
a member of a group, he has concerned laimself
with achieving and expanding his freedom as an
individual in society. As civilization developed,
the goals of personal freedom broadened. Start-
ing from the basic freedom of his person, man
sought the freedom t-o acquire and hold property,
to move about freely, to practice his religion, to
think and express himself freely, and in order
to protect these freedoms, to influence the way he
was to be governed.
As man gained these personal freedoms and
began to share in the life of his nation, he identi-
' Address made at the Freedom Day ceremonies at the
Statue of Liberty, New York, N.T., on June 29 (press re-
lease 363 dated June 28) .
Juty 78, 7960
105
fied himself with the nation and with its freedom.
He recognized that, if his nation were to fall un-
der foreign control, this would almost surely cost
him some of his own freedom.
Thus the search has been for both individual
and group freedom, man recognizing how much
one depended upon the other. As a nation bom
in a search for personal freedom, which soon
fought a war of national independence in order
to protect this freedom, we can hardly forget that
the two are often inseparable. From our own his-
tory and traditions we support the hopes and ef-
forts of others to live as free men in free nations.
As we have grown as a nation, we have joined in-
creasingly in efforts to build a world in which
this would be possible for all men. This world, as
we see it, is one in which free men and free na-
tions, joined in the United Nations and in other
regional and international organizations, may
move toward common goals.
Let me speak briefly of some of these goals and
of our role in seeking to attain them.
All mankind hopes for a world free from the
threat and fear of war — a world in which arms
and armies are not necessary, in which the awe-
some power of the atom is exploited only to serve
mankind, in which tensions and disputes have
given way to agreement and understanding. We
have joined actively in attempts to achieve these
ends. We shall continue to pursue them firmly
and patiently in spite of difficulties which are
placed in our path.
But we do not stop tliere. The world we seek is
one which is not only free from the fear of war
and destruction. It is one in which all men live
in freedom to decide their own destinies, to govern
themselves in ways of their choosing, and to enjoy
the fruits of nature and knowledge in gaining a
fuller and richer life.
We live in an era when new nations are emerg-
ing into independence while others, once free, are
denied the fi-eedom which is their right.
In the free world during the past 20 years nation
after nation has achieved independence — includ-
ing three African nations [Malagasy Kepublic,
Kepublic of the Congo, and Somali Eepublic] dur-
ing this very week — and others are moving toward
it with the understanding and assistance of the
former metropolitan powers. In the same period
nine Eastern European nations have fallen under
the yoke of Communist imperialism. We will
never recognize this as a normal situation. We
will always support the rights and aspirations of
these peoples to have governments and institutions
of their choosing. The world was told recently
that the Soviet Government adheres to the prin-
ciple of national self-determination. If this be so,
then the peoples of these nine European nations
are no less entitled to the right of self-determina-
tion, the exercise of political freedom, than those
peoples of Africa and Asia who have so recently
won their independence.
In the free world we are witnessing the process
of self-determination in action as nations emerge
into independence. One after another they are
seeking to establish and strengthen the institutions
of free goverimient.
Many of these nations are faced with the chal-
lenge of building their economies, of enlarging the
means of education, communication, and transpor-
tation, of securing for their populations the means
for a fuller life. Upon this depends to a consider-
able extent the growth of democratic institutions,
which are themselves crucial to the realization of
the goals which they — and we — seek. We have no
wish to influence the patterns of government of
these societies. We wish only that they have the
maximum opportunity to develop as open and free
societies in accord with the expressed will of their
populations.
Both directly and within the framework of the
United Nations we are assisting these nations in
their development. Our purposes are clear. Our
nation was born and grew with a vision of freedom
and a full life. We have worked and fought to
preserve this freedom for ourselves and for others.
We now have the opportunity and the obligation
to play a role in the spreading of conditions in
which the peoples of the emerging nations may
realize their own visions of freedom.
As the great lady who stands above us holds
high the torch of liberty, we must hold high the
light of freedom for all so that we may move to-
gether toward a world free of want, free of fear,
governed by the rule of law, in which man is
limited only by the range of his vision.
106
Department of State Bulletin
THE CONGRESS
Mutual Security Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1961
Following are statements made hy Secretary
Herter and Under Secretary Dillon before the
Senate Appropriations CoTmnittee on June 28 in
support of the Mutual Security Program for fiscal
year 1961.
STATEMENT BY SECRETARY HERTER
Press release 361 dated June 28
I am pleased to have the opportunity to appear
before you in support of the request for appropria-
tions for the Mutual Security Program. I want
to speak to you briefly regarding the significance
of this program and the importance of adequate
appropriations for it. I am accompanied by
Under Secretary Dillon, who is, as you know,
directly responsible for the coordination of the
Mutual Security Program. AVith your permission
I will ask him to address himself specifically to
the effect of the mutual security appropriations
bill which has been passed in the House of
Representatives.
Just a little over 3 months ago I appeared be-
fore the Senate Foreign Relations Cominittee to
support the mutual security authorizing legisla-
tion.^ I spoke at that time of the fact that we
faced a period of negotiations of critical impor-
tance and of the uncertainty as to whether these
negotiations would succeed in reducing interna-
tional tensions. I pointed out then that negotia-
tions in and of themselves did not alter the basic
conflict of ideas and ideologies. I said that the
fact of negotiations did not warrant any relaxa-
tion of our efforts to safeguard ourselves and our
friends and allies fi-om the menace of international
communism.
' BxTixETiN of Apr. 11, 1960, p. 566.
July 78, 7960
The events of the past 3 months underscore, if
underscoring were needed, the harsh and basic
realities with which we ai-e confronted — realities
which necessitated the institution of the Mutual
Security Program and which compel its con-
tinuance and strengthening. There can be no pos-
sible doubt that the goal of the Communists to
achieve world communism remains unchanged.
There can be no possible doubt that the leaders
of this powerful bloc believe that the end justifies
the means and will employ any means which they
believe will help achieve their goal.
The present thrust of Communist effort is also
indisputably concentrated on attempting to divide
the free world, to weaken the confidence of other
free nations in the leadership of the United States,
to pressure and to persuade such nations to draw
back from association with us. These are obvious
moves designed to isolate us from our friends and
allies and them from us.
This is not of course a new objective, nor are
these present pressures without numerous prece-
dents. Rather it is a reafiinnation of the con-
stancy of the Commimist purpose, an unmistakable
notice that the determination to establish a
Communist world continues unaltered and
undiminished.
Basic Purposes of Mutual Security Program
Peoples everywhere, in this coimtry, in the
nations allied with us and in those uncommitted,
and indeed those in the Sino-Soviet bloc, are con-
cerned with and will be affected by the nature of
our response to the challenge renewed by recent
events. They will examine our actions carefully,
seeking indications as to whether our adherence
to our principles and our purposes will be altered.
The resoluteness with wliich we provide for our
107
Mutual Security Prognuu, which is the principal
instrument through which we give support to our
established principles and purposes, will be the
object of particular attention.
Thus, the action taken by the Congress on this
bill takes on special significance at this time. It
will symbolize to millions of people the character
of our reaction to recent developments.
Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I
want to be clear about this. I believe the Mutual
Security Program is neither more nor less neces-
sary because of the events of recent months. It
was necessary before these events occurred; it is
still necessary. The renewed Communist pres-
sures do demonstrate and emphasize the threat
to all free peoples which the Mutual Security
Program helps to resist and rebuff. These pres-
sures do spotlight the action of the Congress on
the program and will intensify the impact of the
nature of that action on world opinion.
Our course is and must be based on a steadfast
adherence to the purposes which are advanced in
the JIutual Security Program. We seek to de-
fend ourselves and to assure our own security;
we seek equally to support the right of every
nation freely to determine its own system of gov-
ernment; we seek equally to help in the progres-
sive betterment of human beings. It is for these
reasons that we have had a Mutual Security
Program; it is for these reasons that we should
and must continue it.
Bill
House Approp
The House of Representatives has enacted an
appropriation bill which would provide $3,584
million, approximately $600 million less than we
believed to be needed and justified. The House
Appropriations Committee reduced the amomits
requested by nearly $800 million, almost evenly
divided between militai-y and nonmilitary pro-
grams. Action on the House floor resulted in a
restoration of half the cut in the military funds.
There was no restoration of economic funds.
Certainly, the full amount requested by the
President ^ for military assistance is urgently
needed to maintain an adequate defensive strength
in our allied nations. The action of the House
in effectmg a partial restoration is most helpful.
However, I want to make two points.
= For text of the President's
id., Mar. 7, 1960, p. 369.
to Congress, see
First, the maintenance of defensive strength
in our allies does not depend solely on the provi-
sion of military assistance, vital as it is. Eco-
nomic assistance in the form of defense support
is equally essential not only to maintain tlie forces
wluch use the arms but to safeguard the econo-
mies of the recipient nations from the sti-ains im-
posed by their military effort. Military assistance
and defense support are of equal importance in
maintaining strong allies.
Second, I wish to emphasize that, if we confine
our response to the threat of communism to the
erection of defensive military forces, we shall
surely lose the contest in the end. Deterrent de-
fensive strength is essential; it must be main-
tained; but it is futile if the societies it protects
do not concurrently progress.
We must recognize — and in this legislation we
do recognize — that there is at work in the world
today a ferment of freedom and of progress stir-
ring hundreds of millions of people in Asia,
Africa, and Latin America. These people want
and require a better life; this desire for improve-
ment is a major and unquenchable hxmian motiva-
tion. In the less privileged nations of the world
this desire is a growing force based on an in-
creasing recognition of the possibilities for ad-
vance and an increasing rejection of second- or
third-class status as world citizens.
The challenge which the need for progress pre-
sents cannot be ignored and the response to it must
be no less vigorous or adequate than the response
to threats of military force. To the majority of
the underdeveloped people of the world, preoc-
cupied with the enormous obstacles to self-im-
provement, this challenge is the significant and
important one. It would be most unwise if our
actions gave credence to the false concept that our
interests were purely selfish and the welfare of
others a matter of no concern.
One further point — and Under Secretary Dil-
lon will have more to say on this subject — has to
do with restrictions. The House bill has imposed
a nmnber of restrictions on the use of fimds
provided and on the administration of them. I
ask you in reviewing these to consider quite seri-
ously whether there is real justification for re-
stricting the administrators of this program, both
those now in office and those of the administration
to be elected this fall, in ways which we sincerely
believe will seriously and adversely impede the
Department of State Bulletin
eflfective employment of this program to protect
and advance our national interests.
One such amendment in particular I want to
comment on. This amendment is set forth in sec-
tion 101 and concerns the furnishing of documents.
I must tell you that section 101 is totally miac-
ceptable to the executive branch and is deemed by
it to be unconstitutional. It reraises an issue
which was the subject of intensive discussion last
year and involves both congressional and execu-
tive powers about which each is highly and prop-
erly sensitive. This committee took the lead last
year in resolving the issue and succeeded in writ-
ing a provision of law, section 111(d) of the
Senate Appropriations Act, 1960, which has
proved acceptable to both branches of the Gov-
ernment and reenactment of which was recom-
mended by the President. It is my earnest hope
that, in order to avoid prolonged and minecessary
controversy, the amencbxient proposed in the House
bill will be rejected and the mutually agreed sec-
tion 111(d) reenacted.
In summary, gentlemen, I urge the provision
of adequate funds both for the maintenance of
strong defenses and for the promotion of
human betterment. I also urge appropriations
free of crippling and unwarranted restrictions.
Such actions on your part will make possible a
sound and balanced program and will demonstrate
to all the world that the United States maintains
its principles and purposes, without fear or alarm
but with dignity and steadfastness.
STATEMENT BY UNDER SECRETARY DILLON
Press release 362 dated June 28
I appreciate the opportunity to come before
you again in order to indicate to you our position
with respect to certain provisions of the Mutual
Security Appropriations Act adopted by the
House of Representatives which give us concern.'
The Mutual Security Appropriation Act passed
by the House of Representatives fails in five
significant ways to respond adequately to the re-
quirements of our national interests and security :
1. It provides insufficient funds to support tlie
policies and programs authorized in the substan-
' For a statement issued by Under Secretary Dillon
on June 15, see ibid., July 4, 1960, p. 28.
tive legislation and needed to maintain U.S.
leadership.
2. It imposes restrictions on the use of the
funds appropriated which are inconsistent with
and would seriously impede the effective execution
of these policies and programs.
3. It provides limitations on administrative
funds which would severely restrict the capacity
of the executive branch to assure efficient manage-
ment of the funds appropriated and the programs
authorized.
4. It includes two other amendments which
seriously threaten the execution of the program.
5. It fails to include two provisions important
to the execution of the program.
Insufficiency of Funds
First, as to funds: The House bill proWdes
$1.8 billion for Military Assistance, which is $200
million less than the amount needed for essential
military equipment and training for moderniza-
tion of our NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organ-
ization] and Far Eastern allied forces.
It provides but $600 million for Defense Sup-
port. This is $95 million less than the current
year's appropriation, $124 million less than the
executive branch believed necessary, and $75 mil-
lion less than the Congress itself has authorized to
be appropriated. The action of the Congress in
sharply reducing tlie authorization for defense
support was taken prior to the recent intensifica-
tion of Communist pressures. The full appropria-
tion of the authorized defense support amount will
scarcely permit our allies to maintain the forces
for which equipment is being furnished. A cut
of the dimensions proposed by the House will
jeopardize the economic stability of our stanch
allies along the Sino-Soviet perimeter and thus
decrease essential military strength at the very mo-
ment Sino-Soviet pressur&s are being intensified.
The severe reduction in Special Assistance also
presents an especially critical problem. It would
force the eai-ly mutilation or abandonment of cur-
rent programs required by specific U.S. interests
and make it impossible to respond to new needs
such as those posed by the emerging countries of
Africa. Special assistance covers a wide range of
situations, including assuring to the United States
the use of military facilities in North Africa, the
maintenance of stability in the Middle East, the
prevention of economic chaos in Bolivia and Haiti,
July 18, 1960
109
participation in malaria eradication, and support
of American-sponsored schools abroad. The pur-
poses which are served by special assistance have
not been challenged during the congressional re-
view; indeed each committee has stressed the
importance of the components of particular inter-
est to it. Yet the amount provided in the House
bill, $206 million, is $39 million less than last year's
appropriation, $50 million or nearly 20 percent
below that authorized by the Congress, and $62
million less than the executive branch believed
necessary to caiTy out the programs authorized.
The full amount authorized is urgently required.
The reductions in the amoimts requested for the
Developinent Loan Fund and Technical Coopera-
tion are in the long rim equally inimical to our
national interests. These are the primarj- instru-
ments through which we aid and encourage the
less developed nations of the world to satisfy the
needs and wants of their peoples for progi-ess
without resort to communism. A failure on our
part to provide such help in adequate measure
seriously restricts their freedom of choice. The
House appropriation of $150 million for bilateral
technical cooperation is $22 million less than what
was requested and authorized and nearly $11 mil-
lion less than the current fiscal year 1960 program.
The clear need for new and increased programs in
Africa cannot be met unless additional funds are
provided.
Restrictions on Use of Funds
Second, as to restriction on use of funds : The
House bill imposes new restrictions on the use of
contingency funds and on teclmical cooperation
funds which would severely limit their effective
employment to achieve the purposes for which
their appropriation was authorized. Neither
restriction is justified; much harm and no benefit
can result from their retention.
The amendment regarding contingency funds
would deny the President a degree of flexibility
of proven value, clearly intended by authorizing
legislation to be available, and would seriously and
adversely hamper the effective use of these funds
to advance our secuiity interests.
The principal need for the contingency fund has
been, and is expected to continue to be, to meet the
needs of Situations wliich are totally unforeseen.
The need to use such funds as the fiscal year
progresses to make minor but vitally important
adjustments in country programs which cannot te
made within the appropriations for the various
categories of aid is of equal importance even
though the extent of such use has been relatively
small. Projections of aid requirements set forth
in the congressional presentation necessarily are
based on forecasts of the economic and political
situations likely to develop over the ensuing fiscal
year. Neither the executive hranch nor the Con-
gress can afford to jeopardize our national inter-
ests hy forcing rigid adherence to projections
which may he and often are invalidated hy chang-
ing circumstances.
It is in these cases that the power to adjust aid
levels using a small portion of contincreiicy funds
has proven most valuable. The flexible use of
these funds, which total less than 5 percent of the
entire mutual security appropriation, is essential
to carry out the jiolicies and programs of the
legislation.
The restriction contained in the House bill could
be construed not only to prevent the use of these
fimds to effect necessary adjustments in going
programs but to preclude the use of contingency
funds to augment aid to any recipient of such aid
irrespective of the extent to which changes in cir-
cumstances justified such action. Under such an
interpretation, for example, contingency funds
could not be used to augment a military program
in a given country, even if overt Communist attack
should occur. Thus the language of the provision
is subject to the interpretation of imposing an even
greater degree of inflexibility than presumably in-
tended by the sponsors of the restriction.
The restriction is contrary to the established use
of the contingency fund, repeatedly made known
to the Congress and accepted in congressional ac-
tion in this year's authorization bill. Its rejection
is strongly urged.
The limitation prohibiting the use of technical
cooperation funds to initiate any technical coop-
eration project or activity which has not been pre-
viously justified to the Congress would destroy the
flexibility which has be«n at the heart of a decade
of success of the point 4 program. This prohibi-
tion removes the possibility of making adjust-
ments in technical cooperation programs during
the course of negotiation or to meet new needs of
higher priority. It alters the program from one
of cooperation with foreign countries to a imilat-
eral take-it-or-leave-it program.
no
Department of Sfofe Bulletin
Restrictions on Administrative Funds
Third, as to restrictions on administrative
funds : The House bill denies funds in the amoimts
needed to assure effective administration of the
Mutual Security Program.
In the case of ICA administrative expenses the
amounts provided are inadequate to effectively
administer its programs. Restoration of the $2
million authorized is urgently needed.
In the case of Military Assistance, the Develop-
ment Loan Fund, and the Inspector General and
Comptroller the House bill does not save any
money. It merely limits the amount of the funds
appropriated which can be used for administra-
tion. This ignores the substantially increased su-
pervisory and implementation workload of the
Development Loan Fund with respect to the 150
loans in being at the start of the new fiscal year.
Fimds for this work must be made available to
assure that appropriations already committed by
the Development Loan Fund are well spent. It
impedes and restricts the efforts of the Defense
Department to improve administrative manage-
ment in the military assistance program. In the
case of the Inspector General and Comptroller, the
limitation virtually makes it impossible for his
duties to be faithfully and fully performed. This
office, created last year by the Congress to assure
better management, inspection, and evaluation of
the program, is now to be denied the funds re-
quired to do the job. This would weaken our abil-
ity to remedy the type of errors which Congress
has long criticized.
Restriction on Employment of Personnel
Fourth, as to other provisions: Two provisions
which appear in the House bill by virtue of amend-
ments on the House floor are particularly objec-
tionable. The first of these, section 101, dealing
with the furnishing of documents, has been dis-
cussed by Seci-etary Herter. The second is section
112 restricting employment of ICA personnel.
This amencbnent also raises anew a proposal which
was rejected by the Congress last year and which
was not recommended by the House Appropria-
tions Committee.
The amendment in section 112 would prevent the
major segments of American industry and the aca-
demic conmiimity from employing former ICA
employees for 2 years. It should be rejected, as
it was last year, as unnecessary to prevent im-
proper activity, for which adequate legislation
exists, as an imwarranted penalization of Amer-
ican business as well as of ICA employees, and as
a crippling restraint on recruitment of skilled
technicians.
Provisions Omitted From House Bill
Fifth, as to omitted provisions: An important
omission in the House bill is provision for the
continued availability of obligated balances of
prior-year funds for use for the general purposes
of the new appropriations. This authority has
lieen in every previous act for the last 10 years and
is essential to the businesslike and effective con-
duct of this complex progi-am. Its denial would
preclude the deobligation and reobligation of
these funds even though they were to be used for
the same general purposes as those for which they
were appropriated and obligated. This would
seriously impede efficient program management
and, in certain circumstances, require repudiation
of outstanding commitments. The reinstitution
of this authority is essential.
Finally, the deletion on the floor of the House
of the reappropriation of unobligated balances,
despite the intention of the House Appropriations
Committee that these lie available in addition to
the specific new appropriations, has the effect of a
reduction of $42 million. These fimds are essen-
tial and their addition was intended by the House
Appropriations Committee. The restoration of
these funds is urged.
Gentlemen, the provision of adequate funds
and the removal of unnecessary and impeding re-
strictions on their use are essential to an effective
ilutual Security Program.
Department Urges Senate Approval
oTTax Convention With India
Statement iy Under Secretary Dillon ^
It is a pleasure to appear before you in support
of the tax convention with India.- In doing so I
wish to discuss the foreign policy considerations
involved in this convention, particularly as they
relate to the tax-sparing provision, article XII of
the convention.
' Made before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
on June 28 (press release 3C0) .
" For text, see S. Ex. H, SGth Cong., 2d sess.
Jo/y 78, J 960
The committee is fully aware of the importance
the United States attaches to economic progress
in the less developed countries of the free world
and to the vital role which private capital can
and does play in that progress. You are also
aware of our policy to stimulate further the flow
of private capital to encourage the maximum of
private participation in the development of less
developed areas. "We all recognize the fact that
Government funds, while still required in large
measure, cannot do the developmental job alone.
United States direct private investment abroad
has tended to increase in recent years; however,
the share of this investment in the less developed
coimtries, particularly Asia and Africa, remains
disappointingly low. The average annual flow of
U.S. direct private investment in the general area
including Africa, the Middle East, and Asia since
1953 has amounted to about $158 million, a mere
13 percent of the global amount. At least 60 per-
cent of this investment has been in the petroleum
industry. Even the sharp spurt in our total for-
eign investment in 1956 and 1957 did not appre-
ciably increase the flow to Asia and Africa.
I shall not go into the reasons for the low level
of our private investments in the less developed
countries. They are many, and the committee has
heard them before. But I would like to emphasize
that an important factor deterring an increased
flow of private capital to less developed countries
is the existence in many of those countries of an
unfavorable investment climate. We are con-
stantly seeking to encourage and assist these coim-
tries to improve their investment climates in order
to promote investment and development.
Need for Private Investment in Development
The Government of India shares with us a
recognition of the importance of the private sector
generally and of the need for foreign private in-
vestment to supplement India's own resources in
its great developmental effort. In the past few
years the Indian Government has taken concrete
steps to improve the investment climate for domes-
tic private enterprise and as a means of encourag-
ing an inflow of foreign private capital. It has,
for example, established a number of institutions
to provide medium- and long-term credits to pri-
vate firms. In addition to the successful Govern-
ment-owned Industrial Finance Corporation, a
completely privately owned investment institu-
tion has been in operation since 1955, aided by a
large interest-free loan from the Indian Govern-
ment. That Government has also used various tax
concessions to encourage private industrial devel-
opment. Since 1949 all new industrial undertak-
ings have been exempted, for 5 years from the
start of manufacture, from the payment of cor-
poration income tax on income up to 6 percent per
annum of their invested capital. Since March
1954 all industrial enterprises have been granted
a development tax rebate equal to 25 percent of
the cost of new plant and machinery in addition
to existing liberal depreciation allowances. The
wealth tax introduced in 1957 was abolished this
year. There have been other tax incentives as
well, described more fully in the technical memo-
randum which I understand the Treasury De-
partment has prepared for your committee's use.
Of particular significance to U.S. investors was
an invitation issued in 1957 by the Indian Govern-
ment to foreign investors to construct fertilizer
plants in India and the conclusion in 1957 and
amendment in 1959 of an investment guaranty
agreement with the United States. Under this
agreement investment guaranties of $7 million
have been issued and applications are being proc-
essed for an additional $77 million. In addition,
the Indian Government has warmly welcomed the
four U.S. trade missions which visited India over
the past 18 months. The members of these mis-
sions were favorably impressed by the prospects
for expanded trade with and investment in India.
These developments are, of course, highly en-
couraging to the United States and the free world.
I am sure you will agree with me that the suc<^ess
of the Indian experiment — an experiment toward
economic progress in a free and open society —
is of vital concern to us, particularly when many
countries of Asia and Africa are watching closely
the relative efforts of India and Communist China.
India is one of the few less developed countries in
which conditions are particularly favorable for
economic growth. "We are supporting a greater
concentration of effort in economic assistance for
these countries and are seeking to supplement this
governmental effort by private means wherever
possible.
One of the ways in which we hope to support
the endeavor of the Indian Government to attract
more private capital is by concluding the tax
112
Deparfment of State Bulletin
convention which is now before your committee.
In the past we have found tax conventions ex-
tremely valuable in our economic relations with
the more developed countries because they mini-
mize or eliminate the extra tax burden which
would otherwise exist. Tax treaties also create a
favorable trade and investment atmosphere by
bringing about a broad adjustment of two tax sys-
tems in such a way that movements of trade and
investment are facilitated and conflicts of tax
policy are greatly reduced or even eliminated. We
now have tax treaties with 21 countries which
place our economic relations with these countries
under a clear and consistent tax regime.
Our tax treaties ai-e, with only two exceptions
(Honduras and Pakistan), with the more fully
developed countries. Despite their obvious value
to the United States and other developed countries,
the reciprocal advantages of the treaties have un-
fortunately been far less apparent to the less de-
veloped countries. Their general lack of interest
in concluding conventions with us in the past has
been due primarily to the fact that they are capital
importers, not exporters, and their companies do
not as a rule invest abroad. Accordingly, bene-
fits appeared to be largely in our favor and revenue
losses almost entirely on their side. It is only
recently that the less developed countries have
begun to view with considerable interest the tax
convention as a vehicle for attracting U.S. private
investment. This is essentially because we have
on a nmnber of occasions announced our willing-
ness to introduce a new element in our conventions
which would give recognition by means of a credit
to tax incentives adopted by less developed coun-
tries to attract new capital. I am referring here
to the tax-sparing pro\asion such as the one con-
tained in the convention with India. We have
included this provision in two other conventions
which have been negotiated but not yet signed.
In addition, discussions have been held with six
other countries on tax conventions which would
include a credit for tax sparing.
As you know, such a provision was also con-
tained in the convention origmally negotiated
with Pakistan. However, the expiration of
Pakistan's incentive law before final ratification
of the convention removed the basis for the tax-
sparing provision, and it was therefore excluded
from the treaty by recommendation of your com-
mittee.' In taking this action you will recall that
your committee made it clear that it did so without
prejudice to its future consideration of the tax-
sparing principle.
U.S. Position on Tax-Sparing Principle
The tax-sparing provision in the Indian treaty
is mherently reasonable, is in line with our treaty
policy, and will accomplish our policy objectives.
A few words about each one of these points will
clarify our position.
Tax sparing is inherently reasonable. We
should make it possible for underdeveloped coun-
tries to use tax incentives as a policy device for
the encouragement of private investment in a
given field. If a less developed country wishes to
attract domestic and foreign capital into new in-
dustries, tax incentives are clearly among the tech-
niques which that country may utilize. Such a
country would be expected to welcome action by
the United States which would recognize the spe-
cial benefit which it is granting to an industry.
Tax sparing is, fui'ther, an extension consistent
with our treaty policy. Our basic principle of
taxing all income of all United States nationals,
residents, and corporations, no matter where such
income originates, requires modification at many
points. Its main corrective is the policy, confirmed
in our treaties, of granting credit for foreign
taxes — a policy by which we give foreign tax au-
thorities a first claim on income arising mider their
jurisdiction. By the tax-sparing principle we con-
cede to them the further power not only to tax
but to forgo taxes. The credit for tax exemption
leaves the foreign tax authorities free to exempt
new investments from taxation secure in the knowl-
edge that these exemptions will not be nullified
by the operation of the U.S. tax-credit mechanism.
The tax-sparing principle will improve our re-
lations with many less developed comitries, be-
cause they consider tax sparing a significant step
toward a reconciliation of their and our tax
philosopliies.
The tax-sparing device, almost alone among
measures for the encouragement of private in-
vestment, permits us to extend tax benefits selec-
tively to areas and under conditions wliich will
directly further our economic policy. It is in the
For background, see Bulletin of June 8, 1959, p. 853.
July J 8, 7960
less developed areas that this device proves to be
most useful, and it is our intention to continue to
negotiate tax-sparing provisions only after care-
ful examination of the local tax concessions and
the way they are administered.
Tax sparing is geared directly to the economic
policy objectives of less developed countries. It
operates only if and when new industries are actu-
ally established. Thus the prospect of increased
economic activity, and the prospect of a broader
tax base, is tied directly to the temporary revenue
concession oflfered. By enabling less developed
countries to use this tool as far as American in-
vestors are concerned, we can hope to open up a
broader field for the private sector in general.
In conclusion I wish to state that the tax treaty
with India should make an important contribution
to sound economic relationsliips between our two
countries, and accordingly, on behalf of the De-
partment of State, I urge its ratification.
City in 2 or 3 weeks, the exact date to be estab-
lished in the near future by mutual agreement
between the two Governments.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Aviation
International air services transit agreement. Done at
Chicago December 7, 1944. Entered into force for the
Uniteil States February 8, 194.5. 59 Stat. 1693.
Acceptance deposited: Korea, June 22, 1960.
Wheat
International wheat agreement, 1959, with annex.
Opened for signature at Washington April 6 through
24, 1959. Entered into force July 16, 1959, for part I
and parts III to VIII, and August 1, 1959, for part II.
TIAS 4302.
Acceptance deposited: Netherlands, June 27, 1960.
BILATERAL
TREATY INFORMATION
U.S. and Mexico Agree To Extend
Aviation Agreement Until August 14
Press release 372 dated June ."JO
Manuel Tello, Minister for Foreign Affairs of
Mexico, and Kobert C. Hill, U.S. Ambassador to
Mexico, on June 30 concluded at Mexico City an
exchange of notes extending for 45 days the provi-
sional arrangement on civil aviation between the
two countries, which was due to expire on that
date.
The agreement to extend the present arrange-
ment until August 14, 1960, was based upon the
mutual desire of both Governments to provide ad-
ditional time to complete the air transport talks
which were initiated at Washington on April 26,
I960.' These talks were recessed on May 13, 1960,
at which time both delegations agreed to consult
their respective Governments to review the prog-
ress made and obtain further instructions. It is
expected that the talks will be resumed at Mexico
^ For background, see Bulletin of May 16, 1960, p. 804,
and June 6, 1960, p. 941.
Chile
Agreement extending the technical cooperation agricul-
tural and livestock program agreement of January 16,
1051, as amended (TIAS 2430, 2514, and 3268). Signed
at Santiago June 15, 1960. Entered into force June
15, 1960.
Denmark
Agreement approving the procedures for the reciprocal
filing of classified patent applications in the United
States and Denmark. Effected by exchange of notes
at Copenhagen June 13 and 20, 1900. Entered into
force June 20, 1960.
India
Agreement providing for a grant of nuclear research
equipment in the field of agriculture (gamma irradia-
tion and fly sterilization facility). Effected by ex-
change of notes at New Delhi April 22 and .lune 13,
1960. Entered into force June 13, 1960.
Israel
Agreement supplementing the agricultural commodities
agreement of January 7, 1960 (TIAS 4401). Effected
by exchange of notes at Washington June 30, 1960.
Entered into force June 30, 1960.
Mexico
Agreement extending the provisional air transport agree-
ment, as amended (TIAS 3776, 4099, 4269). Effected
bv exchange of notes at Mexico June 30, 1960. Entered
into force June 30, 1960.
Turkey
Agreement amending the agricultural commodities agree-
ment of December 22, 1959 (TIAS 4391). Effected by
exchange of notes at Ankara May 31, 1960. Entered
into force May 31, 1960.
United Kingdom
Agreement concerning the establishment in the Bahama
Islands of a long-range aid to navigation station.
Signed at Washington June 24, 1960. Entered into
force June 24, 1960.
Department of State Bulletin
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Security Council Considers Argentine Complaint on Eichmann Case
The V.N. Security Council on June 22 and 23
debated an Argentine complaint concemi/ng the
transfer of Adolf Eichmann from Argentina hy
Israel. Following are two statements made in
the Council hy U.S. Representative Henry Cabot
Lodge, together with the tewt of a resolution
adopted on June 23.
STATEMENT OF JUNE 22
U.S. /U.N. press release 3420
The matter before the Council concerns the re-
moval from the territory of Argentina of Adolf
Eichmann, for the purpose of putting the said
Eichmann on trial before an Israeli court on
charges of responsibility for systematic mass
murder of Jews and others in World War II.
Clearly the way in which Eichmann was appre-
hended has been the cause of an unfortunate strain
in the relations between the two comitries most
concerned, whose relations normally are friendly.
In these circumstances the United States be-
lieves that three considerations are uppermost.
First, nothing which we do or say in the Comi-
cil sliould further impair or complicate or em-
bitter the otherwise normal and good relations
between Argentina and Israel, or make a fair set-
tlement of tliis matter more difficult.
Second, in the interests of peace and good order
among nations, international law and practices in
such matters as this should be upheld.
And third, the whole matter cannot be consid-
ered apart from the monstrous acts with which
Eichmann is charged. He has been charged with
the systematic slaughter of some 6,000,000 people
whose offense under the Nazi law, wliich he served,
was that they were Jews. It is a record of mur-
der so savage, and so staggering in its extent, that
even our century of colossal tragedy and endless
brutalities has witnessed nothing to surpass it.
In lists submitted to the United Nations War
Crimes Commission, Eichmann was described as
a war criminal by at least three of the countries
which suffered under Hitler: I refer to France,
Czechoslovakia, and the Netherlands. He is re-
ported also to have supervised mass murdere dur-
ing World War II in Hungai-y — that unhappy
land.
Mr. President, in view of this all too extensive
backgromid we can well understand the strong
feeling of the Government of Israel, many of
whose citizens are the children, brothers, sisters,
and parents of people murdered in Europe hardly
more than 15 years ago.
The United States with its allies fought World
War II against nazism. We were against it then ;
we are relentlessly against it now.
If the Council will forgive a personal recollec-
tion, I saw the concentration camp at Dachau at
the time that it was captured by the Army. The
memory of those literally thousands of piled-up
human bodies will stay with me through life.
We believe, therefore, that whatever action the
Council may take on this matter, and whatever is
said in this debate, we must make it clear that not
only do we not condone the monstrous acts with
which Eichmann is charged; we remember them
with horror and with boundless pity for his
victims.
We may also, I think, repudiate the totally base-
less Soviet innuendo that there is Nazi influence
in NATO. NATO exists to defend freedom from
totalitarianism. Let the Soviet Union attack it
on that gromid, if attack it they must in this
debate.
Jo/y 18, 7960
115
Air. President, tliis issue with which the Council
must deal is the complaint of Argentina that her
sovereignty has been infringed by the manner
in which Eiclmnann was removed. It is on
this account that Argentina seeks appropriate
reparation.
We imderstand clearly the concern of Argentina
that its laws and its sovereign rights shall be re-
spected so that order shall prevail. It is
legitimate.
Mr. President, the draft resolution before the
Council ^ appears to meet the considerations which
I have described. It is drawn up in moderate
terms which in our view should not prejudice a
peaceful solution.
The United States would, however, like to sug-
gest two additions which we hope will be accepted.
We propose first an additional preambular para-
graph to precede the paragraph which reads,
"Noting at the same time that . . ." and so forth.
This new paragraph would read as follows :
Mindful of the universal condemnation of the persecu-
tion of the Jews under the Nazis, and of the concern
of people in all countries that Eichmann should be
brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which
he is accused,
I think that expresses what is in the hearts of
many of us in the United States and in many
other countries.
We also propose that a new third operative
paragraph be added which would read as follows :
Expresses the hope that the traditionally friendly re-
lations between Argentina and Israel will be advanced.
Mr. President, we believe that these additions
would improve the text and be in accord with
the views of most members of the Comicil. We
believe they also express the hope of Argentina
and Israel.
To sum up, we wish to see tliis question disposed
of m a way which will make clear the world's
abhorrence of the crimes with which Eichmann
is charged; which will uphold the rule of inter-
national law ; and, finally, which will help Argen-
tina and Israel to solve this matter between them-
selves and to renew their traditionally friendly
relations. We believe the pending resolution
with the amendments which I propose meets those
requirements.
STATEMENT OF JUNE 23
D.S./U.N. press release 3421
In her speech yesterday the Foreign Minister
of Isi-ael [Golda Meir] drew attention to the
phrase "adequate reparation" and inquired as to
its precise meaning. She made the thoroughly
reasonable contention that if the Council was to
accept the phrase "adequate reparation" the Coun-
cil should know beforehand what "adequate rep-
aration" was intended to mean.
Accordingly the United States now wishes to
state its view of what this phrase means.
The United States considers that "adequate
reparation" will have been made by the expres-
sion of views by the Security Council in the pend-
ing resolution taken together with the statement
of the Foreign Minister of Israel making apology
on behalf of the Government of Israel. We there-
fore think that when we have adopted the pending
resolution "adequate reparation" will have been
made and that the incident will then be closed.
The normal and friendly relations between the
two Governments can then progress.
It is on this miderstanding of the meaning of
this resolution that the United States yesterday
stated its position.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION ^
The Security Council,
Bnvinq examined the complaint that the transfer of
Adolf Eichmann to the territory of Israel constitutes a
violation of the sovereignty of the Argentine Republic,
Considering that the violation of the sovereignty of a
Member State is incompatible with the Charter of the
United Nations,
Having regard to the fact that reciprocal respect for
and the mutual protection of the sovereign rights of
States are an essential condition for their harmonious
coexistence.
Noting that the repetition of acts such as that giving
rise to this situation would involve a breach of the prin-
ciples upon which international order is founded creat-
ing an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incom-
patible with the preservation of peace.
Mindful of the universal condemnation of the persecu-
tion of the Jews under the Nazis, and of the concern of
U.N. doc. S/4345.
' U.N. doc. S/4349 ; adopted by the Council on June 23
by a vote of 8 to 0, with 2 abstentious (Poland, U.S.S.R.).
In accordance with the charter prorision that "a party
to a dispute shall abstain from voting" (art. 27(3)), Ar-
gentina did not participate in the vote.
Department of State Bulletin
people in all countries that Eichniann should be brought
to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is
accused,
Noting at the same time that this resolution should in
no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of
which Eiehmann is accused,
1. Declares that acts such as that under consideration,
which affect the sovereignty of a Member State and
therefore cause international friction, may, if repeated,
endanger international peace and security ;
2. Requests the Government of Israel to make appro-
priate reparation in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations and the rules of international law ;
3. Expresses the hope that the traditionally friendly
relations between Argentina and Israel will be advanced.
FAO Freedom-From-Hunger Campaign
Receives Active U.S. Support
Statem,e7it by President Eisenhotoer
White House press release dated July 1
On this day the Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization of the United Xations has begun an inter-
national freedom-from-himger campaign.^ The
basic objectives of this campaign are to raise levels
of food production and nutrition for the people of
the world. These objectives have the earnest
support of us all.
The world is confronted by two great problems
in hunger : the needs of the present and the future.
And the last is greater than the first. We must
try to raise the level of nutrition for many mil-
lions who now subsist on an inadequate diet, and
we must find new sources of food for the rapidly
expanding family of man. To achieve this end
all countries will have to exert supreme efforts and
inventiveness.
The United States took an active part in the
formation and development of the Food and Agri-
culture Organization. We continue to support it
as an instrument for intergovernmental consulta-
tion, for the exchange of information, and to spon-
sor separate and collective actions by its member
countries in raising levels of nutrition. We wish
the Director General of FAO and his staff all
success as they carry forward their program of
work, of which this campaign is a special part.
Through our food-for-peace efforts we are advanc-
ing the objectives of the campaign, and we are
working with other countries in the cormnon task
' For background, see Buxletijt of Jan. 18, 1960, p. 94.
of improving humanity's standard of living which
gives substance to our hopes for the peace and
freedom of all peoples.
United States Delegations
to International Conferences
ECE Steel Committee
The Department of State announced on June 22
(press release 345) that Maxwell D. Millard, Ad-
ministrative Vice President — International,
United States Steel Corporation, will serve as
delegate to the 24th session of the Steel Committee
of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe, which is scheduled to be held at Geneva
June29-Julyl.
Mr. Millard will be assisted by Robert D. Wood-
ward, economist, Bethlehem Steel Co., and George
M. Pollard, First Secretary and Economic Officer,
U.S. Mission to the European Conunimities,
Luxembourg, alternate delegate and adviser
respectively.
The U.S. delegation will present a proposal for
the study of comparative factors which affect pro-
duction and trade in steel products in both Europe
and the United States.
International Conference on Public Education
The Department of State announced on July 1
(press release 374) the members of the U.S. dele-
gation to the 23d International Conference on
Public Education, sponsored jointly by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization (UNESCO) and the International Bu-
reau of Education (IBE), which will be held at
Geneva, July 6-15.
The U.S. Government will be represented at
this annual conference by the following delegation :
Samuel M. Brownell, chairman, Superintendent of Schools,
Detroit, Mich.
Leo P. Black, Assistant Commissioner in Charge of In-
structional Services, State Department of Education,
Denver, Colo.
Romaine P. Maekie, Chief, Services for Exceptional Chil-
dren and Youth Section, Office of Education, Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare
Fredrika M. Tandler, Assistant Director, International
Educational Relations Branch, Division of International
Education, Office of Education, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
My 18, 7960
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Beira is the second city of Mozambique, an important
port, and the largest industrial center in the Portuguese
overseas province. It is the principal eastern terminus
of the railroad from the Belgian Congo and the Federa-
tion of Rhodesia and Nj^asaland. Beira is served by
many shipping lines, including U.S. companies.
African Posts Elevated to Embassies
Lcoiwldvillc
The Department of State announced on June 29 (press
release 370) that the American consulate general at
Lgopoldvllle, Republic of the Congo, would be elevated
on June 30, 19G0, to an embassy upon the formal attain-
ment of independence by the former Belgian Congo. The
United States first opened a consulate at L^opoldville in
1884.
Clare H. Timberlake has been nominated by the Presi-
dent to be the first U.S. Ambassador to the new Republic.
Until Mr. Timberlake's appointment has been confirmed
by the U.S. Senate, John D. Tomlinson, who has been
consul general at Lfiopoldville since 1958, will serve as
Charg6 d'Affaires.
itogadiscio
Press release 371 dated June 30
The American Consulate General at Mogadiscio, Somali
Republic, will be elevated on July 1, 1960, to an embassy
upon formal attainment of independence by that nation.
The Somali Republic incorporates the former Somalia,
a U.N. trusteeship under Italian administration, and the
former British Somaliland, known simply as Somaliland
since it obtained its independence from Great Britain on
June 26, 1960. The United States first opened a consulate
at Mogadiscio on July 1, 1957.
Andrew G. Lynch, consul general at Mogadiscio since
195S, has been nominated by the President to be the first
U.S. Ambassador to the newly independent Somali
Republic.
Consular Agency Established at Beira
Press release 376 dated July 1
The Department of State on July 1 established a con-
sular agency at Beira, Mozambique, to provide normal
services for American citizens who visit that city. Robert
Lee Peace, an American businessman resident at Beira,
has been designated acting consular agent.
Mr. Peace's initial functions will be to assist American
merchant ships and seamen and other American citizens
who frequently visit this east African port. When com-
missioneil as consular agent upon completion of formal
procedures already initiated, he will perform notarial
and other consular services.
The consular agency at Beira will be under the super-
vision of the consulate general at Lourengo Marques,
Mozambique, which lies 500 miles south of Beira.
Designations
John M. MeSweeney as Director, Office of Soviet Union
Affairs, effective June 16.
No. Date
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: June 27-July 3
Press releases may be obtained from the Office
of News, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Release issued prior to June 27 which appears
in this issue of the Bulletin is No. 345 of June 22.
Subject
French trade liberalization.
Herter: independence of Somaliland.
U.S. program for disarmament under
international control.
Delegation to Somali Republic inde-
pendence ceremonies.
Dillon : income tax convention with
India.
Herter: Senate Appropriations Com-
mittee.
Dillon: Senate Appropriations Com-
mittee.
Davis: Freedom Day ceremonies.
Lynch nominated Ambassador to So-
mali Republic (biographic details).
Career ambassadors sworn in.
Memorandum submitted to Inter-
American Peace Committee on pro-
vocative actions of Cuban Govern-
ment.
Timberlake nominated Ambassador to
Republic of the Congo (biographic
details).
Loan to Guatemala (rewrite).
Nomination of career ministers.
Post at LeopoldviUe raised to embassy
(rewrite).
Post at Mogadiscio raised to embassy.
Civil aviation agreement with Mexico.
Independence of SomaU Republic.
Delegation to International Public Ed-
ucation Conference (rewrite).
Dillon attends meetings and talks in
Europe (rewrite).
Consular agency opened at Beira, Mo-
zambique.
Amendments to itinerary of King and
Queen of Thailand.
Delegation to Development Assistance
Group meeting.
U.S. note to Soviet Union.
Educational exchange agreement with
Korea.
356
357
358
6/27
6/27
6/27
•359
6/27
360
6/28
361
6/28
362
6/28
363
*364
6/28
6/28
*365
366
6/29
6/29
*367
6/29
368
*369
370
6/29
6/29
6/29
371
372
t373
374
6/30
6/30
6/30
7/1
375
7/1
376
7/1
*377
7/1
i37S
7/1
379
t3s0
7/2
7/1
'Not printed.
'Held for a later issue of the Bttlletin.
Department of State Bulletin
July 18, 1960
Index
Vol. XLIII, No. 109^
Africa. Consular Agency Established at Beira . 118
Agriculture. FAO Freedom-Froni-Hunger Cam-
paign Receives Active U.S. Support (Eisen-
hower) 117
American Principles. Freedom Day (Davis) . . 105
American Republics. The Balance of Payments
Between the United States and Latin America in
1959 (Culbertsou, Lederer) 94
Argentina. Security Council Considers Argentine
Complaint on Eichmann Case (Lodge, text of
resolution) 115
Austria. Mr. Dillon Attends Meetings, Talks at
Geneva, Vienna, Belgrade, Paris 104
Aviation. U.S. and Mexico Agree To Extend Avia-
tion Agreement Until August 14 114
Congress, The
Department Urges Senate Approval of Tax Conven-
tion With India (Dillon) Ill
Mutual Security Appropriations for Fiscal Year
1961 (Dillon, Herter) 107
Cuba. United States Submits to Inter-American
Peace Committee Memorandum on Provocative
Actions of Cuban Government (test of memoran-
dum) 79
Department and Foreign Service
African Posts Elevated to Embassies 118
Consular Agency Established at Beira 118
Designations (McSweeney) 118
Disarmament. Ten-Nation Conference on Disarm-
ament Terminated by Soviet Walkout (texts of
U.S. note, U.S. proposals, and Khrushchev
letter) 88
Economic Affairs
The Balance of Payments Between the United
States and Latin America in 1959 (Culbertson,
Lederer) 94
Department Urges Senate Approval of Tax Conven-
tion With India (Dillon) Ill
Mr. Dillon Attends Meetings, Talks at Geneva, Vi-
enna, Belgrade, Paris 104
ECB Steel Committee (delegation) 117
U.S. Welcomes French Trade Liberalization . . 105
France. U.S. Welcomes French Trade Liberaliza-
tion 105
Guatemala. U.S. Makes Loan to Guatemala for
Development Work 105
Health, Education, and Welfare. International
Conference on Public Education (delegation) . 117
India. Department Urges Senate Approval of Tax
Convention With India (Dillon) Ill
International Organizations and Conferences
Mr. Dillon Attends Meetings, Talks at Geneva, Vi-
enna, Belgrade, Paris 104
ECB Steel Committee (delegation) 117
FAO Freedom-From-Hunger Campaign Receives Ac-
tive U.S. Support (Eisenhower) 117
International Conference on Public Education
(delegation) 117
Ten-Nation Conference on Disarmament Termi-
nated by Soviet Walkout ( texts of U.S. note, U.S.
proposals, and Khrushchev letter) 88-
United States Submits to Inter-American Peace
Committee Memorandum on Provocative Actions
of Cuban Government (text of memorandum) . 79
Israel. Security Council Considers Argentine Com-
plaint on Eichmann Case (Lodge, text of resolu-
tion) 115
Malagasy Republic. President Eisenhower Con-
gratulates Malagasy Republic on Independence . 87
Mexico. U.S. and Mexico Agree To Extend Avia-
tion Agreement Until August 14 114
Mutual Security
Mutual Security Appropriations for Fiscal Year
1901 (Dillon, Herter) 107
U.S. Makes Loan to Guatemala for Development
Work 105
Non-Self-Governing Territories, Consular Agency
Established at Beira 118
Presidential Documents
FAO Freedom-Prom-Hunger Campaign Receives
Active U.S. Support 117
President Eisenhower Congratulates Malagasy Re-
public on Independence 87
Republic of the Congo. African Posts Elevated to
Embassies IIS
Somali Republic. African Posts Elevated to Em-
bassies 118
Somaliland. Secretary Herter Sends Regards to
Somaliland on Independence 87
Treaty Information
Current Actions 114
Department Urges Senate Approval of Tax Conven-
tion With India Ill
U.S. and Mexico Agree To Extend Aviation Agree-
ment Until August 14 114
U.S.S.R.
McSweeney designated director, Office of Soviet
Union Affairs 118
Ten-Nation Conference on Disarmament Termi-
nated by Soviet Walkout (texts of U.S. note, U.S.
proposals, and Khrushchev letter) 88
United Nations. Security Council Considers Ar-
gentine Complaint on Eichmann Case (Lodge, text
of resolution) 115
Yugoslavia. Mr. Dillon Attends Meetings, Talks at
Geneva, Vienna, Belgrade, Paris 104
Name Index
Culbertson, Nancy F 94
Davis, Richard H 105
Dillon, Douglas 109,111
Eisenhower, President 87, 117
Herter, Secretary 87, 107
Khrushchev, Nikita S 92
Lederer, Walther 94
Lodge, Henry Cabot 115
McSweeney, John M 118
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1942, Volume I, General,
The British Commonwealth, The Far East
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Subjects treated in the General section include the United
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The section on the British Commonwealth of Nations relates to
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
JLf^JU^
IE
FICIAL
EEKLY RECORD
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER VISITS THE FAR EAST •
Report to the People, Joint Statement and Communiques,
Major Addresses 123
UNITED STATES AND THAILAND EXPRESS MUTUAL
DESIRE TO MAINTAIN AND STRENGTHEN
COOPERATION 143
NEW AFRICAN NATIONS RECOMMENDED FOR
MEMBERSHIP IN UNITED NATIONS • Statements
by Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge and Assistant Secretary
Wilcox 149
»IITED STATES
IREIGN POLICY
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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July 25, 1960
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President Eisenhower Visits the Far East
President Eisenhower returned to Washington on Jime 26 after a trip to
the Far East dunng which he visited the Republic of the Philippines, June
U-16, the Republic of China, June 18-19, the island of Okinawa, June 19,
and the Republic of Korea, June 19-20. On June 27 the President made a
report on his trip to the American people by radio and television.
Following are texts of the President's report, his major addresses during
the trip, and joint statements issued at Manila, Taipei, and Seoul.
REPORT TO THE PEOPLE, JUNE 27
White House press release dated June 27
My friends : I have just returned to Washington
from a trip to the Far East. It has been a trip so
marked by events of significance that I shall try
this evening to give you a simple background of
fact against which these recent events can be
viewed in perspective.
To begin, a few personal observations on the
trip I have just concluded :
First, American relations with the Philip-
pines, Taiwan, Korea, and Okinawa have been
strengthened.
Second, the people of these Far Eastern lands
took advantage of the opportimity given by this
visit to demonstrate anew their long and ardent
friendship with and for the people of America.
The American people are gratified, I am sure, as
am I, by these heartwarming demonstrations.
Third, the ratification of the mutual security
treaty between the United States and Japan ^ rep-
resents an important victory for the free world —
a defeat for international communism.
And now let's look at the background of this
trip — and the others I have taken in the interest
of world peace.
This trip was planned as one of a series which
have, in toto, taken me nearly around the world,
to 27 nations of Europe, the Middle East, South
' For text, see BtJLLETiN of Feb. 8, 1960, p. 184.
Jo/y 25, I960
Asia, North Africa, the Americas, and the Far
East. Those nations I have visited during the
last 10 months have populations reaching an ag-
gregate of over a billion people.
To understand where these visits fit into the
overall foreign relations of this Government we
must go back to 1953, to the time when I was
assessing the world situation with the late Secre-
tary of State Dulles, preparatory to my assump-
tion of the office of the Presidency. At that time
we recognized that the Communists had, for some
years following the conclusion of World War II,
taken advantage of the chaotic aftermath of con-
flict — and of our own self-imposed military dis-
armament — to indulge in a continuous campaign
of aggression and subversion m Asia and Eastern
Europe. They had disrupted the lives of millions
of free people, causing lowered living standards
and exhausted economies. Cliina and its half bil-
lion people had been lost to the free world. The
war in Korea, then in condition of stalemate, still
dragged on.
We began our studies with one essential fact
before us. It had become clear, by 1953, that the
accumulation of atomic weapon stockpiles, whose
use could destroy civilization, made resort to force
an intolerable means for settling international
disputes. Only in the rule of law, which meant
the attainment of an enduring peace with jus-
tice, could mankind hope for guarantee against
extinction.
"With these facts in mind we conchided, and
have since been guided by the conviction, that
there were several things which we should do si-
midtaneously, all of them in conformity with the
ideals expressed in the charter of the United
Nations.
It was, and is, mandatory to present before the
world, constantly and vigorously, America's great
desire for peace and her readiness to sit at the
conference table to discuss specific i^roblems with
anyone who would show an equal readiness to
negotiate honestly and in good faith. This we
continue to do in spite of difficulties such as the
regrettable action of the Soviet delegation in walk-
ing out of the Ten-Nation Disarmament Confer-
ence at Geneva this morning.^ But from the very
beginning we have made it clear that, until real
progress toward mutual disarmament could be
achieved, our first concern would be to keep our
own defenses strong, modern, and alert.
We tried to identify all those areas in the world
where serious trouble could erupt suddenly and
developed suggestions for correcting the causes
of unrest and of enhancing stability in such locali-
ties. Through cooperation with our friends we
have succeeded in removing causes of friction in
many of these areas.
In support of these purposes we have sought,
from the begiimiiig, frequent personal contact with
responsible governmental officials of friendly
nations. Indeed, we have felt it wise, also, to
seek to improve communications between our-
selves and the Soviet Government. Akin to this
effort was one wliich has come to be called the
people-to-people program, a completely new type
of venture in international relations which has
been amazingly successful.
Along with these objectives we have constantly
striven to devise better methods of cooperation
with our friends, working out with them programs
by which together we could improve our common
security and raise living standards. Our Mutual
Security Program has been, and is, a vital means
of making such cooperation effective.
To carry out the purpose of proclaiming and
demonstrating to the world America's peaceful
intentions, we first made a number of policy state-
ments and a series of concrete proposals that
might lead to fruitful discussions with the Soviets.
As early as April of 1953, 1 suggested disarma-
ment talks with the Soviets and pledged tliat I
would urge the United States to apply a sub-
stantial portion of any savings realized through
mutually acceptable disarmament to the improve-
ment of living standards in the less developed
nations.^
Later that year I proposed, before the United
Nations General Assembly, that we devote all dis-
coveries in atomic science to peaceful uses." Nine-
teen months later at Geneva I suggested the open-
skies method of mutual inspection.'
Exchanges of Visits
In the meantime the Secretary of State set out
tirelessly to make calls on friendly governments
and to strengthen collective security. In return
we issued invitations to heads of state to visit
America and her people. Other good-will visits
were concurrently made by the Vice President and
other personal representatives.
Many heads of government or state responded
promptly to our invitations to visit this country.
In the past 71/2 years more than 70 heads of state
and prime ministers have come to the United
States — some of them several times — in visits ex-
tending from a few days to some weeks. In this
respect the period has been without precedent.
Otlier visitors are to come in the near future. In-
deed, tomorrow we shall be honored by the
arrival in "Washington on such a visit of the King
and Queen of Tliailand and later in the year the
Crown Prince and Princess of Japan and the
King and Queen of Denmark.
I early began to receive urgent invitations to
make return visits to the countries whose heads
had paid us the courtesy of coming to see America
and our way of life. Many months ago we con-
cluded that I should personally accept some of
these invitations as opportmiity should present
itself. Secretary Herter, first as Under Secretary
of State and later as Secretary of State, enthu-
siastically concurred. Overseas visits by me, all
of us felt, would be a strong support of other
successful programs.
The great value resulting from these journeys
to 27 nations has been obvious here and abroad.
' For backgrouna, see Hid., July 18, 1960, p.
124
' For text of the President's address before the American
Society of Newspaper Editors on Apr. 16, 1953, see ibid.,
Apr. 27, 1953, p. 599.
' Ibid., Dec. 21, 1953, p. 847.
' Ibid., Aug. 1, 1955, p.l73.
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Throughout the world there has been opportunity
to emphasize and reempliasize America's devotion
to peace witli justice, lier detennination to sustain
freedom and to strengthen free-world security
through our coopei-ative programs, her readiness
to sacrifice in helping to build the kind of world
we want.
Tliese visits involved, of course, valuable con-
versations between lieads of state and government,
as well as tlie promotion of imderstanding among
peoples. However, except for the so-called sum-
mit and the NATO heads-of-govermnent meeting,
none of my visits has been planned or carried out
solely as a diplomatic mission seeking specific
agreements, even though discussions have invar-
iably involved important issues.
Incidentally, I believe that heads of state and
govermnent can occasionally, and preferably on
an informal basis, jjrofitably meet for conversa-
tions on broad problems and prmciples. They
can, of course, also convene to give solemn approv-
al to agreements previously prepared by normal
diplomatic methods. But heads-of -government
meetings are not effective mechanisms for devel-
oping detailed provisions of international com-
pacts and have never been so considered by this
Government.
On the other hand, the good-will aspects of a
visit by a head of government can frequently
bring about favorable results far transcending
those of normal diplomatic conferences. They
have resulted in the creation of a more friendly
atmosphere and mutual confidence between
peoples. They have proved effective in brmging
closer together nations tliat respect human dignity
and are dedicated to freedom.
Communist Opposition
Indeed it seems apparent that the Communists,
some time ago, readied the conclusion that these
visits were of such positive value to the free world
as to obstruct Communist imperialism. Thus
they have sought every possible method to stop
them. Through their propaganda they bitterly
opposed my entry into the Pliilippines, in Taiwan,
in Okinawa, in Korea, and, of course, Japan.
In Paris last month they advanced false and
elaborate excuses for canceling my invitation to
visit the Soviet Union, when all that was necessary
to say was that they found it mconvenient to
receive me.
With their associates in Peiping they went to
great lengths and expense to create disorders in
Tokyo that compelled the Japanese Government
to decide, under conditions then existing, that it
should revoke its longstanding invitation for me
to visit that sister democracy.
These disorders were not occasioned by Ameri-
ca. We in the United States must not fall into
the error of blaming ourselves for what the Com-
munists do; after all, Conmiunists will act like
Communists.
One clear proof of the value to us of these
visits is the intensity of the opposition the Com-
munists have developed against them.
Respecting Japan, in spite of the outrageous
conduct of a violent and disorderly minority, I
have been assured that the people there were, in
overwhelming majority, anxious to welcome me
as a representative of a nation with which they
wished to cooperate and to have friendly relations.
Of course, the basic objective of the Communist-
inspired disorders in Tokyo was to bring about
the rejection by the Japanese Goverimient of the
treaty. That the Communists were defeated in
their frantic efforts to prevent ratification of that
treaty speaks well for the future of Japanese-
American relations. Obviously that signal defeat
for international communism far outweighs in
importance the blocking of my scheduled visit.
Another purpose of the Conmiunist-inspired
riots in Tokyo was to weaken confidence between
our peoples and to persuade the United States to
change its basic policies toward Japan. It would
be a tremendous victory for international commu-
nism if we were to permit the unhappy events of
the past several weeks in Japan to disrupt our
economic relationships with that nation or to
weaken the feeling of friendship and understand-
ing which unites the vast majority of the Japa-
nese and American people.
Role of Japan in Far East
Japan has once again become a great nation.
Over the postwar years she has painstakingly cre-
ated a new image of hereelf, the image of a re-
sponsible, peaceful, and cooperative free-world
nation, mindful of her obligations and of the rights
of others. Japan has made a fine record in the
United Nations as well as elsewhere on the inter-
national stage.
Since the loss of mainland China to the Com-
July 25, I960
125
munists in 1949, the need to link the other nations
of tlie Far East with the United States more
strongly, in their mutual interest, should be ap-
parent to all. We seek and continue to build and
strengthen these links, with Japan as well as with
the other countries, by actions of many kinds — of
which my recent trip was but a single example.
In the present circumstances a Far Eastern policy
of "waiting for the dust to settle" will not meet
the free world's need.
The other free coimtries of the Far East, small
in relation to the massive area and immense popu-
lation of Red China, can survive in freedom and
flourish only in cooperative association with the
United States and a free Japan. Through our
aid programs, through our bilateral and collective
defensive arrangements such as SEATO [South-
east Asia Treaty Organization], through our very
presence in the area, we help them greatly. And
a free and friendly Japan can reinforce this
American effort, as indeed she is already doing
through aid programs of her own.
Because of the Prime Minister's necessary with-
drawal of his urgent invitation of last winter for
me to visit Japan on June 19th, I was of course
unable to meet with the Japanese Government
and people or to bring to them assurances of
American good will. This was disappointing, but
we should not forget the favorable effects of visits
elsewhere in the Far East, as well as the final ap-
proval of the Japanese- American treaty by both
Governments. Moreover, the general improve-
ment that has come about through exchanges of
visits by friendly heads of government is recog-
nized and appreciated throughout the free world.
I wish that every one of you could have accom-
panied me to Manila, Taipei, and Korea and thus
witnessed for yourselves the outpouring of friend-
ship, gratitude, and respect for America. The
throngs of people there, like the many millions
who, during earlier journeys, lined the streets of
great cities in tlie mid-East, Europe, North Af-
rica, South America, as well as in Canada and
Mexico, had one overwhelming message for our
nation.
That message, expressed in glowing faces,
friendly shouts, songs, gaily painted placards,
and homemade signs, was that they wanted to be
partners with the United States. They share our
ideals of the dignity of man and the equality of
all before the law; they believe in their God; they
believe that the American people are their friends.
They believe that Americans are sincerely devoted
to their progress, which means so much to them
and which is so evident on every side.
These demonstrations have been inspiring to all
who have not closed their eyes and minds to their
meaning. Moreover, the leaders of the free peo-
ples I have met here or abroad have assured me,
privately and publicly, that they approve of
America's purposes and policies, even though de-
tails of implementation are frequently subjects
for discussion or negotiation. They have ex-
pressed the hope that visits to their countries by
the senior officials of our Government might be of
greater frequency. They have shown to me evi-
dence of their marked material progress through
American cooperation. They have testified to the
reborn hope and restored confidence of their
peoples.
Let me stress, however, that all the profit gained
by past and any possible future trips will be
quickly dissipated should we Americans abandon
our present course in foreign relations or slacken
our efforts in cooperative programs with our
friends.
This is what the Communists want. It is im-
perative that we act with mature judgment. We
must recognize their tactics as a deliberate attempt
to split the free world, causing friction between
allies and friends. We must not fall into this
trap ; all of us must remain firm and steadfast in
our united dedication to freedom and to peace
with justice.
Above all, we must bear in mind that successful
implementation of any policy against Communist
imperialism requires that we never be bluffed, ca-
joled, blinded, or frightened. We cannot win out
against the Conamunist purpose to dominate the
world by being timid, passive, or apologetic
when we are acting in our own and the free
world's interests. We must accept the risks of
bold action with coolness and courage. We must
always be strong, but we must never forget that
peace can never be won by arms alone ; we will be
firm but never truculent ; we will be fair but never
fearful; we will always extend friendship wher-
ever friendship is offered honestly to us.
Now a final, pei-sonal word: So far as any fu-
ture visits of my own are involved, I have no
plans, no other particular trip in mind. Consid-
ering the shortness of the time before next Janu-
126
Department of State Bulletin
ary and the unavoidable preoccupations of the few
months remaining, it would be difficult to accept
any invitation for me again to go abroad.
But so long as tlie threat of Communist domi-
nation may liang over the fi-ee world, I believe
that any future President will conclude that recip-
rocal visits by heads of friendly governments
have great value in promoting free-world
solidarity.
And this I assure you: If any unforeseen
situation or circumstances arising in the near
future should convince me that another journey
of mine would still further strengthen the bonds
of friendship between us and others, I would not
hesitate a second in deciding to make still an
additional effort of this kind. No consideration
of personal fatigue or inconvenience, no threat
or arginnent, would deter me from once again
setting out on a course that has meant much for
our country, for her friends, and for the cause
of freedom and peace with justice in the world.
Thank you, and good night.
ADDRESS TO PHILIPPINE CONGRESS, MANILA,
JUNE 15
White House (Manila) press release dated June 15 (as-delivered
text)
Mr. President of the Senate, Mr. Speaker of
the House, Members of the Congress, distin-
guished guests, and my friends : I am keenly sensi-
ble of the high honor this assembled body has
paid to me and to my country by inviting me to
be present here and to address this body, a body
representing the political leadership of a great
Republic in the Asian sector. I am indeed over-
whelmed by your kindness, and I can say only
mabuhay.
You will understand the flood of memories that
swept over me on coming back to this land, where
I feel that I am revisiting an old home and old
friends and renewing ties of long standing.
Here my wife and I spent 4 happy years, making
friendships that we shall ever cherish. Here our
son went to school and grew into young manhood.
Here I saw the first beginnings of this Republic
and worked with men whose vision of greatness
for the people of the Philippines has been matched
by its realization.
Through many days I could talk of life as I
knew it here a quarter of a century ago. For
hours on end I could make comparisons of what
was in those days and what is now. But I have
only minutes in which I can address myself to
this subject.
Even in the short space I have been here, how-
ever, I have been struck by the vigor and progress
that is evident everywhere. I see around me a
city reconstructed out of the havoc and destruc-
tion of a world war. I know of the Binga Dam,
the Maria Ci'istina Power and Industrial Com-
plex, the Mindanao highway system, rural electri-
fication, the disappearance of epidemic diseases,
the amazing growth of Manila industry.
Significance of Constructive Nationalism
Everywhere is inescapable physical evidence of
energy and dedication and a surging faith in the
future. But of deeper significance is the creation
here of a fimctioning democracy — a sovereign
people directing their own destinies, a sovereign
people concerned with their responsibilities in the
community of nations. Those responsibilities
you have discharged magnificently even as you
toiled to rebuild and to glorify your own land.
Certainly we Americans salute Filipino par-
ticipation in the Korean war, the example set the
whole free world by the Filipino nurses and doc-
tors who went to Laos and to Viet-Nam on Oper-
ation Brotherhood, your contribution to SEATO
and the defense of your neighbors against ag-
gression, your charter membership and dynamic
leadersliip in the United Nations, your active ef-
forts to achieve closer cultural and economic rela-
tions with other southeast Asian countries.
The stature of the Republic of the Philippines
on the world scene is the creation of its own peo-
ple—of their skill, their imagination, their cour-
age, and, above all, their commitment to freedom.
But their aspirations would have gone unrealized
were they not animated by a spirit of nationalism,
of a patriotic love of their own land and its inde-
pendence, which united and directed them in their
efforts.
Tliis spirit was described by your late great
leader and my personal friend, Manuel Quezon,
when he with great eloquence said :
Rightly conceived, felt, and practiced, nationalism is a
tremendous force for good. It strengthens and solidifies
a nation. It preserves the best traditions of the past
and adds zest to the ambition of enlarging the Inherit-
ance of the people. It Is, therefore, a dynamic urge for
continuous self-improvement. In fine, it enriches the
Ju/y 25, I960
127
sum total of mankind's cultural, moral, and material pos-
sessions through the individual and characteristic con-
tribution of each people.
Significantly, President Quezon liacl this cau-
tion to offer, "So long as the nationalistic senti-
ment is not fostered to the point wliere a people
forgets that it forms a part of the human family ;
that the good of mankind should be the ultimate
aim of each and every nation ; and that conflicting
national interests are only temporaiy; and that
there is always a just formula for adjusting
them — nationalism then," he said, "is a noble, ele-
vating, and most beneficial sentiment."
In these words of clarity and timeless wisdom
President Quezon spoke a message forever appli-
cable to human affairs, particularly fitted to the
circumstances of this era.
Nationalism is a mighty and a relentless force.
No conspiracy of power, no compulsion of arms,
can stifle it forever. The constructive national-
ism defined by President Quezon is a noble, per-
sistent, fiery inspiration, essential to the develop-
ment of a young nation. Within its ideal my own
country since its earliest days has striven to
achieve the American dream and destiny. We
respect this quality in our sister nation.
Communist leaders fear constructive national-
ism as a mortal foe. This fear is evident in the
continuing efforts of the Communist conspiracy
to penetrate nationalist movements, to pervert
them, and to pirate them for their own evil
objectives.
To dominate, if they can, the eternal impulse
of national patriotism, they use force and threats
of force, subversion and bribery, propaganda and
spurious promises. They deny the dignity of men
and have subjected many millions to the execution
of master plans dictated in faraway places.
Communism demands subservience to a single
ideology, to a strait jacket of ideas and approaches
and methods. Freedom of individuals or nations
to them is intolerable. But free men, free nations,
make their own rules to fit their own needs witliin
a universally accepted frame of justice and law.
Protecting the Rights of Free Nations
Under freedom, thrivhig sovereign nations of
diverse political, economic, and social systems are
the basic healthy cells that make up a thriving
world community. Freedom and independence
for each is in the interest of all.
For that very reason — in our own enlightened
self-interest, in the interest of all our friends —
the purpose of American assistance programs is
to protect the right of nations to develop the
political and social institutions of their choice.
None, we believe, shoidd have to accept extremist
solutions mider the wliip of hunger or the threat
of armed attack and domination.
We — free, self-governing peoples — readily ac-
cept that there is a great variety of political,
social, and economic systems in the world ; and we
accept the further fact that there is no single, best
way of life that answers the needs of everyone,
everywhere.
The American way satisfies the United States.
We think it is best for us. But the United States
need not believe that all should imitate us. But
what all of us do have in common with the free
nations in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin
America are basic and weighty convictions, more
important than differences of speech and color
and culture.
Some of these convictions are: that man is a
being capable of making his own decisions; that
all people should be given a fair opportimity to
use their God-given talents, to be Morthy heirs
of their fathers, to fulfill their destiny as children
of God ; that voluntary cooperation among groups
and nations is vastly preferable to cooperation by
force — indeed, voluntary cooperation is the onlj'
fruitful kind of effort in the long run.
True enough, in a too lengthy period of history
some European nations seemed convinced that
they were assigned the mission of controlling the
continents. But always powerful voices within
those countries attacked the policy of their own
governments. And we of the American Eepub-
lics — 21 independent nations once European
colonies — denied in arms and in battle the validity
of the assumed mission. Colonialism died there
because true nationalism was a more potent force.
Since 1945, 33 lands that were once subject to
Western control have peaceably achieved self-
determination. These countries have a population
of almost a billion people. During the same
period, 12 countries in the Sino-Soviet sphere have
been forcibly deprived of their independence.
The question might be asked : Who are today the
colonialists?
The basic antagonism of the Communist system
to anything wliich it cannot control is the single,
most important cause of the tension between the
128
Department of State Bulletin
free nations in all their variety on the one hand
and, on the other, the rigidly controlled Commu-
nist bloc.
One purpose of the Communist system's propa-
ganda is to obscure these true facts. Eight now
the principal target is the United States of Amer-
ica. The United States is painted by the Commu-
nists as an imperialistic seeker of limitless power
over all the peoples of the world, using them as
pawns on the chessboard of war, exploiting them
and their resources to enrich our own economy, de-
grading them to a role of beggarly dependence.
What America Stands For
The existence, the prosperity, the prestige of
the Republic of the Philippines proves tlie falsity
of those charges. You, as a people, know that
our American Republic is no empire of tyranny.
Your leaders repeatedly have so testified to the
world. But for a few minutes I should like to
speak to you on what America stands for: what
it stood for before I became President and what it
will continue to stand for after I have left office.
More important than any one year, any one
incident, or any one man is the role we have
played through our whole history — the role we
shall continue to play so long as our Republic
endures.
Two hundred years, lacking 16, have passed
since our forefathers proclaimed to the world the
truths they held self-evident: that all men are
created equal ; that they are endowed with unalien-
able rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness ; that governments are instituted among
men to secure those rights, deriving their just
powers only from the consent of the governed.
On the day of that proclamation you and we
and scores of other now-free nations were colonies.
Mankind everywhere was engaged in a bitter
struggle for bare survival. Only a few by the
accident of birth enjoyed ease without backbreak-
ing toil. Naked power, more often than not, was
the decisive element in human affairs. Most men
died young after an all-too-short life of poverty.
Since then, fi'ee men — using their rights, em-
bracing tlieir opportunities, daring to venture and
to risk, recognizing that justice and good will
fortify strength — have transformed the world.
The wilderness and jmigle of nature have been
conquered. The mysteries of the miiverse are
being unlocked. The powers of the elements have
been harnessed for human benefit. The ancient
tyrannies of hunger and disease and ignorance
have been relentlessly attacked and ceaselessly
reduced in their domains.
The evils of our forebears' times were manifold
and entrenched and often accepted without mur-
mur. But to free men who saw in their fellow
men the image of God, who recognized in them-
selves a capacity to transform their circumstances
and environment — to such free men, those evils
were unbearable.
Not all of these evils were vanquished at the
first assault. Indeed, many still survive. Not
always was success persistently prosecuted to
ultimate triumph. Free men, however mighty
tlieir inspiration, are hmnanly frail.
At times they may be fearful when they should
be girding and bracing themselves for more vig-
orous effort, trading words when they should be
woi-king, bickering over trifles when they should
be miiting on essentials, rioting when they should
be calmly planning. Often they may dissipate
their energies in futile and wasteful exercise.
Often they are mistaken or for a while misled.
Being human, these things are true about all of us.
Nevertheless, the resources of free men living in
free communities, cooperating with their neigh-
bors at home and overseas, constitute the mighti-
est creative temporal force on earth.
In your sister Republic of tlie United States
the greatest achievement of our history is that our
rebels against colonialism, against subjection,
against tyranny, were the first in this era to raise
the banner of freedom and decent nationalism, to
carry it beyond our shores, and to honor it
evei-ywhere.
Wliat we stood for in 1776, when we were fight-
ing for our fi-eedom, we still stand for in 1960.
To maintain our stand for peace and friendship
and freedom among the nations, the United States
must remain strong and always faithful to its
friends, making clear that propaganda pressures,
rocket rattling, and even open aggression are
boimd to fail.
Beyond the guarantees of American strength,
we seek to expand a collective security. SEATO
demonstrates what can be accomplished. Since
its inception not one inch of free southeast Asia
territory has been lost to an aggressor.
Collective security must be based on all fields of
human endeavor, requiring cooperation and mu-
July 25, 1960
129
tual excliange in the areas of politics, economics,
culture, and science. We believe in the expansion
of relations between nations as a step toward more
formal regional cooperation. In accord with this
belief, we support the initiative taken by the Gov-
ernment of the Philippines during the past several
years in establishing closer ties with its neighbors.
Patience, foi'bearance, integrity, an enduring
trust, must between our two coimtries characterize
our mutual relations. Never, I pray, will the
United States, because of its favored position in
size and numbers and wealth, attempt to dictate
or to exercise any imfair pressure of any kind or
to forget or to ignore the Republic of the Philip-
pines — its equal in sovereign dignity. And never,
I pray, will the Philippines deem it advantageous
either at home or abroad to make a whipping boy
of the United States. Each of us proudly recog-
nizes the other as its sovereign equal.
And my friends, at this point I just want to
interpolate one simple thought on the cooperative
efforts for our own security, for advancing the
standards of living of peoples, for everything that
we do together : There are of course differences in
the ability of each nation to make contributions.
Each of us as an individual is different from every
other individual. Physically, mentally, and in
the possession of the woi'ld's goods, we are some-
what diffei-ent. But I submit. Members of tlie
Congress, that there is one field where no man, no
woman, no nation, need take a secondary place
and that is in moral leadership.
The spirit of a people is not to be measured by
its size or its riches or even its age. It is some-
thing that comes from the heart, and from the
very smallest nation can come some of the great
ideas — particularly those great inspirational ideas
that inspire men to strive always upward and
onward.
Therefore, when I say that our two nations are
sovereign equals, I mean it just in that spirit, in
the sense that you have just as much to contribute
to the world and to yourselves and to freedom as
the greatest and the most powerful nation in the
world.
Now finally, in this great cause of peace and
friendship and freedom, we who are joined to-
gether will succeed. The eternal aspirations, pur-
poses, ideals of humanity inspire and hearten and
urge us to success.
But we face repeated challenges, endless temp-
tations to relax, continuous campaigns of propa-
ganda and threat. Let us stand more firmly to-
gether against them all. And so doing, and with
God's help, we shall march ever forward toward
our destiny as free nations and great and good
friends.
Thank you verj- much.
REMARKS AT PUBLIC RECEPTION, LUNETA,
JUNE 16
White House (Manila) press release dated June 16 (as-delivered
text)
Mr. President, you, on behalf of the Filipino
people, have just bestowed a great honor upon me.
Proudly I accept, in the name of the American
people, the award of Rajah in the Ancient Order
of Sikatuna.
My friends, this Luneta was for more than 4
years the scene of my habitual evening walks. To
this day it lives in memory as one of the most
pleasant, indeed even one of the most romantic,
spots I have known in this entire world. Leaving
the front entrance of the Manila Hotel of an eve-
ning, I could walk to the right to view the busy
docks, where Philippine commerce with the world
was loaded and unloaded. From here, looking
across the peaceful waters of Manila Bay, I could
see the gorgeous sunsets over Miravales. AValking
toward the club of the Army and the Navy and
looking down toward the city itself, I nearly al-
ways paused for a moment before the statue of the
great Jose Rizal before returning to my quarters.
One thing that made those evening promenades
so pleasant, so meaningful, was the deep sense of
feeling I had of Philippine- American friendship.
To you assembled before this platform, to Fili-
pinos and Americans everywhere, and to those
who are gone from among us is due the credit of
having our close friendship in war and in peace.
Now upon both our peoples still rests the gi'ave re-
sponsibility of working together tirelessly in the
promotion of liberty and world peace.
Voluntary Association of Free Peoples
The voluntary association of free peoples pro-
duces, from the sharing of common ideals of jus-
tice, equality, and liberty, a strength and a moral
fiber which tyramiies never attain by coercion,
control, and oppression. Such tyrannies can, of
course, concentrate upon a single objective the
toil of millions upon millions of men and women.
130
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
working endless hours, denied even the smallest
happiness of human living, sometimes whipped,
sometimes cajoled, always treated as robots bereft
of human dignity. For a space of years, particu-
larly if the peoples they regiment have known lit-
tle of freedom or of a decent prosperity, such
dictatorships may se«m to acliieve marvels. But
in their denial of human dignity, their destruction
of individual self-esteem, they write the eventual
doom of their system.
Long before many of us here today were born,
a great Filipino, Jose Rizal, in vivid and eloquent
language foretold the eruption of these tyrannies
and predicted their ultimate fate. He said :
Deprive a man of his dignity, and you not only deprive
him of his moral strength but you also make him useless
even for those that wish to make use of him. Every
creature has its stimulus, its mainspring. Man's is his
self-esteem. Take it away from him and he is a
corpse. . . .
Now tyrannies of many sorts still exist in the
world. All are rejected by free men. Some
authoritarian governments, being narrow in am-
bition, content themselves with local and confined
dominance. Others are blatant in their boasts
of eventual supremacy over continents and even
the world — constant in their boast that eventually
they will bury all systems of freedom.
That boast will never come true. Even in the
lands that Communists now master with an iron
rule, the eternal aspirations of humanity cannot
be forever suppressed. The truth enunciated by
Jose Rizal is imiversal in its application. But
tyrannies, before their fated deterioration and
disappearance, can, sometimes for many years,
engulf and enslave free peoples unable to resist
them.
In that knowledge, the free world — two-thirds
of the earth's population — step by step moves
forward toward a more effective partnership that
freedom, human dignity, the noble heritages of
many centuries may withstand successfully all
Some nations are still reluctant to commit them-
selves fully; others are divided on commitments
already made. Minorities in some — possibly the
victims of subversion or of bribe, possibly confused
by propaganda and threat — oppose even the most
obviously profitable associations. But most stand
firmly together.
The free world must uicrease its strength — in
military defenses, in economic growth, in spiritual
President Postpones Trip to Japan
at Japanese Government's Request
statement iy James C. Eagerty
Press Secretary to the President
White House (Manila) press release dated June 16
The President has been informed of the Jap-
anese Government's request that he postpone his
visit to Japan. Although he would have liked to
fulfill his long-held ambition to jmy his respects to
the Emperor and to the people of this great sister
democracy and ally of the United States, he, of
course, fully accepts the decision of the Japanese
authorities and therefore will not visit Japan at
this time.
In so doing, the President wishes to express his
full and sympathetic imderstanding of the decision
taken by the Japanese Government. He would like
also to express his regrets that a small organized
minority, led by professional Communist agitators
acting under external direction and control, have
been able by resort to force and violence to prevent
his good-will visit and to mar the celebration of this
centennial in Japanese-American relations.
At the same time the President remains confident
that the deliberate challenges to law and order
which have caused the Japanese Government to
reach its decision will not and cannot disrupt the
abiding friendship and understanding which unite
our two nations and our two peoples.
dedication. Thus the free world will withstand
aggressive pressures and move ever forward in
its search for enduring peace.
Your Government has recently reaffirmed your
determmation to stand steadfast by joining only
2 weeks ago in the communique issued in Wash-
ington by the Council of Ministers of the eight
nations of SEATO." They stated clearly that:
The Council availed itself of this timely opportunity
to re-emphasize the firm unity of puriwse of the member
countries of SEATO and their determination to maintain
and develop, both individually and collectively, their
capacity to meet all forms of Communist threat to the
peace and security of the Treaty Area.
May I say here that the United States is proud
and indeed is thankful to be so closely associated
and so stanchly allied with the Philippines both
in SEATO and in the mutual defense treaty'
between our two countries.
' For text, see iUd., June 20, 1960, p. 986.
'For text, see Treaties and Other International Acts
Series 2529.
iu\Y 25, I960
131
The Goal of a World at Peace
But in this world of continuing tension and
yearnings for social change it is insufficient that
the free world stand static in its defense of
freedom.
"We must, all of us, move ahead with imagina-
tion and positive programs to improve conditions
in which human freedom can flourish.
We must, collectively and individually, strive
for a world in which the rule of law replaces the
rule of force.
Your country and mine have reaffirmed our
faith in the principles of the United Nations
Charter. We share a common desire to settle
international disputes by peaceful means. The
task is not an easy one. Communist intransigence
at the conference table, whenever they do agree to
sit at one, makes the attainment of an equitable
agreement most difficult. Moreover, the record of
Communist violations of agreements is a long
one — indeed, a sad one. The continuation of
Communist provocations, subversion, and terror-
isni while negotiations are under way serves only
to compound the difficulty of arriving at peaceful
settlements.
But we shall never close the door to peaceful
negotiations. All of us— all free nations— always
hold out the hand of friendship as long as it is
grasped in honesty and in integrity. We shall
continue to make it clear that reason and common
sense must prevail over senseless antagonism and
distorted misunderstandings and propaganda.
The arms race must be brought under control, and
the nuclear menace that is poised in delicate sus-
pension over the heads of all mankind must be
eliminated. This, I am convinced, can be done,
witliout appeasement or surrender, by continuing
a course of patient, resourceful, and businesslike
dealings with the Soviet leaders.
The goal of a world at peace in friendship with
freedom is so worth the attaining that every feasi-
ble and honorable avenue must be explored. The
support, imderstanding, and participation of all
who cherish freedom is essential to this noblest
endeavor in history. The Philippine contribu-
tion will be mighty in its impact on the future.
And now, my friends, I cannot close without
attempting once more to express my very deep
appreciation of all the cordial hospitality and
friendliness that has been exhibited to me and to
all the members of my party during our all-too-
brief stay in this lovely counti-y. We know tluit
in greeting us along the highway or in magnifi-
cent crowds such as this you are really expressing
your basic affection for the American people.
And I assure you — all of you — as the spokesman
of the iVmerican people, that their concern for
you — your faith, your future, your well being —
their affection for you is equally deep with yours.
Thank you, and goodby.
JOINT STATEMENT, MANILA, JUNE 16
White House (Manila) press release dated June 16
President Eisenhower, at the invitation of
President [Carlos] Garcia, paid a state visit to the
Philippines on June 14 to 16, 1960, returning the
visit of President Garcia to the United States two
years ago.^
President Eisenliower recalled lus personal as-
sociation with the Philippines extendmg over a
period of many years. As the first President of
the United States to visit tlie Philippines while in
office, he expressed his deep sense of satisfaction
that he had been afforded tliis opportunity to at-
test to the admiration and affection which the
government and people of the United States feel
toward their Philippine allies.
President Garcia, on his part, viewed the affec-
tion shown to President Eisenhower by the Fili-
pino people as a grateful remembrance of the
latter's tour of duty in the Philippines some
twenty-five years ago and their admiration for
his military leadership in the second world war ^
and his dedicated labors for a just and lasting
world peace.
The visit afforded President Garcia and Presi-
dent Eisenliower, together with other officials of
both govermnents, an opportunity for a frank and
cordial exchange of views on matters of mutual
interest. In a review of the international situa-
tion and of the bilateral relations of the two coun-
tries, the two Presidents :
1. Reaffirmed the bonds of friendship and mu-
tual understanding which have historically joined
the Filipino and American governments and
peoples.
2. Noted the problems facing the free world at
the beginning of the new decade and discussed the
possibility of increased tensions in view of recent
' Bulletin of July 21, 1958, p. 120.
132
Department of State Bulletin
statements by Communist leaders in Moscow and
Peiping. They renewed their determination to
support the work of the United Nations and the
objectives of the United Nations' Charter in the
interest of true international peace and progress
based on justice and the dignity of the individual.
3. Assessed the continuing threat to peace in the
Far East posed by Communist China. They re-
affirmed the import^mc* of regional cooperation
in insuring the independence of the nations of
Southeast Asia. Tliey emphasized the important
role of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
in furthering such cooperation and in developing
a sense of regional solidarity ; and they noted with
satisfaction the contribution being made by the
Philippines toward strengthening its ties with its
Asian neighbors.
4. Noted that President Eisenhower's visit and
the warm resixtnse thereto by the Filipino people
provided renewed evidence of the strengtli and
vitality of the alliance between the Pliilippines
and the United States and of its essential contri-
bution to the security of Southeast Asia. To pro-
mote the continuing strength of the alliance and
to enable the Philippines to discharge its obliga-
tion thereunder, they empliasized the importance
of close military collaboration and planning be-
tween the appropriate authorities of tlieir coun-
tries. They further expressed the view that this
close militarj' collaboration and planning should
be aimed at the maximum effectiveness in formu-
lating and executing United States military as-
sistance programs and in furthering Philippine
defensive capability in the light of modem
requirements.
5. Noted the recent meeting of the Council of
Foreign :\Iinisters of tlie SEATO held in Wash-
ington and expressed satisfaction with the contin-
uing effectiveness of the SEATO as a deterrent to
Communist aggression in Southeast Asia. They
were also gratified that the Washington confer-
ence had given attention to the economic objec-
tives of the SEATO, recognizing the importance
of economic cooperation between and among the
members.
6. Recalled the provisions of the Mutual Defense
Treaty. President Eisenhower, on liis part, re-
newed the assurance he had made to President
Garcia in Washington that mider the provisions
of this treaty and otlier defensive agreements be-
tween the Philippines and the United States and
in accordance with the deployments and disposi-
tions thereimder, any aimed attack against the
Philippines would involve an attack against the
United States Forces stationed there and against
the United States and would instantly be repelled.
It was noted that this understanding was included
in the agreement reached between the Secretary of
Foreign Affaire of the Philippines and the Am-
bassador of the United States on October 12, 1959.
7. Noted with satisfaction the considerable
progress that had been made in talks between the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines
and the Ambassador of the United States towards
settlement of problems arising from the presence
of United States bases in the Philippines. They
expressed confidence that the few remaining prob-
lems will be similarly resolved to the mutual satis-
faction of the two governments.
8. Reemphasized the importance of strong,
stable economies in furthering the objectives of
peaceful development in the free world. Presi-
dent Eisenhower expressed his gi-atification at the
evident progress which has been made in the
Philippine economy, including notable advances
in industrialization. The contribution which the
United States aid progi-ams have made and will
continue to make to Philippine economic develop-
ment was emphasized. In recognition of the eco-
nomic interdependence of all nations in the modern
world, they discussed opportimities for increased
private investment and expanded trade between
the two countries in a climate favorable to free
enterprise and to the free movement of capital.
President Garcia and President Eisenhower con-
cluded that the exchange of views and the renewal
of personal associations made possible by Presi-
dent Eisenhower's visit will further strengthen
the traditional ties between the two countries and
will contribute significantly to the advancement
of their cooperative efforts on behalf of peace and
progi-ess in this vital part of the world.
ADDRESS AT MASS RALLY, TAIPEI, JUNE 18
White House (Taipei) press release dated June 18 (aB-dellvered
text)
Mr. President, distinguished guests, and friends :
I address this gathering today fully aware of the
honor you have bestowed on my country and my-
self in inviting me to speak here. I bring to your
nation greetings from the American people.
July 25, 7960
133
AVe Americans are in a very real sense your close
neighbore: We look out with j'ou upon the same
ocean — the Pacific. This largest of oceans has
been narrowed by the marvels of modern communi-
cation and transportation. No longer is it a
formidable barrier separating America from the
nations of tlie Far East.
We in America have accepted this tremendously
important fact of international life and recognize
its implications for the future of our country.
Therefore, I come to you, as to the other countries
of the Pacific which I am privileged to visit, as a
friend and neighbor deeply concerned with your,
and our, conmion interests.
This concern has sliaped my country's policies
toward the nations of the Pacific. The realization
that America's security and welfare are intimately
bound up with their security and welfare has led
us to foster tlie concept of collective defense and
to contribute money, materials, and technical as-
sistance to promote their economic stability and
development.
But though the United States provides assist-
ance to the nations of the Pacific region, many of
them recently emerged from colonial status, we
have not sought to impose upon them our own
way of life or system of government. We respect
their sovereignty as we do our own.
To do otherwise would be a betrayal of Amer-
ica's own traditions. Our purpose is to help pro-
tect the right of our neighbors of the Pacific to
develop in accordance with their own national
aspirations and their own traditions.
In this era of mass-destruction weapons the
increasing intimacy in which the peoples of the
world live makes resort to global war, even by
the smallest of them, dangerous to the whole com-
munity of nations.
I come to you representing a country deter-
mined, despite all setbacks, to press on in search
of effective means to outlaw war and to promote
the rule of law among nations.
History has repeatedly shown that this high
purpose is not served by yielding to threats or by
weakening defenses against potential aggressors.
Indeed such weakness would increase the danger
of war.
You may be assured that our continuing search
for peaceful solutions to outstanding international
problems does not reflect the slightest lessening
of our detennination to stand with you, and with
all our free neighbors of the Pacific, against
aggression.
The United States does not, of course, recog-
nize the claim of the warlike and tyrannical Com-
munist regime in Peiping. In the United Nations
we support the Republic of Cliina, a founding
member, as the only rightful representative of
China in that Organization.
The American people deeply admire your cour-
age in striving so well to keep the cause of liberty
alive here in Taiwan in the face of the menacing
power of Communist imperialism. Your ac-
complishments provide inspiration to us all.
The search for lasting peace comprehends much
more than tlie erection of sure military defenses.
Perhaps nothing offers greater hope to a war-
weary world than the new opportunities for a
better life which have been opened up in the past
few decades by the magnificent achievements of
science and technology. If tlie peoples of the
world can not only master the forces of nature
but can find also the way to use them for peaceful
ends, we are on the threshold of a new era.
Free China's Economic Progress
One of the great peaceful battles for a better
life, which the Republic of China is now in the
midst of fighting here on Taiwan, is on tlie front
of economic progress. For you, the past has been
full of hardships. But for the people of this
island each difficulty was a challenge to be
mastered.
During the years of this progress, freedom has
not been a free ingredient, like air or water. In-
deed, freedom has been the costliest component of
your daily lives. Even in sheer economic terms
you have devoted a larger share of your incomes
to keeping your independence than have most
other peoples on the globe. To do tliis you have
had to adopt progressive measures.
A great economic accomplislmient of the past
10 years was your program in land reform. Due
to its fair and democratic conception and execu-
tion it has become a model for similar reforms in
other lands. It dealt successfully with one of the
fundamental problems the Chinese people have
faced throughout history. Moreover, in it you
achieved much more than a fair and equitable ad-
Department of State Bulletin
justinent: You produced both social dynamism
and economic growth.
That reform, founded on Sun Yat-sen's three
people's principles and executed with due regard
for law and for private property, stands in sharp
contrast to the brutal regimentation of your coun-
trymen on the mainland. There they are often
herded into the soul-destroying labor brigades of
the commune system. But free China knows that
a system in which the farmer owns the land he
tills gives him the incentive to adopt advanced
fertilization, irrigation, and other farming
teclmiques.
We are proud that we have been of some help
teclmically in carrying through your agricultural
reform program. We too have learned much from
our association in the Chinese-American Joint
Commission on Rural Reconstruction. We have
been able to use this experience to good advantage
in helping other countries. In the industrial field
your friends in the United States and all over the
world have watched with satisfaction your grow-
ing productivity and diversification. You have
demonstrated, under adverse conditions, the moral
and physical strength, the imagination and the
perseverance, to achieve tliis near miracle. Now I
learn that, not satisfied with the impressive rate of
progress already attained, you are entering upon
a new program for further speeding up your eco-
nomic growth.
In today's world, where many new nations of
Asia and Africa are seeking a path of economic
development to satisfy the growing expectations
of their people, free China provides a shming
example. Thanks in large measure to the vigor
and talents of its population and its leaders, it has
advanced to the thresliold of the kind of self-sus-
taining economic growth that has brought other
free nations to wealth and power.
Free China thus has an opportunity, which is
at the same time a responsibility, to demonstrate
to less developed nations the way to economic
gi'owth in freedom. Confronted with the harsh
example of the Communist way on tlie mainland,
you here are in a position to show how a nation
can achieve material strength and advance the
well-being of its people without sacrificing its
most valued traditions.
Your success in this field can sustain and guar-
antee your secure standing in the conmaunity of
nations. And it will become, for your own feUow
countrymen on the mainland, an ever more in-
sistent refutation of the false Communist thesis
that modern economic development can be pur-
chased only at the price of freedom.
Meeting the Challenge of the Future
We in the United States have studied your plans
for social and economic changes and do not under-
estimate the difficulties you will have to endure
during a period of transition. Economic growth,
especially accelerated growth, constantly calls for
recurring revolutions in thinking, in the way we
do things, indeed in every phase of our lives.
As you know, we intend to join hands with you
in this great enterprise. By doing so we shall not
lighten your load, because you have already
pledged yourselves to maximum effort, but our
partnership should demonstrate how rapid prog-
ress can be achieved by the methods of free peo-
ples freely joined in friendship for mutual benefit.
As representatives of the great and numerous
Chinese nation, heirs to one of the world's most
ancient and honored cultures, you, the people of
free Cliina, can play a unique role in the future of
mankind. By grasping the opportunities for the
improvement of human welfare now made possible
by the advancement of science and technology, you
can blaze a trail of progress here on Taiwan that
may ultimately shape the destiny of all your fel-
low countrymen, of nearly one-quarter of the hu-
man race. This is indeed a challenge of gigantic
proportions.
In meeting that challenge, the United States —
and all the free world— wishes you every success.
My friends, this morning I encountered an un-
forgettable experience. I met thousands of you
people along the road from the airport, and every-
where I encountered only friendliness, courteous
greetings, and a face lighted up with smiles. To
each of you who lined that route, to each of you
wlio today came out to do me the courtesy of lis-
tening to what I had to say, I give you my grate-
ful thanks on behalf of my party, myself— indeed
for the American people, whose concern for every
one of you is deep and lasting. So from your
President to the humblest citizen of the land, I
say thank you very much and God be with you.
July 25, J 960
135
JOINT COMMUNIQUE, TAIPEI, JUNE 19
White House (Taipei) press release dated June 19
At the invitation of President Chiang Kai-shek,
President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the Re-
public of China from June 18 to June 19, 1960.
Tliis historic journey of the President of the
United States of America and the warmth and
enthusiasm with which he was received by the
Chinese people demonstrated anew the strong
bonds of friendship between the two countries.
Both President Chiang and President Eisen-
hower welcomed the opportunity afforded them
by this visit for an intimate exchange of views
on various matters of common interest and con-
cern, calling to mind that the two countries have
always stood closely together as staunch allies in
war as well as in peace. The talks between the
two Chiefs of State were held in an atmosphere
of utmost cordiality.
In the course of their discussions, the two
Presidents reaffirmed the dedication of the two
Governments to an untiring quest for peace with
freedom and justice. They recognize that peace
and security are indivisible and that justice among
nations demands the freedom and dignity of all
men in all lands.
Taking note of the continuing threat of Com-
munist aggi-ession against the free world in gen-
eral and the Far Eastern free countries in par-
ticular, the two Presidents expressed full agree-
ment on the vital necessity of achieving closer
unity and strength among all free nations.
They pledged once again that both their Gov-
ernments would continue to stand solidly behind
the Sino-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty in meeting
the challenge posed by the Chinese Communists
in this area. They deplored the outrageous and
barbaric practice of the Chinese Communists in
shelling and ruthlessly killing Chinese people on
alternate days and noted that this practice em-
phasized the necessity for continued vigilance and
firmness in the face of violence.
Discussions were also held on the importance
of accelerating the economic expansion of the Re-
public of China in oi-der to enhance the prosperity
and well-being of its people. President Chiang
explained the steps which his Government is tak-
ing to assure the early accomplislunent of his goal.
He expressed the appreciation of his Government
and people for the valuable assistance which the
United States of America has rendered to the Re-
public of China. President Eisenhower ex-
pressed the admiration of the American people
for the progress achieved by the Republic of
China in various fields in recent years and gave
assurance of continuing United States assistance.
Finall}', the two Presidents voiced their com-
mon determination that the two Governments
should continue to dedicate themselves to the prin-
ciples of the United Nations and devote their un-
remitting efforts to the intensifying of their co-
operation and to the further strengthening of the
traditional friendship between the Chinese and
American peoples.
ADDRESS TO NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, SEOUL,
JUNE 20
White House (Seoul) press release dated June 20 (as-delivered
text)
Mr. Speaker, Members of the National Assem-
bly, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
First, I offer my apologies to the Jlembei-s of this
Chamber because of my tardiness in arriving here.
I assure you that the delay was unintentional.
You have signally honored me by your invita-
tion to address this National Assembly. To you
is entrusted the realization of the Korean people's
hopes and aspirations. This is no local, narrow,
or limited mission. "VVliat you do and what you
say in the discharge of your trust is of deep
significance and powerful impact far beyond the
boundaries of this Republic. You are watched
by the entire world.
Korea, once a battlefield for survival over
aggression, is now a proving ground for responsi-
ble, representative self-government. This is a
testing time of Korean integrity, perseverance in
the democratic process, loyalty to the ideals on
which the Republic was founded.
In all your efforts you have the sympathetic
understanding and the best wishes of the Ameri-
can people.
Impressive changes of many kinds have oc-
curred here since I visited your countrj' in 1952.
Then your land bore the deep scars of war. But
you of free Korea have struggled to rehabilitate
your war-torn nation. You have acliieved better
Department of State Bulletin
standards of living against odds that for a less
sturdy people would have been overwhelming.
Equally inspiring to us all in recent days has
been the purposeful revitalization of the free
institutions and practices on which democracy
rests.
American Pledge of Support Reaffirmed
You have reason today to be confident that your
military forces, together with those of your
friends and allies, will permit no intrusion across
the borders of free Korea. On behalf of the
Government and people of the United States I
solemnly reaffirm the pledge of full American
support to the Republic of Korea in accordance
with our commitments under the mutual defense
treaty."
The primary responsibility, of course, rests
squarely on the Korean people and their Govern-
ment. External aid to any nation can be used
effectively and indeed is deserved only as the re-
cipient shows by stability, energy, unity, and
steadfastness of purpose its determination to
sacrifice for the ideals it deems paramount in its
way of life.
Certainly, in its agonizing tests during 3 years
of war, Korea showed itself so determined. We
shall forever pay tribute to the heroic soldiers,
sailors, and airmen of Korea who, together with
their fellow fighting men from 16 member nations
of the United Nations, gave tlieir lives in the cause
of freedom.
So long as a like spirit, a like will to sacrifice,
animates the people of Korea, other nations will
be inspired and, I think, anxious to help you in
every way they can. They have already proved
such a readiness.
The United Nations response to the attack in
1950 was one of the significant events of history.
This united determination of free countries will
not be forgotten by those who would wage aggres-
sion or by those who seek to maintain their full
independence and security.
The cause for which free nations fought here in
Korea transcended physical stemming of Com-
munist aggression. Their greater and more
far-reaching purpose was to strengthen and safe-
• For text, see TIAS 3097.
guard, on the mainland of Asia, a nation founded
on the principles of government by and for the
people.
This kind of government cannot endure without
such basic institutions and practices as :
1. a free press;
2. responsible expression of popular will ;
3. a system of public education ;
4. an assembly truly representative of the Ko-
rean people.
Events over the past few months in the Repub-
lic of Korea have demonstrated how aware its
citizens are of the rights and obligations of a free
people.
Members of the National Assembly, I repeat
that yours is a great trust. You, and those new
members who will soon be gathering here in the
next Assembly, have the opportunity and the
heavy responsibility to show that human freedom
and advancement of the people's welfare thrive
even in the very shadow of Communist aggression.
The prompt and judicious fulfillment of the re-
cently expressed wishes of the Korean people is
a momentous challenge. Your friends throughout
the world hope and believe you will meet this chal-
lenge with courage and with moderation. And
success in this undertaking will provide inspira-
tion to your countrymen to the north, who, I
earnestly pray, will one day join you in a free,
united Korea.
Working Together in Cooperative Purpose
Over the past years, I have had an unusual op-
portunity to visit many people throughout the
world. In race, in color, in language, in creed
they were a cross section of all mankind. But they
were united in their recognition that responsible
and representative self-government best serves the
needs and welfare of free men. This National As-
sembly, for example, has its counterpart in all free
countries, which, like you, are striving for liberty,
progress, and peace with justice.
All free nations cherish these goals. All aspire
to achieve them. But not a single one — even the
most rich and powerful — can hope, of itself, for
fullness of attainment in the circumstances of this
time. All of us — Asian and European, American
and African — must work together in cooperative
July 25, I960
557201—60 3
137
purpose, or vre shall lose the right to work at all
in freedom.
That we may effectively work together we must
come to understand more clearly and fully how
much we have in common — the great goals of free
men, their eternal aspirations, a common destiny.
As we grow in such understanding, I am firmly
convinced that all artificial, manmade differences
will shrink and disappear. In their stead will de-
velop full recognition of the tremendous opportu-
nities for mutual advancement that lie in
cooperative endeavor. And we will use these op-
portunities for our own good and the good of all
mankind.
Free people, of course, must stand together reso-
lutely against aggression. But they must also
stand together in combat against the enemies of
humanity: hunger, privation, and disease. The
American people have devoted much of their re-
sources to tliis cause. Here in Korea are some of
our largest programs for contributing to the eco-
nomic progress of a close ally and for strengthen-
ing its military capabilities.
Cooperation between our two countries has, as
you know, extended into many spheres : education,
industry, defense, agriculture, social welfare.
Through Korean -American cooperation in all
these diverse fields, we have come better to under-
stand each other. This common imderstanding,
which reflects our common stake, will, I am con-
vinced, grow deeper and firmer as we continue
jointly to face the problems and demands of the
future.
Now, on the eve of the 10th aimiversary of the
Communist invasion of your nation, let us rededi-
cate ourselves to the cause of peace and friendship
in freedom among nations and men.
My friends, I come before you this afternoon as
a representative of one sovereign nation speaking
to the legislative representatives of another sover-
eign nation. My message from America to you is
this: We will be watching your progress with
ever-growing concern. You can always count on
our friendship so long as we endure.
JOINT COMMUNIQUE, SEOUL, JUNE 20
White House (Seoul) press release dated June 20
Accepting an invitation of long standing from
the Government of the Republic of Korea, Presi-
dent Eisenhower today visited Korea where he
138
met with Prime Minister Huh Chung and other
Korean leaders, including members of the Korean
National Assembly, which he addressed. Presi-
dent Eisenhower also visited the United Nations
Command and reviewed contingents representing
United Nations Forces which are helping to defend
tliis key Free World position.
President Eisenhower's visit highlighted the
vital purposes served by collective Free World
action to preserve peace initiated almost exactly
ten years ago in response to international commu-
nism's attack on the Republic of Korea. The
manner in which the United Nations responded in
June, 1950 to aggression and the retention over
the past decade of a strong Free World position in
the Republic of Korea have been major factors in
preserving the peace in Asia and creating a climate
in which Free Asia nations can enjoy independ-
ence, promote human rights and improve the
spiritual and material welfare of these people.
The visit impressively reaffirmed the strong
bonds of friendship and close cooperation between
the Republic of Korea and the United States. The
visit also provided an opportunity for discussions
between Prime Minister Huh Chung and President
Eisenhower on questions of common concern to
their two coimtries. President Eisenhower re-
affirmed the assurance of the Government and peo-
ple of the United States of their continued support
for the Republic of Korea and their solemn pledge
to preserve the independence of Korea.
The two leaders gave unqualified endorsement
to the principles of the United Nations Charter as
standards for international Ijehavior. They
jjledged that their countries would continue to up-
hold United Nations principles and work imre-
servedly and unceasingly toward maintaining
peace. To this end, both leaders recognized the
vital importance of presei-ving the alliance be-
tween the Republic of Korea and the United States
of America and of maintaining vigilance and
strength, patience and foresightedness, in carry-
ing out the purposes for which this alliance stands.
In the course of the discussions. Prime Minis-
ter Huh Chiuig and President Eisenliower took
cognizance of the deep longing of the Korean peo-
ple for reunification of their homeland. They
agreed that every effort must be continued to
bring a peaceful end to this tragic division in
accordance with the principles set forth in United
Nations resolutions, envisaging the achievement
by peaceful means of a unified, independent and
Departmenf of State Bulletin
democratic Korea under a representative form of
government and full restoration of peace and
security in the area.
Prime Minister Huh Chung outlined measures
being taken by his country to broaden its inter-
national ties and he afBrmed his nation's strong
desire to be a full member of the United Nations.
Prime Minister Huh Chung and President Eisen-
hower agreed that the Eepublic of Korea is en-
titled to United Nations membership and that its
membership would strengthen the United Nations.
Prime Minister Huh Chung and President
Eisenhower agreed that efforts should be made to
encourage private investment and increase tlie
flow of trade between countries of the Free World.
Prime Minister Huh Chung and President
Eisenhower examined Korean and American eco-
nomic and social programs and agreed that they
should be designed and executed so as to foster
economic independence, assist social jirogress, and
provide a strong foundation for democratic insti-
tutions. Both leadei-s agreed that continued
United States economic assistance is required to
help the Eepublic of Korea maintain economic
growth and achieve economic viability as soon as
possible.
Piime Minister Huh Chung and President
Eisenhower expressed their resolve to continue to
serve the cause of peace and strengthen the bonds
of friendship between their two peoples.
U.S. and Canada Meet in Quebec
To Review Joint Defense Problems
The Department of State announced on July
8 (press release 385) that the third meeting of
the Canada-United States Mmisterial Committee
on Joint Defense will convene at Montebello,
Quebec, July 12-13.
The Canada-United States Ministerial Com-
mittee on Joint Defense was established by
mutual agreement of the two Governments as a
result of discussions in July of 1958 between
Prime Minister Diefenbaker and President Eisen-
hower.' The second meeting of the Joint Com-
mittee was held at Camp David, Md., on November
8-9, 1959.=
Canadian members of the Committee will be
Secretary of State for External Affairs Howard
C. Green, chairman. Minister of National Defence
George R. Pearkes, Minister of Finance Donald
M. Fleming, and Minister of Defence Production
Raymond J. M. O'Hurley. United States mem-
bers will be Secretary of State Christian A.
Herter,^ who is the chairman of the U.S. dele-
gation. Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates, Jr.,
and Secretary of the Treasury Robert B. Ander-
son. In addition, key officials of both Govern-
ments will advise and assist in the substantive
work of their respective delegations.
The Committee was established to provide for
periodic considtation at the Cabinet level on
matters affecting the joint defense of Canada and
the United States. The periodic review includes
consideration of military questions together with
a study of the political and economic aspects of
defense problems.
U.S. Affirms Commitment To Oppose
Communist intervention in Americas
Stateinent by President Eisenhower
White House (Newport, R.I.) press release dated Julj 9
The statement which has just been made by Mr.
Klirushchev ' in which he promises f idl support to
the Castro i-egime in Cuba is revealing in two re-
spects. It undei-scores the close ties that have
developed between the Soviet and Cuban Govern-
ments. It also shows the clear intention to estab-
lish Cuba in a role serving Soviet pui-poses in this
hemisphere.
The statement of the Soviet Premier i-eflects the
effort of an outside nation and of international
communism to intei-vene m the affairs of the West-
ern Hemisphere. There is irony in Mr. Khru-
' For text of a joint st.iteruent, see Blt-letix of Aug. 4.
19.-;8, p. 204.
The first meetiug was held at Paris iu December 19.j8
during the regular annual ministerial meeting of the
North Atlantic Council. For announcement of the second
meeting and text of a communique, see ibid., Nov. 30,
1959, p. 788.
'Secretary Herter did not attend the meeting. The
Department of State was represented by Under Secretary
Livingston T. Merchant, and the Secretary of Defense
acted as chairman of the U.S. group.
' Premier Khrushchev addressed a meeting of teachers
from the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic at
Moscow on July 9.
July 25, 7960
139
shchev's portrayal of the Soviet Union as tlie
protector of the independence of an ^Vmerican na-
tion when viewed against the history of the en-
slavement of countless other peoples by Soviet
imperialism.
The inter- American system has declared itself,
on more than one occasion, beginning with the
Rio Treaty, as opposed to any such interference.
We are committed to uphold those agreements.
I affirm in the most emphatic terms that the United
States will not be deterred from its responsibilities
by the threats Mr. Khrushchev is making. Nor
will the United States, in conformity with its
treaty obligations, permit the establishment of a
regime dominated by international communism
in the Western Hemisphere.
President Reduces Cuban Sugar
Quota for Balance of 1960
STATEMENT BY PRESIDENT EISENHOWER
White House press release dated July 6
I have today [July 6] approved legislation en-
acted by the Congress which authorizes the Presi-
dent to determine Cuba's sugar quota for the
balance of calendar year 1960 and for the 3-
month period ending March 31, 1961. In con-
formity with this legislation I have signed a proc-
lamation which, in the national interest,
establishes the Cuban sugar quota for the balance
of 1960 at 39,752 short tons, plus the sugar certi-
fied for entry prior to July 3, 1960. This repre-
sents a reduction of 700,000 short tons from the
original 1960 Cuban quota of 3,119,655 short tons.
This deficit will be filled by purchases from
other free-world suppliers.
The importance of the United States Govern-
ment's action relating to sugar quota legislation
makes it desirable, I believe, to set forth tlie rea-
sons which led the Congress to authorize and the
Executive to take this action in the national
interest.
Normally about one-third of our total sugar
supply comes from Cuba. Despite every effort
on our part to maintain traditionally friendly re-
lations, the Government of Cuba is now following
a course which raises serious question as to
whether the United States can, in the long run,
continue to rely upon that country for such large
quantities of sugar. I believe that we would fail
in our obligation to our people if we did not take
steps to reduce our reliance for a major food prod-
uct upon a nation which has embarked upon a
deliberate policy of hostility toward the United
States.
The Govenmient of Cuba has committed itself
to purchase substantial quantities of goods from
the Soviet Union under barter arrangements. It
has chosen to undertake to pay for these goods
with sugar — traded at prices well below those
which it has obtained in the United States. The
inescapable conclusion is that Cuba has embarked
on a course of action to commit steadily increas-
ing amounts of its sugar crop to trade with the
Communist bloc, thus making its future ability
to fill the sugar needs of the United States ever
more uncertain.
It has been with the most genuine regret that
this Government has been compelled to alter the
heretofore mutually beneficial sugar trade be-
tween the United States and Cuba. Under the
system which has existed up to this time, the
people of Cuba, particularly those who labor in
the cane fields and in the mills, have benefited
from the maintenance of an assured market in
the United States, where Cuban sugar commands
a price well above that which could be obtained in
the world market. These benefits also reached
many others whose livelihood was related to the
sugar industry on the island.
The American people will always maintain
their friendly feelings for the people of Cuba.
We look forward to the day when the Cuban
Government will once again allow this friendship
to be fully expressed in the relations between our
two countries.^
PROCLAMATION 3355 3
Determination op Cuban Suoab Quota
1. Whereas ou December 17, 1959, the 1960 sugar quota
for Cuba was determined pursuant to the Sugar Act of
1948, as amended (7 U.S.C. 1100 et seq.), at 3,119,655
short tons, raw value, of which 2,379,903 short tons, raw
value, have heretofore been certified for entry, pursuant
' For a statement made by Secretary Herter before the
House Committee on Agriculture on June 22, see Bul-
letin of July 11, 1960, p. 58.
2 25 Fed. Reg. 6414.
Department of State Bulletin
to regulations issued by the Secretary of Agriculture (7
CFR 817), leaving 739,752 short tons, raw value, not yet
so certified ; and
2. Whereas section 408(b) (1) of the Sugar Act of 1948,
as amended by the act of July 6, 1900. entitled "An Act
to Amend the Sugar Act of 1948, as Amended", provides
that the President shall determine, notwithstanding any
other provision of Title II of the Sugar Act of 1948, as
amended, the quota for Cuba for the balance of calendar
year 1960 and for the three-month period ending March
31, 1961, in such amount or amounts as he shall find from
time to time to be in the national interest: Provided,
however. That in no event shall such quota exceed such
amount as would be provided for Cuba under the terms of
Title II of the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, in the ab-
sence of section 408 (b) ; and
3. Whereas section 408(b) (1) of the Sugar Act of 1948,
as amended, further provides that determinations made
by the President thereunder shall become effective im-
mediately upon publication in the Federal Register ; and
4. Whereas, pursuant to section 408(b) (1) of the Sugar
Act of 1948, as amended, I find it to be in the national
interest that the quota for Cuba under the Sugar Act of
1948, as amended, for the balance of calendar year 1960
shall be 39,752 short tons, raw value, plus the sugar certi-
fied prior to July 3, 1960, for entry but not yet entered, or
withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption :
Now, therefore, I, DwiGHT D. Eisenhower, President
of the United States of America, acting under and by
virtue of the authority vested in me by section 408(b) of
the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and section 301 of title
3 of the United States Code, and as President of the
United States :
1. Do hereby determine that in the national interest the
quota for Cuba pursuant to the Sugar Act of 1948, as
amended, for the balance of calendar year 1960 shall be
39,752 short tons, raw value, plus the sugar certified prior
to July 3, 1960, for entry but not yet entered, or withdrawn
from warehouse, for consumption ; and
2. Do hereby delegate to the Secretary of Agriculture
the authority vested in the President by section 408(b) (2)
and section 408(b)(3) of the Sugar Act of 1948, as
amended, such authority to be exercised with the concur-
rence of the Secretary of State.
This proclamation shall become effective immediately
upon publication in the Federal Register.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and
caused the Seal of the United States of America to be
affixed.
Done at the City of Washington this sixth day of July in
the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty,
[sEAi,] and of the Independence of the United States
of America the one hundred and eighty-fifth.
By the President :
Douglas Dillon,
Acting Secretary of State.
U.S. Protests Cuban Seizure
of American Oil Refineries
Press release 3S1 dated July 5
The U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, Philip W. Bon-
sal, on July 5 delivered to the Cuban Ministry of
Foreign Relations the following note protesting
the seizure of U.S.-owned oil refineries by that
Government.
I have the honor to refer to the recent interven-
tion and seizure by the Government of Cuba of
the American-owned Texaco and Esso Standard
Oil Company refineries in Cuba on the grounds
that these companies, in refusing to refine crude
oil not obtained from tlieir own sources of supply,
had violated Cuban law. Tlie Government of the
United States vigorously protests the actions of
the Government of Cuba in issuing the orders to
these companies to refine such crude oil and in in-
tervening the companies thereafter. The Govern-
ment of the United States deems these actions to
be arbitrary and inequitable, without authority
under Cuban law, and contrary to commitments
made to these companies. It is the earnest hope
of the Government of the United States that the
Government of Cuba will, in justice and equity,
promptly reconsider and rescind the actions which
it has taken against these American companies and
permit them to continue to operate their businesses
under fair and reasonable conditions.
As Your Excellency is aware, these two Ameri-
can-owned oil companies, in which thousands of
investors have interests, have operated in Cuba
for over fifty years as law-abiding entities and
have made a valuable contribution to the growth
and development of the Cuban economy. The
modern refineries which have been seized repre-
sent the investment of many millions of dollars of
new capital and re-investment of earnings, and
reflect responsible and careful planning for the
future as well as the present fuel needs of Cuba.
Moreover, despite the fact that the Government
of Cuba has refused to release more than a small
percentage of the dollars required to pay for the
crude oil imported since the revolution, the com-
panies, nevertheless, have continued voluntarily
to provide crude oil by financing it on their own
account, thus insuring normal supplies of petro-
leum products for the Cuban people. The back-
log of dollar remittances due these companies is
now in excess of fifty million dollars even though
July 25, I960
141
the Government of Cuba expressly undertook
with these companies to provide payment on a
more current basis. I must state to Your Excel-
lency that, in viewing the history and record of
these companies, and apart from legal considera-
tions, my Government regards the actions taken
against them as a violation of accepted standards
of ethics and morality in the free world.
I have been informed of the assertion made to
the companies by the President of the National
Bank of Cuba, Dr. Ernesto Guevara, that the com-
panies are legally obligated to refine petroleum
from the USSR as demanded by the Government
of Cuba imder the t«niis of the Mineral Fuel Law
of 1938. I have also been informed of the threat
made that these refineries would be seized if they
failed to comply with the order to refine such
petroleum. However a careful reading of the
whole of this law of 1938 and a review of expe-
rience in the years ensuing since its passage, make
clearly evident that the article cited by Dr.
Guevara was intended to apply solely to the re-
fining of petroleum drawn from Cuban soil.
The Government of the United States has
noted, in any event, that the refineries wliich have
been intervened and seized were constructed or en-
larged imder tlie provisions of the Law Decree No.
1758 of November 2, 1954, which established a
special, non-alterable 20-year regime for the re-
fineries qualifying under this law and expressly
provided that such refineries were to be exclusively
governed by its provisions. Your Excellency's at-
tention is called to the fact that nowhere in these
provisions or in the regulations issued thereunder
is there any requirement that these refineries
process Government crude oil of any kind. Fur-
thermore, events and circumstances leading to the
passing of the law of 1954 and the construction of
the Texaco refinery in 1957 and the enlargement
of the refinery of the Esso Standard Oil Company
in the same year establish that such actions were
undertaken with the understanding that the com-
panies had the right to supply and refine their
own crude oil. Otherwise, one of the principal
purposes in the establishment and enlargement of
their refineries would be defeated. In the view
of the Government of the United States, therefore,
the 1954 law constitutes a commitment to the com-
panies binding on the Government of Cuba, and
any order of the Government of Cuba such as was
transmitted to them is inconsistent with the basic
concept of the 1954 law and in breach of the Cuban
Government's commitment to the companies.
Nor is there any legal basis in the Mineral Fuel
Law of 1938 or in Law Decree No. 1758, or in any
other Cuban law to our knowledge, for this act of
intervention and seizure wliich has been perpe-
trated by officials of the Government of Cuba.
Therefore, it is the ojjinion of the Government of
the United States that this act is without sanction
in Cuban law ; that it constitutes a f urtlier breach
of the Cuban Government's commitment to the
refineries ; and that it is a violation of the operat-
ing rights of these companies as provided by
Cuban law. Even if the intervention were other-
wise lawful, which the Government of the United
States does not consider to be the case, it was clearly
improper to use the intervention as a device to en-
force compliance with an illegal order, and any
subsequent intervention must be considered as
tainted with illegality.
The Government of the United States cannot
but feel, with profoimd regret, that the interven-
tion and seizure of these refineries is further evi-
dence and confirmation of a pattern of relentless
economic aggression by the Government of Cuba
designed to destroy Cuba's traditional investment
and trade relations with the free world.
U.S. Sends Wheat to Jordan
for Drought Relief
The Department of State announced on July 7
(press release 384) that in response to a request
from the Government of Jordan, the United States
on July 7 made available 25,000 tons of wheat for
free distribution in drought-stricken Jordan.
Shipment of the grain, one-half as soon as pos-
sible and the remainder before the end of the year,
was authorized with the signing of an acceptance
document by Dr. Yusuf Haikal, the Ambassador
of Jordan.
The document was signed at the offices of the
International Cooperation Administration, which
will supply the wheat mider the emergency provi-
sions of the Agricultural Trade Development and
Assistance Act (Title II, P.L. 480).
Because of severe drought, Jordan's current
wheat crop is only slightly larger than the amount
needed for seed next year. The 25,000 tons of
U.S. wheat will help to meet the immediate food
needs of the country.
142
Departmenf of Slate Bi/lletin
United States and Thailand Express Mutual Desire
To Maintain and Strengthen Cooperation
King Bhumihol AduJyadej and Queen Sirikit
of Thailand visited the United States from, June
H to July IJf. Following are texts of an exchange
of greetings hetween President Eisenhoxoer and
His Majesty the King at the Washington National
Airport on June 28 and an address made hy His
Majesty before a joint session of the Congress
on June 29, together with a joint communique
released on July 1 and a list of the members of
the King''s official party.
EXCHANGE OF GREETINGS, JUNE 28
White House press release dated June 28
The President
Your Majesties and members of our visiting
party from Thailand, and friends:
Your Majesty, it is indeed a great privilege
to welcome you to this comitry. The record of
the friendly relationships between our two coun-
tries is a bright one, and it is therefore with
imusual pleasure that we welcome here in this
coimtry the head of that nation.
You will find, sir, in all parts of this nation
a similar readiness to bid you welcome and to
express their friendship for your fine coun-
try in southeast Asia. We sincerely trust that
the journey that you make through our country
will be for you and for Her Majesty the Queen
very interesting and enjoyable, and indeed we
hope to some extent instructive, as you will learn
more of our country and of our people and of
their way of life, just as visitors to your country
learn about yours.
So, sir, again welcome to you and to Her Maj-
esty, and our very best wishes for an enjoyable
stay in our nation.
Thank you.
The King
Thank you so much, Mr. President, and thank
you for the kind words you have just spoken
now and for the rousing welcome you have given
us. In fact, we have arrived in this country
when we set foot on the island of Hawaii, just
on the 14th, and then to California and to Pitts-
burgh. Evei-ywhere we received a very friendly
welcome. So we are all very grateful to you,
Mr. President, for making this visit possible.
And before coming on this tour I had told my
people the object of such a state visit; that is,
when we are friends, between friends and rela-
tives we like to go and visit each other, for the
ties of friendship; but now, with nations, it is
quite impossible for the people of each nation —
24 million of them — for my people to come and
visit your 190 million people in this country. So
I have to come as the Head of State and as their
representative.
That is why I am here, and the people under-
stood very well. The day we left Bangkok they
gave us a very big sendoff and they showed by
that they were quite ready to give me support
and to give their good will. So now, as the rep-
resentative of my people, I bring to you as the
representative of the American nation the greet-
ings and the good will of the Thai people.
Both countries have had long and very happy
relations for a long time. That is because we
have the same convictions. "VVe say that we can-
not have happiness without freedom and inde-
pendence. Since we have been here we have
seen many similarities. Among the similarities,
in dress — ordinarily, privately, the Thai people
don't like to dress too formally; they like to be
easily comfortable, as you people do. And be-
tween meals we take snacks, as you do. But the
difference is in the food. You have popcorn, you
July 25, 7960
143
have hotdogs and ice cream. Oh, that is very
good. We have noodle soup, and we have pickled
fruit. So among the differences we have many
similarities. And especially in the train of
thought; that is, we like to live simply. And
above all, we like freedom.
Now this visit is sometliing more for me per-
sonally. In Thailand we say— we call the mother-
land the land of our birth, the land where we
live . . . [Here the King spoke in Thai]. I was
bom here in this country; so I can say that the
United States is half my motherland. This visit
is somewhat of a sentimental journey, and this
I feel with quite genuine emotion in coming back
here. I say "coming back here." I never say
"come" or "go" to the United States. I say "re-
turn" to the United States. All that emotion
gives me the conviction that our visit here will
be of great use for the strengthening and i-ein-
forcement of the bonds of friendship which have
existed for a long time already between the
United States and my coimtry.
So I thank you once again, Mr. President.
ADDRESS TO CONGRESS, JUNE 29 >
Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, and Members of
Congress, it is a privilege and a pleasure for me to
address you in this stately building, which is the
scene of many grave decisions in the history of
your great country and, I may even say, of the
world.
When the President of the United States kindly
invited me to visit this country, I was happy to ac-
cept; and was glad to travel halfway roimd the
world in order to be here. My reason is threefold.
I would like to mention them briefly to you and,
through you, to the pe.ople of the United States.
First, I have long desired to see and learn more
of your countrj'. Wlien I hear of intolerance and
oppression in so many parts of the world, I want
to know how, in this country, millions of people,
differing in race, tradition, and belief, can live
together freely and in happy harmony. I want to
know how these millions, scattered over a large
territory, can agree upon the major issues in the
complicated affairs of this world, and how, in
short, can they tolerate each other at all.
Second, I wished to bring to you, in person, the
^ Reprinted from the Congressional Record of June 29,
p. 13894.
greetings and good will of my own people. Al-
though the Americans and the Thai live on oppo-
site sides of the globe, yet there is one thing com-
mon to them. It is the love of freedom. Indeed, the
word "Thai" actually means free. The kind re-
ception which I am enjoying in this coimtry
enables me to take back to my people your friend-
ship and good will. Friendship of one govern-
ment for another is an important thing. But it is
friendship of one people for another that assuredly
guarantees peace and progress.
Third, I have the natural human desire to see my
birthplace. I expect some of you here were also
bom in Boston ; or, like my father, were educated
at Harvard. I hasten to congratulate such for-
tunate people. I am sure that they are with me in
spirit. We share a sentiment of deep pride in the
academic and cultural achievements of that won-
derful city.
Just as in ancient days all roads led to Home,
so today they lead to Washington. And now that I
am here, I should like to say something about two
subjects which are fundamentally important to my
country, namely, security and development.
As I look at history, I see mighty military
empires rise, through conquest and subjection of
alien peoples. I see them decline and fall, when
the subject peoples threw off their yoke. It is only
in this present century that we find a great military
power refrain from war, except for the defense of
right and peace. I refer to the United States of
America. This signal example is a long step for-
ward toward the security of mankind.
You, of course, know by heart all the words of
President Lincoln's address at Gettysburg. They
lay down basic principles which should inspire
the conduct of all nations and all governments.
One of those principles is contained in the follow-
ing words, "a new nation, conceived in Liberty,
and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal."
In accordance with that broadminded proposi-
tion, your people have given, by their own sover-
eign will, full freedom and equity to a southeast
Asian nation. "Wlien a Far Eastern country was
being overwhelmed by a war for its oppression,
the United States without hesitation went to war
to save that country. There Thai soldiers fought
side by side with your GI's. It is such prompt
actions as this that have given great encourage-
ment and confidence to a small country like mine.
Department of State Bulletin
Furthermore, U.S. initiative has brought forth
SEATO [Southeast Asia Treaty Organization],
the international alliance which is the pillar of my
country's security.
When a country feels reasonably confident of its
own security, it can devote more attention to
economic development. As you ai-e all aware, my
country is classified as underdeveloped. The aver-
age income of a Thai is only about $100 a year.
You Avill understand what great urgent need there
is to increase the income and raise the living stand-
ard of my people.
One of the handicaps of countries in our region
is the lack of capital and teclinical know-how. It
is at this point that the United States has so gener-
ously come to our assistance. And here I should
like to refer to the economic and technical coopera-
tion agreement between our respective Govern-
ments.^ Its preamble states that liberty and in-
dependence depend largely upon sound economic
conditions. It then goes on to say :
... the Congress of the United States of America has
enacted legislation enabling the United States of America
to furnish assistance ... in order that the Government
of Thailand through its own individual efforts . . . may
achieve such objectives.
In that preamble, there is one concept that needs
to be emphasized. American assistance is to
enable the Thai to achieve their objectives through
their own efforts. I need hardly say that this con-
cept has our complete endorsement. Indeed, there
is a precept of the Lord Buddha which says:
"Thou are thine own refuge." We are grateful
for American aid; but we intend one day to do
without it.
This leads me to a question in which some of you
may be interested. The question is : What do we
Thai think of U.S. cooperation ? I shall try to ex-
plain my view as briefly as I can.
In my country there is one widely accepted con-
cept. It is that of family obligations. The mem-
bers of a family, in the large sense, are expected to
help one another whenever there is need for as-
sistance. The giving of aid is a merit in itself.
The giver does not expect to hear others sing his
praises every day ; nor does he expect any return.
The receiver is nevertheless grateful. He too, in
his turn, will carry out his obligations.
In giving generous assistance to foreign coun-
Thai Paintings and Exiiibit
Mark Visit of King and Queen
The Department of State announced on June 23
(press release 346) that a special showing of Thai
paintings would be placed on exhibition in the De-
partment of State June 27 in connection with the
official visit to the United States of Their Majesties
King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit of
Thailand. The King and Queen arrived in Wash-
ington on June 28.
The paintings — 16 in all — were hung in the
south mezzanine on the second floor of the State
Department Building. At the same time, a large
paneled exhibit of photographs and artcrafts re-
flecting various aspects of Thai culture was con-
structed and placed on view in the Department
lobby for the period of Their Majesties' stay in
Washington from June 28 to July 2.
Later this year, in October, the State Depart-
ment will assist in bringing to the United States a
comprehensive exhibition of Thai art treasures
drawn from national museiuus and private collec-
tions. The exhibition is scheduled to open at the
University of Indiana in October.
The paintings, from the private collection of
James H. W. Thompson, an American businessman
in Bangliok, are the first representative group of
paintings by Thai artists ever shown in the United
States. In subject matter the paintings are almost
exclusively religious and are executed on silk, cot-
ton, paper, or wood surfaces. They have been
brought here under the auspices of the Smithsonian
Traveling Exhibition Service as one of a series of
exhibitions of oriental art which the Service will
present here and in other cities in the United States.
Treaties and Other International Acts Series 2170
and 2304.
tries, the United States are, in my Thai eyes, ap-
plying the old concept of family obligations upon
the largest scale. The nations of the world are
being taught that they are but members of one big
family; that they have obligations to one another;
and that they are closely interdependent. It may
take a long time to learn this lesson. But when it
has been truly learned, the prospects of world
peace will become bright.
Some of you may recall that my great-grand-
father, King Mongkut, was in conmiunication
with President Buchanan during the years 1859
to 1861—100 years ago. President Buchanan
sent him a letter dated May 10, 1859, with a con-
signment of books in 192 volumes. The King
was very pleased with the books and in a letter
dated the 14th of February 1861, he sent certain
July 25, 1960
presents in return as gifts to the American people
and an otTer that became historic.
At that period, there was much demand for
elephants in our and neighboring countries. Ele-
phants had been sent to Ceylon, Sumatra, and
Java and turned loose in tlie jungles for breeding
purposes, and the result is that elephants are plen-
tiful in those countries.
In the past, elephants had great potentialities.
From the economic point of view, they could be
used in the timber industry for hauling big logs
and other heavy materials, like tractors do in pres-
ent days. As they could go through thick jungles,
they were also used as beasts of burden for trans-
port purposes. And in view of their enormous size
and strength, in time of war they struck awe into
the enemies. Since elephants could be put to such
various good uses and since they were available in
large number in our country, as a friendly gesture
to a friendly people, my great-grandfather offered
to send the President and Congress elephants to
be turned loose in the uncultivated land of Amer-
ica for breeding purposes.
That offer was made with no other objective
than to provide a friend with what he lacked, in
the same spirit in which the American aid pro-
gram is likewise offered. And understanding and
appreciating the sentiment underlying your aid
program, the Thai Government welcomes the pro-
gram and is grateful for it.
Our two countries have had the best of relations.
They started with the coming of your missionaries
who shared with our people the benefits of modem
medicine and the knowledge of modem science.
This soon led to official relations and to a treaty
between the two nations. That treaty dates as
far back as 1833.
It can be said that from the beginning of our
relationship right up to the present time no con-
flict of any kind has arisen to disturb our cordial
friendship and understanding. On the contrary
there has been mutual good will and close coop-
eration between our two coimtries. In view of the
present world tension and the feeling of uncer-
tainty apparent everywhere, it is my sincere feel-
ing that the time is ripe for an even closer
cooperation. It will demonstrate to the world
that we are one in purpose and conviction, and it
can only lead to one thing— mutual benefit.
I thank you for your kind indulgence.
JOINT COMMUNIQUE, JULY 1
White House press release dated July 1
The President of the United States and His
Majesty the King of Thailand have held a friendly
and useful exchange of views on matters of mu-
tual interest.
Their Majesties the King and Queen of Thai-
land are visiting the United States upon the in-
vitation of the President. At the conclusion of
their stay in Washington on July 2, during which
His Majesty the King addressed a joint session of
the United States Congress, Their Majesties will
begin a 12-day coast-to-coast tour of the United
States, during which they will meet with various
civic, cultural, and business leaders. The Presi-
dent recalled the fact that the King was born in
the United States and expressed the hope that this
personal link would enhance the pleasure of His
Majesty's visit to the land of his birth.
The President expressed great admiration for
the steps taken under the King's leadership to
foster the economic and social development of
Thailand in harmony with the aspirations and
ideals of the Thai people. He voiced profound
respect for the moral inspiration which the King's
devotion to the welfare of his people continues to
provide.
In their review of the world situation, the Presi-
dent and the King expressed their mutual concern
with the vital problem of preserving freedom and
independence as well as achieving lasting peace
and establishing a world order based on interna-
tional justice. They reasserted their determina-
tion to work toward these goals, the achievement
of which will contribute immensely to the general
progress, prosperity, and welfare of mankind.
They noted that the stanch adherence of Thailand
and the United States to the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization demonstrates a mutual be-
lief in the indispensability of collective security
as a means of preserving the frontiers of the free
world from aggression and of promoting the
peaceful objectives shared by both countries. The
President took this occasion to pay tribute to the
steadfast partnership of Thailand and the United
States in all fields and reaffirmed to His Majesty
the unwavering determination of the United
States fully to honor its treaty commitments
undertaken in the cause of collective security.
The President and the King expressed a com-
146
Department of State Bulletin
mon belief in the ideal of enhancing human dig-
nity as the wellspring by wliich a free society
prospers and is nourished. They agreed that the
American and Thai peoples are dedicated to abid-
ing respeet for the principles of the sovereignty
and independence of nations and of genuine non-
interference in the affairs of others. They voiced
their profound conviction that any attempt by
any nation to impose its own economic system or
political beliefs on any other country should be
condemned.
In recalling the long and fruitful tradition of
friendship which binds the United States and
Thailand the President assured the King of the
continuing determination of the United States
to assist the Royal Government of Thailand in its
noble objective of promoting the economic and
social development of the country for the lasting
benefit of the Thai people. The President and
the King expressed their mutual desire to main-
tain and further to strengthen the bonds of close
and cordial collaboration between Thailand and
the United States, both directly and through the
United Nations and other appropriate interna-
tional organizations in which the two countries
share membership, confident that in so doing they
are responsive to the liighest aspirations of their
peoples for a world in which peace, freedom, and
the sanctity of human dignity are honored and
cherished.
MEMBERS OF OFFICIAL PARTY
The Department of State annoimced on June
24 (press release 354) that the following would
be accompanying King Bhumibol Adulyadej and
Queen Sirikit as members of the official party :
Thanat Khoman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand
Phya Srivisar, Privy Councillor
Visutr Arthayukti, Ambassador of Thailand
Mrs. Visutr Arthayukti, wife of the Ambassador of
Thailand
Gen. Luang Sura Narong, Chief Alde-de-Camp General
Dr. Kalya Isarasena Na Ayudhaya, Grand Chamberlain
Mom Rajawongs Kittinadda Katiyaliara, Private Secre-
tary to His Majesty the King
Princess Vibhavadi Rangsit, Lady-in-Waiting
Capt. Mom Rajawongs Bhandhum Davivongs, R.T.N.,
Aide-de-Camp
Group Capt. Kaivulya Thavaradhara, Aide-de-Camp
Poonperm Krairiksh, private secretary to Her Majesty
the Queen.
U.S. Sends Congratulatory Message
to First President of Ghana
White House press release dated July 1
The White House on July 1 made puhlic the
following message from President Eisenhower to
Hi^ Excellency Dr. Kwame NkrunMh, President
of the Republic of Ghana, on the occasion of the
accession of Ghana to the status of republic and
an the occasion of the inauguration of Dr.
Nkrumah as its first President on July 1, 1960.
July 1, 1960
Dear Mr. President: Upon the accession of
your country to the status of Republic and upon
your inauguration as its first President I extend in
my own name and on behalf of the people of the
United States most cordial greetings and felicita-
tions to you and your countrymen.
In the more than three years of close relations
between an independent Ghana and this country
strong bonds of friendship and mutual interests
have developed. It is the sincere hope of the Gov-
ermnent and people of the United States that these
bonds will continue to grow stronger in the years
to come.
Sincerely,
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
Shrimp Conservation Commission
Meets at Habana
Press release 3S3 dated July 6
The Commission for the Conservation of
Shrimp in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico held its first
meeting at Habana, Cuba, from June 30 to July 1,
1960. Donald L. McKernan of the United States
was elected chairman and Isabel Perez Farfante
of Cuba was elected vice chairman.
The Commission agreed upon a coordinated re-
search program that would meet its obligation
under the convention to maintain the maximum
sustainable productivity of stocks of shrimp of
common concern to Cuba and the U.S.A. in waters
of the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Cuba and the
Florida coast of the United States. The scientific
program is designed to provide information
required for:
Jo/y 25, 7960
147
1. Identilication of tlie stocks of common con-
cern and the area they occupy.
2. Determination of the necessity for any con-
servation measures to assure the maximum sustain-
able yield, taking into account particularly the
growth and death rates of shrimp in the area, the
effect of the fishei-y on the stock, and the type of
measure which would be most effective.
3. Determination of the effect of environment
on the stocks.
It is expected that the program of the Commis-
sion will be inaugurated in the near future.
The next annual meeting of the Commission will
be held in April 1961 at a place to be later
determined.
I liter- American Advisory Committee
Holds Fifth Meeting
Press release 382 dated July 5
The Department of State announced on July 5
that the National Advisory Committee on Inter-
American Affaire is meeting in the Department
on July 6-7. The Acting Secretary [Douglas
Dillon] will participate in the meeting of the
Committee.
This will be the fifth meeting of the Committee
since its creation by President Eisenhower on No-
vember 14, 1959.^ The purpose of the Committee
is to consider, on a continuing basis, current and
long-range problems of our relations with Latin
America and to make recommendations thereon
to the Secretary of State.
Congressional Documents
Relating to Foreign Policy
86th Congress, 2d Session
Khrushchev's Strategy and Its Meaning for America. A
study presented by the Subcommittee To Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other
Internal Security Laws of the Senate Judiciary Com-
mittee which was prepared by the Foreign Policy Re-
search Institute of the University of Pennsylvania.
40 pp. [Committee print]
Amendments to the Foreign Service Act. Hearings before
the Subcommittee on State Department Organization
' For background, see Bulletin of May 23, 1960, p. 815.
and Foreign Operations of the House Foreign Affairs
Committee. February 1-June 2, 1960. 258 pp.
Exports, Imports, and the United States Balance of Inter-
national Payments. A special study prepared by the
Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress
and presented by Senator Hubert H. Humphrey. S. Doc.
105. April 1960. 43 pp.
Organizing for National Security: Science, Technology,
and the Policy Process. Hearings before the National
Policy Machinery Subcommittee of the Senate Govern-
ment Operations Committee. Part II. April 25-27,
1960. 174 pp.
Staff Memorandum on International Lending Agencies,
Prepared for the House Foreign Affairs Committee.
April 27, 1960. 175 pp. [Committee print]
Foreign Commerce Study: Export Credit Guarantees.
Hearings before the Senate Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce Committee on measures to expand U.S. exports —
present export credit facilities and proposals for new
mechanisms. April 28-29, 1960. 279 pp.
Expose of Soviet Espionage, May 1960. Prepared by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation and transmitted by
direction of the Attorney General for the use of the
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the
International Security Act and Other Internal Security
Laws of the Senate Judiciary Committee. 63 pp. [Com-
mittee print]
Foreign Commerce Study: Trade With the Sino-Soviet
Bloc. Hearings before the Senate Interstate and For-
eign Commerce Committee. May 5-6, 1960. 194 pp.
Atlantic Convention. Hearings before the House Foreign
Affairs Committee on various resolutions calling for a
convention of delegates from the NATO countries to
explore metliods of achieving more effective and dem-
ocratic unity in advancing their common interest. May
17,1960. 42 pp.
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
of the Sea by Oil. Report to accompany Ex. C, 86th
Congress, 2d session. S. Ex. Rept. 6. June 2, 1960.
10 pp.
Sugar Act of 1948. Report to accompany H.R. 12311.
H. Rept. 1746. June 6, 1960. 44 pp.
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security With Japan.
Hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Commit-
tee on Ex. E, 86th Congress, 2d session. June 7, 1960.
101 pp.
International Development Association. Report to ac-
company H.R. 11001. H. Rept. 1766. June 8, 1960.
13 pp.
Operation of Article VII, NATO Status of Forces Treaty.
Hearing before a subcommittee of the Senate Armed
Services Committee to review for the period December
1, 195S-N'ovember 30, 1959, the operation of article VII
of the agreement between the parties to the North At-
lantic Treaty, together with the other criminal juris-
dictional arrangements throughout the world. June 8,
1960. 29 pp.
Philippine War Damage Claims. Supplemental hear-
ings before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on
H.R. 12078, a bill to authorize the payment of the bal-
ance of awards for war damage compensation made by
the Philippine War Damage Commission imder the
terms of the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of April 30,
1946, and to authorize the appropriation of $73 million
for that purpose. June 9, 1960. 25 pp.
International Telecommunication Convention, With An-
nexes, and the Final Protocol to the Convention. Mes-
sage from the President and texts of the convention
with annexes and final protocol which were signed on
December 21, 1959. S. Ex. J. June 9, 1960. 106 jip.
Radio Regulations, With Appendixes and an Additional
Protocol. Message from the President and text of the
regulations, appendixes, and protocol which were signed
on December 21, 1959. S. Ex. I. June 9, 1960. 571 pp.
148
Department of State Bulletin
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
New African Nations Recommended
for Membership in United Nations
REPUBLIC OF TOGOi
The United States welcomes this meeting of the
Security Council because it gives us the opportu-
nity to demonstrate in a tangible way our pleasure
over the acliievements of the Govermnent and the
people of Togo.
After 42 years of international status under the
League of Nations as well as under the United
Nations, the people of Togo reached the fulfill-
ment of their inherent right to govern tliemselves
on April 27, when the independence of Togo was
proclaimed. The United St<ates delegation, headed
by our Attorney General, Mr. William Rogers, had
the honor of participating in the ceremonies mark-
ing this memorable occasion.
Togo is the smallest of the African territories
to achieve independence thus far. But while Togo
might be small m comparison to the vastness of
the African continent, it is interesting to note that
there are 21 independent states whose area is less
than that of Togo and 15 which are smaller in
population.
Tlie United States has, from the beginning,
taken a keen interest in the work of the United
Nations trusteeship system, and we are naturally
proud of the part it has played in the political
development of Togo. We are also happy to
acknowledge the success of the Government of
France in canning out its responsibilities under
the United Nations tnisteeship system.
The United States has no doubt that the voice
of Togo should and will be heard with respect and
attention at the United Nations. Its people have
a reputation for hard work. The Prime Minister
of Togo, Mr. Sylvanus Olympio, whom it has been
'statement made in the Security Council by Henry
Cabot Lodge, U.S. Representative to the United Nations,
on May 31 ( U.S./U.N. press release 3412 ) .
July 25, I960
my good fortune to meet on several occasions, has
for many years participated in the work of the
United Nations and is, for good reason, held in
great esteem here. The United States takes par-
ticular pleasure in conveying congratulations to
him and in sending sincere best wishes to the Gov-
ernment and the people of Togo.
Tlie United States will vote in favor of the reso-
lution as submitted by the Goverimients of France
and Tunisia which recommends the admission of
Togo to membership in the United Nations.^
FEDERATION OF MALI >
The United States welcomes the application for
United Nations membership of a great new Af-
rican state, the Federation of Mali.
Mali will add to the list of United Nations mem-
bers an ancient name with deep significance for
the people of West Africa and elsewhere. It sym-
bolizes the renaissance of a great people, whose
culture and wealth flourished brilliantly 6 cen-
turies ago.
Today Mali means something more. It stands
for a new nation formed by the union of two dy-
namic African states. Here is a place where the
aspiration for African unity is becoming a real-
ity. Its constitution provides for a full exercise
of political and personal freedom. Its capital,
Dakar, is the center of the most industrialized re-
gion in West Africa. Mali national production
figures have risen 30 percent in 4 years.
The Mali Federation will add a powerful
African voice to the councils of the United Na-
tions. Its leaders are well known to us as men
of broad scholarship and culture as well as experi-
ence in government. I, personally, have had the
^A resolution recommending to the General Assembly
"that the Republic of Togo be admitted to membership
in the United Nations" was adopted unanimously by the
Security Council on May 31.
' Statement made In the Security Council by Ambas-
sador Lodge on June 28 (U.S./U.N. press release 3425).
149
good fortune to meet some of tliem both here in
New York and on several occasions in Dakar. Be-
fore that, in 1944, I saw the heroic soldiers from
Senegal in combat in southern France — a vivid
memory of first-class fighting men which will al-
ways stay in my mind. For all these reasons I
look forward to welcoming them again as col-
leagues in the work of the United Nations.
Today's meeting, Mr. President, is another oc-
casion to commend France on a job well done.
Last year the French Government decided to cre-
ate a community of self-governing and inde-
pendent states. Speaking at Dakar, President de
Gaulle stated that members of this new commimity
which so desired would evolve toward interna-
tional sovereignty "with the support, the approval
and the assistance of France."
The Mali application for membership in the
United Nations, sponsored by France, demon-
strates this spirit of cooperation and friendship.
Mr. President, the United States supports the
admission of the Federation of Mali and will vote
for the resolution introduced by France and
Tunisia.
[Mr. Lodge concluded his statement by speaking in
French, the translation of which follows:]
Speaking as an old friend of France who knows
the Federation of Mali as well and who has worked
with France for many things, I wish to congrat-
ulate France and I wish to tell the representative
of Mali that I welcome him most warmly and in
a most friendly way.*
MALAGASY REPUBLIC
The United States welcomes the application of
the Malagasy Eepublic for membership in the
United Nations. We believe it will make an im-
portant and valuable contribution to our work.
The tremendous island it occupies is a world in
itself. From north to south it is some one thou-
sand miles long, approximately the distance from
Massachusetts to Florida. Its climate and to-
pography are varied. It has for centuries been a
meeting place for diverse cultures, races, and re-
ligions. Africa, Asia, and Europe have all left
'A resolution recommending U.N. membership for the
Federation of Mali was adopted unanimously by the
Security Council on June 28.
" Statement made in the Security Council by Ambassador
Lodge on June 29 (U.S. /U.N. press release 3428).
tlieir mark. Surelj' in an organization like the
United Nations, where we seek to build bridges
among people, such an experience as this has very
special value.
Malagasy comes to independence with a stable
economy and an experienced government. It has
had a popularly elected Assembly since 1947 and
has been self-governing since 1957.
The independence of Malagasy and its appli-
cation for United Nations membership represents
the culmination of peaceful political evolution in
which both Malagasy and France can take justi-
fiable and honest pride. The close relations be-
tween tlie two coimtries will happily continue
through the participation of Malagasy in the
French Community.
The "father of Malagasy independence," Presi-
dent [Philibert] Tsiranana, recently stated that
the foreign policy of Malagasy would be to de-
fend "the interests of small peoples, the needs of
poor countries, and the cause of peace and frater-
nity." Mr. President, these are our sentiments too.
I had the pleasure of welcoming President
Tsiranana to the United States during the 14th
General Assembly. He made a lasting impression
as a man of wisdom and of long experience in the
service of his country.
1960 has been called the "year of African inde-
pendence." Already four new states have applied
for United Nations membership. It is gratifying
to see the high place which the United Nations
holds in Africa. In the case of Malagasy as well
as Cameroun, Togo, and Mali, one of the first offi-
cial acts has been to apply for United Nations
membership. We welcome this willingness to
share in the vital work of the United Nations.
Mr. President, the United States will vote in
favor of the draft resolution submitted by France
and Tunisia.*
SOMALI REPUBLIC
The United States is pleased to support the ad-
mission of the Republic of Somalia to member-
ship in the United Nations. It is a thrilling thing
° A resolution recommending U.N. membership for the
Malagasy Republic was adopted unanimously by the
Security Council on June 29.
' Statement made in the Security Council by Francis O.
Wilcox, Assistant Secretary of State for International
Organization Affairs, on July 5 (U.S./U.N. press release
3430/Rev. 1).
150
Department of Stale Bvlletin
to witness the birth of a new state. Membership
in tlie United Nations is the logical culmination
of events set in motion on December 2, 1950, when
the foi-mer Italian Somalia became the Trust Ter-
ritory of Somaliland Under Italian Administra-
tion. Since that day the Somali people, their
elected officials, and the Italian administration
have worked with good will and with diligence
toward one goal: to bring the tei-ritory to inde-
pendence and full sovereignty.
During this period parallel progress was being
made in the neighboring British Somaliland pro-
tectorate toward the same great goal. In late
Jmie of this year British Somaliland became inde-
pendent and freely decided to join with the for-
mer trust territory of Somalia to form tlie Repub-
lic of Somalia, wliich we are welcoming here
today.
To both Italy and the United Kingdom we of-
fer our commendation for their aid in furthering
the aspirations of the Somali people. We must
also give full credit to the wisdom of the people of
Somalia and the dedication of their leaders.
At the 14th General Assembly the United States
had the privilege to cosponsor a resolution which
was adopted luianimously on December 5, 1959,
and which advanced the date of independence for
Somalia by 6 months. This resolution was moti-
vated by the recognition of the political growth
of the Somali people and by the striking advances
in self-govenmient achieved in a few short years.
The United Nations has been fortunate in the
past in having distinguished Somalis participate
in its work. Many of us in this room have been
privileged to work with Haji Farah Ali Umar,
Minister of Industry and Commerce, and with the
Under Secretary to the Presidency of the Council
of Somalia, Ali Daar, who is with us today. The
United Nations will be fortunate to have yet an-
other distinguished African voice added to its
councils, this from the fabled Horn of Africa,
from the Republic of Somalia.
From the outset of the trusteeship period it was
made abundantly clear by a series of detailed
studies that Somalia's major problem would be in
the economic field. For the realization of its plans
in this field the Somali Republic will need the con-
tinued assistance of the United Nations and its
specialized agencies. I certainly hope the United
Nations will be in a position to respond positively
and promptly.
For its part, my Government has assured the
Somali Republic that the United States is pre-
pared, if the people of Somalia so wish, to assist
Somalia to maintain its economic stability and to
achieve a proper level of development in the pe-
riod of independence that lies ahead. On this oc-
casion, which marks in United Nations circles the
birth of a new nation, I am glad to repeat that
assurance.
We have confidence in the Somali people; we
have confidence in the Republic of Somalia as in-
deed we do in the dynamic Africa of today; and
we have confidence that the problems facing this
new nation will be resolved through statesmanship
and without rancor.
One cannot go to Africa in 1960 without being
profoundly impressed by the far-reaching changes
that are taking place there. These changes, in my
view, constitute one of the most important de-
velopments of the 20th century.
It is already apparent that more new sovereign
states will be created in Africa during 1960 than
have ever been created before during any com-
parable period in world history.
These developments will bring in their wake a
great challenge and a great opportunity for the
United Nations. With the help of this organiza-
tion, I am confident that the peoples of Africa will
succeed in establishing their rightful place in the
family of nations. I am confident, too, that they
will make a significant contribution to the United
Nations and the cause of world peace.
The United States shall vote for the resolution
in document S/4363, submitted by Italy, Tunisia,
and the United Kingdom. In doing so I want to
extend the warm and sincere congratulations of
the United States to the people of Somalia on this
important step in their national life.*
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO'
The purpose of our meeting today is to extend
the hand of friendship to the people and Govern-
ment of the Republic of the Congo. The United
States warmly welcomes its application for mem-
bership in the United Nations. We are happy to
see the Congo join the growing family of inde-
' A resolution recommending U.N. membership for the
Somali Republic was adopted unanimously by the Se-
curity Council on July 5.
• Statement made in the Security Council by Assistant
Secretary Wilcox on July 7 (U.S./U.N. press release 3431) .
July 25, I960
151
pendent nations, and we wish the new state every
possible success.
I had occasion recently to visit this great new
central African Republic, and I returned to the
United States concerned with its pressing prob-
lems and impressed with its unparalleled oppor-
tunities. The Congo is large and diverse. The
United States is likewise large and diverse, and
our own experience therefore has some relevance.
Diversity, far from posing a problem for the
United States, has been one of its major sources
of strength. If there are some 70 major ethnic
groups in the Congo, there may be nearly as many
in the United States, including some 20 million
Americans of African origin. If tlie issue of the
rights of the local governmental units versus the
central government is a vital one in the Congo, it
is of continuing importance in the United States.
The new Republic of the Congo will have a long
and difficult road to travel. But the difficulties
will make the achievements of its leaders all the
greater.
If the new Republic faces difficulties, its poten-
tial is virtually unlimited. The proven capabili-
ties of its people and the richness of its natural
resources should form the foundation for a strong
and healthy state. The Congo has inherited a
primary-education rate whicli is one of the highest
in Africa. It has a large corps of highly trained
and skilled technicians who have run the Port of
Leopoldville, for example, and the country's mines
for many years. It has two very good universi-
ties where administrators, doctors, and others who
are so desperately needed can be trained. There
is an excellent system of vocational education.
Moreover, the Congo has a relatively large capital
base and reasonably well developed natural re-
sources which should facilitate further progress.
Its liydroelectric potential, for example, is
tremendous.
In reviewing the assets of the Congo, I have
referred to only a few examples. Our attention
is inevitably drawn to the extensive work of
economic and social development carried out by
Belgium. Let me congratulate the Government
and people of Belgium on the many constructive
contributions they have made to tlie well-being
of the Congolese people. If I may once again
draw a parallel with my own coimtry, Mr. Presi-
dent, by comparison with the 13 States that
banded together to form the United States in the
beginning, the Congo is considerably richer in
natural resources and has several times the popula-
tion. We are confident therefore that the Congo
can prosper in freedom.
The United States has abiding faith in the
capacity of tlie people of the Congo to build a
great, new, modem state. The United Stntes
stands ready to demonstrate in concrete terms its
interest in and support for the welfare and prog-
ress of the Congo. Our assistance will include,
if the people and Government of the Congo desire,
training grants and scholarsliips and teclmical aid
in other forms. ^Vliatever the precise form of
program finally established, it will be solely for
tlie welfare of the people of that countiT.
The United States is particularly pleased that
independence has been achieved with full Belgian
support. We are happy to note that both Belgian
and Congolese officials, now that independence has
been attained, agree on the principle of continuing
Belgian assistance to the new state and continua-
tion of close ties between the two. By putting
tliese relations on a new basis which safeguards
the rights and the dignity of both sides, the Congo
and Belgian Governments have contributed posi-
tively to the cause of human liberty and world
peace.
We hope that other United Nations members
will review the possibility of assistance to the
Congo, either on a bilateral basis or through
multilateral channels. We believe also that the
Congo will look for strong moral and material
support from the United Nations. We can assure
the Congo today that, so far as we are concerned,
it can expect to find sympathy and encouragement
in New York as well as concrete aid in Leopold-
ville and other parts of the country.
In the last analysis, of course, the Congo wiU
comit upon the resources of its own country and
people. As the Chief of State of the Republic
of the Congo declared recently : "In order to suc-
ceed, the complete cooperation of our entire popu-
lation is necessary." If the people of the Congo
follow the admonition of their leader and work
together for the development of their country, if
they apply themselves with vigor and imagina-
tion, their future can hold all the tenefits of free-
dom and prosperity.
No one, INIr. President, can doubt that the
newly emerging states of Africa have an exceed-
ingly difficult task ahead. A new state cannot be
152
Department of State Bulletin
built in a day. It will take time and energy and
money and sweat and tears. Biit as they move
on toward their goal of hiunan betterment, they
know that they have the sympathetic interest and
the support of the Government and the people of
the United States.
Mr. President, the United States wishes to ex-
tend its warm and sincere congratulations to the
Government and the people of the Congo on this
important occasion. I shall vote with real pleas-
ure for the resolution introduced by Timisia pro-
posing the admission of the Eepublic of the Congo
to membership in the United Nations.'"
William A. Nierenberg Appointed
NATO Science Adviser
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization an-
noimced on July 8 that the appointment of Wil-
liam A. Nierenberg, professor of physics at the
University of California at Berkeley, as Science
Adviser to succeed Frederick Seitz has been ap-
proved by the Secretary General. Dr. Seitz,
NATO Science Adviser since June 1959, will be
retunoing to the University of Illinois to resume
his duties as professor and head of the Depart-
ment of Physics.
The Science Adviser is concerned with the
NATO science program, which stems directly
from the principles laid down by the Heads of
Government in December 1957 ' and which is mov-
ing forward in the promotion of scientific coopera-
tion among NATO countries. Under the guidance
of a distinguished group of scientists who com-
prise the NATO Science Committee, a program
of scientific research fellowsliips for 400 students
is planned for 1960, funds have been made avail-
able to sponsor 12 advanced study institutes on sci-
entific subjects, and a program of research grants
is getting under way to encourage cooperative sci-
entific projects among NATO countries. Addi-
tional programs in the field of scientific and
technical cooperation, including oceanography
and meteorology, are being plamied by the NATO
Science Committee, of which Dr. Nierenberg will
be the chairman.
United States Delegations
to International Conferences
Development Assistance Group
The Department of State announced on July 1
(press release 378) that T. Graydon Upton, As-
sistant Secretary of the Treasury, is heading a
U.S. delegation to Bonn, Germany, for the second
meeting of the Development Assistance Group,
July 5-7, 1960.1
Edwin M. Martin, Deputy Assistant Secretary
of State for Economic Affairs, will serve as vice
chairman. Other members of the delegation
include :
Samuel C. Waugh, President and Chairman of ttie Export-
Import Bank
Leonard J. Saccio, Deputy Director, International Co-
operation Administration
Hart Perry, Deputy Managing Director, Development
Loan Fund
TREATY INFORMATION
" A resolution recommending U.N. membership for the
Republic of the Congo was adopted unanimously by the
Security Council on July 7.
' Btilletin of Jan. 6, 19.58, p. 12.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Aviation
Convention on international civil aviation. Done at Chi-
cago December 7, 1944. Entered into force April 4, 1947.
TIAS 1591.
Adherence deposited: Nepal, June 29, 1960.
Copyright
Universal copyright convention. Done at Geneva Septem-
ber 6, 1952. Entered into force September 16, 1955.
TIAS 3324.
Ratification deposited: Belgium, May 31, 1960.
Protocol 1 to the universal copyright convention concern-
ing the application of that convention to the worlis of
stateless persons and refugees. Done at Geneva Sep-
tember 6, 1952. Entered into force September 16, 1955.
TIAS 3324.
Ratification deposited: Belgium, May 31, 1960.
Protocol 2 to the universal copyright convention concern-
ing the application of that convention to the works of
certain international organizations. Done at Geneva
September 6, 1952. Entered into force September 16,
1955. TIAS 3324.
Ratification deposited: Belgium, May 31, 1960.
' For background, see Bxh-letin of Feb. 1, 1960, p.
and Apr. 11, 1960, p. 577.
July 25, I960
Protocol 3 to the universal copyright convention concern-
ing the effective date of instruments of ratification or
acceptance of or accession to that convention. Done at
Geneva September 6, 1952. Entered into force August
19, 1954. TIAS 3324.
Ratification deposited: Belgium, May 31, 1960.
TelecommuniGations
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 19,58) annexed to
the international telecommunication convention of De-
cember 22, 1952 (TIAS 3266), with appendixes and final
protocol. Done at Geneva November 29, 1958. Entered
into force January 1, 1960. TIAS 4390.
Notification of approval: Czechoslovakia, May 2.5, 1960.
BILATERAL
Chile
Agreement providing for emergency relief assistance
necessitated by recent disasters in Chile. Effected by
exchange of notes at Washington June 29, 1960. Entered
into force June 29, 1900.
Japan
Treaty of mutual cooperation and security, with agreed
minute and exchanges of notes. Signed at Washington
January 19, 1960. Entered into force June 23, 1960.
Proclaimed by the President: June 27, 1960.
Norway
Agreement amending the agreement of May 25, 1949, as
amended (TIAS 2000, 3118, and 3282), relating to the
United States Educational Foundation in Norway. Ef-
fected by exchange of notes at Oslo June 21, 1960.
Entered into force June 21, 1960.
Pakistan
Agreement to supplement the agricultural commodities
agreement of November 28, 1958 (TIAS 4137), as sup-
plemented (TIAS 4257, 4331, 4353, 4426, and 4469), and
exchange of notes. Signed at Rawalpindi May 27, 1960.
Entered into force May 27, 1960.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Volta Transferred to Abidjan Consular District
Department mailing notice dated June 29
Effective April 15, 1960, the Autonomous Republic of
Upper Volta was transferred from the Dakar, Senegal,
consular district to that of Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
Confirmations
The Senate
nominations :
June 24 confirmed the following
Arthur L. Richards to be Amba.ssador to Ethiopia. (For
biographic details, see Department of State press release
321 dated June 13.)
A. Burks Summers to be Ambassador to Luxembourg.
(For biographic details, see Department of State press
release 323 dated June 13. )
The Senate on July 2 confirmed the foUowing nomina-
tions :
Winthrop Oilman Brown to be Ambassador to Laos.
(For biographic details, see Department of State press
release 347 dated June 23.)
Andrew G. Lynch to be Ambassador to the SomaU Re-
pubUc. ( For biographic details, see Department of State
press release 364 dated June 28. )
Clare H. Timberlake to be Ambassador to the Republic
of the Congo. (For biographic details, see Department of
State press release 367 dated June 29.)
Designations
Belton O. Bryan as Executive Director, Bureau of
Security and Consular Affairs, effective June 27.
Resignations
Gerald A. Drew as Ambassador to the Republic of HaiO.
(For an exchange of letters between President Eisenhower
and Ambassador Drew, see White House press release
dated July 1.)
Julian F. Harrington as Ambassador to the RepubUc
of Panama. (For an exchange of letters between Presi-
dent Eisenhower and Ambassador Harrington, see White
House press release dated July 1.)
Robert S. McCollum as Deputy Administrator of Se-
curity and Consular Affairs, effective July 8. (For bio-
graphic details, see Department of State press release 187
dated April 12.)
Joseph S. Farland to be Ambassador to Panama. (For
biographic details, see Department of State press release
319 dated June 13.)
Checi( List of Department of State
Press Releases: July 4-10
Press releases may be obtained from the Office of
News, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Releases issued prior to July 4 which appear in
this issue of the Bulletin are Nos. 346 of June 23,
354 of June 24, and 378 of July 1.
No. Date Subject
381 7/5 Note to Cuba on seizure of U.S. oU
refineries.
382 7/5 National Advisory Committee on Inter-
American Affairs.
383 7/6 U.S.-Cuba shrimp conservation commis-
384 7/7 Drought-relief aid to Jordan (rewrite).
385 7/8 U.S.-Canada joint defense committee
(rewrite).
154
Department of State Bulletin
July 25, 1960 ^^^
Africa. Volta Transferred to Abidjan Consular
District ^
American Republics ir ,^ mtty,
Inter-American Advisory Committee Holds littn
Meeting
U.S. Affirms Commitment To Oppose Communist
Intervention in Americas 1^^
Canada. U.S. and Canada Meet in Quebec To Ke-
view Joint Defense Problems i^J
China, Republic of. President Eisenhower Visits
the Far East ( Eisenhower, text of joint communi-
que) 1^
Congo, Republic of the ,, i^ ,,.
New African NaUons Recommended for Membership
in United Nations (Wilcox) "^
Timberlake confirmed as Ambassador loi
Congress, The . ^ ^ .
Congressional Documents Relating to Foreign
Policy ■'■'*''
United States and Thailand Express Mutual Desire
To Maintain and Strengthen Cooperation (Bhumi-
bol Adulyadej, Eisenhower, text of joint communi-
que) ^^^
President Reduces Cuban Sugar Quota for Balance
of 1960 (text of proclamation) . . • • ■ ; ■ ""
Shrimp Conservation Commission Meets at Habana . 147
U.S. Affirms Commitment To Oppose Communist In-
tervention in Americas (Eisenhower) .... idi'
U.S. Protests Cuban Seizure of American Oil Re-
fineries (text of note) 1^^
Department and Foreign Service , „. ^ ,
Confirmations (Brown, Farland, Lynch, Richards,
Summers, Timberlake) 1^*
Designations (Bryan) .... • • • • • • • }.^\
Resignations (Drew, Harrington, McCoUum) . . lo4
Volta Transferred to Abidjan Consular District . . 154
Economic Affairs
Development Assistance Group (delegation) . . . lod
President Reduces Cuban Sugar Quota for Balance
of 1960 (text of proclamation) 140
Shrimp Conservation Commission Meets at Habana . 14 1
Educational and Cultural Affairs. Thai Paintings
and Exhibit Mark Visit of King and Queen . . 145
Ethiopia. Richards confirmed as Ambassador . . 154
Ghana. U.S. Sends Congratulatory Message to
First President of Ghana !■*(
Haiti. Drew resigns as Ambassador 154
International Organizations and Conferences. De-
velopment Assistance Group (delegation) . . . 15^
Japan. President Postpones Trip to Japan at
Japanese Government's Request (Hagerty) . . Idl
Jordan. U.S. Sends Wheat to Jordan for Drought
Relief ^^
Korea. President Eisenhower Visits the Far East
(Eisenhower, text of joint communique) ... 123
Laos. Brown confirmed as Ambassador .... 154
Luxembourg. Summers confirmed as Ambassador . 154
Malagasy Republic. New African Nations Recom-
mended for Membership in United Nations
(Lodge) 149
Mali, Federation of. New African Nations Recom-
mended for Membership in United Nations
(Lodge) 149
e X Vol. XLIII, No. 1100
Military Affairs. U.S. and Canada Meet in Quebec
To Review Joint Defense Problems 139
Mutual Security. U.S. Sends Wheat to Jordan for
Drought Relief 142
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. William A.
Nierenberg Appointed NATO Science Adviser . . 153
Panama
Farland confirmed as Ambassador 154
Harrington resigns as Ambassador 154
Philippines. President Eisenhower Visits the Far
East (Eisenhower, text of joint statement) . . 123
Presidential Documents
President Eisenhower Visits the Far East ... 123
President Reduces Cuban Sugar Quota for Balance
of 1960 140
U.S. Affirms Commitment To Oppose Communist
Intervention in Americas 139
United States and Thailand Express Mutual Desire
To Maintain and Strengthen Cooperation . . . 143
U.S. Sends Congratulatory Message to First Presi-
dent of Ghana 147
Protection of Property. U.S. Protests Cuban
Seizure of American Oil Refineries (text of
note) 141
Refugees. McCollum resigns as deputy administra-
tor, Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs . . 154
Science. William A. Nierenberg Appointed NATO
Science Adviser 153
Somali Republic
Lynch confirmed as Ambassador 154
New African Nations Recommended for Member-
ship in United Nations (WUcox) 149
Thailand
Thai Paintings and Exhibit Mark Visit of King and
Queen 145
United States and Thailand Express Mutual De-
sire To Maintain and Strengthen Cooperation
(Bhumibol Adulyadej, Eisenhower, text of joint
communique) 1*3
Togo, Republic of. New African Nations Recom-
mended for Membership in United Nations
(Lodge) 149
Treaty Information. Current Actions 153
U.S.S.R. U.S. Affirms Commitment To Oppose Com-
munist Intervention in Americas (Eisenhower) . 139
United Nations. New African Nations Recom-
mended for Membership in United Nations
(Lodge, Wilcox) 149
Name Index
Bhumibol Adulyadej 143
Brown, Winthrop Gilman 154
Bryan, Belton O 1°4
Drew, Gerald A „ l^*
Eisenhower, President 123,139,140,143,147
Farland, Joseph S 1^4
Hagerty, James C ^t^
Harrington, Julian F ^^^
Lodge, Henry Cabot "a
Lynch, Andrew G |^*
McCollum, Robert S 1°^
Richards, Arthur L ;J°*
Summers, A. Burks ^^*
Timberlake, Clare H ^^
Wilcox, Francis O •^*>"
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The basic source of information on
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1942, Volume I, General,
The British Commonwealth, The Far East
The Department of State recently released Foreign Relations
of the United States, 19Jf2, Volume /, General, The British Conv-
monwealth, The Far East. Tliis is the first of the six regular
annual volumes scheduled for publication in the Foreign Relw-
tions series for 1942.
Subjects treated in the General section include the United
Nations Declaration, the Permanent Court, war crimes, relief
problems, ^wstwar economic and financial plannmg, exchange of
officials and nonofficials with enemy countries, protests by neutrals
against certain features of the Selective Service Act, and inter-
national agreements regarding wheat, sugar, and tin.
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
yLrc^JU^
SECURITY COUNCIL CONSIDERS SITUATION IN
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • Statements by Ambas-
sador Henry Cabot Lodge and Text of Resolution 159
PRESIDENT PLEDGES U.S. COOPERATION TO PRO-
MOTE SOCIAL PROGRESS AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH IN THE AMERICAS 166
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR ECONOMIC
GROWTH • by Under Secretary Dillon 185
U.S. PROTESTS DOWNING OF USAF PLANE BY
SOVIETS OVER INTERNATIONAL WATERS • State-
men t by James C. Hagerty and Texts of U.S. and Soviet Notes • 163
DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY FROM LOCAL JURISDIC-
TION: ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND APPLICATION IN
UNITED STATES PRACTICE • Article by
JTilliam Barnes •.. 173
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XLIII, No. 1101 • Publication 7038
August 1, 1960
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Security Council Considers Situation
in Republic of the Congo
The Security Council convened on July 13 to
consider a request for military assistance {S/4382)
addressed to the Secretary-General hy the Presi-
dent and the Pnme Minister of the Republic of
the Congo. Following are statements made hy
U.S. Representative Henry Cabot Lodge and the
text of a resolution adopted by the Council.
FIRST STATEMENT
U.S./U.N. press release 3437
On July 7 the Security Council met to extend
the hand of friendship to the people and Govern-
ment of the Republic of the Congo by endorsing
its application for United Nations membership.
On that occasion the United States called atten-
tion to the pressing problems inherited by this
great new central African nation and its need for
sympatliy, encouragement, and concrete aid from
the United Nations.^
No one could foresee at that time the rapidity
with which general statements of support here
in the Council would need to be translated into
concrete action. This need tonight is self-evident
and urgent.
The unfortunate sequence of events in the Con-
go which makes the speediest possible United Na-
tions assistance imperative is well known to us
all. In general we understand that certain ele-
ments of those responsible for the maintenance of
public order are turning against a democratically
elected and legally constituted government.
While we have been concerned primarily with the
loss of life and destruction of valuable national
assets, the departure of many of the foreign tech-
nicians whose assistance to the new state was con-
' Bulletin of July 25, 1960, p. 1.51.
Aogusf J, I960
sidered crucial by the Government must also be
noted. The specter of famine and disease implicit
in the breakdown of security and commimications
is appalling. Wliile no aggi"ession has been com-
mitted, certain aspects emerge from the confusion
which do justify urgent United Nations action
and which, we think, can be stated as follows:
First, there is a popularly elected, duly consti-
tuted Government of the Republic of the Congo.
That Government has asked for a United Nations
force on an urgent basis.
Second, speed is essential. The longer the pres-
ent state of near anarchy continues, the heavier
the toll of lives, the greater the prospect of hun-
ger and epidemic, and the greater the difficulties
in future economic development. We confront a
situation which is developing hourly — not daily,
or weekly, but hourly.
Third, it is not only futile but positively harm-
ful to seek to apportion blame at this time for
what has happened. Wliat is required is an in-
stantaneous response to the urgent request of the
Congo Government rather than ill-advised or ma-
licious attempts to make political capital of the
serious difficulties of the Congolese people.
The United States, therefore, welcomes the in-
itiative of the Secretary- General in requesting this
meeting of the Security Coraicil. We believe that
the recommendation which he has made for a
United Nations force is reasonable and proper.^
For its part the United States is prepared to re-
spond to the call before us. Indeed, we will re-
spond to any reasonable United Nations request in
the fields of transport and communications. We
have also taken measures to insure that food sup-
plies adequate to the needs of the capital, where
we understand a food shortage is threatening, will
2 For statements made by the Secretary-General during
the debate, see U.N. doc. S/PV. 873.
159
be forthcoming. These food supplies will be of
assistance to the United Nations in Leopoldville.
Surely the beleaguered Government and unhappy
people of the Congo have the right to such assist-
ance, and we will not fail them.
In the course of this statement, Mr. President, I
have used the words "urgent" and "speed" several
times. I mean them literally and precisely.
United Nations assistance would be most useful
this very evening. It will still be of great service
if it arrives in the Congo before the weekend.
Finally, Mr. President, let me pay tribute here
to the efforts of the Government of the Congo to
restore peace, security, and tranquility in the
country. It has our full moral support in this
effort. Let us hope that it receives material as-
sistance very soon. Then the people and Govern-
ment of the Congo can get on with the all-im-
portant job of building a great, new, modem state
in the vei-y heart of Africa.
The Secretary-General has outlined a reasonable
and effective course of action. The United States
believes this Council should move ahead speedily
to approve a resolution giving effect to the pro-
posal of the Secretary- General.
SECOND STATEMENT
U.S./U.N. press release 3438
I have asked to be recognized under my right
to reply to the outrageous and untrue statements
which have been made about the United States in
the statement which was read by the representa-
tive of the Soviet Union [Arkady A. Sobolev].
As I have said to the Soviet representatives here
for many years, I do not start these altercations.
But when they begin them, as they seem irresist-
ibly tempted to do — whether because of fear or
whether because of en\^ or for what reason I
know not — I always undertake to make an ade-
quate reply.
Now, any man of good will knows that this is a
time for reason and for constructive action. This is
a moment which is putting the United Nations on
trial. This is not a time for provocative and reck-
less charges. And it is regrettable that the Soviet
Government should have interjected itself into the
situation with the truly incendiary statement
which Mr. Sobolev has just read.
It has made totally unfounded allegations. For
example, that the United States Government has
imdertaken measures "directed at undermining
the sovereignty and liquidation of the independ-
ence of the Republic of the Congo." Of course,
everyone here knows that notlung could be further
from the truth, and I am sure the men who wrote
this statement know it too.
The Soviet Union slanderously accused the
United States Government, and those of several
other states, of military inters-ention. It hasn't
happened. It isn't going to happen. We were
invited yesterday [July 13] by a Minister in the
Government of the Republic of Congo to send
troops, and we declined the invitation on the same
day. Now those are the facts.
'\Vliat is gained by ignoring those facts?
The statement talks about the 15th United States
Infantry and the 24th Infantry Di\asion. They
are not going to the Congo.
The statement talks about our sending troops to
Lebanon. Yes, we sent troops to T^banon at the
request of the Government of I>ebanon, and we
withdrew the troops. Contrast that with the So-
viet Union, which sent troops to Hungary— and
the Soviet troops are still in Hungary, with their
heel on the neck of the unhappy Hungarian peo-
ple. It doesn't lie well in Mr. Sobolev's mouth to
talk critically about troops being sent, when the
Soviet Union never withdraws its troops and we
withdraw ours upon request.
Then he said — the statement said, because I
don't hold Mr. Sobolev personally responsible for
it; he was reading a Soviet press release — the
statement said that the United States had been
condemned for having sent troops to Lebanon. It
is the exact opposite. The Soviet LTnion intro-
duced a resolution into that General Assembly to
condemn the United States, and then they with-
drew it at the end because they saw they could not
get the votes for it. And what resulted was the
statement by the General Assembly validating
what the United States had done. Now, let us
get things straight. This is not Moscow, where
only one person can talk. This is a free and open
foi-um, where the truth can come out.
Then the statement emits the gross untruth that
the American Ambassador in Leopoldville [Clare
IT. Timberlake] "is interfering in the domestic af-
fairs of the Congo Republic." There is not one
scintilla of evidence to that effect, and I deny it
160
Department of State Bulletin
categorically; and he did not submit one word of
proof.
So all in all the statement is mendacious; it is
calimmious; it is a ponderous, long-winded bit of
Communist nonsense. And that is the way it
should be regarded.
Now, the United States has long since become
accustomed to slanderous allegations by the Soviet
Union, and I think we can take them at their true
value, and we are able to stand up for ourselves.
But it is malicious for the Soviet Government to
seek to besmirch the character of [U.N.] Under
Secretary Kalph Bunche, who is respected
throughout the world for his devotion to peace and
to the goals of the United Nations and for the
proposition that all men should be recognized on
their merits, regardless of any condition of race,
creed, or color. He is the man whom the Soviet
Union has chosen to besmirch.
Well, Mr. President, I shall devote no further
time to this intervention by the Soviet Govern-
ment, but I simply commend it as an exhibit to
the members here, as an example of the Soviet
attempt at world domination in accordance with
Marxism and Leninism by making just as much
trouble as possible and making every bad situation
worse as rapidly as they can.
THIRD STATEMENT
U.S./tJ.N. press release 3439
The United States voted for the Tunisian res-
olution in spite of its doubts about the wisdom of
the first operative paragraph, and we did so be-
cause of the vital urgency which we attach to
prompt United Nations action to meet the tragic
and highly dangerous situation in the Congo.
In voting for this resolution the United States
expressly interprets the first paragraph calling
upon the Government of Belgium to withdraw its
troops as being contingent upon the successful
carrying out by the United Nations of the second
paragraph, that is, in providing the Government
of the Republic of the Congo with the military as-
sistance necessary until national security forces
are able to fulfill their task.
The situation we face in the Congo is unique.
At the outset of its independence, as power was
being passed from the Government of Belgium
to the Government of the Republic of the Congo,
public law and order collapsed. In these circum-
stances the United Nations must not contribute to
the perpetuation of public disorder by insisting
upon the withdrawal of military units capable of
assisting in the pi'otection of life and property
without establisliment of alternate methods to ac-
complish the task.
The resolution can only be read as a whole in
this sense, and it is with this understanding that
the United States has supported it.
The United States has confidence that the Gov-
ernment of Belgium will cooperate wholeheart-
edly with the United Nations along these lines, in
accordance with the long tradition which it has of
loyal membership in support of the Organization.
May I say to the representative of Belgium [Wal-
ter Loridan] that he has in fact just this evening
made a statement expressing his Government's
willingness to withdraw its troops upon introduc-
tion of United Nations forces, a statement of Bel-
gium's full cooperation with the United Nations
for which the Belgian Government should be con-
gratulated and wliich reflects credit on the Belgian
representative here.
TEXT OF RESOLUTIONS
The Security Council,
Considering the report of the Secretary-General on a
request for United Nations action in relation to the Re-
public of the Congo,
Considering the request for military assistance ad-
dressed to the Secretary-General by the President and
the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (docu-
ment S/4382),
1. Calls upon the Government of Belgium to withdraw
their troops from the territory of the Republic of the
Congo ;
2. Decides to authorize the Secretary-General to take
the necessary steps, in consultation with the Government
of the Republic of the Congo, to provide the Government
with such military assistance, as may be necessary, until,
through the efforts of the Congolese Government with
the technical assistance of the United Nations, the na-
tional security forces may be able, in the opinion of the
Government, to meet fully their tasks ;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the
Security Council as appropriate.
' U.N. doc. S/4387 ; adopted by the Council at its meet-
ing of July 13 (July 14 a.m.) by a vote of 8 to 0, with 3
abstentions (China, France, the United Kingdom).
4i;gusr ?, I960
161
President Greets Newly Independent
Republic of the Congo
White House press release dated June 30
The White House made fuhlic on June 30 the
following message from President Eisenhower to
Joseph Kasavnhu, Chief of State of the Republic
of the Congo, on the occasion of the independence
of that nation, June 30, 1960.
June 30, 1960
Dear Mr. President : On the occasion of the in-
dependence of the Kepublic of the Congo I extend
in my own ntmie and on behalf of the people of
the United States most cordial greetings and
felicitations to you and the Congolese people.
The independence of the Republic of the Congo
is a source of deep satisfaction to the United
States, especially since this freedom was achieved
in friendly cooperation with Belgium. The at-
tainment of independence by 13.5 million Con-
golese is one of the most significant events in
Africa during this unprecedented year of 1960.
On this historic occasion the Government and
people of the United States look forward to close
and friendly relations with the Government and
people of the Kepublic of the Congo.
Sincerely,
D\viGHT D. Eisenhower
U.S. Welcomes Independence
of Somali Republic
Department Announcement
Press release 373 dated June 30
The United States will welcome another new
African state into the family of nations on July
1, 1960, when the Somali Republic attains its inde-
pendence. The President has sent a warm mes-
sage of good will which will be delivered by the
President's pei-sonal repi-esentative with the rank
of special ambassador, Secretary of Commerce
Frederick H. Mueller, in formal ceremonies at
Mogadiscio on July 1. The message will be pub-
lished at that time.
The ceremonies have been designed to celebrate
not only Somali independence but also the union.
in the new Somali Republic, of Somaliland, the
former British protectorate which became inde-
pendent on June 26, 1960, with Somalia, the for-
mer U.N. Ti-ust Territory- under Italian adminis-
tration. Secretaiy Herter welcomed the inde-
pendence of Somaliland in a message addressed to
the Council of Ministers of that nation on June
26, 1960.^
Tiio President has nominated Andrew G.
Lynch, a career Foreign Service officer with
broad experience in African afi'aii-s, to be the first
Ambassador of the United States to the Somali
Republic. The consulate general at Mogadiscio
will be elevated to an embassy on July 1, 1960.
Message From President Eisenhower
White Houf-e press release dated July 1
The White House mude public on July 1 the
following message from. President Eisenhower to
Aderi Abdulla Osman, President of the Somali
Repvhlic, on the occasion of the independence of
the Somali Republic, July 1, 1960.
JULT 1, 1960
Dear Mr. President: It is with the greatest of
pleasure that I extend in my own name and on
behalf of the people of the United States most
cordial greetings and heartfelt congi-atulations
upon the independence of the Somali Republic.
"We share deeply in your joy in this occasion for
not only does a new state join the family of nations
but your country's accession to independence marks
the successful conclusion of another United Na-
tions trusteeship. This, understandably, is a
source of great pride and satisfaction to all who
have dedicated themselves to making the United
Nations an effective instrument of world jieace
and progress and I am confident that in the years
to come your coimtry will strengthen the ranks of
those devoted to this noble purpose.
The Government and people of the United
States welcome the independence of your country
and look forward to a lasting friendship with your
Government and people.
Sincerely,
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
For text, see Bulletin of July 18, 1960, p. 87
Department of Sfate Bullefin
U.S. Protests Downing of USAF Plane
by Soviets Over International Waters
STATEMENT BY JAMES C. HAGERTY >
The ^Viiierican KB— 17 plane was over iiitema-
tional waters and at no time flew o\er Soviet ter-
ritory, Soviet territorial waters, or Soviet airspace.
The shooting down of this plane, as the Soviet
Government alleges, can only have been a deliber-
ate and reckless attempt to create an international
incident.
For 11 days the plane has been reported as miss-
ing. Indeed, it has also been repoi-ted that at
least one Soviet ship was assisting, in good faith,
in the search for the missing aircraft.
Any attempt to connect the flight of this air-
craft with the U-2 flight of May ^ is completely
without fomidation, and the Soviet authorities, in-
cluding Mr. Khrushchev, know this.
The Government of the United States is answer-
ing the Soviet note of yesterday [July 11]. The
United States note will be made public at the State
Department today [July 12] .
TEXT OF U.S. NOTE »
The Embassy of the United States of America
presents its compliments to the Ministry of For-
eign Affaire of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics and with reference to the Ministry's note
No. 67/OSA of July 11 has the honor to convey,
upon instruction of the Government of the United
States of ^Vmerica, the following:
The IMinisti-y's note cannot, in view of the na-
ture of the circumstances concerned, represent
other tlian willful mismterpretation and misstate-
ment of fact.
The United States Air Force airplane in ques-
tion, with a crew of six, was proceeding on an
entirely legitimate mission over international wa-
"Made at Newport, R.I., on July 12 (White House
(Newport) press release). Mr. Hagerty is Press Secre-
tary to the President.
' For background, see Btilletin of May 23, 1960, p. 816,
and May .30. 1900, p. Sol.
' Delivered to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign .Affairs by
the U.S. Embassy at Moscow on July l.S (press release 388
dated July 12).
ters and at no time penetrated Soviet territory or
even areas which have been claimed at one time
or another as territorial waters or air space of the
Soviet Union. At no time was the airplane closer
to Soviet land territory than about 30 miles (ap-
proximately 48 kilometers).
It is therefore evident that pursuant to mstruc-
tions of the Soviet Government airplanes of the
Soviet Air Force wantonly attacked the American
airplane over international waters with the ad-
mitted loss of that aircraft and of the life of at
least one of the members of its crew. Two other
members of the crew have, according to the Soviet
note, been taken into custody without any legal
basis and are to be subjected to trial imder what
is called "full severity of Soviet law." The three
other members of the crew remain unaccounted
for.
The Ministry's note attempts to establish some
kind of link between this flight of an American
Air Force airplane over international waters with
the incident which occurred over Soviet temtory
on May 1. These flights were, as must be known
to the Soviet Government, entirely different in
character. The Air Force flight on July 1 was one
of a continuous series of electromagnetic research
flights well known to the Soviet Government to
have taken place over a period of more than ten
years. Instructions to the crews of these airplanes
rigidly require that the aircraft remain well out-
side the air space of Soviet territory.
The Government of the United States of
America rejects the completely unfounded allega-
tions contained in the Ministry's note under refer-
ence. It soleimily and vigorously protests the
unwarranted shooting down of an American air-
plane over international watere and the cynical
failure of the Soviet Government to make its
action known for a period of days during which a
search for the missing men was known to be in
course, in which the Soviet Government was
voluntarily participating in what was apparently
good faith. It demands release to its custody of
the two United States Air Force officers admitted
to be in Soviet custody. It further demands that
a representative of the United States Embassy in
Moscow be permitted to see these men without de-
lay. Additionally, it demands that the body of
Captain [Willard G.] Palm be returned to the
custody of United States officials immediately.
Augusf 7, 7960
163
The Government, of the United States is pre-
pared to undertake in cooperation with the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Kepublics and such other authority as might be
acceptable to both sides, a thorough search for the
downed airplane and the missing members of its
crew and examination of such remains of the air-
craft as may be located.
The Government of the United States of
America reserves its right to demand full com-
pensation from the Government of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics for its unjustified ac-
tion in this matter. It should be clear to the Soviet
Government that a repetition of acts of this nature
cannot fail to have the most serious consequences,
responsibility for which would rest upon the So-
viet Government alone.
TEXT OF SOVIET NOTE <
Unofficial translation
No. 67/OSA
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics addresses the United States Government with this
note in connection with the new rude violation of the air-
space of the Soviet Union by an aircraft of the Armed
Forces of the United States.
On July 1, 1960, an unknown military aircraft moving
toward the border of the Soviet Union was detected in
the Barents Sea near the Kola Peninsula by the air warn-
ing service of Soviet antiaircraft defense troops. A
fighter aircraft was sent up to establish the nationality
of this aircraft and to prevent it from an intrusion into
the territory of the U.S.S.R.
The pilot of the Soviet fighter aircraft established that
the unknown aircraft was a bomber with identification
marks of the U.S. Air Force. The American aircraft
violated the state borders of the U.S.S.R. 22 kilometers
north of Cape Svyatoy Nos and was moving in the direc-
tion of the city of Arkhangelsk.
Despite signals given by the Soviet fighter to follow it
and proceed to landing, the aircraft-violator continued to
penetrate deeper into the borders of the airspace of the
Soviet Union. In accordance with a standing order of the
Armed Forces of the Soviet Union concerning the defense
of Soviet borders, the aircraft-violator was brought down
at 18 hours 3 minutes Moscow time over Soviet territorial
waters east of Cape Svyatoy Nos.
After some time two iiersons from the crew of the
downed American aircraft were picked up by a Soviet
ship in territorial waters of the U.S.S.R. They proved to
be : the navigator of the aircraft, First Lieutenant of the
U.S. Air Force John Richard McKone, bom in 1932 in the
' Delivered to Edward L. Freers, U.S. ChargS d'AfCaires,
at Moscow on July 11 by Andrei A. Gromyko, Soviet Min-
ister of Foreign Affairs.
164
state of Missouri, and the second pilot. First Lieutenant
of the U.S. Air Force Freeman Bruce Olmstead, bom in
193.5 in the State of New Xork.
As McKone and Olmstead stated on interrogation, the
aircraft on which they flew, a six-motor reconnaissance
bomber, type "RB-iT", belonged to an aviation subunit
of American military-strategic reconnaissance included
in the ij.")th Wing, and was executing special assignments
of a military intelligence character. The aircraft was
armed with two 20-millimeter cannons, with a supply of
ammunition for them, and had a compartment in which
special rec-onnaissance photo and radioelectronic ai>-
paratus was located.
According to Olmstead and McKone, four other persona
were included in the crew of the aircraft in addition to
themselves : the commander of the aircraft, Captain
Palm, and three officers — specialists on photo and radio-
electronic apparatus — Captain [Eugene E.] Posa and
First Lieutenants [Capt. Oscar L.] Goforth and [Dean
B.l Phillips. The body of the first pilot of the downed
aircraft. Captain Palm, was found by a Soviet vessel in a
rubber boat and was taken on board. A search for other
members of the crew of the aircraft produced no results.
According to the evidence of Olmstead and McKone, the
aircraft "RB^7" on which they were flying took off July
1, 19G0, at 1000 hours Greenwich time from an American
military base located in Brize Norton (England) on a
course along the northern boiuidaries of Norway and the
Soviet Union with orders to return upon completion of
its assignment to the same base in England, where the
subunit of the U.S. Air Force to which this aircraft be-
longed is located. Before takeoff the crew of the aircraft
was warned by the commander of their subunit at the
Brize Norton base. Major DeBelle, that the flight must be
kept in strict secrecy and therefore the crew was for-
bidden to maintain regular radio contact with the base.
Just two months ago aggressive activities of the United
States which expressed themselves in the premeditated
intrusion of an American military aircraft into the
U.S.S.R. with espionage purposes, and in the declaration
of such provocative acts as the national policy of the
United States, led to the breakup by the Government of
the United States of the summit conference and were
unanimously condemned by the public opinion of the
entire world. The new violation of the borders of the
Soviet Union by an American military aircraft shows
that the Government of the United States is continiUng
to proceed on the same path dangerous for the cause of
peace. Now everyone sees what is the real value of the
solemn assurances of the Government of the United States
and of President Eisenhower personally concerning the
order supposedly given by the President to stop espionage
flights by American aviation over the territory of the
U.S.S.R.
The question arises, what purposes the Government of
the United States is pursuing, continuing the policy of
aggressive intrusions into the airspace of the Soviet
Union. There can only be one answer. The actions of
the Government of the United States represent premedi-
tated violation of generally accepted norms of inter-
national law, a policy of conscious provocations directed
Department of State Bulletin
toward inflaming the situation and increasing the threat
of war.
In this, as previously, the United States is continuing
the use for its aggressive actions toward the Soviet Union
of military bases established by it on territories of other
countries which are allies of the United States in military
blocs.
If the fate of American pilots whose lives, evidently,
are little valued by the Government of the United States
and are consciously sacrificed by it in organizing espionage
flights over the U.S.S.R., may be regarded as an internal
affair of the United States, then this can by no means be
said of the enormous threat to the general peace which
arises from the provocatory actions of the Government
of the United States. This is a question to which neither
the Soviet Union nor any other state showing genuine
concern for the preservation of peace can be indifferent.
Considering that a violation of the border was in the
present case cut off in its initial stage, the Soviet Gov-
ernment considered it possible to limit itself to destruc-
tion of the violating plane and calling to accoimt of the
surviving members of its crew, who will be judged ac-
cording to the full severity of Soviet law.
At the same time the Soviet Government in all serious-
ness warns the Government of the United States of those
dangerous consequences to which continuation of provoca-
tive actions by American aircraft will lead and the re-
sponsibility for which will rest on the Government of the
United States.
The Government of the United States cannot but know
to what consequences its policy of conscious provocations
against the Soviet Union can lead. It can for one reason
or another conceal this from its people. However, the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics con-
siders it its duty to warn the Government of the United
States that it has no right to play with the fate of the
world. The American people should know about this
warning as well as of the fact that tie Soviet Union
has done and is doing everything possible not to bring
upon the peoples the disasters of a new war and that
the guilt for the grave trials to which the world is today
subjected wholly rests on the Government of the United
States.
The Soviet Government with deep regret has to state
that the governments of some states who are allies of the
United States in military blocs have not yet drawn the
necessary conclusions from known facts connected with
the aggressive actions of the U.S. Air Force. Permitting
the use of American military bases situated on their ter-
ritory, they continue to pursue a policy of participation
in the aforementioned aggressive actions, and through
this bring great danger upon the peoples of their countries.
In connection with the new violation of the Soviet
border by an American military aircraft which took
place July 1, the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics makes a decisive protest to the Gov-
ernment of the United States.
Moscow, July 11, 1960.
U.S. Postpones Aviation Talks
Witli Soviet Union
Press release 391 dated July 14
Following is the text of an aide memoire handed
to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs on July
H by the U.S. Embassy at Moscow.
Pursuant to the Scientific, Technical, Educa-
tional and Cultural Agrewnent between the Union
of Soviet Socialist Kepublics and the United
States of America dated November 21, 1959,^ ar-
rangements had been made for the initiation of
negotiations with regard to an Air Transport
Agreement at Washington on July 18. The
United States Government maintains its serious
interest in the successful conclusion of negotia-
tions on this subject. It therefore believes that
such negotiations should take place in an
atmosphere conducive to the acliievement of
agreement.
Having in mind, however, recent Soviet actions
and utterances which could not fail to affect ad-
versely the atmosphere surrounding such negotia-
tions at this time, the United States Government
believes that it would be appropriate now to post-
pone the date of initiation of negotiations looking
toward an Air Transport Agreement mitil a more
suitable time.
' For text, see Bulletin of Dec. 28, 1959, p. 951.
Awgusf 7, 1960
1^5
President Pledges U.S. Cooperation To Promote Social Progress
and Economic Growth in the Americas
On July 11 President Eisenhower held a news
conference at the U.S. Naval Base, Newfort, R.I.,
at which he pledged U.S. cooperation to promote
social progress and econotnic growth in the
Americas. Se<yretary Herter xuas also present.
Follotoing are texts of a statement read hy the
President and the exchange with correspondents
during the question-and-answer period which
followed.
STATEMENT BY PRESIDENT EISENHOWER
White House (Newport, E.
press release dated July 11
I
During my trip to South America in February ^
and in numerous talks in Washington, I have ob-
tained tlie views of leading Latin American states-
men on the problems which their countries and the
area in general now face. They have told me of
the aspirations and needs of their peoples for
homes and land and a better life, and of their
efforts to meet those needs.
I know that other leaders in the Americas are
thinking and working along similar lines. I have
given a good deal of thought to how the United
States might do more in helping these efforts.
The National Advisory Committee on Inter-
American Affairs, which I appointed last year to
advise the Secretaiy of State and myself on mat-
ters of hemispheric concern, has given us the bene-
fit of its knowledge and experience.^
1 President Eisenhower made a 2-week trip to South
America, Feb. 22-Mar. 7, where he visited Brazil, Argen-
tina, Chile, and Uruguay. For text of his report to the
Nation, together with his addresses and joint declarations
and statements, see Bulletin of Mar. 28, 1960, p. 471.
2 For background, see ihid., July 25, 1960, p. 148.
II
Within the Organization of American States
joint action is under way. The Council of that
Organization, on the initiative of Venezuela, voted
3 days ago [July 8] to call a meeting of their
Foreign Ministers to consider matters of extreme
gravity in the Caribbean area — matters that in-
volve a challenge to the ideals and purposes of the
American community. The United States sup-
ported this move.
In September the economic representatives of
the 21 American Kepublics will convene in Bogota,
Colombia, to consider an equally important com-
ponent of our hemispheric future — the problem of
social reform and economic growth. This prob-
lem is embraced within a joint hemispheric con-
cept known as Operation Pan America — a concept
initially suggested by President Kubitschek of
Brazil.^ This will be further developed at Bogota.
These two meetings will give the United States
opportunities for frank consultations with our sis-
ter Republics on measures to advance the political,
economic, and social welfare of the peoples of the
Americas.
Ill
I believe it would be well for me to state the
basic ideas which will guide the United States'
participation in these forthcoming meetings.
First, widespread social progress and economic
growth benefiting all the i^eople and achieved with-
in a framework of free institutions are the impera-
tives of our time.
Second, our nation's history and traditions place
us in accord with those who seek to fulfill the
3 For background, s£
Oct. 13, 1958, p. 574.
md., June 30. lO.'iS, p. 1000, and
166
Department of State Bulletin
promise of the future through methods consistent
with the dignity of free men. Our interests and
sympathies are with them.
Third, a new affiniiation of purpose is called
for in our cooperation with friendly developing
countries in their efl'orts to progress.
In the Americas as elsewhere change is the law
of life, and the interests of the people will be
better served if that change is etfected construc-
tively and peacefully, not violently. Clearly, the
aspirations and needs of the peoples of the Ameri-
cas for free institutions and a better way of life
must be met. Our desire is to help the American
nations to meet their own responsibilities — to help
them develop their institutional and human re-
sources, to strengthen the framework of freedom,
to protect individual dignity, and to gain a better
life for those who are underprivileged, under-
employed, and undereducated.
Latin America is passing through a social and
political transformation. Dictatoi-ships are fall-
ing by the wayside.
Moderate groups, seeking orderly reform, are
contesting with dictators of both right and left
who favor violence and authoritarianism. Many
of the extremists frequently endeavor to introduce
dogmas which are inimical to the traditions of
the Western Hemisphere. Indeed, the Foreign
Ministers of the American Republics met last
August in Santiago, Chile, to consider the prob-
lems caused by the blatant intervention of certain
extremists in their neighljors" affaii-s.''
The interests of the United States no less than
those of all the Americas are directly involved
in this struggle, a threat to the security of the
hemisphere. It is unperative that institutions be
developed and strengthened sufficiently to permit
the peoples' needs to be met through orderly pro-
cesses of change.
A renewed hemispheric determination to pre-
serve principles of liberty and the dignity of man
is needed. There is also an urgent need for a
broader and more vigorous cooperative attack by
all American governments and peoples if adequate
economic progress with freedom is to be achieved.
IV
Among the specific needs which it seems to me
must be met through cooperative action are :
First, we need to consider with the other Ameri-
' m<l.. Sept. 7. 19.59, p. 342.
Aogusf J, 7960
can Republics practicable ways in which develop-
ing countries can make faster progress in meeting
their own needs and ways in which their friends
can most effectively cooperate with them. A
better knowledge and mobilization of resources,
their more effective use, and the improvement of
legal and institutional means for promoting eco-
nomic growth are among the subjects which
require special consideration.
I have in mind the opening of new areas of
arable land for settlement and productive use. I
have in mind better land utilization, within a sys-
tem which provides opportiuiities for free, self-
reliant men to own land, without violating the
rights of others. I have in mind housing with
emphasis, where appropriate, on individual own-
ership of small homes. And I have in mind other
essential minimums for decent living in both urban
and rural enviromnents.
Second, in our common efi'orts toward these
goals more attention needs to be given, in a man-
ner which respects the dignity and rights of all, to
improving the opportunities of the bulk of the
population to share in and contribute to an ex-
panding national product. Soundly based eco-
nomic and social progress in any of our countries
is of benefit to all. Each nation must of course
resolve its own social problems in its own way and
without the imposition of alien dogmas.
Third, within this framework we need to con-
sider whether there are better ways to accelerate
the trend which is already evident toward gi-eater
respect for hmnan rights and democratic govern-
ment based on the will of the people as expressed
in free and periodic elections. The United States
with its tradition of democracy is opposed to
tyranny in any form — whether of the left or of
the right.
Each period in history brings its call for
supreme human effort. At times in the past it
took the form of war. Today it takes the form
of social evolution or revolution. The United
States will not, cannot, stand aloof. We must
help find constructive means for the imder-
privileged masses of mankind to work their way
toward a better life. Indeed, so far as this
hemisphere is concerned, every American nation
must cooperate in this mighty endeavor. Even
the poorest nation can contribute its spiritual and
167
intellectual strength. The important considera-
tion is that every member of the American family
of nations should feel responsible for promoting
the welfare of all.
I have requested the Secretary of State to take
the lead in conferring with our Latin American
friends on these principles and purposas. Assum-
ing their agreement, he will prepare for my ap-
proval as promptly as possible specific recom-
mendations along these lines.
I intend to submit a message on this subject to
the Congress promptly. I shall seek authority for
such additional public funds as we may deem ap-
propriate to assist free men and neighbors in Latin
America in cooperative etforts to develop their
nations and achieve better lives.
QUESTION-AND-ANSWER PERIOD
The President : Now, as far as the message itself
is concerned, I am ready to entertain two or three
questions.
Q. Robert Pierpoint, CBS News: Mr. Presi-
dent, you mentioned here, I believe, that every
American nation must cooperate in this new plan
or program. Would that include Cuba, the pres-
ent Cuban Governments?
The President : It would be only tliose nations
who have shown a willingness and a readiness to
cooperate with the others in this great effort — spe-
cifically witJi ourselves, because we are the ones
making the statement.
Q. Felix Belair, New York Times: Mr. Presi-
dent, is it possible at this time to give any kind
of estimate as to the order of magnitude of assist-
ance contemplated, and would the proposed pro-
gram operate as did the European recovery
program with the so-called shopping list?
The President : No. You are talking about the
so-called Marshall plan?
Q. {Mr. Belair) Yes, sir.
The President: Well, the Marshall plan was
to repair and rehabilitate a destroyed industrial
plant already existing. This is an entirely dif-
ferent problem, and I think it would be imfair
to compare the effort we are now talking about,
raising the social standards of the people — the so-
cial and economic standards of the people — with
the effort of the Marshall plan.
168
Now, when it comes to t«rms of magnitude of
the sums that would be effected, let us remember
this, that I am talking about two meetings still
in the future which we are calling with our own
friends and in wliich we are examining our own
efforts, and it would be impossible to make any
kind of even rough guess.
But I do want to say this, which I have said
so often: The only real investment that is going
to flow into countries that will be useful to them
in the long term is private investment. It is many
times the amount that can be put in from the
public coffers. And normally the public loans
are made so as to encourage and make better op-
portunities for the private investments that follow.
Q. {Mr. Belair) Does it follow from what you
just said, Mr. President, that no larger expendi-
ture would be made than is twio being made?
The President: No. I would think this — I
just say this — that in my opinion some additional
sums woidd be probably necessary. But there are
many ways in which this could be done. For ex-
ample, all nations could agi'ee to increase the cap-
ital and the lending capacity of tlie American
Bank [Inter- American Development Bank]. In
other words I would not think of it just as a
great — anything as remotely resembling the Mar-
shall plan.
Q. Marvin Arrowsmith, Associated Press: Mr.
President, I wonder if you would be willing to tell
us in what context the current Cuhan crisis was
considered in your and the Secretary's discussion
of this program? We have been told that you
were analyzing that situation too. Is there any-
thing further you can say this morning?
The President : Well, Marvin, this has been on
our minds and thinking and even almost written
preparation for some months — ever since I came
back from South America, and with the — my as-
sociates and the Presidents of those countries that
I met or visited, this Cuban problem was discussed.
Very naturally, every day that this thing has been
under preparation there has been discussion of the
Cuban problem. But I don't for the moment see
any benefit in going further in giving our attitude
than was expressed in my statement, I think it was
the day before yesterday, in answer to the —
Khrushchev's rather crude threat." And I think
that statement speaks for itself.
' lUd., July 25, 1960, p. 139.
Deparfmenf of Sfafe BviWefin
Q. {Mr. Arroics7nith) I wonder., you prohahly
have seen that the President of Cuba [Osvaldo
Dorticos] last night strongly implied that Cuba
might demand that we give up the Guantanamo
Naval Base. Did yoxu have any discussion on that?
Do you have any reaction to that?
The President : Well, I will wait till I hear the
demand on that one.
Q. Charles Roberts., Newsweek: Mr. President.,
sir, do you have the feeling, or do you have assur-
ances from, the other American Republics, that
they favor going ahead on this regional hemi-
spheric basis rather than appealing to the aid —
or accepting aid from powers outside of this
hemisphere?
The PREsroENT : Well, so far as all the countries
I have spoken to personally, this particular ques-
tion has not been placed in specific terms. But the
whole attitude and atmosphere of our conversation
was to make a more effective and stronger organi-
zation among all the states to work m a coopera-
tive — I mean all the American states — to work in
a cooperative basis rather than to go each individ-
ually seeking outside help somewhere. Now, if
there's any specific difference outside of what we
have seen in Cuba, why I think you should ask the
question of the State Department, because I am
not aware of it.
Q. {Mr. Roberts) If I might rephrase that —
The President : Yes.
Q. {Mr. Roberts) Do you feel the other powers
are opposed to any aid coming from outside this
hemisphere to any country in the Western Hemi-
sphere — su/)h as the aid that Russia has offered to
Cuba?
The President : Well, I would — I don't want to
speculate on what their general attitude is. I
know the very cooperative attitude they have
shown to me in conversations with me, and I think
it's a question I would rather have you put to the
State Department, and put it in more specific
fashion, and let them give a specific answer.
Q. Stewart Hensley, United Press Interna-
tional: Mr. President, you of course talked at
some length with Mr. Kubitschek [President
Juscelino Euhlfschek of Brasil], Mr. AlessandH
[President Jorge Alessandri of Chile], Mr. Fron-
dizi [President Arturo Frondizi of Argentina],
about this plan. From what you know of their
aspirations, anid what you have in jnind in the
nature of the size of the American contribution,
do you believe that your plan is going to satisfy
all their hopes In that respect?
The President : Well, what I would say is this :
If we can ever get a true coordination and meeting
of minds on the problem itself and its scope and
how it should be arranged in priorities, then I
think the United States would feel it should do
its own proper share.
Now I do not believe that any nation can be
saved merely by outside help. The first need is the
heart and the brains and the wills and the deter-
mination and the morale in the nation itself, and
to do those things which it can itself do.
"Wlien it comes, though, to the need of foreign
exchange and so on, and assistance in technical
and scientific fields which can be given from a
country such as ours, I think that our nation will
never quail from doing what it needs to do. But
I do not believe that just great sums of money is
the answer.
Q. Daniel Earaslk, NBC News: Mr. President,
would a question on your Saturday statement be
in order?
The President: Well, I put it on this — I
wanted to put the questions directly on this, and
therefore I don't believe this is the place for that—
Q. Mr. President —
The President: — because I think you'll start
a precedent for me.
Q. Frederic W. Collins, Providence Journal-
Bulletin: In your soundings do you have a feel-
ing that the other Latin American Republics would
go ahead with a general cooperative plan of this
nature if it excluded Cuba?
The President: Well, I think that no nation
of course can come in unless it wants to cooperate,
and I would see no reason why the other— so that
the remaining 20 of us could not go ahead — and
as a matter of fact, even if there were two or three
excluded for any reasons of their own choosing, I
think this would still be a practicable thing.
Q. Laurence H. Burd, Chicago Tribune: Does
this require any action by Congress, apart from t?ie
funds, for this plan?
Augosf I, I960
169
The President: I can't tell for sure yet, Larry,
for a very simple reason, that tliere may be some-
thing in the authorization. For example, suppose
they want to authorize a little bit diflerent kind
of loan in the American Bank, then each country's
Congress would have to approve.
Q. {Mr. Burd) Are you hoping to get it
through in the next session of Congress?
The President: I don't know. And the tim-
ing is just something that I cannot predict.
Q. {Mr. Burd) Otherwise it might he done
after you are gone — after you have left office?
The President : Well, I would think that this
plan would appeal to any thinking American and
so I would — if I have — now I would like to get it
done better, of course — quicker, but always as I
think it's a soldier's attitude, if you know what
you want to do, get it done in a hurry. But in
this, you take some time to get exactly the agree-
ments that you want.
Q. {Mr. Burd) Have you had any discussions
with the Democrats on this?
The President: Not on this one. Well, I
think, gentlemen, that will cover the subject?
Q. Thank you very much, Mr. President.
U.S. Reaffirms Principles
of Monroe Doctrine
Department Statement
Press release 392 dated July 14
In his remarks concerning the Monroe Doctrine
at his press conference on July 12, Mr. Khru-
shchev again displayed his extraordinary ability
to ignore facts.
In the first place, the principles of the Monroe
Doctrine are as valid today as they were in 1823
when the Doctrine was proclaimed. Furthermore,
the Monroe Doctrine's purpose of preventing any
extension to this hemisphere of a despotic political
system contrary to the independent status of the
American states is supported by the biter-Ameri-
can security system through the Organization of
American States. Specifically the Organization
of American States Charter and the Rio Treaty
provide the means for common action to protect
170
the hemisphere against the interventionist and ag-
gressive designs of international communism.
Likewise, Mr. IClirushchev failed to mention that
the Rio Treaty is the first of the regional treaties
for which provision is made under article 51 of
the United Nations Charter.
Mr. Khrushchev might appropriately reflect on
the fact that one of the considerations for estab-
lishing the Rio Treaty was that :
. . . the American regional community affirms as a
manifest truth that juridical organization is a necessary
prerequisite of security and peace, and that peace is
founded on justice and moral order and, consequently,
on the international recognition and protection of human
rights and freedoms, on the indisisensable well-being of
the people, and on the effectiveness of democracy for the
international realization of justice and security. . . .
One of the principal purposes of the Rio Treaty
was to provide a method for dealing with threats
of imperialistic powers seeking to establish their
domination in the Western Hemisphere.
A further remarkable development was revealed
in Mr. Khrushchev's meeting with the press.
Speaking as tlie Head of the Soviet Government,
he arrogated to himself tlie power to determine
what international agreements should or should
not be binding — even though the Soviet Union is
not a party thereto. In this particular instance
it was not only the Rio Treaty but also the treaty
between the United States and Cuba covering
Guantanamo wliich he has sought to abrogate.
While disregard for treaties to which it is a party
may be viewed by the U.S.S.R. as a convenient
approach to international relations, such an effort
can only be regarded by law-abiding states as
another example of Soviet intervention in the
affairs of other countries.
Mr. Khrushchev's latest references to U.S.-
Cuban relations are of a piece with his threat of
July 9.^ As a pretext for his threat, he conjured
up the straw man of a nonexistent menace of U.S.
aggression against Cuba.
The threat of the use of force, made so blatantly
by tlie Soviet Chairman in relation to the affaire
of nations of the Western Hemisphere, is con-
trary to the basic principle of the LTnited Nations
Charter which rejects the use of force in the set-
tlement of international disputes. This naked
menace to world peace, brandished so callously by
For background, see Bulletin of .July 2.3, 1960, p. 139.
Department of Sfafe BvWet'in
the Soviet leader, reveals the hypocrisy of liis
protestations in behalf of peace.
Moreover, these statements of Mr. Khrushchev
appear to be designed to establish a "Bolshevik
doctrine" pro\'iding for the use of Soviet military
power in support of Communist movements any-
where in the world. Air. Khrushchev speaks ap-
provingly of the historically positive role of the
Monroe Doctrine during the 19th century, when
it was applied against the Eurojaean imperialisms
of that day, but declares that "everything has
changed abruptly" now that it stands in the way
of the new imperialism : international coimnunism.
The pi'inciples which the United States Gov-
ernment enunciated in the face of the attempts
of the old imperialism to intei-vene in the affairs
of this hemisphere are as valid today for the at-
tempts of the new imperialism. It consequently
reaffirms with vigor the principles expressed by
President Monroe :
We owe it ... to candor ... to declare that we
should consider any attempt on their [European powers]
part to extend their system to any portion of this hemi-
sphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.
Today, nearly a century and a half later, the
United States is gratified that these principles are
not professed by itself alone but represent through
solemn agreements the views of the American
community as a whole.
U.S. Protests New Cuban Law
Directed at American Property
Press release 397 dated July 16
The U.S. Ambassadar to Cuba, Philip W. Bon-
sai, an July 16 delivered to the Cuban Ministry of
Foreign Relations the following note ■protesting
the '■'■ Nationalization Law" of Cuba.
I have the honor to refer to the law issued by
the Council of Ministers of the Government of
Cuba on July 6, 1960, which is entitled the "Na-
tionalization Law" and which applies exclusively
to nationals of the United States who own prop-
erty in Cuba. I have been instructed by my Gov-
ernment to emphasize to Your Excellency that
the Government of the United States considers
this law to be manifestly in violation of those
pruaciples of international law which have long
been accepted by the free countries of the West.
It is in its essence discriminatory, arbitrary and
confiscatory.
The Nationalization Law is discriminatory in
that it is specifically limited in its application to
the seizure of property owned by nationals of
the United States.
It is arbitrary because it was admittedly en-
acted in retaliation for recent actions taken by the
Congress and President of the United States to
assure the needs of the sugar consuming public
of the United States.^ These actions were re-
quired because of the publicly stated intention of
the Government of Cuba to reduce its dependence
on sugar concomitantly with its eii'orts to enlarge
sales of sugar in newer markets and to alter radi-
cally its traditional pattern of trade with the
United States. Moreover the hostile attitude
toward the United States so often expressed by
the present Government of Cuba has made
abundantly clear the economic imprudence of re-
lying on Cuba for a very high proportion of the
United States need for this important commodity.
The Nationalization Law is both arbitrary and
confiscatory in that its provisions for compensa-
tion for property seized fail to meet the most mini-
mum criteria necessary to assure the payment of
prompt, adequate and effective compensation and
in its specific prohibition of any form of judicial
or administrative appeal from the resolutions of
the expropriatuig authorities.
I have been instructed by my Government to
convey to Your Excellency a most solemn and
serious protest against this hostile measure. I
am further instructed to inform Your Excellency
that should this law be employed by the Govern-
ment of Cuba to seize properties of American
nationals, it will be viewed by the Government
of the LTnited States as further evidence and con-
firmation of a pattern of economic and political
aggression against the United States under the
guise and pretext of accelerating the social and
economic progress of the Cuban people.
' BrLLETiN- of July 25, 1960, p. 140.
Augosf I, I960
U.S. and Canada Conclude Review
of Joint Defense Problems
Corwmunique
Press release 398 dated July 16
The third meeting of the Canada-United States
Ministerial Committee on Joint Defense was held
at Montebello, Quebec, on July 12 and 13, 1960.^
The United States was represented at the meet-
ing by the Honorable Robert W. Anderson, Sec-
retary of the Treasury, the Honorable Thomas S.
Gates, Jr., Secretary of Defense, and the Hon-
orable Livingston T. Merchant, Under Secretary
of State for Political Affairs. Secretary of State
Christian A. Herter regretted that developments
requiring his personal attention obliged him to
cancel his plans to come to the meeting.
Canada was represented by the Honorable
Howard C. Green, Secretary of State for External
Affairs, the Honorable Donald M. Fleming, Min-
ister of Finance, the Honorable George E.
Pearkes, Minister of National Defence, and the
Honorable Raymond J. O'Hurley, IVIinister of
Defence Production.
Ambassador [Richard B.] Wigglesworth and
Ambassador [A. D. P.] Heeney, with other senior
officials of the two Governments, were also in
attendance.
The Committee was established as a result of
discussions in July 1958, in Ottawa, between Prime
Minister Diefenbaker and President Eisenhower.^
It was established to consult periodically on all
matters affecting the joint defense of Canada and
the United States and reviews not only military
questions but also the political and economic
aspects of joint defense problems.
The members of the Committee welcomed the
opportunity which this meeting afforded them to
have a timely discussion on a broad range of re-
cent international developments of interest and
concern to the two Governments. They agreed
that situations which arise should always be dealt
with in a manner which will promote the objec-
' For text of a communique Issued at the conclusion
of ttie second meeting, see Bulletin of Nov. 30, 1959, p.
' For text of a joint statement, see iftiff., Aug. 4, 1958,
p. 208.
tives of the United Nations and contribute to
international peace and stability.
By its nature the Committee's discussions are
largely concerned with matters involving the vital
security interest of the two countries.
The Committee reviewed the current position
concerning negotiations aiming at complete and
general disarmament under an effective system of
control. They deplored the recent action of the
Soviet Union in withdrawing from the ten-nation
meetings,^ thus frustrating its work. The Com-
mittee agreed that efforts for the resumption of
meaningful negotiations must be continued. They
were further agreed that pending the achievement
of general and controlled disarmament there
could be no relaxation of defensive measures.
Particular attention was given to a review of
the progress achieved on cooperative measures de-
signed to improve the defenses of North America
and the Committee reaffirmed its conviction that
these contribute unportantly to the greater
strength of collective security within the broader
framework of NATO.
The Committee reaffirmed the common desire
and intention of both Governments further to
strengthen the North Atlantic Alliance and to
improve consultation between members witliin the
North Atlantic Council, and considered ways and
means whereby the Alliance's objectives might be
achieved in the years ahead.
The Committee also reviewed the field of defense
production sharing between the two countries.
They recognized that this is a long-range program.
They reaffirmed the concept as one in the best
interest of each coimtry and discussed further
steps which might be taken to assure a greater
measure of cooperation.
The Committee noted with satisfaction that the
existing machinery for consultation on defense
matters between the two countries is operating
effectively. It was noted in this respect that the
Permanent Joint Board on Defense, created by
the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, would this
year be completing the twentieth year of its exist-
ence and the Committee expressed its confidence
that the Board would continue to play a significant
role within the area of its responsibilities.
The date of the next meeting of the Committee
will be arranged later.
' For background, see ihid., July 18, 1960, p. 88.
172
Deparfment of State Bulletin
Diplomatic Immunity From Local Jurisdiction: Its Historical Development
Under International Law and Application in United States Practice
William Barnes
The freedom from local jurisdiction wliicli
diplomatic immunity confers upon certain foreign
officials residing in tlie United States has fre-
quently be«n a cause of public criticism and mis-
understanding. Especially has this been the case
when such officials have invoked their immunity
to protect themselves from the consequences of
acts -which, if committed by ordinary citizens,
would result in the application of penal sanctions.
This article seeks to dispel such misunderstand-
ing by treating the principle of diplomatic im-
munity in its historical perspective, bringing out
the reasons why the United States, in common
with all other countries, recognizes and applies
this principle. The legal basis of diplomatic im-
munity in the United States is also discussed, and
examples are given of its application in United
States practice.
Diplomatic immunity may be broadly defined
as the freedom from local jurisdiction accorded
imder international law by the receiving state to
duly accredited diplomatic officers, their families,
and servants. Associated with such immunity is
the inviolability wliich applies to the premises of
embassies and legations and the residences of duly
accredited diplomatic officei-s. Diplomatic im-
munity is a universally recognized principle in-
cluded in the body of rules known as international
law, which civilized nations have accepted as
binding them in their intercourse with one an-
other and which is enforcible in U.S. courts.'
By custom, courtesy, or international agree-
ment, diplomatic officers usually also enjoy cer-
^ While the principle of diplomatic immunity is firmly
established in international law, its application in prac-
tice varies as among individual states.
August 1, I960
557828—60 3
tain privileges in the states to which they are ac-
credited, such as exemptions from local taxation
and from the payment of customs duties. Such
privileges do not derive from international law
but rest for the most part on domestic legislation,
generally on the basis of reciprocal treatment.
Wliile often associated with diplomatic immunity,
these privileges are not, strictly speaking, em-
braced in that tenn, and they are not discussed in
this article.
Historical Development of the Concept
The concept of diplomatic immunity in inter-
national law may be traced back to the usages and
customs of the earliest peoples of whom we have
knowledge through written records. It often be-
came necessary for primitive tribes and peoples to
communicate and negotiate with one another, for
which purpose certain of their members were se-
lected as messengers or envoys. The functions of
the envoys were of social significance to both the
sending and receiving communities, and it was
early realized that reciprocal advantages were to
be gained and mutual interests served by gi-anting
them special immunities and protection.
Such envoys were sent and received for impor-
tant negotiations by the kings of the Hittites,
Babylonians, Assyrians, Hebrews, and Egyptians.
For example, in 1272 B.C. the Hittite King,
• Mr. Barnes is Special Assistant to the
Director of the Historical Office, Department
of State.
173
Khetasar, sent messengers to Rameses II of Egypt
to propose peace and a treaty of alliance. Immu-
nity was accorded these messengers despite an ex-
isting state of war, and they accomplished their
mission.^ The ancient histoiy of China and India
records that envoys fi'om neighboring peoples
were not regarded as subject to local jurisdiction.
Biblical references indicate that any violation of
an envoy's immunity was regarded as justifying
sharp retaliatory measures. Thus it is recorded
in chapters 10 and 11 of the Second Book of Sam-
uel that the entire race of Ammonites perished
at the hands of David, King of Israel, because
they treated his messengers offensively.
The use of ambassadors by the Greek city-states
was a common practice, and their inviolability
was recognized as necessary to the carrying on of
negotiations. They were not subject to local ju-
risdiction even when they committed an offense
in the receiving state, and any interference with
them was considered a serious breach of interna-
tional good conduct. Thus Thebes declared war
on Thessaly because its ambassadore had been ar-
rested and imprisoned, even though there was evi-
dence that the Theban envoys had conspired
against the Thessalian Government.^
The Romans accepted the practice of the Greeks
in regard to diplomatic immunity and embodied
the principle in their codes of law. Cicero ex-
pressed the Roman attitude toward diplomatic im-
munity as follows:^
The inviolability of ambassadors is protected both by
divine and human law ; they are sacred and respected so
as to be inviolable not only when in an allied country
but also whenever they happen to be in forces of the
enemy.
Immunity extended to the ambassador's staff, and
his correspondence was held to be inviolable.
Under the Roman civil law, ambassadors were ac-
corded an important degree of exemption from
local jurisdiction, although certain of its provi-
sions later gave rise for a time to the interpreta-
tion that such exemption applied only to acts con-
nected with their diplomatic functions and did not
extend to acts performed in a private capacity.
'Montell Ogden, Juridical Bases of Diplomatic Im-
munity (Washington, 1936), p. 11.
"Graham H. Stuart, American Diplomatic and Consular
Practice, 2d edition (New York, 1952), p. 115.
* Quoted in Stuart, op. cit., p. 117.
During the Middle Ages the immunity of am-
bassadors received even greater recognition than
in ancient times. Both Gothic and Saxon law pro-
vided for special protection and treatment of en-
voys. The spiritual and temporal power of the
papacy imparted a high degree of prestige and
honor to papal agents and encouraged a similarly
high standard of treatment for diplomatic rep-
resentatives exchanged by temporal states.
In the Renaissance period the development
of diplomacy by the Italian city-states, which were
the first to establish permanent diplomatic mis-
sions, served to enhance the prestige and preroga-
tives of diplomatic agents, even though the prac-
tice of diplomacy was strongly influenced by the
precepts of Machiavelli and became almost syn-
onymous with treachery and intrigue. The diplo-
matic practices of the Italian city-states were
adopted by the monarclis of Western Europe, who
established permanent missions on a reciprocal
basis and set up regidar diplomatic services to
staff them.
During the Renaissance the doctrine of diplo-
matic immunity was subject to two conflicting
interpretations based on opposing views of sover-
eignty. One interpretation, based on certain pro-
visions of the Roman civil law which restricted
diplomatic immunity, asserted the power of the
receiving state to exercise jurisdiction over diplo-
matic agents in certain cases. The other called
for the voluntary surrender by a state of its au-
thority over such agents, to give them the maxi-
mum of immunity in the exercise of diplomatic
functions. The former theory was expressed by
such 16th century writers as Conradus Brunus,
Alberico Gentile, and Jean Hotman, who believed
that diplomatic immunity should be restricted in
order to prevent its being invoked in the case of
crime or conspiracy and argued that diplomatic
agents who troubled the peace of the state should
be liable to prosecution.^
Despite these opinions and the zeal with which
Western rulers were wont to assert their sovereign
prerogatives, the law and practice of diplomatic
immunity in the 16th and 17th centuries evolved
in the direction of giving diplomats complete im-
munity from criminal and civil jurisdiction.
States were led to this course by their recognition
of the necessity of undisturbed diplomatic rela-
tions and of the political expediency of preserv-
' Stuart, op. cit., p. 121.
174
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
ing peace and friendly relations by treating am-
bassadors with special consideration.^
The theory of diplomatic immunity from crimi-
nal jurisdiction did not become firmly established
until the appearance of the treatises of Grotius,
Zouche, and Bynkershoek in the I7th century.
Yet, according to Professor E. E. Adair, the
author of an intensive study of the subject,'
. . . throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
no ambassador was ever put to death nor even subjected
to any very long imprisonment for crimes committed un-
less he was a subject of the state to which he had been
sent.
Professor Graham H. Stuart observes that this
statement is borne out by such incidents as the
recall of French Ambassador de Noailles, impli-
cated in a plot against Queen Mary of England in
1556 ; the dismissal of Spanish Ambassador Men-
doza, involved in a plot against Queen Elizabeth
in 1583; and the action of the Venetian Senate
in 1618 in facilitating the flight of Spanish Am-
bassador de Cueva, who had organized a conspir-
acy against the republic.^
In the 18th and 19th centuries the doctrine of
complete diplomatic immunity was generally
recognized in international law and practiced by
all civilized states. During this period the legal
fictions of "extraterritoriality" and "representa-
tive character," derived from the classical writers
on international law and their followers, notably
Grotius, Bynkershoek, and Vattel, were often ad-
vanced to justify the institution of diplomatic im-
munity. According to the first doctrine, an envoy
was immime from local jurisdiction because he was
outside of the territory of the receiving state for
legal purposes; the second doctrine held him to
be immune because he was the personification of
his sovereign, who could not be subjected to the
jurisdiction of another coimtry.^
These legal fictions tended to obscure the funda-
mental reason for the principle of diplomatic im-
munity and are no longer accepted as a proper
basis for it. The principle needs no other justi-
fication for its acceptance in international law
than the necessity and importance of protecting
the persons and faeilitating the work of diplo-
matic ofKcers engaged in the conduct of relations
between states.
The development of international organizations
in the modern period has enlarged the scope of
diplomatic immunity, since the principle has some-
times been applied, usually on the basis of agree-
ments with the host states, to specified personnel
of such organizations. In 1926 Switzerland
granted immunity from criminal and civil juris-
diction to certain officials of the League of Na-
tions and recognized the inviolability of its build-
ings, property, and archives.'" By an agreement
signed in 1928, the Netherlands accorded diplo-
matic iimnunity to the members and senior officials
of the World Court." A similar agreement was
concluded in 1946 providing that members of the
International Court of Justice and officials of the
Court will, in a general way, be accorded the same
treatment as members of a diplomatic mission of
comparable rank.'^
Under an agreement concluded with the United
Nations in 1947, the United States accords diplo-
matic immunity to the principal resident repre-
sentatives of member states to the United Nations
and its specialized agencies and to certain resident
members of their staffs.^' This agreement also
recognized the inviolability of the land, buildings,
and other property included in the U.N. head-
quarters district in New York City. Previously,
in 1946, following the transfer to the United Na-
tions of certain assets of the League of Nations in
Switzerland, that coimtry made an agreement with
the United Nations extending certain immunities
and privileges to the Organization and to its rep-
resentatives and officials. Under this agreement
full diplomatic immunity is accorded to the Secre-
tary-General and Under Secretaries of the United
' Ogden, op. cit., p. 60.
'E. R. Adair, The Extraterritoriality of Ambassadors i
the 16th and nth Centuries (London, 1929), p. 64.
' Stuart, op. cit., pp. 121-122.
' Ogden, op. cit., p. 62.
" Modus Vivendi Concerning Diplomatic Immunities of
League of Nations Officials, Sept. 18, 1926 ( text in Manley
O. Hudson, International Legislation (Washington, 1936),
L 224).
" Agreement Concerning the Diplomatic Status of Mem-
bers of the Permanent Court of International Justice, May
22, 1928 (text in Hudson, op. cit., I, 597).
" Exchange of Letters Recording an Agreement Between
the International Court of Justice and the Netherlands
Relating to Privileges and Immunities of Members of the
International Court of Justice [etc.], June 26, 1946 (text
in S United Nations Treaty Series 61) .
"Agreement With the United Nations Regarding the
Headquarters of the United Nations, June 26, 1947 (61
Stat. 3416). Text also in note to 22 U.S.C. 287 and in 11
United Nations Treaty Series 11.
August 7, T960
175
Nations; other U.N. officials and representatives
of members are entitled to specified immunities
and privileges, including exemption from legal
process with respect to acts performed in their
official capacity. In addition, the Organization
itself is granted immunity from suit in the Swiss
courts, and its property and archives are declared
to be inviolable."
From this brief historical review it will be ob-
served that the principle of diplomatic immunity
is one of the oldest legal concepts recognized by
mankind in the field of foreign relations and that
over the centuries it has become firmly established
in international law. In both ancient and modem
times the main forces compelling the observance
of diplomatic immunity have been the necessity
of safeguarding persons charged with the conduct
of foreign relations, so that they may properly
protect their countries' interests, and the recogni-
tion of the mutual advantages to be gained by so
doing. These considerations governed the conduct
of the earliest embassies on record ; they were the
basis of the special status accorded envoys in
ancient Greece and Rome; and they have strongly
influenced the development of the doctrine of dip-
lomatic immimity in inteimational law from the
Middle Ages to the present day.
Legal Basis for Diplomatic Immunity in United
States
American courts are bound to recognize and
apply the law of nations as part of the law of the
land."^ Since diplomatic immunity is a principle
of international law, no domestic legislation is
necessary to give it effect. Nevertheless, the
United States, together witli a number of other
comitries, has seen fit to enact domestic laws on
the subject, which are generally declaratory of in-
ternational law and are designed to give it a spe-
cific local application. The first legislation of this
character was the act of April 30, 1790 (1 Stat.
117), adopted at the outset of our national
" Interim Arrangement on Privileges and Immunities of
the United Nations Concluded Between the Secretary-
General of the United Nations and the Swiss Federal
Council, effective July 1, 194G (text in 1 United Nations
Treaty Series 163).
"^The Constitution (art. I, sec. 8) confers upon Con-
gress the power to punish offenses against international
law. See Charles Cheney Hyde, International Laic Chiefly
as Interpreted and Applied hy the United States (Boston,
1922), I, 11-13.
176
existence. This law followed in almost identical
language the English statute (7 iVnne, ch. 12)
promulgated in 1708, which was the firet recog-
nition of diplomatic inmiunity in Anglo-Saxon
law.i"
The principal U.S. laws on the subject are sum-
marized under the following headings : ^^
Immunity From Cnminal and Civil Jurisdiction
Foreign diplomatic personnel accredited to the
U.S. Government and members of their suites, in-
cluding their families, employees, and domestic
servants, notified to and received by this Govern-
ment in such capacity, are immune from arrest or
imprisonment, and their property may not be
seized or attached. Any writ or process sued out
against such persons shall be deemed null and void
(22 U.S.C. 252). Any person who obtains or ex-
ecutes such a writ or process in violation thereof
is liable to fine and/or imprisomnent (22 U.S.C.
253).
Requirements for Immunity From Judicial Proc-
ess in Certain Cases
The exemption from judicial process described
above is applicable to American citizens or legal
residents of the United States, notified to and ac-
cepted by the Department of State, who are in
the ser\ace of foreign diplomatic missions, except
that such pei-sons are not immune from suit upon a
debt contracted prior to entry into such service.
In the case of domestic servants of ambassadors
and public ministers accredited to the United
States, the penalty for wrongful suit applies only
when the name of the servant has previously been
registered in the Department of State and trans-
mitted by the Secretary of State to the Marshal of
the District of Columbia, who shall give it appro-
priate public notice (22 U.S.C. 254).
Penalty for Assaulting Diplomatic Officers
Any person who strikes, wounds, imprisons, or
offers violence to the person of a diplomatic officer,
in violation of the law of nations, is liable to fine
and/or imprisonment (18 U.S.C. 112).
" British and Foreign State Papers, I, 903.
" For complete texts of American laws and regulations
pertinent to the subject, see Lairs and Regulations Re-
garding Diplomatic and Consular Privileges and Immuni-
ties, United Nations Legislative Series, vol. VII, United
Nations (New York. 1958).
Department of State Bulletin
Prohibition on Picketing of Foreign Diplomatic
Missions
An act of Congress of February 15, 1938 (52
Stat. 30), prohibits the clisphiy, without a permit,
witliin 500 feet of any embassy, legation, consular
office, or other premises in Washington, D.C., used
for official jiurposes by a foreign government, of
any placard or device designed to intimidate or
ridicule any foreign government, its officers or
representatives, its political or economic acts, or
its views and purposes. The act further prohibits
the congregation of persons witliin 500 feet of such
premises for any purpose.
Junsdiction in Legal Actions or Proceedings In-
volving Foreign Diplomatic Officers
The Supreme Court has original and exclusive
jurisdiction in actions or proceedings against am-
or other public ministers of foreign
or their domestics or domestic servants, not
inconsistent with the law of nations. The Su-
preme Court has original but not exclusive juris-
diction in all actions or proceedings brought by
ambassadors or other public ministers of foreign
states or to which consuls or vice consuls of
foreign states are parties (28 U.S.C. 1251).
As a practical matter the Supreme Court is not
called upon to exercise such jurisdiction. Ordi-
narily a diplomatic officer whose conduct gives
serious offense would be recalled by his govern-
ment or expelled. In other cases the government
of the sending state may consent to the waiver of
a diplomatic officer's immunity, in which event he
would be subject to process in domestic tribunals
other than the Supreme Court.
Application of Diplomatic Immunity in U.S. Practice
Throughout its history the United States has
recognized and applied the international law of
diplomatic unmunity to foreigii diplomatic agents
in this country and has sought from other nations
reciprocal treatment for its own diplomatic officers
abroad. The primary reasons for this recognition,
both in law and in fact, were stated by Secretary
of State Elihu Root in 1906 as follows : ^^
There are many and various reasons why diplomatic
agents . . . should be exempt from the operation of the
municipal law at [sic] this country. The first and funda-
mental reason is the fact that diplomatic officers are uni-
versally exempt by well recognized usage incorporated
into the Common Law of nations, and this nation, bound
as it is to observe international Law in its municipal
as well as its foreign policy, cannot, if it would, vary a
law common to all. . . .
The reason of the immunity of diplomatic agents is
clear, namely : that Governments may not be hampered
in their foreign relations by the arrest or forcible preven-
tion of the exercise of duty in the person of a govern-
mental agent or representative. If such agent be offensive
and his conduct is unacceptable to the accredited nation
it is proper to request his recall ; if the request be not
honored he may be in extreme cases escorted to the bound-
ary and thus removed from the country. . . .
It should be emphasized, however, that the
United States has never interpreted the principle
of diplomatic immunity to mean that a diplomatic
officer is freed from the restraints of American or
foreign laws and police regulations and exempt
from the obligation of observing them, but only
that he cannot be arrested, tried, or punished in
the event of his failure to respect them." The
sanctions that may always be applied against an
offending diplomatic officer consist, in ascending
degree of severity, of (1) a formal complaint to
his government, (2) an official request to that gov-
ernment for his recall, or (3) if such a request is
not granted or if the officer's offense is serious
enough, a declaration that he is persona non grata
and an order for him to leave the country forth-
with. The United States has made use of all three
of these sanctions upon occasion.
The practice of the United States in applying
the law of diplomatic immunity is illustrated by
the following representative cases, which are
grouped under those aspects of the law to which
they apply.
Immunity From Criminal Jurisdiction
The immimity of diplomatic agents from crimi-
nal jurisdiction is so universally recognized that
one authority on the subject has declared that no
instance can be cited where such an agent has been
subjected, without his government's consent, to the
criminal jurisdiction of the country to which he
was accredited."" "Wliile a diplomatic representa-
tive is thus immune from arrest, trial, or punish-
ment for any criminal offense he may commit in
" Green H. Hackworth, Digest of International Law
(Washington, 1942), IV, 513.
"John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law
(Washington, 1906), IV, 678.
-° Sir Cecil Hurst, Les Immunites Diplomatiques, Aca-
demie de Droit International, Recueil des Cours, XII, 92,
cited by Stuart, op. cit., p. 251.
August 1, 7960
177
the country to which he is accredited, the U.S.
Government takes the view that this inununity in
no wise relieves him from the obligation of observ-
ing local laws and regulations. If he fails to do
so, he becomes liable to the sanctions already
mentioned.
Wlien, in May 1868, Secretary of State William
H. Seward learned that two official members of the
Prussian Legation had beeji guilty as principal
and second of violating a District of Columbia law
against dueling, he brought the matter to the at-
tention of the Prussian Minister. Since the per-
sons in question were "protected by the law of
nations from judicial prosecution for a violation
of the statute . . . ," Secretary Seward requested
the Minister, in the name of the President, to
bring the matter to the attention of their Govern-
ment in order that they might "in a proper manner
be made sensible of its displeasui-e." "^
If a diplomatic representative should conspire
against the safety of the state, he may be re-
strained and expelled as soon as possible but he
may not be punished by the injured state. Sev-
eral such cases occurred in the United States in
the period preceding its entrance into World War
I, the most notorious being those of Captain Boy-
Ed, naval attache, and Captain von Papen, mili-
tary attache, of the German Embassy, who were
guilty of nimierous violations of American laws
and of their obligations as diplomatic officers.
Captain Boy-Ed directed various attempts to pro-
vide German war vessels at sea with coal and other
supplies in violation of American neutrality, while
Captain von Papen furnished money to various
individuals to sabotage factories and other instal-
lations in Canada and also directed the manufac-
ture of incendiary bombs and their placement on
Allied vessels.^^ They were recalled by their
Government at the request of the United States.
With the advent of the automobile, by far the
greatest nmnber of cases in which diplomatic im-
munity has been invoked have involved traffic
violations. This type of offense, which ranges
from relatively minor infractions of parking regu-
lations to the killing or maiming of persons, pre-
sents a difficult pi-oblem in the application of
diplomatic immunity. On the one hand, there is
=" Moore, op. cit, IV., 634.
"House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Kept. No. 1,
65th Cong., 1st sess. (Serial 7252), pp. 5-9.
178
the legal obligation of the host government to re-
spect that immunity and the reciprocal advantage
that it gains by so doing; on the other, there is
the necessity that the application of the principle
should not be regarded in the host state as an in-
tolerable impairment of the public safety.
In November 1935 the Iranian Minister to
Washington, while driving through Elkton, Md.,
was stopped by police, and his chauffeur was
charged with exceeding the local speed limit. The
Minister and his chauffeur were arrested and
taken before a justice of the peace, the Minister
himself having been put in handcuffs when he
resisted arrest. The justice dismissed the charges,
suspended a fine imposed upon the chauffeur, but
compelled him to pay costs. The Minister pro-
tested to the Department of State. Secretary
Cordell Hull replied that he had been informed
by the Governor of Maryland that the police of-
ficers responsible had been discharged from the
public service. The Governor himself expressed
apologies for the incident. In expressing the re-
gret of the U.S. Government that the Minister
had been discourteously treated, Secretary Hull
pointed out that the incident would not have
occurred had the chauffeur observed the regula-
tions, and concluded : ^^
In this connection, I may state that this Government
has at all times impressed upon its own diplomatic offi-
cers in foreign countries that the enjoyment of diplo-
matic immunity imposes upon them the obligation and
responsibility of according scrupulous regard to the laws
and regulations, both national and local, of the countries
to which they are accredited. I feel confident that the
Iranian Government will share the view that foreign
diplomatic officers accredited to the United States will
manifest a similar regard for the laws and regulations
in force in this country.
Immunity From Civil Jurisdiction
The immunity of diplomatic officers from juris-
diction in civil questions is a principle of inter-
national law that did not gain general acceptance
until some time after their immunity from crimi-
nal jurisdiction was firmly established. A few
writers on international law have maintained
that diplomatic officers should not be exempt from
civil jurisdiction in questions of a private nature,
as distinct from those involving the exercise of
their official functions. However, the prevailing
' Hackworth, op. cit., IV, 515-516.
Department of State Bulletin
interpretation of international law and the one
which has been followed in American practice is
that complete immunity from civil process should
be granted under all circumstances. This inter-
pretation is based on the view that the exercise
of jurisdiction over a dijilomatic ofEcer, regard-
less of whether the action pertains to his private
or official acts, would interfere with and hamper
him in the performance of his official functions.
In 1939, when an attachment of property in the
possession of the Costa Rican Minister at Wash-
ington was contemplated, the Legal Adviser of
the Department of State notified the U.S. Marshal
for the District of Columbia that writs or processes
in either criminal or civil actions could not prop-
erly be served on diplomatic representatives.^^
In 1874, however, when John Jay, American
Minister to Austria- Hungary, claimed diplomatic
immunity from the civil process of an Austrian
court resulting from his termination of a lease on
his residence. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish
disapproved this action and instructed him as
follows : "
An envoy is not clothed with diplomatic immunity to
enable him to indulge with impunity in i)ersonal contro-
versies, or to escape from liabilities to which he otherwise
might be subjected.
The assertion of these immunities should be reserved
for more imiwrtant and delicate occasions, and should
never be made use of when the facts of the particular
case can expose the envoy to the suspicion that private
interest or a desire to escape personal or pecuniary
liability is the motive which induced it. . . .
Immunity From Police Jurisdiction
The immunity of diplomatic officers from local
police jurisdiction is inherent in their immunity
from criminal and civil process. "V^liile a diplo-
matic officer cannot lawfully be arrested or taken
into custody by the police, the government to
which he is accredited has a right to expect that
he will obey local laws and regulations.
Exeiwption From Giving Testhnony
The immunity of a diplomatic officer fi-om
criminal and civil jurisdiction includes his exemp-
tion from the obligation to testify in court even
though his testimony should be essential to obtain
conviction. This immunity, however, may be
waived.
In 1923 a summons was issued to the Secretary
of the Peruvian Embassy in Washington directing
him to appear in a local court to testify on behalf
of the United States. The Department of State
pointed out to the Attorney General that, in view
of the immunity of foreign diplomatic officers
from the jurisdiction of local courts, the summons
should not have been served and requested him to
take measures to prevent the service of such papers
thereafter on foreign diplomatic representatives.^^
The Venezuelan Minister in Washington, who
had witnessed the assassination of President Gar-
field on July 2, 1881, asked and received the per-
mission of his Government to waive his immunity,
and he testified in court against the assassin.^'
Waiver of hnmunities
The immunity of American diplomatic officers
abroad may not be waived except with the consent
of the Secretary of State. Whenever a chief of
mission considers it desirable to waive immunity,
he must request the Secretary's consent, setting
forth facts and reasons.^^
Duration of Immwnity
Immunity begins when the diplomatic agent
arrives in the coimtry to which he is accredited,
continues during the period of his sojourn, and
extends until his departure within a reasonable
time after the termination of his mission.^'
Immunity of Diplomatic Couriers
Diplomatic couriers are regarded by all gov-
erimients as immune from local jurisdiction when
traveling through foreign territoiy, and the dip-
lomatic pouches which they carry, bearing the
official seal of their governments, may not be
opened or searched.^" This immunity is based on
the right of diplomatic representatives to com-
municate freely with their governments, which is
" Hackworth, op. cit., IV, 534.
"^ Moore, op. cit., IV, 637.
" Hackworth, op. cit., IV, 553.
" Moore, op. cit., IV, 644-645.
■^ Foreign Service Manual, vol. 1, pt. I. sec. 221.4.
" Sir Ernest Satow, A Guide to Diplomatic Practice,
4th edition. Sir Nevile Bland, ed. (London, New York,
and Toronto, 1957) , p. 179.
"' Foreign Service Manual, vol. 1, pt. I, sec. 221.3.
August J, 7960
179
generally recognized as essential to the diplomatic
function although it has sometimes been interfered
with or curtailed in time of war or civil dis-
turbance.
Effect of War on Diplomatic Immunity
Prior to World War II it was generally main-
tained that the outbreak of war between a diplo-
matic i-epresentative"s country and that to which
he was accredited did not affect his diplomatic im-
miuiity.^^ In such an event it was held that the
host government was bound to take every pre-
caution against insult or violence being directed
against him or his family. In AVorld War II both
the Allied and Axis Powers interned each other's
diplomatic personnel until arrangements could be
made for their exchange. This practice, which
was justified on grounds of internal security, in-
volved the exercise of wide police powers over
enemy diplomats. "Wliile in theory they remained
immune from the local jurisdiction, in practice the
restrictions to which they were subjected as a re-
sult of their internment represented an important
modification of the traditional concept of diplo-
matic immunity in time of war.
Inviolability of Office^ Archives^ aiid Residence
Except in case of public emergency, such as fire
or other disaster, or matters affecting the public
safety, the premises occupied by foreign diplo-
matic missions in the United States are immune
from local jurisdiction.^'^ The immunity applies
to premises occupied as offices or as residences of
officers of the mission, the property contained
therein, and the records and archives of the mis-
sion. Such premises cannot be entered or
searched, nor can such property or records be de-
tained or examined by the local authorities, even
under process of law.
In 1924 agents of the Internal Revenue Bureau
and members of the District police force, acting
under a search warrant, entered rooms occupied
by an attache of the Hungarian Legation. The
Hungarian Minister protested the violation of the
attache's domicile. The Secretary of State wrote
the Charge d' Affaires ad interim of Hungai-y,
enclosing letters from the Superintendent of the
Police Department and the Assistant Secretary of
the Treasui-y, in which an apology was offered and
regret expressed.^^
Persons Entitled to Diplomatic and "Limited"
Immunity
The categories of persons entitled to diplomatic
immiuiity in the United States, the bases on which
such immmiity is granted, and other relevant in-
formation may be summarized as follows :
(a) Diplomatic officers duly accredited to the
Government of the United States, members of
their immediate families residing with them, and
dependent upon them for support, and servants of
such officers, regardless of nationality. Immunity
is accorded to such persons on the basis of uni-
versally accepted principles of international law
which have been incorporated in domestic legisla-
tion (22U.S.C.252,253,and254).
(b) Empl-oyees of diplomatic missions in
Washington, regardless of nationality. The im-
munity of such employees does not extend to
members of their families, who are subject to local
jurisdiction. It is accorded on the basis of a
provision of the act of April 30, 1790 (1 Stat. 118,
ch. 9, par. 27; 22 U.S.C. 254), and is subject to
the condition that citizens or inhabitants of the
United States are not immune from suit upon a
debt contracted prior to entry into the service of
a diplomatic mission.
(c) Certain members of permanent delegations
to the United Nations. Section 15 of the head-
quartere agreement between the United States and
the United Nations, signed June 26, 1947, provides
that the principal resident representatives of mem-
ber states to the United Nations, and such resident
members of their staffs as may be agi-eed upon
between the Secretai-y-General of the United Na-
tions, the Government of the United States, and
the government of the member state concerned,
shall be entitled in the United States to the same
privileges and immunities as the United States
accords to diplomatic officers accredited to it.
These representatives and their staff members, as
agreed upon, are in the same position as the diplo-
matic officei's listed under paragraph (a) above,
with the exception that the imnmnity covers
themselves and members of their families but not
their servants.
Satow, op. cit., p. 179.
' Foreign Service Manual, vol. 1, pt. I, see. 231.;
' Haekwortli, op. cit.. IV, 564.
T80
Departmenf of State Bulletin
(d) Certain members of permanent delegations
to the Organization of America7i States at Wash-
ington. In accordance with a bilateral agreement
between the United States and the Organization
of American States, concluded under the authority
of the act of July 10, 1952 (66 Stat. 516, ch. 628;
22 U.S.C. 288g), the permanent resident repre-
sentatives of member states of the Organization
(other than the United States) and certain mem-
bers of their staffs are accorded diplomatic immu-
nity on the same basis as the U.N. officials in
paragraph (c) above.
(e) Principal representatives of 7ne7nber states
to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization at
Washington and agreed members of their official
staffs. Under articles 12 and 13 of the multilateral
agreement on the status of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, national representatives and
international staff, effective May 18, 1954,^^ such
representatives and staff members are entitled to
receive in the territory of member states of NATO
the same privileges and immunities accorded to
diplomatic representatives and their official staff'
of comparable rank.
Lists of Persons Entitled to Diplomntic Immunity
The Diplomatic List., published every other
month by the Department of State, contains the
names of all regularly accredited diplomatic offi-
cers of embassies and legations in Washington,
together with the names of their wives and adult
daughters. The names of young children of such
officers, as well as those of their dependent sons
attending school or college, are not listed in the
Diplomatic List., but they are entitled to diplo-
matic immunity. At the present time approxi-
mately 1,300 officers and 1,100 wives and daughters
are listed.
The Department also publishes a bimonthly
List of Einployees of Diplomatic Missions Not
Printed in the Diplomatic List, which contains
the names of all official employees of diplomatic
missions in Washington, as well as the names of
all servants of accredited diplomatic officers. The
persons listed, all of whom are entitled to diplo-
matic immunity, now number approximately
2,400.
Subject to the Depai-tment's review and ap-
proval, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations at
" United States Treaties and Other International Agree-
ments, vol. 5, pt. I, 1954 (Washington, 1955), p. 1087.
New York City issues every other month a list of
members of permanent missions to the United Na-
tions entitled to diplomatic privileges and immu-
nities. Approximately 1,000 such persons, includ-
ing members of their families, are listed at present.
While no special lists are issued to cover the
foreign representatives to NATO and the OAS
and members of their staffs who are entitled to
diplomatic immunity, their names are registered
with the Department of State. Including family
members, they number about 250 in the case of
NATO and 100 in the case of OAS.
The total number of persons entitled to diplo-
matic immunity in the United States today is esti-
mated at 7,000, including wives and family mem-
bers. All officials in the above categories are pro-
vided with identification cards issued by the De-
partment of State, but such cards are not issued to
their wives or family members.
Limited Immunity Accorded to Personnel of
Intematio7uil Organizations
Section 7(b) of the International Organizations
Immunities Act of December 29, 1945 (59 Stat.
669 ; 22 U.S.C. 288g) , provides that representatives
in or to public international organizations of
which the United States is a member, and officers
and employees of such organizations, shall be im-
mune from suit and legal process relating to acts
performed by them in their official capacity. This
immimity is limited, and its applicability in par-
ticular cases is a question of fact to be proved in
court. The immunities, privileges, and exemp-
tions provided by the act have been extended by
Executive orders to some 20 international organi-
zations maintaining their headquarters or branch
offices in the United States, including the United
Nations and a number of its affiliated specialized
agencies.
Immunities Accorded to Foreign Consular Oncers
Consular officers are subject to local jurisdiction
for acts not performed in their official capacity.
However, as a matter of international comity, a
consular officer is not usually arrested or pro.se-
cuted for the commission of minor offenses. The
United States has concluded a number of treaties
and conventions which contain provisions accord-
ing special privileges and immimities on a recip-
rocal basis to consular officers of one coimtry in
the territory of the other. The immunity of a
August ?, 7960
181
particular consular officer in this country would
depend upon the applicable treaty provisions.
Such immunity does not extend to his wife or
other members of his family, who are subject to
local jurisdiction. The Department of State is-
sues annually a list of foreign consular officers
recognized by the United States, of whom there
are now about 2,000.
Summary and Conclusion
The principle of diplomatic immunity origi-
nated in ancient times and has developed over the
centuries into a universally recognized doctrine in
international law. Its fundamental purpose is
the protection of tlie channels of diplomatic in-
tercourse by exempting diplomatic representatives
from local jurisdiction so that they may perform
their official functions with complete freedom, in-
dependence, and security. Tliis exemption is
granted as a voluntary limitation on the jurisdic-
tion of the receiving state and is based on the ex-
pectation that reciprocal immunity will be
accorded its own diplomatic representatives
abroad.
The United States has, since its independence,
recognized and applied the principle of diplomatic
immunity, and the decisions of U.S. courts and
jurists and the practices of the U.S. Government
have helped to develop and clarify the concept.
Congress has enacted domestic statutes to give
specific effect to the international law of diplo-
matic immunity, and the Department of State has
consistently sought to obtain, on the basis of in-
ternational law and reciprocity, the same immuni-
ties for American diplomatic representatives as
are accorded by this Government to foreign diplo-
matic officers accredited to it.
The United States adheres to a broad and lib-
eral interpretation of diplomatic immunity, em-
phasizing the inviolability of the diplomatic
agent's person and the national advantage that is
served by the untrammeled exercise of his func-
tions. At the same time, it considers that a person
entitled to diplomatic immunity is not relieved
thereby from the obligation to respect American
laws. Should such a person perform acts which
endanger the safety of the commimity or the na-
tion, this country holds that the proper remedy is
not to subject him to its jurisdiction but rather to
invoke against him the sanctions of his own gov-
ernment by asking for his recall.
182
Congressional Documents
Relating to Foreign Policy
86th Congress, 2d Session
Increasing Penalties for Violation of the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act. Report to accompany H.R. 12533. June 9,
19C0. 4 pp.
Dnited States Foreign Policy: Middle East. Staff study
prepared for the use of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee. No. 13. June 9, 1960. 115 pp. [Committee
print] '
Exempting From the District of Columbia Income Tax
Compensation Paid to Alien Employees by Certain
International Organizations. Report to accompany
S. 2954. H. Rept. 1790. June 11, 1960. 7 pp.
Mutual Security and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill,
1901. Report to accompany H. Rept. 12619. H. Rept.
1798. June 13, 1960. 24 pp.
Crediting Periods of Internment During World War II to
Certain Federal Employees of Japanese Ancestry.
Hearing before the Post Office and Civil Service Com-
mittee on H.R. 7810, a bill to credit periods of intern-
ment during World War II to certain Federal employees
of Japanese ancestry for purposes of the Civil Service
Retirement Act and the Annual and Sick Leave Act of
1951. June 13, 1960. 6 pp.
Providing for Adjustments in Annuities Under the Foreign
Service Retirement and Disability System. Supple-
mental report to accompany S. 1502. H. Rept. 1626,
part 2. June 14, 1960. 2 pp.
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security With Japan.
Report to accompany Ex. E, 86th Congress, 2d session.
S. Ex. Rept. 8. June 14, 1960. 6 pp.
The Antarctic Treaty. Hearings before the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee on Ex. B, 86th Congress, 2d
session. June 14, 1960. 105 pp.
Import Duties on Certain Coarse Wool. Conference re-
port to accompany H.R. 9322. H. Rept. 1883. June 16,
1960. 2 pp.
Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies :
Supplemental Statement on Costs and Benefits to the
Soviet Union of Its Bloc and Pact System— Compari-
sons With the Western Alliance System. Prepared by
the Central Intelligence Agency in cooperation with the
Departments of State and Defense for the Subcommit-
tee on l^conomic Statistics of the Joint Economic Com-
mittee. June 17, 1960. 50 pp. [Joint committee print]
Suspension of Import Duties on Certain Shoe Lathes and
Casein. Conference report to accompany H.R. 9862.
June 16, 1960. H. Rept. 1884. 3 pp.
Foreign Service Act Amendments of 1960. Report to ac-
company H.R. 12547. H. Rept. 1890; June 16, 1960.
81 pp.
International Health Research Act of 1960. Report to ac-
company H.J. Res. 649. H. Rept. 1915. June 17, 1960.
28 pp.
Crediting for Retirement and Leave Purpo.ses of Certain
Internment Periods of Employees of Japanese Ancestry
in World War II. Report to accompany H.R. 7810.
H. Rept. 1920. June 20, 1960. 7 pp.
Rotation of Civilian Employees of the Defense Establish-
ment Assigned to Duty Outside the United States. Re-
port to accompany H.R. 10695. S. Rept. 1624. June 21,
19G0. 6 pp.
Informal Entries of Imported Merchandise. Report to
accompany H.R. 9240. H. Rept. 1938. June 22, 1960.
2 pp.
' This study replaces one prepared by the Institute for
Mediterranean Affairs, Inc., which was listed with other
studies in this series in Bulletin of Feb. 22, 1960, p. 273.
Department of State Bulletin
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings^
Adjourned During July 1960 "I In the future the lists of meetings adjourned in the previous month and
> those currently in session will appear in the third issue of the Bulletin
In Session as of July 31, 1960 J each month.
Scheduled August 1 Through October 31, 1960
3d FAO/IAIAS: Latin American Meeting on Soils and Fertilizers . . Raleigh, N.C Aug. 1-
U.N. ECE Committee on Agricultural Problems: Working Party on Geneva Aug. 1-
Standardization of Conditions of Sale for Cereals.
FAO Latin American Forestry Commission: 7th Session Mexico, D.F Aug. 3-
10th General Assembly of the International Geographical Union Stockholm Aug. 6-
and 19th International Congress of Geography.
5th Inter-American Conference on Agriculture and 6th FAO Mexico, D.F Aug. 8-
Regional Conference for Latin America.
2d U.N. Conference on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment London Aug. 8-
of Offenders.
PAHO Executive Committee: 41st Meeting Habana Aug. 12-
12th Meeting of PAHO Directing Council and 12th Meeting of Habana Aug. 14-
Regional Committee of WHO for the Americas.
7th International Soil Science Congress Madison, Wis Aug. 15-
International Union of Crystallography: 5th General Assembly . Cambridge, England Aug. 15-
21st International Geological Congress Copenhagen Aug. 15-
WMO Commission for Maritime Meteorology: 3d Session .... Utrecht Aug. 16-
14th Annual Edinburgh Film Fe.stival Edinburgh Aug. 21-
UNESCO World Conference on Adult Education Montreal Aug. 22-
21st International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art Venice Aug. 24-
5th World Forestry Congress Seattle Aug. 29-
PAHO Executive Committee: 42d Meeting Habana Aug. 29-
GATT: 5th Round of Tariff Negotiations Geneva Sept. 1-
Ad Hoc Committee of U.N. General Assembly To Consider General New York Sept. 2-
Questions of Transmission of Information.
GATT Working Party on Market Disruption Geneva Sept. 4-
COAS Special Committee To Study Formulation of New Measures Bogotd Sept. 5-
for Economic Development: 3d Meeting.
International Lead and Zinc Study Group: 2d Session Geneva Sept. 5-
U.N. ECE Working Party on Mechanization of Agriculture . . . Geneva Sept. 5-
International Scientific Radio Union: 13th General Assembly . . . London Sept. 5-
ICAO Legal Committee: 12th Session Montreal Sept. 6-
UNICEF Committee on Administrative Budget New York Sept. 7-
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain: 8th Congress Buenos Aires Sept. 12-
Inter-American Travel Congresses: 3d Meeting of Technical Com- Washington Sept. 12-
mittee of Experts on Travel Plant.
WHO Regional Committee for Western Pacific: 11th Session. . . Manila Sept. 16-
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: 48th Meeting. Moscow Sept. 1 9-
International Rubber Study Group: loth Meeting Kuala Lumpur, Malaya . . . . Sept. 19-
U.N. ECE Coal Committee: 51st Session Geneva Sept. 19-
lAEA General Conference: 4th Regular Session Vienna Sept. 20-
FAO Regional Conference for the Near East Tehran Sept. 21-
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Interna- Washington Sept. 26-
tional Monetary Fund, International Finance Corporation: An-
nual Meetings of Boards of Governors.
ILO Ad Hoc Meeting on Civil Aviation Geneva Sept. 26-
6th International Technical Conference on Lighthouses and Other Washington Sept. 26-
Aids to Navigation.
' Prepared in the OflSce of International Conferences, July 15, 1960. Asterisks indicate tentative dates. Following
is a list of abbreviations: CO AS, Council of the Organization of American States; ECAFE, Economic Commission for
Asia and the Far East; ECE, Economic Commission for Europe; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; GATT,
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency; lA-ECOSOC, Inter-American
Economic and Social Council; lAIAS, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences; ICAO, International Civil
Aviation Organization; ILO, International Labor Organization; IMCO, Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organ-
ization; PAHO, Pan American Health Organization; U.N., United Nations; UNESCO, United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund; WHO, World Health Organization;
WMO, World Meteorological Organization.
August 1, 1960 183
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings — Continued
Scheduled August 1 Through October 31, 1960 — Continued
U.N. ECE Conference of Europpan Statisticians: 8th Session . . . Geneva Sept. 26-
WMO Regional Association VI (Europe): 3d Session Madrid Sept. 26-
U.N. ECAFE Working Party on Economic Development and Plan- Bangkok Sept. 27-
ning: 6th Session.
Interparliamentary Union: 49th Conference Tokyo Sept. 29-
lAEA Board of Governors: 18th Session Vienna September
U.N. Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation: 8th Geneva September
Session.
U.N. ECAFE Inland Transport and Communications Committee: undetermined September
Seminar on Highway Transportation.
U.N. ECE Senior Economic Advi.sers: Preparatory Meeting. . . Geneva September
FAO Technical Advisory Committee on Desert Locust Control: undetermined September*
9th Session.
GATT Committee II on Expansion of International Trade .... Geneva Oct. 3-
U.N. ECE Electric Power Committee Geneva Oct. 3-
U.N. ECE Timber Committee: 18th Session Geneva Oct. 3-
Inter-American Travel Congresses: 3d Meeting of Technical Com- Mexico, D.F Oct. 6-
niittee of Experts on Tourist Travel Promotion.
International Criminal Police Organization: 29th General As- Washington Oct. 10-
sembly.
FAO European Commission on Agriculture: 12th Session
U.N. ECE Committee on Development of Trade: 9th Session . . .
IAEA Symposium on Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons in Solids and
Liquids.
U.N. ECE Committee on Agricultural Problems: Working Party on
Standardization of Perishable Foodstuffs.
South Pacific Commission: 21st Session
FAO Council: 34th Session
F.\0 Technical Meeting on Coffee Production
International North Pacific Fisheries Commission: 7th Meeting . .
ILO Permanent Agriculture Committee Geneva.
Inter- American Travel Congresses: 3d Meeting of Technical Com- Buenos Aires
mittee of Experts on Removal of Travel Barriers.
WHO Executive Board: 26th Session Geneva Oct. 25-
Consultative Committee on Cooperative Economic Development in
South and Southeast Asia ("Colombo Plan"): 12th Meeting.
Officials Meeting Tokyo Oct. 31-
Ministerial Meeting Tokyo Nov. 14-
Inter- American Travel Congresses: Permanent Executive Com- Buenos Aires Oct. 31-
mittee.
FAO Advisory Campaign Committee on Freedom From Hunger . Rome October
FAO Group on Cocoa: Executive and Statistical Committees . . Rome October
Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 7th General Lima October
Assembly.
9th Pan American Consultation on Cartography Lima October
6th Pan American Consultation on Geography Lima October
5th Pan American Consultation on History Lima October
lA-ECOSOC Permanent Technical Committee on Ports: 3d Meet- Rio de Janeiro October
ing.
IMCO Subcommittee on Unification of Maritime Tonnage Measure- London October
ment.
Oct 10-
. Oct. 11-
Oct 11-
Noum6a, New Caledonia . .
. Oct. 13-
Oct 17-
Abidjan
Vancouver
. Oct. 24-
Oct 24-
Buenos Aires
. Oct. 24-
184 Department of State Bulletin
International Partnership for Economic Growth
hy Under Secretary Dillon '
We who are privileged to attend these meetings
of tlie Economic and Social Comicil owe a debt of
gratitude to Secretary-General Hammarskjold
for his initiative in bringing us together on this
occasion.
The Council is recognized as the world's major
forum for discussing, in the broadest sense, the
great economic and social questions of the day.
My Government therefore welcomes the continu-
ing efforts of the Secretary- General to improve the
procedures of the Council and enliance its effec-
tiveness. The experiment of convening a minis-
terial meeting on an important subject may well
turn out to be a significant contribution to tliis end.
I sincerely hope that our exchange of views over
the next few days may be mutually helpful.
The Council's central interest is, and should be,
sustained economic growth, especially in the newly
developing countries. Here the representatives of
the industrialized countries, meeting with those
of coimtries in the process of development,
have joined as partners in creating pl■ein^•estment
institutions like the Expanded Program of Tech-
nical Assistance and the U.N. Special Fund. Here
the heads of the specialized agencies tell us of the
important work they are doing to promote eco-
nomic development and human welfare. Here,
too, we get a picture of national and regional ef-
forts on behalf of the newly developing countries.
It is by looking at this whole broad canvas that
we get a comprehensive view of what is being done
to realize the aim of the United Nations Charter
for a ''better . . . life in larger freedom." Such
comprehensive study and exchange of views helps
all of us to chart our future courses of action in
Remarks made at the ministerial meeting of the 30th
of the U.N. Economic and Social Council at
Geneva on July 11 (press release 387).
this vital field of development, through the United
Nations and other international institutions,
through regional programs, and through national
efforts. These activities all form part of an inter-
national partnership for economic growth to
which the United States is dedicated.
In the Secretary-General's excellent statement
to us, a statement which perceptively highlights
the economic development aspects of the world
economic situation, he notes the recent growth of
regional or other limited economic institutions and
raises the question of a trend which could be
dangerous to the larger interests reflected in gen-
eral or universal organizations.
How shall we answer this question ?
Certainly there is need for arrangements of less
than universal scope. Limited groups of comitries,
by joining together, often find it possible to suc-
ceed in constiiictive tasks which could not be
carried out by a wider membership.
But certainly, also, such institutions may give
rise to dangers, especially in the field of economic
relations, where the interests of nations are be-
coming ever more thorouglily intertwined as in-
terdependence grows.
U.S. Support for Regional Economic Arrangements
My Government is deeply conscious of both
these needs and these dangers. It is the policy of
the United States to test carefully the merits of
specific economic institutions before deciding
whether or not to endorse them. We believe that
there must be persuasive evidence that they consti-
tute the most effective available method to ac-
complish the objective in view. The objective
itself must be a constructive one, designed to aug-
ment human welfare. And, finally, the means
selected for economic cooperation must be in ac-
cordance with widely accepted multilateral princi-
Augosf J, I960
185
pies or norms so that they will not damage the
economic interests of outside countries.
It is in the light of these principles that the
United States has supported specific regional
trade arrangements in Western Europe and in
Latin America.
Similarly, imder the right conditions special
institutions can also be of great value in helping
to promote the development of member countries
without detracting from the use of other channels
or from the economic development of nonmember
coimtries. The United States, for example, is a
member of the recently created Inter-American
Development Bank, established as a further ex-
pression of the historic relations among the Amer-
ican Eepublics. It also participates in economic
development consultations under the Colombo
Plan. Our participation in these regional activi-
ties has not meant any neglect by the United States
of the use of other methods of cooperation in eco-
nomic development or of the needs of other areas.
We continue to devote substantial resources to the
development and economic stability of countries
in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin
America, both directly and through our contribu-
tions to the United Nations, the World Bank, the
International IMonetary Fund, and the proposed
International Development Association.
All of these economic arrangements, whether or
not within the family of the United Nations, serve
the pui-poses of the United Nations.
The proposed Organizatioi: for Economic Co-
operation and Development will also reinforce the
basic economic purposes of the charter. The
OECD will not, of course, be a new organization
but rather a reconstitution, or remodeling, of the
existing OEEC [Organization for European Eco-
nomic Cooperation], which came into being as
long ago as 19-48.
The record of European economic growth dur-
ing the period of OEEC's existence has few paral-
lels in histoi-y. Now, with the achievement of con-
vertibility in most member countries, the problem
for the OEEC is no longer one of European eco-
nomic recovery or of liberalizing intra-European
trade and payments. The time has come to
broaden horizons, to emphasize the contribution
which the industrialized areas can make to world
growth and stability and to the development of the
less developed areas. For this purpose it is pro-
posed that Canada and the United States, which
liave been associated with the OEEC since the
beginning, should now become full niembei-s of the
reorganized institution.
The OECD would enable member governments,
by consultation and cooperation, to use more effec-
tively their capacities and potentialities in promot-
ing the highest sustainable economic growth,
improving the well-being of their peoples, and
fulfilling their international responsibilities, nota-
bly tlie responsibility of assisting to the best of
their ability the countries in process of economic
development. The constitution of the OECD is
still being negotiated, and therefore it is not possi-
ble to be specific about relationships between the
OECD and other international institutions. It is
recognized, however, that the OECD should be
authorized to establish such relationships where
appropriate.
Development Assistance Group
Pending establishment of the OECD, a group
of 10 capital exporting countries have been par-
ticipating in a Development Assistance Group,^
which provides the opportunity for frank discus-
sion and informal consultation about the best
methods for mobilizing the economic resources
which they can make available to the less devel-
oped countries. I wish to emphasize that it is not
the function of the DAG to engage in specific
operations or to discuss specific projects or areas.
Such discussions and operations, of course, would
only be carried out by the countries directly con-
cerned in cooperation with the developing coun-
tries themselves.
Tlie DAG is not meant to i-eplace any of the
functions of the existing channels of coordination
and cooperation or to overlap with their activities.
Pather. it should complement and strengthen ex-
isting institutions. With this in view, the DAG
has placed on the agenda for its next meeting in
October a discussion of the preinvestment type of
teclmical assistance, a discussion in which all of
the imiwrtant international agencies directly ac-
tive in the field, including the United Nations and
its appropriate specialized agencies, will be in-
vited to participate. In making these arrange-
ments membei-s of the DAG were mindful of the
thoughts expressed by U.N. Under Secretary
Pliilippe de Sejmes in his excellent address con-
' For backsroxind. see Buixetin of Feb.
and Apr. 11, 1960, p. 577.
1%0, p. 139,
186
Department of State BuUetin
cerning the OECD delivered in Washington on
April 28 of this year.
Tlie Development Assistance Group is, of course,
only an interim organization. It would be re-
placed by a committee of similar membership and
characteristics within the OECD when the OECD
has been formally established.
In considering the problems of economic growth
in the less developed areas, much attention has
been given to the prospects for an adequate flow of
external capital, recognizing, of course, that in
any developing counti-y the bulk of resources for
development will come from domestic savings.
Wliile predictions are hazardous, it is my feel-
ing that in the years ahead difficulties in obtaining
external capital for sound development will not be
the significant limiting factor to the progi-ess of
the less developed areas.
The reason for tliis belief is that the future eco-
nomic growth of the free industrial countries,
based on reasonable expectations, should be high
enough not only to enable these coimtries to con-
tinue increasing their own standards of living
while maintaining adequate security and financial
stability but also to provide in substantial volmne
the outside capital, both private and public, which
the developing countries can effectively use to
supplement their own resources. In other words,
the capacity to assist will be there. I am confi-
dent that the will to assist will also be there.
A much more serious limitation on growth in
developing areas is the difficulties loosely described
by the phrase "absorptive capacity." These in-
clude all the problems which must be solved in pre-
paring and implementing technically sound and
economically feasible development projects, in im-
proving government adniinistration, in training
private manpower in the wide range of skills
essential to successful industrialization, and in
achieving higher standards of general health and
education.
In this broad and complex field of economic
development the international institutions can be
of great help, much more so in certain fields of en-
deavor than can the governments of the capital
exporting comitries. The United Nations, with
its Special Fund and program for operational and
executive personnel, the Expanded Program of
Technical Assistance, and the specialized agencies,
has a most important role to play in this field.
Once again my Government strongly urges full
financial support by all U.N. members for the
Augosf 7, J960
Special Fund and Expanded Teclmical Assistance
Program so that the immediate goal of $100 mil-
lion for these programs may be reached in 1961.
Response to Needs of African Nations
The discussions on economic development at this
session of the Council are given special point and
meaning with the enti-y this year of a large por-
tion of the African Continent into the family of
nations. During 1960, 14 new African states con-
taining more than 80 million people will assume,
through peaceful change, their rightful place as
self-governing, independent nations with all of
the blessings and responsibilities which freedom
entails. It is of the greatest importance that this
venture into fi-eedom succeed, that the new nations
of Africa develop stable and healthy societies dedi-
cated to the spiritual and material improvement of
their peoples.
The emerging African leaders have recognized
the need for disinterested outside help in pursuing
their national goals. The initiative in seeking siich
help, and the responsibility for putting it to effec-
tive use, must rest with the African states them-
selves. But the international community must be
ready to respond. For the needs are great — in
education, training, technology, capital, and basic
social improvements. Outside assistance will be
required fi'om many sources, from private founda-
tions and investors, from individual governments,
and, of key importance, from the international
agencies.
The international agencies have already begun
to respond to the challenge. A number of organi-
zations, among them the United Nations and its
specialized agencies, including the World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund, are already
expanding their operations in the area. The U.N.
Economic Conunission for Africa has made an
auspicious start, and we trust that the develop-
ment of programs of aid to Africa will take into
accotmt the contribution which the Economic
Commission for Africa can make to individual
as well as muUilateral approaches to the mem-
ber nations of that continent.
The participation by the many new countries of
Africa in the U.N. system will require larger ex-
penditures by the inteniational agencies. My
Govermnent is prepared to support the necessary
increases in the regular budgets of the U.N. and
the appropriate specialized agencies, includmg the
187
U.N. program for technical assistance for public
administration. "We also believe that the experi-
mental label should be removed from tlie OPEX
program.^ This program should now be given
permanent status and increased in size.
Expansion of International Trade
Coimtries in tlie process of development are
giving increasing attention to the expansion of
international trade, both as a means of making the
best possible use of scarce resources and in order
to enlarge their capacity to import, and pay for the
capital and other development goods which they
must obtain from the outside world. The problem
of gaining wider export markets for the products
of the less developed areas, as the Secretai-y-Gen-
eral has observed, has become a vital aspect of
development. This problem has been of deep con-
cern to the Council's Cormnission on International
Commodity Trade and the Interim Coordinating
Committee on International Commodity Arrange-
ments. Several other international groups have
been at work on the difficulties affecting world
trade in primary commodities of great importance
to the less developed areas. More recently, the
Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade have undertaken an intensive
study of ways to broaden the markets for a diver-
sified range of exports from the less developed
areas with emphasis on the removal of discrimina-
tions, the abatement of excessive restrictions, and
the reduction of demand-depressing excise levies.
GATT has played a key role in expanding trade
on a liberal, multilateral basis. The fact that
world trade has now reached record levels is due
in no small measure to the application of GATT's
basic rules for the elimination of quotas, the re-
duction of tariffs, and the avoidance of discrimina-
tion. GATT members now account for 80 percent
of the world's trade, and its membership has
grown each year. This growing participation in
GATT, particularly by the less developed coun-
tries, is clear evidence of the benefits of the GATT
system.
It has sometimes been suggested that GATT
should become a universal institution. However,
' The OPEX program, which was approved by the Gen-
eral Assembly in 19jS for an experimental 1-year period,
is intended to help requesting governments recruit from
outside their country experienced oi)erational, executive,
and administrative personnel to work as civil servants on
a temporary basis.
188
as is made abundantly clear in the preliminary
analysis by the Secretary-General of the trading
systems of centrally directed and market econo-
mies, there are fundamental differences between
the objectives and methods of GATT and those of
centrally directed economies. The United States
could not consider as a step forward any proposal
to bring about universal membership in GATT
at the sacrifice of the principles of liberal, multi-
lateral trade. It would be a senice to no one to
give the illusion of universality while losing the
meaningful principles upon which a truly interna-
tional trade organization must be based.
The less developed countries are being con-
fronted with an increasingly serious problem by
the insistence of certain states upon the adoption
of bilateral or barter methods of trade, frequently
in conjunction with offers of capital or tedinical
assistance. Bilateral trade and payments arrange-
ments closely approximate barter in their economic
effects, and barter, of course, has long been dis-
credited as the most primitive form of commerce.
But for the less developed countries, bilateral ar-
rangements have a potential cost far beyond the
immediate economic one. For if they commit their
exports to these arrangements, as they are often
urged to do, their freedom to buy and sell in the
world markets is automatically curtailed and the
economic basis of their national independence is
thereby jeopardized. The risk is even greater
where trade is an instrument of state policy rather
than a natural result of market forces.
Mr. President, the United States has come to
this meeting with sincere hopes that our exchange
of views over the next few days will be useful. Of
course, we are all aware that international meet-
ings, at whatever level, do not in themselves solve
deeply rooted economic problems. "We all recog-
nize, for example, that there are obstacles to the
harmonization of national economic policies.
These obstacles exist even among countries with
basically similar ec 
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