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{^_      THE  FAUNA  OF  BRITISH  INDIA, 

JT  ^7  R  O  y  INCLUDING 

CEYLON     AND     BURMA. 


Published  under  the  autsoeitt  of  the  Seceetary  of 
State  foe  India  in  Council. 

edited  by  a.  e.  shipley,  m.a.,  hon.  d.sc,  f.r.s. 


D  E  R  M  A  P  T  E  R  A 

(EARWIGS). 

BY 

MALCOLM  BURR,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  F 


LONDON: 

TAYLOR  AND  FRANCIS,  RED  LION  COURT,  FLEET  STREET. 

CALCUTTA:  I  BOMBAY  : 

THACKER,  SPINK,  &  CO.  |  THACKER  &  CO.,  LIMITED. 

BERLIN : 
R.  FRIEDLANDER  &  SOHN,  U  CARLSTRASSE. 

1910. 


PRINTED   BY   TAYLOR   ANT)   FRANCIS, 
RED  LIOM  COURT,  FLEET  STREET,  LONDON. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Editor's  Preface v 

Author's  Preface viij 

Systematic  List  of  Species xiii 

Introduction ] 

General         1 

Structure 2 

Determination  of  Species 10 

Development H 

Copulation 12 

Oviposition 13 

Ova          14 

Habits 14 

Food         17 

Maternal  Care 18 

Geographical  Distribution 19 

Literature 26 

Table  of  Families 31 

ApachyidcB 31 

Pygidicranidce 37 

Labiduridce 67 

Labiidcc            HO 

Forjicididce 129 

Species  of  Uncertain  Position 204 

Appendices  : — 

A.  On  Collecting  and  Preserving  Earwigs 207 

B.  List  of  Authors,  and  Abbreviations 208 

C.  Glossary 210 

Index        213 

Explanation  of  Plates. 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE. 


In  this  the  first  of  the  'Fauna  of  British  India'  Series 
issued  under  my  Editorship,  I  would  wish  to  record  my 
sense  of  the  loss  Science  has  sustained  through  the  death  of 
the  late  Lieutenant-Colonel  C.  T.  Bingham,  He  succeeded 
Dr.  Blanford,  who  initiated  and  edited  the  Series  for  more 
than  twenty  years,  in  1905,  and  since  that  time  devoted 
himself  unremittingly  to  the  task  he  then  took  up.  His 
loss  has  been  widely  felt,  especially  amongst  the  workers 
in  systematic  Entomology  :  if  I  may  quote  his  own  words 
about  his  predecessor  : — "  To  few,  however,  will  that  loss  be 
personally  so  great  as  to  those  who  under  his  direction  were 
working  for  the  Fauna  of  India  series/' 

During  the  year  1908  Colonel  Bingham  was  engaged  on 
his  third  and  final  volume  on  the  Indian  Butterflies.  This, 
which  was  to  have  included  the  families  Lycanidce  and 
Hesperiidce,  he  left  unfinished.  I  am  happy  to  state  that 
Mr.  H.  Druce  has,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  for  India,  undertaken  to  complete  the  work;  but 
owing  to  the  constantly  increasing  amount  of  material  now 
available  it  will  be  necessary  to  devote  a  volume  to  each  of 
these  families. 

At  the  time  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bingham's  death, 
volumes  on  the  following  Groups  had  been  sanctioned  by 


VI  EDITOR  S  PREFACE. 

the  Secretary  of  State  for  publication  : — on  the  Cicindelida, 
PaussidcE,  and  a  General  Introduction  to  the  Coleoptera,  by 
Canon  W.  W.  Fowler :  on  the  Orthoptera,  by  Mr.  W.  F. 
Kirby  :  on  the  Dermaptera,  by  Mr.  Malcolm  Burr :  on  the 
Butterflies  (third  and  last  volume),  by  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Bingham :  on  the  Curculionidce,  by  Mr.  G.  A.  K.  Marshall : 
on  the  Cetoniidce  and  Dynastida,  by  Mr.  G.  Arrow :  on 
the  Ichneumonid(S,  by  Mr.  Claude  Morley  :  on  Longicorn 
Beetles,  by  Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  :  and  on  the  Bnprestidce,  by 
Mr.  E.  P.  Stebbing. 

Since  that  date,  sanction  has  been  obtained  for  an 
Appendix  to  the  volumes  on  the  Rhynchota,  by  Mr.  W.  L. 
Distant.  In  addition  to  the  two  (3rd  and  4th)  volumes  on 
Butterflies  already  mentioned,  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
India  has  also  sanctioned  a  half  volume  on  the  Blattida,  by 
Mr.  R.  Shelford ;  and  a  whole  volume,  instead  of  the  half 
volume  previously  sanctioned,  on  the  Acridiidce  and 
Locustida,  by  Mr.  Kirby.  Further,  approval  has  been  given 
for  a  second  volume  on  the  Mollusca,  by  Lieutenant-Colonel 
H.  H.  Godwin-Austen. 

Although  there  are  few  better  known  insects  in  Europe 
than  the  common  Earwig,  the  Dermaptera  are  said  to  be 
rare  in  most  parts  of  the  world.  The  Order,  however,  in 
warm  and  tropical  regions  is  rich  in  species.  Hence, 
although  but  two  species  are  probably  indigenous  to  our 
islands,  the  number  described  by  Dr.  Burr  from  India 
amounts  to  over  one  hundred  and  thirty. 

In  the  present  work  Dr.  Burr  has  adopted  a  new  classifi- 
cation, and  has  incorporated  in  its  pages  the  results  of  a 
series  of  systematic  Papers  which  he  has  published  during 
the  last  year  or  two.  If  we  except  some  statements  taken 
from  de  Bormans^  account  of  Earwigs  from  Burma,  a  very 
large  proportion  of  this  work  is  original.  In  the  fifth 
volume  of  the  '  Cambridge  Natural  History '  Dr.  Sharp 
states: — "The  classification  of  the  earwigs  is  still  in  a 
rudimentary   state "  :    I  do  not   think    I    exaggerate  when 


EDITOR  S  PREFACE.  vii 

I  say  that  Dr.  Burr's  work  will  cause  the  deletion  of 
this  senteuce  if  a  new  edition  of  Dr.  Sharp's  volume  be 
called  for. 

I  cannot  let  this  volume  appear  without  expressing  mv 
gratitude  to  Mr.  G.  A.  K.  Marshall  for  much  time  spent 
in  proof-reading,  and  for  much  help  in  other  Editorial 
tasks. 

A.  E.  SHIPLEY. 
October  1909. 


AUTHOR'S   PREFACE. 


The  Earwigs  form  a  compact,  homogeneous  and  well-defined 
group  of  insects.  Owing  to  a  superficial  resemblance  to 
certain  Staphylinida,  Linnaeus  included  them  in  the  Coleo- 
ptera,  but  de  Geer  placed  them  in  his  Order  Dermaptera, 
which  corresponded  to  the  Orthoptera  of  Olivier,  in  the 
modern  acceptance  of  the  name.  Kirby,  in  1815,  treated 
them  as  a  distinct  Order,  restricting  to  them  de  Geer's  name 
Dermaptera,  which  had  been  superseded  by  Olivier's  word 
for  the  larger  group.  Authors  were  then  divided  into  two 
camps,  those  in  favour  of  considering  the  earwigs  as  an 
Order  and  those  who  preferred  to  regard  them  as  a  Family 
of  the  Orthoptera. 

The  actual  name  employed  for  the  group  of  earwigs  has 
varied  still  more.  Erichson  and  Fischer  called  them  Labi- 
duroidcB  ;  Latreille.  Serville,  and  Scudder,  Forficulidce ; 
Newman  and  Fischer  von  Waldheim,  Forculina,  followed  at 
first  by  Burmeister,  who  later  proposed  Dermaptera  in 
an  amended  form,  Dermatoptera.  Westwood  invented  the 
appropriate  name  Euplexoptera,  and  Fischer,  Harmoptera  ; 
Lrunner  called  them  Forficularia,  as  a  family  of  the  Ortho- 
ptera ;  Bolivar  regards  them  as  a  section  of  the  Orthoptera, 
under  the  name  Dermaptera,  with  the  single  family  Forfi- 
culidce. Dohrn,  Redtenbacher,  Krauss  and  Verhoeff  follow 
Kirby,  in  giving  them  full  ordinal  rank,  under  de  Geer's 
name  Dermaptera;  but  de  Bormans,  in  his  monograph 
published  in  "  Das  Tierreich,"  treats  them  as  a  family, 
Forficulidce. 

Our  own  inclination  is  to  treat  them  as  a  distinct  order. 


AUTHOR  S  PREFACE.  IX 

with  the  name  Dermaptera,  sanctioned  by  much  use^ 
rejecting  the  corrections  suggested,  such  as  Dermoptera  by 
Agassiz  and  Dermatoptera  by  Burmeister. 

No  attempt  had  been  made  to  subdivide  earwigs  into 
smaller  gi-oups  until  this  was  done  by  Verhoeff  (1902),  who 
based  his  classification  upon  the  genitalia.  His  system  has 
the  double  disadvantage  of  being  impracticable  for  ordinary 
purposes,  and  incomplete.  Many  of  his  characters  are  of 
doubtful  value,  and  some  of  his  Avork  will  probably  never  be 
accepted,  while  it  is  not  free  from  inaccuracy,  involved 
synonymy,  and  other  drawbacks.  It  was,  however,  the  first 
attempt  to  reject  the  empirical  arrangement,  with  which 
de  Bormans,  for  want  of  material,  had  been  obliged  to  be 
content.     As  such  it  merits  recognition  and  approbation. 

The  writer  of  this  work  has  endeavoured  to  pick  out  those 
portions  of  Verhoeff's  Avork  which  appear  to  him  to  be 
souna,  to  retain  the  best  part  of  de  Bormans'  system,  to  add 
a  considerable  amount  of  new  material  and  original  observa- 
tion and  to  produce  a  harmonious  whole.  The  result  of  this 
attempt  is  set  forth  in  the  following  pages. 

Families  and  subfamilies  were  first  established  by  Verhoeff, 
but  his  definitions  are  not  always  retained,  and  his  separation 
of  the  Apachjidxe  into  a  suborder  under  the  name  Para- 
dermaptera  is  rejected.  Only  five  families  are  retained,  each 
divided  into  a  varying  number  of  subfamilies.  A  careful 
study  of  the  characterisation  of  these  groups  is  essential 
to  the  understanding  of  the  Dermaptera  as  a  whole;  the 
main  outline  of  this  new  classification  is  presented  in  the 
synoptical  table  of  families  on  page  31. 

The  author  is  engaged  at  the  same  time  upon  a  general 
revision  and  Monograph  of  the  Earwigs  of  the  world,  and  the 
system  put  forward  in  the  following  pages  is  that  which  he 
has  so  far  adopted  in  his  manuscript  of  the  larger  work. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  add  with  what  pleasure  criticism  and 
suggestions  will  be  received.  Above  all,  fresh  material  is 
most  urgently  required,  in  order  that  a  solution  may  be 
obtained  for  the  still  remaining  problems. 


X  AUTHOR  S  PREFACE, 

In  order  to  be  cousistent  in  the  use  of  the  word  "  type  " 
the  author  lias  uniformly  followed  the  principle  that  one 
individual  specimen,  and  one  only,  can  be  the  type  of  a 
species. 

For  instance,  of  Forficula  sjostedti,  Burr,  an  African 
species,  the  author  has  examined  nearly  500  specimens.  Now, 
it  is  posssible  that  in  future  generations,  some  entomologist, 
with  great  local  knowledge,  may  decide  that  this  number 
included  two  distinct  forms  ;  consequently,  if  every  one  of 
these  500  specimens  were  labelled  ''  Type  ^'  and  these 
"types"  were  scattered  through  the  collections  and 
museums  of  the  world,  it  would  have  been  impossible  to 
decide  which  was  the  true  Forficula  sjostedti. 

Again,  some  of  de  Bormans'  species  were  based  on  material 
partly  in  the  Genoa  and  partly  in  the  Vienna  Museum. 
Each  Museum  claims  to  possess  the  type.  Every  specimen, 
in  both  collections,  in  many  instances,  is  labelled  "  type.'^ 
In  such  a  case  the  author  has  endeavoured  to  identify  the 
actual  individual  on  which  the  description  was  based,  or  the 
first  specimen  named,  and  for  him  that  has  been  the  type. 

All  the  others  are  syntypes,  which  have  nearly,  but  not 
quite,  the  same  value  for  purposes  of  identification.  The 
499  remaining  specimens  of  Forficula  sjostedti,  for  instance, 
are  syntypes. 

A  further  term  is  paratype,  which  is  applied  to  a  specimen 
which  has  been  identified  authoritatively  by  comparison  with 
a  true  type. 

A  paratype  has  therefore  a  little  less  value  than  a  syntype, 
and  a  syntype  than  the  type,  of  a  species. 

In  the  systematic  part  of  this  work,  an  asterisk  indicates 
that  the  type  has  been  examined  by  the  author,  two  asterisks 
denoting  a  syntype. 

The  material  for  this  work  has  been  derived  from  the 
following  sources  : — 

I.  The  results  of  Leonardo  Fea's  travels  in  Burma ; 
the  collections  are  in  the  Civic  Museum  of  Genoa  ;. 
they  have  been  reported  on  by  de  Bormans  (88) 
and  (94). 


AUTHOR  S  PREFACE.  XI 

II.  A   few  species   taken   in  Trichinopoli,  near   Kodai- 
kanal,  enumerated  by  Bolivar  (97),  in  which  paper 
de  Bormans  describes  some  new  species. 
III.  Scattered  references  to  Indian  localities  in  general 
works  upon  Orthoptera,  or  on  Dermaptera,  such 
as  Gue'rin  (38),  Dohrn  (63-67),  de  Bormans  (83) 
and  (00),  Diibrony  (79),  VVestwood  (39),  and  so  on. 
IV.  Material    in    the  collections    of    the   Museums   of 
Brussels,  Budapest  and  Paris,  reported  on  by  Burr 
(00),  (02),  (07^),  (08^)  and  (OS^- 
V.  Material   in  the   Oxford  University  INluseum  ;    no 
account  of  this  collection  has  yet  been  published, 
but  the  material  has  been  kindly  lent  to  the  author 
by  Professor  E.  B.  Poulton,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 
VI.  A  paper  on  the  Earwigs  of  Ceylon,  by  Burr  (01), 
based   chiefly    on   material   collected    by    Mr.    E. 
Ernest  Green,  Government  Entomologist,  at  the 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Peradeniya. 
VII.  Material  in  the  Indian   Museum,   Calcutta,  mostly 
taken  by  Dr.  Nelson  Annandale,  and  published  by 
Burr  (05*),  (06')   and  (07-),  including  some  com- 
municated   by    Mr.    Maxwell     Lefroy,    Imperial 
Entomologist  at  Pusa,  Bengal. 
VIII.  Material  specially  collected  for  the  purpose  of  this 
work,  and  communicated  to  the  author,  by  Mr.  T. 
B.    Fletcher,     formerly    of      H.M.S.     '  Sealark,' 
quartered  at    Ceylon,  and    by  Dr.    A.    Willey,  of 
Colombo. 
IX.  Material    from   various    sources    contained    in    the 
author's  collection    and  in  the  collection  of  Mon- 
sieur Henri    Gadeau  de  Kerville,  of  Rouen,  who 
has  very  obligingly  placed  his  specimens  very  freely 
at  the  author's  disposition. 
But  for  the  efforts  of  the  gentlemen   named  above,  the 
number  of  species  and  localities  in  the  following  work  would 
have  been  reduced  by  about  half.     The  author  takes  this 
opportunity  of  repeating  his  thanks  for  their  valuable  and 
enthusiastic  help. 


Xll  AUTHOR  S  PREFACE. 

It  will  be  observed  in  the  list  of  species  ou  p.  23,  that  a 
large  proportion  of  types  have  been  examined  and  it  has 
been  attempted  to  show  where  all  the  types  are  at  present 
preserved.  This  has  been  possible  in  almost  all  cases 
where  species  have  been  recently  described,  but  the  older 
authors  did  not  specify  their  types  with  the  accuracy  which 
is  now  considered  necessary.  Consequently  it  has  not  always 
been  possible  to  state  where  the  types  are  in  the  case  of 
such  authors  as  Serville,  Dohrn,  &c.  In  describing  a  new 
species  the  latter  author  often  noted  that  his  material  was 
based  on  specimens  in  several  collections  ;  all  his  original 
specimens  are  syntypes,  but  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
which  individual  is  the  type.  In  such  instances,  the  where- 
abouts of  the  syntypes  has  been  noted.  It  has  been 
assumed  that  Dohrn's  own  specimens  are  still  preserved  at 
Stettin,  but  this  is  the  only  important  collection  of  earwigs 
which  has  not  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  author. 

The  author  gladly  takes  this  opportunity  of  recording  his 
gratitude  to  Dr.  Shipley,  the  most  courteous  of  editors,  and 
especially  to  Mr.  G.  A.  K.  Marshall,  whose  laborious  and 
careful  proof-reading  has  placed  him  under  a  deep  sense  of 
obligation. 

The  plates  and  figures  in  the  text  have  been  drawn  by 
Mr.  Edwin  AVilson,  with  the  exception  of  several  figures 
(75,  76,  79  &  90)  which  are  by  Mr.  Horace  Knight.  No 
work  upon  this  group  of  insects  has  yet  enjoyed  such 
accurate  and  abundant  illustration. 

MALCOLM  BURR. 

Eastry,  Kent. 
July  6th,  1009. 


SYTEMATIC    LIST    OF    SPECIES. 


DEEMAPTEEA.' 

Family  I.  Apachyidae. 

Genus  1.  Apachyus,  Serv. 

1.  A.  feci', Bonn. 

2.  A.jxtscoei,  Kirby. 

Genus  2.  Dendroiketes,  Burr. 

1 1.  Z>.  corticinus,  Burr. 

Family  II.  Pygidicranidae. 

Subfamily  1 .  Diplaty  in  ce. 

Genus  1.  Diplatts,  Serv. 

tl.  -0.  fjladiator,  Burr. 

t2.  D.  falcatiis,  Burr. 

t3.  D.  lefroyi,  Burr. 

+  4.  D.  aufj/ustatus,  Burr. 

5.  D.  hormansi,  Burr. 

6.  D.  gerstceckeri,  Dohrn. 

1 7.  D.  erncsti.  Burr. 

1 8.  D.  siva,  Burr. 
9.  D.  greeni,  Burr. 

10.  D.  rufescens,  Kirby. 
til.  D.Jletchen,Bnvr. 
12.  D.  liheratus.  Burr. 

Subfamily  2.  P y  r/  i die  r  a  n i  n  cf. 

■    Genus  1.  Pygidicrana,  Serv. 
1.  P.picfa,  Guer. 
t  2.  P.  valida,  Dohrn. 

3.  P.  2icillidipennis,  Haan. 

4.  P.  en'hnia,  Dohrn. 

5.  P.  marmoricrura,  Serv. 

6.  P.  siamensis,  Dohrn. 

1  Species  marked  with  a  dagger  (t)  are  not  represented  in  the  National 
Collection. 


LIST    OF    SPECIES, 

Genue  2.  Diceana,  Burr. 

1 .  D.  halUpyga,  Dohrn. 

Genus  3.  Cranopxgia,  Burr. 

1.  C.  cwningi,  Dohrn. 

2.  C.  7iietneri,  Dohrn. 

Genus  4.  Piceania,  Burr. 

1.  P.  angusiata,  Dohrn. 

Genus  5.  Pyge,  Burr. 

1.  P.  modexta,  Borm. 

2.  P.  o^hthahiiica,  Dohrn. 

Family  III.  Lahiduridae. 

Subfamily  1 .  Palicina;. 

Genus  1.  Palex,  Burr. 

fl.  P.  sparattoides,  Borm. 

Subfamily  2.  Ec  hi  no  so  m  at  in  ce. 

Genus  1.  Echinosoma,  Serv. 

1.  E.  sumatraman,  Haan. 
t2.  E.  parvidum,J)ohxn. 

Subfamily  3.  Psal i n ce. 

Genus  1.  Psalis,  Serv. 

1.  P.  femora? /s,  Dohrn. 

2.  P.  dohrni,  Kirby. 
t3.  P.  lefroyi,  Burr. 
1 4.  P.  castetsi,  Borm. 

Genus  2.  Labidurodes,  Dubr. 

1 1.  L.  robusttis,  Dubr. 

Genus  3.  Gonolabis,  Burr. 

1 1,   G.  electa,  Burr. 

Genus  4.  Anisolabis,  Pieb. 

1.  A.  colossea,  Dohrn. 

2.  A.  maritima,  Bou. 
t  3.  J..  litdagcB,  Burr. 

4.  A.  annidipes,  Luc. 

5.  A.  dubronii,  Kirby. 
to.  A.  gaudens,  Burr. 


LIST    OF    SPECIES. 

Genus  5.  Bokellia,  Burr. 

1.  B.  greeni,  Burr. 

2,  B.  stali,  Dohrn. 
t3.  B.  annandalei,  Burr. 

Subfamily  4.  L ah  id u  r  i n cb. 

Genus  1.  Forcipula,  Bol. 

tl.   F.  decolyi,  Borm. 

2.  F.  trispinosa,  Dohrn. 

3.  F.  pugnax,  Kirby. 

4.  F.  quadrispinosa,  Dohrn. 
1 5.  F.  lurida,  Bol. 

Genus  2.  Labidura,  Leach. 

f  1.  L.  7iepalensis,  Burr. 

2.  L.  lividipes,  Dufour. 

3.  L.  benc/alensis,  Dohrn. 

4.  L.  riparia.  Pall. 

Subfamily  5.  P  a  r  i  sol  ah  i  n  ce. 

Genus  1.  Pseudisolabis,  Burr. 

1 1.  P.  hurri,  Bor. 
t  2.  P.  tenera,  Burr. 

Subfamil}^  6.  Brack  y  I  ah  i  nee. 

Genus  1,  Nannisolabis,  Burr. 

fl.  N.  p}iiletas,~Quvv. 
t2.  N.  luilleyi,  Burr. 

Genus  2.  Metisolabis,  Burr. 

1 1.  M.  hifoveolata ,  Bol. 
2.  M.  caudelli,  Burr. 

Genus  3.  Ctexisolabis,  Verb. 

1 1.   Ct.  fletcluri.  Burr. 

Family  IV.  Labiidae. 

Subfamily  1.  Lahiince. 

Genus  1.  Spongiphora,  Serv. 

1.  /Sj»).  lutea,  Borm. 

2.  Si),  ni/idipennis,  Borm. 

3.  Sp.  semijlava,  Borm. 


LIST    or    SPECIES. 

Genus  2.  Eeotesis,  Burr. 

1.    E.  deaj)iens,  Kirby. 
Genus  3.  Labia,  Leach. 

1.  L,  nigrella,  Dubr. 

2.  L.  luzonica,  Dohru. 

3.  L.  ciirvicauda,  Motseli. 

4.  L.  mucronata,  tStal. 

5.  L.  pilicornis,  Motsch. 

6.  L.  ]iygidiata,  Dubr. 

7.  L.  ridens,  Bonn. 

8.  L.  arachidis,  Yers. 

Genus  4.  Platylabia,  Dohru. 

1.  P.  major,  Dohrn. 

2.  P.  gestroi,  Dubr. 

3.  P.  thoracica,  Dohrn. 

4.  P.  nigriceps,  Kirbj. 

Genus  5.  Sphingolabis,  Borm. 
1.  S.  fecv,  Borm. 

Faniily  V.  Forficulidae. 

Subfamily  1.   C  h  eliso  chince. 

Genus].  Chelisochella,  Verb. 

1.   Ch.  siiperha,  Dohrn. 

Genus  2.  Exipjfus,  Burr. 

1.  Ex.  jjulchri2)ennis,  ^ovm. 

Genus  3.  Chelisoches,  Scudd. 
1.    Ch.  morio,  Fabr. 

Genus  4.  Peoreus,  Burr, 

1.  P.  simidans,  Stal. 

2.  P.  melanocejjhalus,  Dohrn. 

3.  P.  ritsemcf,  Borm. 

Genus  .5.  Solenosoma,  Burr. 

t  1.  «S'.  birmanum,  Bonn. 

Genus  6.  Adiathetus,  Burr. 

] .  A.  slielfordi.  Burr. 
t  2,  A.  dravidius,  Burr. 

3.  A.  cjlaucoptervs,  Borm. 
t  4.  A.  nigrocastaneKS,  Burr. 

5.  A.  tenebrator,  Ivirby. 

Genus  7.  Hamaxas,  Burr. 

1.  H.  fece,  Borm. 


LIST    OF    SPF.CIES. 

Subfamily  2.  A  nee  h  n  r  i  n  cf. 

Genus  1.  Allodahlia,  Verb. 

1.  A.  scabriusculus,  Serv. 

2.  A.  macTopygus^  Westw 

3.  A.  coriacea,  Bonn. 

4.  A.  ahrimanes,  Burr. 

Genus  2.  Homotages,  Burr. 
1.  H.  fece,  Borm. 

Genus  'S.  Pterygida,  Verb. 

1.  P.  circulata,  Dobrn. 

Genus  4.  Anechura,  Scudd, 

fl.  ^.  calciatii,  Bor. 

2.  A.  zuJ>ovsk{i,  Sem. 

SubFainily  3.  Fo  r  fi  ciil  i  n  </-. 
Genus  1.  Elaunon,  Burr. 

1.   E.  hipartitus^  Kirby. 

Geiuis  2.  FoRFicTJLA,  Linn. 

1 1.  F.  schhigintweiti.  Burr. 
t  2.  F.  mogul,  Burr. 
t3.  F.  beehehuh,  Burr. 
t  4.  F.  aceris,  Burr. 

5.  F.  ornata,  Borm. 
t  6.  F.  greeni,  Burr. 

t  7.  F.  amlngua,  Burr. 
8.  F.  lucasi,  Dohrn. 
t  9.  F.  celeris.  Burr. 
1 10.  F.  interrogans,  Burr. 
11.  F.  2yl((nicollis,  Kirhy. 

Subfamily  4.  O^j  isthocosmi  i  n  ce. 

Genus  1.  SoxDAX,  Burr. 

fl.  /S.  repens,  Burr. 

Genus  2.  Epbohrnia,  Burr. 

1.  E.  metallicd,  Dobrn. 

(Jeiuis  3.  Emboros,  Burr. 

t  I.   E.  dubius,  Borm. 

Genus  4.  Liparura,  Burr. 

1 1.  E.  punctata,  Burr. 

Genus  5.  Obelura,  Burr. 

tl.   0.  asiatica,  Borm. 

1 2.  0.  taimiJ,  Burr. 


LIST    OF    SPECIES. 

Genus  6.  Cordax,  Burr. 

1.  C.  armatus,  Haan. 

2.  C.  ceylonicns,  Motscli. 

Genus  7.  Htpurgus,  Burr. 

1.  H.  humeralis,  Kirby. 
ti.  H.  simplex,  Borm. 

Genus  8.  Eparchus,  Burr. 

■\1.  E.  dux,  Bonn. 

2.  E.  msignis,  Haan. 

3.  E.  tenellus,  Haan. 

Genus  9.  Timomenus,  Burr. 

1 1.  T.  oannes,  Burr. 
■f  2.  T.  (xscidaplvs,  Burr. 
t3.   T.  nevilli.  Burr. 

4.  T.  lugens,  Bonn. 

Genus  10.  Syntonus,  Burr. 

1.  »S'.  neolohoj)h oroides,  Burr, 

Genus  11.  Kosmetor,  Burr, 

t  ] .  K.  temora,  Burr. 
t  2.  K.  hrahma,  Burr. 
t3.  K.  vlshnn,  Burr. 

Genus  12.  Lipodes,  Burr. 

fl.   L.  vivax,  Burr. 

Species  of  Uncei'tain  Position. 

Forficnla  ?  pnlchripes,  Borm. 
Forficnla  ?  rwr/nJensia,  Dolirn. 


Suminari/. 

Subfamilies.  Genera.          Species. 

Apachyidae    1  2                 3 

Pygidicranidae 2  0  24 

Labiduridae 6  13  34 

Labiidae     1  5  17 

ForficulidEe 4  25  55 

Total..    14  51  133-1-2  uncertain. 


DEEMAPTERA, 

The  literature  dealing  with  tlie  Dermapterous  Pauna  of  British 
India  IS  not  very  extensive.  In  general  books  upon  Dermaptera 
and  Orthoptera  there  are  occasional  references  to  Indian  species 
and  Indian  localities,  such  as  may  be  found  in  the  M'orks  of 
berville,  Do hrn,  and  de  Bormans.  The  first  paper  deahnj?  ex- 
dusive ly  with  Indian  Earwigs  was  de  Bornians' '  first  account  of 
the  collections  uiade  by  Leonardo  Tea  in  Bui-ma,  pu Wished  in 
the  Annah  del  Museo  Civico  di  Genova '  in  1888,  followed  six 
years  later  by  his  second  paper  (1894),  in  which  he  incorporated 
the  first,  and  added  a  number  of  species,  many  of  which  Mere 
new  In  1897  Bolivar  described  an  extensive  collection  of 
Orthoptera  from  Trichmopoli,  in  which  several  species  of  earxviffs 
are  recorded,  three  being  new.  ^ 

But  these  works,  valuable  as  they  are,  give  little  assistance  for 
the  determination  of  species.  The  first  paper  which  enabled  an 
entomologist  m  India  to  determine  the  species  was  the  account 
of  the  earwigs  of  Ceylon  by  the  author  of  the  present  work, 
published  m  the  '  Transactions  of  the  Bombay  Natural  History 
bociety'm  1902    based  almost  entirely  upon  material  obtained 

lu  cf-  \'T'^  ^'  ^'''^"-  '^^'''  P^^Pe^'  however,  dealt  only 
with  Singhalese  species,  and  is  now  out  of  date.  In  1905  the 
present  writer  published  a  first  list  of  the  earwigs  in  the  collection 
of  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta,  followed  in  1906  and  1907 
by  two  more,  chiefly  based  on  material  obtained  by  Dr.  Nelson 
Annandale.  These  three  papers,  however,  contain  little  beyond 
hsts  of  names  and  localities,  and  are  of  no  use  for  purposes  of 
Klentilieation,  except  where  new  species  are  described. 

In  these  circumstances  it  is  evident  that  there  is  a  real  need  for 
a  work  by  the  help  of  which  entomologists  in  India  may  be 
able  to  determine  such  collections  of  earwigs  as  they  may  make 
It  IS  hoped  that  by  its  means  collectors  in  India  may  be  encourao-ed 
to  take  an  interest  in  a  group  of  insects  which  is  by  no  means 
Jacking  m  fascination,  and  which  has  the  undeniable  advantage 
of  being  so  neg  ected  that  it  offers  scope  and  encouragement  to 
all  students.  The  need  of  such  a  work  is  further  made  evident  by 
the  following  pages,  in  which  it  will  be  noticed  there  are  frequent 
appeals  for  further  material,  and  there  remain  still  several  species 
the  exact  position  of  which  is  doubtful.     This  is  especially  the 

1  Full  references  to  these  works  are  giyen  iu  the  Bibliography  on  p.  26. 


2  INTEODUCTIOIS'. 

case  where  single  females  have  been  described,  since,  without  an 
examination  of  the  male,  it  is  impossible  accurately  to  determine 
the  aiRuities  of  a  species  of  earwig.  It  is  also  encouraging  to 
collectors  to  know  that  species  new  to  science  are  being  con- 
tinually discovered.  Hardly  a  collection,  however  small,  is  sent 
to  England  for  determination  that  does  not  contain  one  or  more 
undescribed  species. 

It  is  to  be  especially  hoped  that  entomologists  in  the  field, 
having  now  a  means  of  naming  their  specimens,  will  be  induced 
to  observe  the  bionomics — the  true  Natural  History — of  Earwigs. 
There  remains  a  very  great  deal  to  be  done  that  may  be  easily 
accomplished  by  a  careful  observer,  even  if  he  makes  no  claim 
to  be  a  systematist  or  a  specialist.  The  interesting  notes  of 
Dr.  Annandale,  in  these  pages,  and,  above  all,  the  classic  ob- 
servations of  Mr.  Green  on  DipJatys,  are  encouraging  examples 
of  this.  As  instances  of  work  that  may  be  well  carried  out  in 
India,  the  following  lines  of  research  are  suggested  : — The  post- 
embryonic  development  of  Apachyvs  and  Pygidicrana  compared 
with  Diplatys;  the  variation  of  the  allied  species  of  Forficida', 
the  semi-aquatic  habits  of  Forciptda  ;  the  elucidation  of  the 
numerous  and  subtle  species  of  Diplatys  ;  the  vertical  distribution 
of  the  mountain-loving  forms,  such  as  Allodalilia,  EndoJirnia,  &c., 
and  why  these  have  deeply  tinted  wings  ;  the  discovery  of  the 
males  of  those  species  of  which  only  the  females  are  known : 
earwigs  are  frequently  accused  of  damaging  flowers  by  devourg 
the  petals  ;  has  this  been  proved  ?  Probably  they  are  omnivorous  ; 
they  are  known  to  be  largely  carnivorous  ;  are  they  entirely  so  ? 
These  and  many  other  problems  await  solution. 


Str7(cture. 

The  Jiead  is  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  varying  from  almost 
triangular  to  pentagonal ;  the  posterior  margin  is  generally  trun- 
cate, but  sometimes  emarginate  in  the  middle.  The  head  is 
divided  dorsally  by  a  transverse  sritnre  between  the  eyes  into 
the  frons  or  anterior  portion,  and  the  occijmt  or  posterior  portion, 
the  latter  being  divided  by  a  median  suture  which  runs  from  the 
middle  of  the  ti-ansverse  suture  to  tlie  posterior  margin  of  the 
head.  In  some  earwigs  the  head  is  smooth  and  tumid,  so  that 
the  sutures  are  scarcely  discernible  ;  in  others  the  sutures  are 
profoundly  marked  and  very  distinct.  The  form  of  the  head 
offers  useful  specific  characters  in  the  genus  Di^datys,  where  the 
frons  is  often  tumid  and  the  occiput  depressed,  while  an  oblique 
keel  runs  from  the  eyes  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  head,  but 
these  characters  are  scarcely  developed  in  the  females.  The 
mouth-parts  offer  practically  no  characters  of  any  value  to  the 
systematist.  The  eyes  are  large  and  prominent  in  Diplatys  and 
some  Brachylahina',  but  are  generally  small,  and  ocelli  are  not 
present. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  antemm  ofPer  very  valuable  and  important  characters   both 
generic  and  specific;  the  number  of  segments  may  be  as  few  as 
ten  or  as  great  as  fifty.     The  first  or  basal  segment  is  relatively 
large  generally  clubbed  at  the  apex  ;  in  Eudohrnia  this  segment 
has  two  distinct  keels.    The  second  segment  is  invariably  minute 
andcyhndrical;  the  third  is  of  very  variable  length  and  form 
being  cyhndncal     ovate,    or    clubbed;    the    fourth   segment   is 
usua  ly_  minute,   shorter    than    the    third   and   generally   more 
simple  in  shape;  it  is  sometimes  barely  half  as  long  as  the  third 
but  occasionally  equals  it  or  even  slightly  exceeds  it  in  length.' 
Ihe  fifth  segment  resembles  the  fourth,  bnt  is  always  a  little 
longer ;  the  rest  of  the  segments  are  each  a  httle  longer  than  the 
preceding   one ;    sometimes  the  fifth   equals  the   length  of  the 
third    but  when  it  falls  short   the   sixth  is  the   first   to   equal 
the  third.  _   The  relative   length   of  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth 
segments  is   one  of  the  characters  most  valuable  to  the  Derm- 
apterist.     The  segments  may  be  absolutely  cylindrical,  in  which 
case  they  are  usually  very  slender;  more  or  less  ovate  or  spindle- 
shaped,    subcorneal   or   clavate,   or  sometimes  decidedly  conical 
in  which  case  the  apex  of  the  cone  is  invariably  directed  basally' 
*  e  backwards  towards  the  head.     Sometimes  "the  segments  are 
globular,  and  no_  longer  than  broad,  and  as  a  rule  th?  fewer  the 
segments  the  thicker  they  are  and  the  more  removed  from  cyhn- 
dncal.      In    Mnnisolahis  phihtas.    Burr,    there   are   only    nine 
segments,  but  in  Apaclujmfece,  Borm.,  there  are  nearly  fiftv 

ihe  thorax  consists  of  three  segments,  t\xQ  pro-,  meso-  and  meta- 
tJiorax,  each  covered  by  a  dorsal  sclerite,  the  pro-,  meso- and  meta- 
notum  respectively.  The  pronotum  is  a  flat  disc  of  very  varied 
shape ;  it  is  as  a  rule  more  or  less  quadrangular  •  the'  hinder 
margin  IS  generally  more  or  less  rounded  in  winged  forms,  or 
at  least  the  hinder  angles  are  rounded;  in  the  wingless  forms 
the  hinder  margin  is  usually  truncate;  the  anterior  margin  ia 
usually  truncate,  but  occasionally  narrowed  and  produced  Tnto  a 
kind  of  neck.  The  pronotum  is  sometimes  oval,  or  almost 
circular.  Very  useful  characters  are  afforded  by  the  diflferent 
shapes  of  this  plate  :  the  anterior  portion  or  prozona  is  generally 
more  or  less  tumid,  while  the  posterior  portion  or  metazona  is  as  a 
rue  flattened.  There  is  often  a  more  or  less  distinct  median 
sulcidus  or  furrow,  which  may  pass  into  a  faint  ridge  or  keel 
eathrde  '°  ^^'^  ^"""'""^  ^^^""^  ''  frequently  an   impression  on 

.i,'''^u-?r''f'*"'  ^^''"®'  *^'®  ^^•^^^^'-'^  ^^'^^^  these  are  present,  and  is 
thus  hidden  from  view  ;  in  apterous  forms  it  is  visible  as  a  short 
transverse  plate ;  in  the  Brachjlahince  it  is  often  furnished  on  each 
side  with  an  obhque  tumid  ridge  or  keel. 

The  metanotum  carries  the  functional  wings  when  these  are 
present;  in  apterous  forms  it  is  visible  as  a  transverse  segment 
with  the  anterior  margin  straight,  but  the  posterior  margin  shiuate 
or  roundly  emarginate. 

b2 


4  INTBODUCTION. 

The  corresponding  ventral  plates  form  the  pro-,  meso-  and 
metasUrna. 

The  prosternum  is  a  longitudinal  plate,  generally  more  or  less 
parallel-sided,  with  a  ccmstriction  near  the  base,  but  occasionally 
angustate  or  narrowed  posteriorly  ;  this  constriction  admits  the 
insertion  of  the  anterior  pair  of  legs. 

The  mesosternmn  is  a  plate  of  irregular  outline,  usually  about  as 
broad  as  long,  with  sinuate  sides  to  admit  the  middle  pair  of  legs ; 
the  hinder  margin  extends  somewhat  beyond  the  middle  coxae, 
and  is  truncate,  or  more  or  less  rounded ;  the  relative  width 
of  this  intercoxal  portion  is  the  expression  of  the  breadth  or 
slenderness  of  the  insect. 


Wings. 


Glandular  folds  or 
stink-glands. 


Abdomen.  •-' 

First  tarsal  segment.  ' 

Second  tarsal  segment.  '' 

T  hird  tarsal  segment.  -- 

Pulvillus.  -- 

Claws.  - 


Antenna. 
Frons. 

Frontal  suture. 
Occiput. 
Median  suture. 

Prozona. 

Suture. 

Metazona. 

Shoulder. 

Scutellum. 

Sutural  margin. 

Costal  margin. 

Posterior  margin. 

Posterior  femur. 

Posterior  tibia. 


Posterior  tarsus. 

Last  dorsal  segment. 
Pygidium. 


Forceps. 


Fig.  1. — Diagram  of  dorsal  aspect  of  an  Earwig. 


The  metasternum  is  of  the  same  general  shape  as  the  meso- 
sternum,  but  is  larger,  in  order  to  carry  the  hinder  or  largest 
pair  of  legs ;  its  maximum  breadth  is  in  the  anterior  portion,  and 
it  is  strongly  narrowed  behind  by  the  emargination  of  the  sides 
so  that  the  posterior  portion  forms  a  relatively  narrow  lobe  which 
generally  extends  beyond  the  coxae  ;  the  shape  of  this  lobe  affords 
useful  characters :  its  posterior  margin  may  be  truncate,  sinuate 


INTRODUCTION.  O 

or  rounded,  and  its  breadth  may  be  relatively  great  or  the 
contrary  ;  the  amount  of  the  extension  beyond  the  coxae  varies  in 
different  genera. 

The  elytra  are  totally  absent  in  Anisolabis,  the  Brachylabime, 
and  certain  other  genera  not  occurring  in  India.  In  the  normal 
development  they  are  more  or  less  rectangular,  veinless,  chitinous 
flaps.  They  are  attached  to  the  mesonotum,  and  in  repose  lie  in 
a  horizontal  position  over  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  insect,  the 
sutural  margins  of  the  two  elytra  being  contiguous  and  conse- 
quently forming  a  median  suture.     They  are  divided  into  a  broad 


sternal  plates. 


.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment. 

Pygidium. 


Fig.  1  a. — Diagram  of  ventral  aspect  of  au  Earwig. 

dorsal  area  or  disc,  and  a  narrow  costal  portion,  which,  in  repose, 
assumes  a  vertical  position  along  the  Hanks  of  the  thorax.  These 
two  portions  are  sharply  separated  from  each  other  by  a  distinct 
keel  in  Lahidura,  Forcijnda,  AUodahlia  and  some  other  genera  ; 
but  as  a  rule  there  is  no  sharp  line  of  demarcation,  the  areas 
passing  gradually  into  each  other.  In  a  good  many  genera  the 
shoulders  of  the  elytra  are  rather  prominent,  rounded  and  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  sides  of  the  pronotum,  but  when  the  wings  are 


6  INTEODUCTION. 

ill-developed  or  absent  this  shoulder  is  not  developed,  and  the 
sides  of  the  pronotum  form  a  continuous  line  with  those  of  the 
elytra.  In  normally  winged  forms  the  axillary  portion  of  the  elytra 
is  as  a  rule  rectangular,  so  that  in  repose  the  sutural  margins  are 
in  contact  from  base  to  apex  ;  but  in  feebly  winged  or  apterous 
forms  the  axillary  angle  may  be  rounded,  so  that  a  small  portion 
of  the  mesonotum  is  exposed  at  the  base  of  the  suture,  even  when 
these  organs  are  in  repose :  this  portion  of  the  mesonotum  is  in 
such  cases  hardened  by  exposure,  and  is  termed  the  scutellum. 
As  a  rule,  in  fully  Avinged  forms  the  pronotum  extends  backwards 
over  the  base  of  the  elytra  and  prevents  the  exposure  of  any 
scutellum  ;  but  in  Apaehijus,  Diplatys,  and  the  Pygldicranince  the 
axillary  augle  is  rounded  off  so  that  the  elytra  are  oval  rather  than 
rectangular,  and  at  the  same  time  the  pronotum  is  not  produced 
backwards  and  cousequeutly  the  scutellum  is  prominent.  The 
disc  of  the  elytra  is  always  fiat,  and  it  is  the  disc  which  is  implied 
when  the  ehjtra  is  used  in  description  without  qualification.  The 
small  vertical  costal  area  is  sometimes  of  a  different  colour.  The 
elytra  may  be  rectangular  and  so  parallel  in  repose,  as  is  usually 
the  case,  or  they  may  be  dilated  and  convex,  broad  at  the  shoulders 
and  narrowing  posteriorly  as  in  Hi/jnirgus,  Pterijf/iila,  andiAUodahlia. 
In  Apacliyus  and  Diplatys  the  distinction  between  the  disc  and 
costal  area  is  weak  and  the  whole  elytra  lie  flat  upon  the  thor'ax. 
The  apex  of  the  elytra  is  truncate  in  hemiapterous  forms,  generally 
sinuate  in  winged  forms,  or  obliquely  truncate. 

When  rudimentary,  the  elytra  are  very  much  shortened  ;  they 
may  be  mere  lateral  flaps  on  the  sides  of  the  mesonotum  (BorelUa), 
or  they  may  still  be  sufficiently  large  to  meet  at  the  median  suture 
in  the  apical  portion  (Obelura,  Lijjcirura) ;  the  weakening  of  the 
axillary  augle  and  consequent  exposure  of  a  scutellum  is  the  first 
step  towards  abbreviation.  The  elytra  may  be  perfectly  smooth 
{Forficida,  &c.),  or  granulose  (AUodaJdia),  or  clad  with  short, 
obtuse  bristles  (Echimsoma),  or  punctulate  (certain  species  of 
Forcipida). 

The  7iind  wlnqs  are  often  entirely  absent  (Anisolahis  and 
Brachylabince)  ;  when  perfectly  developed  (which  is  the  rule)  they 
are  semicircular  in  shape,  very  ample  and  membranous  ;  the  basal 
half  of  the  costal  margin  is  hardened  into  a  leathery  scale  which 
protrudes  from  beneath  the  elytra  in  repose,  and  it  is  this  scale 
\\'hich  is  meant  when  the  word  "  wing  "  is  used  without  quahfica- 
tion.  From  the  apex  of  this  scale  the  wing-veins  radiate,  and 
when  the  wings  are  closed  they  shut  up  fanwise  about  this  point ; 
they  are  then  folded  transversely  at  right  angles  to  the  first  line  of 
folding  and  so  tucked  away  under  the  scale  that  they  are  entirely 
hidden  when  in  repose.  In  Apachyus  and  Diplatys,  however,  the 
membranous  folds  are  visible  along  the  suture  during  repose.  The 
basal  margins  of  the  squamce,  or  hardened  scales,  are  in  contact 
M-hen  in  repose,  and  thus  form  the  continuation  of  the  suture 
of  the  elytra.      The  wings  are  frequently  abbreviated,  and  it  is 


INTEODTJCTIOX,  7 

common  to  find  wings  well  developed  or  abbreviated  in  one  and  the 
same  species  {Labia  spp.,  &c,).  In  addition  to  the  fan-like  radiating 
veins  mentioned  there  is  a  curved  transverse  vein,  the  radial  vein, 
which  runs  the  length  of  the  wing  and  remains  at  a  more  or  less 
constant  distance  from  tlie  axillary  or  anal  margin  of  the  wing. 

The  wings  are  exceedingly  delicate,  and  their  unfolding  is  a 
matter  of  great  difficulty.  In  fresh  or  highly  relaxed  specimens 
they  may  be  teased  open  with  a  line  pair  of  forceps  and  a  camel's- 
hair  brush  ;  a  glass  tube,  drawn  out  to  a  capillary  point,  is  useful 
to  blow  them  gently  out ;  but  considerable  practice  is  required 
before  they  can  be  expanded  without  tearing.  This  operation, 
however,  is  by  no  means  necessary,  as  the  wings  are  scarcely  ever 
referred  to  for  distinctive  characters,  and  there  appears  to  be  little 
diversity  in  the  venation. 

The  legs  offer  very  useful  characters.  The  femora  are  generally 
rather  compressed,  but  they  are  decidedly  thickened  in  Timomenvs. 
They  are  strongly  compressed  in  the  Pygidicranicke  and  furnished 
with  little  keels.  The  tihioi  are  gently  curved  as  a  rule  and 
compressed  ;  the  upper  margin  at  the  extreme  apex  is  flattened 
and  rather  hollowed;  in  Ex>/pnus,  Chelisoches  and  the  allied 
genera,  this  character  takes  the  form  of  a  well-marked  furrow  or 
sulcus,  which  extends  for  one-third  or  one-half  the  length  of  the 
tibia.  The  tarsi  ha\e  three  segments :  in  Apachyus  the  first 
segment  is  much  shorter  than  the  third,  but  as  a  rule  the  first 
segment  is  longer  than  the  other  two  united.  The  second 
segment  is  invariably  the  shortest ;  in  Lahia  it  is  very  minute  ; 
the  greatest  length  is  attained  in  the  Bracliylabina; ;  as  a  rule  it 
is  cylindrical,  like  the  other  segments  (Labidurido',  Labiidce,  &c.), 
but  in  the  Chclisoclunm  it  is  produced  into  a  long  narrow  lobe 
under  the  third  segment;  in  the  other  Forjiculidce  it  is  broadened 
and  dilated  into  a  heart-shaped  lobe.  The  third  segment  is 
usually  about  half  as  long  as  the  first,  and  generally  cyhndrical  ; 
it  is  rather  short  and  broad  in  the  Chelisocldnai.  The  tarsi  are 
depressed.  In  Diplatys  and  some  other  genera  there  is  a  indvUlus 
or  pad  between  the  claws  of  the  tarsi,  but  this  shrivels  up  so  much 
in  drying  that  it  it  is  not  of  great  value  as  a  character.  The 
third  segment  is  armed  with  a  pair  of  claws.  The  tarsi  are 
generally  strongly  pubescent  and  furnished  with  long  stiff'  bristles. 
The  legs  are  long  and  slender  in  the  Opisthocosmiinai  and  in  some 
genera  of  the  Chelisochina;,  but  as  a  rule  they  are  relatively  short. 
The  hinder  pair  are  always  longer  than  the  middle,  and  the  middle 
than  the  anterior  pair. 

The  abdomen  is  the  most  prominent  part  of  an  earwig.  It  is 
elongate,  and  in  bulk  equal  to  the  whole  of  the  rest  of  tlie  insect. 
In  Solenosoma  it  is  almost  perfectly  cylindrical ;  in  many  Opisilio- 
cosmiincB  it  is  spindle-shaped,  that  is,  thickest  in  the  middle,  but 
convex,  with  an  almost  circular  cross-section  ;  in  Diplatys  and 
Pygidicrana  it  is  also  convex,  but  narrowest  in  the  middle  (in  the 
male);    the  commonest   form  of  the  abdomen  is   more  or   less 


8  INTRODUCTIOIf. 

depressed,  with  a  transverse  elliptical  cross-section  ;  the  sides- 
may  be  parallel  (Labidwa,  Elaunon),  or  gently  dilated  about  the 
middle  {Anisolahis  and  certain  species  of  Forjicula) ;  in  the 
Apacliyklce  and  in  Platylabia  the  body  is  remarkably  depressed, 
being  as  flat  as  cardboard.  In  tlie  female  the  abdomen  almost  in- 
variably tapers  somewhat  towards  the  hinder  end.  There  are  in  all 
ten  segments ;  excluding  the  last,  there  are  nine,  but  in  the  female- 
only  seven  are  visible,  as  the  eighth  and  the  ninth  are  aborted  and 
reduced  to  mere  specks  of  chitin  which  can  only  be  detected  upon 
dissection. 

In  Forcijmla  the  sides  of  certain  segments  are  furnished  with 
ridges,  keels  or  long  spines  ;  in  certain  species  of  Psalince  the 
sides  of  the  segments  are  produced  posteriorly  to  a  more  or  less 
acute  angle  and  are  generally  striated  or  furrowed.  This  struc- 
ture affords  useful  specific  characters.  In  Eparchus  the  sides  of 
the  abdomen  are  studded  with  a  series  of  knobs  or  tubercles.  In  the 
Lahidtirince  the  posterior  margins  of  the  segments  are  milled.  All 
these  structures  are  almost  or  entirely  undeveloped  in  the  females. 
In  many  genera,  as  in  the  Forjiculidie,  the  Labiidce,  and  others,, 
the  second  and  third  abdominal  segments  have  at  the  sides 
tubercular  folds  in  the  integument,  which  are  stink-glands.  The 
segments  are  closely  imbricated  into  each  other  ;  when  the  abdomen 
is  distended,  the  membrane  holding  the  chitinous  plates  together 
may  be  seen  with  the  minute  perforation  of  the  tracheal  pores. 
The  texture  of  the  chitin  varies  from  smooth  to  granular.  The 
ventral  surface  is  flat,  and  generally  smoother  and  paler  than  the 
dorsal  surface. 

The  last  dorsal  plate,  or  sdcrite,  is  large  and  ample,  and  as  it 
presents  a  great  variety  of  form  and  of  armature  it  offers  valuable 
discriminative  characters ;  it  is  invariably  more  simple  and  almost 
always  narrower  in  the  female  than  in  the  male. 

The  ■penidtimate  ventral  sderite  is  very  large,  so  that  the  last 
ventral  sderite  is  almost  or  entirely  hidden ;  w  hen  disclosed  by 
the  removal  of  the  penultimate  it  is  shown  to  be  separated  into 
two  portions  by  a  median  fissure  so  as  to  permit  the  passage  of 
the  fseces  and  the  reproductive  cells.  The  outline  of  the  penulti- 
mate segment  is  usually  slightly  different  in  the  two  sexes  and 
offers  useful  generic  and  specific  characters. 

The  pygidium  is  a  chitinous  organ  existing  between  the  roots  of 
the  forceps  and  the  edges  of  the  apical  abdominal  segments ;  it  is 
sometimes  hidden,  but  is  as  frequently  protruded.  It  assumes 
a  great  variety  of  shapes  in  both  sexes,  thus  offering  very  useful 
specific  characters. 

In  the  Apadiyidce  the  last  abdominal  segment  is  produced 
without  any  apparent  suture  or  joint  into  a  depressed  lobe  termed 
the  anal  process  ;  as  it  appears  to  be  a  mere  extension  of  the  anal 
segment,  it  is  probably  not  homologous  with  the  pygidium,  which 
is  a  distinct  organ. 

The  forcejys  are  the  most  characteristic  organs  of  earwigs.  They 
consist  of  a  pair  of  more  or  less  elongate,   hard    unsegmented 


INTRODUCTION". 


chitmoiig  processes,  rooted  into  the  last  abdominal  segment,  which 
IS  enlarged  in  order  to  accommodate  the  powerful  muscles  whieli 
work  these  organs.  The  forceps  present  a  great  diversity  of 
form  :  they  may  be  remote  or  contiguous  at  the  base  ;  thev  may 
be  long  and  slender,  or  stout  and  conical ;  they  may  have  a  round 
or  a  trigonal  cross-section ;  they  are  invariably  more  or  less 
attenuate  towards  the  apex  and  almost  always  slightly  hooked  at 
the  points  themselves  ;  they  may  be  strongly  depressed  and  dilated 
near  the  base  (Forficuln),  or  slender  and  almost  cylindrical 
(Kos77ietor),  or  conical  (Fsalis),  very  elongate  (EudoJirnia),  arcuate 
{Pterygida),  asymmetrically  bowed  (Anisolabis,  BoreUia),  undulate 
m  a  vertical  plane  {Anechum,  AUodaJiIia),  armed  with  diversified 
teeth  {E2X(n'hits)-  in  both  sexes  of  Apachyus  they  are  curved, 
siclde-shaped_  hooks.  In  the  female  they  are  almost  invariably 
simpler  than  in  the  male,  being  as  a  rule  straight  and  unarmed'; 
but  in  certain  species  of  the  CheUsocJihue  the  female  has  forceps  as 
highly  organized  as  those  of  the  male,  though  very  different  from 
them,  so  that  they  have  sometimes  been  described  as  male  specimens. 

As  a  rule  a  given  type  of  forceps  will  be  found  to  characterize 
a  group  of  species,  a  genus,  or  a  group  of  genera,  but  it  is  far  from 
rare  to  find  very  different  forceps  in  closely  allied  species.  The 
forceps  vary  in  different  degrees  within  certain  limits,  aud  a  very 
slight  actual  difference  will  often  alter  the  superficial  appearance 
of  a  specimen  to  a  remarkable  extent.  Care  must  be  taken  in 
drawing  deductions  from  the  form  of  the  forceps  ;  the  remarks 
upon  these  organs  under  the  heading  "Variation"  should  be 
studied.  The  development  of  the  forceps  presents  phenomena  of 
great  interest  which  throw  light  upon  the  phylogeny  of  the 
Dermaptera;  these  are  referred  to  in  the  article  upon  the 
development  of  Dijilat'/s. 

The  forceps  are  subject  to  malformations  due  to  wounds  and 
mutilations,  and  also  to  deficient  nourishment.  It  is  common 
to  find  a  male  earwig  in  which  one  branch  of  the  forceps  is 
formed  as  in  the  female  ;  such  cases  are  frequently  recorded  as 
hermaphrodites,  but  whenever  the  full  complement  of  nine  seg- 
ments occurs  together  with  one  male  branch,  it  is  more  probable 
that  these  are  not  gynandromorphic  specimens,  but  merely  that 
one  branch  has  been  unable  to  attain  full  development.  Since 
the  specialization  (armature  &c.)  of  the  forceps  is  purely  a  sexual 
character,  it  is  probable  that  the  simple  forceps  of  the  female 
represent  the  more  primitive  form,  to  which  there  would  be  a 
natural  tendency  to  revert. 

Cases  undoubtedly  due  to  traumatism  are  shown  where  an 
immature  specimen  has  one  branch  of  the  forceps  pronged :  this 
is  evidently  caused  by  an  attempt  at  reproduction  of  lost  parts 
caused  by  an  injury  to  the  immature  forceps.  Cases  where  the 
forceps  have  the  full  complement  of  teeth  but  are  misshapen  or 
distorted  are  probably  caused  by  an  injury  received  when  the 
insect  has  freshly  emerged  from  the  nymphal  skin  and  is  conse- 
quently soft  and  tendei-. 


10  INTEODUCTION. 


Determination  of  Species. 

In  attempting  to  determine  the  species  of  an  earwig,  until 
experience  has  taught  the  distinction  of  the  leading  groups,  the 
Table  of  Families  on  p,  31  should  first  be  consulted.  The  species 
of  the  ApacJiyidie  are  so  distinctive  and  so  few  in  number,  that 
thej  can  be  recognized  almost  at  a  glance.  If  the  specimen  is  not 
one  of  the  Apacliyida'.,  the  femora  should  be  examined  ;  if  these 
are  compressed  and  have  one  or  two  little  ridges  running  down 
them,  the  specimen  is  one  of  the  Pyg idler ani dee.  The  appearance 
of  the  two  subfamilies  of  this  group  are  quite  distinctive.  Each 
subfamily  has  its  own  strong  family  likeness,  but  although  it  is 
easy  to  recognize  a  member  of  the  Dlplatyince  or  Pyr/idicranince  at 
a  glance,  it  is  usually  a  matter  of  some  difficulty  to  determine  the 
species.  If  the  femora  are  smooth,  the  tarsi  should  be  examined; 
if  the  small  second  segment  has  any  lobe  or  dilation,  the  specimen 
is  one  of  the  Forficulidce,  and  if  not,  it  must  be  referred  to  the 
Labidurimc  or  to  the  Lahiida;.  In  the  fox'mer  family,  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  last  segment  is  folded  downward  between  the  base 
of  the  forceps  and  so  presents  a  vertical  face,  which  sometimes  is 
separated  from  the  dorsal  horizontal  face  by  an  angle,  but  the 
passage  is  often  gradual.  In  the  Lahiidiv,  this  does  not  occur, 
there  being  an  opening  between  the  roots  of  the  forceps  and  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  plates  of  the  end  of  the  abdomen,  and  in  this 
space  there  may  often  be  seen  the  chitinous  organ  of  diversified 
shape  termed  the  i^ygldium.  It  is  worth  while  giving  an 
imaginary  example  of  these  synoptical  tables. 

The  examination  of  our  undetermined  earwig  perhaps  shows  a 
small  lobe  on  the  second  segment  of  the  tarsi ;  we  accordingly 
turn  to  the  Table  of  the  Subfamilies  of  the  Forjtculido}  on  p.  129. 
We  again  examine  the  second  tarsal  segment  and  observe  that  it 
is  broadened  out  on  each  side,  thus  assuming  a  heart-shaped  out- 
line ;  this  precludes  the  ChelisocMno'.  Next,  turning  the  speci- 
men over  and  examining  the  sternal  plates,  we  find  that  these 
are  not  decidedly  broader  than  they  are  long,  which  precludes 
the  Anechuriiue.  The  body  is  rather  depressed — somewhat 
widened  about  the  middle  ;  a  cross-section  would  not  be  circular, 
but  would  show  a  depressed  transverse  ellipse.  Therefore  it  must 
be  referable  to  the  Forficulince,  and  we  turn  to  the  Table  of  Genera 
on  p.  162. 

The  shape  of  the  forceps,  which  are  very  broad  and  flat  near  the 
base,  but  become  suddenly  elongate,  arcuate  and  slender,  show 
that  it  is  a  Forficula,  and  we  turn  to  the  Table  of  Species  on  p.  165 
"We  see  that  the  pronotum  is  not  very  decidedly  transverse,  so 
this  precludes  the  first  four  species.  Neither  is  it  crescent-shaped, 
and  this  precludes  the  next  two.  As  the  dilation  of  the  forceps  is 
not  confined  to  the  extreme  base,  but  extends  about  a  quarter  or 
a  third  of  the  length  of  these  organs,  it  cannot  be  F.  ambigna. 
The  elytra  and  wings  are  not  spotted,  so  it  cannot  be  F.  lucasi. 


INTKODrCTION. 


11 


The  pronotum  is  not  much  longer  than  broad,  and  does  not  extend 
very  far  over  the  base  of  the  elytra,  so  it  cannot  be  F.  celeris.  The 
sides  of  the  abdomen  are  not  parallel,  thus  excluding  F.  interrogans, 
but  are  decidedly  widened  about  the  middle.  Our  specimen  is 
therefore  Forflcula  2i^(t.^^icoUis,  Kirby,  and  we  verify  this  by  a 
careful  comparison  of  the  detailed  description,  remarks  and  figures 
on  p.  174. 

Bevelojoment. 

The  post-embryonic  development  of  Dlplatys  has  been  worked 
out  by  Green  for  the  two  Singhalese  species,  D.  gerstcecheri,  Dohrn, 
and  I),  r/reeni,  Burr. 

The  young  larva  has  a  general  resemblance  to  the  imago,  but 
there  are  of  course  no  signs  of  any  organs  of  flight  in  the  earlier 
stages.  The  second  tarsal  segment  is  fused  with  the  first,  there 
is  no  pulvillus  between  the  claws,  and  the  lateral  abdominal 
glandular  folds  are  not  developed  until  later.  But  the  most 
remarkable  characteristic  of  the  larva  lies  in  the  fact  that  instead 
of  forceps,  the  apex  of  the  abdomen  is  furnished  with  long 
segmented  cerci  or  filaments.  The  number  of  segments  in  these 
cerci  varies  in  the  different  species,  and  also  in  different  indi- 
viduals of  the  same  species,  this  being  probably  due  to  their 
fragihty. 

The  following  series  of  measurements  of  B.  gerstcecleri  is  given 
by  Green : — 


No. 

Length  of 
hody. 

Length  oj 
cerci. 

No.  of  segments  in  cerci. 

1  .. 

. .  2-5  mm. 

2 "5  mm. 

14 

o 
3  .. 

..  3 
..  4-5 

6 

10 

27  with  incomplete  divisions 
where  fresh  joints  are 
forming. 

43 

4  .. 

..  6-5 

incomplete 

(apparently  injured) 

5  .. 

..  7-75 

13-5 

45 

6  .. 

..  9 

1 

1 

This  table  brings  out  the  remarkable  development  of  the  cerci. 

In  the  penultimate  instar  these  are  abruptly  curtailed  to  a 
single  segment,  which  retains,  however,  its  original  character,  and 
the  extremities  look  as  though  they  were  bitten  off.  The  two  cerci 
are  not  necessarily  curtailed  simultaneously.  The  future  forceps 
can  be  seen  by  transmitted  light,  showing  through  the  sheath  thus 
formed  by  this  basal  segment,  which  is  always  much  longer  than 


12  INTRODUCTION'. 

any  of  the  other  segments.  In  D.  greeni,  Burr,  the  cerci  are 
shorter,  the  increase  in  the  number  of  segments  is  more  gradual, 
and  the  maximum  number  attained  appears  to  be  18  or  20. 

Green  was  unable  to  count  the  exact  number  of  ecdyses,  but 
observed  four  successive  moults,  the  last  revealing  the  perfect 
insect.  Each  instar  occupies  about  10  days.  In  ecdysis,  the  skin 
splits  along  the  median  dorsal  line  of  the  thorax  and  is  shed 
completely,  even  including  the  covering  of  the  delicate  caudal 
appendages.  The  penultimate  instar,  or  nymph,  may  be  recognized 
by  the  truncated  cerci  and  also  by  the  appearance  of  the 
radiating  pattern  on  the  metathorax,  showing  in  miniature 
the  future  wing  of  the  imago.  The  lateral  glandular  folds  of  the 
abdomen  appear  when  the  larva  is  about  half  grown. 

A  curious  ])oint  was  also  noticed  by  Green.  In  the  penultimate 
stage  the  anterior  femora  were  broad  and  armed  on  the  inner  edge 
with  a  row  of  spines,  which  gave  them  a  distinctly  raptorial 
appearance  :  but  he  never  saw  them  used  for  any  purpose  other 
than  locomotion. 

The  segmented  caudal  cerci  have  been  recorded,  but  not 
described,  in  some  unknown  African  species  {vide  Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Washington,  iv,  nr.  2,  p.  53,  1898). 

Terry  (05)  has  described  the  egg  and  post-embryonic  develop- 
ment of  CheJisoclies  morio.  There  appear  to  be  four  larval  instars 
before  the  adult  imago.  Terry's  observations  on  the  manner  of 
increase  of  the  antennal  segments  ai-e  very  interesting.  It  appears 
that  the  larva  has  at  first  only  8  segments  ;  at  the  first  ecdysis  the 
third  segment  is  divided  into  four  additional  segments ;  at  the 
second  ecdysis,  the  third  segment  gives  rise  to  four  more;  at  the 
third,  to  three  more ;  at  the  fourth,  to  one  more,  so  that  the  normal 
total  of  20  is  thus  attained. 

Terry  failed  to  discover  any  trace  of  segmentation  in  the 
forceps  of  the  embryo  in  ovo  :  this  is  interesting  when  compared 
with  Green's  observations  on  Diplatys. 


Copulation. 

De  Geer's  description  of  the  family  life  of  the  common  English 
earwig  is  generally  known.  According  to  this  observer,  the  act 
of  copulation  is  effected  by  the  male  approaching  the  female 
backwards,  tapping  her  with  his  forceps,  and  then  effecting  the 
connection  tail  to  tail,  the  pair  being  thus  arranged  in  a  straight 
line.  Gadeau  de  Kerville  has  noticed  and  described  the  same 
thing,  and  insists  that,  though  the  male  seems  to  try  to  catch 
hold  of  the  female  with  his  forceps,  this  organ  does  not  appear  to 
be  of  any  use  either  before  or  during  the  act.  The  male  is 
obliged  to  twist  the  apex  of  his  abdomen  so  that  the  ventral 
plates  face  upwards  in  contact  with  the  ventral  plates  of  the 
female,  and  this  torsion  sometimes  goes  so  far  as  to  involve  the 


IWTEODUCTIOIT.  13 

"head.  The  connection  appears  to  last  several  hours,  as  observed 
in  captivity. 

In  another  species,  F.  lesnei,  Finot,  not  uncommon  in  West 
Central  Europe,  Lesne  observed  a  pair  in  coitu  while  hanging  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  cork  of  a  tube  :  in  this  case,  the  ventral 
surfaces  of  the  two  individuals  were  juxtaposed. 

In  Chelklura  aptera,  Charp.,  a  European  Alpine  species,  de 
Bormans  observed  that  the  male  applied  the  underside  of  his 
forceps  to  the  ventral  surface  of  the  female.  This  ])osition 
involves  the  torsion  of  the  abdomen  of  the  male  as  Gadeau  de 
Kerville  observed.  Xambeu  noted  the  same  thing  in  an  allied 
species,  Ch.  2^yi'enaica,  Gene.  Bennett  observed  the  same  fact  in 
Anisolahis  maritima  in  New  York,  and  Gadeau  de  Kerville  noticed 
it  in  Anisolahis  mauritanica,  Luc.  The  copulation  of  Labidura 
riparia,  Pallas,  as  observed  by  Sopp,  is  effected  in  the  same  way. 
The  copulation  of  Dlplatjis  r/reeni  is  described  as  follows  by 
Green : — "  On  Oct.  27, 1897,  a  pair  of  this  new  species,  reared  up 
in  captivity,  were  found  in  coitu.  The  abdomen  of  tlie  male  was 
twisted  round  and  the  extremity  was  closely  applied  to  the  under 
surface  of  the  pygidium  [?  penultimate  ventral  plate]  of  the 
female." 


Ouijposition, 

In  Ceylon,  Green  observed  Diplatys  greeni  in  coitu  on  Oct.  27th  : 
the  first  eggs  were  deposited  on  Nov.  4th,  that  is  only  a  weelv  later, 
and  other  eggs  were  added  at  intervals,  during  the  following 
week,  until  a  total  of  twenty-five  had  been  laid.  They  were 
scattered  singly  over  the  exposed  surface  of  the  moss-covered  bark, 
which  had  been  provided  as  a  shelter  for  the  insect,  adhering 
slightly  to  their  support.  Towards  the  end  of  the  egg-laying 
period,  a  few  were  deposited  in  irregular  clusters  and  unattached 
to  the  moss. 

In  Sweden,  de  Geer  found  the  newly  hatched  larvae  at  the 
beginning  of  June,  and  the  writer  has  found  them  in  the  south  of 
England  in  April.  De  Geer  also  found  a  female  (F.  auricularia) 
with  her  eggs  under  stones  in  April.  Tascheuberg  found  the  ova 
in  Europe  on  February  19th  after  an  exceptionally  mild  winter,  and 
the  larvae  emerged  on  March  7th.  Camerano  found  the  ova  in 
Southern  Europe  as  early  as  January  24fch,  and  the  larvae  emerged 
on  30th  Januaiy-  With  regard  to  the  period  between  fertilization 
and  oviposition,  the  same  author  records  a  female,  which  he  had 
taken  during  the  winter,  laying  eggs  on  10th  March  ;  and  in 
temperate  latitudes  it  is  probable  that  this  period  is  generally  a 
good  deal  longer  than  in  warm  countries.  Riihl  records  the 
emergence  of  young  larvae  from  ova  which  had  been  26  days  in  his 
possession. 

With  regard  to  Ghelidura  pijrc^iaicn,  Gene,  in  the  Pyrenees, 
Xambeu    records    that    copulation    occurs     in    April    or    May, 


14 


INTEODUOTIOJJ". 


according  to  the  altitude  (this  species  ranges  from  4000  to 
8000  ft.).  The  larvse  hatch  out  about  three  weeks  after  oviposition, 
in  mild  weather.  In  New  York,  Bennett  observed  that  Anisolabis 
maritima  generally  lays  its  eggs  in  the  warm  days  of  July  and 
August,  and  a  few  after  the  middle  of  September. 


Ova. 

The  ova  are  elliptical  in  shape.  Those  of  Forficula  auricularia 
are  white,  smooth  and  oval  (de  Geer).  They  are  described  as 
yellowish  by  Taschenberg  and  Eiihl ;  Camerauo  found  them 
regularly  piled  in  little  heaps.  The  eggs  of  CheUdnra  pyrenaica 
are  described  by  Xambeu  as  being  1"3  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  in 
diameter,  ovoid  in  shape,  yellowish,  smooth  and  shining,  imper- 
ceptibly punctuated,  with  rounded  poles  and  a  resisting  shell. 
The  eggs  of  Anisolabis  maritima  are  described  by  Xambeu  as  ellip- 
soid, white,  and  surrounded  by  a  shiuing  translucent  shell ;  they 
are  about  2  mm.  long.  A  few  days  after  oviposition  the  embryo 
is  visible  inside  the  egg-shell,  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  the 
side  of  the  egg  bulges  somewhat.  At  the  end  of  17  days  the  larva 
emerges,  but  this  period  varies  with  the  condition  of  warmth  and 
moisture. 

The  egg  of  Diplati/s  greeni  is  regularly  elliptical,  pale,  pinkish 
yellow,  and  shining  ;  0-8  mm.  long  and  0"5  mm.  broad.  Those  of 
Anisolabis  mauritanica,  Luc,  are  of  a  faint  yellowish  white,  sub- 
spherical,  from  1  to  1*2  mm.  long ;  the  shell  is  smooth,  thin  and 
transparent.  Heymons  describes  the  ova  of  Anisolabis  littoi'ea, 
White,  as  3  mm.  long.     The  number  of  eggs  laid  varies  : — 


No.  of  eggs. 
25 


90 


Species. 
Bx-platys  greeni  (captivity)      .... 

Anisolahis  maritima  (free) 

(captivity)  . . 

(One  female  laid  four  times  in  a  summer.) 

Anecliura  bipunctata  (captivity)  .  .  18-25 

CJielidiira  pyrenaica  (free) 40-45 

Forjlcula  auricularia  (free)     ....  12-22 


Observer. 
G-reen. 

Bennett. 


Euhl. 

Xambeu. 

Eiihl. 


Habits. 

Earwigs    may    be    found    almost  everywhere  out    of    doors. 
Generally  they  shun  daylight,  and  many  species  may  be  found 


INTRODUCTION.  15' 

under  stones,  crawling  in  shallow  galleries  or  chinks.  Green 
noticed  a  curious  habit  in  Diplatys ;  on  lifting  a  stone,  this 
creature  is  usually  found  back  downwards,  clinging  to  the  stone 
itself.  Other  earwigs  are  generally  found  resting  on  the  ground 
beneath  the  stone.  Apterous,  alpine  forms  are  generally  found 
under  stones,  or  under  dead  leaves,  bark  of  trees  or  other  rubbish. 
They  occur  up  to  an  elevation  of  8000  ft.  in  the  Alps.  In  the 
Himalayas,  ear\vigs  are  common  up  to  a  considerable  elevation, 
but  information  as  to  the  limits  of  their  vertical  distribution  is 
lacking. 

Although  nocturnal  in  habits,  earwigs,  like  moths,  are  attracted 
to  light,  and  Mr.  Green  has  taken  a  good  number  of  species  in  his 
bungalow  in  this  manner. 

No  earwigs  are  truly  aquatic,  but  species  of  Forci^mla  are  known 
to  frequent  moist  places.  Dr.  Annandale  found  F.  decoJyi  at 
Kurseoug,  under  stones  at  the  edges  of  mountain  streams,  prac- 
tically in  the  water.  When  forced  towards  the  stream,  they  swam 
rapidly  on  the  surface,  but  they  did  not  enter  the  water  of  their 
own  accord.  Dr.  Annandale,  referring  to  Lahidura  rij^ciria,  Pall., 
yar.  inermis,  Br.,  writes  as  follows': — 

"  By  far  the  commonest  species  in  Calcutta.  They  lie  in 
crevices  such  as  those  in  the  bark  of  trees,  and  when  a  small  cock- 
roach or  other  suitable  insect  passes  them,  the  abdomen  is  rapidly 
shot  out  sideways  and  the  forceps  seize  the  insect  by  means  of  a 
sudden  twist.  The  prey  is  transferred  to  the  mouth,  sometimes 
being  held  also  by  the  forceps  ;  but  should  the  earwig  be  disturbed, 
it  runs  away  carrying  the  prey  in  the  latter.  If  one  individual 
comes  upon  another  which  is  feeding,  the  former  often  attempts 
to  steal  the  food.  The  rightful  owner  then  threatens  the  other  by 
directing  its  forceps  towards  the  aggressor  over  its  back ;  but  I 
have  never  seen  one  earwig  nip  another,  nor  have  I  been  able  to 
induce  one  to  nip  my  finger." 

Of  an  allied  species,  L.  lividipes,  Dr.  Annandale  writes  the 
following  note  ^ : — 

"  These  little  earwigs  frequently  come  to  light  singly  or  in 
small  numbers  during  the  hot  \Aeather  and  the  rains,  and  speci- 
mens can  generally  be  taken  round  the  arc  lamps  in  the  public 
gardens  in  Calcutta  at  this  time  of  the  year,  the  two  forms 
occurring  together.  Large  numbers  were  noted  round  an  oil  lamp 
in  the  Museum  compound  on  the  evening  of  June  IGth,  after  a 
wet  and  stormy  day,  the  first  of  the  monsoon.  Several  persons 
have  told  me  that  they  saw  enormous  numbers  of  small  earwigs 
round  their  lamps  on  the  same  evening  in  dilierent  parts  of 
Calcutta.  On  the  pi*eceding  and  following  evenings  only  a  few 
individuals  were  seen." 


'  Burr,  (06)  p.  388. 

2  Annandale,  (06)  p.  391. 


16  INTBODIJCTION. 

"  I  have  often  watched  earwigs  of  this  species  expanding  and 
folding  away  their  wings.  The  wings  are  generally  expanded  by  a 
I'apid  movement  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  body,  suggesting 
a  shrug  of  the  shoulders  ;  but  sometimes  a  hitch  occurs,  and  this 
movement  is  insutficient  to  stretch  out  both  wings  properly.  The 
abdomen  is  then  bent  upwards  and  forwards,  and  the  forceps  are 
used  to  unfold  the  delicate  membrane.  They  do  not  seize  this 
membrane,  however,  but  are  closed  together  during  the  operation 
and  are  used  as  a  lever  or  smoothing  organ.  In  a  similar  manner 
they  are  often  employed  to  push  the  wing  into  its  place  beneath 
the  elytra,  although  movements  of  the  thorax  play  an  important 
part  in  this  process  also." 

Terry  never  saw  C'helisocJies  morio  use  its  forceps  in  this  manner. 
He  writes  (05) : — 

"  The  adults  will  readily  take  to  flight,  the  unfolding  of  the  wings 
being  a  very  rapid  process  and  quite  independent  of  the  forceps, 
the  writer  never  having  seen  them  used  either  to  assist  in  the 
folding  or  unfolding  process." 

The  flattened  forms,  as  Apachyus,  probably  live  under  bark.  An 
African  species  of  this  genus  was  observed  by  Dr.  Creightou 
Wellman,  at  Benguella,  to  live  under  the  bark  of  dead  trees,  and 
to  come  out  of  wood  when  placed  on  the  fire.  In  Burma,  Fea 
found  A.fece  under  bark,  as  well  as  various  species  of  Chelisoches, 
and  some  species  of  Labia.  The  flattened  genera  Sparatia  (which 
is  not  yet  known  to  occur  in  India)  and  Platylahia  .  probably 
resemble  Apachijus  in  their  habits.  Fea  found  Metisolabis  caudelli 
and  various  species  of  Opistliocosmiince  under  dried  leaves,  vege- 
table rubbish,  and  over-ripe  fruit.  Pygidicrana  picta  is  found 
commonly  among  dead  leaves  at  the  base  of  trees  near  Calcutta 
(Annandale),  and  P.  cuminr/i  and  P.  nietneri  are  found  in  Ceylon, 
under  stones,  loose  bark,  etc.,  and  often  come  into  buildings 
(Green).  Labia  mucronata  was  found  by  Green  in  decaying 
pods  of  cocoa  and  of  Poincaiiia,  and  in  the  crevices  of  the  bark  of 
cocoa  trees.  Forficula  greeni  is  often  taken  in  bungalows  in  Ceylon, 
and  one  was  found  by  Green  in  an  empty  gall  on  Antidesma,  one 
of  the  EiiplwrbiacecB.  Cordax  ceyloaiciis  is  attracted  to  light 
(Green),  and  also  Proreiis  simuluns  (Annandale).  In  Europe 
earwigs  do  not,  as  a  rule,  use  their  wings  readily,  except  Labia 
minor,  but  in  the  tropics  crowds  of  them  come  flying  to  light  (de 
Bormans). 

The  common  European  Forficula  auricularia,  Linn.,  has  been 
recorded  by  Collinge  (08)  to  fly  into  houses  through  the  windows 
in  England  in  considerable  numbers  on  dark  sultry  evenings  in 
June  and  July  between  9.30  and  10.30  p.m. ;  in  three  consecutive 
evenings,  as  many  as  26  specimens  flew  in  ;  it  is  noteworthy  that 
they  avoided  the  gas,  and  also  that  they  were  all  males.  The  same 
author  notes  two  occasions  on  which  they  were  seen  to  fly  in  broad 
daylight. 

Theobald  (96)  has  noticed  that  in  Kent  they  devour  the  young 
foliage  of  hops  and  sometimes  do  considerable  damage  ;  he  writes  : 


INTKODUCTION.  17 

"  It  seems  the  adults  take  readily  to  their  wing  on  certain  nights,, 
especially  when  the  moon  is  bright.  Numbers  later  in  the  year 
used  to  fly  into  my  house  of  a  night,  attracted  by  the  lights." 

The  tubercular  folds  in  the  integument  at  the  sides  of  the  abdo- 
men appear  to  be  stink-glands,  but  little  evidence  is  forthcoming 
on  this  point.  Green  found  that  Elaunon  hipartitus,  Kirby,  when 
handled,  gave  off  a  pungent  odour,  like  that  of  the  Bombardier- 
Beetle. 

The  forceps,  which  assume  such  a  variety  of  remarkable  shapes, 
especially  in  the  male,  are  useful  weapons  of  offence  and  defence. 
We  have  seen  (p.  15)  how  Lahidura  riparia  uses  them  to 
seize  its  prey.  Of  Diplatijs,  Green  writes: — "When  food  is? 
offered  to  an  adult  Dyscritma  [^Diplatys]  it  usually  goes  through 
a  curious  performance  to  test  its  suitability.  It  takes  up  its 
position  to  one  side  of  and  slightly  in  advance  of  the  object ;  then 
bending  its  abdomen  round  to  one  side,  it  gives  it  a  sharp  nip  with 
its  forceps  and  retires  quickly  to  note  results.  If  the  proffered 
object  does  not  resent  this  treatment,  it  is  then  considered  safe 
and  fit  for  food  :  but  if  the  victim  makes  any  movement,  Di/scritina 
immediately  retires  beneath  its  shelter." 

A  number  of  interesting  notes  on  the  function  of  the  forceps  of 
earwigs  have  been  collected  by  Gadeau  de  Kerville  (05),  who  shows 
that  they  are  used  as  a  weapon  of  offence  and  defence,  but  never 
during  the  act  of  copulation.  Also,  the  insects  do,  occasionally, 
at  all  events,  use  them  as  a  help  to  fold  and  unfold  their  delicate 
wings  and  to  lift  their  elytra.  Even  Forjicula  auricularia  was 
observed  to  do  this  by  Paul  Noel,  and  the  same  thing  has  been 
observed  in  an  unnamed  species  by  Morris. 

With  reference  to  their  use  as  a  weapon,  the  author  was 
startled  by  a  nip  of  a  female  Lahidura  riparia,  which  made  him  drop 
the  creature,  and  though  the  forceps  did  not  pierce  the  tough  skin  of 
the  human  thumb,  it  would  have  been  a  formidable  adventure  to  an 
insect  of  its  own  size.  Gadeau  de  Kerville  was  nipped  by  F.  auri- 
cidaria  so  strongly  that  blood  was  drawn,  and  Commander- 
J.  J.  Walker  had  the  same  experience  in  New  South  Wales,  from 
the  largest  known  earwig,  Anisolabis  colossea.  Baer  (04)  has 
recorded  that  tlie  relatively  weak  A'ptenjr/ida  linearis,  Esch.,  in 
the  Argentine  Eepublic,  is  capable  of  raising  a  local  inflammation 
by  its  nip,  though  the  irritation  was  perhaps  caused  by  septic 
matter  present  on  the  forceps,  for  no  traces  of  poison  glands  are 
known.  The  author  introduced  a  large  bluebottle  into  a  small 
glass-topped  box  with  a  male  Lahidura  riparia.  The  earwig  by 
a  lightning-like  movement,  instantly  transfixed  the  fly  on  one 
limb  of  its  forceps,  and  carried  it  about  thus  spiked  for  several 
hours  before  devouring  it. 

Food. 

Earwigs  are  probably  omnivorous,  though  chiefly  carnivorous. 
Green  was  unable  to  determine  the  natural  food  of  Biplatys,  but 

c 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

he  is  probably  correct  in  supposing  that  it  consists  of  soft  bodied 
insects.  In  captivity,  his  larvae  and  imagines  fed  sparingly  on 
the  dead  bodies  of  small  spiders  and  flies  and  other  minute 
insects,  showing  a  preference,  however,  for  certain  species.  They 
did  not  relish  Lepidoptera  or  mosquitos,  though  they  would 
devour  the  bodies  of  the  latter  if  hungry.  Bread,  raw  meat,  petals 
of  flowers,  fruit,  and  minute  fungi  were  offered  and  refused. 

The  writer  has  fed  Labidura  riparia  on  bluebottles  ;  these  they 
suck  dry  and  leave  the  empty  skin.  Xambeu  tells  us  that  Chelidura 
pyrenaica  is  a  veritable  glutton.  Tender  vegetables,  fruit,  worms, 
larvae,  all  are  greedily  eaten  ;  hut  they  have  pronounced  carni\orous 
tastes. 

Many  species  are  found  in  swarms  on  stinging  nettles,  but  it  is 
probable  that  they  are  less  attracted  by  the  nettles  themselves 
than  by  the  numbers  of  minute  insects  to  which  these  plants  offer 
a  home. 

Terry  records  of  ChelisocJies  morio,  Fabr.,  in  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  that  its  habit  of  eating  the  leaf-hoppers  has  been  ob- 
served by  several  people.  Young  hoppers  are  seized  and  devoured 
without  the  aid  of  the  forceps,  but  these  organs  frequently  assist 
inholding  an  adult  hopper  whilst  it  is  eaten  at  leisure.  An  ex- 
amination of  numerous  crops  invariably  revealed  only  insect 
remains,  often  entirely  leaf-hopper.  Those  bred  in  captivity  showed 
during  all  iustars  a  marked  preference  for  insect  diet. 

Maternal  Cava. 

The  oft-quoted  observations  of  de  Gear  on  the  solicitude  of  the 
mother  earwig  for  her  ova  and  young  larvae  are  worthy  of 
reproduction : — 

"  At  the  commencement  of  the  month  of  June,  (says  he)  I  found 
under  a  stone  a  female  earwig  accompanied  by  several  small  insects 
which  I  easily  recognized  as  its  young.  They  grouped  round  the 
mother  and  did  not  leave  her,  and  even  placed  themselves  under 
her  stomach  like  little  chicks  under  the  hen.  The  insects  of  this 
genus  have  then,  in  a  kind  of  manner,  care  for  their  young,  even 
after  their  birth  :  and  they  seem  to  wish  to  protect  them  by 
^remaining  near  them. 

"  The  young  resemble  their  mother  in  figure,  except  in  one  or 

two  of  their  parts I  placed  them  in  a  sand-box  where  I 

had  put  a  little  fresh  earth.  They  did  not  enter  the  earth,  and  it 
was  curious  to  see  how  they  ran  under  the  stomach  and  between  the 
legs  of  the  mother,  who  remained  very  quiet  and  allowed  them  to 
do  it :  she  seemed  to  cover  them  like  a  hen  does  her  little  chicks,  and 
they  remained  often  in  this  position  for  hours 

"  Another  time,  at  the  commencement  of  April  1759,  I  found 
some  female  earwigs  under  some  stones,  together  with  a  pile 
of  eggs  on  wliich  the  mother  was  seated  and  of  which  she  took 
the  greatest  care  imaginable  without  ever  moving  a  step  away, 
and  this  M.  Frisch  has  already  observed  before  me.     I  took  it 


INTRODUCTION.  1 9 

•with  its  eggs  and  placed  it  in  a  sand-box  half  filled  with  fresh 
€arth,  in  such  a  fashion  that  the  eggs  were  scattered  here  and 
there :  but  soon  the  mother  took  the  eggs  one  after  the  other 
between  her  jaws  and  transported  them.  After  several  days  I 
noticed  she  had  got  them  all  together  in  a  like  place  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth  which  she  found  in  a  sand-box,  and  there  she  re- 
mained constantly  seated  on  them  in  such  a  manner  that  she 
seemed  to  cover  them." 

This  interesting  observation  has  been  confirmed  by  a  number 
of  writers,  including  Kirby  and  Spence,  Taschenberg,  Camerano, 
and  Fritz  itiihl.  Lesne  found  a  mother  sitting  on  her  eggs  near 
Las  Palmas  (Grand  Canary),  and  Xambeu's  remarks  on  the  same 
habit  in  Chelklura pyrenaica  are  worth  quoting^: — 

"As  soon  as  the  female  is  fertilized,  she  digs  at  the  end  of  the 
gallery  a  small  excavation  in  which  she  places  her  eggs  one  by 
one  to  the  number  of  40  or  45,  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  a 
small  bundle  of  them,  upon  which  she  soon  places  herself  in  much 
the  same  way  as  a  hen  sits  on  her  eggs.  It  is  with  a  solicitude 
without  equal — an  unexampled  attachment — that  she  devotes 
herself  to  this  maternal  task  (a  rare  case  in  the  entomological 
world),  and  this  continues  up  to  the  time  of  hatching.  If  during 
the  course  of  sitting,  anything  disturbs  or  exposes  her  eggs — in 
raising  the  stone  which  shelters  them — she  takes  them  with  lier 
mandibles  and  conceals  them  in  the  soil  at  tlie  bottom  of  her  gallery. 

"  During  the  first  days  which  follow  the  hatching,  the  young 
Caelidura  are  watched  by  their  mother  and  led,  like  a  hen  leads 
her  chicks,  towards  the  places  where  they  will  find  the  means  of 
satisfying  their  great  appetites.  Tender  vegetables,  fruits,  worms, 
larvae,  in  fact  anything  is  good  enough  for  these  gluttons  who  are 
insatiable.  As  soon  as  their  bodies  are  fortified,  and  their  in- 
tegument has  acquired  a  certain  stability,  the  mother  ceases  her 
care  and  abandons  them  to  themselves.  They  tlien  disperse,  each 
taking  a  different  direction,  and  this  scattering  has  become  very 
necessary,  as,  owing  to  their  very  pronounced  carnivorous  tastes, 
they  would  injure  and  devour  one  another,  which  it  is  necessary 
to  avoid  for  the  preservation  of  the  species." 

Green's  ova  of  Dlplatys  greeni  were  watched  by  the  parent  who 
remained  constantly  near  her  eggs,  visiting  each  in  turn,  and 
mouthing  them  in  a  peculiar  manner,  as  if  to  keep  them  clean. 

Geofjraj^ >h ical  D istr ih ution. 

Although  the  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  Dermapterous  fauna 
of  India  is  still  meagre,  some  generalization  may  be  permitted. 

As  would  be  expected,  we  find  in  the  Himalayas  marked  Palae- 
arctic  aflSnities  :  for  instance,  the  essentially  Eurasian  genus 
Anechura  is  represented  by  two  species,  both  occurring  in  Kashmir  ; 
one   of   these,  A.    calciatii,   is     probably    peculiar ;    the    other, 

'  (1903)  p.  143. 

c2 


20  INTRODUCTION. 

A.  zuhovsl-ii,  is  a  local  form  of  the  common  European  Alpine- 
A.  hipxmctata,  which  passes  iuto  A.  asiatica  in  the  mountains  of 
Central  Asia.  Allied  to  Aneclmra  is  Allodalilia  which  has  its 
headquarters  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  India,  whence  it  has 
spread  through  Burma  into  the  Malayan  Archipelago ;  thus  of 
the  four  known  species,  A.  ahrimanes  is  prohably  confined  to  the 
Eastern  Himalayas,  A.  viacrojjijfja  and  A.  coriacea  extend  to  the 
uplands  of  Northern  Burma,  and  A.  scah-iuscula  has  reached 
Java.  Of  the  eleven  known  Indian  species  of  Forjicxda,  eight  are 
Himalayan  ;  as  this  genus  is  eminently  Palsearctic,  it  is  probably 
from  Northern  India  that  it  has  gained  a  precarious  footing  in 
the  remoter  parts  of  the  Oriental  Eegion. 

The  occurrence  of  two  species  of  Pseudisolabis  in  the  mountains 
of  the  north-west  of  India  is  carious,  as  this  genus  was  hitherto 
only  known  from  a  single  species  in  New  Zealand.  It  may  be 
that  it  is  a  very  ancient  geiuis. 

The  hills  of  Northern  India  seem  to  be  the  headquarters  of 
some  other  genera,  which  have  thence  extended  their  distribution 
into  the  heart  of  the  Oriental  Eegion.  Thus  Kosmetor  is  re- 
presented by  three  species,  the  other  two  being  Malayan  ;  the 
same  may  be  said  of  TimomeiiKs,  which  has  however,  an  outlying 
representative  in  the  extreme"  north-east  of  the  Palsearctic 
Eegion.  The  distribution  of  the  genus  Forci])ida  is  remarkable, 
as  it  is  a  veil-marked  group  ;  two  species  are  known  in  the 
Neotropical  Eegion,  and  two  in  the  Ethiopian,  but  eight  are 
purely  Oriental,  of  which  five  are  only  found  in  India.  One  of 
these,  F.  Iwida,  is  a  South  Indian  form,  but  the  other  four  are 
characteristic  of  Northern  India  and  Northern  Burma  ;  perhaps 
this  district  is  the  headquarters  of  the  group,  for  the  non-Indian 
Oriental  forms  are  rare,  and  less  highly  specialized.  Another 
M'idely-distributed  genus  well  represented  in  India  is  DipJatys  ;. 
this  is  certainly  a  primitive  and  ancient  group,  with  representatives 
in  all  tropical  regions  except  Austraha,  so  far  as  is  known.  Of 
the  two  dozen  described  species,  no  less  than  twelve  occur  in 
India  and  are  probably  peculiar.  Well-marked  genera  which  are 
ronfined  to  India,  so  far  as  we  know,  are  Lijximra,  Eudohmiay 
and  the  curious  Solenosoma,  all  being  specialized  monotypic  genera 
only  known  from  North  India  and  Burma.  Lipodes,  of  which 
a  unique  defective  specimen  from  Dikraugs  is  in  the  Calcutta 
Museum,  is  probably  also  peculiar. 

The  BrachyJahince  are  an  apterous  group  m  ith  some  distinctly 
archaic  features  recalling  the  Tertiary  earwigs  of  Florissant. 
Probably  they  are  the  survivors  of  an  ancient  group,  which  would 
account  at  once  for  their  comparative  scarcity  and  wide  distribution 
in  all  tropical  regions.  Of  the  seven  known  genera,  three  are  re- 
presented in  India :  Nannisolahis  has  two  known  species,  both 
peculiar ;  Metisolahis  has  four,  of  which  two  are  Indian  and 
two  Ethiopian ;  and  Ctenisolabishas  three,  one  Indian, one  Ethiopian, 
and  one  Neotropical.  No  one  species  of  Brachylahince  occurs  in 
any  two  regions. 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

In  Southern  India  and  Ceylon  we  find  several  peculiar  genera, 
«uch  as  Cranopy<jia  (two  species),  DemlroiJcetes,  Obelura,  Sondax, 
and  Si/ntonus,  all  inonotypic.  We  find  here  also  peculiar  species 
of  genera  which  have  their  headquarters  in  the  Burmo-Malayan 
districts,  such  as  EcJiinosoma,  Hypurgas,  and  Cordax.  Adia- 
thetus  is  mainly  Indo-Buraian,  but  extends  to  Borneo  :  Oonolahls 
is  an  Australo-Oriental  genus  with  a  single  Ethiopian  species  and 
one  peculiar  to  Ceylon.  In  Burma  we  find,  as  would  be  expected, 
marked  Malayan  affinities,  as  shown  in  the  occurrence  o£  several 
species  of  Eparclius,  Hypurgus,  Platylabia,  Pyge,  all  of  which  are 
better  developed  in  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Oriental  liegion, 
though  not  confined  to  it.  Palex  is  a  monotypic  genus  common 
to  Burma  and  Sumatra.  The  Chelisochince  are  well  represented 
in  all  tropical  Old  World  regions,  but  most  of  the  genera  re- 
presented in  India  are  better  developed  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
Psalis  is  a  cosmopolitan  genus,  with  four  species  probably  [confined 
to  India.  Anisolahis,  BoreUia,  Lahidura,  Lahin,  Spongiplwra,  are 
all  cosmopolitan  but  represented  in  India  by  several  peculiar  species. 
Pygidicmna  predominates  in  the  Oriental  Region,  and  has  four 
purely  Indian  species,  but  it  is  also  represented  in  South  America. 
Echinosoma  is  essentially  an  Old  World  genus  ;  of  the  two 
Indian  species,  one  is  peculiar  to  Ceylon,  the  other  x*anges  from 
Burma  to  Borneo.  Apachyus  is  also  an  Old  AVorld  geuus,  with 
perhaps  two  species  peculiar  to  India. 

The  following  analyses  of  genera  and  species  and  their  geo- 
graphical distribution  is  of  course  purely  provisional.  That  of 
the  genera  is  particularly  incomplete,  as  many  of  the  limits 
are  vague,  and  the  classification  of  some  of  the  large  genera, 
such  as  Spongiphora  and  Labia,  requires  a  thorough  revision,  as  a 
good  many  heterogeneous  forms  are  included.  A  glance  at  the 
list,  however,  will  show  which  genera  are  confined  to  the  Oriental 
Region,  and  of  these,  which  are  peculiar,  i.  e.,  confined  to  the 
Indian  Fauna ;  the  geographical  relations  of  the  others  are  shown 
by  the  regions  '  in  which  they  occur. 

The  analysis  of  species  supplements  the  list  of  genera,  and  here 
it  is  possible  to  be  more  exact ;  in  this  list  it  is  also  stated  in 
what  collection  or  what  Museum  the  type  is  preserved,  where 
known  to  the  author,  what  material  has  been  examined  in  the  case 
of  types,  syntypes '  or  paratypes  ",  what  species  are  represented 
in  the  Nationr.l  Collection,  and  what  species  are  peculiar. 


'  The  usually  accepted  zoogeographieal  regions,  namely  Palajarctic,  Oriental, 
Australian,  Ethiopian,  Neotropical,  and  Nearctic,  are  represented  by  obvious 
iabbreviations. 

^  These  terms  are  explained  in  the  glossary,  q.  v,  p.  210. 


22 


INTRODUCTION. 


Name  of  Genus. 

Peculiar. 

Distribution. 

EemarJcs. 

Apachyus    

Or.,  Austr.,  Eth. 

6sp. 

Dendroikctes  . . 

+ 

Or. 

Monotypic. 

Diplatus 



Or.,  Eth.,  Neo. 
Or.,Neo.,Eth.,Austr. 

Out  of  24  sp.,  12  in  India. 

Vqgidicrana  ... 

Dicrana 

1 

Or.,  Eth. 

Chiefly  Ethiopian. 

Cranopygia    ... 

+ 

Or. 

2sp. 

Ficrania    

Or.,  Eth. 

2  9p. 

Pnne   

Or.,  Aiistr. 

Palex 

Or. 

Monotypic. 

Echinosoma    . . . 

! 

Or.,  Austr.,  Eth.       1 

Psalis 

Or.,  Eth.,  Neo. 
?  Or.,  Austr. 

One  little  known  species. 

Labidurodes  ... 

Gonolabis   

Or.,  Austr.,  Eth. 

0  sp. ;  5  are  Oriental. 

Anisolahis  

1 

Cosmopolitau. 

Borellia  



Cosmopolitan.           ' 

Foroipula  



Or.,Eth.,Austr.,Neo. 

Out  of  12  sp.,  5  in  India. 

Lahidura    

Cosmopolitan. 

Pseudisolabis . . . 

Or.,  Austr. 

1  sp.  in  New  Zealand. 

Nannisolabis  ... 

+ 

Or. 

2  sp. 

Mefisolabis 

Or.,  Eth. 

Ctenisolahis    ... 

Or.,  Eth.,  Neo. 

Sjwngipkora  ... 

Or.,  Austr..  Eth.,  Neo. 

Requires  further  revision. 

Labia 

Cosmopolitan. 
Or.,  Eth.,  Austr. 

idem, 
idem. 

Plati/labia 

Sphi/igolabis  ... 



Or.,  Eth.,  Austr. 

idem. 

Erotesis  

Or. 
Or. 

2sp. 
Monotypic. 

ChelUocheUa  ... 

E.vypnus     

+ 

Or. 

idem. 

Chelisocltes 



Or.,  Eth.,  Austr. 

Proreus  

Or.,  Austr. 

Mainly  Oriental. 

Solenoso7na     ... 

+ 

Or. 

Monotypic. 

Adiathcfus 

Or. 

Of  the  5  known  Indian  sp., 
only  one  occurs  elsewhere 
within  the  Eegion. 

Hamaxaa    

Or. 

Allodahlia  

Or. 

Mainly  Indian. 

Homotages 

+ 

Or. 

Monotypic. 

Pterygidd   

Or. 

2  sp. 

Anechura    

Or.,  Pal. 

Mainly  Pala^arctic. 

Elaunon 



Or.,  Eth. 
Or.,  Eth.,  Pal. 

Mainly     Pal.  ;     over    40 

Forjicula     

sp.  known. 

Soiidax 

4- 

Or. 

Monotvpic. 

Eudohrnia 

4- 

Or. 

idem. 

Emboros 

4- 

Or.,  Eth. 
Or. 

idem, 
idem. 

Lijxtrurn    

Obelura  

+ 


Or. 

Or.,  Eth. 
Or.,  Eth. 

2  sp. 

Mainly  Oriental. 

idem. 

Cordax   

Hypurqus  

Eparcfius    

Or. 

Timomenus    . . . 

Or.,  Pal. 

Mainly  Indian,  but  1  sp. 
occurs  in  Korea. 

Syntonus    

+ 

Or. 

Monotypic. 

Kosmetor     

Or. 

Mainly  Indian. 

Lipodea  

+ 

Or. 

Monotypic. 

INTBODrCTION". 


23 


IName  oj  Species. 


Apachi/Hs  fc(P 

A.  pascoei  

Deudroiketes  corticinus. . . 

Biplatys  gladiator 

D.  falcatiis 

D.  lefroyi  

D.  angustatus     

D.  hormansi    

D.  ernesfi   

JD.  siva    

B.  green i    

D.  n(fescevs   

B.  gerstcBciceri    

B.  Jletchcri     

B.  lihcratus    

Bygidicrana 'picta     

P.  valida    

P.  pallidipen  nis    

P.  eximia   

P.  7narmoricrura  

P.  siamensis  

Bicraiia  kallipyga     

Cranojiyg  ia  cu  mingi 

C.  nictncri     

Picrania  angustata  , 

Byge  modesta , 

P.  ophthalmica 

Palex  sparattoides    

Echinosoma  sumairanum . 

E.  parvuhim  , 

Psalis  femoral  is     

P.  dohrni   , 

P.  lefroyi   , 

P.  castetsi  

Labidur odes  rob iistus    

Gonolabis  electa 

Aiiisolabis  colossea     


A.  maritima  

A.  aiimdipes  

A.  JcudagcB 

A.  duhronii    

A.  gaudens 

Borellia  green  i  

li.  annandalei    

B.stdli  

Furcipula  dcculyi  ... 

F.  frispinosa 

F.  pugiia.v 

F.  quadrispinosa   ... 

F.  liirida    

Labidura  nepalensis 

L.  lividipes 

L.  riparia , 


Bistribuiion. 


Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.,  Austr. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

?  Or.,  Austr. 

Or. 

Or.,  Austr. 

Cosmopolitan. 

Or. 
Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.  and  Eth. 

Or.  and  Austr. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.,  Eth.,  Pal. 

Cosmopolitan. 


Type  at : 


Genoa. 
B.M. 

coll.  Burr. 
Calcutta. 


coll.  Burr, 
coll.  Burr. 
Paris, 
coll.  Burr. 
B.M. 
Berlin, 
coll.  Burr. 
B.M. 


Leyden. 
?  Stettin. 


?  Stettin. 
Vienna. 
?  Stettin. 
Berlin. 

Genoa. 
?  Stettiu. 
Genoa. 
Lejden. 
Berlin. 
?  Stettiu. 
B.M. 
coll.  Burr. 


coll.  Burr. 
?  Paris,  Vienna, 
or  Stettin. 


coll.  Burr. 

B.M. 

Paris. 

coll.  Burr. 

Calcutta. 

Stockholm. 

Genoa. 

Vienna. 

B.M. 

Paris  or  Berlin, 


Calcutta. 


Material 
examined. 


Syntype. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 


Type. 
Type. 


Type. 
Type. 

Syntype. 


Type. 
Type. 


Type. 


Type. 
Type. 
Type. 
Type. 
Type. 


Syntype. 
Type."" 


Type. 


B.M. 


Peculiar 


+ 

+ 

+- 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

24 


INTRODUCTION. 


Name  of  Species. 


Lahidura  hcngalensis    Or, 


Distribution. 


Fseudtsolabis  burri   Or. 

Fs.  tenera  I  Or. 

Nannisolabis  philetas    i  Or. 

N.  willeyi  Or. 

Metisolahis  bifoveolata  ...        " 

M.  caudclli 

Ctenisolahis  Jletcheri 

Spongiphora  lutea     

*S'.  nitidipcnnis  

<S'.  semifiava   

Erotesis  decipiens  

Labia  nigrella   

L.  luzonica 

L.  curvicauda     

L.  mucronata 

L.  pilicoi'nis  

L.  pygidiaia 

L.  rideiis    

L.  arachidis  

Platylabia  major  

P.  gestroi    

P.  thoracica    

P.  nigriceps   

Sphingolabis  fees    

Chelisochella  sujyerba     .. 
E.vypniis  pulchripennis . . 

Chelisoches  tnorio  

Proreus  simulaiis  

P.  mela7wcephalus , 

P.  ritsemce 

Solcnosoma  birmaiium  . 

Adiathetus  shelf ordi 

A.  dravidius 

A.  glaucopterus 

A.  nigrocastaneus 

A.  ieiiebraior 

HamaxasfeeB    

Allodahlia  scabriuscula 

A.  macropyga    

A.  coria^ea 

A.  ahrimanes 

Homotages  few  

Pterygida  circidata  .... 

Aneclmra  calciatii     

A.  tubovskii    

Elaunon  bipartittis    

Forficula  schiagintweiti 

F. mogul    

F.  beelzebub    

F.  aceris 

F.  ornata   


Etb.,  Neo. 


Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or., 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.  andAustr. 

Or. 

Cosmopolitan. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.,  Etb.,  Austr. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or 

Or. 

Or. 

Or 

O 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 


Type  at : 


Vienna   or 

Berlin. 
Turin, 
coll.  Burr. 
coll.  Burr, 
coll.  Burr. 


coll.  Burr. 

coll.  Burr. 

Genoa. 

Genoa. 

Genoa. 

B.M. 

Genoa. 


Stockholm. 


Genoa. 
Genoa. 


Genoa. 

B.M. 

Genoa. 
?  Berlin. 
Genoa. 


Stockholm. 


Material 
examined. 


B.M.  Peculiar 


Syntype. 
Type. 
Type. 
Type. 


Type. 
Type. 
Syutype. 


Type. 
Syntype. 


Syntype. 
Syntype. 


Type. 

Syntype. 


Leyclen. 

Genoa. 

Sarawak 

Calcutta. 

Genoa, 

Pusa. 

B.M. 

Genoa. 

Vienna. 

Oxford. 

Genoa. 

coll.  Burr. 

Genoa. 

Vienna. 

Turin. 

St.  Petersburg. 

B.M. 

Paris. 

Paris. 

Brussels. 

Calcutta. 

Genoa. 


Syntype. 


Type. 

Type. 

Syntype. 

Type. 

Syntype. 

Type. 

Type. 

Syntype. 


Type. 

Syntype. 

Type. 

Syntype. 


Syntype. 

Paratype. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Syntype. 

Type. 

Syntype. 


+ 


+ 


+ 
4- 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


+ 
-f 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 


+ 


+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


+ 

+ 
+ 


+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 


4- 


+ 


INTRODUCTION. 


25 


Name  of  Species. 

BistrihiUion. 

Ty2}e  at : 

Material 
examined. 

B.M. 

Peculiar 

Forficula  greeni 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.,  Etb.,  Pal. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or.,  Eth. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

Or. 

coll.  Burr. 

Paris. 

Paris  or  Vienna. 

Calcutta. 

Paris. 

B.M. 

Oxford. 

?  Berlin. 

Paris. 

Oxford. 

Leyden. 
B.M. 

Genoa. 

Genoa. 

Leyden. 

Leyden. 

coll.  Burr. 

Madrid. 

Paris. 

Genoa. 

coll.  Burr. 

Paris. 

Paris. 

Paris. 

Type. 
Type. 

Type."' 
Type. 
Type. 
Type. 

Type. 
Type.'" 

Type."" 

Syntype. 

Type!" 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Type. 

Tvne. 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
4- 

F.  anibigiia.     

F.  lucasi 

F.  ceteris    

F.  interrogans    

F.  planicoUis 

Soiidax  repens    

Eudohrnia  metallica 

Emboros  dicbius 

L  iparurci  punctata,    

Ohelura  asiatica    

0.  tanuil     

C.  aniudus     

Hypurgus  humercd is 

H.  simplex 

Eparchus  dux    

E.  insignis 

E.  tenellus   

Ti  MO  mentis  oannes     

T.  (sscidapius 

T.  nevilli    

T.  lugens    

Si/ntonus  ncolobophoroides . 
Kosmetoi'  temora    

K..  brahma 

K.  vishnu    

Lipodcs  vivax 

Calcutta.             1  Tvne. 

26  LITERATURE. 

LITERATURE. 

Annandale,  Dr.   Nelson.    (06).   Note  on  the  habits  of   the  Earwig, 

Lahidura  lividipes,  Dufour.     An  Appendix  to  Mr.  Burr's  paper. 

(Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Beuo-ai,  N.S.  p.  391,  1901.) 
Baer,  Ct.  a.    {04).  Note  sur  la  piqure  d'un  Forficulide  de  la  Republique 

Argentine.     (Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  p.  163,  1904.) 
Bateson,  W.,  &  BiuNDLEY,  11.  H.    (92).   On  some  Cases  of  Variation  in 

Secondary  Sexual  Characters   statistically  examined.      (Proc. 

Zool.  Soc'  London,  p.  66Q,  1892.) 
Bold,  T.  J.    (60).   Note  on   the  Use   of  the   Forceps  of  the  Earwig. 

(Zoologist,  xix.  p.  7411,  1860,  and  Tyneside  Nat.  Field  Club,  iv. 

p.  335,  1860.) 
BoLiVAU,  Ignacio.   (97).  Les  Orthopteres   de  St.  Joseph's  College,  a 

Trichinopoly,  sud  de  I'lnde.     (Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  Ixvi.  p.  282, 

1897.) 
Borellt,  Dr.  Alfredo.    (07).   Ortotteri  raccolti  da  Leonardo  Fea  nell' 

Africa  occidentale.    Dermatteri.     (Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  (3)  iii. 

pp.  345-390,  1907.) 
(09).  Nuove  forficole  del  Kashmir.     (Boll.  Mus.  Tor.  xxiv.  no. 

603,  pp.  1-4,  1909.) 
BoRG,    Hjalmar.     (04).     Forficuliden    aus    Kamerun.    Beitrage    zur 

Kenntniss  der  Insektenfauna  von  Kamerun,      (Arkiv  f.  Zool. 

i.  p.  563,  pi.  26, 1904.) 
Bormaxs,  a.  de.    (83).   Etude  sur  qiielques  Forficiilaires  nouveaux  ou 

peu  connus,  precede  d'un  Tableau  synoptique  des  genres  decette 

famille.     (Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  p.  59,  pis.  2  &  3,  1883.) 

(84^).    Six  Forficulaires  nouveaux  de  Sumatra.     (Notes  from  the 

Leyden  Museum,  vi.  p.  183,  1884.) 

(84-).    Description  des  deux  Sexes  de  la  Labia  gravidula,  Gerst. 

(Notes  from  the  Leyden  Museum,  vi.  p.  197,  1884.) 

(88).   Viaggio  di  Leonardo  Fea  in  Birmania  e  regioni  vicine,  vii. 

Dermapteres.     (Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  (2)  vi.  p.  431,  1888.) 

(94).   Viaggio  di  Leonardo  Fea  in  Birmania  e  regioni  vicine,  Ixi. 

Dermapteres  (2me  partie).    (Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  (2)  xiv.  p.  371, 
1895.) 

(00^)    Quelques  Dermapteres  du  Musee  civique  de  Genes.     (Ann. 

Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  (2)  xx.  p.  441,  1900.) 

(00-).   Forficulid«5,  in  "Das  Tierreich,"  1900. 

Brunner  von  Wattenwyl,   K.    (82).     Prodromus  der  europiiischen 

Orthopteren.     (Leipzig,  1882.) 
Burmeister,  H,    (38).   Handbuch  der  Entomologie.     (Berlin,  1838.) 

(40).     Audinet-Serville,     Ilistoire     naturelle     des     Orthopteres 

verglichen  mit  H.  Burmeister's  Handb.  der  Entomologie,  etc. 
(Germar's  Zeitschr.,  1840,  ii.  p.  1.) 
BtiBR,  Malcolm.    (98).    On   the    Species    of   Dyscritina,    reared    by 
Mr.  Green,     (Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  p.  387,  pis.  xviii.  &  xix. 
1898.) 

(99).   Notes  on  the  Forficularia,  II.  Apteryyida  or  Sphingolahis  ? 

III.  A  N«w  Species  of  Anisoluhis,  from  Ceylon.      (Ann.  Mag. 
N,  H,  (7)  iv.  p.  254, 1889.) 

(00').   Notes  on  the  Forficularia,  V.  Descriptions  of  New  Species, 

and  a  New  Genus.     (Ann.  Mag.  N.  H,  (7)  vi.  p.  79,  pi.  vi.  1900.) 

((X)-).     Forficules  exotiques  du  Musee  royal  d'Histoire  Naturelle 

de  Bruxelles.     (Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  xliv.  p.  47,  1900.) 

(00').  Notes  on  the  Forficularia,  VI.,  On  a  collection  of  Forficularia 

from  Sarawak.     (Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.  (7)  iv.  pp.  89-101,  pi.  vi. 
figs.  1,2,  4  &  6, 1900.) 


LITERATURE,  27 

Burr,  Malcolm.    (01).   The  Earwig's  of  Cevlon.    (Journ.  Bombay  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc,  1901,  pp.  i5U-78  &  310-330,  pis.  A  &  B.) 

(02).   On  the  Fortlcularia  of  the  Hungarian  National  Museum  of 

Budapest.     (Terniesz.  Fiiz.  xxv.  p.  477,  pi.  xx.  1902.) 

(03).   Notes  on  the  Forficulaiia,  VIH.    Five  New  Species  from  the 

de  Bormans  collection.     (Ann.  Mag-.  N.  H.  (7)  xi.  p.  270, 1903.) 

(04),   Observations  on  the  Dermatoptera,  including  revisions  of 

several  genera  and   descrijjtions  of  New  (lenera  and  Species. 
(Tr.  Ent,  Soc.  London,  p.  277,  1904.) 

(05').   Descriptions  of  Five  new  Dermaptera.     (Ent.  Mo,  Mag.  (2) 

no.  184,  p,  84,  1905,) 

(05*).    Notes  on  the   Forficularia,  IX.     On   New  Species,  with 

Synonymic  Notes,     (Ann.  Mag.  N,  II.  (7)  xvi.  p.  486,  1905.) 

(05').   Earwigs  of  the  Indian  Museum,  with  Descriptions  of  New 

Species.     (Journ,  Proc,  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  (N.  S.),  vol.  i.  no,  2, 
p.  27,  1905.) 

(05^).  Una especie  nueva  de  0/«s?^ocos?»i«  (Dermapteros),     (Bol, 

R.  Soc.  Espafi.  Hist.  Nat.,  Diciembre,  1905.) 

(06),   A  Further  Note  on  Earwigs  (Derniaptera)  in  the  Indian 

Museum,  with  a  Description  of  New  Species,      (Journ.  Proc. 
Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  (N.S.),  vol.  ii,  p.  387,  lUOH.) 

(07').    A  Preliminary  lievisiou  of  the  ForficuHdtP-  (sensu  stricto) 

and  of  the  Chelisochidfe,  Families  of  the  Dermatoptera.     (Tr. 
Ent.  Soc.  Loudon,  1907,  p.  91,  pi.  iv.) 

(07-).   A  Third   Note  on   Earwigs  (Dermaptera)  in  the  Indian 

Museum,  with  Description  of  a  New  Species.     (Rec.  Ind.  Mus, 
Tol.  i.  pt.  3,  no.  15,  Calcutta,  1907,) 

(07*).  Catalogue   des    Forficulides   des  Collections   du  Museum 

National  d'llistoire   Naturelle  de  Paris.      (Premiere   I'artie.) 
(Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  1907,  no.  7,  p.  508.) 

(08').  Notes  on  the  Forficularia,  XII.  Notes  on  the  Genr.s  Apachyus^ 

Serv.     (Ann.  Mag,  N.  II,  (8)  i.  p.  51 ,  1908.) 

(08^)    Catalogue  des  Forticules  des  Collections  du  Musee  National 

d'Histoire  Naturelle  de  Paris.    (Deuxieme  Partie.)    (Bull.  Mus. 
Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  1908,  no.  8,  p.  29.) 

(083).    Catalogue  des  Forticules  du  Collections  du  Mus^e  National 

d'Histoire  Naturelle  de  Paris.    (Iroisieme  Partie.)    (Bull.  Mus. 
Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  190S,  no.  2,  p.  115.) 

(OS').   Notes  on   the   Forticularia,   XIII.     A    Revision   of    the 

Brachylabidce  {Isolnhidce).      (Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.   (8)  ii.  p.  246, 
1908.)" 

(08').  Notes  on  the  Forticularia,  XIV.     A  Eevision  of  the  Py^i- 

dicmnidce.     (Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (8)  ii.  p.  -382,  1908.) 
(09'),   Note  on  the  Classitication  of  the  Dermaptera,     (Deutsch, 

Ent.  Zeitschr,  p,  320,  pi.  iv,  1909.) 
CoLLiNGE,  W,  E,    (08).    A  Note  on  the  Flight  of  an  Earwig,  Forjicula 

auricularia,  Linn.     (Journ,  Econ.  Biol,  iii,  pt.  2,  pp,  46  &  47, 

1908,) 
Costa,  Oronzio  Gabr,    (-39),   Fauna  Vesuviana,  ossia  descrizione  degli 

Insetti  che  vivono  nei  funiajoli  del  cratere  del  Vesuvio.     (Atti 

K,  Accad.  Sc.  Nap,  iv.  ZooL  18-39,  p.  21,  tab.  1.) 
DoHRN,  Dr,  H.    (62).   Die  Dermaptera  von  Mexico,      (Stett,  Ent.  Zeit. 

xxiii.  p.  225,1862.) 

(63).   Yersuch  einer  Monographie  der  Dermapteren.     (Op.  cit. 

xxiv.  pp.  35  &  .309,  1863.) 

(64).     Id.     (Op.  cit.  xxv.  pp.  285  &  417,  1804.) 

(Qo).     Id.     'Op.  cit.  xxvi.  p.  68,  1865.) 

(67').  Id.     (Op.  cit.  xxviii.  p.  341,  1867.) 


28  LITERATURE. 

DoHRN,   Dr.   H.     (67^).      Neue   imd  bisher   nicht  genugend  bekannte 

Forficuliden.   '(Op.  cit.  xxviii.  p.  343,  1867.) 
DuBEONY,  A.  DE.  (79).  Enumeration  des  Orthopteres  des  regions  Indienne 

et  Austro-Malaise,  rapportees  par  MM.  J.  Doria,  0.  Beccari,  et 

L.  M.  d'Albertis.     (Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  xiv.  p.  348,  1879.) 
DuFouR,  LfeoN.     (20).     Description  de  dix  especes  nouvelles  ou  peu 

conuues  d'Insectes  recueillis  en  Espagne.     (Ann.  gener.  des  Sc. 

Phys.  de  Bruxelles,  1820,  vi.  p.  307,  tab.  1.) 

(28).   Eechercbes  anatomiques  sur  les  Labidoures.      (Ann.  Sci. 

Nat.  1828,  xiii.  p.  337,  tab.  19-22.)  _ 
Fabricius,  J.  C.    (75).  Svstema  Entomoloiricie.     (Felsenberg  et  Lipsise, 
1775.) 

(93).   Entoniologia   systematica  emendata   et   aucta.      (Hafnise, 

1792-94,  torn.  II,  Orthoptera,  1793.) 

(81).     Species  Insectormn,  exhibentes  eorum  dift'erentias  specificas, 

etc.     (Plamburgi  et  Kiloni,  1781.) 
{S7).     Mantissa  Insectorum,  sistens  eorum  species  nuper  detectas, 

etc.     (Hafnise,  1787.) 
FiEBER,  Fr.    (53).    Synopsis  der  europaiscbeu   Ortbopteren  (aus  dem 

iii.  Jahrg.  der  Zeitschrift  "  Lotos,"  1853,  besonders  abgedriickt). 

Prag,  1854  (recte  1853.) 
Fischer,  L.  H.    (53).   Othoptera  europaea.     (Lipsioe,  1853.) 
Qadeau  de  Kerville,  H.    (03),      L  Accouplement  des  Forficulides. 

(Bull.  Mus.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  no.  4,  p.  85,  1903.) 

(05).     Notes  sur  les  Fonctions  de  la  Pince  des  Insectes  Ortho- 

pteres de  la  Famille  des  Forficulides.     (Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 
XXX.  p.  53,  1905.) 

(06).     Sur  I'Accouplement  et  les  ceufs  d'Atiisolabis  onauritanica, 

Lucas.     (Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  no.  18,  p.  252,  1906.) 
■ (07).     Note  sur  I'Accouplement,  les  oeufs,  et  ramour  maternel 

des    Insectes    Orthopteres    de    la    Famille    des    Forficulides. 

(Kouen,  1907.) 
Geer,    Carl    de.     (73).      M^moires    pour    servir    a  I'Histoire    des 

Insectes,  I.  Orthopteres,  vol.  iii.,  avec  44  planches.     (Stockholm, 

1773.) 
GENi,   Giuseppe.     (32).     Saggio   di  una  Monografia  delle    Forficule 

indigene.        (Ann.    delle    Sci.   di    Regno   Lombardo-Veneto, 

Padova,  ii.  p.  215,  1832.) 
Gerstaecker,  a.     (73).     Baron  Karl  von  der  Decken's  Reise  in  Ost- 

Afrika,  III.  2  Abth.  Gliederthiere,  Insecta.     (Lipsite,  1873.) 

(83).     Beitrag   zur  Kenntniss  der   Orthopteren-Fauna   Guineas, 

nach  den  von  T.  Buchholz  wahrend  den  .Jahre  1872  bis  1875 
dasselbst  gesammelten  Arten.  (Mitth.  des  naturw.  Ver.  Neuvorp. 
u.  Riigen,  1883.) 
Green,  E.  Ernest.     (96).     Notes  on  Dyscritina  lonf/isetosa,  Westw. 
(Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  p.  229, 1896.) 

(97).     Dyscritina  lonyisetosa,  Westw.  is  a  Forficulid  larva.     (Ent. 

Mo.  Mag.  (2)  viii.  p.  235,  1897.) 

(98).     Further  notes  on  i>?/scr/<m«  Zo«^;se^o«a,  Westw.    (Tr.  Ent. 

Soc.  London,  p.  381,  pis.  xviii.  <fc  xix.,  1898.) 
Guerin-Meneville,  F.  E.     (38).      (Magasin  de  Zool.   (2)  Paris,  viii. 

p.  23,  1838.)' 
IIaan,  Dr.  W.  de.     (42).     Bijdragen  tot  de  Kennis  der  Orthoptera. 

(Verhandl.  over  de  natuurlijke  Geschiedenis  der  Nederlandsche 

overzeesche  Bezittiugen,  1842.) 


LITERATURE  2^ 

JaCobson,  G.  G.,  &Biank:i,V.  L.  ((T)).  IIinnioKpu.ibiH  ii  JoHiiiocliiHaTOKiibMua 

PocciiicKoii  IlMuepiu  ii  coiipeAfi.ibiii.ixi  cTpaiii.  (St.  Petersburg,  1905.) 
Karsch,   Dr.    F.     (86).     Ueber    einige    neue    oder    wenig    bekannte 

Oehrwuermer  (Dermapteru)  der  asthiopischen  llegion.     (Berl, 

Eut.  Zeit.  XXX.  p.  85,  1886.) 
Kkrville.     See  Gadeau. 
KiRBY,  W.  F.     (91).     A  Revisioij  of  the  Forficulidse,  with  Descriptions 

of  New  Species  iu  the  British  Museum,     (Liun.  Soc.  Jourii., 

Zool.  xxiii.  pp.  .002-512,  1891.) 

(96).     Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Forficulidc'e,  in  the  Col- 

lection of  the  British  Museum  (N.  II.).    (Linn.  Soc.  .Journ.,  Zool. 
xxv.  pp.  520-529,  189G.) 

(03).  Notes  on  Forficulidae,  with  Descriptions  of  New  Species  in  the 

Collection  of  the  Natural  History  Museum,  South  Kensington. 
(Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (7)  xi.  p.  60,  1903.) 

(04).     A  Synonymic  Catalogue  of  Orthoptera.     (Vol.  i.  1904.) 

Krauss,  Dr.  II.     (92).     Dermaptera  oder  Dermoptera  ?      Eiue  nomen- 

clatorische  Eroerterung.     (Wiener  Ent.  Zeit,  xi.  p.  164,  1892.) 

(9-5).     Beschreibung    einer    neuen    Forficula    aus    Tunis,  nebst 

Bemerkungen    ueber   das     Vovkounnen    yon    Forficula   lucnsi, 

Dohrn.     (Entom.  Nachr.  xxi.  p.  97,  1895.) 
Leach,  "W.     (15).     Article  on  Entomology,  in  Brewster's  Edinburgh 

Encyclopaedia,  ix.  p.  57 ,  1815. 
LiNN^us,  C.     (59).     Systema  Natune.     (Ed.  X.,  Holmife,  1759.) 
Lucas,  II.  F.     (47).     Forficesila  annulipes,  sp.  n.     (Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr. 

(2)  V.  p.  Ixxxiv,  1847.) 

(49).     Ilistoire   Naturelle   des   animaux   articules    de   I'Algerie. 

(Expl.  Sci.  d'Alg.,  Zool.  iii.  Orthopteres,  4  pis.  Paris,  1849.) 
MoTSCHULSKY,  V.  VON.    (63).     Essai  d'un  Catalogue  des  Insectes  de  I'ile 

Ceylan.     ii.  Dermapteres.     (Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Moscou,  xxxyi.  II 

p.  1,  pi.  XX.,  1863.) 
Olivier,  A.  G.    (72).    Introduction  a  I'Histoire  naturelle.   (Encyclopedie 

methodique.  Hist.  Nat.  yol.  yi.  Pari-^,  1772.) 
Pallas,  P.  S.     (73).     lieise  durcli  verschiedene  Provinzen   des  Russ- 

ischen  Reiches  in  den  Jahren  1768-74,     (St.  Petersbur"-,  II. 

Anhang,  p.  30,  1773.) 
Rehn,  James  A.  G.     (05).     Notes  on  Exotic  Forficulides,  or  Earwios 

with  Descriptions  of  New  Species.     (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

xxix.  p.  .501,  1905.) 
Saussure,  Dr.  H.  de.     (74).     IlyTeiuecTBie  bi  TypKecTan-L;  A.  II.  *e4'ic[u;o. 

(Fedchenko's  Trayels  in  Turkestan,  Orthoptera.    MoscoAy,  1874.) 
Scudder,  S.  H.     (70).     Critical  and  Historical   Notes  on   the  Forfi- 

cularifB.     (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xyiii.  pp.  287 -.332,  1876.) 
Semenov,    a.    p.       (01).       PyccKie    uiubi     po^oob     Anechura,    'Scudd. 

u    Forficula   (L.)    Scudd.,  ii    iixt.    reorpa'tii'iecKoe    pacnpe4li.ienie. 

(Russian  species  of  the  genera  Anechura  Scudd,  it   Forficula 

(L.)  Scudd.,  and  their  geographical  distribution).      (Hora3  Soc 

Ent.  Ross.  XXXV.  p.  185,  1901.) 

(02).     Dermatopera  KpiineaeHHbis  H.  A.  3apy4nbiMi  iis'b    nyTeuiecrnia 

1900-1901    IT.  no  BocTOfnoii  nepciii.     (Dermatoptera  brought  by 
N.   A.  Zarudny  from  his   journey  in  1900-1901    in   Elistern 
Persia).     (Horae  Soc.  Ent.  Ross,  x^xxyi.  p.  192,  1902.) 
Serville,  Atjdinet  de  (31).    Reyue  Methodique  des  Insectes  de  I'ordre 
des  Orthopteres.     (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xxii.  pp.  28, 1,34  &  262, 1831.) 

(39).    Histoire  Naturelle  des  Insectes  Orthopteres.    Suites  a  Buffon 

Paris,  1839. 


30  LITBRATUEE. 

Sharp,    Dr.     D.     (95).    The    Cambridge    Natural    History,    Vol.    v. 

(London,  1895.)     (ForJicvUdce,  pp.  202-216.) 
Stal,  C.    (60).   Fregatten   Eugenies   Rasa   omkring  Jorden.   Insekten, 

Orthoptera.     (Stockholm,  1860.) 
Stephens,  J.  Fr.    (37).   Illustrations  of  British  Entomology,  or  a  Synopsis 

of  Indigenous  Insects.     Maudibulata,  vol.  vi.     (London,  1837.) 
Terry,  F.  W.    (05).   Leaf  Hoppers  and  their  Natural  Enemies.     (Ent. 

Div.  Bull.  no.   1,  pt.  5.      Report  of  Work  of  Experimental 

Station  of  Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Association,  1905.) 
Theobald,  F.  V.    (96).   On  some  Hop-Pests.     (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  (2)  vii. 

p.  60,  1896.) 
Verhceff,  Dr.  K.  W,    (02').   Ueber  Dermapteren.  I.  Aufsatz.     (Zool. 

Anzeig.  no.  665,  p.  181,  1902.) 

(02-).     Ueber  Dermapteren.  II.  Aufsatz.     (S.B.  Ges.  Naturf.  Fr. 

Berlin,  no.  1,  p.  7,1902.) 
Westwood,  J.  O.    (39).    (Riizel's  Himalayas,  pi.  ix.  fig.  12,  1839.) 

(40).    An  Introduction  to  the  Modern  Classitication  of  Insects, 

II.    (London,  1840.) 
- —     (81).     On  the  Earwig.     (Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  i.  p.  157,  1881.) 
Xambeu.     (03).     Instinct  de  la  Materuite  chez  le   Chelidura  dilatata, 

Lafresnave,  Orlhoptere  du  groupe  des  Forticuliens.     (Le  Natur- 

aliste,  Pcxris,  ISjuin  1903,  p.  143.) 
Yersin,  Alexandre.    (60).   Note  sur  quelques  Orthopteres  nouveaux 

ou  pen  connus.     (Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.   (3)  viii.  p.  .509,  pi.  x., 

1860.) 


CLASSIFICATION. 


31 


DERMAPTERA. 


Table  of  Families. 

1.  Last  dorsal  egment  of  abdomen  produced 
between  the  forceps  into  a  depressed  and 
dilated  lobe,  formed  by  a  fusion  with  the 
pygidiura.  (Body  very  strongly  de- 
pressed ;  antennae  with  over  40  segments; 
elytra   very    weak    at    axillary   angle, 

exposing  a  very  prominent  scutellum.)        1.  Apachyidae,  p.  31 
1.1.  Last   dorsal    segment  of  abdomen  not 
strongly     produced     and    forming    no 
prominent  process. 
2.  Second    tarsal    segment  simple,   not 
lobed,  cylindrical. 
3.  Last  dorsal  segment  with  posterior 
margin  entire,  not   fused  with   the 
pygidium,  which  is  free. 
4.  Femora  compressed  and  keeled, . 
4.4.  Femora  not  compressed  or  keeled 
3.3.  Last  dorsal  segment  deflexed  between 
the  forceps,  fused  with  the  pygidium, 
which  thus  presents  a  vertical  face 
2.2.  Second  tarsal  segment  lobed 


Pygidicranidae,  p.  37. 
Labiidae,  p.  110. 


Labiduridae,  p.  G7. 
Forficulidae,  p.  129. 


Family  I.  APACHYID^. 

Apachyidse,  Verhaff,  (02^)  p.  200. 

This  family  is  well  characterized. 

The  body  is  uniformly  depressed,  extremely  so  in  the  dominant 
and  typical  genus  Ajxichi/us,  less  so  in  DendroiJcetes ;  the  latter 
only  differing  from  Apacliyus  in  the  somewhat  less  depressed  body 
and  subquadrate  pronotum .  With  the  exception  of  these  two  points 
the  common  characters  of  the  family,  to  save  repetition,  are  given 
in  the  characterization  of  the  genus  Apachyus. 

There  are  a  few  species  confined  to  the  tropical  regions  of 
Africa,  Asia,  and  jN'ew  Guinea,  but  only  three  have  as  yet  been 
recorded  from  British  India. 

Owing  to  their  remarkable  appearance,  they  may  be  easily 
recognized,  and  the  few  Indian  species  cannot  be  confused. 


Table  of  Genera. 

1.  Body  very  strongly  flattened;  pro- 
notum elliptical Apachyus,  Serv.,  p.  -32. 

1.1.  Body  less  strongly  flattened;  ]iro- 

notum  nearly  square Dkndroiketes,  Burr,  p.  36. 


32  APAOHTID.!). 


Genus  APACHYUS,  Serville. 

Apachyus,  Serville,  (31)  p.  35. 
Apachya,  Serville,  (39)  p.  54. 

Type,  Forfinda  depressa,  Pal.-Beauv. 

Entire  body  remarkably  flattened  and  depressed.  Antennae 
long,  with  from  30-50  segments,  1st  segment  stout  and  long,  2nd 
minute,  remainder  cylindrical  or  conico-cylindrical,  3rd  long,  4th  to 
7th  very  short,  the  remainder  gradually  lengthening.  Head  rather 
broad,  triangular  in  front,  truncate  posteriorly,  sutures  distinct ; 
eyes  prominent.  Pronotum  elliptical,  angustate  anteriorly,  the 
sides  convex  and  constricted  quite  near  the  posterior  margin, 
which  is  truncate.  Scutellum  coriaceous,  acutely  triangular. 
Elytra  ample  and  smooth  ;  costal  portion  very  narrow  ;  humeral 
fold  very  faint.  Wings  ample  and  long,  the  coriaceous  part  with 
a  nearly  obsolete  faint  longitudinal  ridge  ;  the  folds  of  the  mem- 
branous part  well  exposed  along  the  suture.  Prosternum  parallel, 
widened  posteriorly ;  mesosternum  ample,  subquadrangular, 
truncate  posteriorly,  the  posterior  angles  rounded.  Metasternura 
ample,  posterior  margin  sinuate.  Eemora  compressed,  carinu- 
late,  fairly  stout ;  tibiae  slender  ;  first  tarsal  segment  short  and 
thick,  second  very  minute,  third  long  and  slender,  considerably 
longer  than  the  first.  Pulvillus  present  between  the  claws. 
Abdomen  parallel-sided,  very  flat,  generally  smooth ;  lateral  tubercles 
not  visible.  Last  dorsal  segment  ample  in  both  sexes,  subquadrate. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  produced  posteriorly  into  a  long 
acuminate  lobe  in  both  sexes.  Last  ventral  segment  visible  at 
the  sides  of  this  pointed  lobe.  Anal  process  produced  between 
the  forceps  from  the  last  dorsal  segment  into  a  flat  lobe,  rounded, 
pentagonal  or  lanceolate.  Forceps  with  the  branches  very  similar 
in  both  sexes,  flat,  arcuate  or  incurved  at  an  angle,  without  teeth. 

Eanrje.  Tropical  Asia,  New  Guinea  and  Africa. 

In  the  nymph  the  anal  process  is  lanceolate  ;  the  sixth  ventral 
segment  is  produced  to  a  pointed  lobe,  but  still  leaves  the  7th  and 
8th  segments  visible,  and  the  9th  is  visible  as  a  triangular  area  on 
each  side  of  the  under  surface  of  the  anal  process. 

This  genus  is  easy  to  recognize,  as  all  the  species  are  very 
similar  and  the  generic  and  family  characters  are  very  distinctive ; 
the  very  strongly  flattened  body,  the  form  of  the  organs  of  flight, 
the  elliptical  pronotum,  the  anal  process,  and  sickle-like  forceps 
are  very  noticeable. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Aual  process  with  side  angles  not  very  sharp ; 
last     dorsal     segment    granulose ;    reddish 

chestnut    fecc,  Borm.,  p.  33. 

1.1.  Anal  process  with  side  angles  sharp;  last 
dorsal  segment  rugose ;  colour  deep  choco- 
late-brown      pascoei,  Kirby,  p.  35. 


APACHYUS. 


33 


1.  Apachyus  feaB,  Bormans*  ^    (Figs.  1,  2,  &  93.) 

^\o^r?.  Jl^'^""'"*""'  (^^^  P-  -^3  ;  ^"'-'V  (05)  p.  27,  (07^)  p.  508, 

c\3ZJ'7  /^'^'Vk  r?''^^"',  ^^'^'  ^^^'^^^^*'  ^b^«"^en  reddish- 
chestnut,  shaded  ^vIth  black  ;  legs  testaceous,  ^^-ings  stra^A'-coloul•ed 

He  r/  rf  ?  ?^""^'f  '  '-''  ^^^^^'^"«'  ^^-  -«t  dark  chestnut.' 
Head  dark  chestnut,  mouth-parts  paler.  Pronotum  dark  chest- 
nut, narrow  and  rounded  anteriorly,  the  sides  strongly  convex 

thnlZT  ^"Tl  '^'  P°'''"°^'  "^"^'Sin,  which  is"  truncate: 
thus  the  iormot  the  pronotum  is  a  posteriorly  truncate  ellipse- 
median  sulcus  distinct,  sides  somewhat  incrassate.  Scutellum' 
dark  chestnut;  in  the  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle,  the  ape^ 
pointing  posteriorly.  Sternal  plates  pale  yellowish.  ElyU-a 
broad  and  ample,  somewhat  convex  and  obhque  posteriorly 
smooth,  dark  chestnut.  Wings  ample,  straw-coloured  or  testa- 
ceous ;  eoriaceous  and  membranous  parts  scarcely  differentiated 
Legs  reddish  testaceous     Abdomen  deep  reddish  chestnut,  shaded 

n  ?I.^  ?Jl  ""^f  ^%  ''''''  '^-^'^^''^'  ''''^^  ^  P^^''  «f  «^^iooth  spots 
m  the  middle  ot  each  segment.  Penultimate  ventral  segment 
of  the  c?  hidden  by  the  8th,  which  has  a  faint  median  sulcus 
and  IS  produced  posteriorly  into  a  rather  short  obtuse  triangle  not 
reaching  the  anal  process  ;  it  is  hidden  in  the  $  by  the  6th  the 
furrow  IS  obsolete,  the  hind  margin  produced  into  a  very  long  narrow 
acuminate  lobe  extending  almost  to  the  apex  of  the  anal  procesl 
Las  dorsal  segment  in  the  6  ample,  longer  than  broad,  with  a 
shallow  median  depression ;  rough,  with  a  mass  of  small  tubercles  • 
dorsal  surface  separated  from  the  ventral  by  a  row  of  minute 
sharp  black  tubercles;  in  the  $  somewhat  shiter,  but  struZr: 
and  pattern  similar.     Anal  process  in  the  c^  pentagonal ;  that  is, 

he  sides  are  at  first  convex,  slightly  ema^ginate  at  the  base 
Itself;  outer  angles  marked  by  a  short  point,  thence  convergino- 
to  an  apical  point;  the  edge  itself  is  shghtlv  thickened  and 
studded  with  minute  tubercles;  under  surface  smooth  with  a 
shallow  median  suicus  ;  upper  surface  somewhat  smoother  than 
the  last  dorsal  segment ;  m  the  $  lanceolate,  that  is,  more  strond  v 
emarginate  at  the  base  itself  so  that  the  sides  form'  Tsha  p  a"!  e 
near  the  base,  beyond  which  they  converge  to  form  an  acSe 
angle;  edges  studded  with  minute  sharp  t^ubercles,  espSa  ly  ? 
the  angles.  Forceps  with  the  branches  deep  red,  darker  at  the 
apex  with  minute  pittmgs  ;  in  the  d  regularly  arcuate  in  the 
basal  hird,  hen  bent  inwards  at  an  obtuse  angle  and  very 
distinctly  thickened  the  inner  margin  straight  and  Lter  marg  n 
gently  arcuate,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  itself  ;    in  the  $    the 

1  Whenever  a  species  is  marked  with  an  asterisk,  it  indicates  that  the  tvn« 
ZsZ::sZ!'''''  "'""^'  ''  ''''  ^"^^^^  ■'  '^'  -^-^^^«  -S-^y  that  a  S3  ntj^: 


34  APACHYID^. 

branches   are  regularly  curved  and  arcuate,   sickle-sliaped,   very 
slightly  thickened  at  the  apex  itself. 

Length  of  body  (without  anal  process) . .     40    mm.       29-39  mm. 
„        forceps  (with  anal  process)    .  .        5-7  „  4-7      „ 

Bhutan  :  Maria  Basti  (Paris  2Ius.)  ;  Sikkim  (Lid.  Mus.,  coll. 
Burr);  AssAM  (Brit.  3Ius.)  •  BuRMA  :  Karen-ui,  Keba  District, 
3000-3700  ft.,  May  to  Dec,  4000-4500  ft.,  Jan.  (Genoa  Mu^., 
Brii.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr) ;  ToNKiN  (coll.  Gadeau,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  Genoa  Museum. 

Larva. 

The  author  has  examined  three  nymphs,  one  of  which,  being 
considerably  larger  than  the  others,  may  perhaps  be  in  the  penulti- 
mate instar.  In  this  specimen  the  anal  process  is  simply  a  long 
acute  triangle,  the  tenth  ventral  segment  only  visible  as  a  trian- 
gular area  on  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  anal  process,  as  in  the 
imao-o ;  the  ninth  ventral  segment  is  obtusely  rounded  posteriorly ; 
the  other  segments  have  the  posterior  border  truncate,  except  the 
basal  three,  which  have  it  sinuate.  The  radiate  structure  of  the 
wings  is  visible  on  the  metanotum,  which  is  deeply  but  roundly 
emarginate  posteriorly ;  the  mesonotum  is  truncate  posteriorly 
and  anteriorly,  the  sides  convex  ;  the  forceps  are  gently  arcuate 
and  do  not  overlap.  The  total  length  of  the  body  to  the  apex  of 
the  anal  process  is  38  mm. 

The  two  undoubted  nymphs  measure  respectively  36  mm.  and 
37  mm. ;  the  form  of  the  mesonotum  is  the  same  as  in  the  larger 
specimen,  but  the  lateral  convexity  is  more  pronounced  and 
distinctly  suggests  incipient  elytra ;  the  radiating  wings  are 
distinctly  visible  on  the  metanotum,  showing  the  first  dorsal 
segment  beyond  it. 

The  form  of  the  anal  process  is  almost  that  of  the  adult  female. 

The  ventral  surface  of  one  agrees  with  that  of  the  larger 
specimen — that  is,  the  eighth  segment  is  convex  posteriorly, 
only  it  is  obtusely  triangular  rather  than  rounded.  This  specimen 
has  therefore  the  full  complement  of  dorsal  segments  behind 
this  convex  one,  and  is  therefore  probably  a  male. 

In  the  other  specimen  the  eighth  ventral  segment,  also  the  seventh, 
is  gently  rounded,  and  the  sixth  is  very  distinctly  produced  in  the 
form  of  a  triangular  lobe  passing  over  the  seventh  to  the  edge  of 
the  eighth ;  the  specimen  is  therefore  probably  a  female,  and  in 
the  imago  this  triangular  lobe  completely  conceals  the  seventh, 
eighth  and  ninth  segments.  In  both  these  specimens  the  ventral 
part  of  the  tenth  segment  is  the  same  as  in  the  adult. 

I  can  find  no  other  signs  of  sexual  differentiation  in  either  the 
anal  process  or  forceps,  which  decidedly  resemble  those  of  the 


APACHYUS.  35 

adult  female.     The  full  number  of  dorsal  segments  is  also  visible 
in  both. 

We  may  therefore  conclude  that,  as  this  lobed  ventral  segment 
is  far  more  acute  and  produced  in  the  $  than  in  the  d  ,  it  is  more 
pronounced  in  the  last  instar,  and  consequently  shows  the  sex  at 
this  stage  better  than  any  other  part  or  organ. 

Variation. 

This  species  varies  considerably  in  size.  The  following  are  the 
dimensions  of  a  number  of  specimens  iu  different  collections  from 
various  localities,  measured  from  the  mouth  to  the  apex  of  the 
anal  process. 

Burma  (Genoa  Mns.)     42  mm.         40  mm. 

Tonkin  (coll.  Burr) 43     „  41     „ 

"  31     „ 

Bhutan  {Paris  Mus.)     30     „ 

It  is  easy  to  recognize  by  its  usually  great  size  and  the  form  of 
the  anal  process  and  forceps. 


2.  Apachyus  pascoei,  Kirhy* 

Apachyus  pascoei,  Eirby,  (91)  p.  521,  pi.  20,  fig.  1 ;  (04j  p.  3. 

Very  closely  resembles  A.fecp,,  Borm.,  the  description  of  which 
applies  well  to  this  species,  with  the  following  points  of  distinction. 
The  colour  is  generally  decidedly  darker,  being  a  deep  chocolate- 
brown  ;  the  forceps  are  less  coarsely  pitted ;  the  abdomen  is 
shorter  and  decidedly  broader  in  proportion.  The  last  dorsal 
segment  is  rugose  rather  than  granulose,  and  the  granules  are  far 
more  densely  crowded ;  finally  the  anal  process  is  more  angular, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  projections  at  the  edges,  not  only  in  the 
middle  but  at  the  sides,  are  more  marked,  and  so  emphasize  the 
angles.      J . 

6 

Length  of  body. .  , 35  min. 

„         forceps     8     „ 

Assam  :  Sylhet  {Brit.  Mus.). 

Type  iu  the  British  Museum. 

This  species  has  always  been  sunk  as  a  synonym  of  A.  fece, 
Borm.,  but  a  comparison  of  Kirby's  type  with  authentic  specimens 
of  A.  fece  from  de  Bormans'  own  collection  shows  the  distinctions 
as  given  above.  It  is  consequently  prudent  to  suspend  judgment. 
and  leave  the  final  decision  to  collectors  on  the  spot. 

d2 


36  APACHYID^. 

Genus  DENDROIKETES,  Burr. 
Deudroiketes,  Burr,  (09')  p.  321. 

Type,  Apacliyus  cortichius.  Burr. 

Kesembles  Apachyus  generally,  but  body  less  depressed  ;  head 
less  flattened,  occiput  tumid.  Antennae  with  about  30  segments ; 
first  long  and  thick,  third  long  and  cylindrical ;  fourth  and  fifth 
short  and  subcorneal,  together  not  longer  tlian  third ;  sixth  and 
ninth  slightly  longer,  subconical ;  the  rest  more  elongate,  nearly 
cylindrical.  Pronotum  rectangular ;  elytra  and  wings  perfectly  deve- 
loped ;  femora  somewhat  compressed  ;  tibia?  slender  ;  tarsi  slender, 
first  and  third  segments  about  equally  long.  Abdomen  parallel - 
sided,  depressed  and  smooth.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  and  $ 
ample,  slightly  broader  than  long,  densely  granulated  ;  penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  S  convex,  rounded  and  obtusely  triangular, 
punctate  ;  in  $  punctate,  produced  into  a  long,  slender,  sharp- 
pointed  lobe.  Anal  process  smoother,  depressed,  the  margin  itself 
finely  crenulated,  rounded  in  c^ ;  iu  $  parallel-sided  at  the  base 
itself,  then  obtusely  triangular.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
depressed,  finely  punctulate ;  in  6  unarmed,  incurved ;  in  $ 
straighter. 

Ilanr/e.  Ceylon. 

This  genus  was  founded  for  a  single  Singhalese  species  Avhich 
represents  the  passage  from  Apachyus  to  typical  earwigs. 

It  resembles  Apachyus  in  its  main  features,  especially  in  the  form 
of  the  apex  of  the  abdomen  and  the  forceps,  and  in  the  penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  the  female,  but  in  the  less  depressed  body, 
rectangular  pronotum,  somewhat  different  tarsi,  and  penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  the  male  it  approaches  the  normal  earwig. 

3.  Dendroiketes  corticiiiiis,  Burr*    (Fig.  3.) 

Apachyus  corticinus,  Burr,  (08^)  p.  51. 
Dendroiketes  corticiuus,  Burr,  (09)  p.  321. 

Of  small  size ;  general  colour  greyish  fuscous ;  antennae  with 
first  three  segments  yellowish,  the  rest  grey ;  head  smooth, 
yellowish,  the  mouth-parts  darker;  sutures  distinct.  Pronotum 
rectangular,  nearly  square,  prozona  tumid,  median  suture  distinct, 
metazona  depressed,  sides  reflexed  ;  scutellum  obtusely  triangular  ; 
elytra  narrow,  not  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  pronotum,  smooth,  greyish  brown ;  wings  very  prominent, 
longer  than  the  elytra,  the  scales  of  the  same  colour ;  legs  yel- 
lowish, the  femoi-a  with  darker  shading ;  abdomen  depressed, 
parallel-sided,  yellowish  brown,  smooth.  Last  dorsal  segment  of 
cJ  and  $  ample,  reddish  brown,  a  little  broader  than  long,  coarsely 
scabrous,  with  a  faint  median  depression.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  (^  punctate,  decidedly  convex,  obtusely  triangular ;  of 
5  produced  into  a  long  slender  sharp-pointed  lobe.  Anal  process 
smoother,  depressed  and  prominent,  the  edge  finely  crenulate ;  in 


DENBEOIKETES.  37 

S  rounded,  iu  $  parallel-sided  at  the  base  itself,  then  obtusely 
triangular,  with  rather  sharp  points  at  each  side.  Eorceps  de- 
pressed, finely  punctulate,  deep  red ;  in  d  sickle-shaped,  unarmed, 
regularly  arcuate ;  in  5  with  a  blunt  tubercle  on  the  underside 
near  the  base,  rather  thick,  straight  and  parallel  near  the  base  itself, 
then  bowed  inward  at  an  obtuse  angle,  then  straight,  converging 
to  the  points,  which  are  abruptly  attenuated  and  slightly  hooked. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 8-5  mm.         ]  0    mm. 

,,         forceps 1-5     „  1-5    „ 

Cetlon  :  Peradeniya,  in  October  (coll.  Burr).  One  larva  from 
Ceylon  (Vienna  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  species,  the  only  known  Singhalese  representative  of  the 
Apachyidce,  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  generic  characters.  It 
was  discovered  by  Mr.  Green,  who  found  a  single  pair. 


Family  II.  PYGIDICKANIDJE. 

The  compressed  and  carinulate  femora  afford  a  convenient  mesns 
of  separating  this  family. 


Fig.  2. — Leg  of  Fygidlcrana  siconensis,  Dohrn. 

The  elytra  are  weakly  attached — that  is,  the  anal  angle  is 
rounded,  so  that  a  triangular  scutellum  of  var^'-ing  size  is  exposed 
at  the  base  of  the  elytra  when  closed. 

The  antenna  have  numerous  segments,  the  fourth  and  fifth 
shorter  than  the  third,  which  is  long. 


38  pygidicrajVid^. 

The  abdomen  is  cylindrical  and  generally  narrower  near  the 
base  than  at  the  apex,  whieli  is  usually  more  or  less  dilated. 

No  known  Indian  members  of  the  family  are  apterous,  but 
totally  wingless  forms  occur  in  certain  parts  of  the  world. 

Two  subfamilies  are  represented  in  India. 

Table  of  Subfamilies. 

1.  Antennae  with  15-25  segments,  the  fifth 

cylindrical,  longer  than  broad.     (Size  [p.  38. 

small  or  medium,  build  fragile.)    ....        I.  Diplatyince, 
1.1.  Antennae  with  over   30  segments,  the 
fourth,  fifth,  aud  sixth  short,  globular, 
not  longer  than  broad.    (Size  large  or 
very  large,  build  robust  and  powerful  [p.  53. 

as  a  rule.) II.  P>/gidicraiiince, 


Subfamily  I.  DIPLATYIN^. 

This  subfamily  contaius  the  single  genus  Dijilaiys,  Serv.,  if  we 
agree  to  sink  Cylindrofj aster,  Stal. 

Genus  DIPLATYS,  Serv. 

Diplatys,  Servilh,  (31)  p.  33. 

Dyscritiua,  Westioood,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lo7idon,  1881,  p.  601  (larva). — 

Tt/2)e,  D.  longisetosa,  JVestw. 
Nannopygia,  Dohrn,  (68)  p.  60. — Type,  N.  gerstfeckeri,  Dohrn. 

Type,  Forficula  macrocepJiala,  Pal.-Beauv. 

Body  glabrous  or  hairy.  Stature  small  and  slender.  An- 
tennae with  16-20  rather  thick  segments,  almost  cylindrical ; 
first  long  and  thickened  at  the  apex,  second  very  short,  third 
longer,  fourth  about  half  as  long  as  third,  fifth  a  little  longer ; 
the  remainder  gradually  lengthening.  Head  rather  broad,  pen- 
tagonal, usually  different  in  the  sexes  ;  in  the  S  globose, 
smooth,  and  tumid,  with  obsolete  sutures,  or  more  often  tumid 
between  the  eyes  and  strongly  depressed  posteriorly,  the  two 
parts  often  sharply  separated  by  the  transverse  suture ;  sutures 
very  distinct  or  obsolete ;  posterior  margin  truncate  or  emar- 
ginate,  somewhat  reflexed  into  an  incrassate  transverse  ridge 
which  continues  round  the  corners  to  the  eyes  ;  a  more  or  less 
sharp  ridge  often  runs  from  behind  the  eyes  to  the  posterior 
angles  of  the  side ;  sides  of  the  head  parallel  or  converging  pos- 
teriorly, in  which  case  the  head  is  lanceolate  ;  median  suture 
sometimes  very  distinct,  sometimes  replaced  by  a  short  keel ;  in 
the  $  the  head  is  generally  simpler,  more  approaching  quadrate, 
smooth,  not  notably  tumid  or  depressed,  and  somewhat  broader. 
Prouotum  small,  narrower  than  the  head,  sometimes  a  little 
longer  than  broad,  usually  as  broad  as  long,  produced  and  narrowed 
anteriorly  with  a  short  neck ;  sides  parallel  or  convex  ;  posterior 
margin  truncate,  the  angles  rounded ;    prozona  usually  tumid ; 


UU'LATTS.  SO' 

sides  and  metazona  flat ;  in  the  $  usually  more  rounded  and 
broader ;  the  pronotum  extends  shghtly  over  the  elytra.  Scu- 
tellum  small  and  triangular.  Elytra  broad  and  ample,  usually 
long  and  convex  or  truncate  posteriorly,  M-ith  no  humei'al  carina. 
Wings  generally  long  ;  squamse  generally  pointed ;  a  triangular 
membranous  patch  often  exposed  ;  rarely  abortive.  Femora  feebly 
keeled  ;  first  tarsal  segment  very  long  and  slender,  longer  than 
second  and  third  united ;  second  very  short,  rather  broad ;  third 
segment  about  half  as  long  as  first,  a  little  broader;  pulvilius 
present  between  the  claws.  Abdomen  in  the  6  slender  and  cylin- 
drical ;  the  segments  distinctly  separated  ;  lateral  tubercles  on 
segments  three  and  four  generally  more  distinct  in  the  $  than 
in  the  6  ;  towards  the  apex  a  little  broader,  sometimes  notably 
so.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  d"  ample,  smooth,  tumid,  truncate 
posteriorly,  sometimes  very  remarkably  widened  and  quadrate. 
In  the  5  the  abdomen  is  usually  broader  and  more  depressed, 
not  widened  apically,  but  narrowed  down  the  last  dorsal  segment 
which  is  sloping,  long,  and  veiy  narrow.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  in  the  d  very  ample,  completely  covering  the  last  seg- 
ment, quadrate,  angles  rounded,  posterior  margin  truncate  or 
sinuate,  or  deeply  emarginate.  Pygidium  not  visible.  Forceps 
of  c?  stout,  straight,  conical  and  contiguous,  usually  depressed, 
flat  beneath  and  keeled  above,  dilated  near  the  base  to  form  a  flat 
dilation  recalling  typical  Fovficula  or  merely  forming  a  flat  triangular 
tooth,  and  then  attenuate  and  arcuate  so  as  to  enclose  an  elliptical 
area.     In  the  $  simple,  straight,  very  short,  and  contiguous. 

Larvae  depressed ;  instead  of  forceps,  having  long  segmented 
caudal  styles,  resembling  antennae  ;  number  of  segments  varying 
from  about  15-30  ;  segments  cylindrical,  gradually  lengthening 
after  the  second,  the  basal  segment  equalling  in  length  the  next 
five  or  six  segments.  This  long  basal  segment  is  the  sheath  of  the 
future  forceps. 

Eange.  Tropical  Asia,  Africa  and  America. 

This  genus  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  also  one  of  the 
most  difficult.  In  'Das  Tierreich,'  de  Bormans  gave  a  table  for 
the  half  dozen  species  which  he  knew,  based  entirely  upon  colour 
alone.  It  is  consequently  impossible  to  discriminate  any  species 
by  means  of  that  work. 

The  inherent  difficulty  of  the  genus  is  complicated  by  the 
sexual  dimorphism  ;  it  is,  at  present  at  least,  only  possible  to 
allocate  females  to  their  respective  places  by  guesswork,  as  the 
form  of  the  head  and  pronotum  is  usually  different  in  the  female 
from  the  same  pai'ts  in  the  male,  and,  of  course,  the  anal  parts 
differ  also.  It  is  accordingly  particularly  desirable  that  no  new 
species  of  Diplatys  be  described  from  females  only. 

It  is  also  probable  that  there  may  be  two  different  types  of 
coloration  in  one  species.  It  may  eventually  be  proved  that 
D.  gersto'clceri,  \2Lr.  caUdasa  is  really  a  yellow  variety  of  the  large 
fuscous  D.  siva,  and  the  same  thing  may  occur  in  certain  African 
species. 


40 


PYGIDICRANID.E. 


The  name  Di/scritina  was  proposed  by  Westwood  (1881)  for 
the  larval  form,  with  long  segmented  cerci,  which  proved  to  be 
identical  with  the  insect  described  by  Dohrn  under  the  name 
Ncmnopygia  gerstcBckeri.  This  is,  of  course,  a  true  Diplatys,  so 
Nannopygia  must  fall,  although  de  Bormans  describes  Namio- 
pygia  gerstceclceri  and  Diplatys  loagisetosa,  Westwood,  as  separate 
creatures  in  distinct  genera. 


Table  of  Species, 

1.  Forceps  strongly  depressed  and  dilated 
near  the  base. 
2.  Last  dorsal  segment  strongly  dilated, 
much  wider  than  the  waist ;  broad 
and  flat   part   of  forceps  quite  pro- 
minent. 
3,  Elytra   short,  only  li  time  as  long 
as  broad,  rounded  at  apex ;  wings 
abortive  ;    occiput    not  strongly 

depressed gladiator,  Burr,  p.  41. 

3.3,  Elytra  at  least  twice  as  long  as 
broad,   narrow   at   apex ;    wings 

well  developed; occiput  depressed,    falcatus,  sp.  n.,  p.  42. 
2.2.  Last  dorsal  segment  not  strongly  di- 
lated, but  little  wider  than  the  waist; 
dilated  part  of  forceps  very  short, 
scarcely  visible  from  above. 
3.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  roun- 
ded,   gently    sinuate    at    hinder 
margin;  forceps  stout,  very  gently 

arcuate lefroyi,  sp,  n.,  p.  44. 

3.3.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  nar- 
rowed ;  binder  border  produced 
to  a  small  truncate  lobe ;   forceps 

more  slender  and  arcuate   angustatus,  sp.  u.,  p.  44. 

1.1.  Forceps  gradually  attenuate. 

2.  Penultimate    ventral    segment    with 
posterior  margin  distinctly  excavate 
or  emarginate. 
3.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  with 

round  emargination bormansi,  sp.  n.,p.  45, 

3.3.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  with 

one    or     more     deep   triangular 

emarginations. 

4.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  bi- 

emarginate  (small    Singhalese 

species). 

•5.  Colour  red     (/ersfcscJieri,  Dohrn,  p,  46, 

5.5.  Colour  black     ernesti,  sp.  n.,  p.  48. 

4.4=  Penultimate  ventral  segment  with 
three  triangular  emarginations 
(large  North  Indian  species) .  .     siva,  Burr,  p.  49. 
2.2.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  entire  or 
gently  sinuate. 


DIPLATTS.  41 

3.  Penultimate  ventral   segment  very 

gently  sinuate   \     greeai,  Burr,  p.  50, 

3.3.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  trun- 
cate. 
4.  Last    dorsal     segment     scai'cely 
wider  than  the  abdomen;  forceps 
trigono-conical. 
5.  Penultimate    ventral    segment 
rectangular,  the  angles    not 

rounded     rnfescens,  Kirby,  p.  5] . 

•5.5.  Penultimate   ventral   segment 

with  the  angles  rounded.  .  .  .    Jletcheri,  sp.  n.,  p.  o'2. 
4.4.  Last    dorsal    segment  decidedly 
wider  than  the  abdomen  ;  for- 
ceps depressed liberatus,  sp.  n.,  p.  62. 

4.  Diplatys  gladiator,  Burr* 

Diplatys  gladiator,  Burr,  (05)  pp.  28  &  29,  (OG^)  p.  319. 

Pale  testaceous  or  reddish ;  elytra  black.  Antennae  with 
14  segments,  pale  straw-coloured  ;  third  segment  not  very  long, 
fourth  much  shorter,  and  fifth  a  little  shorter  than  the  third, 
all  cylindrical.  Head  tumid  between  the  eyes,  not  remarkably 
depressed  on  the  occiput,  postocular  keels  nearly  obsolete;  sutures 
not  very  distinct ;  there  is  a  faint  small  ridge  on  each  side  of  the 
median  suture  and  parallel  to  it ;  colour  fuscous  or  reddish.  Pro- 
notum  of  S  and  5  as  broad  as  long,  subquadrate,  with  rounded 
sides  and  angles,  truncate  posteriorly,  testaceous  ;  prozona  tumid ; 
metazona  and  sides  depressed.  Scutellum  pale,  larger  in  the  $ 
than  in  the  S  •  Elytra  black,  short  and  broad,  convex  posteriorly ; 
in  the  $  the  elytra  slope  away  at  the  base  and  so  expose  a  larger 
scutehum  than  in  the  J.  Wings  abortive.  Legs  pale  and 
slender.  Abdomen  yellowish  near  the  base,  reddish  or  darker 
near  the  apex ;  cylindrical  in  the  S ,  rather  depressed  in  the  $ ; 
smooth  lateral  tubercles  on  the  third  and  fourth  segments  distinct 
in  both  sexes.  In  the  S  the  eighth  and  ninth  segments  are  wider 
than  the  others  but  very  short ;  in  the  $  they  are  normal  and 
somewhat  narrowed.  Last  dorsal  segment  in  the  c?  very  ample, 
quadrate  and  smooth,  the  median  sulcus  nearly  obsolete  ;  posterior 
margin  subsinuate,  shghtly  convex  on  each  side  over  the  forceps; 
exterior  angles  depressed,  prominent,  and  rectangular.  In  the  $  the 
last  dorsal  segment  sloping,  narrow,  normal.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  d"  as  ample  as  the  last  dorsal  segment,  posterior  margin 
gently  rounded,  angles  rounded.  Forceps  of  the  c?  with  the 
branches  very  depressed  and  strongly  dilated  near  the  base  itself, 
forming  a  flattened  but  sharp  tooth,  at  which  point  the  two  inner- 
margins  touch ;  then  suddenly  and  strongly  attenuate  and 
arcuate,  enclosing  an  elliptical  area  :  in  the  2  straight,  simple, 
and  slender. 

(S 

Leugth  of  body    8-75  mm. 

„         forceps    1-5      „ 


42  PYGIDICRANIDiE. 

Bengal  :  Calcutta  {Ind.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 
Tyije  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 

Larva. 

Antennae  of  same  number  of  segments  and  form  as  adult. 
Pronotum  almost  circular,  ample,  anterior  and  posterior  margins 
straight ;  elytra  present  as  free  short  rounded  flaps ;  legs  very 
slender,  depressed  and  rather  broad  ;  lateral  tubercles  very  dis- 
tinct ;  lateral  dorsal  segment  very  small  and  narrow ;  caudal 
setae  very  long,  with  20-30  segments,  considerably  longer 
than  the  body  ;  basal  segments  very  long,  about  equalling  the 
next  seven  segments  together  ;  the  segments  all  cylindrical,  rather 
long,  gradually  lengthening  after  the  second.  Head,  elyti'a, 
apical  half  of  abdomen  and  cerci,  except  at  the  very  base  itself, 
blackish,  the  rest  of  the  body  straw-coloured.  Length  of  body 
5*5  mm.,  of  basal  segment  of  cerci  1"7  mm.,  total  length  of  cerci 
7'75  mm.     (The  soft  body  is  of  course  rather  shrivelled.) 

This  is  a  very  distinct  species,  being  the  only  one  known  in 
which  the  wings  are  abortive,  and  the  elytra  so  short  that  they 
are  almost  square ;  the  coloration  is  also  distinctive ;  in  the 
strongly  dilated  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  and  the  depressed 
and  dilated  forceps,  it  approaches  D.  fakatus,  but  in  that  species 
the  inner  margin  of  the  dilated  part  is  crenulate,  and  the  forceps 
are  bowed  so  that  the  outer  margin  is  sti'ongly  arched ;  in 
D.  gladiator  the  outer  margin  is  almost  straight. 

it  has  hitherto  only  been  record(jd  from  Calcutta,  where 
Dr.  Aunandale  found  the  larvae  during  hot  weather  under  flower- 
pots, resting  on  stones. 


5.  Diplatys  falcatus,  sp.  n.     (Fig.  4.) 

Size  relatively  great.  General  colour  reddish  brown.  Antennae 
pale  yellowish  grey.  Head  blackish  brown,  broad,  especially  in 
the  S ,  depressed,  sutures  strongly  marked,  postocular  carina 
strong  and  sharp,  occiput  depressed.  Pronotum  of  d  suboval,  a 
little  longer  than  broad,  a  little  narrower  posteriorly  than  an- 
teriorly, the  sides  rounded;  yellowish  brown,  M'ith  indistinct 
blackish  markings ;  in  $  ,  the  prozona  bi-own,  the  metazona  pale 
yellowish,  pentagonal,  slightly  longer  than  broad  and  narrowed 
posteriorly ;  anterior  margin  roundly  convex,  sides  and  posterior 
margin  almost  straight.  Scutellum  yellowish,  broader  in  the  $ 
than  in  the  J  •  Elytra  ample,  long  and  narrow,  purplish  black. 
Wings  long  and  prominent,  creamy,  the  scale  blackish.  Legs 
dirty  yellowish,  shaded  or  banded  with  brownish.  Abdomen 
reddish  brown,  with  stiff'  reddish  bristles  at  the  sides ;  long  and 
slender  and  dilated  posteriorly  in  the  6 ,  stouter  and  narrowed 
posteriorly  in   the   $  ;    lateral  tubercles  distinct.      Last  dorsal 


DIPLATYS. 


43 


segment  of  c?  very  large,  ample  and  smooth,  nearly  square,  much 
broader  than  the  abdomen,  yellowish  brown ;  sides  somewhat 
converging  posteriorly,  posterior  margin  truncate ;  in  $  ample,  but 
narrower  than  the  abdomen,  truncate  posteriorly.  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  d"  ample,  somewhat  narrowed  posteriorly,  the 
sides  straight  and  converging ;  posterior  margin  gently  sinuate, 
with  a  triangular  depressed  area  m  the  middle  ;  in  2  narrow, 
acutely  convex.  Forceps  with  the  branches  iu  the  cT  strongly 
flattened  throughout  their  length  and  almost  sulcate  above, 
strongly  dilated  at  the  base  itself,  this  portion  ending  abruptly  in 
a  blunt  tooth,  as  the  branches  are  sharply  attenuated  near  the 
base  and  diverging,  then  strongly  arcuate,  so  as  to  enclose  a 
slightly  transverse  oval  area ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are  simple, 
straight,  contiguous,  tapering. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 13-5  mm.  11  mm. 

„         forceps 1       „  1     „ 

Punjab  :  Simla  Hills,  Kasauli,  about  6300  ft.,  16.V.08  (Tnd. 
3IUS.) ;  Lower  Burma  :  Dawna  Hills,  2000-3000  ft.,  2-3.iii.08 
{Ind.  II us.). 

Type  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 


Pig.  3. — Apex  of  abdomen  of  male,  showing  penultimate  ventral  segment 
and  forceps,  from  beneath ,  of  six  species  of  Biplatys. 


A.  D.falcatus. 

B.  D.  Irfroyi. 

C.  D.  anrjiisfatus. 


D.  D.  gersi(pchen. 

E.  D.  ei-)iesfi. 

F.  D.flet chert. 


This  is  a  fine  species,  which  most  nearly  approaches  the  African 
D.  macrocephala,  but  the  penultimate  ventral  segment  is  of  a 
diflferent  shape,  and  the  forceps  are  very  strongly  arched. 

Perhaps  de  Borraans  included  this  species  in  his  D.  macrO' 
cephala  from  Burma. 


44  PTGIDICEANID.i:. 

6.  Diplatys  lefroyi,  sp.  n.    (Fig.  5.) 

Eelatively  large,  General  colour  blackish  brown,  body  reddish. 
Antennae  brown,  yellowish  near  the  base,  blackish  towards  the 
apes.  Head  black,  the  frous  tumid  and  smooth,  the  transverse 
suture  obscure ;  postocular  keels  sharp  and  distinct ;  median 
suture  distinct  only  near  posterior  margin,  which  is  depressed,  as 
also  the  occiput.  Pronotum  of  d  about  as  broad  as  long,  irregularly 
pentagonal,  with  rounded  angles  ;  anterior  margin  roundly  convex; 
posterior  roargin  truncate,  sides  gently  converging  so  that  the 
pronotum  is  somewhat  narrower  posteriorly  than  anteriorly ; 
prozona  black ;  metazona  yellowish.  Scutellum  yellow.  Elytra 
ample,  smooth,  black.  Wings  long,  smooth,  black.  Legs  yellow, 
banded  with  blackish.  Abdomen  blackish  red,  gently  widening 
posteriorly.  Last  dorsal  segment  not  very  strongly  dilated,  about 
half  as  wide  again  as  the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  rather  longer 
than  broad,  smooth,  tumid,  black  with  yellowish  pubescence. 
Posterior  margin  simple,  gently  sinuate  in  the  middle,  the  sides 
obliquely  truncate.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  ample,  rounded, 
the  posterior  margin  gently  sinuate.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
stout  and  trigonal,  not  very  much  depressed ;  at  the  very  base 
itself  the  inner  margin  is  produced  into  a  depressed  triangular 
tooth,  which  is  best  seen  from  below,  as  it  does  not  extend  beyond 
the  edge  of  the  last  dorsal  segment,  and  so  is  not  easily  visible 
from  above ;  the  branches  are  gently  tapered,  nearly  straight  or 
gently  incurved,  the  points  scarcely  hooked  ;  the  interior  margin 
in  the  apical  portion  is  denticulate ;  the  basal  portion  of  the 
forceps  is  pale  yellow,  the  apical  portion  black. 

6 

Length  of  body     12     mm. 

,,         forceps    ]  "5    „ 

S.  Bombay  :  Belgaum,  2000  ft.,  iv.OS  (Pasa  Coll.) ;  Tratan- 
CORE  :  E.  side  of  Western  Ghats,  Madras  frontier,  Shencottah 
{Ind.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr"). 

Type  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 

This  species  is  related  to  D.  falcatus.  The  dilation  at  the 
base  of  the  forceps  is  so  short  that  it  is  not  at  first  noticeable, 
and  thus  the  forceps  appear  to  resemble  those  of  D.  bormansi. 
The  penultimate  ventral  segment  also  is  different  from  that  of 
D.  falcatus,  being  rounded  or  sinuate,  thus  approaching  the  African 
D.  macrocephala,  but  the  last  abdominal  segment  is  very  little 
broader  than  the  abdomen. 


7.  Diplatys  angustatus,  sp.  n.     (Pig.  6.) 

Size  small,  general  colour  black.  Antennae  black  with  a  yellowish 
ring  near  the  base  ;  IG  segments,  all  cylindrical,  third  rather  short. 
Head    black,   tumid ;    occiput  depressed,  with  sharp    postocular 


DIPLAXiS.  45 

carinse  and  a  pair  of  small  keels  in  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
margin.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  long,  all  margins  gently  convex ; 
black,  with  a  narrow  yellowish  posterior  border.  Elytra  and 
wings  ample,  black.  Scntellum  minute,  black.  Legs  black,  ringed 
with  white  at  the  base  of  the  femora,  the  knees  and  base  of  the 
tarsi.  Abdomen  slender,  black,  the  tubercles  on  second  and  third 
segments  very  distinct ;  gradually  widening  towards  the  apex. 
Last  dorsal  segment  tumid,  but  scarcely  wider  than  the  abdomen 
and  about  as  long  as  broad.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  broad  at 
the  base  but  rapidly  narrowing  towards  the  apex,  which  is  trun- 
cate. Porceps  with  the  branches  depressed  at  the  base  itself  and 
so  contiguous  there  ;  then  immediately  and  abruptly  attenuate,  the 
branches  very  slender,  elongate  and  arcuate,  enclosing  an  ellip- 
tical area.      $  unknown, 

S 

Length  of  body   10-5    mm. 

„       forceps    1*75     „ 

N.  Bengal  :  Purneah  District,  Bhogaon,  30.ix.0S  (0.  A.  Paiva, 
Incl.  31  us.). 

Type  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 

This  species,  based  on  a  single  male,  approaches  D.  lefroyi  in 
the  form  of  the  forceps  and  the  last  dorsal  segment,  but  is  smaller 
and  more  slender  ;  the  forceps  especially  are  far  less  robust.  The 
form  of  the  penultimate  ventral  segment  is  perfectly  distinctive. 


8.  Diplatys  bormansi,  sp.  n.     (Figs.  91,  91  a.) 

Diplatys  macrocephala,  Borm.  {nee  Beauv.)  (88)  p.  433,  (94)  p.  372, 

(OQi)  p.  9  (text)  (partim). 
Diplatys  nigriceps,  Burr,  (04)  pp.  279  &  284  (partim). 
Diplatys  bormansi,  Kirhij,  (04)  p.  1  (nomen  nudum). 

Puscous  varied  with  whitish,  not  very  pubescent.  Antennae 
with  14-16  segments,  basal  two  fuscous,  the  remainder  greyish 
testaceous.  Head  of  J  with  transverse  suture  rather  distinct,  the 
tumid  frontal  part  very  distinct  from  the  depressed  occiput ; 
postocular  ridges  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  eyes,  not  very 
sharp  ;  median  suture  fairly  distinct,  with  one  or  two  faint  ridges 
on  each  side  ;  in  the  5  broader  and  flatter,  the  sutures  more 
faint,  so  that  the  somewhat  tumid  part  passes  gradually  into  the 
depressed  occiput ;  postocular  ridges  rather  more  blunt ;  black  ;  the 
eyes  very  prominent,  especially  in  the  male  ;  eyes  sometimes  white. 
Pronotum  with  median  sulcus  faint ;  prozona  tumid,  brownish 
black,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  disc  ;  metazona  narrow 
and  flat,  white  or  yellowish,  which  colour  extends  forwards  along 
the  flat  sides  to  form  a  crescent ;  trapezoidal,  nearly  rectilinear  in 
the  6 ,  the  sides  subconvex  in  the  5 ,  angles  rounded  in  both 
sexes,  slightly  narrowed  posteriorly,  about  as  broad  as  long,  but 
distinct]  V  broader  in  the  $  than  in  the  d*.     Scutellum  transverse 


46  rTGIDICBANID.E. 

in  the  S  ;  very  small  in  the  $  .  Elytra  smooth,  ample,  long,  fuscous, 
with  a  distiuct  purple  sheen ;  with  a  few  stifi'  bristles  ;  some- 
times with  a  pale  transverse  baud  at  the  shoulders.  Wings 
ample  ;  squamae  long  and  narrow,  pale  and  with  a  central  fuscous 
spot.  Legs  pale,  femora  and  tibiae  with  fuscous  rings  ;  former 
with  distinct  carinulse.  Abdomen  of  c?  slendei-,  shining  purplish 
black,  gently  and  slightly  broadened  towards  the  apex  ;  $  broader, 
somewhat  depressed,  angustate  posteriorly,  with  a  short  thick 
yellowish  pubescence.  Last  dorsal  segments  of  c?  quadrate,  smooth, 
scarcely  broader  than  the  base  of  the  abdomen  ;  in  the  $  sloping 
and  narrowed.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  <S  parallel-sided, 
posterior  margin  rather  deeply  emarginate  in  the  middle,  with 
broadly  rounded  lobes.  Forceps  with  the  branches  not  depressed, 
stout,  straight,  subcontiguous,  trigono-conical,  acuminate  and 
very  slightly  hooked  at  the  apex ;  in  the  $  cylindro-couieal,  short, 
contiguous,  straight. 

Length  of  body 10  mm.  9       mm. 

„         forceps 1     „  0'75     „ 

Burma  :  Bhamo,  April  and  August  (coll.  Burr,  Genoa  Mus.)  ; 
Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.  {coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  species  was  confused  by  de  Bormans  with  D.  liberatus,  Burr, 
under  the  name  of  D.  macrocephala,  which  is  a  very  distinct 
African  species,  and  by  the  author  of  this  work  with  D.  nigrkejps 
and  D.  greeni. 

It  differs  from  them  all  in  having  the  penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  the  male  emarginate  in  the  middle  ;  in  D.  liheraius  this 
plate  is  truncate ;  in  the  true  D.  nigncejys  from  Hong  Kong  it  is 
somewhat  convex  in  the  middle. 

Superficially  it  also  resembles  D.  greeni. 

It  is  impossible  to  determine  which  of  the  localities  quoted 
by  de  Bormans  should  be  attributed  to  this  species,  and  which 
to  D.  bormansi  without  an  actual  examination  of  each  spe- 
cimen. Those  quoted  above  are  all  represented  in  the  author's 
collection. 


.9.  Diplatys  gerstseckeri,  Dolim.    (Pig.  7.) 

Nannopygia  gerstseckeri,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  60  ;    Scudder,  (76)  p.  326  ; 

Kirby,  (91)  p.  508 ;  Bormans,  (94)  p.  372,  (00-)  p.  11. 
Dyscritina  lougisetosa,    Westioood,  (81)  p.  601,  pi.  22,  figs.  1,  \a-i; 

'Green,  (96)  p.  229,  (98)  p.  383. 
Diplatys  longisetosa,   Burr,  (98)  p.  388,  pi.  xviii,  figs.  4,  5  &  16 ; 

pi.  xix,  tigs.  9-14 ;  Borm.  (00')  p.  10,  fig.  6. 
Diplatys  gerstseckeri,  Burr,  (01)  p.  74,  pi.  A,  figs.  4  &  5,  (05)  pp.  279 

&282. 


DIPL  ATI'S.  47 

Diplatys  gerstajckeri,  var.  calidasa,  Burr,  (04)  pp.  279  &  282,  (OG) 

p.  387,  (07=)  p.  508. 
Cylindrogaster  rufesceiis,  Burr  {nee  Kirhy)^  (00^)  p.  48. 

Small  and  slender ;  general  colour  reddish  tawny  shading  to 
yellow  with  a  few  reddish  bristles.  Antennae  with  15  segments, 
typical,  testaceous.  Head  :  in  the  S  not  very  tumid  between  the 
eyes,  this  part  passing  gradually  into  the  narrowly  depressed 
occiput,  owing  to  the  transverse  suture  being  obsolete ;  eyes 
large,  the  postocular  keels  shorter  than  the  eyes,  a  sharp  hinder 
border  somewhat  incrassate,  the  median  suture  short  but  distinct, 
cutting  the  incrassate  margin ;  sides  of  the  head  converging 
posteriorly  :  in  the  $  the  eyes  smaller  and  postocular  keels  rela- 
tively a  trifle  longer  and  less  sharp ;  the  head  is  somewhat 
broader  and  less  tumid  but  otherwise  it  resembles  the  J ,  only 
the  characters  are  weaker,  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  ;  the  colour  is 
yellowish  testaceous,  sometimes  shaded  with  darker.  Pronotum  of 
c5"as  broad  as  long,  subquadrate,  posterior  margin  gently  I'ounded  ; 
very  slightly  narrower  posteriorly  than  anteriorly  ;  prozona  ample, 
tumid,  metazona  and  sides  flat ;  yellowish  or  reddish  testaceous  ; 
in  the  5  similar,  but  somewhat  broader.  Scutellum  minute. 
Elytra  reddish  to  golden  yellow,  sometimes  shaded  \^'ith  fuscous  ; 
ample,  long  and  broad,  obliquely  convex  posteriorly,  with  a  few 
bristles  on  the  shoulders.  AViugs  long,  of  the  same  colour  as 
the  elytra.  Legs  yellow,  very  slender;  posterior  femora  with 
cariuulas  almost  obsolete.  Abdomen  reddish,  in  the  (S  slender  and 
cylindrical,  slightly  broadening  posteriorly  ;  in  the  $  somewhat 
depressed,  a  little  broader  apically.  Last  dorsal  segment  ample, 
tumid  and  smooth,  quadrate  in  the  S ,  and  slightly  broader  than 
the  abdomen  ;  in  the  §  narrower,  sloping  and  angulate  posteriorly. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  in  the  6  ample,  as  broad  as  long, 
the  posterior  margin  deeply  triangularly  emarginate,  tlie  apex  of 
the  emargination  produced  posteriorly  into  a  short  sharp  equilateral 
triangular  lobe,  so  that  the  outline  of  the  posterior  margin  forms 
a  W ;  in  the  $  longer  and  narrower,  angustate  posteriorly. 
Porceps  of  S  with  the  branches  short,  depressed,  narrow,  tapering 
and  quite  straight,  slightly  hooked  at  the  apex  itself ;  in  the  $ 
similar,  but  shorter  and  more  slender. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body 7-4-14-75  mm.       7*5-8  mm. 

„         forceps 1-1-5  ,,  1-1-5     „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft..  May  to  Dec. 
(Genoa  Miis.) ;  Ceylon:  Punduluoya  (Brit.  Mus.,  coU.  Burr), 
Maskeliya  (coll.  Burr). 

Ti/pe  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 

Although  a  female  of  one  of  Mr.  Green's  original  specimens  of 
Dyscritina  longisetosa  has  the  head  with  the  male  characters  almost 
obsolete,  whereas  another  female  from  Maskeliya  has  them  fairly 


48  PYGIDICRANIDiE. 

well  developed,  there  are  probably  not  two  species  in  the  Island 
of  Ceylon,  and  the  author  therefore  maintains  his  opinion  that 
Dyscritina  Jongisetosa  of  Westwood  and  Nannopygia  gerstceckeri  of 
Dohrn  are  identical. 


9  a.  Diplatys  gerstaeckeri,  var.  calidasa,  Burr. 

This  name  was  proposed  for  a  few  females,  in  the  Paris 
Museum,  from  Northern  India,  which  resemble  the  females  of 
B.  gerstceckeri  in  every  respect  but  size.  They  are  a  great  deal 
larger,  their  dimensions  being  as  follows  : — 

Length  of  body 12-12-25  mm. 

„         forceps 1-1-25     ,, 

It  is  possible  that  when  the  male  is  discovered  it  will  prove  to 
be  a  yellow  variety  of  the  large  D.  siva. 

Sikkim:  Darjihng  {Paris  Mus.);  Assam:  Kurseoug  {Ind. 
Mus.). 

Type  in  Paris  Museum. 


10.  Biplatys  ernesti,  sp.  n.     (Fig.  9.) 

Small  and  slender  ;  with  long  dense  pale  pubescence  ;  dark 
fuscous  brown.  Antennae  with  16  segments ;  yellowish,  rather 
darker  towards  the  apex,  the  second  segment  fuscous.  Head 
black,  S  \vith  the  tumid  frons  not  entirely  replete,  passing  fairly 
sharply  into  the  depressed  occiput,  but  the  transverse  suture  not 
distinct ;  postocular  keels  rather  blunt,  shorter  than  the  promi- 
nent eyes ;  posterior  margin  with  a  short  broad  raised  space  in 
the  middle,  divided  by  the  short  but  distinct  median  suture  ;  in  the 
2  the  tumid  frons  is  replete,  and  passes  gradually  backwards, 
reaching  the  posterior  margin  itself,  so  that  the  occiput  is  not 
depressed  ;  the  postocular  ridges  are  short,  blunt,  and  obtuse, 
capped  with  a  low  sharp  crest ;  as  usual  in  the  genus,  the 
head  is  somewhat  more  quadrate  posteriorly  in  the  $  ,  and  the 
eyes  a  little  smaller.  Pronotum  dark  brown,  about  as  broad  as 
long,  decidedly  convex  anteriorly,  gently  narrowed  posteriorly, 
slightly  longer  iu  the  $  than  in  the  S ,  the  sides  straight,  the 
posterior  margin  truncate,  and  the  posterior  angles  rounded  ;  flat 
margin  very  narrow.  Scutellum  brown,  relatively  large.  Elytra 
ample,  broad,  blackish  brown,  paler  towards  the  shoulders.  Wings 
blackish  brown.  Legs  long  and  slender  ;  femora  distinctly  crenu- 
late,  fuscous  -,  tibise  pale,  banded  with  fuscous  ;  tarsi  pale.  Abdo- 
men nearly  black,  relatively  not  very  slender,  very  gradually  and 
slightly  broadening  towards  the  apex  in  the  c5' ,  almost  parallel-sided 
in  the  $  .  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  quadrate,  sloping,  scarcely 
wider  than  the  abdomen  ;  narrowed  in  the  5  .  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  S  quadrate,  ample,  deeply  emarginate  on  the 
posterior  border,  the  apex  of  the  emargi nation  produced  again 


DIPLATTS.  49 

posteriorly  into  a  short  triangular  lobe,  so  that  the  outline  forms 
a  W ;  in  the  2  narrow,  triangular.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
very  short,  rather  broad,  depressed,  straight  and  tapering  in  the  d  ', 
in  the  $  shghtly  longer,  more  slender. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body 6-75  mm.  6       mm. 

„         forceps 0-5      „  0-75    „ 

Ceylon  :  'Peradeniysi  (Green,  coll.  Bun-),  Madulsima  (Fletcher)- 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

In  colour  and  in  the  gradually  widening  abdomen,  this  species 
resembles  D.  greeni  and  D.  bormansi,  but  is  smaller  than  either  and 
more  slender ;  it  differs  from  the  former  in  the  short  depressed 
forceps,  from  the  latter  in  the  somewhat  different  pronotuin  and 
shorter  and  broader  forceps.  It  differs  from  both  in  the  double 
triangular  emargination  of  the  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the 
male,  thus  approaching  D.  gerstcecl-eri,  which  it  also  resembles  in 
form  and  build,  but  the  middle  triangular  lobe  between  the  two 
excisions  is  much  broader  and  less  acute  in  this  species  than  in 
D.  r/erst(ecJceri. 

It  is  dedicated  to  Mr.  Ernest  Green. 


11.  Diplatys  siva,  Burr* 

Diplatys  siva,  Burr,  (04)  pp.  278  &  283  ;  (06)  p.  387 ;  (O?^)  p.  508. 

Large;  glabrous  ;  reddish  fuscous.  Antennae  with  15  segments, 
typical,  reddish  fuscous.  Head  in  the  c?  not  very  tumid  on  the 
f  rons,  nor  very  depressed  on  the  occiput ;  transverse  suture  fairly 
distinct  and  postocular  ridges  obsolete ;  in  the  5  the  irons  is  still 
less  tumid,  the  transverse  suture  marked  by  a  vague  shallow 
depression,  and  occiput  normal.  Pronotum  :  c?  sub(iuadrate,  convex 
anteriorly,  sides  parallel  and  posterior  margin  gently  rounded  ;  $ 
slightly  broader  and  truncate  posteriorly  ;  prozona  tumid,  ample  ; 
metazona  flat  and  narrow  in  both  sexes  and  median  suture 
distinct.  Scutellum  smaller  in  d"  than  in  2  .  Elytra  and  wings 
ample,  smooth,  fulvous  brown,  with  a  dense  short  yellowish 
pubescence.  Legs  brownish,  long  and  slender ;  posterior  femora 
cannulate.  Abdomen  slender,  not  broadened  postei'iorly.  Last 
dorsal  segment  of  the  cJ  rectangular,  short,  transverse,  not  broader 
than  the  abdomen,  smooth,  posterior  margin  oblique  at  sides,, 
truncate  in  the  middle  ;  in  the  2  sloping  and  strongly  angustate. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the  d  ample,  subquadrate,  posterior 
margin  with  three  deep  triangular  emarginations,  forming  thus 
two  triangular  lobes  in  the  middle  ;  in  the  2  narrow  and  rounded. 
Eorceps  :  in  the  cS  with  the  branches  rather  depressed,  rounded 
above,  flat  beneath,  quite  straight  and  unarmed,  conical  and  tapering ; 
in  the  2  shorter,  stouter  and  conical. 


50  PIG1DICRA]S'ID^. 

Length  of  body 14     mm.  13  mm. 

„         forceps 1  "S     „  1    „ 

SiKKiM:  Darjiling;  Assam:  Kurseong  (^  njmph)  {Ind.  3£us.); 
United  Pkovinces  :  Kumaun,  Bhim  Tal,  on  flowei's  of  stinging 
nettles  (Iiid.  3Iiis.). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  the  genus ;  it  is  distin- 
guished by  its  size,  fuscous  colour,  and  the  form  of  the  penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  the  male. 

In  a  larva,  the  length  of  tiie  basal  segment  of  the  cerci  was 
2-5  mm. ;  the  whole  cercus  13  mm.,  composed  of  15  segments  ; 
the  body  measured  10-5  mm. 


12.  Diplatys  greeni,  Burr. 

Diplatys  greeni,  Burr,  (04)  pp.  i>80  &  2So ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  2. 
Diplatys  nigriceps,    Burr,    (nee   Kirhy,   uec   Borin.)    (98)   p.  389, 

pi.  xviii,  tigs.  1-3  &  pi.  xix,  figs.  6-8  &  15  ;  (01)  p.  76,  pi.  A, 

tigs.  1-3;  Bonnans,  (00")   p.  10  (partim). 
Dyscritina  longisetosa,  Green,  (96)  p.  229  (partim). 
Dyscritina,  n.  sp.,  Green,  (98)  p.  383. 

G-eneral  colour  dark  greyish  brown,  not  very  pubescent. 
Antennae  with  16  segments  ^  greyish  brown.  Head  dark  reddish 
brown,  not  very  tumid  between  the  eyes,  this  part  passing 
o-radually  into  the  depressed  occiput,  as  the  transverse  suture  is 
not  very  distinct  ;  median  suture  very  short,  with  a  few  faint 
blunt  short  ridges  on  each  side  ;  postocular  ridges  sharp,  about  as 
long  as  the  diameter  of  the  eyes.  Pronotum  a  trifle  longer  than 
broad,  broad  anteriorly,  narrow  posteriorly,  the  sides  straight  and 
posterior  margin  truncate  ;  median  suture  distinct  ;  prozona 
tumid  and  occupying  greater  part  of  the  area ;  metazona  flat, 
very  short,  sides  flattened  and  somewhat  reflexed  ;  dark  greyish 
brown.  Scutellum  very  small.  Elytra  long  and  broad,  smooth, 
reddish-brown,  convex  at  the  posterior  margin.  Wings  long  and  of 
the  same  colour  (membranous  part  clearly  hyahne).  Legs  with  the 
femora  fuscous,  the  carinulse  obsolete,  just  perceptible  on  the  pos- 
terior pair ;  tibise  and  tarsi  very  slender,  pale  and  typical.  Abdomen 
browii,  with  a  bronze  sheen  ;  gradually  increasing  in  girth  towards 
the  apex ;  last  dorsal  segment  large,  scarcely  broader  than  the 
abdomen, tumid, smooth, quadrate, the  median  sulcus  faint;  postero- 
external angles  rectangular.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  ample, 
quadrate,    posterior    margin   slightly   emarginate,   with   a   short 


1  Owing  to  the  fragility  of  these  organs,  it  is  difficult  to  be  certain  what  is 
the  normal  number  of  segments  even  in  living  specimens :  the  antennae  often 
differ  in  this  respect  in  the  same  individual.  Green  has  counted  as  many  as  17 
and  as  few  as  13  segments  ;  probablj  16  is  the  normal  number. 


DIPLATYS.  51 

median  sulcus.  Forceps  with  the  branches  not  quite  contiguous 
at  the  base,  trigonal,  very  short,  then  suddenly  and  notably 
attenuate,  the  apical  half  very  slender,  cylindrical  and  tapering, 
gently  incurved,  thus  enclosing  an  elongate  elliptical  area ;  under 
surface  flattened. 

S 

Length  of  body 8-5  mm. 

„  forceps 1        „ 

Ceylon:  Puuduluoya  (Brit.  Mas.,  coll.  Bwr),  Peradeniya  (coll. 
Burr). 

l^ype  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  species  was  formerly  confused  with  B.  hormansi.  Burr, 
from  which  it  differs  in  the  form  of  the  penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  the  male,  which  is  gently  sinuate,  having  in  D.  hormansi 
a  central  round  emargination.  In  D.  greeni  too,  the  forceps  are 
stout  at  the  base,  and  convex,  cyliudro-conical,  quickly  attenuate, 
and  slightly  arcuate  towards  the  apex  ;  in  D.  hormansi  they  are 
trigono-conical  and  almost  straight.  D.  greeni  as  a  rule  has  no 
white  markings,  which  are  commonly  present  in  D.  hormansi. 


13.  Diplatys  rufescens,  Kirhg.*    (Fig.  7,5.) 

Oylhidrogaster  rufescens,  Kirhy,  (96)  p.  524,  pi.  20,  fig.  2. 
Diplatys  rufescens,  Kirhy ^  (04)  p.  2  ;  Burr^  (0"')  P-  508. 

Antennae  yellowish,  typical.  Head  with  frons  tumid  and  occiput 
depressed,  postocular  keels  sharp ;  chocolate-brown.  Pronotum 
suboval,  slightly  longer  than  wide,  well-rounded  in  front,  the  sides 
convex  and  posterior  margin  truncate ;  chocolate-bro-vn  in  colour 
with  an  indistinct  darker  shade  outlining  the  somewhat  tumid 
prozona.  Scutellum  wide  and  pale.  Elytra  reddish  chocolate-brown. 
Wings  whitish,  shaded  with  brown.  Legs  yellowisli,  the  femora 
shaded  with  brown.  Abdomen  clear  brick-red,  siiiooth,  decidedly 
darker  at  the  apex.  Last  dorsal  segment  decidedly  wider  than 
the  abdomen,  smooth,  nearly  square,  but  not  dilated.  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  S  ample,  quadrate,  feebly  depressed  in  middle 
near  hinder  margin.  Forceps  straight,  contiguous,  conical,  tri- 
gonal, the  inner  margin  serrulate,  apices  slightly  hooked.  5  un- 
known. 

6 

Length  of  body 12  mm. 

„  forceps ........        1    „ 

Sikkim:  Darjihng  (7?»-i^.  J/«s.,  Pcf/'ts  J1/?(S.);  ToNKijf. 
Tijpc  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  species  was  wrongly  considered  by  de  Bormans  as  synony- 
mous  with  B.  cjcrstaickeri,  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct. 


EL' 


52  PYGIDICBANID^. 

14.  Diplatys  fletcheri,  sp.  n.     (Fig.  8.) 

Of  small  or  medium  size,  colour  reddish  brown,  varied  with 
blackish.  Antennae  typical,  greyish  and  yellow.  Head  dark 
brown,  the  frous  strongly  tumid  ;  the  occiput  depressed  and 
postocular  keels  strong.  Pronotum  in  J  a  little  longer  than 
broad,  convex  anteriorly,  the  sides  parallel,  rounded  posteriorly^ ; 
in  5  a  little  shorter  and  broader,  the  sides  gently  rounded,  the 
hinder  margin  straight.  Elytra  reddish  bx'ovvn.  Wings  whitish. 
Legs  reddish,  shaded  with  brown.  Abdomen  reddish  brown, 
darker  apically;  last  dorsal  segment  in  S  dark  brown,  square,  smooth, 
ample,  distinctly  broader  than  the  abdomen  M'hich  widens  gradually 
to  it;  in  2  narrow  and  sloping.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  in  c? 
ample,  broad,  rounded,  the  hinder  border  straight,  the  angles  well- 
rounded  ;  in  5  narrow,  lanceolate.  Porceps  in  cj  with  branches 
rather  stout,  short,  trigouo-conical,  the  inner  margin  very  crenu- 
late,  almost  straight,  the  apex  hooked ;  in  $  simple,  straight  and 
conical. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 9-5  mm.       7  mm. 

,,        forceps 0"75  „  0-5    „ 

CEYLOjf :  Madulsima,  1.07  &  1.08  (T.  B.  Fletcher,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  f^pecies  is  founded  on  a  pair  sent  me  by  Mr.  T.  Bainbrigge 
Fletcher,  from  Ceylon  ;  the  male  is  darker  than  the  female,  and 
at  first  glance  it  looks  like  D.  bormansi,  or  D.  greeni,  but  the 
simple  penultimate  ventral  segment  distinguishes  it  from  the 
former.  The  trigono-conical  forceps  are  like  those  of  D  rufescens, 
but  D.  Jletcheri  differs  in  the  well-rounded  penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  the  male. 

The  female,  from  the  same  locality  as  the  male,  is  redder  in 
colour,  but  is  referred  with  little  hesitation  to  the  same  species, 
though  it  is  probable  that  females  of  D.  cierstceclceri  may  be  easilj'' 
mistaken  for  it. 


15.  Diplatys  liberatus,  sp.  n.     (Figs.  90,  90  a.) 

Nannopvgia  gerst8ecl<eri,  Borin.,  (nee  Bwr,  nee  Kirhy)  (94)  p.  372 ; 
(04)  p.  11  (partim). 

Dark  brown,  varied  with  whitish.  Pronotum  narrow  and  long, 
the  sides  straight,  somewhat  converging  posteriorly.  Abdomen 
gradually  widening  posteriorly^  so  that  the  last  dorsal  segment, 
though  not  strongly  inflated,  is  distinctly  wider  than  the  base  of 
the  abdomen.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  broad,  truncate,  the 
hinder  margin  entire.  Forceps  with  branches  short,  depressed, 
bowed,  contiguous,  tapering. 

6 

Length  of  body 10-5  mm. 

,,        forceps 1       „ 


DIPLATYS. — PYGIDICRA>rA,  53 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v-xii. 

T7j2^e  in  the  British  Museum. 

In  the  British  Museum  there  is  a  single  male,  one  of  de  Bormans' 
originals,  although  he  only  records  females. 

It  is  quite  distinct  from  D.  gerstceclcerl  from  Cejdon,  with  which 
de  Bormans  confused  it.  In  appearance  it  resembles  D.  nigriceps, 
but  differs  in  the  non-convex  posterior  margin  of  the  penultimate 
ventral  segment  and  the  rectilinear  pronotum  (which  also  separates 
it  from  D.  rufescens).  In  the  short,  broad,  flat,  straight  forceps  it 
approaches  the  African  forms,  D.  raffragi  and  D.  tethiops,  thus 
differing  also  from  D.  jacohsoni. 

The  non-emarginate  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the  male 
distinguishes  it  from  the  allied  U.  bormanst. 


Subfamily  II.  PYGIDICRANIN.E. 

This  subfamily  comprises  all  the  species  which  were  formerly 
included  in  the  capacious  genus  Pggidicrana,  which  is  now  sub- 
divided into  five,  all  of  which  are  represented  in  the  Indian  fauna. 

They  are  large  and  powerful  insects,  some  being  among  the 
largest  known  earwigs.  They  all  have  a  decided  family  likeness 
and  cannot  be  confused  with  the  members  of  any  other  group. 

Tahle  of  Genera. 

1.  Elytra  ample ;  scutellum  small  and  narrow. 

iJ.  Pronotum  oval ;   (penultimate  ventral  [p.  53. 

segment  of  male  ample) Pygidicrana,  Serv., 

2.2.  Pronotum  rectangular. 

3.  Penultimate     ventral    segment    of 

male  ample  and  broad Dicrana,  Burr,  p.  60, 

O.3.  Penultimate    ventral    segment    of 

male  narrow.  [p.  61. 

4.  Head  as  wide  as  pronotum    ....     C'RANorYGiA,  Burr, 
4.4.  Head       narrower        than        the 

pronotum    Picrania,  Burr,  p.  63*. 

1.1.  Elytra  short ;  scutellum  broad,  almost  or 

quite  as  wide  as  the  pronotum Pyge,  Burr,  p.  65. 

Genus  PYGIDICRANA,  Servilh. 

Pygidicrana,  Serville,  (31)  p.  30. 

Dicranopygia,  Biirm.,  Germ.  Ent.  Zeitschr.  ii.  p.  79  (1840). —  Type, 
Pygidicrana  Y-nigrum,  Serv. 

Type,  Pygidicrana  V-nigrum,  Serv. 

Size  large.  Antennse  with  over  35  segments,  first  segment  long 
and  thick  ;  second  very  small,  cylindrical ;  third  decidedly  shorter 
than  first;  the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  small,  globular,  hardly 
longer  than  second,  and  scarcely  longer  than  broad ;  the  rest 
gradually  lengthening  and  passing  to  cylindrical.     Head  depressed, 


54:  PYGIDICEA>^ID.^. 

smooth;     eyes  prominent.        Pronotum  more  or    less    ellipticai. 
Scutellum  small,  triangular.     Elytra  ample,  long,  rather  narrow, 
depressed,  not  as  a  rule  truncate  at   the  apex,  rounded  at  the 
axillary  angle,  so  as  to  expose  the  scutellum ;  costal  fold  strongly 
marked  but  not  earinate,  the  costal  area  pressed  inwards,  very 
distinct  from  the  dorsal  area.     Prosternum  somewhat  convex  on 
the  anterior  margin,  constricted  posteriorly,     Mesosternum  about 
as  broad  as  long,  posterior  margin  straight,  the  sides  rounded. 
Metasternum  generally  slightly  longer  than  broad,  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  lobe  more  or  less  sinuate.     Wings  generally  pro- 
minent.    Legs  long ;  femora  compressed,  keeled  and  rather  broad 
tibiae  slender ;  tarsi  (in  Indian  species)  long  and  slender,  the  first 
segment  longer  than  the  third  ;  pad  present  between  the  claws. 
Abdomen  almost  circular  in  cross-section  in  the  male,  somewhat 
depressed  in  the  female,  narrowest  near  the  base  and  somewhat 
dilated  apically  in  the  inale ;  broadest  just  beyond  the  middle  in 
the  female.     Last  dorsal   segment  smooth  and  ample.     Penulti- 
mate ventral  segment  of  male  ample  and  broad,  rounded  at  the 
apex.     Pygidium  not  prominent,  but  never  fused  with  the  last 
dorsal  segment.      Forceps  stout,    depressed,  of    various  forms : 
always  simpler  in  the  female  than  in  the  male. 

Bange.  Australia,  Asia,  Africa,  South  and  Central  America. 

The  genus  Pycjidicrana  is  now  restricted  to  those  species  which 
have  a  more  or  less  oval  pronotum,  with  broad  and  ample  elyti'a, 
and  therefore  a  small  scutellum.  Even  thus  reduced,  there  are 
half  a  dozen  species  known  in  India., 


Table  of  h<pecies. 

1.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  male  with 
a  depressed  groove  or  canal  in  the  middle 
of  the  posterior  margin  ;  (dark  fuscous, 

varied  with  tawny  lines  and  bands)  ....     ^ncffc,  Guer.,  p.  55. 
1.1.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  male  with 
posterior  margin  entire. 
2.  Branche°  of  forceps  of  male  contiguous, 

not  arcuate  or  bowed    ralula,  Dohrn,  p.  56. 

2.2.  Branches  of  forceps  of  male  arcuate  or 

bowed,     often    enclosing    an   oval   or 

elliptical  area. 

3.  Branches    of    forceps    of    male    not 

elongate,  strongly  bowed,  dilated  on 

inner  margin  near  apex;  (pronotum, 

elytra     and    \\ings     tawny ;      legs 

speckled)    ^j« //»/?};?» wi>,  Haan, 

8.3.  Branches  of  forceps  of  male  elongate,  [p.  57. 

arcuate,  not  dilated,  but  toothed  just 
before  apex. 
4.  Size  very  great  (44-47  mm.)  ;  bands 

of  pronotum  confluent  behind  ....     eximia,  Dohrn,  p,  57. 
4.4.  Size  less  great  (20-35  mm.)  ;  bands 
of  pronotum  irregular  or  parallel. 


PYGIDIOBANA.  55. 

5.  Size    large    (32-35  mm.) ;    head 
black  with   au  irregular   tawny 

spot  on  the  occiput    '.      mannoricrura,  Sarv., 

5.5.  Size  medium  (20-21  mm.) ;  head  [p.  58. 

tawny  with  a  blaclv  border  ....     siamensis,  Dohrn, 

[p.  59. 

16.  Pygidicrana  picta,  Guerin.     (Fig.  10.) 

Pygidicrana  picta,  Guei:  (38)  p.  236,  fig.  1  :  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  50 ;. 
Scudd.  (70)  p.  329;  Bonn.  (00")  p.  18;  Burr,  (00)  p.  48,  (01  )• 
p.  69,  (00)  p."  387,  (08^)  p.  384;  Kirbi/,  (04)  p.  5. 

Size  medium.  Antennae  with  35  segments,  light  brown,  except 
the  two  basal  segments  which  are  testaceous.  Head  testaceous, 
the  mouth-parts  blackish,  occiput  bordered  with  black,  with  a  black 
central  longitudinal  stripe  which  is  sometimes  broken  in  the 
middle.  Pronotuni  subovate,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  roundly 
truncate  posteriorly,  testaceous,  with  two  irregular  broad  blackish 
bands  whicb  vary  in  detail  but  converge  about  the  middle,  being 
broader  anteriorly  and  straight  posteriorly.  Scutellum  testaceous. 
Elytra  ample,  rather  short,  with  a  narrow  testaceous  stripe  near 
the  axillary  and  costal  margins  and  a  central  stripe  which  may  be 
broad  or  narrow,  entire  or  broken  into  a  series  of  spots,  but  does 
not  extend  much  beyond  half  way  down  the  elytra.  Wings 
testaceous  with  a  fuscous  band.  Legs  testaceous^  with  narrow 
fuscous  stripes  and  sometimes  with  spots.  Abdomen  of  c^  cylindrical, 
gently  widened  posteriorly;  of  $  more  depressed,  nearly  parallel- 
sided  ;  blackish  with  a  dense  short  pale  pubescence.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  S  ample,  scarcely  wider  than  the  abdomen,  subquadrate, 
punctate,  pubescent,  the  posterior  margin  rounded,  posterior  angles 
rectangular.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  broadly  rounded  in  the  c?  ; 
narrow,  triangular,  and  apically  rounded  in  the  $  .  Forceps  with 
the  branches  stout,  trigonal,  depressed  ;  in  c?  subcontiguous  at  the 
base,  rather  elongate,  gently  arcuate,  enclosing  a  narrow  elongate 
oval  area,  the  inner  margins  crenulate ;  meeting  just  before 
the  apex,  at  a  rather  strong,  blunt,  dilated  tooth,  beyond  which 
they  are  attenuate,  converging,  crenulate,  acuminate  and  hooked  at 
the  apex  ;  in  the  $  subcontiguous,  straight,  regularly  acuminate,, 
crenulate  on  the  basal  half  of  the  inner  mar<?in. 


6 

? 

igth  of  body  .  .  . , 

24    mm. 

18-5-28      mm, 

„         forceps  .  . 

5-5  „ 

4-5-  5-25  „ 

S.  India  :  Tinnevelli  District,  Kudiraimalai  (Brif.  Mus.)  ; 
Bengal:  Calcutta  {Ind.  Mus.);  Assam:  Kurseong  {Ind.  M%is., 
Brit.  Mus.,  Brussels  3his.)  ;  Bhutan  :  Maria  Basti  (Madrid  Mus.) ; 
Ceylon  :  Dedurin  and  Kurunegala  (  Willey,  December),  Trincomali,. 
May  1908  (Brit.  Mus.). 

Dr.  Annandale  tells  us  that  this  species  is  common  in  Calcutta 
among  dead  leaves  at  the  foot  of  trees.     It  belongs  to  the  group 


56  PYGIDICRANID^. 

of  P.  marmoricrura,  and  resembles  that  species  generally  in 
structure,  but  is  somewhat  stouter  and  smaller  ;  it  is  distinguished 
by  the  variegated  pattern  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  body. 
The  markings  of  the  head,  pronotum,  elytra  and  femora  vary 
consideriibly  in  detail,  but  always  conform  more  or  less  to  the 
pattern  as  described. 


1 7.  Pygidicrana  valida,  Dolim. 

Pjgidicrana  valida,  Dohrn,  (67)  p.  344,  S  ;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  328 ; 
Borm.  (94)  p.  375,  (00^)  p.  22;  Kirhj,  (04)  p.  5;  Burr,  (08^) 
p.  385. 

Size  large,  stature  powerful ;  not  very  pubescent.  Antennse 
entirely  reddish  testaceous.  Head  black,  with  a  broad  central 
yellowish  spot.  Pronotum  oval  posterior  margin  truncate,  the 
others  and  all  angles  rounded ;  equally  wide  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly ;  testaceous,  with  two  broad  black  bands  w  hich  unite 
posteriorly  and  reach  the  posterior  margin  ;  anterior  margin 
narrowly  bordered  with  black.  Scutellum  small,  testaceous. 
Elytra  ample,  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  pronotum,  blackish, 
with  an  oblique  large  yellowish  spot  on  the  disc  near  the  shoulder. 
Wings  prominent,  testaceous.  Legs  testaceous,  with  a  very  narrow 
fuscous  stripe  on  the  femora.  Abdomen  dark  reddish  black,  rather 
depressed  in  both  sexes,  very  sliglitly  widened  posteriorly  in  the 
6  ■,  parallel  in  the  5  ;  with  a  tine,  dense,  short,  yellowish  pub- 
escence and  a  few  bristles.  Last  dorsal  segment  quadrate,  very 
finely  granulate,  angles  rather  sharp,  posterior  margin  rounded 
alike  in  the  two  sexes,  a  little  wider  in  the  6  than  in  the  $  ,  with  a 
faint  lateral  longitudinal  keel.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S 
broad,  rounded  ;  of  $  triangular,  rounded  apically.  Forceps  stout, 
trigonal,  and  decidedly  depressed ;  contiguous  along  the  inner 
margin  ;  in  the  S  broad  and  flat,  the  inner  margin  crenulate  in 
the  basal  half,  which  is  neai'ly  straight,  but  directed  somewhat 
towaras  the  right;  then  half  way  down,  both  branches  bent 
abruptly  to  the  left,  so  that  the  inner  margin  of  the  right  branch 
is  concave  and  that  of  the  left  branch  is  decidedly  convex  ;  then 
tapering  and  directed  to  the  left,  as  far  as  the  apex  which  is 
hooked  ;  the  outer  margin  of  the  right  branch  is  convex  at  the 
bend,  that  of  the  left  branch  decidedly  concave ;  in  the  $  the 
forceps  are  straight  and  rather  elongate. 


6 

2 

Length  of  body  . .  . . 

27-25  mm. 

80-34-5  mm, 

„         forceps  . . 

6-5-7     „ 

5-5-6        „ 

Madbas:  Madura (coZZ.  ^itrr)  ;  Burma:  Karen-ni,  Keba District, 
3000-3700  ft.,  May-Dec.  {Genoa  Mus.);  Tonkin  {coll.  Burr). 

In  the  form  of  the  forceps  this  species  resembles  Cranopygia 
cumingi  ;  in  colour,  build,  and  general  structure  it  resembles 
P.  imperatrix,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  unarmed  forceps. 


PYGIDICEANA.  57 

18.  Pygidicrana  pallidipennis,  Haan.    (Fig.  11.) 

Forficula  (Pygidicrana)  pallidipennis,  de  Haan,  (42)  p.  240,  pi.  23, 

lio-.  8. 
Pygidicrana  pallidipennis,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  50  ;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  328  ; 

Bonn.  (88)  p.  433,  (94)  p.  375,  (00")  p.  18  j  Kirby,  (G4)  p.  o; 

Burr,  {OS')  p.  385. 

Large  ;  general  colour  tawny,  the  abdomen  and  forceps  blackish. 
Antennae  entirely  tawny.  Head  tawny ;  eyes,  frons,  and  mouth- 
parts  blackish.  Pronotum  tawny,  with  a  few  dark  dots. 
Elytra  darker  tawny,  somewhat  paler  in  the  centre  of  the  disc. 
Wings  tawny.  Legs  tawny,  the  femora  speckled  with  numerous 
black  dots.  Abdomen  shining  reddish  black,  very  finely 
riigulose.  Last  dorsal  segment  more  strongly  rugulose,  very 
much  wider  than  the  abdomen,  widened  posteriorly ;  posterior 
margin  rounded  and  incrassate  in  the  middle ;  externo-posterior 
angles  produced  into  a  short  rounded  Fold.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  broadly  rounded.  Forceps  in  S  with  the  branches  strongly 
depressed,  smooth,  broad  and  nearly  contiguous  at  the  base, 
diverging  and  rapidly  narrowing,  then  abruptly  bowed  inwards  at 
an  angle,  thus  enclosing  a  nearly  equilateral  triangular  area  ;  then 
strongly  broadened  and  incrassate  so  that  they  meet ;  thence 
sti'aight,  contiguous,  attenuate  aud  unarmed  towards  the  hooked 
apex. 

6 

Length  of  body 27"o  mm. 

„         forceps 6"5    „ 

Burma  :  Kakhyen  (Kachin)  Hills,  Aug.-Nov. ;  Karen-ni,  Keba 
District,  ;^000-3700  ft.,  May-Dec,  4700-5000  fc,  March-April 
{Genoa  Mas.). 

Occui"s  also  in  Borneo,  Sumatra  and  Java, 

Tyjje  in  the  Leyden  Museum. 

This  fine  species  is  easily  recognized  by  the  dark  speckling  on 
the  outer  face  of  the  pale  legs. 


19.  Pygidicrana  eximia,  Dohrn. 

Pygidicrana  eximia,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  49;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  328;  Bonn. 
(00-)  p.  18,  fig.  11;  Kirhij,  (04)  p.  o;  Burr,  (05')  p.  27,  (08') 
p.  385. 

Very  large,  black,  with  orange-yellow  markings.  Antennae 
brown,  the  first  two  segments  yellowish.  Head  black,  with  a 
yellowish-bi'own,  irregular  spot  in  the  centre.  Pronotum  oval, 
a  little  longer  than  broad,  yellowish  with  two  black  bands,  which 
converge  and  meet  posteriorly.  Elytra  blackish,  with  a  long  oval 
tawny  spot  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  disc  ;  costal  area 
tawny  in  the  basal  half.  Wings  tawny.  Legs  tawny,  sometimes 
with  dark  lines.     Abdomen  black,  elongate,  parallel-sided  in  $ , 


58  PYGIUICRANID.i:. 

gradually  widened  to\^ards  the  apex  in  the  c?  •  Last  dorsal 
segment  broad  and  ample,  black,  smooth,  wider  than  the  abdomen 
in  the  J ,  as  wide  in  $  .  Penultimate  ventral  segment  rounded 
in  d" ,  narrower  in  $  .  Forceps  with  branches  in  the  c5'  subcon- 
tiguous  at  the  base,  which  is  rather  broad,  flat  and  dentate  ;  then 
gently  arcuate,  denticulate  along  inner  mai*gin,  with  a  tooth  near 
the  apex  ;  in  2  contiguous,  depressed  and  straight. 

c^  2 

Length  of  body    33-36  mm.         36-39  mm. 

„         forceps     11    „  8    „ 

SiKKiM  :  Darjiling ;  Madras  :  Berhampur  (coll.  Burr) ;  Assam  : 
Khasi  Hills,  Bangkok,  1000-3000  ft.,  vi.05  (Pusa  Coll),  Sylhet 
(Brit.  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Stettin  Museum  (?). 

This  fine  species  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  build  and 
pattern  of  coloration. 


20.  Pygidicrana  marmoricrura,  Serville.    (Fig.  12.) 

Pygidicrana  marmoricrura,  Serville,  (t!9)  p.  20  ;  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  50  ; 
Smdd.  (76)  p.  328;  Bormans.  (00-)  p.  19;  Burr,  (OO")  p.  47, 
(01)  p.  69,  (02)  p.  478,  (07^)  p.  509,  (08')  p.  385 ;  Kirhy,  (04) 

Forficula  (Pygidicrana)  marmoricrura,  Haan,  (42)  p.  239. 
Pygidicrana  marmoricauda,  Sharp,  (95)  p.  215. 
Pygidicrana  liugeli,  S/iai-p,  (95)  pp.  202  &  215,  fig.  102. 

Size  medium,  relatively  slender.  Antennae  with  segments  one 
and  two  tawny,  the  rest  greyish  brown,  with  a  thin  darker  band 
at  the  base  of  each  segment.  Head  fuscous  with  a  large  central 
tawny  spot  (shaped  like  ++)  which  has  a  small  fuscous  dot  in 
the  middle  ;  the  actual  detail  of  the  spot  varies  considerably  in 
different  specimens.  Pronotum  tawny,  with  two  longitudinal 
broad  fuscous  bands,  sometimes  interrupted  in  the  middle,  some- 
times united  posteriorly.  Scutellum  tawny.  Elytra  fuscous, 
usually  with  an  oblique  oval  yellowish  spot  on  centre  of  the  dis- 
coidal  surface.  Wings  prominent,  tawny.  Legs  tawny,  with 
irregular  fuscous  bauds  and  markings  on  the  outer  surface  of  the 
femora.  Abdomen  dark  reddish  black,  relatively  slender  and 
cylindrical  in  the  cJ  ,  rather  \^ider  and  depressed  in  the  $  .  Last 
dorsal  segment  of  J  ample,  subquadrate,  globose,  sloping,  and 
slightly  widened  posteriorly,  with  a  distinct  median  sulcus,  almost 
smooth,  the  posterior  margin  irregularly  rounded,  the  middle 
part  rather  flattened  and  incrassate  ;  in  the  $  similar  but  the 
characters  less  marked.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  in  c^"  broadly 
rounded  ;  in  2  narrow,  triangular,  with  the  apex  rounded.  For- 
ceps with  the  branches  in  the  <S  elongate  and  depressed  ;  the  basal 
part  dilated,  thick  and  with  its  inner  margin  strongly  denticulate ; 


PYGIDICRANA,  59 

then  depressed  and  slender,  elongate  and  gently  ai'cuate,  so  as 
to  enclose  an  elliptical  ai'ea ;  in  the  apical  quarter  the  branches 
meet,  are  thickened  and  strongly  toothed  on  the  inner  margin, 
beyond  which  they  are  straight,  contiguous,  tapering,  hooked  and 
crossed  at  the  apex ;  in  the  §  the  branches  are  long  and  straight, 
unarmed,  slender  and  contiguous,  not  depressed,  almost  cylin- 
drical, the  apices  hooked  and  crossing. 

d  2 

Length  of  body    23-27'5  mm.  28  mm. 

„         forceps    9-10-5    „  7    , 

Ceylon  (Bnt.  Mm.,  Oxford  Mus.)-,  Bhutan:  Maria  Basti 
{Paris  Mns,). 

The  determination  of  the  above  specimens  is  not  beyond 
reproach.  This  species  is  common  in  Java,  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  true  P.  marmoricrura,  of  8erville,  occurs  in  India. 

One  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  is  a  fragment,  with  imma- 
culate elytra  ;  another  is  complete,  but  is  a  female  ;  it  is  probably 
a  distinct  species. 

Variation. — I  have  a  specimen  from  the  Tengger  Mountains,  in 
Eastern  Java,  in  which  the  elytra  are  of  a  uniform  fuscous,  owing 
to  the  absence  of  the  yellow  discoidal  spot,  thus  resembling  P.  cele- 
bensis.  The  star-shaped  spot  on  the  bead  varies  considerably  in 
detail,  but  always  resembles,  more  or  less  distinctly,  a  +  +  . 
The  dark  bands  on  the  pronotum  sometimes  unite  posteriorly,  thus 
forming  a  dark  V ;  sometimes  they  are  broken  in  the  middle  ; 
they  vary  also  in  breadth.  The  black  marbling  of  the  outer 
surface  of  the  femora  also  varies  considerably  in  detail  but  always 
consists  of  two  or  three  more  or  less  broken  blackish  bands. 

There  is  a  single  specimen,  probably  referable  to  this  species,  in 
the  Hope  Collection,  Oxford,  labelled  "  Thwaites,  Ceylon."  It  is 
common  in  Java,  and  is  to  be  found  in  most  collections.  In  the 
"  Cambridge  Natural  History,"  Sharp  (I.  c.)  incorrectly  calls  it 
P.  marmoricauda,  and  figures  it  under  the  name  P.  hugeli,  calling 
it  a  "nondescript  form,"  but  giving  it  a  nomen  nudum,  with  no 
description  beyond  a  ])assing  reference  to  general  characters. 


21.  Pygidicrana  siameiisis,  Dolmi.    (Fig.  13.) 

Pygidicrana  siamensis,  Bohrn,  (63)  p.  51  ;  Scudd.  (70)  p.  329  ;  Bonn, 
(94)  p.  375,  (00-^)  p.  19 ;  Kirbi/,  (04)  p.  5  :  Burr,  (08''j  p.  385. 

Eelatively  small.  Antennje  with  two  basal  segments  yellow: 
the  rest  reddish  testaceous.  Head  yellowish,  mouth-parts  blackish, 
sides  blackish  with  blackish  markings  on  the  posterior  margin. 
Pronotum  ovate,  nearly  circular,  truncate  posteriorly,  testaceous, 
with  two  narrow  stripes  converging  behind  the  prozona,  almost 
meeting  in  the  middle  and  diverging  posteriorly.  Scutellum 
small,  testaceous.     Elytra  reddish  brown,  with  a  testaceous  band 


60  PYGIDICRAIS^IDJ'. 

aloDg  the  costal  margin  ;  a  small  testaceous  spot  at  the  shoulder 
and  a  clear  testaceous  spot  in  the  basal  portion  of  the  disc. 
Wings  3'ellow,  with  an  outer  fuscous  stripe.  Legs  testaceous ; 
femora  with  two  narrow  black  lines  and  a  number  of  blackish  dots. 
Abdomen  cylindrical,  gently  widened  posteriorly,  blackish  brown, 
with  a  dense  close  yellowish  pubescence.  Last  dorsal  segment 
of  S  subquadrate,  exceedingly  finely  rugulose ;  posterior  margin 
straight,  the  sides  rounded,  but  slightly  folded  and  not  very 
pronounced.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  d"  broad,  posterior 
margin  straight,  corners  rounded.  Eorceps  with  the  brauches 
strongly  depressed,  subcontiguous,  and  rather  dilated  at  the  base 
itself,  which  is  toothed  on  its  inner  margin ;  then  attenuate,  elon- 
gate, arcuate,  enclosing  an  elliptical  area,  with  the  inner  margins 
creuulate  and  with  a  strong  tooth  before  the  apex. 

6 

Length  of  body 22"5  mm. 

„         forceps     5*25  „ 

Burma:    Pegu,  Palon,  Aug.-Sept. ;    Karen-ni,  Keba  District, 
4300-4700  ft.,  Febr.-March  {Genoa  2Ii(s.);  Penang  ;  Siam. 
Tf/pe  in  the  Stettin  Museum  (?). 


Genus  DICRANA,  Burr. 

Dicrana,  Burr,  (08')  p.  387. 
P^'gidicrana,  Authors. 

Type,  Pijgidkrana  frontalis,  Kirby. 

This  genus  differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  almost  rectangular 
pronotum,  and  the  broad  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the  male 
distinguishes  it  from  Cranopygia.  It  contains  about  half  a  dozen 
little-known  African  species,  and  also  a  few  Oriental  ones.  The 
single  known  Indian  species  has  strong  affinities  with  Cranopygia 
in  the  form  of  the  last  dorsal  segment  and  of  the  forceps,  but  the 
broad  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the  male  makes  it  necessary 
to  place  it  here.  It  is  unlike  the  other  members  of  the  genus  in 
appearance. 

llange.  Asia  and  Africa. 

22.  Dicrana  kallipyga,  Dohrn. 

Pygidicrana  kallip^'gos,  Bohrn,  (G3)  p.  53 ;  Scudder,  (76)  p.  328  ; 

Bol.  (97)  p.  283. 
Pyg-idicraua  callipyga,  Bormans,  (00'-)  p.  21,  fig.  13 ;  Kirby,  (04) 

p.  5. 
Pygidicrana  kallipyga,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  o09. 
Dicrana  kallipyga,  Burr,  {06")  p.  387. 

Dark    blackish    brown.      Antennae   tawny.       Head    brick-red, 


DICEANA. CBANOPYGIA.  61 

depressed,  smooth,  sutures  not  very  distinct,  Pronotum  black, 
narrowly  edged  with  yellowish,  square,  the  angles  rounded. 
Scutellum  black,  nearly  equilateral.  Elytra  black,  granulose,  weak 
at  the  axillary  angle,  short,  truncated  apically.  Wings  abortive. 
Legs  orange-red.  Abdomen  black,  widened  gradually  towards  the 
apex  in  the  c? ,  nearly  parallel  in  the  5  .  Last  dorsal  segment 
in  d  very  broad,  smooth,  but  riigulose  in  the  middle,  the  sides 
produced  into  strong  crested  folds;  in  5  square,  the  exterior 
angles  produced  into  rectangular  folds  but  less  strongly  than  in 
the  c?.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  c?  broad  and  rounded; 
in  2  triangular  and  rounded  at  the  apex.  Forceps  with  the 
branches  in  (S  very  strong  and  broad,  depressed,  trigonal,  subcon- 
tiguoiis,  the  upper  and  outer  edge  near  the  base  is  somewhat 
crested  irregularly  and  asyrametricaJly  sinuous,  the  right  branch 
more  strongly  bowed  than  the  left,  both  curved  upwards  at  the 
tip ;  in  the  2  depressed,  stout,  trigonal  and  conical,  contiguous, 
depressed,  gently  hooked  at  the  apex. 

c^  ? 

Length  of  body 20  mm,  18-20  mm. 

„         forceps 5    „  4    „ 

SiKKiM:  Darjihng  {Brit.  Mus.);  Madras:  Kodaikanal  (coll. 
Bolivar),  Guynol,  Nilgiri  Hills  [Pusa  Coll.],  Utakamand  {Brit. 
Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

T>i2^e  in  the  Vienna  Museum. 

The  strongly  dilated  and  crested  last  dorsal  segment  and  the 
upcurved,  stout,  dilated  forceps  readily  distinguish  this  species. 


Genus  CRANOPYGIA,  Burr. 

Cranopygia,  Burr,  (08')  p.  389. 
Pygidicrana,  Authors. 

Typb,  Pygidicrana  cumingi,  Dohrn. 

Pronotum  subrecrangular,  the  angles  themselves  rounded. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  in  d"  narrow,  lanceolate,  the  apex 
itself,  rounded  ;  last  dorsal  segment  in  $  with  the  external  angles 
on  each  side  furnished  with  a  compressed  crested  tubercle. 
Forceps  of  6  depressed  and  contiguous.  Otherwise  agrees  with 
the  preceding  genera. 

Range.  Ceylon. 

This  genus  contains  two  Singhalese  species  characterized  by  the 
nearly  square  pronotum  and  narrow  penultimate  ventral  segment 
of  the  male. 


62  PTGIDICRANID-i:. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Forceps  of  S  with  a  crested  tooth 
above  ;  elytra  reddish,  with  dark 
borders ;  pronotum  with  two  black 

bands    cumingi,  Dohrn,  p.  62. 

1.1.  Forceps  of  <5  unarmed  above;  elytra 
dark;  pronotum  dark  testaceous 
with  three  pale  lines niebieri,  Dohrn,  p.  63. 

:23.  Cranopygia  cumingi,  Dohrn.     (Figs.  14  &  94.) 

Pygidicrana  cumingi,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  o4;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  328  ;  Borm. 

■^(00-)  p.  21;  Bun;  (01)  p.  71,  pi.  B.  fig-.  26 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  5. 
Cranopygia  cumingi,  Burr,  (08')  p.  389. 

Size  medium.  Antennfe  with  two  basal  segments  dark,  the  rest 
lighter  reddish  brown.  Head  black,  with  an  ill-defined  yellowish 
transverse  spot  in  the  centre  of  the  occiput ;  in  the  male  there  are 
distinct  ocular  keels.  Pronotum  longer  than  broad,  nearly  parallel- 
sided,  anterior  and  posterior  margins  convex,  the  angles  rounded 
orange-yellow,  with  two  broad  black  longitudinal  bands.  Scutellum 
yellowish,  small,  especially  in  the  female.  Elytra  rather  stout, 
truncate  apically,  orange-yellow  with  a  black  border.  Wings 
abortive.  Legs  orange-yellow,  with  long  bristles.  Abdomen  not 
cylindrical,  depressed  in  both  sexes  ;  parallel-sided  in  the  female, 
regularly  Midening  posteriorly  in  the  male;  blackish,  with  yellowish 
indistinct  markings  above  near  the  base.  Last  dorsal  segment 
ample ;  in  the  6  transverse,  very  wide,  very  finely  granular  like 
the  rest  of  the  abdomen,  at  each  side  raised  into  an  irregular  crest- 
like fold  extending  down  to  the  postero-exterior  angles,  postei'ior 
margin  rounded  ;  in  the  $  not  wider  than  the  abdomen, 
not  transverse,  sides  not  crested,  and  posterior  margin  rounded. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  d  rather  narrow;  in  $  triangular, 
rounded  at  the  apex.  Forceps  with  the  branches  in  the  J 
broad  and  flat,  armed  near  the  base  on  the  upper  margin  with  a 
strong  nearly  vertical  triangular  tooth  ;  regularly  tapering,  both 
branches  curved  towards  the  left,  the  inner  margins  subcon- 
tiguous,  the  apices  hooked ;  in  the  2  depressed,  contiguous  and 
straight. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 20-5  mm.  21  mm. 

„         forceps 5-5    „  4    „ 

Variation. — The  elytra  are  sometimes  entirely  black,  with  a  faint 
reddish  tinge  in  the  centre.  The  wings  are  sometimes  visible,  in 
which  case  they  are  yellow,  with  a  fuscous  outer  boi-der.  The 
variety  with  fully  developed  wings  and  uniform  fuscous  elytra  is 
also  a  little  smaller.  (Length  of  body  17-5  mm.,  length  of  forceps 
3  mm.)     Por  it  the  name  var.  greeni  is  proposed. 

Ceylon  :  Punduluoya (typ.  form  and  var.,  coll.  Burr);  Watawella 
(var.,  coll.  Burr). 


CRAXOPYGIA. PICRAIflA.  63 

Type  iu  the  Stettin  Museum  (?) ;  type  of  r/reeni  in  the  author's 
collection. 

Mr.  Green  found  this  insect  in  the  adult  state  in  May,  and 
from  September  to  November,  and  larvas  in  June  and  July. 
It  is  found  under  stones  and  loose  bark,  and  often  comes  into 
buildings. 

24.  Cranopygia  nietneri,  DoJim.     (Fig.  15.) 

Pvgidicrana  nietneri,  Dohni,  (03)  p.  53  ;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  328  ;  Bonn. 

'(00'^)  p.  21 ;  Bun;  (01)  p.  70;  Kirhy,  (04)  ix  5. 
Cranopygia  nietneri,  Bun;  (08')  p.  389. 

Stature  medium  ;  colour  dark  testaceous.  Antennte  dark  testa- 
ceous, typical,  with  31  segments  ;  each  segment  is  fuscous  basally 
and  yellowish  apically.  Head  reddish  yellow,  rather  tumid, 
sutures  distinct ;  eyes  black.  Pronotum  almost  as  broad  as  the 
head,  rounded  anteriorly,  truncate  posteriorly,  the  angles  rounded, 
sides  parallel ;  dark  fuscous,  with  whitish  median  line  and  borders. 
Scutelium  rather  long,  fusco-testaceous.  Elytra  rather  short, 
blackish.  Wings  abbreviated.  Sternal  plates  yellow.  Legs  tes- 
taceous, slender ;  tarsi  very  slender.  Abdomen  reddish,  slender 
at  base,  widening  gradually  towards  the  apex ;  with  a  dense  fine 
yellowish  pubescence.  Last  dorsal  segment  red,  smooth,  large, 
quadrate;  the  external  angles  are  compressed  into  a  blackened 
crest  which  is  produced  posteriorly  to  a  point ;  posterior  margin 
black,  convex,  truncate  in  the  middle.  Penultimate  venti-al  seg- 
ment narrowly  rounded  at  the  apex.  Eorceps  with  branches 
yellowish,  darker  at  the  margin,  blacker  at  the  tips  ;  subcon- 
tiguous  at  the  base,  depressed  and  wide  through  the  first  half  of 
their  length,  then  abruptly  attenuate  and  arcuate,  the  right  branch 
more  so  than  the  left  and  armed  with  a  strong  blunt  tooth  in  the 
middle  of  the  curve. 

c? 

Length  of  body 17  mm. 

„         forceps     ....        8    „ 

Ceylon  :  Peradeniya  (Brit.  Mus.,  coll.  Dolirn,  coll.  Burr),  Diya- 
talawa,  12.ix.08  {Fletcher):,  Watawella  (C'o?Ze«). 

Type  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 

Somewhat  resembles  Dicrana  Icallipyga.,  but  differs  in  the  colora- 
tion, the  weaker  armature  of  the  last  dorsal  segment,  and  the  less 
curved  almost  horizontal  forceps. 

Genus  PICRANIA,  Bxirr. 

Picrania,  Burr,  (OS^)  p.  390. 
Pvgidicrana,  Authors. 

Type,  Forficesila  liturata,  Stal. 

Agrees  generally  with  the  preceding  genera,  but  the  head  is 
narrow,  being  scarcely  as  broad  as,  and  never  broader  than,  the 


64  PYGIDICEANID.^. 

pronotum ;  the  elytra  are  short ;  the  tarsi  long  and  slender  ;  the 
abdomen  narrow  and  nearly  parallel-sided. 

Range.  Ceylon  ;  S.  Africa. 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  P.  litiirata,  Stal,  from  South  Africa 
but  P.  aufjustata,  from  Ceylon,  is  placed  here  provisionally. 


25.  Picrania  angustata,  Dohm. 

Pygidicrana  angustata,  Dohm,  (63)  p.  o4  ;  Borm.  (00-)  p.  23  ;  Burr, 

'(01)  p.  71;  Kirhj,  (04)  p.  5. 
Picrania  angustata,  Burr,  (OS-")  p.  390. 

Small,  dark,  greyish,  with  yellowish  markings.  Antennso 
greyish  yellow.  Head  smooth,  globose,  dark  reddish  brown, 
marhled  with  yellowish  ;  sutures  distinct  ;  posterior  margin 
truncate,  not  emarginate  ;  not  broader  than  the  prouotuin. 
Pronotum  rather  long,  narrow,  parallel-sided,  pale  yellowish  tes- 
taceous, with  two  broad  fuscous  bands  and  a  narrow  dark  line 
along  the  suture.  Scutellum  narrow,  pale.  Elytra  short, 
greyish  fuscous,  with  an  oblique  yellow  discoidal  spot  and  a  narrow 
yellowish  stripe  along  the  basal  half  of  the  sutui'e  and  along 
the  costa.  Wings  short,  yellowisli.  Legs  short,  pale,  testaceous; 
femora  rather  broad,  femora  and  tibiae  with  broken  black  lines. 
Abdomen  rather  slender,  gradually  widening  posteriorly,  dark 
reddish  brown,  marbled  with  yellowish  ;  the  whole  apparently 
grey  owing  to  a  short  greyish  pubescence.  Last  dorsal  segment 
not  pubescent,  not  inflated,  very  finely  rugulose,  deep  chestnut ; 
posterior  margin  truncate,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  sides.  Penul- 
timate ventral  segment  of  the  6  narrow,  truncate  posteriorly,  the 
sides  oblique  ;  of  the  $  trianq;ular,  the  apex  rounded.  Forceps 
of  S  with  the  branches  deep  red  with  an  orange  spot  near  the  base 
above  and  beneath,  depressed,  rather  slender,  remote  at  base, 
elongate  and  gently  arcuate,  with  onn  or  two  teeth  on  inner  margin 
about  the  middle  and  a  stronger  one  near  the  apex  ;  in  the  5 
broad,  finely  rugulose,  trigonal,  subcontiguous  throughout  their 
length,  gradually  tapering,  erenulate  along  the  inuer  margin  ; 
apices  hooked. 


c? 

$ 

ength  of  body 

.     22  mm. 

16    mm 

„         forceps . .  . 

.        5     „ 

3-5  „ 

Ceylon  {Brit.  Mus.,  Berlin  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 

The  approximately  equal  width  of  the  head  and  pronotum,  the 
narrow  parallel-sided  body,  the  gently  arcuate  and  remote  forceps, 
readily  distinguish  this  species.  It  is  so  far  only  recorded  from 
Ce>lon  and  appears  to  be  rare.  There  are  Dohrn's  types,  two 
females  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  and  one  male  in  the  British 
Museum. 


PYGE.  Qo 

Genus  PYGE,  Bun: 

Pyge,  Bun;  (08')  p.  390. 
Pjgidicrana,  Authors  (partim). 

Type,  Pygidicrana  modenta,  Borm. 

Body  narrow.  Pronotum  nearly  square.  Scutellum  very 
broad,  transverse,  almost  or  quite  as  broad  as  tbe  pronotum,  with 
a  median  sulcus.  Elytra  short,  excavate  at  the  axillary  angle  so 
as  to  expose  the  scutellum ;  the  costal  fold  sometimes  keeled. 
Wings  rudimentary.  Legs  short ;  tarsi  short,  rather  thick ; 
the  third  tarsal  segment  as  long  as,  or  a  trifle  longer  than,  the 
first.  Last  dorsal  segment  ample.  Penultimate  ventral  segment 
of  the  c?  narrow,  roundly  acute  ;  branches  of  forceps  in  the  J 
short,  contiguous  and  depressed. 

Range.  Asia  and  Australia. 

This  genus  is  well  characterized  by  the  abbreviated  elytra,  with 
weak  axillary  angle,  thus  exposing  an  ample  and  broad  scutellum. 
There  is  sometimes  a  distinct  keel  on  the  costal  fold  of  the  elytra, 
and  the  wings  are  abortive,  sometimes  represented  by  a  pair  of 
leathery  flaps  showing  beneath  the  shortened  elytra. 

The  species  are  confined  to  the  Oriental  and  Australian  regions, 
but  do  not  appear  to  be  common.  They  are  of  relatively  small  size, 
and  the  colour  is  usually  dull  brown  or  black.  The  forceps  are 
depressed,  subcontiguous  and  asymmetrical. 

About  half  a  dozen  species  are  known,  of  which  two  are 
recorded  from  Burma. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Scutellum    as    broad     as     pronotum ;     last  [p.  65. 

dorsal  segment  of  J  not  crested modesta,  Borm., 

1.1.  Scutellum    narrower    than    tbe    pronotum; 

last    dorsal    segment    of   J    with    angles  [p.  66. 

crested    ophthahnica,  Dohru, 

-0.  Pyge  modesta,  Bormans.*     (Fig.  76.) 

Pygidicrana    modesta,  Bonnans,   (94)  p.    375    (00-)  p.  21 :   Burr, 

(02)  p.  477;  Z/%,  (04)  p.  5. 
Pyge  modesta,  Burr,  (08')  p.  391. 

Antennae  typical,  tawny,  with  2S-30  segments.  Head  smooth, 
pubescent,  sutures  distinct ;  dull  brown,  with  a  reddish  spot  near 
each  eye.  Pronotum  a  little  nari-ower  than  the  head,  rounded 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  the  sides  parallel.  Scutellum  black, 
aimple,  nearly  equilateral.  Elytra  short,  dull  brown,  feeble  at  the 
axillary  angle,  thus  exposing  the  ample  scutellum.  Wino-s 
abortive.  Legs  yellow  ;  tarsi  rather  short  and  slender,  the  first 
and  third  segments  equally  long.  Abdomen  blackish  i-ed,  smooth, 
gradually  widening  in  the  S  to  the  apex,  which  is  twice  as 
broad  as  the  base  ;  in  the  5  almost  parallel-sided.  Last 
dorsal  segment  of  the  S  ample,  smooth.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  the  S  rounded  but  narrower  towards  the  apex,  where 

1" 


66  PYGIDICEANID^. 

there  is  a  small  emargination  ;  in  the  $  more  strongly  narrowed^ 
with  no  notch  at  the  apex.  Forceps  :  in  the  d"  with  branches  stout, 
broad,  trigonal,  contiguous,  asymmetrical,  the  left  branch  longer, 
arched  outwards  and  hooked  in\Aards  at  the  apex,  both  arched  to  the 
left ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are  straight,  trigonal,  subcontiguous  ; 
the  inner  margin  is  finely  serrulate  in  both  sexes. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 17'5     mm.       19  mm. 

„         forceps  ....  3-3-3    „  4    „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft,,  v,-xii.  (B7nt. 
Mus.,  Genoa  IIks.,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

The  powerful  and  strongly  curved  asymmetrical  forceps  dis- 
tinguish this  species. 

27.  Pyge  ophthalmica,  Dohm.    (Fig.  ITj.) 

Pygidicraua  ophthalmica,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  55,  (67)  p.  o44 ;  Scudder, 
"(76)  p.    328  ;    JBormans,  (88)  p.  433,  (94)  p.  375,   (00' )  p.  22  ; 
Kirhy,  (04)  p.  6. 
Pyge  ophthalmica,  Bun',  (08')  p.  391. 

Body  pubescent.  Antennae  testaceous.  Head  black,  indistinctly 
marked  with  yellowish,  and  two  small  yellowish  spots  between 
the  eyes.  Pronotum  granular,  dark  brown,  varied  with  yellow  ; 
sides  square,  the  angles  rounded.  Scutellum  decidedly  narrower 
than  the  pronotum.  Elytra  varying  in  breadth,  but  always  narrow  ; 
brown,  shaded  with  yellow  above,  granular.  Legs  yellowish, 
marked  with  black.  Abdomen  brown,  widened  towards  the  apex. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  the  6  ample,  square,  smooth,  the  sides 
marked  by  a  crested  ridge  of  tubercles  separating  the  dorsal  from 
the  ventral  surface.  Forceps  subcontiguous,  depressed,  trigonal, 
stout,  hooked  at  apex,  inner  margin  dentate  near  the  base;  the 
right  branch  more  strongly  bowed  than  the  left. 

S 

Length  of  body 15  mm. 

„         forceps     4    „ 

Burma  :  Senmyingyan  ( Genoa  Mus.) ;  Tenasseeim  (  Genoa  Mtis.) ; 
Madras  :  Madura  {coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Stettin  Museum  (?). 

Originally  described  from  Moreton  Bay  in  Australia ;  it  is  very 
doubtful  whether  de  Bormans's  Burmese  specimens  are  really  to  be 
referred  to  the  same  species. 

The  above  description  is  drawn  from  a  male  from  Toowoomba 
in  the  British  Museum,  agreeing  well  with  a  poor  specimen  from 
Dohrn's  own  collection. 

Another  specimen  in  the  author's  collection  from  '  Madura ' 
has  no  yellow  spots  on  the  head  and  the  pronotum  is  orange- 
yellow,  with  tM'o  irregular  black  markings  on  the  prozoua.  The 
coloration  is  very  variable. 


LABLDUEID^. 


Family  III.  LABIDURID^. 

This  family  is  well  marked  by  the  form  of  the  pygidium.  The 
essential  feature  is,  however,  rather  difficult  to  describe  and  to 
illustrate  ;  the  last  dorsal  segment  is  produced  and  folded  down 
between  the  branches  of  the  forceps,  so  that  the  end  of  the  body, 
viewed  from  behind,  has  the  appearance  of  a  vertical  triangular 
plate,  apex  downwards  ;  this  is  the  pygidium,  and  it  consequently 
does  not  assume  the  complex  and  varied  forms  of  the  same  organ 
in.  other  groups,  in  some  of  tlie  Lahiida'.  and  Forficulida;,  for 
instance.  It  is  practically  invisible  from  above  ;  the  fusion  with 
the  last  doi'sal  segment  is  sometimes  so  complete  that  no  suture 
or  ridge  is  visible. 

This  is  an  extensive  family  comprising  several  well  marked  sub- 
families, of  which  six  are  represented  in  India. 

Tcible  of  Subfamilies. 

1.  Body    very    strongly     depressed    and 

flattened 1.  Palicince,  p.  67. 

1.1.  Body  not  strongly  flattened. 

2.  Metasternum  with  posterior  margin  [p.  69, 

sinuate:  (body covered withbristles).     2.  Echinosomatina', 
2.2.  Metasternum  with  posterior  margin 
truncate. 
3.  Mesosternum  rounded  posteriorly  .     3.  Psalince,  p.  73. 
3.3.  Mesosternum  truncate  posteriorly. 

4.  Antennae  with  at  least  25  seg-  [p.  90^ 

ments.    Elytra  well  developed.     4.  Labidurince, 
4.4.  Antennae  with  not  more  than  15 

segments  ;  apterous  forms.  [p.  102. 

5.  Last  dorsal  segment  truncate.     5.  Parisolabince, 
5.5.  Last    dorsal    segment     with 

posterior  margin  emarginate  [p.  105. 

and  bilobed     6.  Brachylahince, 


Subfamily  I.  PALICIN^. 

This  subfamily  comprises  at  present  a  single  monotypic 
genus  which  is  very  different  in  many  features  from  the  other 
members  of  the  Lahklurida'.  In  general  appearance  and  the 
strongly  depressed  body  it  so  closely  resembles  the  Sparattino' 
that  the  only  species  was  described  as  a  Platylabia.  In  the 
Labidurine  antennae,  and  in  the  form  of  the  tarsi,  it  approaches 
Mecomera,  but   the   form  of   the  pygidium,   which   is  adpressed 

r2 


-68  LABIDURID.^. 

and  fused  with  the  last  dorsal  segment,  shows  beyond  doubt  that 
it  must  be  ranked  in  the  Lahiduridcp..  A  new  genus  and  new 
subfamily  are  consequently  required  for  its  reception. 


Genus  PALEX,  n.  g. 

Entire  body  strongly  flattened.  Antennae  with  19-20  segments, 
the  first  long  and  subeonical,  second  minute,  third  long  and  cylin- 
drical, fourth  globular,  fifth  and  sixth  ovate, the  latter  a  trifle  longer, 
seventh  cylindrical,  longer,  but  shorter  than  third,  the  remainder 
cylindrical,  gradually  lengthening.  Head  smooth  and  depressed. 
Pronotum  subquadrate,  but  convex  anteriorly.  Prosternum 
parallel-sided,  scarcely  constricted  ;  meso-  and  metasterna  about  as 
broad  as  long,  more  or  less  rounded,  and  truncate  posteriorly. 
Elytra  perfectly  developed  but  rather  short,  rounded  at  the  apex ; 
feebly  developed  at  the  axillary  angles,  thus  exposing  a  small 
scutellum  ;  no  keel.  Wings  short  but  usually  visible.  Legs  not 
very  long ;  femora  broad  and  compressed ;  tibice  short  and 
slender;  tarsi  slender,  first  segment  short,  the  third  longer  than 
first  and  second  united.  Abdomen  strongly  depressed  ;  no  lateral 
tubercles.  Last  dorsal  segment  ample,  simple.  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  quadrate,  triangular.  Pygidium  short,  broad, 
adpressed,  vertical,  fused  with  dorsal  segment  and  with  no  marked 
suture.  Porceps  remote  at  the  base,  broad,  nearly  straight  at 
first,  then  bowed. 

This  curious  genus  has  no  resemblance  whatever  to  any  other 
known  Labidurine  form,  but  owing  to  the  build,  coloration  and 
strongly  flattened  body,  may  be  easily  confused  with  the 
Sparattince. 

The  single  known  species,  which  is  therefore  the  type,  occurs 
in  the  Oriental  Kegion. 

28.  Palex  sparattoides,  Bonnans.    (Fig.  77.) 

Platylabia  sparattoides,  Bonti.  (OQi)  j).  459 ;  Kir/>tj,  (04)  p.  22. 

Brown  or  blackish,  very  strongly  depressed.  Antennte  with 
20  segments,  brownish,  yellowish,  paler  towards  the  apex ;  basal 
segment  darker  ;  third  segment  cylindrical ;  fourth  only  about 
half  as  long  as  the  third  ;  fifth  a  little  longer  than  the  fourth  ;  rest 
longer,  cylindrical.  Head  depressed,  posterior  margin  sinuate. 
Pronotum  with  anterior  margin  decidedly  convex,  sides  straight, 
posterior  margin  straight,  angles  rounded  ;  reddish  brown.  Elytra 
brown,  coriaceous.  Wings  of  same  colour  and  texture  as  the  elytra. 
Legs  yellowish.  Abdomen  strongly  depressed,  chestnut,  slightly 
widened  towards  the  apex  ;  lateral  tubercles  absent.  Last  dorsal 
segment  ample,  in  the  c?  quadrate,  posterior  margin  truncate,  flatand 
smooth  ;  a  little  narrower  in  the  $  .  Penultimate  ventral  segment 
in  the  6  ample,  rounded,  very  gently  emarginate  in  the  middle  of 
\)Osterior  margin.  Pygidium:  in  the  d"  scarcely  prominent,  trans- 
verse, with  a  vertical  face ;  in  the  $  slightly  larger,  witn  a  minute 


PALEX.  69' 

tubercle  at  each  angle.  Forceps  :  in  the  (S  with  branches  remote  at 
the  base,  trigonal  at  the  base  itself,  quite  straight  in  the  basal  half, 
tapering,  then  abruptly  bent  inwards  at  a  right  angle,  the  points 
overlapping,  the  apical  half  thus  forming  a  line  parallel  to  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  last  dorsal  segment  and  at  right  angles  with 
the  main  axis  of  the  insect ;  about  half  way  down  the  straight 
part  there  is,  on  the  inner  margin,  a  short  tooth  :  in  the  5  the 
branches  are  elopgate,  very  gently  sinuate,  almost  straight, 
incurved  at  the  apex,  with  a  sharp  depressed  tooth  on  the  inner 
margin  in  the  basal  third,  and  strongly  creuulated  as  far  a» 
this  tooth. 

c?  ? 

Length  of  body    7*5-9  mm.         9-10*5  mm. 

„         forceps     1-1*5    ,,         2*25-3*5     „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii.  (colL 
Bu7'r,JBnt.  JIiis.);  PuloPenaxg;  Sumatra  ((?e?ioa if ms.) ;  Java; 
AjfNAM  (coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

Although  originally  described  by  de  Bormans,  from  Pulo- 
Penang  and  from  Sumatra,  the  pair  in  the  author's  possession 
were  from  Pea's  collection  and  came  to  him  through  de  Bormans ; 
yet  the  latter  never  quoted  this  species  from  Burma.  The  only 
specimens  from  Karen-ni,  May  to  December,  quoted  by  de  Bormans 
are  referred  by  him  to  Platijlahia  major,  and  perhaps,  owing  to 
the  inconspicuous  pygidium,  he  regarded  them  as  identical  with 
that  species  in  1894,  but  separated  them  in  his  later  work  in 
1900. 

The  form  of  the  forceps  is  quite  characteristic  and  they  are  not 
likely  to  be  confused  with  anything  else. 

This  species  is  totally  distinct  from  any  other  known  Labidurine 
earwig  ;  but  it  has  so  strong  a  resemblance  to  the  genera  Platij- 
labia  and  Sparatta,  that  the  structure  of  the  pygidium  must  be 
carefully  examined. 


Subfamily  II.  ECHIN0S0MATIN.51:. 

Pronotum  transverse,  decidedly  broader  than  long,  elytra 
complete,  with  no  lateral  keels,  entirely  concealing  the  scutellum. 
Pemora  not  compressed  or  keeled.  Abdomen  short,  broad,  rather 
dilated,  body  clothed  with  short  stiff  bristles  ;  forceps  short, 
cylindrical,  remote  at  base  in  male,  arcuate  and  unarmed. 

This  subfamily  includes  only  the  old  genus  EcJiinosoma,  which 
has  close  affinities  with  the  Labidurhuc. 

The  short,  thick-set  body,  densely  clad  with  stiff  hairs  and 
many  obtuse  thick  bristles,  gives  these  earwigs  a  very  distinctive 
appearance. 


70  LABIDURID^. 

Genus  ECHINOSOMA,  Serv. 
Echinosoma,  Serv.  (39)  p.  34. 

Type,  Forfieula  afra,  Pal.-Beauv. 

Stout  and  small  or  medium-sized  insects,  the  whole  body  covered 
with  shoi't  stiff  bristles  and  long  yellow  hairs.  Antennae  with  about 
30  segments  ;  third  segment  long  and  cylindrical,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  first,  the  rest  very  short,  fifth  and  sixth  each  a  trifle 
longer  than  fourth,  the  rest  gradually  lengthening,  the  apical 
segments  approaching  cylindrical,  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  together 
scarcely  longer  than  third.  Head  broad,  flat  and  smooth.  Pro- 
notum  transverse,  as  broad  as  the  head,  subrectangular,  hinder 
angles  broadly  rounded.  Elytra  broad,  truncate,  bristly.  Wings 
generally  prominent,  bristly.  Scutellum  concealed.  Prosternum 
broad,  scarcely  narrowed  posteriorly  ;  mesosternum  broad  ;  meta- 
sternum  broad,  the  lobes  slightly  produced,  the  hinder  margin 
gently  sinuate.  Legs  short ;  femora  thick,  not  keeled.  Abdomen 
short,  broad.  Last  dorsal  segment :  in  the  cJ  smooth,  transverse ; 
in  the  $  somewhat  narrower.  Pygidium :  in  the  (S  almost  con- 
cealed ;  in  the  $  forming  a  short  blunt  tubercle.  Foi'ceps  with 
the  branches  in  both  sexes  remote  at  the  base,  short,  cylindrical, 
unarmed  and  arcuate,  more  strongly  bowed  in  S ,  gently  curved 
in  $. 

Range.  Asia,  Africa,  Papua. 

The  members  of  the  genus  are  easy  to  recognize  owing  to  their 
short,  rather  thick-set  build,  the  simple  sickle- shaped  forceps  of 
the  male,  and  especially  the  short,  thick  bristles  with  which  they 
are  densely  clothed. 

About  14  species  are  known,  inhabiting  all  the  tropical  countries 
of  the  Old  World.  The  discrimination  of  the  different  forms  is 
difficult,  as  the  specific  characters  are  not  very  well  marked,  and 
the  coloration  varies  within  certain  limits.  Only  two  species  are 
known  from  India  and  these  are  easy  to  distinguish.  They  occur 
chiefly  in  rotten  wood. 

Table  of  Sjyecies. 

1.  Antennse  with  first  segmeut  light  yellow  ; 
segments  of  apical  half  of  antennae 
slender,   subcyliudrical    or    ovate  ;     size  [p.  70. 

medium  (12-14  mm.)  sumatranum,  Haan, 

3.1.  Antennfe  with  first  segment  dark  yellow 
or  brownish  :  segments  beyond  seventh  or 
eighth  short,  thick,  pyriform  or  snb- 
conical ;  size  small  (G-8  mm.)    parvidum,  Dohrn,  p.  72. 

29.  Echinosoma  sumatranum,  Haan.     (Pig.  17.) 

Forficnla  (Echinosoma)  sumatranum,  Haan,  (42)  p.  241. 
Echinosoma  sumatranum,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  65;    Scudder,  (76)  p.  310; 
Dubr.  (79)  p.  352      Bonn.  (SS^  p.  433,   (94)  p.  377,  (00'-)  p  28 ; 


ECHINOSOMA.  71 

Burr,  (OQi)  p.  89,  (02)  p.  478,  (05')  p.  28,  (073)  p.  510 ;  Kirby, 
(04)  p.  8. 
Echinosomca  westermanni,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  60  ;  Scudder,  (76)  p.  olO 
Duhr.  (79)  p.  352 ;  Borm.  (00-)  p.  28 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  8. 

Pronotiim  broader  than  the  head,  depressed,  transverse,  anterior 
margin  gently  convex,  angles  rounded ;  sides  broadly  reflexed ; 
prozona  somewhat  tumid,  and  with  a  strong  sulcus ;  metazona 
depressed,  varying  in  colour  from  a  uniform  pale  yellow  to  almost 
black,  with  a  few  dark  markings.  Elytra  ample,  rugulose  and 
densely  clad  with  dark  bristles  ;  brown  or  blackish,  sometimes  with 
a  small  red  spot  in  the  middle.  A\'ings  usually  prominent,  but 
occasionally  short  and  scarcely  protruding,  pale  yellowish,  with  a 
dark  spot  at  the  tip.  Legs  pale  yellowish,  the  femora  and  tibiae 
usually  ringed  with  blackish.  Abdomen  dark  brown  to  black, 
densely  puuctulate  and  densely  bristly.  Last  dorsal  segment  in  the 
S  transverse,  with  a  median  impression,  posterior  margin  trun- 
cate, tumid  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps ;  in  the  $  similar  but 
narrowed.  Pygidium:  in  the  c?  rectangular,  very  short  and  very 
broad ;  in  the  $  conical.  Forceps  :  in  the  d  with  branches  remote 
and  roundly  trigonal  at  base,  smooth,  stout,  nearly  straight  basally, 
then  gently  arcuate  ;  in  the  $  remote  at  base,  straight  at  first,  then 
arcuate,  but  less  strongly  than  in  6  • 

c?  ? 

Length  of  body    9-14  mm.  10-14  mm. 

„         forceps    1*5-2  „  1-5-2     „ 

Bhutan:  MariaBasti(P«r«s3/Ms.);  Sikkim  (/wc?.  J/ms.) ;  Assam: 
Khasi  Hills,  Sibsagar  {Ind.  Mus.);  Burma:  Metanja  in  April, 
Teinzo,  Katha,  in  November,  Bhamo  in  July,  Shwegu  in  October, 
Palon  in  August  and  September  (G-V/io«Ji«s.);  Ceylo'S (Brit.  Mus.). 
Widely  distributed  and  abundant  throughout  the  Oriental 
Eegion,  extending  as  far  as  New  Guinea  and  Northern  Australia. 
A  careful  examination  of  numerous  specimens,  offering  many 
differences  of  pattern,  from  all  parts  of  India,  Burma,  Annam, 
Tonkin,  Siam,  the  Malay  Archipelago  and  New  Guinea,  fails  to 
reveal  any  structural  distinction,  and  consequently  £.  wester- 
manni,  Dohrn,  is  sunk,  as  being  based  merely  on  coloration  or 
wing-development.  Tlie  burden  of  proof  lies  with  the  advocates 
of  separation.  Perhaps  the  intensity  of  coloration  depends  upon 
the  age  and  condition  of  the  specimen  when  caught. 

The   following   variations   are   represented   in   the    Burr   col- 
lection : — 

I.  Genei'al  colour  ranging  from  light  brown  (Java)  to  almost 
entirely  black  (Annam). 
II.  Labrum  blackish  (Tonkin,  Java,  etc.)  or  yellow  (Annam, 

Tonkin,  Java). 
III.  Pronotum  uniform  pale  yellow   (Java);    more  generally 
black,  with  yellowish  markings  at  the  sides  and  pos- 
teriorly. 


72  LABIDUIIID.I. 

IV.  Elytra   light    brown  or  deep   black  (usual)  or  with  a 
small  not  perfectly  distinct  red  spot  on  the  disc  near 
the  suture. 
V.  Wings  abbreviated,  slightly  developed  or  promiuent. 

VI.  Tirown  ring  of  femora  faint  or  absent,  especially  in  the 
anterior  pair. 

There  is  presented  nearly  eveiy  stage  in  the  transition  between 
each  of  these  varieties ;  that  is  why,  in  the  author's  opinion,  it  is 
necessary  to  sink  E.  westermmmi,  Dohru  (labrum  yellow,  wings- 
short,  anterior  femora  not  I'inged). 


30.  Echinosoma  parvulum,  DoJim. 

Ecliinosoma  parvuluiu,  iJo/ini,  (63)  p.  66;  Bonn.  (00")  p.  29;  £nrr,, 
(01)  p.  77;  Jvirbij,  (04)  p.  8. 

Size  small;  colour  dark  brown, with  dense,  stiff,  dark  pubescence,, 
and  numerous  thick  reddish  bristles.  Antennae  with  19  segments, 
the  first  thick  and  dark  yellow,  second  minute  and  pale  yellow ; 
the  rest  grey-brown  ;  third  rather  elongate  and  perfectly  cylin- 
drical ;  fourth  globular ;  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  subcylindrical 
and  a  little  longer  than  the  fourth  :  the  rest  pyriform,  but 
none  equalhng  the  third  in  length.  Head  dark  brown,  broad, 
depressed,  with  a  few  thick  bristles  ;  eyes  prominent,  mouth- 
parts  yellowish.  Pronotum  decidedly  transverse  and  a  trifle 
wider  posteriorly  than  anteriorly ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid  and 
metazona  flattened ;  sides  broadly  reflexed,  all  angles  rounded,, 
sides  very  slightly  convex,  dark  brown,  with  a  few  scattered 
thick  bristles.  Sternal  plates  smooth,  yellow.  Elytra  of  the  same 
colour,  texture  and  clothing  as  the  pronotum, the  shoulders  scarcely 
developed,  truncate  posteriorly  ;  in  the  short-winged  form  short, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  pronotum  ;  in  the  long-winged  form  quite 
double  as  long  as  the  pronotum.  Wings  either  abortive  (short- 
winged  form)  or  long  and  ample  (long-winged  form),  in  which 
case  they  protrude  very  prominently,  the  scale  being  even  longer 
than  the  elytra,  of  a  lighter  brown  colour,  especially  near  the  base 
and  the  suture,  where  the  Avhitish  membranous  part  is  descernible ; 
densely  clothed  with  short  bristles.  Legs  yellow,  the  femora 
ringed  with  brown  near  the  base.  Abdomen  broad  and  rather  flat, 
nearly  pai^allel-sided,  ^itli  a  dense  and  close  pubescence,  and  rows 
of  yellowish,  thick,  short  bristles  ;  ventral  surface  red,  smoother. 
Last  dorsal  segment  in  the  d  strongly  transverse,  about  three 
times  as  broad  as  long,  of  the  same  colour,  texture  and  hairiness 
on  the  rest  of  the  abdomen,  truncate  posteriorly ;  in  the  2  similar, 
but  longer  and  narrowed  posteriorly,  the  margin  subsinuous. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment :  in  the  ^  transverse,  with  a  median 
depression,  posterior  margin  with  a  round  median  emargination 
with  thick  yellowish  pubescence ;  in  the  5  posterior  margin 
straight.  Pygidium:  in  the  J  rectangular,  very  short  and  very 
broad  ;  in  the  $  short  and  conical.     Forceps  with  the  branches  in 


ECHINOSOMA.  73: 

the  c?  remote  at  the  base,  smooth,  deep  red,  stout,  and  rather 
broad  at  the  base,  very  slightly  diverging  at  first,  then  strongly 
arched  in  a  semicircular  curve ;  in  the  $  short,  contiguous,  straight, 
stout,  conical,  with  a  very  blunt  tooth  near  the  base. 

^  2 

Length  of  body     6-8-5  mm.  7-8  mm. 

forceps    1        „  0-75-1    „ 

The  larv£e  resemble  the  female  in  the  form  of  the  abdomen 
and  forceps ;  the  colour  is  light  brown,  with  darker  longitudinal 
bands. 

Ceylon  :  Peradeniya,  in  August  and  November  (coll  Burr). 

Type  in  Berlin. 

This  species  has  hitherto  been  known  only  from  Dohrn's 
description  of  the  female.  Mr.  Green  found  it  commonly  at 
Peradeniya,  in  rotten  Avood ;  a  larva  was  taken  in  a  termite's 
nest. 

Of  the  specimens  sent  by  Mr.  Green,  there  is  one  male  of  each 
form,  and  four  females  of  the  short-winged  form,  which  would  thus 
appear  to  be  commoner,  though  Dohrn's  type  is  evidently  winged. 
De  Bormans  incorrectly  describes  the  first  antenual  segment  as 
brown. 

Ow-ing  to  its  small  size,  strongly  bowed  forceps  and  thick 
pyriform  antennal  segments,  it  is  easy  to  recognize. 

Dohrn  describes  the  sixteenth  antennal  segment  as  yellowish^ 
but  this  uncertain  character  is  of  no  value. 


Subfamily  III.  PSALIN.E. 

The  dominant  genus  of  this  subfamily  is  Amsohbis,  but  Psalis 
IS  chosen  as  the  typical  genus  because  it  is  the  oldest.  It  has 
many  features  in  common  with  the  Labidunnce,  with  which  group 
it  is  closely  allied. 

It  is  exceptional  for  the  forceps  to  be  slender  or  remote  at  the 
base,  whereas  the  reverse  is  the  case  in  the  Labidurince. 

In  this  group  we  find  a  gradual  transition  from  the  fully 
winged  Pscdis  to  the  entirely  apterous  Anisolabis. 


Fig.  4. — Antenna  of  Psalis  dolrni. 


The  glandular  folds  of  the  third  and  fourth  abdominal  segments, 
which  are  absent  in  Labidnra,  are  often  present  in  Anisolabis ; 
and  Eehn  (Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1903,  p.  301)  has 


74  LABIDURIDJE. 

shown  that  in  the  Neotropical  species,  l-'salis  americana,  Pal.- 
Beauv.,  these  folds  are  present  in  the  larvae  and  nymphs,  but 
disappear  when  the  creature  attains  maturity.  This  is  evidence 
in  favour  of  the  view  that  these  organs  are  useless  as  generic 
characters. 

The  possession  of  fully  developed  elytra  is  the  chief  distinction 
between  Psalis  and  AnisoJahis,  so  that  immature  specimens  of 
the  former  are  easily  mistaken  even  for  adult  specimens  of  the 
latter  genus. 

The  Psalime  are  generally  thick-set,  dark-coloured  earwigs, 
with  stout  forceps. 

Table  of  Genera. 

1.  Elytra   perfectly  developed ;    (abdomen 
subparallel-sided ). 
2.  Antennse  with  12-22  segments;  sides 

of  abdomen  with  no  glandular  folds  .     Psalis,  Serv.,  p.  74. 
2.2.  Antennae  with  20-30  segments ;  sides  [p.  78. 

of  abdomen  with  glandular  folds    . .     Labidurodes,  Dubr., 
1.1.  Apterous  forms;  elytra  entirely  wanting 
or  rudimentary. 
2.  Abdomen  dilated  from  the  base  to  the 

apex.     (Elytra  absent.)    Gonolabis,  Burr,  p.  79. 

2.2.  Abdomen  subparallel-sided,  or  slightly 
dilated  about  the  middle. 

3.  Iillytra  entirely  wanting Anisolabis,  Fieb.,  p.  80, 

3.3.  Rudimentary  elytra  present Borellia,  Burr,  p.  87. 


Genus  PSALIS,  Serv. 

Psalis,  Serv.  (31)  p.  34. 

Carcinophora,  Saidd.  (76)  p.  291. —  Type,C  robusta,  Scudd. 

Type,  Forficula  americana,  Pal.-Beauv. 

Body  stout ;  antennae  with  12-22  segments  ;  basal  segment  very 
long  and  conical ;  third  segment  cylindrical,  half  as  long  as  the  first ; 
third  and  fourth  short,  no  longer  than  broad  ;  fifth  a  little  longer  ; 
sixth  and  others  gradually  lengthened,  the  sixth  nearly  as  long  as 
the  third.  The  segments  are  nearly  cylindrical,  but  in  the  Indian 
species  they  are  almost  clavate.  Head  convex,  smooth  and  shining. 
Pronotum  nearly  as  broad  as  the  head,  subquadrate,  widened 
somewhat  posteriorly  (especially  in  Old  World  species) ;  posterior 
margin  convex.  Mesosternum  convex ;  metasternum  with  the 
lobe  produced  between  posterior  coxae,  truncate.  Elytra  and 
wings  smooth,  well  developed,  the  former  with  no  carina.  Legs 
rather  short,  stout.  Abdomen  broad  and  depressed,  last  doi'sal 
segment  quadrate  in  both  sexes ;  sides  of  the  sixth,  seventh, 
eighth  and  ninth  segments  acute ;  no  glandular  folds  in  adults. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the  c?  broad,  obtuse,  rounded ; 
in  the  $  roundly  triangular ;  pygidium  indistinct.     Porceps  with 


PSALIS.  75 

branches  conical,  stout,  subcontiguous,  gently  curved  in  the  d  ; 
contiguous  in  the  $  . 

Range.  Asia,  Africa,  America. 

This  genus  was  confused  by  the  older  authors  with  Lahidura. 
De  Bonnans  remarks  that  it  ap])roaches  nearer  to  AnisolaUs,  and 
this  is  correct,  for  it  is  practically  the  same  thing  but  with  fully- 
developed  organs  of  flight. 

The  genus  Carcmophora,  Scudd.,  only  differing  from  typical 
Psalis  in  the  absence  of  wings,  cannot  stand,  and  must  be  absorbed 
in  Psalis. 


Table  of  Sj)ecies. 

1.  Wings  perfectly  developed ;  forceps  of 
male  not  contiguous  at  base  ;  (colour 
shining  chocolate,  vaiied  with  yellow- 

^^")   femoralis,  Dolirn,  p.  75. 

1.1.  Wmgs  abortive;  forceps  of  male  con- 
tiguous at  base. 
2.  Elytra  rectangular,  showing  no  scu- 
tellum. 
3.  Colour   brilliant    shining   reddish 
black,  with  blue  sheen  on  elytra, 

which  are  truncate  posteriorly.  .      dohml,  Kirby,  p.  76. 
3.3.  Colour  reddish  black,  with  no  blue 

sheen ;  elytra  oblique  posteriorly,     h'froyi,  sp.  n.,  p.  77. 
2.2.  Elytra   strongly   cut    away   at    the 
axillary    angle,    thus     being     tri- 
angular ;    exposing   a    small    scu- 
tellum cnstetsi,  Bonn.,  p.  77. 


31.  Psalis  femoralis,  DoJim.    (Fig.  18.) 

Labidura  femoralis,  Boltrii,  (63)  p.  321 ;  Scudder,  (76)  p.  522  (nee 

Dubr.). 
Psalis  femoralis,  Bonn.  (88)  p.  434,  (94)  p.  378,  (00^)  p.  38  ;  Burr, 

(01)  p.  78,  pi.  B,  fig.  3,  (08-^)  p.  29 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  13. 

Stature  small  but  robust ;  general  colour  deep  chestnut-brown, 
varied  with  yellowish  and  often  with  a  bluish  sheen.  Autennje 
greyish  yellow,  the  basal  segments  paler.  Head  shining  deep 
dark  brown.  Pronotum  chocolate-brown,  shining,  the  sides  some- 
what paler,  longer  than  broad  and  broadeued  posteriorly  ;  anterior 
and  lateral  margins  straight;  posterior  margin  subcouvex,  the 
angles  rounded.  Elytra  shining  chocolate  -  brown,  truncate 
apically,  with  a  faint  bronze  sheen.  Wings  long,  pale  yellowisli 
at  the  base,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  elytra  at  the  apex.  Le^s 
pale  yellow,  the  femora  banded  with  dark  brown.  Abdomen  deep 
chocolate-brown,  smooth  and  shining.  Last  dorsal  segment  quad- 
rate in  both  sexes,  faintly  rugulose  posteriorly  in  the  d" ,  with  a 
median  depression  and  a  faint  tumid  tubercle  over  the  insertion 


76  LABIDUBID^. 

of  the  forceps.  Forceps  :  in  the  J  flat  beneath,  convex  above,  stout,, 
tapering,  subcoutiguous,  straight,  gently  incurved  at  the  apex, 
denticulate  near  base  on  inner  margin  ;  in  the  $  straight,  conical, 
contiguous. 

Length  of  body ....       8*5-9     mm.         10       ram. 
„         forceps..      l'25-l-5    „  1*75    „ 

Burma  :  Metanja,  viii.  ;  Teinzo,  v. ;  Bliamo,  vi.-viii. ;  Katha, 
ii.-vi.  ;  Rangoon,  v. ;  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft., 
v.-xii.  {Genoa  Sf  Brit.  J/its.) ;  Tenasseeim  :  Thagata,  iv.  {Genoa 
Mas.);  Ceylon:  Punduluoya,  Gralagedara,  Pei-adeniya  {Green\ 
Amhegammoa  {Willeij,  coll.  Burr),  Diyatalawa  {coll.  Burr) ;  Tonkin 
{Brit.  4'  Paris  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Stettin  Museum  (?). 

This  species  has  no  strong  resemblance  to  any  other,  its  shiny 
deep  colour  being  very  characteristic.  Its  nearest  resemblance, 
perhaps,  is  to  the  African  species  of  the  genus.  The  bronze  sheen 
is  much  more  striking  in  some  specimens  than  others  ;  this  may 
be  due  to  the  age  of  the  specimens,  or  perhaps  the  sex,  season  or 
locality  in  which  they  were  caught. 


32.  Psalis  dohmi,  Kirhy.^    (Fig.  19.) 

Namiopygia  dohrni,  Eirby,  (91)  p.  -508;  Bonn.  (00*)  p.  11. 
Labiduva  femoialis,  Dubr.  (79)  p.  353  (nee  Dohrn). 
Carcinophora  caeruleipennis,  Borm.  (00-)  p.  40. 
Carcinophora  dohrni,  Burr,  (01)  p.  328,  pi.  B,  fig.  8 ;  Kirby,  (04) 
p.  15. 

Small ;  black,  shading  towards  reddish  black  posteriorly,  smooth, 
shining,  with  an  oily  lustre.  Antennse  with  17  segments ;  the 
first  three  are  yellowish,  the  rest  greyish,  except  second  and  third 
(probably  varying)  before  the  apex,  which  are  pale.  Head  very 
convex  and  smooth,  shining  black.  Pronotum  of  same  colour, 
someuhat  longer  than  broad  and  broadened  posteriorly.  Elytra 
rather  short,  but  longer  than  the  pronotum,  truncate  at  the  apex, 
brilliantly  shining  with  a  bluish  bronze  metallic  sheen.  Legs 
pale  testaceous,  the  femora  strongly  banded  with  black.  Abdomen 
intensely  deep  chocolate  blackish-brown,  with  brilliant  oily  lustre, 
of  the  same  form  as  Psalis.  Last  apical  segment  as  in  Psalis. 
Forceps  :  in  the  S  short,  stout,  trigonal,  subcontiguous,  tapering, 
attenuate  and  hooked  at  the  apex ;  in  the  5  practically  identical. 

62 

Length  of  body     10-12  mm. 

„        forceps     2-2*5    „ 

Ceylon  :    Galle,   Kandy  {coll.   Bolivar),  Peradeniya   in   May- 
Oct.  {coll.  Burr),  Ambegammoa  (  Willey,  coll.  Burr) ;  Tkayancobe  : 


PSALIS.  77 

North   side  of   the  Western  Ghats,  Tenmalai   (lad.  Mus ,  coll 
Burr).  ^  ' 

T)ipe  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  handsome  little  earwig  can  only  be  coufused  with  the 
follomng  species.  Its  deep  black  colour,  brilliant  oily  lustre,  and 
blue  sheen  on  the  elytra  are  very  distinctive,  although'the  latter  is 
not  always  very  strongly  marked,  at  least  in  old  specimens 

A  record  from  Somerset,  in  Northern  Australia,  must  almost 
certainly  refer  to  a  distinct  species. 

33.  Psalis  castetsi,  Borm. 

Carcinophora  castetsi,  Borm.  apud  Bol  (97)  p.  284;  Borm.  m^) 
p.  41  ;  Kirhj,  (04)  p.  15.  ^       ' 

Pitch-black,  punctulate ;  three  basal  segments  of  antenna?  dark 
ye  lowish;  mouth-parts  yellowish;  pronotum  with  very  narrow 
pale  side  border.  Elytra  short,  truncate,  excavate  at  axillary 
angle  so  as  to  expose  a  minute  scutellum ;  abdomen  typical- 
forceps  unarmed,  typical.  ' 

6  9 

Length  of  body 9-5    mm.         11  mm. 

„         forceps  ....      1-75    „  2 

Madeas:  Trichinopoli,  Kodaikanal  {coll.  Bolivar) 
_    According  to  deBormans  this  species  differs  from 'the  preceding 
in   the  axil  ary  excavation  of   the  elytra,  which  thus  expose  a 
minute  scutellmn ;  he  also  states  that  these  organs  are  much  the 
same  as  m  the  European  Pseudochelklura  sinaata. 

34.  Psalis  lefroyi,  sp.  n.     (Fig.  20.) 

Of  medium  size,  sturdy  build,  and  deep  reddish  chestnut  colour 
Antennae  blackish,  the  apical  segments  white.  Head  shining 
blackish  red.  Pronotum  black,  slightly  wider  posteriorly  thaS 
anteriorly,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  almost  rectangular- 
posterior  margin  straight,  very  narrowly  bordered  with  yellow' 
the  sides  reflexed  ;  prozona  not  tumid.  Elytra  blackish  brown' 
ample,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  apex.  Wings  abortive  (in  the 
type).  Femora  yellowish,  with  a  broad  black  ring;  tibL  and 
tarsi  yellowish  Abdomen  deep  reddish  chestnut,  almost  black, 
smooth.  Last  dorsal  segment  in  the  d  smooth,  transverse,  genth' 
narrowed  posteriorly.  Forceps  in  d  and  o  red,  the  branches 
subcontiguous,  stout,  trigonal,  conical,  straight. 

Length  of  body     9      ^im.         7-5^mm 

„         forceps 1-75    ^^  2 

Bombay  :  Mahim,  2i^ii.04,  "feeding  on  plantain  roots"  (Pusa 
<^oll.) ;  Bengal  :  Pusa  (Pusa  coll.).  ^ 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 


78  LABIDURID.i). 

Dedicated  to  the  Imperial  Entomologist,  Mr.  Maxwell  Lefroy, 
who  has  contributed  some  interesting  material. 

This  species  is  described  from  a  single  pair  in  poor  condition. 
In  general  appearance  it  resembles  P.  femoralis,  but  differs  in 
the  pronotum,  which  is  almost  rectangular,  in  correlation  with  the 
abortive  wings  ;  the  forceps  are  contiguous  and  the  femora  ringed 
with  black.     The  head  is  also  larger. 

It  might  be  confused  with  P,  dohrni,  but  it  is  a  more  power- 
fully built  and  much  broader  insect ;  the  abdomen  is  decidedly 
broader  and  shorter  and  the  elytra  relatively  shorter  and  truncate 
obliquely,  that  is  the  posterior  margin  is  not  quite  at  right  angles 
to  the  median  suture.  The  colour  is  less  deep,  redder  and 
browner,  and  there  is  no  blue  tinge  on  the  elytra. 

Probably  the  specimens  recorded  by  the  present  writer  from 
Ceylon  under  the  name  of  Anisolahis  brunneri,  (01)  p.  377,  and 
from  the  Purneah  District,  (05'')  p.  389,  are  nothing  more  or  less 
than  immature  specimens  of  this  species.  They  have  certainly 
nothing  to  do  with  the  true  Anisolahis  bninneri  of  Dohrn,  from 
Australia,  which  is  now  a  well-known  and  totally  distinct  species. 


Genus  LABIDURODES,  Duhr. 
Labidm'odes,  Dubr.  (79)  p.  355. 

Type,  Labidurodes  robustus,  Dubr. 

Allied  to  Psalis,  but  differs  in  having  from  20-30  segments  in 
the  antenujB,  and  in  having  well-developed  glandular  folds  at  the 
sides  of  the  second  and  third  abdominal  segments. 

Range.  Pour  species  have  been  described,  occurring  in  New 
Guinea,  Siam  and  Madagascar,  but  more  material  is  required  to 
place  this  genus  in  a  satisfactory  condition. 

35.  Labidurodes  robustus,  Duhr. 

Labidurodes  robustus,  Dubr.  (79)  p.  356  ;  Bonn.  (00")  p.  39;  Kirby, 
(04)  p.  15 ;  Burr,  (05^)  p.  28. 

Large  and  powerful.  Head  and  pronotum  shining  black. 
Antennas  brown,  with  27  segments.  Elytra  and  wings  well 
developed,  shining  brownish  black.  Pemora  short,  brown  ;  base 
of  tibia  brown ;  apex  of  tibia  and  tarsi  yellowish.  Abdomen  and 
forceps  shining  dark  brown.  Porceps  of  the  S  with  branches 
not  contiguous,  robust,  trigonal  in  basal  third,  then  rounded  with 
the  points  strongly  incurved  ;  the  trigonal  portion  has  three  strong 
crenulations. 

6 

Length  of  body 23  mm. 

„         forceps 6    „ 

?  Lower  Burma  ;  Tavoy  {Ind.  Mus.). 


G0>'OLABIS.  70 

This  species  is  known  only  through  Dubrouy's  description. 
It  is  recorded  from  the  Ply  Eiver,  New  Guinea.  An  immature 
specimen  in  the  Indian  Museum,  from  Tavoy,  is  attributed  to  it, 
with  considerable  hesitation. 


Genus  GONOLABIS,  5nrr. 

Gonolabis,  Burr,  (00")  pp.  48  &  53;  Borjn.  (00')  p.  451;  Ei'rbi/r 
(04)  p.  15. 

Type,  Anisolabis  javana,  Bormans. 

Entii'ely  apterous.  Antennae  ^\•ith  less  than  20  segments,  third 
cylindrical,  fourth  and  fifth  globular,  the  rest  longer,  subpyriform. 
Head  smooth.  Pronotum  square,  as  broad  as  the  head  or  broader. 
Sternal  plates  as  in  Anisolahis.  Elytra  entirely  wanting.  Femora 
rather  thick  ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  compressed,  the  latter  very  slender; 
second  segment  very  short.  Abdomen  in  the  c?  narrow  at  the 
base,  gradually  broadened,  attaining  the  greatest  width  at  the  apex. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  the  c?  broad  and  rectangular ;  of  the  5 
broad,  but  narrowed  posteriorly.  Forceps  of  the  c?  stout,  remote 
at  base,  arcuate  strongly  ;  of  the  $  conical,  contiguous,  straight. 

Range.  Asia,  Africa,  Australia. 

By  the  removal  of  certain  non-Indian  species,  characterized  by 
a  strongly  narrowed  prosternum,  this  genus  is  now  restricted  to 
Old  World  forms.  The  genus  is  related  to  Anisolahis,  but  has 
fewer  antennal  segments ;  the  gradual  widening  of  the  abdomen 
from  base  to  apex  is  very  characteristic. 


36.  Gonolabis  electa,  sp.  n,     (Fig.  21.) 

Small ;  shining  dark  chestnut-brown.  Antennae  brown,  basal 
segments  paler,  with  14-15  segments;  third  cylindrical,  elongate, 
fourth  and  fifth  globular,  the  rest  gradually  lengthening,  passing 
from  subcylindrical  to  ovate.  Head  tumid,  smooth,  shining,  dark 
blackish  brown.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the  head,  square  or  very 
gently  widened  posteriorly,  flat,  shining  brown,  the  sides  paler. 
Mesonotum  short,  about  t^vice  as  broad  as  long.  Entire  thorax 
smooth,  shining,  deep  brown.  Legs  testaceous,  femora  with  darker 
shading.  Abdomen  of  the  same  colour,  gradually  dilated  in  the  c? 
from  the  base  to  the  apex,  which  is  about  1|  times  as  wide  as 
the  base.  Sides  of  the  sixth  to  ninth  segments  produced  back- 
wards to  sharp  points  in  the  S  only.  Last  dorsal  segment :  in 
the  <S  rectangular  and  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  smooth  and 
shining,  with  a  faint  median  depression,  posterior  margin  trun- 
cate ;  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps  there  is  a  slight  tumid 
elevation,  outside  which  is  a  depressed  triangular  area,  so  that 
the  segment  is  bounded  externally  by  a  slight  longitudinal  fold  or 
ridge  which  is  continuous  with  the  line  formed  by  the  points  of  the 
sixth-ninth  abdominal  segments  ;  in  the  $  trapezoidal,  strongly 


•80  LABIDIJEIDJE. 

narrowed,  otherwise  formed  as  in  the  c? ,  except  that  the  external 
depression  and  ridge  are  absent.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  in 
the  c?  ample,  very  broadly  rounded  ;  in  the  2  similar  but  less 
broadly  rounded,  more  pronouncedly  convex.  Pygidium  of  cS  and 
$  not  protruding.  Porceps  with  the  branches  in  the  c5"  remote 
at  the  base,  very  stout  and  trigonal,  the  upper  keel  corre- 
sponding to  the  slight  tumidity  of  the  last  dorsal  segment,  the 
outer  surface  being  depressed  in  correspondence  with  the  similar 
depressed  area  on  the  last  dorsal  segment,  the  outer  ridge  corre- 
ponding  with  the  line  of  the  points  of  the  sixth-ninth  abdominal 
segments  and  lateral  ridge  of  the  last  dorsal  segment ;  the  branches 
are  straight  at  first,  tapering  rapidly;  at  about  half  their  length  they 
become  abruptly  attenuate,  cylindrical  and  strongly  bowed  inwards  ; 
the  maximum  breadth  is  over  double  the  length.  In  the  $  the 
branches  are  contiguous,  stout,  trigono-conical,  straight  and  taper- 
ing, the  inner  margin  crenulate. 

6  ^2 

Length  of  body 6-5-7    mm.  6-7  mm. 

„        forceps 1      ,,  1    r? 

Maximum  breadth  of  abdomen  :  2-5  mm. 
Minimum         „  „  1-5  mm. 

Ceylon  :  Peradeniya,  A-pr'il'  {Green,  coll.  Burr);  Java  {coll. 
Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

Easily  recognizable  by  the  apically  dilated  abdomen.  It  is  re- 
lated to  G.  javana,  Borm.,  and  G.  sumatrana,  Bonn.,  but  is  smaller, 
more  shining,  and  the  abdomen  much  more  strongly  dilated. 


Genus  ANISOLABIS,  Fieber. 

Anisolabis,  Fieber,  (53)  p.  257. 

Forcinella,  Dohrn,  Stett.  Ent.  Zeit.  xxiii.  p.  226  (1862). 
Bracliylabis,  Dohrn,  (64)  p.  292(partim). — Type,  Forficula  niaritima, 
Bon. 

Type,  Forficula  maritima,  Bon. 

Body  convex,  rather  elongate,  generally  stout.  Head  convex, 
longer  than  broad.  Antennae  with  from  15  to  25  segments,  formed 
as  in  Psalis,  but  the  form  and  size  varies  within  certain  limits. 
Pronotum  rectangular,  almost  or  quite  square ;  mesonotum  trans- 
verse ;  metanotum  with  posterior  border  sinuate.  Elytra  entirely 
absent.  Legs  rather  short,  wide.  Sternal  plates  rather  narrow, 
longer  than  broad.  Metasternum  somewhat  produced  between 
posterior  coxae ;  the  lobe  generally  truncate  at  the  apex. 
Mesosternum  rounded  posteriorly.  Abdomen  depressed,  rather 
broad,  attaining  its  greatest  breadth  at  about  two-thirds  of  its 
length ;  lateral  tubercles  sometimes  distinct,  sometimes  obsolete. 


ANISOLABIS.  81 

The  sides  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  segments  of  the  male  are 
convex,  often  produced  into  a  sharp  point,  striate,  rugulose  or  even 
carinate  ;  this  feature  is  present  on  a  feebler  scale  in  the  female. 
Last  dorsal  segment  in  the  S  ample,  subrectaugular,  but  broader 
than  long,  less  broad  than  the  preceding  segments  ;  in  the  2  similar, 
but  somewhat  narrower.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  cT  ovate 
or  roundly  triangular ;  broader  in  the  $  .     Branches  of  forceps  in 


Fig.  5. — Sternal  plates  of  Anisolabis  maritima,  Bon. 

the  S  of  two  types  :  (1)  contiguous  or  subcontiguous,  stout,  nearly 
straight,  tapering,  or  (2)  remote,  straight  at  first  and  strongly  and 
abruptly  bent  inwards,  the  right  branch  often  more  strongly  than  the 
left.    In  the  $  the  branches  are  contiguous,  straight,  stout,  tapering. 

Range.  Cosmopolitan. 

After  the  removal  of  those  forms  now  separated  into  Borellia- 
and  the  sinking  of  a  number  of  names  as  synonyms,  there  are  still 
about  two  dozen  species  left  in  this  genus,  occurring  in  all  parts  of 
the  world.  Their  discrimination  is  often  difficult,  and  it  is- 
absolutely  necessary  to  know  the  male  before  a  species  can  be 
characterized  or  satisfactorily  determined. 

Some  species  seem  to  have  a  very  restricted  distribution,  though 
two,  A.  maritima  and  A.  annulijjes,  have  become  cosmopolitan. 

Immature  specimens  of  various  species  of  Psalis  are  often  placed 
under  this  genus  in  collections,  and  sometimes  may  have  beea 
described  as  species. 

Table  of  Sj^ecies. 

1.  Posterior  margin  of  metasternal  lobe 
romided  ;  size  great ;  (forceps  subcon- 
tiguous, straight ;    legs  and    antennae 

unicolorous) colossea,  Dohrn,  p.  82. 

1.1.  Posterior    margin   of    metasternal   lobe 
truncate  ;  size  medium  or  small. 
2.  Branches  of  forceps  of  c?  remote  at  the 
base,  strongly  curved. 
3.  Thorax    with    faint  median    line ; 
forceps  of  (5  abruptly  bowed,  with 
a  rectangular  internal   projection 
on  the  right  branch ] maritviut,  Bon.,  p.  83^ 


82  LABIDUEID.E. 

3.3.  Thorax  with  distinct  median  line ; 
forceps  of  J  gently  arcuate,  with 

no  rectangular  projection kudagcB,  Burr,  p.  84. 

2.2.  Branches  of  forceps  of  ^  subcontiguous 

or  contiguous,  nearly  straight,  curved 

at  the  apex. 

3.  Sides  of  6th-9th  abdominal  seffmeuts 

of  cJ  with  longitudinal  keel  along 

the    striations.       (Antennae    and 

legs  banded  ;  size  small)     annulipes,  Luc,  p.  84. 

3.3.  Sideslof  6th-9th  abdominal  segments 
of  (S  striate,  rugulose  but  not 
carinate.  (Size  large ;  head  red  ; 
legs  long,  clear  yellow-brown)    .  .     dubronii,  Kirby,  p.  85. 

Head  red ;  legs  banded  ;  cJ  unknown gaudens,  Burr,  p.  86. 

37.  Anisolabis  colossea,  Dohm, 

Forcinella  colossea,  Dohm,  (64)  p.  286  ;  Dubr.  (79)  p.  357. 
Anisolabis  colossea,  Bonn.  (94)  p.  379,  (00-)  p.  47 ;  Kii-hy,  (04)  p.  19. 
Anisolabis  colossea,  var.  minor.  Burr,  (02)  p.  479. 

Size  varying  from  20  to  50  mm.  in  length.  Build  robust ; 
colour  red-brown  passing  into  blackish.  Antennae  brown  with  4th 
and  5th  segments  almost  globular,  the  rest  pear-shaped.  Pronotum 
quadrate,  with  a  transverse  depression.  Prosternum  truncate 
posteriorly.  Metasternum  long  and  narrow,  lobe  well  produced 
between  posterior  coxae,  and  rounded.  Mesosternum  narrow, 
rounded  posteriorly.  Abdomen  smooth,  bro;id  and  flat ;  sides  of 
last  two  or  three  segments  of  c?  &  2  convex,  slightly  rugulose.  Last 
dorsal  segment  of  S  rectangular,  broader  than  long,  with  a  median 
impression,  rugulose  posteriorly ;  in  $  somewhat  narrower.  The 
penultimate  ventral  segment  broadly  rounded.  Porceps  in  both 
S  and  5  with  branches  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  stout  and 
robust,  trigonal,  broad,  gradually  tapering,  with  the  inner  margin 
crenulate,  perfectly  straight  as  far  as  the  apex,  where  the  points 
are  slightly  incux'ved. 

Length  of  body 20-51  mm.         30-43  mm. 

„  forceps   6-8-5  „  4-8      ,, 

Burma  :  Pegu,  Palon,  viii./ix. ;  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000- 
3700  ft.,  iv.,  xii.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Type.  Undefined,  in  Paris,  Vienna  or  Stettin. 

T'his  earwig  appears  to  be  the  commonest  in  Australia  where  it 
attains  an  immense  size  ;  the  variety  minor,  however,  is  recorded, 
from  New  South  Wales,  and  it  is  the  form  which  de  Bormans  records 
from  Burma.  It  is  probable  that  the  Burmese  specimens  belong 
really  to  a  distinct  species.  The  forceps  of  the  large  specimens  are 
capable  of  giving  a  severe  nip,  and  even  of  drawing  blood  from  the 
human  finger. 


ANISOLABIS.  S3 

38.  AnisolaMs  maritima,  Bon,    (Fig.  22.) 

Forficula  maritima,  Bonelli,  apud  Gene,  (32)  p.  224. 

Forficula  (Labidura)  maritima,  Fischer,  (53)  p.  68,  pi.  6,  fig.  4  a-d. 

Forficesila  maritima,  Serv.  (39)  p.  27. 

Forticula  (Forficesila)  maritima,  Haan,  (42)  p.  240. 

Forcinella  maritima,  Dohrn,  (G2)  p.  226. 

Brachylabis  maritima,  Dolini,  (04)  p.  293. 

Anisolabis  maritima,  Fieb.  (o3)  p.  257;  Scudder,  (76)  p.  303; 
Brunner,  (82)  p.  9,  pi.  1,  fig.  2;  Borm.  (88)  p.  435,  (94)  p.  379 
(00-)  p.  45  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  17.  '  v     ;  i' 

The  references  in  literature  to  this  species  are  very  numerous. 
Tlie  above  are  the  most  important. 

Black.  Antennae  and  mouth-parts  yellow.  Thorax  dull  black 
smooth,  with  a  few  impressed  points.  Legs  uniform  yellow! 
Abdomen  rather  broad,  all  the  segments  recurved  at  the  sides 
in  the  J,  the  sides  regular  and  in  some  specimens  forming  a 
longitudinal  keel ;  in  the  $  the  sides  are  merely  convex  and 
smooth.  The  whole  of  the  abdomen  is  sparsely  covered  with 
impressed  points.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  (S  rectangular,  parallel- 
sided,  broader  than  long,  with  a  median  impression,  the  posterior 
margin  straight;  similar  in  the  $,  but  somewhat  narrower. 
Branches  of  the  forceps  in  the  c?  remote  at  the  base;  in  the 
basal  third  stout,  straight,  trigonal  and  somewhat  dilated,  especially 
the  right  branch  ;  asymmetrical,  the  left  branch  being  gently  and 
regularly  incurved  and  tapering,  while  the  right  branch  is  abruptly 
curved  inwards,  so  that  the  apical  third  of  the  branch  is  at  rif^ht 
angles  to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  insect ;  the  outer  margin 
presents  a  regular  curve ;  the  inner  margin  is  curved  in  a  semicircle 
and  shows  a  rectangular  projection  at  the  basal  third  where  the 
attenuation  is  sudden.  In  the  $  the  branches  are  symmetrical, 
subcontiguous,  trigonal,  nearly  straight,  unarmed,  and  tapering. 

Length  of  body 15-23  mm.      21-23  mm. 

forceps 3-3-5    „        3-5-4-25  „ 

Burma  :  Kakhyen  Hills,  viii./ix.  ;  Teistasserim  :  Mt.  Mulaivit 
3300-6300  ft.  (Genoa  3Ius.).  ^    ' 

This  species,  apparently  indigenous  to  the  Pal^arctic 
Eegion,  has  been  transported  by  shipping  to  all  parts  of  the 
world  and  has  quickly  naturalised  itself  wherever  possible. 

Its  usual  haunts  are  the  banks  of  rivers  and  coasts  of  seas 
but  it  sometimes  occurs  on  mountains  at  a  considerable  elevation' 
as  in  the  above  noted  instances  in  Tenasserim  ;  and  de  Bormans 
records  it  from  Mount  Lebanon.  It  probably  occurs  also  in  the 
mainland  of  India  in  suitable  localities. 

Although  generally  considered  a  stable  species,  A.  maritima 
varies  within  certain  limits,  as  Scudder  first  pointed  out.  That 
author  refers   to  two  males   from  South  Carolina,  with   forceps 

g2 


84  LABIDURID^. 

simple  as  in  the  female ;  occasionally  the  antennae  have  a  pale 
ring.  The  posterior  margin  of  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the 
male  varies  from  almost  smooth  to  rugose. 

39.  Anisolahis  kudagae,  Burr*    (Fig.  23.) 

Anisolabis   kudagse,  Burr,    (01)  p.  320,  pi.  B,  fig.  G ;   Ktrbt/,  (04) 
p.  19. 

Of  medium  size.  Shining  black,  passing  from  deep  chestnut^ 
through  reddish  black  to  deep  black.  Antenna?  dark  brown, 
basal  and  apical  segments  reddish.  Thoracic  plates  with  a  well 
marked  median  line.  Legs  varying  from  light  red  to  reddish 
black.  Abdomen  broad,  from  red  to  reddish  black,  shining,  with 
exceedingly  fine  punctulations ;  sides  of  apical  segments  convex, 
very  finely  striated  in  the  c?,  smooth  in  the  $.  Last  dorsal 
segment  in  the  cJ  rectangular,  broader  than  long,  with  a  distinct 
median  impression  and  a  more  or  less  indistinct  tumid  elevation 
on  each  side,  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps  a  distinct  oblique 
compressed  crest  on  each  side ;  in  the  5  narrowed  and  simple. 
Forceps  with  branches  in  the  c5'  remote  and  trigonal  at  the  base, 
the  upper  ridge  becoming  obsolete  in  the  basal  third;  rather 
depressed,  tapering  and  bowed  inwards,  the  apical  third  strongly 
so  ;  the  right  branch  is  curved  more  strongly  than  the  left  and 
lies  aboAe  it,  but  the  asymmetry  is  not  nearly  so  marked  as  in  the 
last  species.  In  the  $  the  forceps  are  subcoutiguous,  straight, 
tapering  ;  the  inner  margin  is  finely  crenulate  in  both  sexes. 

6  $ 

Length  of  body 12'5-15*75  mm.    15    mm. 

„         forceps 2-3       „         3*5     „ 

Ceylon  :  Kudaga,  Hutton,  vii.  (coll.  Burr),  Maskeliya  at 
light,  Hakgala  and  Patipola  in  April  and  December  {coU,  Biirr). 

Tijpa  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  A.  maritima,  but  the  forceps 
are  more  regular  and  less  abruptly  curved,  the  median  line  of  the 
thorax  is  distinct,  and  the  last  dorsal  segment  has  tumid  elevations 
and  folds  that  are  absent  in  that  species. 

The  specimen  from  Maskeliya,  sent  by  Mr.  Green  after  the 
publication  of  the  original  description,  is  somewhat  smaller 
than  the  type,  and  much  lighter  and  redder  in  colour.  It  is 
found  under  stones  and  logs. 

40.  Anisolabis  annulipes,  Lucas.     (Fig.  24.) 

Forficesila  anuulipes,  Lucas,  (47)  p.  84. 

Forcinella  annulipes,  Dohrn,  (64)  p.  290. 

Forficula  (Labidura)  anuulipes,  Fisch.  (53)  p.  69,  pi.  6,  fig.  G  a-c] 

Anisolabis  annulipes,  Sctidd.  (7G)  p.  302  ;  Brunner,  (82)  p.  8  ;  L'orm. 
(88)  p.  485,  (94)  p.  378,  (00-)  p.  48;  Burr,  (01)  p.  321,  (05') 
p.  28,  (06)  p.  388,  (07-)  p.  209 ;  lurbij,  (04)  p.  18. 


ANISOLABIS.  85 

Forcinella  hottentotta,  Dohrn,  (G7-)  p.  344. 

Anisolabis  bormansi,  Scudd.,  Bull.  Mus.  Harvard,  xxv.  p.  5,  pi.  i, 

%.  1  ;  Bonn.  (00-)  p.  49. 
Forcinella  antoni,  Dohrn,  (64)  p.  289. 
Anisolabis  antoni,  Borm.  (00")  p.  49. 
Forcinella  azteca,  Dohrn,  (62)  p.  226. 
Anisolabis  azteca,  Scudd.  (76)  p.  302  :  Borm.  (00^)  p.  49. 
Anisolabis  antennata,  Kirbi/,  (91)  p.  517. 

The  references  given  above  are  the  more  important  in  the 
extensive  literature  and  synonymy  of  this  species. 

Medium  sized,  black,  shining.  Head  black ;  antennae  with 
basal  segment  reddish  ;  the  rest  greyish  brown,  except  the  two 
penultimate  segments  which  are  whitish,  Prouotum  as  broad 
as  the  head,  sometimes  paler  in  colour,  quadrate ;  elytra  eii.tireiy 
absent.  Abdomen  with  sides  more  or  less  parallel,  with  no 
tubercles  upon  the  sides  of  the  second  and  third  segments  ;  sixth 
to  ninth  segments  in  the  (S  with  sides  acute-angled,  striate  and 
carinate.  Last  dorsal  segment  larger  than  the  others,  slightly 
impressed  in  the  middle.  Legs  testaceous,  the  femora  banded 
with  black,  as  are  also  the  tibice ;  the  depth  and  intensity  of  this 
banding  varies  very  considerably.  Branches  of  the  forceps  in  the 
(5  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  stout,  strongly  incurved,  the  right 
branch  crossing  above  the  left  at  the  apex  ;  in  the  5  the  branches 
are  straight,  conical,  subcontiguous. 

Length  of  body 11  mm.  12-14  mm. 

„        forceps 2     ,,  3-35     ,, 

Bengal  :  Calcutta  (Ind.  Mus.),  Purneah  District  (Ind.  Mus.) ; 
Muzaffarpur,  Behar,  Sitamarhi  and  Pupri  (Pusa  coll.) ;  Pusa 
{Pasa  coll.,  coll.  Burr)  ;  Bombay  :  Karachi  (Paris  Mus.),  Bombay 
(coll.  Bormans)  ;  Madras  :  Trichinopoli  (coll.  Bolivar) ;  Burma  : 
Metanja,  viii. ;  Teinzo,  v.  ;  Shwegu,  x.  ;  Bhamo,  vii./viii. ;  Man- 
dalay,  xi.;  Eangoou,  v./xii. ;  Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  3000-3700  ft., 
vi./xii. ;  Karen-ni,  Greku  Distr.,  4300-7400  ft.,  ii.,  iii.,  v.  (Genoa 
Mus.) ;  Ceylon  :  Punduluoya,  Hutton,  Kala  Wewa,  Madulsima 
(coll.  Burr). 

A  universally  distributed  species,  vei'y  abundant  in  the  wild 
state  and  also  under  artificial  conditions. 

41.  Anisolabis  dubronii,  Kirhy*     (Pig.  97.) 

Anisolabis   lasta,   Borm.    (nee    Gerst.)    (SS)   p.  435,    (94)   p.    379, 

(00-)  p.  46  (partim). 
Anisolabis  dubronii,   Kirhy,    (03)    p.   68,    (04)    p.  19 ;    Burr,  (03) 

p.  270. 

Colour  entirely  dark  reddish  black  except  the  head  and  legs. 
Head  ferruginous,  the  sutures  indistinct ;  mouth-parts  blackish, 
palpi  testaceous  ;  antennae  with  21  segments,  typical  of  the  genus, 
-dark  brown.    Pronotum  subi'ectangular,  longer  than  broad,  slightly 


86  LABIDrEID.15. 

broader  posteriorly  than  anteriorly,  anterior  and  posterior  margins 
straight,  angles  rounded,  slightly  tumid,  the  sides  very  shghtly 
elevated.  Mesonotum  subquadrate,  simple,  nearly  as  long  as  broad. 
Metanotum  transverse,  posterior  border  roundly  emarginate.  Legs 
uniformly  testaceous.  Abdomen  extremely  finely  punctulated, 
almost  smooth,  the  lateral  tubercles  very  faint;  sides  of  sixth  to 
ninth  segments  rugulose  and  striate.  Last  dorsal  segment  large, 
square,  also  extremely  finely  punctulated,  A^ith  a  very  faint  median 
longitudinal  line.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  also  very  finely 
punctulated;  obtusely  triangular,  rounded  at  the  posterior  margin, 
exposing  the  lateral  corners  of  the  last  segment ;  the  rest  of  the 
venter  quite  smooth.  Pygidium  not  apparent.  Forceps  with  the 
branches  stout,  trigonal,  blackish  red,  darker  towards  the  apex, 
unarmed  except  for  a  few  fine  deuticulatious  on  the  inner  margin  ; 
the  right  branch  is  strongly  curved  in  above  the  left  which  is 
much  less  strongly  curved.      $  unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body 20-25  mm. 

,,         forceps 4         ,, 

Tenasserim  :  Mt.  Mulaiyit,  3300-6300  ft.,  in  April  (Brit.  Mus.,. 
coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  handsome  species  is  quite  distinct  from  the  E.  African 
A.  Iceta,  with  Mhich  de  Bormans  confused  it ;  from  other  Indian 
species  it  may  be  recognized  by  its  large  size,  red  head,  clear  and 
long  legs,  and  the  form  of  the  forceps. 

42.  Anisolahis  gaudens,  Burr.* 

Anisolabis  gaudeus,  Bim;  (04)  p.  291 ;  (08-)  p.  30. 

Size  medium;  black, shining;  antennae  with  15  segments, blackish, 
the  basal  two  red  ;  segments  four  and  five  nearly  globular ;  head 
clear  brick-red,  smooth;  thorax  and  abdomen  typical,  black,  shining, 
the  thorax  with  a  median  impression  ;  last  dorsal  segment  scarcely 
narrowed,  smooth.  Legs  short,  yellow,  the  knees  black.  Forceps 
stout,  depressed,  subcontiguous,  convex  above,  straight,  tapering, 
houked  at  the  extreme  apex.      S  unknown. 

Length  of  body 7  mm. 

„  forceps 3    ,, 

Bhutan  :  Pedong  (Paris  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

The  value  of  the  original  description  is  vitiated  by  the  error 
which  was  made  in  mistaking  the  sex  of  the  type.  Attention 
is  now  called  to  this,  so  that  collectors  may  look  out  for  the  male, 
in  order  that  the  species  can  be  ranged  in  its  correct  position  and 
its  true  affinities  be  determined.  The  brick-red  head  recalls 
A.  duhronii,  but  the  banded  knees  constitute  a  difference. 


BORELLIA.  87 

The  Paris  Museum  possesses  another  female,  from  Bhutan 
(Maria  Basti),  which  resembles  the  type  of  A.  gaudens,  except 
that  the  head  is  black.  Further  material  is  urgently  required  to 
solv'e  the  question. 

Genus  BORELLIA,  Burr. 
Borellia,  Burr,  (09)  p.  325. 

Type,  Forficesila  moesta,  Serville. 

This  genus  differs  from  Anisolalns,  Fieb.  (q.  v.)  in  the 
presence  on  the  mesonotum  of  small  rudimentary  elytra.  These 
are  not  generally  contiguous  at  any  point,  aud  are' usually  soldered 
to  the  mesonotum. 

Range.  Cosmopolitan. 

Table  of  Sjiecies. 

1.  Elytra  uarrow  at  the  base,  exposing'  the 
mesonotum  like  a  scutellum,  dilated 
towards  the  apex  aud  contiguous  at  the 
end  of  the  suture,  covering-  the  base  of 

the  metauotum (/rceni,  Burr,  p.  87, 

1.1.  Elytra  narrow,  only  covering    the    sides 
of  the  mesonotum. 

2.  Femora  ringed  with  black     stdli,  Dohrn,  p.  88. 

2.2.  Femora  not  ringed aimandalei,  Burr,  p.  89. 

43.  Borellia  greeni,  Burr.  * 

Anisolabis  greeni,   Burr,  (99)  p.  257,   (01)  p.   319;   Kirbfj,   (04) 
p.  19. 

Of  medium  size ;  the  whole  body  exceedingly  minutely  punctu- 
lated  and  with  a  few  long  hairs ;  black,  the  legs  brick-red,  the  rest 
black,  except  the  four  apical  segments  which  are  pale.  Pronotum 
rectangular,  with  a  median  impression.  Elytra  narrow  at  base, 
exposing  a  broad,  short,  transverse  area  of  the  mesonotum  ;  then 
suddenly  and  strongly  dilated,  so  that  the  inner  margins  meet  along 
the  suture  and  cover  the  apical  half  of  the  mesonotum.  Legs  brick- 
red,  the  knees  somewhat  darker  or  all  black.  Abdomen  deep 
reddish  black  ;  last  dorsal  segment  somewhat  narrowed  in  both 
sexes,  with  a  faint  median  impression,  with  two  faint  tubercles 
on  posterior  margin  in  the  c?  •  Penultimate  ventral  segment  tri- 
angular, the  apex  rounded.  Forceps  alike  in  both  sexes,  subcon- 
tiguous,  stout,  trigonal  at  base,  rapidly  tapering,  straight,  curved 
at  the  apex,  more  so  in  the  c?  than  m  the  $  ;  inner  margin  with 
a  very  faint  tooth  in  the  middle. 


S 

2 

Length  of  body    .  .  ,  , 

.      11  •5-23-5  mm. 

1 7     mm 

,,         forceps    . 

2-3         „ 

3-25   „ 

88  LABIDURID^. 

Ceylon  :  Punduluoya,  v.  &  x.,  under  stones  and  in  bungalows 
(coll.  Burr),  Madulsima,  13.viii.08  {T.  B.  Fletcher),  Kala  Wewa, 
12.xii.08  {Willey  ;  coll.  Burr)  ;  NiLGlEI  Hills  {Brit.  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  authors  collection. 

The  form  of  the  elytra  is  the  characteristic  of  this  species. 

The  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Green  at  Punduluoya  are  the  typical 
form,  as  originally  described,  with  bright  brick-red  legs  affording 
a  contrast  to  the  jet-black  body. 

The  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Fletcher  at  Madulsima  are  very 
different  in  appearance,  as  they  are  distinctly  larger  and  the  legs 
and  antennae  are  entirely  dull  black.  The  males  attain  a  maximum 
length  of  body  (without  forceps)  of  23"5  mm.,  the  forceps  3  mm 
In  three  of  these  males,  the  elytra  are  almost  obsolete  and 
their  outline  can  scarcely  be  detected  ;  this  may  be  an  anelytrous 
variety  or,  more  probably,  the  specimens  are  not  fully  mature. 

The  dimensions  of  the  various  forms  are  as  follows  : — 

Typical  specimen  from  Punduluoya :  o                         X 

Length  of  body  ll*o-13  mm.       17    mm. 

„         forceps  2  „            3-25  „ 
Black  specimens  from  Madulsima : 

Length  of  body  15-75-23-.5  „  19-23  „ 

„        forceps  3-3'5  „           3-5-4  „ 
Anelytrous  specimens  from  Madulsima : 

Length  of  body  15"5-17  ,, 

„         forceps  3  „ 

These  differences  are  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  justify  the 
establishment  of  a  distinct  species,  and  it  is  safer  to  regard  these 
big  black  specimens  from  Madulsima  as  a  local  race  or  variety. 


44.  Borellia  stall,  Bohm. 

Forcinella  stall,  Bohm,  (64)  p.  286, 

Anisolabis   stSli,   Scudd.   (76)   p.   308;   Borm.   (88),  p.  435,   (94) 

p.  378,  (00-)  p.  45  ;  Burr,  (02^  p.  479,  (08^)  p.  30;  Kirhy,  (04) 

p.  19. 

Small,  black,  shining ;  antennae  with  basal  two  segments  red, 
the  rest  black,  except  the  two  or  three  apical  segments,  which  are 
whitish.  Pro-,  meso-  and  metanota  typical.  Elytra  present  as 
small  ovate  flaps  on  the  side  of  the  mesonotum  ;  they  are  as  long 
as  the  mesonotum,  but  much  narrower  than  long.  Legs  testaceous, 
the  femora  and  tibiae  ringed  with  blackish.  Porceps  of  c?  with 
branches  not  contiguous  at  the  base,  trigonal  in  basal  half,  straight 
at  first  and  robust,  tapering  and  cylindrical  in  the  apical  half, 
sharply  curved  in  the  apical  third,  the  right  branch  curved  more 
strongly  than  the  left  and  above  it ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are 


BOBELLIA.  89 

robust,  trigonal,  straight,  tapering,  cylindrical  towards  the  apex 
and  gently  hooked  there. 

d  2 

Length  of  body   8-9  mm.  9-10  mm. 

,,         forceps  ....      1-2     „  1-2-5    ,, 

Bombay:  Bombay  (coll.  Bormans),  Karachi  (Paris  Mus.); 
Madras  :  Pondicherry  (Paris  Mus.) ;  Ceylon  :  Diyatalawa  in 
August,  Trincomali  in  July  (coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  Stockholm. 

Widely  distributed  through  the  Malay  Archipelago  and  else- 
where in  the  Oriental  Region,  this  species  occurs  also  in  Mada- 
gascar (Nossi-be),  the  Comoro  Is.,  and  Pemba,  off  the  east  coast 
of  Africa, 

Superficially,  it  resembles  the  ubiquitous  Anisolahis  annulipes  in 
size,  colour  and  form,  but  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  the 
presence  of  narrow,  but  perfectly  distinct,  lateral  flaps  on  the 
mesonotum,  the  abbreviated  rudiments  of  elytra.  Immature 
specimens  of  these  two  species  are  probably  indistinguishable. 

The  specimens  from  Ceylon  are  a  httle  larger  than  tfie  typical 
form  (length  of  body,  13-5  mm.),  the  legs  are  of  a  uniform 
yellow  colour,  and  the  head  is  rather  larger  and  more  tumid. 


45.  Borellia  annandalei,  Burr.  * 

Auisolabis  annandalei,  Burr,  (06)  p.  389,  (07-)  p.  209. 

Head  reddish,  smooth  and  shining,  darker  in  the  centre  ;  sutures 
fairly  distinct.  Antennae  with  10-17  segments,  typical,  the  basal 
segments  testaceous,  the  rest  dark  greyish  brown.  Pronotum 
ample,  subquadrate,  somewhat  broader  posteriorly  than  anteriorly, 
all  borders  straight,  hinder  angles  rounded  ;  disc  somewhat  tumid, 
but  metazona  scarcely  more  flat  than  prozona  ;  median  suture 
fairly  distinct ;  sides  distinctly  reflexed ;  dark  fuscous,  varied 
M'ith  testaceous,  especially  on  the  borders  ;  slightly  longer  than 
bi'oad.  Mesonotum  smooth,  ample,  transvei'se,  bearing  the  elytra. 
Metanotum  normal,  posterior  border  sinuate.  Elytra  present 
as  small,  elongated,  testaceous,  oval  flaps  on  each  side  of  the 
mesonotum  ;  as  long  as  the  mesonotum  and  about  one-quarter 
as  broad.  Legs  yellowish  testaceous,  the  femora  and  knees  some- 
times marked  with  a  narrow  black  band,  which  is  often  obsolete. 
Prosternimi  oblong,  scarcely  attenuate  posteriorly.  Abdomen 
dark  reddish  black,  shining,  very  finely  punctulated  ;  somewhat 
flattened  and  broadened  towards  the  apex  (in  the  manner  of  typical 
Anisolahis  maritima,  Bon.,  (S  ) ;  sides  of  the  segments,  as  seen  from 
above,  slightly  recurved  ;  as  seen  from  the  side,  pointed  posteriorly 
and  bearing  a  small  longitudinal  keel.  Last  dorsal  segment  ample, 
broader  than  long,  very  finely  punctulated,  with  a  deep  median 


90  LABIDUKID^. 

impression  ;  hinder  border  roughened  and  truncate.  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  very  large,  broad  and  ample,  well  rounded  poste- 
riorly, entirely  covering  the  last  ventral  segment.  Last  ventral 
segment  almost  entirely  covered  by  the  preceding,  visible  at  the 
corners,  where  a  longitudinal  small  keel  is  present.  Pygidium 
scarcely  visible,  very  small,  short,  blunt  and  rounded.  Forceps 
with  the  branches  remote  at  the  base,  stout  and  trigonal  in  the 
basal  half,  crenulate  on  the  inner  margin,  straight ;  in  the  apical 
half  strongly  attenuate,  smooth,  unarmed  and  incurved ;  the  right 
branch  is  a  little  more  strongly  curved  than  the  left.    5  unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body    10-12-5  mm. 

„         forceps     l'75-2    ,, 

Bengal  :  Comilla,  Purneah  District  {Tnd.  3Ius.) ;  a  doubtful 
specimen  from  Ceylon:  Halaoya  (  TF?7?<??/ ;  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 

This  species  is  stouter  and  broader  than  B.  sicili,  the  legs 
are  not  banded  and  the  colour  is  paler,  more  inchned  to  reddish. 
It  also  attains  a  larger  size. 


Subfamily  IV.  LABIDURIN^. 

This  is  the  typical  group  of  the  Lahidurida>,  and  is  represented 
in  every  part  of  the  world  where  earwigs  occur. 


Fig.  7. — Antenna  of  Labidura. 


Fig.  6. — Sternal  plates  of  Labidura 
riparia,  Pall. 

Table  of  Genera. 

1.  Sides    of    abdomen    furnished    with 
varying  number  of  spines,  hooks  or 

crests FoRCiPULA,  Bol.,  p.  91. 

1.1.  Sides  of  abdomen  smooth Labidura,  Leach,  p.  95. 


rOECIPULA.  91 


Genus  FORCIPULA,  Bol. 

Forcipula,  Bolivar,  (97)  p.  283. 
Labidura  (partim),  Bohrn  and  authors. 

Type,  Labidura  qtuulrispinosa,  Dohrn. 

Large  or  niedium  sized  insects  with  the  general  characters  of 
Labidura,  but  certain  abdominal  segments  are  furnished  with 
spines,  crests  or  ridges  at  the  sides  ;  the  keels  of  the  elytra  are 
present  at  the  shoulder  only,  not  reaching  posterior  margin,  or 
almost  obsolete.  The  forceps  of  the  male  are  long  and  slender, 
often  as  long  as  the  body,  undulating  and  often  constricted  in 
the  middle  ;  those  of  the  female  are  stouter,  straight  and  toothed 
before  the  apex. 

liaufje.  This  genus  is  represented  in  the  tropical  parts  of  Africa 
and  America,  but  attains  its  maximum  development  in  the  Oriental 
Region. 

live  species  are  known  in  India.  They  have  a  characteristic 
appearance,  and  may  be  recognized  at  a  glance. 

Table  of  Sjiecies. 

1.  Segments    3-6   of  abdomen  of  c^"  with 

two  spines  on  each  side    decohji,  Borm.,  p.  91. 

1.1.  Certain  abdominal  segments  of  S  with 
one  spine  on  each  side. 
2.  Segments  3-5  of  S  with  spines    ....     frisjnnosa,  Dohrn,  p.  92. 
2.2.  Segments  3-6  of  c?  with  spines. 

3.  Elytra  nearly  smooth  :  basal  portion 

of  J  forceps  straight  and  parallel,    imgnax,  Kirby,  p.  93. 
3.3.  Elytra  granulated  ;  basal  portion  of 
d"  forceps  bowed. 
4.  Colour    dark    chocolate  ;    spines  [p.  94. 

simple qiiadrispinosa,  Dohrn, 

4.4.  Colour  lurid  ;  spines  rising  out  of 
compressed  keels ;  (forceps  very 
long) lurida,  Bol.,  p.  94. 

46.  Forcipula  decolyi,  Borm**     (Fig.  25.) 

Forcipula  decolyi,  Borjii.    (OLV)  p.  444;    Burr,  (04)  p.  289,  (Oo'V 
p.  27,  (013)  p.  388,  (07-^)  p.  207  ;  Jurbi/,  (04)  p.  9. 

Dark  chestnut-brown.  Antennae  and  legs  ochre-yellow  ;  elytra 
rather  short ;  wings  abortive.  Abdomen  typical,  segments  three  to 
six  with  double  spines  in  the  d ;  the  upper  spine  is  much  larger 
than  the  lower ;  the  spines  on  segments  three  to  five  large,  those 
on  second  and  sixth  much  smaller  ;  the  milling  on  the  posterior 
borders  stronger  on  the  hinder  segments.  Last  dorsal  segment 
srnooth,  square,  with  a  median  depression.  Forceps  of  the  d" 
trigonal  at  the  base,  then  cylindrical,  gently  arcuate,  constricted 


92  LABIDUKIDA.. 

about  the  middle,  then  straight,  parallel,  hooked  and  crossing  at 
the  apices,  sometimes  with  a  tooth  on  the  inner  margin.  Forceps 
of  5  trigonal  as  far  as  the  middle,  nearly  straight,  typical  of 
the  genus. 

Assam  :  Sibsagar  {Ind.  Mus.),  Kurseong,  at  5000  ft.  (Brit,  Mus., 
Ind.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr) ;  Nepal  :  Soondrijal  {Ind.  Mus.). 

Also  known  from  New  Guinea  (Borm.). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

The  double  spines  and  abbreviated  wings  render  this  a  very 
distinct  species.  De  Bormans  gives  the  wrong  segments  in 
enumerating  the  spines.  The  milling  of  the  segments  is  always 
stronger  towards  the  sides  and  on  the  second  segment  shows  the 
beginning  of  development  into  the  spines  ;  on  the  sixth  segment 
the  spines  are  feeble,  and  show  obsolescence  back  to  the  milling. 
The  spines  are  blunt  and  recurved. 

Relative  to  this  species,  Dr.  Annandale  makes  the  following 
note :  "  .  .  .  .  imder  stones  at  edge  of  mountain  streams, 
practically  in  the  vt^ater.  When  forced  towards  the  stream,  they 
swam  rapidly  on  the  surface,  but  they  did  not  enter  the  water  of 
their  own  accord.  Their  position  must  have  rendered  them  liable 
to  be  submerged  or  washed  away  by  sudden  floods." 

47.  Forcipula  trispinosa,  DoJirn.    (Fig.  26.) 

Labidura  trispinosa,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  310. 

Forcipula  trispinosa,  Bonn.  (00")  p.  30 ;    Kirby,  (04)  p.  9 ;  Burr, 

(04)  p.  289,  (053)  p.  27,  (07-)  p.  207. 
Labidura  moro.>a,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  513  ;  Borm.  (00")  p.  36. 
Forcipula  morosa,  Kirby,  (04)  p.  9. 

Of  medium  size ;  general  colour  black,  with  dense  yellowish 
pubescence.  Antennae  typical,  tawny.  Head  black.  Pronotum 
black,  the  sides  tawny,  square.  Elytra  exceedingly  finely  punctu- 
late,  neai'ly  smooth ;  black,  with  yellowish  pubescence.  Wings 
smooth  and  black,  the  tips  yellowish.  Legs  uniform  tawny. 
Abdomen  deep  blackish  chestnut,  exceedingl}^  finely  punctulate, 
posterior  border  of  each  segment  milled  ;  sides  of  segments  three 
to  five  in  the  S  with  a  distinct  sharp  slender  spine  ;  in  the  $  with 
two  spines  but  no  tubercles.  Last  dorsal  segment  squai'e,  smooth, 
with  a  deep  median  impression  ;  posterior  mai'gin  truncate  in  S , 
simple  but  milled  in  $  ,  with  a  blunt  tubercle  over  the  root  of 
each  branch  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  square. 
Forceps  long,  with  branches  in  the  S  remote  at  the  base,  trigonal, 
straight  for  about  two-thirds  of  their  length,  with  a  long  sharp  spine 
on  the  inner  margin  about  the  middle  of  the  straight  part ;  at  two- 
thirds  of  their  length  they  are  bent  in  and  armed  with  a  second 
sharp  tooth  ;  beyond  this  they  are  sti'aight  to  the  points,  which 
are  hooked  inwards.  In  the  $  the  branches  are  subcontiguous, 
stout,  trigonal,  gradually  tapering  and  8traight,  the  inner  margin 
crenulate,  and  a  small  sharp  tooth  just  before  the  apex  which  is 
hooked. 

There  is  a  form,  occasioned  by  stunted  growth  or  defective 


FORCIPULA.  93 

nourishment,  in  which  the  wiugs  are  not  developed  ;  the  forceps 
are  nearly  straight,  merely  gently  undulated,  the  teeth  obsolete, 
the  first  abdominal  spine  almost  or  entirely  obsolete.  To  this  we 
may  give  the  name  minor,  though  it  is  hard  to  say  whether  it  is 
an  ill-developed  form  of  this  species  or  of  F.  imgnax. 

Length  of  body.  ...      20  mm.         21  mm.         10-14  mm. 
„         forceps..      12     „     .         6     „  5-5-6    ,, 

SiKKiM  {Inch  Mas.)  ;  Nepal  :  Chitlong,  Pharping  {Ind.  Mus.)  ; 
United  Provinces  :  Kumaun,  Bhim  Tal  {lad.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr) ; 
Bengal:  Calcutta,  at  light  (/nr?.  Mus.). 

Var.  minor,  nov. 

Nepal  :  Soondrijal  {Ind.  Mus.) ;  United  Provinces  :  Kumaun,. 
Bhim  Tal  {Lid.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  Vienna  Museum. 

According  to  Dubrony,  this  species  occurs  in  Abyssinia,  but 
the  record  refers  to  an  African  species,  F.  gariazzi,  Borelli. 

48.  Forcipula  pugnax,  Kirhy.*    (Fig.  27.) 

Labidura  pugnax,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  510,  pi.  12.   fig.  1  ;   Borm.    (94) 

p.  377. 
Forcipula  pugnax,  Borm.  (00^)  p.  443,  (00-)  p.  30 ;  Burr,  (04)  p.  287, 

Size  large;  colour  deep  chestnut-brown  or  blackish,  with^a 
close  yellowish  pubescence.  Antennae  tawny.  Head  black.  Pro- 
notum  square,  black,  with  yellow  borders.  Elytra  dark  chocolate- 
brown,  exceedingly  finely  punctulate,  pubescent.  Wings  of  the 
same  colour,  smooth.  Legs  uniform  tawny.  Abdomen  blackish 
brown,  finely  granulose,  hinder  borders  of  the  segments  milled ; 
sides  of  segments  3-6  in  the  J  armed  with  recurved  spines ;  the 
one  nearest  the  base  is  the  biggest  and  they  regularly  decrease 
posteriorly.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  J  smooth,  with  a  median 
impression,  truncate  posteriorly.  Forceps  of  S  «'ith  branches 
remote  at  the  base,  reddish,  trigonal,  straight  for  about  two-thirds 
their  length,  then  abruptly  bent  inwards,  with  a  blunt  tooth  on 
the  inner  margin  at  the  angle  of  the  bend,  then  straight,  simple, 
hooked  at  the  points. 

6 
Length  of  body. .  .  .  20-5  mm. 

„      forceps..  12-14-5  mm. 

Punjab  :  Kangi*a  Valley  {Brit.  Mus.) ;  Bhutan  :  Maria  Ba^ti 
{coll.  Burr)  ;  AsSAM  :  Kurseong  {coll.  Burr)  ;  Burma  :  Eangoon,, 
v.-vii.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  F.  trispinosa  ;  it  only  differs  in 
its  browner  colour,  in  having  four  abdominal  spines  instead  of 
three,  and  in  having  no  tooth  in  tlie  middle  of  the  forceps,  and 
only  a  blunt  one  at  the  angle. 


94  LABIDURID-E. 

49.  Forcipula  quadrispinosa,  Dohm.    (Fig.  28.) 

Labidura  quadrispinosa,  Lohrn,  (63)    p.  311  ;   Bonn.    (88)  p.  434, 

(94)  p.  377. 
Forcipula  quadrispinosa,  Bol.  (97)  p.  283 ;  Bortn.  (00-)  p.  30  ;  Burr, 

(01)  p.  323,  (04)  p.  289,  (05^)  p.  27,  (073)  p.  .510. 

Large ;  blackish  chocolate.  Antennae  tawny.  Head  black. 
Pronotum  square,  black,  sides  tawny.  Elytra  rich  chocolate- 
brown,  very  dark,  finely  granulose,  not  pubescent.  AVings 
resemble  the  elytra.  Legs  tawny,  often  with  darker  shading. 
Abdomen  black,  finely  granulose,  hinder  margins  of  the  segments 
milled  ;  sides  of  segments  3-6  armed  with  thin  spines.  Last 
dorsal  segment  square,  smooth,  with  a  median  impression,  the 
hinder  margin  truncate.  In  the  $  the  spines  are  absent  and  the 
last  dorsal  segment  is  somewhat  narrower.  Forceps  with  the 
branches  remote  at  the  base  in  the  d ,  trigonal,  slender  and 
elongate,  bowed  so  as  to  enclose  an  elliptical  area,  nearly  meeting  at 
about  two-thirds  of  their  length  at  which  point  there  is  sometimes 
a  blunt  tooth;  the  apical  tliird  straight  and  the  point  hooked. 
In  the  5  the  branches  are  subcontiguous,  stouter,  straight,  crenu- 
late  along  the  inner  margin  near  the  base,  with  a  strong  blunt 
tooth  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  apex. 


6 

5 

Length  of  body  . .  . . 

17-22  mm. 

22  mm 

„         forceps  . . 

9-10    „ 

5    „ 

SiKKiM  {Ind.  Mus.) ',  Bhutan  :  Maria  Basti  {coll.  Burr) ; 
Bengal:  Calcutta  (Brussels  Mus.);  Madras:  Tranquebar  (cqU. 
Dohm);  Travancore,  Tenmalai  (Annandale;  Ind.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr); 
Ceylon  (coll.  Dohm) ;  Btjema  :  Bhamo,  viii.,  Katha,  ii./vi. 
(Genoa  Mns.). 

Occurs  also  in  Siam,  Cambodia  and  Annam. 

TyjJe  undefined,  in  Paris  or  Berlin. 

50.  Forcipula  lurida,  Bol.     (Figs.  29  &  92.) 

Forcipula  quadrispinosa,  var.  lurida,  Bol.  (97)  p.  283 ;  Bortn.  (00^) 

p.  31. 
Forcipula  lurida,  Eirbi/,  (04)  p.  9. 

Resembles  typical  F.  quadrispinosa,  but  is  entirely  lurid  in 
colour,  with  a  reddish  oblique  keel  on  the  sides  of  the  segments 
2-5  (fide  Bolivar,  3-6?)  of  the  abdomen  of  the  males,  the  keels 
being  produced  into  a  tooth,  which  is  crenulate  beyond  the  middle. 
Forceps  very  long. 

6 

Length  of  body 23  mm. 

„  forceps ....      22     , 


LABIDURA.  95 

Madras  :  Madras  {Oxford  Mus.\  Trichinopoli  {coU.  Bolivar). 

A  larva  of  Forcipula,  sp.,  from  Peradeniya,  Ceylon  (coll.  Burr), 
may  perhaps  be  referred  to  this  species. 

Kirby  is  probably  right  in  elevating  this  form  to  specific  rank, 
as  apart  from  the  coloui*,  the  abdominal  spines  are  of  a  different 
shape. 


Genus  LABIDURA,  Leacli. 

Labidm-a,  Leach,  (1815)  p.  118. 

Forficesila,  Serville,  (39)  p.  39. — Type,  Forficula  riparia,  Pall. 

Type,  Forficula  riparia,  Pall. 

Body  rather  elongate  and  depressed.  Antennae  with  from  20  to 
36  segments;  third  segment  near'y  as  long  as  the  first,  the  fourth 
and  fifth  short,  as  long  as  the  second ;  sixth  to  ninth  each  a 
trifle  longer,  all  cylindrical,  the  remainder  gradually  lengthening, 
but  even  the  apical  segment  is  barely  as  long  as  the  third.  Pro- 
notum  more  or  less  quadrate.  Elytra  always  well  developed,  with  a 
carina  usually  well  developed,  but  sometimes  obsolete  before 
reaching  the  posterior  margin.  Wings  well  developed  or  rudi- 
mentary. Scutellum  concealed.  Prosternum  constricted  before 
the  posterior  margin  which  is  truncate.  Mesosternum  quadrate, 
truncate  posteriorly.  Metasternum  not  produced  beyond  the 
posterior  coxae,  truncate.  Legs  rather  long,  slender ;  first  tarsal 
segment  long  and  cylindrical,  longer  than  the  second  and  third 
united.  Abdomen  elongate,  rather  depressed,  with  no  lateral 
tubercles  or  spines.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  cJ  large,  subquadrate; 
narrower  in  the  $  .  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  J  narrowed, 
subtruncate  at  the  apex  ;  in  the  5  bluntly  triangular.  Pygidium 
concealed.  Forceps  of  J  with  branches  remote  at  base,  elongate, 
rather  slender,  variously  armed  ;  in  the  5  subcontiguous,  straight. 

liange.  Cosmopolitan. 

This  genus  includes  several  species,  but  owing  to  the  great 
range  of  variation  of  the  typical  species,  the  number  of  names  has 
been  enormously  multiplied. 

The  genus  falls  into  two  groups  ;  one  including  the  larger 
species,  riparia  Pall.,  and  beugalensis,  Dohrn  ;  the  other,  the  smaller 
species,  lividipes,  Duf.,  tenuicornis,  Borm.,  and  nepalensis.,  Burr. 

Once  it  is  admitted  that  the  innumerable  varieties  from  all  parts 
of  the  world  are  but  different  races  of  one  and  the  same  species, 
the  discrimination  offers  no  difficulty. 

It  is  important  to  bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  presence  or 
absence  of  wings,  or  rather  their  development  or  abbreviation,  is 
of  no  value  whatever  as  a  systematic  character.  In  L.  riparia, 
specimens  with  abbreviated  wings  are  very  frequent,  but  this  does 
not  serve  to  separate  them,  any  more  than  the  varying  intensity 
of  the  coloration. 


96  LABIDUETD^. 

Tahle  of  Species. 

1.  Size    small    (7'5-13  mm.)  ;   pronotum 

somewhat  longer  than  broad,  rounded 

posteriorly ;  colour  dark  blackish  grey. 

2.  Forceps  of  S  dilated  in  basal  half  on 

inner  margin   nepalensis.  Burr,  p.  96. 

2.2.  Forceps  of  J  cylindrical   lividipes,  Dufour,  p.  97. 

1.1.  Size   larger   (14-25  mm.) ;    pronotum 

subquadrate,  truncate  posteriorly  with 

angles  rounded;  colour  tawny,  reddish 

chestnut,  varied  with  blackish. 

2.  Forceps  of  (S  with  two  strong  teeth 

on  inner  margin hengalensis,  Dohrn,  p.  98. 

2.2.  Forceps  of  J  unarmed    or  with  one 

tooth    riparia,  Pall.,  p.  99. 


51.  Labidura  nepalensis,  Burr.*    (Fig.  30.) 
Labidura  nepalensis,  Burr,  (07'-j  p.  208. 

Stature  small  and  slender  ;  colour  dull  black  ;  last  dorsal  seg- 
ment and  forceps  reddish  black  ;  antennae  greyish  ;  legs  testaceous, 
femora  and  tibiae  banded  with  blackish.  Antennae  typical  of 
genus,  21  segments.  Head  smooth  and  convex,  sTitures  obsolete  ; 
pronotum  some\\hat  longer  than  broad,  anterior  border  straight, 
posterior  border  rounded ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid,  metazona 
flattened.  Elytra  long,  truncate,  granulate,  carina  sharp  and  well- 
defined;  dull  black.  Wings  long,  same  texture  as  elytra.  Legs 
slender,  typical.  Sternum  brown, typical.  Abdomen  dull  chocolate- 
black,  with  a  pale  sparse  pubescence,  which  is  denser  and  longer  in 
the  2  ,  apparently  smooth,  exceedingly  finely  punctulated,  no  lateral 
tubercles.  Yenter  dark  brown,  smooth,  with  fine  yellowish  pubes- 
cence ;  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  obtusangular,  truncate 
apically ;  rounded  in  $  .  Last  ventral  segment  almost  hidden  in  both 
sexes,  only  the  exterior  angles  visible.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S 
rectangular,  reddish  ])lack,  with  a  longitudinal  median  sulcus,  and 
a  blunt  tubercle  on  each  side  at  posterior  border  ;  in  $  attenuate, 
with  median  depression.  Pygidium  in  c^  or  $  not  apparent. 
Forceps  with  the  branches  of  the  S  trigonal  and  stout  at  the  base, 
inner  margin  depressed  into  a  sharp  flattened  plate  along  one- 
third  of  its  length ;  this  part  terminated  with  a  small  sharp  tooth, 
the  edges  contiguous,  then  strongly  attenuate,  unarmed,  gently 
incurved,  the  underside  of  each  branch  deeply  furrowed ;  in  the 
$  simple,  straight,  conical. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 7-5-9-75  mm.       8-5-11  mm. 

„         forceps....  3         ,,  1-75-2    „ 

IS'epal  :    Soondrijal ;   Pharping  {R.  Hodgari,  Inch  JLis.). 
Type  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 


LABIDURA.  97 

This  is  one  of  the  group  of  smaller  species,  including  L.  lividipes 
and  L.  temiicomis.  It  is  well  characterized  by  the  fattened  and 
dilated  forceps,  resembling  many  species  of  Forjicula. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  two  species  very  similar  to  this 
occur  preserved  in  Baltic  amber  of  Oligocene  age. 

52.  Labidura  lividipes,  Dufour.    (Fig.  31.) 

Forficula  lividipes,  Dufour,  (28)  p.  340. 

Labidura  lividipes,   Bonn.   (00")  p.  36;    KiTb\^,   (03)  p.  66,    (04) 

p.  11  ;  Burr,  (01)  p.  318,  (02)  p.  479,  (05')  p.  28,  (06)  p.  388,  (07^J 

p.  209,  (07^)  p.  510  ;  Annandale,  (06)  p.  391. 
Labidura  clufourii,  Scudd.  (76)  p.  322;  Brunner  (82)  p.  7;  Borm. 

(88)  p.  434.  (94)  p.  378  ;  Burr,  (00-)  p.  49,  (01)  p.  316. 
Forticesila  meridionalis,  Serv.  (39)  p.  26. 

Forficula  (Labidura)  meridionalis,  Fisch.  (53)  p.  67,  pi.  vi,  fig.  3  a-c. 
Forficula  meridionalis,  Fieb.  (53)  p.  255. 

Forficula  pallipes,  Dufour,  (nee  Fnbr.)  (20)  p.  316,  pi.  96,  fig.  7. 
Labidura  pallipes,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  317. 
Forficesila  vicina,  Lucas,  (46)  p.  5,  pi.  l.fig.  2. 
Labidura  vicina,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  318  ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  12. 
Labidura  lividipes,  subsp.  vicina,  Borm.  (00")  p.  36. 

Small,  dark  chestnut  or  blackish  grey;  antennae  with  25  segments. 
Head  black,  smooth,  convex.  Pronotum  somewhat  longer  than 
broad  and  somewhat  broadened  posteriorly :  anterior  margin 
straight ;  posterior  margin  rounded,  the  sides  convex ;  dark  chestnut, 
with  a  pale  yellowish  or  sometimes  bluish  border.  Elytra  yellowish 
brown,  leathery,  with  complete  keel.  Wings  of  the  same  colour, 
developed  or  abbreviated.  Legs  dark  greyish,  the  knees  and  tarsi 
generally  yellowish.  Abdomen  almost  smooth,  blackish  ;  last 
dorsal  segment  of  J  transverse,  ample,  with  an  obtuse  tubercle  over 
the  insertion  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  obtuse,, 
truncate  at  the  apex.  Forceps  of  c5"  vvith  branches  remote  at  the 
base,  rounded,  straight  at  the  base  itself,  then  bowed  inwards  at 
an  angle,  the  branches  themselves  being  straight,  not  arched  ;  in 
the  apical  third  on  the  inner  margin  there  is  often  a  strong  tooth, 
this  is  sometimes  absent  ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are  straight, 
cylindi'ical,  simple  and  contiguous. 

cT  $ 

Length  of  body 7-11   mm.        6-5-10  mm. 

„         forceps....      l*5-3-2„  1-5-2       „ 

Bengal:  Purneah  District,  Calcutta  (Ind.  Mus.):  Pusa  (Pusa 
coll.,  coll.  Burr) ;  BOMBAY  (Ind.  J\Jt(s.) ;  Madras  :  Trichinopoli 
(coll.  Bolivar)  ;  Ceylon  :  Punduluoya,  Chilaw  in  October,  at  light, 
Peradeniya,  Kala  Wewa  (Buda-Pesth  Mus.),  Ambegammoa,  Batti- 
calloa,  Galle,  Aluttnuwara,  Trincomali  (coll.  Burr)  •  Burma  : 
Teinzo  in  May,  Kyonk-Myaung  in  May,  Bhamo  in  June,  Katha 
in  June,  Sheunaja  in  June.  Eangoon,  June  to  December,  Kokarit, 
January  and  November  (Genoa  Mus.). 

E 


98  LABIDUEID.i;. 

This  species  is  easy  to  recognize  by  its  relatively  small  size  and 
grey  colour  ;  the  bend  of  the  forceps  is  quite  distinctive.  The 
presence  or  absence  of  the  tooth  on  the  inner  margin  of  the 
forceps  of  the  male  is  not  a  sufficiently  important  character  to 
justify  a  separate  name,  and  vicina  of  Lucas  is  accordingly  sunk  as 
a  synonym. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  Southern  Europe, 
Africa  (as  least  as  far  south  as  Pretoria),  and  tropical  Asia. 

In  India  it  seems  to  be  as  common  as  it  is  M'idely  distributed ; 
it  is  the  subject  of  an  interesting  note  by  Dr.  Annandale  (see 
ante,  p.  15). 

It  is  often  found  in  rotten  wood  in  company  with  EcJiinosoma 
(  Green). 


53.  Labidura  "bengalensis,  Dohm.     (Fig.  32.) 

Labidura  bengalensis,  Dohm,  (G.3)  p.  309  ;  Duhr.  (79)  p.  3-53  ; 
Borm.  (00-)  p.  16;  Burr,  (00-)  p.  49,  (01)  p.  317,  (05^)  p.  27 
(06)  p.  388,  (072)  p.  207  ;  Kirby,  (03)  p.  64,  (04)  p.  9. 

Psalis  bengalensis,  Scudd.  (76)  p.  327. 

Dark  chestnut -brown.  Antennse  greyish  yellow.  Pronotum 
brown,  often  A\ith  a  yellowish  margin  ;  elytra  dark  chestnut- 
brown,  often  with  a  red  band  along  the  suture.  Wings  and  legs 
yellowish.  Forceps  of  S  with  the  branches  strong,  keeled  above, 
remote,  with  a  strong  tooth  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  base  and 
another  about  two-thirds  down  their  length  ;  beyond  the  second 
tooth  the  inner  margin  is  denticulate  to  the  apes,  the  branches  are 
gently  curved  inwards  ;  in  the  5  near,  but  not  coutiguous,  almost 
straight,  denticulate  all  along  the  inner  margin. 

Length  of  body 32-45  mm. 

„         forceps 7-10    „ 

Bengal  :  Calcutta  (Ind.  3Ius.,  Brussels  Mus.),  Berhampur, 
Chandpur,  district  of  Tipperah  (Tnd.  Mus.)  ;  Madeas  (Brit.  Mus.)  ; 
Ceylon  :  Galle,  Watawella  and  Butiwa  (  Willey  ;  coll.  Burr). 

T)jpe  undefined,  in  Vienna  or  Berlin. 

Its  powerful  build  and  deep  colour  give  this  species  a  distinctive 
appearance,  which  is  difficult  to  express  in  words,  but  it  can  be 
distinguished  at  a  glance  from  L.  riparia  once  it  is  known.  The 
forceps  are  differently  curved  and  the  teeth  are  more  numerous. 
The  strong  denticulation  of  the  forceps  of  the  female  is  very 
distinctive,  yet  in  some  small  specimens  it  is  fully  developed  and 
these  resemble  some  forms  of  L.  riparia. 


LABIDUEA. 


54.  Labidura  riparia,  FnUas.     (Figs.  33  &  34.) 

[Tlie  synonymy  and  literature  of  this  species  is  very  extensive.  The 
following'  are  the  more  important  notices  of  synonyms  and  references, 
which  particular!}^  concern  the  Indian  Fauna,  or  those  which  have 
interest  from  beinjj:  hitherto  unrecorded.  More  complete  synonymj'  is 
given  by  Scudder  (76)  and  Kirby  (03).  In  the  latter  paper,  there  are 
impoixant  observations  upon  the  diftereut  forms  and  their  distribution.] 

Forficula  riparia,  Pallas,  (73)  p.  50. 

Labidura  riparia,  Dohrn,  (63)  p.  313 ;    Scudd.   (76)  p.  3:23   (giving 

full  references  up  to  1876)  ;   Brunner,  (82)   p.  5 ;    Bortnans,  (88) 

p.  434,  (94)  p.  378,  (00')  p.  33  ;  Bun;  (00-^)  p.  40,  (01)  p.   316, 

pi.  B,  tig.  4,  (05=)  p.  27,  (06)  p.  388,  (07^)  p.  207  ;  Kirbi/,  (03) 

p.  64,  (04)  p.  10. 
Forliculfi  piiliipes,  FaOr.    (nee  Diifour),    (75)  p.  270;    Oliv.    (72) 

p.  468. 
P  Forticula  dentata,  Fabr.  (75)  p.  270. 
Forticula  gigantea,  Fabr.  (87)  p.  24  ;   Gene,  (32)  p.  8. 
Labidura  gigantea.  Leach,  {\o)  p.  707;  Stephens,  (37)  p.  8. 
Foriicesila  (Labidura)  gigantea,  Fischer,  (53)  p.  65,  pi.  6,  fig.  1. 
Forticesila  gigantea,  Serv.  (39)  p.  23,  pi.  1,  fig.  2 ;  Lucas,  (46)  p.  3  ; 

Fieber,  (53)  p.  252. 
Forficula  (Forficesila)  gigantea,  Burm.  (38)  p.  751  ;    Haan,  (42) 
^  p.  243. 
Forficesila  icterica,  Serv.  (39)  p.  25. 
Labidura  icterica,  Kirby,  (03)  p.  Q^,  (04)  p.  11. 
Labidura  riparia  var.  inermis,  Brnmier,  (82)  p.  5. 
Labidura  marginella,  Costa,  (39)  p.  50,  pi.  1,  figs.  1-2. 
Labidura  mougoliea,  Rehn,  (05)  p.  603,  fig.  2  (n.  syn.). 
Labidura  dubrouii,  Borg,  (04)  p.  565  (n.  syn.). 
Labidura  karschi,  Borg,  (04)  p.  565  (n.  syn.). 
Labidura  distincta,  Rodz.  Wieii.  ent.  Zeit.  xvi.  p.  153  (1897). 
Forficula  (Forticesila)  bivittata,  Burm.  (38j  p.  751. 
Forticesila  terminalis,  Serv.  (39)  p.  25. 
Uemogorgon  patagonicus,  Kirby,  (91)  p.   515,  pi.  12,  fig,  2,   (04) 

p.  12.  ^ 
Labidura  pluvialis,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  512,  (03)  p.  GQ,  (04)  p.  11, 
Labidura  granulosa,  Kirliy,  (91)  p.  511,  (03)  p.  66^  (04)  p.  11. 
Forticula  (Forticesila)  gigantea  var.  japonica,  Haan,  (42)  p.  240. 
Forticula  erythrocephala,  Faljr.  [wftcOlir.)  (93)  p.  4. 
Forficula  (Forficesila)  suturalis,  Burm.  (38)  p.  752. 
Forficesila  xanthopus,  Stdl,  (60)  p.  300. 
Labidura  servillei,  Dohr»,  (^63)  p.  316 ;  Borm.  (00-)   p.  35 ;  Kirby, 

(03)  p.  66,  (04)  p.  11. 
Labidura  suturalis,  Kirby,  (03)  p.  66,  (04)  p.  11. 
Labidura  clarki,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  512,  (03)  p.  67,  (04)  p.  12. 
Labidura  riparia,  subsp.  pallipes,  pluvialis,  japonica,  erythrocephala, 

livida,  Bonn.  (00-)  pp.  34-36. 

Reddish  testaceous,  dark  chestnut  or  tawny.  Antennae 
yellowish;  head  reddish.  Elytra  tawny,  the  suture  banded  with 
reddish  ;    keel  of   elytra  well  developed,  but   often  obsolete  in 

h2 


100  LA.BIDUIlIDiE. 

posterior  half.  Wings  yellowish,  well  developed  or  rudimentary. 
Legs  long,  yellowish.  Abdomen  tawny,  the  dorsal  surface  reddish. 
Last  dorsal  segment  ample,  smooth,  yellowish,  quadrate ; 
posterior  margin  armed  with  two  acute  points  (often  absent). 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  c?  obtusely  triangular,  the  apex 
truncate ;  in  $  apex  rounded.  Forceps  tawny,  darker  towards 
apex  ;  in  the  J  the  branches  are  remote  at  the  base,  elongate,  gently 
and  regularly  curved  inwards,  cylindrical,  with  a  keel  above  near 
the  base ;  towards  the  base  on  the  inner  margin  there  is  often  a 
tooth,  sometimes  very  strong,  sometimes  obsolete.  In  the  2 
the  forceps  are  subcontiguous,  straight  and  denticulate  along  the 
inner  margin,  especially  near  the  base. 

d  2 

Length  of  body      14-24  mm.  14-20  mm. 

forceps      ....         3-25-12  „  3-5       „ 

Sink  :  Karachi  (Paris  Mus.,  Brit.  3Jus.,  coll.  Bxirr)  :  Uxitet> 
Provinces:  Dehra  Dun,  Kathgodam  ;  Sikkim:  Darjiling  (i-'am 
Mus.)  ;  Bengal  :  Pusa,  Berhampur,  Calcutta,  Comilla  {Ind.  IIiis.)  ; 
Oeissa  :  Balasor  (Paris  3his.) ;  Mysore  :  Bangalore  (Ind.  3Ins.)  ; 
Bombay  :  (Paris  Mus.,  Brit.  Mtis.,  coll.  Burr)  ;  Madras  :  Pondi- 
cherrv  {Paris  Mus.)  ;  Ceylon:  Ambegamraoa  and  Kala  Wewa 
(coll.  Burr) ;  BtJRMA  :  Teinzo  in  June;  Kyonk-Myaung  in  April ; 
Bhamo  in  July  to  August  ;  Senmyingyan  in  February  ;  from 
Tenang  to  Mandalay  in  June;  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000- 
5000  ft.,  January  to  April  (Genoa  Mus.). 

Var.  inermis,  Briinner. 

Bengal  :  Calcutta,  Berhampur,  Purneah  District,  Pusa  (IncL 
Mus.)  ;  Ceylon  -.  Hamhantota  (very  dark  form,  Fletcher). 

This  cosmopolitan  species  is  exceedingly  plastic,  numerous 
names  having  been  given,  as  even  the  abridged  synonymy  will  show. 
Whether  these  forms  are  "  species  "  or  not  is  a  matter  of  personal 
opinion,  or  rather  of  convenience,  but  the  names  are  now  so 
numerous  that  it  is  difficult  to  assign  the  correct  forms  to  them. 
The  following  are  the  main  points  of  variation  : — 

(i.)  Size.  This  \^'ill  be  seen  from  the  dimensions  given.  The  form 
described  by  Kirby  from  Santarem  (Amazons)  has  a  total 
length  of  51  mm. 

(ii.)  Intensity  of  colour.  The  typical  form  of  Pallas  is  evidently 
the  pale  Palsarctic  type  ;  when  alive  this  is  almost  white,  but 
after  death  the  specimen  assumes  that  dirty  ta^^•ny  colour 
with  \\  hich  we  are  so  familiar  from  cabinet  specimens.  Some 
from  Japan,  Russia,  and  the  Philippines  are  nearly  black,  and 
others  from  Australia  are  of  a  uniform  pale  tawny. 

(iii.)  Colour  of  the  head.  This  varies  from  pale  yellowish  to 
black. 

(iv.)  Colour  of  the  pronotum.  Varies  from  tawny  to  black,  often 
with  a  pale  border  or  median  reddish  stripe. 


LABIDURA.  101 

(v.)  Texture  of  elytra.  These  may  be  quite  smooth  or  of  a  leathery 

granulated  texture. 
(vi.)  Keel  of  elytra  may  attain  the  posterior  border,  or  scarcely 

surpass  the  shoulder  of  the  elytra, 
(vii.)  Colour  of  elytra.    From  tawuy  to  black  ;  in  the  latter  case  a 

more   or  less  narrow  red   baud  is   usually  visible  along  the 

suture  ;  the  commonest  form  in  collections  is  reddish-tawny 

with  a  red  band  dowu  the  suture  and  a  fuscous  band  down 

the  disc  of  the  elytra, 
(viii.)  Development  of  wings.      These  are  often  prominent,  often 

scarcely  protruding,  and  often  abbreviated, 
(ix.)  Colour  of  wings.  Eeddish-brown,  pale  tawny,  or  tawny  with 

a  black  spot, 
(x.)  Colour  of  abdomen.    Tawny  with  indistinct  dark  dorsal  stripe, 

or  dark  reddish  chestnut,  with  or  without  the  dorsal  stripe,  or 

almost  uniform  dull  black, 
(xi.)  Armature  of  last  dorsal  segment.     Two  short  sharp  spines 

generally  present;    occasionally  only  one;    often  both   are 

obsolete, 
(xii.)  Armature  of  forceps,      d  :  a  strong  tooth  may  be  present 

about  the  middle  or  near  the  apex,  or  may  be  entirely  absent. 

5  :  the  basal  denticulation  varies  in  strength  and  is  often 

nearly  obsolete. 

As  all  these  different  foimis  appear  to  occur  irregularly  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  so  that  specimens  from  widely  separated 
localities  are  almost  indistiuguishable,  and  extremes  occur  in  the 
same  neighbourhood,  specific  rank  should  not  be  accepted  for  them 
until  it  has  been  proved. 

It  is  true  that  certain  forms  are  more  or  less  restricted  to 
certain  areas.  Thus  Kirby  has  described  as  L.  truncata  the 
Australian  form,  in  which  the  male  forceps  are  strongly  denticu- 
lated as  far  as  a  median  tooth  and  there  is  a  second  tooth  near  the 
extremity,  the  anal  points  are  wanting ;  but  even  in  this  form 
there  is  colour-aberration,  from  uniform  tawny  to  tawny  and  deep 
black  ;  the  wings  are  long  or  short.  Specific  rank  is  hardly  justi- 
fied, and  yet  it  is  undoubtedly  convenient  to  know  the  Australian 
specimens  as  the  "  tmncata  form,"  as  they  have  an  undoubted 
though  ill-defined  characteristic  appearance. 

Some  South  American  forms  have  a  very  distinctive  appearance. 

A  pale  form,  with  no  anal  points  and  a  small  second  tooth  not 
quite  at  the  extremity  of  the  forceps,  is  identified  by  Kirby  with 
L.  icterka  of  Serville,  from  India,  Ceylon  and  China. 

A  very  common  form  in  India  is  probably  identical  with 
Brunner's  variety  inermis  ;  the  size  is  small,  the  colour  deep,  the 
head,  pronotum  and  elytra  being  almost  entirely  black  ;  the  anal 
points  are  wanting;  the  forceps  are  relatively  short  and  the 
teeth  are  almost  obsolete.  Specimens  agreeing  with  this  form 
occur  in  Japan  and  Java. 

In  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge,  for  the  purposes  of  this 


102  LABIDUEIDiE. 


work,  it  is  convenient  to  regard  L.  icterica,  Serv.,  Kirby's  Asiatic 
form,  as  a  subspecies,  variety  or  race  of  L.  riparia,  scarcely 
deserving  a  distinctive  name ;  and  the  dwarfed,  dark,  unarmed 
form,  with  no  anal  points,  so  common  in  India,  as  variety  inermis^ 
Brunner. 


Subfamily  V.  PARISOLABIN^. 

This  small  group  was  formerly  attached  to  the  Brachylahhup, 
with  which  it  has  several  features  in  common,  such  as  the  long 
slender  tarsi,  with  long  second  segment,  few  antennal  segments, 
and  almost  rectangular  meso-  and  metasterna. 

The  antennae  are,  however,  longer  than  in  that  group,  and  this 
shows  affinity  with  the  Lahichmna',  as  also  the  convex,  subparallel 
body,  long  tarsi,  and  absence  of  glandular  folds.  For  these 
reasons,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  the  metasternum  is  truncate,  it 
appears  to  be  more  nearly  related  to  the  Labidurina'  than  to  the 
Psalime. 

Two  genera  are  known ;  one,  Parisolahis,  Yerh.,  contains  a 
single  species  occun-ing  in  New  Zealand ;  the  other,  Pseudisolabis, 
with  one  species  in  New  Zealand  and  two  in  India. 


Genus  PSEUDISOLABIS,  Bm;: 

Pseudisolabis,  Burr,  (08^)  p.  254. 

Type,  P.  ivcdl-eri,  Burr. 

Antennae  with  15  segments,  the  fii-st  long,  strongly  clavate; 
second  minute,  cylindrical;  third  cylindrical,  long,  but  not  so 
long  as  the  first ;  fourth  minute  and  globular,  not  longer  than 
broad  ;  fifth  longer  than  fourth,  a  little  longer  than  broad  ;  the 
rest  gradually  lengthening,  but  none  equalling  the  third  in  length, 
rather  thick, "cylindrical,  but  the  joints  distinctly  constricted.  Head 
not  sharply  triangular,  rectangular  posteriorly ;  the  occiput  punctu- 
late  and  pubescent ;  the  frons  smooth  and  tumid ;  the  frontal 
impressions  obsolete.  Pronotum  subquadrate,  the  anterior  and 
posterior  margins  parallel  and  truncate,  slightly  broader  posteriorly 
than  anteriorly  and  broader  than  long,  a  trifle  broader  than  the 
head;  sides  straight,  gently  diverging  posteriorly.  Mesonotum 
transverse,  parallel-sided,  with  no  keels.  Metanotum  broader  than 
the  mesonotum,  the  posterior  margin  gently  sinuate.  Prosternum 
about  double  as  long  as  broad,  parallel-sided.  Mesosternum  trans- 
verse, posterior  margin  truncate.  Metasternum  transverse,  the 
posterior  margin  truncate,  Pemora  rather  thick,  especially  the 
anterior  pair  ;   tibiae  and  tarsi  slender,  second  segment  of  latter 


PSEUDISOLABIS.  103 

rather  long  and  slender,  about  half  as  long  as  the  third,  the  first 
about  as  long  as  the  second  and  third  united.  Abdomen 
rather  depressed,  gently  dilated  about  the  apical  third  and 
very  slightly  narrower  at  the  apex  itself  ;  last  dorsal  segment 
short,  transverse,  truncate  posteriorly  ;  penultimate  ventral 
segment  obtusely  rounded  ;  last  ventral  segment  visible  as  a  pair 
of  triangular  lobes  just  protruding.  Forceps  remote  at  the  base, 
trigonal  at  the  base  itself,  tapering  and  short. 

BaiKje.  India  and  Xew  Zealand. 

This  genus  differs  from  Parisolahis  in  being  much  less  depressed 
and  less  dilated,  and  the  last  dorsal  segment  is  by  no  means 
narrowed.  It  approaches  more  nearly  to  Anisolabis  thau  does 
Parisolabis,  and  represents  the  transition  between  the  Bracliylahince 
and  the  Psalitue. 

In  the  form  of  the  abdomen  and  the  last  dorsal  segment  Pseud- 
isolabis  approaches  Anisolabis,  but  the  antennae  have  fewer  segments, 
the  second  segment  of  the  tarsi  is  longer,  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
metasternum  is  scarcely  produced  between  the  posterior  coxoe,  and 
the  metasternum  is  shorter,  relatively  much  broader  and  truncate 
posteriorly. 

Two  species  occur  in  India  ;  a  third,  the  type,  occurs  in  New 
Zealand. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Shining  black  ;  forceps  strongly  bowed    .  .     hurri,  Borelli,  p.  103." 
1.1.  Dull  brown  ;  forceps  straight,  only  arched 

at  the  apex     tenera.  sp.  n.,  p.  104. 


55.  Pseudisolabis  biirri,  Borelli.**'    (Fig.  35.) 

Pseudisolabis  burri,  Borelli,  (09)  p.  1. 

Rather  small,  smooth,  scarcely  pubescent  and  shining  black. 
Antenna)  dark  bro\^n,  with  15  segments,  third  cylindrical,  fairly 
long,  fourth  very  short,  almost  globular,  fifth  a  little  longer,  subconi- 
cal,  sixth  about  equal  to  third,  subconical,  the  remainder  subcorneal. 
Head  tumid,  smooth,  black,  shining,  sutures  almost  obsolete. 
Pronotum  rectangular,  decidedly  broader  thau  long.  Meso-  and 
metasternum  transverse,  with  no  trace  of  keel  or  elytra.  Sternal 
plates  typical  of  the  genus.  Femora  rather  thick,  black,  yellowish 
at  the  base  and  apex ;  tibiee  brown,  yellow  at  the  base  and  apex  ; 
tarsi  yellowish,  slender,  typical  of  the  genus.  Abdomen  dull 
black,  exceedingly  minutely  punctulated,  hairless  above  (in  the 
specimens  examined),  with  a  few  long  slender  bz'istles  at  the  sides, 
which  in  the  sixth  and  seventh  segments  of  the  S  are  convex  ;  the 
abdomen  of  the  J  is  gently  dilated  to  about  two-thirds  its  length 
and  then  slightly  narrowed  ;  in  the  $  the  dilation  is  shorter  and 
the  narrowing  a  little  stronger  ;  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  cj' 
and  2  broadly  rounded  ;    pygidium  of  <S  not  protruding,  broad. 


104  LABIDURID^ 

vertical,  tumid  in  the  middle  ;  in  $  similar  but  very  narrow.  Last 
dorsal  segment  of  d  very  short  and  broad,  somewhat  inflated,  with 
a  median  depression,  posteriorly  depressed,  the  margin  truncate, 
subtuberculate  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps  :  in  $  similar,  but 
narrower.  Forceps  of  6  with  the  branches  remote  at  the  base, 
verv  obtusely  trigonal  at  the  base  itself,  almost  immediately 
cylindrical,  straight  and  diverging  for  about  two-thirds  their 
length,  then  strongly,  but  not  angukrly,  bowed  inwards;  in  2 
subcontiguous,  trigonal,  short,  tapering,  conical,  very  gently 
arcuate;  in  both  sexes  the  forceps  are  black  for  about  two-thirds 
their  length,  the  rest  red. 

Length  of  body 9  mm.  8  mm. 

„        forceps 2     „  1     „ 

iS'.E.  Kashmir  :  on  the  road  from  Srinagar  to  Grilgit,  altitude 
about  6700  ft.  (Turin  Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Turin  Museum, 

This  is  an  interesting  species,  being  closely  related  to  Ps.  tvalkeri, 
Burr,  from  New  Zealand,  with  which  it  possesses  many  characters 
in  common. 

It  differs  in  the  somewhat  smaller  size,  deep  black  colour  and 
absence  of  dense  pubescence  (in  the  specimens  examined) ;  the 
last  dorsal  segment  is  gently  inflated  throughout  in  P.  tvalkeri,  but 
in  this  species  it  is  depressed  posteriorly  and  has  a  slight  median 
depression  which  is  absent  in  P.  tvall-eri,  as  are  also  the  faint 
tubercles  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps.  The  forceps  differ  in  being 
red  at  the  apex  and  being  only  faintly  trigonal,  and  that  only  at 
the  extreme  base ;  they  are  more  strongly  divergent,  and  strongly 
arched  inwards,  not  abruptly  nor  angularly  bowed.  The  female 
of  P.  ivaJJceri  is  unknown. 

56.  Pseudisolabis  tenera,  sp.  u.     (Fig.  36.) 

Uniform  dull  red  brown,  with  a  few  isolated  bristles,  but  no 
close  pubescence.  Antennae  with  17  segments;  the  first  clubbed, 
third  cylindrical  and  elongate,  fourth  very  short,  not  longer 
than  broad,  fifth  a  trifle  longer,  sixth  a  little  longer,  but 
not  so  long  as  the  third,  all  these  are  gently  conical ; 
the  rest  are  about  as  long  as  the  third,  subcylindrical,  all 
dull  brown,  smooth.  Head  tumid,  sutures  obsolete.  Pronotum 
a  little  broader  than  the  head,  and  distinctly  broader  than  long, 
rectangular,  depressed  ;  median  suture  distinct  in  fore  portion 
only  ;  prozona  not  distinct  from  metazona  ;  sides  reflexed,  smooth ; 
light  dull  brown.  Mesonotum  of  the  same  colour,  very  short  and 
finely  punctulate.  Metanotum  of  the  same  colour  and  sculpture, 
very  short.  Sternal  plates  smooth,  light  brown,  the  sides  parallel, 
transverse ;  metasternum  truncate.  Legs  dull  brown ;  second  tarsal 
segment  nearly  as  long  as  the  first.     Abdomen  subdepressed,  dull 


I'SEUDISOLABIS.  105 

brown,  very  finely  punotulate,  svibparallel-sided,  slightly  narrowed 
apically  ;  glandular  folds  not  developed.  Last  dorsal  segment  more 
than  twice  as  broad  as  long,  rectangular,  posterior  margin  truncate 
in  the  middle,  the  angles  obliquely  truncate,  slightly  tumid  over 
the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  transverse, 
very  broadly  rounded.  Pygidium  typical,  somewhat  tumid  beneath. 
Porceps  with  the  branches  remote  at  the  base,  of  circular  cross- 
section,  straight  at  first,  incurved  at  the  apex,  quite  simple. 

6 

Length  of  body 11  "5  mm. 

„         forceps To     ,, 

Punjab  :  Murree  (colL  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  species  closely  resembles  P.  burn  but  is  narrower  in  build, 
of  a  uniform  dull  red  brown  instead  of  shining  black,  and  tlie 
forceps  are  quite  straight  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length, 
being  only  arcuate  at  the  apex  itself. 


Subfamily  VI.  BRACHYLABIN^E. 

The  members  of  this  family  have  all  a  very  characteristic 
appearance  and  close  superficial  resemblance  to  each  other. 

The  old  genus  BracJiijlahis  of  Dohrn,  as  restricted  by  de  Bormans, 
has  been  revised  and  split  up,  and  Verhoeff's  Isolabicke  incor- 
porated. The  genus  Brach)/Iabis  itself  is  not  represented  in  the 
Indian  fauna. 

The  family  is  characterized  by  the  total  absence  of  organs  of 
flight,  long  slender  legs  and  tarsi,  even  the  second  segment 
being  elongate,  triangular  head,  cylindrical  body,  tapering  at 
the  apex,  paucisegmentate  antennae,  long  narrow  pi-osternum, 
equally  broad  and  lorig  meso-  and  metasterna,  broad  and  rounded 
penultimate  ventra'  segment,  and  sinuate,  concave  last  dorsal 
segment,  produce'^l  into  a  short  pointed  lobe  on  each  side ;  the 
forceps  slender,  cylindrical,  tapering,  unarmed  and  arcuate. 

They  are  all  very  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  insects.  The 
surface  is  usually  very  densely  pitted  and  punctulate,  and  often 
clothed  with  a  dense  pubescence,  which  is  rapidly  rubbed  off  and 
lost  in  cabinet  specimens. 

A  remarkable  feature  in  some  genera  is  the  form  of  the  eyes, 
which  are  elliptical  and  unusually  large,  reaching  backwards 
almost  to  the  posterior  angles  of  the  head,  so  that  they  are 
situated  laterally  instead  of  anteriorly. 

Table  of  Genera. 

1.  Eyes  normal,   that  is,   small   and    an- 
terior ;  mesonotum  with  tumid  ridge,  [p.  lOG. 
but  no  sharp  keels    Nannisolabis,  Burr, 


106  labiduridjE. 

1.1.  Eyes  large,  elliptical,  and  lateral.     Meso- 
notum  with  sharp  keels. 
2.  Third  seg-ment  of  antennae  elongate, 

twice    as    long    as    broad;    fourth  [p.  108. 

longer  than  broad    Metisolabis,  Burr, 

2.2.  Third     autennal    segment     scarcely 

longer  than  broad,  the  fourth  glo-  [p.  109. 

bular . .  .     Ctenisolabis,  Verb., 


Genus  NANNISOLABIS,  n.  g. 
Brachylabis  &  Leptisolabis  (partim),  Bun-  (olim). 

Type,  N.  ivilleyi,  Burr. 

Small  insects  ;  head  tumid  ;  eyes  small,  anterior  ;  antennse  with 
short  segments  ;  pronotum  longer  than  Avide  ;  mesonotum  with  a 
transverse  depression  surrounded  by  a  blunt  tumid  ridge.  Abdo- 
men spindle-shaped,  attenuate  apically,  especially  in  the  $ . 
Lateral  tubercles  of  third  and  fifth  segments  distinct ;  last  dorsal 
segment  sinuate  and  produced  on  each  side  to  a  small  pointed  lobe. 
Forceps  simple,  arcuate  and  tapering. 

Range.  Ce}'lon. 

Though  somewhat  compressed  at  the  shoulders,  the  ridge  of  the 
mesonotum  is  not  sharp.  The  following  two  species  are  the  only 
ones  known. 

Table  of  Sjpecies. 

1.  Pronotum    parallel-sided,    densely    punc- 

tulate philetas,  Burr,  p.  106, 

1.1.  Pronotum  widened  posteriorly,  smooth  ....     vnlleyi,  Burr,  p.  107. 

57.  Nannisolabis  philetas,  Burr*' 

Brachylabis  philetas,  Btm;  (01)  p.  322,  pi.  B,  fig.  7  ;  Kirhy  (04> 

p.  16. 
Leptisolabis  philetas,  Burr,  (08')  pp.  252  &  253. 

Size  small ;  colour  black :  the  whole  body  punctulate,  with 
a  few  stiff  hairs.  Antennte  with  9  segments,  2nd  reddish, 
7th  and  8tb  white,  the  rest  black  ;  first  long,  second  shorter,  the 
rest  quite  round,  as  broad  as  long,  gradually  larger,  the  ninth  a 
little  smaller  than  the  eighth,  which  is  the  largest.  Pronotum 
broader  than  the  head,  elongate,  the  sides  parallel  and  raised  : 
mesonotum  narrow,  strongly  impressed  anteriorly,  the  posterior 
part  being  therefore  slightly  elevated,  the  sides  keeled  and  the 
anterior  angle  slightly  broader  than  the  pronotum  ;  metanotum  as 
broad  as  the  mesonotum,  and  exposing  only  a  small  part  of  the 
first  abdominal  segment.  Legs  long ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  testaceous  ; 
femora  testaceous,  with  a  strong  broad  black  band ;  first  tarsal 
segment  longer  than  the  second  and  third  together.  Abdomen 
cylindrical,  the  lateral  tubercles  very  distinct  on  the  second  and 


NAXMSOLABIS. 


107 


third  dorsal  segments  ;  last  segment  very  small  in  both  sexes. 
Forceps  very  short,  slender ;  in  the  cS  the  branches  are  remote  at 
the  base,  slightly  incurved,  meeting  at  the  apex,  unarmed  ;  in 
the  2  subcontiguous,  almost  straight,  crossing  at  the  apex. 

Length  of  body 6      mm,  7-5  mm. 

„         forceps 1-25  ,,  1       „ 

Ceylon  :  Punduluoya,   d  and  5   in  coita  (coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

The  types  are  unfortunately  broken,  and  only  fragments 
remain.  The  mesonotum  is  preserved,  and  this,  with  the 
description  and  figure,  leaves  no  room  for  doubt  as  to  the  generic 
position  of  the  species.  It  differs  from  N.  willeyi  in  the  form  and 
structure  of  the  pronotum. 


58.  Nannisolabis  willeyi,  sp.  n. 

Small ;  general  colour  dark  reddish  brown.  Antennae  with  13 
segments,  brown,  the  apical  segments  paler  ;  all  segments,  except 
the  first,  very  short,  only  the  apical  two  or  three  being  slightly 
longer  than  broad  ;  first  segment  about  as  long  as  third,  fifth 
and  sixth  united.  Head  smooth,  tunid,  sutures  distinct;  eyes 
small,  normal,  anterior,  Pronotum  red-brown,  smooth,  decidedly 
longer  than  broad  and  widened  posteriorly  ;  median  line  distinct ; 
sides  strongly  reflexed.  Mesonotum  with  a  transverse  depression 
in  anterior  portion,  surrounded  by  a  short  raised  ridge  which  is 
somewhat  compressed  at  the  anterior  angles,  but  is  not  sharp. 
The  mesonotum  is  finely  punctulate,  Metanotum  broader  than 
the  mesonotum,  of  the  same  colour  and  sculptui'e,  the  posterior 
margin  strongly  concave.  Legs  long  and  slender,  dirty  yello\\' ; 
the  femora  with  indistinct  darker  shading.  Abdomen  red- 
brown,  darker  basally,  finely  punctulate,  with  a  fine  golden 
pubescence  ;  lateral  tubercles  of  third  and  fourth  segments  very 
distinct ;  decidedly  «ider  in  $  than  in  the  S .  Last  dorsal  seg- 
ment transverse  in  c? ,  smooth,  posterior  margin  nearly  straight, 
slightly  produced  on  each  side  over  the  forceps  ;  in  2  similar  but 
narrower.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  J'  broad  and  rounded, 
more  so  in  $  than  in  the  S  .  Forceps  of  6  remote  at  base,  cylin- 
drical, straight  at  fii-st,  strongly  arcuate  in  the  apical  half ;  in  $ 
contiguous,  gently  arcuate  from  the  base  and  overlapping. 

Length  of  body    8  mm.  6*5  mm. 

„  forceps     1     ,,  1'5     „ 

Ceylon:    Patipola,    1907   (coll.   Barr),   Hakgala,  l.ii.06   (Dr. 
Willey ;  coll.  Burr). 
Type  in  the  author's  collection. 
This  species  is  alhed  to  N.  pldletas,  but  is  a  little  larger.     The 


108  LABIDUEID^. 

prouotum  is  longer  and  differs  in  being  quite  smooth  and 
distinctly  widened  posteriorly.  The  femora  are  blackish  in 
iV.  2^hiletas^  but  this  is  an  untrustworthy  character.  The  present 
species  is  peculiar  among  the  BracJu/lahina'  in  having  the  pronotum 
quite  smooth  and  also  in  its  red-brown  colour. 


Genus  METISOLABIS,  n.  g. 

Brachylabis,  Bolivar,  Burr  (oliDi). 

Type,  Brachylabis  voelzkowi.  Burr. 

Agrees  generally  with  the  preceding  genus,  but  the  segments 
of  the  antennae  are  longer,  not  globular,  all  beyond  the  second 
being  at  least  a  little  longer  than  broad ;  and  the  eyes  are  large, 
elliptical,  and  nearly  reach  the  posterior  angles  of  the  head  ;  the 
mesonotum  is  keeled.  From  the  following  genus  it  differs  in  the 
long  antenual  segments,  agreeing  in  the  structure  of  the  eyes  and 
mesonotum. 

Range.  India  and  Madagascar. 

Two  species  are  known  to  occur  in  India. 

TahJe  of  Species. 

1 .  Legs  uniform  reddish ;  abdomen  with 
lateral  tubercles  on  fourth  segment 
only ;  keels   of  mesonotum   strongly 

converging  posteriorly    bifoveolata,  Bol.,  p.  108. 

1.1.  Femora  banded  with  "black;  abdomen 
with  lateral  tubercles  on  third  and 
fourth  segments  ;  keels  of  mesonotum 
gently  converging  posteriorly    candeUi,  Burr,  p.  109. 

59.  Metisolabis  bifoveolata,  Bol. 

Brachylabis  bifoveolata,  Bolivar,  (97)  p.  285,  pi.   10,  fig.  1;  Bonn, 
(00-)  p.  53;  Kirbi/,  (04)  p.  16  ;  Burr,  (08^)  pp.  250  &  251. 

Pitch-black,  entirely  punctulate,  and  with  reddish  pubescence ; 
basal  segment  of  antennae  reddish,  the  rest  up  to  the  twelfth 
black.  Mesonotum  heart-shaped,  with  lateral  keels.  Legs  reddish 
testaceous.  Third  abdominal  segment  Mith  no  lateral  tubercles  ; 
fourth  segment  with  a  strong  blunt  tubercle  on  each  side ;  the 
fifth  segment  impressed  at  the  sides.  Forceps  of  S  with  branches 
short,  trigonal,  gently  curved. 

Length  of  body 12-14  mm. 

„         forceps 2    „ 

Southern  India  :  Trichinopoli  (coll.  Bolivar). 

Bolivar's  description  is  brief  but  good,  and  so  is  bis  figure. 


METISOLABIS. — CIENISOLABIS.  109 

Without  seeing  the  insect  it  is  easy  to  place  it  in  its  true  position. 
It  differs  from  B.  caudelU  in  the  uniform  reddish  legs,  in  the 
more  strongly  convergent  keels  of  the  mesonotura,  which  is  thus 
more  strongly  narrowed  posteriorly,  and  in  the  absence  of  the 
lateral  fold  on  the  third  segment  of  the  abdomen. 


60.  Metisolabis  caudelli,  Burr* 

Brachyliibis  punctata,  i?o?-?«.  (88)  p.  436,  (94)  p.  37o,  (GO")  p.  o3. 
Bracliylabis  caudelli.  Burr  (nee  Duhr.,  nee  Kirby),  (OS-*)  p.  251. 

Colour,  texture,  form,  and  pubescence  typical.  Antennae  with 
15  segments,  black  with  a  pale  ring  before  the  apex ;  the  segments 
rather  long ;  the  third  segment  about  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  the 
fourth  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  third ;  the  fifth  quite  as 
long  as  the  third,  if  not  a  trifle  longer;  almost  cylindrical. 
Mesonotum  with  the  keels  gently  bowed  at  the  shoulder  and 
gently  converging  posteriorly.  Femora  black,  yellowish  towards 
the  apex  ;  tibiae  brownish  yellow,  tarsi  pale.  Abdomen  typical, 
third  and  fourth  segments  with  lateral  tubercles.  Forceps  stout 
at  base,  rapidly  tapering,  gently  arched,  not  contiguous  in  the  S  , 
contiguous  in  the  2  . 

S  2 

Length  of  body   11     mm.  12  mm. 

,,         forceps   1'5  „  1    „ 

Burma  :  Teinzo,  v.,  Prome,  xii.  (Genoa  4'  Brit.  Mus.);  Meetan, 
iv.,  Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii. ;  Pegu,  Palon, 
viii./ix.  (Genoa  Mtis.,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

Apparently  common  in  Further  India.  This  species  was  con- 
fused by  de  Bormans  with  B.  punctata,  Dubr.,  from  Java,  but 
that  species  has  no  keels  on  the  pronotum  and  falls  into  Leptiso- 
labis,  Verh. 


Genus  CTENISOLABIS,  Verh. 

Ctenisolabis;  Verh.  (02^)  p.  11. 
Brachylabip,  Burr  (olim). 

Type,  Ct.  togoensis,  Verh. 

This  genus  agrees  with  Metisolabis  in  the  form  of  the  eyes  and 
keeled  mesonotum,  but  differs  in  the  short,  almost  globular, 
antennal  segments.  With  Nannisolahis  it  agrees  in  the  form  of 
the  antennae,  but  has  a  keeled  mesonotum  and  lateral  eyes. 

Range.  Three  species  are  at  present  placed  in  this  genus ;  one, 
the  type,  Ct.  togoensis,  Verh.,  is  African ;  the  other,  Ct.  nigra,  Scudd., 
occurs  in  South  America ;  the  third  in  Ceylon. 


110  LABIID^. 

61.  Ctenisolabis  fletcheri,  sp.  u.     (Fig.  79.) 

Small,  black,  puuctulate.  Aiitennse  with  13  segments,  all  short 
after  the  first ;  third  about  as  long  as  broad,  fourth  and  fifth 
globular,  the  others  slightly  lengthening,  but  the  apical  seg- 
ment is  only  a  little  longer  than  broad  ;  from  the  third  towards 
the  apex  all  the  segments  become  gradually  thicker.  Head 
typical :  the  eyes  large  and  prominent,  but  not  reaching  so  near  to 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  head  as  in  some  species.  Pronotum 
wider  than  the  head  and  still  wider  posteriorly,  distinctly  longer 
than  broad,  with  a  distinct  neck  in  front,  which  carries  the  head. 
Mesonotum  ample,  the  keels  distinct  but  blunt,  bowed  outwards 
at  first  and  arched  gradually  inwards,  dying  out  just  before 
reaching  the  posterior  margin.  Metanotum  ver}^  ample  and  very 
strongly  sinuate.  Legs  typical.  Femora  black,  tipped  with 
reddish,  tibiae  and  tarsi  reddisli.  Abdomen  typical;  tubercles 
on  third  and  fourth  segments  not  very  distinct,  smooth  spot  on 
fifth  segment  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  gently  sinuate. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  very  ample,  rounded.  Forceps  con- 
tiguous, simple,  overlapping. 

Length  of  body 10  mm. 

„         forceps   1    „ 

Ceylon  :  IVIadulsima,  13,viii.08  {T.  B.  FletcJier;  coll.  Burr). 

Tifpe  in  the  author's  collection. 

The  keels  of  the  mesonotum  are  very  blunt  and  thus  represent 
a  passage  to  Leptisolahis. 

It  may  be  distinguished  by  its  generic  characters  from  the  only 
species  with  which  it  is  Hkely  to  be  confused. 


Family  IV.  LABIID.E. 

This  family  contains  a  number  of  heterogeneous  forms,  and  is 
in  great  need  of  revision.^  A  considerable  number  of  species  are 
known,  but  relatively  few  are  recorded  from  India,  representing 
five  genera. 

The  discrimination  between  the  smaller  forms  of  Spongiplwra 
and  larger  ferms  of  Labia  is  rather  subtle,  and  the  generic 
characters  must  be  examined  with  care. 

Only  one  subfamily,  the  Labiince,  is  known  to  be  represented 
in  India ;  but  it  is  quite  probable  that  sonie  member  of  the 
Nesoyastrince  may  be  discovered,  probably  towards  the  eastern 
bounds  of  the  area. 


^  For  this  reason,  the  generic  definitions  in  tliis  family  must  be  regarded  as 
purely  provisional. 


SPONGIPHORA.  Ill 

Subfamily  I.  LABIIN.E. 

Tahle  of  Genera. 

1.  Body  not  stronj^ly  depressed. 
'2.  Antennae  with  15-20  segments;  the 
fourth  about  half  as   long  as   the 
third,  fifth  also  shorter  than  third. 
3.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S 

subrectangular ;    tirst  tarsal  seg-  [p.  111. 

ment  decidedly  shorter  than  third.     Spongiphora,  Serv., 
'A.'-').  Penultimate  ventral  segmentample, 
rounded  ;     tirst    tar^ial    segment 

about  equal  to  third    Euotesis,  n.  g.,  p.  114. 

2.i2.  Antennse  with  10-15  segment;?;  fourth 
and  fifth  almost  or  quite  as  long  as 
third;  (penultimate  ventral  segment 
of  (S    rounded  ;    first   and   second 

tarsal  segments  about  equal) Labia,  Leach,  p.  115. 

1.1.  Body  strongly  depressed. 

2.  Antennae  with  10-15  segments  ;  third 

and  f iHutli  rather  long  (as  in  Labia).  [p.  1 24. 

Abdomen  with  no  lateral  folds.  .  .  .     Platylabia,  Dohrn, 
2.2.  Antenufe  wath  15-20  segments.     Ab- 
domen Avith  lateral  folds  on  second  [p.  127, 
and  third  segments      Sphingolabis,  Borm., 

Genus  SPONGIPHORA,  Serville. 

Spongiphoi-a,  Serv.  (31)  p.  31. 
Spongophora,  Agasaiz,  Nom.  Zool.  p.  439  (1846). 
Psalidophora,  Serv.  (39)  p.  29. —  Type,  Spongiphora  croceipeniiis, 
Serv. 

Type,  Sponglpliora  croceipennis,  Serv.  (Brazil). 

Anteunae  with  15-20  segments  ;  the  first  long  and  pear-shaped  ; 
second  quite  small  ;  thu'd  long,  cylindrical,  more  than  half  as  long 
as  the  first ;  fourth  and  fifth  small,  not  half  as  long  as  third  ;  the 
remainder  gradually  lengthening,  hecoming  more  slender.  Pro- 
notum  subquadrate,  more  or  less  rouuded  posteriorly.  Elytra 
smooth,  with  no  keels,  perfectly  developed.  Wings  well  developed 
or  abbreviated.  Prosternum  parallel-sided.  Mesosternum  rounded 
posteriorly,  Metasternum  truncate  posteriorly,  not  produced 
between  the  posterior  coxfe.  Legs  not  very  long,  the  femora 
rather  thick ;  first  tarsal  segment  decidedly  longer  than  the 
third,  the  second  cylindrical,  not  remarkably  short ;  tarsi  strongly 
pubescent  beneath.  Abdomen  depressed,  rather  long,  with  distinct 
lateral  glandular  folds.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  rectangular, 
narrowed  posteriorly  in  the  $  .  Penultimate  ventral  segment  rect- 
angular in  c? ,  shghtly  narrowed  in  §  and  more  or  less  rounded. 
Forceps  in  S  with  branches  remote  at  base,  depressed,  rather 
slender  and  elongate ;  in  $  subcontiguous,  straight,  lon<T, 
unarmed. 

Serville  replaced  his  original  name,  Sjjonriiphora,  by  Psalido- 
pliora  because  the  latter  is  more  appropriate !     Psalidophora  was 


112        .  labiidtE. 

accepted  by  Dohru  and  all  authors  until  Scudder  restored  the 
former  name,  uith  the  amended  orthography  proposed  by 
Agassiz ;  de  Bormans  retains  the  original  spelling. 

There  is  a  strong  resemblance  between  the  smaller  species 
of  this  genus  and  the  larger  ones  of  Labia,  and  in  the  smaller 
species  the  generic  characters  are  often  difficult  to  observe. 

Table  of  S2)ecies. 

1.  Pygidium  hidden  ;   (elytra  uniform  brown  ; 
forceps  of  (J  with    2-3   teeth   on   inner 

margin)  lufea,  Borm.,  p.  112. 

1.1.  Pygidium  prominent. 

2.  Elytra  and  wings  unicolorous  ;  pygidium  [p.  112. 

trapezoidal,  narrowed,  truncate  at  apex,     nitidipennis,  Borm., 
2.2.  Elytra    and   wings    sfjotted ;    pygidium 

broad,  lanceolate,  bifid   at  apex  with  [p.  113. 

pointed  lobes , semijlava,  Borm., 

62.  Spongiphora  lutea,  Bormans** 

Spongophora  lutea,  Bonn.  (94)  p.  386. 

Spongiphora  lutea,  Bonn.  (00-)  p.  60  ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  30. 

Shining  brown ;  antennae  with  15  segments  ;  pronotum  as 
broad  as  the  head  and  a  trifle  longer.  Elytra  short,  hardly 
longer  than  the  pronotum,  rounded  posteriorly.  Wings  abortive. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  both  d  and  5  rectangular,  twice  as  broad 
as  long  ;  pygidium  hidden.  Forceps  with  the  branches  stout ; 
in  the  6  long,  remote  at  the  base,  nearly  straight,  with  three  teeth 
on  each  side  on  the  inner  margin  ;  in  2  shorter,  subcontiguous, 
unarmed. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 6-8    mm.  6-5-10  mm. 

forceps  ....   2-5-3   „  2-2-5      „ 

Burma  -.  Palon,  in  August  and  September  ;  Karen-ni,  Geku 
Distr.,  4300—1700  ft.,  in  Februarv  and  March ;  Karen-ni,  Keba 
Distr.,  3000-3700  ft.,  from  April  to  December,  4000-4300  ft. 
(^Genoa  3Iiis.). 

Type  in  the  Greuoa  Museum. 

This  species  is  very  distinct.  The  rather  stout  build  and  yellow 
colour  render  it  easy  to  recognize  ;  the  wings  appear  to  be 
always  abbreviated. 

63.  Spongiphora  nitidipennis,  Bonnans.*     (Fig.  80.) 

Spongophora  nitidipennis,  Bonn.  (94)  p.  382. 

Spongiphora  nitidipennis,  Bonn.  (00')  p.  454,  (00-)  p.  58  ;  Kirby, 

(04)  p.  30. 
Chnetospania  Jupiter,  Bun-,  (00'^)  p.  94  (n.  syn.) ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  22. 

Size  medium  ;  general  colour  dull  brown,  pubescent.  Antennae 
brown,  with  15  cylindrical  segments,  the  fourth  nearly  as  long  as 


SrONGIPHOllA.  "^  113 

the  third.  Head  depressed,  rather  broad;  eyes  prominent. 
Pronotum  longer  than  broad,  sides  parallel,  gently  narrowed 
posteriorly.  Elytra  and  wings  ample;  the  latter  paler  at  the 
base.  Legs  brown ;  tarsi  paler,  long  and  slender,  first  and  third 
segments  equally  long.  Abdomen  dull  brown,  finely  rugulose. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  (S  ample,  smooth,  nearly  square  ;  narrow 
in  $ .  Pygidium  of  c?  forming  a  prominent  rectilinear  plate, 
narrowed  towards  the  apex  which  is  truncate ;  in  2  square, 
faintly  emarginate  at  apex.  Porceps  of  c?  remote  at  base, 
depressed,  long  and  nearly  straight,  sometimes  with  a  strong 
depressed  triangular  tooth  near  the  base  and  several  small  teeth 
beyond ;  in  5  not  contiguous,  straight,  short  at  base  then 
tapering,  denticulate. 

d  2 

Length  of  body  ....      8-12  mm.       10-5-11-5  mm. 
„         forceps  . .      3*5-8    „  35-6         „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  about  3000  ft.  (Genoa  JTus.). 
Occurs  also  in  Sumatra,  Java,  and  Borneo. 
2i/pe  in  the  Grenoa  Museum. 

Easy  to  recognize  by  the  uniform  dull  brown  colour  and  the 
form  of  the  pygidium  and  forceps. 

04.  Spongipliora  semiflava,  Borm.     (Pig.  37.) 

Spongophora  semiflava,  L'.onn.  (94)  p.  385. 

Spongiphora  semiflava,  Bonn.  (00^)  p.  59 ;  Klrby,  (04)  p.  30. 

Small ;  antennae  with  15  segments,  brown,  paler  near  the  base. 
Head  dark  brown.  Pronotum  brown,  trapezoidal,  widened 
posteriorly.  Elytra  ample,  brown,  with  a  long  discoidal  yellow 
band  and  clothed  with  short  stiff  bristles.  Wings  brown,  with  a 
large  yellow  spot.  Base  of  femora  brown  ;  rest  of  legs  yellow. 
Abdomen  blackish  chestnut.  Pygidium  of  S  broad  and  flat, 
rapidly  narrowing  towards  the  apex  which  is  bifid,  with  sharp 
lobes.  Porceps  of  S  with  the  branches  testaceous,  remote  at 
the  base,  long  and  straight,  rather  depressed,  the  inner  edge 
near  the  base  is  dilated  in  the  form  of  a  flattened  plate  •  in  the 
$  shorter,  contiguous  at  the  base,  nearly  straight. 

Length  of  body S    mm.  8    mm. 

„         forceps  ....     3-5  ,,  ]-75  „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii.  ;  Karen- 
ni,  G-eku  Distr.,  4300-4700  ft.,  ii./iii.  {Genoa  Mas.)  ;  Thagata,  iii., 
Bhamo,  viii.  {coll.  Burr). 

Also  recorded  from  Sarav\"ak. 

Tt/pe  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

Apart  from  the  distinctive  coloration,  the  form  of  the  pygidium 
of  this  species  renders  it  unmistakable. 


114  LABIID.I. 


Genus  EROTESIS,  u.  g. 

Ttpe,  Sjwnrjiphora  sphiiuv,  Burr  (Sarawak). 

Antennae  with  about  20  segments,  slender  and  cylindrical ; 
third  segment  rather  short,  the  fourth  much  shorter  ;  fifth  a 
little  shorter  than,  or  about  as  long  as,  the  third ;  the  sixth 
a  little  longer,  the  rest  gradually  lengthening.  Pronotum  rather 
long  and  narrow,  gently  widened  posteriorly.  Head  depressed, 
smooth.  Elytra  well  developed,  long  and  smooth.  Wings  well 
developed.  Prosternum  long  and  parallel-sided,  scarcely  con- 
stricted. Mesosternuni  and  metasternum  truncate.  Abdomen 
depressed,  nearly  parallel-sided,  second  and  third  segments  with 
distinci;  pliciform  tubercles.  Legs  slender  ;  tarsi  rather  short  and 
broad,  the  first  and  third  segments  about  equally  long,  second 
segment  small  and  cylindrical.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  both  d" 
and  5  iimple,  quadrate.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  broad  and 
well  rounded  in  both  sexes.  Forceps  of  c?  with  branches  slender, 
remote  at  the  base,  elongate  and  arcuate ;  in  the  $  straight  and 
simple. 

liange.  Oriental  Region. 

This  genus  is  evidently  allied  to  Sponciipliora,  but  differs  in  the 
well-rounded  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  the  male  and  the 
shorter  first  tarsal  segment. 


65.  Erotesis  decipiens,  Kirh>f* 

Labidura  ?  decipiens,  Kirhy,  (91)  p.  511. 

Labidurodes  decipiens,  Bonn.  (00^)  p.  39    Kirby,  (04)  p,  15. 

Orange-red  and  yellowish.  Antennae  wdth  21-22  segments, 
brownish.  Head  yellowish,  shading  to  reddish  above.  Pronotum 
narrow,  with  a  vague  dusky  median  band  and  clear  yellow  sides. 
Elytra  yellow,  with  the  dusky  band  of  the  pronotum  continued 
down  the  suture  to  the  tip  of  the  wings,  which  are  otherwise 
yellow.  Legs  yellowish.  Abdomen  reddish  ;  pliciform  tubercles 
of  the  third  segment  very  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  with 
four  tubercles  in  the  middle  of  the  posterior  margin  and  a  few 
smaller  ones  at  the  sides,  Porceps  of  6  with  branches  remote 
at  the  base,  slender,  gently  and  i-egularly  arcuate  and  meeting  at 
the  apex ;  there  are  two  or  three  small  but  sharp  teeth  about  the 
middle  on  the  inner  margin  and  a  stronger  one  just  before 
the  apex. 

6 

Length  of  body 11  mm. 

„         forceps 3     „ 

Assam  {Brit.  Mus.). 
Type  in  the  British  Museum. 

Kirby  first  placed  this  species,  with  a  query,  in  Lahidura,  but  it 
is  more  nearly  related  to  tSpongipliora  ;  in  appearance  it  resembles 


LABIA.  115 

Proreus  simulans  and  P.  hulelcingi,  and  also,  as  de  Bormans 
suggested  from  the  description,  Apterygida  erythrocepTiala -,  it 
also  recalls  Elaunon  bipartitus.  For  this  reason  it  is  important 
to  examine  the  tarsi,  as  the  simple  cylindrical  second  segment 
will  at  once  remove  all  idea  of  its  identity  with  any  of  the 
above-named  species. 

Perhaps  the  doubtful  Apterygida  cingalensis,  Dohrn,  should  be 
referred  here. 


Genus  LABIA,  Leach. 

Labia,  Leach,  (15)  p.  118. 

Copiscelis,  Fieb.  (5o)  p.  2b7.—Type,  Forficula  minor,  Linn 

Type,  Forficula  minor,  Linn.  (Palisarctic  and  Ethiopian). 

Small  insects.  Antennae  with  10-15  segments  ;  the  first  long 
and  pear-shaped,  the  second  very  small,  the  third  long,  almost  as 
long  as  the  first,  fourth  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  third, 
the  rest  gradually  lengthening,  cylindrical  or  cylindro-conical. 
Pi'onotum  as  broad  as  the  head.  Elytra  always,  wings  usually 
well  developed;  former  with  no  keel.  First  tarsal  segment 
hardly  longer  than  the  third,  the  second  very  small ;  the  tarsi 


Fig.  8.— Tarsus  of  Labia  pygidiata,        Fig.  9.— Antenna  of  Labia  airvicauda, 
Diibr.  Motsch. 

not  strongly  pubescent  beneath.  Abdomen  depressed,  some- 
times rather  widened  in  the  middle.  Last  dorsal  segment 
transverse.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  rounded  in  both  sexes. 
Pygidium  prominent  or  concealed.  Forceps  various,  but  generally 
remote  at  the  base  in  the  (S ,  elongate  or  short,  nearly  straight 
or  strongly  curved,  unarmed  or  toothed ;  in  the  $  simple,  short, 
straight. 

Range.  Cosmopolitan. 

About  fifty  species,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  are  at  present 
included  in  this  genus  ;  but  it  requires  subdivision,  and  some 
members  at  least  will  be  removed  to  other  groups.  A  good  many 
species  are  unrecognizable  owing  to  insufficient  description. 

i2 


116  LABIID.E, 


Tahle  of  Species. 

1.  Forceps    ot    J     contiguous.      (Pygidium 

hidden.)     nigrella,  Dubr.,  p.  117. 

1.1.  Forceps  of  <S  remote  at  base. 

2.  Branches   of    forceps   of  S   short    and 
strongly  curved.     Pygidium  not  pro- 
minent. 
3.  Forceps    of    S    strongly    arched    at 

apex,  not  dilated luzonica,  Dohrn,  p.  117. 

3.3.  Forceps  of  r^  dilated  near  base,  then  [p.  118. 

bent  inwards  at  a  right  angle    ....     curvicaiida,  Motsch., 
2.2.  Branches  of  forceps  elongate. 
3.  Pygidium  long  and  narrow. 

4.  Pygidium  tongue-shaped  or  lanceo- 
late         miicronata,  Stal,  p.  11 9. 

4.4.  Pygidium  broad  at  base,  long,  nar-  [p.  120. 

rowed  apically,  and  truncate.  .  .  .     pilicornis,  Motsch., 
3.3.  Pygidium  short  and  broad. 

4,  Pygidium  star-shaped    pygidiata,  Dubr., p.  122. 

4.4.  Pygidium  not  lobed. 

5.  Pygidium  square     ridens,  Borm.,  p.  121. 

5.5.  Pygidium  narrowed  posteriorly, 

the  apex  sinuate arachidis,  Yers.,  p.  123. 


The  following  supplementary  key  may  be  useful : — 

1.  Small,  unicolorous  species. 
2.  Brown  or  chestnut,  with   dilated   and  [p.  118. 

bowed  forceps curvicaiida,  Motsch., 

2.2.  Reddish     yellow,    with     ring  -  shaped 

forceps  in  S luzonica,  Dohrn,  p.  117. 

'  2.2.2.  Testaceous ;  pygidium  narrowed pilicornis,  Motsch., 

1.1.  Variegated  species.  [p.  120. 

2.  Elytra  banded. 

3.  Elytra  with  pale  transverse  shoulder 

stripe     nigrella,  Dubr.,  p.  117. 

3.3.  Elytra  with  a  longitudinal  band  ....     mucronata,  Stal,  p.  119. 
£.2.  Elytra  unicolorous. 

3.  Pygidium  of  J  short  and  broad ; 
elytra  always  short,  usually  black, 
sometimes  brown,  smooth;    wings 

always  absent  arachidis,  Yers.,  p.  123. 

3,3,  Pygidium  of  S  square  or  star-shaped ; 
elytra  long,   dark ;    wings   usually 
long. 
4.  Pronotum  yellow  ;  wings  blackish  ; 

legs  yellow ridens,  Borm.,  p.  121. 

4.4.  Pronotum  brown  ;  wings  with 
yellowish  band  ;  legs  with  darker 
shading lyygidiata,  Dubr.,  p.  122. 


LABIA.  117 

66.  Labia  nigrella,  Dubromj*     (Fig.  81.) 

Labia  nigrella,  JDubr.  (79)  p.  370 ;  Borm.  (OO'J)  p.  68  ;  Kirbt/,  (04) 

p.  26. 
Labia  fasciata,  Bor77i.  (94)  p.  387,  (00')  p,  71  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  25. 

Small ;  blackish,  not  hairy.  Antennae  with  11  segments,  all 
leather  short  and  thick  ;  third  short,  gently  clavate  :  fourth  much 
shorter,  oval,  the  rest  gradually  lengthening,  fifth  almost  as  long 
as  third  ;  first  5  or  6  yellowish,  the  rest  dark.  Head  smooth, 
tumid,  black,  the  sutures  indistinct ;  eyes  greyish.  Pronotum 
a  trifle  narrower  than  the  head,  truncate  anteriorly,  the  sides 
parallel ;  posterior  margin  rounded,  about  as  long  as  broad ; 
blackish  brown,  with  an  irregular  whitish  border,  broadening  out 
into  a  triangle  in  the  middle.  Elytra  rather  long  and  narrow  : 
dull  brown,  usually  with  a  transverse  greyish -white  band  across 
the  shoulders.  Wings  prominent,  greyish.  Legs  short,  blackish 
brown ;  the  knees  and  first  two  tarsal  segments  rather  paler. 
Abdomen  typical,  chestnut.  Forceps  with  the  branches  alike  in 
both  sexes,  but  a  little  longer  in  the  $  than  in  the  d" ,  chestnut, 
short,  rather  stout,  trigonal,  almost  contiguous  and  straight  as  far 
as  the  points,  which  are  slightly  curved  inwards  and  upwards. 

Length  of  body 5-5  mm.  5     mm. 

„         forceps  ....      0-5     „  0-65   „ 

BuEMA:  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii.  (Genoa 
JItis.)  ;  Tenasserim  :  Thagata,  iv.  (Brit.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

It  also  occurs  in  Java. 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum, 

This  little  earwig  is  easily  recognizable  by  its  simple  form, 
tumid  and  globose  head,  small  build,  greyish-black  colour,  the 
very  distinct  transverse  whitish  stripe  or  broad  spot  usually 
present  on  the  elytra  near  the  base ;  the  stripes  on  the  elytra 
in  earwigs  are  almost  always  longitudinal.  It  has  a  superficial 
resemblance  to  an  ant, 

67.  Labia  luzonica,  Dohm. 

Labia  luzonica,  Dohm,  (64)  p.  427 ;  Bonn.  (88)  p.  439,  (94)  p.  386, 
(00^)  p.  70  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  26. 

Small,  orange-yellow,  pubescent.  Antennae  brown,  with  15 
segments  ;  third  cylindrical,  short ;  fourth  not  longer  than 
bi'oad  ;  the  others  all  short,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  cylin- 
drical. Head  tumid,  smooth,  chestnut ;  the  suture  obsolete, 
Pronotum  orange,  subquadrate  ;  the  posterior  margin  convex. 
Elytra  ample,  orange,  darker  along  the  suture.  Wings  of  the 
same  colour,  hairy.  Legs  short,  golden  yellow  ;  femora  rather 
thick.  Abdomen  dark  reddish  chestnut,  hairy.  Last  dorsal 
segment  emarginate  posteriorly,  narrow.  Forceps  with  the 
branches  unarmed  in  both  sexes,  deep  reddish  chestnut,  short, 


118  LABIID.'E. 

«tout,  and  trigonal  at  the  base ;  in  the  c?  subcontiguous,  straight 
and  strongly  tapering  towards  the  points,  which  are  strongly- 
incurved  ;  in  the  $  straight,  conical,  contiguous. 

Length  of  body    6'5  mm. 

,,         forceps    1       „ 

BuEMA  :  Bhamo,  viii.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Occurs  also  in  Borneo  and  the  Philippines. 

Eecognizable  by  its  small  size,  simple  form,  and  reddish-orange 
colour. 

It  is  included  in  the  Indian  list  on  the  strength  of  the  single 
female  reported  by  de  Bormans  from  Burma  ;  but  further 
collecting  will  doubtless  prove  it  to  be  fairly  common  in  Further 
India,  and  its  distribution  is  probably  more  extensive,  as  it  is  an 
indistinct  little  earwig  which  might  be  easily  overlooked. 

68.  Labia  curvicanda,  MotscJndshj.    (Fig.  38.) 

Forficesila  curvicanda,  Motsch.  (63)  p.  2,  tab.  1.  fig.  1. 

Labia  curvicauda,  Bohrn,  (64)  p.  428;  Biibr.  (79)  p.  364;  Bonn. 

(88)  p.  440,   (94)  p.  387,  (00-')  p.  70 ;  Burr,  (01)  p.  325,  (08") 

p.  33  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  26. 
Platylabia  guineensis,  Bohrn,   (67)   p.  348 ;    Bor7n.  (00-)   p.  75 ; 

Eirby'iOA)  p.  22. 
Platylabia  dimidiata,  Bohrn,  (67)  p.  348;  Borin.  (00")  p.  74  ;  Eirhy, 

(04)  p.  22. 
Platylabif.  camerunensis,  Borg,  (04)  p.  570,  pi.  26.  fig.  4. 
Platylabia  bibastata,  Bory,  (04)  p.  572,  pi.  26.  fig.  5. 
Platylabia  dimidiata,  Bohrn,  var.  guineensis  Sf  var.  camerunensis, 

Borelli,  (07)  p.  382. 

Size  small.  Colour  blackish  brown  or  reddish  chestnut,  some- 
times varied  with  yellowish.  Antennae  blackish  or  reddish  brown, 
with  some  segments  pale  or  yellow  ;  first  segment  clubbed ;  third 
cylindrical,  not  very  long ;  fourth  about  equal  to  third,  and  a 
little  thicker ;  fifth  a  little  longer  than  fourth,  the  remainder 
gradually  lengthening ;  ?  14  segments.  Head  rather  tumid, 
gently  emarginate  posteriorly,  black  or  dark  brown.  Pi'onotuni 
longer  than  broad,  narrower  than  the  head,  convex  anteriorly, 
the  sides  parallel,  rounded  posteriorly;  black,  brown,  or  light 
yellow.  Elytra  black  or  deep  brown,  with  a  purplish  sheen, 
pubescent.  Wings  prominent,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  elytra. 
Legs  testaceous,  the  femora  usually  ringed  with  blackish.  Ab- 
domen reddish-chestnut  or  blackish  ;  rather  elongate,  depressed; 
parallel-sided  in  the  S ,  broad  about  the  middle  and  narrowed 
apically  in  the  5  .  Last  doi'sal  segment  of  cJ  transverse,  with  a 
median  longitudinal  depression  ;  narrowed  in  5 ,  the  depression 
less  marked.  Pygidium  of  S  depressed,  short  and  broad,  nearly 
square,  truncate  posteriorly,  not  always  very  prominent ;  of  $ 
hidden.     Porceps  of  6  remote  at  base,  straight,  dilated  on  inner 


LA.BIA.  ^^^ 


anar^in  in  basal  half,  then  abruptly  and  strongly  curved  inwards 
ZoTt  at  a  right  angle;  in  $  contiguous,  trigonal,  straight, 
tapering,  simple. 

6  2- 

Length  ot  body     •     5-5  mm. 

,,         forceps     1        V 

Ceylon:  Nuwara  Eliya,  Galle  (oo/?.  Bor.u.^s),  Peradeniya  (co^- 
Burr);  Bubma  :  Shwegu,  vi   .,  Katha  -\- {^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^' 

yiii.  (coll.  Burr)  ;  Karen-ni,  Keba  ^^'^f^-^^^V.?;   4^01    4700  ft 
4000-4300  ft.,  xii.,  i.;  Karen-ni,  Geku  District,  4300-4/00  tt., 
W  /\u    cryenoff  J/ms.):  Tenasseeim:  Meetau,  IV. 

All  the  names  mentioned  under  this  species  are  probably 
SY^oVlusTough  this  cannot  yet  be  said  to  be  proved.  The 
snecTenppears  to  be  as  widespread  and  consequently  as  variable 
as  ?he  uKsal  LaUdura  ripcn-ia  itself.  There  are  various  dis- 
?Lctions  quo  ed,  but  these  Ire  not  sufficient  to  3^«tafy  specific 
rani  Pxobably'if  PlatylaUa  r7-«-n-^.  Dohrn  as  understood 
C  de  Bormans,"has  its  pubescence  worn  and  rubbed  off,  it  becomes 
pI  .?S1,  Dohrn.'  To  Borelli  belongs  the  ci^^  of  fir^^^ 
fu^o-esting,  at  least  in  part,  this  synonymy,  and  in  hi  woik  on 
West  A  nkn  earwigs  he  discusses  these  two  so-called  species, 
ZfJoPrJLJensis  of  Borg.  PI  hihastataol  Borg  may  be 
dSnct^  as  the  form  of  the  pygidium  is  somewhat  different,  but 
tTclrJon    of    the   anteuL   as   a   character  has   no   value 

"\nTbe'same  way,  the  relative  abruptness  of  the  -rv^t-e  of 
the  forceps  of  the  male  is  a  notoriously  variable  feature  it 
requres  but  little  experience  to  make  the  Dermaptenst  sceptical 
as  to  the  value  of  an/ species  based  upon  shght  differences  in  the 

armature  of  the  forceps.  .  T3,i,.mn 

In  the  author's  collection  there  are  specimens  from  Bmma, 
Cevh>n  Java,  Madagascar,  Brazil,  West  Indies,  and  the  Seychelles 
and  he  cani'iot  find  any  satisfactory  --- /-'  ^f  ^^^^^^^.^^ 
of  them  as  specifically  distinct;  at  the  best  t^^y  offer  but^slight 
variations  of  colour  and  armature  which  ^^e  even  less  marked 
than  would  be  expected  over  so  extensive  a  distribution. 

69.  Labia  mucronata,  Stal.    (Fig.  39.) 

Forficula  mucronata, -Sic?/,  (60)  p.  303.  , ,    .-m  «  q^i  •   7),aA,- 

(01)  p.  324,  (02)  p.  481. 
Of  medium  size.  General  colour  blackish,  varied  with  tawny. 
AntennrS  14  segments,  rather  slender,  light  brown,  darker 
totrdTtCapex;  segments  cylindrical;  fourth  about  half  as 
lon^as  third;  fifth  alio  shorter  than  third ;  sixth  about  equal 
to  tibial      Head  black  and  smooth,  sutures  indistinct.     Pronotum 


120  xabiidjE. 

narrower  than  the  head  apically  but  about  as  wide  posteriorly, 
being  noticeably  dilated  posteriorly  ;  it  is  a  trifle  wider  than  long; 
the  prozoaa  tumid,  the  metazona  broadly  depressed,  black,  the 
sides  all  straight,  the  posterior  angles  rounded.  Elytra  ample, 
long,  smooth,  chocolate-brown,  with  a  broad  longitudinal  yellow 
or  orange  dorsal  band.  Wings  long,  smooth,  yellow,  with  a  dark 
band  along  the  suture.  Femora  stout,  blackish  brown,  the  knees 
yellowish ;  tibiae  yellowish,  with  a  fuscous  ring :  tarsi  pale. 
Abdomen  smooth,  deep  chocolate-brown,  elongate,  parallel-sided 
in  the  c5' ,  somewhat  narrowed  posteriorly  in  the  5  .  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  c?  transverse,  simple,  truncate  posteriorly ;  in  2 
narrowed.  Pygidium  of  S  prominently  produced,  generally 
lanceolate,  pointed  at  the  apex  but  sometimes  blunt ;  in  5  not 
prominent,  black.  Forceps  red  or  black ;  in  the  cJ  the  branches 
are  remote  at  the  base,  slender,  elongate  and  gently  curved 
inwards  towards  the  apex,  with  a  long  strong  and  sharp  tooth 
pointing  downwards  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  base. 

6  2 

Length  of  body   3-5*5  mm.         7     mm. 

„         forceps 1-2        „  1-5     „ 

Ceylon  :  Colombo  and  Matale  (coll.  Burr) ;  Burma  :  Bhamo  ; 
viii. ;  Shwegu,  x. ;  Karen-ni,  Geku  Distr.,  4300-4700  ft.  {Genoa 
Mus.)  ;  Tenasserim  :  Meetan,  Thagata,  iv. ;  hills  between  the 
rivers  Meekalan  and  Khyeat,  3700-4700  ft.,  iii.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Stockholm  Museum. 

This  species  is  abundant  throughout  the  Oriental  Region ;  it  is 
easy  to  recognize  by  the  orange  spots  on  the  elytra  and  wings, 
by  the  long-pointed  pygidium,  and  by  the  slender  forceps  with 
the  long  sharp  tooth  pointing  downwards  near  the  base. 

70.  Labia  pilicornis,  Motscli.     (Fig.  40.) 

Forficula  pilicornis,  Motsth.  (63)  p.  2. 

Labia  piUcornis,   Dohni,  (04)  p.  437;    Borm.  (00-)  p.  72;  Burr, 
(01)  p.  326;  Eirlij,  (04)  p.  26. 

Small,  greyish  or  yellowish  brown.  Antennae  with  about  15 
segments  ;  third  elongate,  cylindrical ;  fourth  and  fifth  nearly  as 
long  as  third,  subcylindrical,  the  rest  slender,  pyrifoi'm.  Head 
smooth  or  tumid,  sutures  faint ;  brown  or  blackish.  Pronotum  as 
broad  as  the  head  and  as  broad  as  long,  anterior  margin  and  sides 
straight,  posterior  margin  rounded  ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid, 
metazona  depressed.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  greyish  brown. 
Wings  long,  of  the  same  colour.  Legs  slender,  light  brown. 
Abdomen  reddish,  sometimes  passing  to  blackish ;  parallel-sided 
in  c?  1  narrowed  apically  in  $  .  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  trans- 
verse, rectangular  ;  strongly  narrowed  in  the  $ .  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  <S  very  ample  and  broadly  rounded.  Pygidium 
of  (S  depressed,  rather  broad  at  the  base,  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  greatest  breadth,  suddenly  narrox^ed  before  the  apex,  which  is 


LABIA.  121 

truncate  ;  in  5  not  prominent.  Forceps  with  the  branches  in 
the  c?  remote,  slender,  nearly  straight,  gently  arcuate,  the  inner 
margin  crenulate ;  in  2  short,  conical,  contiguous,  and  nearly 
straight. 

Length  of  body    3-5-4  mm. 

„         forceps    ....  1m 

Ceylon  :  Peradeniya  {E.  E.  Green  ;  coll.  Burr). 

This  species,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  earwigs,  was  described 
by  Motschulsky  from  a  single  female ;  so  its  true  affinities 
remained  unknown  till  Mr.  Green  found  two  males  at  Peradeniya 
which  are  undoubtedly  referable  to  this  species  and  were  in 
company  with  the  female. 

It  is  at  first  glance  almost  indistinguishable  from  the  common 
European  Labia  minor,  L.,  but  differs  in  the  perfectly  parallel- 
sided  pronotum,  and  quite  distinct,  though  small,  pygidium,  which 
resembles  what  is  often  mistaken  for  the  pygidium  in  L.  minor, 
but  is  really  a  spine  on  the  penultimate  ventral  segment. 

71.  Labia  ridens,  i>or?».**     (Pig.  42.) 

Labia  ridens,  Borm.  (94)  p.  ^88,  (00')  ]■.  (!() ;  Kirby,  (Oi)  p.  20. 
Labia  ridens  var.  cyclolabia,  Borm.  (9J)  p.  38  >,  (Ooj  p.  60;  Kirby, 
(04)  p.  26. 

Ihe  whole  body  thickly  pubescent,  with  long  yellowish  hairs 
and  bristles.  Kelatively  large  ;  orange  red,  with  blackish  head 
and  elytra.  Antenna?  brown,  with  apical  segments  pale  ;  third 
segment  rather  short,  subclavate  ;  fourth  segment  rather  thicker, 
as  long  as  third;  fifth  as  loi)g  as  fourth.  Head  black  or  very 
dark  brown,  rather  depressed,  sutures  not  very  distinct.  Pronotum 
orange-yellow,  nearly  squai-e,  almost  as  broad  as  the  head  ;  anterior 
margin  convex,  sides  parallel ;  posterior  margin  rounded.  Elytra 
ample,  long  and  broad,  blackish  brown,  coriaceous  ;  apical  margins 
obliquely  truncate.  Wings  long,  prominent,  of  tlie  same  colour 
and  consistency  as  the  elytra.  Legs  yellow.  Abdomen  orange- 
yellow,  elongate  and  parallel-sided,  lateral  tubercles  strongly 
marked  ;  sliglitly  dilated  in  the  middle  in  the  $  .  Last  dorsal 
segment  ample,'  rectangular,  transverse,  smooth,  with  a  pair  of 
obsolete  tubercles  in  the  middle  of  the  hinder  margin.  Pygidium 
of  6  and  $  prominent,  depressed,  forming  a  nearly  square 
flattened  plate  ;  posterior  margin  truncate,  the  angles  tuberculi- 
form,  the  sides  parallel.  Porceps  with  the  branches  orange-red, 
remote  at  the  base,  depressed  and  elongate  ;  of  the  S  there  are 
two  forms : — 

(a)  macrolahia,  var.  n.  Branches  very  elongate,  straight,  gently 
curved  inwards  at  the  apex,  the  inner  margin  depressed  and 
produced  into  an  elongate,  crenulate,  flattened  plate,  terminating 
in  a  sharp  tooth  about  two-thirds  the  way  down. 

(b)  cyclolabia,  Borm .    The  branches  short,  very  gently  diverging 


122  LABIIDiE, 

in  basal  third,  then  sharply  bowed  inwards  at  an  obtuse  angle, 
attenuate  and  straight,  converging  to  the  points  which  are  gently 
hooked ;  the  inner  margin  near  the  base  depressed,  produced  into 
a  flattened  triangular  projection  which  terminates  at  the  end  of 
the  pygidium.  In  the  $  the  branches  somewhat  similar,  but 
shorter ;  the  flattened  plate  is  present  but  decidedly  shorter,  has 
no  teeth,  and  the  crenulations  are  very  feeble. 
macrolahia.  cyclolahla. 

6  S  2 

Length  of  body ... .      10-11    mm.        6-6-5  mm.        7"5-9-5  mm. 
„         forceps .  .  4-5    „  2-2-5     ,,  •       3    -3-5     ., 

Burma  :  Rangoon,  v./xii.  (var.  cyclolahia  ;  Genoa  Mus.) ;  Karen- 
ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v./xii.  (both  forms,  Genoa 
Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

Easily  to  recognize  by  the  relatively  great  size,  the  form  of  the 
pygidium,  and  of  the  forceps,  which  differ  in  the  two  forms  only 
in  degree,  the  macrolahia  being  the  result  of  the  elongation  of  the 
cifdolabia,  which  is  probably  the  original  and  normal  form. 

72.  Labia  pygidiata,  Buhr.**     (Fig.  41.) 

Labia  ?  pygidiata,  Dubr.  (79)  p.  •'564,  fig.  in  text,  S  2  • 

Labia  pygidiata,  Borm.  (94)  p.  387,  (00-)  p.  65  ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  26. 

Relatively  large ;  chocolate-brown.  Antennae  with  15  segments, 
brown,  the  third  segment  rather  short  and  subclavate ;  fourth 
pear-shaped,  almost  as  long  as  the  third  ;  the  rest  about  the  same 
length,  all  pear-shaped.  Head  tumid,  black,  sutures  indistinct. 
Pronotum  chocolate-brown,  a  trifle  wider  posteriorly  than  an- 
teriorly, sides  straight,  hinder  border  gently  rounded,  the  angles 
rounded.  Elytra  ample,  purplish  brown,  densely  pubescent, 
coriaceous,  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  pronotum.  "Wings 
prominent,  of  the  same  colour  and  texture  as  the  elytra,  but  with 
a  transverse  pale  yellow  band  just  beyond  apex  of  the  elytra. 
Legs  yellowish,  banded  with  brown.  Abdomen  elongate,  parallel- 
sided,  reddish  brown,  lateral  tubercles  distinct ;  slightly  wider  in 
the  middle  in  the  $  .  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  large,  square, 
smooth,  with  two  tubercles  at  the  roots  of  the  forceps  and  a 
longitudinal  median  impression.  Pygidium  cf  <S  large,  broad 
and  prominent,  narrow  at  the  base,  then  strongly  widened, 
terminating  in  four  depressed  sharp  triangular  points  ;  the 
median  portion  is  tumid,  the  edges  depressed ;  in  the  $  the 
pygidium  is  less  prominent  and  quadrangular.  Forceps  of  6 
with  the  branches  remote  at  the  base,  rather  strong,  depressed, 
elongate,  gently  arched,  the  inner  margin  with  a  double  edge 
and  with  a  sharp  tooth  just  beyond  the  middle  ;  in  the  $  the 
branches  are  also  straight,  elongate  and  remote  at  the  base,  the 
inner  margin  being  slightly  dilated  in  the  middle  to  form  an 
obsolete  tooth  ;  in  colour  the  forceps  are  reddish  or  yellowish. 


LABIA.  123 

Length  of  body   7"5  mm.         7     mm. 

„         forceps    2-5     „  1'5     ,, 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  vi./xii.,  i./xii. 
(Genoa  3Jus.). 

Also  recorded  from  Java,  Oahu  (coll.  Burr),  and  Hawaii  (Ferlcins, 
Brit.  Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

L.  pygidiata  is  recognizable  by  the  star-shaped  pygidium,  but 
probably  two  species  are  confused  under  one  name.  The  Hawaiian 
specimens  have  the  elytra  much  lighter  in  colour,  and  very  deci- 
dedly shorter  and  the  wings  shortened,  so  that  the  transverse 
yellow  band  is  hidden  by  the  elytra,  the  pronotum  is  half  yellow, 
the  fifth  antennal  segment  is  more  clubbed  and  the  other  seg- 
ments more  pyriform  :  the  forceps  of  the  female  have  the  inner 
margin  denticulate  throughout  their  length.  This  is  perhaps  an 
insular  form,  an  incipient  species,  which  we  may  soon  be  able 
to  discriminate  accurately  when  we  can  critically  examine  more 
material  from  its  entire  geographical  range. 

73.  Labia  arachidis,  Yersm.     (Fig.  82.) 

Forficula  arachidis,  Yersin,  (60)  p.  509,  pi.  x,  figs.  3.3-35 ;  Scudder, 

(76)  p.  311. 
Chelidura  arachidis,  Brunner,  (82)  p.  21. 
Aptervgida  arachidis,  Burr,  (00^)  p.  -52,  (01)  p.  330,  (07^)  p.  209; 

Borm.  (00-)  p.  117  ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  44. 
Forficesila  nigripeunis,  Motsch.  (63)  p.  1 ;  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  89. 
P'orficula  wallacei,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  88  (tvpe  iu  Dohru's  collection); 

Dubr.  (79)  p.  337  ;  Scudder,  (76)  p.  318. 
Forficula  (Apterygida)  gravidula,  Gerst.  (73)  p.  50,  pi.  3,  fig.  9. 
Labia  gravidula,  Borm.  (84^)  p.  197. 
Apterygida  gravidula,  Borm.  (00-)  p.  117. 
Sphiiigolabis  wallacei,  Bor^n.  (88)  p.  448. 
Sphingolabis  arachidis,  Borm.  (94)  p.  406  ;  Bol.  (97)  p.  286. 
Sphingolabis  gravidula,  Borm.  (93)  p.  407. 

Dark  brown  or  castaneous,  hairless.  Antennae  with  12-13 
segments.  Pronotum  square,  with  the  lateral  mai'gins  paler, 
and  the  posterior  margin  straight.  Elytra  free,  black  or  reddish, 
the  hinder  margin  truncate.  Wings  abortive.  Legs  testaceous. 
Femora  sometimes  with  a  blackish  band  near  the  base.  Abdomen 
glabrous,  each  segment  with  a  very  short  pubescence  at  the  hinder 
margin  ;  segments  5-8  in  the  male,  and  sometimes  also  the  forceps, 
slightly  punctulated.  In  the  male  the  anal  segment  is  sub- 
quadrate,  impressed  in  the  middle,  with  no  tubercles ;  the  forceps 
have  the  branches  remote  at  the  base,  short,  slender,  cylindrical, 
gently  incurved,  with  a  very  small  tooth  on  the  inner  margin  at 
the  base  itself  and  another  in  the  apical  third.  In  the  female 
the  anal  segment  is  the  same  as  in  the  male ;  the  branches  of  the 
forceps  are  short  and  curved  in  towards  the  apex. 


124  LABIID^. 

S  2 

Length  of  body    8     ram.         8     mm. 

„         forceps    2-25  ,,  1-75  „ 

Bengal  :  Calcutta  (Brussels  3Jns.) ;  Madras  :  Trichinopoli ; 
Bombay  :  Surat  (coll.  Burr)  ;  Ceylon  :  Nuwara  Eliya  ;  Burma  : 
Teinzo,  iv./v.,  between  Prome  and  Mandalay,  iii,,  Eangoon, 
vi./viii,  Bhamo,  iii.  (Genoa  2his.);  Texasserim  :  Meetan,  iv. 
(Genoa  3Jus.). 

This  species  is  absolutely  cosmopolitan  and  exists  in  swarms, 
under  artificial  conditions,  in  almost  every  part  of  the  world.  It 
is  numerous  in  collections  from  all  parts  of  tropical  Asia,  and  if 
this  is  not  its  original  home,  it  has  at  least  become  very  effec- 
tually naturalized.  It  varies  to  some  extent  in  intensity  and 
shade  of  colour,  as  is  to  be  expected,  and  consequently  has  been 
described  under  a  variety  of  names,  but  they  are  all  here  referred 
with  little  hesitation  to  the  same  species. 

De  Bormans  placed  tliis  species  in  Aiyteryglda,  but  its  affinities 
are  entirely  with  Labia,  ia  which  Gerstajcker  and  Scudder  placed  it. 
De  Bormans  maintains  that  the  second  tarsal  segment  is  lobed, 
but  this  structure  is  so  minute  that  it  cannot  be  regai'ded  as  a 
true  bilobed  forficuline  tarsus. 


G-enus  PLATYLA.BIA,  Dohrn. 

Platylabia,  Dohrn,  (67'-)  p.  347. 

Labidopliora,  Scndil.  (76)  p.  297. —  Type,  PLatylabia  major,  Dohrn, 

Type,  Platylahia  major,  Dohrn. 

(Scudder  suggested  the  name  Lahidophora,  as  he  considered 
Platylabia  to  resemble  too  closely  P/(//^/7rt6«s,"\Vesmael,  in  Hymeno- 
ptera ;  but  of  course  this  objection  does  not  stand,  and  Dohrn's 
original  name  holds  good.) 

Antennae  with  10-13  segments  ;  third  segment  elongate  and 
subclavate  ;  fourth  almost  as  long,  ovate  or  pear-shaped  ;  the  rest 
ovate  or  elongate  pear-shaped.  Head  depressed  but  smooth, 
sutures  obsolete.  Pronotum  narrower  than  the  head,  more  or 
less  narrowed  and  convex  anteriorly  ;  sides  parallel  and  hinder 
margin  rounded.  Elytra  very  flat  and  well  developed.  Wings 
prominent.  Legs  moderately  long ;  first  and  second  tarsal  seg- 
ments about  equally  long.  Abdomen  strongly  flattened,  elongate, 
parallel-sided,  lateral  glandular  folds  not  present.  Last  dorsal 
segment  ample,  subquadrate,  smooth.  Penultimate  ventral  seg- 
ment ample,  rounded.  Pygidium  generally  prominent  in  both 
sexes.  Porceps  elongate,  variously  armed ;  those  of  $  also 
elongate,  generally  dilated  or  laminate. 

Range.  Oriental  Eegion. 

Allied  to  Labia ;  differs  in  the  strongly  flattened  body  and  the 
obsolete  lateral  abdominal  folds ;  the  pronotum  is  narrowed 
anteriorly,  the  fore-border  being  almost  produced  into  a  neck. 


PLATYLABIA.  125 

The  colour  is  invariably  bright  orange  or  black ;  these  two 
shade  into  one  another  insensibly  or  interchange,  and  so  no 
weight  can  be  attached  to  colour  in  this  genus. 

At  first  glance  the  single  known  species  of  Palex  closely 
resembles  this  genus,  owing  to  the  black  and  chestnut  coloration, 
build,  and  strongly  depressed  body. 

The  genus  needs  revision  and  a  thorough  comparison  of  types. 

Table  of  Species. 

L  Pygidium  not  prominent     major,  Dohrn,  p.  125. 

1.1.  Pygidium  of  c?  prominent. 

2.  Pj'gidiumof  S  broad,  bilobed  at  apex .    gestroi,  Dubr.,  p.  125. 
2.2.  Pygidium  of  S  elongate,  more  or  less 
rectangular. 
3.  Pygidium  of  S  with  one   point   at 

apex     thoracicn,  Dohrn,  p.  126. 

3.3.  Pygidium  with  8  points  at  apex.  .  .  .     nigriceps,  Kirby,  p.  127. 

74.  Platylabia  major,  Dolvm. 

Platy labia  major,  Do^rM,  (67^)  p.  347;  Dubr.  (79)  p.  371;  Borm. 

(94)  p.  380,  (002)  p_  74 .  Xirby,  (04)  p.  22 ;  Bun;  (00^)  p.  50. 
Labidophora  major,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  321. 

Head,  pronotum,  elytra  and  wings  deep  jet-black,  the  rest  o£ 
the  body  orange-yellow.  Pygidium  not  prominent.  Branches 
of  forceps  of  S  flat,  with  a  strong  depressed  tooth  just  before  the 
middle  of  the  inner  margin. 

S 

Length  of  body 10        mm. 

„         forceps l'75-2     „ 

Burma:  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  April  to 
December  {Genoa  Mus.)  ;  Ceylon  {Brussels  M us.). 

According  to  de  Bormans,  this  species  is  distinguished  by  the 
short  pygidium  of  the  male,  which  is  not  very  prominent.  It  is 
recorded  from  Ceylon  (Brussels  Mus.),  but  the  identification  is 
doubtful ;  it  is  also  recorded  from  Celebes  and  from  Java. 

75.  Platylabia  gestroi,  Duhr. 

Platvlabia  gestroi,  Dubr.  (79)  p.  372,  fig.  in  text :  Borm.  (88)  p.  436, 
(94)  p.  380,  (00-)  p.  74  ;  Burr,  (04)  p.  300  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  22. 

Relatively  large,  with  dense  dark  pubescence.  Antennae  with 
13  segments,  the  eight  basal  segments  brown,  the  rest  yellow  ;  all 
cylindrical.  Head  black,  posterior  margin  somewhat  emarginate, 
sutures  indistinct.  Pronotum  black,  nearly  as  wide  as  the  head 
and  a  little  longer,  posterior  margin  gently  rounded  ;  prozona 
tumid,  sides  and  metazona  flat.  Elytra  twice  as  long  as  the  pro- 
notum, black,  finely  punctulate,  truncate  posteriorly.  Wings 
long,  of  the  same  colour  and  consistence  as  the  pronotum. 
Femora  fairly  stout;  legs  yellowish,  varied  with  fuscous.  Abdo- 
men reddish  chestnut.     Last  dorsal  segment  ample,  broader  than 


126  LABIIDiE. 

long,  smooth,  with  a  faint  median  impression,  and  a  pair  of  small 
tubercles  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Ventral  surface  clear  red. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  ample,  quadrate.  Pygidium  broad 
and  iiat,  prominent,  depressed,  posterior  margin  with  a  shallow 
emargination,  the  angles  produced  outwards  into  blunt  triangular 
lobes.  Porceps  with  branches  dark  brown,  remote  at  the  base, 
nearly  straight,  elongate  and  trigonal,  taj^ering  and  recurved 
towards  the  apex  ;  about  one-third  the  way  down,  the  inner 
margin  is  abruptly  dilated  to  form  a  flat  plate  with  a  straight  edge, 
which  disappears  just  before  the  apex. 

2  resembles  the  male ;  pygidium  of  the  same  form,  but  forceps 
simpler,  without  the  dilated  plate. 

BiTRMA:  Bhamo,  A'iii.  {Genoa  M^is.);  Tenasserim  :  Thagata, 
viii.  {Genoa  Mns.). 

Also  recorded  from  New  Guinea  and  doubtfully  from  Diego 
Suarez. 

Tyj^e  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

Distinguished  by  the  broad  bilobed  pygidium  and  the  flattened 
straight-edged  plate  inside  the  forceps.  Dubrony's  figure,  though 
marked  a  c?  ,  might  well  be  a  §  ,  and  pi-obably  the  type  of  P.  gesiroi 
is  only  the  $  of  PI.  thoracica  or  PI.  nigriceps. 

76.  Platylabia  thoracica,  Dohm.     (Pig.  83.) 

Platvlabia  thoracica,  Dohru,  {Cu-)  p.  348  ;  Dvbr.  (79)  p.  371  ;  Bonn. 

(88)  p.  436,  (94)  p.  380,  (00^)  p.  73  ;  Burr,  (01)  p.  76,  (02)  p.  482 ; 

Kirby,  (04)  p.  22. 
Labidophora  thoracica,  Scudd.  (76)  p.  322. 

Brown  and  black.  Antennae  brownish,  paler  towards  the  apex. 
Head  reddish  brown.  Pronotum  brown  and  yellowish.  Elytra 
and  wings  blackish  brown.  Abdomen  reddish.  Pygidium  of  c? 
quadrate,  flat,  posterior  margin  with  a  point  in  the  middle; 
of  $  similar,  but  posterior  margin  gently  emarginate.  Forceps 
of  (S  elongate,  remote  at  the  base,  depressed  and  nearly  straight : 
the  inner  margin  armed  with  a  strong  tooth  about  the  middle  ; 
of  2  ^ik®  ^^^^  °^  ^^^  ^  1  ^^^^  without  the  tooth,  the  inner  margin 
rather  dilated  and  depressed. 

Ceylon:  Punduluoya  and  Peradeniya  {Green',  coll.  Burr)-., 
BuKMA  :  Teinzo,  v.  {Genoa  Mus.) ;  Tenasserim  :  Kokarit,  i./ii. 
{Genoa  Mus.). 

Also  recorded  from  Penang,  Sumatra,  Aru  Is.,  and  Celebes. 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  male  of  this  species  is  the 
rectangular  pygidium  with  a  single  point  in  the  middle  of  the 
posterior  margin.  Attributed  to  it  are  the  females  which  have 
the  inner  margin  of  the  forceps  dilated  and  the  pygidium  with 
the  posterior  margin  gently  emarginate.  There  is  nothing  to 
distinguish  these  from  the  females  of  PI.  nigriceps,  and  very 
probably  PI.  nigriceps  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  a  variety  of 
PI.  thoracica,  from  which  it  appears  to  differ  only  in  the  presence 
of  three  points  in  the  pygidium  of  the  male. 

It  may  be  that  the  same  type  of  female  forceps  and  pygidium  is 


PLATYLABIA. SPniXGOLABIS.  127 

common  to  the  two  species,  if  they  are  distinct,  for  we  find  ahnosfc 
identically  the  same  form  in  the  females  of  SpMngolahis  {Cha'to- 
spania)  volcana.  Burr  (Madagascar),  and  an  approach  to  it  in 
several  species  of  Sjutratta  and  an  allied  genus. 

77.  Platylabia  nigriceps,  Xirh>/.*    (Fig.  43.) 

Platylabia  nigriceps,  Kirbj/,  (91)  p.  518,  (04)  p.  27  ;  Borm.  (00-) 

p.  74. 
Platylabia  faUax,  Bonn**  (94)  p.  380 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  22. 

Head  blackish  brown.  Elytra  and  wings  well-developed,  shining 
black,  coriaceous.  Abdomen  reddish  chestnut.  Pygidium  of  d" 
long  and  narrow,  very  prominent,  posterior  margin  straight,  with 
three  little  tubercles,  one  at  each  angle  and  one  in  the  middle ; 
2  similar  to  the  d" ,  but  the  apex  is  emarginate  and  only  the 
tubercles  at  the  angles  remain.  Branches  of  the  forceps  of 
the  c?  trigonal  and  remote  at  the  base,  nearly  straight ;  just 
beyond  the  middle  on  the  inner  margin  is  a  strong  sharp  tooth 
directed  apically.  In  the  $  the  bi-anches  are  parallel,  the  inner 
margin  dilated  into  a  flat  plate,  with  a  crenulated  edge  extending 
from  one  quarter  of  the  length  to  about  three-quarters. 

.^  2 

Length  of  body 7*5  mm.         7"5  mm. 

„         forceps 2-5    „  2-25   „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v./xii.  (Genoa 
3Ius.). 

Also  recorded  from  New  Guinea. 

Tijj^e  of  nigriceps  in  the  British  Museum  ;  of  fallacc  in  the 
Genoa  Museum. 

De  Bormans  at  first  discriminated  P.  fallax  from  P.  nir/)-l,cep)s, 
but  afterwards  admitted  their  identity.  The  latter  is  here  included 
as  a  distinct  species  because  the  case  is  not  yet  quite  proven  in 
favour  of  its  inclusion  as  a  varietal  form  of  P.  ilioracica.  From 
the  description  and  from  syntypes  of  P.  fallax  (=mgriceps)  in  the 
author's  possession,  it  is  impossible  to  discriminate  the  females 
of  P.  nigriceps  from  those  of  P.  thoracica.  The  pygidium  difters 
so  little  in  the  males,  that  it  is  almost  certain  that  P.  fallax 
and  P.  nigriceps  are  synonyms  of  P.  thoracica,  and  very  likely 
P.  gestroi  is  the  female. 

Genus  SPHINGOLABIS,  Bormans. 

Chfetospania,  A'«rsc/?,  (8G)  p.  87  (nov;.  syn.). — Ti/pe  :  Ch.  inornata^ 
Karsch  (Madagascar). 

Type,  Sphingolahis  farcifer,  Borm.  (84^)  p.  194  {=  Sparatta 
semifidva,  Borm.). 

Body  depressed.  Antennae  with  12  segments  ;  third  segment 
gently  clavate,  fourth  ovate,  nearly  as  long  as  third,  the  rest 
pear-shaped.  Head  smooth,  rather  depressed,  sutures  obsolete. 
Pronotum   nearly   square.      Mesosternum   transverse,   truncate. 


128  LABIID.^. 

MetasterDal  lobe  narrow,  truncate.  Elytra  and  wings  well 
developed.  Legs  moderately  long,  slender ;  third  tarsal  segment  a 
trifle  shorter  than  the  first.  Abdomen  depressed,  parallel-sided, 
with  lateral  tubercles.  Last  dorsal  segment  ample.  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  ample,  rounded.  Pygidium  various.  Forceps 
elongate,  various. 

Banf/c.  Tropical  Asia  and  Africa. 

Approaches  PJatylahia  in  the  form  of  the  antennte  and  the 
depi'essed  body,  but  the  depression  is  not  so  strougly  marked, 
and  the  lateral  abdominal  tubercles  are  distinct.  There  are 
about  a  dozen  species,  but  the  genus  needs  a  thorough  revision. 

S.  furcifer,  Borm.,  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  the  male  of 
Sjxiratta  semifulva,  Borm.,  which  is  congeneric  with  Chcvtospania 
inornata,  Karsch,  so  the  genus  Chcetosj^ania  coincides  with  Spliin- 
golahis. 

78.  Sphingolabis  feae,  Borm**     (Fig.  44.) 

Chsetospania  fese,  Bormans,  (94)  p.  390,  (00'^)  p.  76 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  22. 

Eeddish  testaceous,  with  long  pale  bristles.  Antennae  with  12 
segments,  fuscous,  the  apical  segment  paler.  Pronotum  black,  as 
broad  as  the  head,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  subrectangular,  with 
rounded  angles.  Elytra  ample,  black,  coriaceous.  Wings  of  the 
same  colour  and  texture.  Legs  yellowish.  Abdomen  reddish 
shaded  with  blackish  ;  lateral  tubercles  prominent ;  rectangular 
and  parallel-sided  in  the  S ,  slightly  dilated  in  the  middle  in 
the  $ .  Last  dorsal  segment  ample,  rectangular,  with  an  in- 
distinct triangular  median  depression  and  blunt  tubercles  over 
the  roots  of  the  forceps  ;  posterior  margin  truncate.  Pygidium 
of  cS  produced,  of  varying  length,  parallel-sided,  with  a  deep 
triangular  incision  at  the  apex ;  in  the  $  quadrate,  not  so 
prominent.  Forceps  with  the  branches  in  the  d'  remote  at 
the  base,  trigonal,  depressed,  elongate,  nearly  straight,  gently 
curved  inwards  at  the  apex,  with  a  sharp  tooth  a  little  beyond 
the  middle  on  the  inner  margin ;  in  the  $  broader,  thicker 
and  shorter,  nearer  together  than  in  the  d",  the  inner  margin 
somewhat  dilated  and  crenulate. 


d 

2 

6-7*5    mm. 

6-5  -7'5    mm 

2-25-3-25     „ 

1-75-2-25     „ 

Length  of  body    .... 
,,         forceps    . . 

Burma  :  Karen-ui,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v./xii.,  4000- 
4300  ft.,  i. ;  Karen-ni,  Geku  District,  4300-4700  ft.  ii./iii. 
(Genoa  Mus.,  Brit.  Miis.,  coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  species  resembles  some  forms  of  Platylabia,  especially  in 
the  female,  but  the  body  is  less  depressed  and  the  form  of  the 
pygidium  of  the  male  is  quite  characteristic. 

It  occurs  in  Lombok  and  probably  also  in  Java. 


FOBFICULIDiE. 


]29 


Family  V.  FORFICULID^. 

This  important  and  extensive  family  contains  the  highest 
developed  earwigs.  It  is  well  characterized  by  the  form  of  the 
second  segment  of  the  tarsi,  which  is  never  simple,  but  invariably 
lobed,  though  the  form  of  the  lobe  varies  to  some  extent. 

In  the  Glielisochincn  it  is  as  narrow  as  the  other  segments,  but 
is  produced  into  a  slender  long  lobe  beneath  the  third  segment. 

In  the  other  subfamilies  it  is  broadened,  dilated  on  each  side, 
so  as  to  assume  somewhat  the  shape  of  a  heart. 


Table  of  Suhfamilles,^ 

1.  Second  tarsal  segment  narrow,  pro- 
duced into  a  lobe  beneath  the  third. 
1.1.  Second  tarsal  segment  broad,  dilated  to 
form  heart-shaped  lobe  on  each  side. 
2.  Meso-  and  metasternal  plates  de- 
cidedly  broad    and    transverse. 
(Abdomen  broad,  widest  about 
the  middle  and  narrower  at  the 

apex)  

2.2.  Meso-  and  metasternal  plates  not 
decidedly  transverse,  subquadrate 
and  naiTow. 
3.  Abdomen  more  or  less  depressed ; 
(last    dorsal    segment    trans- 
verse)   

3.3.  Abdomen  convex,  little  de- 
pressed :  (last  dorsal  segment 
often  tapering) 


[p.  129. 
ChelisocJiince, 


[p.  148. 
AnecJiurince, 


3.  Forficulhia',  p.  162. 

[p.  175. 

4.  OjpistJiocosmiina;, 


Subfamily  I.  CHELISOCHIN.E. 

This  subfamily  contains  at  present  nine  genera,  of  which  all 
but  two  are  known  to  be  represented  in  British  India. 


Fig.  10. — Antenna  of  Forficida 
hechehiib.  Burr. 


Fig.  11.— Tarsus  of  Ext/pnus 
■jndchripeiinis,  Borm. 


The  characteristic  of  the  family  is  the  form  of  the  second  tarsal 
segment,  which  is  not  simple  and  cylindrical,  as  in  the  preceding 


1  Some  of  these  definitions  and  distinctions  are  only  provisional,  as  the 
classification  of  this  group  is  still  incomplete. 


130 


roiiFicrLiD.D. 


families,  but  is  provided  with  a  long  narrow  lobe,  which  is  prodaeed 
beneath  the  third  segment.  In  the  following  subfamily,  the  Forji- 
culino',  the  second  tarsal  segment  is  also  lobed,  but  in  a  totally 
diilerent  manner,  being  broad  and  dilated  on  each  side,  and  not 
produced  beneath  the  third  segment.  In  the  Chelisochina'  this 
character  is  not  visible  from  above,  as  the  tarsus  is  uniformly 
narrow,  but  can  only  be  distinguished  from  the  side,  and  in  the 
smaller  species  the  lobe  is  often  marked  by  a  dense  pubescence. 

The  Chelisochina'  are,  as  a  rule,  moderately  sized  insects,  but 
some  forms  are  quite  large. 

There  are  two  general  types  of  coloration  :  Proreus  and  Hamaxas 
are  generally  brown  or  reddish,  varied  \'\ith  black,  while  Cheli- 
soches,  Chelisochella,  Exijiinns,  and  AdiatheUis  are  black  or  dark 
brown,  often  with  a  metallic  lustre  which  is  sometimes  veiy 
brilliant. 


TaUe  of  Genera. 

1.  Elytra  with  a  sharp  keel  running  from 

theslioulder  to  the  apex;  (legs  long- and  [p.  131. 

slender ;  elytra  broad  and  rounded)  .  .     Chelisochella,  Verb., 
1.1.  Keel  of  elytra  absent  or  present  only  at 
shoulder,  dying  out  long  before  reach- 
ing the  apex. 
2.  Tibife  flattened  and  furrowed  above  in 
the  apical  half. 
3.  Tarsi  and  tibia3  long  and  slender: 

(elytra  and  wings  metallic)    ....     ExYPNrs,  Burr,  p.  132. 
3.3.  Tarsi  and  tibiiB  short. 

4.  Antennae   with    fourth    segment 

clubbed  or  conical ;  (medium-  [p.  134. 

sized  and  dark  species)   Chelisoches,  Scudd., 

4.4.  Antennfe    with    fourth   segment 

cylindrical     or     ovate  ;     (size 

medium   or  small ;    brown  or 

reddish). 

5.  Wings    deA'eloped  ;     abdomen 

rather  depressed  and  dilated  ; 

forceps  depressed  and  strongly 

toothed  ;  elytra  not  excavate 

at  basal  angle  n  reus,  Burr,  p.  136. 

5.5.  Wings  abortive ;  abdomen  cy- 
lindrical ;  elytra  rounded  off 
at  basal  angle,  exposing  a 
small  scutellum ;  forceps  long 

and  very  slender SoLENOSOMA,Burr,  p.l40. 

2.2.  Tibife   smooth   above,  not  furrowed, 
flattened  only  at  the  apex  itself. 
3.  Stout  insects,  dark   or  metallic  in 
colour  ;     pronotum     trapezoidal, 

widened  posteriorly    ADiATHETTJS,Burr,p.l41. 

3.3.  Weaker  insects  ;  colour  never  me- 
tallic ;  forceps  rather  slender ; 
pronotum  ovate,  not  widened 
posteriorly    Hamaxas,  Burr,  p.  147. 


CHELISOCHELLA.  131 


Genus  CHELISOCHELLA,  VerJmff. 

Chelisochella,  Verhcef,  {02')  p.  190. 
Lobophora,  Serv.,  (39)  p.  32  (pars). 
Chelisoclies,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  295  (pars). 

TrPE,  Lohopliora  superha,  Dohrn. 

Large,  powerful ;  segments  4  and  5  of  antennae  equally  long,, 
together  longer  than  3.  Head  tuuiid,  sutures  deep.  Pronotum 
as  wide  as  the  head,  not  broadened  posteriorly.  Elytra  ample, 
very  broad,  smooth  and  shining,  with  a  distinct  keel  running  the 
whole  length  of  the  costal  fold.  Wings  long  and  prominent. 
Legs  long  and  slender ;  tibia*  compressed,  smooth  above,  not 
flattened  or  furrowed ;  tarsi  long  and  slender.  Abdomen  stout, 
broad  and  depressed ;  last  dorsal  segment  of  J  large,  smooth,  and 
tuberculate.  Pygidium  small  in  both  sexes.  Porceps  stout, 
depressed,  elongate,  toothed. 

Range.  Oriental  Region. 

This  genus  is  very  inaptly  named  by  Verha3fF,  who  gives  it  a 
diminutive  tei-mination,  though  it  includes  the  largest  species  of 
the  family,  and  one  of  the  largest  known  species  of  earwigs.  It 
is  characterixed  by  the  broadened  elytra  with  a  sharp  and  distinct 
keel  running  the  entire  length  of  the  costal  fold. 

It  would  appear  that  Verhceft'  was  familiar  only  with  the  typical 
species,  as  it  must  have  been  by  guess-work  that  he  included 
Chelisoches  pyulcliripennis,  Borm.,  and  Ch.  ghmcopterus,  Borm.,  on 
the  strength  of  their  metallic  coloration.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
those  two  species  have  only  a  very  short  keel  on  the  elytra,  and 
so  are  excluded  from  the  genus  by  Verhcefi's  own  characterisation. 

The  genus  is  monotypic,  for  the  reception  of  Lohopliora  superha, 
Dohrn,  of  which  Chelisoches  dorice,  Borm.  is  evidently  the  male. 

This  is  not  the  only  member  of  the  family  in  which  the  female 
has  highly  developed  "forceps,  having  all  the  appearance  of  a  male. 

79.  Chelisochella  superha,  Dohrn.    (Pig.  89,  a  &  b.) 

Lobophora  superba,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  71  ;  Dubr.  (79)  p.  37S. 
Chelisoches  superbus,  Scudd.  (76)  p.  309  :  Borm.  (00")  p  83  •  Burr 

(08')  p.  115.  K       ,  f         ,  y 

Chelisochella  superba,    Verh.  (02^)  p.  196  :  Burr,  (05)  p.  28.  (07M 

p.  128 ;  Kirhy  (04)  p.  35.  '  \     '  v        >  \      ) 

Chehsoches  doria;,  Borm.  (00'')  p.  463;    Burr,  (OP)  p.  95,  (08') 

p.  115. 
Chelisochella  dorife,  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  35. 

Large  and  powerful ;  black  with  a  purple  sheen.  Antennje 
blackish  brown,  wit  h(?)  23  segments  ;  the  iifteenth  or  sixteenth  seg- 
ment often  pale ;  third  segment  subclavate,  fourth  half  as  lono-  as 
third,  sixth  equal  to  third.  Head  black,  broad  and  depressed, 
somewhat  sinuate  posteriorly,  sutures  distinct ;  frons  tumid! 
Pronotum  purplish  black,  as  broad  as  the  head,  longer  than  broad, 
anterior  margin  truncate,  sides  parallel,  posterior  margin  rounded, 
reaching  well  over    the  elytra  ;     prozona  somewhat  tumid,  with 

k2 


132  FOUFICULIDJE. 

a  median  sulcus,  and  an  impression  on  each  side ;  metazona 
depressed.  Sternal  plates  brown.  Pronotum  long,  constricted 
posteriorly  ;  mesosternum  transverse,  truncate  posteriorly  ;  meta- 
sternum  with  lobe  short,  broad  and  truncate.  Elytra  black 
with  a  shining  purple  sheen  ;  ample,  long,  very  broad,  well 
rounded  at  the  shoulders,  the  costa  rounded,  the  apex  truncate ; 
a  distinct  keel  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  costal  told  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  apex.  Wings  prominent,  shining  purple-black, 
with  an  orange  spot  at  the  apex.  Legs  long,  rather  compressed, 
black ;  tibiie  smooth  above,  depressed  only  at  the  extreme  apex 
«n  the  upper  margin.  Abdomen  broad,  rather  depressed,  reddish 
black.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  c?  ample,  transverse ;  posterior 
margin  depressed  in  the  middle,  with  a  crenulated,  transverse, 
crested  tubercle  on  each  side  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps,  and 
the  exterior  angles  produced  to  a  point  ;  in  the  $  as  in  the  6 , 
but  the  tubercles  more  tumid,  less  crenulate.  Penultimate 
ventral  segment  of  cf  and  $  ample,  broad  and  rounded.  Pygidium 
of  c?  very  short,  almost  hidden;  of  $  short  and  broad,  with  a 
short  quadrangular  lobe  on  the  posterior  margin.  Porceps  with 
the  branches  reddish  black,  remote  at  the  base,  depressed,  trigonal, 
elongated  and  robust;  in  the  J  bent  somewhat  downwards  and 
gently  arcuate,  enclosing  an  elongate  oval  area,  with  a  pair  of 
strong  conical  teeth  near  the  base  on  the  inner  margin  and  a 
blunt  crested  tooth  just  beyond,  then  crenulate  as  far  as  a  strong 
sharp  tooth  just  before  the  apex  ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are 
even  more  elongate,  scarcely  arcuate,  gently  converging,  with  a 
strong  conical  tooth  near  the  base,  another  conical  tooth  at  a 
quarter  the  length  and  another  about  half-way  down  the  forceps  ; 
beyond  this  crenulate  to  the  apex,  which  is  hooked  ;  the  forceps 
-are  even  more  strongly  depi*essed  in  the  apical  than  in  the  basal 
half. 

d  2 

Length  of  body   ....      21-24  mm.     25-27  mm. 
„         forceps  . .     10"5-11  „       11-13     „ 

SiKKiM  (coll.  Burr). 

Also  from  Johore,  Mentawei  Island,  Sumatra,  and  Borneo. 

The  original  specimens  are  quoted  as  being  in  Dohrn's  col- 
lection, Westermann's,  and  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  It  is  un- 
certain which  is  the  true  type. 

This  very  fine  species  is  easy  to  recognize  from  its  great  size, 
«,part  from  the  form  of  the  forceps  and  the  generic  characters. 

In  1900,  de  Bormans  separated  Ch.  dorice,  but  this  is  nothing 
more  or  less  than  the  male  of  C7i.  superha,  Dohru. 

Genus  EXYPNUS,  Burr. 

Exypnus,  Burr,  (07')  p.  128. 
Chelisochella,  Verh.  (02^)  p.  196  (pars). 
Chelisocbes,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  295  (pars). 

Type,  Chelisoches  pulchripenjiis,  Borra. 


EXYPNUS.  13;5 

In  general  appearance  resembles  tlie  preceding  genus.  An- 
tennae with  about  20  segments ;  third  equal  in  length  to  fourtli 
and  fifth  united.  liead  tumid,  sutures  distinct.  Pronotum  as 
broad  as  the  head,  rounded  but  not  dilated  posteriorly ;  sternal 
plates  as  in  Chelisochelln.  Elytra  broad,  rather  rounded,  with  a 
short  costal  keel  only  present  at  tlie  shoulder.  Wings  well 
developed.  Legs  long  and  slender;  anterior  and  middle  tibi» 
flattened  and  furrowed  above  in  the  apical  third.  Pygidium 
short.     Forceps  depressed,  arcuate  in  J  ,  straight  in  $. 

Ramje.  Oriental  Kegion. 

This  genus  is  also  monotypic,  and  was  erected  for  the  reception 
of  a  species  which  has  been  referred  to  CheJisochella  and  Chelisoches. 
It  was  included  by  Yerhoeif  in  the  former,  but  probablv  w'thout 
seeing  specimens,  since  it  has  not  the  entire  keel  on  the  elytra, 
which  is  the  essential  character  of  that  genus  as  defined  by  Verhoeff 
himself. 

80.  Exypmis  pulchripennis,  Borm**    (Fig.  84.) 

Chelisoches  pulchripennis,  L'orDi.  (83)  p.  78,  pi.  .3.  fig-  1~),  C88) 
p.  441,  (94)  p.  392,  (00^)  p.  84;  Bun;  (00')  p.  90,  (02)  p.  484: 
Kirhij,  (04)  p.  3:]. 

Chelisochella  pulchripennis,  Verh<rff,  (02')  p.  190. 

Exypnus  pulchripennis,  Bwr,  (07^)  p.  128. 

Of  medium  size  ;  brownish  black,  with  a  purple  sheen.  An- 
tennae brown,  with  about  20  segments  ;  third  cylindrical,  fourth 
and  fifth  thickened,  ovate,  the  remainder  slender,  clubbed  at  the 
apex.  Head  with  frons  tumid  and  occiput  rather  depressed, 
brownish  black,  sinuate  posteriorly.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the 
head,  parallel-sided,  truncate  in  front,  rounded  posteriorly;  blue- 
black  ;  prozona  tumid  with  a  median  sulcus  and  two  impressions  ; 
metazona  depressed.  Elytra  black  with  a  brilliant  purple  sheen, 
broadened  and  rounded  along  the  costal  margin  ;  keel  on  costal 
margin  developed  at  the  shoulder  only.  Wings  long,  purple-blue, 
with  an  orange  apical  spot.  Legs  long,  slender,  rather  compressed, 
black,  the  tarsi  paler;  the  tibiaj  depressed  and  sulcate  in  the 
apical  third.  Abdomen  parallel-sided,  reddish  black.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  S  rectangular,  ample,  slightly  broader  than  long ; 
posterior  margin  depressed  in  the  middle,  with  a  transverse, 
crested,  crenulate  tubei-cle  on  each  side  over  the  root  of  the  forceps  ; 
in  the  5  narrowed  posteriorly,  the  tubercles  more  feebly  de- 
veloped. Pygidium  of  S  very  short  and  broad,  hidden  ;  of  $  very 
short  and  obtuse.  Forceps  with  the  branches  in  the  S  depressed, 
remote  at  the  base,  but  with  a  strong  depressed  bifid  tooth  at  the 
base  itself,  the  points  of  which  almost  meet ;  then  rather  bent 
downwards,  gently  arcuate,  enclosing  an  elongate  oval  area, 
crenulate  along  the  inner  margin  with  a  sharp  tooth  at  the  apical 
third ;  in  the  5  depressed,  nearly  straight,  elongate,  crenulate 
along  the  inner  margin. 

<S  9- 

Length  of  body   ....      lG-5  nun.  16  mm. 

„         forceps    .  .        5       „  6     „ 


134  rOEFICULID^. 

Burma  :  Senmyingyan,  ii.  {Genoa  cf-  Brii.  3fus.),  Karen-ni, 
Keba  District,  3000-4300  ft.,  v/xii.  {Genoa  JItts.);  Tenasserim  : 
Thagata,  iv. 

Also  from  Sarawak,  New  Guinea. 

I'l/pe  iu  Genoa  Museum. 

De  Bormans  reports  an  aberration  of  the  male,  in  which  the 
forceps  are  only  of  half  the  usual  length  and  unusually  thick  and 
strong,  with  the  powerful  basal  tooth  situated  at  one  third  of  the 
way  down  the  forceps.  In  the  author's  collection,  there  is  one  of 
the  females  taken  by  Fea  in  Karen-ni  in  which  the  head  is  brick- 
red,  the  body  orange-red,  the  forceps  red,  and  the  posterior 
femora  orange.  This  is  probably  a  form  of  xanthochroism  due  to 
deficient  nourishment,  as  the  forceps  are  weak  and  one  branch  is 
atrophied. 

This  species  resembles  a  diminutive  Chelisochella  superha,  but 
the  keel  on  the  elytra  is  very  short,  and  the  forceps  of  the 
female  are  quite  simple.  Otherwise  the  form  and  colour  are 
almost  exactly  the  same. 

In  the  female  the  segments  of  the  antennae  are  less  markedly 
clavate  than  in  the  male. 

Genus  CHELISOCHES,  Smdder. 

Clielisoclies,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  295. 

Lobophora,    Serville,    (-"iO)    p.    32     (preoccupied    iu     Lepidoptera, 
Curtis,  1825). — Type,  Forticula  morio,  Fabr. 

Type,  Forficula  morio,  Fabr, 

Size  medium  ;  antennae  with  15-20  segments  ;  third  fairly  long, 
fourth  clubbed  or  conical,  about  half  as  long  as  the  third  ;  fifth 
longer  than  fourth  ;  fifth  and  fourth  united  slightly  longer  than 
third,  the  rest  elongate,  subconical.  Head  tumid,  sutures  fairly 
distinct.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the  head,  truncate  anteriorly,  the 
-sides  gently  diverging  as  it  is  widened  posteriorly ;  posterior 
margin  broadly  rounded.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  no  costal  keel. 
Wings  well  developed.  Prosternum  parallel-sided,  slightly  con- 
stricted near  the  base.  Mesosternum  nearly  square,  truncate 
posteriorly.  Metasteimum  ti-ansverse,  truncate  posteriorly.  Legs 
rather  short ;  femora  not  very  stout ;  tibiae  flattened,  furrowed 
in  the  apical  half  above ;  tarsi  very  short,  very  pubescent,  rather 
broad.  Abdomen  parallel-sided,  rather  depressed,  lateral  tubei'cles 
distinct ;  last  dorsal  segment  of  d"  transverse,  rectangular  ;  in 
the  2  shghtly  narrowed.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  broadly 
rounded  in  both  sexes.  Pygidium  of  J  small,  of  $  larger,  but  not 
very  prominent.  Forceps  with  the  branches  in  the  cJ  depressed, 
remote  at  base,  generally  stout,  more  or  less  elongate,  depressed, 
simple. 

Range.  Tropical  Asia  and  Australia. 

As  now  restricted  this  genus  only  contains  about  half  a  dozen 
species  of  which  only  one  is  known  to  occur  in  India. 


CIIELISOCIIES.  135 

81.  Chelisoches  morio,  Fair.    (Fig,  45.) 

ForHcLila  morio,  Fabi:  (7o)  p.  270,  (81)  p.  341,  (87)  p.  22-j,  (93)  p.  o ; 

Oliv.  (92)  p.  4(38  ;  lionu.  (ofS)  p.  7-52. 
Lobophoi'a  morio,  Dohrn,  (Oo)  p.  71  ;  TJu.br.  (79)  p.  374. 
Clielisoches  morio,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  308;  Borm.  {><'ri)  p.  440,  (94) 

p.  391,  (00-)  p.  8o;  /)V/v,  (00-)  p.  ol,  mi)  p.  327,  (02)  p.  484 ; 

Kirby,    (04)    p.   33;   Ternj,  (0-3)   pp.   104-171,   pi.  viii,  iigs.  1-0, 

pi.  ix,  tigs.  1  -t). 
ForMcula  rutitarsis,  Serv.  (39)  p.  33. 
Forticula  (Psalidophora)  rutitavsis,  Harm,  (42)  p.  241. 
Lobophora  nigronitens,  !Stal,  (UOj  p.  305. 
Lobophora  tartarea,  Stal,  ((iO)  p.  30o. 
Lobophora  cincticornis,  Stal,  (00)  p.  305. 
Labidura  uigricoruis,  Kirbi/,  in  P.  Z.  S.  1888,  p.  546. 
Chelisoches  uigricornis,  Kirby,  (04)  p.  34. 
Chelisoches  comprimens,  !Scudd.  (70)  pp.  252  &  308  ;    Kirby,  (04) 

p.  32. 
Chelisoches  stratioticus,  ReJm,  (05)  p.  509  (n.  syn.). 

Of  medium  size  ;  jet-black,  varying  to  dull  brown  or  umber. 
Antennae  with  20-21  segments,  black,  with  a  pale  ring  before  the 
apex.  Head,  pronotum,  elytra  and  wings  dull  black,  smooth, 
shading  to  reddish-brown  in  some  specimens.  Legs  black,  the 
tarsi  orange  or  yellowish.  Abdomen  umber,  brownish  black  or 
jet-black,  dull  or  feebly  shining,  the  entire  dorsal  surface  punctu- 
late,  the  lateral  tubercles  distinct ;  whole  of  the  ventral  surface 
of  the  same  colour  as  the  dorsal  surface,  punctulate ;  last  dorsal 
segment  of  S  smooth,  transverse,  rectangular,  the  posterior  margin 
depressed  in  the  middle  with  a  pair  of  small  compressed  tubercles 
in  the  depression  ;  leather  tumid  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps  ; 
in  2  similar,  but  the  tubercles  less  strongly  marked.  Pygidium 
of  S  short,  stumpy,  broad,  barely  distinguishable ;  of  5  more 
prominent,  broad,  short  and  tumid,  the  posterior  margin  produced 
into  a  rectilinear  lobe,  slightly  dilated,  the  apex  of  which  is 
greatly  sinuate  and  each  angle  terminated  in  small  tubercle  or  blunt 
point.  Forceps  of  <S  of  two  types:  (1)  branches  remote  at  base, 
stout,  rather  short,  very  broad  and  flat,  with  strong  prominent 
irregular  teeth  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  base  or  in  the 
basal  half ;  beyond  this,  gently  arcuate  with  a  few  small  teeth  or 
smooth ;  (2)  flattened,  but  less  broad,  and  elongate,  with  a  broad 
and  flat  denticulated  dilation  near  the  base  on  inner  margin, 
beyond  which  gradually  incurved,  the  inner  margin  smooth,  with 
one  or  more  small  teeth  ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are  less  depressed, 
subcontiguous,  trigonal,  elongate,  nearly  straight  at  first,  then 
gently  incurved,  the  inner  margin  crenulate. 

The  larvae  are  black,  with  pale  legs,  and  pale  bands  on  the 
thoracic  plates. 


S 

? 

Length  of  body  . .  . . 

12-17"5  mm. 

14-18-5  mm. 

„        forceps   . 

.       8-7-5       „ 

-^8         « 

136  rOKFICULIDiE. 

Bengal:  Calcutta  (Dmssels  31us.);  Madras;  Travancore  (var. 
stratiotkus ;  coll.  Burr),  Trichinopoli  {coll.  Bolivar)  ;  Ceylon  : 
Kottanda  {Willey;  coll.  Burr),  Galle,  x.  (Fletcher;  coll.  Burr); 
Burma  :  Bhamo,  viii.;  Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  3000-3700  ft.,  v./xii. 
(Genoa  Mus.). 

This  species  is  abundant  throughout  tlie  Oriental  Region  ;  it 
is  continually  reported  from  islands  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and 
has  extended  its  distribution,  doubtless  through  shipping,  to  the 
east  coast  of  Africa  and  New  Zealand ;  it  has  even  been  taken  at 
Kew  Gardens  in  Enghand. 

It  varies  considerably  in  size  and  in  colour,  and  intermediate 
forms  are  continually  met  with.  The  large,  umber-coloured 
form  has  been  described  as  distinct  by  Kebn  under  the  name 
stratioticus. 

Ch.  morio  is  abundant  in  wet  districts  in  the  sugar  plantations 
in  the  JSandwich  Islands,  and  an  interesting  account  is  given  by 
Terry  in  the  report  of  the  work  of  the  Experimental  Station  of 
the  Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Association  (05)  (see  Introduction, 
p.  16).  It  is  an  extremely  active  species  and  appears  to  be 
diurnal,  Terry  describing  it  as  running  over  the  leaves  in  search 
of  insect  food  during  the  hottest  part  of  the  day.  In  Hawaii  it 
abounds  in  the  moist  mountain  ridges  and  valleys  and  also  in 
many  of  the  elevated  plantations.  It  is  scarce  in  the  dry  and 
irrigated  cane-areas. 


Genus  PROREUS,  Btirr. 

Troreus,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  129. 
Chelisoches,  Scuddcr,  (7(j)  p.  295  (pars). 

Ttpe,  Forficxda  simulans,  Stal. 

Closely  related  to  Chelisoches,  but  the  antennas  are  more  slender, 
and  the  fourth  segment  is  ovate  or  cylindrical,  and  not  thickened 
or  clubbed.  The  species  are  smaller  and  weaker,  and  the  colour  is 
almost  invariably  some  shade  of  red  or  brown.  The  forceps  are 
of  the  same  type  as  in  Chelisoches,  but  in  the  typical  species  the 
branches  are  slender. 


7\thle  of  Sj^ecies. 

1.  Forceps  elongate  and  slender. 
2.  Head  brick-red  ;  el3^tra  yellow, 

with  fuscous  stripes   simulans,  Sta.1,  p.  lo7. 

2.2.  Head  blacldsh  ;  elytrn  tawny  .  .     mel(niocephahis,  Dohrn,  var., 
3.1.  Forceps  short, broad  and  flat.  [p.  138. 

2.  Head  blackisli ;  elytra  tawny .  .      'inclanocephahis,T)o\\vn,'^.l'i9>. 
2.2.  Head  and  elytra  uniform  dull 

brown      ritscmcp,  Borm.,  p.  139. 


PROREUS. 


137 


82.  Proreus  simulans,  Stdl.    (Fig.  85.) 
Forficula  simiilans,  «/!5/,  ((50)  p.  .",02. 

Chelisoches  simulans,  Scudd.  (76)  i^.  .'509;  i^ar^n.  (^«)  P- ,4^0' (?f 
p.  .391,  (00'^)  p.^S7  ;  i?«/v,  (02)  p.  484,  (07^)  p.  209,  (08»)  p.  116  ; 

Chelisoc'hes  ludekingi.  Burr,  (nee  Dolirn,  nee  Borm.)  (00^)  p.  51. 

Forficula  modesta,  i^tSl,  ((50)  p.  .302.^ 

Lobopliora  modesta,  Dohni,  ((!.",)  p.  74. 

Chelisoches  modestu.s,  -VcMfW.  (7(5)  p.  .'50b  ;  7ur/>//,  (04)  p.  o-j. 

Chelisoches  simulans,  snbsp.  modestus,  Bonn.  (00')  p.  88. 

Proreus  simulans,  i/wrr,  (07')  p.  1..51. 

Of  medium  size  and  slender  build  ;  general  colour  orange-red 
varied  with  tawny.     Antennae  brown,  slender,  with  i:0  segments  ; 
third  long  and  cylindrical,  fourth  decidedly  shorter  than  thu-d, 
cylindrical;  fifth  almost  as  long  as  third,  the  rest  long,  all  cy- 
lindrical and  slender.     Head  clear  brick-red,  smooth,  tumid,  the 
sutures  distinct.     Pronotum   a   little   narrower   than  the  head, 
truncate  anteriorly,  slightly  widened  posteriorly,  hinder  margin 
broadly  rounded;    prozona  somewhat   tumid,  orange-red;    side.? 
and  metazoua  depressed,  clear  yellow.     Elytra  long,  rather  narrow, 
smooth,   clear   orange-yellow,    with    a   narrow   dark   band  along 
the  suture  and  the  costal  fold.     M^'ings  prominent,  of  the  same 
colour  as  the  elytra  (abortive  in  the  var.  modestus).     Legs  rather 
short,  orange-yellow ;  tibia)  furrowed  only  in  apical  third.    Abdomen 
broad,  depressed  and  parallel-sided,  deep  cliestnut-red,  darker  near 
the  base  ;  lateral  tubercles  distinct ;  finely  punctulate.     Last  dorsal 
segment  of    6   ample,  rectangular,  smooth,  clear  red,  postenor 
margin  truncate  and  darkened,  with  two  small  compressed  tubercles 
in  the  middle,  and  crenulated  obtuse  tubercles  on  each  side  ;  m  the 
2  similar  but  somewhat  narrowed,  the  tubercles  obsolete.    Penul- 
timate ventral  segment  of  d  broadly  rounded.     Pygidium  of  both 
sexes  very  short,  obtuse,  transverse,  not  prominent.     Forceps  with 
the  branches  in  the  d  remote  at  the  base,  depressed  but  not  dilated, 
rather  slender,  with  a  sharp  triangular  tooth  on  the  inner  margin 
at  one-third  from  the  base  (occasionally  obsolete)  and  sometimes  a 
second  smaller  tooth  near  the  apex  ;  elongate  and  gently  arched 
inwards ;  in  the  2  remote  at  base,  almost  straight,  the  whole  of 
inner  margin  crenulate. 

Length  of  body    10-12  mm.         8-5-10  mm. 

,,         forceps    3    „  «5     ,» 

Bombay  :  Pusa  (Pusa  coll.)  ;  Be>.'Gal  :  Calcutta,  "at  light,"  xi. 
(Annandale,  Ind.  Miis.)  ;  Burma:  Kokarit,  i./ii.,  Eangoou,  xu. 
(Fea,  Genoa  Mus.). 

Widely  distributed  throughout  the  Oriental  Eegion. 

Type  in  the  Stockholm  Museum. 


138  FOEFICULID.E. 

Easy  to  recognize  by  the  colour  of  the  forceps.  P.  ludel-ingi, 
Dohrn,  is  a  Malayan  species  that  may  occur  in  India;  it  resembles 
F.  simidans,  but  has  a  pale  ring  on  the  antennte  and  the  tooth  of 
the  forceps  is  A\eaker  aud  nearer  the  apex  ;  it  may  be  a  A^ariety  or 
race  of  P.  simulans.  De  Bormans  separates  P.  modestus  as  a  sub- 
species ;  in  this  the  wings  are  abortive  and  the  tooth  of  the 
forceps  often  obsolete. 


S3.  Proreus  melanocephalus,  Dolim.     (Fig.  86.) 

Lobophora  melanocepbala,  Dohrn,  (05)  p.  75. 

Chelisoches  melanocephalus,  Sciidd.  (76)  p.  308  ;  Bonn.  (88)  p.  440, 

(94)  p.  392,  (00-)  p.  89  ;  £nrr,  (99)  p.  258  (nee  Ayin.  Mag.  X.  H. 

(6)  XX.  p.  315,  1897),   (05')  p.  28,  (07^)  p.  209;    Burr,  (08^) 

p.  116 ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  33. 
Proreus  melanocephalus,  Burr,  (07')  p.  130. 

Of  small  size  ;  general  colour  tawny.  Antennae  with  (?)  15 
segments,  brown,  sometimes  paler  near  the  base  ;  segments  rather 
thick  ;  third  not  very  long  ;  fourth  half  as  long  as  third,  cylindrical ; 
fifth  shorter  than  third  ;  sixth  equal  to  third  ;  all  cylindrical. 
Head  very  dark  brown  or  black ;  smooth,  i-ather  depressed, 
sutures  fairly  distinct.  Pronotum  slightly  longer  than  wide, 
truncate  anteriorly,  sides  straight,  hinder  border  broadly  rounded, 
slightly  broader  posteriorly  than  anteriorly  ;  deep  orauge-yellow. 
Elytra  ample,  long,  smooth,  tawny.  Wings  long,  smooth,  tawny. 
Legs  tawny  ;  tibite  with  upper  surface  flattened  and  furrowed 
about  the  apical  third.  Abdomen  smooth,  blackish  red,  lateral 
tubercles  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  transverse,  posterior 
margin  truncate  and  finely  crenulate  ;  in  $  narrower,  smooth. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  and  $  broadly  rounded.  Pygi- 
dium  of  S  very  short,  transverse,  depressed,  posterior  margin 
incrassate,  darkened  and  gently  emarginate  in  the  middle  ;  in  $ 
short,  obtuse.  Forceps  with  branches  reddish  tawny ;  in  the  S  of 
two  types  :  («)  short,  broad,  depressed,  gently  incurved  and  blunt 
at  the  points,  with  a  sharp  tooth  in  the  middle  ;  (6)  more  slender 
and  elongate,  with  a  short  conical  sharp  tooth  quite  near  the  base  ; 
straight  at  first,  then  gently  arched  inwards,  with  a  blunt  tooth 
in  the  apical  third  ;  in  the  2  simple,  straight  and  contiguous. 

d  2 

Length  of  body     8-9      mm.         8  mm. 

„         forceps     1-2-5     „  1  -5  „ 

Teanquebae;  Bombay:  Mahim,  "under  plantain  roots"  {Pihsa 
coll.);  Bengal:  Barisol,  Munshiganj,  Pusa,  "in  roots  of  a  cane, 
6/ii./05  "  {Pusa  coll.)  ;  Sikkim  :  Darjiling  {Paris  Mus.)  ;  Uppee 
Assam  :  {Ind.  2Ius.)  ;  Buema  :  Teinzo,  v.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

The  type  was  in  Westermann's  collection  ;  where  it  is  now  is 
not  certain. 

Differs  from  its  congeners  in  its  small  size  and  uniform  tawny 


PROREUS.  13^ 

coloration  with  black  head.  Superficially  resembles  Uamaxas  fece 
Borm.  In  the  small  size  and  coloration  and  short  antennce  it 
approaches  Hamaxas. 

84.  Proreus  ritsemse,  Bonnans*    (Fig.  87.) 

Chelhochesrlisem^,  Bonn.  (84')   p.  ISo,  (04)  P: -9\  W  P- §6  ; 

Burr,  (99)  p.  254,  (02)  p.  484,  (08')  p.  116;  Kirbrj,  (04)  p.  34. 
Proreus  ritsemee,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  130. 

Of  medium  size  ;  general  colour  dull  earthy  brown.  Antennre 
dull  brown,  with  about  20  segments ;  third  not  very  long,  fourth 
only  a  little  shorter,  fifth  about  equal  to  third,  fourth  is  rather 
ovate,  the  others  gradually  lengthening;  all  rather  thick,  cy- 
lindrical. Head  tumid,  dull  chestnut.  Pronotum  rathfer  short, 
crently  widened  posteriorly,  dull  yellowish  brown.  Elytra  and 
win^s  prominent,  well  developed,  dull  yellowish  brown.  Legs 
dull  yellowish  brown;  femora  rather  thick;  furrow  on  tibiae 
quite  distinct.  Abdomen  deep  brown-red,  finely  punctulate. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  6  ample,  quadrangular,  punctulate,  with  a 
median  posterior  depression,  and  a  pair  of  compressed  tubercles  in 
the  middle,  tumid  over  the  root  of  the  forceps  ;  m  the  $  simdar 
buc  less  developed.  Pygidiuin  of  d  short,  transverse,  truncate  ;  ot 
2  short,  transverse,  obtuse,  with,  a  rectangular  truncate  lobe  on 
posterior  margin.  Forceps  of  J  with  branches  stout,  depressed 
and  broad,  rather  short,  straight ;  armed  on  the  inner  margin  near 
base  with  one  or  two  strong  conical  teeth  or  a  denticulate  strong 
depressed  projectiou,  and  often  another  tooth  nearer  the  apex ; 
in  the  $  simple,  slender,  nearly  straight,  with  a  conical  tooth  near 
the  base,  denticulate  along  inner  margin. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 9-5-12  mm.         12-5  mm. 

„         forceps 2-25-4:     „  4       „ 

Burma:  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  April  to 
December,  v./xii.  {Genoa  2[us.). 

Type  in  Ley  den  Museum. 

The  uniform  dull  brown  colour  of  this  species,  together  with 
its  sturdy  build,  and  the  powerful  strongly  toothed  forceps  of  the 
male,  render  it  easy  to  recognize.  The  details  of  the  dentition 
of  the  male  forceps  vary  a  good  deal ;  sometimes  there  is  a  pair 
of  stout  conical  teeth  near  the  base,  and  sometimes  they  are  fused 
into   one   dilated   and   depressed   projectiou,  having   a   strongly 

In  the  sturdy  build,  rather  thick  antennae  and  strong  forceps, 
this  species  approaches  Gh.  morio. 

It  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Oriental  Eegion. 

F.  fascipennis,  Haan,  from  Borneo  and  Sumatra,  appears  to  be 
related  to  it,  and  is  perhaps  only  a  race  or  variety,  but  the  forceps 
are  weaker,  the  head  is  red,  and  the  antenna)  have  a  pale  ring. 


140  ronrictJLiD.?;. 


Genus  SOLENOSOMA,  Burr. 

Solenosoma,  Burr,  (07')  pp.  126  &  131. 
Auclienomus,  Bormans,  (nee  Karsch)  (88)  p.  436. 
C\ie\\&Qc\\ft^,  Bonnans,  (00")  p.  82  (pars). 

Type,  Auclienomus  hirmanus,  Borm, 

Body  slender  and  cylindrical.  Antennae  with  (?)  segments  ; 
the  first  long  and  swollen  in  the  apical  half ;  third  long  and 
slender,  fourth  half  as  long  as  third,  subovate  ;  the  rest  elongate 
and  cylindrical  (11  segments  remain  in  the  type).  Head 
depressed,  hinder  margin  truncate.  Pronotum  narrower  than 
the  head  anteriorly,  somewhat  wider  posteriorly,  rectilinear,  with 
rounded*  angles.  Elytra  short,  truncate,  with  no  costal  keel; 
humeral  angle  not  rounded ;  axillary  angle  rounded  off,  thus 
exposing  a  small  triangular  scutellum.  Wings  absent ;  sternal 
plates  narrow.  Legs  rather  short,  slender ;  tibiae  flattened  above 
in  the  apical  third,  not  strongly  furrowed  ;  second  tarsal  segment 
slender,  short  and  cylindrical,  produced  into  a  narrow  lobe  beneath 
the  third,  which  is  a  little  over  half  as  long  as  the  first.  Abdomen 
slender,  depressed,  parallel-sided  and  elongate  ;  lateral  tubercles 
distinct ;  last  dorsal  segment  square  ;  penultimate  ventral  segment 
of  c?  ample  and  square.  Pygidium  small.  Porceps  of  S  very  long 
and  slender. 

Range.  Burma. 

This  geuus  is  monotypic  and  was  erected  in  1907  for  the 
aberrant  form  described  by  de  Bormans  under  the  name  of 
Auclienomus  hirmanus.  In  the  very  slender  body  and  long  slender 
forceps  it  approaches  Auclienomus,  but  the  anteriorly  truncate  and 
trapezoidal  pronotum  separates  it  readily.  In  the  rather  long  gently 
widened  pronotum  and  in  the  sti'ucture  of  the  legs,  it  approaches 
ChelisocJu's  and  Proreus.  The  complete  disappearance  of  the  wings 
is  emphasised  by  the  I'eduction  of  the  elytra,  which  are  short  and 
truncate,  and  the  axillary  angle  is  rounded  off,  so  as  to  expose  a 
scutellum,  an  unfailing  sign  of  the  degeneration  of  these  organs, 
as  are  also  the  narrow  shoulders.  There  is  a  more  or  less  distinct 
humeral  angle  in  all  normally  winged  forms,  but  in  this  genus 
the  outline  is  an  unbroken  line  from  the  side  of  the  pronotum 
down  the  costal  fold  of  the  elytra  to  the  abdomen. 

85.  Solenosoma  birmanum,  Borm.* 

Auchenomus  hirmanus,  Borm.  (88)  p.  426,  (94)  p.  391. 
Chelisoches  hirmanus,  Borm.  (0U-)  p.  85  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  33. 
Soleuosoma  birmanum,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  131. 

Deep  reddish  chestnut.  Head  a  little  paler,  depressed,  longer 
than  broad,  sutures  distinct ;  hinder  margin  truncate,  sides  gently 
diverging  anteriorly.  Eyes  small.  Pronotum  with  sides 
nan-owly   pale ;    trapezoidal,   rectilinear,   decidedly   longer   than 


SOLENOSOMA. — ADIATHETUS.  141 

broad,  narrower  than  the  head  anteriorly,  as  wide  as  the  head 
posteriorly  ;  posterior  angles  gently  rounded.  Elytra  quite 
smooth,  red-brown.  Legs  testaceous.  Abdomen  parallel-sided, 
finely  punctulate,  lateral  tubercles  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment 
smoother  than  the  abdomen,  quadrangular,  decidedly  broader  than 
long,  the  hinder  margin  sinuate  with  a  row  of  small  compressed 
tubei'cles.  Pygidium  small,  thick  and  obtuse,  with  a  short,  narrow, 
parallel-sided  lobe  terminating  in  two  short  sharp  pomts.  Forceps 
with  the  branches  remote  at  the  base,  depressed  and  slightly  dilated 
at  the  base  itself,  then  attenuate,  bent  gently  downwards  and  elon- 
gate, very  slender,  almost  straight,  slightly  converging  and  gently 
hooked  at  the  apex  ;  the  inner  margin  near  the  base  has  a  few 
minute  denticulations.     The  female  is  unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body 9-10  mm. 

„        forceps 4-5-G    „ 

Assam  :  Silicuri,  in  Cachar  (1  cJ,  Tad.  Mus.) ;  Burma  :  Bhamo 
(1  S  ■,  Genoa  Mas.). 

Tyjye  in  Genoa  Museum. 

This  is  a  rare  insect,  and  the  two  specimens,  quoted  above,  both 
males,  are  the  only  ones  known  to  exist  in  collections. 

It  can  be  recognized  at  a  glance  by  its  dark  red  chestnut  colour, 
elongate  and  slender  build,  the  very  long  and  slender  forceps,  and 
the  form  of  the  elytra,  taken  in  conjunction  with  the  form  of 
the  legs  and  pronotum,  which  show  that  its  proper  place  is  in 
the  Chelisochince. 

The  type  has  only  11  segments  left  in  the  antennae,  and  the 
specimen  in  the  Calcutta  Museum  has  lost  both  the  antenuEe. 


Genus  ADIATHETUS,  Buvr. 

Adiathetus,  Burr,  (07^)  pp.  126  &  132. 
Chelisoches,  Bonn.,  {OQi^)  p.  82  (pars). 

Type,  Chelisoches  shelf ordi,  Burr. 

Size  medium  or  large.  Antennae  with  20  segments,  the  third 
long,  but  shorter  than  the  fourth  and  fifth  united  ;  fourth  half  as 
long  as  third,  clavate ;  fifth  clavate,  nearly  as  long  as  third;  the 
rest  elongate,  subcorneal.  Head  tumid,  sutures  distinct.  Pronotum 
nearly  square,  slightly  wider  posteriorly  than  anteriorly.  Elytra 
ample,  with  no  keel  on  the  costal  fold,  smooth  or  granuloue, 
often  metallic.  Wings  like  the  elytra.  Legs  rather  slender ; 
tibiae  not  flattened  nor  furrowed  above  except  at  the  extreme  apex. 
Abdomen  convex,  parallel-sided,  lateral  folds  distinct.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  c?  ample,  smooth,  often  with  some  strong  tubercles ; 
in  the  $  ample,  simpler.  Pygidium  of  6  and  $  various.  Eorceps 
of  (S  stout,  depressed  and  broad ;  of  §  elongate  and  less  stout. 

lianc/e.  Oriental  Region. 


142  rOEFICULIDyE. 

This  genus  is  formed  for  the  reception  of  those  species  hitherto 
included  in  ChelisocJies,  which  ai"e  characterized  by  the  smooth  upper 
surface  of  the  tibial  ;  otherwise  the  species  agree  \a  ith  true 
CheUsoches. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  in  this  genus  the  female  often  has  well- 
marked  characters  in  the  pygidium  and  forceps. 


Table  of  Species. 

1.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  with  two 
strong  prominent  crested  tubercles ; 
forceps  of  5  elongate,  with  two  sharp 

teeth     shelfordi,  Burr,  p.  142. 

1.1.  Last   dorsal   segment   of  J  with    no 
prominent  tubercles  ;    forceps  of  $ 
without  strong  teeth. 
2.  Pronotum     parallel  -  sided  ;     head 

strongly  sinuate  posteriorly dravidius,  sp.  n.,  p.  143. 

2.2.  Pronotum     widened     posteriorly  ; 
head    not   strongly    sinuate    pos- 
teriorly. 
3.  Elytra  and  wings  with  brilliant 
green  metallic  sheeu  ;  pygidium 

of  5  lanceolate,  acute     (jlmicopterus,  Borm.,  p.  144. 

3.3.  Elytra    and    wings    dull    black ; 
pygidium  of  2  truncate  or  bifid. 
4.  Pygidium  of  5  bifid  at  apex  .  .     nic/rocasfaneus,  sp.  n.,  p.  145. 
4.4.  Pygidium  of  $  truncate  at  apex     tetiebrator,  Kirby,  p.  146. 


86.  Adiathetus  shelfordi,  Bun: 

Chelisoches  slielfordi.  Bun;  (00')  p.  96,  pi.  4.  fig.  4,  (05)  p.  496. 
Chelisochella  shelfordi,  Kirby,  (04)  p.  35. 

Chelisoches  hercules,  Bun;  (00^)  p.  97,  pi.  4.  figs.  2, 2  a,  (08^)  p.  116. 
Adiathetus  shelfordi.  Bun;  (07^)  p.  133. 

Large  and  robust ;  general  colour  reddish  black ;  the  whole 
body  clad  with  a  golden  pubescence  ;  the  elytra  bright  purple. 
Antennae  with  20  segments  ;  third  almost  cylindrical ;  fourth 
ovate,  about  half  as  long  as  third;  fifth  cylindrical,  as  long  as  third  ; 
the  rest  gradually  lengthening  ;  black,  with  two  or  three  yellowish 
segments  before  the  apex.  Head  quadrate,  tumid,  sutures  fairly 
distinct ;  reddish  black.  Eyes  prominent,  black.  Pronotutu 
almost  square,  anterior  margin  and  sides  straight,  hinder  margin 
rounded,  brownish  black ;  prozoua  tumid,  with  an  impression  on 
each  side  and  a  median  sulcus  ;  metazona  depressed,  with  a  faint 
median  line.  Sternal  plates  brown,  rather  broad,  truncate  pos- 
teriorly. Elytra  ample,  strongly  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  finely 
granulose,  with  a  brilliant  purple  sheen.  Wings  like  the  elytra 
in  texture  and  colour.  Legs  long  and  slender  ;  femora  and  tibiae 
dark  brown,  the  tarsi  paler ;  tibiae  smooth  above  ;  tarsi  long,  third 


ADIATHETUS. 


143 


segment  nearly  as  long  as  the  first;  lobe  of  second  segment 
long  and  proininent ;  all  the  legs  strongly  pubescent.  Abdomen 
parallel-sided,  convex,  deep  chestnut-brown,  very  finely  punctulate: 
lateral  tubercles  distinct.  A'enter  brown.  Last  dorsal  segment 
of  6  ample,  smooth,  nearly  square ;  in  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
margin  there  is  a  pair  of  strong,  parallel,  compressed,  prominent 
tube!i-cles,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  apex,  directed  up\\-ards  and 
Txickwards  and  densely  hairy :  in  the  $  shorter  than  in  the  J  and 
slio-htly  narrowed,  with  a  tumid  tubercle  over  the  root  of  the 
forceps.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  J  and  $  broadly  rounded. 
Pygidium  of  d  stout,  obtuse,  almost  hidden,  bifid  at  the  extremity  ; 
thai;  of  2  short  and  thick,  the  posterior  margin  emarginate,  the 
ano-les  pi-oduced  into  obtuse  triangular  tubei-cles.  Eorceps :  branches 
in  the  d  very  strongly  flattened  and  broadened  in  the  basal 
half,  the  inner  margin  of  this  part  being  strongly  serrate  ;  half- 
way down  the  dilation  disappears  and  the  apical  half  is  attenuate, 
but  still  robust  and  gently  incurved,  denticulate  on  the  inner 
maro-iu  ;  in  the  $  the  branches  are  remote  at  the  base,  rather 
depressed  and  trigonal,  sinuously  elongate  with  a  prominent 
sharp  tooth  one-third  the  way  down,  and  another  at  two-thirds  ; 
the  double  edge  in  the  trigonal  basal  part  on  the  inner  margin 
is  crenulate.  In  both  sexes  the  forceps  are  dull  reddish  brown, 
and  densely  clad  with  thick  golden  pubescence. 

d  ? 

Length  of  body 15-5-21  mm.         18-5-21  mm. 

„         forceps  ....       4-5  „  11-12       „ 

SiKKiM  (coll  Bolivar)  ;  Borneo  {coll.  Ban-). 

Type  in  the  Sarawak  Museum. 

A  very  striking  species  ;  the  brilhant  purple  elytra,  the  dense 
o-olden  pubescence,  and  the  remarkable  form  of  the  forceps  in  both 
sexes  make  this  earwig  unmistakable. 


87.  Adiathetus  dravidius,  sp.  n.    (Fig.  46.) 

General  colour  deep  brownish  black.  Antennae  with  17  segments, 
black,  the  basal  segments  brownish ;  third  not  very  long,  cylindrical ; 
fourth  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  third,  a  little  thicker,  ovate  ; 
the  remainder  regularly  lengthening.  Head  smooth,  brownish 
black,  shinijig,  the  frons  very  tumid  ;  sutures  deep  and  well  marked  ; 
occiput  depressed  in  the  middle,  tumid  on  each  side  behind  the  eyes  ; 
posterior  margin  decidedly  sinuate.  Pronotum  smooth,  brown- 
black,  anterior  margin  convex  in  the  middle,  the  angles  rectangular  ; 
sides  parallel,  posterior  margin  rounded  ;  prozona  tumid,  metazonu 
depressed,  sides  reflexed.  Elytra  smooth,  dull  blackish  brown  with 
a  bright  orange  spot  on  the  posterior  margin.  Wings  long,  black, 
with  a  bright  orange  basal  spot,  being  the  continuation  of  the  spot 
on  the  elytra.  Legs  uniform  dull  greenish  brown  ;  tarsi  long,  the 
first   segment   longer   than  the  third.      Abdomen  parallel -sided, 


144  rORFICULID.E. 

brownish  black  ;  lateral  tubercles  of  third  and  fourth  segments  very 
distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  c?  transverse,  smooth,  shining, 
brownish  black,  depressed  in  the  middle,  tumid  over  the  roots  of  the 
forceps;  in  the  $  similar,  but  less  tumid  and  furnished  with  a  short, 
blunt,  compressed,  oblique  ridge  or  crest  at  the  exterior  angles. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  ot  J  bi'oad,  rounded,  gently  emarginate 
in  the  middle  of  the  posterior  border ;  in  the  $  shorter,  the  posterior 
margin  rounded  and  entire.  Pygidium  of  cS  short,  quadrangular, 
obtuse,  the  sides  slightly  concave  and  posterior  margin  slightly 
convex;  in  the  2  ^  little  longer,  depressed,  tapering  in  basal 
half,  rectangular,  posterior  margin  slightly  emarginate.  Forceps 
of  d  with  the  branches  remote  at  the  base,  stout,  depressed,  rather 
long,  straight  at  first,  arcuate  apically,  with  a  strong  tooth  near 
the  base  and  another  beyond  the  middle  ;  in  $  a  little  less  stout, 
elongate,  nearly  straight,  very  gently  curved  inwards  near  apex, 
the  inner  margin  crenulate.     The  forceps  are  yellow  or  reddish. 

c?  $ 

Length  of  body 9-11    mm.       13-13-5  mm. 

,,  forceps 3"5-4-5  „  6-5    „ 

Madras  :  Travancore  ;  Tenmalai,  on  the  AVestern  sides  of  the 
Western  Ghats,  xi.  {Dr.  N.  Annandale,  under  rotten  wood,  Ind. 
Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 

This  species  approaches  A.  nifirocastaneus^  Burr,  and  A.  glauco- 
pterus,  Borm.,  but  differs  from  both  in  the  strongly  sinuate  posterior 
border  of  the  head,  the  parallel-sided  pronotum,  and  the  longer 
tarsal  segments. 

It  also  differs  in  colour.  In  A.  glaucopterus  the  elytra  and  wings 
are  of  brilliant  metallic  green-black,  with  a  minute  yellow  spot  at 
the  apex  of  the  latter.  In  A.  nigrocastaneus  the  elytra  and  wings 
are  black,  the  latter  having  a  broad  yellow  band  along  the  suture. 
In  A.  dravidius  the  elytra  and  wings  are  black  with  a  bright 
orange-yellow  spot  common  to  the  apex  of  the  elytra  and  base  of 
the  wings  ;  also  the  legs  ai-e  uniform  dull  greenish  brown  and 
the  antennae  not  ringed. 


88.  Adiathetus  glaucopterus,  Borm**     (Fig.  47.) 

Chelisoche8  glaucopterus,  Borjti.  (88)  p.  441,  (94)  p.  392,  (OO^)  p.  84 ; 
Eirhy  (04),  p.  33;  Burr,  (05=)  p.  28,  (07^)  p.  129,  (08^;  p.  115. 

Size  medium  ;  general  colour  metallic  green  and  bright  chestnut- 
red.  Antennae  with  16  segments  (?  or  more),  black,  with  a  pale 
ring  before  the  apex  ;  third  segment  gently  clavate  ;  fourth  sub- 
clavate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  third ;  fifth  ovate,  longer  than 
fourth  but  shorter  than  third  ;  sixth  about  equal  to  third ;  the 
rest  elongate,  subcylindrical.  Head  dull  black,  smooth  and  tumid, 
especially  posteriorly ;   occipital  suture  well  marked  ;  eyes  small. 


ADIATHETUS.  145 

Pronotum  black  with  a  copper-green  lustre,  nearly  square,  very 
slightly  broader  posteriorly  than  anteriorly,  anterior  margin  gently 
convex,  posterior  broadly  rounded  and  sides  straight ;  prozona 
tumid  with  a  faint  median  sulcus  and  an  impression  on  each  side  ; 
metazona  depressed.  Elytra  ample,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders,' 
broad,  gently  emarginate  at  the  apex,  with  no  keel  on  the  costal  fold  ; 
perfectly  smooth,  of  a  brilliant,  lustrous,  metalhc  green.  Wings 
prominent,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  pronotum,  with  a  small  orange 
spot  at  the  extreme  apex.  Legs  blackish  ;  the  tarsi  somewhat 
paler ;  tibiae  with  the  upper  surface  only  flattened  and  furrowed 
at  the  apex  itself.  Abdomen  bright  chestnut-red,  shaded  with 
blackish,  lateral  tubercles  distinct ;  the  whole  surface  puuctulate  ; 
venter  shining,  deeper  red.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  d  ample,  smooth' 
black,  shaded  with  red,  somewhat  broader  than  long,  posterior 
margin  tumid  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps,  depressed  in  the 
middle,  with  a  pair  of  small  tubercles  in  the  depression ;  exterior 
angles  sharply  rectangular  ;  in  the  $  similar  but  a  trifle  narrowed 
and  the  tubercles  less  developed.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of 
c?  and  2  broadly  rounded.  Pygidium  of  c?  very  short,  transverse 
and  obtuse  ;  of  $  very  prominent,  red,  acute,  lanceolate.  Forceps 
with  the  branches  red,  depressed,  rather  broad,  and  remote  at  the 
base ;  m  the  d  rather  short,  stout,  gentlv  arcuate,  with  a  strong 
tooth  on  the  mnei%  margin  in  the  basal  third  ;  in  the  $  elongate, 
nearly  straight,  gently  curved  inwards  at  the  apex,  the  inner  margin 
denticulate. 

d  2 

Length  of  body 10-14-5  mm.         10-12  mm. 

forceps....       2-5-3      „  5-8-75,, 

Upper  Assam    (Ind.    JIus.);    Burma:    Kachin    Hills,   viii 
Karen-ni,   Geku  District,  4300-4700   ft.,  v.  (Genoa  Mus.)  •  Ten- 
ASSEEiM  :  Meetan,  iv.  {Genoa  Mus.).  ' 

Also  recorded  from  Tonkin  (Paris  Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

Tif2}e  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

The  contrast  between  the  brilliant  green  elytra  and  bright  red 
abdomen  and  forceps  renders  this  a  very  handsome  and  conspicuous 
species,  which  is  not  likely  to  be  confused  with  any  other,  except 
perhaps  the  following.  The  details,  shading  and  armature'  of  the 
forceps  are  of  course  variable  features. 

Verhceff"  ranged  this  species  in  ChelisocheUa,  evidently  by 
guess-work,  for  if  he  had  ever  seen  a  specimen  he  would  have 
noticed  the  absence  of  the  costal  keel  of  the  elytra  by  which  he 
himself  characterizes  that  genus. 

89.  Adiathetus  nigrocastaneus,  sp.  n.     (Pig.  48.) 

Of  medium  size  ;  black,  varied  with  chestnut.  Antennse  with 
19  segments,  black,  with  two  pale  segments  before  the  apex  -  the 
third  not  very  long  and  second  shorter  than  the  third,  ovate  ;'fiftb 


146  FORFICULIDiE. 

a  trifle  longer,  but  not  equal  to  the  third,  ovate  ;  sixth  equal  to 
the  third  in  length  but  a  little  thicker,  elongate  ovate ;  the  rest 
more  slender  and  long.  Head  smooth  and  black,  tumid,  the  sutures 
deep.  Pronotum  black,  with  a  distinct  median  suture  and  an 
impression  on  each  side  in  the  prozona ;  about  as  broad  as  long, 
truncate  anteriorly,  rounded  posteriorly,  scarcely  if  at  all  broader 
posteriorly  than  anteriorly.  Prosteruum  rather  long,  constricted  ; 
mesosternum  truncate ;  metasternum  with  lobe  short,  scarcely 
passing  the  posterior  coxse,  broad,  truncate.  Elytra  smooth,  jet- 
black,  broad,  with  no  keels.  Wings  prominent,  clear  orange,  with 
a  fuscous  outer  margin.  Legs  not  very  long ;  femora  reddish 
chestnut,  blackish  at  the  base ;  tibiae  blackish,  smootli  above, 
depressed  only  at  the  apex  itself ;  tarsi  not  very  long,  with  dense 
golden  pubescence.  Abdomen  broad  and  depressed,  parallel-sided, 
blackish  chestnut,  lateral  tubercles  strong.  Last  dorsal  segment 
of  c?  transverse  ample,  smooth,  with  a  short  folded  ridge  at  each 
angle,  tumid  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps,  depressed  in  the 
middle,  with  two  parallel  compressed  longitudinal  ridges  ;  in  the  $ 
narrower,  the  ridges  and  elevations  feebler  than  in  the  d  .  Venter 
tawny.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  (S  ample,  broad,  the 
posterior  margin  rounded,  with  a  slight  median  excision  ;  similar 
in  the  §  but  not  emarginate.  Pygidium  of  c?  not  prominent;  in 
the  $  produced  into  a  depressed  plate,  slightly  widened  apically 
and  deeply  emarginate,  thus  forming  a  pair  of  triangular  lobes. 
Forceps  reddish  in  both  sexes ;  in  the  d  short,  stout,  remote  at 
base,  depressed,  straight,  incurved  apically,  blunt,  with  three  small 
teeth  on  the  inner  margin  ;  in  the  $  depressed,  elongate,  and 
nearly  straight. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body 9*5  mm.         8'5  mm. 

„  forceps 2       „  2-75  „ 

Bombay  :  Kanara,  August  {Pusa  coll.). 

Type  in  the  Pusa  Collection. 

This  species  closely  resembles  A.  glaucopterus,  but  diifers  in  the 
bright  orange  wings,  with  only  the  outer  border  blackish,  in  the 
dull  black  elytra  with  no  metallic  sheen,  in  the  chestnut  legs,  and 
blacker  abdomen  ;  the  last  dorsal  segment  and  forceps  of  the 
male  are  almost  exactly  similar,  but  the  pygidium  of  the  female  is 
totally  different,  being  much  shorter,  somewhat  broadened  apically 
and  deeply  fissured,  thus  forming  two  triangular  lobes. 


90.  Adiathetus  tenebrator,  Kirby* 

Chehsoches  tenebrator,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  521,  pi.  12.  fig.  5  (  $ ),  (04) 
p.  33  ;  JBorm.  (00'^)  p.  85 ;  Bun;  (07^)  p.  129. 

Size    medium ;    colour    blackish    brown.      Antennae    with     15 
seo^ments,  with  a  pale  ring  before  the  apex  ;  fourth  little  over  half 


ADIATHETCS. HAMAXAS.  147 

as  long  as  third,  fifth  about  equal  to  third,  the  rest  elongate,  all 
cyliudrical.  Head  depressed,  sutures  distinct,  tumid  behind  the 
eyes.  Pronotum  gently  widened  posteriorly.  Elytra  and  wings 
ample,  blackish  brown,  smooth  ;  no  costal  keel  to  elytra.  Legs 
short ;  tibia  flattened  only  at  the  apex  itself  tarsi  long,  pale, 
strongly  pubescent.  Abdomen  gently  dilated,  densely  punctulate, 
lateral  tubercles  distinct ;  segments  smooth  at  the  posterior  margin 
except  the  seventh  (  §  )  which  is  crenulate.  Last  dorsal  segment 
ample,  transverse,  smooth,  depressed  in  the  middle,  with  a  pair  of 
small  tubercles  in  the  depression,  and  tumid  over  the  forceps. 
Pygidiumdeflexed,  triangular,  with  the  apex  truncate  and  reflexed, 
and  a  small  tubercle  on  each  side.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
remote  at  the  base,  trigonal,  nearly  straight ;  incurved  at  the 
apex  itself,  the  inner  margin  with  a  strong  tooth  near  the  base  and 
a  small  tooth  beyond  the  middle. 
The  J  is  unknown. 

^2 

Length  of  body 17  mm. 

„        forceps  ....        9    „ 

India  (Bt-it.  Mus.). 

Txjpe  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  species  has  a  strong  superficial  resemblance  to  CJielisocJies 
morio,  but  the  pygidium  is  different,  the  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth 
segments  of  the  antennae  are  longer  and  cylindrical ;  the  tibise  are 
not  depressed  or  sulcate  above  except  at  the  extreme  apex,  and 
the  tarsi  are  long  and  compressed  instead  of  short  and  depressed. 

On'ing  to  the  structure  of  the  tibise  it  is  here  placed  in  Adiathetus, 
but  it  is  highly  desirable  that  the  male  be  discovered  and  its  true 
affinities  defined. 

The  only  known  specimen  is  Kirby's  type  in  the  British  Museum. 


Genus  HAMAXAS,  Burr. 

Hamaxas,  Burr,  (07i)  pp.  126  &  133. 
Chelisoches,  Bor)n.  (94)  p.  393,  (00-)  p.  86  (pars). 

Type,  Chdisoches  fecc,  Borm. 

Size  small ;  colour  red,  varied  with  black.  Antennae  with  19 
segments  ;  third  rather  short,  subconical ;  fourth  and  fifth  ovate, 
together  equalling  third  ;  tlie  rest  elongate,  subconical.  Head 
smooth,  depressed,  sutures  obscure.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the 
head,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  subovate,  not  broadened  posteriorly, 
all  margins  subconvex  or  rounded.  Elytra  and  wings  well 
developed ;  the  former  with  no  costal  carina.  Legs  short,  very 
pubescent ;  tibiae  smooth  above.  Abdomen  pubescent,  depressecl, 
parallel-sided,  lateral  tubercles  distinct ;  last  dorsal  segment  of  c5' 
ample,  of  $  narrow.  Pygidium  of  S  and  $  very  small. 
Eorceps  depressed,  arcuate  ;  straight  in  the  $  . 

lianye.  Burma,  Malay  Archipelago,  and  New  Zealand. 

l2 


148  rOEFICULID^. 

This  genus  includes  four  species,  all  small  in  size  and  red  or 
black  in  colour.  It  is  well  separated  from  Chelisoches  by  the 
smooth  tibiae,  ovate  pronotum,  and  shorter  antennoe. 

The  only  known  Indian  species  is  the  type  of  the  genus,  H.  fecf, 
Borm. 

91.  Hamaxas  feae,  Borm**    (Fig.  88.) 

Chelisoches  fete,  Bormans,  (94)  p.  393,  (00")  p.  86;  Burr,  (99)  p.  260 

(02)  p.  484 ;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  33. 
Hamaxas  feae.  Burr,  (07')  p.  134. 

Small;  black,  shading  to  orange;  pubescent.  Antennae  with 
19  segments,  black  with  a  pale  ring  before  the  apex.  Head  black, 
Pronotum  black,  the  sides  narrowly  bordered  with  orange.  Elytra 
ample  and  long,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  very  finely  and 
densely  punctulate,  black.  Wings  of  the  same  colour  and  texture 
as  the  elytra.  Legs  tawny  orange  ;  tibiae  smooth  above.  Abdomen 
dark  red,  shading  to  blackish.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  transverse, 
smooth,  with  a  transverse  oval  depression  near  the  posterior 
margin,  rugulose  ;  in  $  narrowed.  Pygidium  of  S  short,  transverse, 
tumid,  posterior  margin  sinuate,  the  angles  pointed;  in  the  $ 
scarcely  visible.  Forceps  with  branches  reddish  ;  in  the  S  remote 
at  the  base,  slender,  elongate,  gently  arcuate,  with  a  short  sharp 
tooth  near  the  base ;  in  $  short,  simple,  straight,  and  contiguous. 

Length  of  body    8  mm.  7-9  mm. 

.,        forceps    ....      3*5-4-5  mm.    1-25-1-75  mm. 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v./xii.  {Genoa 

Mus.). 

Also  known  from  New  Guinea,  Xew  Zealand,  and  Mentawei  Is. 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  species  may  be  recognized  by  the  uniform  black  of  the  head, 
pronotum,  elytra  and  wings,  with  rust-red  body.  It  is  only  the 
distribution  of  the  colours  which  separates  the  four  species  of  the 
genus,  and  very  likely  it  will  be  necessary  to  unite  them  into  one. 

H.  fece  has  a  superticial  likeness  to  Prorens  melanocepJiahis,  from 
which  it  differs  in  the  form  of  the  forceps,  among  other  things. 


Subfamily  XL  ANECHURIN^. 

This  group  contains  a  number  of  sturdy  mountain-loving 
earwigs,  "with  broad  sternal  plates,  dilated  abdomen,  forceps  remote 
at  the  base  and  often  curiously  curved  and  twisted.  Most  of  the 
genera  are  confined  to  the  Old  "World  (except  Australia)  but 
some  aberrant  forms  occur  in  America. 


ALLODAHLIA. 


Tahh  of  Genera. 


149 


1.  Elytra  with  a  strong  keel  along  the  costal  [p.  149. 

fold Allodahlia,  Verh., 

1.1.  Elytra  not  keeled. 

2.  Second   tarsal   segment  long,  scarcely 

dilated ;    (pronotum    widened     po.s-  [p.  155. 

teriorly)       IIomotages,  Burr, 

2.2.  Second  tarsal  segment  short,  strongly 
dilated. 
3.  Elytra  ovate ;    penultimate    ventral  ^    [p.  157. 

segment  of  S  gently  rounded.  . .  .  Pterygida,  Verh., 
3.3.  Elytra    parallel-sided ;    penultimate  [p.  159. 

ventral  segment  of  S  convex.  . .  .  Anechura,  Scudd., 


Genus  ALLODAHLIA,  VerK 

Allodahlia,  Verhaf,  (02')  p.  194. 

Anechura,     (partim)    Scudder,    (76)  p.    289.— Ti/pe,   Forficula  hi- 
puuctata,  Fabr. 

Type,  Forficula  scahriuscuh,  Serv. 

Antenna  with  13  segments ;  the  first  stout,  clubbed  ;  third  sub- 
coiiical,  shorter  than  the  first;  fourth  and  fifth  shorter  than  third. 
Head  with  sutures  distinct.  Pronotum  short,  broader  than  long, 
truncate  or  concave  anteriorly,  rouuded  posteriorly,  often  crescent- 
shaped.  Elytra  ample,  broad,  the  shoulders  prominent ;  costal 
margin  convex,  with  a  strongly  marked  keel  running  the  entire 
length  of  the  elytra;  surface  of  the  elytra  rough,  granulose  or 
punctulate.  Wings  generally  prominent,  sonielimes  smooth, 
sometimes  resembling  the  elytra  in  texture  ;  sternal  plates  broad 
and  short.  Legs  long  and  slender.  Abdomen  depressed,  dilated 
about  the  middle,  and  narrowed  again  at  the  apex ;  lateral  tubercles 
very  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  very  short  and  broad  ; 
of  $  narrowed.  Pygidium  of  J  short,  transverse,  tumid,  often 
armed  with  a  spine ;'  of  $  short,  tumid.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
in  the  c?  remote  at  the  base,  slender,  elongate,  often  sinuate  in 
the  ventral  plane  and  variously  armed ;  in  the  $  simple,  straight, 
slender. 

liuwje.  Oriental  Kegion. 

This  genus  was  erected  by  Verhoeff  for  Anediura  hurjeli  and 
hrachynota  ;  a  separate  subfamily  was  actually  formed  for  its 
reception,  which  is  not  justifiable,  as  the  keel  of  the  elytra  is  the 
only  true  character  which  really  distinguishes  it  from  Anechura. 

AH  the  known  species  occur  in  India. 

Tahle  of  Species. 

1.  Elytra  scabrous;  pygidium  of  S  with  a  _  [p.  150. 

spinule  at  each  angle  ;  (all  dull  black) . .     scabriusctda,  Serv., 
1.1.  Elytra     rugose,    or     coarsely     or     finely 
punctate ;  pygidium  of  S  with  a  single 
central  spine. 


150  rORFICULID.T. 

2.  Anterior  margin  of  pronotumsubsinuous; 
tubercle  at  angle  of  last  dorsal  seg- 
ment of  J  prominent;  all  black  or 
brown  ;    (entirely   coarsely  punctate ;  [p.  151. 

forceps  strongly  undulating) ^naci-opycja.  "VVestw., 

2.2.  Anterior  margin  of  pronotum  truncate ; 
tubercle  at  angle  of  last  dorsal  segment 
of  ^  feeble ;  colour  black  and  red. 
3.  Elytra  rugose  ;   abdomen  punctulate ; 

forceps     of    S   strongly  diverging  [p.  153. 

at  base  and  undulated coriacea,  Borm., 

3.3.  Elytra  finely  punctulate ;  abdomen 
more  finely  punctulate ;  forceps  of 
c?  horizontal  and  nearly  straight  . .      ahrimcnies,  Burr,  p.  154, 


92.  Allodahlia  scabriuscula,  Serville.     (Fig.  49.) 

Forficula  scabriuscula,  Serv.  (39)  p,  38 ;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  317. 
Anechura  scabriuscula,  Borm.  (88)  p.  444,  (94)  p.  402,  (00-)  p.  103 , 

Sharp  (95)  p.  207,  fig.  108;  Burr,  (00')  p.  99,  (00^)  p.  52,  (02) 

p.  486,  (083)  p.  118;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  41. 
Forficula  brachvnota,  Haan,  (42)   p.  243,  pi.  23,  fig.  10 ;    Scudd, 

(76)  p.  312;  'Dohrn,  (65)  p.  94  ;  (nee  Dubr.  (79)  p.  383). 
Allodahlia  scabriuscula,  Terh.  (02')  p.  194;  Burr,  (05)  p.  28. 

Stature  large,  strongly  built,  legs  aud  forceps  slender.  Colour 
darl;  dull  blackish  chestnut,  glabrous,  the  whole  body  more  or  less 
scabrous.  Antennae  witli  12  or  13  segments,  black,  rather  elongate. 
Head  tumid,  convex,  punctulate,  sutures  very  distinct,  posterior 
margin  sinuate.  Pronotum  transverse,  anterior  margin  sinuate, 
anterior  angles  sharp  and  produced  for\^ards,  sides  and  posterior 
margin  broadly  rounded,  sides  slightly  reflexed ;  prozona  uith  five 
blunt  longitudinal  tubercles ;  the  Miiole  disc  densely  punctulate. 
Elytra  ample,  strongly  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  convex,  posterior 
margin  sinuate ;  the  exterior  carina  is  very  sharp  and  distinct, 
dying  out  just  before  the  posterior  margin ;  the  disc  of  the  elytra 
is  covered  with  a  dense  mass  of  small  tubercles  and  a  few  scattered 
larger  points,  so  that  it  is  entirely  rough  and  scabrous  ;  the  lateral 
portion  is  densely  rugose  without  the  larger  points.  "Wings 
rugose  and  scabrous.  Tarsi  elongate,  with  dense  reddish  pub- 
escence beneath  ;  femora  punctulate.  Prosternuni  somewhat 
attenuate  posteriorly.  Abdomen  somewhat  flattened,  constricted 
at  the  base,  dilated  about  the  middle  and  attenuate  apically ;  the 
whole  dorsal  surface  is  densely  and  finely  punctulate,  the  ventral 
surface  still  more  finely  ;  lateral  tubercles  distinct,  the  posterior 
pair  very  strong  ;  segments  six  to  nine  somewhat  convex  at  the 
sides  ;  in  the  $  the  apical  attenuation  is  stronger  and  more 
marked.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  6  short,  transverse,  slightly 
sloping  ;  posterior  margin  incrassate  and  slightly  reflexed  and 
smooth  ;  the  exterior  angles  produced,  the  margin  itself  gently 
and  obliquely  truncate  over  the  base  of  the  forceps  ;  in  the   $ 


ALLODAHLIA.  l^^ 


attenuate,  hinder  margin  convex,  angles  obsolete.  Pygidium  of 
J  short  and  transverse,  posterior  margin  truncate,  very  obtuse, 
with  a  small  blunt  tubercle  at  each  corner,  terminating  in  a  short 
sharp  point;  in  the  $  the  pygidium  is  a  short  obtuse  tubercle 
Forceps  o£  d  with  the  branches  very  remote  at  the  base  and 
trigonal  there,  not  very  stout,  diverging  strongly  at  the  base  itselt 
and  almost  immediately  bowed  inwards,  elongate,  slender  and 
gradually  converging ;  the  inner  lower  margin  is  finely  denticulate 
near  the  base ;  somewhat  flattened,  with  a  strong,  rather  long, 
sharp  tooth  on  the  inner  margin  about  two-thirds  from  the  base ; 
the  apices  are  gently  incurved  ;  in  the  $  subcontiguous,  straight, 
slio-htly  excavate  at  the  base  itself  to  admit  the  pygidium,  quite 
straight  and  parallel  for  two-thirds  of  their  length,  then  suddenly 
attenuate  and  very  gently  arcuate,  the  points  crossing. 

Length  of  body H-U  mm.         11-13  mm. 

„         forceps  ....        8-15    „  ti-/       i» 

Bhutan:  Maria  Basti  (Paris  31us.);  Sikkim  •  Mungphu, 
Dunsiri  Valley  (Ind.  iMus.)  ;  Darjihng  (Brit.  Jli.ts.) ;  Afe^SAM  : 
Sibsagar  (Iml.  Mus.);  Burma:  Kachin  Hills,  vni.-xu  {Genoa 
Mus.f;  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-4300  ft.,  v.-xu.  (Genoa 
Mus.)  ;  Tenasserim  :  Thagata,  iv.  . 

Also  recorded  from  Java,  Sumatra,  Borneo,  Southern  China 
and  Tonkin. 

Type  in  the  Vienna  Museum.  _        ,     •,.      i   n 

This  is  an  exceedingly  well-marked  species,  owing  to  its  dull 
black  colour,  strongly  concave  anterior  margin  of  the  prouotum, 
with  its  sharplv  projecting  angles,  and  the  exceedingly  coarse  texture 
of  the  well-rounded  elytra.  It  is  moreover  the  only  species  in 
which  the  pygidium  of  the  male  has  a  minute  spinule  at  each 
angle,  instead  of  a  strong  spine  in  the  middle. 

93.  AllodaWia  macropyga,  ^yestlvood*      (Fig.  50.) 

Forficula  macropvoa,  Westwd.  (39)  p.  53,  pi.  9,  fig.  12  ;  Dohrn,  (6o) 

p.  93 ;  'S'cMriJ.  (76)  p.  315. 
Forficula  hugeli,  Dohrn,*  (G5)  f.  Q2 ;  Scudd.  (/b)  p.  314;    Rirh;/, 


(04)  p.  41.' 
Anechura  hugeh,  VerJi.  (02^)  p.  194. 


445, (94) 


AllodahUa  ancylura.  Burr,  ',070  P-  209 

Anechura  macropyga,  Borm.  (00^  p.  103;  Eirhy,  (04)  p.  4i. 

Colour  dark  reddish  browai.     Antennae  .  ,  .  ?      Head  convex 
smooth,   black,  sutures    distinct.     Pronotum    transverse,   about 
II  times  as  broad  as  long,  anterior  margin  subsinuate,  the  anterior 
an'^les  slightly  produced  ;  lateral  margins  somewhat  incrassate, 


152  rORFICULID^. 

subcouvex  ;  posterior  margin  slightly  convex  ;  the  sui-face  is 
depressed  and  finely  rugulose,  the  prozona  not  tumid,  the  median 
hne  obsolete,  with  no  impressions  at  the  sides.  Elytra  dark 
reddish  chestnut,  not  dilated,  finely  puuctulate,  the  carina  ex- 
tending almost  to  the  posterior  margin,  which  is  truncate. 
Wings  resembling  elytra  in  colour  and  texture,  but  more  finely 
punctulate.  Sternal  plates  smooth  and  black  ;  prosternum  dis- 
tinctly narrowed  posteriorly,  the  posterior  border  itself  incrassate 
and  bounded  by  a  transverse  impression.  Legs  fairly  long  ;  femora 
and  tibise  with  a  few  bristles,  apical  part  of  tibias  and  tarsi 
pubescent.  Abdomen  depressed,  somewhat  dilated  towards  the 
apex,  with  upper  surface  punctate ;  lateral  tubercles  distinct ; 
ventral  surface  smoother  and  shining,  punctation  much  finer. 
Last  dorsal  segment  short  and  transverse,  hinder  margin 
thickened,  with  a  slight  and  shallow  emargination  in  the 
middle,  so  that  the  hinder  border  forms  two  very  obtuse  rounded 
lobes ;  external  angles  produced  outwards  into  a  conical  pointed 
fold.  Pygidium  short,  obtuse,  thick,  conical,  the  apex  being 
produced  into  a  sharp  and  slender  compressed  spine.  Forceps 
with  the  branches  widely  remote  at  the  base,  rather  stout  and 
compressed  at  the  base  itself,  bent  near  the  base  slightly  outwards 
and  strongly  upwards ;  at  a  third  of  their  length  bent  abruptly 
downwards  as  far  as  two-thirds ;  then  the  under  margin  is 
thickened  and  ai'med  with  two  strong  teeth  ;  the  apical  third  is 
again  bent  sharply  upwards  and  the  points  also  inwards  ;  seen 
from  the  side  the  branches  are  very  strongly  undulated;  seen 
from  above  bowed  outwards  and  then  gently  inwards. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body      10-13  mm.         9-5  mm. 

„        forceps 5-6      „  5    „ 

Thibet  :  Tsekon  (Paris  21iis.) ;  Punjab  :  Simla ;  United 
Pbovinces  :  Bhim  Tal  in  Kumaon,  4500  feet,  ix.,  "  feeding  on 
the  flowers  of  stinging  nettles  "  (Lid.  Mus.,  coll.  Bun') ;  Sikkim  : 
Darjihng  (Paris  Mus.,  coll.  Burr) ;  Bhutan  :  Pedong  (Paris 
3Ius.) ;  Assam  :  Nongpoh  in  Khasi  Hills,  3000-5000  ft.  (Pusa 
coll.)  •  Naga  Hills  (Tnd.  litis.) ;  Burma  :  Bhamo,  iv.,  Teinzo,  v., 
Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii.  (Genoa  j\his.); 
Tenasserim  :  Mt.  Mulaiyit,  3300-6000  ft.,  v.  (Genoa  3Ius.). 

Also  occurs  in  China. 

Type  in  the  University  Museum,  Oxford. 

Dohrn's  type  of  A.  ancijlura  not  having  been  examined,  it  is  not 
possible  to  discriminate  it  from  the  earlier  described  A.  macropyga 
of  Westwood,  but  Dohrn's  type  is  recorded  from  the  Philippines 
and  is  therefore  probably  distinct.  It  is  probable  that  de  Bormans' 
Burmese  specimens  are  referable  to  the  true  A.  macropyga  of 
"Westwood,  whose  type  in  the  Oxford  Museum  has  been  lent  to 
me,  thanks  to  the  courtesy  of  Professor  Poulton,  and  compared 


ALLODAHLIA.  153 

■with  Dohrn's  type  of  A.  liugeli  in  the  Yieima  Museum.  Tliere 
is  no  doubt  that  de  Bormans  was  right  in  sinking  A.  hugeli  as  a 
synonym  of  A.  macrop;i(ja.  The  various  Indian  specimens  which 
have  been  examinee!  are  not  specifically  distinguishable  from 
Westwood's  type,  and  so  are  all  referred  to  A.  macropyga. 

The  sculpture  of  the  body,  the  coarseness  of  the  punctulation, 
the  depth  of  the  sutures  of  the  head,  and  of  the  sulcus  of  the  pro- 
notum  all  vary  to  a  certain  degree,  but  not  enough  to  justify  the 
separation  into  species.  De  Bormans  records  a  variety  from 
Burma  in  \^-hich  the  forceps  are  nearly  horizontal,  armed  with  a 
single  tooth,  and  the  wings  are  smooth  and  clear  yellow.  In  the 
Paris  Museum  there  is  also  a  male  of  this  variety  from  Bhutan. 

The  anterior  margin  of  the  pronotum  is  far  less  strongly  con- 
cave than  in  the  preceding  species,  the  colour  deeper  and  richer, 
often  with  a  greenish  sheen,  the  elytra  punctate  and  not  sca- 
brous, and  the  pygidium  with  a  strong  central  spine. 

From  the  two  following  species  it  differs  in  the  absence  of  any 
red  coloration,  the  punctate  elytra,  and  concave  anterior  margin 
of  the  pronotum. 

The  forceps  seem  to  be  peculiarly  liable  to  malformation  and 
ill-developed  specimens  are  quite  common. 


94.  AUodaWia  coriacea,  Bormans**    (J^'^g-  51.) 

Anechura  coriacea,  Bormans,  (Q^)  p.  403,  (00")  p.  102,  fig.  37  ;  Burr, 

(001)  p_  99^  (0:2)  p.  486  ;  Kirhj,  (04)  p.  41. 
Foi'ficula    brachynota,    Dubromj,    (79)     p.   383    (nee    Haaii,  nee 

Dohrn). 
AUodahlia  coriacea,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  209. 

Size  large ;  stature  not  very  robust.  Colour  dark  chestnut, 
varying  from  all  dull  black  to  reddish  black  ;  clear  red  in  parts. 
Antennae  black,  sometimes  with  one  or  two  segments  pale 
yellowish,  with  stift',  short  bristles  ;  segments  long  and  nearly 
cylindrical.  Head  clear  brick-red,  blackish  red,  or  all  black,  tumid 
and  convex,  the  sutures  very  distinct ;  posterior  margin  sinuate. 
Pronotum  reddish  black,  rectangular,  somewhat  broader  than  long, 
anterior  margin  truncate,  anterior  angles  rather  sharp  ;  lateral 
margins  quite  straight,  gently  reflexed,  very  slightly  converging 
posteriorly,  so  that  the  pronotum  is  very  slightly  narrower  pos- 
teriorly than  anteriorly ;  posterior  margin  very  faintly  convex  ; 
prozona  tumid,  with  an  impressed  spot  on  each  side  of  the  median 
line,  which  is  visible  as  a  faint  carinula  in  the  metazona;  the 
metazona  is  flattened  and  coriaceous.  Elytra  ample  and  broad  at 
the  shoulders,  dai'k  reddisli  black,  often  clear  red  at  the  shoulders ; 
humeral  carina  very  distinct  and  continued  to  the  posterior  margin, 
which  is  truncate.  Wings  with  punctulation  almost  obsolete, 
a:lmost  smooth  ;  black  with  a  yellowish  spot  at  the  apex.  Legs 
long  and  slender;  femora  brick-red,  smooth,  with  a  black  band  at 


154  FOEFICULID.I. 

the  apex ;  tibiae  dark  red,  pubescent  tow  ards  the  apex  ;  tarsi  long 
and  slendei%  reddish  testaceous,  with  dense  yellowish  pubescence. 
Abdomen  black,  somewhat  depressed,  the  whole  surface  densely 
and  finely  punctulate :  lateral  tubercles  very  distinct ;  ventral 
surface  almost  smooth  ;  in  tlie  female  slightly,  in  the  male  more 
strongly,  dilated  about  the  middle,  narrower  towards  the  apex. 
Last  dorsal  segment  very  short,  transverse,  strongly  punctulate, 
sloping,  the  posterior  border  somewhat  incrassate,  reflex  and 
convex  in  outline ;  external  angles  thickened  into  a  crest-like  fold, 
rather  acute.  In  the  female  this  segment  is  attenuate  and 
narrow,  sloping,  the  posterior  margin  incrassate,  but  the  external 
angles  not  produced.  Pygidium  of  d"  short,  transverse  and  rect- 
angular, with  a  median  longitudinal  impression  and  somewhat 
tumid  on  each  side,  produced  in  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
margin  into  a  short,  compressed,  protruding  lobular  fold  ;  in 
the  2  short  and  obtuse.  Forceps  with  the  branches  in  the 
(?  very  remote  at  the  base  ami  trigonal  there,  not  very  stout, 
diverging  at  first  and  dii'ected  upwards  and  outwards,  then  suddenly 
bent  rather  strongl}'-  downwards,  attenuate,  slender,  smooth  and 
unarmed  ;  armed  on  the  under  surface,  at  about  two-thirds  from 
the  base,  with  two  teeth,  the  first  short  and  blunt,  the  second  longer 
and  sharp ;  then  nearly  horizontal  and  arched  inwards  ;  in  the 
2  the  branches  are  subcontiguous,  excavate  at  the  base  on  the 
inner  margin  to  admit  the  pygidium,  nearly  straight,  elongate, 
simple  and  unarmed,  the  apices  crossing. 

6  2 

Length  of  body     12-14  mm.  14  mm. 

„         forceps     7     ,,  7     „ 

United  Provinces  :  Bhim  Tal,  4500  ft.,  in  Kumaun,  ix., 
"  feeding  on  flowers  of  stinging  nettles  "  (Ind.  3Lis.) ;  Bhutan  : 
Maria  Basti  {Paris  Mus.) ;  Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District, 
3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii.  {Genoa  Mus.) ;  Tenasserim  :  Mt.  Mulaiyit 
{Brit.  Mm.). 

Also  occurs  in  Tonkin  and  Borneo. 

Type  in  Genoa  Museum. 

This  species  resembles  A.  scahriuscida  in  general  appearance,  but 
the  colour  is  quite  different;  the  elytra  are  uniformly  punctulated 
and  coriaceous,  and  lack  the  little  tubercles  which  characterize  that 
species ;  the  elytra  are  also  wider,  the  forceps  less  stout  and  less 
abruptly  curved ;  in  A.  scahrlusmla  the  forceps  have  one  tooth,  but 
in  A.  coriacea  they  have  two. 

95.  Allodahlia  ahrimanes,  Burr.*    (Fig.  98.) 

Anechura  ahrimanes,  Burr,  (00^)  p.  79,  pi.  iv,  fig.  5 ;  Kirby,  (04) 
p.  41. 

Head  deep  red ;  eyes  black  ;  sutures  indistinct ;  antennae  dark 
red  (seven  segments  remain).     Pronotum  black,  broader  than  the 


ALLODAIILIA. — HOMOTAGES.  155 

head  ;  anterior  margin  straiglit,  posterior  margin  rounded  ;  the 
sides  parallel ;  nearly  quadrate,  slightly  hroader  than  long ;  pro- 
zona  tumid.  Elytra  broad,  finely  punctulated  ;  deep  red,  shaded 
with  black  towards  the  apex  and  the  margins,  obHquely  truncate 
at  the  apex ;  humeral  carina  distinct  and  complete.  Wings 
prominent,  black,  with  a  yellow  spot  near  the  base.  Legs  deep 
red,  the  knees  and  tibiae  darker  or  black  ;  tarsi  darker.  Abdomen 
deep  dark  red,  somewhat  dilated  in  the  middle,  narrowed  towards 
the  extremity;  lateral  tubercles  black,  very  distinct;  the  whole 
abdomen  is  finely  punctulate  ;  last  dorsal  segment  transverse, 
hinder  margin  straight,  with  a  faint  median  depression,  a  reddish 
blunt  elevation  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps  and  a  small 
tubercle  on  the  outside  angles  ;  penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S 
ample,  rounded.  Pygidium  of  d  strongly  depressed,  triangular  ; 
two  small  pale  obtuse  lobes  are  visible  below  the  apex  of  the 
pygidium,  projecting  beyond  the  border  of  the  produced  penul- 
timate segment,  and  visible  from  below.  Torceps  of  6  with  the 
branches  slender,  long,  remote  at  the  base  and  tricarinate  there, 
slightly  diverging  at  first,  then  subsinuate  until  the  apices  meet 
and  cross  ;  there  is  at  the  end  of  the  first  and  second  third  of  the 
total  length  a  strong  triangular  depressed  tooth ;  the  forceps  are 
red  at  the  base,  darker  towards  the  apex  ;  the  inner  margin  of  the 
basal  third  is  finely  creuulate.      $  unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body 12-14-3  mui. 

„  forceps 9        ,, 

SiKKiM  {coll.  Bun-) ;  Assam  :  Kurseong. 

Ty^je  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  handsome  species  resembles  the  preceding  in  colour,  but  the 
elytra  are  more  strongly  shaded  with  red  ;  they  are  also  finely 
punctulate  and  not  rugose,  and  the  forceps  are  nearly  straight, 
horizontal,  with  two  strong  teeth  which  are  not  near  each  other. 


Genus  HOMOTAGES,  Burr. 

Honiotao:es,  Burr,  (09)  p.  327. 
Anechura,  Bormans  (partiin). 

Type,  Anechura  few,  Borm. 

Antennae  with  15  segments  (?),  fourth  subconical,  more  than 
half  as  long  as  third,  which  is  subconical,  the  rest  elongate, 
becoming  cylindrical.  Head  smooth,  sutures  obsolete.  Pronotum 
trapezoidal,  sides  straight  and  angles  rounded,  broader  posteriorly 
than  anteriorly.  Elytra  ample,  not  strongly  rounded  at  the 
shoulders,  smooth  and  with  no  keel.  Wings  ample,  smooth. 
Sternal  plates  truncate,  less  broad  than  in  the  other  genera.  Legs 
long,  slender  :  tarsi  long,  first  segment  equal  to  the  other  two 
united ;  second  long,  scarcely  dilated,  more  than  half  as  long  a» 
the  third,     Pygidium  of   S   nearly  rectangular.     Forceps  of    <S 


156  FORFICULID.f. 

remote  at  the  base,  elongate,  siuuous  and  strongly  toothed  ;  simple 
in  the  $  . 

Bange.  India  and  Burma. 

This  genus  is  monotypic.  It  is  well  characterized  by  the  form 
of  the  tarsi ;  in  the  form  of  the  pronotuin  and  tarsi  it  approaches 
the  CTielisochince. 


S6.  Homotages  fesB,  Bonncms**    (Fig.  101.) 

Anechura  feae,  Bormans.  (88)  p.  44-5,  (94)  p.  34,  (00-)  p.  104  ;  Kirby, 

(04)  p.  41 ;  Bun;  (07^)  p.  209,  (08^)  p.  118. 
Homotages  fese,  Burr,  (09)  p.  327,  fig.  7. 

Size  medium,  variable  ;  not  very  robust.  Colour  deep  black  or 
dark  reddish  black,  elytra  and  forceps  reddish.  Antennae  with 
15  segments,  which  are  rather  short  and  nearly  black.  Head 
smooth  and  convex,  quite  black,  posterior  margin  truncate,  sutures 
obsolete ;  eyes  black.  Pronotum  transverse,  broader  than  long, 
broader  posteriorly  than  anteriorly,  all  margins  straight,  posterior 
angles  rounded,  sides  slightly  reflexed;  prozona  tumid,  with 
median  sulcus  and  impressions  on  each  side  very  distinct ;  meta- 
y.ona  flattened,  smooth,  dull  black.      Elytra  ample,  smooth,  dai'k 


Fig,  12. —  Tarsus  of  Homotages  fes,  Bonn. 

reddish  black,  with  a  clear  but  ill-defined  bright  red  spot  at  the 
shoulders.  Wings  long,  black.  Legs  rather  long,  black,  paler 
towards  the  apex  ;  apical  part  of  tibiae  and  the  tarsi  with  yellow 
pubescence.  Prosternum  angustate  posteriorly ;  sternal  plates 
smooth  and  black.  Abdomen  convex,  slightly  dilated  posteriorly, 
dark  chocolate-black ;  basal  segments  smooth,  apical  segments 
■with  an  extremely  fine  rugulose  sculpture.  Ventral  segments 
blackish  red,  smooth  in  the  middle,  striated  towards  the  sides; 
sides  of  the  dorsal  segments  convex  and  striated.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  6  large,  smooth,  transverse,  posterior  margin  sti*aight, 
with  a  tumid  elevation  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps  ;  in  the  2 
more  attenuate,  the  tubercles  nearly  obsolete.  Pygidium  of  S 
nearly  rectangular,  in  the  form  of  a  nearly  vertical  plate,  posterior 
margin  truncate,  the  angles  produced  into  a  spine ;  in  Lhe  5 
horizontal,  depressed,  angustate  posteriorly  ;  the  posterior  margin 
slightly  emarginate  and  the  angles  sharp.  Forceps  of  S  with 
the  branches  rather  stout,  elongate,  but  slightly  incurvate  ;  viewed 
laterally,  strongly  sinuate  downwards,  then  upwards ;  armed  on 
the  inner  margin  beneath  with  a  pair  of  strong  sharp  teeth  (one 
sometimes  obsolete);  about  the  apical  third  there  is  another 
strong  sharp  tooth  beneath,  beyond  which  the  branches  are 
straight,  unarmed,  incurved  at  the  apex  itself.     In  the    $   the 


HOMOTAGES. — PTEEYGIDA.  157 

branches  are  remote,  elongate,  nearly  straight,  gently  sinuate,  not 
contiguous. 

Length  of  body     ....        10-5-14  mm.         12-13  mm. 
,,         forceps     . .  4-8     ,,  3-3-5    „ 

SiKKiM  :  Darjiling,  vi,  {Paris  Mus.,  colls.  Burr  <S,-  Gadeau)  ; 
Nepal  :  Chitlong  {Ind.  Mm.) ;  United  Pkovinces  :  Kumaun, 
Naiui  Tal,  6400  ft.,  x.  {InJ.  Mus.)  ;  Tekasseeim  :  Thagata,  iv. 
{Genoa  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

In  the  type  of  coloration  this  species  resembles  AUodahlia 
coriacea  and  A.  ahrimanes,  but  differs  in  tbe  generic  characters. 

The  species  is  easy  to  recognize  as  it  does  not  closely  resemble 
any  other  species  ;  its  general  dull  black  colour  with  reddisli 
elytra  and  forceps  are  quite  distinctive,  apart  frooi  the  peculiar 
form  of  the  pygidium  and  the  armature  of  the  forceps. 

Variation. 

This  species  varies  considerably  in  size,  and  also  in  the  form  and 
armature  of  the  forceps.  The  description  as  given  above  refers  to 
the  typical  well-developed  form ;  but  in  the  author's  collection 
there  is  a  small  male  (length  of  body  10  mm.,  of  forceps  4  mm.) 
in  which  the  forceps  are  quite  horizontal  when  viewed  laterally, 
gently  converging,  with  one  small  tooth  near  the  base,  and  a 
nearly  obsolete  tooth  about  the  middle  :  this  is  from  Nepal ;  in 
another  male,  from  the  same  locality,  the  posterior  tooth  is  strong 
but  there  is  only  one  basal  tooth  and  that  is  weak ;  this  appears 
to  be  the  case  in  the  majority  of  specimens  :  the  largest  specimen 
seen  is  also  from  Nepal  (see  dimensions  as  given  above),  and  in 
this  there  are  two  teeth  in  the  basal  half  on  each  branch  of  the 
forceps.  This  discrepancy  does  not  warrant  a  separate  varietal 
name,  nor  justify  the  use  of  the  term  dimorphism ;  it  is  probably 
due  to  accidental  conditions  affecting  the  growth  of  the  individual. 


Genus  PTERYGIDA,  VerJueff. 

Pteiygida,  Verhcef,  (02i)  p.  197. 
Anechura,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  289  (pars). 

Type,  Forficula  jar/or i,  Dohru. 

Body  broad  and  depressed.  Antennae  with  third  segment  long 
and  cylindrical,  fourth  the  same  and  nearly  as  long  as  third,  the 
rest  elongate,  cylindrical.  Head  depressed,  truncate  posteriorly. 
Pronotum  slightly  longer  than  wide,  anterior  margin  truncate, 
posterior  margin  rounded.  Elytra  ample,  broad,  costal  margin 
not  keeled,  dilated  and  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders.  Wings 
long  ;  coloured.  Legs  rather  long  and  slender.  Abdomen  strongly 
depressed  and  dilated  about  the  middle,  oval  and  narrowed  towards 
the  apex.      Last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  transverse,  short. 


158  FORFICULID.i:. 

Pygidium  transverse.  Forceps  of  6  with  the  branches  horizontal, 
elongate,  slender  and  arcuate. 

Range.  India  and  Philippines. 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  depressed  body,  dilated  elytra, 
oval  dilated  abdomen ;  the  elytra  have  no  costal  keel.  Two  species 
are  known,  both  Oriental,  one  of  which  occurs  in  India. 

97.  Pterygida  circulata,  Dohrn.     (Pig.  96.) 

Forficula  circulata,  Lohrn,  (Go)  p.  95 ;  Scudder,  (76)  p.  313. 

Aptervgida  circulata,  Bormans,  (00^)  p.  116. 

Pterygida  circulata,  Verhoeff,  (02')  p.  196  ;  Klrhy,  (04)  p.  44. 

Stature  medium,  strongly  flattened  and  dilated.  Colour  dark 
chestnut ;  elyti'a  and  wings  yellowish.  Antennae  .  .  .  ?,  segments 
dark  brown.  Head  depressed,  black,  posterior  margin  truncate, 
sutures  obsolete,  somewhat  tumid  between  the  eyes,  with  two 
small  impressions.  Pronotum  black,  somewhat  longer  than  broad, 
slightly  broader  anteriorly  than  the  head,  anterior  margin  truncate, 
posterior  convex  ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid  ;  metazona  flat.  Pro- 
sternum  somewhat  narrowed ;  sternal  plates  smooth  and  black. 
Elytra  yellowish  chestnut,  ample  and  broad,  with  no  keel,  widened 
at  the  shoulders  and  narrower  posteriorly,  quite  smooth.  Wings 
ample ;  the  scale  is  of  the  same  colour  as  the  pronotum  ;  the 
membranous  portion  is  of  a  yellowish  colour  in  the  basal  third, 
with  a  very  broad  smoky  blackish  band  occupying  almost  the 
whole  of  the  remainder,  except  the  margin  itself  which  is 
lighter  but  smoky.  Femora  black;  anterior  pair  rather  thickened; 
middle  and  posterior  pair  more  slender  and  longer ;  tibife  and 
tarsi  slender,  elongate,  reddish  brown.  Abdomen  flat  and  broad, 
oval,  reddish  black  ;  finely  granulate  ;  the  sides  of  the  segments 
somewhat  convex  ;  latei'al  tubercles  not  very  pronounced  ;  ventral 
plates  paler,  reddish ;  the  penultimate  segment  ovate,  with  a 
median  fold  at  the  posterior  margin.  Last  dorsal  segment  very 
short,  transverse,  rectangular,  smooth,  with  a  broad,  very  obtuse, 
tumid,  smooth  shining  tubercle  at  each  side.  Pygidium  short, 
transverse,  obtuse,  with  a  median  sulcus,  dividing  into  two  very 
obtuse  lobes  \\  hen  viewed  from  above.  Force])s  with  the  branches 
widely  remote  at  the  base,  slender,  unarmed,  brownish  red, 
regularly  bowed,  enclosing  a  regular  oval  area. 

6 

Length  of  body    14-14'o  mm. 

J,         forceps    6        ,, 

NoRTiiERisr  India  {Brit.  2Ius.,  coll. Burr) ;  Madras  ( Vienna  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  easy  to  recognize  by  the  shape  and  by  the 
slender  and  arcuate  forceps  of  the  male. 

In  the  Oxford  L^niversity  Museum,  there  is  a  specimen  with  wings 
expanded,  and  these  have  the  scale  of  the  same  colour  as  the  pro- 
notum ;  but  the  membranous  portion  is  yellowish  near  the  basp, 
the  rest  occupied  by  a  broad  smoky  black  band,  the  apex  itself 


ANECHUBA.  159 

being  clearer.  This  specimen  is  labelled  in  Westwood's 
handwriting  "  F.  rufipennis,  Westw.",  but  this  appears  to  be  a 
manuscript  name  that  was  never  published. 

Genus  ANECHURA.,  Scmlder. 
Anechura,  Scudder,  (76)  p.  289. 

Type,  Forficula  bipunctata,  Fabr.  (Europe). 

Size  medium.  Antennae  with  about  1:3  segments  ;  third  long 
and  subcylindrical,  fourth  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  third,  fifth 
nearly  as  long  as  third,  rather  thick  and  cylindrical.  Head  tumid, 
sutures  indistinct.  Pronotuni  broad,  truncate  anteriorly,  convex 
posteriorly,  the  sides  straight.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  broad, 
rounded  at  the  shoulders  but  the  sides  parallel :  no  keel.  AViugs 
smooth,  often  abbreviated.  Sternal  plates  transverse.  Legs  long 
and  slender  ;  second  tarsal  segment  distinctly  lobed  ;  first  longer 
than  second  and  third  united.  Abdomen  depressed  and  dilated 
about  the  middle,  narrowed  again  before  the  apex.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  6  transverse,  with  tubercles  ;  of  $  simple,  narrow. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  d  broadly  rounded  ;  round  in  $  . 
Pvgidium  of  c?  very  short  and  broad  ;  in  2  very  small,  obtuse. 
Porceps  of  c?  with  the  branches  remote  at  base  and  strongly 
bowed,  sinuous  and  undulating,  variously  toothed  ;  simple  in  the  5  . 

Bange.  Europe,  Northern  and  Central  Asia. 

This'  genus,  as  now  restricted,  contains  a  few  European  atid 
Asiatic  species,  of  which  two  are  known  to  occur  in  India. 

Table  of  S^iccies. 

1.  Colour  black  aud  red ;  forceps  simply 
arcuate  ;  last  dorsal  segment  of  S 
■with  two  large  pointed  mammiform 

tubercles calciatii,  Bor.,  p.  159. 

1.1.  Colour  chestnut  or  pale  yellowish  ; 
forceps  variously  bowed  and  strongly 
undulating  ;  last  dorsal  segment  of 
J  with  a  short  conical  tubercle  at 
each  angle    zubovskii,  Sem.,  p.  160. 

98.  Anechura  calciatii,  Borflli.**     (Fig.  9-5.) 
Anechura  calciatii,  Borelli,  (09)  p.  3. 

General  colour  black.  Antennae  with  11  segments,  black  or 
brown,  sometimes  tinged  with  reddish ;  third  cylindrical,  slightly 
swollen  near  the  apex  ;  fourth  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  third 
subcorneal ;  fifth  as  long  as,  aud  remainder  slightly  longer  than, 
the  third,  subconical  passing  into  cylindrical.  Head  clear  brick- 
i-ed,  shaded  with  blackish  on  the  frons,  tmnid  and  smooth,  sutures 
faint.  Pronotum  brownish  black,  broader  than  long,  anterior 
margin  straight,  sides  parallel  and  gently  reflexed,  posterior  margin 
£;ently  rounded  ;  prozona  slightly  tumid,  with  an  impression  on 
^ach  side;  median  suture  very  faint.     Elytra  smooth,  dull  black, 


160  rORFICLXID.l-. 

with  no  keel.  Wings  abbreviated,  scarcely  visible  beyond  the 
elytra.  Sternal  plates  black ;  pronotum  rather  broad  anteriorly 
and  strongly  constricted  before  the  base  ;  meso-  and  metasterna 
broad,  rounded  posteriorly.  Legs  long  and  slender  ;  femora 
yellowish  red,  black  towards  the  apex  ;  tibise  and  tarsi  yellowish  ; 
the  latter  long  and  slender,  second  segment  short  and  broad,  first 
about  as  long  as  second  and  third  united.  Abdomen  dull  reddish 
black,  smooth,  naked  above,  with  bristles  at  the  sides  ;  tubercles 
of  third  and  fourth  segments  distinct  ;  rather  broad,  slightly 
broader  about  the  middle,  and  narrowed  apically  in  2  .  Last 
dorsal  segment  of  d  smooth,  transverse,  reddish  in  basal  half,  the 
rest  black,  inflated  basally,  depressed  posteriorly,  posterior  margin 
straight;  on  each  side,  above  the  forceps,  there  is  a  large,  mammi- 
form, conical  tubercle,  terminating  in  a  sharp  point ;  in  the  $ 
narrowed,  depressed  posteriorly,  the  tubercles  obsolete.  Penul- 
timate ventral  segment  of  d  and  $  broadly  rounded.  Pygidium 
of  (S  prominent,  in  the  form  of  a  broad,  short,  transverse  plate  ; 
the  posterior  margin  slightly  refiexed,  the  edge  itself  creuulate ; 
in  2  narrow  and  blunt.  Forceps  of  c?  with  the  branches  remote 
at  the  base,  somewhat  depressed,  elongate  and  regularly  arcuate, 
with  a  strong  sharp  tooth  on  the  under  surface  near  the  base  ; 
in  the  2  the  branches  are  subcontiguous,  stout,  straight,  tapering, 
incurved  at  the  apex  itself,  the  inner  margin  depressed,  the 
forceps  reddish  (clear  red  in  the  d  )  and  darker  a])ically. 

d  2 

Length  of  body 12'5  mm.         13  mm. 

„         forceps.  ...  4     ,,  -f     ,, 

N.E.  Kashmie  :  road  from  Srinagar  to  Gilgit,  v.,  about  8000  ft 
{Turin  3Ius.). 

Type  in  the  Turin  Museum. 

This  handsome  species  is  well  characterized  by  the  sharp  pointed 
mammiform  tubercles  of  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  6 ,  and 
the  simple  arcuate  forceps.  Its  nearest  ally  perhaps  is  A.japonica, 
Borm.,  which,  however,  has  a  prominent  laminated  tooth  on  the 
forceps.     The  pj'gidium  coloration  is  also  quite  different. 

99.  Anecliura  zubovskii,  Sem.     (Fig.  52.) 

.f  Forficula  biguttata,  var.,  Sanssvre,  (74)  p.  4  (partim). 
Auechm-a  zubovskii,  Setnetiov,  (01)  p.  188;  Jacohsun  S)-  Bianchi,{Qb) 
p.  25;  Borelli,  (09)  p.  4. 

Autenn{e  with  (?)  12  segments,  typical.  Head  tumid,  smooth, 
black,  the  sutures  fairly  distinct.  Pronotum  transverse,  truncate 
on  anterior  margin,  convex  posteriorly,  the  sides  parallel ;  black 
with  yellowish  sides.  Elytra  rather  short,  not  surpassing  and 
scarcely  equalling  the  posterior  femora  in  length,  dull  brown  ; 
pale  straw-yellow  outside  the  costal  fold  (not  visible  from  above) 
and  marked  with  a  pale  straw-yellow  spot  on  the  disc;  this  spot 
is  relatively  small  and  does  not  extend  backwards  beyond  the 


ANECHUEA. 


161 


middle  of  the  elytra.  Wings  not  projecting  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  elytra,  pale  straw-yellow,  with  fuscous  margin  and 
apex.  Abdomen  yellowish  brown,  with  darker  shading  towards 
the  base,  very  broad  and  depressed  in  the  d'  •  Last  dorsal  segment 
short  and  transverse,  black  basally  and  fulvous  apically ;  at  each 
exterior  angle  armed  with  a  strong  conical  tubercle  pointing  out- 
wards. Pygidium  of  6  short  and  obtuse.  Forceps  of  S  w'ith  the 
branches  very  remote  at  the  base,  rather  stout,  roundly  trigoual, 
with  a  short  conical  tooth  near  the  base  on  the  upper  margin  ; 
they  are  directed  at  first  gently  upwards  and  outwards,  and  then, 
at  one  quarter  of  their  length,  bowed  strongly  downwards  ;  at 
about  three-quarters  of  their  length,  horizontal  and  almost  parallel 
as  far  as  the  points  which  are  gently  hooked ;  in  colour  reddish 
tawny  ;  at  the  point  where  their  direction  changes  from  the  down- 
ward to  the  horizontal  on  the  under  margin  there  is  a  very  blunt 
projection  (this  represents  a  sharp  tooth  in  another  form). 

<S  2 

Length  of  body   9*5-11  mm.         11-13  mm. 

„         forceps 5  "5-6       ,,  3*6-4     ,, 

Kashmir  :  Ladak,  A-^allev  of  the  River  Dras,  between  9000 
and  10,000  ft.,  vii.  (coll.  Semenov);  Scinde  Valley,  at  7000  ft. 
(Brit.  Mtis.,  coll.  Biirr)  ;  road  from  !Srinagar  to  Grilgit,  at  8300  ft., 
V.  (Turin  Miis.), 

Tijpe  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  A.  P.  Semenov  Tian-Shansky, 
St.  Petersburg. 

The  specimens  from  Tibet,  in  the  British  Museum,  are  probably 
to  be  referred  to  this  species. 

This  is  the  only  known  Indian  earwig  that  has  this  peculiar 
form  of  forceps  and  yellow-spotted  elytra,  and  so  cannot  be 
confused  with  any  other  species. 

It  is  really  the  local  race  of  A.  hipimctata,  which  is  essentially 
paljearctic  in  distribution  ;  the  typical  form  occurs  in  the  mountains 
of  Europe,  in  the  Pyrenees,  Alps  and  Balkans ;  as  its  distribution 
extends  westwards  (Asia  Minor,  Urals)  it  tends  to  pass  into  the 
variety  orientalis  of  Krauss  (nee  Semenov),  which  is  recorded  from 
the  Crimea,  Persia  and  Caucasus  (de  Bormans'  record  from  Tibet 
refers  probably  to  A.  zubovsJcii,  which  had  not  yet  been  discrimi- 
nated). This  variety  overlaps  A.  asiaiica,  Sem.  (  =  A.  orientalis, 
Sem.),  which  occurs  throughout  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  as 
far  egst  as  the  Urals  and  lower  reaches  of  the  Volga,  and  as  far 
south  as  Persia. 

These  four  forms  are  nothing  more  or  less  than  local  races  of 
what  we  might  call  "  overspecies,"  but  as  they  have  all  been 
treated  as  species  by  Semenov,  it  is  more  convenient  to  continue 
to  regard  them  as  such,  rather  than  to  reduce  them  to  the  rank  of 
varieties. 

It  may  be  useful  to  give  the  distinguishing  characters. 

M 


162 


FOEFICrLLD^. 


bipunctafa,  vav.  orientnlis, 
Krauss  {nee  Sem.). 


1.  Head  pale,  at  least  on  tlie  occiput  ; 

femora  dark  only  at  the  apex  ;  body 

broader  and  stouter. 

2.  Colour   dark ;    spots   orange    red  ; 

forceps     strongly     sinuate     and 

stout biptmctata,  Fabr, 

2.2.  Colour  paler ;  spots  yellower ;  head 
testaceous  ;  wings  paler  ;  spot  on 
elytra     larger ;      forceps     more 
slender,  less  strongly  sinuate     .  . 
1.1.   Head  all   dark;    femora  with   dark 
spots,  but  not  dark  at  the  ends ; 
body  rather  louger. 
2.  Length  of  elytra  equal  to  that  of 
posterior  femora ;    pale  spot   of 
elytra   large,   extending    beyond 
middle   of  disc;    tooth   beneath 
ferceps  beyond  middle  sharp  .... 
2.2.  Length  of  elytra  less  than  that  of 
posterior  femora;    light  spot  on 
elytra  not  passing  middle  of  the 
disc  ;  tooth  of  forceps  nearer  the 
middle  and  very  obtuse  or  obso- 
lete         zuhovskii,  Sem. 


asiatica,  Sem. 


Subfamily  III.  FORFICULIN^. 

This  subfamily  contains  few  genera,  but  one  is  the  typical 
genus  of  the  Deimaptera,  namely  For/ictda,  Linn.,  which  contains 
about  40  species  and  is  represented  throughout  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America. 


Fig.  13. — Tarsus  of  Forjicula  lucad,  Dobrn. 

The  typical  species  is  Forjicula  auricularia,  Liun.,  the  common 
earwig  of  Western  Europe,  which  has  now  established  itself  in 
New  Zealand  and  the  United  States. 


'Tahle  of  Genera. 

1.  Abdomen    of  d"  almost  parallel-sided; 
forceps  of  c?  not  dilated  or  depresed 

near  base Elaunon,  Burr, p.  163. 

1.1.  Abdomen  of  cS  more  or  less  dilated  about 
the  middle  and  narrower  towards  the 
apex  ;  forceps  of  cT  strongly  dilated 
and  depressed  near  the  base Foeficula,  Linn.,  p.  164. 


ELAUNOX.  163 

Genus  ELAUNON,  Burr. 

Elauuon,  £irrr,  (07')  p.  123. 
Forticula,  Dohvn,  Sciidd.  (partim). 
Sphingolabis,  Kirhy  (partim). 
Apterygida,  Bonn.,  Burr  (partim). 

Type,  SphinrjoJahis  h'lpartita,  Kirby. 

Body  depressed.  Abdomen  almost  parallel-sided  ;  fourth  an- 
tennal  segment  transverse ;  tarsi  short,  first  segment  rather 
broad,  but  little  longer  than  the  third.     Eoi'ceps  of  S  slender. 

Range.  India  and  Africa. 

Owing  to  the  presence  of  a  flattened  triangular  tooth  near  the 
base  of  the  forceps,  the  single  Indian  species  of  this  genus  has 
somewhat  the  appearance  of  Forficula,  but  the  almost  parallel- 
sided  abdomen  and  short  tarsi  distinguish  it. 

Originally  formed  for  E.  hipartita  only,  the  genus  should  also 
include  the  African  species  E.  erijthrocephala  and  E.  honchampsii, 
formerly  ranged  in  Diaperasticus. 

100.  Elaunon  bipartitus,  Kb-hy.*    (Figs.  53  &  102.) 

Sphiugolabis  bipartita,  Kirhy,  (91)  p.  526,  (04>  p.  46. 

Apterygida  bipartita,  Bonn.  (00")  p.  112;  Burr,  (01)  p.  331,  (0-3) 

p.  29,  (08^)  p.  119. 
Apterygida  bipartita,  var.  macrolabia,  Burr,  (07-)  p.  209. 
Elaunon  bipartita.  Burr,  (07^)  p.  123. 

Chestnut  and  yellow  ;  slender ;  not  very  hairy.  Antennas 
brown  ;  fourth  segment  nearly  as  long  as  the  third,  all  cylindrical. 
Head  deep  orange,  smooth,  tumid.  Pronotum  orange,  the  sides 
paler ;  truncate  anteriorly,  rounded  posteriorly,  sides  parallel, 
rather  flattened,  about  as  broad  as  long.  Elytra  long,  narrow, 
parallel-sided,  smooth,  bright  straw-yellow,  with  a  narrow  in- 
distinct fuscous  band  down  the  suture  and  costal  margin.  AVings 
long,  clear  yellow.  Legs  j^ellow,  rather  short.  Abdomen  parallel- 
sided,  elongate,  reddish  chestnut ;  lateral  tubercles  darker,  well 
developed  ;  finely  and  densely  puuctulate.  Last  dorsal  segment 
of  (5  rectangular,  transverse,  puuctulate;  posterior  margin  straight, 
depressed  in  the  middle,  with  tumid  elevation  on  each  side  over 
the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  and  $ 
obtusely  convex.  Pygidium  of  S  short,  blunt.  Forceps  with 
branches  in  the  J  depressed,  elongate,  nearly  straight,  the  inner 
margin  near  the  base  itself  dilated  to  form  a  tooth-like  broad 
triangular  projection,  the  point  of  which  is  sometimes  acute, 
sometimes  blunt,  sometimes  truncate  ;  beyond  this  projection  very 
slender  and  elongate,  almost  straight,  gently  hooked  at  the  apex  ; 
in  §  short,  simple,  straight,  contiguous. 


S 

$ 

Length  of  body     

9-11  mm. 

7-9  mm 

„         forceps     . . , 

2-7o-6'75  ,, 

2-25-3     ,. 
m2 

164  rOEFICULIDjE. 

United  Peovinces  :  Mussoorie  {Pusa  coll.)  •  Madras  :  Banga- 
lore (Ind.  Mils.) ;  Ceylon  :  Punduluoya  and  Ambegammoa  (coll. 
Burr);  Madulsima,  xii.  {T.  B.  Fletcher;  coll.  Burr). 

Also  in  Annam  (Paris  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  elegant  species  is  easy  to  recognize  by  the  clear  yellow 
colour  of  the  organs  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  body.  It  appears 
to  be  common  in  India  and  Ceylon,  though  it  was  not  taken  by 
Pea  in  Burma.  Mr.  Green  commonly  took  it  at  light  at  Pundul- 
uoya, and  to  one  of  his  specimens  attached  a  note,  that  it  "  when 
handled,  gave  oiF  a  pungent  odour  like  that  of  the  Bombardier 
Beetle." 

The  mcicrolahia  form,  with  very  long  forceps,  appears  to  be  more 
numerous  than  the  cyclolabia  form. 


Genus  FORFICULA,  Linn. 
Forficula,  Linn.  (1758)  p.  423. 

Type,  Forficula  auAcularia,  Linn. 

Body  convex.  Head  smooth,  tumid,  sutures  fairly  distinct. 
Antennae  with  from  10  to  15  segments  ;  third  long,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  first,  gently  clubbed  or  cylindrical  ;  fourth  generally  shorter 
than  third,  often  much  shorter;  fifth  a  little  longer  than  fourth  ;. 
the  rest  gradually  lengthening  ;  all  the  segments  almost  or 
entirely  cylindrical.  Pronotum  more  or  less  rectangular ;  truncate 
anteriorly ;  posterior  margin  truncate  or  rounded,  the  hinder 
angles  rectangular  or  rounded.  Elytra  well  developed ;  smooth, 
ample,  with  no  keel.  Wings  prominent  and  abbreviated  or 
abortive.  Legs  moderately  slender.  Abdomen  rather  depressed, 
broader  about  the  middle  ;  gently  narrowed  apically  in  the  6  , 
more  strongly  in  the  5  >  lateral  tubercles  distinct.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  d  transverse,  posterior  margin  smooth  or  tuberculate  ; 
in  2  simple,  narrowed.  Pygidium  of  c?  small  and  globose  or 
strongly  produced  and  prominent.  Branches  of  forceps  of  cT  always 
depressed  and  always  dilated  in  the  basal  portion,  beyond  which 
attenuate  and  arcuate  ;  dilated  basal  portion  short  or  long  and 
variously  armed ;  in  $  simple,  straight,  contiguous. 

Eanr/e.  This  is  a  large  and  homogeneous  genus,  containing 
about  forty  species  distributed  throughout  Europe,  Africa,  and 
Asia  ;  it  is  well  represented  in  India,  but  it  is  not  known  to 
occur  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

The  dilation  of  the  forceps  near  the  base  in  the  male  is  the 
chief  generic  character,  and  the  extent  and  armature  of  this  dila- 
tion offers  valuable  specific  characters.  The  length  of  the  forceps 
varies  remarkably,  and  the  appearance  of  the  macrolabia  forms  ^is 
often  very  different  from  that  of  the  cyclolabia  forms. 


roEncuLA..  165 

Tahle  of  Species. 

(Males  only.) 

1.  Pronotum    trapezoidal    or   rectangular, 
evidently  broader  than  long. 
2.  Forceps  dilated  only  quite  near  the 
base. 
3.  Forceps  strongly  bowed,  generally 

broader  than  long ;    (colour  dull  [p.  166. 

black)    schlaginticeiti,  Burr, 

3.3.  Forceps  nearly  straight mogul,  Eurr,  p.  167. 

2.2.  Forceps  dilated  through  at  least  one- 
quarter  of  their  length. 
3.  Pronotum   strongly    rounded    pos- 
teriorly ;   dilated  part  of  forceps 

ending  in  an  obtuse  tooth   beelzebuh,  Burr,  p.  167. 

3.3.  Pronotum    gently   rounded    poste- 
riorly ;    dilated    part  of   forceps 

ending  in  a  sharp  tooth aceris,  Burr,  p.  168. 

l.l.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  long  or  slightly 
transverse,   crescent-shaped    or    sub- 
quadrate,     generally    rounded     pos- 
teriorly. 
2.  Pronotum  crescent-shaped,  sides  not 
parallel,  strongly  rounded  posteri- 
orly.    (Size  small,  elytra  spotted.) 
3.  Strongly  pubescent ;  forceps  feebly 

dilated  and  gradually  attenuated,     ornata,  Borm.,  p.  169. 
3,3.  Nearly   hairless ;    forceps   strongly 

dilated  and  abruptly  attenuated  .     (/reenij  Burr,  p.  170. 
2.2.  Pronotum  subquadrate,  .sides  parallel 
(except  in  F.  interroyans),  hinder 
margin  straight  or  gently  rounded. 
3.  Forceps  dilated  near  base  only  ....     ambigua,  Burr,  p.  171. 
3.3.  Forceps   dilated   through   at   least 
one- third  of  their  length. 
4.  Elytra  and  wings  with  big  pale 

spot  lucasi,  Dohrn,  p.  172. 

4,-l.  Elytra  and  wings  not  spotted, 
5.  Pronotum  large,  well  produced 
over    elytra ;      (elytra    and 
wings  long,  testaceous ;  dila- 
tation of  forceps  ending  in 

sharp  tooth) celens,  Burr,  p.  172. 

5.5.  Pronotum  short,  scarcely  pro- 
duced over  elytra. 
6.  Abdomen     nearly    parallel- 
sided  ;      forceps      nearly 

straight     interrogans,  Burr,  p.  173, 

6.6.  Abdomen  dilated  about 
middle;  forceps  strongly 
bowed   jjlanicollis,  Kirby,  p.  174. 


166  rOEFICULID^. 

101.  Forficula  schlagintweiti,  Burr*    (Fig.  54.) 

Anechura  schlagintweiti,  Burr,  (04)  p.  '313,  (08^)  p.  118. 
Forficula  schlagintweiti,  Burr,  (07i)  p.  110. 

Stature  rather  stout,  large.  Colour  entirely  deep  black,  smooth 
and  shining.  Antennae  Avith  12  segments,  fourth  segment  not 
very  much  shorter  than  third,  the  fifth  equal  to  third ;  remaining 
segments  subcylindrical,  elongate.  Head  quite  smooth,  tumid, 
the  sutures  obsolete.  Pronotum  nearly  1|  times  as  broad  as  long, 
anterior  margin  truncate,  lateral  and  posterior  margins  subrotun- 
date,  very  slightly  convex  ;  general  outline  rectangular,  but  the 
angles  themselves  rounded  ;  prozoua  somewhat  tumid,  with  clear 
median  sulcus,  metazona  and  sides  flattened.  Elytra  ample,  quite 
smooth,  the  humeral  fold  well  marked,  but  no  trace  of  a  keel. 
Wings  long,  quite  smooth.  Legs  intense  black,  including  even 
the  tarsi,  which  are  clothed  with  a  dense  reddish  pubescence ; 
femora  rather  long  ;  tarsi  long,  the  first  segment  as  long  as  the 
other  two  united,  the  second  segment  longer  than  usual,  but  very 
distinctly  lobed.  Abdomen  quite  smooth,  broadest  about  the 
middle;  lateral  tubercles  fairly  distinct.  Anal  segment  of  6 
smooth,  transverse,  short,  depressed,  the  posterior  margin  truncate 
and  somewhat  reflexed,  with  a  tumid  tubercle  over  each  root  of 
the  forceps  ;  in  the  2  similar  but  angustate.  Pygidium  of  c? 
forming  a  very  short  blunt  tubercle  ;  similar  in  $  .  Forceps  of  S 
with  the  branches  flattened  throughout  their  length,  but  only 
dilated  at  the  base  itself,  with  a  strong  depressed  prominent 
blunt  tooth  ;  strongly  diverging  at  first,  then  halfway  down 
strongly  bent  inwards  ;  in  the  $  simple,  straight,  attenuate." 

d  2 

Length  of  body    9-1G-5  mm.         12-14-5  mm. 

,,         forceps    ....     3-  3*75  ,,  3"5     ,, 

SiKKiM :  Darjiling  (Paris  Mus.,  coll.  Burr) ;  Tibet  :  Lahol 
(Schlfigintiveit,  coll.  de  Bormans). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

This  species  varies  to  a  considerable  extent  in  stature  and 
curvature  of  the  forceps ;  the  author  possesses  a  small  male  from 
Sikkim  in  which  the  body  is  only  9  mm.  long ;  the  forceps  are 
proportionately  longer  than  in  the  typically  well  developed  forms, 
as  they  are  less  bowed  and  only  gently  arched  ;  they  are  3-75  mm. 
long,  but  their  greatest  breadth  is  only  2  mm.  In  the  finest  male 
the  forceps  are  only  3  mm,  long,  but  they  attain  a  breadth  of 
5-5  mm.  In  the  small  variety,  the  basal  tooth  of  the  forceps  is 
absorbed  by  the  dilated  portion,  which  extends  considerably 
further  down  the  arms  of  the  forceps  ;  this  form  more  nearly 
resembles  the  pattern  of  typical  Forficula,  but  there  exists  every 
gradation  up  to  the  extreme  form,  which  seems  to  represent  a 
transition  towards  the  Anechnrince,  especially  as  the  fourth  au- 
tennal  segment  is  somewhat  longer  than  is  usual  in  Forficula. 


FORFIC'ULA. 


167 


The  species  is  easy  to  recognize  by  its  intense  uniform  black 
colour,  with  no  variation  from" the  tip  of  the  anteunse  to  the  tarsi 
and  the  forceps. 

102.  Forficula  mogul,  Burr*     (Fig.  55.) 

Forficula  mogul,  Burr,  (04)  p.  321,  (07^)  p.  Ul,  (08^)  p.  121. 

Stature  large  and  robust.  General  colour  dark  reddish  casta- 
neous.  Anteunce  (?).  Head  depressed,  the  sutures  distinct,  pos- 
terior margin  somewhat  sinuate  ;  ferruginous,  varied  with  blackish. 
Pronotum  transverse;  the  four  sides  parallel  and  straight,  the 
angles  rounded;  deep  blackish  chestnut,  the  sides  translucent 
yellow;  prozona  somewhat  tumid,  with  fairly  distinct  median 
sulcus  ;  metazona  flattened ;  sides  flat.  Elytra  smooth  and  ample, 
deep  chestnut  brown.  Wings  long  and  smooth,  dark  brown, 
shaded  with  blackisli  towards  the  apex  where  there  is  a  minute 
yellowish  dot.  Legs  brown,  rather  slender ;  tarsi  slim  and  elon- 
gate. Abdomen  deep  chocolate-brown,  very  finely  punctulate, 
the  posterior  margins  of  the  segments  somewhat  iucrassate  in 
the  J  ;  ventral  surface  paler  and  smoother ;  lateral  tubercles 
distinct.  Anal  segment  of  d  rectangular,  distinctly  broader  than 
long,  smooth  ;  posterior  margin  truncate  and  tumid  over  the 
insertion  of  the  forceps ;  in  the  5  similar,  but  slightly  narrower 
apically.  Pygidium  of  6  depressed,  obtuse,  parallel-sided,  very- 
small.  Porceps  of  d  with  the  branches  depressed  throughout 
their  length,  but  only  dilated  near  the  base,  this  dilated  part  short 
and  gradually  dying  out ;  inner  margin  denticulate  near  the  base, 
then  attenuate,  very  long,  almost  straight  and  unarmed ;  in  the  $ 
simple,  straight  and  unarmed. 

6  ? 

Length  of  body 16  mm.         16  mm. 

,,         forceps      ....      11    „  4     „ 

SiKKiM  :  Darjiling  (Paris  3Ius.). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  F.  ruficoUis  from  the  western 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  but  the  head  is  not  entirely  black, 
the  pronotum  not  so  broad,  the  wings  well  developed,  the  elytra 
not  spotted,  and  the  dilated  part  of  the  forceps  shorter  and  not 
ending  abruptly,  but  gradually. 

103.  Forficula  beelzebub,  Burr**    (Fig.  56.) 

Ohelisoches  beelzebub,  Burr,  (02^)  p.  51 ;  Kirb)/,  (04)  p.  33. 
Forficula  beelzebub,  Burr,  (04)  p.  322,  (Oo)  p.  29,  (07')  p.  Ill,  (07') 
p.  210,  (08=^)  p.  121. 

Stature  smaller  and  more  slender.  Colour  uniform,  deep 
blackish  red.  Anteunse  blackish  brown,  the  segments  propor- 
tionately short.  Head  smooth,  convex,  sutures  obsolete,  pos- 
terior margin  truncate ;    clear  red  or  almost  black.     Pronotum 


168  FOBFICULIDiE. 

transverse,   anterior   margin    truncate,    sides   straight,   posterior 
margin  gently  rounded  ;  tiat,  the  prozona  scarcely  tumid.     Elytra 
and    wings    well    developed,    smooth,    shining,   uniform    blackish 
chestnut.     Legs  rather  short,  blackish.     Abdomen  densely  punc- 
tulate,  the  posterior  margins  of  the  segments  milled  in  the  <S ; 
lateral  tubercles  fairly  distinct.     Anal  segment  of  c?   rectangular, 
broader  than  long,  rather  smoother  than  the  abdomen ;  posterior 
margin  truncate,  with  no  tumid  elevations  over  the  forceps ;  in 
the    5    similar,   but   attenuate   and   narrow.      Pygidium  of    c? 
elongate,  depressed,  parallel-sided,  truncate  at  the  apex  ;  in   $ 
similar  but  shorter.     Forceps  elongate  ;  dilated  on  inner  margin 
in  first   third,  this  dilated   part   ending  suddenly  in  an  obtuse 
tooth  ;  unarmed,  elongate  and  slender  beyond  this  part;  in  the  5 
simple,  straight. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body  ......         9-11  mm.  10  mm. 

,,         forceps....         4-5-8    „  3    „ 

Nepal  :  Chitlong  and  Katmandu  (Ind.  JIus.),  Nagorkote  (coll. 
Burr)  ;  SiKKiM :  Darjiling  {Ind.  3Ias.,  Paris  Mus.,  colls.  Burr  <^ 
Gadeau)  ;  Assam  :  Kurseong  {Brussels  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Brussels  Museum. 

This  species  is  easy  to  recognize  by  the  uniform  red-black 
colour,  combined  with  the  elongate  truncate  pygidium  and  the 
form  of  the  forceps.  The  blacker  forms  have  a  certain  superficial 
resemblance  to  Chelisochcs  morio,  Fabr. 

104.  Forficula  aceris,  Burr.*     (Fig.  57.) 

Fordcula  aceris,  Burr,  (05)  p.  30,  (07^)  p.  Ill,  (07^),  p.  210. 

Stature  moderate.  Colour  dark  reddish  chestnut,  blackish  in 
places.  Antennse  nearly  black ;  fourth  segment  nearly  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  third ;  the  segments  not  proportionately  short. 
Head  smooth  and  globose,  sutures  obsolete ;  deep  red,  shaded 
with  blackish.  Pronotum  pale,  much  broader  than  long ; 
anterior  mai-gin  truncate,  posteinor  rounded,  sides  straight; 
reddish  black ;  flat ;  sides  reflexed.  Elytra  and  wings  deep 
blackish  chestnut,  long.  Legs  deep  blackish  brown.  Abdomen 
blackish  red,  covered  with  a  dense  punctulation,  which  becomes 
more  dense  and  coarse  towards  the  apex  ;  edges  of  segments 
not  milled.  Anal  segment  of  d"  punctulate,  transverse,  rect- 
angular, binder  margin  truncate,  with  a  tumid  elevation  over 
root  of  the  forceps.  Pygidium  of  cS  elongate,  parallel-sided,  de- 
pressed, truncate  at  the  apex.  Forceps  of  S  with  the  branches 
elongate ;  dilated  part  fairly  long,  its  inner  margin  crenulate, 
terminating  abruptly  in  a  strong  sharp  tooth,  directed  apically; 
then  attenuate,  unarmed  and  elongate. 

6 

Length  of  body    8-5  mm. 

„         forceps     8"5    ,, 


lORFICULA.  169 

SiKKiM  :  Mungphu  {hid.  Mas.),  Darjiliug  (coll.  Burr) ;  United 
Provinces  :  Mussoorie  (Ind.  Mus.). 

T(/pe  in  the  Indian  Museum. 

This  species  closely  resembles  F.  beelzebnb,  but  may  be  easily 
■distinguished  by  the  stronger  sculpture  of  the  abdomen,  the  more 
reddish  colour,  somewhat  longer  segments  of  the  antennae,  and 
especially  by  the  form  of  the  dilated  part  of  the  forceps  of  the 
male,  which  is  crenulate  along  the  inner  margin  and  terminated 
by  a  prominent  sharp  tooth.  The  pygidiura  almost  exactly 
resembles  that  of  F.  beelzebub,  and  the  two  form  a  natural  group 
together. 


105.  Forficula  ornata,  Bormans.** 

Forficula  ornata,  Bormans,  (84')  p,  192,  (88)  p.  448,  (94^  p.  408, 
(00-)  p.  124;  Bol.  (97)  p.  286;  Kirbi/,  (04)  p.  o3  ;  Bun;  (07^ 
p.  Ill,  (08^)  p.  120. 

Stature  small,  densely  pubescent.  Colour  reddish  varied  with 
testaceous.  Antennae  with  12  segments,  pale,  the  segments  rather 
thick  and  short.  Head  tumid,  smooth,  sutures  obsolete  ;  reddish 
testaceous  ;  posterior  margin  somewhat  sinuate.  Pronotum  semi- 
circular ;  anterior  margin  truncate  ;  lateral  and  posterior  margins 
together  strongly  rounded  ;  dark  brown  in  the  centre,  yellowish 
at  the  edges ;  flat,  the  prozona  slightly  tumid.  Elytra  long, 
fuscous,  with  a  broad,  rather  long,  paler  yellowish  baud"  down  the 
disc.  Wings  long,  testaceous,  faintly  banded  with  fuscous. 
Abdomen  dark  reddish,  parallel-sided,  densely  punctulate  and  very 
hairy ;  lateral  tubercles  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  short  and 
broad,  scarcely  tumid  in  the  d ,  hinder  margin  truncate  ;  in  the 
2  similar  but  narrowed.  Pygidium  of  c?  and  $  exceedingly 
small,  short  and  obtuse.  Forceps  of  c?  with  the  branches  rather 
convex  and  stout,  subcontiguous,  nearly  straight,  crenulate  along 
the  inner  margin,  attenuate  towards  the  apex,  where  they  are  very 
gently  arcuate ;  in  the  $  conical,  simple,  straight,  contiguous. 

Length  of  body 7-75-8-25  mm.         10-5      mm. 

„         forceps 2-5  -2-75    „  2-2-5    „ 

Madras:  Trichino^oli  (coll.  Bolivar);  Burma:  Kachin  Hills, 
yiii./xi.  (Getwa  iMtis.) ;  Tenassbuim  :  Mt.  Mulaiyit,  6000-6300  ft.^ 
iv.  (Genoa  JIus.). 

Also  occurs  in  Sumatra  and  Tonkin. 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  species  with  the  two  following  form  a  natural  group 
characterized  by  the  small  size,  semicircular  pronotum,  and  pale 
colouring. 

F.  ornata  is  remarkable  for  its  strong  pubescence  and  the  form 
of  the  forceps  of  the  male,  which  are  scarcely  different  from  those 
of  the  typical  females  of  this  genus ;  they  are  scarcely  depressed, 


170  rOEFICULID^. 

so  that  the  dilated  portion  consists  only  of  a  considerable 
strengthening  near  the  base,  which  gradually  disappears  as  the 
branches  become  more  slender.  The  forceps  of  the  two  sexes  are 
very  similar ;  in  the  male  they  are  very  slightly  bowed  towards  the 
apex,  and  are  crenulate  along  the  inner  margin ;  in  the  female  they 
are  perfectly  straight  and  not  crenulate. 


IOC.  Forficula  greeni,  Bwr.'^    (Fig.  103.) 

Chelisoches  pulchelhis,  Hkj-)-  (nee  Gerst.],  (01)  p.  327;  Kirby,  (04) 

p.  32  (partim). 
Forficula  greeni,  Burr,  (07' j  pp.  Ill  &  113. 

Small,  rather  stout.  Colour  dark  reddish  castaneous,  passing 
into  blackish  ;  elytra  and  wings  with  large  pale  spots.  Antennae 
with  12  segments,  pale,  the  segments  short.  Head  globose, 
smooth,  clear  red  and  shining,  sutures  obsolete  ;  posterior  margin 
truncate ;  eyes  black  and  prominent.  Pronotum  semicircular, 
anterior  margin  truncate ;  sides  and  posterior  margin  strongly 
rounded,  forming  a  single  curve ;  reddish  chestnut,  the  sides 
paler;  disc  scarcely  tumid.  Elytra  ample  and  smooth,  fuscous, 
with  a  large  clear  pale  yellowish  spot  in  the  centre.  Wings  long, 
clear  straw-}ellow.  Legs  short  ;  femora  rather  stout  ;  tarsi  very 
short,  yellowish.  Abdomen  parallel-sided,  deep  reddish  black,  ex- 
ceedingly finely  pnnctulale  and  shining;  lateral  tubercles  distinct. 
Last  dorsal  segment  quadrate,  rather  broader  than  long,  posterior 
margin  truncate,  tumid  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps  ;  in  the  $ 
rather  sloping,  somewhat  narrowed  and  less  tumid  over  the  forceps. 
Pygidium  of  6  very  short,  obtuse  ;  hidden  in  $  .  Porceps  of  S 
with  the  branches  depressed,  dilated  in  the  basal  third,  with  the 
inner  margin  of  this  part  denticulate  or  crenulate ;  the  dilation 
ends  rather  gradually  and  then  the  branches  are  elongate, 
attenuate,  unarmed,  smooth  and  gently  incurved ;  in  the  5 
the  branches  are  depressed,  rather  stout,  straight,  unarmed  and 
contiguous,  the  inner  margin  finely  crenulate. 

6  2 

Length  of  body    9  mm.  8  mm. 

,,         forceps    ....      2    „  1*5  „ 

Ceylon  :  Punduluoya  and  Ambegammoa  (coll.  Burr),  Tala- 
wakelle  (  Willej/  •  coll.  Burr). 

Tyjie  in  the  author's  collection. 

This  species  seems  to  be  fairly  common  where  it  occurs. 
Mr.  Green  has  sent  several  specimens  from  Punduluoya,  but  the 
females  outnumber  the  males,  only  one  of  the  latter  being  sent,  and 
that  was  taken  inside  a  hollow  gall  on  Antklesma  at  Punduluoya 
in  February  ;  the  other  specimens  are  dated  February  and 
December. 


rOEFICULA.  171 

This  species  was  originally  confused  with  CheUsoches  pulcliellvs^ 
Gerst.,  and  reported  as  such  in  a  paper  on  the  Earwigs  of  Ceylon ; 
some  specimens  were  sent  to  de  Bormans,  who  also  identified 
them  as  Gh.  pulcliellus.  That  West-iVfricau  species  was  then, 
however,  not  properly  known,  and  the  name  has  since  been  shown 
to  be  synonymous  with  Elaunon  erytliroceplialns,  Oliv. 

F.  r/reeni,  which  is  dedicated  to  Mr.  E.  E.  Green,  resembles 
F.  ornata,  Borm.  in  build  and  colour,  but  differs  in  the  less 
pubescent  body  and  more  strongly  dilated  and  abruptly  attenuated 
forceps  of  the  male.  It  is  easy  to  recognize  by  the  dark  colour 
and  the  straw-coloured  wings  and  spot  on  the  elytra. 


107.  Forficiila  ambigua,  Bun-."^     (Fig.  58.) 

Forticula  ambigua,  Burr,  (04)  p.  321,  (07')  p.  112,  (08'^)  p.  121. 

Size  small,  rather  slender.  Colour  castaneous,  elytra  and  wings 
testaceous.  Antennae  with  fourth  segment  comparatively  long 
and  subconical.  Head  deep  red,  globose,  smooth,  sutures  nearly 
obsolete.  Pronotum  quadrate,  anterior  margin  truncate,  sides  and 
posterior  margin  very  slightly  convex ;  dark  castaneous,  the  sides 
paler  and  flat,  scarcely  reflexed  ;  prozona  slightly  tumid,  median 
sulcus  obsolete  ;  metazona  flat.  Elytra  and  wings  ample,  long, 
smooth,  testaceous.  Legs  short,  clear  testaceous.  Abdomen 
parallel-sided,  dark  reddish  chestnut ;  each  segment  darker  basally 
than  apically  :  very  finely  punctulate.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  6 
quadrate,  rather  sloping,"sHghtly  wider  than  long,  posterior  margin 
truncate,  impressed  in  the  middle  and  tumid  on  each  side ; 
typically  angustate  and  simpler  in  the  $  .  Pygidium  of  d  very 
short,  conical.  Forceps  of  6  \vith  branches  not  very  depressed, 
dilated  at  the  base  for  a  short  distance,  this  part  crenulate  then 
attenuate,  elongate,  gently  arched  and  unarmed  ;  in  the  $  short, 
typical. 

6  $ 

Length  of  body 9-5    mm.  8-25-9  mm. 

,,         forceps  . .      2'5-3  „  2    „ 

SiKKiM  :  Darjihng  (Paris  Jhis.,  colls.  Burr  4'  Gadeau). 

Also  occurs  in  Tonkin. 

Tijj^e  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

This  species  resembles  two  other  species  which  also  occur  in 
Northern  India ;  one  is  F.  planicoUis,  Kirby,  \\hich  is  smaller, 
more  thick-set,  darker,  with  more  bowed  forceps,  less  flat  pro- 
notum, and  more  dilated  abdomen  ;  the  other  is  F.  interrogans,  in 
which  the  forceps  are  much  shorter  and  stouter,  the  dilated  part 
relatively  longer,  and  the  attenuated  part  straight,  stouter  and 
shorter. 


172  fobficuliDjX:. 

108.  Forficula  lucasi,  Dohm.    (Fig.  59.) 

ForlicLila  lucusi,  Dohrn,(6o)  p,  98  ;  Scudd.  (76)  p.  315;  de  Bormans, 
(88)  p.  448,  (94)  p.  408,  (GO-)  p.  121 ;  Kmuss,  (95)  p.  99,  fig.  2  ; 
Jacobson  ^-  Bianki,  (03)  p.  27  ;  Sevmiov,  (02)  p.  195  ;  Kirby,  (04) 
p.  51;  Burr,  (07^)  p.  113,  (08^)  p.  120. 

Size  medium,  fairly  stout.  General  colour  deep  reddish 
chestnut ;  the  head,  pronotum,  discal  spot  of  elytra,  and  wings 
reddish  or  yellow.  Antennae  with  11  segments,  rather  thick, 
brownish  yellow.  Head  tumid,  posterior  margin  of  occiput  some- 
what emargiuate,  smooth,  reddish  or  yellowish,  sutures  indistinct. 
Pronotum  slightly  broader  than  long,  the  anterior  margin  truncate, 
sides  straiglit  and  posterior  border  widely  rounded  ;  red  or  yellow  ; 
depressed,  with  no  distinct  prozona;  sides  flat.  Elytra  ample, 
truncate  apically,  deep  red  with  a  large  oval  pale  yellow,  or  pale 
reddish,  spot  on  the  disc.  Wings  long,  yellow  or  reddish.  Legs 
testaceous.  Abdomen  reddish  chestnut,  exceedingly  minutely 
punctulate.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  transverse,  rectangular, 
finely  punctulate,  not  granulose,  the  hinder  border  incrassate  in 
the  middle  ;  that  of  $  typical,  angustate.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  6  strongly  convex,  rounded.  Pygidium  of  6  very 
short,  blunt,  tubercular.  Forceps  of  c?  with  the  branches  reddish, 
shaded  with  black,  strongly  depressed,  elongate  ;  dilated  part 
extending  for  half  the  length,  the  iinier  margin  quite  straight, 
finely  denticulate,  terminated  with  a  small,  blunt,  almost  obsolete 
tooth ;  beyond  this  strongly  attenuate,  regularly  arcuate,  the 
apices  meeting ;  in  the  $  contiguous,  straight,  unarmed,  incurved 
at  the  apex. 

Length  of  body   12-14  mm.  11-12   mm. 

„         forceps   5-6      „  2-5-3-5  „ 

Burma:  Teinzo,  v.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Also  occurs  in  Persia,  Syria,  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  the  Sahara. 

Type  undefined,  in  Paris  or  A-'ienna. 

In  the  Oxford  Museum  there  is  an  undoubted  male  of  this 
species  labelled,  obviously  incorrectly,  "  Brazil "  and  "  Forficula 
himacidata,  Fal.-Beauv.=eh'gans,  Burm."  The  colour  of  these  two 
earwigs  is  the  same,  but  the  forceps  etc.  are  totally  different. 

109.  Forficula  celeris,  Burr*     (Fig.  60.) 
Forficula  celeris,  Burr,  (05)  p.  31,  (07')  p,  113. 

Size  small,  but  rather  stout.  General  colour  dark  reddish 
castaneous  ;  the  elytra  and  wings  uniform  testaceous.  Antennae  ?; 
the  first  five  segments  reddish  brown.  Head  tumid,  smooth,  dark 
red,  sutures  fine  but  distinct.  Pronotum  slightly  broader  than 
long,  ample,  black,  edged  with  reddish  ;  anterior  margin  truncate ; 
sides  straight  and  parallel,  reflexed ;  posterior  margin  widely 
rounded  ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid  ;  metazona  flattened.     Elytra 


rOEFICULA.  173^ 

long  and  ample,  uniform  testaceous.  Legs  dark  red ;  femora 
somewhat  stout.  Abdomen  deep  red,  finely  punctulate.  Last 
dorsal  segment  transverse,  rectangular,  punctulate,  posterior  margin 
truncate,  with  a  tumid  elevation  on  each  side.  Forceps  of  c? 
with  the  branches  straight ;  dilated  part  extending  halfway 
down  the  forceps,  the  inner  margin  quite  straight  and  denti- 
culate, the  dilated  part  ends  abruptly,  the  angle  itself  being 
almost  a  small  tooth,  somewhat  incrassate  and  sharp ;  beyond  this 
elongate,  straight,  almost  parallel,  only  slightly  incurved  at  the 
apex  itself;  in  the  $   straight,  simple,  elongate. 

^  2 

Length  of  body    9  mm.  8    mm. 

„         forceps    ....      4    ,,  2-25  „ 

Assam:  Khasi  Hills  (Lid.  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Indian  Museum. 

The  type  of  this  species  is  unfortunately  in  rather  bad  con- 
dition ;  the  species  somewhat  resembles  F.  ambigna,  but  is  stouter 
in  build,  and  the  dilated  part  of  the  forceps  is  different.  Unfor- 
tunately the  specimen  is  not  in  sufficiently  good  condition  to 
admit  an  examination  of  the  pygidium,  which  is  important.'^  The 
females  of  these  two  species  are  barely  distinguishable ;  in  this 
species  the  branches  of  the  forceps  of  the  female  are  some\Ahat 
longer  and  more  gradually  attenuate ;  in  F.  ambigna  they  are 
more  suddenly  attenuate  near  the  base. 

It  also  somewhat  resembles  F.  clavidi,  but  is  smaller ;  the 
pygidium  may  be  different ;  the  dilated  part  of  the  forceps  is 
proportionately  shorter  in  F.  davidi  and  ends  gradually,  sloping 
gently,  whereas  in  this  species  it  ends  in  an  abrupt  angle  ;  the  last 
dorsal  segment  in  F.  davidi  is  smoother. 

The  pronotum  is  almost  of  the  same  shape  in  all  three  species. 

110.  Forficiila  interrogans,  Bvrrt*    (Fig.  61.) 

Forficula  iuterrogaDS,  Bun;  (05^)  p.  85,  (07^)  p.  114,  (08'0  p.  12i>. 

Size  small.  General  colour  dark  chestnut  and  testaceous. 
Head  dark  reddish,  smooth,  tumid,  sutures  indistinct.  Pronotum 
with  anterior  margin  truncate,  sides  and  posterior  margins  broadly 
rounded ;  dark  reddish  chestnut ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid,  meta- 
zona  flat.  Elytra  and  \\ings  long,  ample,  dark  testaceous.  Legs 
testaceous.  Abdomen  parallel -sided,  dark  reddish  chestnut, 
blackish  at  the  base,  densely  punctulate ;  lateral  tubercles  black 
and  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  (S  rectangular,  transverse 
and  somewhat  sloping ;  simple,  the  elevations  scarcely  formed  ; 
posterior  margin  straight.  Pygidium  of  d"  very  short,  conical, 
obtuse.  Forceps  of  S  with  the  branches  short  and  straight,  dilated 
for  half  their  length  ;  inner  margins  of  this  part  straight,  unarmed 
and  very  finely  crenulate,  gradually  dying  out ;  beyond  this 
attenuate,  straight,  rather  stout,  very  gently  incurved  apically,  not 
meeting  at  the  apex. 


174  lORFICULID.!. 

Length  of  bod}^    '.  . .     7'5  mm. 

,,         forceps    1'5    ., 

SiKKiM:  Darjiling  {Pm'is  2Ins.). 

Tijpc  in  the  Paris  Musenm. 

Eesembles  the  common  European  F.  auricularia  in  colour,  hut 
different  in  structure  and  much  smaller.  The  nearly  straight 
forceps  with  the  straight  unarmed  dilated  part  distinguish  it.  The 
antennae  are  missing  in  the  unique  type  specimen. 

111.  Forficula  planicollis,  Kirhy.^ 

Forficula  planicollis,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  526,  (04)  p.  63;    Burr,  (04) 
p.  230,  (07')  p.  115,  (07^)  p.  210,  (08^)  p.  121. 

Small  and  not  stout.  General  colour  dark  castaneous  and  black. 
Antennte  dark  fuscous,  with  12  segments,  the  fourth  not  very 
short.  Head  dark  reddish  or  black,  smooth,  tumid  and  shining; 
sutures  indistinct.  Pronotum  slightly  transverse,  anterior  margin 
truncate,  sides  parallel,  posterior  margin  rounded  ;  smooth,  median 
sulcus  fairly  distinct ;  prozona  tumid ;  metazona  flat ;  black,  the 
sides  paler.  Elytra  and  wings  long  and  ample,  the  latter  nearly 
as  long  as  the  former  ;  dark  testaceous.  Legs  reddish  testaceous. 
Abdomen  fairly  broad,  densely  punctulate,  dark  chestnut ;  lateral 
tubercles  black  and  distinct ;  narrowed  tow  ards  the  apex  in  the  S  , 
typical  in  the  $  .  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  short,  transverse, 
rather  narrowed  apically,  depressed,  with  the  tumid  elevations 
depressed  and  indistinct.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  convex. 
Pygidium  indistinguishable.  Eorceps  of  S  with  the  branches 
flattened  but  not  sulcate  ;  dilated  part  short,  only  extending 
through  a  quarter  the  length  of  forceps,  the  inner  margin  straight 
and  unarmed,  ending  gradually  as  the  branches  are  attenuate, 
then  strongly  arched  :  the  brandies  are  bowed  from  the  base  itself, 
the  apices  meeting ;  in  the  $  typical. 

^S  2 

Length  of  body    7"9      mm.  7*9  mm. 

,,         forceps    ....      2-2-75    „  2      „ 

Bhutan  :  INIaria  Basti  (Paris  IIus.)  •  Sikkim  :  Sandakhu, 
11,900  ft.  (Lul.  Has.),  Darjiling  (Paris  Mus.)  ;  United 
Pkotinces  :  Bhim  Tal,  Ivumaun,  4500  ft.,  "feeding  on  the 
flowers  of  stinging  nettles"  (Lid.  Mas.). 

Tifpc  in  the  British  Museum. 

Kirby's  type  is  in  poor  condition  ;  the  small  size  and  black  head 
help  to  distinguish  it ;  the  rather  broad  body,  simple  last  dorsal 
segment  of  the  male,  and  above  all,  the  simple  and  strongly  bowed 
forceps,  which  are  quite  unarmed,  with  short  dilated  part,  also 
easily  distinguish  it. 

Dr.  Annandale  took  this  species  sweeping  in  grass  and  low 
herbage,  at  an  elevation  of  6000  feet  at  Darjiling,  in  September. 


OPISTIIOCOSMIIJf.E.  175 


Subfamily  IV.  OPISTHOCOSMIIN^. 

This  subfamily  was  originally  erected  by  Verboeff  and  included 
only  two  genera — Opisthocosmia  and  Cosmiella ;  it  was  recast 
iu  1907  by  the  author,  but  was  too  much  split  up  and  the  genera 
too  scattered.  The  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  is  narrowed  in 
the  majority  of  cases  ;  but  it  so  happens  that  in  the  type  of 
Opisthocosmia  it  is  transverse,  and  consequently  this  is  not  a  true 
character  of  the  group.  Nor  can  the  length  of  the  leg  be 
sufficient,  as  in  some  forms  undoubtedly  related  these  are  quite 
short.  The  relative  length  of  the  third  and  fourth  segment  of  the 
antennae  is  not  sufficiently  constant  to  be  of  more  than  specific  or 
generic  value. 

It  is  therefore  accordingly  now  proposed  to  include  in  the 
subfamily  those  earwigs  in  which  the  abdomen  is  scarcely  or  not 
at  all  depressed,  so  that  the  surface  is  convex  and  a  cross-section 
circular.  It  will  therefore  absorb  the  subfamilies  EparcJiince, 
Neolohophonnce,  Sl-endijUnce,  and  Eudohrnince,  regarded  as  of  sub- 
family rank  by  the  author  in  1907.  Under  this  new  arrangement 
the  subfamily  contains  about  sixteen  genera,  represented  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  There  are  two  well-marked  groups,  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  distinct  keel  down  the 
costal  fold  of  the  elytra. 

The  carinate  genera  are  five  in  number,  of  which  three  are 
American  and  the  rest  Oriental,  two  being  represented  iu  India. 
Of  the  non-carinate  genera,  those  with  narrow  pronotuiu  are 
represented  in  India  by  Cordax,  as  true  Opisthocosmia  is  so  far 
only  known  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

The  forms  with  broad  pronotura  fall  into  two  groups,  according 
to  the  length  of  the  first  tarsal  segment :  of  the  long-legged 
genera  one  is  American,  the  other  three  are  represented  in 
India ;  of  those  with  short  tarsi,  apart  from  the  three  Indian 
genera,  there  is  one  in  America  (Sarcinatrlc)  and  one  in  Java 
{Rhadamanthus).  Eudohrnia  is  well  characterized  by  the  tri- 
carinate  basal  segment  of  the  antennae. 

A  peculiar  group  consists  of  Cordax  ceijlonicus,  Ohelura  (two 
species),  Si/ntomis  (one  species),  and  Sonda.v  (one  species),  all  of 
which  have  a  strong  superficial  resemblance,  although  they  are 
rather  widely  separated  by  the  structure  of  the  elytra,  pronotum, 
tarsi,  and  last  dorsal  segment.  They  are  discussed  iu  the 
observations  on  Sondax  repens  (p.  177). 


FOB¥ICULIl)yE. 


TahJe  of  Genera} 

1.  Entirely  apterous  (resembles  Obelura  and 

Syntonus)      Sondax,  n.g.,  p.  177. 

l.L  Elytra  present,  sometimes  abbreviated. 

2.  First    segment    of    antenna)    bicarinate; 

(pronotum  broad;    elytra  -with  a  very  [p.  178. 

short  keel ;  tarsi  long)    Eudohbnja,  Burr, 

2.2.  First  segment  of  antennaj  smooth. 

3.  Elytra  with  keel  on  costal  margin. 

4.  Elytra  perfect,   free ;    wings  abor-  [p.  180. 

five    Emboros,  Burr, 

4.4.  Elytra  rudimentary. 

5,  Last    dorsal    segment   of    male 

very  wide    at    base,    strongly  [p.  181. 

narrowed  at  apex Lipaeuba,  Burr, 

5.5.  Last    dorsal    segment    of    male 

narrow  at  base  itself,  slightly  [p.  183. 

angustate.  almost  square    ....     Obeluea,  Burr, 
3.3.  Elytra  not  keeled   (but  well    deve- 
loped). 
4.  Pronotum  narrower  than  the  head, 

longer  than  broad    Cohdax,  n.g.,p.  184. 

4.4.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the  head  or 
as  broad  as  long. 
5.  First  tarsal   segment   twice    as 
long  as  the  third. 
6.  Abdomen    not   very  strongly 
convex,    the    sides    of    the 
segments,  seen  from  above, 
recurved ;    forceps  of    male 
horizontal,    not    contiguous 
at  the  base,  unarmed  on  the  [p.  187. 

upper  surface    Hypurgus,  Burr, 

6.6.  Abdomen  decidedly  convex ; 
sides  not  recurved  ;  forceps 
of  male  undulating,  con- 
tiguous at  base  and  toothed  [p.  190. 

or  crested  above Epaechijs,  Burr, 

6.5.  First    tarsal  segment  equal    to 
third  or  scarcely'  longer. 
6.  Abdomen  dilated  beyond  the 
middle  and  attenuate  towards 
the  apex. 
7.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  male 
transverse,     nearly     rect- 
angular ;   anterior  femora  [p.  194. 

thick TiMOJiENUS,  I3urr, 

7.7.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  male 

strongly  attenuate ;   ante-  [p.  199. 

rior  femora  slender Syntonus,  u.  g,, 

6.6.  Abdomen    of     male    scarcely  [p.  200. 

dilated,  almost  cylindrical  . .     Kosmetor,  Burr, 

1  Tlie  geuu3  Liiiodes  (p.  203j  cannot  yet  be  ranged  in  this  table. 


SONDAX.  177 

Genus  SONDAX,  n.  g. 

Type,  S.  repens,  sp.  n. 

Entirely  apterous  ;  build  slender.  Antennae  cylindrical.  Head 
broad,  smooth  and  tumid.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the  head,  broader 
than  long,  slightly  wider  posteriorly  than  anteriorly;  sides  all 
straight,  almost  rectangular.  Mesonotum  smooth.  Legs  slender 
and  long  ;  first  and  third  tarsal  segments  about  equally  long. 
Abdomen  with  glandular  folds  prominent,  dilated  before  the  apex 
and  then  narrowed.  Last  dorsal  segment  sloping,  trapezoidal^ 
strongly  narrowed  posteriorly.  Forceps  with  branches  contiguous 
at  the  base,  long  and  slender. 

Range.  Madras. 

This  genus  is  founded  on  a  single  male  in  the  Oxford 
Museum.  It  has  a  strong  superficial  resemblance  to  Ohelura, 
Syntonus,  and  Cordax  ceylonicus,  but  differs  from  all  known 
Opistliocosmiince  in  the  entire  absence  of  any  discernible  vestige  of 
elytra. 

In  the  form  of  the  last  dorsal  segment  it  approaches  Syntonus, 
but  the  pronotum  is  much  broader. 

112.  Sondax  repens,  sp.  n.     (Fig.  63.) 

Small,  slender,  of  a  uniform  light  reddish  ochraceous.  Head 
reddish,  smooth  and  tumid.  Last  dorsal  segment  strongly  sloping 
and  strongly  narrowed  postei'iorly,  smooth ;  posterior  margin 
with  a  slight  tumid  elevation  on  each  side.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  rounded.  Forceps  with  the  branches  very  slender  and 
long,  contiguous  at  the  base  with  a  vertical  spine  or  tooth  directed 
somewhat  backwards,  then  slender,  elongate,  and  arcuate,  enclosins 
a  long  elliptical  area. 

6 

Length  of  body   7  mm. 

„         forceps 4   „ 

Mabeas  (Oxford  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  Oxford  University  Museum. 

This  remarkable  species  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  the 
entire  absence  of  elytra  and  the  very  broad  pronotum.  In 
the  form  of  the  last  dorsal  segment,  of  the  tarsi  and  of  the 
forceps  (excepting  the  vertical  tooth)  it  approaches  Syntonvs 
neolobophoroides  ;  the  forceps  resemble  those  of  Cordax  ceylonicus, 
and,  to  a  certain  extent,  those  of  Ohelura  asiatica  and  0.  tamid. 
In  build  and  colour  all  these  species  have  a  strong  superficial 
resemblance.  The  structure  of  the  pronotum,  elytra,  legs,  and 
last  dorsal  segment,  however,  is  so  important  that  it  seems  to  point 
to  a  converging  specialisation  from  different  sources,  giving  a  false 
appearance  of  close  relationship.  The  general  form  of  the  forceps 
is  very  similar  in  all  these  cases,  and  the  differences  between  them 
are  less  than  is  often  the  case  in  several  species  of  one  genus.  In 
Ohelura  tamul  and  S.  neolobophoroides  we  see  the  beginnings  of  the 


178  rOEFICULIB^. 

erect  crested  tooth  which  is  so  well  developed  in  C.  ceylonicus  and 
S.  repens ;  a  similar  structure  occurs  in  some  American  forms. 

This  particular  artificial  group  is,  so  far  as  is  at  present  known, 
confined  to  Southern  India  and  Ceylon,  no  similar  species  having 
been  recorded  from  any  other  countries. 


Genus  EUDOHRNIA,  Burr. 

Eudobrnia,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  97. 
Forficula,  Dohrn  (partim). 
Anechura,  Bonnans,  Kirby  (partim). 

Type,  Forficula  metalHca,  Dohrn. 

Body  cylindrical,  elongate.  Antennae  rather  strong  ;  the  first 
segment  strong,  cylindrical,  long,  and  distinctly  bicarinate ;  third 
segment  elongate,  rather  clubbed  at  the  apex ;  fourth  rather  long 
and  thick ;  fifth  longer,  the  rest  gradually  lengthening,  sub- 
conical.     Head  smooth,  globose,  the  sutures  obsolete.     Pronotum 


Fig.  14. — Basal  segments  of  antenBa  of  Eiidohrnia  metalUca,  Dohrn. 

nearly  square,  rounded  posteriorly.  Elytra  rugulose,  with  a 
fairly  sharp  costal  keel,  which  is,  however,  very  short.  Wings 
and  legs  long.  Abdomen  cylindrical.  Last  dorsal  segment  of 
(S  smoother  than  the  abdomen,  short,  broad,  impressed  in  the 
middle,  scarcely  tuberculate  :  in  $  narrow  and  sloping.  Pygidium 
of  (S  short,  broad ;  in  $  narrow  and  small.  Branches  of  foz'ceps 
of  c?  elongate,  horizontal,  nearly  straight,  slender;  in  $  similar 
but  shorter  and  simpler. 

Range.  Northern  India  and  Burma. 

This  genus,  which  is  monotypic,  is  weW  characterized  by  the 
cylindrical  body  and  bicarinate  compressed  basal  segment  of  the 
antennae. 

113.  Eudohrnia  metallica,  Dohrn. 

Forficula  metallica,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  90 ;  Scmld.  (76)  p.  315. 
Anechura  metallica,  Borm.  (88)  p.  444,  (94)  p.  402,   (00^)  p.  104, 
figs.  39,  a-c ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  41 ;  Burr,  (05^)  p.  29. 

Stature  large  but  not  stout.  Colour  reddish  chestnut,  the 
pronotum  and  abdomen  metallic  bronze-green  ;  not  pubescent. 
Antennae  reddish  chestnut,  with  long,  cylindrical,  very  slightly 
conical  segments ;  basal  segment  bicarinate.    Head  large,  smooth. 


EUJDOHRNIA.  179 

bright  reddish  chestnut;  the  sutures  distinct ;  eyes  black.  Pro- 
notum  metalhc  greenish  bronze ;  anterior  margin  truncate,  the 
anterior  angles  incrassate  and  sharp ;  posterior  margin  very 
obtusangular ;  lateral  margins  straight,  so  that  the  whole  pro- 
uotum  is  pentagonal ;  prozona  somewhat  tumid,  as  is  also  the 
metazona,  separated  by  an  indistinct  transverse  impression  ;  in 
the  prozona  the  lateral  impressions  are  distinct ;  median  suture 
obsolete  ;  the  surface  of  the  pronotum  faintly  punctulate.  Elytra 
ample,  dull  reddish  chestnut,  fairly  strongly  and  very  densely 
punctulate ;  lateral  carinas  very  short ;  hinder  border  truncate. 
Wings  ample :  the  wings  themselves  are  smoky  black ;  the  scales 
are  metallic  greenish  bronze  with  sparse  punctulations,  the  apices 
paler.  Legs  long  and  slender,  dark  red,  the  joints  darker  ;  tarsi 
with  a  yellowish  pubescence,  which  extends  a  short  way  up 
the  tibiae  ;  the  tarsal  segments  are  long  and  slender.  Abdomen 
elongate,  cylindrical,  greenish  metallic  bronze,  coarsely  punctulate ; 
lateral  tubercles  very  distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  (^  transverse, 
punctulate,  somewhat  attenuate  in  the  $  ,  transversely  impressed, 
rectangular ;  the  hinder  border  somewhat  convex,  tumid  over  the 
insertion  of  the  forceps.  Sternum  black,  very  finely  punctulate. 
Pygidium  of  c?  short,  transverse,  smooth,  with  a  short  blunt  tubercle 
at  each  posterior  angle ;  each  tubercle  terminated  by  a  sharp 
point :  in  $  short,  blunt.  Forceps  of  d"  with  the  branches  remote 
at  the  base,  very  long  and  slender,  nearly  straight ;  trigonal  at 
the  base  itself ;  the  nearly  obsolete  keels  covered  with  a  row 
of  small  tubercles  ;  inner  margin  denticulate  ;  halfway  down  there 
is  a  small  but  sharp  and  distinct  tooth,  beyond  which  the  branches 
are  unarmed,  nearly  straight,  smooth,  and  incurved  at  the  apex ; 
the  whole  forceps  are  faintly  punctulate ;  in  the  $  the  branches 
are  subcontiguous,  excavate  at  the  base  itself  on  the  inner 
margin  to  admit  the  pygidium,  then  nearly  straight,  very  gently 
sinuate,  elongate,  unarmed,  and  smooth. 

6  2 

Length  of  body 13    -18  mm.        12-16  mm. 

„        forceps  ....       8-5-17    „  6-  7    „ 

Bombay:  Bombay  (Pusa  coll.) ;  Ukited  Pbovinces  :  Bhim  Tal, 
4500  ft. ;  Nepal  :  Sundrijal,  Gauchar,  Nagorkoti,  "  feeding  on 
flowers  of  stinging  nettles  "  (Ind.  Mus.)  ;  Sikkim  :  Darjiling 
{Brit.  Mus.)  ;  Assam  :  Khasi  Hills,  Dumpel  to  Cherapunji,  3000- 
5000  ft.,  Gauhati,  Shillong  (Pusa  coll.),  Kurseong  (Ind.  Mus) ; 
BuEMA  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  Distr.,  3000-3700  ft.,  v.-xii.  (Genoa 
Mus.,  coll.  Burr)  ;  Tenassebim  :  Thagata,  v.  (Brit.  Mus.,  Genoa 
Mus.,  coll.  Burr). 

Occurs  also  in  Tonkin. 

Syntyins  in  Bex'lin  and  Dohrn's  collection  ;  actual  type  un- 
certain. 

This  striking  species  is  easy  to  recognize,  apart  from  the 
characteristic  first  antennal  segment,  by  its  elongate  form,  lone 
slender  forceps,  and  bronze-green  metallic  lustre. 

n2 


180  rOBFICULID^. 


Genus  EMBOROS,  Bm-r. 

Emboros,  Bt(rr,  (07i)  p.  103. 
Opistlaocosniia,  Dolirn  (partim). 
Cosmiella,  Terhaff,  Kirby  (partim). 

Type,  Opisthocosmia  duhia,  Borm. 

Small  and  slender.  Antennae  with  10  segments,  cylindrical  ; 
fourth  relatively  long.  Head  smooth  and  tumid.  Pronotum 
slightly  narrower  than  the  head  and  decidedly  longer  than  hroad, 
rectangular.  Metasternal  lohe  transverse,  rectangiilar.  Elytra 
complete  and  free,  with  a  keel  running  the  whole  length  of  the 
costal  fold,  rather  short.  Wings  abortive.  Legs  not  very  long ; 
tarsi  rather  short,  first  segment  hardly  longer  than  the  third. 
Abdomen  of  J  but  slightly  dilated,  convex,  second  pliciform  tubercle 
very  strong.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  d"  a  little  longer  than  broad, 
but  shghtly  angustate.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  rounded, 
transverse.  Porceps  of  S  with  branches  not  contiguous  at  the  base, 
cylindrical,  nearly  straight. 

Banrje.  Burma  and  Diego  Suarez, 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  keeled  elytra  and  short  tarsi, 
together  with  the  long  narrow  pronotum,  thus  differing  from 
Liparura,  Lij>odes  and  Obelura,  the  only  other  known  Indian  genera 
with  keeled  elytra. 


114.  Emboros  dubiiis,  Bonn. 

Opisthocosmia  dubia,  Bonn.  (94)  p.  399,  (00-)  p.  98 :  Burr,  (OS^) 

p.  117. 
Cosmiella  dubia,  Verh.  (02i)  p._195  ;  Ktrbt/,  (04)  p.  38. 
Opistliocosmia  (Cosmiella)  dubia,  Burr,  (04)  p.  303. 
Emboros  dubius,  Bni-r,  (07i)  p.  104. 

Dark  chestnut,  small  and  slender.  Antennse  with  the  five  basal 
segments  greyish  testaceous.  Head  shining  chestnut.  Pronotum 
chestnut-brown,  shining,  a  little  narrower  than  the  head,  a  little 
longer  than  broad ;  posterior  margin  rounded,  rather  convex ; 
prozona  and  metazona  separated  by  a  transverse  depression  ;  two 
impressions  on  prozona ;  sides  straight,  pale  testaceous,  reflexed. 
Elytra  dull  brown,  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the  pronotum, 
well  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  sides  parallel,  posterior  margin 
truncate.  Wings  absent.  Legs  long  and  slender,  greyish  testa- 
ceous, apical  half  of  femora  darker.  Abdomen  dark  chestnut, 
shining,  oval,  dilated  at  about  three-quarters  of  the  length.  Last 
dorsal  segment  about  twice  as  broad  at  the  base  as  at  the  apex, 
strongly  sloped.  Pygidium  not  discernible.  Porceps  reddish 
testaceous,  unarmed,  slender,  elongate,  trigonal,  nearly  straight, 
not,  contiguous  but  very  nearly  so,  points  curved  in. 

$ 

Length  of  body    7*5  mm. 

„        forceps    3-5     „ 


EMBOROS. LIPARURA.  181 

Burma  :  Kareu-ni,  Geku  District,  4300-4700  ft.,  ii./iii.  (Genoa 
Mtis.,  1  $  ). 

Ti/pe  in  the  Genoa  Museum, 

G'he  above  description  is  adapted  from  the  original  text  of 
de  Bormans.  In  the  Paris  Museum  there  is  a  pair  of  earwigs 
from  Diego  Suarez  which  have  been  referred  to  this  species,  as 
from  the  description  above  they  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the 
Burmese  specimen ;  but  it  is  probable  that  the  two  are  distinct,  as 
their  localities  ai'e  so  widely  separated. 

The  genus  Emboros  was  erected  for  de  Bormans'  0.  duUa,  but 
characterized  from  that  pair  from  Diego  8uarez.  This  charac- 
terization agrees  in  every  particular  with  the  description  of 
de  Bormans,  except  that  he  does  not  refer  to  the  keel  of  the 
elytra.  As  he  never  luade  use  of  this  character  in  any  of  his  work, 
it  is  probable  that  he  overlooked  it,  and  there  is  little  doubt  that 
the  specimens  from  Diego  Suarez  belong  to  the  same  genus  as 
E.  dubia,  but  it  is  likely  that  they  will  be  shown  to  be  specifically 
distinct  when  the  true  male  of  the  latter  is  discovered.  In  order 
to  settle  this  point,  collectors  in  Further  India  should  look  out  for 
a  small  dark  Opisthocosmiiue  earwig  with  long  narrow  pronotum, 
keeled  elytra  and  no  wiugs.  A  careful  comparison  with  the  male 
from  Diego  Suarez  will  then  probably  show  a  specific  distinction. 

In  these  circumstances  it  is  advisable  to  give  a  brief  account 
of  the  features  of  this  male : — 

It  agrees  in  every  respect  with  the  description  of  E.  dubius 
except  where  the  sexual  characters  are  involved.  The  abdomen 
is  not  very  strongly  dilated  and  consequently  the  last  dorsal 
segment  is  not  very  strongly  angustate,  being  only  slightly  nar- 
rower posteriorly  than  at  the  base ;  its  length  is  about  equal  to  its 
smallest  width  ;  it  is  smooth  and  sloping,  but  not  remarkably  so  ; 
the  posterior  margin  is  gently  convex,  and  tumid  over  the  roots 
of  the  forceps  ;  the  latter  are  rather  strong,  horizontal,  swollen  at 
the  extreme  base  but  not  contiguous,  cylindrical  and  converging 
in  the  basal  third,  where  they  almost  meet,  and  then  straight 
as  far  as  the  apex  which  is  hooked ;  the  inner  margin  is  very 
finely  denticulate,  otherwise  they  are  unarmed ;  in  colour  deep 
reddish  black.  The  pygidium  is  just  visible  as  a  small  obtuse 
tubercle.     Length  of  body,  8  mm.;  forceps,  2-5  mm. 

Of  course,  should  the  true  Burmese  E.  dubius  prove  to  be 
specifically  distinct,  this  pair  from  Diego  Suarez  will  require  a 
new  name. 

Genus  LIPARURA,  Burr. 
Liparura,  Burr,  (07')  p.  119. 

Type,  L.  jmnctata,  Burr. 

Size  medium  or  small.  Antennie  unknown.  Head  smooth 
and  tumid,  but  sutures  distinct.  Pronotum  square,  nearly  as 
broad  as  the  head.  Elytra  trapezoidal,  not  free,  weak  at  the 
axillary  angle,  exposing  a  transverse  scutellum ;  anal  mai'gin  of 


182  rORKICULIDiE. 

elytra  short ;  posterior  marp;in  oblique ;  costal  fold  witli  an  entire 
and  strongly-marked  keel.  Wings  absent.  Legs  long  and  slender  ; 
iirst  tarsal  segment  longer  than  the  second  and  third  united. 
Abdomen  strongly  dilated  and  strongly  attenuate  at  the  apex. 
Last  dorsal  segment  short,  small,  and  transverse,  gently  attenuate 
and  strongly  sloping.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  broad,  rounded. 
Pygidium  not  distinct.  Forceps  of  d"  with  the  branches  subcon- 
tignous,  rather  depressed  at  the  base,  elongate ;  simple  in  the  $  . 

linage.  India. 

This  genus  is  based  on  a  pair  of  earwigs  from  Northern  India 
which  are  related  to  Ohelnra  tumid,  Burr,  from  Ceylon,  and  to 
0.  asiaiica,  Borm.,  from  Southern  India.  But  the  keel  of  the 
elytra,  with  the  square  pronotum  and  long  tarsi,  are  very  dis- 
tinctive features. 


115.  Liparura  punctata,  sp,  n,     (Fig.  04.) 

Neolohophora  asiatica,  Burr,  (08^)  p.  117. 

Liparura  asiatica,  Burr,  (07')  p.  119  (nee  Borm,,  nee  Kirbi/,. 

Size  small,  deep  reddish  chestnut.  Antenna)  unknown.  Head 
tumid,  sutures  feeble.  Pronotum  about  as  broad  as  the  head, 
square;  prozona  tumid,  with  a  median  suture  and  impression 
ou  each  side ;  metazona  depressed,  sides  strongly  reflexed. 
Scutellum  short,  as  broad  as  the  pronotum,  rounded  posteriorly, 
smooth.  Elytra  abbreviated,  trapezoidal,  the  posterior  margin 
being  oblique,  so  that  the  axillary  (sutural)  margin  is  much  shorter 
than  the  costal  margin  ;  costal  keel  very  sharp  and  well  defined. 
Legs  very  long  and  slender.  Abdomen  punctate,  strongly  dilated 
and  convex  in  both  sexes.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  cJ  trajjezoidal, 
narrowed  posteriority,  sti'ongly  sloping;  in  $  similar,  but  still  more 
strongly  sloping.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  c?  transverse, 
rounded.  Pygidium  of  c5"  and  $  indistinguishable.  Forceps  of  c^' 
witli  the  branches  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  slender,  elongate, 
somewhat  compressed,  almost  crested  above,  contiguous  and  nearly 
straight  through  half  their  length,  then  attenuate  and  gently 
arched,  enclosing  an  elongate  ellipse,  the  points  meeting;  in  the 
5  the  branches  are  slender,  subcontiguous,  straight,  elongate,  only 
meeting  at  the  apex. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body 7*5  mm.         75  mm. 

„         forceps    4-5     „  2-75  „ 

SiKKiM :  Darjiling  (Paris  il/»s.) ;  Bhutan  :  Pedong  (Paris  Mns.). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

There  is  nothing  in  de  Bormans'  description  of  Neolohophora 
asiatica  which  excludes  the  two  specimens  in  the  Paris  Museum, 
but  the  entire  omission  of  any  reference  to  the  strongly  punctu- 
late  body  and  the  fact  that  his  typcj  was  from  the  south  of  India 
— whereas  these  are  from  Darjiling  and  Bhutan,  a  difference 
especially  important  in  apterous  forms  such  as  these — render  it 


0BI3LU11A. 


183 


probable  that  these  are  not  identical  with  de  Borraans'  specimens, 
which  would  appear  to  fall  into  the  genus  Obelura  with  0.  tamul. 

Accordingly,  the  remark  that  K  asiatka  is  the  type  of  Liparura 
(Burr,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  p.  119,  1U04)  must  be  read  as  re- 
ferring to  these  specimens,  then  regarded  as  J^.  asiaiica,  and  not 
to  the  true  N.  asiatka  of  de  Bormans. 


Genus  OBELURA,  Burr. 

Obelura,  i?Mn-,  (07')  p.  11«. 
Neolobophora,  Burr  (partim). 

Type,  Neolohoplwra  tamul,  liurr. 

Size  small ;  build  slender.  Antennae  as  in  OjnslJiocosmia.  Head 
smooth.  Pronotum  as  broad  as  the  head,  square.  Elytra  rudi- 
mentary, trapezoidal,  keeled  along  the  outer  margin  ;  inner  margin 
shorter  than  the  outer,  thus  forming  a  small  scutellum  ;  hinder 
margin  obliquely  truncate.  Wings  abortive.  Legs  long  and 
slender.  Abdomen  with  lateral  tubercles  very  distinct,  smooth  ; 
last  dorsal  segment  very  narrow,  smooth,  sloping.  Forceps  with 
branches  subcontiguous  at  base,  very  elongate  and  slender. 

Rawje.  Southern  India  and  Ceylon. 

Thetwo  known  members  of  this  genus  are  easy  to  recognize  by 
their  slender  build,  uniform  testaceous  colour,  rudimentary  elytra, 
and  long  slender  forceps. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Elytra  with  axillary  margin  very  sliort, 
thus  exposinf^  a  broad  scutellum  ; 
pt'nultimate   ventral    segment    of   S 

with  a  .s])ino  on  each  side    asiatiai,  JJorm.,  p.  IB.'l 

1.1.  Elytra  with  axillary  marf;;in  scarcely 
shorter  tlian  co«tal  margin,  scutellum 
very  small ;  penultimate  ventral  seg- 
ment of  c?  unarmed    tamul,  Burr,  p.  184. 

IIG.  Obelura  asiatica,  Borm. 

Neolobophorit,  asiatica,  Borm.  a])ud  Bolivar,  (i)7)  p.  285,  pi.  1,  fig.  2; 

Borm.  (()()•-)  ]).  100  ;  Kirhi/,  (04)  p.  20. 
Liparura  asiatica,  Burr,  (07 'j  p.  119. 

Reddish  chestnut,  shining,  all  the  legs  dirty  testaceous.  Frons 
depressed,  occiput  convex,  almost  circumvallate.  Elytra  small, 
nearly  triangular,  showing  a  scutellum.  Wings  absent.  Abdomen 
convex,  dilated  a  little  beyond  the  middle.  Last  dorsal  segment 
strongly  narrowed  posteriorly,  especially  in  ? ,  and  sloping. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  with  a  sharp  spine  at  each  side. 
Branches  of  the  forceps  of  J  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  depressed 
and  compressed,  with  an  erect  tooth  on  the  upper  surface ;  cylin- 
drical as  far  as  a  strong  sjjine,  directed  backwards,  situated  about 


184  rOEFICULIDJE. 

the  middle ;  then  gently  arcuate,  slender ;  in  $  long,  slender,  nearly 
straight,  unarmed  and  contiguous,  points  hooked. 

d  $ 

Length  of  body 7   -  9-25  mm.     3'5-7"5  mm. 

„         forceps  ....      8-5-10-5       „  3'5    „ 

S.  Madras  :  Kodaikanal. 

The  above  description  is  adapted  from  that  of  de  Bormans, 
given  by  Bolivar. 

Workers  on  the  spot  must  decide  the  true  relations  between 
this  and  0.  tamul. 

117.  Obelura  tamul,  Bim-:'^    (Fig.  65.) 

Neolobophora  tamul,  Burr,   (01)  p.  G7,  pi.  B,  fig.  1 ;  Kirby,  (04) 

p.  29. 
Obelura  tamul,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  120. 

Slender  and  small ;  entirely  testaceous.  Antennae  with  twelve 
very  slender  segments.  Head  rather  broad,  smooth,  and  tumid. 
Pronotum  square,  as  broad  as  the  head,  flat.  Elytra  trapezoidal, 
rudimentary,  not  free  ;  costal  fold  sharp,  forming  a  keel ;  hinder 
margin  truncate  ;  axillary  angle  rounded  off,  thus  exposing  a 
short,  transverse,  triangular  scutellum  and  rendering  the  anal 
margin  (along  the  suture)  shorter  than  the  costal  margin.  Legs 
slender,  not  veiy  long;  tarsi  rather  short.  Abdomen  smooth, 
dirty  yellow.  Last  dorsal  segment  very  narrow,  longer  than 
broad,  smooth,  sloping,  simple.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
slender  and  cylindrical,  dirty  yellow,  contiguous  at  the  base 
(oMdng  to  the  narrowness  of  the  last  dorsal  segment),  rather 
compressed  and  straight  in  the  basal  quarter,  then  very  long  and 
slender,  gently  diverging  and  arched  in  to  form  a  long  ellipse, 
which  is  not  complete  as  the  points  do  not  meet ;  about  the 
middle,  on  the  inner  margin,  thei-e  are  three  or  four  small  sharp 
teeth.      $  unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body 6*75-9  mm. 

„         forceps  ....     5-7  „ 

Ceylon  :  Nuwara  Eliya. 
Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

The  species  cannot  be  confused  with  anything  except  0.  asiatlca, 
from  which  it  may  not  really  be  specifically  distinct. 

Genus  CORDAX,  n.  g. 

Opisthocosmia,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  76  (partim). 

TxPE,  Forficida  armata,  Haan. 

Build  slender  and  graceful.  Antennae  with  10-12  segments, 
all  long,  slender  and  cylindrical ;  fourth  a  little  longer  than 
third,  and  fifth  than  the  fourth.     Head  tumid,  sutures  distinct. 


CORDAX. 


185 


Pronotum  narrow  and  long,  not  so  broad  as  the  head.  Elytra 
smooth,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  with  no  keel.  Wmgs 
generally  well  developed.  Legs  long  and  slender ;  femora  scarcely 
thickened;  tibiae  compressed,  first  tarsal  segment  longer  than 
second  and  third  united.  Abdomen  convex,  rather  dilated  beyond 
the  middle,  then  tapering  to  the  apex  ;  lateral  tubercles  well 
developed.  Last  dorsal  segment  attenuate  and  sloping  in  both 
sexes.  Pygidium  indistinct.  Porceps  of  S  long  and  slender,  the 
branches  remote  or  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  straight  or  sinuate, 
variously  armed  ;  in  $  straiglit,  simple,  contiguous. 

Range.  Oriental  Region. 

This  new  genus  is  erected  for  those  species  in  which  the  pro- 
notum is  long  aud  narrow,  as  in  OpistJiocosmia,  but  the  last  dorsal 
segment  narrowed  and  sloping,  as  in  liyimrgm.  The  narrowing 
of  this  last  segment  has  always  been  regarded  as  the  chief  dis- 
tinctive character  of  Opistliocosmia,  but  unfortunately  in  the  type- 
species,  0.  centurio,  this  segment  is  very  decidedly  _  transverse. 
Numerous  species,  formerly  included  in  Ojnsthocosmia,  are  now 
consequently  removed  to  the  newer  genera,  Cordax  and  Hyinirgus. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Elytra  orange  or  red,  with  narrow  dark 

band;  size  medium  (15  mm.)   annatiis,  Ilaan,  p.  185. 

1.1.  Elvtra   testaceous,  indistinctly  banded 

■with  fuscous ;  size  small  (12-5  mm.)  .  .     ceylonicus,  Motsch.,  p.  186. 

118.  Cordax  armatus,  Haan.     (Pig.  6G.) 

Forficula  armata,  Haan,  (42)  p.  243,  pi.  23  fig.  12. 
Opisthocosmia  armata,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  S\;  borm  (^o  P-  ^*f' 
(94)  p.  394,  (00-)  p.  96;  Burr,  (99)  p.  260,  (04)  p.  304,  (O/i) 
p.  100 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  39. 
General  colour  dark  reddish  chestnut ;  abdomen  red ;  elytra  and 
wings  red,  with  narrow  dark  bands.  Antennae  with  (?)  10  seg- 
ments, dark  fuscous  ;  segments  8-9  whitish,  very  slender.  Head 
dark  reddish,  somewhat  tumid,  especially  between  the  eyes. 
Pronotum  narrower  than  the  head  and  longer  than  broad,  dark 
chestnut,  smooth;  anterior  border  truncate,  sides  subparallel; 
hinder  border  and  hinder  angles  rounded;  prozona  distinctly 
tumid;  metazona  flat;  sides  distinctly  raised.  Elytra  ample, 
broadly  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  the  costal  fold  strongly  marked, 
almost  forming  a  ridge  ;  brick-red,  with  a  narrow  dark  band  along 
the  costal  margin,  narrowed  apically;  hinder  border  subemar- 
ginate.  Wings  long,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  elytra.  Legs  very 
dark,  long  and  slender,  the  tarsi  somewhat  paler.  Abdomen  dark 
red,  blackish  near  the  base  and  the  apex ;  very  narrow  at  the 
base  and  very  convex,  strongly  attenuate  near  the  apex  ;  phci- 
form  tubercles  black,  very  strongly  marked.  Last  dorsal  segment 
smooth,    typical,    sloping    and    attenuate.      Forceps    with    the 


186  rORFICULIDJS. 

branches  in  the  c?  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  long  and  slender  ; 
dark  chestnut ;  subtrigoual  near  the  base ;  seen  from  the  side, 
horizontal  and  straight ;  seen  from  above,  gently  sinuate  for 
the  first  half  of  their  length  ;  on  the  upper  margin,  at  the  end 
of  the  basal  third,  there  is  a  compressed  short  sharp  tooth  ;  from 
this  point  gently  diverging,  with  a  small  sharp  tooth  on  the  inner 
margin ;  then  gently  arcuate,  slender  and  unarmed,  enclosing  an 
oval  area,  the  points  meeting. 

Length  of  body     10    -  11       mm. 

„         forceps     6-75-  7*75    „ 

BuEMA :  Metanja,  viii.,  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft., 
v./sii.  (Genoa  Mks.). 

Also  occurs  in  Borneo,  Sumatra,  the  Celebes,  and  Macassar. 

Tyjye  in  the  Ley  den  Museum. 

The  slender  and  elongate  build,  brick-red  elytra  and  long 
slender  forceps,  taken  in  conjunction  with  the  narrow  pronotum 
and  angustate  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male,  render  this  elegant 
species  unmistakable. 

In  "  Das  Tierreich,"  deBormans  describes  the  elytra  as  "braun- 
gelb  "  (p.  96),  and  again  as  "  ganz  gelb."  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  original  manuscript  was  written  in  French  and  translated  into 
Grerman,  for  in  every  specimen  seen  by  the  author  the  elytra  are 
brick-red,  with  a  narrow  dark  band  down  the  suture  and  down 
the  costal  margin  ;  the  original  manuscript  is  in  the  author's 
possession  ;  "  braungelb  "  is  a  translation  of  "  fauve  "  which 
might  be  applied  to  this  colour ;  "  ganz  gelb  "  is  a  translation  of 
"  enticrement  fauve,"  but  the  author  has  yet  to  see  a  specimen  to 
which  this  remark  applies. 


119.  Cordax  ceylonicus,  MotscJi.    (Fig.  67.) 

Labia  ceylonica,  Motachuhky,  (63)  p.  4. 

Opisthocosmia  cevlonica,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  83  ;  Boron.  (00-)  p.  96  ;  Burr, 
(01)  p.  335,  (04)  p.  305,  (07')  p.  100 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  38. 

Small,  slender,  brown.  Anteunse  with  12  segments,  brown. 
Pronotum  narrower  than  the  head,  hinder  border  rounded,  anterior 
border  straight,  the  sides  strongly  reflexed,  shining  brown.  Elytra 
twice  as  long  as  the  pronotum,  uniform  brown,  truncate  at  the 
apex.  Wings  projecting  well  beyond  the  elytra,  brown,  with  a 
faint  yellow  spot  on  the  outer  side  at  the  base  and  at  the  apex 
of  the  suture.  Abdomen  darker  brown,  the  glandular  folds  very 
prominent,  black.  In  the  S  the  antepenultimate  dorsal  segment  is 
armed  on  each  side  with  a  short  tooth,  the  penultimate  and  ultimate 
segments  are  narrowed,  the  latter  with  a  deep  impression  in  the 
middle ;  the  penultimate  ventral  segment  semicircular,  covering 
only  half  the  last  segment.    The  forceps  are  long,  with  the  branches 


1 RT 
COEDAX.— HTPURGUS. 


the  body,  and  the  forceps  of  the  6  pubescent. 

^  5     o 

,.  1    1  T-ps  mm  7'5  -8    mm. 

Length  oi  body   '^^^''^-         ^  . 

„         forceps   ^       '■■> 

Ceylok  :  Pundulaoya,  Peradeniya,  iv./v.,  Maskeliya  (oo7L  5un-) 
Mr.  Green  found  females  of  this  spec.es  ^^^^^^^^J^ f  .^^f^'j," 
bungalows,  and  also  in  bamboos,  but  the  males  appear  to  be  less 

TtT;-be  easily  recognized  by  the  slender  and  delicate  stature, 
and  the  narrow  pronotum  and  last  dorsal  segment. 

Genus  HYPURGUS,  Burr. 

Hypurgus,  i?Kr/-,  (07^)  p.  101' 
Opisthocosmia,  Burr  (partiiu). 

Type,  OpistJwcosmia  humeralis,  Ivu-by.  ^ 

dS  se^;  nt  of  c?  and'?  ample,  longer  than  broad    deeded  y 
attemiate  and  sloping.    Pygidium  not  d.stmot     fretFme"  sth   y 

St:rre"«:!e3ot;:;:Sb:^^^^^^^^^^ 

tXnoteeZon  upper  surface;  those  of  ?  subcont.gaous,  s,mple. 
straight  and  slender. 


188  FOEFICULID.E. 

Range.  Oriental  and  Ethiopian  Eegions. 

The  species  Avere  formerly  included  in  the  comprehensive 
genus  OjnstJwcosmia,  but  their  pronotum  is  by  no  means  narrow 
and  long,  and  the  last  dorsal  segment  is  decidedly  sloping  and 
narrowed. 

There  are  about  half  a  dozen  species,  all  occurring  in  the 
Oriental  Eegion. 

In  the  recurved  abdominal  segments  of  the  male,  the  somewhat 
less  convex  abdomen,  and  the  generally  bowed  forceps,  this 
genus  shows  the  beginning  of  a  transition  towards  the  ancistro- 
gastrine  type. 


Fig.  15. — Tarsus  of  Hypurgus  humemlis,  Kirby. 


Table  of  Species. 

1 .  Elytra  with  an  orange  spot  at  the  slioulders ; 

forceps   of  J  with  a  strong  tooth  before  [p.  188. 

the  apex    humeralis,  Kirby, 

1-1.  Elytra  uniform  reddish;    forceps  of  S  ^^'itli  [p.  189. 

one  blunt  tooth,  often  obsolete simplex,  Borm., 


120.  Hypurg,us  humeralis,  Kirby.*     (Fig.  68.) 

Opisthocosmia  humeralis,  Kirby,  (91)  p.  623,  (04)  p.  38  ;  Borm.  (94) 

p.  400,  (00'')  p.  95  ;  Burr,  (01)  p.  3-33,  pi.  B,  fig.  9,  (04)  p.  334. 
Hypurgus  humeralis.  Burr,  (07^)  p.  102. 

Size  small ;  build  rather  stout ;  general  colour  deep  chestnut 
with  orange-red  spots.  Antennae  with  11  segments,  all  cylin- 
drical and  slender;  third  and  fourth  rather  short,  about  equal 
in  length,  the  fifth  and  following  distinctly  longer ;  dark  brown, 
the  tenth  segment  often  pale.  Head  shining  orange-red,  smooth. 
Pronotum  about  as  broad  as  long,  a  trifle  wider  in  the  c5'  than  in 
the  $ ,  anterior  border  truncate ;  sides  parallel  or  very  gently 
convex,  posterior  border  broadly  rounded  ;  deep  reddish  brown, 
the  sides  broadly  orange.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  well  rounded  at 
the  shoulders,  truncate  posteriorly  ;  deep  brown,  with  a  prominent 
oval  orange  spot  at  the  shoulders.  Wings  prominent  and  long, 
basal  half  of  scale  bright  orange-red,  apical  half  deep  bi'own. 
Legs  deep  yellow,  rather  long,  slender ;  first  tarsal  segment  longer 
than  the  second  and  third  combined.  Abdomen  deep  red-brown, 
broadest  about  the  middle  and  narrowed  apically,  especially  in  the 
$  ;  lateral  tubercles  very  distinct ;  in  the  S  the  sides  of  segments 
five  to  nine,  seen  from  the  side,  are  convex,  seen  from  above, 
acute.     Last  dorsal  segment  ample,  smooth,  sloping  and  narrowed 


HYPUilGUS.  189 

posteriorly,  especially  in  the  5  ;  posterior  margiu  straight,  angles 
rounded,  tumid  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  of  (S  and  $  broad,  ample,  gently  convex.  Pygidium  hidden 
in  the  c5' ,  short,  sharp  and  conical  in  the  $ .  Forceps  with  the 
branches  in  the  c?  nearly  contiguous  at  the  base,  stout,  rounded 
but  rather  depressed  in  the  basal  third,  which  is  straight  and 
crenulate  along  the  inner  margin ;  then  attenuate  and  arched  gently 
inwards  to  a  sharp  strong  tooth  on  the  inner  margin  ;  beyond  this 
tooth  strongly  tapering  and  hooked  ;  the  area  enclosed  before 
the  tooth  is  pear-shaped ;  in  the  2  the  branches  are  contiguous, 
simple,  very  slender,  and  rather  long ;  yellowish  red  in  both 
sexes. 

c?  2 

Length  of  body    7-10  mm.         6"5-8  mm. 

„         forceps   2'5-3    „  2         ,, 

Ceylon  :  Peradeniya,  Kandy,  x.  (coll.  Burr)  ;  Burma  :  Palon,^ 
viii.-ix.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Type  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  species  is  apparently  common  in  Ceylon,  where  Mr.  Grreen 
took  it  flying  round  a  lamp,  and  under  stones. 

It  is  easy  to  recognize  by  the  very  characteristic  coloration  and 
the  form  of  the  forceps. 

121.  Hypurgus  simplex,  Bonn.** 

Opisthocosmia  simplex,  5o?-m.  f94)   p.    "96,(00")   p.  3Q ;  Bol.  (97) 

p.  286  ;  Burr,  (01)  p.  334,  (04)  p.  306 ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  39. 
Hypurgus  simplex,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  102. 

Size  rather  large  ;  general  colour  brown-red.  Antennae  ^ith  1 1 
segments,  brown,  the  apical  or  anteapical  segment  pale  ;  all  slender 
and  cylindrical,  the  fourth  a  trifle  shorter  than  the  fifth  ;  fifth 
about  equal  to  third.  Head  smooth,  red,  with  darker  shading. 
Pronotum  longer  than  broad,  about  as  wide  as  the  head  ;  anterior 
margin  straight,  the  angles  sharp,  somewhat  produced  ;  sides  gently 
rounded,  posterior  margin  well  rounded  ;  dull  red-brown,  the  sides- 
paler.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  with 
a  row  of  short  stiff  bristles  down  the  costal  fold  (but  no  keel)  ; 
dull  dark  chestnut-red,  with  an  ill-defined  light  red  band  down 
the  costal  fold.  Wings  prominent,  dark  chesnut-red,  with  a 
prominent  orange-red  spot  at  the  base  of  the  scale  and  a  smaller 
light  red  spot  at  the  apex  of  the  suture  ;  these  two  spots  are  some- 
times almost  confluent.  Legs  brown,  long  and  slender.  Abdomen 
smooth,  dull,  brown-red,  stouter  in  the  c5'  than  in  the  2  ;  sides  of 
segments  five  to  nine  in  the  S ,  seen  from  the  side,  roundly  convex, 
seen  from  above,  recurved  and  sharp.  Last  dorsal  segment  trape- 
zoidal, narrowed  towards  the  apex,  strongly  sloping,  especially  in  the 
$  ,  smooth,  posterior  margiu  straight  and  angles  rounded,  tumid  over 


190  roRFicuLiD.i:. 

the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  and  $ 
broad,  transverse,  very  obtusely  convex.  Forceps  with  the  branches 
in  the  J  subcontiguous  at  the  Joase,  rather  stout,  rounded,  somewhat 
depressed  ;  gently  diverging  at  first,  the  inner  margin  at  the  base 
itself  convex  and  denticulate;  gently  tapering ;  just  before  halt 
their  length  bowed  inwards  at  an  obtuse  angle  and  thickened  on 
the  inner  margin  ;  from  this  point  straiglit,  converging,  finely 
crenulate  on  the  inner  margin,  tapering,  hooked  at  the  points  ;  in 
the  2  simple,  slender,  subcontiguous  and  straight ;  red-brown  in 
colour. 

J  2 

Length  of  body 11-14      mm.     10-11-5  mm. 

„         forceps 4"75-5-5  ,,         4-4-o      „ 

Burma:  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  4000-4300  ft.,  i.,  Greku 
District,  4300-5000  ft.,  ii.-iv.  (Brit.  Mm.,  Genoa  Mus.) ;  Madras  : 
Trichinopoli ;  Ceylok  (one  mutilated  female,  referred  with  doubt 
to  this  species,  Oxford  Mus.). 

Also  from  Mentawei  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

Tjipe  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  species  resembles  the  preceding  but  is  decidedly  larger  and 
the  elytra  are  not  spotted. 

The  thickening  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  forceps  of  the  male 
represents  an  obsolete  tooth,  which  is  discernible  in  some 
specimens. 

Genus  EPARCHUS,  Burr. 

Eparchus,  Burr,  (07^  p.  ^20. 
Opisthocosmia,  aiictt.  (partim). 

Type,  Forjicula  insignis,  Haan. 

Antennae  with  12  segments,  slender  and  cylindrical ;  third  and 
fourth  segments  of  about  the  same  length.  Head  smooth.  Pro- 
notum  about  as  broad  as  long,  as  broad  as  the  head,  truncate 
anteriorly,  and  generally  rounded  posteriorly.  Elytra  ample, 
smooth,  no  costal  keel,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders  and  tapering 
apically.  Wings  prominent.  Legs  long  and  slender ;  tarsi 
slender,  first  segment  longer  than  second  and  third  united.  Ab- 
domen spindle-shaped,  narrow  at  the  base,  dilated  about  the  middle, 
strongly  convex  and  attenuate  apically ;  fifth  or  sixth  to  ninth 
segments  not  recurved  (viewed  from  above)  but  often  provided  with 
tubercles  at  the  sides.  Last  dorsal  segment  longer  than  wide, 
decidedly  narrowed.  Forceps  of  d"  contiguous  at  the  base  (owing 
to  the  narrowness  of  the  last  dorsal  segment),  slender  and  cylin- 
drical, elongate,  more  or  less  arcuate,  and  more  or  less  undulating 
in  a  vertical  plane,  variousl}'-  armed,  but  almost  always  with  a 
strong  vertical  process  or  tooth  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  base  ; 
in  2  simple,  slender  and  cylindrical. 

Range.  Oriental  Eegion. 


EPARCHUS.  191 

This  geuus  was  formerly  separated  by  the  relative  length  of  the 
fourth  and  third  segments  of  the  antennae,  but  further  study  has 
shown  that  this  character  is  inconsistent  and  untrustworthy. 

It  agrees  with  Hypurgus  in  the  narrowing  of  the  last  dorsal 
set^ment,  and  in  this  and  the  nearly  square  pronotum  it  differs 
from  Opisthocosmia.  The  long  tarsi  and  slender  femora  separate  it 
from  Timomenus,  and  the  subquadrate  pronotum  from  Gordcuw 

It  differs  from  Hypurgus  in  appearance,  owing  to  the  more 
strongly  convex  abdomen  and  consequently  more  strongly  sloping 
and  narrowed  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  ;  the  sides  of  the 
abdomen,  as  seen  from  above,  are  not  recurved  and  sharp,  as  in 
JJyjmrgus,  but  are  sometimes  furnished  with  tubercles. 

We  find  a  totally  different  type  of  forceps  ;  instead  of  the  hori- 
zontal, rather  stout  forceps  of  Hypurgus,  not  contiguous  at  the 
base  and  unarmed  above,  we  find  undulating  slender  branches,  con- 
tiguous at  the  base  and  armed  on  the  upper  surface  with  a  strong 
tooth  or  other  projection. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Forceps  of  S  very  strongly  undulating ; 
vertical  tooth  obsolete ;  (sides  of  ab- 
domen tuberculate)    dux,  Borni.,  p.  191. 

1.1.  Forceps  of  S  undulate,  but  gently  and 

only  near  the  base  ;  upper  surface  with 

prominent  teeth  or  projections. 

2.  Forceps  of  ^  with   rounded  clubbed 

tubercles  above ;  (sides  of  abdomen 

tuberculate)    insignis,  Haan,  p.  192. 

2.2.  Forceps  of  cJ  with  sharp  tooth  above ; 

sides  of  abdomen  not  tuberculate    . .     tenellus,  Haan,  p.  193. 


122.  Eparchns  dux,  Borm. 

Opisthocosmia  dux,  Borm.  (94)  p.  895,   (00^)  p.  98 ;  Burr,   (02) 

p.  485,  (04)  p.  305  ;  Kirby,  (04)  p.  .39. 
Eparchus  dux,  Btirr,  (07^)  p.  121. 

Size  medium ;  build  slender ;  general  colour  chestnut  with 
yellowish  markings.  Antennae  with  10  segments,  dark  with  a 
pale  ring  before  the  apex.  Head  tumid,  brown,  shading  posteriorly 
to  red  ;  depressed  posteriorly.  Pronotum  chestnut-brown,  the 
sides  paler,  as  broad  as  the  head,  nearly  semicircular  ;  anterior 
margin  straight,  with  sharp  angles  ;  prozona  tumid,  metazona 
and  sides  depressed.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  well  rounded  at  the 
shoulders,  chestnut-brown.  Wings  prominent,  chestnut-brown, 
with  a  round  yellowish  spot  at  the  base,  and  a  little  narrow  yellow 
line  at  the  apex.  Legs  long  and  slender,  clear  chestnut.  Abdomen 
smooth,  chestnut,  strongly  dilated,  lateral  folds  very  distinct ;  sides 
of  fifth  and  sixth  segments  produced  into  a  strong  obtuse  triangular 
lobe  ;  the  seventh  segment  has  a  long  spine  at  the  side,  the  point 


192  rOEFIOULIDiE. 

of  which  is  recurved.  Last  dorsal  segment  trapezoidal,  strongly 
narrowed  and  sloping,  smooth,  the  sides  finely  denticulated.  Last 
ventral  segment  transverse.  Pygidium  hardly  discernible.  Forceps 
with  branches  rounded,  nearly  contiguous  at  the  base,  slender, 
strongly  undulating  in  a  vertical  plane ;  in  the  basal  half  they 
are  strongly  curved  upwards  and  meet  about  the  middle  ;  then 
they  abruptly  become  horizontal ;  from  this  angle  they  diverge 
and  gradually  thicken  down  to  two-thirds  of  their  length ;  here 
they  are  curved  in  a  short  oval  and  taper  to  the  sharp  hooked 
points  which  almost  meet.      $  unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body     13  mm. 

„         forceps 7     „ 

Buema:  Karen -ni,  Keba  District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v./xii. ; 
Karen-ni,  Geku  District,  4600-4900  ft.,  iii./iv.  (Genoa  2Ius^. 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  species  may  he  known  by  the  unarmed  strongly  undulating 
and  sinuating  forceps,  and  the  armature  of  the  sides  of  the 
abdomen  in  the  male.     The  female  has  not  been  described. 


123.  Eparchus  insignis,  Maan.     (Fig.  99.) 

Forficula  insignis,  Haa?!,  (42)  p.  243,  pi.  23.  fig.  14. 

Opisthocosmia  iusignis,  Dohni,  (65)  p.  81  :    Dubr.    (79)   p.   377 ; 

Bonn.   (88)  p.  444,  (94)  p.  394,  (00^)  p.  9(3;  Sol.  (97)  p.  286; 

Bun;  (00^)  p.  53,  (02)  485.  (04)  p.  305,  (08«)  p.  117;  Kirbi/,  (04) 

p.  39. 
Eparchus  iusignis,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  121. 

General  colour  dark  reddish  chestnut,  somewhat  varying  to 
almost  black.  Head  smooth,  sutures  very  faint ;  traces  of  obso- 
lete tubercles  just  visible  on  posterior  margin,  which  is  truncate. 
Antennae  with  12  segments,  loug,  thin,  and  cylindrical ;  segments 
nine  or  ten  often  much  paler.  Pronotum  about  as  wide  as  the  head, 
slightly  longer  than  broad  ;  anterior  border  truncate,  sides  almost 
parallel,  and  posterior  border  broadly  rounded;  prozona  fairly 
stron^-ly  elevated  and  metazona  depressed  ;  sides  raised  ;  chestnut 
or  very  dark  reddish.  Elytra  broad,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders, 
chestnut,  generally  paler  and  reddish  at  the  shoulders,  or  almost 
testaceous.  Wings  long  and  prominent ;  yellow  with  brown 
markings,  sometimes  almost  obsolete,  sometimes  strong  and  pro- 
nounced, in  the  form  of  a  dark  band  crossing  obliquely  from  the 
base  of  the  suture  to  the  extreme  ai)ical  corner ;  if  very  broad  the 
yellow  colour  is  only  seen  as  a  pair  of  small  round  spots.  Legs 
blackish  red.  Abdomen  black  or  very  dark  reddish  brown,  some- 
what paler  in  the  middle  of  the  dorsum  ;  strongly  dilated  about  the 
middle  and  strongly  attenuated  basally  and  apically ;  phciform 
tubercles  strong  and  black;  at  the  sides  of  segments  six,  seven, 
eight,  and  sometimes  also  of  five,  there  is  a  strong  conical  stout 


EPARCHUS.  193 

tubercle,  projecting  at  right  angles  to  the  body  ;  those  on  segments 
six  and  seven  are  always  the  strongest ;  in  the  female  there  are  no 
traces  of  these  tubercles.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  c5'  typical, 
strongly  attenuate,  very  strongly  sloping,  smooth,  with  two  blunt 
elevations  above  the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  almost  entirely  covering  the  last  ventral  segment, 
rounded.  Pygidium  of  S  short,  blunt,  obtuse.  Porceps  of  cj'  with 
the  branches  subcontiguous  at  the  base,  fairly  stout,  and  gradually 
converging;  quite  near  the  base,  on  the  upper  surface,  there  is 
on  each  branch  a  vertical  knob,  blunt  and  rounded  at  the  apex 
and  thicker  there  than  at  the  base;  from  this  point,  the 
branches  curve  outwards  and  then  inwards,  thus  enclosing  an 
oval  space ;  the  inner  margin  is  finely  crenulate  and  towards  the 
apex  there  is  a  sharp  short  tooth  ;  in  the  $  simple,  straight, 
slender,  and  unarmed. 

Length  of  body    9o-ll-75  mm.  9-1 1-5  mm 

„         forceps    ....         4-5-75    „  3-75-  4-5    „ 

Madras  :  Trichinopoli  (coll.  Bolivar) ;  Burma  :  Kachin  Hills, 
viii./xi. ;  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-4300  ft.,  Geku  District, 
4300-5000  ft.  (Br'it.  JIus.,  Genoa  Jhis.). 

Also  common  in  Java,  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Celebes. 

Type  in  the  Leyden  Museum. 

Variation. — There  appear  to  be  two  well-marked  forms  of  this 
species;  in  one,  apparently  the  typical  form,  the  general  colour  is 
deep  dark  red,  \^■ith  the  wings  almost  entirely  yellow,  with  very 
faint  dark  markings,  or  with  none,  the  abdomen  having  three 
lateral  tubercles  on  each  side,  and  the  autenniB  with  a  paler  ring 
near  the  apex.  This  is  the  form  described  by  de  Bormans  from 
Burmese  specimens.  In  some  specimens  taken  in  Java  by  Eouyer, 
the  whole  colour  is  black,  the  dark  oblique  band  of  the  wings  has 
swamped  the  yellow,  leaving  only  a  tiny  orange  dot  at  the  base  of 
the  suture  and  exteruo-apical  corner  of  the  wing  ;  the  elytra  are 
very  deep  red,  almost  black,  but  always  paler  at  the  shoulders. 

Sometimes  the  antennae  have  one  or  two  pale  segments  before 
the  apex. 

The  species  is  easy  to  recognize  by  the  vertical  processes  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  forceps  of  the  male,  near  the  base  ;  these  are 
clubbed  and  perfectly  round  on  the  top. 

124.  Eparchiis  tenellus,  Ilaan.     (Pig.  100.) 

Forficula  tenella,  Haan,  (42)  p.  243. 

(Jpisthocosuiia  tenella,  JDoltrn,  (65)    Siett.    Ent.    Zeit.  xxvi.   p.  82 

(1865);    Dubr.   (79)  p.  377;    Bonn.  (88)  p.   444,    (94)  p.  394; 

(002)  p_g7  .  jiurr,  (99)  p.  260,  (04)  p.  305;  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  39. 

Size  small ;  build  slender ;  colour  black,  varied  with  yello^^•ish 
markings.  Antennae  with  10-12  segments,  brown,  cylindrical 
and  slender ;  one  or  two  segments  before  the  apex  pale :  third 

o 


194  roEncuLiD.'E. 

segment  not  very  long,  fourth  as  long  or  longer,  the  others  longer 
still.  Head  smooth,  black,  tumid,  sutures  obsolete.  Pronotum 
about  as  broad  as  the  head  and  about  as  long  as  broad  ;  anterior 
margin  truncate,  posterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  black,  the 
sides  yello\^ish.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  well  rounded  at  the 
shoulders,  tapering  posteriorly,  black,  with  an  ill-defined,  often 
obsolete,  reddish  spot,  very  variable  in  size,  at  the  shoulder  angle. 
AVings  long,  black,  with  a  yellowish  stripe  down  the  suture. 
Legs  long  and  slender,  blackish,  the  base  of  the  femora,  apex  of 
the  tibise,  and  the  tarsi  yellowish.  Abdomen  black  and  slender  at 
the  base,  strongly  dilated  about  the  middle,  decidedly  convex  and 
tapering  towards  the  apex ;  sides  of  the  segments  unarmed. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  d  and  5  longer  than  broad,  ample,  smooth, 
slender,  black,  strongly  sloping  and  decidedly  narrowed  posteriorly, 
especially  in  the  female ;  posterior  margin  straight,  tumid  over 
the  roots  of  the  forceps.  I'orceps  of  both  sexes  with  the  branches 
slender  ,  cylindrical,  black,  contiguous  at  the  base  ;  in  <5'  straight ; 
seen  from  the  side,  curved  gently  upwards  in  the  basal  third,  at  the 
end  of  which,  on  the  upper  surface,  there  is  a  long,  strong,  sharp, 
vertical  tooth  ;  beyond  this  tooth  the  forceps  are  horizontal, 
unarmed  and  gently  arcuate ;  in  the  $  straight  and  simple. 

c?  ? 

length  of  body 7"5      mm,  8-9  mm. 

„         forceps 4*r-5    „  2  „ 

BuHMA  :  Bhamo,  vi.  {Genoa  Mus.). 

Also  recorded  from  Java,  Sumatra,  Borneo,  and  Celebes. 

7)/pe  in  the  Leyden  Museum. 

The  slender  build  and  peculiar  forceps  easily  distinguish  this 
elegant  little  earwig.  It  is  only  likely  to  be  confused  with 
E.  hurri,  Bonn.,  Mhich  is  common  throughout  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, but  has  not  yet  been  recorded  from  India,  though  it  will 
probably  be  discovered  in  Burma.  E.  hurri  is  a  little  larger,  but 
the  coloration  is  the  same  and  the  forceps  are  very  similar; 
there  is  this  difference,  that  in  E.  hurri  the  branches  are  quite 
decidedly  arcuate  and  have  a  sharp  tooth  on  the  inner  margin 
at  the  base  of  the  oval  enclosed  area. 

The  females  of  these  two  species  are  practically  indistinguishable. 

Genus  TIMOMENUS,  Burr. 

Timomenus,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  96. 
Opisthocosmia,  Burr  (olira)  (partim). 

Type,  Opisthocosmia  oamies.  Burr. 

Build  rather  stout  and  stroug.  Antennae  with  12-13  seg- 
ments ;  first  segment  long,  thick,  clubbed,  remaining  segments 
thinner,  rather  long,  cylindrical,  fourth  about  as  long  as  third,  the 
fifth  distinctly  longer.  Head  tumid,  smooth.  Pronotum  rather 
broad,  truncate  anteriorly,  strongly  rounded  posteriorly ;  pro- 
zona  tumid,  distinctly  standing  up  against  the  flattened  metazona. 


TIMOMENUS,  195 

Elytra  smooth  and  ample,  shoulders  strongly  rounded.  Legs 
rather  short ;  femora  rather  thick,  especially  the  anterior  pair; 
tibite  rather  thick,  straight,  somewhat  flattened  above  in  the 
apical  portion,  especially  in  the  anterior  and  middle  pairs  ;  tarsi 
rather  short,  but  second  segment  broad,  flat,  and  rounded  ;  third 
segment  equal  to  the  first,  which  is  short  and  rather  broad. 
Abdomen  convex,  robust,  slightly  dilated  near  the  apex  and  then 
narrowed  ;  lateral  tubercles  distinct;  sides  of  seventh,  eightii,  and 
ninth  segments  convex  in  d  .  Last  dorsal  segment  of  c?  rectangular, 
transverse.  Pygidium  of  c?  short  and  tumid.  Forceps  of  d"  with 
branches  remote  at  base,  elongate,  stout,  or  slender,  cylindrical  and 
variously  armed. 

Range.  Oriental  Region. 

This  genus  includes  a  few  Oriental  earwigs  of  robust  build, 
with  thick  femora,  strong  straight  toothed  forceps,  and  a  strongly 
dilated  second  tarsal  segment. 


Table  of  Species, 

1.  Colour  dull  red  or  black. 

2.  Forceps  straight  and  stout onnnes,  Burr,  p.  195. 

2.2.  Forceps  arcuate  and  slender csscidapiiis,  Burr,  p.  196. 

1,1.  Colour   black   with   brilliant    lustre ; 
build  graceful  and  forceps  slender. 

2.  Lustre  brilliant  green 7ievil/i,  Burr,  p.  197. 

2.2.  Lustre  brilliant  blue-black lugens,  Borm.,  p.  198. 


Fig.  16. — Tarsus  of  Thnomenus  Iwjens,  Borm. 

125.  Timomeniis  oannes  Bvrr*    (Figs.  69  &  104.) 

Opisthocosmia  oannes,   Burr,   (00^ )   p.  85,  (05^)  p.  29,  (04)  p.  306  ; 

Kirby,  (04)  p.  38. 
Timomeuus  oannes,  Burr,  (07')  p.  93,  pi.  iv,  fig.  1. 

Size  medium  ;  general  colour  reddish  and  black.  Antenna)  with 
13  segments,  the  basal  segment  black,  the  rest  reddish  ;  elongate 
and  cylindrical,  not  very  thick,  fourth  segment  equal  to  third. 
Head  black,  shining,  smooth,  tumid,  sutures  indistinct.  Pro- 
notum  as  broad  as  the  head,  almost  semicircular,  black  with  clear 
tawny  margin.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  uniform  reddish  orange 
or  with  two  indistinct  blackish  bands.  Wings  reddish  orange,^ 
bordered  with  blackish.  Legs  black,  tibiae  and  tarsi  inclining  to 
reddish.     Abdomen  punctulate,  black   or  blackish  chestnut,  the 

o2 


196  FORFICULTD.IE. 

sides  of  the  seventli,  eighth,  aud  ninth  segments  convex  in  c?  and 
strongly  punctuhite.  Last  dorsal  segment  transverse,  rectangular, 
narrower  than  the  abdomen,  tumid,  depressed  in  the  middle,  tuinid 
over  the  roots  of  the  forceps,  hinder  border  straight.  Pygidium 
very  short,  transverse,  obtuse,  Forceps  with  branches  remote 
at  base,  rather  stout,  cylindrical,  nearly  straight,  elongate,  gently 
arched  inwards  towards  the  apex ;  on  the  upper  surface  in  the 
basal  third  there  is  a  strong  conical  tootli  directed  upwards  and 
on  the  inner  margin,  about  two-thirds  from  the  base,  there  is  a 
smaller  sharp  tooth.      $   unknown. 

6 
Length  of  body     ......    12    -14  mm. 

,,         forceps. .....     4-5-7    ,, 

Assam  :  Khasi  Hills  (Tad.  2Ius.,  coll.  Burr). 

Also  occurs  in  Tonkin  (coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

Eecognizable  by  the  red-black  colour,  with  red-orange  wings, 
sturdy  build,  and  the  form  of  the  forceps. 

The  only  closely  allied  species  is  2\  komaroivi,  Sem.,  from 
Korea.  T.  biciispis,  from  Java,  is  easily  distinguished  by  the 
uniform  black  colour  and  the  presence  of  a  pair  of  long  spiny 
processes  on  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male. 

12G.  Timomenus  assculapms,  Barr.*     (Fig.  70.) 

Opisthocosmia  iBsculapius,  Burr,  (05^)  p.  236. 
Eparchus  sesculapius,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  121. 

Of   medium   size,  graceful   build,  and   reddish-brown   colour. 

Antennae  with  12  segments,  red-brown ;  basal  segment  very  thick, 

clubbed  ;  the  rest  slender  and  cylindrical ;  fourth  segment  slightly 

shorter  than  third,  fifth  equal  to  the  third.     Head  smooth  and 

tumid,  sutures  obsolete.     Prouotum  about  as  broad  as  the  head 

and  about  as  broad  as  long  or  a  very  little  broader  ;  anterior 

margin  straight,  somewhat  convex  at  the  middle,  angles  roundt^d  ; 

hinder  margin  somewhat  narrower  than  anterior  and  rounded  ; 

prozona  tuinid,  with  a  well-marked  suture ;  metazona  depressed. 

Elytra  ample,  smooth,   broad,   dull.      Wings  long  and   smooth. 

Legs  rather  short ;  femora  thick,  especially  the  anterior  pair  ;  tarsi 

with  first  segment  rather  broad,  no  longer  than  the  third,  which 

is  very  slender;  second  strongly  dilated.    Abdomen  typical,  smooth  ; 

sides  "of    segments  six   to   nine   produced  into  small,   depressed, 

recurved,  hooked   tubercles.     Last   dorsal  segment   subquadrate, 

smooth,   ample,   strongly  sloping,    slightly    narrowed ;    posterior 

margin  truncate.      Pygidium   short,   obtuse,   truncate.      Forceps 

with   the   branches    subcontiguous    at   the    base,  rather   slender, 

rounded  but  somewhat  depressed    in    the  basal  third  which  is 

crenulate  along  inner  margin ;  seen  from  the  side,  the  branches 

are  undulating  in  the  basal  third,  at  the  end  of  which  on  the  upper 

surface  there  is  a  strong,  sharp,  compressed  vertical  ti-iangular 


TIMOMENTJS.  197 

tooth  ;  beyond  this  tooth  the  branches  are  horizontal ;  seen  from 
above,  the  branches  diverge  regularly  from  the  base  and  are 
arcuate  in  the  apical  half  ;  beyond  the  middle  there  is  a  short 
sharp  tooth  on  the  inner  margin.      $  unknown. 

Length  of  body 11  mm. 

„         forceps 7     ,, 

Bhutan  :  Maria  Basti. 
T)jpe  in  Madrid. 

127.  Timomenus  nevilli,  Burr*    (Fig.  71.) 

Opisthocosmia  nevilli,  Bun;  (04)  pp.  305  &  309,  (08^)  p.  117. 
Eparchus  nevilli,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  121. 

Size  medium  or  large  ;  build  slender  and  elongate ;  colour 
varying  from  deep  brown  to  rich  brilliant  shining  greenish  blacii. 
Antennae  with  12  segments,  brown  or  black,  elongate  and 
cylindrical,  the  fourth  almost  as  long  as  the  third.  Head  tumid, 
shining,  brown  or  black,  with  a  green  lustre ;  sutures  not  very 
distinct.  Pronotum  brown  or  shining  black,  with  a  green  lusti'e, 
about  as  broad  as  long,  anterior  margin  truncate,  rounded  pos- 
teriorly ;  prozona  tumid,  metazona  flat,  sharply  distinct ;  median 
suture  distinct.  Sternal  plates  rather  broad  ;  lobe  of  metasternum 
quite  short,  rectangular,  transverse.  Elytra  ample,  well  rounded 
at  the  shoulders,  smooth,  reddish  brown,  not  shining,  with  no 
costal  keel,  smooth,  rather  short  and  broad,  truncate  posteriorly. 
Wings  prominent,  shining,  greenish  black,  with  an  orange  spot  at 
the  apex  of  the  suture.  Anterior  femora  short  and  thick ; 
posterior  pair  rather  long  and  slender  ;  tibiae  proportionate  to  the 
femora,  smooth  above ;  tarsi  short ;  first  segment  rather  thick, 
about  as  long  as  the  third  ;  second  segment  very  broad.  Abdomeu 
dark  brown,  with  a  green  metallic  lustre ;  finely  punctulate,  lateral 
tubercles  distinct ;  sides  of  segments  four  to  nine  convex,  produced 
into  a  short  depressed  obtuse  triangular  tubercle ;  in  5  simple. 
Last  dorsal  segment  of  <^  transverse,  sloping,  slightly  narrower 
posteriorly  than  anteriorly,  smooth,  posterior  margin  straight, 
tumid  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps  ;  narrower  and  more  strongly 
sloping  in  the  $  .  Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  6  broadly 
rounded ;  of  2  a  little  less  broad.  Pygidium  indistinct  in 
both  sexes.  Forceps  of  d*  with  the  branches  subcontiguous 
at  the  base  and  cylindrical,  rather  slender,  very  long,  horizontal, 
almost  straight,  gently  curved  in  at  the  apex ;  the  inner 
margin  is  denticulate  in  the  basal  quarter,  at  the  end  of  which 
there  is  on  the  upper  margin  a  sharp  compressed  triangular  tooth  ; 
about  two-thirds  from  the  base  there  is  a  short  sharp  tooth  on 
the  inner  margin ;  in  the  5  the  branches  are  nearly  straight,  sub- 
contiguous,  simple,  cylindrical,  elongate,  and  denticulate  all  along 
the  inner  margin. 


198  FOBFICULID.E. 

Length  of  body ... .      ll*5-15-5  mm.  10-1 2-5  mm. 

„  forceps..        8'5-ll'5    ,,  6-  7       „ 

Bhutan  :  Maria  Basti  (Paiis  2Ius.) ;  Sikkim  (coll.  Bolivar). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

This  is  a  fine  species  and  easy  to  recognize  by  the  green  lustre 
and  elongate  forceps  ;  in  structure  it  approaches  T.  lugens,  but 
the  lustre  is  green,  not  blue ;  the  female  somewhat  resembles  that 
of  Eudolirnia  metallica,  but  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  the 
smooth  elyti'a,  these  organs  being  granulated  in  that  species. 

A  female  in  the  Paris  collection  is  almost  entirely  dull  red  in 
colour,  with  little  or  none  of  that  brilliant  metallic  sheen  which  is 
so  characteristic  in  all  the  other  specimens. 


128.  Timomenus  lugens,  Borm.*     (Fig.  72.) 

Opisthocosmia  lugeus,  Borm.  (94)  p.  .398,  (00-)  p.  98 ;  Kirby,  (04) 
p.  38,  nee  Burr,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (7)  vi.  p.  101  (1900)  ;  Burr, 
(04)  p.  305  (nee  (OQi)  p.  101). 

Eparchus  lugens,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  121. 

Size  medium  or  lai'ge ;  build  slender  and  elongate ;  colour 
brilliant  lustrous  blue-black.  Antennas  with  13  segments,  black, 
"with  two  pale  segments  before  the  apex  ;  segments  long,  slender 
and  cylindrical,  the  fourth  almost  equal  to  the  third.  Head 
tumid,  sutures  indistinct,  lustrous  blue-black.  Pi'onotum  lustrous 
blue-black,  slightly  narrower  than  the  head,  very  slightly  narrower 
than  broad,  anterior  margin  truncate,  strongly  rounded  anteriorly ; 
prozona  tumid,  sharply  distinct  from  the  depressed  metazona. 
Sternal  plates  rather  broad  ;  lobe  of  metasternum  rectangular, 
short,  transverse.  Elytra  ample,  smooth,  well  rounded  at  the 
shoulders,  with  no  costal  keel,  broad,  not  very  long,  truncate  at 
the  posterior  margin,  dull  black.  "Wings  shining  blue-black,  with 
a  yellowish  spot  at  the  apex  of  the  suture.  Legs  shining  jet- 
black  ;  anterior  femora  thick  and  short,  posterior  pair  long  and 
slender;  tarsi  short;  first  segment  broad  and  short;  second  very 
broad,  third  as  long  as  the  first.  Abdomen  smooth,  black  with  a 
brilliant  blue-black  lustre ;  sides  of  the  segments,  five  to  eight  in 
the  S  ,  convex,  and  produced  into  short,  obtuse,  depressed,  triangular 
lobes  ;  in  $  simple.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S  transverse,  sloping, 
posterior  margin  straight,  tumid  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps. 
Penultimate  ventral  segment  of  S  rounded,  broad.  Pygidium 
hidden.  Forceps  of  S  with  the  branches  elongate,  subcontiguous  at 
the  base,  cylindrical,  gently  diverging  at  first,  then  gently  arcuate ; 
points  curved  inwards ;  seen  from  the  side,  curved  gently  up- 
wards in  the  basal  quarter,  then  straight ;  the  inner  margin  is 
denticulate  in  the  basal  quarter,  at  the  end  of  which  on  the  upper 
surface  there  is  a  strong,  sharp,  triangular,  compressed  tooth  ; 


TIMOMENUS. — SYNTONUS.  199 

a  little  beyond  the  middle  there  is  a  second  tooth,  short  and 
small  but  very  sharp  ;  in  the  $  almost  straight,  gently  diverging, 
denticulate  along  inner  margin,  then  gently  curved  in  at  the 
points. 

6  2 

Length  of  body.  .  . .     10-13  mm.  10'5-11'5  mm. 

„         forceps..       G-11    „  6-  7     „ 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba  District,  3000-4300  ft.  (Genoa  Mus., 
coll.  Burr) ;  AssAM :  Nongpoh,  in  Khasi  Hills  {Ind.  Mas.,  coll. 
Burr). 

Type  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  handsome  earwig  is  very  closely  related  to  T.  nevilli. 
Structurally  it  agrees  almost  exactly  ;  in  both  the  whole  body 
is  black  with  a  brilliant  lustre,  but  whereas  this  is  green  in 
T.  nevUU,  it  is  blue-black  in  this  species,  and  tliis  very  brilliant 
blue-black  lustre  renders  it  unmistakable.  In  both  species  the 
elytra  are  dull,  and  in  both  the  forceps  are  very  similar;  but  in 
T.  neviUi  the  latter  organs  are  perfectly  horizontal,  while  they 
are  undulate  near  the  base  in  T.  lugens;  they  are  also  more 
strongly  arcuate  in  the  latter  and  the  first  tooth  is  larger,  higher 
and  sharper. 

Genus  SYNTONUS,  n.  g. 

Opisthocosmia,  Burr  (dim). 

Type,  Opisthocosmia  neoJohoplioroides,  Burr. 

Small  and  slender.  Antennae  with  12-13  segments,  slender 
and  cylindrical,  the  fourth  segment  relatively  long.  Head 
smooth,  tumid,  sutures  indistinct.  Pronotum  slightly  narrower 
than  the  head,  nearly  square,  rectangular.  Metasternum  pro- 
portionately narrower  than  in  most  allied  genera ;  posterior  lobe 
rounded.  Elytra  short  and  broad,  no  humeral  angle.  AVings 
rudimentary.  Legs  not  very  long,  slender;  femora  not  thickened ; 
tarsi  short,  the  first  segment  only  as  long  as  the  third.  Abdomen 
wWa  first  pliciform  tubercle  very  weak ;  the  second  ver}''  pro- 
minent, decidedly  convex,  dilated  about  the  middle  and  narrowed 
apically ;  less  convex  in  the  5 .  Last  dorsal  segment  of  S 
narrow,  longer  than  broad,  decidedly  narrowed  posteriorly,  and 
distinctly  sloping,  forceps  of  S  contiguous  at  base,  then  arcuate, 
very  slender ;  those  of  $  cylindrical. 

Rancje.  Ceylon. 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  short  tarsi  together  with 
the  square  pronotum,  dilated  convex  abdomen,  and  strongly 
angustate  last  dorsal  segment. 

Superficially  there  is  a  resemblance  to  Obelura,  but  the  free 
and  perfect  though  short  elytra  and  the  short  tarsi  distinguish  it 
at  a  glance. 


200  FORFICULID.i;. 

129.  Syntonus  neololDoplioroides,  Burr*    (Fig.  62.) 

Opisthocosmia  neoloboplioroides,  Burr,  (01)  p.  335. 
Cosmiella  neoloboplioroides,  Sirby,  (04)  p.  38, 

Of  small  and  graceful  build;  general  colour  yellowish  red, 
shading  to  darker.  Antennae  very  slender ;  fourth  segment  a 
little  shorter  than  third.  Head  smooth,  rather  broad,  reddish  or 
blackish.  Pronotum  slightly  narrower  -than  the  head,  almost 
square,  anterior  margin  truncate,  sides  parallel,  posterior  margin 
truncate,  rather  tumid  in  the  middle,  the  sides  depressed ;  pro- 
zona  not  separated  from  metazona,  median  suture  faint ;  brown, 
the  sides  paler.  Elytra  short,  not  rounded  at  all  at  the  shoulders, 
hardly  longer  than  broad,  truncate  posteriorly,  yellowish  brown, 
smooth  ;  axillary  angle  weak,  so  that  a  very  short  transverse 
space  is  visible  as  a  small  scutellum  between  the  base  of  the 
elytra  and  the  pronotum.  Wings  abortive.  Legs  slender, 
yellowish.  Abdomen  smooth,  shining,  reddish  brown ;  pliciform 
tubercles  black.  Last  dorsal  segment  smooth  ;  posterior  margin 
straight,  tumid  over  the  insertion  of  the  forceps.  Forceps  of  c5' 
with  the  branches  contiguous  at  the  base,  and  for  the  first  quarter 
of  their  length  slender  and  somewhat  depressed,  with  a  small 
obsolete  crested  tooth  on  the  upper  surface ;  then  very  slender, 
elongate  and  gently  arcuate,  unarmed,  with  a  few  obsolete 
denticulations  on  the  inner  margiu  ;  in  the  $  simple,  straight 
and  cylindrical. 

d  2 

Length  of  body 7-2o  mm.  8  mm. 

„        forceps....      4-35    ,,  3    „ 

Ceylon:  Kudaga,  Hatton,  vii.  (coU.  Burr),  Hakgala  {Willey, 
coll.  Burr). 

Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

Superficially  like  Obehtra  tamul  and  Sondax  repens,  but  easily 
recognizable  by  the  short  but  complete  and  free  elytra,  and  by  th& 
generic  characters. 

Genus  KOSMETOR,  Barr. 

Kosmetor,  Burr,  (07')  pp.  120  >Sc  122. 
Opisthocosmia,  Burr  (olim). 

Type,  Opisthocosmia  annandahi,  Eurr. 

Size  medium  ;  form  elongate  ;  stature  slender.  Antennae  with 
about  12  segments  ;  third  rather  short,  subclavate  to  subcylindrical ; 
fourth  a  little  thicker  than  third  and  almost  as  long  ;  fifth  cylin- 
drical, elongate.  Head  smooth,  tumid.  Pronotum  about  as  wide 
as  the  head,  nearly  square,  truncate  anteriorly,  rounded  posteriorly. 
Elytra  long,  smooth,  parallel-sided,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders. 
Wings  long.  Legs  not  very  long,  tibia?  not  sulcate  above  ;  tarsi 
rather  short,  third  segment  nearly  as  long  as  the  first.  Prosternum 
rather  broad  ;  mesosternum  short,  transverse,  truncate.    Abdomen 


KOSMBTOE.  201 

elongate,  slender,  scarcely  depressed,  almost  cj'lindrical,  gently 
widened  at  about  two-thirds  of  its  length ;  lateral  tubercles 
distinct.  Last  dorsal  segment  of  cJ  transverse  or  subquadrate, 
scarcely  sloping  or  narrowed.  Pygidium  of  c?  short,  obtuse, 
not  prominent.  Forceps  of  d  with  brandies  remote  at  base, 
very  slender,  elongate,  nearly  straight,  armed  with  one  or  more 
pairs  of  sharp  teeth  ;  in  5  contiguous,  slender,  straight,  simple. 

liange.  Oriental  Eegion. 

The  members  of  this  genus  have  a  slight  superficial  resem- 
blance to  some  Ojjisthocosmiino',  and  in  other  respects  approach 
the  Forficulinci' . 

It  is  recognizable  by  the  elongate  and  graceful  body,  almost 
cylindrical  and  scarcely  dilated  abdomen,  and  long  thin  toothed 
forceps  of  the  male. 

Of  the  five  kno\\n  species  all  are  Oriental,  and  three  are  known 
in  India. 

Table  of  Species. 

1.  Forceps  of  S  with  two  pairs  of  teeth  ,  .     tcmora,  Burr,  p.  201. 
1.1.  Forceps  of  J  with  one  pair  of  teeth. 
2.  Forceps  almost  straight ;  elytra  black ; 

head  orange hrahma,  Burr,  p.  202. 

2.2.  Forceps  of  S  forming  an  elongate 
ellipse ;  elytra  yellowish  -  brown  ; 
head  brown vishiu,  Burr,  p.  202. 


130.  Kosmetor  temora.  Burr.*    (Fig.  73.) 

Opisthocosmia  temora,  Burr,  (04)  pp.  .307  &  312  :  (08')  p.  117. 
Kosmetor  temora,  Burr,  (07')  p.  123,  pi.  iv.  fig.  10. 

Blackish  brown.  Anteunce  (5  segments  remain)  brown  ;  basal 
segment  very  long,  gently  clavate ;  third  segment  scarcely  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  first,  cylindrical ;  fourth  equal  to  third, 
cylindrical.  Head  shining  blackish  brown,  sutures  distinct. 
Pronotum  slightly  narrower  than  the  head,  almost  square,  gently 
rounded  posteriorly,  the  anterior  border  and  sides  quite  straight ; 
blackish  brown,  the  sides  somewhat  paler.  Elytra  yellowish 
brown.  AVings  prominent,  dull  yellow,  shaled  with  brown. 
Legs  dark  testaceous.  Abdomen  smooth,  black;  very  slightly 
dilated  about  the  seventh  segment.  Last  dorsal  segment  about 
as  broad  as  long,  sloping  downwards  to  the  posterior  margin 
which  is  simple,  somewhat  iucrassate,  truncate  in  the  middle  and 
obliquely  truncate  at  the  angles  ;  depressed  in  the  middle,  but 
tumid  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Penultimate  ventral 
segment  broadly  widened.  Pygidium  indistinguishable.  Forceps 
with  branches  gently  bowed  in  the  basal  third,  then  nearly 
straight  to  the  points  which  are  hooked  ;  two  pairs  of  sharp, 
upward-pointing  teeth  on  the  inner  margin  divide  the  length  of 
the  forceps  into  three  equal  parts  ;  the  branches  are  slender, 
cylindrical,  black  and  hairy.     $  unknown. 


202  rOKFICULID^. 

Leugth  of  body    9-7  mm. 

,,         forceps    6       „ 

Stkkim  :  Dai-jiling  (Paris  Mus.). 
Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

The  type  is  unique,  but  other  specimens  ought  to  be  found  and 
recognized  without  mucli  difficulty. 

131.  Kosmetor  brahma,  Burr* 

Opisthocosniia  brahma,  Burr,  (04)  p.  310,  (08'')  p.  117. 
Kosmetor  brahma,  Burr,  (07 'j  p.  123,  pi.  iv,  fig.  12. 

Blackish  brown  ;  head  and  legs  yellow  ;  slender.  Antenna) 
with  12  segments,  fourth  as  long  as  third ;  brown,  with  two  pale 
segments  before  the  apex.  Head  smooth,  depressed,  sutures 
indistinct,  yellowish  brown.  Pronotum  about  as  wide  as  the  head 
and  about  as  long  as  wide  ;  anterior  border  truncate,  sides  parallel, 
posterior  border  rounded;  prozona  tumid;  metazona  depressed, 
brownish  black,  the  sides  reflexed  and  clear  testaceous.  Elytra 
smooth,  parallel-sided,  long,  black.  Wings  long,  smooth  and  black, 
with  a  small  yellowish  spot  at  the  apex  of  the  suture.  Legs 
rather  short,  slender,  yellowish.  Abdomen  punctulate,  deep 
blackish  chestnut,  gently  dilated  before  the  apex.  Last  dorsal 
segment  of  S  transverse,  almost  rectangular ;  posterior  margin 
straight;  the  corners  distinctly  rectangular,  with  a  pair  of  low 
tumid  elevations  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps.  Pygidium  forming 
a  short  stumpy  tubercle.  Forceps  with  the  branches  remote  at  the 
base,  cylindrical,  elongate  and  nearly  straight,  very  gently  sinuate, 
incurved  at  the  apex,  armed  at  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin 
with  a  flattened,  strong,  sharp  tooth  directed  posteriorly.  $ 
unknown. 

6 

Length  of  body   11-12  mm. 

„         forceps    ....         5-5-6    „ 

SiKKiM :  Darjihng  {Paris  Mus.) ;  Bhutan  :  Maria  Basti 
(Paris  Mks.). 

Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

The  straight  slender  forceps  with  a  strong  sharp  tooth  in 
the  middle  are  very  characteristic,  and  the  species  is  easy  to 
recognize. 

132.  Kosmetor  vishnu.  Burr*    (Fig.  74.) 

Apterygida  vishnu,  Burr,  (04)  p.  319,  (08')  p.  119. 
Kosmetor  vishnu,  Burr.,  (07')  p.  123. 

Slender,  dull  chestnut -brown.  Antennae  black,  with  10  seg- 
ments ;  fourth  a  little  shorter  than  third ;  fifth  equal  to  third. 
Head  smooth,  brown  or  blackish,  sutures  indistinct.     Pronotum 


KOSMETOn. — LIPODES.  203 

as  broad  as  the  head,  slightly  broader  than  long,  anterior  margin 
truncate,  sides  parallel,  posterior  margin  rounded,  black  or  deep 
brown,  sides  testaceous.  Elytra  yellowish  brown,  ample,  smooth. 
Wings  orange,  with  a  big  fuscous  spot.  Legs  rather  longer  than 
in  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  slender,  dark  brown  or  black. 
Abdomen  deep  chestnut,  punctulate,  spindle-shaped,  gently 
tapering  to  the  apex  in  6  as  well  as  in  5  .  Last  dorsal  segment 
of  d  rectangular,  transverse,  punctulate,  with  a  pair  of  low  tumid 
elevations  over  the  roots  of  the  forceps ;  exterior  angle  sharply 
marked  ;  in  $  similar  but  narrowed  to\\ards  apex.  Pygidium  in 
the  form  of  a  short  stumpy  tubercle  in  both  sexes  and  less  distin- 
guishable in  2  than  in  the  J.  Forceps  of  S  with  branches 
remote  at  the  base,  elongate,  cylindrical  and  very  slender,  gently 
arched  to  form  a  regular  elongate  ellipse,  with  a  very  distinct 
tooth  in  the  middle;  in  the  5  contiguous,  straight,  elongate, 
hooked  at  the  apex. 

Length  of  body 8-5-10  mm.         10-5  mm. 

„         forceps 5-8    „  3-5    „ 

SiKKiM:  Darjiling  {Paris  JIus.). 
Type  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

This  graceful  species  resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  regular 
ellipse  of  the  forceps  of  the  male  is  very  distinctive. 

Genus  LIPODES,  Burr. 

Lipodes,  Burr,  (07')  p.  100. 

Type,  Lipodes  vivax,  Burr. 

Build  robust ;  antennae  missing.  Head  broad ;  sutures  very 
deep,  dividing  the  head  into  three  wide,  markedly  tumid  portions ; 
the  frons  deeply  impressed.  Pronotum  ample,  as  broad  as  the 
head,  anterior  border  truncate,  sides  gently  converging  posteriorly, 
posterior  margin  rounded,  about  as  long  as  broad.  Prosternum 
short,  broad,  hardly  longer  than  wide.  Mesosternum  broad, 
rounded.  Metasternum  transverse,  its  entire  width  being  greater 
than  its  length  :  lobe  short,  transverse,  truncate,  nearly  four 
times  as  wide  as  long,  rectangular.  Elytra  ample,  granulose,  with 
a  costal  keel.  Legs  missing.  Abdomen  broad,  depressed,  smooth, 
broadest  about  the  middle,  lateral  tubercles  very  distinct.  Last 
dorsal  segment  narrower  than  the  body,  transverse,  rectangular. 
Pygidium  prominent.  Porceps  elongate,  remote  at  the  base, 
cylindrical. 

Ban<je.  India. 

This  genus  is  monotypic;  its  true  affinities  cannot  be  satis- 
factorily determined  until  more  material  is  forthcoming.  ]n 
general  appearance  it  seems  related  to  Hyimryus,  but  the  antennae 
and  legs  are  entirely  missing  in  the  unique  specimen.  The  form 
of  the  sternal  plates  is  peculiar,  as  also  are  the  deep  sutures  of 
the  head  and  the  granulose  elytra. 


204  roRncuLiD.i:. 


133.  Lipodes  vivax,  Burr* 

Opisthocosmia  vivax,  Burr,  (05^)  p.  30. 
Lipodes  vivax,  Burr,  (07^)  p.  101. 

Large  and  robust ;  general  colour  tawny  bro\\n.  Pronotum  with 
very  distinct  median  suture;  prozona  tumid,  deeply  impressed  on 
each  side.  Elytra  ample,  well  rounded  at  the  shoulders,  truncate 
posteriorly,  darker  behind.  Abdomen  smooth,  with  hinder  edges 
of  segments  friuged  with  pale  hairs.  Pygidium  parallel-sided, 
prominent,  with  a  deep  triangular  incision  at  the  apex,  the 
lobes  pointed.  Forceps  remote  at  base,  punctulate,  cylindrical, 
elongate,  gently  sinuate,  inner  margin  denticulate,  incurved  at 
the  apex. 

?sex. 

Length  of  body     IS    mm. 

„         forceps     Q-5   ,, 

India  :  Dikrang  Valley,  Nanangs  {Lid.  Mus.). 

Tyjye  in  the  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 

In  spite  of  the  broken  abdomen,  missing  antennse  and  missing 
legs,  this  cux'ious  earwig  has  such  well-marked  characters  th4t  its 
identity  can  be  established  by  the  description,  though  its  affinities 
cannot  yet  be  determined.  On  account  of  the  abdomen  being 
broadest  about  the  middle  and  the  forceps  simple,  it  would  appear 
to  be  a  female,  but  the  characters  are  so  distinctive  that  it  might 
equally  well  be  a  male. 

Further  material  is  urgently  needed. 


Species  of  Uncertain  Position. 
Forficula?  pulchripes,  Borm. 


Forncula?  pulcnnpes,  Borm. 

Forficula?  pulchripes,  Bor7n.  (94)  p.  408,  (00-)  p.  128;   Kirbi/,  (04) 
p.  63. 

General  colour  dark  chestnut,  varied  with  black.  Antennae 
with  12  segments,  typical  [?  of  Forficulci],  brown,  with  the 
exception  of  the  tenth  which  is  pale.  Head  shining  dark 
chestnut-brown.  Mouth  parts  yellow ;  palpi  brown.  Pronotum 
nearly  square,  the  angles  blunt,  posterior  margin  rounded,  some- 
what convex  anteriorly,  bright  shining  black,  with  pale  yellowish 
sides.  Elytra  smooth,  dull  chestnut,  four  times  as  long  as  the 
pronotum,  the  shoulders  rounded,  sides  parallel,  truncate  pos- 
teriorly. Wings  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the  pronotum, 
bright  orange-yello\\\  with  an  irregular  black,  oblique  band  passing 
from  the  base  of  the  suture  to  the  apex  of  the  exterior  margin. 
Legs  typical  [?  of  Forficula'],  orange-yellow,  the  apical  half  of  the 


rouFicuLA  ?  205 

femora  and  basal  third  o£  the  tibise  black.  Abdomen  chestnut, 
rather  dull,  punctulate,  elongate,  attaining  the  greatest  width  at 
the  base  of  the  last  dorsal  segment.  Last  dorsal  segment  trape- 
zoidal, about  twice  as  broad  at  the  base  as  at  the  apex,  strongly 
sloping  to  the  apex,  with  a  median  depression  near  the  posterior 
margin  which  is  rugose  and  sinuous.  Pygidium  globular,  not 
prominent.  Forceps  with  the  branches  clear  chestnut,  not  quite 
contiguous  at  the  base,  nearly  straight,  slightly  diverging  as  far  as 
the  apex  where  they  are  arched  inward,  the  points  meeting. 

2 

Length  of  body      1 1   mm. 

,,         forceps 8"5  ,, 

Burma  :  Karen-ni,  Keba District,  3000-3700  ft.,  v~\i\.(Gmoa 

Tt/pe  in  the  Genoa  Museum. 

This  is  a  good  instance  of  the  disadvantage  of  describing  new 
species  from  females  alone.  De  Bormans  remarks : — "  This  species 
seems  to  me  so  well  characterized  by  its  coloration  that  I  describe 
it  here,  though  a  solitary  female,  hoping  that  it  will  be  easy  to 
associate  its  male  with  it,  if  discovered  later,  and  then  its  genus 
can  be  determined." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  collectors  in  Burma  will  keep  a  sharp 
look-out  for  the  male  and  note  the  characteristic  coloration  given 
in  the  above  description,  translated  from  de  Bormans. 

The  pattern  seems  suggestive  of  the  genus  Adiathetus,  somewhat 
approaching  A.  nigrocastaneus  and  A.  dravkUus,  but  de  Bormans 
makes  no  reference  to  Chelisochine  tarsi,  which  he  would  hardly 
have  overlooked. 

Forficula?  cingalensis,  Dohrn. 

Forficula  ciugalensis,  Dohrn,  (65)  p.  89;  Bonn.  (00-)  p.  128. 
Apterygida  cingalensis.  Burr,  (01)  p.  332. 
Sphingolabis  cingalensis,  Kirhy,  (04)  p.  46. 

Golden  yellow,  the  abdomen  less  brilliantly  coloured  ;  the 
prothorax  and  elytra  posteriorly  dilated,  with  the  sides  not 
deflexed;  forceps  almost  straight,  the  branches  remote  at  the 
base,  with  an  obsolete  tooth  on  the  inner  margin  beyond  the 
middle.     ? . 

Long.  S|,  lat.  2.4,  fore.  long.  ?>h  mill. 

Head  arched  without  impressed  lines,  shining ;  the  antennce  with 
15  segments,  yellow.  Hinder  margin  of  the  head  slightly  emarginate 
in  the  middle.  Pronotum  narrower  anteriorly,  as  broad  as  the 
head,  posteriorly  broadened,  the  sides  not  retlexed,  transparent 
horn  colour ;  hinder  border  round,  shining,  smooth.  Elytra 
scarcely  longer  than  the  prothorax,  slightly  broadened  posteriorly, 
the  hinder  border  rounded,  smooth  and  shining  like  the  head  and 
prothorax.     Abdomen  slightly  narrowed  posteriorly,  the  tubercles 


206 


FORFlCULIDvK. 


of  the  second  and  third  segments  very  small,  the  last  dorsal 
segment  fairly  large,  with  a  central  line,  the  penultimate  ventral 
segment  entirely  covering  the  ultimate.  Branches  of  the  forceps 
slightly  separated,  nearly  straight  at  the  base,  incurved  at  the 
apex,  with  a  blunt  tooth  on  the  inside  beyond  the  middle. 
Abdomen  and  forceps  reddish  brown,  pubescent.  Sternum  yellow. 
Legs  like  the  head,  fairly  long,  the  femora  and  tibi»  slightly,  the 
tarsi  strongly  pubescent ;  the  first  and  third  tarsal  segment  of  the 
same  length,  the  second  very  short,  barely  lobed." 

Ceylon  (Metner ;  Berlin  Mus.). 

The  type  is  recorded  as  being  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  but 
the  author  was  unable  to  find  it  on  the  occasion  of  a  visit  in 
1907,  and  so  Dohru's  description  is  quoted  in  detail.  Dohrn 
includes  it  in  his  section  of  Forjtcula  which  corresponds  to 
Apterygida,  but  until  the  male  is  discovered  it  is  impossible  to 
locate  its  position  with  accuracy  ;  the  most  noticeable  points  in 
the  description  are  the  form  of  the  forceps  (  $ ),  the  pronotum 
and  elytra  more  or  less  dilated  posteriorly,  the  absence  of  wings, 
and  the  small  size  of  the  glandular  folds. 


APPENDICES. 


A. 

On  Collecting-  and  Preserving  Earwigs. 


The  ordinary  methods  for  collecting  beetles  and  such  creatures 
may  be  generally  applied  to  Earwigs.  As  may  be  seen  in  the 
chapter  on  Habits  (ante,  p.  14),  they  occur  almost  everywhere. 
When  found,  they  may  be  best  seized  in  the  fingers,  care  being 
necessary  to  avoid  crushing  them,  for  they  are  delicate  insects. 

The  most  convenient  instrument  for  catching  them  is  a  s\\eep- 
net ;  a  few  vigorous  strokes  in  nettles,  grass,  rough  herbage,  or 
any  suitable  situation,  will  often  bring  several  specimens  into  the 
net.  The  ordinary  sweep-net,  as  generally  sold  by  dealers,  is 
not  usually  a  satisfactory  instrument ;  the  handle  is  nearly  always 
too  rigid,  and  quickly  breaks  under  the  severe  strain  to  which  it 
is  exposed  ;  a  slightly  flexible  strong  cane  handle  is  preferable. 
The  material  is  usually  too  coarse,  and  so  is  quickly  torn  into 
holes  ;  a  dense  heavy  canvas  or  jean,  preferably  glazed,  makes  a 
suitable  net ;  this  should  be  attached  to  the  metal  ring  in  such  a 
way  that  the  wearing  edge  of  the  ring  itself  is  subjected  ;  otherwise 
the  exceedingly  rough  use  to  which  it  is  exposed  quickly  wears 
out  the  material,  however  strong,  if  bound  round  the  ring ;  the 
best  form  of  ring  is  a  flat  strip  of  elastic  metal,  with  a  series  of 
holes  punched  in  it ;  the  material  may  then  be  sewn  on  to  the 
rinf^  by  these  holes  in  such  a  way  that  the  cutting  edge  of  the 
metal  is  exposed  to  the  grass  or  shrubs  ;  this  not  only  increases 
the  efficiency,  but  greatly  prolongs  the  life  of  the  net. 

Earwigs  may  be  killed  in  an  ordinary  cyanide  killing-bottle,  or  by 
dropping  them  into  boiling  water ;  perhaps  the  most  convenient 
way  is  to  drop  thetn  into  tubes  of  spirits  of  wine ;  any  alcohol, 
such  as  brandy,  whiskey,  or  gin,  will  do  for  this  purpose. 

Earwigs  may  be  preserved  wet  or  dry.  The  former  is  more 
convenient  for  temporary  purposes,  and  has  several  advantages 
for  permanent  preservation,  but  the  latter  is  generally  preferable 
for  a  collection. 

A  3  per  cent,  solution  of  formalin  preserves  most  colours  but 


208  APPENDICES. 

hardens  the  specimens.  Alcohol  {Go  per  cent.)  preserves  these 
insects  well,  without  hardening  them  too  much,  but,  after  some 
time,  bleaches  the  colours ;  it  also  distends  the  body,  so  that 
the  segments  of  the  abdomen  tend  to  become  detached. 

For  dry  presex'ving,  the  fresh  insects  may  be  pinned  or  staged 
and  placed  directly  into  the  cabinet.  In  larger  specimens  the  pin 
is  generally  driven  through  one  of  the  elytra  ;  long  pins  are  pre- 
ferable to  short  ones,  in  order  to  allow  space  for  labels  beneath. 
Small  specimens  may  be  attached  with  fine  silver  or  nickel  pins 
to  a  stage  of  pith  or  card,  which  in  its  turn  is  held  by  a  strong 
long  pin  which  carries  the  labels. 

Tt  is  necessary  to  arrange  them  on  the  pins  or  stages  so  that 
the  ventral  surface  may  be  examined,  ou  account  of  the  important 
characters  afforded  by  the  sternal  plates  and  ventral  surface  of 
the  anal  region. 

Dry  earwigs  are  among  the  most  fragile  of  insects,  the  heavy 
abdomen  constantly  tending  to  fall  off.  Very  frequently  the 
forceps  and  last  dorsal  segment  fall  olF  together  ;  in  such  cases, 
care  must  be  exercised  in  repairing  them,  as  it  is  quite  common 
in  Museums  to  see  the  forceps  and  last  dorsal  segment  cemented 
on  upside  down.  Serville,  indeed,  founded  a  genus  upon  such  a 
specimen. 

It  is  iuaportant  that  the  antennae  and  legs  be  extended  to  permit 
easy  examination  of  these  important  organs. 

Every  possible  information  should  of  course  be  given  on  the 
labels  which  should  be  attached  to  each  specimen. 

For  packing,  it  is  best  to  keep  the  specimens  in  little  tubes  of 
alcohol ;  the  delicate  organs  nearly  always  break  off  when  they 
are  packed  in  papers  like  butterflies. 

Finally,  the  general  principles  which  experience  teaches  in 
dealing  with  other  insects,  such  as  Coleoptera  or  Ehynchota, 
apply  equally  well  to  Dermaptera. 


B. 

Authors  referred  to  and  their  Abbreviation. 


Annandale,  Ur.  jS". 
Baer,  G.  A. 

Bolivar,  Dr.  Ignacio.         Bol. 

Borelli,  Dr.  Alfredo.  Bor. 

Borg,  Hjalmar. 

Bonnans,  A.  de.  Bonn. 

Brunner  von  Wattenwyl,  Dr.  Hofrath  Iv.  Br. 


AUTHOES  HEFEEBHD  TO. 

Burmeister,  H.  Burm. 

Burr,  M. 

Dohrn,  Dr.  H. 

Dubrony,  A.  Dubr. 

Dufour,  Leon.  D\xL 

Fabricius,  J.  C.  Fabr. 

Fieber,  ¥i:X.  l^i^b. 

Fischer,  L.  H.  Fisch 

Gadeau  de  Kerville,  H Gadeau. 

Geer,  Baron  Carl  de. 

Gene,  Giuseppe. 

Gerstsecker,  A. Gerst. 

Green,  E.  Ernest. 

Guerin-Meneville,  F.  E Guer. 

Haan,  Dr.  W.  de. 

Jacobson,  G.  G.,  &  Bianki,  V.  L Jacobson. 

Karsch,  Dr.  F. 

Kirby,W.F Kirb. 

Krauss,  Dr.  H ]jj.^ 

Leach,  W. 

Linnaeus,  C.  I^iu^^ 

Lucas,  H.  F.  j^u^^ 

Motschulsky,  Victor Motsch. 

OUvier,  A.  OUv. 

Pallas,  P.  S.  Palj 

Eehn,  J.  A.  G. 

Saussure,  H.  de Sauss. 

Scudder,  J.  H Seudd. 

Semenov  Tian-Shansky,  A.  P Sem. 

Serville,  Audinet Serv. 

Sharp,  Dr.  D. 
Stal,  C. 

Stephens,  J.  Fr Staph. 

Terry,  F.  W. 

Verhoeff,  Dr.  K.  W Verb. 

Westwood,  Prof.  J.  O Westw 

Yersin,  Alexandre.  Yers. 


209 


210  APPENDICES. 

c. 

GLOSSARY. 


Abbreviated. — Of  the  •wings,  when  tbey  do  not  project  beyond  tlie  elytra  in 

repose. 
Abm-tive. — Of  the  wings  or  elytra,  when  only  pi'esenf,  as  rudiments. 
Anterior. — Generally  speaking,  that  part  of  the  body,  or  any  organ,  which  is 
situated    forwards,   regarding    the  mouth    as  the   front  of  the  insect. 
Contrasted  with  jiosterior. 
Apex,  apical. — Generally   speaking,   that   part   of  an    organ   which   is   most 

remote  from  the  centre  of  the  body.     In  contrast  to  base,  basal. 
Base,  basal. — Speaking  generally,  that  part  of  an  organ  which  is  neai*est  to  the 

centre  of  the  body  ;  contrasted  with  apex,  apical. 
Bifid. — Applied  to  the  pygidium,  or  to  a  lobe,  when  cleft,  divided,  or  forked. 
Carina. — A  sharp  ridge  or  keel. 
Carinatc. — Having  a  carina. 
Caudal  setcB. — The  segmented  processes  occupying  the  position  of  the  forceps 

in  larvse  of  Biplatys  and  certain  other  genera. 
Centre. — For   the    conventional    centre  of    the   insect,   to   which   the   terms 
anterior,   posterior,   base,   apex,  etc.   are   relative,   it  is  convenient  to 
take  the  scutelluni  or  base  of  the  suture  of  the  elytra,  or,  in  apterous 
forms,  the  uiesonotum. 
Clavate. — Shaped  like  a  club,  i.e.,  abruptly  thickened  at  or  near  the  apex. 
Compressed. — Applied  to  lateral  compression  only. 
Conical. — Applied  to  segments  which  gradually  increase  in  thickness  from 

base  to  apex  where  the  maximum  thitjkness  is  attained. 
Costal. — The  costal  margin  is  that  edge  of  the  elytra  which  is  in  front  when 

the  wing  is  expanded,  and  external  when  in  repose. 
Co-type. — The  same  as  syntyjie,  q.  v. 
Crenate. — Furnished  with  a  row  of  teeth  like  a  comb. 
Crenulate. —  Similar  to  crenate,  but  finer. 

Crest. — An  elevated  compressed  fold  or  ridge  in  the  integument. 
Ct/clolabia.— Term  applied  to  the  shorter  forms  of  forceps  when  these  organs 

are  of  variable  length. 
Ben  fate.  — Tooth  ed . 
Benticulate. — Having  fine  teeth. 
Bepressed. — Flattened,  in  a  horizontal  plane. 
Bisc. — The  flat  dorsal  portion  of  the  elytra. 

Borsal. — Applied  to  the  upper  surface  of  the  body  or  of  an  organ. 
Emarginate. — Applied  to  the  edge  of  a  plate  when  the  outline  is  broken  or 

excavate. 
Entire. — Applied  to  the  edge  of  a  plate  when  not  broken. 
Fold. — See  "  glandular  folds." 

Erons. — That  part  of  the  head  which  is  situated  between  the  eyes,  in  front  of 
the  transverse  suture  (p.  2). 


GLOSSARY. 


211 


Fuscous. — Applied  to  a  coloiu-  approaching  a  smoky,  dirty  black  or  brown. 
Glandular  folds.— 1^ lime  souietimes  applied  to  the  projecting   orifices  of  the 

stink-glands  at  the  sides  of  the  third  and  fourth  abdominal  segments  in 

some  genera. 
Gmnulose. — Applied  to  a  snrface  covered  with  minute  lumps  or  granules. 
Length.— The  length  of  the  body  is  measured  from  the  mouth  to  the  end  of  the 

last  segment  of  the  abdomen  ;    the  length  of  the  forceps  is  the  actual 

length  of  the  exposed  portion  of  these  organs. 
Lobe. — An  appendage  or  short  prolongation,  rounded  or  pointed. 
Longitudinal. — Parallel  to  the  longer  axis  of  the  body,   i.  e.   from  Jiead  to 

forceps ;  contrasted  with  transcei-sc. 
Macrolabia.— Term  applied  to  the  longer  forms  of  forceps  where  these  organs 

are  of  variable  length. 
jMetazona. — The  posterior  portion  of  the  pronotum  (p.  3). 
Obsolete. — As  conventionally  used  by  Dermapterists :   obscure ;  of  a  tooth  or 

spine,  only  just  descernible  ;  nearly  absent. 
Occiput. — The  posterior  portion  of  the  head,  behind  the  transverse  suture, 

(p.  2). 
Ovate. — Egg-shaped  ;  the  arc  at  one  end  being  larger  than  that  at  the  other. 
Faratype. — A    specimen    which    has    been    compared    with    the    type   of  a 

species. 
Pos/erjon— Generally  speaking,  applied  to  that  part  of  an  organ  or  of  the 

body  which  is  situate  behind,  i-egarding  the  mouth  as  the  front  of  the 

insect.     Contrasted  with  anterior. 
Prozona. — The  anterior  portion  of  the  pronotum  (p.  3). 
Pnlvillus. — A  small  pad  sometimes  present  between  the  claws  of  the  tarsi. 
Punctate. — Covered  with  small  depressions  ;  pitted. 
Pwnctulate. — Similar  to  -punctate,  but  finer. 
Pygidium. —  A   horny,   chitinous    organ,   of   very   diversified    shape,    situate 

between  the  last  dorsal  and  ventral  eclerites,  between  the  branches  of 

the  forceps  (p.  8). 
Pyriform. — Pear-shaped  ;  applied  to  segments  which  are  slender  at  the  basal 

end  and  gradually  become  thicker  towards  the  apex  which  is  rounded, 

so  that  the  maximum  thickness  is  attained  just  before  the  apex. 
Quadrate. — Approximately  square. 

Remote.— Ot   the   forceps,  when   the  branches   are   not   contiguous   or   sub- 
contiguous. 
Rugose. — Covered  with  small  irregular  wrinkles. 
Rugulose. — Covered  with  finer  wrinkles. 
Scabrous. —  Very  rough. 
Scales. — See  "  squamcB." 
Scutellum.—A.  small,  hardened,  chitinous  portion  of  the  mesonotum,  which  is 

sometimes  exposed   between  the  elytra,  wheu  in  repose,  at  the  anal 

angle  or  base  of  the  suture  (p.  6). 
Segment. — A  unit  of  a  jointed  organ  or  member  ;  applied  to  the  abdomen, 

antennffi,  feet,  etc. 
Serrate. — Having  an  edge  like  a  saw. 
Setce. — See  "  caudal  sette." 
Sinuate. — Of  a  margin,  gently  concave. 
SquamcB.— The  horny,  chitinous  part  of  the  wings,  often  protruding  like  flaps 

beyond  the  elytra  in  repose. 


212  APPJCNDIOES. 

Squamopygidium. — A  name  sonutiiiK^H  eii)j)l<)y(d  for  anal  process. 

Striate. — Ilaviti;;  a  Horice  of  finely  iriiproHHcd  linos. 

Striolatc-  .Siniiinr  to  slriuic,  bul.  liaviiif^  finer  lines. 

Sub. — A  prefix   liaving  a  (liniin\itive   Uyfca ;  e.g.  suh-contiguous,  nearly  con- 

tiguouB. 
Sulculus. — A  Hinallor  furrow. 
Sulcus. — A  furrow. 
Sutural. — The  Hutural  margin  of  t.ho  elytra  and  wingB  is  that  n)argin  along 

which,  ill  repose,  the  elytra  and  wings  arc  more  or  less  in  contact. 
Suture. — Literally,  a  seam  ;  a  lino  marking  the  division  between  two  ])latet  or 

Beginenls;  the  line  of  jmietion  of  the  elytra  and  wings  when  in  repose. 
Syntypc. — All  tlio  specimens,  except  the  tinic,  upon  whicii  a  Bj>ecie8  is  based 

and  described. 
J'fstaceous.-  A  coloiir-t(!rm   loosely  applied   by  various  authors   for  (liffereiit 

shades  of  orange,  yellow,  or  ochre,  assumed  by  many  yellowish  tints 

on  drying. 
Transversal.  — At  right  angles  to  tlio  long  axis  of  the  body;  in  contrast  to 

longitudinal. 
Transverse. — Broader  than  long,  or  at  right  angles  to  tlio  long  axis. 
Trapezoidal. — liaving  four  sides,  of  which  two  are  obviously  unequal. 
Tricarhiate. — 1  hiving  three  keels. 

Irigonal. — Having  tlirco  edges,  i.e.  having  a  triangular  cross-section. 
Truncate. — Abruptly  cut  ofl". 

Tubercle. — An  elevated  lump,  knob,  or  projection  ;  more  or  less  blunt. 
Tuberculatc. — Furnished  with  tubercles. 
Tumid. —  Swollen. 
Type  (if  a  genus. — The  first  described  species  of  a  genus,  or  else  the  first 

sjiecies  specially  designated  by  any  author,  as  the  type  of  the  genus. 
Type  of  a  species. — One  individual  specially  designated   by  the  author  as  the 

original  specimen  upon  which  a  species  is  based  and  described. 
Ventral. — Tho  undcT  surface  of  the  body  or  of  an  organ. 
Wing-scales. —  See  "  si/uainm  "  (also  p.  (i). 

Wings. — The  posterior  jiair  of  the  organs  of  (light ;  generally  speaking  applied 
only  to  tho  wing-scales  or  squantw. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


(Names  marked  *  arc  synonyms.) 


iiceris  (Forficiila),  168.  iintoni  (Anisiilabis),  8.^». 

Adiatlictus,  141.  ^aiit.oni  (  KurcinoUa),  85. 

*a'sciila[)ius    (Eparclius),  ^Apacliya,  .'}2. 

]'.)(■).  Ai'ACiiYii).«,  31. 

*a;s(!iilapiu8    (Opisflio-  Aijacliyiis,  .'}2. 

C()8iiiia),  I'.V).  Apterygida,  If),'}, 

a^sculapius      (Timo-  *ara(;liidis    (Apterjgida), 

inonus),  19(i.  12."{. 

alirimanes  (AUodahlia),  ^aracliidis  (Oliclidura), 
154.  12:}. 

■*ahriii>ane.s    (Anoeluira),  *araolii(ii8  (Ki)rlicnla), 


1.54. 
Allodalilia,  141). 
ainbigua    (Korficula), 
171. 
*imfyliira  (Allodalilia), 

151. 
♦jiiifjl'Ta  (.Anecliiira), 

151. 
■*ancylura    ( Koificida), 
151. 
Aneeliura,  I4il,  155, 157, 

159,  178. 
A.NKciiuKiN.i;,  148. 
angii.stata  (Diplatys), 

44. 
angustata  (Picrania),64. 
*angu8tata      (Pygidi- 
crania),  (>4. 
Anisolabis,  7!),  80. 
*annandak!i  (Anisolabis), 
89. 
annandalei  (Borellia), 

89. 
annulipes    (Anisolabis), 
84. 
*anniilipc8    (Forcinella),         boiigaloiisis   (Labidura), 

84.  98. 

*annulipe8    (Forficesila),       ^bcngaiensis       (Psalis), 

84.  98. 

^annidipos      (Labidura),       *biroveolaf,a    (Bracliy- 

84.  labis),  108. 

*antennata    (Aniyolabin),         bifovcolafa    ('Mctiso- 
84,  85.  labi.s),  108. 


12;!. 
araeliitlis  (jjabia),  I2.'>. 
■*ara<;liidis(SpliirigolabiH), 

12;5. 

arniiita        ( l^'orficuia), 

185. 

*arma(a  (Opistbocosniia), 

185. 

ariiiatiis  (Oordax),  185. 

asiatica     (Anccliuraj, 

h;i. 

^asialica  (Lipanira),  182, 

18:5. 
*aHiat,ica  (Noolobopliora), 
182,  18;{. 
asiatica  (Obeliira),  IS.'j. 
*.\  n(4i(!noinu8,  140. 

a/.tcca  (Anisolabis),  8.">. 
*aztoca  (l<\)rcinclla),  H5. 


■^bfclzebiib  (Clielisocbes), 
Jt)7. 
bfiolzobub  (Forfinila), 

h;7. 


*bigiittata  (Forficula), 

KIO. 

*biha8tata  (Platy  labia), 

118. 

*bipar(,ita  (Apterygida), 

1H3. 
*bipartita  (Spliiiigolabis), 

bipartitus   (Klaniion), 

i(;;{. 

bipiinct.ata    ( An('(rliiira), 

1(11. 
biruianum(SolenoH()ma), 
140. 
*biriiiaiiU9    (Auoiiono- 

niiiH),  I  10. 
*birmaniis  (Oliclisoches), 
140. 
bivitiala   (Forficula), 

99. 
Borellia,  87. 
*burnian8i     (Anisolabis), 
85. 
bormansi    (Diplalys), 

45. 
15KA(;iiYiiAniNyi:,  105. 
*ljr;i(-liylabis,     80,      IOC,, 

108, 109. 
■*bracl)ynota   ( Forficula), 
150,  153. 
bralniia     (Koanietop), 

202. 
*braliina(Opi8tlioco9inia), 

202. 
bnrri    (Pseudisolabis), 
lO.'J. 


*ca;rnleipenni8  (Oarcino- 

phora),  76. 
calciatii  (Anecbura), 

159. 
calidnsa       (Diplatys 

gerstiuckcri,  var.),  48. 


214 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


*callipyga  (Pygidicrana), 

60. 
*cainerunensis   (Platy- 

labia),  118. 
*Carcinopliora.  74. 
*castet.si  (Carcinophora), 
77. 
castetsi  (Psalii?),  77. 
*cauclelli     (Bracbylabis), 
109. 
caudelli  (Metisolabis), 

109. 
celeris     (Forficula\ 
172. 
"*ceylonica  (Labia),  186. 
*ceylonica     (Opistbo- 
cosmia),  186. 
ceylonicus    (Cordax), 
186. 
*Ch£etospania,  127. 
Chelisocbella,  131,  132. 
Cbelisocbes,    131,    132, 
134,    136,    140,    14], 
147. 

CllELISOCHTN.E,  129. 

*cinctieornis      (Lobo- 
pbora),  135. 
cingalensis  (?  Forficula), 
205. 
*ciDgalensis(Apterygida), 

205. 
"cingalensis  (Sphingo- 

labis),  205. 
*circulata    (Apterygida), 

158. 
■^circulata    (Forficula), 
158. 
circulata  (Pterygida), 

158. 
clarki  (Labidura),  99. 
coloesea  (Anisolabis), 
82. 
*colossea  (Forcinella), 

82. 
*coinpriniens     (Cbeli- 
socbes), 135. 
*Copiscelis,  115. 
Cordax,  184. 
coriacea    (Allodahlia), 
153. 
*coriacea    (Anecbura), 

153. 
*corticinu8   (Apacbyus), 
36. 
corticinus    (Dendroi- 

ketes),  36. 
Cosmiella,  180. 
Cranopygia,  61. 
Cteuisolabis,  109. 
cuiniDgi     (Cranopygia), 
62. 


*cuniingi  ( Pygidicrania), 

(12. 
■•^curvic-auda  (Forficesila), 

118. 
curvicauda      (Labia), 

118. 


decipiens    (Erotesis), 
114. 
*decipieiis  (Labidura), 

]14. 
*decipiei)S  (Labidurodes), 
114. 
decolTi       (Forcipula), 

91.' 
Dendroiketes,  36. 
*dentata  (Forficula),  99. 
Dicrana,  GO. 
Dicrauopygia,  53. 
*dimidiata     (Platylabia), 
118. 

DiPLATYIN.E,  38. 

Diplatys,  38. 
*distincta    (Labidura), 

99. 
*dobrui    (Carcinophora) , 

76. 
*dobrni  (Nannopygia), 
76. 
dobrni  (Psalis),  76. 
*doria2   (Chelisocbella), 

131. 
*doria;  (Cbelisocbes),  131. 
dravidius    (Adiatbetus), 
143. 
*dubia  (Cosmiella),  180. 
*dubia    (Opisthocosmia), 
180. 
dubius  (Emboros),  180. 
dubronii  (Anisolabis), 
85. 
*dubronii    (Labidura), 

99. 
*dufouri  (Labidura),  97. 

dux  (Eparcbus),  191. 
*dux  (Opisthocosmia), 

191. 
*Dyscritina,  38,  50. 


Echiuo8oma,  70. 

ECIIINOSOMATIN.E,  69. 

Elaunon,  163. 
electa  (Gonolabis),  79. 
Emboros,  180. 
Eparcbus,  190. 
ernesti  (Diplatys),  48. 
Erotesis,  114. 
erythrocepbala     (Forfi- 
cula), 99. 


Eudobi-nia,  178. 
eximia   (Pygidicrana), 

57. 
Exypnus,  132. 


falcatus  (Diplatys),  42. 
*fallax  (Platylabia),  127. 
*fasciata  (Labia),  117. 
*fea3  (Anecbura),  156. 
fete  (Apacbyus),  33. 
*feae     (Cbaitospania), 

128. 
*t'ea;  (Cbelisocbes),  148. 
feaj  (Hainaxas),  148. 
feffi  (Honiotages),  156. 
feae     (Spliingolabis), 
128. 
*fenioralis  (Labidura), 
75,  76. 
femoralis  (Psalis),  75. 
rtetcheri    (Ctenisolabis), 

110. 
fletcheri  (Diplatys),  52. 
■^F'orcinella,  80. 
Forcipula,  91. 
*Forficesila,  95. 
Forficula,    163,    164, 
178. 

FoUFIClILID.E,  129. 

FouFUOLix.t:,  162. 


gaudens  (Anisolabis), 

86. 
gerstackeri    (Diplatys), 
46. 
■'•■gerstiBckeri     (Nanno- 
pygia),  46,  52. 
gesti-oi     (Platylabia), 
125. 
*gigantea  (Forficesila), 

99. 
*gigautea    (Forficula), 

99. 
*gigantea    (Labidura), 
99. 
gladiator      (Diplatys), 

41. 
glaucopterus    (Adiatbe- 
tus), 144. 
*glaucopterus     (Cheli- 
socbes),  144. 
Gonolabis,  79. 
granulosa  (Labidura), 
99. 
*gravidula  (Apterygida), 

123. 
*gravidula  (Labia),  123. 
^gravidula    (Sphingo- 
labis),  123. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


215 


*greeni  (Anisolabis),  87. 
greeni  (Borellia),  87. 
greeni      (Cniuopygia 
cuiniiigi,  var.),  0'2. 
greeni  (Diplatys),  50. 
greeni  (Forficula),  170. 
*guineeiisis  (Platylabia), 
118. 

Hamaxas,  147. 
*hercules     (Chelisoches), 
142. 
Houiotages,  155. 
*hottentotta  (Forcinella), 

85. 
*liugeli  (Anecbiira),  1.51. 
*hugeli  (Forficula),  151. 
*hugeli  (Pygiclicrana), 
58. 
humeralis    (Hvpurgus), 
188. 
*liunieralis     (Opistho- 
cosmia),  188. 
Hypurgus,  187. 

^ieterica    (Forficesila), 

99. 
*icterica  (Labidura),  99. 
*inermis    (Labidura    ri- 

paria,  var.),  99. 
insignis     (Eparcbus), 

192. 
*insignis  (Forficula),  192. 
^insignis      (Opistbo- 

cosmia),  192. 
interrogans   (Forficula), 

173. 

japonica     (Anecbura), 

160. 
*japonica      (Labidui'a), 

99. 
*jupiter    (Cbretospania), 

112. 

kallipyga  (Pvgidlcraua), 
60.  "^ 

*kallipyg08      (Pygidi- 

erana),  60. 
*karscbi  (Labidura),  99. 
Kosnietor,  200. 
kudagsB   (Anisolabis), 
84. 

Labia,  115. 
*Labidopbora,  124. 
Labidura,  95. 
l.\bidurid,e,  67. 
Labidurix.e,  90. 
Labidurodes,  78. 
Labiid.t;,  110. 


Lariin.t:,  110. 
*la!ta  (Anisolabis),  85. 
lefroyi  (Diplatvs),  44. 
lefroyi  (Psali.s)";  77. 
*Leptisolabis,  106. 
libera ta  (Diplatys),  52. 
Liparura,  288. 
Lipodcs,  203. 
*livida  (Labidura),  99. 
*lividipes  (Forficula),  97. 
lividipes  (Labidura),  97. 
*Lobopbora,  131, 134. 
*longisetosa     (Diplatys), 

46. 
*longisetosa  (Dyscritina), 
46,  60. 
lucasi  (Forficula),  172. 
*ludekingi  (Chelisocbes), 

137. 
*liigens  (Eparcbus),  198. 
*lugens  (Opisthocosmia), 
198. 
lugens        (Timomenus), 

198. 
lurida  (Forcipula),  94. 
*lurida  (Forcipula  quad- 
rispinosa,  var.),  94. 
lutea        (Spongipbora), 
112. 
*lutea      (Spougopbora), 
112. 
luzonica  (Labia),  117. 


*macrocepbala     (Di- 
platys), 45. 
macropyga  (AUodablia), 

151.  ' 
*ujacropvga  (Anecbura), 

151.' 
*niajor       (Labidopbora), 

125. 
major  (Platylabia),  125. 
*raarginella    (Labidura), 

99. 
maritima     (Anisolabis), 

83. 
^maritima  (Bi'achylabis), 

83. 
*inaritinia     (Forcinella), 

83. 
*njaritinia    (Forficesila), 

83. 
*uiaritinia  (Forficula), 83. 
*inaritiuia  (Labidura),  83. 
*marn)oricauda  (Pygidi- 

crana),  58. 
marnioricrura   (Pygidi- 

crana),  58. 
*melauocepbaIa      (Lobo 

phora),  138. 


melanocepbalus   (Cheli- 
socbes), 138. 
nielanoceiilialus      (Pro- 
reiis),  1.S8. 
*nieridionalis      (Forfice- 
sila), 97. 
^■'meridioaalis  (Forficula), 

97. 
*nietallica      (Anecbura), 
178. 
luetallica    (Eudobrnia), 
178. 
*metallica       (Forficula), 
178. 
Metisolabis,  108. 
*modesta         (Forficula), 

137. 
*modesta      (Lobopbora), 
137. 
modesta  (Pyge),  65. 
*niodes(.a   (Pjgidicrana), 

65. 
*niodestu3  (Chelisocbes), 
137. 
mogul   (Forficula),  167. 
*niongolica      (Labidura), 
99. 
morio        (Chelisocbes), 
135. 
*morio  (Forficula),  135. 
*morio     (Lobopbora), 

135. 
*morosa  (Forcipula),  92. 
*morosa  (Labidura),  92. 
*mucronata    (Forficula), 
119. 
mucronata  (Labia),  119. 

Nannisolabis,  106. 
*]N'annopygia,  38. 
*Neolobophora,  183. 
*neolobopboroides    (Cos- 

miella),  200. 
*neolob()])horoides  (Opis- 
thocosmia), 200. 
neolobophoroides  (Syn- 

tonus),  200. 
nepalensis     (Labidura), 
96. 
*nevilli  (Eparcbus),  197. 
*nevilli  (Opisthocosmia), 
197. 
nevilli        (Timomenus), 

197. 
nietneri     (Cranopvgia), 
63. 
*nietneri     (Pygidicrana), 
63. 
nigrella  (Labia),  117. 
*nigricep3  (Diplatys),  45, 
50. 


216 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


nigriceps     (Plarylabia), 

127. 
*nigricornis         (Cheliso- 

ches).  135. 
*nigricornis    (Labidura), 

135. 
*nigripennis        (Forfice- 

sila),  123. 
nigrocnstaneiis      (Adia- 

thetus),  145. 
*nigroniteiis''Lobopbora), 

135. 
nitidipennis        (Spongi- 

pbora),  112. 
*nitidipennis      (Spongo- 

pbora),  112. 


*oannes  (Oijistliocosmia), 
195. 
oannes       (Tiniomenus), 

195. 
Obelura.  183. 
opbthalmica  (Pyge).  66. 
*opbtbalmica       (Pygidi- 

craiia),  66. 
«Opisthoeosmia,  180, 184, 
187,190,194,199,200. 
Oi'isTiiocosMii.v.i:,  175. 
orientalis      (Anechura), 

161. 
ornata  (Forficula),  169. 


Palex,  68. 
Palicin.b,  67. 
pallidipetmis      (Pygidi- 
crana),  57. 
*pallipes  (Forficula),  97, 

99. 
*pallipes  (Labidura),  97, 
99. 
Parisolabin^,  102. 
parvuliiiu  (Ecbinosoina), 

72. 
pascoei  (Apachyiis),  35. 
*patagonicus    (Demogor- 

gon),  99. 
*philetas     (Brachylabis), 

106. 
*pbiletas  (Leptisolabis), 
106. 
philetas  (Nannisolabis), 

106. 
Picrania,  63. 
picta  (Pygidicrana),  55. 
*pilioornis       (Forficula), 
120. 
pilicornis  (Labia),  120. 
planicoUis     (Forficula), 
174. 


Platylabia,  124. 
*pluvialis  (Labidura),  99. 

Proreus,  136. 
*Psalidophora,  111. 

PSALIN,-E,  73. 

Psalis.  74. 
Pseudisolabis,  102. 
Pterygida,  157. 
pugnax  (Forcipula),  93. 
*pugiiax  (Labidura),  93. 
*pulcbellus  (Chelisocbes), 

170. 
*pulchripennis   (Clieliso- 

chella),  132. 
*pulchripennis    (Clieliso- 

ches),  1.32. 
pulcbripennis       (Exyp- 

nus),  132. 
pulchripes  (?  Forficula), 

204. 
*punctata  (Brachylabis), 

109. 
punctata        (Liparura), 

182. 
Pyge,  65. 

pygidiata  (Labia),  122. 
Pygidicrana,  53,  60,  63, 

65. 
Pygidicranid.*;,  37. 
Pygidicranin.e,  53. 


quadrispinosa      (Forci- 
pula), 94. 
*quadrispinosa         (Labi 
dura),  94. 


repens  (Sondax),  177. 
ridens  (Labia),  121. 
*riparia.     var.      inerniis, 

(Labidura),  99. 
*riparia  (Forficula),  99. 
riparia  (Labidura),  99. 
*ritsem£B     (Chelisocbes), 
139. 
ritsenise  (Proreus),  139. 
robustus  (Labidurodes), 
78. 
*rufesce.ns  (Cyliudrogas- 
ter),  47,  51. 
rufescens  (Diplatys),  51. 
*rufitarsis        (Forficula), 

135. 
*rufitarsis         (Psalido- 
phora),  135. 

scabriuscula     (AUodah- 
lia),  150. 
*scabriuscula  (Anechura), 
150. 


*scabriuscula  (Forficula), 

1.50. 
*schlagintweiti         (Ane- 
chura), 166. 
schlagintweiti       (Forfi- 
cula), 166. 
semiflava  (Spongiphora), 
113.      ''      ^^        '' 
*sennflava       (Spongo- 
phora),  113. 
.seryillei  (Labidura),  99. 
shelfordi    (Adiathetus), 
142 
*sbelfordi  (Chelisochella), 

142. 
*shelfordi  (Chelisocbes), 
142. 
siamensis  (Pygidicrana), 

59. 
simplex     (Hypurgus), 
189. 
*siniplex        (Opisthocos- 

mia),  189. 
*siniulans    (Chelisocbes), 

137. 
*simulans       (Forficula), 

137. 
*simulans     (Lobopbora), 
137. 
simulans  (Proreus),  137. 
siva  (Diplatys),  49. 
Solenosoma,  140. 
Sondax,  177. 
sparattoides  (Palex),  68. 
*sparattoides      (Platy- 
labia), 68. 
Sphingolabis,  127.  163. 
Spongiphora,  111. 
*Spougophora,  111. 
*stali  (Anisolabis),  88. 

stall  (Borellia),  88. 
*8tali  (Forcinella),  88. 
*stratioticus      (Cheliso- 
cbes), 135. 
suinatranum     (Ecliino- 

souia),  70. 
superba  (Chelisochella), 
131. 
*superba       (Lobopbora), 

131. 
*superbus   (Chelisocbes), 

131. 
*suturalis  (Forficula),  99. 
*suturalis  (Labidura),  99. 
Syntonus,  199. 

*taniul    (Neolobophora), 

184. 
ta.nul  (Obelura),  184. 
*tartarea      (Lobopbora), 

135. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


in< 


temoiM  (Kosnietor),  201. 
*teaiora  (Opisthocosmia), 
201. 
tenebrator  (Adiathetus), 

146. 
*tenebrator(Chelisoche8), 

146. 
*tenplla  (Forficula),  193. 
*tenella  (Opisthocosmia), 

193. 
tenellus(Eparchus),  193. 
tenera     (Pseudisolabis), 
104.      . 
*terininalis    (Forficesila), 

99. 
*l.lioracica     (Labidoph- 
ora),  126. 


thoraoica     (Platvlabia), 

126. 
Timomenus,  194. 
trispiiiosa     (Forcipula), 

92. 
*triispino8a      (Labidura), 

92. 

valida        (Pygidicrana), 
56. 
*vicina  (Forficesila),  97. 
*vicina  (Labidura),  97. 
*vicina    (Labidura     livi- 

dipes,  var.),  97. 
*vishnu       (Apterygida), 
202. 
vishiiu  (Kosmetor).  202. 


vivax  (Lipodes),  204. 
*Tivax     (Opisthocosmia), 
204. 

*vvallacei  (Forficula),  12.3. 
"*wallacei  (Sphiiigolabis), 

123. 
*westermanni      (Echino- 

soma),  71. 
willeyi     (Nannisolabis), 

107. 

■*santhopu3  (Forficesila), 
99. 

zubovskii      (Anechiira), 
160. 


Printed  bv  T.wr.ou  and  Fr!\xris,  Red  l.inn  Court.  Fleet  Street. 


PLATE   I. 

Fig.  1.  Apachyusfece,  Borm.,  d* .    Burma  ;  p.  33.    Anal  process  and 
forceps,  from  above,      x  1|. 
1  a.     Id.     from  below,      x  1|. 

1  b.     Id.     Tarsus. 

2.  Aiiachyus  fecc,  Borm.,  $  .     Anal  process  and  forceps,  from 

above,      x  l^- 

2  a,     Id.     from  below,      x  1|. 

3.  Dendi'oihetes     corticinus,     Burr,    S  •       Type.       Ceylon  ; 

p.  36.      X  2|. 

3  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment   and   forceps,  from 

beneath,      x  4|. 

3  h.     Id.     Tarsus. 

4.  Diplatys  falcatus,l^\xvY,  S'     Type.     Punjab;  p.  42.     x  3. 

4  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment  and    forceps,  from 

below.      X  3. 

5.  Diplatys  lefroyi,  Burr,  cJ  •    Type.    Bombay    p.  44.     x  4. 

5  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment  and   forceps,  from 

below.      X  6. 

6.  Diplatys      ang:istatus,      Burr,     cS .        Type.        Bengal  ; 

p.  44.      X  3. 

6  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment  and   forceps,  from 

below.      X  4. 

7.  Diplatys  gersto'cl-eri,  J)  ohvn,  J.     Ceylon:  p.  4G.      x  4^. 

7  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,  from  below,      x  6. 

8.  Diplatys  fietclieri.  Burr,  S  •    Type.    Ceylon  ;  p.  52.     x  4|. 

8  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,  from  below,      x  4.^. 


PLATE  I. 


E.  Wilson,  Cambridge. 


PLATE   II. 

Fig.    9.  Diplatys  ernesti,  Burr,  (5' .    Type,    Cej'lon  ;  p.  48.     x  4|. 
9  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,      x  7h 

10.  Pi/c/idicrana picta,  Gner.,   (J.     India;  p.  55.      X   ]|. 

10  o.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,      x  1|. 

11.  Pi^igldic)'cmapciUidipenms,'Kfi^n,S'    Java  ;  p.  57.      xl^. 

11  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,      x  3. 

12.  Pi/gidicrana  marmoncyura,Serv.,  (^  .     Java;  p.  58.  x  1. 

13.  Pygidlcraim  siamensis,  Dohrn,  d  .     Peuang  ;  p.  59.      x  1^. 

14.  Cranopycjia  cunnngi^'Doh.va,  S .     Ceylon;  p.  02.      xlg. 
14  cr.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,      x  Ig. 

15.  Cranopygia  nietneri,  Dohrn,  c?  .     Ceylon  ;  p.  63.       x  2. 

16.  Pyge  ojjJithalmica,  Dohrn,  c?  •     Madras;  p.  66.  xl|. 

17.  Echi  jiosom  a  sumatmnum,  liafm,  2-    Java;  p.  70.     x  3. 
17  (f.     Id.     Apex  of  abdomen  from  below,      x  3. 

17^.     Id.     Tarsus,      x  7|. 


PLATE 


E  Wilson    Cambridge. 


PLATE  III. 

JFig.  18.  Psalis  femoralis,  Dohrn,  J-     Ceylon     p.  75.      x  3, 

19.  Psalis  dolirni,  Kirby,  S  .     Ceylon  ;  p.  76.      x  2|. 

20.  Psalis  lefroyi,  Burr,  S .     Bombay  ;  p.  77.      X  4. 

21.  Gonolahls electa,  ^wvv,  S  .    Type.    Ceylon;  p.  79.     X  4|. 

21  rt.     Id.     Apex  of  abdomen  from  below,      x  4|. 

22.  Anisolabis  maritima,  Bon.,  cS  .     Japan  ;  p.  83.      x  2. 

22  rt.     Id.     Tarsus. 

23.  Anisolahis  kudar/ce,  Burr,    J .     Type.     Ceylon  ;  p.   84. 

X  21. 

24.  Anisolahis  annulijjes,  Luc.,  S  •    Europe  ;  p.  84.      x  2^. 

25.  Forcipida  decohjij'Bovm.,  S-     Bengal;  p.  91.        X  14. 

25  a.     Id.     Abdominal  spine. 

2(3.  Forcipula  trispinosa,  J) ohvn,  S-     Nepal:  p.  92.      x  14. 

26  rt.    Id.    Yar.  minor,  Burr,  S  .    Nepal.    Apex  of  abdomen. 

X  U. 
26  b.     Id.     Abdominal  spine. 

27.  ForcijJida2>i'^gnax,Kirhy,  J.     Bengal;  p.  93.      X  14. 


PLATE  III 


E.  AVilson,  Cambridge 


PLATE  IV. 

Fig.  28.  Forcijmla  quadrisjnnosa,  Dohru,   cS  ■     Aunam  ;    p.  94. 
X  2. 

28  rt.     Id.     Apex  of  abdomen,  5.      x  I5. 

29.  Forcijyida  lurida,  Boh,  d" .     Madras;  p.  94.      X   1|. 

29  a.     Id.     Abdominal  spine, 

30.  Labidura  ncpalcnsvi,  Burr,    J .     Type.     Nepal ;  p.  96. 

X  3. 

31.  Lahidaralividipes,'Du.i.,  S.     Africa;  p.  97.      X  3. 

31  rt.     Id.     Var.  vicina,  Luc,  c? ;  apex  of  abdomen,      x  3. 

32.  Labidura  benffalensis,  Dohru,  cJ  .     Bengal ;  p.  98.    (Nat. 

size.) 

32  rt.     Id.      2  ;  apex  of  abdomen,     (Nat.  size.) 

33.  Labidura  riparia,  Pall.,  S  •    East  Africa ;  p.  99.    (Nat. 

size.) 

33  rt.     Id,      2  i  ^pex  of  abdomen.     (Nat,  size,) 
33  b.     Id,     Tarsus, 

34.  Id.     Var,  inermis,  Brunner,  S  -  Bengal ;  p,  101,    x  3. 

35.  Pseudisolabis  burri,   Borelli,    6  •     Syntype.     Kashmir ; 

p.  103.      X  3. 
35  rt.     Id.     Tarsus. 
35  b.     Id.     Antenna. 

36.  Pseudisolabis  fenera,  Burr,  cf  •     Type.     Punjab ;  p.  104. 

X  3. 


PLATE  IV. 


E.  Wilson,  Cambridge. 


PLATE  V. 

Fig.  37.  Sjjongiphora  se7nijlava,  Borm.,  c? .  Burma ;  p.  113.    x  4|. 
37  a.     Id.     Apex  of  abdomen,      x  6. 

38.  Labia  curvicauda,'Motsch. ,  c?  .     Burma;  p.  118.  X  6. 

39.  Labia  mucronata,  Stal,   ^  .     Annam  ;  p.  119.      x  (>. 

40.  Labia  pilicornis,  Motsch.,  c?  .     Ceylon  ;  p.  120.  x   (J. 

41.  Labia jii/gidiata,  Borm.,  cJ  .    Sandwich  Is. ;  p.  122.  x  4|. 

42.  Labia  7-idens,  Borm.,  \ar.  cychlabia, Borm.,  J.    Syntype. 

Burma;  p.  121,      x  4|. 
42  ff.     Id.     Y ar.  mac7-olabia,Buvv .     Forceps,      x  3|. 

43.  Plafylabia  nvjriceps,  Kirby,  J  .     Sumatra  ;  p.  127.     X  f). 

44.  Spliingolabis  fece,Bovm.,  cJ .     Burma;  p.  128.      x  4. 

45.  Chelisoches  morio,  Fabr.,   J  •     Java ;  p.  135.      x  2|. 

45 o.     Id.     Yar.   stnUioticus,    Eehn,    J.      Java.      End   of 

abdomen,      x  2. 
45  b.     Id.      5  ;  end  of  abdomen  from  below,      x  3. 

46.  Adiathetus    dravidius,   Burr,     J .     Type.      Travancore ; 

p.  143.      X  21. 

47.  Adiathetus  glaucoj)ter us,   Borm.,    c?  •     Tonkin;    p.    144. 

X  2-1. 
47  a.     Id.      5  ;  end  of  abdomen,      x  2. 


PLATE  V. 


E.  Wilson,  Cambridge. 


PLATE  VI. 

Pig.  48.  Adiatltetus  nigrocastcoieus,  Burr,  J  .     Type.     Bombay  : 
p.  145.      X  2i. 

49.  AllodaJdiascabrmscula,Sery.,(S.  Borneo;  p.  150.    x2^, 

50.  AUodaJdia  macropyr/a,  Westw. ,  c^  .  Bengal;  p.  151.  x  2^. 
50  a.     Id.      J  forceps,  from  side. 

51.  Allodaldia  coriacea,  Bonn.,  d" .     Tonkin;  p.  153.    x  2. 

52.  Aneclmra  ziihovskii,  Sem.,  c? .    Kashmir;  p.  160.     x  2. 
52  a.     Id.      c^  forceps,  side  view,      x  2. 

53.  Elaunon  hipartitxis,  Islvhj,  S  •     Ceylon  ;  p.  163.    x  3. 
53 «.     Id.     Tarsus,      x  9. 

54.  Forjicida  scMaginhveiti,  Burr,  c?  .  'Sikkim;  p.  166.     X  1|. 
54  a.     Id.     Var.,  forceps,      x  Ik. 

55.  Forficula  mogul,  lixiXY,  S '  Type.  Darjiling;  p.  167.  x  2. 

56.  ForJlcida  heelzehuh,  Burr,  macrolahia  form,  ^  •    Darjiling 

p.  167.      X  21. 
56  a.     Id.     Porceps  of  cyclolahia  form,      x  2. 


PLATE  VI. 


56a 

F,  Wilson,  Cambric 


PLATE   VII. 

Fig.  57.  Forficida  aceris,  Bnvr,  <S  .    Type.    India;  p.  168,     x  2|. 

58.  Forjicula  ambigua,  J^ni'v,  cS .     Tonkin;  p.  171.      X  3. 

59.  Fo^i/icida  lucasi,  Dohvn,  S'      Syria;  p.  172.      x  2\. 

60.  Forficula  celeris,'R\xvT,  6-    Type.    Assam  ;  p.  172.     x  3. 

61.  Forjicula  inten'or/ans,  BnvT,  J.    Type.    Darjiling  ;  p.  173. 

X  3.  ' 

62.  Syntonvs   ncolohojiJioroides,    Burr,    S  •      Tvpe.      Ceylon  ; 

p.  200.      X  4. 

63.  Sondax  rej^ens,  Burr,  cJ  .    Type.    Madras  ;  p.  177.     X  4|. 

04.  Liparura ininctata,^WT\\  S-     Type.     Darjiling;  p,  182, 
X  3. 

Qb.   Obelura  tamvJ,  Jiurr,  c?  •     Type.     Ceylon;  p.  184.     x  3. 

60.   Cordao:  armatus,  Haan,  J.     Celebes;  p,  185.      x  2|. 

67.   Cor d (uv  ce)/7onicus,  Motsch.,   d" ,     Ceylon  ;  p.  186.      x  3. 


PLATE  VII. 


E.  Wilson,  Cambridge. 


PLATE  VIII. 

Fig.  68.  Hi/purgus  humeralis,  Kirby,  (S .     Ceylon  ;  p.  188.     x  4. 

69.  Timomenus  oannes,  Burr,  d  •      Type.     Sikkim ;  p.  195. 

X  3. 

70.  Timomeni^s  cesculajpius,  Ijnvr,  (S  .    Type.    Bhutan;  p.  196. 

X  21. 

71.  Timomenus  nevilU,   Burr,  c?  •     Type.     Bhutan ;    p.  197. 

X  2i. 

72.  Tiynomenus  h(gens,BoYm.,  d.     Assam;  p.  198.      x  2i. 

73.  Kosmetor  temora,  Burr,   S-     Type.     Darjiling;    p.   201. 

X  8. 

74.  Kosmetor  vishnu,  Burr,  d' .     Type.     Darjihng  ;    p.   202. 

X  3. 

75.  D'lplaiys  rufescens,  Kirby,  c?.      Type.     N.  India;  p.  51. 

X  21. 
75  «.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment  from  beneath.    x4|. 

"J Q.  Pyrjemodesta, 'Qovin.,  6  '    Syntype.    Burma;  p.  65.    x  2. 

77.  PuJex  sparattokles,  Borm.,  c?.     Java;  p.  08.      x  3. 
77  a.     Id.     Pygidiura  from  above,      x  6. 

78.  Nannisolabis  ivilleyi,  Burr,  d  •     Type.     Ceylon  ;  p.  107. 

X  3. 

79.  CtenisolaUs  fleicheri,  Burr,  d.     Type.     Ceylon;  p.  110. 

X    -4. 


PLATE  VIII. 


E.  Wilson,  Cambridge. 


PLATE   IX. 

Fig.  80.  Sponr/iphora  nit'idipeiinis,  Borm      c^ .     Sarawak;  p.  112. 
X  2i. 

81.  Labia  iiigrella,  Dubr.,  var.  fasciata,  Borm.,   5  •     Burma  ; 

p.  117.      X  Ih. 

82.  Labia  aracJiidis,  Ters.,  c? .     Java  ;  p.  123.      x  3. 

83.  Platylabia  tlioracica,  Dohrii,  c?  .     Sumatra  ;  p.  126.     x  4. 

84.  Exypnus  puJchripennis,   Borm.,    S .      Borneo ;    p.    133. 

X  2. 
84  a.     Id.     Tarsus,      x  5. 

85.  Proreus  siimdans,  Stal,  ^  .     Malacca  ;  p.  137.      x  3. 

86.  Proreus  melanocephalus,  Dohrn,  J  .    Bengal ;  p.  138.    x  3. 

87.  Proreus  ritsema:,  Jiovva.,  cS  .     Sarawak;  p.  139.      x  3^. 

88.  Hamaxas  fecP;  Borm.,  6  •     Sumatra;  p.  148.      x  3. 

89.  Chelisocliella    superba,    Dohrn,    (S .       Sarawak;    p.    131. 

X   1|. 
89  a.     Id.      ?  forceps,      x  Ih. 

89  b.     Id.     Tarsus. 

90.  DiplaU/sliberatus,'Bnvr,(S.    Type.    Burma ;  p.  52.    x2|. 

90  a.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment,      x  6. 

91.  DipJat>/s bormansi,  Burr,  d  .    Type.    Burma;  p.  45.     x  4|. 

91  «.     Id.     Penultimate  ventral  segment  and  forceps,  from 

below.      X  7. 


PLATE  IX 


E.  Wilson,  Cambridge. 


PLATE  X. 

Fig.  92.  Forcipula  Inrida,  BoL,  d  •    Madras  ;  p.  94.    (Nat.  size.) 

93.  Ajxi chy ns  fece,  Hovm.,  d-     Burma;  p.  33.    (Nat.  size.) 

94.  Crun(ypytjia  aimingi,  Dolirn,  c5' .     Ceylon  ;  p.  62.    (Nat. 

size.) 

95.  AnecJmra    calciatii,    Bor.,     c?  •      Syntype.    Kashmir  ; 

p.  159.      X  2. 

96.  Pterygida  circidata,  Dohrn,  J  .    Northern  India  ;  p.  158. 

(Nat.  size.) 

97.  Anisolahis  dubronii,  Kirby,  d  •      Type.      Tenasserim  ; 

p.  85.     (Nat.  size.) 

98.  Allodahlia  a7n'imanes,Bnvr,  d".    Type.    Sikkim  ;  p.  154. 

X  2. 

99.  E2nircJms  insiynis,  Hann,  J.     Burma;  p.  192.      x  2. 

100.  EparcJnis  tenellus,  Haau,  cf  •     Java;  p.  193.      x  3. 

101.  Homotages  feae,  Borm.,  c? .     Nepal;  p.  156.      X  2. 

102.  Elaumn  bipariihis,  Kirby,  J  .     Ceylon  ;  p.  163.      x  2. 

103.  Forjimla  greeni,  Burr,  d" .      Type.      Ceylon  ;    p.  170. 

x  2. 

104.  Timomenns  oannes,  Burr,  J  •     Type.     Assam  ;   p.  195. 

X  2.. 


PLATE  X. 


..■^W«-0WM 


r'7 

^4,