Full text of "The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex"

See other formats

Google

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world’s books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired, Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.

We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attribution The Google “watermark” you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google’s mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world’s books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at[http: //books . google .com/|

THE DESCENT OF MAN
AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX

oarsran, GOOTE

THE DESCENT OF MAN

AND SELECTION IN
RELATION TO SEX

A ay 52
CHARLES DARWIN , |% Qrl= ee

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND AUGMENTED

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

LANE LIBRARY. STANFORD UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

Atthorizeg Ledition,

vi PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

T distinetly stated that great weight must be attributed to
the inherited effects of use and disuse, with respect both to
the body and mind. [ also attributed some amount of modi-
fication to the direet and prolonged action of changed con-
ditions of life. Some allowance, too, must be made for
occasional reversions of structure; nor must we forget what
T have called “ correlated” growth, meaning, thereby, that
various parts of the organisation are in some unknown man-
ner so connected, that when one part varies, so do others;
and if variations in the one are accumulated by selection,
other parts will be modified, Again, it has been eaid by
several critics, that when I found that many details of struc-
ture in man could not be explained through natural selec-
tion, T invented sexual selection; T gave, however, a toler-
ably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the
‘ Origin of Species,’ and I there stated that it was applicable
to man. Thie subject of sexual selection has been treated
at full length in the present work, simply because an oppor-
tunity was here first afforded me. I have been struck with the
likeness of many of the half-favourable criticisms on sexual
selection, with those which appeared at first on natural selec
tion; such as, that it would explain some few details, but
certainly was not applicable to the extent to which I have
employed it. My conviction of the power of sexual selection
remaing unshaken; but it is probable, or almost. certain, that
several of my conclusions will hereafter be found erroneous;
this can hardly fail to be the caee in the first treatment of a
subject. When naturalists have become familiar with the
idea of soxunl selection, it will, as I believe, be much more
largely accepted; and it has already been fully and favour-
ably received hy several capable judges.

Down, Brcnextian, Kent, September, 1874

First Edition Feb. 24, 1871.
‘Second Edition Sopt, 1874.

viii TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL ADDITIONS AND

It Ta

inven

vou.
re
125; note
‘128, 129
146

Mo
150

275, 270

ou
a0,

[Sd He 1
fend Yad ier4) tn 2 Vola.
Int Vol —
Vouk.
|
Tage
96-38 note 54-50 ota
41,42 | 62, 63
®, note | 8% note
37 86
58,50 | 87,88
194, 185
143 220
at) we
161, note | 260, note
16d 202
198-190 | 202
195,196 | 208
100-206 | 300-u18
200,210 | ag
204, 225 | 346,047
285 368
249,244 | 876,977
pi) 3a
255,256 | 393,904
204 | 406,407
27a | 418, 419
273 420
a7 426
280 431
81 432

Supornumerary mamma and digits,

Further eases of musles proper to
animals appearing in man,

Brocn: average capacity of skull di
minished by the preservation of
the inferior mombors of rocicty.

Bolt on advantages to man from his
hairlessness,

Disappearance of the tail in man and
certain monkeys.

ious forms of selection in civi-

ised nations,

Indolence of man, when free from a
struggle for existence.

Gorilla protecting himself from rain
with his hands.

Hrmaphroditinin in fish,

Radimentary mamtow in male mam-
tals,

Changed conditions lessen fertility.
and cause ill-health amongst eav~

es.

Darkness of akin « protection against

he sun,

Note by Professor Huxley on tho
development of the brain in man
and apes.

Special organs of" male parasitic
‘worms for holding the ferale.

Greater variability of male than
fomale; direst action of the n=
vironment in causing differences
botwoon the sexes,

Period of development. of protubor-
ances on birds’ hends determines
their transtnission to one or both
bexus.

‘Causes of excess of male births.

Proportion of tho sexes in the beo
family,

Excoss of males porhaps sometimes
dletertnined by salectio

Bright colours of lowly organised
animals.

Sexual selection amongat spiders

Cause of smallaees of malo spiders,

Use of phosphorascence of the glow-
‘worn.

‘Tho humming noises of Mies,

Use of bright colours to Hemiptera
(bugs).

x PRINCIPAL ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

out hairs may produce an inher-
ited effect.

xii CONTENTS.

CHAPTER Iv,

COMPARISON OF TIL MESTAL FOWEND OF MAN AND TILK LOWEN ANIMALS
—wontinued,

rao

‘The moral senad—Fundamental proposition —The qualities of mosial ant-
‘mals—Origin of sociahility—Straggte betwean opposed instincts Man
x social aniioal—The toore enduring sueial instincts conquer other lose
persistent igatincte—The social virtues alone regarded by savagia—
‘Tho polt-rogurding virtues acquired at a lator wtage of development
‘The importance of the judgment of tho members of the eae com-
-ounity on conduct—Tranamiasion of moral tendencies—Sunioary

CHAPTER V.
ON THR DEVRLOFMESE OF THE LWTRLLECTUAL AMD MORAL FACULTIES
DURING PRIMEVAL AND CLYILINED TOE

Advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selection—Im-
portance of itnitation—Soeial and moral fwoultiex—Thoir development
‘within the limite of the name tribe—Natural sélection aA affecting eivi-
lined nations—Evidenco that civilised nations were once barbarous — -

CHAPTER VE

OM THEE APFINITIOE AND GRNEALOOY Ov MAN.

Pesition of man in the animal seties—Tho natural rystemn genealogical—
Adnptive charactors of alight valve—Varlous sivall points of rosem=
Dinnes between man and the Quadrumana~ Kank of tan in the natu
ral ayatern—Birthplace and antiquity of man—Absence of foril een
necting tinke—Lowor stages in the genealogy of man, ax Inferred,
Arstly from hie aifinities and secondly from his wtructure—Eurly an-
drogynous condition of the Vertobrata—Conclusion . . -

CHAPTER VIL

OW THE RACES OF AS,

The nature and raluo of specific charnciers—A pplication to the races of
man—Argamenta in favour af, atid opposed to, ranking the eo-calted
acca of runt ak distingt apwetos—Sub-specien—Monogeniatx and poly
geniste~Convergence of eharactorNnmetone points of resemblance
in body and mind between the most distinet rncos of inan—The stato
fof man whon he fleet spread aver the earth—Evch race not descended
fram a single pair—The extinction of racos—The formation of racos—
‘The elfrcls of oroesing—Slizht influence of the direct action of the
conditions of life—Slight of no influsnce of natural selection—Sexual
election. % pair ‘ ro ae

199

148

xiv CONTENTS,

-ability—Causes of the difference in colour between the males und
formalee—Mimiory, formule buttertties more brilliantly coloured than
tho wales Bright colours of caterpillars Summary and copoluding
remarks on be rrarct h era a as insects—Birds and in

CHAPTER XIL
AKOONDANY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF FISURS, AMPHIBIANS, AND MXFTILER,

Finwes : Courtship and battles of the malen—Larger size of the femalor—
‘Males, bright colours and crnamental appendages ; other strange char-
actorms—Colours and appendayen acquired by the males during the
‘breeding-newou alone—Flahes with both nexen brilliantly coloured—
‘Prowetive coloure—The less conspicuous colours of the female cannot
‘be accounted for on the principle of protection—Male fishes building
nesta, and king charge of the ova und young. Aruiutas: Ditfer-
a in wtrocture and colour between the sexes—Voesl orguns. Re

{ire--Linanla, bation of -Omanental appendages—Strungeo differences
Inatructure betwoon the nexee—Colours-—Sexual differences almost a
GMM ye Ports be ee

CHAPTER XU.
SKOONDANY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF WKDR.

Sexual difforeces—Law of baitie—Special weupons—Vooal organs —
strumental musio—Love-wntics und dancos—Decorations, parmanent
‘and seaonal—Double and ringlo annual moulte—Display of orus
MULIRARM GR cnciks Daal is Se 4

CHAPTER XIV.
nmps—evatinued.

Choice exerted by the fornale—Length of courth/p—Onpaired binds—
Mental qualities und taste for the beautiful—Preference or autipathy
shewn hy the female for particular males—Varinbility of binke—Va-
rlations sometimes abrapt—Laws of variation=Formatian of ocelli—
Grulations of charncter—Caso of as Argus ae Uro-

Bac}

nt) ane 5 oes eaeee ASN

CHAPTER XV,
Binpe—oontinued,
‘Diseumion ax to why the ronlos alone of some species, and both waxes of

‘ethers are brightly ocloured—On sexually-limited inheritance, as aps
plied to various structures «nd to brightly-coloured plumago—Nidifloa-

tion in relation to eolowr—Lows of nuptial plumage during tho winter . 483

xvi CONTENTS,

CHAPTER XX.
SEOONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MaN—continued, die
On the effects of the continued selection of women acoording to a dif-
ferent standurd of beauty im each race—On the causes which interfere
with sexual selection in civilised and uavage nations—Conditions fa-
Vouruble to sexual selection during primeval timee—On the manner
of uction of sexual scleotion with mankind—On the women in savage
tribes huving some power to choose their husbands—A.bsence of hair
fon the body, and development of the beard—Colour of the skin—
SMA. oy gl Lk BO

CHAPTER XXL
ORNERAL SUMMARY AMD CONOLUSION.
Main conclusion that man is descended from some lower form—Manner

of developient—Genealogy of man—Intellectual and moral faculties
—Sexual Selection—Concluding remarks =... . .- O20

Burrimwenrat NOTE wee ee we ee
Se err ane er ee er ee ee |

THE DESCENT OF MAN,

together my notes, #0 as to see how far the general con-
eae arrived at in my former works were applicable to
man. This seemed all more desirable, as 1 had never
deliberately applied these views to a species tuken singly,
When we confine our attention to any one form, we ure de«
prived of the weighty argumente derived from the nature
of the affinities which connect together whole groups of
organisms—their geographical distribution in past and pres-
ent times, and their geological succession, The homological
structure, embryological development, and rudimentary
organs of a species remain to be considered, whether it be
man or any other animal, to which our attention may be
directed; but these great classes of facts afford, as it appears
to me, ample and conclusive evidence in favour of the prin-
ciple of gradual evolution. ‘The strong support derived from
the other arguments should, however, always be kept before
the mind.

‘Phe sole object of thie work is to conaider, firstly, wheth-
‘er man, like every other species, is descended from some pre-
existing form; secondly, the manner of his development;
and thirdly, the value of the differences between the so-called
races of man, As I shall confine myself to these points, it
will not be necessary to describe in detail the difforonces
between the geveral races—an enormous eubjeect which has
been fully discussed in many valuable works. ‘The high
antiquity of man has recently been demonstrated by the
labours of a host of eminent men, beginning with M. Bou-
cher de Perthes; and this is the indixpensable basis for un~
derstanding his origin. I shall, therefore, take this con-
clusion for granted, and may refer my reader to the ad-
mitable treatixes of Sir Charles Lyell, Sir John Lubboek,
and others. Nor shall I have oceasion to do more than to
allude to the amount of difference between man and the
anthropomorphous apes; for Prof. Huxley, in the opinion
of most competent judges, hag conclusively shewn that in
every visible character man differs less from the higher apes,
than these do from the lower members of the game order of
Primates.

This work contains hardly any original facts in. regard
to man; but as the conclusions at which I arrived, after
drawing up a rough draft, appeared to me interesting, I
thought that they might interest others. It has often and
confidently been asserted, that mun’ origin cm never be
known: but ignorance more frequently begets confidence
than does knowledge: it is those who know little, and not

_vwus are expressed in ti
autferent races of man. But owing tc
ent work, I have thought it better t
separate publication.

Goos

8 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant L

same species." Man is aubject, like other mammals, birds,
and even insects,’ to that mysterious law, which causes cer-
tain normal esses, such as gestation, as woll as the ma-
turation and duration of various diseases, to follow lunar
pee His wounds are repaired by the same process of

jealing; and the stumps left after the amputation of his
limbs, especially during an early embryonic period, occa-
sionally possess some power of regeneration, as in the lowest
animals,'?

‘The whole proccss of that most important function, the
reproduction of the species, is strikingly the same in all
mammals, from the first act of courtship by the male,**
to the birth and nurturing of the young. Monkeys are
born in almost as helpless a condition as our own infants;
and in certain genera the young differ fully as much in
appearance from the adults, as do our children from their
full-grown parents? It has heen urged by same writers,
as an important distinction, that with man the young arrive
at maturity at a much later age than with any other ani-
mal: but if we look to the races of mankind which inhabit
tropical countries the difference is not great, for the orang
is believed not to be adult till the age of from ten to fifteen
yan Man differs from woman in size, bodily strength,

iriness, &c., ae well aa in mind, in the same manner as do
the two sexes of many mammals. ‘So that the correspondence
in general structure, in the minute structure of the tissues,
in chemical composition and in constitution, between man
and the higher animals especially the anthropomorphous
apes, is oxtremely close.

ther szalopeu wtatementa neo ®
zm, how rain cartisaime pret

“Tr W. Lawler Liodaay, * Paine ‘gjusders Toot et, alii ¢ 1
bargh Vet, Review) July 1868, p. iatris confirmaverunt. Sir Androw
Smith et Brehm notabant idem in

6 With respect Invecia wee Dr. Lay Crnocephalo, Huarinainun Cuvier
‘ook, SUn 9 Genera) Law of Vital Po jam parrat multe de bho Te, qk at
Hosiciy,” "Britis Association, 1842. opinor, nihil turpius potest indie
Macoulloch, ‘Silliman’e ‘North ter omnia hominthus et Quadro
yn ae a oe
A774, haa soon» dog sulfering tum auendam in furorom inoidero
from tarien neue, T shall aspect ferminaram aliquarem, sed ne-
‘unguuam acoendi unto furore ab om

nibus, Semper eligetwt juniores, ot
sagnenesia in turbit, ot wilvooabat waco

ir in rebum observandia ce

ESTAS romark te mavto with reepect
wc ‘c ocephelim and tho atarax

oun apen by eotfoy Balnt Ti.
Sire and FCuvien, SHin. Nat. dos

Ye oto ee sr - RI Pe ox
‘oul iu ait 4 rl at
(Bucishiy cedicen eatin ars, seas’? ne se = Nears!

Google

12 _ ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN. Panr

LE ierearpe through reversion—a circumstance well worth:
of attention. at

The chief agents in causing organs to become. rudi-
m dies to have been disuse at that period of life
when the organ is chiefly used (and this is generally durin,
maturity), and also inheritance at a corresponding peri
of life. The terms “disuse” docs not relate merely to the
lessened action of muscles, but includes a diminished flow
of blood to a part or organ, from being subjected to fewer
alternations of pressure, or from becoming in any way less
habitually active, Rudiments, however, may occur in one
sex of those lois which are normally present in the other
sex; and such rudiments, as we shall hereafter sec, have
often originated in a way distinct from those here roferred
to. In some cases, organs have been reduced by means of
natural selection, from having become injurious to the spe-
cies under changed habits of life. ‘The process of reduction
is probably often aided through the two principles of com-
pensation and economy of growth; but the later stages of
reduction, after disuse has done all that can fairly be at~
tributed to it, and when the saving to be fected, by the
economy of growth would be very small,”* are difficult to
understand. ‘The final and complete suppression of a part,
already useless and much reduced in size, in which case
neither compensation nor economy can come into play, is
perhaps intelligible by the aid of the hypotheats of pangene-
sis, But as the whole subject of rudimentary organs has
been discussed and iNustrated in my former works,** I need
here gay no more on this head.

Rudiments of various muacles have been observed in
many parts of the human body; * and not « few muscles,
which are regularly present in some of the lower animals can
occasionally be detected in man in a greatly reduced condi-
tion. Every one must have noticed the power which many
animale, eepecially horses, powsess of moving or twitching
their skin; and this is effected by the panniculus carnosus.
Remnants of this muscle in an efficient state are found in

es, 1852 tw, xv 18) decries
and Aguree tudinoents of what Ne calle
the “muscle pedieux do Ia main,”
‘he says in somtimes * infin
ie2"another net, called
jer Domestication.” L.A 517 “leila! postérieur,” isgenerally qui
Tol, ‘Bee alvo Origin of Species? absent 1o'tho hand, but appanrs frome
iy ea. pa time to time in x moro ar Jeem rudl
For Vostance, MTichand CAne mentary condition.
rnalon dos Belonces Nut,'31. series,

Google

16 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN, Paar L

recently published? maintains that the whole case
eta of mere variability; and that the projections are not
real ones, but are due to the internal cartilage on each side
of the points not having been fully developed. I am quite
ready to admit that this is the correct explanation in man
ingtanees, as in those figured by Prof. Meyer, in whi
there are several minute points, or the whole margin is
sinuous, I have myself seen, through the kindness of Dr.
L, Down, the ear of a microcephalous idiot, on which there
isa pete on the outside of the helix, and not on the
inward folded edge, so that this point can have no felation to
a former apox of the car. Nevertheless in some cases, my
original view, that Loe are restiges of the tips of for-
merly erect and pointed ears, still seems to me probable, I
think so from the frequency of their occurrence, and from
the general correspondence in position with that of the tip
of a pointed ear. In one case, of which 8 photograph has
been sent me, the projection is so large, that eupposing, in
accordance with Prof. Meyer’s view, the ear to be made per-
fect by the equal development of the cartilage throughout
the whole extent of the niargin, it would have covered fully
one-third of the whole ear. ‘Two cases have been communi-
cated to me, one in North America, and the other in Eng-
land, in which the upper margin is not at all folded inwards,
but is pointed, so that it closely resembles the pointed ear
of an ordinary quadruped in outline, In one of these enses,
which was that of a young child, the father compared the
ear with the drawing which I have given ™ of the ear of a
monkey, the Cynopithecus niger, and saya that their outlines
ure closely similar. If, in there two cases, the margin had
been folded inwards in the normal manner, an inward pro-
jection must have been formed. I may add that in two
other cases the outline atill remains somewhat pointed, al-
though the margin of the upper part of the ear is normally
folded inwards—in one of them, however, very narrowly.
Tho following woodcut (No. 3) is an aceurate copy of a
hotograph of the fatus of an orang (kindly sent me by
ir. Nitsche), in which it may be seen how different the
pointed outline of the ear ia at this period from its adult
condition, when it bears a close general resemblance to that
of man, It is evident that the folding over of the tip of
such an ear, unless it changed greatly during its farther

"Ueber des Darwii 8 "enol, .
Petts Rerginyobespitohn, The Bspraaion of th Emotions
te

18 THE DESCENT OF MAN, Parr k

of men, in whom it is much more highly developed than in
the white and civilised races." Nevertheless it does not
warn them of danger, nor guide them to their food; nor
dove it prevent the Esquimaux from sleeping in the most
fetid atmosphere, nor many savages from eating half-putrid
meat, In ei a the power differs greatly in different
individual, as 1 am assured by an eminent naturalist who
possesses this sense highly developed, and who has attended
to the subject. ‘Those who believe in the principle of grad-
ual evolution, will not readily admit that the sense of smell
in its present state was originally acquired by man, ax he
now exists. He inherits the power in an enfeebled and so
far rudimentary condition, from some early progenitor, to
whom it was highly serviceable, and by whom it wax con-
tinually used. In those animals which have this sense highly
developed, such as dogs and horses, the recollection of per-
sons and of places is strongly associated with their odour;
and we can thug perhape understand how it is, as Dr.
Mandeley has truly remarked,3? that the sense of smell in
man “is singularly effective in recalling vividly the ideas
and images of forgotten scenes and places.”

Man differs conspicuously from all the other Primates
in being almost nuked, But a few short straggling hairs
aro found over the greater part of the body in the man,
and fine down on that of the woman. The different races
differ much in hairiness; and in the individuals of the same
race the hairs are highly variable, not only in abundance,
but likewise in position: thus in some Karopeana the shoul-
ders are quite naked, whilst in others they ear thiek tufts
of hair.” There can be little doubt that the hairs thus
scattered over the body are the rudiments of the uniform
hairy coat of the lower animals. This view ie rendered all
the more probable, as it ig known that fine, short, and pale-
coloured hairs on the limbs and other parts of the body,
oceasionally become developed into “thickset, long, and

gion, ne woll we of the wkin
Lhave, therefore, spoken
in the text of tho dark-coloured races

(1th secoune glean by Hamboktt
‘of the power of sell possessed
fo natin of South Asteriea ls. well

a
the counestion between the ler’s Archiv for Anat. und Phys’
‘nell and tho colouring iat- T8878. AT. Tenball often have to refer
16 muKoOs wombrane of the to thie very curious paper.

Google

~ SY MVE oF a Pasr L

TER

-SPNENT OF MAN FROM SOME
SEN

CN NT Ne

Sear ceReamse—caanes of variabilfty—
at me 2 Sh + eve apiziis—Direct action of
Sonera ane amd dine of parte— Are
sracae—Kate of increae—
Neos ws pees doesinant animal in
se TS Sea Sacre DN caren hich haveled
SONS Dakage ¥ scene Decrome im sine
wD AUR Ra ee the stall Naked-
6 OOD ag ane ma

‘TAY are quite alike.
wach will be distinct.
vemsty in the pro-
sof the body
sstle points!
“ongated skull,
S yet there is
of the same
Seath Aus-
homogene-
existence ”
San area as
s: assumes me that
asin the fea-
= abnormal

fie

cote,
W vay
dale? Phy
the font wore £
in

were bony

those of
tly al
doviations

erable.
the appropriate n

uty of Mang ts St on the

Sandwich Islander, Prof J. Wyman,
renin sad Dheervatie son Urania” Roston, 1883,
wine mee Te C
win gee Dr, ny of the Antrien’ hy

Hip tiw May Ione tn the Aw oT it .
Malo vee Maley tu byele Antic vol ative poevne ae Pinay

THE DESWENT OF MAN. Past L

have been collected with respect to the
2. as well as of the most
anim any of the lower ani-
with respect to
es. their trans-
other domestic
general intelli-
are certainly tran:
almost every fam-
rable labours of Mr.
+ a wonderfully complex
i s to be inherited: and,
1 it is tow certain that insanity and de-
powers Hkewise run in families.
to the causes of variability, we are in all
but we can sew that in man as in the
ev stand in some relation to the conditions
te which cach species has been exposed, during several gen-
erations, Demesticated animals vary more than these in &
state of nature: and this is apparently due to the diversified
and chansing nature of the Condit: » which they have
been subjected. In this respect ¢ erent micvs of man
resemble domesticated animals, amd se do the individuals
of the samme ri when inhabitin; rea, like that
of America. We seo the inthience of diversitied conditions
in the more civilised nations: for the members belonging
to different and following different occupa-
tions, present of character than do the mem-
Wers of barharous nations, But the uniformity of
has often been exaggerated. and in some cases
be said to exist." Tt is, nevertheless, an error to speak of
even if we look only to the conditions jaw hilt he has
hoon exposed, iF more domesticated "than any other
animal. age races, such as the Australians, are
posed to more diversified conditions than are many
rs which have a wide range. In another and much
more important resets n differs widely from any strictly
domesticates i his breeding has never long been
controlled, either hy methodical or unconscious selection.

wombs sgh faculties, te

on th

eases very

Me Hepeian 2 an Inquiry ne man hi
into ule Lins ise
11 Me. itates remarks

“Treatiaes on An-
them were at all ninilar in the shape thropolog.” Eng. translat, 1665, p. 205

80 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant 1.

their works.* Monstrosities, which graduate into slight
variations, are likewise so similar in man and the lower ani-
mals, that the same classification and the same terms ean
be used for both, as hoa been shewn by Ieidore Geoffroy
St.Hilaire.* In my work on the variation of domestic
animals, T have attempted to arrange in a rude fashion the
laws of variation under the following heade:—The direct
and definite action of changed conditions, as exhibited by
all or nearly all the individuals of the same species, varying
in the same manner under the eame circumetances. ‘The
effects of the long-continued use or disuse of parts. The
cohesion of homologous Pac: The variability of multiple
pirts. Compensation of growth; but of this law I have
found no good instance in the case of man. The effects of
the mechanical pressure of one part on another; as of the
pelvis on the cranium of the infant in the womb. Arrests
of development, leading to the diminution or suppression
of parte. The reappearance of long-lost characters through
reversion, And lastly, correlated variation. All these so-
lod laws apply equally to man and the lower animals; and
wert of them even to plants. It would be superfluous here
to discuss all of them; ' but several are so important, that
they must be treated at considerable length.

The Direct and Definite Action of Changed Conditions, —
‘Min in uw mont perplexing subject, It cannot be denied that
einige) conditions produee some, and occasionally a con-
sidoyable effect, on organisms of all kinds; and it seeme
ol fipt prolmble that if sufficient time were allowed this
wld be the invariable result. But I have failed to obtain
clo evidence in favour of this conclusion; and valid rea-
sone inny he urged on the other side, at least ax fur as the
Jnnimorable wtructures are concerned, which are adapted
for eyemal onde. There can, however, be no doubt that
elenied conditions induce an almost indefinite amount of
Mlveliathiy: varlnbility, by which the whole organisation is
Poniturel In Kome degree plastic.

lo the United States, above 1,000,000 soldiers, who

ples! 1800, ton,
my Cite a

have folly discumed these I
wy ‘Variation of Animale
i, Alsy Leo- Plante under Domestication,’ vol.
wp fiven In the hap, xxl and ail, J Dannd
ielenfyiiom” 180% haw lately (1568) published a valuable
emauy De Mntivence dee Milleax;

He lays much stress, In, the

‘of plants, on the nature of the

IBraha te

Hoeheany Oe
mht

1 ii lidatt Pet oe A reunion
Ag, Relation To vhvew voto,

32 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Paar L

effect on man is not known. It might have been expected
that dif ~ of climate would mee had a marked infiu-
ence, imstmuch as the lungs and kidneys are brought into
activity under a low temperature, and the liver and skin
under a high one?” It was formerly thought that the colour
of the skin and the character of the hair were determined
hy light or heat: and although it can hardly be denied that
some effect is thus produced, almost all observers now agree
that the effect has been very sinall, even after exposure
durni But this subject will be more proper!
treat of the different races of mankind.
animals there are grounds for believing
mip directly affect the growth of the hair;
et with any evidence on this head in the

and
ve not
eee of man,

Hivats of the increased Use and Disuse of Parts—It is
well kiswit that use strengthens the niuscles in the indi-

\ulwai, and complete disuse, or the destruction of the proper
tw ste, Weukens thom, When the eve is destroyed, the optic
nerve atten becomes atrophied. When an artery is tied, the

lutinl shannels increase not only in diameter, but in the
tho kue sand strength of their coats, When one kidney
rea ta net frame dise the other increases in size, and
thu aloubhe wath, Rones increase not only in thickness,
fat dn toneth, from carrying a greater weight.2" Different
d_ to changed propor-

‘Thus it was ascertained
jon *? that the legs of the
han the t r were longer by 0.217 of an
sat the saldiers, though the sailors were on
fwwtye amen, Whilst their arms were shorter by
jh) and Cheretore, out of proportion, shorter in
mt heiht ‘This shortness of the arms
rently ale fa Cheat sreater use, and is an unexpected
peoath tant eal y tee their arms in pulling, and
hed li oaippertine weurht: With sailors, the girth of the
feek aid he aepth of the amstop ate greater, whilst the
Hintiteneiee ad the sheaf. wart. and hips is less, than in

veldie tes

SH Beateevntea * ot Ma
Wotat th 1M ate

Google

Ra THE DESCEST OF MAX. Parr L

aue to grow whilst still retaining their
Various monstreities come under this
a cleft-palate. are known to be occasion-
will suttice for our to refer to
development of miereephslous idiots, as
memvir."* Their skulls are smaller, and
cs of the brain are less complex than in nor-
frontal sinus, srt the projection over the eye-
developed. and the jaws are prognathous
:” degree: so that these idiots somewhat re-
vpes of mankind. Their intelligence, and
mental faculties, are extremely freeble. They
ne power of speech, and are wholly incapa-
{ attention, but are much given to imitation.
2 id remarkably active, perms
g about, and maki They
on all-fours; and are curiously | fond ot
niture or trees. We are thus reminded of the
y almost all boss in climbing treet: and this
nally alpine ani-
hillock, however small. Idiots
ome other respects: thus
eral cases are recorded ir carefully smelling every
mouthful of food before eati One idiot is described a3
often nx his mouth in aid of his hands. whilst hunting
They are often filthy in their habits, and have no
and several cases have been published of
remarkably hai

resemble the lower ani

have been introduced under the last heading.- When a strue-

: sted in its development, but still continues grow-
ing, until it closely resembles a corresponding structure in
some lower and adult member of the same group, it may in
one sense be considered as a of reversion. The lower
lwrs ina group give us some idea how the common pro-
tor was probably constructed; and it is hardly credible
that a complex part, arrested at an early phase of embryonic
development, should go on growing so'as ultimately to per-

ghwerved the imbecile amelling their
thin name aul

38 THE DESCENT OF WAN. Past L

ayer human embryn: or. if
tothe Ruma> em they bewome ab-
: it a mater which is normal
These remarks will be
zg Wlustrations.

rus ctuiuaces from a double
seares. as in the
2 a6 way double
. as in the higher
tes of grada-
mammals the
ve tubes, the

2 gntleence of the two
hat the ‘wriv of the uterus
mats in which no mid-

is. the twe cormua be-
are lost, or. ag

Here perhars we have an ins
arrest of embryonic development, with
th and perfect functional development: for
ither side of th ially double uterus is capable of per-
forming the pre f
fae Mo dictinet uterine are formed. each having
ite proper orifien and passages? *Ne such stage is passed
through during the ordinary development of the embryo:
and iti diffienlt to believe, though perhaps not impossible,
that the two simple, minute, primitive tubes should know
how Of -uch an expression may be used) to grow into two
detinet uteri, cach with a well-constructed orifice and pas-
sage, and each furnished with numerous muscles,
gland. and vessels, if they had not formerly passed through
a -imilar course of development, as in the case of existing

fiers
heequent

ation. In other and rarer

De en TIS, ps7. Profixinr Turner
y inburgh Medical Journal,’

40 THE DESCENT OF MAN, Pant L
as cases of reversion; but these seem not a little doubtful,
for we have to descend extremely low in the mammalian
series, before we find euch structures normally present.**

Tn man, the caning tecth ane perfectly efficient instru-
mente for mastication, But their true canine character, as
Owen * remark, “is indicated by the conical form of the
crown, whieh terminates in an obtuse point, ix convex oul>
ward and flat or sub-concave within, at the base of which
surface there is a feeble prominence. The conical form is
best oxpressed in the Melanian races, especially the Aus:
tralian. ‘The canine is more deeply implanted, and by a
stronger fang than the incisors.” Nevertheless, this tooth
no longer serves man as a special weapon for tearing his
enemies or prey; it may, therefore, as far as ite proper func-
tion is concerned, be considered as rudimentary, In every
large collection of human skulls some may be found, as
Hiickel * observes, with the canine teeth projecting eonsid-
erably beyond the others in the same manner as in the an-
thropomorphous apes, but in a leas degree. In these cases,
open spaces between the teeth in the one jaw are left for
the reception of the canines of the opposite jaw. An inter=
space of this kind in a Kaftir skull, figured by Wagner, is sur-
prisingly wide.* Coneidering how few are the ancient
skulls which have been examined, compared to recent skulls,
it is an interesting fact that in at least three cases the canines
project largely; and in the Naulette jaw they are spoken of
as enormous.

Of the anthropomorphous apes the males alone have
their canines fully developed; but in the female gorilla, and
ina leas degree in the female orang, these treth project con-
siderably boyond the others; therefore the fact, of which
I have been aseured, that women sometimes haye consider-

41 A whole sories of canes in giv
by [ald Geoffroy Nt-Hilaine,* Hist. de
Anomalies; to "A reviewo
(Journal of ihyelology:
1871, (5 966) blames me much
having discwwed the nutnorous casey
which have been reconial, of varionk
arts arrested ia Uber development,
Ho saya that osorling to my theory,
overy transient condition of an organ,
during its development, a not only
moans ta an ond, but onse was at end
in itavlt* Thin does not seem to txt

nany
in shortening and
course of devel
why should not
thes, such ts atrop) pertrophed
parts, Which have to relation ve a
nor tabs of oxistenoe, ocour at
early poriod, a» well as during matus

sit
* Anntomy of Vertebrates vol. til
1868, 328.

1! Generale Morphologi,’ 1846, By
acl,

Carl Vogts | Lectures on Many
fing, tnt

0
Naalette,' Ai
W5. Schaatthausen,

Google

44 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Parr lL

related." Professor Schaaffhausen first drew attention to
the relation apparently existing between a muscular frame
and the strongly-pronounced supra-orbital ridges, which are
so characteristic of the lower races of man.

Besides the variations which can be grouped with more
or less probability under the foregoing heads, there is a large
clear ob varistios which may be provisionally called spon-
taneous, for to our ignorance they appear to arise without
any exciting cause. It can, however, be shewn that such
variations, whether consisting of slight individual differ-
ences, or of strongly-marked and abrupt deviations of atruc-
ture, depend seas more on the constitution of the organism
than on the nature of the conditions to which it has been
subjected.**

Rate of Tnerease—Civilised populations have been known
under favourable conditions, as in the United States, to
double their numbers in twenty-five years; and, accord
ing to a calculation, by Kuler, this might occur in a little
over twelve yeara.®? At the former rate, the pregent popu-
lation of the United States (thirty millions), would in 65%
years cover the whole terraqueous globe so thickly, that four
Se SetalA aes U6" ani oes square yard of surface.
The primary or fundamental check to the continued increase
of man is the difficulty of gaining subsistence, and of living
in corfort. We may infer that this is the case from what
we see, for instance, in the United States, where subsisten
is easy, and there is plenty of room. If euch means wore
suddenly doubled in Great Britain, our number would be
quickly doubled. With civilised nations this primary check
nets chiefly by restraining marriages. The greater death-
rate of infants in the poorest classes is also very important;
as well ag the greater mortality, from various diseases, of the
inhabitants of crowded and miserable houses, at all ages.
‘The effects of severe epidemics and wars are soon counter-
balanced, and more than counterbalanced, in nations placed
under favourable conditions, Emigration also comes in aid
as a temporary check, but, with the extremely poor classes,
not to any great extent.

There is reason to suspect, as Malthus has remarked, that

“The authorition for thee several | Variation of Animals and Planta un-
is dey Domestiction
u

alatemonta aro given in ray * Variation
of Animals under ‘Domestication’ vel.

i, Pere 5
"his whole subject haw boon dis.
in chap. sali, vol. ii of my

46 TRE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant L

manner than with civilised people, for all tribes periodically
suffer from severe fomines, At such times savages are
foreed to devour much bad food, and their health can hardly
fail to be injured. Many accounts have been published of
their protruding stomachs and emaciated limbs after and
during famines, They are then, also, compelled to wander
much, and, as I was assured in Australia, their infants perich
in large numbers. As famines are periodical, depending
chicfly on extreme seasons, all tribes must fluctuate in num-
ber. They cannot steadily and regularly increase, as there
is no artificial increase in the supply of food. Savages, when
hard pressed, encroach on each other's territories, and war
is the result; but they are indeed almost always at war
with their neighbours” ‘They are liable to many accidents
‘on Jand and water in their search for food; and in some
countries they suffer much from the larger beasts of prey.
Even in India, districts have been depopulated by the rav-
uges of tigers.

Malthus has discussed these several checks, but he does
not lay strees enough on what is probably the most impor-
tant of all, namely infanticide, especially of female infanta,
and the habit of procuring abortion, ‘These practices now
at in many quarters of the world: and infanticide seems

lormerly to have prevailed, as Mr. M*Lennan™ has shewn,

on a still more extensive scale, These practices ap; to
havo originated in savages recognising the dimanity, or
rather the impossibility of supporting all the infants that
are born. Licentiousness may ulso be added to the fore-
pen Baia but this does not follow from failing means
of subsietence; though there is reason to believe that in some
eases (ax in Japan) it has been intentionally encouraged as a
means of cae down the population,

If we look back to an extremely remote epoch, before
man had arrived at the dignity of manhood, he would have
been guided more by instinct and less by reason than a)
the lowest savages at the present time. Our early semi-
human progenitors would not have practised infanticide or
polyandry; for the instincts of the lower animals are never
80 perverted as to lead them regularly to destroy their

‘4 * Primitive Marriage,’ 1005, anlroals are fax nobler than the habits
© A writer in the! Spectator ™( March: A ee he finds:
1572, p. 320) comments a follows bimself, therefore, compelled to re-in-
—* Mr, Darwin finds twodace,-in a form of the substantial
ues,
Dew: the a unconselous. and to
ahves that the instincts of the higher hypotsain Use doctrine

‘THE DESCENT OF MAN. Parr fb

exposed to # struggle for existence, and consequently to the
rigid law of natural selection. Beneficial vabaticns of all
kinds will thus, either occasionally or habi » have been
and injurious ones eliminated. I do not refer
to Mrene\eaeed deviations of structure, which occur
only at long intervals of time, but to mere individual dif-
ferences. We know, for instance, that the muscles of our
hands and feet, which determine our powers of movement,
are linble, like those of the lower animals,** to incessant
variability. If then the progenitors of man inhabiting any
district, especially one undergoing some change in its condi-
tions, were divided into two equal bodies, the one half
which ineluded all the individuals best adapted their
were of movement for gaining subsistence, or for defend-
ing themselves, would on an average survive in greater num-
bers, and procreate more offspring than the other and less
well endowed half.

Man in the rudext state in which he now exists is the
most dominant animal that has ever appeared on this earth,
He has spread more widely than any other highly organised
form: and all others have yielded before him. He, mani-
feetly owes this immense superiority to his intellectual fac-
ulties, to his social habits, which lead him to aid and defend
hie fellows, and to his corporeal structure. ‘The supreme
importance of theee characters has been proved by the final
arbitrament of the battle for life. Through his powers of
intellect, articulate language has been evolved; and on this
his wonderful advancement has mainly depended. As Mr.
Chauncey Wright remarks: “ “a psychological analysis of
the faculty of language shews, that even the smallest pro-
ficiency in it might require more brain power than the great-
est proficiency in any other direction.” He has invented
and is able to use various weapons, tools, traps, &e., with
whieh he defends himeelf, kills or catehes prey, and other-
wise obtains food. He has made mfts or canoes for fishing
‘or crossing over to neighbouring fertile islands. He hns
discovered the art of making fire, by which hard and sicingy
roots can be rendered digestible, and poisonous roots or her!
innocuous, This discovery of fire, probably the greatest ever
made by man, excepting language, dates from before the

@ Mesa Murie and Mivart in thelr ” These muscles differ even
‘Arango aurea (sBata_‘o the opie doo the sate ind
act. I

vidual.

Ty r irrogul * Limits of Nataral Selection,
iu diets decrbution that they saumet. «North "Anuerioan Review ct 1870,
be well clusol in any of the abore p, 2%.

wo THE DESCENT OF MAN. Past L

convinced that an enormous interval of time ras before
our ancestors thought of grinding chipped flints smooth
Yosewct a fund aud arm eitileliy pctes: to Une &
a and arm ient raw

stone with precision, or to form my A into a rude tool,
could, with sufficient practice, as far as akill
alone is concerned, make almost anything which a civilised
man can make, ‘The structure of the hand in this
may be compared with that of the vocal organs, which in
the apes are used for uttering various signal-cries, or, as in
‘one genus, musical cadences; but in man the closely similar
yocal orguns have become adapted through the inherited
effects of use for the utterance of articulate language.

‘Turning now to the nearest allies of men, and therefore
to the best representatives of our early progenitors, we find
that the hands of the Quadrumana are constructed on the
some general pattern as our own, but are far leas perfeetly
adapted for diversified uses. Their hands do not serve for
locomotion 80 well as the feet of a dog; as may be seen in
auch monkeys as the chimpanzee and orang, which walk
on the outer margins of the palms, or on the knuckles“
Their hands, however, are admirably adapted for elimbi
trees, Monkeys seize thin branches or ropes, with the thuml
on one side and the fingers and palm on the other, in the
same manner ag we do. ‘They can thus also lift rather large
objects, such he neck of « bottle, to their mouths. Ba-
boons turn over stones, and scratch up roots with their
hands. They seize nuts, insects, or other small objects with
the thumb in opposition to the fingers, and no doubt they
thus extract eggs and the young from the nests of birds.
American monkeys beat the wild oranges on the branches
until the rind is cracked, and then tear it off with the fingers
of the two hands. In a wild state they break open hurd
fruite with stonos, Other monkeye open muesel-ehella with
the two thumbs. With their fingers they pull out thorns
und burs, and hunt for each other's parasites, They roll
down stones, or throw them at their enemies: nevertheless,
they are clumey in these various actions, and, as I have
myself seen, are quite unable to throw a stone with pre-
cision.

Tt seems to me far from true that because “ objects are
grasped clumsily” by monkeys, “a much less specialised
organ of prehension” would have served them equally

eet of Verabraten? m' Quuntrly Meviow? April 184

52 ‘THE DESCENT OP MAN. Past k

flat; and the great toe has been liarly modified, though
4B; bas entalon the lone! coegints Man eI Ae
hension. It accords with the principle of the division of
a og labour, prevailing t the animal king-

lom, that as the hands became perfected for prehension, the

Or
foot has not
altogether lost its prehensile power, as shewn by their
manner of climbing trees, and of using them in other
in
If it be an advantage to man to stand firmly on his fect
and to have his bands and arms free, of which, from his
re-eminent success In the battle of life, there can be no
cont, then I can see no reason why it should not have been
advantageous to the progenitors of man to have become
more apo mare erect or bipedal. They would thus have been
better able to defend themselves with stones or clubs, to
attack their prey, or otherwise to obtain food. The best
built individuals would in the long run have succeeded best,
and have survived in larger numbers. If the gorilla and
a few allied forms had become extinet, it might have been
argued, with great force and apparent truth, that an animal
could not have been gradually converted from a quadraped
into a biped, ms all the individuals in an intermediate condi-
tion would have bocn miserably ill-fitted for progression.
But we know (and this is well worthy of reflection) that the
anthropomoerphous apes are now actually in an intermediate
condition; and no one doubts that they are on the whole
well adapted for their conditions of life. Thus the gorilla
runs with a sidelong shambling gait, but more commonl:
progreseos by resting on ite bent hands. ‘The long-arme
‘apes occasionally use their arms like crutches, swinging their
bodies forward between them, and some kinds of Hylobates,
without having been taught, can walk or run upright with
tolerable quickness; yet they move awkwardly, and much
lees securely than man, We see, in short, in existing mon-
keya a manner of progression intermediate between that of
a quadruped and w biped; but, as an unprejudiced judge ™

‘7% Hickel has an excellent diseus- wlon of the higher apes, to which T
sion on the step by which man, be~ allude ia who followin pa U
ped: *Natliche Hehdp- wwe alin Owen {) Auomy’ of Nate.

Ir.

Seca
hiobte,” 1 ® a ‘brates,’ vol. iil, p. TL) on this latter
GodNier "Conferences wte te Thiors sa pan,
Darwinienne’ 196%, p. 195) hes giver Prof, Hroca, La Constitution des
cates of the use of the foot as a Vertébres caudules; ‘La Revue d'An-
preberwile {and has thropologie! 1978," p. 0, (separate
progres- copy).

£4

{iso writen of the manner Of

hth THE DESCENT OF MAN. Paar £

appaently by the pressure of the brain in a new direction.**
Thave shown that with long-eared rabbits even so trifling a
causeas the lopping forward of one ear drags forward almost
vvety bone of the skull on that side; so that the bones on the
wppoate stde ne longer strictly correspond. Lastly, if any
aunual were to merease or diminish much in general size,
without any change in its mental powers, or if the mental
powers Wels ty much increased or diminished, without
any sivat change in the size of the body, the shape of the
hull woul almost certainly be altered. I infer this from
wy obsereatiots on domestic rabbits, some kinds of which
aye beams very auch larger than the wild animal, whilst
uthens have ietamed nearly the same size, but in both cases
(he buat has been much reduced relatively to the size of
the boty, Now U was at tinst much surprised on finding
that vn alt th rabbits the skull had beeome elongated or
dul hoveplali, Cor instance, of two skulls of nearly equal
wh. thy one from a wild rabbit and the other from a
faive shanetie hind, the former was 3.15 and the latter
FFinches in leigth One of the most marked distinctions
ti hiterent nice ef men is that the skull in some is elon-
alist aint an others rounded: aud here the explanation
ou wal bathe ease ef ther hold good; for
Weleher finds that sheet men ine more to brachy-
ceplialy. aint tall men to deliehocer * and tall men
be compared with the Lirger and le ‘bodied rabbits,
et which have elongated skulls, or are dolichocephalie.
From these several facts we nd, to a certain
evtent, the means by which the al more or less
feuded form of the skull have been tired by man; and
these ate chanieters eininently distinctive of him in com-
faccan with the lower animal:

Vuther intest cot
Ho aver animals is the
(etacea), dugong:
emake; and this

iference between man and
ix -kin. Whales and
(Sireniay and the hippopota-
Le advantageous

uthrupol
De, darrold
1

‘aaMthauwen,
Wy Oe 186

Google

wo ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant 1,

well as three other closely allied forms with slightly longer
taile, says that when the animal sits down, the tail “is neces-
aril to one side of the buttocks; and whether long
or short its root is consequently liable to be rubbed or
chafed.” As we now have evidence that mutilations occa-
sionally praia an inherited effect,” it is not very improb-
able that in short-tailed monkeys, the projecting part of
the tail, being functionally useless, should after many gen-
erations have become rudimentary and distorted, from being
continually rubbed and chafed. “We see the projecting part
in thie condition in the Macacus brunnews, an sbankatady
aborted in the M. ecaudatus and in several of the higher
apes. Finally, then, as far as we can judge, the tail has dis-
ay d in man and the anthropomorphous apes, owing to

terminal portion having been injured by friction during
a long lapse of time; the basal and embedded portion having
been reduced and modified, eo a8 to become suitable to the
erect or semiverect position.

T have now endeavoured to shew that some of the most
distinctive characters of man have in ull probability been
acquired, either directly, or more commonly indirectly,
through natural selection. We should bear in mind that
modifications in structure or constitution which do not serve
to adapt an organism to its habits of life, to the food which
it consumes, of passively to the surrounding conditions,
cannot have been thus acquired. We must not, however,
be too confident in deciding what modifications are of service
to each being: we should remember how little we know
about the use of many parts, or what changes in the blood
or tissues may serve to fit an organism for a new climate or
new kinds of food. Nor must we forget the principle of
correlation, by which, as Isidore Geoffroy hae shewn in the
case of man, many strange deviations of structure are tied
together. Independently of correlation, a change in one
part often leads, through the increased or decreased use of
other parts, to other changes of a quite unexpected nature.
Tt is also well to reflect on such facts, as the wonderful
growth of galls on plants caused by the poison of an insect,

*T allude to Dr. Brown-t rd' Salvin's interesting case of the in
‘on the transmitted effect ently Inherited elfecte of mut-aete

tm ‘causing epilepey in biting off the barbs of their own tail:
Vikewixe more reccntly feaihers. Soe alan on the general

we effects of cutting subject * Variation of Ai Is and
werve in the neck. I Plante ueder Domestication? vol. fi
Toceaaian 00 Fefor to Mr. pp.

Google

66 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant 1

then we should never have been able to convince ourselves
that our high faculties had been gradually developed. But
it can be shown that there ie no fundamental difference of
this kind. We must also admit that there is a mach wider
interval in mental power between one of the lowest fishes,
as a lamprey or lancelct, and one of the higher apes, than
between an ape and man; yet this interval is filled up by
numberless gradations.

Nor is the difference slight in moral. disposition between
a barbarian, such a8 the man deseribed by the old navigator
Byron, who dashed his child on the rocks for dropping a
basket of sea-urching, and a Howard or Clarkson; and in
intellect, between a savage who uses hardly any abstract
bes and a Newton or Shakepeare, Differences of this
kind between the highest men of the highest races and the
lowest savages, are connected by the finest gradations
‘Therefore it is possible that they might pass and be devel
oped into each other.

My object in this chapter is to shew that there is no
fundamental difference between man and the higher mam:
mals in their mental faculties, Each division of the subject
might have been extended into a separate easay, but must
here be treated briefly, As no classification of the mental
powers has heen universally accepted, T shall arrange my
remarks in the order most convenient for my purpose; and
will select those facts which have struck me most, with the
hope that they may produce some-effect on the reader,

With reepect to animale very low in the scale, T shall
give some additional facts under Sexual Selection, shewing
that their mental powers are much higher than might have
been expected. ‘The variability of the faculties in the in-
dividuals of the same species is an important point for us,
and 2ome few illustrations will here be given, But it would
be superfluous to enter into many details on this head, for
Thave found on frequent enquiry, that it is the unanimous
Opinion of all those who have long attended to animals of
many kinds, including ds, that the individuals differ
greatly in every mental characteristic. In what manner

© mental powers were first developed in the lowest organ-
isms, is as hopeless an enquiry as how life itself first origi-
nated. These are problems for the distant future, if they
are ever to be solved by man.

Ax man possesses the same senses as the lower animals,
his fundamental intuitions must be the same. Man hax also
some few inatinets in common, as that of self-proservation,

68 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Past 1.

instincts seem to have originated independently of intelli-
mee. Lam, however, very far from wiehing to deny that
instinctive actions may lose their fixed and untanght char-
acter, and be renilagal y others performed by the aid of
the free will. On the other hand, eome intelligent actions,
alter being performed during several generations, become
converted into instinets and are inherited, as when birds on
oceanic islands learn to avoid man. ‘These actions may
then be said to be degraded in character, for they are no
longer performed through reason or from experience, But
ue arietee race ob thannere complex instincts appear to
have heen gained in a wholly different manner, through the
natural selection of variations of simpler instinctive actions.
Such variations appear to arise from the same unknown
causes acting on the cerebral organisation, which induce
slight variations or individual differences in other parts
of the body; and these variations, owing to our ignorance,
are often anid to arise spontaneously. We can, I think,
come to no other conclusion with respect to the origin of
the more complex instincts, when we reflect on the marvel-
lous instincts of sterile worker-ants and bees, which leave
no offspring to inherit the effects of experience and of modi-
flod habits.
Althongh, as we learn from the above-mentioned insects
and the beaver, a high degree of intelligence is certainly
compatible with complex instincts, and although actions,
at firat learnt voluntarily ean soon through habit be per-
formed with the quickness and certainty of a reflex action,
yet it is not improbable that there is a certain amount of
interference between the development of free intelligence
and of instinet—which latter implies some inherited modi-
fication of the brain. Little is known about the functions
of the brain, but we can perceive that as the intellectual
powers become highly developed, the various purts of the
brain must be connected by very intricate channele of the
freest intercommunication; and as a consequence each eepa-
rate part would perhaps tend to be less well fitted to answer
to particular eensations or aesociations in a definite and in-
herited—that is instinctive—manner, There seems even to
‘exist some relation hetween a low degree of intelligence and
4 etrong tendency to the formation of fixed, though not in-
herited habits; for as « sagacious physician remarked to me,
ede! who are slightly imbecile tend to act in everything
Hd routine or habit; and they are rendered much happier
if this is encouraged.

» TRE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant L

wet bores are ill-tempered, and easily turn
Sw. ror pered; and these routes are
Rvery one knows how fiable animals

wh fags, ad how pany they show it, Many,

awe ‘ewe, anecdotes have been published on the
wech aul artful revenge of various animals, The
Kae b mange hatin! the wet and

we certal d
ee eee eter Bullh a nelger whee ee

ith, a zoologist whose serupu-
eowrmey’ was known to many persons, told me the
(olor ing story of which he wos himself an eye-witness; at
{he Cape of Good Hope an officer had often plagued a cer-
a tal , and the animal, sceing him approaching one
Swulay for parnde, poured water into a hole and hastily
wate some thick mud, which he skilfully dashed over the
citlcur as ho passed by, to the amusement of many bystand-
oe Por long afterwards the baboon rejoiced and tri-
juphert whenever he saw his vietim.

The love of & dog for bis master is notorious; as an old
write qunitetly says? A dog is th ly thing on this earth
(hut luke you tore that he luve himeclf.”

In the ayony of death a dog bas been known to caress
hte tuaster, and overy one has heard of the dog suffering
vulor vivymeution, who licked the hand ef the operator; this
jiu, Antes the operation was fally justified by an increase
wf ove Knowledge, or unless he had a heart of stone, must
have foll quinone to the last hour of his life,

Aw Whowell !® haw woll asked, “who that reads the
(umole inetaneer of maternal affection, related so often
wf the women of all nations, and of the females of all ani-

Je can doubt that the principle of action is the same in
Vin (0 eee? We eee maternal affection exhibited in
(he inoat telittog details; thus Renggor observed an Ameri-
yeas qathiny (i Pebave) carefully driving away the flies which

awl her (fant) and Duraucel saw a Hylobates washing
the ve of her youl ones in a stream, So intense is the
viel al Qunale seonkoye for the loss of their young, that it
flivariahty cual the dewth of certain kinds kept under
confinement by Whim in N. Africa, Orphan monkeys
wow alwaye wilopled and carefully guarded by the other

fiahwuentagtven |” Quota by De Later Landaa. in
tea natural kis" Physiology of Mind in the Lower
lcapeetet Natore Animala:* "Journal of Mental Bet

ene,” April 1871,
0 Miehute "%*Birldgowalce Treatise, p, 26%

rr} THR DESCENT OF MAN. Past I.

called magnanimity. Several observers have stated that
monkeys certainly dislike being laughed at; and they come-
times invent imaginary offences. In the Zoological Gar-
dens I saw a baboon who always got into a furions rage when
his keeper took out a letter or book and read it aloud to
him; and his rage was so violent that, as 1 witnessed on
‘one occasion, he bit his own leg till the blood flowed. Dogs
shew what may be fairly called a sense of humour, as dis-
tinct from mere play; if a bit of stick or other such object
be thrown to one, he will often carry it away for a short
distance; and then squatting down with it on the ground
close before him, will wait until his master comes quite
close to take it away. The dog will then seize it and rush
away in triumph, repeating the same manouvre, and evi-
denily enjoying the practical j

We will now turn to the more intellectual emotione and
facultice, which are yery important, as forming the basis
for the development of the higher mental powers. Animals
manifestly enjoy excitemont, and suffer from ennui, as may
be séen with dogs, and, according to Rengger, with monkeys.
All animals feel Wonder, and many exhibit Curiosity. They
sometimes suffer from this latter =i as when the hunter
plays antics and thus attracts th have witnessed this
with deer, and so it is with the wary chamois, and with some
kinds of wild-ducks. Brehm gives a curious account of the
instinctive dread, which his monkeys exhibited, for snakes;
but their curiosity was go great that they could not desist
from occasionally eatiating their horror in a most human
fashion, by lifting up the lid of the box in which the snakes
wore kept. Iwas so much surprised at his account, that I
took a stuffed and coiled-up snake into the monkey-house
at the Zoological Gardens, and the excitement thus caused
was one of the most curious spectacles which 1 ever beheld.
Three species of Cercopithecus were the most alarmed; they
dashed about their cages, and uttered sharp signal cries of
danger, which were understood by the other monkeys. A
few young monkeys and one old Anubis baboon alone took
no notice of the snake. I then placed the stuffed specimen
on the ground in one of the larger compartments. After a
time all the monkeys collected round it in a large circle, and
staring intently, presented a most ludicrous appearance.
They became extremely nerv so that wi @ wooden
ball, with which they were fam asa plaything, was acci-
dentally moved in the straw, under which it wax partly
hidden, they all instantly started away, These monkeys

Google

aise pele ted; and in both it
ts isn) A it seems:
my tig pei reason, whether or not any

movements were effected; yet hia act would be guided by a
rude eee of reasoning, a8 surely as would imine be
in his h t chain of deductions. There would no doubt
be this di between him and one of the higher ani-
male, that he would take notice of much slighter cireum-
stances and conditions, und would observe any connection
between them after much lesa experience, and this would
‘be of paramount importance. I kept a daily record of the
uctions of one of my infants, and when he was about eleven

his mind, Sa with that of the most intelligent do;
Lever knew. But the higher animals differ in exactly the

¢ promptings of reason, after very short experience,
are well shown by the following actions of American mon-
role which stand low in their order. Rengger, a most care-
observer, states that when he first gave eggs to his mon-
keye in Paraguay, they smashed them, and thus lost much
of their contents; afterwards they gently hit one end agninst
some hard body, and picked off the bits of shell with their
fingers. After cutting themselves only once with any ehary
tool, they would not touch it again, or would handle it wit!
the greatest caution. Lumps of sugar were often given
them wrapped up in paper; and Rengger sometimes put a
live wasp in the paper, so that in hastily unfolding it they
got stung; after this had once happened, they always first

Je Prot, Wastey tem analyrod with arial Mr. Darvin’ Gritios,’ in the

lo clearness the mental stops * Contemporary Review,’ Nov. 1871, p.

‘which a mun, ws well as a dog. ar- 462. and lm his‘ Critiques and Eavay>,’
‘at a conclusion ina care analo- 1878 p. 97%,

80 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Parr I

It has, 1 think, now been shown that man and the higher
animals, especially the Primates, have some few instincts in
common, All have the same senses, intuitions, and sensa~
tions,—similar passions, affections, and emotions, even the
more complex ones, such as jealousy, suspicion, emulation,
gratitude, and magoanimity; they practise deceit and are
re 1; they are sometimes susceptible to ridicule, and
even have a sense of humour; they feet wonder and curi~
osity; they possess the same faculties of imitation, atten-
tion, deliberation, choice, memory, imagination, the associ-
ation of ideas, and reason, though in very different degrees.
The individuals of the aame species duate in intellect
from absolute imbecility to high excellence. They are also
liable to insanity, though far less often than in the case of
man."® Nevertheless, many authors have insisted that man
ia divided by an ineuperable barrier from all the lower ani-
mals in his mental faculties. I formerly made a collection
of above a score of such aphorisms, but they are almost
worthless, as their wide iteranhs and number prove the
difficulty, if not the impossibility, of the attempt. It has
been aserted that man alone is capable of progressive im-
provement; that he alone makes use of tools or fire, domes-
ticates other animals, or possexses property; that no animal
has the power of abstraction, or of forming general con-
cepts, is self-conscious and comprehends itself; that no ani-
ma} employs Inngaage; that man alone has a sonse of heauty,
is liable to eaprice, has the fesling of gratitude, mystery,
&c.; believes in God, or is endowed with a conscience. T
will hazard a few remarks on the more important and in-
teresting of these points.

Archbishop Sumner formerly maintained * that man
alone is capable of progressive improvement. ‘That he is
capable of incomparably greater and more rapid i Ve
ment than is any other animal, admits of no disp id
this is mainly due to his power of speaking and handing
down his acquired knowledge. With animals, looking first
to the individual, every one who has had any experience
in setting trape, knows that young animals can be caught

deed which have been drawn, seom to oan have any doubt as to an animal's
{us to teat upon no better founclation power of performing the esential pro-
than a great many ther wetaphysieal wees of remoninyg

Gistinetions: thot in the sxmumption —™ See* Madness in Animals by Dr.
Wet Vocuuse you eau give Iwo thingy in ‘Journal of
different. names, they must therfore

have different natures. It is diftloult
to understand how anybody who has
ver kept m dog, oF avon 60 elephant,

Ash,
‘Lyell, * Autiqui-

r, Leroy,** states, that in
h hunted, the young, on first

‘incontestably much more
ti Rrieettiey ara'nck xnnch die

cended from wolves and jack-
‘not have gained in cunning,
and suspicion, yet they have
ialities, such as in affection,
probably in general intelli-
and beaten several

parts of North Amer-
‘Formosa, as well as on

3 who deseribes theee

vietory of the common rat

Phil, eur Patol
i novvelle dt 1968

‘the evidence on this head in
‘arintion

Pros, Zoolog, Bos.’ 18¢4, p. 136.

32 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN. Parr L

over the large Mus coninga to its superior cunning; and
thie latter quality may probably be attributed to the habitual
exercise of all iis faculties in avoiding extirpation by man,
ax well ax to nearly all the les cunning or weak-minded
rats having been continuously destroyed by him. It is,
however, possible that the euccess of the common rat may
be due to its having powessed greater cunning than its
follow-species, before it became associated with man, To
maintain, independently of any direct evidence, that no
animal during the course of ages has progressed in intellect
or othor mental faculties, is to beg the question of the evo-
lution of species. We have seen that, according to Lartet,
existing mamumals belonging to several orders have larget
brains than their ancient tertiary prototypes.

At has often been said that noanimaluses any tool; but the
chimpanzee in a state of nature cracks a native fruit, some-
what like a walnut, with a stones? Rengger ® easily taught
an American monkey thus to break open hard palm-nuts;
and afterwards of ita own accord, it used stones to open
other kinds of nuts, as well ae boxes. It thus also removed
the soft rind of fruit that had a disagreeable flavour, An-
other monkey was taught to open the lid of a large box
with a stick, and afterwards it used the stick as a lever to
move heayy bodies; and I have myself seen a young orang
put a stick into 9 crevice, slip his hand to the other end,
and use it in the proper manner a#a lever. ‘The tamed ele-
phants in India are well known to break off branches of
trees and use them to drive away the flies; and this same
act haa been observed in an elephant in a state of natu
T have seen a young orang, when she thought she was goin
to be whipped, cover and protect herself with a blanket or
straw, In these aeveral cases stones and sticks were em-
ployed as implements; but they are likewise used as weap-
ons. Brehm * states, on the authority of the well-known
traveller Schimper, that in Abyssinia when the baboons
belonging to one species (C'. gelada) descend in troops from
the mountains to plunder the fields, they sometimes en-
counter troope of another species (C. hamadryas), and then
a fight ensues, The Geladas roll down great stones, which
the Hamadryns try to avoid, and then both species, making
@ great uproar, rush furiously against exch other. Brehm,

* Savage and Wyma in ‘Boston —%* Sauyothiern von Farwguay,’ 1420,
Joumal of Nat Hist! vol iy. Ot, ¢ ae
p

‘he *Endiun Field,’ March 4, 1871.
#° Thierloben? B. | 6 79, 82

fore-mentioned
‘Hope prepared wmd for the

a monkey, which had weak
with a stone; and gues

n th: ta penianlng: of
is utely peculiar
‘that thie forms an immeasurable
brutes. ‘This ie no doubt a wry

ut there ees to me much tratl
gestio it when primeval man
he would have acei-
n, and would then have used the
step it would be a small one
and not a very wide step
ae is alge eweree, may

8, if we may ju y the immense
‘elapsed in the men of the neo-

r and polishing their stone
ints, as Sir J. Lubbock likewise
heen emitted, and in grinding
evolved: thus the two usual
may haye originated.” The
Known in the many volcanic
flows through forvsts. ‘The

NCPR io Tp a

84 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant [

anthropomorphous apes, guided probably by instinct, build
for themselves temporary platforms; but a& many instincts
are largely controlled by reason, the simpler ones, such
as this of building a platform, might readily pass into a
voluntary and conseious act. ‘The orang is known to cover
itself at night with the leaves of the Pandanus; and Brehm
states that one of his baboons used to protect itself from
the heat of the sun by throwing a straw-mat over its head,
In these several habits, we probably see the flret steps to-
wards some of the simpler arts, such as rade architecture
and dress, as they arose amongst the early progenitors of
man.

Abstraction, General Conceptions, Self-consciousness,
Men'al Individuality—It would be very difficult for any
one with even much more knowledge than I possess, to
determine how far animals exhibit any traces of these high
mental powers, This difficulty arises from the impossibil-
ity of judging what passes through the mind of an animal;
and again, the fact that writers differ to a great extent in the
meaning whieh they attribute to the above terms, causes a
further difficulty. If one may judge from various articles
which have been published lately, the groatest stress seems
to be laid on the supposed entire absence in animals of the
power of abstraction, or of forming general concepts, But
when a dog sees another dog at a distance, it is often clear
that he perceives that it is a dog in the abstract; for when
he gets nearer his whole manner suddenly changes, if the
other dog be a friend, A recent writer remarks, that in all
such cases it is a pure assumption to assert that the mental
act is not essentially of the sume nature in the animal as in
man. If either refers what he perceives with hie sensce to
a mental concept, then #0 do both.* When I say to my
torrior, in an eager voice (and I have made the trial many
times), “ Hi, hi, where is it?” ehe at once takes it as a sign
that something is to be hunted, and generally first looks
quickly all around, and then rushos into the nearest thicket,
to scent for any game, but finding nothing, ehe looks up into
any neighbouring tree for a squirrel. Now do not these
actions clearly shew that she had in her mind a general
ie or concept that some animal is to be discovered and

uanited

It may be freely admitted that no animal is self-con-
ecious, if by this term it is implied, that he reflects on such

4 Mr Hookbam, in a lettor to Prof, Max Moller, in the * Birmingham News)
‘May 1873.

‘mental individuality is un-

ce awakened a train of old
the before-mentioned dog, he

} individuality, although every
change more than

ears. This dog might have

ment lately advanced to crush
“T abide amid all mental moods
ws... The teaching that atoms
to other atoms falling

vacated ia contradictory of the
and is therefore false; but it ix
evolutionism, consequently the

ty thas justly been considered as
s between man and the lower

can
ind,

f @ The Rey. Dr. J. M'Cann,* Anti=
mola,’ L#6% ps 12,

86 THE DESCENT OF MAN, Parr L

and can understand, more or less, what is eo expressed by
another.” " In Paraguay the Cebus azarae when excited
utters at least six distinct sounds, which excite in other
monkeys eimilar emotions.“ The movements of the fea-
tures and gestures of monkeys are understood by us, and
they partly understand ours, as Rengger and others declare.
It is a more remarkable fact that the dog, since being domes-
ticated, has learnt to bark “* in at least four or five distinet
tones. Although barking is a new art, no doubt the wild
parent-species of the dog expressed their feelings by cries
of various kinds, With the domesticated dog we have the
bark of eagerness, ag in the chase; that of anger, as well as
growling; the yelp or howl of despair, as when shut up;
the haying at night; the bark of joy, as when starting on
a walk with his master; and the very distinct one of de-
mand or Sip lice: as when wishing for a door or window
to be opened. According to Houzeau, who paid particular
attention to the subject, the domestic fowl utters at leart a
dozen significant sounds."*

The habitual use of articulate language is, however,
pecnliar to man; but he uses, in common with the lower ani-
mals, inarticulate cries to express his meaning, nided by
alin and the movements of the muscles of the face."*

his especially holds good with the more simple and vivid
feclings, which are but little connected with our higher in-
telligence, Our cries of pain, fear, surprise, anger, together
with their appropriate actions, and the murmur of a
mother to her beloved child, are more expressive than any
words. That which distinguishes man from the lower ani-
mals is not the understanding of articulate sounds, for,
ax avery one knows, dogs understand many words and sen-
tences, In this respect they are at the eame stage of de-
velopment as infants, between the ages of ten and twelve
months, who understand many words and short sentences,
but cannot yet utter a single word. It is not the mere
articulation which is our distinguishing character, for par-
rots sind other birds possess this power. Nor is it the mere
capacity of connecting definite sounds with definite ideas;
for it is certain that some parrots. which have been taught
to speak, connect unerringly words with things, and persons

bal Quoted fn | Anthy nlogien! Re- ™* Pacultés Montales dew Animaux?
iow? 1564, pts w 4

nN. AAT
Reonggor, thi, » 45, 1 Bee a dinconsion on thi

a See my "Variation of Animoleand Mr. F. B.’T. 3 otk,

Plats Domeatication, vol. Lp.‘ Kewarches into the Early History of

ca Mankind,’ 1865, chaps. th to kv,

ood, the Rev. F. A
‘ seni) hepa ahs Max Miul-
carn oul language owes
modification of various natu-

wer

ip of

have expressed yarious emotions, such as

love, jealousy, triumph,—and would have served as a chal-
lenge to rivals, It is, therefore, probable that the imitation
of musical crice by artionlate eounds may have given rise to
words expressive of various complex emotions. The strong
tendency in our nearest allies, the monkeys, in microcepha-
lous idiots," and in the barbarous races of mankind, to imi-
tale whatever they hear deserves notice, as bearing on the
subject of imitation, Since monkeys certainly understand
much that is eaid to them by man, and when wild, utter
va da of danger to their fellowa;"* and since fowls
ive distinct warnings for danger on the ground, or in the

aria Sis Oegia ob .

Pat fe ariain of Hangman by Se tha

by the Kev. FW Fare, Ah. Poteet ttirg Mioro~

rr rp 100. With, renpoet

ig Se ale Te a bh he bipedal g ILS aedeagal

role? Albert 1865, p. my * Journal of Kesearches,’ &c., 1865,
Tho. ‘on this subject, by ihe p. 20%

Ante Prof. Aug. Bebleicher, hae heen "a7 S00 oloar evidenon om this head
ir Wikkors into Eng= ip who two works so often quoted, by
_ lish, undor the title of *Darwiniem Brehm and Rengger.

power,

and man.” With respect to ani-
mals, 1 have already endeavoured to shew that they have this
power, at Jeast in a rude and incipient degree. As far as
concerns infants of from ten to eleven months old, and doaf-
mutes, it seems to me incredible, that they should be able
to connect certain sounds with certain general ideas as
quickly az they do, unless euch ideas were already formed

their minds. The same remark may be extended to the
more intelligent animals; as Mr. Leslie Stephen observes,"*
yy ce aa a general concept of cats or sheep, and
knows corresponding words as well as a philosopher,
And the capacity to understand is as good a proof of vocal
aeaulente, though in an inferior degree, as the capacity

”

‘Was the organs now used for speech should have been
pocaltly perfected for this purpose, rather than any other
organs, it is not difficult to see, Ants have considerable
powers of intercommunication by means of their antenna,
as shewn by Huber, who devotes a whole chapter to their
language. We might have used our fingers as efficient in-
struments, for a person with practice can report to a deaf
man every word of a speech rapidly delivered at a public

“The Varlation of Animals and as reasonably nasert that the human
Plante under Domestication,’ vol, tt hand cannot act without a tool, With
Do wich a doctrine to start from, ho enn
Lestarse on + Mr, Darwin's Phi-

SS nent of ndistinguiahod
iilologint, such as Prof. Whitney, will
ave far more paighe ‘on this point

ing that T ean aay, Ie ro-

{ty of cognitions to Uve fill mastery of
‘consclousiens: free oul thought!
S ar
‘withont speech, identifying the facul. 1873, ps2.
ih riage

on Free-thinking,’ de,

and by the
have

any thing more definite,
Fes) to the successive
h each creature has

and of distinct

‘are curiously Hebert ut

of many words further back

can perceive how they actually
yarious sounds, We find in dis-
homologies due to community of
ue to a similar process of formation.
m letters or sounds change when

ke correlated growth, We have in
n of the effects of long-

¢ frequent presence of

and nlomsly investigating its hnb.
ie ban never known it, in a ntnto

93 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pant 1

rudiments, both in languages and in species, is still more
remarkable. The letter m in the Bisa means J; so
that in the expression J am, u superfluous and useless rudi-
ment has been retained. In the spelling also of wards, letters
often remain as the rudiments of ancient forms of pronunci-
ation. Languages, like organic beings, can be elassed in
groups under groups; and they can be classed either natu-
according to descent, or artificially by other charac-
ters. Dominant languages and dialects spread widely, and
lead to the gradual extinction of other tongues. A lan-
ea ®, like a species, when once extinct, never, ae Sir C.
yell remarks, senbpeew) ‘The same langunge never has
two birth-places. Distinct languages may be crossed or
blended together.* We gee variability in every tongue, and
new words are continually cropping up; but as there is a
limit to the powers of the memory, single words, like whole
languages, gradually become extinct. As Max Miller has
well remarked:—“ A struggle for life is constantly going
on amongst the words and grammatical forma in each lan-
guage. ‘The better, the shorter, the easier forms are con-
stantly gaining the upper hand, and they owe their success
to their own inherent virtue.” ‘To these more important
causes of the survival of certain words, mere novelty and
fashion may be added; for there is in the mind of man a
strong love for slight changes in all things. The survival
or preservation of certain favoured words in the struggle
for existence is natural seloction.

The perfectly regular and wonderfully complex con-
struction of the languages of many barbarous nations has
often been advanced as a proof, oither of the divine origin
of these languages, or of the high art and former civilisa-
tion of their founders. Thus F. von Schlegel writes: “In
those languages which appear to be at the lowest grade of
intellectual culture, we frequently observe a very high and
elaborate degree of art in their grammatical structure. ‘This
ie cepecially the case with the Basque and the Lapponian,
and many of the American languages.” But it is assured
ly an error to speak of any language as an art, in the sense
of its having been elaborately and methodically formed.
Philologists now admit that conjugations, declensions, &c.,

(‘Soe remarks to this effect the * Natare,’ Jani ‘ath, 1870,
Ray, FW Farr inn Intercine Miter yess EB

ticle, Quoted by 0. 8. Wake, ‘Chapters
inna, March 3,1 0, oa Ma noah. in. ba
He

aoe, years of life, whilst: the bi impressible, ie

is that it is followed independ-

of reason. Neither ean we say why certain admirable
euch as the love of truth, are much more highly

by some savage tribes than by others; * nor,

span, why similar differences prevail even amongst highly

34
!
E
E

are by reason, should now appear to us so natural as to be
thought innate, although they were not valued by man in
his early condition.

Notwithstanding many sources of doubt, man can gen>
erally and readily distinguish between the higher and lower
moral rules. The higher are founded on the social instincts,
and relate'to the welfare of others. They are supported by
the approbation of our fellow-men and by reason. ‘The lower
rules, though some of them when impl self-sacrifice
hardly deserve to be called lower, relate chiefly to self, and
arise from public opinion, matured by experience and culti-

vation; for tod are not practised by rude tribes.
Az man advances in civilisation, and «mall tribes are
united into 1 communities, the simplest reason would

tell each individual that he ought to extend his gocial in-
stincts and sympathies to all the members of the same na-
tion, though personally unknown to him. ‘This point being
‘once reached, there ig only an artificial barrier to prevent
his sympathies extending to the men of all nations and races.
Tf, indeed, such men are separated from him by great differ-
ences in appearance or habits, rela unfortunately
shews us how long it is, before we look at them as our fellow-
creatures. Sympathy beyond the confines of man, that is,
humanity to a vi pec ba Sy ca Siar of the latest
acquisitions, is apparently savages, ex-

iy towards their pets. How little the old Romans knew
it is hewn by their abhorrent gladiatorial exhibitions.

4 Good initancen Mr, tributions, to the ‘Theory of Natural
Wallies in Retomi6e Often Bane, since

16, 1860; nnd more fully ia his * Con-

PHE DESCENT OF MAN. Parr L

Aut
of the moral sense being often one of the earlies
‘in of mental derangement; 47 and insanity is ac
Tatanty atten inherited, ie through the principle of
tho Lrasaniniasion of ne eu ink (we cannot understand
thee edua¥erencen julloved 2 exist in this respect between the
me rncon of ml ae
variasin Tuer" yactial transmission of virtuous tendencies
quslel tee an immense assistance to the primary impulse
Hhatvest sirsetly and indirectly from the social instincts.
Wiistrtig for'n moment that virtuous tendencies are in-
jut tteet, H appears probable, at least in such cases as chastity,
Tree geeenneny Humanity to animals, &., that they become
Hiatt teajeml on the mental organization through habit, in-
Wevctun nnd wuunple, continued during several genera-
Tieenve iu tue snmne family, and in a quite subordinate degree,
see tet- ub all, by the lidividuals postessing such virtues hav-
Hage _nuccovatial boat In the struggle for life. My chief source
cof chit wilh: respect to any much inheritance, is that sense-
fone custo, snportitions, und tastes, such as the horror
Lee ae Eiindon far unclonn food, ought on the same principle
Hie foc tiaunittod TE have not met with any evidence in
sere qaqiat ee Hho [iuiainiedon af auperstitious customs or sense-
Hosaee fralittn, althanph tn ttelf it it perhaps not less probable
Chee Hol vntie should acquire inherited tastes for cer-
Teeter bitubs uf foal or fone of certain foes,

abewetion
yanypateny

Philly the moctt lnstinety which no doubt were ac-
cqatied hy annus hy the lower animals for the good of the
‘nmuaity, will from the tral haye given to him some wish
Tee all his fellowa, ome footing of xympathy, and have com-

Hit hin fe ronal their approbation and disapprobation,
We tiptoe will have werved him at a very early period
woe tle riheet right and wrong. But as man gradually

rdlir diel niombotn af macloty, and finally to the lower
fttuials, ow would the standard of his morality rise higher

Goos

Google

Goos

Gooale

often been ranked by naturalists
is constructed on the same

structures, which no

le. Characters occasionally make
jim, which we have reason to believe
8 carly psp antions: If the origin of
lly different from that of all other ani-
a
an

Er
i

would be mere empty de-
‘admission ia ineredible. These ap-
other hand, are intelligible, at least to a
it, if man is the co-descendant with other mam-

z
E

naturalists, from being dee]
al ody eer powers of man, fool divided the whole
onene world into three kingdoms, the Human, the Anim:
the Vegetable, thus giving to man a separate kingdon

Spi eee cannot be compared or classed by the nat
ist: but he may endeavour to shew, as I have done, that
the mental faculties of man and the lower animals do not
differ in kind, although immensely in degree, A difference
in however great, does not justify us in pl ing man
ina et kingdom, as will perhaps be best illustrated by
comparing the mental ‘ors of two insects, namely, a coc
cus or scale-insect an ant, which undoubtedly belong
to the same class The difference is here greater than,
cae different kind from, that between
math mammal, The female coccus, whilst
3 ta itself by its proboscis to a plant; sucks the
n again; is fertilised ond lays eggs; and
history. On the other hand, to describe

jn their olossifications: * Hist, Not,
Gea." tom, IL 1859, pp. 170-160.

Google

athe Bhat one of

Goos

176 THE DESCENT OF MAN, ‘Pane L

the eterility whieh is eo gencral a result of the crowing of
species in a state of nature. From these several consid-
cmutions, it may be justly urged that the fertility
of the intercroseed races of man, if established, ws

not absolutely preclude us from ranking them as distinct
species.

Independently of fertility, the characters presented by
the offspring from a cross have been thought to indicate
whether or not the parent-forms ought to be ranked as spe-
cies or varieties; but after carefully studying the evidence,
T have come to the conclusion that no general rules of this
kind can be trusted. The ordinary result of a cross is the
production of a blended or intermediate form; but in cer-
tain cases some of the offspring take closely after one parent-
form, and come after the other. This is especially apt to
occur when the parents differ in characters which first ap-

red as sudden variations or monstrosities.*® 1 refer to
thie point, because Dr. Rohlfs informs me that he has fre-
quently seen in Africa the offspring of negroes crossed with
members of other races, either completely black or com-
pletely white, or rarely piebald. On the other hand, it is
notorious that in America mulattoes commonly present an
intermediate appearance,

We have now seen that a naturalist might feel himself
fully justified in ranking the races of man as distinet spe-
cies; for he has found that they are distinguished by many
differences in structure and constitution, some being of
importance. These differences have, also, remained nearly
constant for very long periods of time. Our naturalist will
have been in some degree influenced by the enormous range
of man, which ix a great anomaly in the class of mammals,
if mankind be viewed ag a single species, He will have been
struck with the distribution of the several so-called races,
which accords with that of other undoubtedly distinet spe-
cies of mammals, Finally, he might urge that the mutual
fertility of all the races has not as yet been fully proved,
and if proved would not be an absolute proof of their
specific identity.

which never produce a ingle seed, but through selection. ‘This acme, and no
3ot ate atfoted by the pollen of abt the other grados of sterility. ate
‘other specter ns eheren by the x Incidental results of ceri
ing of the gormen. It ie hore 1 i i
‘Fenty Re to select the
sterile indi vishuals, which by
Ceaser to yield seed v
of sterility, when the jermen alone ix woh. YL p. Oi
tel, canner have been gained

Goos

Google

iat 3712

however (Pi. fv. fig.) ahews the fe;
i¢ of the frontal

Pe stra ease Nevortholeas,
in * Notice sur lor travaux

suo de Gratiolot® (Mim.
ie dein i ai Anthropologie do
Fey JO bese, 08), writen thon
™ Gratiolet a eu entro len mains 1¢ cor
eri Sate Sa Otters f-
nomment aupirieur, et tollement rap-
de Porang, a ioe des naturalist

i rangd paral lex

ple irre pale EM
iheaito| in et,
Baur carat un fants de Gib=

AP. @Xetn~

homme les cireon solutions apparnis:
mA Scinaries

oirourmatance thet,
hini as the Saimiri, which pre-
of half of the exterior af th

present moment there is not a
sulci of » chitmpanzes's, or orang’s,
order find o man’s, frets
with ‘aphorian : “ roux
Vite.” fear he mutt bavo forgotten
whe had reached the discussion of the dif-
iu the body of his work. No doubt, the
mont remarkable contributions to the just
it the insateney of bis data ad he ive to
h > data r
to reciate their founda-
rot obseurantisn.®
that, whether Gratiolet was right or
the relative order of

oup of the Primates (leaving out
we

atly what ‘expect to be the
Ute modification of the same
A have sprung.

in hin terrible pamphlet ‘Le Darwiniame

Goos

, of pongonesis:
| certain parts, although present
; tho iniivence of dornctieae

it to one sex alone, Tf,
that some of his pigeons
rs are usually transferred in an equal
into pale blue, could he by
make a breed, in which the males
eee se ete Temained un

G yer ha)
oy difficult; fon tke nalatval
jue males would be to
sexes to this oe Tf, how-
peared, which were
their ent to the male sex,
least difficulty in making a breed
colour, a3 indeed has been

Goos

‘alma

ions,
his

jone are transmitted to and developed in
0 When, on the other hand, the adult

sembles at roses of both (te {theee, with
th being Is generally resembles the
femal a in most bof iste oar: (he rrariatsona
young ol wired their present
ly occurred, erettny to our rule, Darite
there ix here room for doubt, for characters are
ferred to the ing at an earlier age than
they first in the parents, so that the
have varied when adult, and have transferred
‘to thoir offspring whilst young. There are,
animals, in which the two sexes closely re-
, and yet both differ from their young;
actors of the adults must have beon ac.
; nevertheless, these characters, in appar-
fo our rule, are transferred to both sexes,
overlook the possibility or even prob-
e variations of the same nature occur-
to similar conditions, simultaneously
‘iod of life; and in this ease
ferred to the offspring of both
late age; and there would then be

the rule that variations ocourrin;

ed exclusively to the sex in whi

‘This latter rule seems to hold true
second one, namely, that variations
x early in life tend to be transferred

240 THE DESCENT OF MAN.

cies in which they are confined to the malea, they are devel-
oped late in life; whereas with those species in whieh they
are common to the two sexes, they are developed at a very
early period, This is certainly a striking confirmation of
my two laws of inheritance,

Tn most of the epecies of the eplendid family of the
Pheasants, the males differ conspicuously from the females,
and Ud acquire their ornaments at a rather late period of
life. The eared pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum), however,
offers a remarkable exception, for both sexes possess the
fine caudal plumes, the large ear-tufte and the erimson
velvet about the head; find that all these characters a)
pear very early in life in accordance with rule, The adult
male can, however, be distinguished from the adult female
by the presence of spurs; and conformably with our rule,
these do not begin to be developed before the age af six
monthe, as I am assured by Mr. Bartlett, and even at this
age, the two sexes can hardly be distinguished.“* The male
and female Peacock differ conspicuously from exch other
in almost every lage of their plumage, except in the elegant
head-crest, which is common to both sexes; and this is de-
veloped very early in life, long before the other ornaments,
which are confined to the male, Tho wild-duck offers an
analogous case, for the beautiful green speculum on the
wings is common to both sexes, though duller and some-
what emaller in the female, and it is developed early in life,
whilst the curled tail-feathers and other ornaments of the
male are developed later.* Between such extrome cases of
close eexual resemblance and wide dissimilarity, as those of

“In the common ck (Fueo er degreo in the two sexes; but I havo:
eristatus) the tule alone poser not beon able to dikeovar whether ite
epurs, whilet both eexot of the Juve full development ccours later ia

hacock (Fmuticns) offer the unusual the males of such species, than in the
eam of being furnished with spurs. mule of the common duck, ax ought
Hence 1 fully expected that n the tw Le the case according to our rule.
latter wpecies they would have been With tho allied Meryus ewenliatas we
developed earlier in life than in the have,however,o ease of this kivts the
fconnnay peacock; but M. Hogt of two exes differ conapicuou
Amsterdam informs me, that with
ont Binleof the previous yeu. of

th apectes, compared on April Yin,
1869, there wwe no difference

however, were
morely by slight

‘revue that 1
formed If ony ditference In the rate
development had been observed su!

a yal
Trnobe or elevations,
wld

jarked. moxual differences:

tly Andubon, ' Ornithological Iogri=
wD in eine other species of the Duck ply v0l li 1880, pp. 46-200.

family the epooulum diflers in a great~

of butterilies, in one of

, whilet in the other they

at the same relative age in the
whether all the seales are simul-

0 of ti ‘the period of development is not so
improk it may at first appear; for with the Orthop-
tera, which assume their adult state, not by # single meta-

‘bat by a succession of moults, the young males

species at first resemble the females, and acquire

ctive masculine characters only at a later moult.

ly analogous cases occur at the succcesiye moults of

crustaceans,
have ag yet considered the transference of characters,
ly to their period of development, only in species in
state; we will now turn to domesticated animals,
st touch on monstrosities and diseases, The presence
perasmerary digits, and the absence of certain pha-
must be ined at an early embryonic period—
y to profuse bleeding is at least congenital, as
colourblindness—yet these peculiar and
ir ones, are often limited in thelr transmission
#0 that the role that characters, developed at
to be transmitted to both sexes, here
I it this rule, as before remarked, does not
ud 80 general as the converse one, namely,
which appear late in life in one sex are
exclusively to the game sex. From the fact of
peculiarities becoming attached to one
= sexual functions are active, we may
be some difference between the sexes

conclusion,
rule, for it is generally caused by
od, and is transmitted from the

242 THE DESCENT OF MAN, Pant IL

father to his sons in a much more marked manner than to
his daughters,

In the various domestic breeds of sheep, gonts, and cattle,
the males differ from their reepective femalos in the shay
or development of their horns, forehead, mane, dewlap, tail,
and hump on the shoulders; and these peculiarities, im we=
cordance with our rule, are not fully developed until a
rather late period of life. The sexes of dogs do not differ,
except Chat in certain breeds, expecially in the Seoteh deer-
hound, the male is much larger and hes than the female;
and, a8 we shall see in a future chapter, the male goes on
increasing in size to an unusually late period of life, whieh,

according to rule, will account for his increased size bei
transmitted to his male offspring alone, On the other ee
the tortoise-shell colour, which is confined to female cats,
is quite distinct at birth, and this cage violates the rule,
‘There is a breed of pigeons in which the males alone are
streaked with black, and the streaks can be detected even
in the nestlings; but they become more conepicuous at each
successive moult, so that this case partly oppoxes and partly
supports the rule, With the English Carrier and Pouter
pigeons, the full development of the wattle and the erop
occurs rather late in life, and conformubly with the rule,
these characters are tranamitted in full perfection to the
males alone. The following cases perhaps come within the
class previously alluded to, in which both sexes have vari
in the came manner at a rather late period of life, and have
consequently transferred their new characters to both sexes
at a corresponding late period; and if so, these cases are
not opposed to our rule:-—there exist eub-breeds of the
pigeon, described by Neumeister," in which both sexes
change their colour during t three moults (as is likes
wise the case with the Almond Tumbler), nevertheless, theee
changes, though occurring rather late in life, are common
to both sexes. One variety of the Canary-bird, namely the
London Prize, offers a nearly analogong ease.

With the breeds of the Pow! the inheritance of various
charactors by one or both sexos, soems generally determined
by the period at which such characters are developed. Thus
in all the many breeds in which the adult male differs greatly
in colour from the female, aa well as from the wild parent-
species, he differs also from the young male, so that the
newly-acquired characters must have appeared at a rather

"Das Gunso der Toubencucht’ streaked pigeons, see Dr. Chapa, ‘Le
1st, 4 1, 84. For the came of the pigean vayageur Belge, 1865, p. 87

i
if
set

in both din the young

mn BexXes, an the
Praradiatinetly, though imperfectly
ms, however, offer # partial

Wil

| comb; but in the young of the
" Berepesat a very early age, and,
his carl pment in the male, it
sin the adult female. In the Game breeds
‘at a wonderfully early age, of which
‘be given; and this character is trans-
so that the hens, from their extreme
n exhibited in separate pens.
the bony berance of the skull
h is partially developed even before
hatched, and the crest itself goon begins
t 4s“ and in this breed the
are erised by a great bony pro-

M crest.

we have now seen of the relation
atural species and domesticated races,

to tho higher anitnala,
Meron is
Mme ‘head of enoh

244 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN. ‘Pane 1,

between the period of the development of their charieters
and the manner of their transmission—for example, the
striking fact of the early growth of the horns in the rein-
deer, in which both sexex bear horns, im comparison with
their mach later growth in the other species in which the
male alone bears horna—we may conclude that one, though
not the sole cause of characters being exclusively inherited
by one sex, is their development at a late age. And secondly,
that one, though apparently a less eflicient cause of charac~
tors being inherited by both sexes, ix their development at
an early age, whilet the eexes differ but little im constitu-
tion. It appears, however, that some difference must exist
between the soxes even during a very early embryonic period,
for characters developed at this age not rarely become at-
tached to one sex.

Summary and concluding remarks.—From the foregoing
dixeussion on the various laws of inheritance, we learn that
the charactors of the parents often, or even generally, tend
to become developed in the offspring of the eame sex, at the
same age, and periodically at the same season of the year,
in which they first appeared in the parents, But these rules,
ing to unknown causes, are far from being fixed. Hence

ion of a species, the suecessive changes
may readily be transmitted in different ways; some to one
aex, and some to both; some to the offspring at one age, and
some to the offspring at all ages. Not only are the laws of
inheritance extremely complex, but so are the causes which
induce and govern variability. The variations thus induced
are preserved and aecumulated by sexual selection, which
is in itself an extremely complex affair, depending, as it
does, on the ardour in lave, the courage, and the rivalry of
the males, az well as on the powers of perception, the taste,
and will of the female, Sexual selection will also be largely
dominated by natural selection tending towards the general
welfare of the species. Hence the manner in which the
individuals of either or both sexes have been affected through
sexual selection cannot fail to be complex in the highest
degree.

When variations occur late in life in one sex, and are
transmitted to the same sex at the same age, the other sex
and the young are left unmodified. When they occur late
in life, but are transmitted to both sexes at the same age,
the young alone are left unmodified. Variations, however,
may occur at any period of life in one sex or in both, and

Goos

Goo

for the beautiful or even
Is in the lowest classes?
ano often serve as a pro-

head, will be

peste Mr Wallace's excellent

not, for instance, at firet

n ey of the Meduar, or
service to them as a protection

Hiekel that not only the

y crustaceans, and even

ike of this same glass-like appear-

prismatic colours, we can hardly

‘the notice of pelagic birds and

d is also convinced * that the bright
and wecidians serve as a protection.

likewise beneficial to many animals
‘would-be devourers that they are dis-

pokes: eome special means of de~

wil be be discussed more conveniently

rance of most of the lowest animale,
it tints result cither from the chemi-

the result of its successful ex-
mn started along the eame track and

st class of the Mollusca, the Cephaloy

which the sexes are leit si -

the present kind do not, as far as [

This is 2 surprising cirewinstance, a5

-doveloped sense-orguns and have

tid as will be admitted by every

d artful endeavours to escape from

n Cephalopoda, however, are charactor-

inary sexual character, namely that the

“ele ‘ono of i arms 3 tentacles,

clinging by its eucking-dises to

for # time an Gailopendant life. So com
bl

‘Cuvier as a parasitic worm under the

But this marvellous structure may

rather than a8 a secondary sexual

h sete Mollusca sexual Spee does not
Fi many univalve and bivalve

e ee Salles &e., are beautifully
‘The colours do not appear in most

¥ ac ag a protection; they are probably
in the lowest classes, of the nature of

ferns and the sculpture of the shell de-

. Thave given in my ‘Journal of Ro
sarc

Goos

ratory caresses
‘loped by her
sight. era, as he adds, “illed
ion." ** ‘The Rev. 0. P. Cam-
lowing manner for the extreme
the genus Nephila. “M.

‘of tho agile way in whic

from the ferocity of the female,
ide and seek over her bod:

int in such a purauit it ie evi-
s of escape would be in favour of the
the larger ones would fall enrly vie-
diminutive race of males would bo

Goos

as
Famer ere
az in the Mutillide; and

it leas. But we are chiefly
t which one male is enabled to

i or courtship, through his

nts, or music. ¢ innumer-

whieh the male is able to

A ly passed over, Besides the
vain apex of the tee » Which

ag is,* “it is aston-
Walsh * haz faecal “how many dif-
orked in by nature for the peamtngly
‘tho male to grasp the female

wa are sometimes used for

we may ot oar
cance (noe, for inmtance,
ite der Natur Bil. rey

ele

Fig, 10, Taphrodores:

considerably in outline, as in the Ari-
vas ehewn to me in the British Museum
‘The mules of certain South American

WoL ti, #*Inecta Maderensiay 1404, page

is E Doubloday. Annals and Mag.
1 S48, 079, Dmoay
ms

Goos

200 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pat IL

structure and the same function* Landois, however, de~
tected in one of the Locustide, namoly in Decticus, a short
and narrow row of emall teeth, mere rudiments, on the
inferior surface of the right wing-cover, which underlies
the other and ig never used as the bow, 1 observed the same
rudimentary etructure on the under side of the right ren
cay Phasgonura viridissima. Hence we may infer wi
confidence that the Locustidm are descended from a

in which, as in the existing Achetide, both wit

serrated nervures on the under surface, and could be indif-
ferently used ae the bow; but that in the Locustidw the
two wing-covers grad: became differentiated and per-
fected, on the principle of the division of labour, the one to
act exclusively as the bow, and the other as the fiddle. Dr.
Gruber takes the same view, and has shown that rudimentary
teeth are commonly found on the inferior surface of the

right wing. By what steps the more simple apparatue in
the Achetidm originated, we do not know, but it is probable
that the basal portions of the wing-covers originally over-

Lanilois, ‘ Zeiterh, f wie. Zeckog.' B. xvii. 147, Sat, 18,

Google

Goos

Cuan X COLEOPTERA. 301

cies of this genus and of Copris, 1 am informed by Mr.
Mates that the horns do not differ in any manner correspond-

ee. OE

ea 17 —Copris kta (Left-hand figures males)

ae |

Fro. 14—Phanows fwonise

Fro. #0.—Onthophagws rangifer, ealared.

ing with the more important characteristic differences be-
tween the several subdivisions of the family: thus within

ser

‘orvat

the males have not even a trace of a
surface of the body, yet the females
rudiment of a single horn on the head
creat (b) on the thorax. That the alight

the i is erties of @ projection
‘male, though entirely absent in the male of
i is clear: for the female of Bubas

pola (a)
a) a
as on the head of the females of two

nature ig here so far from holding
4 complete inversion of the ordinary
» We may reasonably suspect

bore horns and transferred them

imentary condition, as in eo many

e males subsequently lost their

his may have been caused through

| -

Goos

of battle Toes
ith the higher
‘ns tat it is in only a few
been lered larger and stron,

‘contrary, they are usually amaller,
€ ra in a <ees ae to be
emergence of the females.
the iiieaionters and in three of the
ia possess sound-producing organs
re used eines arte the
only aa @ females, but appar-
rivalry with other Saalaa

spec fain of any kind, will,
0 ite that these musi-
been acquired wigh sexual selec-
d peeeertee nt cess, or mone
> are vided ee organs nese
wi ly serve merely as

sexes Ang provided indi
1 to make the loudest or most con-
n before those which were
have probably been gained
instructive to reflect on the

has been in leading to modifications lifications which
with the Hemopters, relate to pet parts
ca A x
e reasons assigned in the Inst chapta
Aa gt, that ‘the great horns by the
lamellicorn, and some other beetles, Peat, been |
as ornaments. [rom the small size of insects, we m
to undervalue their appearance. If we could i
male Chalcosoma (fig. 16), with its polished
of mail, and its vast complex horns,
of a horse, or even of a dog, it would "be one of he ‘moat in
posing animals in the world.
The colouring of insects is a complex
ject. When the male differs slightly from the female,
neither are brilliantly-coloured, it is probable that the sexes
ightly different manner, and that the vawi=

itted to her alone, a8 a
means of direct Abbett and it is almost certain that she
has sometimes been made brilliant, 60 as to imitate other
protected species inhabiting the eame district. When the
sexes resemble cach other and both are obscurely coloured,
there is no doubt that they have been in a multitude of cases
so coloured for the sake of protection. So it is in some
instances when both are brightly-coloured, for they thus
imitate protected species, or resemble surrounding objects
zuch as flowers; or they give notice to their enemies that
they are unpalatable. In other cases in which the sexes
resemble each other and are both brilliant, especially when
the colours are arranged for display, we may conclude that
they have been gained by the male sex as an attraction, and
have been transferred to the female. We are more especially
led to this conclusion whenever the eame type of coloration
prevails throughout a whole group, and we find that the
males of some species differ widely in colour from the fe-
males, whilst othera differ slightly or not et all with inter-
iate gradations connecting these extreme states.

Tn tho same manner as bright colours have often been

sive cushions, spines,

female; for these con-

there is some difficulty a the act, so
necessary. ‘ing from

the perceptive powers and oteas of

there is no antecedent improbability in xex-
come into ; but we have

‘on this head, and gome facta are
fevertheless, when we see many

female, we can hardly believe that

blind eres te the female as
influenced the gorgeous colours

with which the male ia decorated.
tl females of the

Pity tn

in form or

Google

modified for the sake of protection, it is difficult to decide
in how 4 proportion of cases sexual selection has played
a part. This is more especially ditfienlt in those

such a8 Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, in which
the two sexes rarely differ much in colour; for we are then
left to mere analogy, With the Coleoptera, however, as
before remarked, it is in the great Lamellicorn group,
placed by some authors at the head of the Order, and in
which we sometimes sees mutual attachment between the
sexes, that we find the males of some species possessing
weapons for sexual strife, others farnished with wonderf
horns, many with etridulating organs, and others ornamented
with splendid metallic tints. Henee it seems probable that
all these characters have been gained through the same
means, namely sexual selection. With butterflies we have
the best evidence, as the males sometimes take pains to dia-
play their beautiful colours; and we cannot believe that
they would act thus, unless the display was of use to them
in their courtship.

When we treat of Birds, we shall see that they present
in their secondary sexual charactera the closest analogy
with insects. Thus, many male birds are highly pugnacious,
and some ure furnished with special weapons for fighting
With their rivals, They possess organa which are used dur-
ing the breeding-eason for producing yoeal and instru-
mental music, ‘They are frequently ornamented with eombs,
horne, wattles and plumes of the most diversified kinds, and
are decorated with beautiful colours, all evidently for the
sake of display. We shall find that, us with insects, both
sexea in certain groupe are equally beautiful, and are equally
provided with ornaments which are usually confined to the
male sex. In other groups both sexes are equally plain-
coloured and unornamented. Lastly, in some few anoma-
lous cases, the females are more beautiful than the males,
We shall often find, in the same group of birds, every grada-
tion from no difference between the sexes, to an extreme
difference. We shall see that female birds, like female in-
sects, offen pesscas more or lest plain traces or rudiments
of characters which properly belong to the males and are
of use only to them. The analogy, indeed, in all these re-
spects between birds and insects is curiously cloae. What-
ever explanation applies to the one class probably applies
to the other; and this explanation, as we shall hereafter ate
tempt to shew in further detail, is sexual eelection,

pean tbe upper
‘These are behead pris
ars other rere ol ies

‘suspects oy
ete aelil hy the ae in-
of the body. It isa
clea and not the males of some
pala, have their backs studded with

i! Shee al eer villosus, one of
vidge of -set, brush

h two esl gare one on each tide,

ie runs with great swiftness on the
her spawn? The widely dis-

ente a Siparnens en
Giinther informs me, has a

like those of 2 comb, on the

Google

Goos

fed near pba of the ri
a dying state.”
‘in Jane 1808, the be of the
a that Ike the
enchant tat

840 THE DESCENT OF MAN, Paar TL

Stormontfield breed:
found about 300
tion were males
their lives hy fighting.

‘The most curiove point about the male salmon is that
during the breeding-season, besides a slight change in colour,

\g-ponds visited the northern ‘Tyne and
wid salmon, all of which with one excep-
and he wax convinced that they had lost

Fro, 28 —Head of female salmon,
“the lower ja elongates, and a cartilaginous projection
{urns upwanls from the point, which, when the jaws are
closed, occupies a deep envity hetwoen the intermaxillary
bones of the upper jaw.”* (Figs, 27 and 28.) In our snl
mon this change of structure lasts only during the breeding-
but in the Salmo lyeaodon of NW. America the
change, a8 Mr. J. K. Lord ® belie permanent, and beat

toy of British Fishes,’ *Tho Naturalist in Vancouver's
a sland,’ vol, 1. 1366, p. 64.

342 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Past I.

fernale of almost all fishes is larger than the male; and Dr.
Giinther does not know of a single instance in which the
avale is actually larger than the female, With some Cyprino-
donts the male is not even balf as large. As in many kinds
of fishes the males habitually fight together, it is surprising
that they have not gencrally become larger and stronger than
the females through the effects of sexual selection. The
males suffer from their small size, for according to M. Car-
bonnier, they are liable to be devoured by the females of their
‘own species when carnivorous, and no doubt by other species.
Increased size must be in some manner of more importance
to the females, than strength and size are to the males for
fighting with other males; and this perhaps is to allow of the
production of a vast number of ova.

In many epecice the male alone ie ornamented with
bright colours; or these are much brighter in the male than

Fi, 29,—Caltionyrnus lyre. Upper figure, male ; lower figure, feenalo,
1, B, The lower figure it more reduced than the upper:

the female. The male, also, is sometimes provided with
appendages which appear to be of no more use to him for the
ordinary purposes of life, than are the tail feathers to the
Seacock. Tam indebted for most of the following facts to

ims, for the pur-

j males resem-
cour

and Throughout
put as much nite

! in several species, not
fin ix much clongated in the

ué scorpius, or sea-scorpion, ie slen-

) the female. There ia alas A great

Ww them. It is difficult, as Mr.

one, who has not seen this fish

when its hues are brightest, to
brilliant colours with which i

d, is at that time adorned.”

-méixtus, although very different in

being orange with bright blue

ht red with some black spots on

ly of the Cyprinodontidm—in-

of foreign Iands—the sexes
various characters. Tn the male

ea ‘Museum, by Dr. Ganther,
Mat! Game Birds of Sweden; dx, 1867,
pate

Google

‘PISHES, B45

dsl project from the front part of
‘male, which are absent in the female. These

Goo

5a THE DESCENT OF MAN,

the «mooth-tailed stickleback (@. leurus) performs the duties
of a nurse with ry care and vigilance a long
time, and is continually employed in gently leading ‘the
young to the nest, when they stray too far. He cow

drives away all enemies including the females of own

‘ies. Jt would indeed be no small relief to the male, if
the female, after depositing her eggs, were i e
devoured by some enemy, for he is forced incessantly to drive
her from the nest?

‘The males of certain other fishes inhabiting South Amer-
jea and Coylon, belonging to two distinct Orders, have the
extraordinary habit of eae within their mouths, or
branchial cavities, the eggs laid by the females.* I am in-
formed by Professor Agassiz that the males of the Amazonian
species which follow this habit, “not only are generally
brighter than the fermules, but the difference is ter at the
spawning-season than at any other time.” ‘The species of
Geophagus act in the game manner; and in this genus, a con-
spicuous protuberance becomes developed on the forehead
of the males during the breeding-season. With the various
species of Chromids, as Professor Agassiz likewise informs
me, sexual differences in colour may he observed, “ whether
they lay their eqwa in the water among aquatic plants, or de-
posit them in holes, leaving them to come out without
further care, or build shallow nests in the river mud, over
which they sit, as our Pomotis docs, It ought also to be
observed that these sitters are among the brightest species
in their respective families; for instance, Hygrogonus is
bright groen, with large black ocelli, encireled with the most
brilliant red.” Whether with all the epecies of Chromids
it is the male alone which sits on the eggs ia not known, Tt
is, however, manifest that the fact of the egee being pro-
tected or unprotected by the parents, has had little or no
influence on the differences in colour between the sexes
It is further manifest, in all the cages in which the males
take exclusive charge of the nests and young, that the de-
struction of the brighter-coloured males would be far more
influential on the character of the race, than the destruction
of the brighter-coloured females; for the death of the male
during the period of inenhation or nursing would entail the
death of the young, #0 that they could not inherit hie pecul:

Anhule and nid Phya! Nov. I, INA, f. TR De
iber 1860, Ginther has likewise deseribed other
. Hoston caren.

Mav, of Not. Hist.’
Prot. Wyman, in

the “nile, it might be

tha. sex whieh ie the
of the offspring,
But from the large
are either permanently
‘les, but whose life is
of the species than
yiew can hardly be maintained.
we shall meet with analogous eases,
complete inversion of the usual attri-
and we shall then give what appears
tion, namely, that the males have
i instead of the latter
usual rule through-

n, the more attractive males,
conclude, that with most fishes,
in colour or in other ornamental
ly varied, with their variations
and acoumulated through eexnal
ux the females. In many
have been transferred, either

‘ Zanaibor) by Col. Playfhir, ton,
J Sec we the to ita!

‘| ornament.

ied, rn strongly contrasted,

me more mei during the

a for instance, of our common
tus) is “ brownish-grey above, past-

which in the spring becomes a rich
everywhere with round dark spots.”

i then Breed with bright red or

ust of a yellowish-brown colour

aad the lower surface is often

are obscurely tinted. The ova

‘of deposition, and are not subse-

parent. We may therefore con-

peated their etrongly-marked

rh sexual selection;

to ‘the male offspring alone, or

alc

356

In Nicaragua there is a little frog “dressed in a bright
livery of red and blue” which does not conceal itself like
most other species, but hops about during the daytime, and
Mr. Belt says ** that as soon as ho saw its happy sense of
security, he felt sure that it was uneatable, Nie several
trials he succeeded in tempting # young duck to snatch up a
young one, but it was instantly rejected; and the duck “ went
about jerking its head, ae if trying to throw off gome unpleas-
ant faste."*

With respoct to sexual differences of colour, Dr. Ginther
does not know of any striking instance either with frogs or
fonds; yet he ean often distinguish the male from the fernale
by the tints of the former being a little more intense, Nor
does he know of any striking difference in external structure
between the sexes, excepting the prominences which become
developed during the breeding-season on the front le of the
male, by which he is enabled to hold the female? It is sar-
prising that these animals have not acquired more strongly-
marked sexual characters; for though cold-blooded their pas-
sions are strong. Dr, Giinther informs me that he has
several times found an unfortunate female toad dead and
smothered from having been so closely embraced by three or
four males, Frogs have been observed by Professor Hoffman
in Giessen fighting all day long during the breeding-soason,
and with so much violence that one had its body ripped open,

Frogs and toads offer one interesting sexual difference,
namely, in the musical powers possessed by the males; but
to speak of music, when applied to the discordant and over-

Soe! 1871, p. 204) has two plate-ike
coalloeitiee on the thorax aud certain,
Tagesities on the fingers, which per
haps sulverve the sue’ end as the
oof the Auf slim- above-mentioned prominenoan

montir (Dr. Anderson, * Prve, Zoolog.

a the tail of the male is
i Tn some. the plastron or
mule is slightly concave in

The male of the mud-

js picta) has claws on its

female; and these are

5 “vith the huge tortoise of the
i nigra) the rales are said 10 grow
ales: during the pajring-season,
lenitters a hoarse bellowing noise,
distance of more than a hundred
hand, never uses her voice."*

is said “that the

‘each other.” #

see my: Journal of Becars
during the Voyage of the * eagle.”
| Ropailee of Reitieh

”
_ Tndiay 1nt4, pe 7,

Google

Croeodilia —The J
nor do I know that the male
poe txentseee
females. Bartram * describes

war.” During the season of
by the submaxiliary glands of
their haunts.**

Ophidi

external etructare. In resard to colour, he can_
always distinguish the male from the female by his
strongly-pronounced tints; thus the black sigeag

the back of the male English viper is more distinctly de

than in the fernale. difference is much plaincr in the
rattle-snukes of N. America, the male of which, as the

in the Zoological Gardens chewed me, can at once be di
guished from the female by haying more lurid yellow about
its whole body. In 8. Africa the hag a spn pre-
sents an analogous difference, for the female “is never 80
fully variegated yellow on the sides as the male.” **
‘The male of the Indian Dipsas eynodon, on the other hand,
is blackish-brown, with the belly partly black, whilst the
female is reddish or yellowish-olive, with the belly either
uniform yellowish er marbled with black. In the

dispar of the same country the male iz bright green, and the
female bronze-coloured.** No doubt the colours of some
snakes are protective, as shown by the greon tints of troe-
snakes, and the various mottled shades of the species which
live in sandy places; but it is doubtful whether the colours
of many kinds, for instance of the common English snake
and viper, serve to conceal them; and this is still more douht-
ful with the many foreign species which are coloured with
extreme elegance. The colours of certain species are very
different in the adult and young states.

During the breeding-éeacon the anal scent-glands of

4! Travels through Caroline? dee, Dr. A. Gunther, ‘Reptiles of Brit»
ita, joc. 1804, pages 204,

W701. p. P28 teh Te us Be
t Oen, * Anatomy of Vericbrates’ amon AY
vol b ae, pel % Dr Btotonha, «Journ of Alaa

% Sir Andrew Smith,* Zoolng. of 8 See. oF Rangel wel. seats Yon
‘Attica: feplitia' 1840p Pr ai Pe

thea”

ix sometimes twice ax long as the head.

likewiee huve a low crest running along the neck;

is much more developed in the full-grown males than in the
females or young males?

‘A Chinese species is said to live in pairs during the
spring; “and if one is caught, the other falls
to the ground, and allows itself to be captured with impu-
nity,"—I presume from despair.”

‘There are other and much more remarkable differences
between the sexes of certain lizards. The male of Cera-
fophora aspera bears on the oxtromity of his snout a

age half as Jong as the hi
is cylindrical, covered with scales,
flexible, and apparently capable of
erection: in the female it is quite
rudimental. In n second species
of the same genus a terminal
scale forms a minute horn on the
summit of the flexible append.
age; and in a third species (C
Stoddartii, fig. 31) the whole ap-
pendage is converted into a horn,
which is usually of a white colour,
but assumes a purplish tint when
Pin. d4—Ceratophor Hodder, the animal ie excited. In the
Looe Neue. mate: tower M adult male of this latter species
he horn is half an inch in length,
Wut it is ef quite minute in the female and in the young.
‘Those appendages, as Dr. Giinther has remarked to me, may
* Alt the forogoing statements and himself. or from his magnificent work:
quusationn in rogand to Cophetin Si- on the “Reptiles of Beit Indio Ray
ana nt Tirso, ne woil ax the follow Bo 3604, pe 10H, 180 1

Thets in roan to Ceratophora aml — # Mr. Swinhoo, ' Proc. Zoolog. Boe?
‘Chameleon, aro from Dr. Gunther 1970, py 240,

‘REPTILES, 363
ae of gallinaceous binds, and ap.

ate we come to the acme of differ-
part of the skull of the

po pnaal Bg ay an duiolabliant of Madagazear, is

two great, solid, bony projections, covered

Feo %.—Chammlro biturcur. Upper figure, male ; lower furs, female.

With scales like the rest of the head; and of this wonderful
of structure the female exhibits only a rudi-

"1 Again, in Chameleo Owenii (fig. 36), from the Weat
rien, the male bears on his snout and forehead
% horns, of which the female has not a trace.
consiet of an exerescence of bone covered with a
th, forming part of the general integuments of
ary identical in structure “with those

Mr. Gosse® describes a
eet fetks, and
fell to the pround;

ing of another genus of
eg rarely meet without a

jallicres: cristatus) are a

are 80 cious during
Kept by the natives of Bast-
iting. Various other birds
p ‘or instance, the bul-
“fight with great

fachetos +, fig. 39) is notori-
ty; and in the spring, the males,

‘than females, congregate
spot, where the females propose

alc

aceurding to Audubon, with
Ba uated States (Picu saurafus),
followed by even half a dozen of

than enyere

1 vantage gai) Wl
over their rivals fetes ae
in size between the two sexes is car
in several Australian species; thus
and the male Cincloramphus
ur pipita) are by meaeurement actually
i jive females.” With many
p than the mates; and, ax
exp! ion often given, namely, that
t of the work in f their young,
n Potent hereafter see,

ited their greater size and

so other females and obtain-
pene Enc ‘ially of the
special weapons for

le oamely ie vrhich ean be used
been recorded by a truetworthy

872 THE DESCENT OF MAN.
of the young, ‘The Pulamedea (fig. 98) is armed with # pair
Shsnaay ont iach ius nal thee are eat Napa

ae
Tro. Hi—Pulemedes commute (from Brehm showing the double wiog spre Sad

‘eke that a single Mow has been known to drive a dog howl-
ingaway. But it does not appear that the spurs in this case,
or in that of some of the spur-winged rails, are Jarger in the

a e

LAW OF BATTLE,
pf ER pee ‘Tn certain plovers, however, the
‘ muet be haracter. ‘Thus

inent during the breeding-seazon, and the males
io Tn some species AA elk eat 74 Gaiine tabeele

uring

horny spur.” the Austrolian L. both sexes have
Sees deen are much ie in the males than in the
Hoplo; lerus armatus, the
(ea sete in size during the -senson; but
birds have been seen in Egypt to fight together, in the
‘ime manner a8 our eerie by turning suddenly in the air
at cach other, sometimes with fatal

‘Thus also they drive away other enemies.'*

i of the Sl eral and raff, and even the young
und grouse, are ready to fight

whenever they meet. ‘The precence of the female iz the
teterrima belli causa. The fn baboos make the pretty
strelda amandavi) fight to-

Audubon,?* several males of the Virginian goat
(Caprimulgus virgianue) “court, in a highly entertaining
tmunner the female, and no sooner has she made her choice,
Je Mr. Biyth, ‘Land and Water?

38eT, Cf as
icharton on Titevo wmbellus
“Fann Bor Amer, Bin) 18,

ise the ery yerie It
iinavin, and with other epocies InN.

ae mith, Biography,’ ‘vol. Li pet

to ied various emotions, zuch pag _ a
serves to express , fear,
anger, or mere happiness. It is aj ene some=
paar terror, as in the ense of the hissing noise
-birds. ee rs! ey “that a
, Linn.), which he kept tame,
a eat ( approached, Pan then “ sud-
‘one of the most ee htful eries, appar-
iralarm and The common
the hen, and the hen to her chickens,
is found. The hen, when she has laid
same note very often, and concludes
“Hehe which she rote a time; "28
us she expresses her joy. Some social apparently
each other for sid; and as they flit from tree to tree,

the flock is together by chirp answering chirp. Darin,

migrations of geese and other water-fowl,
sonorous clangs Gon the van may be heard in the darkness
|, anewered by clangs in the rear, Certain cries serve

f signals, which, aé the sportemen knows to his coat
the same species and by others. The
cock crows, and the humming-bird chirps, in tri-
mnt over a defeated rival, The true cong, however, of
ae and various strange cries are chiefly uttered dur-
|, und serve as a charm, or merely as a

to the other cex.

Naturalists are much divided with resy to the object
ot the singing of birds. Few more careful observers ever
. and he maintained that the “ males of
and o| many others do not in general search for
‘but, on the contrary, their business in the spring
‘on some conspicuous spot, breathing out their full
notes, which, by instinct, the female Lali

d pitha it to choose her mate.” *" Mr, Jenner
y ti wt this is certainly the ease with tho

he oralaoge Wiotlonary,’ 1833,

Car. XE VOCAL MUSIC. 879

frogs), for be found that the sound was much diminished
when one of the sacks of @ tame bird was pricked, and when
both were pricked it was fin peyetian ee The female
has “a somewhat similar, though smaller naked space of

skin on the neck; but this is not capable of inflation.”
‘The male of another kind of grouse (Tetrao urophasianus),
whilst courting the female, has his “bare yellow awophagus

4° The and Netarstist in sod hahite of thie bind daring tte
Cat a Bos ing 35 Conrtshie. He states tha he en-us
pp 14 ‘Fiver oF neck mr

TW. plumes are ¢rovted, m0. th
in the *! MES BETO, LIA) th Oy
‘5 Sta Sewn? te ans Shion"

Couar, XUL YooaL MUSIC. $81

fn the male than in the female.“ But the meaning of
these differences in the trachea of the two sexes of the Ana-
tds is not understood; for the male is not always the more
vociferous; thus with the common duck, the mule hisses,

Fra. 40. —The Umbrylia-bird or Cophalopterus oroatuw, male (from Brehm.)

whilst the female utters a loud quack.t* In both sexes
of one of the cranes (Grus virgo) the trachea penetrates the
sternum, but presents “certain sexual modifications.” In
the male of the black stork there is also a well-marked sex
wal differerice in the length and curvature of the bronchi,**

Brot Komtin,'Erse. Zool. oc? that prhaye, thes aro now tending

be sal: towarts abortion.
id fPrataleny has i ‘El Somp. Ano? by B
of Ww. 145, pe BU

With renpect to the swan, as glean
ek ik. 2) fe toute: Wut above, Yarra ‘itintory “of” Betsh
theconvo> Birds® second edition 149, vol, il

preeent, eo p, 162,

ie LIBRARY, SUK. SOD SNRRSENK

B84 ‘THE DESCENT OP MAN, —

In the foregoing cases sounds are made by the aid of
structures already present and otherwise necessary; but in
the following eases certain feathers have been’ specially
modified for the express purpose of producing sounds
"The drumming, blesting, ‘peighing, ct 1iiaqiaet eee
(as expressed hy different observers) made by the common
snipe (Seolopar gallinago) ovust have surprised every one
who has ever heard it. ‘This bird, during the pairing.

Pia, #.—-Outer tail-featter of Scolopax gallinago (trom * Proc, Zook. Soe." V5).

season, fi “perhaps a thousand fect in height,” and
after zig-zagging about for a time descends to the earth in
a curved line, with outspread tail and quivering pinions,
and surprising velocity. ‘The sound is emitted only during
this rapid descent. No one was able to explain the cause
until M. Meves observed that on each side of the tail the
outer feathers are peculiarly formed (fig, 43), having a stiff
sabro-shaped shaft with the oblique barbs of unusual length,

the outer webs being

strongly bound togeth-
— SS it found tint by
blowing on these feath-
Fou. 42 Outer tallteatber of Sevlopas trenata, Ot by fastening A
toa long thin stick and
waving them rapid
Gee eae through sin he
Fi. CL—Outer tall frather of Seolopax javensix could reproduce — the
drumming noise made
by the living bird. Both sexes are furnished with these feath-
ers, but they are generally larger in the male than in the fe-
male,and emit a deeper note. In some gpecies,as in 8. frenata
(fig, 42), four feathers, and in 8. javensis (fig. 43), no less
than eight on each side of the tail are greatly modified.
Different tones are emitted by the feathers of the different
when waved through the air; und the Scolopax Wil-
i of the United States makes a switching noise whilst
descending mpidly to the earth.

Seo M. Meron! jnlerestine paper “Hist British, [irdn? vol. iv. p. 27h
roe Zonl, Hoa? 1864p 199; For For the American ane, Capt. Biakim
‘habita of the snipe, Macgillivray, ton, ‘Ibis vol. ¥, 1863, f. 181

386 THE DESCENT OP MAN, Parr Ih

‘The diversity of the sounds, both vocal and instramental,
made by the males of many’ birds during the breodi
season, ind the diversity of the means for producit
toned, are highly remarkable. We thus grin’ ais hiage
of their importance for sexual purposes, and are reminded

109

Fro, 4 pies ‘wing feathers of Pp et deticona (ror He 8

ool, Hoe. ita, The ee Upper feathers a. . from the
orresponding feathora, «, J. from the tema

ther of mabe and

Wary, Upper wurfacs. © an!

ac.
, lowersurface

of the conclusion arrived at a2 to insects, Tt is not diffi-
cult to imagine the steps by which the notes of a bird, pri-
marily used as a mere call or for some other purpose, aright
have been improved into a melodious love song. In the
case of the modified feathers, by which the drumming,
whistling, or roaring noises are produced, we know that

B88 ‘THE DESCKNT OF
in tho air above come and “fi

perv.” ‘The great English taunt

Mescribably odd attitudes whilst o
been figured by Wolf. An allied

i es perpendicularly inta the air with
wings, raising bis crest and puffing

the ground, until at Inst the fo-
jim.’ Captain Stokes has de-

‘of another eid the
by flyin;
from eac!

‘The
nearly four feet in hh, eighteen
i Dea Tuck putes ot aiete

diseues the caees in whieh the
‘exclusively or in a much higher

Ficg. 054, On the tadian Bostard,
a, Sek ita oe teste toe ae

thee
pet ‘itagents Pak

used by savage and civilised men, so with the natural
ments of birds, the head ig the chief seat of dec ‘
'The ornaments, as mentioned at the commencement of
chapter, are wonderfully diversified. ‘The plumes

front or back of the head consist of vari

feathers, sometimes capable of erection or

which their beautiful colours are fally |.

car-tufts (see fig. 39, ante) are occasionally present.

head is sometimes covered with rebate down, as with the
pheasant; or is naked’ and vividly coloured.’ ‘The throat,
aleo, ie sometimes ornamented with a beard, wattles, or car-

uncles, Such appendages are generally brighi

and no doubt serve as ornaments, though not always orna~

mental in our eyes; for whilst the male i in the act of court-

ing the female, they often swell and ussume vivid tints, os in

the male turkey. At such times the fleshy sprouse about,
Jeriornis

the head of the male Tragopan pheasant () Tem-
ruinck' into a large lappet on the throat and into two
horns, one on each side of the splendid top-knot; and these
are then coloured of the most intense blue which have over
beheld. The African hornbill (Bucorax abyssinicus) in-
flates the scarlot bladder-like wattle ot ‘k, and with ite
wings dro) and tail expanded “makes a grand
appearance.” Even the iris of the eye is sometimes more
brightly-coloured in the male than in the female; and this is
froquently the case with the beak, for instance, in our com~
mon blackbird. In Buceros corrugatus, the whole beak and
immense casque are coloured more conspicuously in the male
than in the femal nd “ the oblique gr the sides:
of the lower mandible are peculiar to the

The head, again, often eupports flesh:
ments, and pari protuberances. These, if not common to
both sexes, are always confined fo the males. The solid pro-
tuberances have been deseribed in detail by Dr. W. Mar-
shall, who shews that they are formed cither of cancellated

#1 See remarks t this effect, onthe — @ Mr, Monteiro, ‘Thin! vel. iv 166%,
ty among Animale? py. 839.
athe “Athenmum,’ — %* Land and Water’ 1848p. att

392 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN,

and in the tail of certain binds of Tn
birds, similar feathers, beautifully
hend, as is likewise the case with some gi eo

—Turedises Papua (FW. Weel).

an Indian bustard (Sypheotides auritus) the feathers forming:
the ear-tufts, which are about four inches in lenwth, also ter=
minate in disc 11 is a most singular fact that the mot

% Jordon, * Binds of India} vol, fil ps 60m.
|

ear, XT DECORATION, 895

most beautiful species the head is bald, “ and of a rich cobalt
blue, crossed by several lines of black velvety feathers.” 7*

= =

Pre. #9.—Spathura undermoed!, male and toseale (trom Bret)

Male humming-hirds (figs. 45 and 49) almost vie with
hirds of paradise in their beauty, se every one will admit who

499) atid fe hie (Maley Arehi- 14 Wallace, The Malay a
pect ch evra tiene

seasons. Thirdly, there are many
which are alike, but which are widely
summer and winter plumage. Fourthly,
sexes of which differ from oan each other inte

females, though moultin,

throughout the year, whilst the males undergo

colour, sometimes a great one, as with certain bustards,
Fifthly and lastly, there are birds the sexes of which differ
from each other in both their summer and. win

but the male undergoes a Lees

each recurrent season than

ing both seasons as a protection. hen
tween the two plumages is slight it may perhaps be at-
tributed, as already remarked, to the direct action of the
conditions of life. But with many birds there can hardly
be a doubt that the summer plumage ix ornamental, even
when both sexes are alike. We may conclude that this is
the ease with many herons, egrets, &e., for they acquire
their beautiful plumea only during the breeding-season.
Moreover, such plumes, top-knots, &e., though

by both sexes, are occasionally a little more developed in
the male than in the female; and they resemble the plumes
and ornaments possessed by the males alone of other birds,
It is also known that confinement, by affecting the repro-
ductive system of male birds, frequently checks the de-
yelopment of their secondary sexual characters, but has no
immediate influence on any other characters; and T am
informed by Mr. Bartlott that eight or nine specimens of
the Knot (Tringa canutus) retained their unadorned winter
fom in the Zoological Gardens throughout the year,
irom which fact we may infer that the summer plum;
mimon ta both sexes, partakes of the nature
masculine plumage of many other birds.

“In recant to the previous nlate
ruentecn monlting. sean enipes

ae, Bint ol

the snow he ahaaqearee ry
Me known to sutter greatly fro planes
SE prey, before it hase es and Macyrllivray, vol iy,

444, and Mr, Stafford Allon,

er dros von Wilhelm von Wright,
J. “Game Birds of Sweden, in the’ Ibis,” vol. v. 1863, p. a,

SHELL

some feathers being renewed, and some

‘There is also reason to believe that with

and rail-like birds, which properly undergo

of the older males retain their nuptial

year. A few highly modified

me added during the spring to the

Gi ls atau
and wi ie elongat

neck, and crest of certain eos By

‘the vernal moult might be rendered

ete, until a perfect double moult was

he birds of paradise retain their nup-

ghout the year, and thus have only a
wast them directly after the breedin,

x: we a double moult; and others again

on during the first year, but not after-

ler species are intermediate in their

fie menisog of Mrs, nos Bay ha
‘thal teeesp oe

402 THE DESCENT OP MAN. Past TL

Gou}d, after describing some peculiarities in a male hum-
ming-bird, says be hes no doubt that it has the ‘rorenee dis-
playing them to the greatest advantage before the female.
Dr. Jerdon * insists that the beautiful plumage of the male
serves “ to fascinate and attract the female” Mr. Bartlett,
at the Zoological Gardens, exprewed himself to ears the
strongest terms to the same effect.

It must be a grand sight in the forests of India“ to come
enddenly on twenty or thirty pea-fowl, the males display-

Foo, 6,—Rupicola crocen, male (T. W. Wood).

ing their gorgeous trains, and etratting about in all the
pomp of ride before the gratified females” 'The wild
turkey-cock erecta his glittering plumage, expands his finely-
zoned tail and barred wing-feathors, and altogether, with

*<Rirds of India, introduct. vol. i. 507. See Gould's *Intredvetion to the
xxiv; on the peusock, vol lik. 1 ‘Prochilldie.’ 1961, pp. 16 and 11.

406 THE DESCENT OF MAN, Pant I.

tnurks,2* they stand out like balls lying loosely within sockets,
When I looked at the specimen in the British Museum, which

= Ses
TAG. 52. Fide view of imate Angus phoamant, whilet displaying before the Cemale
‘Observed and sketched from nature hy MrT. W_ Wood.
'

1s mounted with the wings expanded and trailing downwards,
T was however greatly disappointed, for the ocelli appeared
flat, or even concave. But Mr. Gonld coon made the case

The Reign of Law,’ 1807, po

412

foregoing facts we clearly see that the plumes and other
arene of the males must be of the highest importance
to them; and we further see that beauty is even sometimes
more important than suceess in battle.

THE DESCENT OP MAN.

CHAPTER XIV.
Binps—conlinued,

the fernale—Length of courtahip—U Virds—M
‘ t esctermne oe seipaty she

ipt—-Lawe of va
Catelof Poncook, Argus phomsant, and Uroatiotn

Wites the sexes differ in beauty or in the power of si
ing, or in producing what I have called instrumental music,
it is almost invariably the male who surpasses the female.
‘These qualities, as we have juat seen, are evidently of hi,
importance to the male. When they are gained for on!
a part of the year it is always before the breeding-season.
It is the male alone who elaborately displays his varied at-
tractions, and often performs strange antics on the ground
or in the air, in the presence of the female. Each male
drives away, or if he can, kills his rivals. Hence we may
conclude that it is the object of the male to induce the
female to pair with him, and for this pu he trie to
excite or charm her in various ways; and ‘this is the opin-
ion of all those who have carefully studied the habits of
living birds. But there remaina a question which has an
uportant bearing on sexual selection, namely, does every
male of the same species excite and attract the female
equally? Or does she exert a choice, and prefer certain
males? This latter question can be answered in the affirma-
tive by much direet and indirect evidence. It is far more
difficult to decide what qualities determine the choice of
the females; but here again we have some direct and in-
direct evidence that it is to a late extent the external at-
tractions of the male; though no doubt hie vigour, courage,
and other mental qualities come into play. We will begin
with the indirect evidence,

Length of Courtsh The lengthened period during
which both sexes of certain birds meet day after day at an
appointed place probably depends partly on the courtship

Peeree a t

z
7

sine dusk in a
ited for the same pur-
many be seen running

out their feathers,
cries.”

it might

stronger males would eimply

ie weaker, and then at once have taken

y females as possible; but if it be indis-

the male to excite or please the female, we ean
‘Tength ‘of the courtship and the congrega-

i 2 aa
se Me Gace

—

the
re

Es
HE

jealousy

be-
the

432 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN.

cn apeemeragetemast omen
ve te pl damage rm and

Gould
Se tesinsrisGes/Jeclo wisons

binds belonging to the genus C ii
or three races or varieties, which differ from each other in
the colouring of the tail“ some having the whole of the
feathers blue, while others have the eight central ones ti
with beautiful green.” It does not appear that int

dations have been obeerved in this or the following cases.
a hate males alone of = ps —— ke a
thighs in som are scarlet, others grase-; an-
other parrakeet of the same country “some Tadividuals have
the lund across the wing-enverts bright-yellow, while im
others the same part is tinged with red.”**_Tn the eb
States some few of the Bae of the Scarlet Tanager ie
gra rubra) have “a beautiful transverse 1
rod on the smaller wing-covorts;"?* but thi ae arti
seems to be somewhat rare, 80 that its
sexual selection would follow only under wnusu: at “ae

In Bengal the Honey tn

cristela) has cither a «mall rudimental erest on its Heute or
none at all: so i however, would not have
been worth *y posscesed in
Southern In
several graduated feather

The following case is in some ree
A pied variety of the raven, with the head, breast, al
and parts of the wings and tail-feathers white, is

Islands, It i® not very rare there, for Graba
visit from eight to ten living tres
"the characters of this variety are not

atant, yet it has been named by sever Meri
thologists as a distinct species. The fact of re binds
Wing pursued and persecuted with much clamour ne
er ravens of the island was the chief canae whi
riinnich to conclude that they were specifically pores
1 this ix now known to be an error? This case seems
to me than any other Roviow, I did ™ Gould, Tantboske ‘ei ee co
Hot seo ow feat the chances were Auatralia? oli pp. 22 d
‘Perinat tho preservation of variations, * Audubon, ia Bie
whether slight of strongly prom "Eaten Nol, iv,
Hounoe|, cvcurring only In alagle ine Jordon, j Binds oe ins ae
dividuals, Blyth, in *

ancl
**Totroduction to the Trochilille,’ Mater? 1865, L381,
p02, ” Graba, “Dapebuch ‘elas mach

ste individnal aera which
less degree, to all the members

ase eer reason to beliove that
important for the work of selection.
are eminently liable to vary,

n ite of nature and under domestiea-
Presecis to: believe, as we have seen in
variations are more apt to occur
female sex. All these contingencies
sexual selection. Whether charac-
transmitted to one sex or to both

hall see in the following chapter,

lt to form an exorinlice whether cer
of birds are simply
with meceaire -limited inheritance,

ler Domestication, vol ti page
On tae es ne, ah Varin

| Betneinlons co p38; we

PPS, 7H.

Guar, XIV, BIRDS—GRADATION OF CHARACTERS, 499

this bird has become go splendidly decorated. The peacock
ie chicfly remarkable from the xt it of his
tail-coverts; the tail itself not being much elongated. ‘The
barbs along nearly the whole length of these feathers etand
eepurate or are decomposed; but this is the case with the
feathers of many species, und with some varieties of the
domestic fowl and pigeon, The barbs coalesce towards the

Fiat, =Feather of Resocek, about two-thirds of natural sin. drawn by Mr, Ford,

nue rasoparset moe le repeeecated 87 the oulermost white some, conitaed to

extremity of the shaft forming the oval diso or ocellus,
which is certainly one of the most beautiful objects in the
world. It consists of an iridescent, intensely blue, indented
contre, surrounded by a rich green zono, thie by a broad
coppery-brown zone, and this by five other narrow zones of
tightly different iridescent shades. A trifling charneter in
tho dite deserves notice; the barbs, for a sje along one
of the concentric zones are more or less destitute of their
harbules, so that a part of the dise Is surrounded by an
almost transparent zone, which gives it a highly finished

Omar, XIV, BIRDS—GRADATION OP CHARACTERS, 441

unusual length of the tail-coverts is another remarkable
character in Polyplectron; for in some of the species they
are half, and in others two-thirds as long as the true tail-
feathers, The tail-coverts are
ocellated ax in the peneock.
‘Thus the several species of Poly-
plectron manifestly make a
graduated approach to the pea
cock in the length of thoir tail-
coverts, in the zoning of the
ocelli, and in some other chur

eee te
proach, tl ies of Poly-
Dlectson which 1 examined. ae
most made ome give up the
search; for I found not only that
the true tail-feathers, which in
the peacock are quite plain, were
ornamented with ood but that
the ocelli on all the feathers dif-
fered fundamentally from. thase
of the ; in there being
two on the game feather (fig, 55),
one on each side of the shaft.
Honce 1 craspeyt that the
earl litors of the ke
ee resembled a
Polyplectron. But on continu~
ing my search, I observed that in
some of the species the two ocelli
stood very newr each other; that
in the tail-feathers of P. kard-
wickié they touched each other;
and, finally, that om the tail-
coverts of this sume species as
well a8 of P, malaceense (fig. 56)
they were actually ment.
Ax the centr! part alone is con-
fluent, an indentation ix left at
both the upper and lower ends;
and the surrounding coloured
zones are Hikewiee indented. A single ocellus is thus formed
on each tail-covert, though still plainly betraying its double
origin. These confluent ocelli differ from the single ocelli

Cuap, XIV, BIRDS-GRADATION OF CHARACTERS. erty

‘The extremities of the longer secondary feathers which
bear the perfect ball-and-socket ovelli, are peculiarly orna-
mented (fig. 61). The obliqne longitudinal stripes suddenly
couse seman and beeome confused; and above this limit
the whole upper end of the feather (@) is covered with white
dots, surrounded by little black rings, standing on a dark
ground. The oblique stripe belonging to the upperinost
ocellus (6) is barely represented by a very short irrexular
black mark with the usual,
curved, transverse base. Ax this
stripe is thus abruptly cut off,
we can perhaps understand from
what has gone before, how it is
that the upper thickened part of
the ring is here absent; for, as
before stated, this thickened part
apparently stands in some rela-
tion with a broken prolongation
from the noxt higher spot.
From the absence of the upper
and thickened part of the
ring, the uppermost ocellas,
though perfect in Ae me
spect, appears as ite 10)
a oe a Said Dake off.

it would, T think, lex any
one, who believes that the plum-
age of the Argua pheasant was
created a8 we now see jt, to am
count for the imperfect eondi-
tion of the uppermost ocellus.
T should add that on the second-
ary wing-feather farthest from
the body all the ovelli are smaller
and lew perfect than on the
other feathers, and have the up-
per part of the ring deficiont, ix
in the cnee juat mentioned. The
imperfection here xcems to be
connected with the fact that the
spots on thie feather shew leas
tendency than usual to be «

come confluent into stripes:

they are, on the contrary, often broken up into smaller spote,
vo that bat or three rows rua down to the same ocellus,

to the tale fee be Plans
his rivals, that this may have
additional di

second group ip take extreme enre in
but this doea not invariably

birds of the third yroup the
inl chiefly on the under surface,
\ peti are sometimes bri

oe nests,

mies apes the re wlike
females, though ren brilliant than
Nor can it be maintained
which are brightly coloured,

r tints being green, for some display
red, blue, ma osie sclonrs.2

1 ee ine

Google

P. eat

‘THE DESCENT OF MAN.

In rogard to birds which build in holes or construct
domed nests, other advantages, as Mr. Wallace remarks,
besides se aut are se such ms hee
rain, greater warmth, and in hot countries
the et so that if is no valid objection to his view that
many birds having both sexes obscurely coloured build con-
cealed neste? The female Horn-bill (Buceres), for ‘instance,
of India and Afriea is protected during incubation with
extraordi, care, for she plasters up with her own exere
ment the orifice of the hole in which she sits on her eges,
daring only a small oriflee through which the male feat

i@ is thus kept a close proner during the whole
period of incubation; yet female horn-bills are not more
ee coloured than many other birds of equal size
which build open nests. It is a more serious objection to
Mr. Wallace’s view, as is admitted by him, that in some few
groupe the males are brilliantly coloured and the females
obseure, and yet the latter hatch their eggs in domed nests,
This is the case with the Grallina of Australia, the Superb
Warblers (Maluride) of the same country, the Sun-birds
(Nectariniw), and with several of the Austrian Honey-
suckers or Meliphagidw.?

If we look to the birds of England we ehall see that
there is no close and general relation between the colours
of the female and the nature of the nest which is con-
structed. About forty of our British birde (exeluding those
of large size which could defend themselves) build in holes
in banks, rocks, or trees, or construct domed nests, If we
take the colours of the female goldfinch, bullfinch, or blaek-
bird, as a standard of the degree of conspicuousness, which
is not highly dangerous to the sitting female, then out of
the above forty birds the females of only twelve ean be
considered as conspicuous to a dangerous degree, the re-
maining twenty-eight being inconspicuous.” Nor is there

¢rimson. Many other tnstances of
Kighly conspiouous fomalen could be
given. Sec Mr. Gonld’s magnificent
ork Ui fan

alvin noticed In Guatemala

_Avstrttan genera devertbed jn Gould
indbook of the Binda of Ai -
A pp. 840, 349, as 4a, Be

1804, pe SPS) that humming:

“were imuch more unwilling to

their neste daring vory hot

weather, when the sun was abinitur

brightly, a If their eggs would he

hus injured, than during cool, cloudy,
e

F apecity. as Instances of doll
coloured hinds building concealed
‘Beata, the «pecies belonging to eight

i Mx C. Hlorne,* Prov, Zoolog, Boe!
1A69, p. 143,

p.
1” On the nidification and colours,
thous latter spacton sou Gols
book," de, vol, bpp. 504, 637,
ina Sorel on Do,
spilivray’s. "Brita Ted!
though doul sy may be emtertail
same cases in repant to the ad
concealment of the neat, and to:
iet0e of conspicuousness of the

ail

«2°
SEE

fi
E

en,

ced, , have been exposed

and d generally have been destroyed;
cautious males, on the other han

cl ner, would not only have been able

d have been favored in their rivalry with

variations occurring late in life tend

Insively to the same sex, vo that in this

tints would not have been transmitted

|, ornaments of a less con-

the Eared and

would not have been dangerous, and if

‘early youth, would generally have been

ial transference of
some of the antes

ich we see in our domesti-
‘the result of some definite cause;
ore uniform conditions, some one

fn the‘ Variation of Animale and Plants

ni
different periods of life, sere
group, we do not know,
transmission, one impor-
wems to be the age at which the

of inheritance at Scrrespocing es,
e

in colour which occurred

the adults

least duris

n, whilst the young are invariably le
the adults, or are quite dull coloured;
D, a6 fer tt va ieipad of the
d species ing bright colours, or
esolotred poses Baa aides Hae
Th the fourth class, however, in which
old resemble each other, there are many
ho means all), of which the young are
these form old eres, we may infer
tore were likewise bright. With thia
the birds of the world, it appears
much increased since that period,
plumage gives us a partial record.
the Plumage in relation to Protection—-
I cannot follow Mr. Wallace in
n to the females,

head and back being of the same sand-coloured

that in these ten species the upper

‘of both sexes have been acted on and rendered
selection, for the sake of protectio

h surfaces of the males alone have been di-

versified, through sexual selection, for the sake of orna-

; aa both sexes are equally well protected, we

the females have not been prevented by nat-

from inheriting the colours of their male par-

we must look to the law of séxually-limited

“In all parts of tho world both soxes of many soft-billed
tepecially those which frequent reeds or sedges, are
red. No doubt if their colours had been

x ould have been much more conspicuous to

; but whether their dull tints have been epe-

‘for the sake of protection seems, as fur as T

rather doubtful. It is still more doubtful

whe such dull tints can have been gained for the eake
We must, however, bear in mind that male
dull-coloured, often differ much from their

ee (as with the common sparrow), and this leads to
belief that such eolonrs have been gained through’ sex-
| selection, from being attractive. Many of the soft-
are ters; and o discussion in a former

should not be forgotten, in which it was shewn

best songsters are rarely ornamented with bright

Tt would appear that female birds, az a general rule,

| mates either for their xweet voices or
but not for both charms combined. Some spe-

are manifestly coloured for the sake of protec-

as the jack-snipo, woodcock, and night-jar, are

ul and shaded, according to our standard of
‘extreme elegance. In ne cases we may -con-

patural and sexual selection have acted con-

je males of many
RISERS Gt ataek od of
in which the females are horn-

in the latter, with the excep-
iden rudiment. Certain antelopes,
ieee oe various apes, seals, and
In the females of the walrus
N times quite gon a the role eloe-
I male the w
i pace ‘le narwhal
velo i ¢ well-known, spirall;
‘orn which is sometimes from faa 5
‘ig believed the males use these
ae. for “an unbroken one can
occasionally one may be found with the
jammed into the broken place.” *® The
side of the head in the male consists
ten inches in length, which is embedded
mit eometimes, te rh rarely, both are equally
the twa sides. ¢ female both are always
male Mateiet has a larger head than
and it no doubt im in hie equatie
“the ndult male ornithorhynchus is pro-
namely a spur on the
I fang of a venomous
1 to a the secretion from the
jous; and on tho log of the female there
for the reception of the apur.?

+ Owen, Anatomy of Vertebra
vol, 1 p aNs, ‘$ a

fake er ry: ar on te
ater ie ft
‘and Orie

TTobes chav aa

infor as probable that horns of all
developed in the two

sequel by 1 male in order to eon-
ve

been transferred more or less

tration deserve notice, as throwing light
it. Stage after the operation never renew
male reindeer, however, must be excepted,

tion he does renew them. This fact, as well
of horns by both sexes, seems at first to
horns in this species do not constitute a
7 but as they are developed at a very early
in constitution, it is not surpria-

Mected by castration, even if they

by the male. With sheep both

sand Tam informed that with

of the males are considerably re-

but the degree depends much on the

ion is performed, as is likewise the
Merino rams have large horns,

ly speaking are without horns; ”

lion seems to produce a somewhat

that if performed at an early age the horns
undeveloped.” ** On the Guinea coast
for mein Basony on this subject, Hh.

von Nathusiun (*Viehaocht," 1899, 7.

anys that the horas of sheop cn

‘at an carly period, either alto-

appear in all cases to have

sexual weapons, they offen

uses his tusks in at-

he scores the trunks

n down easily, and he like-
teaser of palms: in Africa

h horns of an animal may be occa-
observed by Captain Hutton with the

aqagres) the Aeripaltfes and, ae it is
‘ibex, namely that when the mule ni

a boight he bends inwards his head,
‘on his massive horns, breaks the shock.
of thus use her horns, which are smaller,
ii oe pete she does not need this

animal uses ee weapons in his own peculiar

The ‘common ram makes a charge and butte with
vith the bases of his horns, that [ have scen a
knocked over like a child. Goats and cer-
shoop, for instance the Ovis cycloceros of
rear on their hind legs, and then not only
eut down and a jerk up, with the ribbed
nitar-shaped horn, ns with a sabre. When
rox attacked a domestic ram, who was
he conquered him by the sheer novelty of
i, always closing at once with his ad-

ing him across the face and nose with a

‘k of the head, and then hounding out of
blow could be returned.” In Pembroke-
the master of a flock which during sev-

FNat Hist? of Caph Hatton ard others. Por the
oy eee
‘authority

up, thro up his head at the same
| €an thas wound or even tranafix hie an-

‘Piu. GL—Oryx lencorsx, malo (trom the Knowsley Menagerie)

offect even against « lion; yet from being forced to place
his head between the fore legs in order to bring the points
‘of the horns forward, he would generally be under « great
disadvantage when attacked by any other animal. It is.
therefore, not probable that the horns have been movlified
into their present great length and peculiar position, as a
protection against beusts of prey. We can however seo that,
ite SOON He some ancient male progenitor of the Oryx ac.
nived moderately long horns, directed a little backwards,
would be compelled, in his battles with rival males, to
hend his head somewhat inwards or downwards, as is now
done by certain stage; and it is not improbable that he might
have acquired the habit of at first occasionally and after-
wards of regularly kneeling down. In this case it is almost
tain that the males which possessed the longest horns
mld have had a great advantage over others with shorter
form and then the horns would gradually have been ren-
Ponger and longer, through sexual selection, until they

id their present extraordinary length and position,
‘ith stags of many kinde tho branches of the horns
“enrious case of difficulty, for certainly a single
t point would inflict » much more serious wound
ral diverging ones. In Sir Philip Kgerton’s musty

Caan XVI =MAMMALS—LAW OF BATTLE 523

on the other side they touched the ground.” The stag by
ilis procedure gradually drove the party of reeeuers back-
wards to a distunee of 150 or 200 feet; and the attacked
man was killed.!*

Although the horns of stags are efficient. weapons, there
can, Tt think, be no doubt that a single point would have

Fis, Mh—Serepatceroe Ku (from Sir Audrew Smith's Zoology of Soutty Africw”)

Geen much more dangerous than a branched antler; and
Fudge Caton, who has had large experience with deer, fully
concurs in this conclusion. Nor do the branching horns,

SS Bee & imort interesting account in the Appendix w Hon. J. D. Caton
Paper, above quoted.

a a

0 Sarge eeese iciemenice Barn
u
ot.

ried with equal de: i
ned b late Dr. Falconer, that the Indian ele-
his in a different manner according to the posi-
curvature of his tusks. When they are directed
nd upwards he ix able to fling a tiger to a great
is said to even thirty feet; when they are short
he endeavours suddenly to pin the
§ and, in consequence, is dangerous to

ee te 2. be jacked off the howdal.°
| he q ipeds possess weapons of two dis-
specially adapted for fighting with rival males,
(Cervulus), however, offers an ex-
, 08 he is provided with horns and exserted canine
. But we may infer from what follows that one form
n_has often boon replaced in the course of ages by
ith ruminants the development of horns gon-
in an inverse relation with that of even mod-
pod canine teeth. Thus camels, guanacoes,
and musk-deer, are hornicss, and they have
these teeth being “always of smaller size

% Scenlso Cor (* Flijlosoph. Trans
11706, p. 219) on the manner ip
iol the *hore-tusked Mooknab va

of from twelve to fifteen
ents it is clear that the
female Seotch

in life. The

Fro, (.—Iead of common wild boar, in
‘wie of life (from Brehm}

woven,
in their full dimensions until rather

i have tended, in necordance with the
to franamit their characters to their
hay thus the great inequality in sixe
‘the Scoteh deer-hound may probably

few quadrupeds possess organs or

[ese

580 THE DESCENT OF MAN. Pane th.

ja developed aolely as a means of defence against the
Tes of her Sr Some kinds of deer use, aa we have
sven, the upper branches of their horns chielly ar exclusi
for defending themselves; and the Oryx antelope, ue I am

Fiv, 66, Skull of the Dobtross Pig (from Wallece’s ‘Malay Archipelago),

informed by Mr. Rartlett, fences moet skilfully with hig
Jong, gently curred horns; but these are likewise used as
organs of offence. The stne obserter remarks that rhi-
noceroses in fighting, parry each other’s eidelong Wlows with
their horns, which clatter loudly together, as do the tusks
of boars. Althongh wild bours fight desperately, they. sel-
dom, according to Brohim, receive fatal wounds, ax Ue Bln
fall on each other's tusks. or on the layer of gristly skim
covering the shoulder, called by the German Nuntens, the
shield; and here we have a part specially modified for te
fence, With boars in the prime of life (see fig. G5) the tuskes
in the lower jaw are need for fighting, tut they heoome in:
old age, nt Brehm states, 40 much carved inwards and

wards over the snout that they ean ne longer be used in
this way. They may, however, still serve, and oven mane
effectively, as a means of defence. In compensation for

Car, XVI MAMMALS—MBANS OP DRFENCR, Osi

the loss of the lower tusks as weapons of offence, those in
the upper jaw, whieh always project a little laterally, in-
crease in old aye so wwuch in length and curve so much up-
wards that they can be used for attack, Neverthvless, an
old boar is not eo dangerous to man a2 one at the age of
six or seven years*®

Tn the fcgeirn inale Babirusn pig of Celobes (fig, 66),
the lower tueke are formidable weapons, like thoee of the
Ruropean boar in the prime of life, whilst the upper tusks
are so long and have their points so much curled inwards,
sometimes even touching the forehead, that they are utterly
useless as weapons of attack. They more nearly resemble
horns than teeth, and are so manifestly useless ax tecth thut
the animal wae formerly supposed to reat his head by hook-
ing them on to a branch! Their convex surfaces, however,
if the bead were held a litde laterally, would serve as an

Mew of feenate Jthlopian wart-bog, trom Proc. Zook. foe.” 180, shew
Ts om ieee ot Seca reed mm Coa akin each a eee ele

NT When the engraving was first made, L vas under thn trnpeewaion that tt
repreweated fhe wale

excellent guard: and hence, perhaps, it is that in old ani-
male thes “are generally broken off, as if by fighting.” *
Here, thon, we have the curious case of the upper tusks of
the Babirusa regularly assuming during the prime of life
a structure which ay ntly renders them fitted only for
defence; whilst in the European boar the lower tusks as-
enme in a lows degree and only during old ago nearly the

% Broke, ‘‘Thieeletwe'il. se, 729-22 ecant of this aniinal, “Tha Malay
© Sce Mr Wallace's interesting we- Archipelago, 09%, rok. p. 485,

Guar. XVI. MAMMALS—MEANS OP DEPENCE. 533

a fearful scene ensued: “ the lion's mane saved his neck and
head from being much injured, but the tiger at last suc-
pte ee a minules he was

ie ‘broad ruff round the throat and chin of the
Canadian lynx (Helis canadensis) ix much longer in the male
than in the female; but whether it serves as a defence I do

any of the ee especially attacked each other by the
nape of the neck, | was answered that thix was not the caso,

young lion, in the of both sexes and in the fe-
male the mane is almost Rests

It aes to me probable that the immense woolly
mane of the male American bison, which reaches almost to
the , and is much more developed in the males than in
the females, served as a protection to them in their terrible
battles; but an experienced hunter told Judge Caton that
he had never observed anything which favoured this belief.
‘The stallion has a thicker and fuller mane than the mare;
aud I have made particular inquiries of two great trainers
and who have had charge of many entire horses,
and am assured that they “invariably endeavour to seize one
another by the neck.” It does nof, however, follow from
the foregoing statements, that when the hair on the neck
serves ux a defence, that it was originally developed for this
Deven poveb thie ia probable in some cases, as in that of

lion. T am informed by Mr. MeNeill that the long
hairs on the throat of the stag (Cerows slaphus) serve as a
reat protection to him when hunted, for the dogs generally

“The Times! Nov. loth, 186%. olog. Soe.’ 1860. p. 10% Mr. J. A. Ale
¢ bw “Canals tyne-soe u- Ten, in the rabowe quoted fm. T).
and aad ‘of doubts ehether tho hair. ielones

‘ TAG.
« mane.

‘er on the neck in the mal
om Otarin, "Pros. Zo- female, deacrven to bo cal

tid «

is known about the courtship of animals in a
Murer ee aa eer tee far our

d ls evince any choice in their unions.
best opportunity for observation, as they are

to and well understood. Many breeders

‘a strong opinion on this head. ‘Thus, Mr.

rks, “The females are able to bestow their
tender recollection are as potent over them

to be in other cases, where higher animals

d. Bitches are not always pradent in their
apt to fling themeelves away on cure of low
with a companion of vulgar appearance,
up between the pair a devotion which no
inde aubedne, ‘The passion, for euch it really
a more than romantic endurance.” Mr. May-
d chiefly to the smaller breeds, is convinced
are strongly attracted by males of a large
-known veterinary Blaine states“ that his
‘bocame so attached to a spanicl,and a fe-

Soin eee tat

Cmar. XVI MAMMALS—VOCAL ORGANS, 587

hy valuable race-horse stallions, which
to be exhausted, should be so particu-
Mr. Blenkiron has never known a mare
a horee; but thie has occurred in Mr. Wright's stable,

had to be cheated. ae Lncas * quotes
ents from French authorities, and remarks,
Gtalons qui eéprennent d'une jument, ct
it toutes les autres.” He gives, on the authority

similur fuets in regard to bulle; and Mr, H. Reeks
assures mo that a famous short-horn bull belonging to his
father “invariably refused to be matched with a black cow.”

st S228
gar
fie

rel “Fomine res et fortiores marce pre cwteria ad-
ittunt,

of our domesticated quadrupeds, strong individual anti-
pathies and preferences are frequently exhibited, and much
more commonly by the female than by the male. ‘This
being the case, it is improbable that the unions of quadru-
in a state of nature shonld be left to mere chance, It.
much more probable that the females are allured or excited
particular males, who possess certain characters in a
hi degree than other males; but what these characters
are, we can seldom or never dizcover with certainty.

CHAPTER XVIII.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAMMALS—
continued.

Voice—Remarkable eexual pocu)isritios in neals—Odour—Dovelopment of the
Bain—Cofour of the her nd akin-—Anamatooment of the female bet

hoi fn the Cy a ernie ye thongh bap pe wo =
festa, fcr, duc to, sexual solcction--On the disappearance of spots an
Re Ne lat encscate- “On tie acloure ond Srnzorerte cf tie Queda"
mana—Summary.

Quapnureps use their voices for various purposes, ns a
Signal of danger, ax a call from one member of a troop to

“800,788 VHéréd, Nat.) torn, if, Piecemtaad end? vol. iv. 1788)
os PR

Bas

i Iw
mn; but we have

cage stands, the
does not

continued ae
produced an inherit
as well as of other male

in our present state of knowl-

gorilla is tremendous, and he
sack, ax is the adult mule
the noisiost of monkeys,
pecie syndaclylus) is also

r sack; Mr. Blyth, who has had op-

i does not believe that the male is

le. Hence, these latter monkeys proba-

‘a mutual call; and this is certainly the

pede, for instance the beaver.’ An-

AH. agilis, ix remarkable, from having the
and correct octave of musical

)we may reasonably serves as a sexual
wll have to recur to this subject in the next
ff of the American Muycetes caraya

er in the male than in the female, and are
‘These monkeys in warm weather

and at morning and evening with their
The males begin the dreadful con

it during many hours. the females

in with powerful voices, An
, Rengger,” could not perceive that they

jel. x Zoology, 18A0, note
eg logy,

*C. L, Martin, «Genny r
tion bo tho Not Hist of Mem. Ante
MIMRSIML Do 3L, as cathe
vom Pemgany? 1800 a he

Car. XVELL MAMMALS—ODOURS EMITTED. Sal

and beasts of prey, that the odour is protective; nevertheless,
ES cee tees enlary icra ete the eae
img-season, many or e gl are of
the same size in both but ir uses are not known.
In other the glands are confined to the males, or are
more: than in the females; and they almost always:
become more active during the rutting-season, At this
the sides of the face of the male ele-

ous parts; and it ie believed that theae are odoriferous.
¢ rank effluvium of the male goat is well Known, and
‘that of certain male deer is wonderfully strong and persist-
eat. On the banks of the Plata I perceived the air tainted
with the odour of the male Cervus campestris, at half a mile
of a herd; and a silk handkerchief, in which I
carried home a akin, though often used and washed, retained,
when first unfolded, traces of the odour for one year and
. even months. This animal does not emit ite strong odour
more than a year old, and if castrated whilst young
never emits it." Besides the general adour, permenting the
whole body of certain ruminants (for instance Bos moschat-
us) ason, many deer, antelopes, sheep, and
goats posses odoriferous glands in varions situations, more
reine on their faces, The so-called tear-eacke, or sub-
Saar come under thie head. These glands secrete
a nid fetid matter which ix sometimes so copious as
to stain the whole face, as I have myself seen in an antelope.
‘They are “usually larger in the male than in the female,
and their development ix checked by castration.” Accord-

Me Rengger, ‘Najungeschichie di
Sldagethiere "von Farnguay,” 1800,
B55 This observer gives some
curious particular in regan! w the

“Proc. Zoolog. 340, 1
‘subg witurvea,

fa }
r Staminalogio? i880, yo 38-

‘Cuar. XVHL TOF HAD. 45
acters, apparently not derived through reversion from an
wild parent ae, are confined to males, or are ate
developed in them than in the females—for instance, the
hump on the male zebu-cattle of India, the tail of fat-tailed
rama, the arehed outline of the forehead in the males of sey-
eral of and lastly, the mane, the long hairs on
the hind legs, the dewlap of the male of the Berbura
i The mane, which oceurs only in the rams of an

frican breed of sheep, is a truc secondary sexual character,
for, as T hear from Me Winwood Reade, it is not developed
if the animal be castrated. Although we ought to be ex-
tremely cautious, as shewn in my work on ‘ Variation under
Domestication,” in concluding that any character, even with
animale kept by Sir | people, haz not been eubjected
to selection by man, and thus augmented, yet in the cases
just specified this is improbable; more especially as the char-
acters are confined to the males, or are more strongly de-
veloped in them than in the females. If it were posilively
known that the above African ram js a descendant of the
same primitive stock as the other breeds of sheep, and if the
Rerbura male-goat with his mane, dewlap, &e., is descended
from the same stock ag other goats, then, assuming that selec-
tion has not been lied to these characters, they must be
due to simple variability, together with sexually-limited in-
heritance,

Hence it appears reasonable to extend this same view to
all analogous cases with animals in a state of nature. Never-
theless I cannot persuade myself that it generally holde
good, as in the case of the extraordinary development of hair
on the throat and fore-legs of the male Ammotragus, or in
that of the immense beard of the male Pithecia. Such
study a2 I hare been able to give to nature makes me believe
that parts or organs which are highly developed, were ae-
quired at some period for a special purpore, With those
antelopes in which the adult male is more strongly-coloured
than the female, and with those monkeys in whieh the hate
‘on the face is elegantly arranged and coloured in a diversi-
fied manner, it seems probable that the crests and tufts of
hair were gained as ornaments; and this T know is the opin-
jon of some naturalists. If this be correct, there can be
little doubt that they were gained or at Icast modified

ile. Por the Hiertiors goat, noe Dr,

sae thn on thesw sovornl, pnctice of seleetinn hy semi-civilised
of my * Variation of
20 ales j *Catabogue? ibid, pos.

Cnar, XVII MANSALS—ORNAMENTAL COLOUss, 549

to the blue winter or breeding-coat; so that this case may
Sore with those given in a RES of

lied or representative species of birde, which differ

each other only in their breeding plumage.’? ‘The
females of Cercus paludosus of 8. America, as well as the
young of both sexes, do not porsces the black etripes on the
nose and the blackish-brown line on the breast, which are

formed by Mr. Blyth, the mature male of the beautifully
coloured and axis deer it considerably darker than
the female: this hue the castrated male never acquires,
‘The last Order which we neod consider is that of the
Primates. The male of the Lemur macaco is generally coal-
black, whilst the female is brown** Of the Quadramana
of the New World, the females and young of Mycetes caraya
are greyish-yellow and like each Sipe in the second year
the young male becomes reddish-brown; in the third, black,
excepting the stomach, which, however, becomes quite black
in the fourth or fifth year, ‘There is also a strongly-marked
difference in colour between the sexes of Mycetes seniculus
and Cebus capucinus; the young of the former, and 1 be-
lieve of the latter species, resembling the females, With
Pithecia tencocephaia the young likewise resemble the fe-
males, which are brownieh-black above and light rusty-red
beneath, the adult males being black. The ruff of hair
round the face of Aleles marginatus js tinted yellow in the
male and white in the female, Turning to the Old World,
the males of Hylobates hoolock are always black, with the ex-
ception of a white band over the brows; the females vary
from whity-brown to a dark tint mixed with black, but are
never wholly black2® In the beautiful Cercopithecus diana,
the head of the adult male is of an intense black, whilst that
of the female is dark grey; in the former the fur between
the thighs is of an elegant fawn colour, in the latter it is
paler. In the beautiful and curious moustache monkey
(Cercopithecus cephus) the only difference between the sexes
is that the tail of the male is chestnut and that of the female
{The anne fhet Ns ilo boon fully a
twined by MM. Pollen

Bee, alee. Dr Gry
May 187
= On Mycetem, Wensrer,
srk Brohr,*Iustrites Thieriel
Eine a, Suake bem
pth "td a, Won! 1 pa

Ouar, XVI MAMMALS—ORNAMENTAL COLOURS. 551

of mammals is coloured in so extraordinary a manner as the
adult male mandrill (C. mormon). The face at this age be-

ition

is aleo marked With whitish stripes, and is ehaded in parts
with black, but the colours appear to be variable. On the
forehead there ix a crest of hair, and on the chin a yellow
beard. “Toutes lee parties supéricures de leure euieses et
le wean epee nu chien leurs fesses sont également colorés du

vif, avee un mél de blew qui ne manque
roel sere y pas d’élégance,” * “When the aaimad is excited
all the naked parts become much more vividly tinted. Sey
eral authors have used the strongest expressions in describing
theeo resplendent colours, which they compare with those of
the moet brilliant birds. Another remarkable peculiarity
is that when the great canine teeth are fully developed, im-
mense protuberances of bone are formed on cach cheek,
which are deeply furrowed longitudinally, and the naked
skin over them’ is brilliantly-coloured, as just described.
(Big. 69.) In the adult fernales and in the young of both ,
sexes these protuberances are scarcely perceptible; and the

naked are much less bright coloured, the face being

almost black, tinged with blue. In the adult female, gee
ever, the nose at certain regular intervals of time becomes
tinted with red.

Tn all the cases hitherto given the male is more strongly
or brighter coloured than the female, and differs from the
young of both sexes. But as with some few birds it is the fe-
nuile which is brighter coloured than the male, so with the
Rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus), the female hae a large
surface of naked skin round the tail, of a brilliant carmine
rel, which, as I was assured by the keepers in the Zoologica!

indically becomes eyen yot more vivid, and her
ts also is pale red, On the other hand, in the adult male
and in the young of bath sexes (as T saw in the Gardens),
neither the naked ekin at the erior end of the body, nor
the face, shew a trace of Tt appears, however, from
some published sceounts, that the male does oceasionally, or
during certain seasone, exhibit some traces of the red.
‘Although he is thus less ornamented than the female, yet
in the larger size of his body, larger canine teeth, more de-

it. tie ei ienas for tuniaies a
patie, the eile Alse’Bec, Wek dex Mase. neaa,

Cnar, XVII MAMMALS—ORNAMENTS, 55S

a female zebra would not admit the addrezees of a male ars
until he was painted so as to resemble a zebra, and then, as
John Hunter remarks, “she received him very readily. In
this curious fact, we have instinct excited by mere colour,
which had so strong an effeet us to get the better of every-
thing else. But the male did not require this, the f
being an animal somewhat similar to himself, was sufficient
to rouse him.”

An an earlier chapter we have seen that the mental powers
of the higher ani do not differ in kind, though greatly
in degree, from the corresponding powers of man, especially

“of the lower and barbarous races; and it would appear that
even their taste for the beautiful is not widely different from
that of the Quadrumana. As the negro of Africa raises the
flesh on his face into parallel ridges “or cicatrices, high
above the natural surface, which unsightly deformities are
considered great personal attract as negroes and
savages in many parts of the world paint their faces with
red, blue, white, or black bars,—co the male mandrill of
Africa appears to have acquired his deeply-furrowed and
gaudily-coloured face from having been thus rendered attrac
tive to the female, No doubt it is to us a most grotesque
notion that the posterior end of the body should be coloured
for the sake of ornament even more brilliantly than the face;
but this is not more strange than that the tails of many
birds should be especially decorated.

With mammals we do not at prea yoseees any evidence
that the males take pains to display their charms before
the female; and the elaborate manner in which this is per-
formed by male birds and other animale is the strongest
argument in favour of the belief that the females admire,
or are excited by, the ornaments and colours displayed before

. There is, however, a striking parallelism between
mammals and birds in all their secondary sexual characters,

ly in their weapons for fighting with rival males, in
their ornamental appendages, and in their colours. In both
classes, when the male differs from the female, the young of
both sexes almost always resemble each other, and in a large
majority of eases resemble the adult female. In both classes
the male assumes the characters proper to his sex shortly
before the age of luction; and if emasculated at an
early period, loses . In both classes the change of
colour is sometimes seasonal, and the tints of the naked.

‘The Nile Tribute
162.

Cuan, XVIL MAMMALS—SPOTS AND STRIPES, i

instance, of the koodoo (Strepsiceros udu) (fig. 64) have
narrow white vertical lines on their hind flanks, and an ele-
gant angular white mark on their foreheads. Both aexee in
the genus Damalis are very oddly coloured; in DP. Pugarge
the back and neck are purplishered, shading on the flanks
into black; and these colours are abruptly separated from
the white belly and from a large white space on the but-
; the head is still more oddly coloured, « large ob-

4 White mask, narrowly-edged with black, covers the face
vp to the eyes (fig, 71); there are three white stripes on the
forehead, and the ears are marked with white ie fawns

‘To, TL —Pamnalls pyzargn, male (from the Knowsley Menagerie).

of this species ure Of a uniform pale yellowish-brown, In
Damolis albifrons the colouring of the head differs from
that in the Last species In a single white stripe bh Saris the
three stripes, and in the ears being almest wholly whit

After having studied to the best of my ability the sexual dif.

* eo the fine plates in A. Binith's ‘Gleanings from the Menugérie’ of
*Hoolagy of & Afries’ and Dr, Gray's Koowsley!

ts are
the coat is reddish-brown,
during | ara wh the coat -
In toth these species the yo

Virginian deer the young are likewise pottel, and Sat
per cent. of the adult animals living in Judge Caton’s
‘ce, a8 IT am informed by him, temporarily exhibit at te

when the red summer coat is being replaced by th
ich winter coat, a Ba a! on each flank, which ero ale
jough very variable in distinct-

the
five
park

be quite dis-

a curious ee here arises. a we admit that col-

oured spots and stripes were first acquired as ornaments, how

sionally sa an ae cers ts

ani all the ies of pigs and

@ descendants of an aborigivally atriped ‘cama,

have aK their adult state their former ornaments? I

cannot satisfactorily answer this question. We may feel

eee pi the epote and stripes dieappeared at or near

progr of our existing species, so that

Dees were aie retuined hy the young; and, owing to the
wu i pres whit

oes Tor ei sen ee he

aut

Sat BOC! 1843: ‘nd Pleonate Pa

Quay, XVII, BEAUTY OP THE QUADRUMANA. 561

of the species the eexes resemble cach other in colour, but in
some, a# we have sen, the males differ from the females,
especially in the colour of the naked parts of the skin, in the
development of the beard, whiskers, and mane. Many 9)

cies are coloured either in so extraordinary or »0 beautiful #
manner, and are furnished with such curious and elogant
crests of lkuir, that we can hardly avoid looking at these
characters as haying been gained for the sake of ornament.

SN
Pe 7. of Zemoopitheeus rubleundus Thie and the followin,

igure
a ‘devel
ie Gerais ate given to shew the odd arrangement and developmnent

The accompanying figures (figs.72 to 76) serve to shew the
arrangement of the hair on the face and head in several spe-
cier, It is scarcely conceivable that these erests of hair, and
the strongly contrasted colours of the fur and skin, can be
the result of mere variability without the aid of selection;
und it is inconceivable that they ean be of nse in any ordinary
way tothese animals. If so, they-have probably been gained

sexual selection, though transmitted equally, or al-
most equally, to both sexes. With many of the Quadra-
mana, we Bars additional evidence of the action of sexual

Case, XVIL. BEAUTY OP THE QUADRUMANA, ry

sound the face are of a different colour from the rest of the
head, and when different, are the of a lighter tint,** being
often pure white, sometimes bright yellow, or reddish,

whole face of the South American Brachyurus caleus ix of a

@T obwerved tbls fret in the Zoo seats sol Pe tld en ‘His
Git Nis. deo Mammmifiren? oa.

Hantens:
SSranin teedoured facta Geol. SL

Cur, XVII, BEAUTY OF THE QUADRUMANA. 505

visitors admiring the bewuty of another monkey, deservedly
called Cercopithecus diana (fig. 78); the general colour of the
fur is grey; the chest and inner eurface of the fore loge are
white; # large trimgular defined space on the hinder part of

Fig. 78 —Cereopithnens dinna (from Beebe).

the back is rich chestnut; in the male the inner sides of the
thighs and the abdomen. are delicate fawn-coloured, and the
top of the hend is black; the face and ents are intensely
black, contrasting finely with a while Lranaverse ci 5
the eyebrows and a long white peaked beard, of whi
basal portion is black.”

Th these and many other monkeys, the beauty and singu-

St have mage gmt of the ators sopitigevs nemau ie taken from Me
by the Zoological Soeiety's W. C. Martin's* Nat, let of Marnma-
leweription of the Sem- Tis) LEAL, p. 460; ee alo pp. 475, 5%

z
2
z
:

it, that the Aymaras
fichwas of the Cordillera are symatkably ts hairless, yet Cin
age a few ling hairs occasionally apes on the
we two tribes have very little hair on
the various parts of the body where hair grows eter
in Europeans, and the women have none on the correspo!
i Deere ‘The hair on the head, however, attains an ex-
length in both sexes, often reaching almost to
the eu ; and this is likewise the case with some of the
morican tribes. In the amount of hair, and in the
Rais ape of the body, the sexes of the American
jo not differ so much from each other, a3 in

&
F
2
Es
&

most other races.*? ‘This fact is analogous with what occurs
with some cloeely allied mon! ‘thus the sexes of the chim-
panzee are not as different as those of the orang or gorilla,?"
In the previous chapters “e have seon that with mam-
hee rae fishes, insects, &e., many characters, which
dau every reason to Patt ete were primarily gained
oon sexunl selection by one sex, have been transferred
to the other, As this same form of transmission has appar-
ent] wailed much with mankind, a will save useless
ion if we disense the origin of characters peculiar
fo the male sex together with certain other characters com-
both sexes.

Law of Baltle—With sayages, for instance, the Aus-
trations, the women are the constant cause of war both
of the eame tribe and between distinet

Sipe, fe 22 no doubt it was in ancient times; “nam fuit
ante mutier teterrima belli causa” With some
of the North American Indiana, the contest is reduced to a
system, ‘That exellent observer, Hearne,” says;—“ Et has
motes of tho American Indiana ditter

Indinns,
221. On the less than thone of eres
ress Mane the higher mow. See alec

fy von Era’ iducyers Bie Greasen der
trneiitsing em Dare

(y hase Lehi sai 4.
mined YA Jourany from Prince of Walon

Cuan, XIX. MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND WOMAN, 577

with a woman, both possessed of every mental quality in
equal perfection, save that one has hi apr
bh eg alah ST ined

in pursuit, and will gain the ascendancy.**
ton to be pate has been de-

nent success can
faculties, as well as ine former, will re been developed
in man, partly through sexual selection—that is, through
‘the contest of rival males, and partly through natura) se-
lection —that is, from success in the general struggle for
life; and as in both cases the struggle will have been dorin
maturity, the characters gained will have been Goat
more fully ta the male than to the female offspring.
accords in a striking manner with this view of the Boat
fication and reinforcement of many of our mental facul-
ties by sexual selection, that, firstly, yet te ein
go a considerable change at puberty, and, secondly, that
eunuchs remain throughout life inferior in these same quali-
ties. Thus man has ultimately become superior to woman.
It is, indeed, fortunate that the law of the equal transmis-
sion of characters to both sexes prevails with mammals;
otherwise it is probable that man would have become as
superior in mental endowment to woman, as the peacock is
in ornamental plumage to the peahen,

Tt must be borne in mind that the tendency in char-
acters acquired by either sex late in life, to he transmitted
to the same sex at the same age, and of early acquired char-
acters to be tranamitted to both sexes, are rules which,
though general, do not always hold. If they always held

, we might conclude (but I here exceed my proper

) that the inherited effecte of the early education
of boys and girls would be transmitted equally to both
sexes; so that the present inequality in mental power be-
tween the sexes would not be effaced by a similar course
of early training; ees ean it have been caused by their dis-

early training. In order that woman should reach the
same standard ns man, she ought, when nearly adult, to be

MIN remarks (*TheSub- plodding, barronos 2 sin
ieee eee ce Isa 'The eae. What this ban en

oP ioudloy s Mand and Bedy,'p 81.

5
a

a ae to a or charm’ the oppo-

produced by fishes are said in some cases
ly by the fatten during the fees -aeason.

heen Vertebrata, necessaril iy possess an he
paratus for inhaling and expelling uir, with a pipe capable
of | closed at one end. Hence when the primeval mem-

eee clue were stele excited and their museles

low: sounds would almost cer-

iy ve aaa Mei re these, if they proved in

kde le, might readily have been modified or

weservation of acres adapted varia-

ertebrates which breathe ee are Am-

ni, and of these, frogs and toads possess vocal organs,

are incessantly used during the breeding-season, and

are often more highly developed in the male than
Tithe ferme, ‘The male alone of the tortoise utters a noise,

for only during the season of love. Male alligator’

or bellow during the same season, Every one knows

smneh birds use their vocal organs a8 a means of court-

He Foy Aeeeecien likewise perform what may be called

musi
Th the class of Mammals, with whieh we are here more
ly concerned, the males of almost all the species
their rola during the breeding-season much more than
time; and some are al sbeotutely mute excepting
season. With other species both sexes, or only the
use their yoices as a love-call. Considering these
and hae the vocal organs of some quadrupods are
1 developed in the male than in the female,
or temporarily during the breeding-
Soligadeing that in most of the lower clagsox
met hy the males, ecrve not only to call but
the female, it is a surprising fact that
‘pot fae any good evidence that these organs are

on Siridulation! ta * Free Boston See. of Nat Hlat!

=
a

Cran XIX MAN—MUSICAL POWERS, 581

all the precision porsible; then at the wind up, it rises a,
into « ick trill on U sharp and D." e os

A crite has asked how the ears of man, and he ought

have added of other animals, could have been adapted
by selection so as to distinguish musical notes. But this
gomtion shows some confusion on the subject; a noise is

¢ sensation resulting from the co-existence of several
aérial “ simple vibrations” of various periods, each of which
intermits so frequently that its separate existence cannot
be perceived. It is only in the want of continuity of euch
vibrations, and in their want of harmony inter se, that
noise differs from a musical note. Thus an ear to be capable
of discriminating noisce—and the high importance of this
power to all animals is admitted by every one—must be
sengitive to musical notes. We have evidence of thie ca-
pacity even low down in the animal scale: thus Crustaceans
are provided with auditory hairs of different lengths,-which
have been seen to vibrate when the proper musical notes
are struck* As stated in a previous chapter, similar ob-
servations have been made on the hairs of the antenna of
gnats. It has been positively asserted by good observers
thut spiders are attracted by music. It is also well-known
that some dogs how! when hearing particular tones!* Seals
rently appreciate music, and their fondness for it “ wax
well known to the ancients, and is often taken advantage of
by the hunters at the present day.” **

‘Therefore, as far as the mere perception of musical notes
is concerned, there seems no special difficulty in the case
of man or of any other animal. Helmhol(z has explained
on physiological principles why concords are agreeable, and
discards disigreenble to the human ear; but we are little
concerned with these, as music in harmony is a late inven-
tion. We are more concerned with melody, and here again,
according to Helmholtz, it is intelligible why the notes of
our musical seale are used. ‘The ear analyses all sounds into
their component “simple vibrations,” although we are not
conscions of this analysis. In a musical note the lowest
in piteh of these ie genorally predominant, and the others
which are les marked are the octave, the twelfth, the sec-

noe 1 may adi another in

ae a ne oe eee of actin leaps whine wh
sadn ‘whining, when
im Goveral acetonts bare bern. pab- ona ronerrtian, whe Wa

pab- one note on a
Tished to this elect. Mv Peach writes out of tune, xe played.

foamt "Mr. RE Brown, in “Proc. Zool,
Hatan hide af be howls Shee Sox Tea. aie.”
‘on the Mute, and to ng

588 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN. Par |

the Upper Nile knock out the four front teeth, that
they th not wish to resemble brutes Further the
Batokas knock out only the two upper incisors, which, as
"Livingstone “ remarks, gives the face a hideous appearance,
owing to the prominence of the lower jaw; but these

think the presence of the incizors most unsightly, and on
beholding some Europeans, cried out, “Look at the great

, teeth!” ‘The chief Sebituani tried in vain to alter this

fashion. In various parts of Africa and in the Malay Archi-
pelago the natives file the incisors into points like these of
a saw, or piorce them with holes, into which they insert
etude.

As the face with us is chiefly admired for its beauty, so
with savages it is the chief seat of mutilation. In all
ters of the world the septum, and more rarely the wings of
the nose are plerced; rings, sticks, feathers, and other arna-
ments being inverted into the holes. The ears are eve
where pierced and similarly ornamented, and with
Botocudos and Lenguas of South America the hole ix grad-
ually eo much enlarged that the lower edge touches the
shoulder. In North and South America and in Africa
either the upper or lower lip is pierced; and with the Boto-
eudos the hole in the lower lip is so large that a disc of
wood, four inches in diameter, is placed in it. Mantegazen
gives a curious account of the shame felt by a Sonth Ameri-
can native, and of the ridicule which he excited, when ho
sold his ¢embeta,—the large coloured piece of wood which
is passed through the hole. In Central Africa the women
perforate the lower lip and wear a crystal, which, from the
movement of the tongue, has “a wriggling motion, inde-
aeribably Indicrous during conversation.” The wife of the
chief of Latooka told S. Baker that Lady Baker
“would be much improved if she would extract her four
tramt’ teeth’ from tte tower jaw, and wear the long pointed
polished erystal in her under lip.” Further south with the
Makalolo, the upper lip is perforated, and a large metal and
bamboo ring, called a pelelé, is worn in the hole. “ This
eaueed the ip in one case to project two inches beyond the
tip of the nose; and when the lady smiled, the contraction
of the muscles elevated it over the eyes, ‘Why do the
women wear these things?’ the venerable chief, Chinsurdi,
was asked. Evidently surprised at such a stupid question,
he replied, “For beauty! They are the only beautiful things

47 Travels, p, 533. The Albert N'yanza, 1866, vole & p. M1

‘Citar, XIX. MANLOVE OF ORNAMENT, 589

women have; men have beards, women have none. What
kind of a would she be without the pelelé? She
would not be a woman at all with a mouth like a man, but
no beard?”

Hardly any part of the body, which can be eRe
modified, has escaped. ‘The amount of suffering thus caus
must have been extreme, for many of the operations re-
quire several years for their completion, so that the idea
of their necessity must be im) tive. The motives are
various; the men paint their bodies to make themselves
appear terrible in battle; certain mutilations are connected
with religions rites, or they mark the age of puberty, or the
rank of the man, or they serve to distinguish the tribes.
Amongst savages the same fashions prevail for long peri-
ods,° and thus mutilations, from whatever cause first made,
soon come to be valued as distinetive marks. But self-
adornment, vanity, and the admiration of others, seem to
be the commonest motives. In regard to tattooing, I was
told by the miesionarice in New Zealand that when they
tried to persuade some girls to give up the practice, they
answered, “ We must just have a few lines on our lips; else
when we grow old we shall be so very ugly.” With the
men of New Zealand, » most capable judge™ says, “to
have fine tattooed faces was the great ambition of the
young, both to render themselves attractive to the ladies,
and conspicuous in war.” A star tattooed on the forehead
and a spot on the chin are thought by the women in one
part of Africa to be irresistible attractions.** In mast, but
nof. all parts of the world, the men are more ornamented
than the women, and often in a different manner; eome-
times, though rarely, the women are hardly at all orna-
mented. As the women are made by savages to perform
tho greatest share of the work, and ag they are not allowed
to eat the best kinds of food, so it accords with the charac-
teristic selfishness of man that they should not be allowed
to obtain, or use tho finest ornaments Lastly, it is a re-
markable fact, as proved by the foregoing quotations, that
the same fashions in modifying the shape of the head, in
ornamenting the , in painting, tattooing, in perforating

tho hair” See Apamix (4 Journey in
Brazile 1808, p. 34s) on ineariabtlity
of the tattonine of Amazsnian Indiana.
M Rev K Taylor, "Now Zealand

spel ite Fohabitnata® 1885, p. 182.
© Mantegezes, "Vinggi » Studi.’ p.

Cuan, XIX. -“MAN—BEAUTY. 395

respect to Bornu and the countries inhabited by the Pullo
tribes. Mr. Reade found that he speed with the negroes
in their cetimation of the beauty of the native girle; and
that a fees m of the ae of European women
corres with ours, They admire long hair, and use
artifical means to make it appear abundant; they admire
also a beard, though themselves very scantily provided. Mr.
Reade feels doubtful what kind of nose is most appreciated;
a irl has been heard to say, 1 do not want to marry him,
he has got no nose;” and this shows that a very flat nose
is not admired. We should, however, bear in mind that
the depressed, broad noses and projecting jaws of the negroos
of the West Coast are exceptional types with the inhabit
ante of Africa. Notwithstanding the foregoing statements,
Mr. Reade admits that negroes “do not like the colour of
our skin; they look on blue eyes with aversion, and they
think our noses too long and our lips too thin.” He doea
not think it probable that negroes would ever prefer the
most beautiful European woman, on the mere grounds of
physical admiration, to a petiicking negrees.”*
©

The general truth of the principle, long ago insisted on
by Humboldt? that man adm

lires and often tries to ex-

erate whatever charactera nature may haye given him, is
shown in many ways. The practice of beardless races ex-
tirpating ay trace of a beard, and often all the hairs on
the body affords one illustration. ‘The skull has been greatly
modified during ancient and modern times by many mu
tione; and there can be little doubt that this has been prac-
tised, especially in N. and S. America, in order to exaggerate
some natural and admired peculiarity. Many Amocican
Indiane are known to admire a head 20 extremely flattened
as to appear to us idiotic, The natives on the north-western
const compress the head into a fed cone; and it ix their
conetant practice to gather the hair into a knot on the top
of the head, for the sake, as Dr. Wileon remarks, “ of in-
creasing the apparent ¢levation of the favourite conoid

The * Afriows Sketch Rook, vol. must consid dei
i aa Wears tale The Fucet’ Uabold aid that a mark experienced
fins. ar I have boen informed ty a observer, Capt Burton, believes tht a

o hat
we have seen of the judgment of the 245,
fines of Amerioa 1 cannot — ™*Pemanal Narrative,’ Eng. trans

hat think, ile must bem mistake, Int vol, iv. p SI, and eleewl

the few hy Ted ar (at ‘i eee
sho have ‘nota ‘om

ont ‘one ae

Cuan, XX. MAN—CHECKS TO SEXUAL SELECTION. 603

“the necessity of expiation for marri ae Saeco
of tribal rites, since, according to oldies a man had no
right to appropriate to himself that which belonged to the
whole tribe.” Sir J, Lubboek further ee a curious bod:
of facts shewing that in old times high honour wus bestowed
on women who were utterly licentious; and this, ax he ex-
plains, ia intelligible, if we admit that promiscuous inter-
course wis the aboriginal, and therefore long revered custom
of the tribe."

Although the manner of development of the marriage-
tie is an obscure subject, as we may infer from the di-
vergent opinions on several points between the three authors
who have atudied it moet closely, namely, Mr. Morgan, Mr.
M'Lennan, and Sir J. Lubbock, yet from the foregoing and
several other lines of evidence it seems probable® that the
habit of marriage, in any strict sense of the word, has been
peziually developed; and that almost promiscuous or very
loose intercourse wus once extremely common throughout
the world, Nevertheless, from the strength of the feeling
of jealousy all through the animal kingdom, ss well as from
the analogy of the lower animals, more particularly of those
which come nearest to man, I cannot believe that absolutely
scan intercourse prevailed in times past, shortly

‘ore man attained to his present rank in the zoological
seale. Man, as I hare attempted to shew, is certainly de-
scended from some ape-like creature. With the existing
Quadrumana, as far as their habits are known, the malee of
some epecies are monogamous, but live during only a part
of the year with the females: of this the orang seems to
afford an instance. Several kinde, for example some of the
Indian and American monkeys, are strictly monogamous,
and associate all the year round with their wives. Others
are polygumous, for example the gorilla and several Ameri-
con spocies, and each family lives separate. Even when

jis oceurs, the families inhabiting the same district are
probably somewhat social; the chimpanzeo, for instance,
18 occasionally met with in large is in, other spe-
cies are folermens, but several males, each his own
femalez, live axeocinted in a body, ax with several specics of

1! Origin of Civilisation? 1870, P84 184, p. 197) aysinet the views hell by
the several _
Sersat rhe oe test hn ore rah et pe
on Samet bye the females course ; and he thinks thet the elasst-
or tribe alone. Ayrtem of relationship can be
C. Staniland Wake argues ‘Sinercied explained
strongly Amthropologia,” March,

—

Cur, XX. MAN—OHECKS TO SEXUAL SELECTION. 605
tained this habit from primeval times, or whether 4

have returned to some form of marriage, after passi
through a stage of promiscuous piiperieen ig Iwill fate oe
tend to conjecture,
set fanticide—This practice is now common through-
world, and there ia reagon t lieve that pci

ont much more extensively during dorian times? Bare
barians find it difficult to support themselves and their
Tay and it is a simple plan to kill their infants. In

South America some tribes, according to Azara, formerly
destroyed so many infants of both sexes that they were on
the point of extinction. In the Polynesian Islands women
have been known to kill from four or five, to even ten of
their children; and Ellis could not find a single woman
who had not killed at least one. Ina village on the eastern
frontier of India Colonel MacCulloch found not a single
female child. Wherever infanticide * prevails the struggle
for existence will be in so far less severe, and all the mem-
bers of the tribe will have an almost equally good chance
of rearing their few surviving children. In most cases a
larger number of female than of male infants are destroyed,
for it is obvious that the latter are of more value to the
tribe, a8 they will, when grown up, aid in defending it,
and can support themselves, But the trouble experienced
by the women in rearing children, their consequent loss of
beauty, the higher estimation vet on them when few, and
their happier fate, are usigned by the women themselves,
and by various observers, ag additional motives for in-
fanticide.

When, owing to female infanticide, the women of a
tribe were few, the habit of =m it wives from neigh-
bouring tribes would naturally arise. Sir J. Lubbock, how-
ever, as we have seen, attributes the practice in chief part
to the former existence of communal marriage, and to
the men having consequently captured women from other
tribes to hold ns their sole property. Additional” causes
might be assigned, such as the communities bein, Pa
small, in which ease, marriageable women would

2 Mr at Len Primitive Mare enters in detail on the motivea Soe

pele at oar agra -

Cur, XX. MAN—OHROKS TO SEXUAL SELECTION. 607.

Early Berothale and Slavery of Women—With man;
poy Sfp mien fg Fl wrth stare
infants; and this would effectually prevent preference being
exerted on either side according to personal appearance,
But it would prevent the more attractive women from

afterwards stolen or taken by force from their hus-

by the more powerful mon; and this often happens
in Australia, America, and elsewhere. The same conse-
quences with reference to sexual selection would to a cer-
tain extent follow, when women are valued almost solely
as slaves or beasts of burden, as is the case with many sav-
ages. The men, however, at all times would prefer the

slaves according to their standard of beauty.

We thus see that several customs prevail with sav
which must greatly interfere with, or completely stop, the
action of sexual selection. On the other hand, the condi-
tions of life to which savages are exposed, and some of their
habite, are favourable to natural selection; and thie comea
into play at the same time with sexual selection, Savages
ure known to suffer severely from recurrent famines; they
do not increase their food by artificial means; they rarely
refrain from marriage,'* and generally marry whilst young.
Consequently: they must bo subjected to occasional hard
struggles for existence, and the favoured individuals will
alone survive.

At n very early period, beforo man attained to his Hee
ent rank in the ecale, many of his conditions would be
different from what now obtains amongst savages. Judg-
ing from the analogy of the lower animals, he would then
cither live with a single female, or be a Polygamist, The
most powerful and able males would succeed best in obtain-
ing attractive females. They would also succeed best in
the general struggle for life, and in defending their females,
as well as their oltspring, from enemies of all kinda. At this
early period the ancestors of man would not be sufficiently
adyanced in intellect to look forward to distant contin-
gencies; they would not foresee that the rearing of all
their children, especially their female children, would make
Damtrenge for life severer for the tribe. Tare would be

more by their instincts and less by their reason
than are savages nt the present day. They would not at

™ Barehell ‘Travels We dane IP Merid.’
ieee Git ai dene Exo a
eligeiga ecrcmen svar pecstiat"| Noland of Soul Asseoea -

Cuan, XX, MAN—MODE OF SEXUAL SELECTION, 609

generally be able to select the more attractive women. At
present the chiefs of nearly every tribe throughout the
world succeed in obtaining more than one wife. 1 hear

states’? “the chiefs generally have the pick of the women
for many miles round, and are most persevering in estab-
lishing or confirming their privilege.” We have seen that
each race has its own style of beauty, and we know that it
is natural to man to admire each characteristic point in his
domestic animals, dress, ornaments, and personal appear-
ance, when carried a little beyond the average. If then the
several foregoing propositions be admitted, and T cannot
eee that they are doutitul, it would be an inexplicable cir-
cumstance if the selection of the more attractive women
by the more powerful men of each tribe, who would rear
op an arerage a greater number of children, did not after
the lapse of many generations somewhat modify the char-
acter of the tribe.

When a foreign breed of our domestic animals is intro-
duced into a new country, or when @ native breed is long
and carefully attended to, either for use or ornament, it is
found after several generations to have undergone a greater
or less amount of change whenever the means of comparison
exist. This follows from unconscious selection during a
long series of generations—that ix, the preservation of the
most aerial individuals—without any wish or expectation
of such a result on the part of the breeder. So again, if
during many years two careful breeders rear animals of the
same family, and do not compare them together or with
a common standard, the animals are found to have become,
to the surprise of their owners, slightly different." Each
breeder has impressed, as Von Nathusius well expresses it,
the character o} own mind—his own taste
—on his animals. What reason, then, can be assigned why
similar results should not follow from the long-continued
selection of the most admired women by those men of each
tribe who were able to rear the greatest number of children?
anes id be unconscious selection, for an effect would be

, independently of any wish or expectation on the
part of the men who prefer certain women to others.

Let us suppose the members of a tribe, practising some

Ne VE seal Si Seer Domentivation, vol. ti

d judgment

610 ‘THE DESCENT OF MAN.

form of marri to spread over an unoceu;
bead would Peete up inte distinet hata
other by various barriers, and still more
the incessant wars between all barbarous mations.
hordes would thus be exposed to slightly different condi-
tions and habits of life, and would sooner or later to
differ in some small degree. As soon as this
isolated tribe
ard of beauty tion
into action through the more powerful and nen.
ferring certain women to others. Thus the aiteenbe be
tween the tribes, at first very slight, would gradually and
inevitably be more or less increased,

With animals in a state of nature, many characters
proper to the males, such as size, strength, special weapons,
courage and pugnacity, have been acquired through pears law
of battle. the semi-human progenitors of man, like their
allies the Quadramana, will pies certainly have been a
modified; and, as savages still fight for the
their women, a similar process of selection he wrotably
gone on in a greater or less degree to the present day. Other
characters proper to the males of the lower animals, such
ax bright colours and various ornaments, have been ac-
quired by the more attractive males having been preferred
by the females. There are, however, exceptional cazes in
which the males are the selectors, instead of having been
the eelected, We recognise euch cases by the females bei
more highly ornamented than the malea,—their ornamen’
characters having been transmitted exelusively or
to their female offspring. One such case has been deseril
in the order to which man belongs, that of the Rhesus
monkey.

Matsa nore powerful in body and mind than woman,
and in the savage state he keeps her in a far more abject
state of hondage than does the male of any other animal;
therefore it is not surprising that he should haye ed
the power of selection. Women are everywhere conscious of
the value of their own beauty; and when they have the
means, they take more delight in decorating themselves
with all sorts of ornaments than do men. They borrow

ngenivun writer agues. from a ly the same even throughout Bui
comparison of the plotureeot Raphael, shots’ Lives of Haydn and Moment}
Rubens and modem Frousk artists, by Hornbet Cotherwine M, Bayle) Ege
that the iden of beauty is not absolute” lish tranolats ps 27%

Cuan XX. MAN—MODE OF SEXUAL SELECTION. 611

the plumes of male bird, with which nature has decked
this sex, in order to charm the females. As women have
long heen selected for beauty, it is not surprising that
some of their snecessive variations should have been trans-
mitted exclusively to the same sex; consequently that they
should have transmitted beauty in a somewhat higher de-
= to their female than to their male offspring, and thus

we become more beautiful, aceording to general opinion,
than men. Women, however, certainly transmit most of
their characters, including some heauty, to their offspring
of both sexes; 0 that the continued preference by the men
of each race for the more attractive women, according to
their standard of taste, will have tended to modify in the
same manner all the individuals of both sexes belonging to
the race.

With respect to the other form of sexual selection
(which with the lower animals is much the more common),
namely, when the females are the selectors, and accept only
those males which excite or charm them most, we have rea
son to believe that it formerly acted on our progenitors.
Man in all probability owes his beard, and perhaps some
other characters, to inheritance from an aneient progenitor
who thus gained his ornaments. But this form of selec-
tion may have occasionally acted during later times; for in
utterly barbarous tribes the women have more power in
choosing, rejecting, and tempting their lovers, or of after-
wards changing their husbands, than might have been ex-

ed. As this is a point of some importance, I will give
in detail such evidence ae I have been able to collect.

Hearne describes how a woman in one of the tribes of
Aretic America repeatedly ran away from her husband and
joined her lover; and with the Charruas of S, America,
according to Azara, divorce is quite optional. Amongst the
Abipones,a man on choosing a wife bargains with the parents
about the price, But “it poamaiy happens that the girl
reseinds what hax been agreed upon between the parents
and the bridegroom, obstinately rejecting the very mention
of marriage.” She often rune away, hides herself, and
thus eludes the bridegroom. Captain Musters who lived
with the Patagoniane, says that their marringes are always

obtains the consent of the ite by doing them some serv-
bah deal Nite atta pt to, carey off the al; “but if she

SS.

Cnar. XX. MAN—ABSENCR OF HATR. 613

i for me with res to the negroes of Western
afte and he informs me in “the women, at least among
the more intelligent Pagan tribes, have no difficulty in get~
ting the husbands whom they may desire, although it is
considered Lottie fo ask a man to marry them. They
are quite capable of falling in love, and of forming tender,
passionate, and faithful attachments,” Additional cases
could be given.

We see that with savages the women are not in
oes so abject a state in relation to marriage as has often

eu . They can tempt the men whom they pre-
fer, can sometimes reject those whom they dialike,
either before or after marriage. Preference on the part
of tho women, steadily acting in any ono direction, would
ultimately affect the character of the tribe; for the women
would generally choose not merely the handsomest men,
necording to their standard of taste, but those who were
at the same time best able to defend and support them.
Sueh well-endowed pairs would commonly rear a larger num-
ber of offspring than the less favoured. he same result
would obviously follow in a still more marked manner if
there was selection on both sides; that is, if the more at-
tractive, und at the same time more powerful men were
to prefer, and were preferred by, the more attractive women.
And this double form of selection seems uctually to have
occurred, especially during the earlier periods of our long
history,

We will now examine a little more closely eome of the
characters which distinguished the several races of man
from one another and from the lower animals, namely, the
greater or less deficiency of hair on the body, and the colour
of the ekin. We need say nothing about the great diversity
in the shape of the features and of the skull between the
different races, as we have seen in the last chapter how dif-
ferent is the standard of beauty in these respects. These
characterswill therefore probably have been acted on through
sexual selection; but we have no means of judging whether
they have been acted on chiefly from the male or female
side. ‘Ihe musical faculties of man have likewise been al-
ready discussed

Absence of Hair on the Body, and ifs Development on the
Foce and Head—From the presence of the woolly hair or
sabe ‘on the human fitus, and of rudimentary hairs scat-
tered over the body during maturity, we may infer that

Cnar. XX. MAN—ABSENCE OF HATR. 615

transmitted it almost equally to their offspring of both
sexes whilst young; so that its transmission, a8 with the
ornaments of many mammals and birds, has not been limited
elther by sex or age. There is nothing surprising in a par-
tial lowe of hair having been as an ornament by
our ape-like progenitors, for we have seen that innumerable
strange characters have been thus esteemed hy animals of
all kinds, and have consequently been gained through sex-
ual selection. Nor is it surprising that a slightly injurious
character should have been thus acquired; for we know that
this is the case with the plumes of certain birds, and with
the horns of certain stags.

The females of some of the anthropoid apes, as stated
in a former chapter, are somewhat less hairy on the under
surface than the males; and here we have what might have
afforded a commencement for the process of denudation,
With respect to the completion of the procese through eex-
ual selection, it is well to bear in mind the New Zealand

werb, “ There is no woman for a hairy man” All who

ave geen photographs of the Siamese hairy family will

admit hoe dicrously hideous is the opposite extreme of
excessive hairiness. And the king of Siam had to bribe
a man to nme | the firet hairy woman in the family; and
she transmitted this character to her young offspring of
both sexes.**

‘Some races are much more hairy than others, especially
the males; but it must not be assumed that the more hairy
races, such as the European, have retained their primordial
condition more completely than the naked races, such as the
Kalmucks or Americans. It is more probable that the
hairiness of the former is due to partial reversion; for char-
acters which have been at some former period long inherited
ary always apt to return. We have seen that idiots are often
very hairy, and they are apt to revert in other characters to
a lower animal type. It does not appear that a cold climate
has been influential in lending to this kind of reversion;
excepting perhaps with the ne) , Who have been reared
during several gencrations in the United States," and pos-

Variation of Animals and bathing; and by looking to the pub~
' jr Domestication," Fol, tl ha ae. if inant en
a a ah ete, AF ays after
Mat atectigations into Military and nee hetween the white end the black

by BA. Gould, 1860; p. certain that negroes in their native
can jou ae at r
in thelr

ote ou the hairiness of 2129) lack. hal’ woah trond ina
porsteahly
Rotectowredechbsen;sila ney wore’ Do partoulsely shecrredy tise base

‘Omar. XX. BEARDS, 617

and even within the same race; for this indicates reversion,
—long lost characters being very apt to vary on re-appear-
ance.

Nor must we overlook the part which sexual seloction
may have played in later times; for we know that with say-
ages the men of the beardless mices take infinite pains in
eradicating every hair from their faces as something odious,
whilst the men of the bearded races feel the greatest pride
in their beards. The women, no doubt, participate in these
fooling, and if so sexual selection can hardly have failod
to have effected something in the course of later times. It
is also possible that the long-continued habit of eradicating
the hair may have produced an inherited effect. Dr. Brown-
‘Séquard has shewn that if certain animals are operated on
in a particular manner, their offspring are alfected. Fur-
ther evidence could be given of the inheritance of the effects
of mutilations; but a fact lately ascertained by Mr. Salvin **
has a more direct bearing on the present question; for he
hae ehewn that the motmots, which are known habitually
to bite off the barbs of the two central tail-feathers, have
the barbs of these feathers naturally somewhat reduced,**
Nevertheless, with mankind the habit of eradicating the
beard and the hairs on the body would probably not have
arisen until these had already become by some means re-
duced.

It is difficult to form any judgment as to how the hair
on the head became developed to its present great length
in many races, Eschricht ** states that in the human fotus
the hair on the face during the fifth month is longer than
that on the head; and this indicates that our semi-human
progenitors were not furnished with long treases, which
must therefore have been u late acquisition. This is like-
wise indicated by the extraordinary difference in the length
of the hair in the different races; in the negro the hair
forms a mere curly mat; with us it is of great length, and
with the American natives it not rarely reaches to the
ground. Some species of Semnopithecus have their heads
covered with moderately long hair, and this probably serves
as an ornament and wae acquired through sexual selection,
The same view may perhaps be extended to mankind, for
we know that long tresses are naw and were formerly much

™ On the tail-feathorn of Momotus, guished ethnologist, amongst
"Bree. Toolog. 82e.. 5 ¥
ated ton fuleitecetrstac
‘%) this same view. ‘Bore. dlstta- ™ Debor die Kichtung, ibid, 40,

Omar. XXI. GENERAL SUMMARY. 621

rests will never be shaken, for the close similarity between
man and the lower animals in embryonic development, as
well as in innumerable points of structure and constitution,
hoth of high and of the most trifling impartance,—the rudi-
ments which he retains, and the abnormal reversions to
which he is occasionally liable,—are facts which cannot be
disputed. They have long been known, but until recently
they told us nothing with respect to the origin of man, Now
when viewed. by the light of our knowl of the whole
organic world, their meaning is unmistakable. The great
principle of evolution stands up clear and firm, whon these
groups or fucts are considered in connection with others,
such az the mutual affinities of the members of the same
group, their geographical distribution in past and present
tines, and their geological suceession. It is incredible that
all these facts should spenk falsely. He who is not content
to look, like a savage, at the phenomena of nature as die
connected, cannot any longer believe that man is the work
of a separate act of creation. He will be forced to admit
that the close resemblance of the embryo of man to that,
for instance, of a dog—the construction of his skull, limbs
and whole frame on the same plan with that of other mam-
mals, independently of the uses to which the parta may be
yni—the oceasional reappearance of various structures, for
Eecinee of several muscles, which man does not normally
poseess, but which are common to the Quadrumana—and a
crowd of analogous facts—all point in the plainest manner
to the conclusion that man is the co-descendant with other
mammals of a common progenitor.

We have seen that man incessantly presents individual
differences in all parts of his body and in his mental facul-
ties. These differences or variations seem to be induced by
the same general causes, and to obey the same laws as with
the lower animals. Io both cases similar laws of inheritance

il. Man tends to increase at a greater rate than his
means of subsistence; consequently he is occasionally sub-
jected to a severe st ¢ for existence, and natural selec-
tion will have REIN wbataier lies within its scope. A
iceession of strongly-marked variations of a similar nature
no means requisite; slight fluctuating differences in
the individual suffice for the work of natural selection; not
that we have any reason to suppose that in the same species,
all parts of the organization tend to vary to the same de-

We ea feel assured that the inherited effects of the
jong-continued us or disuse of parts will have done much

Caar, XXL GENERAL SUMMARY, 625

stincts take re in one another's company, warn one
another of , defend and sid one another in man:
ways. These instinets do not extend to all the individuals
of the species, but only to those of the same community.
As they are highly beneficial to the species, they have in
all probabil acquired through natural seleetion.
‘A tmoral being is one who is eapable of reflecting on his
Fast actions and their motives—of approving of some and
fsapproving of others; and the fact that man is the one
being who certainly deserves this designation, is the great-
ext of all distinctions between him and the lower animals,
But in the fourth chapter I have endeavoured to shew that
the moral sense follows, firstly, from the enduring and ever-
present nature of the social instincts; secondly, from man's
reciation of the approbation and disapprobation of his
fellows; and thirdly, from the high activity of his mental
faculties, with past impressions extremely vivid; and in
these latter respects he differs from the lower animals.
Owing to this condition of mind, man cannot avoid looking
both backwards and forwards, and comparing past impres-
sions. Hence after some temporary desire or passion has
mastered his social instincts, he reflects and compares the
now weakened impression of such past impulses with the
ever- it social instincts; and he then feels that sense
of dissatisfaction which all unsatisfied instincts leave be-
hind them, he therefore resolves to act differently for the
future,—and this is conscience. Any instinct, permanent!
stronger or more enduring than another, gives rise to a feel-
ing which we e hy saying that it ought to be obeyed
A pointer dog, if able fo reflect on hie past conduct, would
say to himnel f, I ought (as indeed we say of him) to have
pointed at that hare and not have yielded to the passing
temptation of hunting it.
ia! animals are impelled partly by a wish to aid the
members of their community in a general manner, hut more
commonly to perform certain dofinite actions. Man is im-
lled by the same general wish to aid his fellows; but has
few or no special instincts. He differs also from the lower
animals in the power of expressing his desires by words,
which thus become a guide to the aid required and be-
stowed. ‘The motive to give aid is likewise much modified
in man: it no longer consiste solely of a blind instinctive
impulss, but is much influenced by the praise or blame of
his follows. The appreciation and the bestowal of praise
und blame both rest on sympathy; and this emotion, as we
ai

‘Omar, XX GENERAL SUMMARY. 629

as mere rudiments, They are Inst or never gained by the
Feelin ans wiaarigg esipitentlcibe) appar aime
oped in ing. early youth, but appear a short
es before the age for reproduction. Hence in most cases
the young of both sexes resemble each other; and the female
somewhat resembles her young roughout life.
In almost every class n few anomalous enses occur,
where there has an almost complete transposition of
the characters proper to the two sexes; the females assum-
ing characters which properly belong to the males, ‘This
surprising uniformity in the laws regulating the differences
between the sexes in so many and such widely separated
closes, is intelligible if we admit the action of one common
cause, namely sexual selection.

Sexual selection depends on the success of certain indi-
viduals over others of the same sex, in relation to the propa-
gation of the species; whilst natural selection depends on
the success of both sexes, at all ages, in relation to the gen-
eral conditions of life. The sexual struggle is of two kin
in the one it is between the individuals of the same sex,
generally the males, in order to drive away or kill their
rivals, the females remaining passive; whilst in the other,
the struggle is likewise between the individuals of the same
sex, in order’ to excite or charm those of the opposite sex,
generally the females, which no longer remain passive, but
select the more agreeable partnera This latter kind of
selection is closely analogous to that which man uninten
tionally, yet effectually, brings to bear on his domesticated
productions, when he er during a long period the
most pleasing or useful individuals, without any wish to
modify the breed.

‘The laws of inheritance determine whether characters
gained through sexual selection by either sex ehall be trans-
mitted to the same sex, or to both; ax well as the age at
which they shall be developed. It appears that variations
arising late in life are commonly transmitted to one and the
same sex, Variability is the necessary basis for the action of
selection, and ix mall independent of it. It follows from
this, that variations of the same general nature have often
been taken advantage of and accumulated through sexual
selection in relation to the propagation of the species, as
well as through natural selection in relation te the general
purposes of life Hence secondury sexual characters, when
equally tranamitted to both sexes can be distinguished from
ordinary specific characters only by the light of analogy.

nar, XXI, GENERAL SUMMARY. 631

the power of song, yet I admit that it is astonishi
int the females ot hocay and some fe ehould
‘be endowed with sufficient taste to appreciate ornaments,
which we have reason to attribute to sexual selection; and
this is even more astonishing in the case of reptiles, fish,
and insects, But we really know little about the minds of
the lower animals, It cannot be supposed, for instance, that
auale birds of paradise or peacocks should lake such pains
in erecting, spreading, and vibrating their beautiful plumes
before the females for no purpose, We should remember
the fact given on excellent authority in a former chapter,
that several peahens, when debarred from an admired male,
remained widows during a whole season rather than pair
with another bird,

Nevertheless I know of no fact in natural history more
wonderful than that of the female Argus pheasant ‘should
appreciate the exquisite shading of the ball-and-socket orna-
ments and the elegant patterns on the wing-feathere of the
male. He who thinks that the male was created as he now
exists must admit that the great plumes, which prevent
the wings from being used for flight, and which are dis-
played during courtship and at no other time in a manner
quite peculiar to this one species, were given to him as an
ornament. If 80, he must likewise admit that the female
was created and endowed with the capacity of appreciating
such ornaments, I differ only in the conviction that the
male Argus pheasant acquired his beauty gradually, through
the preference of the females during many generations for
the more highly ornamented males; the msthetic capacity of
the females having been advanced through exercise or habit,
just ax our own taste ix gradually improved. In the male
through the fortunate chance of a few feathers being loft
unchanged, we can distinctly trace how simple epota with
‘a little fulvous shading on one side may have been devel-
oped by emall steps into the wonderful ball-and-eocket orna-
ments; and it is probable that they were actually thus de-

eee
ryone who admits the principle of evolution, and
ire feels great difficulty in admitting that female mammals,
rds, iles, and fish, could have sequired the high taste
implied the beauty of the re dear whieh generally
coincides with our own standard, should reflect that the
nerve-cells of the brain in the highest as well as in the
lowest members of the Vertebrate series, are derived from
those of the common progenitor of this great Kingdom.

‘Char, NXT. GENERAL SUMMARY, 633.

ice, who aids towards this end. When the principles of
breeding and inheritance are better understood, we shall
not hear ignorant members of our legislature rejecting with
scorn a plan for ascertaining whether or not consanguineous
marriages are injurious to map.

‘Phe advancement of the welfare of mankind
intricate problem: all ought to refrain from marriage who
cannot avoid abject poverty for their children; for poverty
is not only a it evil, but tends to its own increase by
TigAinn $0 recklessness 401 marriage» Gri the other band) os
Mr. Galton has remarked, if the prudent avoid marriage,
whilst the reckless marry, the inferior members tend to
supplant the better members of society. Man, like every

animal, has no doubt advanced to his present high
condition through a struggle for existence consequent on
his rapid multiplication; and if he is to advance still higher,
it is to be feared that he must remain subject to a severe
struggle. Otherwise he would sink into indolence, and the
more gifted men would not be more successful in the battle
of life than the lees gifted. Hence our natural rate of in-
crease, though leading to many and obvious evils, must. not
be greatly diminished by any means. There should be
‘open competition for al! men; and the most able should
not be prevented by laws or customs from succeeding best
and rearing the largest number of offspring. Important
as the le for existence has been and even still is, yet as
far as the highest part of man’s nature is concerned there
are other agencies more important, For the moral qualities
are advanced, either directly or indirectly, much more
through the effects of habit, the reasoning powers, instruc-
tion, religion, &e., than through natural selection; though
to this latter agency may be safely attributed the social
instincts, which afforded the basis for the development of
the moral sense.

The main conclusion arrived at in this work, namely
that man ie descended from some lowly orgnnised form,
will, I regret to think, be highly distasteful to many. But
there can hardly be a doubt that we are descended from bar-
barians. The astonishment which | felt on first secing a
pay of jans on a wild and broken shore will never
ne forgotten by me, for the reflection at once rushed into
my mind—euch were our ancestors. ‘I'hese men were abso-
lutely naked and bedaubed with paint. their long hair was
their mouths frothed with excitement, and their

P _|

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE

SEXUAL SELECTION IN RELATION TO MONKEYS
(Reprinted from Narune, November 2, 1876, page 18.)

Iw the discussion on Sexual Selection in my ‘ Descent
of Man,’ no case interested and perplexed me so much aa
the brightly-coloured hinder ends and adjoining parte of
certain monkeys. As these parts are more brightly coloured
in one sex than the other, and as they become more brilliant
during the season of love, [ concluded that the colours had
been gained as a sexual attraction. 1 was well aware that
I thus laid myself open to ridicule; though in fact it is not
more surprising that a monkey should display his bright-
red hinder end than that a peacock should display his mag-
nificent tail, TI had, however, at that time no evidence of
monkeys exhibiting thia of their bodies during their
courtship; and such display in the case of birds affords
the best evidence that the ornaments of the males are of
service to them by attracting or exciting the females. I
have lutely road an article by Joh. von Fischer, of Gotha,
published in ‘Der Zoologische Garten,’ April 1876, on thi
expression of monkeys under various emotions, which
well worthy of study by any one interested in the subject,
and which shows that the author ix a careful and acate
observer. In this article there is an account of the be-
haviour of a young male mandril] when he first beheld him-
solf in a looking-glass, and it is added, that after a time he
turned round and presented his red hinder end to the glass:
Accordingly 1 wrote to Herr J. von Fischer ta ask what
he supposed was the meaning of this etrange action, and he
has sent me two long letters full of new and curions de-
tails, which will, C hope, be hereafter published. He says
that he was himself at firet perplexed by the above action,
and was thus led carefully to observe several individuals
of various other species of monkeys, which he has long

635

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE, 6387

remarks that his monkeys like to have their naked hinder
ends patted or stroked, and that they then grunt with pleas-
ure. often also turn this part of their bodies to other
sheen to have bite of dirt picked off, and ao no doubt
it, woul

stark gerithete Si

diesem ‘Thier bemerkt hatte. Beim Anblick dieses Gegen-
standes erregte sich das Minnchen sichtlich, denn os
polterte heftig an don Stiben, chenfalls gargeinde Laute
dusstossend.” As all the monkeys which have the hinder
parte of their bodies more or less brightly coloured live, ac-
cording to Von Fischer, in rocky places, he thinks
that these colours serve to render one sex conzpicuous at a
distance to the other; but, as monkeys are such gregarious
animals, 1 should have thought that there was no need for
the sexes to recognise each other at a distance. It seems
to me more probable that the bright colours, whether on
the face or hinder end, or, as in the mandrill, on both,
verve as u sexual ornament and attraction. Anyhow, as we
now know that monkeys have the habit of turning their
hinder ends towards other monkeys, it ceases to be at all
surprising that it should have been this part of their bodice
which has been more or less decorated, The fact that it is
only the monkeys thus characterised which, as far as at
present known, act in this manner ag a greeting towards
other monkeys renders it doubtful whether the habit was
first acquired from some independent cause, and that after-
wards the parts in queetion were coloured se a sexual orna-
ment; or whether the colouring and the habit of turning
round were first acquired through variation and sexual
rer aie that afterwards the pat was retained =
# sign of pleasure or as 4 greeting, through the principle
of inherited association. This principle apparantly Sos
in yon Oo aes thus it ia generally admitted
that wore of binds serve mainly as an attraction during
the season of love, and that the lets, or t congregations
of the black-grouse, aro connected with their courtship; but
the habit of singing has been retained by some birds when

_———— ie

638 THE DESCENT OF MAN.

they feel happy, for instance by the common robin, and
the habit of iting has been retained by the black-
grouse during other seasons of the year.

I beg leave to refer to one other in ‘ion
rexun| selection. It has been objected that this form
selection, as far as the ornaments of the males are
cerned, implies that all the females within the same district
must possess and exercise exactly the sume taste. It should,
however, be observed, in the first place, that although the
range of variation of a species may be very large, it is by
no means indefinite. I have elsewhere given a good instance
of this fact in the pigeon, of which there are at least a
hundred varieties differing widely in their colours, and at
least a score of varieties of the fowl differing in the same
kind of way; but the range of colour in these two species
is extremely distinct. Therefore the females of natural
epecies cannot have an unlimited seope for their taste. In
the second place, I presume that no supporter of the prin=
ciple of sexual selection believes that the females select par-
ticular points of beauty in the males; they are merely ex~
cited or attracted in a greater degree by one male than
another, and this seems often to depend, especially wit
birds, on brilliant colouring. Even man, excepting perhaps
an artist, does not analyse the slight differences in the fem
tures of the woman whom he may admire, on which her
beauty depends. The male mandril) has not only the hinder
end of his body, but his face gorgeously coloured and
marked with oblique ridges, a yellow beard, and other orna-
ments. We may infer from what we see of the variation
of animals under domestication, that the above several orna~
monts of the mandrill were gradually acquired by one in-
dividual varying a little in one way, and another individual
in another way. The males which were the handsomest. or
the most attractive in any manner to the females would
pair oftenest, and would leave rather more offspring than
other males. The offspring of the former, although vari-
ously intercrossed, would cither inherit the peculiarities of
their fathers or transmit an increased tendency to vary in
the same manner. Consequently the whole body of males
inhabiting the same country would tend from the effects
of constant intererossing to become modified almost uni-
formly, but sometimes a little more in one character und
sometimes in another, though at an extremely slow rate; all
ultimately being thus rendered more attractive to the fe-
males, ‘The process is like that which I have called un-

age

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE, 639

conscious selection by man, and of which I have given
several instances. In one country the inhabitants value
a fleet or light dog or horse, and in another country a
heavier and more powerful one; in neither country is there
any selection of individual animals with lighter or stronger
bodies and limbs; nevertheless after a considerable lapse
of time the individuals are found to have been modified
in the desired manner almost uniformly, though differently
in each country. In two absolutely distinct countries in-
habited by the same species, the individuals of which can
never during long ages have intermigrated and intercrossed,
and where, moreover, the variations will probably not have
been identically the same, sexual selection might cause the
males to differ. Nor does the belief appear to me altogether
fanciful that two sets of females, surrounded by a very dif-
ferent environment, would be apt to acquire somewhat dif-
ferent tastes with respect to form, sound, or colour. How-
ever this may be, I have given in my ‘Descent of Man’
instances of ‘closely-allied birds inhabiting distinct coun-
tries, of which the young and the females cannot be dis-
tinguished, whilst the adult males differ considerably, and
this may be attributed with much probability to the action
of sexual selection.

Ablpones, marriage oustoms of the, 61.
‘Aggrtton, prevalouce of the practise of

Abrams brane. ZA.
mn, power of in animals, BA
stridulation of, a1.
‘Acwuthortachybas ix, mecmnial f=
“solour |i, 3.

Hi
‘Acolluabteativn difference of, i diter-

Aan egsmesf sar att
dae. strduitation sation ot the, et,

eutary etrilath in fe:

ie serelinanath i:
Ai he Sy of other atone

aie
ee te yar

As
Agausia, Lon conselence tn dope. 104:
‘on the colnaidence of the Fades of man
wath zoolgeieal provinces, 2782 on the
hee oF wv 18
‘tive Land analy
tnoKs of the colanine oF TM

Sana. 3 | on the attningt te ‘Atm

tovinnm, seo
Age in Tantion tthe transmission of
‘Sharnctors in irda, 240+ wurtation i
Pe
ce
Ageronia ferioniny las preduced ey,

gern fin, 0, we,

net ezctamation(s, 322
‘Agu, ertian, slog suffering tron, 8
itstnons it, oa

‘iaeares planes =n 6.
‘Ait birt

d
‘sexe of Callorhinus
‘onthe name of Otoria
‘ifferences in the colour
ot
‘of hero.

courtabip of the mnmle 26, 968 ;
ore

aborigines
Ant ‘sanieatm, large male of,
atrasaenae

Aggies acereornim lange male of

Stroma, mais pumage of 40,
Nistrionien, 40h

Tanttomus oiottine, nexos and you an

TE oat

seereceiecacaanes

Wilander susceptible to
‘of clinunte, 192.
Andersin, Drom the tall of Macaeue
Grannetia 805 the Bufo sihionmensta,
Nouns of chon carina, 30.

oh
{4p ; domestic, change of breeds of,

Azunelida, 800 ; eolourm of, £60.
‘Anob(um tessetlotum, sounds produced

by Sit

Anolis cristateliws, ronle, crest of. 301 5
fugacity of thn mnie t= throat.
Pouch of, ah

Anser cantons, 124.

atimetden Atl Wai at the base of

rata, difference of the sexe et,

Taran
‘icholecn's obmerwattons:
Serer ih,
apr ow erica, horns oF. Hh

tee te ss

ie te ie aca

28
‘ign: pelyeaions habits of
See
ae shows by binds ta ft oe

in
oe Bt
ference of the sexe ee
on of each other by,

wn.
een is ait of, 3,
“Apaianda wtiedria, wale woknown,
Apatiin one ae
Abatuess trie Ne Ba
‘Abe ditturvnce OF the

‘adult, 0 orn} arect wil

2; thnstold proceames. Ofe

fences of the ‘cae on

ines it tint

A aitaties fae

tatermiaation ‘ae the aa

on Ose eval

or mai

hairy beneath: han

> -ermed, their mode of progress
Apihasia Dr. Batewas on 88.

Abie mrtifien. trie mate pf
Mpottn’ Genet statue ot Bak.

‘Apoplexy in Grlnus Avarix, 7

oi)

role

‘out two upper Incl

eee

ale. ny of UE; amon bret. 2045
3 RmONNE Iman

sure, attlas of iM

eng :
on a and rs 408):
Peano eon

Ba ease ae enc

Teddoe. De on eats of difference Ln
‘stature, 3.

Beeater, 374.
eee 100; pollen haskets and stinun of,
i: destruction of drones and quer

Vinownt, on the number of
Mca ct man, FN! om tn Coloars ot
Ea

ihn cuages of ae Malay Archielagey

FF on the habit of the Mock
27; on sounds produced Uy.

Ae
:
i

—
ay o

Distro the Comber ef peck of mas,

=
Rermnte. endone of the beard

1. yo the ortein, of rman. 3:
a tos ase the homan fot a pre:
Senile organ. 98 | 00 tbe take of
depot GF the ape. of
mill remachrnimensy he, io savas He

Ringel fr, qunerila fchateaseiam,

Meinganatien, nurvertal gruportion

ia ntl forint hire

Borland,

te
Eis on erhsmaree owomotrea, Bib.
Buckland, W.. on the complexity of ett

nln. 14,
0 of Lele

ae
pee RE
= ; aig, ot
BuiTou, on the aumber of species of
man, 170,

i
#

Fe
ii

ng
reer} sexual differ:

the saxon of, 3
200, 6., ive orders of inatuinaly, O22
—einermim, coloare ot the male, tt, iy ‘C,on a Female spider destroy.
paver, ane of the al, 285
Gynsiptiher niger, ear of 0.
Is, proportiobs of the sexes to,
it

xm propartion of the sexes li P binary Ning
Todian, Xa themnctres of yoru rae ie Aue

tralia rtinetion uf Faamaniany,
Dany, HL, on the How of domestic ant

Jon of,
ine

ju
Desount traced Uirough 1
‘slows,
Dewey Wve colouring of antruats
ie 80

Dente ithe atv of ita
Antile utturosc, S41
5 Mebacue, ie

—— Gauilichonwli male of, 471 ‘whiskers Sad,
Pos bid
Damales lbsfrons, ‘marks

Begaron, peculiar markings of, $57

‘of

Pete area. oie eet
Pana ore Macacus eyno-
Danputcinals of astnein Dinan 1187 on tbe nasi acer Eas
oll De {cl readeoce Desor, on the mnltation of rat by mom
SAL racy yo | DEL ho nine dino
Darwio, Fo i aestaion of Der are embryonio, of man, 9. 10,

Darth woe betloved i try the Pueiann,

‘of Ughility to,
mien, 12: mew,

Distribution, wide, of man, #4:
graphical. as evidence of spectiie dis.

Tleotnieem in rear, 172,
Disiee, eifrets of, in’ preductny
" 125 and use

rodi-

Divorce. freedom of, among the Char
rune 6
sri

Dixon, B. 6, on the, of different

quillties, 81 disiinet tones uitered by,
MO: paralietion tetweews hoe affectio
foallng,

“or hie taster und relilon
OF; moniabiity of the, 101 2 sympathy
of with Wal mmpathy of,
‘rich bio Master, 1045 thelr posserion
ff conselencn, 106: posable us of The
hair o of the, 1k > race
of the, 10; numerical peoporiton of
Tale nnd female birth in, 240; weeund
affection between individuntn of. 1316 :
howling at certain nots. 8 rolling

ructure, — possible:

Hine inkednem fh
Eestrwts atte Pooea of. 19; chan
fof breed of, ”

Promctorn, Saharan species of, 46
Enea
rackotshaped feathers it the
a
of. on the colour of the shin, 19,

a
Dat
Ea
Tugone, uakedness of, £0; tusks of,
i

Dujardin, on the relative «ae of the cere
Wal engin in ineects. Be

Duncan, Dr. on the fertility of
marriages. 140: comparative Dealt
married asd ston

Dupont Stn the occurrence of the
acon Foranen i he Mui
Fun of man, a

Hines of variation,

Nate en the mn ot
Dirds, 8 Che mequisition of am ale

pigstickbinte ar cc
puted retention of thelr eolour by te,
‘seth Aeriea, 0

Diy. aetine of, 8

‘OC def, 38, 3 5

dept, BA on the who
tantohed by rae fhehes, 8.

ree Tnlias, sexes’ und ‘young. of,
Liroeding plunvage of, 8 : white,

rcibers. of the mane of the male

Ehatrom, $.,.o0 Pareles glacial, 4h.

Kinehinti viifocineren, habits of tale,

‘a
Band. development of the horns af the,

sta,

neyo? maa, 1, 12; ate dog, 11
rn, 10,39; 2
Embry of maimed sesmiingce of
ieration, 190,
ence by the lower aul:
i wi ns, tae
‘ontmnley 72

ce
Enerey, a cheracteristie of men, 376,
Rieter

eaten ae he
Kngiehea

on the finding of new

“ining a
Ps
Secee fered pow

a
‘men duriag the, 120,
alldim, oolaiirg af, produced typ the bill.

we
wei ‘nigra, mall nize of the mate of,

659

omay,

sae felis Ht
oes Pa . ae s Ae
te ;

a eae eek ae ie
ToT ad? lf i ‘Ut
mete in r im ie 7 Haat

ah Hel Heat EH ol ee
pea Gall HS eae wp i ue
ft ia Pe La cali i at ii

uni. serie for moxie aren the,
#3 polyandry acooog

ihe akeletanm,‘octurrence of the
pre-condgiold foramen inthe ht

‘children of the, 309; beardy of tie,
or,

Guonie, A., on the veces of Hyperythra,

‘6,
Guilding, T., on the sriduincion of the
Lacustlday, 27.

, varieiy af the, 43,

Guinea, sbeop of, with males only
horned, 29

Guinea tow!, monogamous, $90 ; occa.
sional polygmmy of the,’ 229; anark
ngs of Une, 4m

Guinen-pies inheritavce of the effects
f onrations ny. 06

Guibs, seasonal change of plumage in,

aM CM,
Glinther, Dr., on paddle of Ceratodws,
BF; on hermaphrodivisn tn Serranvs,
163 oa male’ fishes hatehing ova in,
their mouths, 160, 982 ; on mistaking
Inferille female dybiox for tinles, 258,

jontamous Asbos,
shes on fishies. $37 2 0

‘on nex differen 48
finhos, 248 et sey; on the genus Oat
Atonyinus. 43’: Gn'n protective remern:
binges of pipe teh, b51 ; owthe gona

if:

55
iE

l
i

iu
|
i

u
ER
A

fomsbie tn)
‘out, 6
Tinirioem, difference

of. in
‘man, Si variation of,

Halee'and’ excretory ores numerical

Haley tamil. nee, Ob

Halbertema, Prot ermal in

groesment of the WwoRe®
‘chien. 6 Le
Hammering, dimculty of, 49
HManoock, 4. om the colours of the mdi
‘branch Mtollusen. 2, Ws
the obi
of, 18

larger at birth, tn

labourers, 358 structure

qquadramana, 00; and arme, freedom
Of, Indirectly correlated with dlainu=
Hicn cif canines. 6

Handwriting, Inherited, 90.

Handyside, Dr, supernumerary mame
‘mv in men, i

Hareourt, E. Vernou, ov Pringilia cane
‘mabine, 401

Hare. protective colouring of the, Bia

Marvin olaciatys, 439,

Hara, battles of inalo, 511,

thee. tridulation peentar to the

in. 207

setivte ourientata. sung
jatiin,

ree

of A.

individual
|| Haney-suckor, females and young of,

ater
ow the hora :
Sie on sexual prelorences shown by

oA
. Prof. protectiee cab if
Brat - nroteetiee cologys, 258
er, 32,
ir HL, on the effects of new
‘structures, corrolated vari
Mopteya 6; stridulation ofthe, and
Honduras. Quisendus major in, 2
Thuaeard of la, saration inthe
crest of, $32

8. moulting of the, 308 ;
aieation of 8

Dr furhearance of elephant 10
hls keeper. 108 00 the eclour of the

ALornbill, Atrioan, inflation af the neck
‘gitie‘ot the sale during courte,

D in the colour
Seated

Slain

vere ea edt

Se rt
aie then, 2 of ser. 7

|
l

i
|

Inala oct ty.
‘Abentsat:islantin 112.
Hosrorth, Hi, TL. extinction of savages,

1
Huber, P., om a

ro
‘cognition of each other by ants after
separation, 27
Me, 00 Chitewe opinions of the appear
nce of Ruropeans, 201
Huta. the of New Zealand, 211,
90 clamied alone ts a, King

——neritioos, 97.
Mumanty, unknown among some sar
ages, 119; deficiency of, among aav-

goa, 12%,
Humboldt, A. von, othe rationality of
tnullos, 7B; an m parrot preserving the
Hangsage of wont tribe. Tea: on we
scoamotis arts of mavages. S87 on the
‘Sxaggcoration of ‘nataral charactors

Hue, D., on ‘syimpatiotic feelings,
Hurmming-bird, racket shaped foathers
anh Stas fae

:
me car
aera

by, 402: nidinication of the. ast.
AES coloare offerte, 468; young of,
Teamour, sense of, In dog, 72.

:
a

4
“|
i

ili
be bl
Fe

y poredwus 10,
Hgreown
fs mincing species of, 397.
Myobrates, a ‘of tive thiemb tn, 84 =
Upright pevgreaion af sone
iad niaiernal affection tm mW: aie
‘rian ofthe alr onthe arm of po
Gr HG Mo fematen of tou hey
n avalon
£1, hale on the arms off 884 5
‘wusleat votew of thie, Sob &
Midge of, HO; vole of, 8
—c Meekock, mex diérence of colour
ar, th ; bale on the arme of, 124 ;
female less hairy, 7
—STieuejocun 317 to of, 280,
aymitnctylve, 9) taryingest se it,

Filophita prosivana, 1%,
Hymontara 308

10;

F in
Wines of, ‘21; aculeate, rolalive #30
of of, aL

eee:

Ther. falling om hie horns, 519 7 ead
au ca TA;
1g white. change of. of naked | | tan.
Rise metes Tnalep, dept of, in soldier’ went sailors,
bse ‘nabire me
in a brvefag ta tnt pe 16.
ane, fa, s08: —_—, ‘the mater:
VY een actions, the result of Inherit-
2a, of the force,
jibe and mora) impul allt
Stare of their actions, Wt seheeo- sired of domestic
cy. maar facie of oe te eee
Iguana ts ‘m1 between
Fees Se Jogittmate end other, 112, 1285 utilleed
raion ofthe foxes inc O48 ‘of binks, 368, 487,
Toe existence of, ih aniirials ae in gee leo
TDiikation, 79; of man by monkeys. 72; | Intellectual faculties, thelr Influence on
‘nina, 128
‘en 5, me rep, ara geet in uy a

‘Som savas, 26.
Thoreent, rate of, 4 | neewselty of checks
Indéceney, hatred of, a movtern virton,

at.

women seme 7
‘30; coloor of the Tacee of
Pe

of, 408
epee
ity, supposed physical, of man,

Jack snipe, coloration of a,

Seating, on the rime of specs ot
pe ee TEE
Soimaie. fo nie aver pbeneant,

3nkatnr Win the ot the
‘semen tn Tomirus 7 om
ftridhilant beetles, 208

OT egecdenee sensor a

Pag Stig ot the. uo saben sO

Fc-r nabs or

JA Be pm modibentons 06 tbe

ee
ae soraretees
a PAA
Le

Lanidecera Daria, prenonsiie organs

airur, ypleeald colours of the mpeeten
ames sexual differences In, 34,
pave, Mi

Bea rierr te.
ey ae

He
FS
3,

Rama
ua Saas

Lagi Iaminon, of « Beslan beste,
Large, mua of the, wong ire
aa attzaction of
‘male by wie Tomale 256) sexual
Latham. It G), on the migrations of
vats
‘Latoolia, pectoration of the lower lip by
the semen of x.
Kapeilined
tive tain
Varnes
oa
Bate es
foe tema
Faces, 200

E
A
i

ag
F
B

,Y
FI
2

He
aes
i

“ee

686

cond id foramen tn tne humeras of
5 prepa:

of
of, 13; ceelateepots of, Be.

ae ry of, 3
“pnwrn

“de anguatatus, pognacity

16.

Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the
males of; 8 NY

Leuctacus phosinus, 2,

Tavckart, R., on the veniowla prostatien,

4 om tae inthuence of the age of par:
fin th a of tpring Se.
Levator clantcutn tase

Fitettuls prensa, cont at the mate,

6.
Libellulidap, relative size of the pees of,
‘BEI j difference in the sexet of, 20%
Lilcy of domestic nalinals aud man, 173.
Ligentiousness, & check upon popula
tlon, 46; prevalence of, among sav

Tite. ln

fife, Inheritance at corresponding pe>
riod , 2m. ~ “s
Light, effecte ‘on corsplexton, 22 ; Info

nee of, npon the colours of sells,
ae of, por

Liltord, Tord, the rut attracted by
‘rh es a

pimens lapponton

Linarin,

<n monitana, 262

Todeay, Dr W. 1. dinasen communl-

im wnirwala to man. 7; mad.

In animals. 60: the dog considers
hitinnster Tmunster his (od. V7.

feet slows cf, us to the poction of

1 snuirmerion! pr

fn the, WB8: «1
fd bens te, 01

portion, ot, the
forel
jurtahty OF

palyeaious, 232; mano of the,
fitehai arin th,
Loon. one

ips, ploreing of the, by savages, 088.

Loemeldin; stridutatton of Wha, 97, 980:

tawa eertan of sexe In, 28
siridalalion of i,

“aaa fine celery aelinialion
Lotidis, Me, on an exarupla of par
si italien Tn Te porta,

Lophsbranshil,_ marsupial

ahem
Lophophorws, babite of, 428.

Lophorina otra. xual
Coloration of. 60
Lopharnds Ornati, 204

Tord, J. Ro. 5 oe een eee yecwodorm, 340,

Xs! Rif; ionmalrn plone oF

jor: king, ‘constancy of 418.

Lange TT, 00 Sees WOMNAEOPIy By

waiin characters of young of, (7%.
Lubbock, sir J...on the antiquily of mat,
‘on ‘the figrin af man. Xt om Ele

rental capacity of muragen, 60 om
the orjein of implementa, on a
simplification of languages. @2 6

bseoos of the Men of God ‘among

rac wage ‘BUxtooW obvervalions on,

Siegen | Eee Pea

ee a Yea aE
Mon of the beard emong the aaa wiitethront, 308: on monte of
Seren Seer ier at Rg eS
Gist" the Werdabes Wi; oo poly: | Stutlacktind and crush ee bape
Luicanlin variability of the mandinies | fmiwactonre ct the fips Wes nth

ieee
Lyevt on ot mas, (een plumage of birds,

— eumuerion | tad Fe vet tes t argy GNlagbi g
Sr gE Taal | eters ma

a | leti crea nti

val | tan, 369.
Lau inonity in tects. 2 MeKenhan.marriage customs ofKorntes,
Tana, Br. Mack intosb, on the moral wense. vA.
‘eaves, 15, Maclactlan, , on Apotonia miuliebris
Lanes, ‘and Borews hyversalis, 26 on ve ai
‘and ‘Of male’ insects, 9
yh binder. 164 of dragon Bien 98 on

eee peer is aut
=
Sagernna. 19 ig pace colour tn oF th taled a opteinal

while young, 219,
Malherbe, ‘woodpeckers, 408
Mullotus Perois, 238.

villous, 37.

hus. "T,, 00 the rate of inerease of

ALDin, 4h 46.
ride. nidifieation of the,

f evanlal copaclo of
Bis Ye; pureait of teriale, bythe
e!"Setndary seve! carne

“on fe head
Marine deserting
—. Com death

Tian the Form

bween: or: Proportion of
Tesora | ws aoe

68; secondary sexual

ik sc a man and the
Aolmale 12h; sintlarity of
Se i

| sen et San me

Mlle, selection ot chide in Sparta,
DMivart, St, orgs. on the reduetion ot

‘&,
ing powerw in a

Paririan . migration of,
hence

1, | Modifications, unser

iceatile, O2.
fT 0 abate’ of spiders,

Moull, double, 472; doubt annual)

670 xoxooumr, INDEX. eset,
Molt touruhipat‘ae. sta
Mow not

Bong ‘preudaoors stridulation of,
Monotremata, 1617 development of the

nlcliating inembrane in, 7 lnolfer-
ids of. 1605 connecting mam
piles, 108.

fonstrosities, analogous, 14 musi aud
lower aniiniaie 20 > cituned by arrest Of
development, 3%: correlation of, 4)

ranma of. 136
asa Oe th hat of the Le
Fs the Ringing ot

‘ot tho ruff 65 00
Winds, 978 {on the double moult of the
me pintail, 400"

Monteiro, Mr,/on Rucara abyorinis

Montes de Goa, M., on the pugmacity
ale iresing bin Sone ny Of
afntcotaeyuined 408

Nomumonts'0¢ traaee’ of extinet thon

te.

Mocs, battles of. $12; horns of the, an
incumbance, Bt

Moral nd Instinedve Impulses, atance

— faculties, their influroee on oatural
‘relwetion tn ran. 120,

— rules. distinction between the higher
and lower, 196

— sense, so-called, derived from the
social instincts, 128 | origin of the, 190,

—tondenciea, taheritanes of, 126.

Morality, supposed to be founded tn
‘teltvtnions. E20; wast of. the. general
welfare of tho communily, 1221 gro

rise of, 127; Influence of @ tlgh

standard of, 134,

TL, on the beaver, 6f | on the

own fy irimewal tienes,

‘on polyandry, 000,

Moriey, J.. of the appreciation of praise
‘and fear of blame, 10h,

Morin FO. cn hawks feeding an or
phan nestling, 47

Morse: Dr. colours of rottusca, 208.

Morseii, Hi. division of the malar bone,

riage

‘0

Mortality: comparative, of female and

male, 219, 248,

Morton, oo the number of species of
mv, 178

Menohlean, Dr, A.,on a apeaking star
Ning.

Moan moschiferus, ooetoroun organs

Moretti. tndian, young of, 470

Moths oduriferous, 214,

Moths. 318: absence of mouth ta some
mates, Si: aplerous female, wl
uals, prehensile use of the tare by
BIH; male, Alteactd Uy

noes of coloue in,
Motmot, lnberitance of rautilation of tall

feathers, i, 617 : Tacketshapest eat
fone ln the tail of , 391,

Pagina
‘Mouse, song of, 50, =
Moustache-moukey,
atk

‘Mountachew In

te Lemurotlen, 1
Teco the maintained 0 on te
Petter pier of hunieantal 9: 0a
the colours the axes tn Clara Wie

=
=
a

ratieltta, irveding ta tmmatare
plumage, 45,

itiscle. techio-pable,

Muscles, rudimentary: oceurrance
Toman 12 variability of
fect af cee and pon. i ante
mat like. abnormalities of, ir main, 48
Correlnted variation of; It ihe
fey 48: variability of, fm he

Mgorten carey ne ea
Pid ct sax
Un ference of olor ny $4, vice

gl om ths nen of aural we
tion of of plant ae

Nemertians, colours
‘Noollthie period, 143.
Ne sexual

Nephila, size of male, $77.
aiade na, S81 + decoration

Hiding membrane, WS
ig.eciour 4, a ot ‘hefty hinds!

Seen rece

“ern the of the
Pulses in eg, st, OPO
Teacoek,

sierb ol

Poflononus torquarus sexe of, $86.
Heol. om horned i
Feewit, wing tnborcles of Uho male, 37.
Feingis anithaie transpareucy of es
Belecornus erythrorhynchus, horny erent
‘on the teak of ike male, Juri the
Iirondtine sas, 305
—imorrtatu, spring phumage of.
lisa bi
ie bilud, ted’ by his-compaaions,
Toi: Foung. gulidod by eld bina. 108
prsnnctty cf the mate. 270,
speligane thing in conor, ae
lobiue Hermann, atridvlation of,
‘08, 1.

Pelvis Alteration of, ta sule the wrect a
tule of tana, 23 differences of tho,
eA of maa pot ced by th

‘nigra, HOU ced by the
Spc ior, sou pr

an Afrioan ornament, 188,

$76 POLY PLECTRON. INDEX. Quaseanus,

‘_stiens ee

tact
Touchet, Othe relation of Instinct tw
Tntellizenee, ron. the inmeinets of
taints ‘on te inpnntty of agree
froin yellow fover, 108; change
isa i

‘our tn

‘he evar in » apeclem of Sutin, 27.
sige tn habe th he Chat.

Frente tt ae tte

Ped 4205 own bey sneruanale t pair
freien rans, 210, of sexual
ape jus, ighting of the male, hes, ocaclen: S78;
Peer, De, on function of sbell of ear, sponpeamous habia $f, OAs sa hearts of

Gupernumerary mammay tt
m.

‘Qual Tou the varlakion of the muscles

Prichard, o0 the diterence, of stature
famong, tho, Polynesians, 314 on, the coer, A on tha osuronce
‘couneetion between the breadth ‘rudhiientary tail %
Seu"In the ‘Mongolian and th per hn the moral soba ae
ection of their sence, 34: om the cm co
pacity of Wettish skulle of different mn AUrOUEYE

“ih ton the flattened heads of the | gem 188 tam the fertility of Ai
inmian warn, 7: ow Slawpese | women With while mae,
Notions of beauty. tan the beard. | Punlltan of Brasil,

eatin of the Ainsnean, 200 : co. the
Setormation of the head amone ater
fan idee and henaitves of arakan, | to tropical fevers after
00.

Sale climate 108 ou te,
Primary sexual organs. 20, Betws
1d, 4009 ; sexual differences of

‘colour:

oi,
Primogentiare, eile of, 17.
Frionida diference of the sexes in col

Prafiuncy. 1 Ets
Froceriirseirs.ottman. ame | Quin ndiang 9

Progress not the normal rote bo human | “colour in thes

Teiegy. 153+ elem tt Of, 198 fina ert

Prong horn antelope, horns of, 228. att of tes

Beg onert= 6 set | ed Se
Protective eplouring in buttertiies, 817 ;

— maculata, teeth of, Mt

Hin ede of feng of the 80 Att
ganar ietnar ere
inca’ non the gegen rds x20 30
‘the! ot Senurs rupert, 1

Rana via, voual mace of, S57. 3

Figs
i
ik

i
of

i
F
H

Uprca ist op
=
p dhe nama, 8: period

i ae
‘Souat Sa cae oa of the mate

y| oie :
Hare Foe. | yt eee ee
Sencuarmenm | Peige aan Ste

‘motion of th, I
Ct Py Seulplite. ext Of tha ideal of

ural of te posterior soclary ts a nme, bright colours of, 9,
of 20

Fen mers aor athe ja polpicasnous. We

Bee.
mem the elytra of Dytisous | “accordsues eiih the 96: Thane uo
awed =, Plusoage of birds in t
wor 4 anaes measurements: 1
Gn the ateaolaion of ete | a tain tn Suits MYIW 10 eer
cviegat Fon, ct | Seednry wet hirnctera. ex: rel
Miho onguages cf wecirded parpion, | “dons of polzpainy te a travel
_™. = ee mw ‘sexes, 220 : gradation of,
©, Prof, on ihe origin of lan: | Beviewick, W...on hereditary tendency to
‘produce twins,
Bir R., om the Seeman, Dr..om the differentay
eas ente ore | marae eran
eroer, Wh Bejdlite on horns of reind.

intureh, commplexson of section, 10 1 man,
Inegrees, | Selection. seapplied to primers! man,

Dial —, injurious forms of, in eirifised ma
oped arontary | io

Pipa, | = of male binds, 42, €77,

Best thers in Smid oF ‘grecadiers,

INDEX.

‘TURKEY,

of the
‘Thornback. diftwronce in the teeth of the

Ao Rees Of the. 3.
‘Theweh, with 8 blackbi 83 ;
pal eu :

"Wn inl id ermais Dts among the
‘Thykacinus, pomwewsion of the marsupial
wae ly the male, 163. =

ura, 2,

‘Tiger, colours and markings of the,

Tiewty. depopulation of strite Wy, in
Tila sionpatus difference of colour te
intently of, the

niaity enc tn the ame:
tity, 7 ne.

Tinea oulgarie, 24.

{pila. paancily of made, 2

‘Tits, sexual difference of colour te, 468.

‘Toads, 20; male, treatment of ora by
sady 10 breed be-

‘Todas, Infantietlo. ancl proportion of
Tens, 0" practiae platy. 00
choter of huxhands amongnt, (06,

‘Too, ten ee of, in the human
eaneryon tt.

rime ‘uli, propetion of the

TomUt, han, Aexual diferwnce of colour
"me, 08"

Tone fiends, teardhomnees of the na-
tives of 5 3

ange,

by monkeys, i:

0 lay

"Topktois ba biked, 305,
‘Trtolan, vales of Yhe male, O79.
Tortures, submitted to by American
im.

double moult in, 207.
colours and nidification of the,
Danke nnd cénes of the, 6

‘eatise of dltnin:

ae
Towan renidence

itheed atature, 3
‘Tuynhes, J, on the external shell of the

‘ear in ins 1

edited itv
‘AA struc

The slerwont gm
ture ot te in Rnymehery
‘Trades, affecting the form of the ekull,
Travelaphus, sxxual differences of col
in
pins dorsal eres of, 48: mark:
sa

Tee

Tragopan, 261; ewelling of the waitles
"AE thea’ faring eeurahip, a
Glaptay of plumage by the mvale, 405
harking of th wexes of the, 87

ri _4 |

Trager sexual Afterence ie

‘Tealning, effect of, on the mental dif.

fp a crt thao

TRE oh Sao

ee of, by animals, 805
rrachery, 10 comrades, avoidance of,
‘by a ne

‘Tribes,
Thich

er at

fitetnted i Cert
preci by Co :
‘nilloei Alajor-on the irl the
toegre fr eevtain fever.
Type anor change of plumage to
Tuntue meruta, 3; young of, 4%.
—migrntorins, 47.
= teeione, os

_ Ponce eae of, a.

Turkey. wild, janaclyy of young mabe,
1a wit Stes at tho, es ee
ae wat of he in Os me
Bion of og ya. 400 tle: wal
eveptahie ta douwestteabed.
ie eta: fre aeanene
citer females 408 wii
of brintios of Ube, #71,

LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

This book should be returned on or before
date last stamped below

oarsran, GOOTE

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex"

See other formats